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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1900.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE.
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND OO,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
Lis T
OF THE
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1900. .
COUNCIL.
(Elected April 30th, 1900.)
Tur Dux or BepForD, President.
Tur Rr. Hon. Lorp AVEBURY,
P.C., F.BS.
Wuiuiam Bareson, Esq., F.R.S.
Wittram T. Branrorp, Ksq.,
LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Wittam E. pe Winton, Esq.
Cuartes Drummonp, Esq., T'rea-
surer.
Sie Josern Farrer, Bt., F.R.S.
Gen. THE Hon. Sir Percy
Frrrprine, K.C.B.
Dr. Cuartes H. Garry, LL.D.
F. DuCanx Gopmay, Esq., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., Vice-President.
Dr. AtBert GinrHeER, F.R.S.,
Vice-President.
Prosector.
antendent.
PRINCIPAL
P. L. Sctater, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary.
Frank E. Brpparp, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and
Prorsssor Grorce B. Howes,
LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Lr.-Cot, Lronarp H. Irsy.
Str Huen Low, G.C.M.G.
P. Caatmers Mircuett, Esq.
Sir Tuomas Parner.
Tue Hon. Lionen
Roruscuitp, M.P.
Howarp Sacnprrs, Esq., F.L.S.,
Vice-President.
Pune Lurrey Scrarer, Esq.,
M.A.,Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary.
OxprrecD THomas, Esq.
Dr. Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S.,
Vice-President.
WALTER
OFFICERS.
Mr. Crarencr Bartierr, Superintendent of the Gardens.
Mr. Arruur Tomson, Head-Keeper and Assistant Super-
Mr. F. H. Warernouse, Librarian.
Mr. Joun Barrow, Accountant.
Mr. W. H. Corn, Chief Clerk.
Mr. Grorczr Artuur Dovsrepay, Clerk of Publications,
S70.6¥R
LIST
OF THE
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Page
ANpDREWS, Coartes Wrii11aM, D.Sc., B.A., F.Z.S.; Sarvs,
Enear A.; Bernarp, H. M.; Krrxparrick, R.; and
Cuapman, F.C.
On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Occan io \Culates ing ATT :) i eve teatol. yaw eas 115
ANNANDALE, Newson, B.A.
Observations on the Habits and Natural Surroundings
of Insects made during the “ Skeat Expedition” to the
Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900 ............sceeeeeees 837
Annow, Gitpert, J.; Peer, C. V. A.; Avusren, BE. E.;
Drixny, F. A.; Druce, Herpert; Ganan, OC. J.;
McLacuian, R.; Burr, M.; and Pocock, KR. 1.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates 1-LY.) .... 4 \b9572.
a2
iv
Austin, E.E.; Peer,C.V.A.; Dixzy, F. A.; Drocse, HEeR-
BERT; GAHAN, C.J.; Arrow, G.J.; McLacutay, R.;
Burr, M.; and Pocock, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I.-IV.)......
Barrett-Hamitton, G. E. H., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens of Dormice
of the Genus Musrardinus. ..%.. 53 vcosessesscesdusre
Exhibition of skins of the Variable Hare (Lepus timidus
Linn.) showing colour-variations, and descriptions of sub-
species and varieties of this species ...........-eesee-
On a small Collection of Mammals obtained by Captain
Deasy in South Chinese Turkestan and Western Tibet ..
On Geographical and Individual Variation in Mus syl-
vaticus and its Allies. (Plate XXV.) ..............-..
Bateson, Wittiam, M.A., F.RS., F.ZS.
On a Case of Homeosis in a Crustacean of the Genus
Asellus—Antennule replaced by a Mandible ..........
BepparD, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and
Prosector to the Society.
On a Species of Earthworm from Western Tropical
Africa, belonging to the Genus Benhamia ............
On the Brain of a Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) ..
A Revision of the Earthworms of the Genus Amyntas
SR COMER) 3 le 5tss ols 's)0'xers fs herent by eed aloe 3
On the Structure of a new Species of Earthworm of
the Genus Benhamia
Page
85
268
167
187
Vv
Bepparb, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S. (Continued.)
On the Anatomy of Bassaricyon alleni........0000 05
Notice of a Memoir on the Osteology of the Pigmy
Right-Whale (Neobalena marginata) .........0 eee
On the Earthworms collected during the ‘‘Skeat Expedi-
tion” to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900 ............
On a new Species of Earthworm from India, belonging
to the Genus: Amygntas, «43/3 iss) onigw nied oman W's os
Beprorp, F, P., F.Z.S.
On Echinoderms from Singapore and Malacca. (Plates
eRe We Baie bist sed OTe «eh cat ee a pases as
Bett, Prof. F. Jerrrny, F.Z.S.
Remarks on a Collection of Land-Planarians made by
mie Goold |O.M.ZS., in Biagio) o)cins oxenee dab bck
Benuam, Prof. W. Braxuanp, D.S8c., M.A., F.Z.8., Otago
University, and Tuomson, W. Matcoum, B.A. (N.Z.).
An Account of a Large Branchiate Polynoid from New
Zealand, Lepidonotus giganteus Kirk. By W. Matcoum
Tuomson, With an Introduction by Professor W. Biax-
LAND BENHAM, (Plates LX.-LXII.) ...............-
Bernarp, H. M.; Anprews, C. W.; Smrrn, Epaar A. ;
Kirkpatrick, R.; and Cuarmay, F. C.
On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Ocean). “(Plates AIT. @ XLIL.). cece cee cwecccne
Braavw, F. E., C.M.Z.8.
Notes on the Zoological Garden of Berlin .......+..
Page
775
89]
998
271
266
v74
115
vi
Page
BuayrorD, W. T., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.8.
Exhibition of a skull and horns of the Central Asiatie
CE Cal Soe gia ee nn oink SARE kee a care Eat he
Bonuore, J. Lewis, F.Z.S.
On a Collection of Mammals from Siam made by Mr. T.
H. Lyle. (Plate XVIII.) .......... Pipes to sober TOS 191
On the Mammals collected during the “Skeat Expedition”
to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. (Plate LVI.) .... 869
Borrapaits, L. A., M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural
Sciences at Selwyn College, Cambridge.
On a small Collection of Decapod Crustaceans from
Freshwaters in North Borneo ...........+-+-++es0e-- 93
On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part IV.
The Grabs. (Plates XL—XUIT.) .. 02.2 eae bs cee 568
On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part V.
Arthrostracans and Barnacles. (Plate LI.) ............ 795
BouLENGER, GEORGE ALBERT, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Note on an Error in the Description of the new Genus
Xenotilapia published in the ‘ Transactions ’ (vol. xv. p. 92). 3
Descriptions of new Reptiles and Batfachians from
Bornes, (Plates XTVs_X VIL): A As sence eee 182
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of
Polypterus lapradw with large external gills .......... 267
A List of the Batrachians and Reptiles of the Gaboon
(French Congo), with Descriptions of new Genera and
Species... (Plates XX VIl—~X RRA). supehi unt eens 433
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a large
Boren Tortoise... ........ seme eee tees ee deter 661
Exhibition of one of the type specimens of Protopterus
mollor from: the ‘Congo... 2. aahpoue ere eee eee 775
Vii
Bovutencer, Georcp Apert, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Bupgert,
dom, MAL RAS:
List of the Fishes collected by Mr. J. S. Budgett in
the River Gambia. By G. A. BouLunenr, F.R.S., F.Z.8.
With Notes by J.S. Bopaurr, F.Z.8. 2... 0. e0ce serene
Buoeert, J.8., M.A., F.Z.S.
Notice of a Memoir entitled “On some Points in the
Anatomy of Paliyptoraa 29s oP PIP ood:
Notice of a Memoir on the breeding-habits of some
West-African Fishes, with an Account of the External
Features in the Development of Protopterus annectens, and a
Description of the Larva of Polypterus lapradit ........
Bunpeerr, J. 8., M.A., F.Z.S., and Bovunenepr, GEorGE
ALBERT, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
List of the Fishes collected by Mr. J. 8. Budgett in
the River Gambia. By G. A. Boutunenr, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
With Notes by J. S. Bupeurt, F.Z.8. 2... ....... 000
Burr, Marco, F.Z.S8.; Pest, C. V. A.; Austen, E. E.;
Dixey, F. A.; Druce, Herzert; Gann, C.J.;
Arrow, G. J.; McLacutan, R.; and Pocock, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.) ....
Burier, Arraur Garver, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Senior
Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, Natural
History Museum.
A Revision of the Butterflies of the Genus Zizera
represented in the Collection of the British Museum.
Ay! Dp a) So re eas Pere Pec ee Oe ee
On two Consignments of Butterflies collected by Mr.
Richard Crawshay in the Kikuyu Country of British
East Africa in 1899 and 1900. (Plate LVIII.)........
Page
511
430
835
511
104
911
Vill
Borter, A.L., F.Z.S., Curator, Selangor State Museum.
On a new Serow from the Malay Peninsula.......... 675
CamsBurny, C.; SHarpse, R. Bowptpr; Macxinper, H. J.;
and SAUNDERS, ERNEST.
On the Birds collected during the Mackinder Expedition
to Mount Kenya. By R. Bowpter Suarrz. With Notes
by H. J. Macxinper, Ernust Saunpers, and C. CaMBURN.
bs roe SATE) Pee eM glee crore ah eee pee 596
Cuapman, F. C.; Anprews, C. W.; Smriru, Epaar A.;
Bernarv, H. M.; and Kirxparricr, R.
On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Weran). Plates UL IOUT)’ oo ccm ucck pains Saeeeioe 115
Cocks, A. H., F.Z.S.
Note on the Gestation of the Pine-Marten .......... 836
Crow zy, Purp, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On the Butterflies collected by the late Mr. John
Whitehead in the Interior of the Island of Hainan.
(EIeB ROR Vi ee, PAE e Oe, le Ona 505
DE Winton, WILLIAM E., F.Z.S.
On the Mammals obtained in Southern Abyssinia by
Lord Lovat during an Expedition from Berbera to the
Pine Wile, | (Plate X.) o's.) eeaece Cee ee 79
Distant, W. L., F.E.S.
Revision of the Rhynchota belonging to the Family
Pentatomide in the Hope Collection at Oxford. (Plates
EOS FEED, VRE RAMI «oleh il ey Wer 807
ix
Page
Dixy, F. A., M.A., M.D.; Pext, C.V.A.; Austen, E. E. ;
Drucre, Herpert; Ganan, C. J.; Arrow, G. J.;
McLacutan, R.; Burr, M.; and Pocoox, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.) .... 4
Drucs, Hersert, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Pant, C. V. A.; Austen,
E. E.; Drxzy, F. A.; Ganan, C.J.; Arrow, G. J.;
McLacuian, R.; Burr, M.; and Pocoox, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
aud 1897, by Mr. OC. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.) .... +
Fawcert, Lt.-Col. J. Matcoum, 5th Lancers.
Notice of a Memoir on the Transformations of some
Nouth Arrican Lepidopter® << owas «sx cugelc cis cos eae 92
Frower, Capt. Srantey Smyra (5th Fusiliers), F.Z.S.,
Director of the Ghizeh Zoological Gardens, Cairo,
Egypt.
On the Mammalia of Siam and the Malay Peninsula .. 306
Notes on the Fauna of the White Nile and its Tribu-
SEIN Lt Sak otk Ware oN POPE TAY 4% ahs ds oeige CE Mima ee 950
Gauayn, C. J.. M.A., F.E.S.; Pret, C. V. A.; Avusrmn,
E. E.; Drxny, F. A.; Drocz, Hersert; Arrow,
G.J.; McLacutan, R.; Burr, M.; and Pocock,
R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C, V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.) .... 4
Grant, W. R. Oativie, of the British Museum (Natural
History).
On the Birds of Hainan. (Plates XXXIII. &
PERRET LS wees oA Ge kbs TORR STE DSS uEe Se oe ke oe 457
Page
Hinpe, Sypyey L.
Remarks on the Mammals observed during five years’
residence in British Hast Aiwica (2.0. 00. 6002. . o3) ole 267
Howes, Prof. Grorce B., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., and
Swinnerton, H. H., B.Se.
Notice of a Memoir on the Developmeut of the Skeleton
of the Tuatera (Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus) ........ 516
Jacoby, Martin, F.E.S.
On new Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleo-
ptera from South and Central Africa. (Plate XX.) .... 203
Jounston, Sir Harry H., K.C.B., F.Z.S.
Letter from, containing an account of a supposed new
species of Zebra inhabiting the Congo Forest .......... 774
Kipp, Water, M.D., F.Z.S.
The Significance of the Hair-Slope in certain Mammals. 676
Kirkpatrick, R.; Anprews, C. W.; Smiry, Epear A.;
Bernarp, H. M.; and Cuapmay, F. C.
On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Ci Peo ae Gael hes” pe Uy i>. GL] 0 A ey 115
Kye, H. M., M.A., B.Sc., St. Andrews.
On a new Genus of Flat-fishes from New Zealand.... 986
Laripiaw, F. F., B.A.
On the Frogs collected during the “‘ Skeat Expedition ”
to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. (Plate LVIL.).... 883
Lancuester, W. F., M.A., King’s College, Cambridge.
On a Collection of Crustaceans made at Singapore and
Malacca.—Part I. Crustacea Brachyura. (Plates XLIV.-
UA a es er ee sey ory eee 719
xi
Léynperc, Dr. Ervan, of Upsala University.
On the Soft Anatomy of the Musk-Ox (Quthos
CUMS on aye ee oh von cae ee ce ees was ne aes =
On aremarkable Piece of Skin from Cueva Eberhardt,
Last Hope Inlet, Patagonia 0... eee eens see cnes
On the Structure and Anatomy of the Musk-Ox (Ovibos
RUDI 5 dish bn aid A> Saas kn tee aa aah A Se. AP
LybDEKKER, RicHarp, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, on behalf of Mr. Rowland Ward, and
remarks upon, the skin and horns of Ovis satrensis
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skulls, horns,
and skins of an Ibex, thought to be referable to Capra
sibirica dauvergnet
Remarks on some errors in his papers published in the
‘ Proceedings’ in 1899
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a mounted specimen
of the Musk-Ox from East Greenland
Mackinprer, H. J.; Suarpn, R. BowpiLer; Saunpers,
Ernest; and Campury, C.
On the Birds collected during the Mackinder Expedition
to Mount Kenya. By R. Bowpier Suarpg. With Notes
by H. J. Mackinpmr, Ernest Saunpers, and C. CamBurn,
(Plate XLIIT.)
Sb Pale 0.46 28.6 8s 2.68 SC 2 ee Se 8 6 eee 6S
McLacuiay, Rosert, F.RS., F.Z.8.; Peep, C. V. A.;
Austen, E. E.; Drxry, F. A.; Droce, Herperr;
Ganan, C. J.; Arrow, G. J.; Burr, M.; and
Pocock, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates 1.-LV.)
Page
142
379
686
1138
114
430
832
596
xii
Masor, Dr. C. I. Forsyru, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some bones of a
species of Macacus from the Mauritius................
Remarks on remains of Cyon sardous from a cave in
STE LTVT Gap Rie eat Lg MR Re 4S Ie. bet Sn demersal a
NewsreaD, R., F.E.S.
On a new Scale-Insect from Zomba, British Central
iri. CE abe FX) ign 's's om bis inte om kip Melee minteiee
Pes., C. V. A., F.Z.8.; Ausrun, E. E.; Drxny, F. A.;
Drvucr, Herpert; Gauwan, C. J.; ARrow, G.J.;
McLacuuan, R.; Burr, M.; and Pocock, R. I.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.)
Pocock, R. I., of the British Museum (Natural History) ;
Prat, C. V. A.; Austen, E. E.; Drxny, F. A.;
Drucre, Herpert; Gauan, C. J.; Arrow, G.J.;
McLacuian, R.; and Burr, M.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates I-IV.)
Punnett, R. C., B.A.
On some Nemerteans from Torres Straits. (Plates LIV.
MALY 2) s'p.5 wits niplw nae showed we eta ate uh eeeWwie re Lee
SaunpErs, Ernest; SHanpp, R. Bowpier; MAckrnpeEr,
H. J.; and Campvry, C.
On the Birds collected during the Mackinder Expedition
to Mount Kenya. By R. Bowpier SHarpre. With Notes
by H.J, MackinpEr, Ernest SaunpDErs, and C. CaMBURN.
(Pinte A LAIE)b viii). aber do mma e wm be
Page
947
825
xill
Page
Sonater, Parire Luriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
the Society.
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
PICITAROR BEI ioe ds a at vida d pd atu didids tin sipipin we wai oh 1
Exhibition of a photograph of, and remarks upon, a
young specimen of the Rocky-Mountain Goat (Haploceros
SOONG raha dia am dep Cee ood a Ow GH Fad Sie RAG als te 1
Exhibition and List of a Collection of Birds from Fort
Jameson, British South Africa .........ccccccsencces 1
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Bg LUC Seer. Pee ie re SR nent ere 84
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie
Ti POC Oary SWE ccs SOME ecialn te wiv sg Sala Slate Oe a 181
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Miaarolt: LGUs 5'taatat.28 tr SU Ree Mente Gall ahle 306
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
BR AMOGE Ts aig ds said tse Rate aibnninns Peter aaticee te 429
Exhibition of a specimen and description of a new
species of Reedbuck proposed to be called Cervicapra
ME (ETE OVAL) a cw nee ncales > cas u soa e's time 429
Announcement of Mr. J. S. Budgett’s departure on
his second expedition to the Gambia ................ 516
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
(ONE REE OPE SRR a Beate 659
Exhibition, on behalf of Mr. J. Lane Huxley, of a cast
of a portion of the jaw of an Ichthyosaurus from Queens-
Oe Dever sere reser sravee esse sees evvssess 660
Notice of an article in ‘ The Asian,’ by Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker, concerning the Gaur and Gayal ...........++. 661
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie
during June, July, August, September, and October, “~~
pA ya 088 | ERR 2 eS a 771
xiv
Sciater, Parie Luriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Continued.)
Remarks on some of the objects noticed during a recent
visit to the Zoological Gardens of Hamburg, Berlin, and
Robberdam «6. 2.0. cecesase de tcdie dd ote aie 8) 5'Wtie Aes
Remarks on the herd of Barbary Apes on the Rock of
RAEDIMMOEES Atete tae eke be few os oie ee ae
Letter from the Colonial Secretary on the proposed
introduction of Starlings into St. Kitts, West Indies....
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
November: 1900) 4, os:iieh sit. 94 80.90) Se, on Bee
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull and horns of
the Square-mouthed Rhinoceros and mounted heads of
two Antelopes obtained by Major A. St. H. Gibbons on
Rie Sper te Art ice oh ooh on eet acae
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two bandoliers made
from the skin of a supposed new species of Zebra ......
SHARPE, Emity Mary.
On a Collection of Butterflies from the Bahamas.
(Plate ER) ois th Pete eck pote ee ee ree os eas
Suarpr, R. Bowpier, LL.D., F.LS., F.Z.S.; Macxkinper,
H. J.; Saunpers, Ernest; and CamBurn, C.
On the Birds collected during the Mackinder Expedition
to Mount Kenya. By R. Bowpier Suarpe. With Notes
by H. J. Macxryper, Ernest Saunpers, and C. CAMBURN.
(Plate XUTIL) tin. oc alels Edn Vo sili Mapes bidldids
SHERBORN, C. Davies, F.Z.S. °
Remarks on the progress of the ‘ Index Animalium’ ..
SmirH, Enear A., F.Z.8.; Anprews, C. W.; Bernarp,
H. M.; Kirxparrick, R.; and Cuapmay, F. C.
On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Ocean), (Plates Kil. & Raga yee tise eee oa ee
Page
949
950
596
xV
Spencer, Batpwiy, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor of
Biology in the University of Melbourne, Director of
the National Museum, Melbourne.
A Description of Wynyardia bassiana, a Fosssil Mar-
supial from the Tertiary Beds of Table Cape, Tasmania.
Pinas MPA: & UG.) 2B eb AP RP AE
Srepsine, Rev. Tuomas R. R., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On some Crustaceans from the Falkland Islands
collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin. (Plates XXXVI.-
EAS TS Si aid Soe, ST URk Si IY Pe A
Swryverton, H. H., B.Sc., and Howzs, Prof. Grorex B.,
LL.D., F.B.S., V.P.Z.S.
Notice of a Memoir on the Development of the Skeleton
of the Tuatera (Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus) ........
THomas, OLDFIELD, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some mounted heads
of Antelopes from Fashoda and the Sobat River........
On the Mammals obtained in South-western Arabia by
Messrs. Percivaland Dodson ..<.......608ce2sscess
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of a new
Species of Kangaroo, proposed to be called Macropus
INNES FORE hia ois. oi aA ies np mh ne «2 cite < wivieasiot hn dia
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of a new Sub-
species of Kangaroo from Western Australia, proposed
to be named Macropus robustus cervinus 1... 06.0 eens
List of Mammals obtained by Mr. H. J. Mackinder
during his recent Expedition to Mount Kenya, British
DD Ea do dieinis cneee davcdens CUNMLee de Co ienads
List of Mammals obtained by Dr. Donaldson Smith
during his recent Journey from Lake Rudolf to the
ONGE TED Pa fa ts fa chine «foe celen etumteaweeWe eas Ws
Page
517
516
113
xvi
Tuomeson, Prof. D’Arcy W., C.B., F.R.S.
On a rare Cuttlefish, Ancistroteuthis robusta (Dall),
SESCUBIEED ico Seine hs eect ewe eo oie ee are alee oan are
THomson, ArtuuR, Assistant-Superintendent and Head-
Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie.
Report on the Insect-house for 1899 ..............
THomson, W. Matcorm, B.A. (N.Z.), and Bennam, Prof. W.
Briaxtanpd, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., Otago University.
An Account of a Large Branchiate Polynoid from New
Zealand, Lepidonotus giganteus Kirk. By W. Matcoum
THomson. With an Introduction by Professor W. Buax-
LAND BenHAM. (Plates LX.-LXIL.) ...........000 00
Warzorton, Cuor, M.A., Christ’s College, Cambridge.
On a remarkable Attid Spider from Borneo, Mantis-
alia trucvians, N. 2. Cb Bp. 4 s.s sade woh bok eae ee +
Woopwarp, Artaur Smiru, LL.D., F.Z.S.
On some Remains of Grypotherium (Neomylodon) listat
and associated Mammals from a Cavern near Consuelo
Cove, Last Hope Inlet, Patagonia. (Plates V.-IX.)....
Page
992
181
974
384
64
LIST OF PLATES,
1900.
Plate Page
I. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, &c. from Somaliland
II. Orthoptera from Somaliland ............0000.00 t 4
TET Ticks Troms Omer oes cutee asae nc whan ckres
IY. Scorpions from Somaliland ....... Sit avec wees ;
Vv. \
ue - Grypotherium listai |
VT, ( Gtypotherium listat 1. +e eee tht re AL fy get
VIU. ane
IX. 1.G@ ypotherium listat. 2. Felis onga. 3. Arctotheri. cum
SNE wants aia cern anhe ges oe Uns eee
ah SAUOOMIR TOUCUN ok ac aig ic ine en decadence ehins} ‘
XI. Species of Zizera ......... wa ae Kee caseuee wh wo. Se
tcc Sponges from Christmas Island............+-.64. 115
XIV. 1. Lygosoma shelfordi, 2. Distira saravacensis..., }
DV: LOGOUT DOTMOONNS oie Fed elk vane tavearele’
AVL AON APRS oc icicidnwccnecccendunieeds + 182
XVII. 1. Améblycephalus nuchalis. 2, Rhacophorus shelfordi. |
3. Ivalus petersit. 4. Calophryne heterochirus .,
XVIII. Petaurista lylei.......... aus babi Wea Hides gieians 191
Lc LOPE ROMROCNE oi ccc ie ec eiaebes cddenne ve denies 197
XX. African Phytophagous Coleoptera .............. 203
XXI.
sre » Echinoderms from Singapore and Malacca ........ 271
XXIV.
XXV._ 1. Mus sylvaticus princeps. 2. Mus sylvaticus celticus, — 387
ER VE. « Corvdeaer a ROMAINE. cdi cnasisdeecavicesancy 429
Proc, Zoo, Soc, —1900. b
XVill
Plate Page
XXVIII 1. Bufo latifrons. 2. Arthroleptis inguinalis, )
3. Dilobates platycephalus. 4. Rappia platyceps. . |
XXVIII. 1. Scotodleps gabonicus. 2. Phrynobatrachus auritus.
3. Phrynobatrachus latirostrip. v.46... 0 se aces - 433
XXIX. Gampsosteonyx batesit .......00 cee eee ee oS Mave a
XXX. Trichobatrachus robustus.......0... ce ceees Sia es
XXXI. 1. Poromera fordii. 2. Mabuia batesii .......... |
KXXIT. Boulengerina annulata...ccceccccsesvocscebancs ,)
RORITE.. Nycticorar magnifies. 46 os $e obo ae hee 457
XXXIV. Genneus whiteheadi, 6 & Q .ceceveerees 3 5 Sc
XXXV. Butterflies from Hainan ..... eae elem ei gesatenar eats 505
XXXVI. Halicarcinus ovatus. Halicarcinus planatus ......
NVA Pepe VANERTANE AD, 5 sos i cre a's 34's wlomlns Cue RG } ete
RGN WLS tS LDERAENS Coie yine a nies vgs ales cv ok Paha eee ou
NIN, RUCORUMET DING GUE clas we se s's = a's cate ob aee Vela sim
XL. |
MUL + iGrabs trou the South Pacific 2: ocicss ake. 52% 568
XLII.
PTY WUD O MARCUM, sas soe Niele sha oe ase 596
XLIV.
ey | Crustaceans from Singapore and Malacca ..,..... 719
XLVI.
XLVIII. Connochetes taurina, S jr ....... ete ee 771
ager Wynyardia bassiana ,..... Spat hak eey tivanee turin ent. (76
LI. Crustaceans from the South Pacific .............. 795
ia Rhynchota of the Family Pentatomide .......... 807
ae Nemerteans from Torres Straits .............00 825
AWG: hi bes OGLE 6g ewe a antoolera Wate hoca mags haere 869
LVII. Frogs from the Malay Peninsula ......... a eke 885
LVIII. New Butterflies from East Africa................ 911
LIX. Walkeriand porunars . tapas ile Ghwaes epee 947
LX.
LXI.} Lepidonotus geganteus ......c0cccesseneeseeees eye O72
LXII.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
1900.
Pago
Arvicanthus abyssinicus, Right upper molar series of ,......-..+- 8]
Arvicanthus dembeensis, Right upper molar series of ........... + POE
Littledale’s Sheep (Ovis satrensis), Male of, in winter coat ........ 114
Musk-ox, Papille of the paunch of the ........... ES hiss vanity ae
Musk-ox, Cells of the reticulum ofthe ..... Riot ecren ie tee asta 149
Musk-ox, Irregular folds in ceecum of the .......... Nevis arate eae seg! 3
Musk-ox, Great and small intestines of the ............ ehcet pene 152
Musk-ox, Liver, gall-bladder, and part of the duodenum of the ..., 155
Musk-ox, Spleen of the ................ SL oat ORME oft eke tepid.
PR SRG OF TNE os ew nae'e vs 5 eed na ware ere oe urate « dice tun
Musk-ox, Tracheal ring of the ............ aus nor a aNd. Le
RMN REAM ON Se casas o sics Ga vo ys an Gh ele Sia Rive alanis 159
Musk-ox, Penis of the....... Dae dias Ma aly estas dss Sign mntnareceie’ ccets 16]
Musk-ox, Udder of the female .................- A Oa ena . 164
Benhamia cecifera, Ventral surface of anterior segments Bon 16 ...t6 2022 +a: | 838 | Mkakula and Kotakota.
16. | Ploceipasser pectoralis ............ 470 | Liwonde.
| 17. | Hyphantornis shelleyi ............ 543 | Katunga.
18.0) (Oriolus larvatus, 4.2. -.v+-0ssecnee- 572 | Buwa.
19. | Lamprocolius sycobius............ 600 | Liwonde.
20. | Prionops talacoma ............... 666 | Buwa.
21. | Campophaga nigra ............... 675 | Buwa.
22,. | Hisouscollarie:3.-2<5...2c-seeue x | 693 | Mkukula and Buwa.
23. BOUSEY Wiel se asus s onariene mented 701 | Buwa. |
24. | Enneoctonus collurio ............ 709 | Kotakota, Mkukula, and
Buwa.
25. | Laniarius mosambicus ............ 723 | Kasungu.
26. | Dryoscopus cubla................-- 742 | Kasungu.
27. | Telephonus senegalus ............ 751 | Buwa.
| 28. | Malaconotus blanchoti............ 778 | Buwa.
29. | Andropadus vleaginus ............ 844 | Liwonde.
30. | Erythropygia barbata ............ 1143 | Buwa.
31. | Turdus libonianus ............... 1234 | Buwa.
32. | Bradyornis murinus............... 1502 | Katunga and Kotakota.
33. | Eurystomus glaucurus............! 1509 | Kotakota.
34. | Coracias caudatus..............0++- 1515 | Liwonde.
35. | Rhinopomastes cyanomelas...... 1559 =| Liwonde.
Bow Cerys rudis, 2s. s-a:-ceseaseesare 1599 | Liwonde.
37. | Corythornis cyanostigma......... 1606 | Kotakota.
38. | Halcyon chelicutensis ............ | 1619 | Kotakota.
39. | Colius erythromelon............... 1638 | Liwonde.
40. | Schizorhis concolor ............... 1664 | Kotakota and Liwonde.
41. | Centropus burchelli............... 1690 | Kotakota.
A254 Coceystes Cater ..°...s+sseurenente 1696 | Liwonde.
43. | Chrysococeyx cupreus ............ 1712, | Mkukula.
44. | Melanobucco torquatus ......... 1739 | Katunga and Buwa.
45. | Smilorhis sowerbyi ............... 1759 =| Katunga and Buwa.
1900.] MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE GENUS XBNOTILAPIA. 5
| No. in | Locality
| | ee | (where stated).
| 46. Campothera abingdoni............ | 1812 | Buwa.
| 47. | Chaleopelia afra ...........c000+- 1895 | Kotakota.
| 48. | Nisaétus pennatus.................. 2025 | Liwonde.
49. | Lophoaétus occipitalis ............ 2030 | Liwonde.
| 50, | Asturinula monogrammica ...... | 2046 | Liwonde.
| 51. | Astur polyzonoides ............... | 2060 | Liwonde.
| 52. | Cireus ranivorus ................-. 2082 | Liwonde.
| Sd. | Ardea purpurea ..........0.....0 2123 | Kotakota.
54. | Phalacrocorax lucidus ............ 2149 | Kotakota.
|, 55. PLDICATIDB | 0 Py Seceneatas ede oct 2153 | Kotakota.
56. | Plotus levaillanti .................- 2154 | Kotakota.
| 57. | Larus cirrhocephalus ............) 2205
58. | Sarcidiornis melanonota ......... 2255 | Liwonde.
59. | Porphyrio alleni .................. 2297 | Kotakota.
f~GO, | Turnix lopurand. ....-<.2..-..-...- 2324 | Katunga.
| 61. | Francolinus coqui.................. 2346 | Buwa and Katunga.
| 62. | Phyllopezus africanus ............ 2441 | Liwonde and Katunga.
} 63. / Lobivanellus lateralis ............ 2445 | Buwa and Katunga.
| 64. | Pavoncella pugnax ............... 2484 | Mkukula.
65. | Rhynchea capensis ............... 2501
66. | Cursorius temimincki ............| 2517 | Buwa.
Mr. Sclater remarked that the route from Lake Nyasa to
Mpeseni’s country and Fort Jameson would be found described in
an article by Mr. R. I. Money and Dr. Kellett Smith in the
‘Geographical Journal’ for 1897 (vol. x. p. 146).
Capt. Shelley had informed Mr. Sclater that examples of the
following 3 species had not previously been obtained in Nyasaland,
but it should be remarked that Fort Jameson itself, being over
the water-parting, was just outside the border of the B.C. A.
Protectorate :—
1. Parus afer Gm.: Gadow, Cat. B. viii. p. 39.
Not previously recorded from the north of the Zambesi.
2. Smilorhis sowerbyi Sharpe, Lbis, 1898, p. 572, pl. xii. fig. 1.
Originally described from Mashunaland.
3. Phalacrocorax lucidus (Licht.): Grant, Cat. B. xxvi. p. 351.
A communication was read from Mr. G. A. Boulenger pointing
out that an unfortunate mistake, for which he was in no way
responsible, had been made in printing the characters of the genus
Xenotilapia in part 4 of vol. xv. of the Society’s Transactions,
lately issued. The characters of the genus Xenotilapia (page 92)
should stand as follows :—
XENOTILAPIA, g. 1.
Body moderately elongate ; scales ctenoid; three lateral lines.
Mouth small, very protractile; upper jaw with two series of minute
1"
+ MR. C. V. A. PEBL AND OTHERS ON (Jan. 23,
conical teeth ; mandibular teeth turned outwards, ina single series;
maxillary concealed under the preorbital when the mouth is closed.
A large papillose pad on each side of the pharynx, between the
gills. Dorsal with 14 or 15 spines, anal with 3.
The following papers were read :—
1. On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895
and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland,
with Descriptions of new Species. By C. V. A. Pest,
E.Z:8S., E. E. Austen, F. A. Drxey, M.A., MB,
Hersert Druce, F.LS., F.Z.8., C. J. Ganan, M.A.,
Gitsert J. Arrow, R. McLacuian, F.R.S., Matcoum
Burr, F.Z.S., and R. I. Pocock.
[Received November 9, 1899.]
(Plates L-IV.)
CoNTENTS.
Page
1. Narrative of the Expeditions. By C. V. A. Pern, F.ZS....... 4
2. Diptera.. By HiiiwA peewee .;.ccatapec ts) - --.2-cstunanBxemiagton 7
3. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. By F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D....... 10
4. Lepidoptera Heterocera. By Hersert Druce, F.Z.S., F.LS8. 17
5. Coleoptera. By C. J. Ganan, M.A., and Giupert J. Arrow... 21
G.Neuroptera. By BR. Mcliiguman, FURS. ......2.2s002.00--ensscsece 34
7. Orthoptera. By Matcoim Burr, F.Z.S., and Dr. C. Brunner
Y.W ADUEN WY os cc 00sesapacoeaven cae tones spp Veen eas a he
8. Insects of other Orders. By various Contributors............... 46
9. Chilopoda and Arachnida. By R. I. Pocock ..........ccc2+e0008 48
10. General List of the Scorpions of Somaliland and the Boran
Oountry.. By e302. ae-c acre sees 2 caess aponcaee BH)
11. ‘Hixplanation of the Blates@ee.w...-ssesesc-+2--0-c0-0oun Bice. ails
5, temorum antacorum’. cee. -s.e 2 lO
- a mtermed: ~ 2525 tee aes 14°5
+: op PoshicoruMic.,. sgt iat t03 OO
5 operchl.,.c2 eee ae ease . 26
Patria. West Somaliland, Bun Jijjiga (July 15, 1895). One
female. Type in Hope Collection, Oxford.
LEPryNta sp.
West Somaliland, Bun Jijjiga (July 15,1895). Five mutilated
specimens,
ACRIDIODEA.
TRUXALIDA.
TRUXALIS Nasuta (L.).
North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895. Tlirce
females.
1900.) INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND. 39
TRUXALIS UNGUICULATA Ramb.
North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895. Seve
females, one male.
MAcH#RIDIA BILINEATA Stal.
North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26,1895. I refer
a mutilated larva to this species.
EPacroMIa THALASSINA (Fabr.).
West Somaliland (1895). One example.
CEDIPODID &.
HUMBERTIELLA TENUICORNIS (Schaum).
West Somaliland: Boholo Deno, near R. Shebeyli, June 24,1895;
three male specimens, one female. Somaliland (1895 or 1897);
one nale and one female.
This species is purely a native of tropical Africa.
GASTRIMARGUS VERTICALIS Sauss.
West Somaliland (1895). One male and one female specimen.
Var., fusca, fascia fusca alarum via perspicua.
North-west Somaliland, Hargaisa, April 25-28, 1895. One
female specimen.
CEDALEUS INSTILLATUS, sp. n.
Pronotum haud valde elongatum, fusco-testaceum, indistincte fusco-
notatum, Tempora acuta, trigonalia, Statura minore.
Gracilior. Frons subreclinata ; costa frontalis latior, margin-
ibus a vertice subdivergentibus ; vertex ad frontem haud rotun-
datus. Pronoti crista humilis, acuta, sinuata, margine postico
acutangulo. Elytra venis spuriis completis, area ulnari ir-
regulariter reticulata, fusco-testacea, dimidia basali fasctis
3 latis fuscis, 2 latis pallidis, opacis, dimidia apicali plus
minus hyalina, maculis nebulosis infuscatis ornata, Ale basi
flavicantes, fascia fusca lata semilunari, marginem posticum
attingenti ornate, ultra hane hyaline, apice macula fusca, 2
lohos includenti ornata, Pronotum metazona quam prozona haud
brevior. Femora postica testacea, extus punctulata, vel irregu-
lariter fasciata. Tibi postice rusescentes. SQ.
3. "8
Long. corporis ............ 20 mm. 29 inm.
i I ao ekas ox» AD 6
CVUOLUD ose tess 22 26°5
» femorum posticorum.. .. 15
Patria, West Somaliland (1895). Twospecimens. ‘Types, male
and female, in Hope Collection, Oxford.
This new species falls into the second division of de Saussure’s
subgenus (daleus sensu stricto. It is a great deal smaller than
40 MR. C, V. A. PEEL AND OTHERS ON [Jan. 23,
. nigrofasciatus de G., and @. infernalis Sauss., and falls between
. senegalensis Kr. and . abruptus Sauss. From both of these
it differs in the acute angle of the posterior border of the pronotum,
at least in the male (this angle is more obtuse in the female).
I have drawn up the description on the model of de Saussure’s
synoptical table, in which he distinguishes these two species.
ACROTYLUS LONGIPES (Charp.).
Somaliland (1895 or 1897), one female. West Somaliland
(1895), one male and two females.
These specimens are the red variety, the same as recorded by
me from Sokotra (P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 384).
PYRGOMORPHID &.
CuROTOGONUS LUGUBRIS Blanch.
Somaliland (1895 or 1897). One male, two larve.
PHYMAYEUS STOLLII Sauss.
North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895. Two
males and two females.
PH. MORBILLOSUS Serv. ?
North Central Somaliland: Haud, Odewein, June 23,1897. Two
larvee. (‘ Dry river, thickly wooded banks.”—C, V. A. P.)
1 refer these larvee with some hesitation to P. morbillosus.
PYRGOMORPHA GRYLLOIDEs (Latr.).
North-west Somaliland: Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895. One
female.
ACRIDIID#.
SCHISTOCERCA PEREGRINA (Oliy.).
North-west Somaliland: Gooban District, between Hargaisa and
Berbera, August 6, 1895. Six males, one female.
North Central Somaliland : Haud, Odewein, July 23, 1897. Four
nymphs. (‘ Dry river, thickly wooded banks.”—C, V. A. P.) Also
five very young larvee.
ACRIDIUM SUCCINCTUM Serv.
(nec Linn. = ruficorne, Serv. et Stal).
West Somaliland (1895). One male and one female.
SAURACRIS, gen. nov.
Corpus apterum, depressum, granulatum, nitidum. Oculi pro-
minuli, a supero visi, subcontigut. Frons reclinata ; antenne
Jiliformes. Pronotumn deplanatum, carinis nullis, suleis 3
instructum, margine postico subsinuato, lobis defleais marginibus
antico et postico obliquis, inferiore subrecto. Elytra minima,
ee
1900.) INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND, 41
rudimentaria vel nulla, Ale nulle, Abdomen seginentis 1° et 2°
deplanatis, ceteris compressis, carinulatis. Pedes crassiusculi,
Femora postica valde incrassata, haud serrulata ; tibice postice
margine exvterno 6-8, interno 8-9 spinis armate ; tarsi postict
segmentis 1° et 3° elongatis, 2° parvo. Cerci 3 breves, compressi,
conict, apice obtusi. Lamina supraanalis obtusa, apice
paullo bi-emarginaia, medio plus minus sulcata. Lamina
subgenitalis $ magna, fornicata; lumina subgenitalis &
simplex. Valvule ovipositoris breves, granulate. Corpus
glabrum, partibus genitalibus 3 Q tibiis posticis hirsutis,
This new genus falls into the group Coptacre. The absence of
elytra, wings, and of the carine of the pronotum separate it from
Cyphocerastes Karsch, Epistaurus Bol., Avridoderes Bol.
SAURACRIS LACERTA, sp.n. (Plate II. fig. 3, ¢.)
Statura mediocri, testacea, nigro varia. Caput pallide testaceum ;
oculi globosi, badii. Pronotum pallide testaceum, fasciis 3
Ffusctoribus longitudinalibus ornatum. Elytra minutissima,
granulati, lobiformia, seqmenti abdominalis primi dimidium viv
attingentia, vel nulla, Abdomen testaceum, vittis et maculis
nigris ornatum. Pedes testacei ; femora postica extus fusco vil
atro ornata ; tibie postice spinis extus 6-8, intus 9 armate,
Abdomen subtus nigro variegatum. Femina mare major,
fuscior. S$ Q.
fe or
Long. corporis aes poe . 255mm. 39 mm.
Si ADOMINAL: . chelond saad x's 6 ae
» élytrorum (si adsunt). ‘ 1:75 1-75
,, femorum posticorum ,. 18-13°5 17
Patria. North-west Somaliland, Hargaisa, April 25-28, 1895;
1 male, 1 female and 1 nymph. Central or East Somaliland (1897) ;
2males. Female, type trom Hargaisa, in Hope Collection, Oxford.
Male type from Central or East Somaliland, in Hope Collection.
Co-types at Oxford and in the collection of Malcolm Burr,
LOCUSTODBA,
PHANEROPTERID®,
PERONURA sp. inc.
North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895. One
female nymph.
It is impossible accurately to determine this immature specimen.
PHANEROPTERA PUNCLULATA, sp. 1.
Parva, late viridis ; pronoto, cruribus, abdomine nigro-punctulatis.
Pronotum lobis deflewis wque altis ae longis; carine haul
valde expresse, flavide. Klytra brevi word, venulis transversis
haud prominulis, parte anali usque ad apicem nigr o-punctulata,
Al elytris longiores, Femora postica gracilia, apicem elytrorum
42 MR. C. V. A, PEEL AND OTHERS ON (Jan. 23,
superantes, basi incrassata. Lamina supraanalis 3g oblonga.
Cerci 3g longi, teretes, acuminati, apice mucronati. Lamina
subgenitalis 3 elongata, triangulariter emarginata, cercos haud
superans. oC.
3.
Long. pronoti ......e+s+sss-s. 125mm.
COTPOTIS 's a vie's\s 2s ale ee
alacnm, Fos hs eevee eee
| -elytroram).) 2:54 a Te ak nt
Lat. elytrorum medio .......... 2°75
Long. femorum posticarum...... 16
Patria. North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26, 1895.
One male. Type in Hope Collection, Oxford.
This species comes nearest to Ph. nana Charp., but may be
distinguished by the absence of the basal spots of the elytra, which
also separates it from Ph. quadripunctata Br. The minute black
dots all over the body resemble those of Leptophyes punctatissima,
Bosc.
”?
”
MILITITSA, gen. nov.
In tribum Verpnistriarum locandum. ¢ ignotus.
Fastigium verticis sulcatum et compressum. Frons brevis, per-
pentcularis. Oculi valde globosi. Pronotum selleeforme, disco
antice elevatum, obtusum, postice deplanato, margine ipso sub-
elevato, rotundato, carinis lateralibus nullis; lobis deflewis
altiortbus quam longioribus, marginthus rotundatis. LElytra
angusta, paullo ante medium latiora, dehine attenuata, margine
postico sinuato, apice oblique truncata ; venw 2 radiales sub-
contique, apicem versus diver gentes, ramis 1-3 vene ulnaris
conjunctis, ramo ultimo in marginem aprcalem elytri ecurrente ;
vena ulnaris a vena radiali valde remota, in marginem posticum
elytri defleca, ramos nonnullos furcatos albo-cireumdatos venam
radialem versus emittens, quorum spostremi ramis vene
radialis conjuncti ; campus analis busi latus, dchine angustis-
simus, venulis rectis transversis plurimis instructis, in tertia
parte apical elytri evanescens; campus marginalis latus,
ad conjunctionem venwe radialis anterioris cum margine antico
productus ; intra marginem per totam longitudinem elytra
anguste decolor, hyalinus, Ale elytris longiores. Coww antice
spina nulla instructe. Femora omnia teretes, postica subtus
spmulis 3 armata, lobis genicularibus acuminatis ; tibie antice
et intermedie compresse, margine jpostico spinulis minimis
armate. Tibwe antice utrinqgue foramine aperto, oblongo,
instruct ; tibie postice per totam longitudinem utrinque supra
spinis allidis, apice rufescentibus, armate. Meso- et meta-
sternum lobis obtusis instructa. Ovipositor satis magnus, sensim
incurvis, apice obtusus, valvula superiore minime crenulato,
valvulam inferiorem muticam superans. @.
This genus may be at once separated from Terpnistria Stil by
the unspined pronotum and unlobed legs. The unarmed coxe
1900.] INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND. 43
and open tympana of the anterior tibie distinguish it from
Diogena Br.
MIZITITSA SOMALIENSIS, sp. n. (Plate II. figs. 5 & 7.)
Corpus ferrugineum. Caput et pronotum viridia. Elytra viridia,
venulis transversis hyalino-circumdatis, margine antico hyalino,
margine postico sordide ferrugineo. Ovipostor nitidus, viridis,
apice infuscatus. Cerct recti, conic. Lumina subgenitalis 2
parva, apice angusta, truncata. &.
O',
Poon sorpors ai pees eer eas ak eases Dae meee
pea ECL cirhiwiclt git ara dy Wiie dare eater be be oe
ff PREDEAML Ss ak) fee pak wpe cota ee
= Femoram posiiearam: V's 2.3055-0 °F
Poi dAEPU TMM 3s oo baile alate w, sin Oe waar eel
Patria. North-west Somaliland, Whardi Datal, July 26,
1895. One female specimen. Type in Hope Collection, Oxford.
TYLOPSIS PERPULCHRA, sp. 0.
Viridis, elongata, Pronotum dorso deplanatum, viride, minutis-
sime fusco-punctulatum, marginibus antico et postico subsinuatis,
carinis lateralibus rectis, parallelis, albis, antice subtus atro-
marginatis ; lobi deflext angulato inserti, margine inferiore
recto, angulo postico retroproducto, margine postico valde
sinuato, antico perpendicularit. Elytra elongata, angusta,
lanceolata, ramo primo vene radialis apice furcato, viridia,
antice late albo- marginata, vitta pallide purpurea intra, apicem
versus attenuata ornata, Ale elytris valde longiores, venis
radialibus mediis valde infuscatis, (DPedes antici et intermedi
desunt.) Pedes postici gracillimi, longissimi, fusco-teslacei.
Cerci longi, validi, apice valde undulato-incurvi, apice
decussati et infuscati. Lamina subgenitalis 3 elongata, apice
triangulariter excisa. ¢.
dS
LODE. COFPOPIA sours os 2 acne aes 20 BOM
" pronom ee bls id wiaoeskinie oo
i NY Lace taene awk St
a femorum posticorum....... 28
Patria. North-west Somaliland, W hardi Datal, July 26,
1895, One male specimen. Type in Hope Collection, Oxford.
This species agrees with 7’. bilineolata Serv. in the straight
inferior borders of the side flaps of the pronotum, but may be
distinguished by the variegated elytra.
OTIAPHYSA ANGUSTIPENNIS, sp. n. (Plate IT. fig. 2.
Flavo-ferruginea ; elytra, alarum apices, virides ; elytra venulis
transversis albido-circumdatis, maryine antico valde sinuato,
margine postico recto, paullo ante medium latiora, pone medium
valde angustata, apice oblique truncata, &.
44 MR, C. V. A. PEEL AND OTHERS ON [Jan. 23,
oan
Tiong, CORPOTIS: Geos". < sae ete eis oesssneopennecnheabanna subsp. cey/ensis,
b*. Chelw and body with black-lined keels, femora
of legs distally infuscate ; patellwe also infuscate
basally and along keels; frontal area of carapace
sparsely granular in the middle .........ecc0cceecees subsp. Lerberensis,
58 MR. C. V. A. PEEL AND OTHERS ON [Jan. 23,
b. Inferior lateral keels of 5th caudal segment and inferior
median of segments 2 and 3 uniformly granular
throughout.
a*, Hand carinate and densely granular; dorsal ab-
dominal keels posteriorly strongly spiniform......... acutecarinatus.
b°, Hand smooth, not carinate ; dorsal abdominal keels
not strongly spiniform posteriorly.
a‘, Less coarsely granular; tail thinner and lower,
height of 4th segment barely half its own length
and distinctly less than length of lst; upper
surface of caudal segments much less strongly
excavated, &6: c.xccsccskateescesaseeccesemeupeemennnees polystictus.
b4, More coarsely granular ; tail thicker, its superior
keels more strongly elevated; height of 4th
segment more than half its length and equal to
len pth’ of. Letysca:.cqdnessoersete ce qcede tyes. detaenncs emini.
Family ScorPIonipaz,
Genus Panpinus Thorell.
PANDINUS MEIDENSIS Karsch.
Pandinus meidensis, Karsch, Mitth. Miinch. ent. Ver. iii. p. 127
(1879); Kraepelin, Das Tierr., Scorpiones, &c. p. 119 (1899).
Loc. Meid in Somaliland. In Berlin Museum.
PANDINUS sMITHI (Pocock).
Scorpio smithii, Pocock in Donaldson Smith’s ‘Through Unknown
African Countries,’ p. 198 (1897).
Lee. Hargaisa, Silul, Abdeh, and Turfa in Somaliland (A.
Donaldson Smith). In British Museum.
PANDINUS PALLIDUS (Kraepelin).
Scorpio pallidus, Kraepelin, Mitt. Mus. Hamburg, xi. p. 60 (1894).
Pandinus pallidus, id. Das Tierr., Seorpiones, &c. p. 120 (1899),
Loc. Barawa in Somaliland. In Hamburg Museum and British
Museum.
The typical form of this species was based upon immature
individuals measuring only up to 75 mm. long. Until the adult
is known it seems to me impossible to classify the species with
certainty. It is undoubtedly nearly allied both to the following
species, P. phillipsi from North-west Somaliland, and to the
more southern Masailand form P. gregort, but it will probably prove
to be at all events subspecifically different from both.
PANDINUS PHILLIPSI (Pocock).
Scorpio phillipsii, Pocock, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii. p. 101
(1896).
Sir phillipsii, Kraepelin, Das Tierr., Scorpiones, &e. p. 120
(1899).
Loc. Dooloob and the Goolis Mountains, inland of Berbera
(Z. Lort Phillips). In British Museum.
a A AC } B A 7
1900 INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND 59
This form is evidently allied to the typical P. pallidus ; but
until adults of the latter come to hand for comparison, it is im-
possible to say what the exact relationship between the two may
be. The original examples of P. phillipsi are a pair of females
obtained at Dooloob. Mr. Lort Phillips subsequently procured an
adult male and a young female on the Goolis Range of mountains.
The former has 17-18 pectinal teeth, a longer tail and larger vesicle
than the female, and lobate movable finger on the chela. The
young one is as large as a co-type of P. pallidus, the carapace in the
two measuring 11 mm. Moreover the posterior tarsal lobe is tipped
above with bristles as in P. pallidus, not with a spine as in the adult
P. phillipst. But the shape of the hand in the young P. phillipsi
is different, this organ being very noticeably narrower, and the
tubercles on its upperside are much sharper and more strongly
detined.
The following actual measurements (in millim.) of the two
examples may be advantageously compared :—
Total length Length of Length of Tenetlt of Width of
pions Carapace. brachium. underhand. nag hand.
P. vali im } 71 W 1-5 7 7 10
P onibioa } 68 1 75 7 7 85
As will be seen, there is practical identity of measurements *
except where the width of the hand is concerned.
Panpinvs couet (Pocock).
Scorpio colei, Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii. p. 180,
pl. xi. figs. 2, 2. a (1896).
Pandinus colei, Kraepelin, Das Tierr., Scorpiones, &c. p. 120
(1899).
Loc. Berbera and Goolis Mountains (#. Lort Phillips). In
British Museum.
This species was based upon a subadult specimen from Berbera.
Mr. Lort Phillips subsequently procured in the Goolis Mountains
and kindly sent to the British Museum three additional examples,
an adult male and female and a young specimen considerably smaller
than the type. The characters upon which the species was based
prove perfectly constant. The adult male and female are much
alike ; the former, however, has the terga of the abdomen finely and
closely granular posteriorly, whereas in the female they are nearly
' The difference in total length in this and in many other cases is due to the
degree of distension of the abdominal region. The length of this region is so
very liable to alteration in accordance with the mode of preservation of the
specimen after death, and oe so largely upon the fasting or full-fed,
pregnant or not pregnant condition of the Scorpion, that the relative lengths
of the tail as compared with the trunk, which Kraepelin, Karsch, and others so
frequently quote, have but little importance. The length of the carapace, which
does not vary, should be taken as standard for comparison,
60 MR. C. V. A, PEEL AND OTHERS ON [Jan. 23,
smooth. Again, the 2nd and 4th abdominal sterna are finely
granular in the middle; and, lastly, the vesicle is more strongly
inflated, its width considerably exceeding its height and being
equal to that of the 4th caudal segment.
In the female the width of the vesicle is scarcely greater than
its height and less than the width of the 5th segment.
Pectinal teeth 11-13(¢ 2).
Total length ( g ) 82 mm., carapace 13°5, tail 38, underhand 8°5,
width of haud 12.
PANDINUS PEELI Pocock.
Cf. supra, p. 53.
PANDINUS HAWKERI, sp. 0.
Colour of carapace and palpi yellowish brown; tergal plates and
tail reddish brown ; vesicle brown with yellow lines ; legs entirely
pale yellow, abdominal sterna testaceous.
Carapace smooth, polished; terga also smooth, punctured
along the posterior margin, the last very weakly gr anular laterally,
the crests obsolete. Sterna, with exception of the last, smooth ;
the last obsoletely crested, but mesially closely granular.
Tail short, only alittle more than two and a half times the length
of the carapace, which is almost as long as its first three segments;
the inferior median keels absent on segments 1-5, the inferior
laterals present, smooth on segments 1 and 2, granular on 3 to 5,
the area of the Jower surface of the tail between them granular as
in P. colei; superior and superior-lateral keels of tail weak,
punctured, but not granular; sides of tail smooth ; upper surface
at most very sparsely granular, except along the posterior edge of
segments 1-4, where there is a series of denticuliform granules ;
vesicle strongly punctured and setose beneath, but scarcely
granular, its width exceeding its height. Chele: humerus smooth
below and behind, the crests on its upper and anterior surfaces
coarsely granular, its upperside sparsely granular in the basal
half ; brachium smooth, except for some minute granules in front
and some coarser ones along the anterior inferior crest: hand
moderately wide, its width equal to three-fourths the length of
the carapace ; upper surface granular on the external slope above
the strong keel of the underhand§ the rest of the upper surface
nearly smooth and polished, beset with a fine reticulation of ridges
which are almost obsolete in adult, coarser in young; inner edge
almost smooth, punctured, lower surface sparsely and weakly
granular towards the base of immovable digit; immovable digit
with its basal width less than half the length of its biting-edge ;
movable digit shorter than carapace, exceeding width of hand,
equal to length of 3rd and 4th caudal segments.
Legs smooth ; protarsi of 1st and 2nd with one posterior apical
spine; tarsal lobes with two spines; lower surface of tarsi with
one anterior and three posterior spines; anterior claw much
1900.] INSECIS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND. 61
weaker than posterior. Sternum long, about one-third longer
than wide.
Pectinal teeth 12-15 in 9°.
Measurements in millimetres. Total length 81, carapace 15,
tail 50; width of hand 12; length of movable digit 13, of hand-
back 8.
Loc. Jifa Uri inland from Zeyla (2. M, Hawker). In British
Museum.
Differing from P. colei and P. peeli in the characters pointed
out below (p. 62).
PANDINUS PUGILATOR Poc.
Cf. supra, p. 52.
PANDINUS MILITARIS, sp. 0.
Scorpio bellicosus, L. Koch; Pocock, in Donaldson Smith’s
‘ Through Unknown African Countries,’ p. 397 (1897) (nec P. belli-
cosus L. Koch).
2. Colour yellowish brown; legs paler yellow, hand reddish
brown with black fingers. Carapace granular laterally, entirely
smooth above except for a few granules in the anteocular groove.
Terga finely granular laterally. Tail a little more than two and a
half times as long as the carapace, the inferior keels on segments
1-3 quite smooth, those on 4th at most slightly rugose ; superior
and superior-lateral keels of all the segments granular or weakly
denticulated ; superior surface of Ist granular, of 2nd less so;
width of 1st exceeding length of 3rd, almost equal to that of 4th ;
5th about twice as long as wide. Chele: humerus granular above
at least on its basal half, smooth below ; brachtum almost entirely
smooth, its anterior side weakly granular above, more coarsely
below ; hand wide, its width in adult exceeding length of 3rd and
4th caudal segments, inner edge smooth, upper surface smooth,
finely reticulated, a few low tubercles just above the keel of the
underhand aud at the base of the immovable digit; external
portion of upper surface rising vertically above keel of underhand ;
thickness ot hand at the front equal to length of 4th caudal
segment. Lower side of hand granular distally, scarcely crested.
Pectinal teeth 12-15.
Measurements in millimetres (of type). Total length 112,
carapace 19, tail 51 ; width of hand 16°8, underhand 10:5,
Loc. Aimola in the Boran Country (Donaldson Smith); also Ndi,
on the Weiss Road inland from Mombasa (C. Steuart Betton). In
British Museum,
Nearly allied to the East-African species P. cavimanus, but
differing in the following characters :—the carapace in the female is
longer than the 4th and 5th caudal segments, and the basal width
of the immovable finger is only about half the length of its free
margin ; whereas in J. cavimanus ( 2 ) the carapace is shorter than
4th and Sth caudal segments, and the basal width of the immoyable
digit is about two-thirds the length of its free margin.
62 MR. C. V. A. PEEL AND OTHERS ON [Jan. 25,
I at one time supposed this species to be the female of the
Abyssinian P. bellicosus L. Koch, but judging by Kraepelin’s recent
diagnosis of the latter species (Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 121,
1899), P. militaris certainly differs in having the superior caudal
keels denticulated, the hand finely punctulate above and below,
and the last abdominal sternite scarcely visibly crested.
Synopsis of the Somali Species of Pandinus.
a. Median eyes always some distance behind middle of cara-
pace; tarsi more numerously spined, the lobes with 3-4
spines, total number on lower side of tarsi 9 behind,
6 in front.
a‘, Tarsal lobes with 4 spines, a strong spine being on the
tip of the lobe; humerus of chela furnished below
with two short rows of denticles...........-..:seeeeeteeeee meidensis.
b'. Tarsal lobe with 5 strong spines, the spine on the tip
smaller and usually filiform distally; humerus of
chela smooth below.
a*, Ornamentation of hand consisting of conical
tubercles ; inner margin of hand distinctly tuber-
cular and denticulate from base of finger to carpal
articulation, width of hand greater than length of
carapace ; pectinal teeth 18-21 ............cseceeeeeeee smithi.
b?, Ornamentation of hand consisting of low rounded
or irregular shaped, often anastomosing tubercles ;
lobe of hand with smooth posterior edge ; length
of carapace exceeding width of hand; pectinal teeth
Raa he ee oe PPC ee ceria eaters etre Re eLee. phiilipsi.
b. Median eyes in middle of carapace, rarely a little behind
the middle; total number of spines on tarsi 5 behind,
3 in front, 2 only being situated on each lobe, the tip of
which is furnished with bristles.
a’. Lower surface of all the caudal segments and the
middle of at least the last abdominal sternite closely
granular and not keeled.
a‘, Upper surface of hand from inner edge to crest
of underhand uniformly covered with coarse
granules which do not anastomose; upper crest
of brachium distinetly granular ..,........sseeeeeeeeeee colei.
b*, Upperside of hand coarsely granular only above
crest of underhand, the rest of its upperside either
almost smooth or ornamented with low rounded
tubercles which run into ridges; upper crest
of brachium quite smooth.
a°. Upperside of hand covered with ornamentation
of low, more or less anastomosing tubercles ;
its lower surface distinctly granular; hand
larger, carapace equal to length of underhand
+ one-third of movable digit, and only as
long as the hand from the posterior edge of
the lobe to the base of the immovable finger ;
immovable finger not twice as long as its basal
WIG cr cans ot eseuap cok ted onupnense a eee gta: ees aaa peeli.
+’. Upperside of hand smooth, at most ornamented
with a network of low ridges, lower side very
sparsely granular; hand smaller, carapace as
long as underhand + half the movable finger,
and as the hand measured from the posterior
edge of the lobe + half the immovable finger ;
immovable finger twice as lung as its basal width. hawkeri,
1900.] INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS FROM SOMALILAND. 63
43, Last abdominal sternite and lower side of Ist and
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
2nd caudal segments, and usually also of 3rd,
smooth ; caudal segments 1-3 keeled below.
a°®. Lower surface of 4th caudal segment coarsely but
sparsely granular, the median keels obsolete, the
lateral keels strongly denticulate; superior and
superior-lateral crests of tail smooth; protarsal
segment of 1st and 2nd legs with a single external
apical spine» <...bseheses ayes aes ecenida an ome eaaeedae wens pugilator.
b°. Lower surface of 4th caudal segment not uniformly
and coarsely granular, furnished with four normal,
subequally strong keels; superior and superior-
lateral crests of tail denticulated ; protarsi of 1st
and 2nd legs with at least two external spines...... mélitaris.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate I.
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, &c., from Somaliland.
. Pseudophia oppia, p. 18. Fig. 9. Genecerus nebulosus, p. 26.
. Chilena sabrina, p. 20. 10. Psiloptera somalica, p. 25.
Cerocala munda, p. 19. ll. Agrypnus longicornis, p . 265
Acrea mirabilis, p. 11. 12. Sepidium magnum, p. 29,
. Belenois peeli, 3, p. 15. 13. Rhytidonota robusta, p. 28.
a Be Se cpalllay 14. Sepidium bilobatum, p. 30.
. Pseudophia lineata, p. 19. 15. Julodis laticollis, p. 25.
. Pangonia tricolor, p. 7. 16. Trou expansus, p. 22.
Prats II,
Orthoptera from Somaliland.
. Rhegmatopoda peeli, p.44. Left elytron. Oe. Be | PNT Ue r Hi ae ded)?
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DENDROMYS
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1900.] ON MAMMALS FROM SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA. 79
Puats VII.
Fig. 1. Grypotherium listai ; plaster cast of brain-cavity, right lateral, upper
(1 a), and lower (14) aspects, one-half nat. size. c¢., cerebrum; cd,
cerebellum ; f., infilling of foramen lacerum posterius; o/., olfactory
lobes; II.. IV., V., VIL, VILL, XII, exits of nerves as numbered.
Prats VIII.
Fig. 1. Grypotherium listai; inner aspect of part of skin of flank, somewhat
abraded, showing ossicles, one-half nat. size.
2. Ditto; group of dermal ossicles exposed from outer face, one-half nat.
size.
Puate IX.
Fig. 1. Grypotherium listai!; epidermal sheath of claw of fourth digit of manus,
inferior and lateral (1 a) aspects, two-thirds nat. size.
. Felis onga, var.; portion of right humerus, anterior aspect and lower
part of posterior aspect (1 a), two-thirds nat. size.
. Arctotherium sp.; portion of distal end of right femur, anterior and
outer (3a) aspects, two-thirds nat. size.
ist)
3. On the Mammals obtained in Southern Abyssinia by
Lord Lovat during an Expedition from Berbera to the
Blue Nile. By W. E. pz Winton, F.Z.S.
[Received December 13, 1899.]
(Plate X.)
Lord Lovat’s party consisted of five Huropeans, including
Mr. H. Weld Blundell, and Mr. Harwood as Naturalist. Starting
from Berbera about the middle of December 1898, and travelling
via Machanis Hill and Fijambiro, they reached Harrar towards
the end of the month, and continuing almost west via Shola, Laga
Hardim, and Jiffa Densa, they arrived at Addis Abeba towards
the end of January 1899.
During February an expedition was made to the northward via
Wogodi and Koosa to Borameda, only some 20 miles south of
Magdala; then turning a little to the eastward, they returned by
way of the Djimma Valley via Kombolsha, Ticka Chika, and
Angolala.
Finally leaving Addis Abeba at the end of February, the
expedition travelled due west via Managasha, Sellen, Goodur,
Chellika, Bilo, and Lekemti to about 35° E.; then turning to the
north via Mendi, they crossed the Dabus River at about 10° N.,
and so on through the Beni Schongul, crossing the Blue Nile at
Famaka, and following the eastern or right bank of the river past
Roseires, they reached Karkjof towards the end of May 1899,
whence a passage was obtained in a boat to Khartoum.
The valuable collection of Birds brought home by the expedition
will be found fully described by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant in the
‘Ibis’ for January 1900, where a map of the route is also given,
The collection of Birds has been presented tothe British Museum,
80 MR. W. BE. DE WINTON ON (Jan. 23,
together with all the small mammals and some of the most
interesting of the Antelopes.
1. M&GADERMA FRONS.
3,2. Roseires, Blue Nile, 1600 ft.
‘“* Hanging on thick dead bushes ; readily fly in daylight.”
2. ScoTOPHILUS NIGRITA.
2. Bilo, 5500 ft., 10th March, 1899.
“Shghtly wooded country.”
3. HELOGALE ATKINSONI.
2. Fijambiro, 5500 ft., 25th Dec., 1898.
‘Shot on rocky hill among others.”
4, FUNISCIURUS MULTICOLOR.
3. Mendi, 1st April, 1899.
**Shot on tree in very marshy ground; native name ‘ Shaila’.”
The resemblance in colour of this Squirrel to the last species
(Helogale atkinsoni) is very striking. In laying the two side by
side, the only difference observable is the form of the tail; for
while that of the Squirrel is uniformly bushy throughout its
length, that of the Mongoose is tapered towards the tip. The
general colour of the body in both animals is very much the same,
but the annulations on the fur of the Squirrel are slightly broader.
Knowing so little of the habits of these two animals, it is im-
possible to draw any conclusions as to the object of the likeness
in two species of such different families, but the striking resem-
blance at once calls to mind the parallel instance of the Tree-
Shrew (TVupaia) and the Squirrel in the Oriental Region.
5. GERBILLUS MURINUS.
Roseires, Blue Nile, 1400 ft., 15th May, 1899.
6. Mus ALBIPES,
3,¢. Borumeda, 8000 ft., 13th February, 1899.
“ Caught in camp on grassy plain; native name ‘ Tet’.”
g. Lekemti, 6885 ft., 18th March, 1899.
3. Mendi, 6th April, 1899.
3. Beni Schongul, 2nd May, 1899.
-
7. Mus MAHOMET.
3. Chellika, 8000 ft., 8th March, 1899.
“Caught on old corn-field; native name ‘ Ait ’.”
Measurements taken in the flesh—head and body, 60 millim.,
tail 48, hind foot 14, ear 12.
This is the first example received in the British Museum of
this species, which was described by Mr. S. N. Rhoads, of
Philadelphia, from specimens obtained by Dr. Donaldson Smith at
Sheikh Mahomet in Western Somaliland,
1900.] MAMMALS FROM SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA. 81
8. ARVICANTHIS DEMBEENSIS.
@. Kombolsha, 16th February, 1899.
“Shot close to water-side among reeds. Small colony ; native
name ‘ Ait’.”
Measurements taken in the flesh—head and body 113 millim.,
tail 105, hind foot 26, ear 17.
This species, described by Riippell in 1842, is represented in the
British Museum by only a single specimen obtained by Dr. W.
T. Blanford while accompanying Lord Napier’s expedition to
Magdala. The fur of this species is much softer and the annu-
lations finer that in A. abyssinicus, and the belly is almost entirely
white. The skull is rather less angular, and the palatal foramina
are shorter, not reaching so far back as the first molar. The molars
of the two species (see figs. A & B) are strikingly different; the
first upper molar of A. dembeensis is oval in shape, having only
7 cusps (the 8th being vestigial), three in the middle line with
two inner and two outer of almost equal size placed in the
intermediate spaces, so that the tooth is almost rose-shaped, six of
the cusps surrounding the central one. It will be seen that the
usual third outer cusp is almost entirely wanting.
A
A. Right upper molar series of Arvicanthis abyssinicus.
B, Right upper molar series of 4. dembeensis.
The second upper molar is formed of six cusps, two larger in the
middle iine and four smaller—two outer and two inner—set in
advance of the larger pair, so that the front of the tooth is concave,
and the hind part convex, being formed of the middle cusp only.
The pattern formed by the cusps of these two molars is very sym-
metrical, with the row of five large cusps of equal size in the middle
line, and four smaller cusps on either side placed in the intermediate
spaces.
The last molar is quite one-sided, being formed of one large
cusp, in a straight line with the large middle line of cusps in the
other teeth, and three smaller ones, all on the inner side, the hinder-
most forming the posterior border of the tooth.
The drawings (A & B) will more readily explain the formation
of the teeth of these two species.
9. ARVICANTHIS ABYSSINICUS,
9. Laga Hardim, 15th January, 1899.
2. Jiffa Densa, 7800 ft., 23rd January, 1899.
Proc. Zoot. Soo.—1900, No. VI. 6
bo
MR. W. E. DE WINLON ON (Jan. 23,
3g. Addis Abeba, 7800 ft., 25th January, 1899.
3,¢. Koosa, 11,000 ft., 8th February, 1899.
3. Ticka Chika, 4200 ft., 22nd February, 1899.
3. Sellen, 6800 ft., 5th March, 1899.
¢. Goodur, 6th March, 1899.
‘“‘ Large colony ” is written on every label.
No doubt this is the common field-rat of the country, and is
found on all soils and at any altitude.
Some specimens are labelled native name ‘“ Ait,” some “ Tet,” so
it is therefore probable that these names are simply the rendering
of our * Rat” and ‘* Mouse.”
10. DeENDROMYS LOVATI, sp.n. (Plate X.)
The fur in its general appearance and texture resembles that of
Malacothrix typicus, but the ears are much shorter and the tail is
longer ; the whole upper surface longitudinally striped with black
and fawn. ‘The tail is not so long as in any known species of
Dendromys, and is besides thickly covered with short adpressed
hair ; the fore and hind feet resemble those of Dendromys excepting
that the long fifth toes in the hind feet have no nails.
The pattern of the markings are strikingly Z’mias-like—a broad
black dorsal stripe, having a grizzled central line in its middle
portion, is flanked by two pale buff stripes, these again bordered
with black stripes. A dark stripe runs up the centre of the face
from the nose to the crown; darkish stripes also pass through the
eyes to the ears, leaving the sides of the forehead and cheeks buff.
The part of the ear which naturally folds over in front has a black
spot as in Malacothriv ; the edges of the ears are rusty, and the
fur round them is also rusty buff.
The whole of the underparts are dirty white; the bases of the
fur in all parts of the body are dark slate-grey.
The tail is two-coloured, rusty above and silvery whitish beneath;
the fore and hind feet are thinly covered with very short pale
buff hairs.
The fore feet have three long toes with claws, the first and
fifth toes being quite vestigial. The hind feet have three long
toes with claws; the outer or fifth toe is long, thumb-like, and
partly opposable, but, so far as the single example shows, differs
from that of the known forms of Dendromys in being quite
destitute of a claw.
Type. ¢. Managasha, 7000 ft., 2nd March, 1899.
‘“ Picked up on grass plateau.”
Measurements taken in the flesh—head and body 73 millim.,
tail 69, hind foot 19, ear 14.
Of another specimen—head and body 76, tail 76, hind foot 17,
ear 16.
Skull: greatest length 22°5, length of nasals 8-9, interorbital
constriction of frontals 3-1, breadth of brain-case 9:5, length
of upper molar series (¢.) 3°9, length of first molar only 2.
Mandible; greatest length, tip of incisors to condyle 14, bone only
1900. ] MAMMALS FROM SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA. 83
12, tip of incisors to coronoid 111, tip of incisors to angle 13:5,
height (angle to coronoid) 6°6, length of lower molar series 3:1.
The skull of the type is unfortunately crushed, so that full de-
scription or measurements are impossible; another skull is likewise
much damaged, and being broken in two across the frontals dividing
the molar series, the measurement of the tooth-row cannot be
taken with absolute accuracy, and other measurements which it
would be desirable to record arenot possible. The skull resembles
other species of Dendromys in general form.
The molars resemble those of Dendromys typicus in the strongly
cuspidate form of the first tooth with numerous small supplemen-
tary cusps, while the second and third are flat on the surface and
laminate, with one more fold than in the teeth of Wus.
11. TACHYORYCTES SPLENDENS.
2. Shola, 7000 ft., 9th January, 1899.
“ Caught on black soil, working near the surface; native name
999
‘Farr’.
12. Procavia SHOANA.
¢. Wogodi, 9000 ft., 6th February, 1899.
‘Shot among rocks, out of a colony. Half size; observed one
yellow. Burrs in fur of all. Native name ‘ Sessa ’.”
Examples of the following larger mammals were obtained during
the trip. At Machanis Hill on the border of the Haud—Bubalis
swaynei, Gazella soemmerringi, Lnthocranius wallert, Madoqua
phillips ; in the Djimma valley—Strepsiceros imberbis; to the north
of Addis Abeba—Cervicapra bohor, as well as Lions and Servals ;
in the Beni Schongul country, between the Dabus and Blue Nile—
Bubalissp.inc., Trayelaphus decula, Cephalophus abyssinicus, Ourebia
montana, Dorcotragus megalotis, as well as numerous Elephants and
Wart-Hogs ; in the Blue Nile valley—Cobus defassa, Hippotrayus
equinus, Oryx beisa, aud Strepsiceros kudu.
I leave the specific identitication of the Hartebeeste from the
Blue Nile undetermined for the present, for there appears to be
much uncertainty as to the range of the different species. Herr
Oscar Neumann has lately stated (SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berlin,
1899, p. 76) that Bubalis jacksont from near Lake Naivasha and
Heuglin’s species B. lelwel from the White Nile are identical. [
consider this statement should be received with reserve, for, on
comparing typical specimens of the two forms as represented in the
British Museum, I find them very widely distinct. Again, on com-
paring a large number of skulls, from the White and Blue Niles,
Lake Rudolf (5. newmanni, named after Mr. Arthur Neumann),
und a fine series obtained by Mr. F. J. Jackson from between
Lakes Baringo and Naivasha, there will be seen a complete bridging
over of all the differences, and it may be found that a/l these forms
are but local raves of the same species.
By far the most important point with regard to the larger
*6*
84 ON ANTELOPES FROM FASHODA AND THE SOBAT RIVER. [Feb. 6,
mammals is the discovery of Dorcotragus in the Blue Nile Valley.
Up to now, the only known habitat of this Antelope was a few
flat-topped hills scattered about Somaliland, where it has been met
with in very small numbers. Lord Lovat gives me the following
note respecting it :—
“The Beira Antelope is common all down the Blue Nile to
Roseires ; it inhabits the slopes leading down to the river-bed, and
is also seen on the barer hill-tops. Some specimens were seen
with considerably better heads than the ones [ shot. The natives
call the animal ‘ El] Mor ’.”
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Dendromys lovati, p. 82.
February 6, 1900.
Howarp Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1900.
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of January was 105, of which 29 were by
presentation, 12 by purchase, 62 were received on deposit, and
2 were born in the Menagerie. The total number of departures
during the same period, by death and removals, was 140,
The middle of winter seems to be an unusual time for a South
European Passerine Bird to breed; yet a young Black-headed
Bunting (Hmberiza melanocephala) is entered in our register as
having been hatched on Jan. 21st. The Head-keeper sends me
the following report on this occurrence :—
About the middle of January last, a young Black-headed
Bunting was observed in the Western Aviary by the keeper. A
pair of this species of Bunting was purchased from a dealer in
Dover in April 1899. No nest was built, and the egg or eggs
were laid in an old thrush’s nest in the ivy growing in the Aviary.
The keeper had no idea that the birds were breeding, until he
missed the female. On shaking the ivy the bird flew out, and a
few days afterwards the young bird appeared. No traces of eggs
were found in the nest.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas exhibited the heads of some rare Antelopes
from Fashoda and the Sobat River which had been submitted to him
by Messrs. Rowland Ward & Co. They had been obtained by
the late Capt. H. G. Majendie, of the Rifle Brigade.
The most interesting was a fine head of Mrs. Gray’s Waterbuck
(Cobus marie Gray), of which no perfect examples had come to
1900.] ON THE GENUS MUSCARDINUS. 85
this country since the original heads were obtained by Consul
Petherick in 1855. The specimen had been shot on the Upper
Sobat River, 220 miles above its junction with the Nile, and just
above the junction of the Adura and Peebon affluents. Capt.
Majendie had never seen examples of it below the junction of these
two affluents, but the natives told him there were lots of them up
the Baro, as they called the Adura. The White-eared Kob (Cobus
leucotis Licht. & Peters) was obtained on the Sobat River, and the
Red-fronted Gazelle (Gazella rufifrons Gray) near Fashoda. The
occurrence of the latter W. African species in the Soudan was a
most noteworthy fact, and had been first brought to our knowledge
last year by Mr. F. Burgess, who had been good enough to present
to the British Museum a skin and two skulls of it obtained by him
during the recent Soudan campaign at Faki-Kowi, on the White
Nile, 200 miles south of Khartoum. Mr. Thomas had been quite
unable to find any difference between these specimens and the
types from West Africa, and it seemed probable that the species
ranged all round the southern and western borders of the Great
Saharan Desert, being represented on the north by the closely
allied G. rufina Thos. The Tiang (Damaliscus tiang Heugl.) was
obtained on the Sobat River.
Mr. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, F.Z.S., exhibited some specimens
of Dormice (Muscardimus), and made the following remarks :—
Recent accessions of Dormice to the British Museum Collection
demonstrate the occurrence of at least two clearly marked local
races or subspecies, in addition to that which I recently described
under the name of pulcher’. Thus the British Dormouse may be
at once distinguished by the greater intensity of its coloration,
and in other respects, from its representative in neighbouring
Continental areas, such as Calais, Manonville, and Haute-Savoie
(France), and Saxony.
There are also two specimens, Nos. 94.3,1.42 and 241, the latter
from my own collection (without dimensions), from Zuberec, North
Hungary, taken at an altitude of 2500 metres, which are slightly
darker in colour than M. avellunarius typicus. Two others (Nos.
94.3.1.48 & 45), from Csalokéz Somorja, in the plains (1000 metres)
of Western Hungary, are intermediate between the subspecies
typicus and speciosus. Their relationship cannot well be made out
until we receive further specimens, nor have we, in the absence of
specimens from Scandinavia, an exact idea of the appearance of
the form with which Linnzus was acquainted.
It is remarkable that in the British Dormouse we have what, at
first sight, may seem to be an exception to the general rule that
the representatives of a species inhabiting the British Isles * are
duller than those of the neighbouring Continent. But if British
1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. ii. Nov. 1898, p. 423.
? British Harvest Mice are brighter than those of Western Hungary (see
Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. iii, April 1899, pp. 342 & 343),
86 ON THE GENUS MUSCARDINTS. [Feb. 6,
animals are dulier they are also usually more deeply coloured,
and in this respect the Dormouse is melanochroic, and may, I
think, be regarded as no exception to the general rule. I suspect
that, when our knowledge of the distribution of colour amongst
animals is greater, we shall find that this subspecies is only
another instance of the influence of climate upon mammals, or,
if it is preferred to regard the matter from a different standpoint,
of the adaptation of animal coloration to suit prevailing climatic
conditions.
The following forms are recognizable ;
best regarded as subspecies :—
they may, I think, be
(1) MuscarDINUS AVELLANARIUS TyPicus (Linneus), Syst. Nat.
ed. x. p. 62 (1758).
Myoxus muscardinus, Schreber,
Typical locality. Upsala, Sweden.
Distinguishing characteristics. Upperside tawny yellow, not
rufous or orange; the underside light buff, no distinct line of
demarcation between colours of upper and under surface: a
moderately distinct white breast. Tail long and slender.
Saiigthiere, iv. p. 835 (1792).
Dimensions of specimens (in millim.).
Skull.
—_- =."
Head Hind Greatest Greatest.
and = ‘Tail. a Ear. length. breadth
body. ‘ at base of
zygoma,
94.6.6.12. ¢. Forest of Guines, Pas
de Calais, alt. 80 met. (Oldfield 72 71 16:2 22°5 13
Thomas), 26th May, 1894 ......
94.6.6.13. © (suckling). Do. do
20th May, 1894; taken from nest THE 74 164 23°5 13
with 5 blind and naked young...
Three, Manonville, France (Mons.
Lamont), taken from the nest, ra ; z
18th Oct. 1895, of which they 29 68 15 10
dimensions of one are ...........-
co. Montauban, Haute-Savoie, 900
met. (A. Robert), 22nd Nov. 1899. aD 67 11 23°5 12°5
dG. Lueinges, Haute-Savoie, 1100
met. (A. Robert), 7th Dec., 1899. 78 6] 15 11 24 12°5
99.1.9.16. g. ‘ Oherwald bei Gros
Hennersdorf,’ Stats Oberlausitz, m4 65 2
Fi 5 15 i i}
Saxony, 400 metres (W. Baer),
DAt ADIL SO Giese cone-eeeseeen
The dimensions of the Hungarian skulls range from 22-5 to
23125 mm. The largest skull I have seen, next to that of the
type of MW. a, anglicus, is that of the type of M. a. pulcher, which
reaches 24 x 12°5 mm.
(2) M. AVELLANARIUS ANGLICUS, subsp. nov.
Type. No. 99.11.27.6 of Brit. Mus. Coll. (for particulars see
below).
1900. ] ON THE VARIABLE HARE. 87
Distinguishing characteristics. Upper and under sides far more
richly coloured with orange tints than in M. avellanarius typicus ;
line of demarcation indistinct, but white breast conspicuous ; tail
short and thick.
Dimensions of specimens (in millim.).
Skull.
Head Gredesty Greater
ea . reates reatest
and = Tail. ae Har. length. breadth
body. ¥ at base of
zygoma.
No, 242, coll. Barrett-Hamilton, 9,
Wendon Lofts, Saffron Walden, 85 61 15 an 23'5 135
Essex (A. Wright), May 31, 1894.
oe Bedford Purlieus,Thorn-
naugh, N.E. Northants (Rev. H. - /
He Sirens Jena tesa pee he Gay ein Bab i
up.) Type of subspecies .........
3, purchased in London, 15th Dec.,
ISO8\(WieeDodson)) is sese-seee ee al 214, AG 13 23 URRY
P do. (dos )no eioccacertes 73 62 16 12 bs oe
8 do. (GOIN denececuategune 70 55 17 12 22:7 115
} Damaged.
(3) M. avuttanartus sprciosus, A. Dehne, Allgem. deut.
Naturh. Zeitung, 1855, p. 180. Type locality: Tursi
in Basilicata, South Italy.
? M. pulcher, Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. ii. Nov. 1898, p. 423. Type from Siena, Italy.
Distinguishing characteristics. Upperside brilliantly coloured ;
underside with the orange colour (except the breast) almost
absent and reduced to rich cream-colour; breast white, but the
combination of colours makes this inconspicuous, and the line of
demarcation on the contrary sharp and well-defined ; tail long and
well-haired: the type has a cream-coloured spot just in front
of each ear.
Further particulars and dimensions of this subspecies may be
found under the original description. I fear that my name pulcher
must, at least provisionally, stand as a synonym of VW. speciosus.
Mr. Barrett-Hamilton also exhibited some skins of the Variable
Hare (Lepus timidus Linn.) and made the following remarks :—
Yhe receipt of two Scandinavian Variable Hares kindly sent
over at my request by Professor Robert Collett, of Christiania, has
caused me to look through the Variable Hares in the collection of
the British Museum, with the result that I find that there are two
very distinctly coloured groups in the Old World. One of these is
reddish brown and includes the Irish Hares ; the other dark brown,
and includes the Scotch and such Scandinavian Hares as I have
seen. The Scotch and Irish Hares are thus very clearly separated,
at least in their extreme forms, and, in addition to the colour-
differences, I find that the dimensions show a slight superiority of
88 MR. G. B, H BARRETT-HAMILION ON [ Feb. 6,
size mm favour of the latter, which is confirmed by observations on
the weight of the animal. There is possibly a certain amount of
intergradation between North Irish and South Scottish specimens,
but I have as yet no evidence of it. 1 suspect that Scandinavian
Hares are larger than those of Scotland, but the number of
specimens at present at my disposal is too scanty to establish this
fact with certainty.
The single specimen of the Altai Variable Hare which I have
examined is very remarkable in that it belongs to the red-brown
type, and closely resembles the Irish Hare: in fact, the only dis-
tinguishing characteristic which I can find in it is the fact that the
back of each earis black. Itis aremarkable example of the manner
in which a particular type of coloration may be independently
assumed in quite separate localities.
There is a very peculiar local form of the Irish Hare, which is
found in the County Dublin, Ireland, and in which the upperside is of
a uniform buff or cinnamon colour. It seems to me to be of extreme
interest to students of colour-variation, as tending to throw light
on the possible evolution of species from “ sports” or from discon-
tinuous variations. ‘That the Irish Hare may have a tendency to
vary in that particular direction, even when transported to another
country, is shown by the occurrence of a similar sport amongst
the introduced Irish Hares of the Island of Mull, Scotland. These
sports must, I suppose, be regarded in the light of partially albinistic
or leucochroic variations; but, even if their origin be due in the
first instance to disease, they seem to be highly hereditary, and
even capable of holding their own against the ordinary form. In
the particular district of the County Dublin to which I have
referred they are said to occur to the total exclusion of the true
Lepus t. hibernicus.
In addition to the above, I take the opportunity of describing
from a skull in the British Museum a remarkable Variable Hare
from the Island of Yezo, Japan.
The following are the various forms :—
(1) Lepus TIMIDUS TYPICUS.
Lepus timidus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 57 (1758).
Lepus variabilis, Pallas, Glires, i. p. 1 (1778).
Lepus albus, W. BE. Leach, ‘ Syst. Cat. of the Specimens of the
Indigenous Mammalia and Birds that are preserved in the
British Museum,’ p. 7 (1816).
“ Lepus borealis Pall.,’ 8. Nilsson, Skandinavisk Fauna, p. 211
(1820).
Lepus borealis sylvaticus, 8, Nilsson, Uluminerade Figurer till
Skandinaviens Fauna, letterpress to pl. 22 (1829-1832): nee
Bachman (1837).
Lepus canescens, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens
Foérhandlingar, p. 133 (1844).
Synonymy. All the above names, except LZ. albus which has
1900.] THE VARIABLE HARE. 89
reference to the Variable Hare of Scotland, seem to be synonyms
of the Southern Scandinavian Variable Hare.
Type locality. Upsala, Sweden.
As regards colourand size, I cannot distinguish Professor Collett’s
specimens from those of Scotland: all have progressed a long way
towards melanism. On the other hand, not one of my Scotch
series reaches the size of two skulls, supposed to be from Scandi-
navia, in the British Museum. It is probable, therefore, that
Nilsson was right in describing two forms of Variable Hare from
Scandinavia.
Distribution (provisional). South Scandinavia, Scotland, and
mountains of Europe.
(2) LEPUS TIMIDUS COLLINUS.
Lepus borealis collinus, 8. Nilsson, Illuminerade Figurer till
Skandinaviens Fauna, pl. 19 (1829-1832),
I have seen no specimens of the second Scandinavian form,
which probably inbabits the mountains and the north of the
country *.
(3) LEPUS TIMIDUS HIBERNICUS.
Trish Hare, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 88.
Lepus timidus var. 3, Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. Animals, 1835,
. 35.
ae hibernicus, Bell, Hist. of British Quadrupeds, 1837, p. 341.
Typical locality. Ireland.
Colour in summer reddish brown, often of conspicuous fox-
like shade: in winter similar, but in severe weather or on exposed
situations a white coat, more or less complete in proportion to
the need, is assumed. Size larger than that of Scotch Hares.
Weight up to about 10 Ibs., whereas that of Scotch Hares,
according to Mr. J. E. Harting, ‘ averages probably between 5 lbs.
and 6 lbs.; the heaviest I have noticed weighed 7j lbs.” *
It is a pity that the original describer of this Hare should have
compared it with the totally distinct Common Hare of England.
Hence we have had, so far as I am aware, no careful comparison
of it with the Scotch Hare, and its very conspicuous coloration
has consequently been overlooked. The introduced Irish Hares of
the Island of Mull retain their red coloration.
Distribution. Ireland.
(4) LEPUS TIMIDUS LUTESCENS, subsp. nov.
Type. No. 82.2.4.1 of British Museum Collection, from Dona-
bate, Co. Dublin (Chas. Cobbe).
Distinguishing characteristics. General colour “ rich buff-shading
1 Since the above was written I have been able (through the kindness of
Mr. W. E. de Winton) to examine three skulls from Russia, which probably
belong to this form, and of which the basilar length is 80, 79, and 745 mm.
(the latter immature),
2 ‘Field,’ Sept. 5, 1891.
90 MR. G, E. H, BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Feb. 6,
into pure white on the lower parts; the eyes are a pale straw-
colour, witha greenish tint ” (E. Williams, Zvologist, 1890, p. 71).
The ears are without black tips.
This form is probably not sufficiently “ fixed” to warrant its
full admission to subspecific rank. It may perhaps be best regarded
as a very conspicuous aberration on the verge of becoming
subspecific, and it is certainly of such interest that I wish to
draw attention to its existence in the most conspicuous manner
available, 7. ¢. by bestowing upon it a third name.
Distribution. Coast from Malahide to Balbriggan, Co. Dublin,
Treland.
(5) LEPUS TIMIDUS ALTAICUS..
“ Lepus altaicus. Lepus variabilis altaica Everm.” J. E. Gray,
List of Mammals, 1843, p. 126.
Typical locality. Altai Mountains (?). I cannot find the original
description of this form as alluded to by Gray.
A single skin in the British Museum (No. 96.10.14.3) can only
be distinguished from Irish specimens by the black colour of the
back of the ears, being apparently the downward extension of this
colour from the tips. The dimensions of a skull (basilar length
66°5 mm.) show an animal of rather small size. The first specimen
is labelled as having been procured by Major C. 8. Cumberland in
the Forest Region near Chiaja Steppe, Altai.
Distribution. Altai Mountains, Central Asia: exact limits un-
known.
Should it be found that Eversmann’s description was (as I
suspect) never published, this subspecies will stand as Lepus timidus
altaicus Barrett-Hamilton, Gray’s name is a nomen nudum.
(6) Lepus TIMIDUS AINU, subsp. nov.
Type. No. 84.4.15.2 of the British Museum Collection, a male
from the Island of Yezo, purchased from Mr. A. Owston of
Yokohama, Japan.
Description. The great size of this skull and the peculiar
constricted brain-case mark it out as very distinct from any other
known form. The basilar length of 80 mm. reminds one of the
great Polar Hares of the North.
Distribution. The Island of Yezo, Japan.
(7) Lepus TIMIDUS TSCHUKTSCHORUM.
Lepus tschuktschorum, Nordquist, Vega Exped. ii. pp. 84-90,
figs. 8-10 (1883).
Type locality. Pitlekaj, lat. 67° N., long. 173° W., N.E. Siberia.
To complete the list of described Palearctic Variable Hares, [
add this form, which belongs to the group of large polar forms.
The skull of the single specimen in the collection has a basilar
length of 87°5 mm., a size not attained by any other subspecies :
it even exceeds that of Lepus grenlandicusRhoads, from Greenland.
Although inhabiting the country just north of Kamchatka, the
1900. | THE VARIABLE HARE. : 91
Chuckchee Hare would appear to be different from the Hare
of that country, for Mr. 8. N. Rhoads states* that ‘“ four skulls
from Kamchatka, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution,
show beyond question that the small timidus type of Polar Hare
inhabiting that region is very different from the Hare which
frequents the Plover Bay Territory.”
Distribution. North-eastern Siberia, and North-western Alaska,
from the mouth of the Kuskoquim River northward (Jthoads).
The following table will give some idea of the relative size and
proportions of the various forms :——
Lepus timidus ee iad Tail a Far. ( an
Scandinavian. body. AO: length).
Noy Sia slOlOANOnwayeee cee eeteten Gc Merten. Seacean | | seuclar 75°5
No, 44.8.3.41. “ mie GOMMESCENS) meaner Relay eee it inan he tee 775
INO FAAS O05: | We as Ane re aR eeasaccy Mecever’ © Mesorss sacec 73
3, 19 Sept., 1899, ’ Hidwold, Norway
(Rie Collleth) treet cee Ee SSeS tee, PRR PSE ,.. about 73 *
COU Oct: 1899) widow (do: )ieeatasccaces., wat ores mL a ossb =a ek cAace ade iaeioes 67
* Dainaged.
Scotch.
Dimensions of 14 examples, from )
Croilix, Dunblane, Perthsh.
(Captain A. Hay Drummond) ;
Cawdor, Nairn (Harl of Caw- | 510 67 146 77-5 735%
dor); Drynachan Lodge, Clonas ‘
(W.R. Ogilvie Grant); Altyr, f ™&”
Morayshire (Sir W. Gordon
Cumming); and Cairn Edward,
New Galloway (Colonel Gor-
495 59°5 136 725 70
min. 470 50 126 67 67
don!Martland)iZ00 vo e.-sa-seecce: )
é.
Mull, Scotland (introduced) (C. H.
Lepus timidus hibernicus.
Barrett-Hamilton collection no. 257,
Akroyd), 23rd Noy. 1895; weight BAS sesees 136 EB ayy) Peeves
Gilbsh Qua. cites cal caaes sexe soaps tte ees
©, ditto no. 258; weight 5 lbs. 8 oz. ...... OP Biascces 132 6) Es er
©, ditto no. 256, Vaynol Park, N. Wales
: ; 2 :
(introduced) (G. W. Assheton Smith), 501 58 142 od odes
received 5th March, 1896; weight
Bullies WS O75 ee ik a. vv ade tab oametsn echo:
©, Kilmanock, Co. Wexford, Treland,
7th Dec., 1899 (G. E. H. Barrett- 517 40 139 76 filets:
Hamilton) oc DRE ACC On SO DOO rE SCR EET
Average of 7 Irish, Scotch, and Welsh
individuals (in the two latter cases} ...... 0 seveee 136 TOUS Miteces
AnitrOCUCEC) ip o.8-t ce cnepatessscorsseeecs
AV GVAP COLL WELVECItlOy Mee eens tacks, wu Gntacacuuh (omoeeel eal setes' pa ectees 73
Masui BEI MeARIKeMeNl,..ctestesises | /ssdeaz.- \vedSees Wtoseacck bm suerte 78:5
1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1896, p. 372.
* (The skull of No. 78.12.21.20, ¢, Samarowa, on the River Irtysch, Siberia, received
from the Geogr. Soc. Bremen, and collected by Dr. O. Finsch in 1876, is damaged, but
appears to be of the same size as those of Scotch specimens. |
* The dimensions of the skulls are taken from 19 specimens.
92 4L.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON §.-AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. [Feb. 6,
Lepus timidus altaicus. Skull (b. 1.).
ING oN Na iod Ube doco ac coe avtcanccdwecdivalvcaul? “Weeden eEbectac™ we ceee ae teevene 66°5
Lepus timidus ainu.
No, 84.4.15.2, ¢. Yezo, Japan, February \ 80
HAART WELOL) ~ coossn deve sansetnenssisesascs dg) Een en Oe abe oes | ea
Lepus timidus tschuktschorum.
No. 50.1.26.25. Kotzebue (Lieut. Wood Pra
Waninin Jceleth) .. sccience.cecceda eee meme Tt ceatiog < o See is
Lepus timidus grenlandicus.
Nowdao lo. Greenland a(uiyai).cc8 = esse, eucessset Gecees) 1 oeeres 70
No. 43.6.15.13 > see
Waterhouse: Nat: bush, Mamm=, lb 15.05.. ecccoe | weeees Sel eee 78
TD ont hepa at teeepsonenen Car temcsarde.
No. 78.1.23.1. Lincoln Bay, Grant Land, a5
BZN labs (@olonelele Wee Herlden)i.j) (22°C cosh cesses asec lees :
No. 5849. Discovery Bay, Grant Land 865
GAR SEE CUR eM, en Mi ae ie ane nee iy Ty ag .
Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., communicated a paper by Lieut.-Col.
J. Malcolm Faweett, entitled “ Notes on the Transformations of
some South-African Lepidoptera.” This memoir was accompanied
by aseries of careful and characteristic coloured drawings from life
of larve and pup collected by the author during a residence in
Natal, chiefly at Ladysmith and Maritzburg. The early stages of
seventeen Rhopalocera and thirty-one Heterocera were described
and figured. Nearly all of these appeared to have been previously
unpublished, and in the few instances where previous publication
had occurred, the illustrations had been inexact or insufficient. In
several species, not only the variations of the full-grown larve, but
the changes exhibited at successive moults were well shown,
especially in the Natalian species of Papilio. Among the
Heterocera was specially noticeable the striking series of Saturniid
larve, and still more the huge and extraordinary caterpillar of
Lophostethus dumolinii, one of the largest of the Smerinthine hawk-
moths, which, in addition to the usual] caudal horn, bears many
strong branched spines distributed over nearly the whole of
the body. Colonel Fawcett’s descriptions and drawings were
accompanied by notes of value on the distribution, food-plauts,
&e. of the species concerned.
Mr. Trimen expressed his deep regret (which he felt the Fellows
of the Society would share) that the talented writer of this memior,
who had rejoined his regiment in Natal, was among those officers
who were known to have been severely wounded during the siege
of Ladysmith.
The paper will be printed in full in the Society’s ‘ Trans-
actions.’
The following papers were read :—
1900.] ON FRESHWATER CRUSTACEANS FROM NORTH BORNEO. 93
1. On a small Collection of Decapod Crustaceans from
Freshwaters in North Borneo. By L. A. Borrapatte,
M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences of Selwyn
College, Cambridge.
[Received January 12, 1900.]
By the courtesy of Dr. R. Hanitsch, of the Raffles Museum at
Singapore, I am given the opportunity of reporting on some fresh-
water Crustaceans obtained by him in North Borneo during the
month of March 1899.
The collection contains specimens of the following species :—
1. Palemon pilimanus de Man.
2. Potamon convecum (de Man).
3. Potamon consobrinum de Man.
4, Potamon kadamaianum, n. sp.
All the three known species have been already recorded from
Borneo; and the new one is allied to a form found in that
island by the Dutch Central Borneo expedition.
Suborder MACRURA.
Tribe CARIDEA.
Family PALAMONID#.
Genus PaALZMon.
1. Pan#mon (MacroBRACHIUM) PILIMANUS de Man.
Palemon pilimanus, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 181 (1879) ;
Veth’s ‘ Midden-Sumatra,’ Crust. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1887).
Paleemon (Macrobrachium) pilimanus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. x.
Syst. p. 735, pl. xlvii. fig. 9 (1891); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus.
xx. p. 158 (1898).
The single specimen, which is from the Inuman River, between
Kalawal and Bungol, British North Borneo, differs from Ortmann’s
figure in having the submedian spines of the telson considerably
shorter; it is very possible, however, that the ends of these have
been worn or broken off.
Suborder BRACHYURA.
Tribe CYCLOMETOPA,
Family PoraMonipa,
Genus Poramon,
2. PoraMon (PARATHELPHUSA) CONVEXUM (de Man),
Puratelphusa convewa de Haan, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. i.
p- 63 (1879); Max Weber’s ‘ Reise Ned. O.-Ind’’ ii. p, 302 (1892),
94 ON FRESHWATER CRUSTACEANS FROM NORTH BORNEO. [T'eb. 6,
Potamon (Parathelphusa) convewa, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus.
xxi. p. 142 (1899).
The single specimen seems, by the following characters, to belong
to this species :—
i. There are two epibranchial teeth on each side.
il. There is a spine near the end of the merus in the walking-
legs.
lil. The distance between the tip of the postorbital tooth and
that of the first epibranchial tooth does not exceed the
distance between the first and second epibranchial teeth.
iv. The outer edge of the first epibranchial tooth is strongly
convex.
v. There are no spots on the carapace or limbs.
The dactyles of the walking-legs are rather shorter and stouter
than is indicated in de Man’s figure of the allied P. maculata.
The fingers of the chele are dark in colour. P. conveva is already
recorded from Java, Timor, and New Guinea, and, doubtfully, from
Borneo’. P. maculata (de Man) 1879, is a closely allied form
from Sumatra.
1°; British North Borneo.
3. Potamon (THELPHUSA)* CONSOBRINUM de Man.
Potamon (Potamon) consobrinum, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. xxi.
p- 99, pls. vi., ix., x. fig. 10 (1899).
This species is already reported from Borneo (Mt. Damoes and
Upper Sibau River) by de Man. Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb. x. Syst.
p. 301) gives a list of allied forms and their distribution.
2¢,19; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2100 feet.
4, Poramon (GEOTHELPHUSA) KADAMAIANUM, 0. Sp.
A single female specimen of a form allied to P. obtusipes (Stimps.)
1858, and P. dehaani (Gray) 1847, seems to deserve a name of its
own. Whether it were not better treated as a local race of one
of the above species, or all three as local forms of P. dehaani, is a
question to be settled when the subject of the interrelationship of
the various forms in the genus comes up for discussion. In the
meantime its distinctness seems quite as great as that of several
of the generally accepted species. It differs from P. obtusipes
in the greater slenderness of its legs, especially of the dactyles,
which are long and narrow and end in a sharp claw. The
branchial regions are tuberculate, and their hinder portions
rugose. The front is more finely tuberculate. The wrist and palm
are rugose-tuberculate. Behind each orbit is a shallow, triangular
depression of the carapace reaching backwards through rather less
than half the length of the cephalothorax, and separating the
branchial from the gastric region,
' Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) v. p. 306 (1880).
2 According to Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb. x. Syst. p. 800) 7he/phusa is the
correct name for the subgenus in which this species should be placed.
1900. ] ON MAMMALS FROM §8.W. ARABIA. 95
The length of the cephalothorax is 15 mm.
The colour in spirit is dark brown.
P. dehaani has been found in Japan and the Loo Choo Islands ;
P. obtusipes in the Loo Choo Islands and the Philippines.
P. bicristatum de Man, 1899, is an allied species from Borneo
(Mount Liang Koeboeng). In view, of the peculiarities of the
distribution of the genus, it seems best to choose a territorial name
for the new species. That of kadamaianum is therefore proposed,
derived from the name of the river in which the present specimen
was found.
192; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2100 feet.
2. On the Mammals obtained in South-western Arabia by
Messrs. Percival and Dodson. By OxprreLp THOMAS,
F.Z.S.
[Received December 19, 1899.]
On the initiative of Mr. Ogilvie Grant, and by the active
assistance of General Creagh, Governor of Aden, an expedition was
arranged during the past autumn to South-western Arabia for the
purpose of obtaining zoological specimens for the British Museum.
‘The expedition consisted of Mr. A. B. Percival and Mr. W. Dodson,
the latter having especial charge of the mammal-collecting.
Mr. Dodson had already had some experience as a collector of
small mammals during a trip to Roumania in the spring, and he
had shown such keenness and aptitude for the work that he would
evidently have become an exceptionally able collector, but most
unfortunately he contracted fever at El Khaur, and having been
brought back to Aden by Mr. Percival, died there on the 20th of
October.
The present collection, in the formation of which Mr. Dodson
took, to the last, the most vivid interest, is naturally very similar
in character to that obtained by Col. Yerbury in the same
reyion in the spring of 1895, of which an account was given
by its collector and myself in the NSociety’s ‘ Proceedings’ for
that year’. Further examples of the interesting Gerbilles dis-
covered by Col. Yerbury were obtained and valuable series of
various other forms.
' The following species are additional to those recorded in the
previous list:—Papio arabicus, Canis pallipes, Vulpes leucopus,
Mellivora ratel, Gerbillus gerbillus, Procavia syriaca jayakari.
The animal that proves to be of greatest interest is the
Baboon, of which one specimen, unfortunately a female, but fully
adult and in good condition, was obtained. This specimen is so
different from the African Papo hamadryas as to require specific
distinction,
The collection was made mainly in two districts—the one at and
around Lahej, Col. Yerbury’s chief collecting-ground, and the
1 P, Z.8. 1895, p. 542.
96 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [Feb. 6,
other in the neighbourhood of El Khaur, a place about forty miles
north-east of Aden, and some twenty-five miles west of Shukra.
But, as might be expected, no definable difference is to be found
in the animals of the two localities.
The notes on habits &c. placed in inverted commas have been
contributed by Mr. Percival.
1, PAPIO ARABICUS, sp. n.!
a. 2. Subaihi Country, about 60 miles north-west of Aden.
Alt. 1000 metres, 16th October, 1899.
«The mountains run up to nearly 2000 metres, but the Baboons
keep to the lower slopes.”
Allied, so far as can be determined from the female, to Papio
hamadryas, and therefore probably the form from Aden which
has been commonly referred—though without the examination of
specimens—to that species”. But this is byno means certain, and
it may be that either the true P. hamadryas occurs naturally in
the Aden district, or that examples of it have been brought across
from Somaliland to Aden during the long-continued native inter-
course between the two places, and that the Aden herd is the
offspring of escaped specimens.
But whatever may be the case with the herd occurring close to
the town of Aden, certain it is that the present specimen, which
was obtained by a native about sixty miles to the north-west,
cannot be referred to the true P. hamadryas.
The main difference appears to be in size, but it unfortunately
happens that while the present example is a female, all the
available specimens of P. hamadryas are males, so that sexual
difference has to be allowed for in distinguishing the two forms.
But greatly as the sexes of Baboons may differ in general size
and length of skull, the dimensions of the teeth, at least of the
cheek-teeth, seem almost or quite unaffected by sex. Thus of a
pair, male and female, of the East-African Baboon (Papio thoth) of
about the same age (the male slightly older, but both rather
immature), the following are the respective measurements (in
millim.) of the skull and teeth :—
Combined lengths of
Mee ees eee ae
Total length Supper cheek- 4 posterior lower Length of last
of skull. teeth. cheek-teeth °. lower molar.
Sine «ei Or 50 46 15
B» Sei BD 50 46-4 15°6
The teeth are therefore of about the same dimensions in the
two sexes, in spite of the difference in the size of the animals
themselves. A similar result has been found in Man, and is, indeed,
1 Preliminary notice, P. Z. 8. 1899,"p. 929.
2 See Matschie, SB. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1893, p. 25.
3 The anterior lower premolar in Baboons partakes of the sexual speciali-
zation of the canine, and has therefore to be eliminated in a comparison of this
sort.
1900. ] MAMMALS FROM 8.W, ARABIA. 97
common throughout the Mammalia. Naturally every craniologist
is more or less familiar with this fact, but in describing a new
species on such material as the present it is necessary to emphasize
the value of the size of the teeth as a criterion of species, irre-
spective of sex.
Taking for comparison a good adult skull of a male Hamadryad
from Abyssinia we find, in marked contrast to those given above,
the following dimensions (in millim.) :—
Combined lengths of
ee a
Total length 5 upper cheek- 4 posterior Length of
of skull. teeth. lower cheek- last lower
teeth. molar.
$. Abyssinia .. 174 50°4 48 17-4
O. Arabia aa. 140 41°5 39°5 13°1
Such a difference in the size of the teeth evidently indicates
specific distinction.
In its general physiognomy the skull is, as might be expected,
much less prognathous than that of the male of P. hamadryas, the
orbits are similarly high and rounded, the facial ridges are less
marked, the chin is much developed, and the shape of the coronoid
is different, being more vertical and less slanted backwards. The
complete measurements of the skull are as follows (in millim.) :—
Greatest length (gnathion to occiput) 140, basal length (gnathion
to basion) 98; zygomatic breadth 90; gnathion to lower edge of
orbit 61; tip of nasals to orbit 32 ; eee width 24, height 92: ae
brain-case, length from occiput to nasion 91, breadth on squamosals
67; interorbital breadth 46; palate length 57, breadth outside
tooth-row 44; lower jaw, length from condyle 101, height at
coronoid 50.
In its external characters the skin may be described as follows: —
Fur thin and scanty, rather wavy in texture across the back,
the hairs across the shoulders but little lengthened beyond the
rest. General colour dull greyish; the hairs on the crown and
those of the middle line of the loins annulated, blackish with a
buffy subterminal ring, those on the temples, sides of neck, shoulders,
and flanks unannulated, dull grey. Hairs on the rump above the
callosities with a strong rufous suffusion. Under surface and inner
side of limbs practically naked. Hairs of arms and legs scanty,
dull greyish, gradually passing into annulated black and whitish
hairs on the hands and feet. Tail-hairs annulated above, pale
greyish below, those at the tip forming a small dull whitish tuft.
Measurements of a remade skin, approximate :—
Head and body 590 mm., tail 410, hind foot 135.
Considering the former extension of the genus into India, it was
quite to be expected that the Arabian Baboon should prove different
to that found on the African side of the Red Sea. But it may
be noted that the two Siwalik species, Papio subhimalayanus and
P. falconeri, both have teeth as large as (or larger than) any of the
African Baboons.
Proc. Zoou. Soo.—1900, No. VII. ri
98 MR. OLDEIELD THOMAS ON [Feb. 6,
2. Rouserrus strimiNevs Geoffr.
a-d, Lahej, 19th August.
“ Large Fruit-Bats.— hese fine Bats were seen fora few days in
considerable numbers among the palms near Lahej, but only for a
very short time, less than a week. They are very noisy in their
roosting-places, squeaking and swearing, making a great fuss early
in the mornings. They were feeding, so far as I could make out,
on dates, which were just ripe. They and the crows are so trouble-
some when the dates are ripening that every bunch is put into a
bag made of palm-leaves for protection. We had some difficulty
in getting these Bats down; if killed they remained hung up, it was
only the wounded ones who tried to move about that came down.
They hung in bunches of 10 to 50 on the highest palms in the
plantation, and were not at all easy to move when once they had
hung up for the day.”
3. RousErrus AMPLEXICAUDATUS Geoffr.
a-d, Lahe}j, 22nd August.
eé, f (2 in alc.). Lahej, 22nd August.
In the previous paper on Aden mammals this Bat was referred
to R. egyptiacus, but in Dr. Matschie’s recent work ' it is assigned
to R. amplexicaudatus, and pending further enquiry I use that
name. I am, however, sure that Rh. egyptiacus and R. ample«i-
caudatus cannot always be distinguished by the palate-ridge
character used in Dr. Matschie’s synopsis of species.
“ Small Fruit-Bats——In working up Wadi Bilih we found a cave
or rather passage in the bank, which had been cut out by water and
is about 15 yards through, from 15 to 20 feet high and about 6 to
12 feet across. About the mouth of the cave there were always
a few Rock-Doves, but inside the roof was covered by Bats. The
Bats were very easily driven out into sunlight, where they flew
all round, settling on sides of the wadi in clusters of 10 to 20.
On the first occasion I was at the cave after driving out the Bats
I was making my way down the gully into the wadi, when
I heard a thud in the air: 1 looked up just in time to see a Falcon
passing over and a Bat falling to the ground. I waited a few
minutes and as the Falcon came down on to the Bats again I got
a shot and killed him neatly. On several occasions when at the
cave and Bats were driven out, Falcons came down on to them.
I bagged one more.”
4, Trr=Nops persicus Dobs.
a, 6 (in alc.). No exact locality.
5. HipposrpEervs (ASELLIA) TRIDENS Geoffr.
Yerb. & Thos. P. Z.S. 1895, p. 546.
a-d. Skins, and a number of specimens in spirit. Lahej, Sept.
1899.
? Flederm. Berl. Mus. i. p. 65 (1899).
- re. a
1900. ] MAMMALS FROM S.W, ARABIA. 99
These specimens are larger than Egyptian examples, agreeing
in size with Anderson’s “ var. murraiane” from Karachi’; the
latter form is also recorded by its describer from Bushire.
6. NYCTERIS THEBAICA Geoffr.
a-h (in ale.). Myba, 1760 feet, 17th August.
7. SCOTOPHILUS SCHLIBFFENI Pet.
a. Jimel, 16th August.
6-f. Sheikh Othman, 18th-27th September.
g, h (in all.). Lahej.
8. TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS Geoftre
a—d. Lahej, 22nd August.
e, f (in spirit). Lahej, 22nd August.
9. RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM Geoftr.
a-y. Myba, 17th August.
* Small Bats (various).—Most of the villages in the interior of
S. Arabia have one or more towers, into which they drive the pick
of their stock, and into which they retreat for a last stand in case
of war. They are built of mud or stone (Nub, Dar, or Hassan’),
In times of peace they are, as a rule, only used as store-houses for
grain, &e. In these towers Bats live in hundreds, one or two
species in each tower.
‘In the Sultan’s palace at Lahej the passages leading to his
private apartments are haunted by hundreds of Bats, and the strong
pungent smell is almost unbearable. They were difficult to get at,
as the roof is formed of sticks put across from wall to wall, and it
is in between the sticks that the Bats hang. There were more Bats
in Dar Mansur* than any other place I have seen. Their droppings
were fully 6 in. deep in many parts of the tower. The smell was
terrible, but not quite so bad as at the palace, the reason being that
Dar Mansur is a ruin, more open and drier than the palace. In
this tower there only seemed to be two species—the Long-eared,
Nycteris thebaica, and the Long-tail, Rhinopoma microphyllum: these
two were the commonest species we met with ; as a rule they were
to be found in every tower, and perhaps we would get one other
species in small numbers as well. The long-tails were the worst
Bat to skin I have seen ; they were so very fat—a regular store of
fat being at the base of the tail. One or two Bats were shot round
the Lahej} bungalow and a few at Sheikh Othman, but most were
caught in towers or in cayes in banks of wadis. It is quite a sight
to see the hundreds of Bats streaming out of these towers in the
dusk and scattering all over the place. Some of them are very
high fliers, and at once shot up, while others never seemed to go
far and would hang round the villages.”
1 Cat. Mamm, Ind. Mus. i. p. 115 (1881).
2 Nub or Dar =a tower of mud or unburnt bricks. Hassan = a stone tower.
3 = Mansur’s Tower.
rh
100 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [Feb. 6,
10. Fevis MANICULATA Cretzschm.
a. 2. Lahej, 27th August. ‘Shot on desert in bush.” Native
name “ Hrri.”
It is impossible to say with any certainty what specific name
should be used for this little Wild Cat until the whole group has
been properly revised. Additional material from all localities is
much needed.
“ Wild Cat.—Only this one specimen was obtained, though I tried
hard to get another with the traps. We were riding out towards
Shaka, a village above Lahej, when the shikari pointed out this cat
slinking off towards Wadi Bilih: away we went as hard as the
camels could go and managed to cut the beast off from the wadi—
a bit of a run over the desert, and she took refuge in a bush. I
jumped down, took off my coat, went in and managed to pull her
down as she bolted. On examination we found it was a female,
and had, I think, young ones still sucking. When in the open desert
the colour was most perfect, blending w ‘ith the sand. I afterwards
saw spoor in the wadi which I put down to this animal or one
very near it. It was just after dawn when we killed this cat, so I
suppose she was just returning from a night’s hunting.”
11. Feis caracat Giild.
a. Habil, W. of Lahej, 26th September.
“ Lynx.—The Lynx was caught in a trap set for Hyena on night
of September 26th at Wadi El Kabir. He was a pleasant looking
creature in the morning when we visited the trap ; as I wished to
get down into Sheikh Othman quickly, I thought I would take him
down alive. We made a couple of nooses and threw over the
beast’s head, drew them tight, and an Arab shoved a sack over him,
loosed off the traps and then tied up the legs of our prisoner ; we all
Jost skin and blood in the process. Into my Horig! he went, and
off I set for the bungalow. On arrival I found the poor beast dead,
one of the nooses not having come off—so I had to turn to there
and then, and make a skin of him.
ia | Heak the beast is not uncommon, for I saw spoor on many
occasions near villages, and twice I was sent for to come and shoot
an animal that was doing great damage among the sheep—always
tearing the throat out. Now a wolf almost invariably attacks the
flank and kills that way, so it was no wolf, and the only other
animal I could put it down to was this cat. Native information
is more unreliable in Arabia than anywhere I have been ; they know
nothing of habits of animals, nor do they know tracks of different
beast when they see them.”
12. Hyazna Hrmya L.
Habil, 25th September.
“Hyce na.—We were very unfortunate with Hyznas, for they were
not rare, their spoor to be seen almost any morning, but they kept
1 Large saddle-bag on Camel.
1900.] MAMMALS FROM 8.W. ARABIA. 101
out of sight and out of our traps, only the one specimen being
caught, and the man who went round to visit the trap unfortunately
put a bullet into the lower jaw, breaking it. They keep to the hills
and only come into the desert at night, although, if a meal is to be
found, they often lie up in the nearest wadi that offers shelter for
several nights or till the feed is finished. I never found any dead
beasts that were being visited, or would have poisoned the carcass
and spoored up any beast that had fed. Putting down poisoned
meat was a failure (except so far as pariah dogs were concerned, and
1 got a good bag of them), no Hyzua ever coming vear my baits ;
foxes came, looked at them and passed on; in fact, poison was
an utter failure.”
13. Canis Patties Sykes.
a. Lahej.—Presented by the Sultan of Lahej.
This specimen, like those from Muscat obtained by Surg.-Gen.
Jayakar, no doubt represents Noack’s Canis hadramauticus’,
described from puppies so young as to be useless for purposes of
comparison. But, as before, I can see no valid reason for distin-
guishing the Arabian Wolf from that found in Iinia®. Its nearest
African ally is C. lupaster, Hempr. & Ehr.
“© Wolf.—Not uncommon in the hills, where it does much harm to
ae of sheep and goats, even attacking donkeys and tearing the
ank,.
“‘ My only specimen was presented by the Sultan of Lahej.”
14, VULPES LEUCOPUS Bly.
a. g. Sheikh Othman, 15th September.
6b. 9. Wadi Bilik, near Shaka, N.W. of Lahej.
The latter specimen was shot while it was lying in wait for
Meriones rex.
“ Fox (native name ‘ Derain’ or ‘ Ali ben Thile,’ meaning son of
a lawyer).—Not uncommon but difficult to obtain ; feed chiefly on
rats and mice. I twice saw them watching the burrows of Meriones
rex (tuft-tail rats) and on one occasion bagged a female. My
other specimen was shot just outside Sheikh Othman.”
15. MELLIVORA RATEL Sparrm.
a-c. Habil, September.
The specimens differ among themselves in coloration. One has
a white-tipped tail, as occurs occasionally in Abyssinian examples ;
in the others the tails are black throughout.
16, GERBILLUS PacrLors Yerb. & Thos.
a-e. Lahej, 22nd to 24th August.
f-g. Wani Bana, 29th to 30th September.
h. El Khaur, 3rd October.
? Zool, Anzeiger, 1896, p. 356.
* In Mr. de Winton’s able paper on Canide (P.Z. 8. 1899, p. 586), I find
that he has “no hesitation in referring to C. paddipes” a skull from Aden in the
British Museum,
102 MR, OLDFIELD THOMAS ON {Feb. 6,
Further examples of this interesting species are very welcome.
The adults of this series are quite similar to the type, although
taken in the autumn, while that was captured in spring.
17. GERBILLUS FAMULUS Yerb. & Thos.
a-i (skins). El Khaur, 29th Sept. to 10th Oct. 1899.
j, & (in al.). Ditto, ditto.
This species, described from a specimen with an imperfect tail,
proves to have one of the longest and handsomest tails found
among the Gerbilles.
The following are the measurements of a pair of the El Khaur
specimens measured in the flesh :—
3. Head and body 105 mm. ; ee 150; hind foot 27; ear 19.
Q. i LOO mai, = .45 145; is rts Be! US)
For its terminal three inches the tail is prominently crested
with black, the sides and under surface being short-haired and white ;
the crest-hairs forming the terminal pencil attain a length of 15
or 16 mm.
The type-specimen had only 4 plantar pads, but one of the two
spirit-specimens from El Khaur has 5 and the other 6, thus
giving further evidence of the unreliability of this character in the
present group. At the same time the difference between the
specimens in this respect is not really so great as it appears, for the
pads are surrounded by granulations, and it is only a slight
increase in size over its fellows which makes a “ granule ” worthy
of the name of a “ pad.”
18. GERBILLUS sp.
a, 6. Sheikh Othman, 23rd—24th September.
e (in al.). Abyan Hill country, E. of Aden. ‘Taken from the
stomach of Cerastes cornutus.
Allied to G. nanus Blanf. and G. dasyurus Wagn. Not
certainly determinable with the materials at present available.
19. GERBILLUS GERBILLUS Oliv.
a (in spirit). El Khaur.
This is the first recorded occurrence of one of the hairy-footed
sroup of Gerbilles (subgenus Gerbillus) in Arabia, but their
presence was quite to be expected, Gerbil/us gerbillus occurring in
Egypt, and G. gleadow: in Sind.
‘Picked up dead in the Desert.”
20. Merriongs REx Yerb. & Thos.
a-d, Shaka, about 15 miles N.W. of Lehej, 30th—31st August.
Quite similar to the original series collected by Col. Yerbury at
Lahej.
“Large Tuft-tail Rat.—These Rats were common in the wadis
near Shaka, but I never saw them elsewhere. They live in large
colonies of ‘40 or 50 holes, are arboreal feeders, all we got being
shot in the bushes feeding on shoots; they come out in evening
1500. } _ MAMMALS FROM 8.W. ARABIA, 103
and early morning, and are very playful. They would not look at
the traps, as I suppose the bait was not correct, and yet we tried
all sorts of bait we could get. Their holes are a home for many
lizards, including a monitor or ‘ Waral.’ I saw one, but was not
able to get a shot, he went down the hole too quickly for me. It
appeared to be about 2 ft long.”
21, ARVICANTHIS VARIEGATUS Licht.
a-d. Lahej, 21st Aug. to 15th September.
e (in al.). Lahej.
22, MUS RATYUS ALEXANDRINUS Geoftr.
a,b. Lahej, 21st August.
23. Mus (musculus-bactrianus group).
a, b. Lahej. August and September.
c,d. Sheikh Othman. 26th & 27th September.
For want of material it is not at present possible to determine
satisfactorily the Mice of this difficult group.
24, AcoMYs DIMrpIATUS Riipp.
Many specimens. El Khaur, September and October, 1899.
The variation in colour in this series is very considerable, some
being almost entirely sandy rufous, and others slaty with merely
a slight wash of sandy on their flanks.
““ Spiny-back Mice.—These interesting little mice gave us a
lot of bother, for they appear to be a great dainty to the ants,
and the first six or more were all spoilt—ears and noses were
always eaten off. At Al Khaur in the Abyan Country we began
to get specimens, and by going round the traps with a light
late at night we got our specimens quite fresh. Any that were
in the traps in the morning were, as usual, eaten by ants. They
seem to like to be near water, for we caught nearly all close to
the stream or cuttings.
“J am not at all sure about the food of these mice; I don’t
think they climb trees, as do most of the mice we caught. I shot
several mice and rats in the trees in the dusk, but the spiny-
backs seem to keep to the ground. Our traps were of awkward
sizes, the small traps were inclined to hit mice on the skull and
break it, while the big ones almost cut them in two.
“The spiny-backs are the most tender-skinned mammal I have
met ; the skin is more like wet blotting-paper than auything else,
and the least thing damages them. They are early movers, in fact
are often out during the day. I was very anxious to get some
alive, but never was able to capture any.”
25. Hysvrix Leucura Sykes.
a. Sheikh Othman, 20th September.
This specimen confirms my previous reference of the Aden
Porcupine to H. leucura, the Indian species, and shows no approxi-
mation to the African forms.
104 DR, A. G. BUTLER ON THE [Feb. 6,
26. Lupus arapicus Hempr. & Ehr.
a. d. Shaka, 29th August.
6. Hiswa, 20th September.
c. Young. La Mileh, 16th August.
“ Fairly common in the more fertile wadis, but extremely difficult
to shoot—unless you have a good camel that will stand when you
tell it to: then, by following as quickly as possible among the
bushes, one can get them. I only shot 4 all the time I was out.
Breeding-time must be about October, as the female got at Sheikh
Othman late n September was in kindle, 6 young ones.”
27. PROCAVIA SYRIACA JAYAKARI Thos.
a. Abyan Mountains, 70 miles N.E. of Aden.
This is the first Dassy obtained in the Aden region, the previous
examples of the subspecies having come from Dofar, halfway
towards Muscat (Jayakar), and from Nejd in Central Arabia
(Schweinfurth).
“ Hyrax.—N ot rare in the hills behind Shukra, but very difficult to
get within shot, as the Bedouins are always hunting them for food ;
I saw 20 or more in one place, but they all cleared before I got
within 100 yards. I saw a lot of snares set for them, but while I
was in the district none were captured: the snares were set in the
mouth of a hole. The hyrax is not much of a wanderer and feeds
close to his hole. There are two species of Eagle about the hills
which subsist almost entirely on them, so they have plenty of foes,
According to a Bedouin from Dethina’, the Leopards live to a
large extent on Dassies, which seem to be very common in Dethina,
and Leopards are fairly numerous.”
28. Capra sinaitica Hempr. & Ehr.
a. Skull and horns. Abyan Mountains.
3. A Revision of the Butterflies of the Genus Zizera repre-
sented in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Artuur G. Butter, Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8. &c.
[Received January 18, 1900.]
(Plate XI.)
Whilst rearranging the Museum series of “ Blues” referable
to the genus Zzera, I have discovered so much of interest, that,
although at present I am not prepared to assert that the genus isa
good one (when examined structurally), I feel that a revision of it
is greatly needed. :
In De Nicéville’s ‘ Butterflies of India,’ a work of great merit
and therefore deserving of all respect, I find certain species
regarded as synonyms which to me appear to be as distinct as
1 Dethina lies some 200 miles N.E, of Aden,
14.
F.W.Frohawk del. et lith.
SPECIES
‘d
i
(6p)
co
O
Hy
fa
4
x}
=
alts)
West, Newman chromo
1900.] BUTTERFLIES OF TIE GENUS ZIZERA. 105
Butterflies inhabiting different geographical areas can well be;
yet I find the decisions arrived at by De Nicéville echoed by Leech
in his ‘ Butterflies of China and Japan.’
The question which naturally occurs to me is: Did these
gentlemen ever separate the whole of the specimens before them
into geographical forms before deciding that they represented one
widespread and variable species? If they had done so, I cannot
avoid the conclusion that they would either have kept them sepa-
rate, or have included the whole genus under one widely distributed
and still more variable species.
The genus Zzera consists of small Butterflies with naked eyes ;
the hind wings rounded, without tail, never ocellated above or below ;
the costal and subcostal veins perfectly free (on which account I
cannot accept the Lycena lulu of Mathew as a Zizera, since the
costal and first subcostals touch one another in that species and
the hind wings usually show a black spot below to represent an
ocellus).
I am not at all sure that 7. labradus, in which the costal vein
and first subcostal branch of the fore wings are closely approximated
(though they do not touch or unite), is very nearly related to
any of the other species of the genus, the position of the discal
series of spots on the fore wings being unique; still there seems no
sufficient reason for rejecting it from the genus or group known
as Zizera.
Before proceeding toa key to the species of Zizera, I wish to
express my conviction that any errors which may have crept into
important faunistic works with regard to the clear definition of the
species have been largely due to errors of identification published
previously, and almost inevitable at a time when the seasonal phases
of species were not even guessed at: thus a wet phase from Cal-
cutta might somewhat resemble a wet phase from Japan, whilst
the dry phase was wholly dissimilar.
Key to Species of Zizera.
A. Hind wings with first three spots of discal series below
forming a tolerably regular oblique line
a. Species with well-defined and very dissimilar seasonal
forms.
a, a. Wet phase of male silvery violet above with very broad
outer border, of female brown; both sexes brownish
grey below: dry phase, bluish white above, the feinale
With very, broad! outersborder ’...1.0.20.000.-n0cedesstorere Z. maha.
a. b. Wet phase of male lavender above with much narrower
outer border, of female brown; both sexes greyish
stone-colour below: dry phase pale lavender shading
into silvery blue above, the female with moderately
broad border (as in male of wet phase)...............++. Z, diluta.
a.c. Wet phase of male pearly lilae above, with border as
in a.6, but more sharply defined, of female brown;
both sexes greyish stone-colour below: dry phase
silvery blue, becoming pale lilac and then cream-white,
with veins of the latter colour, the female blue with
broad border to primaries extending along costa; a
broad costal border to secondaries ........sseseseeaseeenes Z, opalina,
106
DR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE
a.d, Wet phase of male rich lavender, with moderately
broad sharply defined blackish border; of female
brown; both sexes greyish white below, with the
markings very dark: dry phase rich lilacine blue, with
blackish margin and fringe. the female black-brown
sprinkled with blue scales ; both sexes below brownish
re
Oe e eC eEeE ECC Cee CeCe Cee Cee eee eee eee eee eee eee eres Pete ewneee
b, Species with ill-defined seasonal forms,
b,a. A spot within discoidal cell of front wings below,
b.b. No spot within discoidal cell of front wings
b.
discal spots sinuous.
a. a. Upper surface of male rich violet, with very broad
dark brown outer border
eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee
b.a.b. Brown outer border on upper surface one third
narrower, fringes of all the wings frequently whitish
externally
PO emer e meee teeta ete eee n eee eees eee eeeeeaaereeeeee
b.a.c. Generally smaller, with ill-defined browner outer
border. Males above lilac with coppery reflections,
outer border reduced to a dark marginal line: under-
side ashy, all the markings dark and well-defined; a
white streak along discoidal vein of hind wings ...
b,a.d. Ul-defined but very dark brown outer border
above ; the discoidal and discal black spots below all
very large and white-edged, the Jast two or three
discal spots of front wings wanting
b.c. Discal spots on underside of front wings forming a
nearly straight line, inner row of spots wanting from
hind wings’
eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee
B. Hind wings with first three spots of discal series below
forming a triangle, the first and second being almost in a
transverse line.
a. Discal series of markings crossing the under surface near
to submarginal series.
a.a. Male above dull lavender, border brown, rather
narrow and ill-defined, markings below usually pale...
a,b, Male above lilaciue, border apparently broad and
diffused on apical-costal area ; markings below broader
and well-defined, but brown
a.¢, Male above bluish green, with broad outer border ;
all the markings on the underside well-defined
tee ee ene
a.d. Male above often bluish green, sometimes brown;
- &
the spots below small, the discal series of front wings
nearly straight, the inner series of hind wings very
AM PerleCer rs. eee ateeesescesciusestovessccsneteeseeten peemee
Male above violet, with distinct rather narrow
eer widening on costa of front wings; spots below
small
eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee
a.f. Male above similar, but the border often narrower ;
discal spots below large
[Feb. 6,
Z. argia.
Z. lysimon.
Z. knysna.
Z. karsandra.
Z. atrigemmata,
Z. gaika,
Z. lorquini.
Z. labradus.
Z. caduca.
Z. antanossa.
Z. minima.
Z. otis,
Z. indica.
The following is a list of the species represented in the
Museum :—
1. ZizERA MAHA. (Plate XI. figs. 1, 2.)
Lycena maha, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 422 (1848).
Polyonmatus chandala, Moore, P. Z.8. 1865, p. 504, pl. xxxi.
fig, 5.
Aizera ossa, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8S. 1885, p. 132, pl. ix. figs. 11, 12.
This species appears to be strictly confined to Western India,
1900.] BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS ZIZERA. 107
occurring from the Lower Himalayas to Madras. In my opinion,
Z. maha is the wet phase, Z. chandala intermediate, Z. ossa dry.
Although Mr. Moore describes 4. chandala as having a purplish-
brown border and the figure represents an insect with a very dark
and defined border, the dull silvery-blue colouring mentioned in the
description can only apply to the intermediate phase ; in the wet
phase the border is much broader and there is a distinctly violet
subtint.
The intermediate phase somewhat nearly resembles the wet phase
of Z. diluta, to which fact I beheve the confusion between these
geographically constant forms is attributable; the males, however,
are somewhat paler and more pearly in tint, with the dark cuter
border to the primaries browner and consequently less sharply
defined.
It is possible that this species may range through Beluchistan to
the Persian Gulf, as we have a female from Fao which looks
suspiciously like that sex of Z. maha.
2, ZizERa pinuva. (Plate XI. figs. 3, 4.)
3. Lycena diluta, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. 11. p. 280, pl.
xxxv. figs. 12, 13 (1865).
Q. Lycena squalida, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879,
p- 41.
The range of this species seems to extend from the Eastern
Himalayas southwards to Ganjam; and the differences which
separate this geographical race from the Western Z. mahw appear
to me to be quite constant, such as the narrower and better defined
outer border to the wings and the greater resemblance of tiut
between the seasonal phases. At the same time, to those who
prefer to treat it as a form of Z. maha, I have nothing to object ;
only I hope that they will not, as we have all done hitherto, con-
found the Eastern and Western types.
3. ZIZERA OPALINA. (Plate XI. figs. 5, 6.)
Lycena opalina, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1885, p. exliii.
Lycena marginata, Poujade, tom. cit. p. cli.
Plebeius alboceruleus, Rober, Iris, ii. p. 59, pl. iv. fig. 7
(1886).
This pretty little species probably occurs throughout Burma’,
Tibet, and China. The wet phase of the male is distinctly more
pearly and apparently more lilacine than in either of the Indian
forms: this may, however, be partly due to the darker and slightly
narrower outer border of the primaries ; that of the secondaries
is represented along outer margin by a row of well-defined black
spots, sometimes bounded internally by alunulated line: the under
surface has a yellower (more stone-coloured) tint than in Z. maha
or Z, diluta. The dry phase is very distinctive, the colouring of the
' We have a male of the dry phase collected by the late Capt. Watson in the
Southern Shan States.
108 DR. A. G, BUTLER ON THE [Feb. 6,
males being silvery sky-blue, fading on the borders into creamy
white and with similarly coloured veins.
4. ZizpRa arGla. (Plate XI. figs. 7, 8.)
Lyccna argia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petrop. ii. p. 125, pl. x.
fig. 7 (1857)
Lycenu japonica, Murray, Ent. Month. Mag. x1. p. 167 (1874);
Pryer, Rhop. Nihon. pl. iv. fig. 24¢ (1886).
Lycena alope, Fenton, P. Zz. 8. 1881, p. 351.
Occurs in Mantchuria, Corea, and throughout Japan. The
male of the wet phase somewhat nearly resembles the same phase
of Z. diluta, but the much whiter under surface with sharply defined
black spotting would separate the two insects at a glance: the
dry form (Z. japonica) first induced me to conclude that the
association of the four preceding geographical forms together
under one specific name must be an error; it, in fact, resembies
none of the other dry forms, the upper surface of the male being
of a rich lavender-blue, with the extremities of the veins and a
very narrow marginal line dark brown, the under surface, unlike
its wet phase, being brownish grey.
When the wet phases only of these four species are compared,
one is tempted to think that they may be varietal forms of the same
species ; but all the dry phases are perfectly distinct. No lepido-
pterist who possessed only Z. ossa and Z. japonica would for a single
moment hesitate to regard them as evidently distinct species.
As I hold that a species is represented by all its forms, and not by
one alone, I should still consider the preceding species distinct if
they showed no difference whatever at the wet season, so long as
their dry phases exhibited such well-defined characteristics.
5. ZIZERA LYSIMON, (Plate XI. fig. 9.)
Papilio lysimon, Hiibuer, Eur. Schmett. i. pl. ev. figs. 534, 535
(1791-1803).
Southern Europe.
Staudinger notes Mauritania and Asia Minor as localities, but I
should hesitate to accept these without first examining specimens
and comparing them with those of the south of France or Spain.
De Nicéyille quotes Lycena galba as a synonym, but Staudinger
widely separates the two in his catalogue. From Z. knysna, to
which it is allied, Z. lysimon differs in its duller less clear violet
colouring and considerably broader brown borders. What species
Mr. De Nicéville identified as 7. lysimon in India I cannot guess:
Z. karsandra is the nearest ; but, although the illustration which
he gives of a female seems to me to represent some females of the
latter species, the fact that he comments upon my quoting it as
4. karsandra from the Malay Peninsula seems to hint at its being
something different. One thing, however, is certain—Z. karsandra
is much more nearly allied to Z. knysna than the latter is to
Z. lysimon.
1900.] BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS ZIZERA. 109
6. ZizuRA KNYSNA. (Plate XI. fig. 10.)
Lycena knysna, Trimen, Trans. Ent Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i.
p. 282 (1862); Rhop. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 255 (1866).
Sierra Leone southwards to the Cape, thence all along the
eastern side to Abyssinia; also at Aden.
7. AizeERA KARSANDRA.
Polyommatus karsundra, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 505, pl. xxxi.
Oe Te
” Zizera mora, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1884, p. 506, pl. xlvil. fig. 7.
Western and Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Penang, the
Philippines, and New Guinea.
I have no doubt that the specimens recorded from Aden are
referable to Z. knysna, from which Z. karsandra certainly differs
less than the species of the Z. maha group. Z. mora is au aber-
ration.
8. ZIZERA ATRIGEMMATA. (Plate XI. fig. 11.)
Lycena atrigemmata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5,
vol. i. p. 290 (1878).
Madagascar.
The enormous size of the black spots on the under surface at
once defines this species: we possess only two examples, therefore
it may prove to be an aberrant form, but it is hardly likely that
two aberrations and none of the normal form would be obtained.
9. ZIZERA GAIKA,
Lycena gaika, Trimen, Trans, Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. i. p. 403 (1862);
Rhop. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 256, pl. 4. fig. 7 (1866).
Lycena pygmea, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 153, pl. 7.
fig. 3 (1876).
From Damara-land and the Cape, north-eastwards probably to
Cape Guadafui, Aden, Muscat, and probably through Persia and
Afghanistan to India, the Western Himalayas, continental and
peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Andaman
Islands, Sumatra, and Java.
10. ZizBRA LORQUINI,
Lycena lorqumni, Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. i. figs. 442-4
(1850).
South of France and Andalusia.
How this species ever came to be regarded as the same as Z.
minima is a puzzle to me; the lilac colouring of the upper surface
is so utterly dissimilar from the greenish-scaled brown upper
surface of Z. minima that one would never expect to see them put
together ; even the pattern of the under surface, though somewhat
similar, differs considerably.
110 DR, A. G, BUTLER ON THE [Feb. 6,
11. Zizera LaBRAvus. (Plate XI. fig. 13.)
Polyommatus labradus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p, 680 (1819).
Lycena nove-hollandie, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii.
p: 490 (1862).
Lycena communis, Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1869, p. 72
(undescribed).
Lycena alsulus, Herrich-Schiiffer, t.c. p. 75.
Zizera phabe, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. x. p. 107 (1873).
Lycena mangoensis Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5,
vol. xui. p. 347 (1884).
The South Pacific Islands, Tasmania, Australia, Damma Island,
and perhaps Amboina.
I do not think there is at present sufficient evidence of the
identity of Z. caduca with Z. labradus: the type differs considerably
from any specimens of Z. labradus which we possess. A single
example obtained by Mr. J. J. Walker in Amboina must, I think,
be referable to Z. labradus; it differs chiefly in the sharply defined
markings on the under surface, those crossing the disk of the
wings being almost black.
12. ZizpRa capuca, (Plate XI. fig. 12.)
Lucena caduca, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 616.
Erromanga, New Hebrides.
This is decidedly smaller than any Z. labradus that I have seen,
and the dark external border (of the female at any rate) is extremely
broad on the costal half of the wing, where it extends to the end of
the discoidal cell: in the secondaries the submarginal pale lunules
are sharply defined, and on the under surface all the inner markings
are considerably broader than in 4, labradus, being equal in width
to those of the submarginal series. I cannot, therefore, at present
follow my friend Mr. H. H. Druce in regarding Z. caduca as a
variety.
13. ZizEra anvanossa. (Plate XI. figs. 14, 15.)
Lycena antanossa, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 5, vol. vil.
p- lxxii (1877).
Madagascar, Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa.
The male of this species more nearly resembles the most highly
coloured forms of Z. minima on the upper surface than it does
any other species; on the under surface, however, it is very
different, the discal series of spots on the primaries being sinuous
and all the spots larger; a well-defined double submarginal series.
14. ZizERA MINIMA.
Papilio minimus, Fuessly, Verz. p. 31 (1775).
Papilio alsus, Schiffermiiller, Wien. Verz. p. 184 (1776).
Papilio minutus, Esper, Schmett. i. pl. 108. fig. 8 (1800 ?),
Lycena alsoides, Gerhardt, Mon. Lye. pl. 15. fig. 3 (1853).
Europe. “ Asia Minor, Armenia, S. Siberia, Amur ” (Staudinger).
TP eee
19C0.] BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS ZIZBRA. cap)
15. ZIZERA OTIS.
Papilio otis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 73 (1787).
Polyommatus sangra, Moore, P. Z. 8.1865, p. 772, pl. xli. fig. 8.
Lycena lysizone, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 24, pl. vii. fig. 2
(1876).
Zizera oriens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi.
p- 417 (1883).
N.E. India, Burma, Tenasserim, Pegu, Malacca, Penang, China,
Formosa, Philippines, Ternate, Amboina.
i have only given the range of this species as represented by our
specimens, as I consider Z. indica to be an easily recognizable and
probably distinct species.
16. ZizBRA INDICA.
Lycena indica, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 525,
pl. x. figs. 2, 3.
Auzera indica, var. decreta, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 150.
Mhow, Poona, Ganjam, S. India, Ceylon. (B. M.)
In this insect, which runs somewhat smaller than Z. otis, the
discal series of spots on the under surface of the primaries is more
sigmoidal and the spots are much larger; in the secondaries the
first three spots of the discal series form an obtuse instead of an
acute angle.
The Lycena lulu of Mathew is certainly not a typical Zizera and
should not, I think, be included in the genus: it has naked eyes,
but the costal and subcostal veins touch at one point and then
separate again; on the under surface of the secondaries, moreover,
there is a conspicuous black subanal spot, answering to the metal-
sprinkled spot common to Nacaduba, Catochrysops, and various
other genera.
My so-called Zizera unigemmata proves to be a Chilades allied to
C. messapus = sebagadis = acca: the brown upper surface of the
male would alone distinguish it, at a glance, from C. messapus
apart from other differences.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
Fig. 1. Zizera maha, 3, wet form, p. 106.
Cen ee » Var. ossa, ¢, dry form, p. 106.
3 » diluta, 3, wet form, p. 107.
ee sf 3, dry form, p. 107.
5. 4, opalina, 3, var. marginata, wet form, p. 107.
O83 » 6, typical, dry form, p. 107.
7. 4, argia, 3, wet form, p. 108.
Ba i; » var. japonica, dry form, p. 108.
9. 4, lysimon, 3, p. 108.
10. ,, knysna, 3, p. 109.
ll. ,, atrigemmata, 3, p. 109.
12. , caduca, 9, p. 110.
heey ih labradus, 2, p. 110.
14,15. ,, antanossa, 5 2, p. 110.
112 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON A NEW KANGAROO, [ Feb. 20,
February 20, 1900.
Dr. Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas exhibited the skin of a small Kangaroo
which had been presented to the British Museum by the Society’s
President, the Duke of Bedford. It had lived some little time
at Woburn, and was said to have been brought from Queensland
or North Australia.
It was most nearly allied to the West Australian Macropus
eugenit Desm., with which it agreed in size and skull-characters, but
differed in its uniform pale colour and remarkably soft thick fur.
Mr. Thomas proposed to call it Mucropus bedfordi, and described
it as follows :—
Size asin MW, eugenit. Fur long, thick, soft, and woolly, the hairs
of the back 33-35 mm. in length. General colour uniform pale
isabelline fawn, quite different from the dark colour of MW. eugenii.
The hairs are slaty grey at their bases, then brown, with a
whitish subterminal band and a pale brown tip. Centre of face
like back, slightly darkening in middle line between ears and down
the neck to form a faintly darker nuchal line. Face-markings
almost obsolete, the usual light cheek-line but little lighter, and the
dark orbital and ramal streaks scarcely darker than the general
colour. ars short, their backs terminally sandy fawn, basally
and a patch below their bases externally dull white. Chin and
throat dull white ; chest and belly whitish fawn, but little lighter
than the sides. Inguinal region, front of hips, and a line down the
front of the lower leg white. Shoulders and outer sides of fore
linbs lke body, with scarcely a trace of rufous; an indistinct
darker elbow-mark present: hands whitish brown above. Legs
sandy brown behind and laterally, white in front; upper surface
of feet sandy white, not darkening terminally, the long hairs at
the base of the claws clear yellowish white. Tail short, thick,
sandy fawn above and on the sides, whitish below, not darkening
terminally.
Skull much as in IM. eugenii. Disproportion rather greater
than usual between the small permanent premolar (p* of modern
nomenclature)! and the large square mp* (m' of the Catalogue of
Marsupials).
Dimensions of the type, measured in skin:—Head and body
550 mm.; tail 360; hind foot 115; ear, from notch, 52.
Skull: basal length 83; greatest breadth 49 ; nasals 34 x 15:5 ;
interorbital breadth 16; diastema 20-5; length of p* 4:5; com-
bined length of three anterior grinding-teeth (mp*-m’*) 17.
Type. Female. B.M. No. 0,2.19.1. Presented by the Duke of
Bedford.
This little Wallaby differs from its only near ally, JZ. ewyenit,
‘ See Lydekker, P. Z.8. 1899, p. 922.
1900.] MR. R. LYDEKKER ON OVIS SAIRENSIS. 113
by its long fur and peculiar pale body-colour, which latter indeed
seemed to be quite unique within the genus.
Mr. Thomas also exhibited a Kangaroo which had been sent
to him from Western Australia by Mr. Bernard H. Woodward,
Curator of the Museum at Perth.
Judging by its skull and more essential characters, it seemed to
be assignable to Macropus robustus, the Wallaroo, of which Mr.
Sclater’s MW. erubescens was the South and Central Australian
representative. Its colour, however, was so different from either
the Eastern or Central forms of the species that Mr. Thomas
thought it necessary to distinguish it as a local subspecies, for
which he suggested the name Macropus robustus cervinus.
With the exception of the head (which was greyish brown, much
as in WM. r. typicus), the whole of the upper surface was of a deep
rufous fawn, the hairs being of this colour to their bases. In both
M. vr, typicusand M, erubescens the general colour was grey, the latter
being rufous across the shoulders. Tips of dorsal hairs black.
The chin, throat, and centre of the belly were whitish, not sharply
defined. The limbs also more whitish than the body, but darkening
to black on the tips of the fingers and toes. The tail was pale
sandy rufous, its extreme tip above black.
The skull and dentition were apparently quite similar to those
of the true MW. robustus, except that, in common with JM. erubescens,
the third upper incisor was less elongated.
Hind-foot of type, without claw, 241 mm.
Skull—basal length 128 mm.; greatest breadth 76:5; nasals
58 x 22; diastema (to p*) 36; combined length of three anterior
grinding-teeth 32 ; horizontal length of 2° 8°6, of p’ 8.
Hab. Pinda Station, Yalgoo, Murchison District, Western
Australia.
Type. Female (immature). B.M. No. 0.2.6.6.; original number
1213. Killed 15th August 1899, by the Perth Museum collector.
Two specimens examined.
Native name “ Picquarda.”
With the specimens of Macropus r. cervinus, Mr. Woodward
had also sent several examples of the Red Kangaroo (Macropus
rufus), a species which, when the Catalogue of Marsupials was
published, was not certainly known to inhabit Western Australia’.
These examples were also from the Murchison District, and seemed
to agree with the ordinary M. rufus of Eastern Australia, showing
no approximation to either M. isabellinus or M. magnus.
Mr. Lydekker, on behalf of Mr. Rowland Ward, F’.Z.S., exhibited
the horns and skin of a male specimen in the winter coat of
the Sheep which, on the evidence of specimens in the summer
dress, he had named Ovis sairensis (‘ Wild Oxen, Sheep and Goats,’
1 Cat. Mars, B. M. p. 27, 1888.
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1900, No. VIII. 8
114 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON AN ASIATIC IBEX. [ Feb. 20,
p- 185, 1898). The skin of this ram was of a greyish-brown
colour above, with a light saddle-shaped patch on the back, a
white caudal disk, which did not include the tail, and the legs
below the knees and hocks pure white, as were the under-parts.
Above the caudal disk was a dark brown band; the shoulders and
thighs were as dark as the back ; and on the nape of the neck was
a tuft of very long slate-coloured hair, which was dark brown at
the roots. This tuft was also present in a female skin; a much
ok — fe nt
Be! eta gee Regt
Male of Littledale’s Sheep (Ovis sazrensis), in winter coat.
shorter one occurred in a female head of O. ammon, but it was
absent in O. poli. From the latter in winter dress the present
specimens also differed by the dark shoulders and thighs. The
development of a white caudal disk in the winter coat alone was
another peculiarity of O. sairensis. The specimens were said to
have been obtained in the Irtish valley, which drains the Semi-
palatinsk Altai.
In this connection Mr. Lydekker desired to call attention to
an error in his work entitled ‘Wild Oxen, Sheep and Goats of
All Lands,’ where it was stated that the face and lower part of
the legs of O. ammon were always white, whereas they were so
only in the typical race during summer, and then might be better
described as dirty white.
Mr. Lydekker likewise exhibited the skulls, horns, and skins of
a male and female Ibex obtained with the preceding specimens
which he thought might possibly belong to Capra sibirica dauvergnei.
In the ram the general colour of the fur was light brown, with a
P.Z.5.1900.P1.XIL..
»
fame
et
f
P.Highley del.et lith Hanhart imp.
SPONGES FROM CHRISTMAS ISLAND.
P25. S00, PRA
P. Highiey del.et lith .
Hanhart imp.
SPONGES FROM CHRISTMAS ISLAND.
1900. ] ON THE MARINE FAUNA OF OHBISTMAS ISLAND. 115
large white patch on the back of the lower part of the neck, and
a still larger white saddle on the loins, through which ran a dark
dorsal streak to the tail. The under-parts were scarcely lighter
than the back; and the legs had no white, being cigar-brown in
front and golden brown behind. ‘The horns were of great size, and
remarkable for their extreme depth. In the absence of white on
the legs and the dark under-parts, the skin was like that of
C. sibivica sacin, but the latter had no white nuchal patch and a very
indistinct lumbar saddle. The associated female skin, in which the
hair on the back was just changing, so that the grey pashm, or
under-fur, was exposed, was remarkable for the circumstance that
the whole of the under-parts were pure white, quite unlike what
the describer had seen in any other Ibex.
Mr. Lydekker believed that Mr. Walter Rothschild had an Ibex
skin similar to the male exhibited which would be shortly described
as a new form.
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian
Ocean). By C. W. Anprews, B.Sc., F.Z.S., Epear A.
Smiro, H. M. Bernarp, R. Kirkpatrick, and F. C,
CHAPMAN.
[Received January 16, 1900.]
(Plates XII. & XIILL)
ConrTENTS.
Page
[. Introductory Note. By C. W. Anprews, B.Sc., F.Z.8. oo... 115
II. A List of the Marine Mollusca collected by Mr. C. W. Andrews at
Christmas Island. By Epa@ar A. SMITH ...........ccecececeeeeceee 117
III. On the Madreporaria collected by Mr. C. W. Andrews at Christmas
iskinde ey Ee Mi HERES ARDY 1,5, .chctcnceteseactwastesncecepstantoveds 119
IV. On the Sponges of Christmas Island. By R. Kirxparrice ......... 127
V. List of the Foraminifera from the Boat-channel, Flying Fish Cove,
Christmas Island, 11 fathoms. By F.C. Cuapman, A.L.S.,
a RAVE Stamens rien tccne se aeeatcaccicrcs crack ant racten cuwoser ate tae 141
Wie irmaplanaponn CHOVERBDES *sasacnetc-cssc:.>2stcasras ats eganscleanclnanetaesiy 141
1. Introductory Note.
The chief objects of my recent visit to Christmas Island (indian
Ocean) were to collect the land fauna and flora and work out the
structure of the island itself, and nearly the whole of my time was
devoted to these ends. At the same time some small collections
of the marine fauna were made, and these have been determined
by various specialists, some of whose reports are printed below.
The Gephyrean worms (six species, none of which are new) haye
already been noticed by Mr. A. HE. Shipley in the Proceedings of
this Society (P. ZS. 1899, p. 54).
3%
7
116 MR, C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [ Feb. 20,
The shores of Christmas Island are singularly unfavourable for
the collection of marine animals ; except in a very few localities, the
coast-line is formed by vertical or overhanging cliffs, the base of
which is washed by the heavy ocean swell, so that the narrow shelf
of fringing reef, which is submerged toa depth varying from a few
feet to several fathoms, is unapproachable from the land side, and,
except along the north coast in very calm weather, is very difficult
of access from a boat. Nevertheless, the examination of this reef
and of the submarine slopes of the island between N.E. and
N.W. Points, and the collection of their fauna, where possible,
would no doubt yield very interesting results, and it might be
worth the while of a marine zoologist to spend some time on the
island for this purpose.
In a few localities on the east coast and at Fiying Fish Cove, a
narrow reef-flat, like that of an atoll, is exposed at low water, and
it is from this in the latter locality that nearly all the specimens
mentioned below were obtained. In this place an area about a
quarter of a mile Jong and from fifty to a hundred yards wide
is exposed at low tide. Its outer edge forms a slightly raised rim
of rocks thickly coated with pink and red calcareous algw, and
is cleft here and there by deep narrow channels. Within
this raised rim the reef-flat forms a hard concrete-like floor
composed of cemented fragments of corals, larger blocks of
which lie loose upon its surface. Here and there are shallow
pools of water, some of which are choked with thick clumps of
small branching Madrepores (e. g., M. clathrata, M. valida,
M., aspera), the tops of which are exposed to the air for a con-
siderable time between the tides. In some of these pools also there
are extensive patches of a pinkish-grey, leathery Aleyonarian (Sarco-
phyton). Most of the Corals obtained were from these pools or from
the sides of the deeper channels near the edge of the reef. The
reef is interrupted near the middle of the bay by a boat-channel
with a sandy bottom running up to the beach, and it was from
sand taken from about 11 fathoms in this channel that the
Foraminifera described by Mr. F. C. Chapman were obtained.
The reef-flat seems on the whole rather barren of life. The
swiftly running shore-crabs (Grapsus maculatus), which skim over
the rocks like leaves driven by the wind, and two Holothurians,
the smaller quite black, the larger olive-brown, are the most
conspicuous objects. In the pools are numerous small fish,
including a little Periophthalmus which jumps from stone to stone
with great activity.
The Crustaceans and Echinoderms determined by Mr. R. I.
Pocock and Prof. Jeffrey Bell are :—
Crustaceans :—Actewa nodulosa, Eriphia levimanus, Actewodes
tomentosus, Lophozozymus sp., Daira perlata, Chlorodius sp., Calcinus
elegans, C. tibicen, Aniculus typicus, Stenopus hispidus, Pencus sp. ;
there is also a large cray-fish which is used for food, but of which
unfortunately no specimen was brought back.
Echinoderms :—Linekia miliaris, L. diplax, Nardoa tuberculata,
1900. ] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. Ay
Ophidiaster sp., Ophiocoma ethiops, O. scolopendrina, Actinopyya
miliaris, Diadema sa«atile, Echinometra lucunter, Colobocentropus
atratus. Of the Echinoids, Echinometra is the commonest and
lives in holes in the rock, which it appears to excavate.
Towards the extreme edge of the reef many small specimens of
Tridacna gigas nearly embedded in the rock may be seen, but
they never attain very great size here. Squids and a species of
Octopus are fairly common, but very difficult to discern ; the Octopus
is often used for food by the people, while the Squids are devoured
in large numbers by the Gannets and Frigate-birds.
The reef-fish were not collected; they, however, are much the
same as those found at Cocos-Keeling Islands, and probably are
all common Indo-Pacific forms. They form an important part of
the food of the people, and are usually obtained with the spear,
in the use of which the Cocos-Islanders are extraordinarily skilful.
Below will be found lists and descriptions of the Molluscs,
Corals, Sponges, and Foraminifera ; and J must express my sincere
thanks to the Authors of these communications for the trouble
Ds have taken over the small collections I was able to bring
ack.
LL. A List of the Marine Mollusca collected by Mr. C. W. Andrews
at Christmas Island. By Epear A. SMIvH.
No pretence of systematically collecting marine objects was
made by Mr. Andrews, his direct object having been the investiga-
tion of the geology and the terrestrial fauna and flora. A certain
number of specimens, however, observed during rambles upon the
coast, were captured and preserved. Those mentioned in the
following list were found in Flying Fish Cove on the north
coast of the island. They are mostly very common forms, having
a wide range in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
1. OcTOPUS sp.
2, OMMATOSTREPHES sp.
3. CONUS HEBRAUS Linn.
4. Conus coronatus Dillwyn.
5. LwUCOZONIA SMARAGDULA (Lamk.).
6, TRITONIDEA UNDOSA (Linn.).
7. ENGINA MENDICARIA (Lamk.).
8. lopas sertuM (Bruguicre).
9. SisrrumM Morus (Lamk.).
10. Sistrum riorvs (Linn.)
118 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE _——[ Feb. 20,
11. Mirra (STRIGATELLA) LITERATA Lamk.
12, Mirra (STRIGATELLA) PAUPERCULA, var.
A short form like I/. virgata Reeve (Conch. Icon. fig. 197 6), with
the spire transversely grooved and the white stripes upon the
body-whorl somewhat raised, forming feeble costulations.
13. CYPRHA ARABICA Linn.
Both typical specimens and the variety reticulata.
14, Cypr#a viTe.uus Jinn.
15. Cyprma Lynx Linn.
16. Cypra#s MONETA Linn.
17. Cyprma ANNULUS Linn.
18, Nerita costata Chemnitz.
19, TURBO LAJONKAIRII Deshayes.
Hitherto known only from Cocos-Keeling Islands, the original
locality “New Zealand” not having been confirmed. Two
very brightly coloured specimens, copiously blotched and spotted
with purple-brown. The operculum has the central portion olive-
green, instead of ‘“‘dark brown” as described and figured by
Pilsbry (Man. Conch. vol. x. p. 199, pl. lix. fig. 10).
20, SMARAGDINELLA VirRIDIS Rang.
21. Puyniimpi1a vartcosa Lamk.
22. Doris cornraceA Abraham.
23, PERONIA PERONII Cuvier.
24. Tripacna cieas Linn.
Only a single very young specimen.
25, SEPTIFER BILOCULARIS (Linn.).
26. ARcA IMBRICATA Bruguiere.
27. Menina PERNA (Linn.).
Very variable in form, but always showing the characteristic
colour-markings. Specimens in the Museum are from Cocos-
Keeling Islands, Andaman and Samoa Islands.
Perna samoensis, Baird (Brenchley’s Cruise H.M.S. ‘ Curacoa,’
p.°454, pl. xlii. fig. 8), is a synonym of this species (vide Hanley’s
Ipsa Linnzi Conch. p, 117, pl. ii. fig. 7).
1900.] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 119
Ill. On the Madreporaria collected by Mr. OC. W. Andrews at
Christmas Island. By H. M. Bernanrp.
There are in all 42 specimens including fragments, representative
of the following groups or genera :—
Caryophylline. Caulastrea.
Dendrophyltha. Galaxea,
Madrepora. Mussa.
Montipora. Leptoria.
Porites. Celoria.
Goniopora. Prionastrea.,
Pocillopora. Agaricia.
Goniastreea.
Of these, one Madrepore, two Montipores, and one Gontastrea
are described as new species, while it is suggested that the specimen
provisionally named Caulasirea may belong to a new genus.
The specimens are often very fragmentary, and those in spirit
are obscured by soft parts, making their determination difficult. In
most cases, however, the genera have been easily recognized, but
the specific identifications are entirely provisional. It is practically
impossible to work out small collections of Corals in the present
unsatisfactory state of Madreporarian systematics. The approxi-
mate determinations of the fragments will, however, be sufficient
guide as to the general characters of the representatives of the-
several genera.
The biological notes were added by Mr. Andrews.
CARYOPHYLLINE M.-E. & H.
There are three small solitary corals growing side by side, the
largest of which is 5°5 mm. high, evenly cylindrical, and 3-5 mm.
in diameter; the smallest, also cylindrical, is 2°25 mm. in diameter
but with the base embedded so that the height is not ascertainable.
The specimens are in spirit, with the soft parts completely
obscuring the columella and pali, on which the generic and
specific characters of this family are founded. There are three
cycles of septa in both small and large specimens, of which the
primaries are slightly exsert, and apparently laterally granulate or
echinulate. The living flesh extends to a variable distance down
the outer walls.
Genus DenpropHy.wia de Blainville.
DENDROPHYLLIA HHRENBERGIANA.
Cenopsammia chrenbergiana Klunzinger, Cor. iii. p. 56, pl. viii. 9.
There are two specimens, which come nearer to this type in the
method of growth than to any other recorded species. The
difference between Dendrophyllia and Canopsammia is merely the
meeting of the septa in the former, which appears to me very
unimportant. Hence I have not hesitated to place these two
120 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
specimens, in which the septa appear to run distinct to the
columella, under the older generic name.
The specimens are both low groups of calicles rapidly budding,
and in one case dying away beneath the living cluster, but in the
other rising on a pedestal 2-3 em. high, and on one side bare of
polyps.
Occurs in rock-pools under the cliff on the south side of Flying
Fish Cove.
Genus MADREPORA.
Maprepora (Isopora) BROOKI, sp. n.
Corallum with typical growth, viz., a thick common base from
which 3 or 4 stout flattened branches radiate outwards, with an
upward curve. The tip of each branch expanding and branching
again. [The branches are 3-4 cm. thick and 4-6 wide, but as
the coral is continually thickening these measurements are of no
classificatory importance. |
Certain of the calicles on the tops of the branches or of knobs
are thin and cylindrical, and may be as much as 4-5 mm. long by
2°5 in diameter, and among these are others of all lengths but
with one side cut down; the larger are nearly complete, the shorter
are purely scoop-shaped. Here and there these incomplete calicles
appear grouped irregularly round a complete calicle. The whole
of the rest of the stock, except on the undersides of the branches
(which are warty and nearly bare of calicles), is thickly covered
’ with scoop-shaped calicles of all sizes and turned all ways, the
majority looking upward; many are mere punctures on the surface
with a slightly raised margin, others have one edge protuberant
like a lip; from this all stages are found up to the long scoop-
shaped calicle. The calicles show no special feature, their costal
ridges are regular, smooth, and not prominent ; the whole wall in
the larger calicles rapidly solidifies. The interstitial coenenchyma
fills up as. systems of floors supported on long spines like that
typical of Astrwopora. The smaller calicles are lighter and more
openly reticular.
There is one large complete specimen, two fragments from other
stocks, and a branch worn smooth, yet recognizable by the section
which shows the peculiar interstitial coenenchyma. ‘The species
differs not only in growth-form, but in size and characters of the
larger tubular calicles, from all the members of the subgenus
described by Mr. G. Brook in the British Museum Catalogue of
Madreporaria, vol. i.
The large specimen was brought up from 11 fathoms by the
sounding-lead in Flying Fish Cove. Much of the shore cement
seems to be made up of rolled fragments of this madrepore.
Maprepora (?) cLaTHRATA Brook.
Madrepora clathrata Brook, Brit. Mus. Madr. i. p. 49,
pls. v. & vi.
There are several fragments, one a long branching stalk (13 em.
1900.} MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 121
long), from what I take to have been a prostrate, or other one-sided
growth-form. The branchlets are all turned up one side and
grow out at right angles, and the scoop-shaped radial calicles
project on the same side also at right angles and are chiefly
obsolete on the opposite side. The branches show no trace of
fusing together. In other respects, however, it comes nearest to
Madrepora clathrata, The calicles, both radial and axial, seem to
agree in shape and size, and the characters of the ccenenchyma
seem to be the same as those described for this species.
The specimens of this and the next species were broken from
dense clumps growing on the reef-flat in water about one foot
deep at low tide, when the tops of the clumps are exposed for
some time.
MADREPORA VALIDA.
Madrepora valida Dana, Zoophytes, p. 461, pl. 35. fig. 1.
There is a complete specimen consisting of a crowd of processes
all reaching to about the same height (4 em.), and rising from a
common incrusting base, which seems to come near Dana’s type.
The tips of most of the processes in the single specimen had been
injured, and the coral had attempted to heal the injuries. The
axial calicles and a few of the nearer radial calicles are swollen
into ccenenchymal knobs, without or with greatly reduced or
distorted calicle apertures. Where not injured, the calicles have
much the aspect described and figured by Dana, and the section
of the processes shows the density of the coral, also mentioned by
Dana.
MADREPORA (?) ASPERA Dana.
Madrepora aspera Dana, Zoophytes, p. 468, pl. 38. fig. 1.
A specimen 8 em. high, in which the tapering branches more
or less suddenly proliferate into a number of stunted outgrowths.
The septa in the radial calicles show it to belong to the subgenus
Eumadrepora Brook. The size of its axial corallite, the variously
prominent and labellate radial calicles interspersed with minute
obsolete calicles, seem to ally it with WM. aspera. It differs chiefly
in the greater crowding of the radial calicles, which were com-
paratively sparse in the type specimen.
This species forms dense clumps growing on the reef-flat, and
partly exposed at low-water.
MADREPORA DELICATULA Brook.
Madrepora delicatula Brook, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 1891,
p. 461.
There are two small detached clusters of twigs which agree
with the branchlets of Brook’s type of M. delicatula. The measure-
ments and shapes of the calicles both axial and radial agree, as
also do the markings on the surface as described.
There is no evidence that the growth-form resembled that of
122 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
Brook’s type. Hence the identification is provisional. Some
variation in this respect exists between the specimens which
Brook classed under this heading (see Brit. Mus. Madr. vol. i.
pl. xxvii. figs. D & E).
Found in pools and channels near the edge of the reef-flat,
Flying Fish Cove.
Genus Montipora Quoy & Gaimard.
MoNTIPORA SPONGILLA, sp. nl.
Description. The corallum forms an erect spike about 5 em.
long and from 1-1°5 thick, which flattens near the top and divides
into 2 to 3 or more similar spikes running up, side by side, or
diverging at very small angles. The calicles are minute, 0°5 mm.,
but deep and conspicuous, about 1 10m. apart. The margin,
usually formed by a single skeletal thread, is round or slightly
petaloid. The septa not very well developed, except the directives,
one of which is usually specially conspicuous as a broad plate
which may or may not be slightly exsert.
The smooth surface-coenenchyma 1s a light friable reticulum,
very rough to the touch; the tips of the branches are open flake-
reticulum and friable; the coral is very light.
This Montipore is peculiar, not only in its method of growth,
but also in its lightness and friability. There is one complete
stock.
Occurs in pools on the reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
MonTIpoRA PARASITICA, sp. 1.
Description. Corallum as a closely incrusting plate on other corals,
5 min. thick, no free edges, but with a narrow smooth zone running
round the margin of the stock, 2-3 mm. broad ; within this zone the
whole surface is covered by tubercles. These are strikingly
variable and are in all sizes, from minute branching or frosted
granules to rounded or cylindrical tubercles, coarsely woolly, nearly
1 mm. high, here and there fusing into short ridges, and scattered
about in small patches.
The calicles are very irr egularly distributed, and vary in size
from ‘5-75 mm.; often obscured by the rough uneven tubercular
surface. The section is dense, built up of stout trabecule, and
wherever the surface tubercles are rubbed off, the solid stony
texture beneath is seen.
The single specimen is nearly complete and incrusts the base
of the type specimen of Madrepora brooki. Among known
Tuberculate Montipores this seems to stand alone in manner of
growth, and in the very variable distribution and development of
the tubercles. J believe many more small incrusting tuberculate
forms of Montipora will be discovered (cf. M. inconspicua). They
can be easily overlooked, and only attract attention when studied
under a pocket-lens.
11 fathoms. Flying Fish Cove.
1900.] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 123
Genus Porrres Lamarck.
There is one small, thin, triangular chip from a stock of Porvtes.
The method of growth is unknown. The lower sectional surface
shows a regular, rather dense reticulum in which the radiate
skeletons of the calicles can still be faintly traced. The calicles
are small (1 mm.), polygonal, shallow, but sharply sunk. The
walls are either thin, straight, or zig-zag threads, septa appearing
irregularly along the margin, or else below it as distinct plates.
The pali are stout frosted rods.
This fragment is too small to classify. It comes nearest in the
character of its calicles to a group of Porites in the National
Collection from Ramesvaram, Gulf of Manaar, which I have
already described in the MS. of vol. iv. of the ‘ Catalogue of
Madreporaria’ as Porites indica. Until more is known of its
growth and variations it may therefore be provisionally placed
with that group.
On the reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus (?) Gon1IoporA Quoy & Gaimard.
In the same bottle with the spirit-specimen, provisionally
identified with Goniastrca retiformis (see below), is a small crumpled
incrusting coral with edges slightly free, which has all the
appearance of a Goniopore. The specimen is complete and almost
too small to allow (without spoiling) of the detachment of portions
for close examination of the skeleton, which is now hidden under
the retracted soft parts. The budding round the edge is quite
different from that of Gonastrea, and the top edges of the walls
which show in rough outline through the skin are not at all like
those of that genus, whereas in both these respects the specimen
shows more resemblance to Gonopora than to any other stony coral
with which I am acquainted.
Explanate Goniopores are by no means common, so that even
without closer identification the specimen is of interest.
In pools and channels on the reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus Pocinttopora Lamarck.
There are three specimens which seem to belong to two species ;
both form low tufts—in one case of crisp irregular branches, and
in the other of thick flattened lobes. The species in this genus
are mainly founded on differences of growth-form, and longer
series would probably unite many of them. In the present case
there appears also to be some difference in the calicles which
justify their separation.
PociLLoPora (?) BREVICORNIS Dana.
Pocillopora (?) brevicornis Dana, Zoophytes, p. 526, pl. 49. fig. 8.
A small tuft, the branchlets below are rounded off, above are
ngular; the round calicles have a distinct ring of septal striz.
124 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
POCILLOPORA (?) FAVOSA.
Pocillopora (?) favosa Ehrenberg, Oorallenthiere, p. 127.
Two small tufts of short, stout, compressed lobes, thickly covered
with small conical, or rather pointed processes; no septa visible except
as striz in the very young calicles. These two specimens are placed
under this specific heading with some hesitation. Im M.-Edwards’s
description of P. favosa a distinct columella is mentioned, but no
septa. Mr. Stanley Gardiner ' describes septa—‘‘the primaries
being specially thick and bluntly spined;” and Dr. Klunzinger ’,
who photographed the original type, says that there is little
columella, and the septa are hardly at all developed. In these
last points the two specimens from Christmas Island agree with
Ehrenberg’s type, but hardly with its more freely branching growth.
Occurs in pools and channels on the reef-flat, Flying Fish
Cove.
Genus GoNIASTR#A M.-E. & H.
GoNIASTR.EA RETIFORMIS.
Goniastrwa retiformis (Lamarck) M.-E. & H. Les Coralliaires,
li. p. 446.
Two fragments of a convex small-calicled species of Goniastrwa
which may be provisionally placed with this species. The size of
the calicles (3 mm.) agrees, but their depth is greater, at least on
the summit of the stock, where it may reach 5 mm.; elsewhere it is
3 mm., as given by Milne-Edwards & Haime.
No locality is given for Lamarck’s type.
There is further a spirit-specimen in a good state of preservation,
which shows the living colony to have been of a bright green colour.
The dried skeletons with attached organic matter are reddish
brown.
Found in pools and channels on the reef-flat, Flying Fish
Cove.
(FONIASTREA AURICULARIS, sp. 1.
Description. Colony forms ear-shaped, semicircular plates which
project horizontally from the sides of rocks. Its upper surface is
slightly concave, the edge thin and sharp, supported by continuous
epitheca which covers the whole under surface. The thicker parts
are about 1°5 cm.
The calicles, owing to the method of multiplication, vary greatly
in size, the maximum being about 3-5 mm. The top of the thin wall
is a fine zigzag ; some 16-18 visible septa rise to the top of the wall
and may even make the edge slightly denticulate; between these,
faint traces of another cycle can be seen with a pocket-lens.
The swollen inner edges of the primaries (at times of a few
secondaries also) rise as thick, flattened, round-topped pali to
within about 1 mm. of the top of the wall.
' Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 941.
> Corallenthiere, iii. 1879, p. 68, pl. vii. fig, 2.
1900. | MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 125
In its explanate growth this is not unlike G. planulata of
Milne-Edwards & Haime, from some unknown locality, but the
calicles in that species are 7-8 mm. across, sometimes lengthening
to 15 mm. before dividing, This is the second explanate species
of Goniastrea which has been recorded, although it may be
remarked by the way that the diagnosis of the genus is not so
clear as might be, and it is not always easy to distinguish between
Goniastrea and Prionastrea (cf. Klunzinger, op. cit. vol. 111. 1879).
In pools and channels in reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus (?) CAULASTREA,
A few very varying fragments in spirit which appear to come
between Mussa and Caulastrea. There is a single flabellate
corallite (455 cm. long by 3°5 broad) which has died down, and
from its fossa 3 new ones of different lengths and sizes have budded
out. In addition there are two long (6 em.) tapering corallites,
with points free but fused near their rims, below which a bunch
of (9) small buds project, curving upwards; below the bunch there
are places where single buds have been broken off. There are two
of these detached young corallites, which are very ike single
corallites of Galawea, smooth below, ribbed above, and slightly
curved. The variations among these small fragments are thus so
great, that more material is necessary before any accurate account
of the coral can be given, or its position in the system determined.
Genus GAaLAxEA Oken.
GALAXEA ASPERA Quelch.
Galaxea aspera Quelch, Chall. Rep, xvi. (1886) p. 72, pl. 4.
figs. 5-5 d.
There is a dried specimen with a single loose corallite and a
much finer specimen in good preservation in spirit. The latter
shows the budding of the corallites above the level of the
perithecal tissue. The specimens seem to agree in all ascertainable
particulars with Mr. Quelch’s species, viz., in their long projecting
corallites, the septal formula, the pronounced coste, and the dense
perithecal tissue. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the’
locality nearest to the Keeling-Cocos group from which Galawea
has been recorded is the Straits of Sunda; but the specimen from
that locality was referred by Milne-Edwards and Haime (see
Galaxea ellisi, Les Cor. ii. p. 228) to the coral figured by Ellis
(Phil. Trans. liii. 1764, pl. 20), which is quite different to this.
Pools in reef-flat, Flying-Fish Cove.
Genus Mussa Oken.
Mussa (?) REGALIS Dana.
Mussa (?) regalis Dana, Zoophytes, 1848, p. 182, pl. 8. fig. 5.
Two fragments of a meandrine Mussa. The fragments are
chips from the ridges between adjoining calicles. In the smaller
126 MR. ©, W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
dry specimen the adjoining calicles, or rather troughs, are closely
adherent ; the exsert septa almost overlap in the larger spirit-
specimen (6 cm. long), in which the skeleton is obscured by the
soft parts; the ridge between the calicles appears to widen here
and there into an ambulacrum from 1-2 mm. wide. The calicular
trough must have been 3 cm. deep and as much across, while the
primary septa are very stout and exsert, and with their inner
edges rather more vertical than in Mussa regalis, at least near the
top of the ridge. The soft parts are bright green. Small cup-
shaped galls are found on the septa here and there, somewhat like
those occurring on the specimen of Caloria (see beiow).
Occurs on the sides of the deep channels at the rim of the reef.
Genus Leprorta M.-H. & H.
Leproria PuRyYGIA Ellis.
Leptoria phrygia Ellis, Zooph. p. 162, 1786, pl. 48.
One fragment from a massive growth. It shows both straight -
and gyrating calicular troughs. A good section shows the thick
plate-like columella with its lobed and also finely serrated edge.
The species is said to extend over the Indo-Pacific area. Dana
records it from Ceylon.
Pools on reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus Catorta M.-H. & H.
Ca@noria stnensis M.-H, & H.
Celoria sinensis M.-E & H. Les Cor. ii. 1857, p. 416.
One large specimen which agrees in all important points with
this species. The Chinese type had calicular troughs not exceeding
2 cm. The specimen from Christmas Island has the same
tendency to short troughs, some being round and only a few mm.
in diameter, but a few reach to 3 and 4 cm.in length. What
appear to be galls occur on the septa here and there.
Pools on reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus Prionastr#a M.-E. & H.
PRIONASTREHA AUSTRALENSIS M.-F. & H.
Prionastrea australensis M.-E. & H. Les Cor. ii. 1857, p. 520.
There is a narrow convex strip with the angular surface charac-
teristic of this genus. It may provisionally be placed near
P. australensis, with which it agrees in size of calicle, thin walls,
and rudimentary columella; while round the columella a ring,
often incomplete, of larger septal teeth rises up, either 2-3 on each
septum, or else one large palitorm tooth.
There is further a very similar specimen in spirit of the same
bright green which seems common to these Christmas Island
Madreporaria. It appears to have much thicker walls than the
dried specimen, but the presence of the soft parts would at least
partly account for this. Shghtly thicker skeletal walls it may
1900.] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 127
easily have, as some variation in their thickness is observable in the
dried specimens.
Pools on reef-flat, Flying Fish Cove.
Genus Acaricta Lamarck.
There is a fragment of what appears to be a flat incrusting disc
with sharp free edges, the epitheca following about 1 cm. behind.
The very young calicles are confluent in concentric rows but soon
separate oft, the smooth lowrounded walls, finely striated by the septa,
rapidly forming an irregular network over the surface; the calicles
all look upwards, and are not tilted to look towards the growing
edge. There are 4 cycles of septa—and if any columella, only in
the deep calicles in the thicker parts of the stock. The section is
very dense, the septa being thick and closely packed with traces of
synapticular junctions.
Rock-pools under cliffs 8. of Flying Fish Cove.
IV. On the Sponges of Christmas Island. By R. Kirkpatrick.
‘he Sponges collected by Mr. Andrews were obtained from an
area limited to the reefs of Flying Fish Cove. The majority of
the specimens were found growing on the under surface of large
coral blocks lying in pools lett by the tide. The use of the dredge
was impossible owing to the irregular rocky nature of the bottom.
Hitherto only one species (Pachychalina spinosissima Dendy,
P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 524) has been obtained from this locality. ‘The
present collection of 53 specimens, referable to 24 genera and
32 species, contains examples of 7 new species and 2 new varieties.
The Calcarea and Monoceratina are each only represented by
two small specimens.
The Carnosa are represented by three species, the occurrence of
Chondrosia plebeja Schmidt, recorded for the first time from the
Indo-Pacific, being specially interesting.
The sponge-fauna of Christmas Island, so far as known at
present, is very similar to that of Java.
A list of species, arranged according to the classification of
Topsent, is given below.
Sub-Class CALCAREA.
. Clathrina primordialis (Haeckel).
. Leucandra sp.
hoe
Sub-Class DESMOSPONGIDA.
Order CARNOSA.
. Chondrosia reniformis Nardo.
. Chondrosia plebeja O. Schmidt.
. Chondrilla nuda Lendenfeld.
Oi = Oo
128
1.
12.
13.
14,
15.
16,
MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE
Order TETRACTINELLIDA.,
. Sidonops picteti Topsent.
. Ecionema bacilliferwm (Carter).
. Stelletta simplicifurca (Sollas).
. Tetilla bacca (Selenka).
. Tetilla ternatensis Kieschnick.
Order MONAXONIDA.
Suborder HADROMERINA.
Section Clavulida.
Spirastrella carnosa Topsent.
[Feb. 20,
Spirastrella decumbens Ridley, var. robusta, var. nov.
Pseudosuberites andrewst, sp. n.
Section Aciculida.
Lethya ingalli Bowerbank.
Tethya seychellensis (K. P. Wright).
Tethya affinis, sp. n.
Suborder HanicHonprina.
Family AXINELLID#.
. Hymeniacidon conulosum (Topsent).
Family PactLoscLeRID®.
Microciona dubia, sp. n.
Family HapnLoscLerip&.
24. Rhizochalina pellucida Ridley.
Rhizochalina sessilis, sp. n.
. Gellius varius (Bowerbank).
. Reniera innominata, sp. n.
. Petrosia exiqua, sp. 1.
. Halichondria solida Ridley & Dendy.
. Halichondria solida, var. rugosa Ridley & Dendy.
Order MONOCERATINA,
. Spongia (EHuspongia auct.) sp.
. Spongelia sp.
. Lotrochota baculifera Ridley, var. twmescens, var. noy.
. Esperella pellucida Ridley.
. Desmacella sp.
. Stylotella irregularis, sp. n.
. Stylotella, sp.
1900. ] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 129
JLATHRINA PRIMORDIALIS (Haeckel),
1872. Ascetta primordialis var. protogenes Haeckel (6. ii. p. 16,
Atlas, pl. ii. fig. 13).
1892. Clathrina primordiahs Lendenfeld (8. p. 195).
The specimen consists of a small mass about 10 mm. in area by
5 mm. in height. No oscules are visible, but this is probably due
to the contracted state of the sponge.
The spicules, which are equiangular and equiradiate, are very
small and slender, being smaller than in the typical Mediterranean
form, and much smaller than in the Australian form named
Clathrina primordialis var. protogenes by Carter (3. p. 510) and
C. protogenes by Dendy (5. p. 58). The rays, which are 70» by
6u, taper gradually to a rather sharp point.
LEUCANDRA sp.
The specimen forms a small oval mass 3 x 2 mm. plugging up an
oscule ot Tetilla ternatensis. The outer surface bristles with the
projecting ends of stout oxeotes which pass through the dense
mass of tri-radiates; gastral quadri-radiates can here and there
be made out in spaces in the interior.
Spicules. Oxeotes 1500 x 70u; tri-radiates, rays sharp-pointed,
often wavy, 245x8; quadri-radiates, tangential rays curved
inwards towards the apical ray ; tangential ray 105 x 18 yp, apical
ray 35 p in length.
Canal-system: pores lead into incurrent spaces surrounding
groups of large oval ciliated chambers 85 » in diameter, and groups
of the latter open into excurrent spaces.
The species is probably new; but since the specimen is very
small and has been damaged in extraction, owing to its being
partly involved in the tissues of the Yetilla, no specific name has
been given.
CHONDROSIA RENIFORMIS Nardo.
One typical specimen occurs; it is bluish black on the upper
surface; pale brown below, where it is attached by a narrow
ridge to the rock. The one rather large oscule has a membranous
slightly serrated margin. The colour on section is dirty white.
I have examined some fragments of the type specimen of Chon-
drosia ramsayt Lendenfeld, and agree with Topsent in regarding
this species as a synonym of C, reniformis.
A noticeable feature in the Australian specimen is the abundance
of pigment in the interior, giving the sponge a slaty colour on
section.
Distribution. Mediterranean; Kattegat; Tadjurra, Gulf of
Aden; Port Jackson; Amboina; Christmas Island; Galapagos
Islands.
CHONDROSIA PLEBEJA O. Schmidt.
1868. Chondrosia plebeja O. Schmidt (14. p. 1).
There are eight specimens, seven in alcohol and one in formol ;
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1900, No. IX. 9
130 MR, C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
their shape is subspherical, elongated or pyriform, and they vary
in size trom 1 to 5c.c. in length or diameter, and in colour from
yellow to dark brown. The alcohol specimens are much skrunken
and corrugated, the surface being marked with polygonal or elon-
gated depressions (“wabige vertiefungen,” O. Schmidt) with pig-
mented stellate markings. The specimen in formol, which was
unfortunately transferred to alcohol, was bluish-black and quite
smooth.
On drying, the surface has a distinctly gritty appearance, caused
by the shrinking of the dermal membrane on the foreign particles
beneath.
The foreign bodies (fine sand-grains, sponge-spicules) form a
fairly-well defined layer in the cortex and just beneath the
dermal membrane ; in one specimen spicules projected beyond the
surface at right angles. There are no foreign bodies scattered in
the interior of the body, differing in this respect from the speci-
mens from Algiers described by O. Schmidt.
Distribution. Mediterranean; Atlantic; Christmas Island.
CHONDRILLA NUDA Lendenfeld.
1867. Chondrilla nuda Lendenfeld (9. p. 105, pl. x. figs. 69-71).
One small specimen of this species occurs in the form of a
rounded bilobed mass 8x 9X 4mm. in size, growing on Chondrosia
plebeja.
The surface is bluish-black and smooth, and shows under a
lens a faint whitish reticulate pattern. The larger lobe has two
minute raised oscules ‘3 mm. in diameter. The cortical layer
includes columns of large granular pigmented cells, as in the
specimen from Zanzibar.
The spicules are slightly larger than in Lendenfeld’s specimens.
The oxyasters, 30 « in diameter, possess 8 sharp spines usually
slightly curved. ‘The spherasters, 25 » in diameter, possess 25—
30 sharp-pointed pyramidal prickles. In the Zanzibar specimens
the oxyasters are 22-30 », and the spherasters only 10-12, in
diameter.
Distribution. Zanzibar ; Christmas Island.
Srponops Picteti Topsent.
1897. Sydonops picteti Topsent (18. p. 431, pl. xviii. fig. 2).
1898. Stdonops picteti Lindgren (10. p. 349, pl. xviii. fig. 17,
pl. xx. fig. 6).
There are four small specimens, the largest of which is 5e.c. by
2 ¢.c.in area and 1-5 c.c. in thickness. Several small spherical buds
about 2 mm. in diameter are lightly but closely attached by bundles
ot oxeote spicules. When a bud is detached, a shallow circular
depression remains, the sterrastral crust here being thin and
biconcave in section.
The slender cortical oxeas and the oscular palisade of spicules
described by Lindgren are present.
Distribution. Amboina; Java; Christmas Island.
1900.]
EcIoNEMA BACILLIFERUM (Carter).
1887. Stelletta bacillifera Carter (4. p. 78, pl. vi. figs. 9-14).
1897. Ancorina simplex Lendenfeld (9. p. 96, pl. ix. figs. 12-34).
1898. Ecionema bacilliferum Lindgren (10. p. 335, pl. xvii. fig. 17 ;
pl. xix. fig. 27).
MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND.
1899. Ecionema bacilliferum? Lindgren (10. p. 88).
The largest of the four specimens in this collection is 4x5 c.c.
in area and 1 ¢.c. in thickness, and forms a thick crust ; in colour
pale brown mottled with dark brown.
The type specimen from Mergui, being in the Calcutta Museum,
The protriznes are very rare in
The microstrongyles, which are
is not available for comparison.
the Christmas Island specimens.
18x 2 in size, are occasionally centrotylote.
oxeas measure 180 x4 yp.
131
The fine cortical
The asters are tylote, and with roughened actines, the same
characteristics being found in the asters of Ancorina simplew, of
which species the Museum possesses a few slides prepared from
the type specimens from Zanzibar.
Distribution.
robustum : Port Philip, Ports Elliot and Adelaide.
STELLETTA SIMPLICIFURCA (NSollas).
1886. Myriastra simplicifurca Sollas (16. p. 189).
1888. Myriastra simpliciyurca Sollas (17. p. 114,” pl. xii.
figs. 29-33).
Mergui, Java, Christmas Island, Zanzibar; var.
1898. Stelletta simplicifurca Lindgren (10. p. 332, pl. xviii.
fig. 8).
Of the three specimens of this species, one is small (8x6x6
mm.) and oval; the other two are in the form of thick nodular
lamelle, the larger being 5x3 c.c. in area and from 1 to 2 ¢.c. in
thickness.
Small spec.
Christmas I.
Orthotriznes. Rhabdus...| 1387550
Orthotrienes, Cladi ...... 280
Anatrisznes. Rhabdus ...| 182022
Anatriznes. Cladi......... 105
Anatriznes. Chordi ...... 122
Anatriwnes. Sagitta ...... 88
TAT RO; OKGR srcascveese: socebs 1925 x 49
STILE OKCH es oaacnedecea scores 1026
Pivacsseatvaasvecan 12
Chiasters
Largest spec.
Christmas I.
48
1330 x 24
2103
12
Torres
Straits.
‘ Challenger.’
2525 x 55
366
1860 x 29
120
127
90
2000 x 31
252 x3
12
Cochin
China.
Lindgren.
2700 x 84
(54), ? 540
3240 x 30
108
168
84
2900 x 60
252 x 4
12
The surface of the lamelle pyesents a tessellated pattern, the
o*
132 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
pores being in the grooves between the lamelle; the pattern is not
present on the thick rounded edges nor on the nodular excrescetices.
Several small oscules 1 x ‘5 mm. are present.
The specimens described by Sollas and Lindgren are probably in
an early stage of growth.
There are considerable variations in the dimensions of the
spicules, as will be seen from the table (p. 131) giving the sizes in
microns.
Distribution. China Sea ; Torres Straits; Christmas Island.
Teri~ta Bacca (Selenka).
1867. Stelletta bacca Selenka (15. p. 569, pl. xxxv. figs. 14-15).
1883. Tethya merguiensis, Carter (2. p. 366, pl. xv. figs. 6-8).
1898. Tetilla bacca Lindgren (10. p. 328).
There are two specimens, the larger being 2°5 c.c. x 3°5 c.c.
They are subspherical, but with a concave area below apparently
resulting from radial fission. The larger specimen has 20 oval
depressed pore-areas and 2 oscules, all being about 4x5 mm. in
area and 2°5 mm. in depth. ‘he oscules are cloacas, in the floor of
which several openings of excurrent canals are seen; the floor of
the pore-areas is covered with membrane perforated by groups
of pores. A section of the sponge, which is soft and cuts easily,
shows bundles of spicules radiating from a central nucleus.
The spiculation is almost identical with that of a specimen from
Java described by Lindgren. The length of the oxea is 3°5 mm.,
of the anatrienes 5°5 mm. and of the protriznes 5:2 mm.
Distribution. Samoa; Torres Straits; Amboina; Java; Mergui;
Christmas Island,
TETILLA LERNATENSIS Kieschnick.
1896, Tetilla ternatensis Kieschnick (7. p. 527).
1898. Tetiila ternatensis Lindgren (10. p. 329, pl. xvii. fig. 14,
pl. xix. fig. 25).
The one specimen is subspherical, 2x2x3c.c. in size; the
sponge is deeply fissured in several places. There are several
oscules, the largest being 3mm. in diameter and possessing a raised
rim. As in Lindgren’s specimen, the suriace of the sponge is
crowded with Diatoms.
The very rare protriznes are irregular, one of the arms being
much longer than the other two, which may be reduced to mere
knobs.
This species resembles 7. dactyloidea Carter in certain respects,
the radiating bundles of the latter being formed of oxea (1360 x 6)
midway in size between the large oxea and microxea of 7’. terna-
tensis.
TETHYA INGALLI Bowerbank.
1872. Tethya ingalli Bowerbank (1. p. 119, pl. v. figs. 11-17).
The single specimen is free, oval, 22mm. in length, and 16 mm
1900. ] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 133
in breadth and height. The surface is level, but shows a faintly
marked tessellated pattern. The cortex is 2mm. thick, and is
uniformly and densely crowded with spherasters.
The spicule-measurements are given along with those of the type
specimen from Fremantle for comparison.
Choanosomal
Strongyloxea. Spherasters. oxyasiers. Chiasters.
Christmas Island. .1360 x 24 u 70 p 18-24 pu 12"
Fremantle ...... 1470 x 35 p 70 ps 36 ps 124
Tethya ingalli shows a considerable range of variation, but, I
think, would include the Christmas Island specimen in spite of its
oval form and the smaller size of its spicules.
Distribution. Seychelles; Australia; Christmas Island; Java;
Amboina.
TETHYA SEYCHELLENSIS (E. P. Wright).
1881. Alemo seychellensis E. P. Wright (19. p. 13, pl. 1.)
1888. Tethya seychellensis Sollas (17. p. 427, pl. xliv. figs. 1-6).
There are five small, free, nearly spherical specimens, all of which
are gemmiferous. The outer two-thirds of the cortex is occupied by
a zone of subcortical cavities.
Spicules. Megascleres—strongyloxea, 1200 x 18 pw.
Microscleres—spherasters, 48». Somal chiasters, 12 4. Choano-
somal asters, 30 », with well-defined centrum ; actines roughened,
bifurcate.
The “regular hexaster” type of the oxvastersis a characteristic
of this species, distinguishing it from 7. inga/li Bowerbank.
A comparative table of spicule-measurements (in microns) of
specimens from various localities is given below.
Type from Samboangan. Torres Straits. Christmas
Seychelles. ‘Challenger.’ ‘ Challenger.’ Island.
Strongyloxea ............ 1750 x 30 1916 x 23 1680 x 26 1200 x 18
Spherasters............... 70 95 64 48
Somal chiasters......... 12 12 12 12
Choanosomal asters ... 54 60 60 30
Distribution, Seychelles; Philippine Islands; Torres Straits ;
Christmas Island.
TETHYA AFFINIS, sp.n. (Plate XII. fig.1; Plate XIII. figs. 3a-d.)
Sponge incrusting, and of irregularly conical shape; upper
surface rough but level, with an obscure polygonal pattern formed
by depressed conules with fimbriated edges, and with two small
membranous oscular cones, the apertures being 1x5mm. in
area.
Cortex 1:22mm. in thickness, with a few narrow intercortical
cavities arranged vertically in the outer two-thirds, the cortical
spherasters occasionally occupying the whole thickness but usually
134 MR. ©. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON TIE [Feb. 20,
only the inner third, where they are divided into two zones by a
shallow space.
Spicules. Megascleres—strongyloxea, 1330 x 35 p.
Microscleres—spherasters, 604. Somal chiasters, 15-18y.
Dermal chiasters, 12 p.
The unique specimen measures 2°5 x 2 ¢.c. in horizontal and 2°5c.c.
in vertical plane. The rough convex under surface appears to have
been torn off from a rock.
The name given to the species denotes its close affinity to
T. japonica Sollas; it differs from the latter (1) in its mode of
growth, 7’. japonica being spherical and free, (2) in having the
membranous oscular cones, and (3) in the slight difference in size
between the dermal and somal chiasters.
SPIRASTRELLA CARNOSA Topsent.
1897. Spirastrella carnosa Topsent (18. p. 441).
The specimen is cauliflower-shaped, expanding upwards from a
narrow base to a height of 2 cc., the area of the upper surface
being 25x15 cc. The upper surface is covered with low
rounded papille.
The tylostyles, 525 x18 p, usually have a trilobate head. The
spirasters are extremely rare and very fine, being 18 x1 p, with
minute spines, and usually with four curves.
The specimen differs from the type from Amboina in having
larger megascleres, these being only 330 x 6 to 8 » in the latter.
In Topsent’s specimens, too, the surface is ridged (“ froncé ”).
Distribution. Amboina; Christmas Island.
SPIRASTRELLA DECUMBENS Ridley, var. ROBUSTA, var. nov.
1887. Spirastrella decumbens var., Ridley and Dendy (13.
p. 229, pl. xlv. fig. 12).
1898. Spirastrella semilunaris Lindgren (10. p. 323, pl. xix.
fig. 23).
There are two specimens of this variety—one (1) forming a thin
yellow crust on a shell, the other (2) in the form of small fleshy
lobes growing on Sidonops picteti. Specimen (1) has a shallow
patent oscule 1-5 mm. in diameter; the surface shows a delicate
reticulate pattern formed by the pore-areas, the pores being
circular and 40 » in diameter ; sieve-like groups of 5 to 10 pores
lead into subdermal spaces.
A cavernous cortex from *5 to 1 mm. in thickness occurs in the
type specimens of the species from Torres Straits, described by
Ridley (11. p. 470, pl. xlii. fig. c). The same structure is also
present in the specimens from Amboina and Christmas Island.
In all these specimens the minute semilunar spirasters (12 in
length) form the outermost dermal layer. Hence I have no
doubt that Lindgren’s species is a synonym: at the same time it
is right to add that that author is in no way to blame, owing
to the incomplete description of the type specimens, which are
badly preserved.
1900. ] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 135
The ditferences between the type specimen from Torres Straits
on the one hand, and the specimens from Amboina, Java, and
Christmas Island on the other, are constant, and render it necessary
to regard the latter specimens as belonging to a well marked
variety. In the type the tylostyles are longer and narrower, and
the largest spirasters are smaller than in the new variety which I
have named “ robusta.”
Type. Var. robusta.
iBylostyles..\ 92/25 224 224 2% 507 x8 pu A432 x12 p
as ea dni aerstheoe 12 12 p
3 Nees Wome 6 pb 10 pe
Spirasters, smallest...... 8-12 p 8-12 uv
a JATSOESty cs ieyeccte 36 pw 48
Distribution of S. decumbens: Torres Straits; of S. decumbens
var. robusta: Philippines, Java, Christmas Island, Red Sea.
PSEUDOSUBERITES ANDREWSI, sp. n. (Plate XII. figs. 2 a-b;
Plate XIII. fig. 7.)
Sponge loosely incrusting or forming free thick lamelle. Pale
yellow in colour; surface smooth, and with canalicular markings
beneath the dermis ; soft in consistence and easily torn. Oscules,
when present, small, circular (‘75 min. in diameter), guarded by a
silvery fringe or conule of tylote spicules with points centripetal.
Skeleton composed of primary lines of multispicular fibres
radiating to the surface and giving off at various angles a few
scattered single spicules.
Dermal skeleton very distinct and formed of tangentially
arranged bundles of spicules joining to form a reticulum with tri-
or quadrangular meshes.
Spicules. Tylotes 350 x 6 p, slightly curved in the basal third ;
head rounded, 7°5 » in diameter, slightly knobbed at the summit
or swollen laterally.
Of the three specimens, one is incrusting and with oscules, the
others are free and without oscules; the former is 5°5 x3 c.c. in
area, and ‘5 c.c. in thickness ; the latter are considerably thicker.
The genus at present includes, as stated by Topsent, two other
species, P. hyalina (Ridley & Dendy) and P. sulphureus (Bower-
bank). One of the small fragments of the type specimen of
P. hyalina has an oscule with the palisade of spicules arranged
as in the new species, but the tylotes are much larger in the
former, measuring 1100 x 25 p.
HYMENIACIDON ConuLOsUM (Topsent).
1897. Stylotella conulosa Topsent (18. p. 466).
1898. Hymeniacidon conulosum Lindgren (10. p. 313, pl. xvi.
fig. 13; ‘pl. xix. fig. 19).
The single specimen is pyramidal, 3 c.c. in height, and with an
incrusting base 3 x 1°5 c.e.
The surface is partly even, and partly provided with small
hispid tufts.
136 MR, C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [ Feb. 20,
The skeleton is composed of main lines of multispicular fibre
radiating from base to surface, with an irregular reticulum between
formed by bundles of one or a few spicules given off from the
main lines; the axial columns alone are present in the tufts.
The styles, which measure 525 x 12 p, are curved near the basal
end.
The nearly related species Stylotella polymastia Lendenteld,
referred to by Topsent JU. ¢. p. 466, is synonymous with Hymenia-
cidon fenestratum (Ridley).
The proper position for the ae species appears to be in the
Axinellide. The skeleton is composed of axial lines of monactinal
spicules, the reticulation being of secondary importance and absent
from the tufts; some of the spicules show a double curve,
characteristic of certain typical Axinellid sponges.
Distribution. Amboina; Java; Christmas Island.
Mrcrociona DUBIA, sp. n. (Plate XII. figs.3,3a; Plate XIII.
figs. 2 a—f.)
Sponge forming an almost free or loosely incrusting lamina
with margins curled up, with foreign particles adherent to the
under surface where the latter is free.
Colour yellow; upper surface smooth. Skeleton formed partly
of columns, each composed of one stout subtylote spicule, and
partly of plumose columns of more slender tylotes opening out
from base to surface, where they almost form a distinct dermal
layer ; numerous short spined styli arranged vertically with bases
on the basal layer of the sponge. Spongin absent.
Spicules. Megascleres—stout, slightly curved subtylotes 324 x
7°5u, head 7°7 p, slightly spined, occasionally facetted.
Slender straight tylotes 318-828y x5°5 p, head 7 » with basal
end spinous.
Short spined styli 48x 7°5 yw, with sharp, often curved, spines
on the basal three-fourths of the length of the spicule.
Microscleres—palmate isochele from 3 to 12,4. Toxa large,
slender, 39 x 1; a shorter but thicker form (numerous), 6 x 1°5 p.
The size of the specimen is 2°5 c.c. x5 ¢.c. in area, and 1 mm.
in thickness. The unispiculate columns, which occur in parts of
the sponge, recall the chief character of Hymerrhaphia. Again,
the spiculation closely resembles that of certain species of Rhaphi-
dophlus (R. filifer Ridley & Dendy and R. spiculosus Dendy),
but the absence of spongin excludes the new species from this
genus. The specimen is probably mature, since there are several
embryos near the base of the sponge.
ToTRocHOTA BACULIFERA Ridley, var. TUMESCENS, var. nov.
(Plate XIII. fig. 1.)
Specimen forming an irregular flabellate and branching growth,
6 c.c. x 1 ¢.c. in area and °3 ¢.c. in thickness.
Spicules. Pe averaging 21010 p.
Strongyles 220-250x1y, with from one to three fusiform
1900.] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 137
swellings along the body, one of the ends attenuated sometimes to
a blunt point. Amphidises 18 p.
The characteristic feature of the new variety lies in the
strongyles with their peculiar swellings ; these may, however, be
dependent on some pathological cause such as the presence of a
parasite, but I was unable to find any such organism. [In several
descriptions of this species the dermal diactines are described as
tylotes. In the type specimen from Port Darwin the ends of the
strongles are very slightly enlarged, a feature slightly ex-
ageerated by the artist in the figures (11. p. 435, pl. xl. fig. f) ;
but there is no trace of terminal enlargement in -the spicules of
specimens from the Mascarenes, Madras, and Christmas Island. |
DESMACELLA sp.
A few small broken-up pieces of a very soft dark reddish-brown
incrusting sponge, with a few crater-like oscules. The skeleton
forms a unispicular network, the meshes of which are triangular
and quadrangular and made up of styles, oxea, and strongyles. A
few long slender toxa and one or two sigmata, together with some
slender raphides, are present. The skeleton is renieroid, and
spongin entirely absent. The dimensions of the spicules are :—
Styles (not rare) slightly curved, 1509; strongyles (rare)
straight, 126x6 py. Oxea (very abundant), curved, 180 x7 p.
Microscleres—toxa 48 X°d p (rare); sigmata 24 w (very rare) ;
raphides (rare), 108 x 1°35 p.
This species, which appears to be new, has not been named
owing to the uncertainty as to whether all the above-mentioned
microscleres seen in the preparations really belong to the sponge ;
several kinds of obviously foreign spicules were included.
STYLOTELLA IRREGULARIS, sp. n. (Plate XII. fig. 4; Plate
XIII. figs. 6 a-d.)
Sponge incrusting or forming free irregular lamelle; colour
pale brown; with several small circular oscules 2 to 3 mm. in
diameter on the upper surface.
Skeleton forming a rectangular network, the meshes being for
the most part unispiculate, but with afew slender primary lines of
spiculo-fibre 2—4 spicules thick.
Spicules. Styles 186 x9, smooth, straight or slightly curved.
Oxea 204 x 9 p, curved.
Strongyla 150 x 10 p, straight or slightly curved.
Slender oxea 150x4p, occasionally with a central fusiform
enlargement, rare and scattered in the tissues.
This species is very near Petrosia contignata Thiele, from
ebes (Zoologica, Stuttgart, 1899, Heft 24, ii. p. 20), but differs
mainly in possessing slender fusiform oxea; unfortunately the
central swelling is not shown in Pl. XIII. fig. 6d.
STYLOTELLA sp.
Specimen incrusting, 2 x 1c.c. in area, and *25 to ‘5 c.c. in thick-
ness; pale brown, very soft, with several oscules 1 mm. in diameter.
138 MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
Skeleton consisting of slender vertical main lines, loosely joined
by single spicules in horizontal plane excepting near the surface,
where the main fibres are isolated.
Spicules. Styles 132 x4, with a sharp bend at the centre.
Oxea 144x4 y, sharply curved at the centre, and gradually
diminishing to sharp points.
The skeleton is like that of a Petrosia, but very loosely arranged.
The specimen is too fragmentary to serve as the type of a new
species.
RHIZOCHALINA PELLUCIDA Ridley.
1884. Rhizochalina pellucida Ridley (11. p. 608, pl. liv. fig. 7).
There are only three small fragments of fistules, the longest
being 4 mm. in length and 1°5 mm. in diameter.
The spicules are slightly smaller than in the type specimen,
being 240 x 9 yw in the former, and 260 x 10 yp in the latter, but the
shape is the same.
Distribution. Providence Island, Mascarene Group; Christmas
Island.
RHIZOCHALINA SESSILIS, sp. n. (Plate XII. fig. 5; Plate XIII.
fig. 8.)
Sponge pyramidal or digitate, sessile, srising from an in-
crusting base; surface smooth; consistence firm but rather
brittle ; colour (in formol) white-crystalline ; translucent.
Skeleton consisting of an axial or central open spiculo-fibrous
network formed of broad loose strands about 10 spicules thick,
surrounded by a cortical network of more slender strands at right
angles to the central network, and of a dermal isodictyal network
with strands 2-3 spicules thick, with unispiculate strands in the
interstices.
Spicules. Oxea 372 > 14y, curved at the centre and diminishing
suddenly near the ends to sharp points. Microscleres 0.
There are several specimens and fragments, most of them being
of flattened digitate form, the largest being 30 mm. in height,
8 mm. in breadth, and 3 mm. in thickness. The specimens pre-
served in alcohol are dark yellow at the surface, and bright yellow
in the interior, the formol specimens being white.
The new species is very near Pellina eusiphonia Ridley
(11. p. 414, pl. xli. fig. v), from Port Darwin, but differs in the
shape of the sponge and in the size of the spicules. These two
species come within the subfamily Phleeodyctiine rather than
within the Renierine.
RENIERA INNOMINATA, sp. 0. (Plate XII. figs. 6, 6a;
Plate XIII. figs. 5 a-b.)
Sponge incrusting ; colour pale brown with a faint reddish tinge ;
texture soft and elastic.
Skeleton forming a rather regular reticulum of unispiculate
‘fibres with triangular (mostly) and quadrangular meshes with
nodes cemented with spongin:
1900. ] MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 139
Spicules. Strongyles 126 x8 yp, slightly curved in the middle.
Oxea 108 x 2'5 yz, curved at the centre; also very slender oxea of
the same length and shape, probably young forms of the thicker
kind.
The specimen encrusts a Melina-shell, and is produced at one
point into a short, stout, digitate process.
There is in the British Museum Collection an unnamed specimen
(registered 82.10,.17.246) of this species from Marie Louise Island,
Amirante Group.
The species from Providence Island described by Ridiey (11.
p- 607, pl. liv. fig. 7) as “* Reniera sp. allied to cratertformis”’ has
spicules of the same shape, but much larger (480 x 28 y), and the
meshes of the reticulum are multispiculate.
Distribution. Amirante Isles ; Christmas Island.
PHTROSIA EXIGUA, sp. n. (Plate XII. fig. 7; Plate XIII. fig. +.)
Sponge forming a hard, thick, nodulated crust. Colour pale
grey ; surface smooth, and in parts showing an irregular reticulate
pattern formed by_pore-areas.
Oscules 1 to 1°5 mm. in diameter, numerous, some level with
surface, others with slightly raised margin.
Skeleton formed of slender main lines of fibres passing verti-
cally to the surface and connected at right angles to this plane
by closely packed single spicules, so as to form circular or obscurely
polygonal tubes about 70 mm. in diameter, the skeletal tubes being
much more apparent near the surface and very ill-defined deeper,
where the skeleton becomes a dense, confused network. Special
dermal skeleton absent.
Spicules. Oxea 114% 5:5, curved at the centre, and dimin-
ishing to very sharp points.
The single specimen is 4 x 4¢.c. in area, and 15 ¢.c. in thickness,
The salient character of this species lies in the very small size of
the spicules, which are less than half the size of those of Petrosia
similis Ridley & Dendy (13. p. 9, pl. i. fig. 10, pl. iii. figs. 3 & 4),
a species closely allied to it in other respects ; the spicules are
considerably smaller than those of any species with oxeote spicules
from this region of the Indo-Pacific.
HALICHONDRIA SOLIDA Ridley & Dendy.
1886-7. Halichondiia solida Ridley & Dendy (12. p. 326, and
13. p. 4, pl. il. fig. 5).
The specimen, which is white and with an even surface, differs
slightly from the type in having the ends of the oxea sharp-pointed ;
the spicules (770 x 22 p) are ounved at the centre.
Distribution. Amboina; Tahiti; Christmas Island.
JIALICHONDRIA SOLIDA var. RUGOSA Ridley & Dendy.
The specimen is dark brown and wrinkled in places, as in the
type of the variety from Api. There are several oscules, from 1 to
4 mm. across, with conspicuous membranous sphincters. The
140
MR. C. W. ANDREWS AND OTHERS ON THE [Feb. 20,
spicules are curved at the junction of the middle and outer third,
the size being 770 x 18.
Distribution. Api, New Hebrides ; Christmas Island.
10.
104.
11.
143,
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Ok
CO ND oH
InpeEx oF LITERATURE.
. Bowrrbank, J. 8S. “Contributions to a General History of
the Spongiade.” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 115.
. Carter, H. J. “ Contributions to our Knowledge of the
Spongida.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1883, (5) vol. xi. p. 344.
. “Description of Sponges from the neighbourhood
of Port Phillip Heads.” A.M. N.H. 1886, (5) vol. xvii. p. 40.
* Report on the Marine Sponges, chiefly from King
Island in the Mergui Archipelago.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.
1887, vol. xxi. p. 61.
. Denpy, A. “ A Monograph of the Victorian Sponges.” Trans.
Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1891, vol. iii. part 1.
. HatcKxet, E. Die Kalkschwimme. 1872, vols. i., ii., and Atlas.
Kiescunics, O. ‘ Silicispongize von Ternate.” Zool. Anzeig.
1896, vol. xix. p. 526.
. LENDENFELD, R. ‘ Die Spongien von Adria.” Zeitsch. wiss.
Zool. 1892, vol. li. p. 185.
. “ Spongien von Sansibar.” Abhandl. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Gesellsch. 1897, vol. xxi., Heft i. p. 93.
Linperen, N.G. “ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Spongienfauna
des Malayischen Archipels und der chinesischen Meere.”
Zool. Jahrb. (Systematik), 1898, vol. xi. p. 283.
Einige Bemerkungen zu meinem Autsatz “ Beitrag
&c.” (see above No. 10). Zool. Auzeig. 1899, vol. xxii. p. 87.
Ripizy, 8. O. Zoological Collections of H.M.S. ‘ Alert.’
1884: Spongiida, pp. 366 & 582.
Ripizy & Denpy. “ Preliminary Report on the ‘ Challenger ’
Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’” Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, (5) vol. xviii. pp. 325, 470.
. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S.
‘Challenger.’ 1887.
Scumipr, O. Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier. 1868.
SeLvenKA, E. ‘“ Ueber einige neue Schwimme aus der Siid-
See.” Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. 1867, vol. xvii. p. 565.
Sorttas, W. J. “ Preliminary Account of the Tetractinellid
Sponges dredged by H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’” Proc. Roy.
Dublin Soc., 1886, vol. y. (n. s.) p. 177.
—. Report on the Tetractineilida collected by H.M.S,
‘Challenger.’ 1888.
Topszent, E. ‘“Spongiaires de la Baie d’Amboine.” Revue
Suisse Zool. 1897, vol. iv. p. 421.
Waicut, E. P. “Ona new Genus and Species of Sponge.”
Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 1881, vol. xxviii. p. 13.
1900.]
MARINE FAUNA OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 141
V. List of the Foraminifera from the Boat-channel, Flying Fish
Cove, Christmas Island, 11 fathoms. By F. ©. Cuapman,
A.LS., F.R.M.S.
pat pes
DFAS 8 00 MT SD Or HR OO BD
Fig.
Fig.
. Biloculina ringens (Lamarck). Very rare.
. Spiroloculina fragilissima Brady. Very rare.
Miliolina oblonga (Montagu). Very rare.
SoER
COI ANP oe
ee seminulum (L.) Frequent; small.
v)
whee ae:
, pe
Benhamia cecifera.
Calciferous glands (ca. 1, ca. 2, ca. 3): 0, their orifice in esophageal wall ;
S, septa.
worm, like the ductus arteriosus in many maramals. The discovery
of a single duct into the cesophagus which does duty for all three
glands of one side of the body is not, however, my own, not even
for this genus Benhamia.
Dr. Horst has recently given some account’ of the anatomy of a
Liberian species of this genus, B. liberiensis, which is characterized
by precisely the same state of affairs ; but it is not by any means
universal in the genus Benhamia; for in the same memoir which
* “On two new Benhamia Species from Liberia,’ Notes Leyd. Mus. xvii.
p- 21.
1900. ] OF THE GENUS BENHAMIA. Al
has just been referred to, Dr. Horst expressly states of B. stampflir
that the three glands of each side open separately into the
cesophagus. I have since examined a number of small species of
Benhamia coming from various localities—East Indian, West
Indian, and African; and in these I find that there is but one
cesophageal duct for the three calciferous glands of each side, and
that each gland is in communication with its neighbour. I have
also to add that in Millsonia rubens the same thing occurs, as far
as I could make out by a dissection. This is an additional point
supplementary to those enumerated by Dr. Horst in which this
worm agrees with Benhamia. I may observe incidentally, while
mentioning this latter species, that I am quite in accord with
Dr. Michaelsen’* in regarding my Millsonia rubens as congeneric
with his Dichogaster mimus*, since he has discovered the numerous
intestinal ceca of the latter species. I am not, however, convinced
of their specific identity. For in theoriginal description there is
mentioned a tract lying round the male pores which remains free
of modification into the more glandular epidermis of the clitellum ;
I did not find this in my single example of M. rubens. Nor can
I see any trace of diverticula to the spermathecm. Still the generic
identity being established, I must drop Millsonia for the present
species, though I propose to retain it for Millsonia nigra *.
Fig. 3.
UU:
Benhamia cecifera.
Septum with intestine &. cut across: d.v., dorsal vessel ; s.7., supra-intestinal ;
v.v., ventral blood-vessel; @, esophagus; v, cecum; S, septum.
(2) Esophageal Cwcum.—One feature in the anatomy of the
cesophagus has not been noted by Dr. Benham.
Nearly opposite to the entrance of the ducts of the calciferous
glands, the cesophagus gives off a single forwardly running cecum
1 «& Perricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde,’ Mitth. nat. Mus.
Hamburg, xvi.
* “Yerricolen der Berliner zoologischen Sammlung,” Arch. Naturg. lwvii.
. 212.
Pye On two new Genera of Eartliworms from Western Tropical Africa,”
P. Z, 8.1894, p. 382.
172 ON AN EARTHWORM OF THE GENUS BENHAMIA. [Feb. 20,
from its ventral side. The diameter of this cecum is nearly, if
not quite, equal to that of the cesophagus itself. The accompanying
drawing (fig. 3, p. 171) shows the relations of this cecum during the
course of the esophagus. The drawing represents a part of the
intersegmental septum dividing segments x11/x11I cut out of
the body and viewed from behind. Above are the dorsal (d.v.)
and supra-intestinal (s.i.) blood-vessels, the latter of rather
greater calibre than the former. The cesophagus (@), and the
cecum (¢), as will be seen, look like a single subdivided tube, the
former haying a light fold projecting into its interior from below,
not to be compared therefore to a typhlosole. Below again to
this comes the ventral blood-vessel (v.v.) This cesophageal caecum
passes forward as far as to the xith segment, where it appears to
end without any diminution of calibre.
There are two structures among Earthworms with which this
median ventral cesophageal cecum may perhaps be compared. I
mention them in order of probability. Dr. Benham described in
Pericheta sedgwicki'—-and 1 have been able to confirm * his state-
ment—that instead of the usual pair of ceca found in the species
of this genus, there was a single median ventral cecum, like the
paired ones in general appearance but not visible until the gut was
lifted up.
More comparable, as I think, are the ventral ‘- Chylustaschen,”
as they have been termed by Dr. Michaelsen, of the Eudrilide.
They are probably more comparable in that they are esophageal
and not intestinal. Moreover, the fact that this species of
Benhamia has numerous intestinal ceca, precisely comparable in
structure to the paired intestinal ceca of most Perichetw, seems
to negative the former comparison. The position of this cecum,
on the other hand, fits in very well with the suggestion that it
represents, perhaps in an incipient form, the unpaired ventral
glands of Eudrilus, Polytoreutus, and other genera of Eudrilide.
One difficulty in the way of this comparison is the greater extent
ot the cecum in this Benhamia; even where there are three
separate ventral calciferous glands in the Eudrilide, they only
occupy a segment apiece, extending in their totality through
segments 1x-x1. _In the worm which forms the subject of the
present remarks the caecum lies in segments xI-xv. On the
hypothesis, however, which is suggested, the differentiation of a
single cecum might easily result in the shortening of the total
area. The intercommunication of two of these glands in Poly-
toreutus (as an occasional variation) is an argument in favour of
the comparison urged here. In this case the unpaired ventral
cecum of Benhamia cecifera will bear the same kind of relation to
the ventral umpaired glands of many Eudrilide that the single
diverticulum of the enteron of Amphioaus does to the complex
liver of higher vertebrates. On the theory that the terrestrial
1 Journ. Linn Soe., Zool. xxvi. p. 201.
* “Qn a Collection of Earthworms from New Britain &c.,” Willey’s Zool.
Results, pt. ii. p. 184.
ee
1900.] ON MAMMALS FROM MOUNY KENYA. 173
Oligochzta are related to the marine Polycheta, and in the position
of forms to be derived from them, it may be possible to compare
this cecum with the siphon of the Capitcllide.
(3) As to the Reproductive Organs, I have but little to add to
Benham’s account. As he has observed, the anterior pair of sper-
mathece are the smaller; but I also found that corresponding to
this the posterior pair of spermiducal glands were smaller than
the anterior pair of those glands. I could find no diverticulum to
either pa‘r of spermathece, and no penial sete connected with
the male pores.
4. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. H. J. Mackinder
during his recent Expedition to Mount Kenya, British
East Africa. By Oxiprieitp THomas.
[Received February 15, 1900. ]
The Mammal-fauna of Mount Kenya, the highest mountain in
British East Africa, has hitherto been practically unknown, for
although Dr. Gregory collected a few specimens during bis ascent
in 1893, these have not hitherto been satisfactorily determined.
It bas therefore been with great interest that I have worked out
the excellent collection obtained on the mountain during Mr. H.
J. Mackinder’s recent successful expedition there, an expedition
of which he has himself given an account before the Geographical
Society '.
The actual collecting was done by Mr. Mackinder’s two
assistants, Messrs. Ernest Saunders and C. Camburn, and much
credit is due to them for the way in which they have succeeded
in making so admirable a collection under somewhat difficult
circumstances. In addition, some of the larger animals, including
the Mountain Dassies, were shot by Mr. Mackinder’s colleague,
Mr. C. B. Hausburg, and his Alpine guide, Cesar Ollier.
The species of mammals obtained on Mount Kenya itself are
fourteen in number; and [I have also added a list of those collected
at Nairobi, on the Uganda Railway, where the party remained
some little time. The whole series of skins has been acquired by
the British Museum.
Of the special Mountain-mammals the most interesting is a
new Dassy, of a rock- and not forest-inhabiting group, which
appears to be isolated above the forest zone at 12,000-15,000 feet.
A second new Dassy, of the forest group, comes from 8000 feet.
With the help of the fine collection of East African mammals
presented to the National Museum by Mr. F. J. Jackson, and
worked out by Mr. W. E. de Winton, the determination of the
present series has presented few difficulties, and [ must record my
1 See Geogr. Journ. xv. p. 453 (1900).
174 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [Feb. 20,
indebteduess to Mr. de Winton for the assistance his determi-
natious of the more obscure forms have been to me in the
preparation of the present paper.
1. CoLogus caupatus Thos.
a—c. 3 Q. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000-10,000 fr.,
8 & 9/99.
There appears to be no difference between these specimens and
examples from Kilima-njaro.
Dr. Matschie has also recorded this Monkey from Mt. Kenya’.
2. CROCIDURA, sp.
a-d. 3 2. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000-10,000 ft.,
8-9/9.
A medium-sized species with a short tail.
3, SciuRUSs RUFOBRACHIATUS Waterh.
a. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000 ft., 14/9/99.
This specimen differs in various details from ordinary examples
of S. rufobrachiatus, but most of its peculiarities occur in one or
other of the large series in the Museum.
4, FUNISCIURUS JACKSONI de Wint.
a. g. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000 ft., 16/9/99.
5. GRAPHIURUS MURINUS Desm.
a. 3. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 11,000 ft., 22/8/99.
The determination of this Dormouse is somewhat doubtful, for,
as so often happens in this group, the skin has been severely
singed, and the colour consequently more or less altered.
6. Mus sacxsoni de Wint.
a. &. Forest zone of Mt. Kenya, 8000 ft.
7. Mus (Lec@aDA) MINUTOIDES Smith.
a. 2. Foot of Mt. Kenya, 7000 ft., 17/8/99.
8. LopHvuROMYS aQguiuus True.
a-d. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000-10,000 ft.
These specimens closely agree with examples captured by
Mr. Jackson at Ravine Station, with the exception that their tails
average slightly shorter. The colour of their feet varies a good
deal, one having nearly white feet, while in the others they are
brown or black.
‘Trapped among bamboo or bushy undergrowth.”
“In Forest zone.”
1 SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1899, p. 138.
Ee
1900.] MAMMALS FROM MOUNT KENYA, 175
9. OTOMYS IRRORATUS Bts.
a. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 8000 ft., 16 Sept. 1899. Forest
zone.
b-g. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 10,000 ft. Bamboo zone.
These specimens, though as usual differing among themselves
in colour, are very uniform in skull-characters and size. Their
dimensions, as taken in the flesh, run as follows :—Head and body
176-195 mm. ; tail 75-91 ; hind-foot 28°5-31. Like Mr. Jackson’s
and other East African examples of the species, they all have
seven laminz to the last upper molar.
10. OTOMYS IRRORATUS ORESTES, subsp. n.
a. 3S. Teleki Valley, Mt. Kenya, 13,000 ft., Sept. 3, 1899.
Type.
[o. 2 in spirit. Hohnel Valley, Upper Alpine zone, Mt. Kenya,
1893 (Dr. J. W. Gregory).
c, d. Imperfect skeleton and separate skull. Do. do.]
Size rather smaller, feet slightly and tail decidedly shorter than
in the plains form. Colour, of the single skin, corresponding to
the greyish and least rufous of the ordinary specimens, rather
more mottled than they usually are.
Skull, as compared with the series from 8000-10,000 feet,
smaller throughout, with a shorter muzzle and much shorter,
though equally broad brain-case. When viewed laterally, it appears
more bowed above and higher mesially. Anterior expansion
of nasals not exaggerated. Interparietal smaller, not bowed
forwards mesially, its antero-posterior diameter less than the length
of the coronal suture instead of greater. Molars rather narrower.
Lamine of m.’ only six in number.
Dimensions of the type, measured by collector in the flesh :—
Head and body 175 mm.; tail 62; hind foot 27; ear 20°5.
Skull: greatest length 39; basilar length 31°3 ; greatest breadth
20; nasals 17-4 x 7; interorbital breadth 46; interparietal
4-°7x9:; palate length from hensilion 16-7 ; diastema 8°8 ; palatine
foramina 7:4; upper molar series (crowns only) 7:3.
This is evidently a mountain race of the common East African
Otomys, and it was quite to be expected that in the colder climate
of what Dr. Gregory calls the ‘“ Upper Alpine zone” of Kenya
the feet and tail should be shortened, in accordance with the usual
rule in such cases. It is, however, curious that, as exemplified by
four examples, the Alpine form should have a lamina less in the
last molar. Otomys jacksoni Thos., the Mount Elgon representative
of the genus, agrees with the lowland form in this respect.
The spirit-specimen obtained by Dr. Gregory in Hohnel Valley
measures :—Head and body 141 mm.; tail 63; hind foot 24 (26:5
cum ungue); ear 21. Its mammew number 0—2=4,
Type. B. M. No. 0.2.1.21.
Although Dr. Gregory was the first discoverer of this form, his
specimens could not be distinguished before owing to the fact that
176 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [Feb. 20,
in all the skull was broken; but they now contribute most
valuable confirmatory evidence as to the external proportions and
the lamina formule of the molars, agreeing in these respects
entirely with the perfect skin and skull brought home by
Mr. Mackinder.
11. DENDROMYS MESOMELAS Brants.
a. 9. Foot of Mt. Kenya, 7000 ft., 15/8/99.
There is in this specimen a very faint trace of the dark frontal
band which induced Mr. True to give to the Kilima-njaro Tree-
mouse the name of D. nigrifrons.
12. Procavia ‘ MACKINDERI, sp. n.
a-g. 45 39. Teleki Valley, 13,000 ft., Sept. 1-3, 1899.
Size large. Fur very long and thick, hairs of back over 40 mm.
in length; underfur long and abundant. General colour pale
grizzled olivaceous grey, the longer hairs dark, with a pale yellowish
subterminal band and a black tip; underfur except on the posterior
back blackish basally, whitish or bnffy terminally, this colour
showing on the surface and lightening the general colour of the
animal; on the posterior back the underfur is dark from base to
tip. Dorsal patch dull yellowish white throughout, very incon-
spicuous, not visible without parting the long hairs of the back.
Head darker, the muzzle coarsely grizzled black and white;
1 An allied species, of which we have lately ubtained specimens, may be de-
scribed as follows :—
PROCAVIA JACKSONI, sp. n.
Size medium. Fur short, coarse and harsh, the hairs of the ordinary fur of
the back barely attaining 30 mm. in length; underfur comparatively scanty.
General colour coarsely grizzled yellowish brown, the long hairs brown with a
yellow subterminal band or black tip; underfur on the anterior back brown
basally, yellowish terminally, on the posterior blackish brown throughout.
Cheeks grizzled yellowish; forehead rufous brown. Back of ears partly
yellow, partly brown; sides of neck yellowish, a few of the longer hairs black-
tipped. Dorsal spot conspicuous, dull straw-yellow, the hairs yellow to their
bases. Under surface buffy yellow, not sharply defined laterally. Inner sides
of limbs yellowish, outer sides like body. Upper surface of hands and feet
grizzled brown and whitish.
Skull with the essential characters of that of the P. abyssinica group, but, at
least in the female, unusually long and narrow, the nasal and frontal regions
particularly narrow. Temporal fosse ending about 4-5 mm. from the back of
the skull. Interparietal sutures open. Diastema about 11 mm. in length.
Teeth large and hypsodont.
Dimensions of the type, a female, measured in skin:—Head and body
490 mm. ; hind foot 67.
Skull (stage vii.) : basal length 83; greatest breadth 49:5; nasals 26 x 19;
intertemporal breadth 25; length of upper tooth-series (p.! to m.*) 38; greatest
breadth of m.' 69; height of crown of m.* 7°2; length of anterior lower pre-
molar 2:9.
Hab. Ravine Station, British East Africa.
Type. Female. B.M. No. 99.8.4.100. Collected and presented by F. J.
Jackson, Esq.
This species differs, in its harsher fur, different general colour, and more
prominent dorsal spot and narrow skull, from the only previously described
species with which it could be confounded, the Abyssinian P. abyssinica H. & KR.
1900. ] MAMMALS FROM MOUNT KENYA. er
forehead deep rufous brown; area round eyes blackish. Lars of
medium size, the hairs of their backs dark brown, those on the
edges and inner surface buffy yellow; a blackish patch on the sides
of the neck just below the ears, owing to the black ends to the
hairs at this point. Under surface buffy yellow ; on the chin and
throat the hairs are only tipped with this colour, but on the chest
and belly they are buify to their bases. Upper surface of hands
and feet grizzled yellowish brown ; inner sides of limbs like belly.
Skull stout and heavy, with a broad flat shield-like frontal
region. On the whole it is closely similar to that of P. abyssinica’,
though averaging a little larger. Interparietal sutures persistent.
Temporal fossze extending to the hinder end of the skull.
Diastema 10 to 12 mm. in length. Molars hypsodont, as usual in
this section of the genus.
Dimensions of the type, an adult male, measured in skin and
therefore only approximate :—Head and body 565 mm.; hind
foot 70.
Skull (stage vi.): basal length 94; greatest breadth 58:5;
nasals 30 x 25; intertemporal breadth 27:5; length of upper
tooth-series (p.’ to m.*) 41; greatest breadth of m.! 7-7; height
of crown of m.* (in another, younger specimen) 7°9; length of
p-, (of another specimen) 3-2.
Type. Male. B.M. No, 0.2.1.35. Collected Sept. 3, 1899.
This fine Dassy is clearly a mountain representative of the
P. jacksoni of Kikuyu, from which it differs by its larger size,
longer form, more abundant undertur, paler colour, and the
greater distinctness of the post-auricular black spot.
During his famous East African expedition of 1893, Dr. J. W.
Gregory picked up in Hohnel Valley, 12,000 ft., a bleached skull
of this species, but without the skin it was impossible to
determine it. It was, however, provisionally referred to the
Abyssinian P. shoana, a species of the black-backed section—a fact
which shows how closely these species, so readily distinguishable
externally, resemble each other in their cranial characters.
In the good series of skulls obtamed by Mr. Mackinder, four
males and three females (to which may be added the male skull
brought home by Dr. Gregory), there is a decided difference between
the sexes in the size of the skull, all the male skulls being longer,
broader, and more heavily built than the female ones. The basal
lengths are as follows:—d 94 mm., 92°5, 90°5, 90, 87; 92, 84,
81:5, 74 (young).
The members of this group being essentially Rock-Dassies, not
occurring in forest country, it is probabie that the Kenya species
will prove to be isolated by the zone of forest which surrounds
the mountains at about 8000-10,000 ft. Besides Mr. Jackson’s
specimens from Ravine Station, no member of the group has been
found in any other part of Hast Africa, nor are they known
further to the south.
1 Cf. Monograph, P. Z, 8. 1892, p. G4.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—-1900, No. XII. 12
178 MR, OLDFIELD THOMAS ON (Feb. 20,
13. Procavia (DENDROHYRAX) CRAWSHAYI, sp. n.
a. ¢. Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 10,000 ft., 7 Sept., 1899.
Type.
(b. @. Roromo, Kikuyu Forest, 7800 ft., 29 Nov., 1899.
Collected and presented by Richard Crawshay, Esq. ]
Size and more essential characters very much as in P. valida
True. Fur soft, close, and thick, the majority of the fine hairs
about 30 mm. in length, though the scattered black ones are longer.
General colour marbled greyish brown with a slight rufous or
isabelline hue. Dorsal hairs slaty grey basally, gradually darkening
to black at about three-fourths their length, then into a yellowish
or isabelline subterminal band and a fine blackish point; the
scattered longer hairs black from base to tip. Head coarsely
grizzled grey, the grizzlings black and white, and therefore forming
a true grey, very different to the dorsal colour. Hairs below
base of ears dull whitish. Dorsal spot narrow, elongate, shining
yellowish white; the hairs, which are 40-45 mm. in length,
yellowish white to their bases. Under surface along middle line,
from interramia backwards, fulvous or deep buffy, similar to but
rather paler than the colour in P. valida; but the chin and sides
of neck are grey, not buffy, and the sides of the chest, the groins,
and the inner sides of the limbs are whitish. Outer sides of limbs
and upper surfaces of hands and feet like sides of body, not
becoming black terminally.
Skull very similar to that of P. valida and the other allied species.
Dimensions of the type, measured in skin:—Head and body
4€0 mm.; hind foot 59.
Skull (stage v.): basal length 79; greatest breadth 49-5.
Skull of Mr. Crawshay’s specimen (stage viii.) : basal length 86 ;
greatest breadth 50; nasals 25 x 18; intertemporal breadth 26;
diastema 15; length of molar series 33; greatest breadth of
m.! 5°4.
Type. Specimen a above. B.M. No. 0.2.1.41.
This distinct species may be readily differentiated from the
Kilima-njaro P. valida by its paler and more mottled colour,
greyish head, white dorsal spot, the white inner sides of the
limbs, and different general colour. The two East African species
described by Dr. Matschie, P. stuhlmanni and P. scheelei, both have
wholly white bellies.
Just as the present collection was being examined the second
specimen above mentioned (b) arrived from that generous contri-
butor to our National Museum, Mr. Richard Crawshay, and L
have therefore dedicated the species to bim, Mr. Mackinder
having already a member of the genus named in his honour.
14. NEsorTracus moscHatus y. Diib.
a. Near Niana Hill, Ndoro district, Aug. 14, 1899.
b. In forest at foot of Mt. Kenya, 27/8/99.
EE
1900.] MAMMALS FROM MOUNT KENYA. 179
The mammals obtained by Mr. Mackinder’s party at Nairobi are
as follows :—
1. CERCOPITHECUS ALBIGULARIS Sykes.
a,b. 9. Nairobi Forest, 14/7/99.
2. FUNISCIURUS JACKSONI de Wint.
a-€. Q. Nairobi Forest, 5600 ft., 14-20/7/99.
3. Mus HILDEBRANDTI Peters.
a. 2. Nairobi, 6000 ft., 12/7/99.
This Mouse is determined on the authority of Mr. de Winton,
by whom the above name has been placed on Mr. Jackson’s
examples of it from Ravine Station.
4, ARVICANTHIS ABYSSINICUS Riipp.
a. 3. Nairobi, 16 July, 1899.
This specimen appears to be conspecific with Uganda specimens
of Arvicanthis determined by Mr. de Winton as A. abyssinicus.
5. TACHYORYCTES SPLENDENS IBHANUS, subsp. n.
a. 3. Nairobi Forest, 20 July, 1899.
Similar in all essential respects to the typical Abyssinian form,
but rather larger, and on the average rather darker in colour,
especially on the head.
For some years I have known that my reference of the Hast
African Tachyoryctes to T. splendens was very doubtful, and have
now taken the opportunity to investigate the question with such
further material as has come in up to the present time.
On laying out the Museum series of skulls, 9 from East Africa
and 5 from Abyssinia (including one of Riippell’s co-types), it is
at once evident that the former is a larger and more powerful
animai, but is in other respects very closely allied. Even as to its
greater size, although there is no doubt of the fact, there is some
difficulty in reducing it to measurement owing to the way these
animals go on increasing in size until a late period of life, so that
old specimens of the small form may overtop in most measurements
the nearly adult specimen of the larger. But taking only old
specimens, two of each form, with sagittal crests completely
developed, the following comparative measurements may be
given :—
Basilar length. Greatest breadth. Diastema.
ie Be CUICUE ay fe OTD, O12 28, 30°5 16° 7,,16:2
T’. s. ibeanus ...... 43, 41°5 34, 32°5 18°3, 19
In all adult skulls also a diagonal measurement across the
brain-case from the squamosal edge above the meatus of one side
to the most bulging antero-lateral corner of the brain-case on the
other will illustrate the difference between the two forms, this
180 ON MAMMALS FROM MOUNT KENYA. (Feb. 20,
measurement being at most 18°5 mm. in typicus (old), and at least
19-0 in tbeanus, ranging up to 20 and more.
I propose to select as a type, skin and skull No. 98.1.5.9 from
Machako’s, British East Africa, collected and presented by Dr.
ee L. Hinde. The skull-measurements are those first given
above.
Skull of Tachyoryctes splendens ibeanus.
External measurements of Mr. Mackinder’s specimen, measured
in the flesh :—Head and body 188 mm.; tail 57; hind foot 29;
ear 10.
A skull of 7. s. ibeanus in the Museum collection, obtained by
Capt. Speke, dates from 1863. Since then specimens have been
received from Kilima-njaro (Hunter § Baxter), Bukoba (Emin),
Machako’s (Hinde), Mumias, Kavirondo (dAnsorge), and now the
present specimens from Nairobi.
1900.] MR. A, THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. 181
March 6, 1900.
W.T. Buanrorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1900 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of February was 123, of which 17 were
by presentation, 6 by purchase, 99 were received on deposit, and
1 was received in exchange. The total number of departures
during the same period, by death and removals, was 132.
Amongst the additions atteution may be called to two young
Tcheli Monkeys (Macacus tcheliensis), presented by Dr. 8S. W.
Bushell, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., on February 10th.
Dr. Bushell on quitting China kindly forwarded to us these two
Monkeys, supposing that the two individuals presented by him in
1880 (see P. Z. S. 1880, p. 537) might be failing in health, but I
am happy to say that one of these animals (the male) is still well
and strong.
Mr. Arthur Thomson laid before the Meeting some mounted
specimens of Lepidopterous Insects reared in the Insect-house
during the past year, and read the following report :—
Report on the Insect-house for 1899.
The following is a list of the Lepidoptera exhibited in 1899 :—
Sitk-producing Bombyces and their Allies,
Asiatic.
Attacus atlas. Antherea pernyt.
cynthia. Actias selene.
Rhodia fugax. Tropea artemis.
Antherea mylitta.
American.
Samia cecropia. Hypochera 20.
Telea polyphemus. Amsota rubicunda.
promethea. Kacles imperialis.
Actias luna.
African.
Actias mimose. * Lenodora nigrolineata.
Diurnal Lepidoptera.
European.
Papilio machaon, Thais cerisyt.
Doritis apollinus. Charaxes jasius.
Thais polyxena.
Proo, Zoot, Soo.—1900, No, XIII. 13
182 MR. G, A. BOULENGER ON NEW REPTILES [ Mar. 6,
American.
Papilio asterias. Papilio turnus.
——— philenor. ajax.
trovlus. Limenitis disippus.
cresphontes.
Nocturnal Lepidoptera.
* Hemaris ruficaudis, Deilephila alecto.
* Everyx cherilus. euphorbie.
Acherontia atropos. elpenor.
Sphinsw liqustr. Smerinthus modestus.
lucitiosa. ocellatus.
Ceratomia undulosa. tilie.
amyntor.
* Exhibited for the first time.
Of the Lepidopterous Insects which I have the honour to
place before the meeting, Hemaris ruficaudis and Everyx cherilus,
from North America, and Lenodora nigrolineata, from South Africa,
were exhibited for the first time during the past season.
I regret that, owing to my absence for some time in the early
summer, I am not able to exhibit a larger series of set specimens. |
The following papers were read :—
1. Descriptions of new Reptiles and Batrachians from
Borneo. By G. A. Bouteneer, F.R.S.
[Received January 29, 1900,}
(Plates XIV.-XVII.)
For a knowledge of the Reptiles and Batrachians here cha-
racterized for the first time, I am indebted to the kindness of
Mr. R. Shelford, Curator of the Sarawak Museum, by whom they
were suspected to be undescribed, and who has submitted them to
me with a request that I should publish descriptions of such as might
prove to represent new species. Some of the types had to be
returned to the Sarawak Museum, whilst others have been retained
for the British Museum.
LiyGosoMa SHELFORDI. (Plate XIV. fig. 1.)
Section J/inulia. Habit lacertiform; the distance between the
end of the snout and the fore limb is contained once and two-fifths
in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtusely
pointed. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal ;
no supranasal ; rostral forming a straight transverse suture with
the frontonasal, which is as long as broad; inner angles of pre-
frontals meeting; frontal narrow, as long as frontoparietals and
1900. | AND BATRACHIANS FROM BORNEO. 183
interparietal together, in contact with the two anterior supra-
oculars; four supraoculars, first longest; seven supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; a single pair of nuchals ;
fifth upper labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening oval,
a little smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 34
smooth scales round the middle of the body, dorsals slightly
larger than laterals and ventrals. A pair of enlarged przanals.
The adpressed limbs slightly overlap. Digits moderately long,
compressed ; subdigital lamellee smooth, 29 under the fourth toe.
Olive-brown above, irregularly spotted with black ; a black laters!
stripe, extending from the end of the snout to the groin, passing
through the eye and above the tympanum, broken up into spots
on the side of the body ; lower parts grev.
millim
Meotealh Keinertilaiteccar 0.13: 4) se iaeeneode 135
eset Ua eG FOr gas = ology. 3 eee 14
NViiduhtobdneddbecars che cars. Stee 9
Budycicigenee hae ee ewes og tees 53
iB ore ytd tetas ez, iss het cc heroes 20
AE icea cae Tinga g 38k ea ee Make id. Se eee a.
Ear eee Miraed ha spare S1Se be Pe? Bed 68
Penrissen Mt. Type in the Sarawak Museum.
LEPTUROPHIS, g. 0.
Allied to Zycodon, with which it agrees in the dentition and
the absence of hypapophyses on the posterior precaudal vertebre. ,
Maxillary teeth6+6. Head distinct from neck, much depressed ;
eye moderate, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril very large,
between two nasals and the first upper labial. Body extremely
slender and elongate, cylindrical ; scales with strong, finely serrated
keels, lanceolate, slightly imbricate, in 17 rows, with apical pits ;
ventrals keeled and notched laterally. Tail extremely slender and
elongate ; subcaudals in two rows.
LEPrUROPHIS BORNEENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate XV.)
Snout much depressed, broadly truncate. Rostral broader than
, just visible from above; internasals barely half as long as
the prefrontals ; frontal as broad as long, as long as the pre-
frontals, half the length of the parietals ; loreal once and a half
as long as deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 2-+ 2 ;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 241; anal
divided; subcaudals 193. Brown above, white beneath.
Total length 1480 millim. ; tail 570.
Sarawak. Type in the Sarawak Museum.
One of the slenderest snakes known.
13°
184 MR. G, A. BOULENGER ON NEW REPTILES [Mar. 6,
XENELAPHIS ELLIPSIFER. (Plate XVI.)
29 teeth in the upper jaw. Eye large, twice as long as its
distance from the edge of the mouth. Rostral once and a half as
broad as deep, visible from above; internasals nearly as long as
the prefrontals ; frontal once and two-fifths as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep; one preocular, with a
rather large subocular below it, wedged in between the third and
fourth upper labials; two postoculars and an elongate subocular
separating the eye from the fifth and sixth upper labials ; temporals
242; eight upper labials, separated from the eye by the sub-
oculars, or fourth entering the eye’; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly shorter than the
posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, vertebrals not distinctly
enlarged. Ventrals 186; anal divided; subcanudals 134 (¢).
Head and neck pale brown, sides of neck with interrupted black
longitudinal markings ; body with 18 large, elliptic, black-edged
brown areas separated by cream-coloured narrow interspaces ; sides,
between and below the brown areas, cream-coloured, spotted or
marbled with black; tail, at the base marked like the body, in
the second half uniform brown above with a black lateral streak ;
upper lip and lower parts uniform yellow.
Total length 2 metres ; tail 60 centimetres.
Head-waters of Sarawak River. The type, preserved in the
Sarawak Museum, was caught in a fish-trap.
This beautiful new Snake connects Zamenis with Xenelaphis.
It agrees with the latter in the number of teeth and strikingly in
the number and arrangement of the head-shields, but differs in the
‘vertebral scales not being larger than the rest, a character which
cannot be regarded as very important in view of its slight
development in Xenelaphis hevxagonotus.
DistiRa SARAVACENSIS. (Plate XIV. fig. 2.)
Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Rostral broader
than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice and a half as
long as the suture between the prefrontals; frontal nearly twice
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter
than the parietals; one or two pre- and one postocular; seven
upper labials, second largest, fourth or third and fourth entering
the eye; two superposed anterior temporals ; two pairs of chin-
shields, in contact on the median line. 27 scales round the neck,
43 round the body; scales imbricate, keeled. Ventrals distinct
throughout, bicarinate, 306. Blackish, with 85 yellowish rings
interrupted by the series of ventral scales; a chevron-shaped
marking on the upper surface of the head, the apex on the uasals,
the branches on the prefrontal, supra- and postocular shields, and
on the temple.
Total length 710 millim.; tail 80.
Sarawak coast. Type in the Sarawak Museum.
* The former arrangement is shown on the right side of the unique speci-
men, the latter on the left.
1900.] AND BATRACHIANS FROM BORNEO. 185
AMBLYCEPHALUS NUCHALIS. (Plate XVII. figs. 1, 16.)
Rostral as deep as broad ; internasals narrow, band-like, hardly
one-third the length of the prefrontals; frontal once and two-
thirds as long as broad, twice as long as its distance from the end
ot the snout, once and a half as long as the parietals, which are
followed by a pair of nuchals ; prefrontal entering the eye; loreal
as long as deep, not entering the eye; two preoculars, two post-
oculars, and a series of three narrow suboculars ; three superposed
anterior temporals ; eight upper labials, eighth very long: first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ;
three pairs of large chin-shields, anterior a little broader than long.
Body strongly compressed ; scales in 15 rows, dorsals very feebly
keeled, the keel double on the enlarged vertebral series. Ventrals
195; anal entire; subcaudals 105(¢). Pale buff, with narrow
brown transverse lines and scattered dark brown dots; a large
black blotch on the nape, sending forth on each side a linear
branch to the eye; a black vertical line below the eye, another on
the temple.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 125.
Matang. Type in the Sarawak Museum.
RHACOPHORUS SHELFORDI. (Plate XVII. fig. 2.)
Vomerine teeth in two long, nearly straight transverse series in
the middle between the moderately large choanz. Snout pointed,
as long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril equally distant from
the orbit and the end of the snout; canthus rostralis strong ;
loreal region slightly concave; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct. three-fifths the diameter of the
eye. Fingers webbed to the disks, which are considerably smaller
than the tympanum ; toes webbed to the disks, which are smaller
than those of the fingers; subarticular and inner metatarsal
tubercles very small; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches between the eye and the nostril. Skin smooth above,
granulate on the belly. Purplish brown above; a dark band
across the snout, another between the eyes, and three across the
back ; an X-shaped dark marking on the scapular region ; loreal
and temporal regions blackish; a fine yellow line on each side of
the head from the tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis and
superciliary edge to above the tympanum; sides of body yellowish,
with a blackish network; limbs with dark cross-bands; sides of
thighs blackish, closely speckled with white; web between toes
marbled with blackish ; lower parts colourless. Male with internal
vocal sacs.
From snout 45 millim.
Penrissen Mt. Type in the British Museum.
This species is closely allied to 2. fasciatus Blgr.
IXaLUS Pererss. (Plate XVII. fig. 3.)
Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as the diameter of
the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave ; nostril
a little nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital
186 ON NEW REPLILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM BORNEO. | Mar. 6,
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one half
or two-fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers free; toes half-
webbed ; disks of fingers a little smaller than the tympanum ;
subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Upper
parts smooth or with small flat warts ; belly and lower surface of
thighs granulate. Grey-brown above, with dark brown sym-
metrical markings, a cross-band between the eyes being constant ;
usually a )( or )-(-shaped marking on the anterior part of the
body; a dark streak on the canthus rostralis; limbs with dark
cross-bars; lower parts white, with or without brown spots on
the throat.
From snout to vent 40 millim.
I have examined specimens from Mts. Penrissen, Dulit, and
Kina Bulu, in Borneo; also from Great Natuna. The species
is closely allied to the Javan J. aurifasciatus, to which the first
Bornean specimens were referred by the late Prof. Peters (Ann.
Mus. Genova, ii. 1872, p. 44). J. aurifasciatus has a smaller,
less distinct tympanum, shorter digits, and a brighter coloration,
being marked with reddish, dark brown, green, and bright yellow.
CALOPHRYNUS HETHROCHIRUS. (Plate XVII. fig. 4.)
Tongue large, pyriform, covering the floor of the mouth. Snout
very short, slightly prominent, truncate ; canthus rostralis strong ;
loreal region nearly vertical ; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, measuring about two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. First and second fingers very
short, not half the length of the third, fourth shorter still,
almost reduced to a knob; toes short, one-third webbed, fifth
shorter than third; tips of fingers and toes bluntly pointed ; sub-
articular tubercles feebly prominent; two feebly prominent
metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
eye. Skin smooth. Uniform purplish brown above, yellowish
white beneath and on the sides of the head; a few large round
yellowish-white spots on the lumbar region and on the back of
the thighs.
A female, full of large-sized ripe ova, measures only 27 millim.
from snout to vent.
Borneo (no precise locality). Type in the Sarawak Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIV.-XVII.
Puatse XIV.
Fig. 1. Lygosoma shelfordi, p. 182.
2. Distira saravacensis, p. 184.
Upper and side views of head and neck, side view of body, and side
view of tail.
Puate XV.
Lepturophis borneensis, p. 183.
Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part of body.
1900.] ON THE BRAIN OF THE SIAMANG. 187
Puatse XVI.
Xenelaphis ellipsifer, p. 184. } nat. size.
Upper and side views of head and neck and of middle of body.
Puate XVII.
Fig. 1. Amblycephalus nuchalis, p. 185. Upper and side views of head
and neck.
1 a. Lower view of head, x 13.
14. Dorsal scales, x 13.
2. Rhacophorus shelfordi, p. 185.
3. Ivalus petersi, p. 185.
4, Calophrynus heterochirus, p. 186.
2. On the Brain of a Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus). By
Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector and Vice-
Secretary to the Society.
[Received January 50, 1900.)
The death of the Society’s specimen of this rare Anthropoid
Ape’ has enabled me to study an exceedingly well-prepared brain.
In bringing before the Society some notes upon the cerebral
characters of this Ape, I am not breaking new ground. More than
thirty years ago Sir William Flower * described the general outline
of the brain of this Ape from a cast of the cranial cavity. The
account was accompanied by several woodcuts in the text, illus-
trating one remarkable feature in the brain, which was described in
the following words: “ The most striking peculiarity of the brain
is the backward projection of the cerebellum beyond the level of
the cerebral hemispheres, a circumstance, as far as | am aware,
unknown in any of the Apes either of the Old or New World.”
This feature is not shown distinctly, but there are indications of
it, in Prof. Kohlbriigge’s figure * of the brain of the Siamang. It
appears from the latter drawing that the cerebellum would be
visible on an inspection of the brain from above, though Kohlbriigge
remarks that the contrary is the case—without, however, referring
to Flower’s observations on the matter, having been unable to study
his paper. Prof. Kohlbriigge examined eight brains of this Ape.
Other writers upon the brain-structure of Hylobates syndactylus
are Sandifort * and Waldeyer’. Thus not more than ten brains
of this species (or genus ?) have been studied. It is not therefore
perhaps superfluous to extend this list to eleven brains.
1 Presented by Mr. Stanley 8. Flower, F.Z.S. (See P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 588.)
2 Nat. Hist. Review, 1863, p. 279.
* “Versuch einer Anatomie des Genus Hylobates,’ in Max Weber’s Zool.
Ergebn. Bd. ii. p. 186.
* Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche
overzeesche bezittingen. Leiden, 1840.
5 “Das Gibbongehirn,” Internat. Beitr. z. wiss. Med. Festschr. Virchow,
Bd.i. For this reference I am indebted to Dr. Keith’s paper on the Gibbon in
‘ Nat. Science,’ vol. ix.
188 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE [ Mar. 6,
‘The animal when dead weighed 5 lb. 9 0z., there being no undue
distention of the stomach and alimentary canal with food. The
weight of the fresh brain was 4 0z. It was preserved first of all
in weak spirit (about 45 per cent.), and then, after 24 hours and
removal of the pia mater, transferred to strong spirit.
With this treatment the brain seems to have altered very little
from the conditions observable in life. There is no suggestion
in the appearance and direction of the sulci of any changes.
[ was therefore very much surprised to see the relations of the
cerebellum to the cerebrum, which are apparent in the accompany-
ing drawing (fig. 1). he cerebrum not only completely covers
the cerebellum, but extends for some way beyond it. With even
a liberal discount for contraction (of which, however, I do not see
the need), it is dificult to understand the brain-cast—of the accuracy
of which there can be no question—prepared by Sir W. Flower,
save on the hypothesis of an abnormality |.
Brain of Siamang. Inner view of left hemisphere.
M.P.O., mesial parieto-occipital fissure; CA., calearine; OPT., optic nerve ;
OL,, olfactory.
The Sylvian fissure seems to call for no particular remark. ‘The
auteriorly directed fronto-orbital fissure is well developed, and the
exposed island of Reil is extremely conspicuous. This is, however,
by no means a peculiarity of Hylobates syndactylus as compared
with other Gibbons.
The parieto-occipital fissure.—I take it that the fissure lettered
P.O. represents the parieto-occipital fissure of other Apes plus the
Simian fissure. It will be observed that on both sides of the brain
the Simian fissure, instead of terminating without reaching the
mesial surface of the brain, as is often the case with Anthropoid
Apes, bends forward and joins the parieto-occipital (fig. 2, p. 189).
* Dr. Keith has pointed out to me that the overlapping of the cerebellum
by the centrum is a characteristic of youth, and that the brain-cast studied by
Sir W. Flower was therefore that of an old animal.
1900.] BRAIN OF 'THE SIAMANG. 189
The mesial parveto-occipital fissure (M.P.O., fig. 1, p. 188) on the
left side of the brain passes straight downwards from the superior
surface of the brain and joins the calcarine (CA.) below. On
the right half there is a little complication: there is a forwardly
directed branch of which only an indication exists on the left side.
Slighter furrows pass forwards from the mesial parieto-occipital.
In the form and direction of the mesial parieto-occipital fissure
there are no noteworthy differences from the other brains with
which I have compared it.
Fig. 2.
Brain of Siamang. Dorsal aspect.
SYL., Sylvian fissure; F.R., fissure of Rolando; I.P., Intra-parietal ;
P.O. , parieto- -occipital ; B., frontalis inferior ; C., frontalis superior.
The calcarine fissure (CA.) most obviously joins the mesial
parieto-occipital fissure, as is shown in the accompanying drawing
(fig. 1), and at a point nearer to the superior surface of the brain
than it does in abrain of Hylobates hoolock which I have examined.
On the left side of the brain this fissure forked into a Y posteriorly.
In this junction of the mesial paricto-occipital with the calcarine
Hylobates syndactylus agrees with Man and the Chimpanzee, but
apparently not with the Gorilla. In a brain of H, lewciscus in my
possession there was no such junction ; the mesial parieto-occipital
eurved forwards parallel with the calcarine. The latter fissure
was markedly Y-shaped, the three limbs of the Y being almost
equal in length.
As is the case with H. hoolock, the fissure of Holando is inde-
pendent of other fissures at both ends of its oblique course. On
190 ON THE BRAIN OF THE SIAMANG. [Mar. 6,
the left side it plainly stops short some little way above the
Sylvian fissure ; on the right side a faint groove continues it into
that fissure. Mesially neither fissure dips into the inter-cerebral
sulcus. That of the right side comes a little closer than does that
of the left; and it is curious that this detail is repeated in my
brain of H. hoolock. The fissure of Rolando has no branches along
its course, and is entirely unrelated to other fissures.
The hemisphere measures along its curvature 37 inches, and the
fissure of Rolando arises 22 inches from the anterior end. It is
thus considerably behind the middle of the cerebrum. In H. hoo-
lock, which has a longer brain, the corresponding figures are 34
and 22.
The frontal lobes are thus larger in H. syndactylus; they have
a comparatively smooth appearance as in H. hoolock.
Of the furrows traversing this lobe I recognize the precentralis
superior, the frontalis superior, and the frontalis inferior.
The precentralis superior is deeply cut but not extensive. On
the left side it begins by being parallel to the fissure of Rolando.
but ultimately bends much more forward. It is not connected
with the frontalis superior. On the right side the fissure is more
“normal” in direction, and is connected with the second fissure
referred to. It may be that the anterior half—the forwardly
directed portion—of the supposed precentralis is really the base
of the frontalis superior; but I think that it is not for the
following reasons: intermediate conditions are seen in two other
Gibbons’ brains in my possession. In one (H. leuciscus) the two
precentralis fissures are quite parallel with the fissure of Rolando ;
in the other brain (/. hoolock) both fissures have so diverged
from the normal (?) that they are almost parallel to the inter-
cerebral sulcus.
The frontalis superior is represented by detached tracts which
are deeply excavated.
As is the case with the other two Gibbous’ brains which
| have examined, the frontalis inferior is a very strongly marked
and long fissure. On the right side this fissure was forked
posteriorly, and it is quite likely that this region really represents
the precentralis inferior, well developed in the other Gibbons, and
on both sides.
Intra-parietal fissure.—As can be seen from the drawing exhibited
(fig. 2, p. 189), this fissure is very much the same on both sides of the
brain; that portion of the complex furrow termed by Dr Cunning-
ham postcentralis superior is not well developed and is detached
from the rest. It was also detached though very well developed
in H. leuciscus ; in H. hoolock it was perfectly confluent, the whole
fissure being of the characteristic T-shape. I lay no stress upon
these differences, which are in all probability individual. They
only offer additional evidence of the unreliable nature of cerebral
fissures for systematic purposes.
—
P.Z25.1900.F1. XViE-
J. Smit del.et hth. Mintern Pros.imp.
PETAURISTA LYLET.
1900.] ON MAMMALS FROM SIAM. 191
3. On a Collection of Mammals from Siam made by
Mr. T. H. Lyle. By J. Lewis Bonnote’.
{Received February 2, 1900.]
(Plate X VIII.)
The following is a list of a collection of Mammals made by
Mr. T. H. Lyle, British Consul at Nan, in Siam. The list, as will
be seen, contains the names of 20 species, one of which is new to
science. The value of a collection in these days, however, is not
dependent on the number of new species, but what is required is a
series of specimens carefully labelled and measured in the flesh.
In this respect the collection under notice is invaluable, and great
praise is due to the energetic Consul, who has voluntarily collected
with such care, and has generously presented the results to the
National Museum.
Among the objects of interest is a large series of the very variable
Sciurus jfinlaysoni, which apparently varies irrespective of the
ordinary causes, such as locality, altitude &c., which usually induce
variation. The specimens of Helictis and Rhizomys are also of
great interest, and will be of much assistance to the correct under-
standing of these groups. Nan, the centre of the locality from
which these specimens come, lies on the head-waters of the
Menam River in lat. 18° 40' N., long. 101° 30’ E., and the other
localities mentioned are near there.
1. CYNOPTrERUS SPHINX Vahl.
Nan.
a-d. §. Nov. 1897. Mostly young.
e-g. 2. Nov. 1897. Mostly young.
2, PIPISERELLUS ABRAMUS (‘T'emm.).
Nan.
a. gad.sk. Aug. 1897.
bf. 9 ad. sk. Aug. 1897.
3. SCOTOPHILUS KUHLI Leach.
Nan.
a. 6 ad. sk. 8th July, 1897.
b. dad. sk. 22nd Aug., 1897.
ce. dad.sk. 3rd Sept., 1897.
d-e. 9 ad. sk. 3rd NSept., 1897.
These specimens are all nearly uniform in colour, being of a
sooty-brown above and yellowish below.
1 Communicated by Mr. Ouprizup Tuomas, F.Z.8.
192 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON [Mar. 6,
4. ScoropHinus CASTANEUS Horsf.
Lakon, Chingmai.
a. d ad.sk. 25th April, 1898.
b. 9 ad. sk. 10th March, 1898.
This species is smaller than the true 8. kuhli, and ts of a
uniform chestnut all over, showing no tendency to become lighter
below. The Museum also possesses three specimens of it collected
by Mr. Stanley Flower in the Malay Peninsula.
Dimensions :—
3. Head and body 68 mm.; tail 41; hind foot 8; ear 12.
2. Head and body 70 mm.; tail 43; hind foot 9; ear 13.
The average length of the forearm of the 5 specimens in the
Museum is 50°7 mm., the lengths ranging from 49-52 ; the average
length of S. /uhlit is 60°5, showing a variation from 58-63.
5. TUPAIA BELANGERI (Wagner).
Nan.
a. dg ad.sk. 10th April, 1897.
6b. dadsk. 5th July, 1897.
c,d. gad.sk. 3rd & 4th Aug., 1897.
e-h. Q ad. sk. 4th, 8th, & 19th Aug., 1897.
Chingmai.
2% dad.sk. 24th Feb., 1898.
k,l. g ad. sk. 22nd March, 1898.
m. 9 ad. sk. 25th Feb., 1898.
These are true T. belangeri and not 7’. ferruginea.
6. Herticris personata (Geoffr.).
Nan. a-c. 9 ad. sk. Nov. 1897.
These specimens form a valuable and much needed addition to
the series of skins of this genus already in the Museum.
7. PEYAURISTA LYLEI, sp.n. (Plate XVIII.)
General colour above hoary, each hair varying from dark brown
to rufous at its base, succeeded by a band of white and a black tip.
Colour of the hair rather more rufous on the head. Tail slightly
longer than head and body, and black throughout its length but
lighter at its base. Ears covered with bright red short hairs over
their anterior half and long black hairs on the remainder ; these
latter hairs spreading on the sides of the neck to forma dark patch
behind the ear. Feet and edge of the parachute deep black ;
shoulders, thighs, and upper portion of membrane strongly grizzled
with rufous. Underparts rich chestnut, brighter on the membrane.
Hairs with a tendency to a white tip, especially towards the median
line; underpart of chin, whiskers, and tip of nose dark brown.
The skull shows no marked differences from that of the other
allied species except in its larger size. It is rather rounder and
deeper: the nasal bones, which are widened anteriorly, extend
1900. | MAMMALS FROM SIAM. 193
backwards beyond the premaxille, and the pterygoids are large
and prominent.
Dimensions of type (in the flesh) :—
Head and body 464 mm.; tail 577; hind foot 85; ear 50.
Skull—greatest length 78°3 mm.; basilar length from henselion
64; zygomatic breadth 53°5; length of nasals 25°5; width of
nasal8 anteriorly 16; width of nasals posteriorly 7.
Hab. Sian.
Type. B. M. 98.10.5.41. ¢ ad. Doi Sritepe, Chingmai, 10th
April, 1898.
Thave great pleasure in naming this fine species after Mr. Lyle,
who has collected so carefully and thoroughly in the midst of his
other duties, and has generously presented the results of his labour
to the Museum.
There is no risk of confusing this species with any of the pre-
existing ones. It is allied to the group of PP. oral, phillipensis,
and cineraceus, but its larger size and red underparts distinguish
it at a glance.
The skull of the Burmese P. cineraceus, Blyth, nearly equals that
of the present species in length, but is not so deep and round,
conforming in general type with that of the Indian specimens. Its
nearest ally is P. yunnanensis Anderson, from which it is distin-
guished by its hoary back and uniform chestnut underparts, besides
other minor differences.
Mr. Lyle got a second specimen, also an adult male and from
the same locality, which closely resembles the type. ‘The bases
of the hairs of the back are not so rufous, and below there are more
white tips.
8. SCIUROPLERUS PHAYREI Blyth.
Nan.
a-b. 6 Qad.sk. 22nd July, 1897.
ce Qad.sk. 16th Sept. 1897.
All three specimens are slightly larger than the average, but do
not differ in any other respect.
9. Rarura e1eanrna (Maccl.).
Nan. a. gad. sk. 10th April, 1898.
10, Scrurus FINLAYSONI (Horsf.).
Sokotai. a,b. gd gad.sk. 17th & 20th Jan., 1898.
Bau Mu, Siang Hai. c,d. 9 Q ad. sk. 8th Feb., 1898.
Memoh, Lakon, Phiné Road. ¢,f. 9 Qad.sk. 24th Aug., 1898.
Phitsamuloke on MenamR. g-k. ¢ 6,2 Q ad.sk. 6th June,
1898,
Pichit. 1,m. 9 9 ad. sk. 7th June, 1898.
Between Pichit and Pakuampo. n-p. ¢d,2 9 ad.sk. 9th June,
1898.
Ban Bu Nok, Menam R. q. ¢ ad.sk. 9th June, 1898,
194 MR, J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON [Mar. 6,
Muang Pron, above Antong. r, s. ¢ 9 ad. sk. 12th June,
1898.
This fine series of specimens fully bears out Mr. Thomas’s remarks
(P. Z.S. 1898, p. 245) that, so far as our present knowledge is
concerned, the variations met with in this species apparently follow
none of the ordinary laws which are usually supposed to govern
such cases. 3
11. Scrvrus ruriewnis Blanf.
Doi Sritepe, Chingmai. a. ¢ ad. sk. 29th March, 1898,
12. Scrurus cantcups Gray.
Nan. a,b. 5 9 ad. sk. 27th July, 1897.
Chingmai. cf. dd. 22 ad.sk. 10th June, 1898.
13. ScIuRUS ATRODORSALIS Gray.
Nan. a-f.3 3,392. March 1898.
There is hardly any sign of the black back in these specimens,
which were all taken in March.
14, SCIURUS MACCLELLANDI BARBEI Blyth.
Nan.
a. Sad.sk. 23rd July, 1897.
be. d Q ad. sk. 1st & 10th September, 1897.
15. FUNAMBULUS BERDMOREI (Blyth).
Sokotai, Nam Phi. a. ¢ ad. sk. 17th Jan., 1898.
Nam Phi, near Nan. J. ¢ imm.sk. 23rd May, 1898.
Maang Prom, above Antong. c,d. ¢ 2 ad. sk. 12th June,
1898.
16. Mus muscunts Linn.
Nan, Siam. a-c. ¢ 2 Q ad. sk. 18th & 27th Aug. & 8th Sept.,
1897.
These specimens are light in colour and almost white under-
neath.
17. Mus rarrus L.
Nan.
a-d. Ad. sk. July 1897.
e-l. Imm. sk. Aug., Sept., & Nov., 1897.
All the specimens in this collection belong to that form of
Mus rattus which is found throughout Southern India and Ceylon.
The general colouris light fawn, and the long black hairs are numerous
and distinct. There are practically no spines, and the tail is longer
than the head and body. They do not agree with the types of
MM, flavescens, rufescens, brunneusculus, or nitidus, but in shape
and colour most nearly approach the true Mus rattus, under which
name I have therefore placed them.
Bia ict a)
1900.] MAMMALS FROM SIAM. 195
18. Mus coxcotor Blyth.
Doi Sritepe, Chingmai. a-d. g. dard & 25th March and
30th April.
19. Ruizomys Mrnor Gray.
Nan.
a. 2, young but full-grown. 8th Aug.,1897. Dimensions: head
and body 213 mm.; tail 50; hind foot 26; ear 10.
6. 2imm. sk. 18th Aug., 1897. Dimensions: head and body
160 mm.; tail 45; hind foot 25; ear 7.
c 2 imm.sk. 18th Sept., 1897. Dimensions: head and body
159 mm; tail 52; hind foot 27; ear 8.
I have examined two specimens, now in the Museum, with
which the above-mentioned specimens closely agree. One of these
two specimens must have been Gray’s type. One was procured in
Cochin China, and the other by Dr. Finlayson in Siam. They
differ in the intensity of the umber-brown tips to the hairs, the
Siamese specimen showing considerably more than that from
Cochin China. None of Mr. Lyle’s specimens are fully adult, and
though they vary slightly among themselves, show, as might be
expected, a much greater affinity to the Siamese specimen. Mr.
Thomas notes’ that the bright colour is only assumed in adult
individuals; and as Mr. Lyle’s specimens are all young, I was at
first inclined to regard R. minor as an immature R. badius.
The skull *, however, of the Cochin China specimen is fully adult
and is much smaller than the type skull of 2. badius. The skull
of Mr. Lyle’s Jargest specimen, except in being that of a younger
animal, agrees in all respects with the skull from Cochin China.
R. minor is therefore a sonthern race of &. badius inhabiting
Siam and Cochin China, and is distinguishable chiefly by its smaller
size and slightly duller colour.
The measurements of Mr. Lyle’s largest specimen given above
represent the average size of this species.
The measurements of R&. badius as given by Blanferd are as
follows :—Head and body 228 mm.; tail 68; hind foot 31.
20. MAnNis JAVANICA Desm.
Nan. a.
Doi Sritepe, Chingmai. 6. 2 ad. sk. 23rd March, 1898.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Petaurista lylei, sp. n., p. 192.
1 P. Z. S. 1886, p. 65.
* Fig. in Anderson, Zool. Res. W, Yunnan, pl. xvi,
196 ON MAMMALS FROM TURKESTAN AND TIBET. _{ Mar. 6,
4. On a small Collection of Mammals obtained by Captain
Deasy in South Chinese Turkestan and Western Tibet.
By G. E. H. Barrerr-Hamitton, F.Z.S.
[Received March 2, 1900.]
The small collection of mammals which is dealt with in the
present paper includes only 16 specimens of 5 species, all rodents.
These are, however, of considerable interest, since, apart from the
localities in which they were procured, two of them, a Vole and a
Jerboa, which I have named respectively Microtus lama and Dipus
deasyi, belong to hitherto undescribed forms. A third 1s the
extraordinary Euchoreutes naso, described by Mr. W. L. Sclater in
1490 from specimens obtained by the Hon. Charles Ellis some-
where in Eastern Turkestan. The acquisition of examples of
this species (and genus) adds a valuable novelty to the collection
of mammals in the British Museum, whither Capt. Deasy’s speci-
mens have found their way.
The following is a list of the specimens :—-
MeRIoNES cryprorHINvs Blanford, J. A. S. Bengal, ii. p. 108
(1875).
No. 99.11.5.1. g. Kara Sai, Chinese Turkestan, 9th July, 1898,
altitude 9500 ft.
Microrvs (ALTICOLA) LAMA, sp. Noy.
a & 3. No. 97.1.21.3 & 4. 25 miles south-east of Lake Arucho,
W. Tibet, altitude 16,000 ft., August 1897.
y- No. 99. 11.5.2, “Camp, 1898,” Chinese Turkestan, altitude
17,800 ft., August 8th, 1898.
Native name, “‘ Such Kun.”
Type, no. 97.1.21.3.
Description, External characters similar to those of M. stracheyi
Thos., but with the teeth and posterior termination of the palate
very like those of W. roylei Ogilvie. Agrees with . albicauda True
in that m. 1 has 8 salient angles, but has the tail far shorter.
Dimensions of the type (in millim.):—Dried skin. Head and
body 115; tail 12; hind foot with claws 19°5; hind foot without
claws 8 ; ear 11.
Skull (damaged posteriorly zygomatic breadth 145 ; length of
nasals 85; palatal length 14°5 (from posterior termination of
palate to anterior margin of incisors).
The specimen y appears to be the young of this form.
Dirus DEASYI, sp. nov.
Type. No. 99.11.5.3. 2, Nura, Chinese Turkestan, 7500 ft.,
6th October, 1898 (original number 73).
Description. In external appearance resembles D. loftusi Blanford,
but the colour of the upper surface is richer and not so brown;
P23 WOOO PT. XIV.
PJ.Smmt del. et lth.
1.LYGOSOMA SHELFORD1.
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PJ Smit delet lith. Mintern Bros.imp.
LEPTUROPHIS BORNEENSIS.
vv
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PJ.Smit delet ith
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XENELAPHIS ELLIPSIFER,
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ia
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LAMBLYCEPHALUS NUCHALIS. 2.RHACOPHORUS SHELFORDI.
3.IXALUS PETERSII. 4,CALOPHRYNE HETEROCHIRUS.
West, Newman chrorno
PAPILIO BONHOTEI.
1900.] ON BUTTERFIIES FROM THE BAHAMAS. 197
the exact tint being somewhere between “ Ecru drab” and “ Fawn
colour” ’*.
Skull resembles that of D. lagopus Licht., but the teeth are
more massive and their pattern less complicated.
Dimensions of the type—head and body 125; tail 160; hind
foot 59; ear 18. (All taken from the dried skin.)
This is a very distinct Jerboa, with no very near known ally,
and a detailed description of which would be unnecessary. I have
pleasure in connecting it with the name of its discoverer.
Drrvs, sp. inc.
Nos. 99.11.5.4 & 5. 2 males, imm., Kotaz Sangai, near Khotan,
Turkestan, 4700 ft., 8th October, 1898.
The immaturity of these two specimens prevents their satisfae-
tory determination ; they may be the young of D. deasyt.
Eucnoreutes naso, W. L. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 610.
Nos. 99.11.5.6, 7 & 8. 2. Ak Langar on the Yarkand-Khotan
Road, altitude 4500 ft., 3rd July, 1898.
Native name, ‘“ Sarok Kuruk” (“ Brown Tail”).
The original specimens of Huchoreutes naso, although known to
be from Hastern or Chinese Turkestan, had no exact locality
attached to them. It is satisfactory to have this deficiency supplied
by Captain Deasy’s specimens. The Ak Langar is a Rest-house.
The specimens were obtained in the night, so that, although Captain
Deasy states that the animal was very common, he is unable to give
any details as to its habits.
OcHOTONA LADACENSIS, Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
xvi. p. 231 (1875),
No. 99.11.5.9. ¢. Yepal Ungur, Chinese Turkestan, 15,000 ft.,
22nd July, 1898.
No. 99.11.5.10 & 11, two females. Ditto, ditto, 20th July,
1898.
No. 99.8.10.1. Zad Kulan Urgi, Chinese Turkestan, altitude
12,800 ft., 25th December, 1897.
No. 97.1.21.1. 25 miles S.E. of Lake Arucho, W. Tibet.
No. 97.1.21.2. Ditto, ditto.
5. On a Collection of Butterflies from the Bahamas.
ByEmiry Mary Swarr.
[Received January 4, 1900.]
(Plate XIX.)
Mr. J. L. Bonhote, who is well known for his excellent obser-
vations in the ornithological world, was for some time Private
Secretary to Sir Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G., the Governor of the
1 Ridgway, ‘ Nomenclature of Colors,’ 1886, pl. iii.
Proc. Zoon, Soc. —1900, No. XLV. 14
198 MISS E. M. SHARPE ON | Mar. 6,
Bahama Islands in 1898, and made a collection of Lepidoptera in
the island of Nassau.
So far as I can discover, no papers have ever been published on
the Butterflies of the Bahamas, and I think, therefore, that a list
ot Mr. Bonhote’s specimens may be useful. The Coillector’s field-
notes are added.
Family Danarps.
1. Dawats pLexrprvs (Linn.).
Danais plewippus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. i. p. 5 (1871);
Godman & Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Rhop. i. p. 1
(1879).
Hab. N. America. C. America from Mexico to Panama. W.
S. America to Peru.
a. 9. April 11, 1898.
b. g. May 11, 1898.
ce. @. June 30, 1898.
de. 6. July 1, 25, 1898.
[ Fairly common throughout the sammer months: flies very
swiftly, but may easily be caught on the flowers of the Ipececuhana
plant, where it frequently settles.”—J. L. B.]
Family SavyRipD &.
2. CALISTO HEROPHILE Hiibn.
Calisto herophile, Kirby, t. c. p. 103 (1871).
Hab. Honduras. Cuba.
a, August 23, 1898.
Family NYMPHALID &,
3. AGRAULIS VANILL# (Linn.).
Dione vanille, Kirby, t. c. p. 148 (1871).
Agraulis vanille, Godman & Salvin, t. ¢. p. 171 (1882).
Hab, N. America. C. America from Mexico to Panama. South
America. Antilles.
a,b. 6 2. April 4, 1898.
c. fo. June 1d, 1898.
d,e. 3 2. July 2, 25, 1898.
[** One of the commonest species in the island, found everywhere
throughout the year.”—J. L, B.]
4. CoLeNIs DELILA (Fabr.).
Colenis delila, Kirby, t. c. p. 147 (1871).
Hab. Guiana. Jamaica.
a, b. June 27, 30, 1898.
c. September 30, 1898.
[‘* The males are frequently seen where the bush has been cut
down leaving a thick undergrowth; the females are seldom seen
and when disturbed fly low in the undergrowth.”—J/. L. B.]
1900. | - BUTTERFLIES FROM THE BAHAMAS. 199
5. EUPTorrra HEGESIA (Cram.).
Euptoieta hegesiu, Kirby, t. c. p. 154 (1871).
Eupetoreta hegesia, Godman & Salvin, t. ec. p. 175 (1882).
Hab. N. & C. America. S. America. Cuba. Jamaica.
a-c. June 9, 13, 18, 1898.
[‘* A very common species, on the wing throughout the year.”—
Ye a 3
6. PHYCIODES FRISIA (Poey).
Phyctodes frisia, Kirby, t. ec. p. 173 (1871); Godman & Salvin,
t. c. p. 203 (1882).
Hab. Florida. Greater Antilles. Panama. Colombia. Vene-
zuela.
a,b. July 2, 29, 1898.
ce. Clifton, July 21, 1898.
d, September 9, 1898.
(‘The first examples of this species were seen in June, and
during July it was very common.”—J, ZL. B.]
7. ANARTIA IATROPHE (Linn.).
Anartia iatrophe, Kirby, t.c. p. 194 (1871); Godman & Salvin,
t. c. p. 221 (1882).
Hab, Texas. Florida. C. America, from Mexico to Panama.
S. America. Antilles.
a. June 10, 1898.
b. July 13, 1898.
[* Fairly common in the open parts of the bush, very fond of
settling on the rock or paths.”—J/. L. B.|
8, AN#&A ECHEMUS Doubl. & Hewits.
Anea echemus, Kirby, t. c. p. 276 (1871); Godman & Salvin,
t. c. p. 355 (1884).
Hab. Honduras. Cuba.
a. March 23, 1898.
6. April 12, 1898.
[The only two examples met with. ‘They were both taken at
the same place, viz., a shady roadway cut through the bush.”—
J.D. B.|
Family Lyc &NID &.
9, Tarucus cassius (Cram.).
Cupido cassius, Kirby, op. cit. ii. p. 351 (1871).
Lycena cassiuvs, Godman & Salvin, op. cit. ii, p. 105 (1887).
Hab. C. America. Mexico to Panama. Colombia. Guiana.
S. Brazil.
a. July 2, 1898.
(**A common species on the wing throughout the summer.”—
J. Ln Bel
14*
200 MISS E. M. SHARPE ON [ Mar. 6,
10. Tmoxvus ancenia Hewits.
Theela angelia, Hewitson, Ilustr. Diurn. Lepid. i. p. 162 (1874);
Kirby, op. cit. Suppl. p. 777 (1877).
Hab, Antilles.
a. June 26, 1898.
11. Tmotus satona Hewits.
Thecla salona, Kirby, op. cit, 11. p. 401 (1871); Hewitson, t. e.
p- 159 (1873).
a. July 1, 1898.
Family PIERID &.
12. CALLIDRYAS EUBULE (Linn.).
Catopsilia eubule, Kirby, t. c. p. 482 (1871).
Callidryas eubule, Godman & Salvin, t. c. p. 141 (1889).
Hab. N. & C. America, and throughout the greater part of
S. America. Antilles.
a. 6. dune 13, 1898.
b-e. dQ. July 2, 8, 25, 29, 1898.
fig. 692. August 12, 1898.
h. &. September 8, 1898.
13. KricoGonia LysipE (Godt.).
Kricogonia lyside, Kirby, t. c. p. 487 (1871); Godman & Salvin,
t.c. p. 150 (1889).
Hab. Texas. Florida. C. America, from Mexico to Nicaragua.
Colombia. Venezuela. Greater Antilles.
a. June 30, 1898.
b-d. July 1, 2, 8, 1898.
14, ‘TeRrAs pina (Poey).
Eurema dina, Wirby, t. ¢. p. 445 (1871).
Terias dina, Godman & Salvin, t. c. p. 163 (1889).
Hab, C. America trom Mexico to Costa Rica.
a,b. 3 2. June 27,30, 1898.
ch. 6 2. July 1, 2, 8, 16, 25, 29, 1898.
15, TwRIAS MESSALINA (l*abr.).
Kurema messalina, Kirby, t. c. p. 445 (1871).
Hab, Jamaica.
a. do. May 9, 1898.
b. 2. June 30, 1898.
cd SQ. July 2, 25, 1898.
(‘* Flies very low in shady localities.” —J/. L. B.|
16. APHRISSA STATIRA (Cram.).
Catopsilia statira, Kirby, t. c. p. 485 (1871).
Aphrissa statira, Godman & Salvin, t. c. p. 147 (1889).
Hab. S. America. C. America from Panama te Mexico.
a. dod. June 27, 1898.
1900.] BUTTERFLIES FROM THE BAHAMAS, 201
17. PH@BIs AGARITHE (Boisd.).
Catopsilia agarithe, Kirby, t. c. p. 484 (1871).
Phebis agarithe, Godman & Salvin, t. ec. p. 145 (1889).
Hab. Texas. C. America, from Mexico to Nicaragua. Colombia.
Venezuela. Antilles.
a. d. April 13, 1898.
bes Ge duly lL d.disgs.
18, Pinris puHiveta (Fabr.).
Pieris monuste (Linn.) pt., Kirby, t. ¢. p. 458 (1871).
a. 9. April 10, 1898.
b. sg. July 19, 1898.
Family PAPILIONIDA,
19. PAPILio BONHOTE, sp. n. (Plate XIX.)
Allied to Papiho andremon of Hiibner, but at once distinguished
by the narrower and much paler yellow transverse band on the
primaries, this band being decidedly more broken up towards the
apical area; the hind-marginal border relieved by a row of sulphur-
yellow spots. Secondaries with the sulphur-yellow transverse
band narrower and paler than in the allied species; the hind-
marginal spots pale yellow, but strongly indicated; the post-
median row of blue spots somewhat more strongly pronounced
than in P. andremon.
Underside. General colour of both wings sulphur- instead of
ochre-yellow, the spots and markings being similar to those of
P. andremon.
Expanse 3°2 inches. (Nassau, 13th June, 1898.)
Female. Larger, and having the hind-marginal borders and
basal area brown instead of blackish as in the male. Secondaries
with the marginal row of yellow spots suffused with rufous.
Underside. Similar to that of the male, but the sub-marginal
markings on the secondaries more strongly tinted with rufous,
these markings being pale sulphur-yellow in the male; the ocellus
on the anal angle much larger and more clearly defined than in
the male.
Expanse 3°7 inches. (Nassau, 15th June, 1898.)
In the British Museum are three examples of this species from
the Bahamas, presented by Mr. Neville Chamberlain, who obtained
them on Andros Island. He also bred several from larvee on
orange-trees, and noticed that when touched the larve protruded
two white horns from behind the head. Three other specimens,
said to be from Honduras, purchased from Mr. Miiller, are
identical, or at least are very nearly allied.
[‘*A common species, having a succession of broods throughout
the summer. The larva is dark brown mottled with greyish,
having two large white bands, one towards the head and the other
on the hinder part of the body. It feeds on the orange, preferring
202 ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE BAHAMAS. Mar. 6,
the tender shoots growing directly from the trunk near the ground,
thus causing considerable damage to the plantations, as these
shoots are generally the grafted buds. It lies on the upperside
of the leaf along the midrib, with its head pointing towards the
stem, and in this position much resembles a bird’s dropping. The
pupa is attached to the trunk of the tree, from which it is
practically indistinguishable in colour, and is generally within two
feet of the ground. The pupa stage lasts about a fortnight.”—
J. L. B.]
20, PAPILIO POLYDAMAS Linn.
Papilio polydamas, Kirby, t. c. p. 521 (1871); Godman &
Salvin, t. c. p. 200 (1890).
Hab. Florida. C. America from Mexicoto Panama. 8S. America.
Greater and Lesser Antilles.
a. August 23, 1898.
[** Appears sparingly in April and August.”—J. LZ. B.)
Family HesPERID &.
21. Evpamus proveus (Linn.).
Thymele proteus, Kirby, t. c. p. 570 (1871).
Eudamus proteus, Godman & Salvin, t. ¢. p. 277 (1893).
Hab. 8. United States. C. & S. America.
a,b, August 3, 8, 1898.
c. September 30, 1898.
d. October 5, 1898.
(Very common from May to September.”—J. LZ. B.}
22, EPARGYREUS ZESTOS (Hiibn.)
Telegonus zestos, Kirby, t. c. p. 574 (1871).
Hab, Surinam.
a. Q. April 13, 1898.
b. g. August 23, 1898.
c. September 29, 1898.
[ Double-brooded and not very numerous.”—J. L. B.
23. ACOLASTUS AMYNTAS (Fabr.).
Acolastus amyntas, Godman & Salvin, t. ¢. p. 304 (1893).
Hab. Florida. C. & 8. America. Antilles.
a. March 10, 1898.
b. October 5, 1898.
24. PAMPHILA, sp. inc.
a, b. September 12, 30, 1898.
25. PAMPHIDA, sp. inc.
a. July 21, 1898.
W Purkiss delet lth
POA. Ss 1900) Bees
W, xT
West, Newman imp
AFRICAN PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA.
1900.] ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA FROM AFRICA. 203
26. PAMPHILA MISERA Lucas.
Pamphila misera, Kirby, t. ¢. p. 607 (1871).
Hab. Cuba.
a. August 12, 1898.
27. PAMPHILA, sp. inc.
a. July 4, 1598.
b. October 5, 1898.
28. PoLrres THAUMAS (Fabr.).
Pamphila thaumas, Kirby, t. c. p. 599 (1871).
Hab. U.S. of America.
a. July 2, 1898.
b. October 7, 1898.
29. HyYLEpainia pHyLaus (Drury).
Pamphila phyleus, Kirby, t. c. p. 600 (1871).
Hab. Antilles.
a,b. 3. July 16, 25, 1898.
gd. $ 2. August 8, 1898,
e. 2. September 29, 1898.
f. 2. October 6, 1898.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Fig. 1. Papilio bonhotei, g, p. 201.
la. Underside of the same.
16. Papilio bonhotei, 2.
le. Underside of the same.
6. On new Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera
from South and Central Africa. By Martin Jacosy,
F.E.S.
[Received February 20, 1900.]
(Plate XX.)
The present paper contains the descriptions of one hundred new
species of Phytophagous Coleoptera, including also the characters
of three new genera. ‘The materials upon which they are based have
been received principally from Mr. Guy Marshall in Mashonaland,
the Rey. J. O’Neil in Cape Colony, from Dr. Staudinger and Herr
Bang-Haas, and others; all the types are in my collection. Our
knowledge of the African fauna is therefore again considerably
augmented, thanks to the assistance of the above-mentioned
ardent collectors.
CRIOCERIN 2.
LEMA DUVIVIERI, sp. n.
Dark fulvous, the head, antenne, and the legs (the base of the
204 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
posterior femora excepted) black; thorax impunctate ; elytra
metallic dark blue, strongly and closely punctate-striate, the ninth
row entire.
Length 7 millim.
Head bluish black, the neck rufous, the vertex impunctate ; the
eyes very deeply notched; antenne extending to the middle of
the elytra, black, the third and following joints elongate and
slender; thorax not longer than broad, deeply constricted at the
sides, the anterior angles with a distinct tubercle, the basal
sulecation deep and placed nearly at the middle, the surface
impunctate, the portion below the sulcus obsoletely grooved and
likewise impunctate; scutellum black ; elytra with a distinct
depression below the base, very strongly and closely punctate-
striate, the interstices strongly costate at the sides and at the
apex; legs bluish black, the intermediate femora below and the
base of the posterior ones fulvous, the underside of the same
colour.
Hab, Matadi, Africa. (In the collection of the Belgian Mus.
and that of my own.) :
Differs from L. rubricollis Lac. in the colour of the legs and that
of the underside, from LZ. sanguinicollis Lac. in the differently
structured thorax ; L. rufo-femorata Clark is black below and has
rufous femora; ZL. affinis Cl. differs similarly.
LEMA BOMAENSIS, sp. 0.
Flavous, the terminal] joints ot the antenne fuscous; thorax sub-
cylindrical, sparingly punctured, with some obscure piceous spots:
elytra strongly and closely punctate-striate, the sutural margin
and a broader sublateral stripe, abbreviated posteriorly, blackish.
Length 5 millim.
Head impunctate, flavous, the vertex sometimes obscure piceous:
eyes entire, not notched, supra-ocular grooves shallow; clypeus
triangularly raised; labrum piceous ; antenne short and robust, the
lower joints short, the fifth elongate, terminal joints widened,
more or less stained with fuseous; thorax short, subeylindrical,
strongly constricted at the base, the basal sulcus deep, the disc
with some strong, scattered punctures at the sides and at the
middle, the latter with some obsolete piceous spots (sometimes
absent); scutellum piceous, its apex truncate; elytra parallel, with
a very shallow depression below the base, very strongly punctured
in closely approached rows, the interstices costate from the middle
downwards, flavous, the suture very narrowly and a broader stripe
from the shoulder to below the middle piceous or black ; below and
the legs flavous, the breast darker, covered with very short yeliow
pubescence.
Hab. Boma, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Mus. and my own.)
A very distinct species, remarkable on account of the entire
eyes, shape of the thorax, which is strongly widened in front, and
the pattern of the elytra.
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 205
LMA DUNBRODIENSIS, sp. 0.
Fulvous, the breast and the abdomen black; thorax sub-
cylindrical, strongly punctured at the middle; elytra strongly
punctate-striate, pale fulvous; a sutural band, a spot on the
shoulders, and another at the sides anteriorly, black.
Length 4 millim.
Head fulvous, impunctate; the eyes entire, the accompanying
grooves shallow and finely pubescent ; the labrum black; the
antenne short and stout, fulvous, the second joint moniliform,
the third and fourth equal, longer, the fifth and following joints
subquadrately widened ; thorax subcylindrical, scarcely constricted
at the base, the basal sulcus deep, the surface strongly punctured
near the anterior angles and at the middle of the disc, the punctures
at the latter place arranged in three rows; scutellum black; elytra
paler in colour than the thorax, distinctly depressed below the
base, strongly and closely punctate-striate, the punctures indistinct
near the apex, the interstices not raised or slightly so near the
lateral margins; the suture narrowly black, this colour extending
laterally as far as the second row of punctures, and having a slight
dilation near the depression and near the apex; a small black spot
is placed on the shoulders, followed by a short stripe below at the
lateral margin ; the breast and abdomen black, clothed with short
yellow pubescence ; the legs fulvous, the last joint of the tarsi and
the claws more or less black.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony, 8. Africa.
I received a single specimen of this species kindly sent by the
Rev. O’Neil, who states that it is the only species he took in this
locality by sweeping.
LEMA NATALENSIS Jac. = L. tarsata Jac., var.
Of this species Mr. Marshall has sent me some more specimens,
which prove the insect to be a most variable one in regard to colour ;
also that L. tarsata Jac. (described by me P. Z. 8S. 1897, p. 241) is
but one of the varieties. The species may always be recognized by
the distinct tooth-like tubercles at the anterior angles of the thorax
and the peculiar sculpture of the latter. The varieties at present
before me are :—
a. The thorax and elytra fulvous, the former with a small black
spot at the middle of the basal sulcation ; legs piceous.
b. Thorax and legs as in var. a, the elytra entirely dark blue.
In the typical form Z. natalensis the legs are fulvous and the tarsi
black, the thorax and the elytra are either fulvous with a sutural
and lateral bluish stripe or entirely dark blue; the head in all the
forms is always black as well as the antenne, but the lower three
or four joints of the latter are fulvous. The varieties have been
obtained in Mashonaland.
LEMA NIGROTIBIALIS, sp. 0.
Fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne, the tibiw (their base
excepted) and the tarsi black; thorax not longer than broad, deeply
206 MR. M, JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [| Mar. 6,
suleate at the sides, nearly impunctate; elytra with deep basal
depression, strongly punctate-striate anteriorly, more finely so
posteriorly.
Length 5 millim.
Head not constricted behind, the vertex raised into two sub-
divided elevations, supraocular grooves deep; eyes deeply notched ;
antenne extending to the middle of the elytra, black, the lower
three or four joints fulvous, third and fourth joints equal, small,
slightly longer than the second, terminal joints thickened but
distinctly longer than broad ; thorax not longer than broad, the
anterior portion widened, the sides deeply constricted, the con-
striction bounded above by a longitudinal ridge, basal sulcus deep,
the surface impunctate with the exception of a few fine punctures
at the middle, fulvous; scutellum truncate at its apex; elytra with
a short but rather deep depression near the suture below the base,
regularly, strongly,and rather closely punctate-striate, the punctures
much finer towards the apex, the ninth row entire, the interstices
at the sides and near the apex slightly costate; below and the
legs fulvous; the tibie, with the exception of the extreme base,
and the tarsi black.
Hab. Malvern, Natal (C. N. Barker).
Closely allied to L. fuscitarsis Jac., from the same locality, but
the general coloration darker fulvous, the antenne less slender,
the elytral depression much deeper, and the tibie black; in a single
specimen the first joint of the antenne is fulvous only. Mr. Barker
has kindly sent me four specimens of this species.
CRIOCERIS MILITARIS, Sp. Nn.
Rufous, the antenna and legs paler; thorax strongly angulate
at the sides, with rows of deep punctures and two large black spots
at the disc; elytra deeply punctate-striate, flavous; the shoulders,
suture anteriorly, the lateral margins, and a narrow transverse
band below the middle, black.
Length 6 millim.
Head strongly constricted behind the eyes, the vertex strongly
obliquely raised, rufous; the spaces in front of the eyes black,
rugose-punctate, the lower portion of the face and the labrum paler;
antenne stout and short, dark flavous, the second joint moniliform,
the third and fourth thicker and slightly larger, equal, the rest
transversely widened; thorax subcylindrical, widened anteriorly,
the sides forming a strong angle at the middle, the disc with a
short oblique row of punctures at the sides and two others at the
middle of the anterior portion, rufous, the middle of the surface
almost entirely oceupied by a large black patch which is connected
at the base but divided anteriorly by a short stripe of the rufous
ground-colour, the base likewise remains of this colour in shape of
a narrow trausyerse band which has some deep depressions in front
of the scutellum ; the latter small, flavous; elytra strongly punc-
tured at the anterior portion, the punctures very much finer
posteriorly, the dise flavous: a spot on the humeral callus, another
1900.) FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 207
sutural one at the base, the sides, and a transverse narrow baud
immediately behind the middle and connected with the lateral
stripe, black; below and the legs fulvous.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland; on lily of the valley (G. Mar-
shall).
C. balyt Har. almost entirely resembles the present species, but
is smaller, the head is differently constructed, and the thorax has
no black spots, the elytra also have a narrow black margin.
Mr. Marshall has sent two exactly similar specimens of this hand-
some species.
LEUCASTRA BIMACULATA, Sp. 0.
Fulvous, pubescent ; the antennz, breast, and the legs black ;
thorax impunctate, with a central black mark; elytra strongly
punctured, with a black round spot placed at the middle of each
elytron ; pubescence pale yellow.
Length 10 millim.
Elongate and parallel; the head broad, strongly but not closely
punctured, fulvous, clothed with short pubescence; the clypeus trans-
versely depressed, flavous; the eyes deeply notched; the antenne
black, the last seven joints triangularly widened; thorax twice as
broad as long, the sides rounded, the surface with a narrow transverse
groove, running parallel with the anterior and posterior margins, the
surface impunctate, clothed with single long yellowish hairs, the
middle of the dise with a A-shaped black mark; elytra with rather
prominent shoulders, somewhat paler in colour than the thorax,
depressed near the suture at the base, strongly but not very closely
punctured at the anterior portion, more finely so posteriorly, the
interstices clothed with long golden-yellow pubescence; legs
similarly pubescent, black as well as the breast, the femora
unarmed; abdomen pale fulvous.
Hab. Malvern, Natal; Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
Mr. Marshall has sent two specimens of this species, which
differs in the coloration and pattern of the elytra from any of
those described by Westwood and Stal.
CLYTHRINZ.
DaMIA CAPITATA, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 1.)
Fulvous; the terminal joints of the antenne, the breast and
abdomen black; head and thorax fulvous, the former with two
black spots, the latter transverse, impunctate ; elytra strongly and
semi-rugosely punctured, a transverse band at the base and an
oblique broad spot below the middle black.
Mas. Head broad, the lower portion entirely divided longi-
tudinally as far as the eyes; the anterior legs elongate.
Length 5 millim.
Head very broad, fulvous, impunctate, with a triangular black
spot in front of each eye, the lower portion longitudinally divided
into two broad lamelle, the right portion of which is longer than
208 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
the left and more pointed, these projections are distinctly raised
from the parts lying underneath as well as the mandibles ; the latter
are black, the left being short and broad, and the right mandible
long and bent at right angles; antenne black, the Jower three
joints fulvous, the terminal joints strongly transverse, not extending
to the base of the thorax: thorax transverse, nearly three times
broader than long, of equal width, the sides strongly rounded, the
posterior angles oblique, the dise with a few punctures here and
there, obsoletely transversely sulcate near the anterior margin ;
scutellum triangularly pointed, black; elytra not wider at the base
than the thorax, of paler colour, very strongly, clesely, and unevenly
punctured, the interstices slightly rugose, the base with a broad
transverse black band which narrows considerably near the
scutellum, where it is obliquely shaped and does not extend to the
suture ; another shorter, transverse band of oblique shape is placed
below the middle, it does not extend to either margin; the sides of
the elytra strongly deflexed, with a distinct lateral lobe below the
shoulders ; breast and abdomen black, closely covered with grey
pubescence ; legs fulvous, the tarsi more or less black ; the anterior
legs in the male elongate, their tibie unarmed; the tarsi rather
slender, of nearly equal length.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (fev. J. O'Neil).
Of this interesting species I have seen three specimens, two
males and one female; one of each sex was sent by the Rev. O'Neil,
and another male is contained in the British Museum. The
structure of the head in the male insect is quite unique, no instance
having come under my observation of such a split or division of
the entire lower portion of the face; but this is not all—in the
British Museum specimen this division is not longitudiual but
horizontal, and the divided portionsare transversely placed. In
other respects the insect agrees with mine. In the female the head is
simple and the tarsi shorter, but the clypeus is also here deeply
triangularly emarginate, although not divided.
DAMIA FRONTALIS, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 2.)
Elongate, subcylindrical, fulvous, the breast black, the head with
a black transverse band; the thorax minutely punctured, with two
black bands ; elytra finely and closely punctured, pale flavous, the
suture and a broad lateral band, connected near the apex, black ;
tibia spotted with black.
Length 8 millim.
Head fulvous, the vertex impunctate, shining, the middle finely
rugose-punctate in shape of a transverse black band; eyes very
distant, moderately large, slightly notched; clypeus fulvous,
strongly punctured ; antenne scarcely extending to the middle of
the thorax, the fourth and following joints strongly transversely
serrate, the lower four joints fulvous, the others black; thorax
nearly twice as broad as long, slightly narrowed in front, the sides
and the posterior angles strongly rounded, posterior margin nearly
straight, without basal lobe, surface only perceptibly punctured
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 209
when seen under a strong lens, fulvous, shining, the sides with a
broad, slightly curved black band, not extending to the anterior
margin; scutellum scarcely longer than broad, its apex rounded ;
elytra very slightly narrowed towards the apex, very finely
punctured in closely approached irregular rows, the lateral lobes
broadly rounded and moderately produced, the colour a pale
flavous or yellowish white, the suture narrowly black ; this colour
widened towards the apex, where it is transversely connected with
another broad longitudinal band which commences at the base,
but does not extend to the apex nor to the lateral margins ;
abdomen and legs flavous, all the tibize with a black stripe at the
outer edge of their apical portion ; tarsi rather broad and short,
the first joint slightly longer than the second.
Hab. Umcheki River, Mashonaland (G‘. Marshall); also Moliro,
Congo (Belgian Mus.).
Of this very distinct species four specimens are before me,
which agree in every respect; there is no other genus, except
perhaps Melztonoma, where the species could find a more suitable
place, on account of the rounded sides and posterior thoracic
angles and the short tarsi, which best agree with Damia; the
anterior legs are also rather longer than the others, as is the case
with the other species placed in this genus. The present one is,
however, much larger and resembles much in the coloration and
pattern certain species of Peploptera; the black transverse band at
the head will at once help in its recognition.
CAMPTOLENES PUBIFRONS, sp. 0.
Black, the head strongly pubescent; thorax strongly but remotely
punctured, black, the anterior portion and part of the sides flavous;
elytra strongly and irregularly punctured, flavous, an angular
band before and another narrow one below the middle, black; legs
fulvous.
Mas. Mandibles long and robust, deeply concave, the right one
curved ; the anterior legs very elongate as well as their tarsi.
Fem. Mandibles and legs normal.
- Length 7-8 millim.
Head broad, black, clothed with long yellowish hairs, the
epistome not separated, its anterior edge truncate ; antenne short,
the fourth and following joints transverse, black, the basal joint
fulvous ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight,
rounded at the postericr angles, the base with a depression at each
side, the basal margin moderately produced at the middle, the
surface irregularly and strongly punctured, black, the anterior
third portion and the sides flavous, somewhat thickened ; scutellum
black ; elytra strongly and irregularly punctured, the interstices
slightly rugose, longitudinally costate near the apex, flavous, with
a transverse narrow black band placed before the middle and
extending upwards at the shoulders to the base, and another more
irregular angulate band situated at a little distance from the apex ;
below black, finely pubescent ; legs piceous, the anterior tibiz and
210 MR, M, JACOBY ON PHYLOPHAGOUS COLEOPLERA [ Mar. 6,
tarsi obscure fulvous; anterior tibize mucronate at the apex, the
first joint of their tarsi very elongate, as long as the following
two joints together (d ).
Hab. Delagoa Bay, received from Mr. G. Marshall.
C. abyssinica Letéy. (Rev. de Zoolog. 1877, p. 223) seems to be
very closely allied, and indeed there appear to be several African
species to which Lefevre’s description partially but not entirely
applies. Specimens received some time ago from Mr. Marshall, who
obtained them in Mashonaland (Salisbury), agree almost entirely
with Lefévre’s description of his C. abyssinica, but the male in my
possession has not the strongly developed mandibles of which the
author speaks. On the other hand, the present species agrees in
this respect, but the thorax is much shorter and decidedly not
rugose and confluently punctate, so that I cannot identity the
species with that of Lefevre. The apical elytral spot is only present
in the female of C. pubifrons, and scarcely indicated in the other
sex,
PEPLOPTERA APICATA, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 3.)
Black, the basal joints of the antenne and the tibie and tarsi
fulvous; thorax sparingly punctured, the anterior and lateral
margins, as well as a central short stripe, flavous; elytra finely
punctured, flavous, an angular narrow band near the base, inter-
rupted at the suture, and a broad transverse band near the apex
black, the latter part more or less fulvous.
Length 10 millim.
Of broad and robust shape; the head black, finely rugose and
closely pubescent, the vertex swollen ; eyes large, oblong, slightly
emarginate at their lower portion; palpi fulvous; antenne not
extending to the base of the thorax, black, the basal five joints
fulvous, second and third joints very short, the apical joints strongly
transverse ; thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed anteriorly,
the sides straight and oblique, the median lobe distinct, broad and
truncate, the surface finely and sparingly punctured near the base,
more strongly so at the sides, the base with a trausverse, strongly
punctured depression at the middle; the dise black, very shining,
a short central stripe dividing the black portion anteriorly, and the
anterior and lateral margins very narrowly, pale flavous ; scutellum
black, its apex truncate ; elytra finely punctured in irregular rows,
which are nearly indistinct near the apex, flavous, a strongly
angular band (which consists of two joined spots, of which one is
placed on the shoulders, the other within the latter), near the
suture but not extending to it, black; another very broad black
band is placed below the middle across the elytra, including at
the apex a transversely shaped fulvous or flavous spot; below
densely clothed with silvery pubescence; thetibiz and tarsi fulvous,
the latter very broad in the male insect ; last abdominal segment
in the same sex emarginate at the middle, in the female provided
with a deep oval fovea.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
1900. | FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 211
Allied to P. hemorrhagica Gerst., but quite distinct in the fine
elytral punctation, the abbreviated humeral band and the great
width of the posterior one, also in the markings of the thorax ; in
regard to this I may add to the description that the flavous anterior
and lateral stripes are bounded by the extreme black edges of the
thoracic margins. P. abyssinica Lefév. seems also closely allied,
but the description says nothing of an anterior flavous margin, and
gives only a black humeral spot, not an angulate band, nor are the
tibiz described as fulvous. I have received several specimens of
this handsome species from Mr. Guy Marshall.
PEPLOPTERA LEFEVREIL, sp. n.
Subeylindrical, black ; thorax flavous, sparingly punctured, the
dise with a broad black band; elytra flavous, rather regularly
punctate-striate, a spot on the shoulders and a transverse band
near the apex, as well as the extreme apical margins, black.
Length 7 millim.
Head black, the vertex strongly swollen, longitudinally sulcate
at the middle, the space between the eyes strongly punctured and
slightly rugose, non-pubescent ; the antennz not extending to the
base of the thorax, black, the second and third joints fulvous ;
thorax twice as broad as long, but little narrowed in front, the
sides nearly straight, the median lobe broad, not much produced,
and preceded by a distinct transverse depression, the surface with
a few fine punctures near the base and the posterior «angles,
fulvous ; the middle of the dise occupied by a broad subtriangular
black patch, which extends to the anterior margin, where it is
greatly narrowed; scutellum small, black; elytra flavous, with
regular rows of fine punctures, which become a little more confused
at the sides and near the apex, the interstices rather closely and
very minutely punctured, the shoulders with a black spot, a
transverse narrow black band of somewhat irregular shape is
placed below the middle, extending to the sides in some instances,
but interrupted in others; below and the legs black, closely
covered with silvery pubescence ; tarsi broad and rather robust.
Hab. Delagoa Bay.
In spite of its great similarity im coloration to P. angustata
Erichs., P. cylindriformis Lac., and one or two other African
species, the punctation of the elytra does not permit me to identify
P. lefevret with either of these ; the elytral rows are fairly regular
and more distantly placed than in the named species, and the
interstices are likewise finely punctured; in the allied forms the
punctation is almost always close and irregular and that of the
thorax more distinct. The species would find its place amongst
Lacordaire’s group in which the tarsi are broad.
PEPLOPTERA SEMIFASCIATA, Sp. 0.
Black, the tibize and tarsi fulvous; thorax strongly and sparingly
punctured, fulvous; elytra strongly, closely, and semiregularly
—
212 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
punctate, fulvous; a spot on the shoulders, another near the
scutellum, and a transverse curved band below the middle, black.
Length 6 millim.
Head black, sparingly punctured at the vertex, the space round
the eyes rugosely punctate, the clypeus more strongly punctured :
antenne not extending to the base of the thorax, black, the second
and third joints more or less fulvous, the following joints of strongly
transverse shape; thorax twice as broad as long, subcylindrical,
the sides rounded, strongly and closely punctured, the dise more
remotely so, fulvous; scutellum black; elytra parallel, subcylin-
drical, distinctly lobed below the shoulders, not covering the
pygidium, the punctuation like that of the thorax, closely placed
in irregular rows, the shoulders with a small black spot, another
larger one near the scutellum; a broad, slightly curved band is
placed below the middle, its upper margin being highly convex
and its lower one concave; below and the pygidium densely
covered with silvery pubescence ; legs fulvous, the femora blackish.
Hab, Headlands, Mashonaland (G. Marshall),
Allied to P. punctata Jac., but smaller, the elytra more strongly
punctured and with a broad posterior band instead of two spots,
the tibie and tarsi fulvous, not black.
PHPLOPTERA ANCHORALIS, Sp. Nh.
Black, closely pubescent below, anterior and lateral margins of
the thorax fulvous, the latter very minutely punctured; elytra
more strongly punctate-striate, fulvous, an elongate humeral
stripe, and a sutural band from the middle downwards, connected
with an elongate spot near the apex, black.
Length 8 millim.
Head black, closely punctured and rugose near the eyes, the
latter very large; antenne not extending to the base of the
thorax, black, the lower four joints fulvous, basal joint black
above, closely pubescent; thorax about one half broader than
long, the anterior margin a third shorter than the basal one, the
sides nearly straight, anterior and posterior angles distinct, the
posterior margin roundly produced at the middle, the surface very
finely and somewhat closely punctured, with a distinct transverse
groove near the median lobe, more strongly punctured than the
rest of the surface, the latter black, in shape of a broad transverse
band, the anterior margin of which is deeply indented at the sides
and at the middle, this band leaves the lateral and anterior margins
of the flavous ground-colour; scutellum triangular, black ; elytra
with strongly produced lateral lobes, regularly and moderately
strongly punciate-striate, fulvous, or flavous the suture from
before the middle to the apex in shape of a medially narrowed
band, an ovate spot near the apex touching this band, and a short
slightly oblique elongate band on the shoulders, black; this latter
band terminates exactly where the sutural band begins; below
and the legs black, closely covered with silky silvery pubescence ;
tarsi broad.
1900, ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 213
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
Closely allied to P. humeralis Jac., likewise from Mashonaland,
but differing in the black disc of the thorax and in not having a
black stripe at the lateral margins of the elytra; the latter in
P. humeralas have the sutural band also extending higher upwards
and not ending abruptly truncate as in the present insect.
P. schimperi Lefév. and P. ubyssinica Lefév. are likewise closely
allied; but the first-named species is described as having the
anterior angles of the thorax fulvous only, in having a broad
transverse elytral band near the apex, and a subquadrate, not
elongate, humeral spot. P. abyssinica has similarly coloured elytra,
rufous tarsi, and is smaller. Of the present insect three specimens
have been sent by Mr. Marshall, ot which one has the elytral spots
widened into a broad band like Lefévre’s last-named insect, but
the tarsi in all are black; it may, however, possibly be a variety of
that insect.
GYNANDROPHTHALMA SUBRUGOSA, Sp. n.
Entirely dark metallic blue; antenne black ; thorax strongly
transverse, impunctate ; elytra very strongly and closely punctured,
the interstices irregularly rugose.
Length 53-6 millim.
Elongate and parallel, the head nearly impunctate, with a few
oblique strigee between the eyes; the latter large, very slightly
indented at their lower portion ; epistome with afew punctures,
triangularly emarginate at its anterior margin; antenne black, the
basal joint metallic blue, the second and third very short, obscure
fulvous, the others strongly transverse ; thorax twice as broad as
long, slightly narrowed in front, the sides rounded, with a distinct
but narrow reflexed margin, the median lobe broadly produced,
posterior angles rounded, the disc impunctate, with a short
transverse depression at each side; scutellum broad, ‘its apex
truncate; elytra feebly lobed below the shoulders, closely and
strongly punctured, tue interstices transversely rugose, less strongly
so towards the apex; below very sparingly pubescent; the legs
rather elongate, the first joint of the tarsi sligitly longer than the
second.
Hab. Cape. (Two specimens in my collection.)
G. aspaltina Gerst. seems to be a closely allied species, but is
described with finely and remotely punctured elytra, which cannot
possibly be applied to the present species, in which these parts
are distinctly rugose and strongly punctured.
GYNANDROPHTHALMA MARGINICOLLIS, sp. n.
Black, finely pubescent below; thorax transverse, impunctate,
the extreme lateral margin fulvous; elytra finely punctured,
fulvous, a spot on the shoulders, a larger one near the suture at
the middle, and a transverse band below the latter, black.
Length 5 millim.
Of narrow, elongate and parallel shape; the head black, very
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1900, No. XV. 15
214 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
finely and sparingly punctured and clothed with single grey
pubescence ; the clypeus not separated from the face, its anterior
margin concave; eyes large, ovate; antenne extending to the base
of the thorax, dentate from the fourth joint, black, the lower three
joints fulvous; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides and the
posterior angles rather rounded, the median lobe but slightly
produced, the surface entirely impunctate, black, shining, the
extreme lateral margin fulvous; scutellum black, pointed, broad
at the base; elytra finely and rather closely punctured, fulvous,
the shoulders with a small black spot, a larger round spot is placed
near the suture at the middle, and a transverse short band, concave
at its lower margin, at some distance from the apex, this band
does not quite extend to either margin; the breast and abdomen
black, clothed with grey pubescence ; legs rather slender as well
as the tarsi.
Hab. Ibembo, Congo (Duvivier). (Coll. Belgian Mus. and my
own.)
The coloration of the thorax and that of the elytra will at once
assist in the recognition of this species, of which I have seen two
specimens, which were formerly contained in the collection of the
late A. Duvivier. The species seems closely allied in coloration to
G', foveiceps Lac., but is of more narrowly elongate shape, and the
thorax is not fulvous but black.
CopTocEPHALA FALKENSTEINI Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeitsch. 1882,
p. 396.
This species is a true Peploptera and must be placed in that
genus, as several specimens which I received from German East
Africa have proved to me.
CRYPTOCEPHALIN 2.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ORNATICOLLIS, Sp. n.
Flavous, terminal joints of the antenne black, the head and
thorax dark fulvous, the latter with the sides and two basal spots
flavous ; elytra regularly punctate-striate, flavous, a spot on the
shoulder, another near the middle, and a transverse narrow band
near the apex, black.
Length 5 millim.
Of robust, posteriorly slightly narrowed shape; the head dark
fulvous or piceous, finely and closely punctured; antenne long,
black, the lower five joints flavous, terminal joints elongate and
distinctly widened; thorax twice as broad as long, strongly
narrowed in front, the sides greatly deflexed, the lateral margins
rounded at the middle, the surface very minutely punctured, the
dise piceous or dark fulvous, the anterior margin narrowly, the
sides more broadly and two large oblique spots at the base, flavous ;
scntellum broad, its apex rounded, flavous, the base narrowly biack ;
elytra distinctly narrowed posteriorly, strongly and regularly
punctate-striate, flayous, the interstices flat and impunctate, the
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 215
basal margin very narrowly, a spot on the shoulders, another near
the suture at the middle, and a narrow transverse irregular-shaped
band near the apex black, the extreme lateral margin posteriorly
dark fulvous ; below and the legs flavous; abdomen darker; the
anterior legs rather elongate, their tarsi very broad.
Hab. Delagoa Bay (G. Marshall).
Of this species I received three specimens from Mr. Marshall
which show no differences of any importance. There are not many
African species of the present genus which have a similarly marked
thorax, the nearest being perhaps C. denticulatus; in the present
species, however, the dark portion of the thorax is not black but
dark fulvous or piceous; the number and position of the elytral
spots also differ from any of its allies.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SEVERINI, Sp. nN.
Black, above and the legs flavous, vertex of head black; thorax
impunctate, with five black stripes; elytra finely and irregularly
punctured, with a subsutural and lateral black longitudinal band,
the latter divided.
Length 8 millin.
Broad and robust; the head impunctate, slightly depressed,
flavous, the vertex with a narrow transverse black band; eyes
very broadly emarginate; clypeus concave at its anterior margin ;
antenne not extending to the middle of the elytra, flavous, the
terminal five joints widened; thorax subcylindrical, with strongly
deflexed sides, the middle widened, the surface entirely impunctate,
flavous, with five equally distant black spots or bands, the middle
one narrow and extending from the base to the apex, the others
much shorter aud abbreviated at each end, the outer one the
shortest and placed on the lateral margin; scutellum black, broad,
its apex truncate; elytra not wider at the base than the thorax,
slightly constricted at the sides near the middle, the puuctuation
very fine, placed in double rows near the suture, but irregularly at
the sides, the Jast row placed at some distance from the lateral
margin, the latter likewise accompanied by a stronger row of
punctures ; each elytron with two longitudinal black bands, the first
placed near the suture of slightly oblique direction, abbreviated
below the middle, the other placed on the shoulder, interrupted at
the middle and not extending much further than the subsutural
band ; underside black, clothed with very short pubescence, the
coxe and the Jast abdominal segment flavous at the base ; pygidium
flavous with a central black spot ; prosternum broad, pubescent,
its base produced at the angles into a blunt point.
Hab. Loulouabourg, Congo. (Coil. Belgian Mus. and my own.)
One of the largest African species, and easily recoguized by the
system of its coloration.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS STRIGICOLLIS, sp, nl.
Obscure fulvous; antenne (the basal joints excepted) black ;
thorax fulvous, closely longitudinally strigose; elytra strongly
15*
216 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6
punctate-striate, the interstices convex, flavous, a broad transverse
hand at the base and another near the apex black.
Length 4 millim.
Head fulvous, impunctate, slightly uneven, the eyes nearly
continuous at the vertex ; antenne extending beyond the middle of
the elytra, black, the lower four joints flavous, the third and the
following three joints gradually increasing in length, the terminal
ones shorter; thorax twice as broad as long, slightly widened at
the middle, fulvous, the basal margin narrowly black, the posterior
angles flavous, the entire surface covered with longitudinal fine
strigze without punctures, posterior margin finely serrate; scu-
tellum black, with a fulvous basal spot, its apex truncate ; elytra
very slightly narrowed posteriorly, deeply and closely puncfate-
striate, the interstices strongly longitudinally costate, especially so
at the sides, flavous, the base with a broad transverse black band,
not quite extending to the lateral margins, another similar band is
placed close to the apex, leaving the latter of the flavous ground-
colour ; underside and legs pale fulvous, finely pubescent.
Hab. Moliro, Africa ( Duvivier).
This is another of those species having the thorax closely
strigose, which seem confined to Africa; the other two known
species, C. araticollis Chap. and C. natalensis Jac., are devoid
of elytral bands. I received the specimen from the Belgian
Museum,
CRYPTOCEPHALUS SALISBURIENSIS, sp. Nn.
Head and the underside black; thorax impunctate, flavous, with
two large black spots ; elytra moderately strongly punctate-striate,
flavous: a round spot on the shoulders, a sutural transverse spot at
the middle, and a transverse band near the apex, black ; legs favous,
the femora spotted with black.
Length 5 millim.
Head black, distinctly punctured and sparingly pubescent; the
clypeus and the sides of the face below the eyes yellow ; antenne
slender, black, the lower tive joints flavous, the basal joint black above;
thorax with the sides straight or nearly so, otherwise of usual shape,
the basal margin near the anterior angles distinctly toothed, the
surface impunctate or with a few minute punctures, fulvous, with
a large black oblong spot at each side, not extending to the anterior
margin, the extreme basal margin likewise black, the other
margins of the ground-colour ; scutellum black; elytra ratber finely
punctate-striate, the interstices with some extremely fine punctures,
flavous, the shoulders with a black oblong spot, the suture at the
middle with another transverse short spot, a transverse band
extending across the suture but not quite to the sides is also placed
near the apex ; below black, the prosternum, mesosternum, and a
spot at the base of the abdomen yellow, the posterior angles of
the prosternum prolonged laterally ; femora with a black spot at
the middle.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall),
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 217
This species seems more nearly allied in coloration to C. erythro-
melas Suffr. than to any other, but differs in the anterior sutural
spot and posterior band, which both extend across the suture ; the
legs also are flavous and not black; the prosternum agrees very
nearly with that of C. v-nigrum. Two exactly similar specimens
were sent by Mr. Marshall.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS FLAVO-ORNATUS, Sp. Nn.
Flavous, the apical joints of the antenne black, above fulvous ;
the thorax impunctate, the lateral margins and a central longi-
tudinal stripe flavous ; elytra rather closely punctate-striate, the
interstices minutely punctured.
Length 4-43 millim.
Of parallel, subcylindrical shape, the head with a distinct central
longitudinal sulcus, sparingly punctured, fulvous, the space near
the eyes flavous; the latter reniform, broadly emarginate at the
middle ; antennz comparatively short and robust, black, the lower
five joints flavous, second and third joints short, equal, terminal
joints robust and strongly widened ; thorax twice as broad as long,
very convex, the sides nearly straight, the surface entirely im-
punctate, with a distinct oblique depression at the base on each
side in front of the scutellum ; the disc fulvous, interrupted by a
narrow central favous stripe from the base to the apex, the sides
likewise narrowly, and the posterior angles more broadly flavous,
extreme basal margin black ; scutellum flavous, its apex truncate ;
elytra parallel, closely and rather strongly punctate-striate, the
punctures somewhat closely placed and smaller towards the apex,
the interstices finely punctured; the epipleure at the base, the
underside, and the legs flavous ; the pvgidium rugosely punctured.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
This species was obtained, according to Mr. Marshall, on Mosasa ;
it will not be difficult to recognize it on account of its uniform
coloration of the elytra and the flavous markings of the thorax. I
am not acquainted with any other African representative of the
genus with which it may be compared in this respect ; in some
specimens the extreme sutural and lateral margins are stained with
flavous.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS V-NIGRUM, Sp. nl.
Black ; the basal joints of the antenne, the tibiz more or less,
aud the thorax at the sides and middle, flavous ; thorax extremely
finely punctured ; elytra strongly punctate-striate, flavous, a spot
on the shoulder, another near the scutellum, and two subquadrate,
connected spots in shape of an inverted VY below the middle,
black.
Length 5 millim.
Head entirely black, strongly punctured and sparingly pubescent,
slightly depressed bet ween the eyes; the antenne scarcely extending
to the middle of the elytra, filiform in the male, shorter and the
terminal joints thicker in the female insect, the lower five joints
218 MR. M, JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
flavous, the others black; thorax rather strongly widened at the
middle, extremely minutely and rather sparingly punctured, only
visible under a strong lens, the sides feebly rounded, the posterior
margin with some strongly marked teeth near the angles and
preceded by a deep subquadrate fovea—the disc either black, with
the anterior margin narrowly, the sides more broadly and angularly
flavous, and a similar coloured. spot at the middle of the base
(mas.): or flavous, with a broad anteriorly divided band, not
extending to the margins, on each side, and the margins themselves
narrowly, black (fem.) ; scutellum black; elytra very slightly
narrowed posteriorly, regularly and strongly punctate-striate,
flavous, rather opaque in the male, more shining in the other sex,
the shoulders with an elongate black spot, a smaller one of rounded
shape is placed near the scutellum, and two subquadrate spots,
which are joined together anteriorly, below the middle, the sutural
and apical margins are likewise narrowly black ; the underside and
the femora black ; tibia robust and widened anteriorly, fulvous, the
outer margin of the anterior tibize and the base of the four posterior
black, tarsi fulvous; prosternum prolonged laterally at the base
into points, flavous, the apex of the mesosternum and a spot
between the posterior coxe likewise flavous.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland, on mimosa (G. Marshall).
The markings of the elytra resemble somewhat those of C. erythro-
melas Suffr. and some other African species, but the shape of the
posterior angular band is quite different; nor do I know of a
similar structure in regard to the thorax, in which the lateral basal
teeth are preceded by a distinct notch or fovea; the shape of the
prosternum with its prolonged posterior angles is another peculiarity
of this species, of which I have three specimens before me.
C@NOBIUS PLAGIATUS, sp. 0.
Black, the antenne and the legs flavous; thorax impunctate,
black, the anterior and lateral margins and two basal spots flavous ;
elytra very finely punctate-striate, black, a broad transverse band
before the middle and another at the apex flavous.
Length 13 millim.
Of narrow, cylindrical shape; the head black, impunctate, the
eyes widely separated, not strongly emarginate, parts of the mouth
and the antenne flavous, the latter short, with the sixth and the
following two joints strongly dilated (the rest wanting); thorax
twice as broad as long, the sides feebly rounded, narrowed towards
the apex, the surface impunctate, black, very shining, the anterior
margin very narrowly and the lateral ones more broadly flavous,
the base with two other bright flavous transverse spots, only
separated by a thin stripe of the ground-colour; scutellum broad,
pointed at the apex, black; elytra not wider at the base than the
thorax, scarcely perceptibly punctate-striate, the strie widely
separated, the black portion divided by- a broad transverse bright
flavous band, which surrounds the shoulders at the outer margin
and does not quite extend to the suture, this band is placed before
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 219
the middle and of slightly oblique shape, another broad transverse
band occupies the apex of both elytra; below black; the legs
robust, flavous, as well as the prosternum and mesosternum, the
former longer than broad, its base deeply concave, the sides raised
into narrow ridges.
Hab. Port Alfred, South Africa (Rev. J. O'Neil).
Of this very pretty but small species I received a single example ;
like several of its congeners at present placed in this genus, the
eyes are not approached or contiguous, but the prosternum agrees
with the typical forms.
ACHZNOPS (?) PUNCTICOLLIS, sp. n.
Yellowish white, the terminal joints of the antenne and the
breast and abdomen black ; thorax very clesely punctured, with or
without piceous transverse bands; elytra strongly and semi-
regularly punctate-striate, a spot on the shoulders and two near the
apex piceous or black.
Var. Thorax without markings, underside flavous.
Length 3-4 millim.
Head broad, yellowish, strongly but not very closely punctured,
the vertex with a central black narrow stripe; eyes broadly
emarginate ; antenne short and stout, extending to the base of the
elytra, the lower six joints pale flavous, the others black, terminal
joints, with the exception of the last one, dilated; thorax more
than twice as broad as long, the sides rounded, the surface very
closely and strongly punctured, yellowish white, with a transverse
narrow piceous stripe at each side, sending off branches at right
angles to the anterior and posterior margin, another piceous spot
is placed at the middle of the base, the basal margin likewise
narrowly black; scutellum truncate at its apex, the latter flavous,
the base black; elytra subcylindrical, pale yellowish, strongly
punctured in irregular rows, of which ten are placed on each
elytron, the sutural one being very short, near the apex some of
the rows unite in pairs, forming broader spaces between them, all
the punctures of piceous colours, a small piceous spot is placed on
each shoulder, two others more or less distinct are seen near
the apex, the inner one of which is placed rather higher than
the other spot; legs pale flavous, the femora with a piceous spot ;
prosternum widened at the base, strongly punctured ; breast and
abdomen black.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony, 8S. Africa (Rev. J. O'Neil), on
mimosa-bushes.
This little Cryptocephalus, of which I received two specimens, is
doubtfully placed by me in Achenops, as the structure of the
prosternum does not agree with that genus, but I do not consider
it desirable to establish another genus on a single species. The
present insect has very nearly the general appearance of a
Pachybrachys ; the colour and the system of punctation is the
same, but the antenne agree better with Monachus on account of
their shortness and the dilated terminal joints; the prosternum
‘
220 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
has its base truncate, not rounded, and the posterior angles are but
little produced; in one specimen the thorax is without any
markings and the entire underside is flavous, the elytra have also
the dark spots less strongly marked.
EUMOLPIN &.
MicROHERMESIA, gen. noy. (group Colaspine).
Oblong; antenne filiform, eyes entire; thorax transverse, the
sides angulate and with a narrow margin; elytra semi-regularly
punctured ; legs robust, the anterior femora with a minute tooth,
tibie not suleate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as
the following two joints together, claws appendiculate; prosternum
broad, scarcely narrowed between the coxe, its base truncate ; the
anterior margin of the thoracic episternum concave.
In its general appearance, the little species for which I propose
this new genus resembles Lefevrea, but differs in the angulate sides
of the thorax, which places 1t amongst the group Colaspine, which
up till now had no African representative ; the much broader pro-
sternum and the minutely dentate anterior femora separate the
genus from Colaspis proper ; the shape of the thorax agrees better
with Hermesia, but that genus differs in other details, notably
the unarmed femora, although this latter character must be used
with caution and only in conjunction with others as a generic
distinction.
MicROHERMESIA HIRTICOLLIS, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 7.)
3. Below black, base of the antenne and the legs fulvous ;
thorax sneous, closely punctured and finely pubescent ; elytra
strongly punctured anteriorly, flavous, the middle with a transverse
broad cupreous or eneous patch.
Q (2). Above entirely flavous, with a shght metallic gloss.
Length 23 millim.
Head neous or cupreous, closely punctured and sparingly
clothed with short pubescence ; the clypeus not separated from the
face, transverse ; antenne slender, extending to about the middle
of the el\tra, flavous, the terminal joints slightly stained with
fuscous, basal joint much thickened, second and third equal in
length, fourth and following joints slightly longer and very feebly
thickened towards the apex; thorax twice as broad as long, the
sides with a narrow margin and distinctly angulate at the middle,
the anterior angles distinctly tuberculate, the tubercle produced
and provided with a single seta, the anterior and posterior margins
straight, the surface punctured and pubescent like the head;
scutellum broader than Jong, its sides rounded; elytra broader at
the base than the thorax, the shoulders angulate, the base with a
feeble transverse depression, the surface rather strongly punctured
in closely arranged irregular rows, with some more minute
punctures at the interstices, flayous, with a slight metallic gloss,
the middle of the disc with an irregular, rather ill-defined transverse
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 221
cupreous patch, which widens somewhat at the sides, the suture
and lateral margins likewise more or less greenish neous; below
nearly black, the legs fulvous ; prosternum strongly punctured.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, obtained by sweeping (G. Mar-
shall).
Tt ie probable that the unicolorous flavous specimen represents
the female of this species, since the anterior tarsi are more slender
and thinner than in the specimens which I look upon as the
other sex, but there is only a singie individual of the former sex
before me.
CoLASPOSOMA CONRADI, sp. 0.
Metallic green with fulvous gloss, base of the femora flavous,
tibie fulvous; thorax very closely and finely punctured; elytra
strongly and irregularly punctured, with traces of longitudinal
lines, the sides strongly rugose in both sexes.
Fem. Elytra with a smooth, rather broad, longitudinal costa
near the suture.
Length 6-8 millim.
Head finely longitudinally strigose at the sides of the vertex,
the latter sparingly punctured; clypeus more strongly punctate,
not separated from the face, but with a small fovea at the base, its
anterior margin slightly concave-emarginate ; labrum and palpi
fulvous ; antennz extending to the middle of the elytra, the lower
six joints fulvous, the others black, rather widened ; thorax three
times broader than long, the sides rounded and with a narrow
reflexed margin, the disc closely and finely punctured throughout,
with a transverse depression near the anterior margin; scutellum
broad, with a few strong punctures; elytra with a fulvous tint,
strongly and closely punctured, the punctures arranged in rows
near the suture; the interstices smooth and slightly raised near the
apex, strongly transversely rugose at the sides, the lateral margin
accompanied by two distinctly raised smooth coste; underside
nearly smooth, metallic green, the sides of the abdomen and
of the breast fulvous; femora metallic green, their base flavous,
tibie fulvous, the apex and the tarsi dark zeneous; prosternum
very broad, clothed with grey pubescence.
Hab. Cameroons (Conrad).
This species will not be very difficult to recognize on account of
the flavous base of the femora and the strongly rugose sides of the
elytra in both sexes; in the female this is, however, still much
more pronounced, as well as the elytral coste. I received two
specimens from Dr. Kraatz. C. antiquum Har. is a closely allied
species, but differs in the much more finely and evenly punctured
elytra and in the colour of the antenne and legs. C. abdominale
Lefeév. (lefevrec Baly) is described with testaceous antenne and
legs, but seems otherwise closely allied.
CoLASPOSOMA ALUTACEUM, sp. n.
Dark eneous, finely pubescent, the antenne and tarsi piceous ;
0
222 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
head and thorax finely and closely punctured, the latter with
a smooth central line; elytra extremely finely punctured and
wrinkled, clothed with short silvery pubescence.
Length 5 millim,
Of obscure brownish-zneous colour, the head finely and sub-
remotely punctured ; the clypeus not separated, punctured like the
head ; labrum piceous, lower joints of the palpi fulvous ; antennz
short, not extending to the middle of the elytra, dark fulvous, the
basal joint stained with sneous, terminal joints distinctly
thickened, each stained with fuscous at the apex; thorax strongly
transversely convex, the sides rounded, the surface closely and
finely punctured throughout, clothed with very short white pubes-
cence, the middle of the disc with a smooth central narrow space,
all the margins very narrowly metallic cupreous ; scutellum much
broader than long, its apex blunt, the surface with a few punctures,
the margins cupreous; elytra not wider at the base than the
thorax, very slightly depressed below the base, opaque, extremely
closely punctured and finely wrinkled, the interstices with still
smaller punctures and clothed like the thorax with short whitish
pubescence ; underside and femora dark zneous and sparingly
pubescent ; tibie dark fulvous.
Hab. Pinetown, Natal.
This is the description of the male insect, which has the
auterior legs as usual longer than in the female; this and the
rather less broad thorax, however, are the only visible differences
between the two sexes. C. alutaceum differs from the other
pubescent species of the same country in the finely punctured and
wrinkled elytra and the short white hairs of the upper parts, as
well as the very distinct punctation of the thorax. Whether
C., pubescens Letév. is identical with the present species can only
be ascertained by comparing the type, as a three-lined description
of insects which are so closely allied is of no use whatever, and an
abuse of science, which should be, in my opinion, totally ignored
with the rest of all such publications ; at any rate C. pubescens is
described with the labrum obscure rufous, and the head, thorax,
and elytra densely and very finely punctured, which does not
apply to the species before me.
COLASPOSOMA SUBAUREUM, Sp. nl.
Obscure fulvous with eneous gloss, pubescent, the apical joints
of the antenne black ; thorax finely and closely punctured, clothed
with long white hairs ; elytra with a deep fovea below the base,
closely punctured, the interstices transversely rugose throughout
and pubescent like the thorax.
Length 5 millim.
Head closely punctured and clothed with rather long white
hairs; labrum fulvous; antenne extending slightly below the
middle of the elytra, fulvous, the terminal five joints black ; thorax
strongly transverse, three times broader than long, the sides
rounded, the fine punctation almost entirely covered by longish
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 223
white hairs ; scutellum broader than long, punctured and pubes-
cent; elytra with a deep fovea below the base, the interior of
which is of metallic greenish or brassy colour, the rest of the
surface irregularly transversely rugose and pubescent, with
two or three narrow raised longitudinal ridges, the most well-
marked of .which is placed near the suture; below and the legs
coloured as the upper surface and closely pubescent.
Hab. Tumbu, Congo.
O£ this species one specimen is in the collection of the
Belgian Museum and the other in my own. I know of no other
Colasposoma having such a deep and well-marked elytral fovea in
connection with the long pubescence; in C. foveipenne Jac., from
Madagascar, there is a similar but transversely shaped fovea, but
no pubescence, and a totally different sculpturing. The coloration
of the present species also is peculiar, being a mixture of obscure
fulvous and metallic brassy or e2neous. I am at present unable to
speak with certainty as to the sex of the specimens before me, but
both are probably females. C. foveatum Jac. differs in having
a transverse elytral cavity and a strongly and remotely punctured
thorax.
COLASPOSOMA OBSCURUM, sp. n.
Obscure fuscous with cupreous gloss; antenne with the second
and third joints fulvous ; thorax extremely closely punctured and
finely reticulate ; elytra strongly punctured in closely approached
rows, the interstices nearly smooth.
Length 6 millim.
Of parallel shape; entirely obscure ceneous or fuscous, here and
there with cupreous reflections; antenne long, black, the first
joint below and the following two joints fulvous, terminal joints
slightly thickened; thorax more than twice as broad as long,
slightly narrowed anteriorly, the sides feebly rounded, the entire
surface extremely closely and finely punctured, with the interstices
everywhere finely reticulate; scutellum with a few punctures;
elytra with a shallow depression below the base, rather strongly
and closely punctured in irregular rows, the sides below the
shoulders with an elongate depression; femora unarmed; legs
nearly black.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on Brachystegia (G. Marshall).
Mr. Marshall has sent two specimens (probably males) of this
species, which I cannot identify with any of the numerous other
members of the genus: the peculiar coloration, and the almost
entire absence of elytral rugosities in connection with the closely
and finely punctured and reticulate thorax, will assist in the
recognition of the species.
Dasycutorus Fairm.
In the ‘ Bulletin’ of the Société d’Entomologique de France for
1898 (p. 19), M. Fairmaire has described what he believes to be a
224 MR. M, JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6
new genus of Ewmolpide under this name from the West Coast of
Africa. In reading carefully his descriptions of the two species he
describes, I can come to no other conclusion than that the supposed
new genus is simply a Colasposoma, and his species D. passeti and
D. varicolor identical with Colasposoma pradieri Lefév. and C. fair-
mairei Lefév. respectively. M. Fairmaire compares his genus with
Sybriacus, to which the species mentioned above bear some superficial
resemblance; but as the author makes no mention of the principal
characters of his genus, that is the shape of the anterior thoracic
episternum and the structure of the tibix or claw 8, one cannot even
tell to which section Dasychlorus may belong. 1 may be wrong in
my surmise regarding the present genus. In the descriptions of
Fairmaire of his two species there is, however, absolutely nothing
to distinguish it from Colasposoma, and it is certainly remarkable
that when describing a new genus of one of the most difficult
sections of the Phytophaga an Y experienced author should not even
mention the most important characters without which every clue
to its proper place is lost. Colasposoma pradieri (the largest
species of the genus) and C. fairmairei have both been described
by Lefévre as far back as 1877, and are well-known West African
species.
MACETES CLYPEATA, sp. n.
Obscure cupreous, clothed with white and fulvous pubescence,
antenne and legs dark fulvous ; clypeus deeply emarginate; head
and thorax very finely and closely punctured, metallic greenish ;
elytra of the same colour and sculpture, finely pubescent.
Length 7 millim.
Of broadly ovate, subquadrate shape: of a dark greenish-sneous
colour above, and clothed with longish white and brown pubes-
cence; the head closely and finely punctured, with a central groove ;
the clypeus very deeply and subtriangularly emarginate; the
labrum cupreous, the palpi fulvous; the antennz robust, entirely
fulvous, the basal joint cupreous above; thorax nearly twice
as broad as long, subcylindrical, extremely closely and rather
finely punctured and pubescent ; scutellum broader than long, sub-
pentagonal, finely punctured and pubescent ; elytra much wider at
the base than the thorax, strongly narrowed posteriorly, depressed,
with another very feeble depression below the base; below cupreous,
the femora fulvous with metallic gloss, clothed with dense white
pubescence ; the tibiz and tarsi more or less fulvous, the anterior
and posterior femora with a stout tooth, the others unarmed.
Hab. Dunbrody, Port Elizabeth, 8. Africa (Rev. J. O'Neil).
Of this species I received a single specimen from the Rev. J.
O’Neil: it is perhaps nearest allied to M. albicans Chap. The species
is well distinguished by the deeply emarginate clypeus, the fine and
close punctation of its upper surface, and the colour of the pubes-
cence, which is white and brown above: but purely white only
below. Chapuis’s species is unrecognizable, his description being
too brief.
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 225
PSEUDOCOLASPIS CUPREOFEMORATA, Sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 4.)
Violaceous-blue, the antenna, tibiz, and tarsi black; the femora
cupreous ; thorax subclyindrical, closely and strongly punctured ;
elytra punctured like the thorax, with rows of very short, white
hairs, distantly placed.
Length 4 millim.
Head coarsely and closely punctured, dark blue; the antennz
entirely black, the terminal five joints strongly dilated, club-shaped ;
thorax scarcely broader than long, narrowed anteriorly and to
a less extent near the base ; the entire surface closely and strongly
punctured, the punctures round and deep, the middle with a more
or less distinct narrow, raised longitudinal space; scutellum
subquadrate, its apex truncate, the posterior angles feebly pro-
duced, the base with two or three deep punctures; elytra with
the shoulders prominent and acute, not depressed below the base,
punctured like the thorax, but the punctures rather more closely
placed and the interstices finely transversely rugose, sparingly -
furnished with very short stiff whitish hairs ; legs coarsely punc-
tured; the femora with a strong acute tooth, cupreous; the
intermediate tibiz, with the exception of the extreme apex which
is more or less cupreous, black ; claw-joint very long and slender.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland, obtained by sweeping (G.
Marshall).
Distinct from all its numerous African allies by its uniform
dark blue colour and the cupreous femora, in connection with the
strong punctation of its upper surface.
PsEUDOCOLASPIS SEVERINI, Sp. 0.
Black, sparingly pubescent, thorax finely and closely punctured ;
elytra finely punctured in semiregular rows near the apex, the
interstices clothed with very short, erect, silvery hairs.
Length 4 millim.
Head closely and rather strongly punctured; clypeus broad,
subquadrate, scarcely punctured: antenne black, the lower four
or five joints more or less piceous; the second and the following
two joints very short, moniliform, the terminal ones strongly
thickened and robust, the last longer than broad; thorax rather
long, subcylindrical, but slightly narrowed in front, the surface
without any perceptible sulci or depressions, closely and strongly
punctured, with a smooth narrow middle line; scutellum broad,
subpentagonal, impunctate; elytra narrowed posteriorly, not
depressed below the base, the shoulders prominent, the surface
closely, finely, and irregularly punctured, the punctures slightly
more regularly arranged in rows near the apex; the interstices
with single short silvery pubescence ; femora with a small tooth ;
underside and legs rather strongly punctured.
»Hab, Moliro, Congo (J. Duvivier). (Coll. Brussels Mus. and
my own,)
There are not many entirely black species of Pseudocolaspis
226 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
known and only one or two from Africa, of which P. parvula Jac.
seems closely allied, but is much smaller, of metallic gloss and
quite different punctation. Whether the short sparing pubes-
cence of the present insect is normal or whether the specimens
before me are rubbed I cannot say, but all agree in this respect.
ScELODONTA SEXPLAGIATA, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 5.)
Cupreous, the apical joints of the antenne black; thorax
transverse, finely transversely rugose, with two small white pubes-
cent spots; elytra strongly punctured and transversely wrinkled,
each elytron with six white pubescent spots (1.2.2.1); flanks of
the thorax and sides of the breast densely clothed with white
pubescence.
Length 4 millim.
Head strongly punctured, the interstices with some short white
hairs, supra-ocular grooves very deep; clypeus broad, strongly
punctured; antenne proportionately long, cupreous, the apical
five joints black, strongly widened ; thorax twice as broad as long,
the sides strongly rounded, the entire surface covered with trans-
verse rugosities, the sides with a small pubescent white spot;
scutellum subpentagonal ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax,
narrowed posteriorly, very closely and strongly punctured in
irregular rows, the sides transversely rugose, each elytron with six
white small pubescent spots placed as follows :—one at the middle
of the basal margin, one at the lateral margin below the shoulders,
another further inwards in a line with the lateral spot, two placed
transversely below the middle and slightly oblique, and the sixth at
the extreme apex; patches of dense white hairs are also placed at
the flanks of the thorax and the sides of the breast ; femora armed
with a small tooth.
Hab, Malvern, Natal.
I have received several specimens of this very distinct and
handsome species from Mr. C. Barker of Natal.
MECISTES CHAPUISI, sp. n.
Black, the basal joints of the antenne and the legs fulvous;
head and thorax finely rugose, sparingly pubescent ; elytra strongly
and closely rugose-punctate, the interstices with longitudinal rows
of short hairs; femora with a small tooth.
Length 4 millim.
Head finely rugose and clothed with short yellowish pubescence ;
labrum piceous ; antenne scarcely extending beyond the thorax,
fulvous, the apical joints more or less infuscate, strongly trans-
verse; thorax subconical, narrowed in front, the basal margin
slightly concave at the sides, the median lobe truncate, produced,
the surface closely rugose-punctate, the lateral margin rounded at
the middle and widened, the dise covered with short yellow
pubescence ; scutellum pentagonal; elytra much wider at the base
than the thorax, ovate and convex, very closely punctured, the
interstices slightly longitudinally raised and furnished with rows
2
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 227
of short hairs ; legs fulvous; all the femora armed with a small
tooth.
Hab, Kamozi, Tumbu (J. Duvivier). (Coll. Belgian Mus. and
my own.)
Unlike the other two or three species of the genus, the present
one has armed femora, but agrees in all other details: this and the
colour of the legs will easily distinguish the species.
CoRYNODES NIGRIPENNIS, sp. 0.
Bluish black, the head and thorax rufous, the latter very finely
and subremotely punctured; elytra biack, opaque, very closely
and finely rugosely punctured, the claws appendiculate.
Length 11 millim.
Of subcylindrical, parallel shape ; the head impunctate, rufous,
shining ; the clypeus triangular, deeply separated from the face by
a transverse, medially interrupted groove; antenne nearly extending
to the middle of the elytra, black, the second and third joints fulvous
below, the terminal six joints strongly flattened ; thorax of the same
shape as in the preceding species, rufous, very shining, extremely
minutely and sparingly punctured, the extreme anterior and basal
margins black; scutellum fulvous, margined with black; elytra
closely and somewhat strongly punctured, black, the interstices
finely rugose, the extreme apex with a small obsolete fulvous spot ;
below and the legs bluish black, the anterior tibie strongly curved
at the apex.
Hab. Cameroons.
This species, of which I have received a single specimen from
Herr Bang-Haas, agrees so closely in structural characters with the
following, that I am almost tempted to look at it as an extreme
variety of the latter; but the coloration of the head, thorax, and
that of the elytra (unique amongst the numerous members of the
genus) is so entirely different, that, in the absence of intermediate
forms, I must consider the two insects distinct.
CoRYNODES BIMACULICOLLIS, sp. n.
Bluish black below, as well as the legs and antenne, above
fulvous ; thorax impunctate, the anterior and basal margins and two
elongate spots on the disc black; elytra very closely punctured,
claws appendiculate.
Length 11 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, a small spot at the vertex and the
supra-ocular sulci black; clypeus separated from the face by a
deep transverse groove; antenne black, the lower two joints fulvous,
the apical five joints gradually and broadly flattened; thorax
about one half broader than long, narrowed anteriorly, the sides
straight, the surface impunctate, the extreme anterior and basal
margins black, the disc with two large, oblique, elongate black
spots ; scutellum fulvous, margined with black; elytra evenly,
closely, and distinctly punctured, the interstices slightly wrinkled
here and there; anterior tibie strongly curved at the apex.
228 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA Mar. 6,
Hab, Cameroons.
Allied to C. raffrayi Lefév. but differing in the spotted head and
thorax and the black not fulvous underside. I have received a
single specimen from Herr Bang-Haas.
PSEUDOSYAGRUS AFRICANUS, sp. n.
Piceous, the sides of the thorax and the legs fulvous ; thorax
closely punctured ; elytra fulvous, finely punctate-striate, the
punctures obsolete posteriorly, each with an oblique band at the
shoulders and another below the middle, black; the anterior
femora dilated into a strong tooth, the posterior ones with a
smaller one.
Length 54 millim.
Head finely rugose, obscure fulvous, the middle piceous ; the eyes
extremely large, closely approached ; clypeus not separated from
the face, strongly rugose ; antenne piceous, the lower four joints
fulvous, the third joint one half longer than the second, terminal
joints distinctly thickened ; thorax transverse, of equal width, the
sides strongly rounded, with a narrow margin, the posterior angles
dentiform, the disc closely impressed with strong, round punctures,
piceous with a slight metallic gloss, the sides, in shape of a
posteriorly narrowed band, fulvous ; scutellum triangular; elytra
regularly punctate-striate, the punctures entirely obsolete at the
apex, the interstices flat aaa impunctate; a short black oblique
band extends from the shoulders towards the suture and another
of similar shape is placed below the middle, there is also an indi-
cation of a black short stripe near the lateral margins; legs
fulvous, the four posterior tibie carinate, emarginate at the apex,
claws bifid; anterior margin of the thoracic episternum convex ;
anterior femora with a very strong triangular tooth.
Hab. Matabeleland. near Tati.
This genus was established by Fairmaire on a species from
Madagascar. There seems to be scarcely any difference between
the present genus and T’ricliona Lefév., which was published at the
same time and in the same French “Annals”; but which of the
genera appeared first in print I am unable to say. Tricliona was
up to the present only known from India and Sumatra, but both
genera agree in most details, especially in the enormously dilated
anterior femora. Ithink, however, that the shape of the thorax is
different in Pseudosyagrus, the latter being not at all narrowed in
front and having strongly rounded sides. There is a single
specimen of the present insect contained in my collection, well
distinguished by its coloration.
ODONTIONOPA CHRULEA, Sp. 0.
Metallic dark blue, antenne and tarsi black, thorax extremely
finely punctured; elytra convex and cylindrical, rather strongly
punctured in closely arranged longitudinal rows, the interstices
with a few minute punctures, the posterior femora w ith a distinet
tooth.
1900.) FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 229
Length 5 millim.
Head finely punctured, the interstices minutely granulate, the
sides at the base of the antenne raised in shape of a ridge ; antennze
filiform, black, the basal three joints more or less fulvous, the first
joint metallic blue above, third joint but slightly longer than the
second but shorter than the fourth, the following joints slightly
thickened ; thorax twice as broad as long, slightly narrowed
anteriorly, the sides strongly rounded, with a narrow margin, the
anterior angles produced into a short tooth, the surface very finely
and rather closely punctured and minutely granulate; scutellum
subquadrate, truncate at the apex; elytra subcylindrical, much
more strongly punctured than the thorax, the punctuation arranged
in closely approached rows, the interstices with a few minute
punctures here and there, dark violaceous blue, the sutural margin
greenish ; below and the legs dark metallic blue, finely pubescent,
the anterior femora with a very minute, the posterior with a more
distinct tooth ; prosternum widened at the base, the anterior
margin of the thoracic episternum concave.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Warshall).
Alhed to O. discolor Lefév., but in that species the labrum, palpi,
antennx, and the legs are brown and the thorax is described as
densely punctured ; the present insect, on account of the concave
margin of the thoracic episternum, the entire tibiz, appendiculate
claws, and other details, possesses all the characters peculiar to the
genus.
LEFEVREA BRUNNEA, Sp. 0.
Entirely pale fulvous, the head and thorax rather strongly and
closely punctured ; elytra closely punctate-striate, the punctures
very fine towards the apex.
Length 3 millim.
Of the general shape of a small species of Colaspis ; the head
finely punctured on each side, the clypeus contiguous with the face,
its anterior margin moderately emarginate in the middle and on
each side, its surface sparingly punctured ; antenne extending to
about the middle of the elytra, fulvous, the intermediate joints
sometimes stained with fuscous, the third and fourth joints equal,
one half longer than the second joint, terminal ones slightly thick-
ened ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides rounded, the anterior
and posterior margins straight, of equal width, the angles acute,
the surface closely and somewhat strongly punctured, the punctures
more crowded at the sides, the latter with an obsolete depression,
scutellum with the sides rounded; elytra not wider at the base
than the thorax, convex, punctured in clesely approached rows, the
punctures themselves scarcely larger than those of the thorax; below
and the legs fulvous, the latter unarmed ; claws appendiculate ;
prosternum strongly narrowed between the coxe.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
Distinct from all its allies in the uniform pale fulvous
coloration,
Proo. Zoon, Soo.—1900, No, X VI. 16
230 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
LEFEVREA ABDOMINALIS Jac.
Of this species described by myself (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897,
p. 529) both sexes have now been sent by Mr. Marshall, taken by
him “in cop.” They prove that the male is of totally different
coloration to the other sex and of smaller size, but whether this
is always the case I have not enough material before me to judge
from. I give here the description of the male insect :
Blackish zneous, the basal joimts of the antenne and the legs
more or less fulvous ; thorax strongly and somewhat closely punc-
tured; elytra finely punctate-striate anteriorly only, greenish-
zeneous ; a humeral spot of semitriangular shape, flavous.
Length 2 millim.
In comparing the description of the typical form, the female, it
will be seen that the latter is larger, devoid of the elytral humeral
spots, and that the abdomen is fulvous: these differences are great
and peculiar, but there is certainly no difference in the sculpturing
between the two sexes, nor in the structure of the antenne ; and if,
as | remarked above, the differences between the two sexes are
constant, it proves again how important it is to know the sexes in
descriptive entomology before one can judge a species with certainty.
LEFEVREA HIRSUTA, Sp. n.
Black, the antenne and legs pale fulvous; thorax strongly
punctured and pubescent ; elytra more finely punctured in rows,
pubescent, flavous, the sutural and lateral margins and a spot near
the middle greenish black.
Length 3 millim.
Head blackish, with an neous tint, sparingly punctured and
pubescent, the clypeus not separated from the face, the labrum and
palpi fulvous ; antenne entirely flavous or fulvous, not quite ex-
tending to the middle of the elytra, the lower joints nearly equal
in length, the terminal six joints widened ; thorax scarcely twice
as broad as long, the sides rounded, the angles not produced, the
surface of equal width, dark xneous or greenish, remotely and
strongly punctured, the interstices clothed with long pale hairs ;
scutellum rather broad, piceous; elytra slightly wider than the
thorax, subcylindrical, rather finely punctate-striate, flavous, the
surface clothed with long greyish-white hair, the sutural and lateral
margins dark greenish, the sides with a subquadrate dark greenish
spot immediately below the middle and attached to the lateral
margin, another similar very small spot is (sometimes) seen within
the homeral callus ; below black with a slight metallic gloss ; legs
fulvous, the femora unarmed, the tibie not emarginate, the claws
appendiculate ; prosternum narrow, convex, and truncate at the
base.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
From the other species of the genus described by me in a pre-
vious paper (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 527) the present one differs
entirely in the long pubescence of the upper surface and in its
coloration, but not in structural characters, ;
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 231
SYAGRUS OPACUS, sp. ne
Elongate and parallel, piceous, opaque ; the head, antenuz, and
tarsi obscure fulvous, head rugose ; thorax verv closely and strongly
punctured ; elytra deeply punctate-striate, the interstices subcostate
at the sides.
Length 5 millim.
Of entirely opaque colour ; the head fulvous, closely and strongly
rugose, the clypeus not separated from the face ; the labrum and
palpi pale fulvous; antenne slender, fulvous, the terminal joint
stained with fuscous, the second joint one half shorter than the
third one, the apical joints elongate ; thorax about one half broader
than long, subquadrate, not much convex, the sides rounded, the
surface closely covered with large round punctures which extend
to all the margins, the lateral margins slightly crenulate ; scutellum
broad, smooth ; elytra without basal depression, strongly punctate-
striate, the punctures closely placed, the interstices subconvex,
more strongly so at the sides ; below more shining ; all the femora
armed with a small acute tooth, the apex of the tibiee and the tarsi
more or less fulvous ; prosternum concave at its surface, constricted
at the middle, rather abruptly dilated at the base.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland, under bark (G. Marshall).
Distinct from any of its congeners by the entirely opaque color-
ation, the fulvous and rugose head, and the almost rugose surface
of the thorax. The species seems to approach more S. rugifrons
Baly than any other, but that insect is of cupreous coloration
and has a differently shaped thorax. Of the present species
Mr. Marshall has sent three specimens.
SYAGRUS ANTENNATUS, Sp. Nn.
Below obscure fulvous, above flavous ; antennz with joints 6
and 7 and the apical one black; thorax closely punctured ; elytra
strongly punctate-striate, flavous, the interstices flat ; femora with
a minute tooth.
Length 34 millim.
Of subcylindrical shape ; the head sparingly and finely punctured,
with a deep but narrow sulcus in front of the eyes; elypeus dis-
tinctly separated from the face, its anterior edge deeply concave,
the surface with a few fine punctures ; antenne extending to about
the middle of the elytra, flavous, the sixth and seventh as well as
the apical joint black, terminal joints distinctly thickened ; thorax
subeylindrical, the sides nearly straight, the anterior angles
thickened, the- surface strongly and rather closely punctured, the
punctures extending to the sides and outer margins, but rather less
closely placed at the middle ; elytra very strongly punctate-striate,
the punctures nearly as strong at the apex as at the base, closely
approached, their interior more or less piceous in colour; legs
robust, the femora with avery minute tooth, the tibie deeply
emarginate at the apex.
Hab, Dunbrody, Cape Colony (Lev. J. O'Neil).
16*
232 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYLOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
Differing from every other species of the genus in the colour of
the antenne, in connection with the distinctly punctured thorax
and very strongly punctured elytra.
IVONGIUS PUNCTICOLLIS, sp. nl.
Below black, above metallic dark greenish ; legs piceous, the
basal joints of the antenne and the tibie flavous; head dark
fulvous; thorax rather strongly punctured; elytra strongly punctate-
striate; femora unarmed.
Length 3 millim.*
Of short, ovate, and very convex shape ; the head obscure fulvous,
the vertex greenish piceous at the base, the surface impunctate or
with a few fine punctures; the clypeus entirely obsolete; the eyes
surrounded by a narrow sulcus ; antenne flavous, the terminal four
joints black, second joint but slightly shorter than the third,
the apical joints very shghtly thickened; thorax nearly twice as
broad as long, not narrowed anteriorly, the sides straight, the
surface closely and rather strongly impressed with round punctures,
which leave only a small longitudinal space at the middle smooth ;
elytra scarcely wider at the base than the thorax, narrowed towards
the apex, dark greenish, strongly punctate-striate, the interstices
with some minute punctures, convex near the lateral margins, the
shoulders acutely raised and slightly obliquely costate, lateral
margins reflexed ; below blackish ; the legs robust, dark fulvous, the
femora stained with piceous; prosternum broad, transversely
rugose, its anterior margin elevated.
Hab. Mozambique.
The principal characters of Jvongius—the unarmed femora and
elevated anterior margin of the prosternum—are present in the
species described here, of which two specimens are contained in my
collection ; but the line of separation between the epistome and the
head is entirely absent, so that this character used by itself is
unreliable as applying to the genus, but it is used by the author
(v. Harold) as one of the distinguishing features of Jvongius. The
dark fulvous head, punctation of the thorax, and colour of the legs
will separate this species from any of its allies, which for the most
part are inhabitants of Madagascar.
KURYDEMUS MARGINATUS, sp. 0.
Pale fulvous, the breast piceous; thorax impunctate; elytra
strongly punctate-striate, with basal depression, the extreme
sutural and lateral margins black.
Length 4 millim.
Head remotely punctured as well as the clypeus; the latter
separated from the face, subquadrate, its anterior margin straight ;
eyes rather large, distinctly notched ; antenne slender, fulvous, the
second joint nearly as long as the third, the following joints
elongate ; thorax one half broader than long, strongly narrowed
anteriorly, the sides oblique, scarcely rounded, the angles dentiform,
the surface deflexed at the sides near the anterior angles, entirely
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 233
impunctate ; elytra slightly broader at the base than the thorax,
distinctly depressed below the base, strongly punctate-striate, the
punctures diminishing in size towards the apex, the sutural and
lateral margins narrowly black; below and the legs fulvous, the
breast piceous, the abdominal segments likewise more or less of
this colour at the middle, the femora with a strong tooth, the
tibize longitudinally sulcate ; prosternum broad, impunctate.
Hab. Boma, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Museum and my own.)
The eyes in this species are fairly typical of the genus and pro-
portionately large and closely approached ; the narrow black margins
of the elytra are the principal marks of distinction in this species.
EURYDEMUS MACULIPENNIS, Sp. 0.
Dark fulvous below, flavous above; head and thorax coarsely
punctured, spotted with piceous ; elytra strongly punctate-striate,
the interstices costate, with three piceous spots at the base and
three others, more elongate, below the middle ; knees and base of the
tibiee black.
Var. The posterior elytral spots absent.
Length 4-5 millim.
Head very coarsely and closely punctured, flavous, the vertex
with a large triangular black patch; clypeus distinctly separated
from the face, subquadrate, as strongly punctured as the head ;
eyes large, rather closely approached, distinctly notched; antennze
fulvous, the basal two or three joints flavous, second and third
joints equal; thorax about twice as broad as long, the sides rounded,
the angles slightly tuberculiform, posterior margin with the median
lobe very slightly produced, the surface flavous, impressed with
very strong punctures, which at the sides are partly confluent, the
dise with two closely approached irregular-shaped elongate piceous
spots, the sides with another round and small spot; scutellum
fulvous, small; elytra slightly wider than the thorax, flavous,
strongly and closely punctate-striate, the interior of the punctures
piceous, the interstices longitudinally costate, especially so at the
sides, the second and fourth interstice with a short blackish spot
at the base, a similar spot is placed on the shoulders, in a line
with these spots are three others, more elongate, below the middle,
the innermost of which is much longer than the others; the
sutural margin is likewise very narrowly black; the under surface
fulvous or piceous; the legs flavous, knees and the base of the
tibize piceous, the posterior femora with a spine, the others
unarmed.
Hab. Boma Sundi, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Museum and my
own.)
This is probably a variable species in regard to coloration, of
which I have seen two specimens. From other species of the genus
it differs in having only the posterior femora armed with a tooth ;
the very strong punctation of the head and thorax and the design
of the elytra will at once separate HL. maculipennis from any of its
ongeners.
234 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
EURYDEMUS BREVILINEATUS, Sp. Nn.
Fulvous, the sides of the breast and the knees black ; thorax im-
punctate, the lateral margins and a central spot black; elytra
strougly longitudinally costate, the interstices closely punctured,
each elytron with two or three short black stripes at the base and
one below the middle ; femora with a tooth.
Length 6 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous ; clypeus separated from the face by
a shallow, transverse, bilobed groove, finely punctured ; labrum
fulvous, vertex of the head with two small piceous spots; eyes
large, rather closely approached, distinctly notched ; antenne slender,
fulvous, the terminal joints more or less fuscous, the second joint
slightly shorter than the third; thorax twice as broad as long, the
sides strongly obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the angles produced
into a tooth, the dise entirely impunctate, fulvous, the middle
with a short transverse black band, the lateral marginsalso narrowly
black ; scutellum fulvous, its apex broadly rounded ; elytra witha
shallow depression below the base, strongly longitudinally costate,
the interstices impressed with closely arranged punctures, the
space between the second and third, and the fourth and fifth rows
of punctures with a short longitudinal black stripe at the base,
another stripe is also placed below the middle in a line with the
second basal spot, and the lateral margins are likewise more or less
marked with black; below and the legs fulvous, the sides of the
breast, the knees, extreme apex of the tibiz, and the first joints of
the tarsi black ; all the femora armed with a long tooth.
Hab. Chiloango, Congo. (Belgian Mus. Collection and my own.)
Somewhat similarly marked as EH. maculipennis Jac., but of
double the size, the thorax with a central black spot, and the
elytra strongly costate.
RHEMBASTUS GEMINATUS, Sp. Nn.
Below blackish, above neous; the antenne, tibiw, and tarsi
obscure fulvous ; thorax closely and strongly punctured ; elytra sub-
tylindrical, closely punctate-striate, the punctures often geminate,
the last interstice longitudinally costate ; femora with a small
tooth.
Length 4 millim.
Of elongate, subcylindrical shape; the head subremotely and
strongly punctured; epistome separated by a narrow transverse
groove from the face, closely punctured, its anterior edge deeply
emarginate; eyes surrounded by a narrow sulcus; antenne ex-
tending to about the middle of the elytra, fulvous, the second and
third joints equal ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, narrowed
anteriorly, the sides rounded, the surface closely, evenly, and
rather strongly punctured, the lateral portion rather strongly
deflexed, invisible if viewed from above ; scutellum broader than
long, impunctate ; elytra very convex, subcylindrical, not wider
at the base than the thorax, with a feeble transverse depression
Sie eis)
1900.] | FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 235
before the middle, the punctation strong anteriorly, rather finer
towards the apex, often irregular and consisting of double
punctures, those at the sides deeper and the interstices at the
same place rather costate, the last one more strongly so; legs
fulvous, the femora darker, mucronate; prosternum with lateral
sulci.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on mimosa (4G. Marshall).
The most nearly allied and described species seem to be
R. puncticollis Har. and &. natalensis Lefev. (sub Syagrus): the
first named is, however, described as having an opaque thorax
and the elytra distinctly broader at the base, with much finer
punctures posteriorly ; of double rows the author says nothing.
Lefévre’s species is described in four lines, and the colour as
‘* brunneo-testaceous ” with an eneous gloss; the length is given
as 3 millim.: the certain recognition of the species is accordingly
an impossibility. &. micans Gerst. has a more finely punctured
thorax and regularly simply punctate-striate elytra.
RHEMBASTUS AFFINIS, sp, nl.
Oblong-parallel, piceous with eneous gloss; antenne with the
apical joints piceous, legs dark fulvous ; thorax coarsely punctured ;
elytra strongly punctate-striate, the interstices slightly convex.
Length 3 millim.
Head rather strongly and closely punctured, with a central
longitudinal groove; the clypeus separated from the face, trans-
verse, impressed with a few punctures; eyes preceded by a
rather broad sulcus; antenne scarcely extending to the middle
of the elytra, flavous, the terminal two joints piceous, the
second and the following four joints equal, the next two
slightly dilated, the ninth joint rather thinner, the terminal ones
stouter again; thorax transverse, the sides feebly rounded, the
anterior margin about one-third less wide than the posterior one,
the surface coarsely and rather closely punctured, the punctures
extending toall the margins; elytra with a very shallow depression
below the base, very strongly punctate-striate, the interstices with
some very fine punctures, convex at the sides, the lateral margin
preceded by a row of closely placed punctures; legs robust,
fulvous, the femora with a very minute tooth; prosternum longer
than broad, its surface rugose, longitudinally sulcate at the sides.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, obtained by beating (G. Marshall).
Allied to R. obscurellus Gerst. and R. cylindriformis Jac., but
distinguished from either by the strong punctation of the thorax
and the elytra. The present species greatly resembles Liniscus
natalensis Leféev., but the suleus in front of the eyes and that of
the prosternum place the insect in Rhembastus, with which it also
agrees in other respects.
RHEMBASTUS NIGRIPES, sp. n.
Black below as well as the legs, the lower joints of the antenne,
the head, and the thorax fulvous ; thorax closely punctured ; elytra
236 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
strongly convex, finely punctate-striate, dark metallic blue ; femora
minutely toothed.
Length 5 millim.
Of robust and strongly convex shape, the head broad, impunc-
tate ; the epistome separated from the face, transverse ; labrum
and palpi fulvous, the eyes surrounded by a narrow sulcus, large,
distinctly emarginate ; antenne slender, black, the lower six joints
fulvous, ‘second - joint thickened, as long as the third joint; thorax
twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight, the angles acute,
the posterior margin produced- and rounded at the middle, the
surface closely and rather strongly punctured ; scutellum fulvous ;
elytra subeylindrical, not depressed below the base, dark metallic
blue, finely punctate-striate, each elytron with ten rows of punc-
tures, the first sutural one short, the interstices flat, here and
there with a few minute punctures; below and the legs black,
shining, the femora with a very small tooth; the prosternum
broad, ‘Tongitndinally sulcate at the sides.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on mimosa (G@. Marshall).
Larger than R. cyanipenms Gerst. and R. recticollis Jac.; the
thorax more strongly punctured and the underside and legs deep
black.
RHEMBASTUS UNIFORMIS, sp. n
Entirely pale fulvous, the apical two joints of the antenne
fuscous ; thorax finely and remotely punctured ; elytra very finely
punctate-striate ; femora unarmed.
Length 5 millim.
Head with a few fine punctures and a longitudinal groove at
the middle ; clypeus separated from the face by a transverse groove,
more closely punctured than the head, of transversely subquadrate
shape, its anterior margin emarginate ; antenne extending to the
iniddle of the elytra, flavous, the apical two joints fuscous, the second
and the following four joints of equal length, the others slightly
thickened ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight, the
posterior margin produced at the middle, oblique at the sides, the
anterior margin straight, the disc sparingly covered with fine
punctures ; scutellum oblong; elytra very convex, finely punctate-
striate, the punctures rather irregularly placed, nearly absent at
the apex, the suture raised at the posterior portion, preceded by
an impressed line ; below and the legs pale fulvous.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on mosasa (6G. Marshall).
Much larger than 2. flavidus Lefév., of uniform coloration, the
thorax much more finely and sparingly "punctured, and the femora
unarmed,
RHEMBASTUS INTERSTITIALIS, sp. 1.
Fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne black ; thorax trans-
verse, distinctly and subremotely punctured ; elytra strongly
punctate-striate, the interstices extremely minutely punctured.
"ree wD he
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 237
Length 5 millim.
Head impunctate, with a distinct fovea between the eyes; the
clypeus subquadrate, separated from the face by an obsolete
transverse groove, impunctate, its anterior edge concave at the
middle ; eyes distant, notched; antennz slender, the lower six
joints fulvous, the rest black, second joint elongate, nearly as long
as the third, terminal joints scarcely shorter; thorax twice as
broad as long, narrowed in front, the sides straight, the surface
finely and subremotely punctured, impunctate near the lateral
margins; elytra moderately strongly punctate-striate, the
punctures closely placed, distinct to the apex, the interstices flat,
with single very fine punctures ; below and the legs fulvous, the
femora with an extremely minute tooth.
Hab. Boma, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Mus. and my own.)
Of this Rhembastus three specimens are before me, of which
one shows a slight metallic gloss at the apex and at the sides of
the elytra. The species is no doubtclosely allied to A. striatipennis
Lefév., R. flavidus, and A. nigritarsis, but seems to differ from all
in the minutely punctured interstices of the elytra, or the
sculpturing of the thorax and the impunctate head ; the uniformly
coloured legs separate the species from J. nigritarsis, and the very
minute tooth of the femora and other details from R&R. collaris
Gerst.
RHEMBASTUS IRREGULARIS, Sp. n.
Below black, above dark metallic greenish, the basal joints of
the antenne fulvous ; head and thorax closely and finely punctured ;
elytra strongly punctate-striate near the suture, much more closely
and irregularly punctured at the sides.
Length 4 millim.
Head closely punctured, the clypeus not separated from the
face, mandibles robust, piceous ; eyes surrounded by a very narrow
sulcus ; antenne not extending much below the base of the elytra,
black, the lower six joints fulvous, terminal joints thickened ;
thorax twice as broad as long, widened at the middle, the sides
obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the surface closely and distinctly
but finely punctured; elytra ovate, convex, more strongly pune-
tured, the punctures arranged in more distinct rows near the-
suture, the others much more closely placed and less regular, all
the punctures distinct to the apex; breast and abdomen black ;
legs with a metallic green or eneous gloss, the tarsi more or less
fulvous or piceous ; prosternum twice as long as broad, narrowed
at the middle, impunctate.
Hab. Boma and Matadi, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Mus. and my
own.)
R. irregularis may be separated from any of its congeners by
the punctation of the elytra, which differs from other species in
not being regular but only partly so; the punctation of the head
and thorax will further help to distinguish the species.
238 MR. M, JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA — [ Mar. 6,
HIMERIDA CHAPUISI, sp. n.
Oblong-ovate, convex, below wneous, clothed with white
pubescence ; above obscure cupreous, covered with white and
fulvous scales, forming transverse bands; antenne black; femora
armed with a strong tooth.
, Length 43 millim.
Head broad, covered with white and piceous scales, through
which cupreous patches can here and there be distinguished,
sparingly punctured, anterior edge of the clypeus deeply emar-
ginate, labrum fulvous, palpi piceous ; antenne not extending much
below the base of the thorax, black, the basal joint subquadrately
thickened, the following four joints equal, the terminal five
strongly widened ; thorax rather more than twice as broad as long,
the lateral margins distinct at the base only, the median lobe
moderately produced, the dise convex, exactly similarly covered
with scales as the head, their colour white and dark brown;
scutellum densely clothed with white scales, much broader than
long, pentagonal; elytra very slightly wider than the thorax,
similarly provided with scales, these forming three more or less
distinct transverse irregular bands and more densely white patches
at the sides and at the apex; legs piceous, clothed with white
scales ; below densely clothed with white pubescence, the ground-
colour (where visible) cupreous; prosternum much broader than
long, claws bifid.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on mimosa (G. Marshal/).
The general broadly ovate shape of this insect, its scale-like
pubescence, the thickened terminal joints of the antenne, concave
anterior margin of the thoracic episternum, &c. seem to me to
place this species in Chapuis’s genus Himera, changed later by
Lefévre to Himerida. The only species of the genus, of which a
two-line description is given by the author, seems closely allied
to the present one, and it is just possible that the latter is identical
with the type; but Chapuis gives the basal joints of the antenne
as ferruginous, which is not the case in the four specimens
before me, and says nothing of white scales forming bands,
although the latter are sometimes very indistinct; the inner
divisions of the claws are very small.
ODONTIOMORPHA, gen. nov.
Body ovately subquadrate, glabrous above; antenne with
widened terminal joints ; thorax ‘transverse, with a distinct trans-
verse sulcus; elytra convex, punctured in semiregular rows ;
femora with a very minute tooth, the intermediate tibiee emarginate
at the apex; tarsi short, tri iangular ; claws appendiculate ; pro-
sternum broad, subquadrate, its base truncate; the anterior
margin of the thoracic episternum concave.
The only group, according to Lefévre’s or Chapuis’s arrangement,
which the present small species could enter would be the Odon-
tionopine, which contains at present three genera, all inhabiting
1900.] ¥ROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 239
Africa. From all of these Odontiomorpha is at once distinguished
by the distinct thoracic sulcus, a rather rare character amongst
the Eumolpide; the terminal short and dilated joints of the
antenne and the emarginate apex of the intermediate tibiz will
further assist in the recognition of the genus. Only a single,
very small specimen was sent by Mr. G. Marshall.
ODONTIOMORPHA MINUTA, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 6.)
Black, the basal joints of the antenne and the legs fulvous ;
above zeneous or obscure cupreous ; head and thorax closely punc-
tured ; elytra strongly punctured in irregular rows, the interstices
costate at the sides.
Length 2 millim.
Head finely and rather closely punctured, the clypeus not sepa-
rated from the face, its anterior edge concave ; labrum and palpi
fulvous; antenn scarcely extending to the middle of the elytra,
fulvous, the apical five joints black, the second joint scarcely
shorter than the basal one and similarly thickened, the third as
long but thinner, apical joints widened; thorax strongly trans-
verse, twice as broad as long, the sides strongly rounded, the
surface with a distinct transverse sulcus, slightly mterrupted at
the middle, closely and strongly punctured; scutellum with the
apex truncate; elytra stongly convex and slightly widened towards
the apex, distinctly transversely depressed below the base, the
shoulders prominent, the punctation strong and close, arranged in
semiregular lines, the interstices near the lateral margins longi-
tudinally costate; underside black, legs fulvous.
Hab. Malvern, Natal (G. Marshall).
PAUSIRIS SUBFASCIATUS, sp. 1.
Cupreous, the antennze and the tibiz fulvous; head and thorax
closely and finely punctured, sparingly covered with white pu-
bescence ; elytra finely and semiregularly punctured, with white
hairs arranged in two more or less distinct transverse bands at
the base and near the apex.
Length 3 millim.
Of ovate posteriorly slightly dilated shape; the head very finely
and remotely punctured, the interstices furnished with very short
single white hairs ; antenne extending to the base of the elytra,
fulvous, the terminal five jomts strongly widened ; thorax about
one half broader than long, the sides rounded, with a narrow
margin, the anterior portion not more constricted than the pos-
terior one, the dise punctured like the head, cupreous, the interstices
at the sides and at the middle with some longish white hairs;
scutellum subpentagonal, closely pubescent; elytra wider at the
base than the thorax, shoulders prominent with a shallow trans-
verse depression below the base, more strongly and closely punc-
tured than the thorax, the punctures arranged in irregular rows,
the surface with an indistinct band of white hairs at the base and
another at the apex cupreous; below greenish-cupreous, sparingly
240 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
pubescent ; legs fulvous, the femora more or less eneous, unarmed,
claws bifid; prosternum broad, subquadrate, punctured and pu-
bescent ; the posterior legs widely separated.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (tev. J. O'Neil).
A good many specimens of this species were kindly sent to me
by the Rey. J. O’Neil, who seems to be an ardent entomologist
and collector. The insect must come close to P. rotundicollis
Chap., which is diagnosed in a three-line description, and which
says nothing about the colour of the legs nor mentions a pubescence
arranged in bands, which can be plainly seen in well-marked
specimens ; these bands are of uneven shape and the hairs composing
them are long; the general colour is a dark cupreous.
PAUSIRIS FUSCITARSIS, sp. 0.
Obscure zneous, clothed with white pubescence, the antenne
and the tibie fulvous; thorax very finely and closely punctured,
with rows of closely arranged pubescence ; tarsi fuscous.
Length 3 millim.
Head broad, closely punctured, and clothed with white pu-
bescence, labrum and palpi fulvous; antenne with the terminal
five joints strongly thickened, fulvous, the second joint thicker but
searcely shorter than the third, this and the following three joints
more elongate; thorax subglobulose, widened and thickened at
the middle, rounded at the sides, the latter with a distinct margin,
the surface finely and closely punctured, obscure cupreous, clothed
with long whitish hairs ; scutellum subquadrate ; elytra wider at
the base than the thorax, the shoulders prominent, the punctation
slightly stronger than that of the thorax, and arranged in close and
irregular rows,the interstices closely covered with white hairs, which
are likewise arranged in closely approached rows; below and the legs
similarly pubescent, the femora distantly placed at the base, un-
armed; the tibie fulvous, the tarsi fuscous.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland, also Malvern, Natal (@. Marshall).
L have seen four specimeus of this species, kindly sent by Mr. G. _
Marshall. It differs from the other described species in the colour
of the antennz and tibiz and other details.
CHRYSOMELIN&.
CHRYSOMELA LIVINGSIONT, sp. 0.
Below black, above greenish or purplish, head finely punctured ;
thorax sparingly punctured on the disc, more closely so at the sides ;
elytra extremely convex, semiglobose, irregularly punctured at the
sides, the lateral margins purplish with a short row of deep
punctures at the base.
Length 8 millim.
Of strongly convex, semicircular shape, the head very finely
punctured; the clypeus nearly impunctate, feebly separated from
the face; the antennw black, the basal joint sometimes fulvous
below, the terminal joints moderately thickened, distinctly longer
1900.1 FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 241
than broad ; thorax three times broader than long, the sides rounded
anteriorly, straight atthe base, the anterior margin deeply concave
bebind the eyes, the surface sparingly punctured at the disc, more
strongly and closely so at the sides, purplish; scutellum small ;
elytra semiglobose, the disc metallic greenish, the suture and the
sides purplish, the punctures scarcely stronger than those of the
thorax, arranged in distant rows near the suture, larger and more
irregular at the sides, the lateral margins with a single row of deep
punctures to the middle, from there to the apex impunctate, the
epipleure very broad, purplish ; legs triangularly compressed, the
prosternum narrowed anteriorly in shape of a ridge.
Hab. Umkomaas Mts., Pt. Shepstone, Natal (G. Marshall).
This species must be closely allied to C. badeni Vogel, so far asa
diagnosis of four lines will permit one tojudge ; there are so many
very closely allied species of Chrysomela to be found in Africa,
that only a detailed description is of any use whatever. C. badeni
is described as having the posterior thoracic angles obtuse, which
is not the case here, where they are very distinct ; this species has
also the underside and legs black and the colour of the upper
surface is not very pronounced but rather subdued; in some
specimens the lower joints of the antenne are more or less fulvous ;
the sides of the thorax are somewhat strongly widened anteriorly
and distinctly broader than the middle portion.
PSEUDOMELA NIGRIPENNIS, sp. 0.
Fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne, the sides of the breast,
part of the abdomen, the legs, and the elytra black; head and
thorax minutely punctured ; elytra opaque, silky, with a few minute
punctures.
Length 8 millim.
Head very broad, fulvous, sparingly and very finely punctured ;
antenne with strongly dilated apical joints, black, the lower four
joints fulvous ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides rounded,
the angles distinct, the disc convex, very finely and remotely
punctured; scutellum broad, obscure fulvous: elytrarather elongate,
of entirely silky and opaque appearance, black, with some very fine
punctures when seen under a strong lens, the suture and the epi-
pleure with moderately long fulvous hairs; below and the legs
black, the metasternum partly and the last abdominal segment
fulvous ; claws simple, the anterior coxal cavities open.
Hab. Cameroons.
This is a species of entirely different sculpturing and coloration
than any of its allies, and must find its place in Pseudomela accord-
ing to the arrangement of Weise.
LyGaRIA TERMINATA, sp. 0.
Below, the antenne (the basal four joints excepted), the elytra,
and the legs black; head and thorax flavous, the latter very mi-
nutely punctured ; elytra finely and closely punctured, the inter-
stices aciculate, the extreme apex flavous ; claws bifid.
242 © MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [{ Mar. 6,
Length 8 mijlim.
Head very finely and sparingly punctured, flavous; antenne
black, the lower four joints flavous, terminal joints strongly di-
lated ; thorax rather more than twice as broad as long, strongly
narrowed in front, the lateral margins very feebly, the posterior
one very strongly rounded, the disc transversely convex, extremely
minutely and rather sparingly punctured, the punctures more
distinct at the sides and more closely placed; scutellum flavous,
impunctate; elytra not wider at the base than the thorax, but
slightly widened posteriorly, very closely and much more strongly
punctured than the thorax, the punctures evenly distributed and
the interstices aciculate, black, shining, the extreme apex flavous ;
below black, the prosternum, part of the metasternum, and the last
abdominal segment flavous,
Hab, Cameroons.
Distinct in coloration from any of its allies.
Ceralces ornata Baly; Ceralces spilota Baly ; Ceralees walleri
Baly.—These three species, of which Mr. Gahan and I have
examined the types in the British Museum, have bitid claws and
closed anterior cavities, and must find their places in Lygaria. L.
mutabilis Kolbe is identical with Z. spilota and his variety bimacu-
lata with L. ornata Baly; Lygaria robusta Weise is probably
identical with Baly’s L. walleri.
PLAGIODERA CONGOENSIS, sp. n.
Fulvous below, the antenne and the legs black, above flavous ;
thorax with three longitudinal stripes and a spot at the sides
piceous, closely punctured ; elytra closely and strongly punctured,
a transverse angular and interrupted band before and another one
below the middle, as well as a spot near the apex, blackish.
Length 7 millim.
Evenly rounded and moderately convex, the head strongly
punctured, fulvous at the vertex, with a flavous subquadrate spot
between the eyes, the latter distinctly notched, the clypeus raised
into a transverse ridge anteriorly; antenne extending to the
base of the thorax, black, the lower four joints more or less
flavous below, terminal joints strongly transversely widened ;
thorax more than twice as broad as long, the anterior and posterior
margins parallel, strongly curved, the sides nearly straight, narrowed
towards the apex, the angles not produced but distinct, the surface
irregularly and rather finely punctured, the punctures of different
sizes, more closely placed and larger at the sides than on the dise,
the ground-colour flavous, a medially strongly dilated or diamond
shaped band at the middle, from base to apex, another narrower
band at the sides, interrupted anteriorly, and a small spot near the
anterior angles, piceous ; scutellum broad, black ; elytra evenly,
strongly, and closely punctured, flavous, each elytron with an
oblique stripe from the middle of the base towards the suture, of
greatly angulate shape and connected with a spot at the sides,
a somewhat similar band, strongly angulate or dentate, below the
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 243
middle, and a spot near the apex blackish, the suture likewise
narrowly black; below fulvous, the legs black, the femora more
or less fulvous at the base; prosternum narrow, mesosternum
transversely subquadrate.
Hab. Zongo, Mokoanghay, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Mus. and
my own.)
Of this singularly marked species I received two exactly similar
specimens from the Belgian Museum. The eyes are more ovate,
less reniform, and more deeply notched than is generally the case
in Plagiodera, and the whole appearance of the insect resembles
more Chrysomela, but the shape of the thorax and the short dilated
antennue as well as the prosternum agree with Plagiodera; the
elytral bands scarcely justify this expression, as they consist of
longitudinal irregular-shaped marks partly connected.
MELASOMA QUADRILINEATUM, sp. n.
Testaceous, head piceous, closely punctured ; thorax with three
longitudinal bands, very closely punctured; elytra strongly and
irregularly punctate, the sutural and lateral margins, as well as two
longitudinal stripes, black.
Length 6 millim.
Of elongate shape, somewhat depressed ; the head very closely
and finely punctured, piceous, the parts of the mouth paler;
antenne very short, testaceous, the apical joints darker, slightly
thickened ; thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed in front, the
sides rounded, the surface punctured like the head, the sides with
a small fovea, the middle of the disc with a broad longitudinal
band, the sides with an elongate oblique spot, black ; scutellum
impunctate, black; elytra more strongly punctured than the
thorax, the punctures here and there arranged in irregular rows,
more closely placed and of larger size at the sides, these with a
narrow longitudinal costa placed near the lateral margin, a narrow
longitudinal stripe placed on the shoulders and nearly extending
to the apex, preceded by a similar stripe, as well as the sutural and
lateral margins narrowly, blackish ; below and the legs testaceous.
Hab. Matabeleland, near Tati.
Of this well-marked species, quite distinct from any of its
Afiican congeners, a single specimen is contained in my collection.
HALTICIN #.
PHYLLOTRETA CAPENSIS, sp. n.
Dark bluish or greenish xneous, the basal joints of the antenne
and the tibie and tarsi fulvous; head and thorax strongly and
closely punctured; elytra semiregularly punctate-striate, the
interstices sparingly and minutely punctured.
Length 2 millim.
Head very finely and closely punctured ; the clypeus entirely
contiguous with the face, rather convex and broad, punctured like
the head: antenne not extending to the middle of the elytra,
244 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
black, the lower five or six joints fulvous, third and fourth joint
equal, slightly longer than the second, terminal four joints strongly
thickened, about one-half longer than broad; thorax twice as
broad as long, the sides moderately rounded, the anterior angles
obliquely thickened, the surface minutely granulate, closely and
rather strongly punctured; scutellum broader than long; elytra
slightly widened towards the middle, the punctures slightly larger
in size than those of the thorax, and arranged in somewhat
irregular rows, intermixed with other minute punctures, the
punctation more distinct anteriorly ; underside shining, greenish
eeneous, the tibiz and tarsi fulvous; the metatarsus of the posterior
legs as long or slightly longer than the following joints together.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (Rev. ./. O’Ne/),
From other African representatives of this genus the present
species may be known by the arrangement of the punctures in
distinct, although irregular and well-separated rows; the structure
of the head, which is rather convex and without the slightest
separation between the clypeus, will further assist in the recognition
of the species, of which | received two specimens.
PHYLLOTRETA UNICOSTATA, sp. nL
Flavous, the breast and abdomen black ; thorax minutely
granulate, very finely and closely punctured; elytra greenish
zeneous, strongly and closely punctured in rows, the sides with a
longitudinal costa.
Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations obsolete, cly peus broadly
triangular ; antenne extending to the middle of the elytra, flavous,
the terminal four joints fuscous, short, and slightly widened,
second and third joint equal, the following four much more
elongate; thorax one-half broader than long, distinctly narrowed
anteriorly, the sides straight, anterior angles thickened, posterior
margin slightly sinuate at each side, the disc very finely and
closely punctured, the interstices very minutely granulate, opaque,
pale flavous; scutellum broader than long, black; elytra much
more strongly punctured than the thorax, the punctures arranged
in closely approached, slightly geminate rows, with a single
distinctly raised and acute costa extending from the shoulders
nearly to the apex; below black; the legs flavous, the posterior
femora strongly incrassate ; prosternum very distinct.
Hab. Pt. Alfred, South Africa (Rev. J. O'Neil).
There will be no difficulty in recognizing the present species, on
account of its coloration and the sculpturing of the elytra; the
general shape of the species and that of the thorax is typical of the
genus, and the terminal short joints of the antenne are peculiar to
the species, of which I have received several examples.
LonGirarsus SALISBURIENSIS, Sp. nl.
Elongate-ovate, winged, the head and thorax obscure fulvous,
opaque, closely punctured ; elytra flavous, punctured like the thorax
er, ot
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 245
in closely approached rows; legs and antenne pale, the apex of the
latter and that of the posterior femora, as well as the breast,
black.
Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, obscure dark fulvous, the frontal elevations
absent; antenne extending somewhat beyond the middle of the
elytra, flavous, the terminal joints more or less fuscous, basal
joint long and slender, the second slightly longer than the third,
not thickened, terminal joints slightly dilated; thorax one-half
broader than long, the sides straight, distinctly angulate before
the middle, the surface closely and strongly punctured, slightly
rugose, opaque, dark fulvous ; scutellum piceous ; elytra elongate,
slightly widened below the middle, the apex rounded, covering the
pygidium, the surface strongly punctured in closely approached
rows, which are getting much finer towards the apex, the suture
very narrowly infuscate, the breast black; legs flavous, the tibize
in the male rather dilated at the apex, the first joint of tae anterior
tarsi in the same sex greatly widened, the metatarsus of the
posterior legs half the length of the tibia; the penis slender and
curved, the sides near the apical portion with a distinct margin,
the apex moderately pointed, preceded by an elongate cavity.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
This Longitarsus is so extremely closely allied to our ZL. luridus
that I at first identified it with this species, but a close examination
reveals some small but distinct and constant differences ; these
consist in the much longer basal joints of the antenne in the
present insect as well as the equally more elongate terminal
joints; the male organ shows likewise differences in structure,
inasmuch as there is no medial constriction as is the case in
L. luridus, the sides also have a distinct thickened margin, and the
anterior cavity is longer and larger; in all other respects the
species agrees with the last-named species.
APHTHONA OVATIPENNIS, Sp. n.
Short and ovate, winged, piceous below, apical joints of the
antenne black ; head and thorax fulvous, impunctate; elytra pale
testaceous, the suture blackish, the surface finely punctate-striate,
the strie widely placed, indistinct posteriorly.
Length 12 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, the frontal elevations narrowly
transverse, the carina strongly raised ; antenne long and slender,
black, the lower three joints flavous, the third joint but slightly
longer than the second, terminal joints elongate, scarcely
thickened ; thorax subquadrate, one-half broader than long,
convex, the sides straight, angulate before the middle, the disc
entirely impunctate, fulvous; scutellum piceous; elytra wider at
the base than the thorax, convex, narrowed towards the apex, the
surface very finely punctured in somewhat irregular, rather
distantly placed rows, which near the apex become obsolete,
the interstices with some still finer punctures, a row of
Proc. Zoon, Soc,—1900, No. XVII. 17
246 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
deeper punctures is placed near the lateral margins; below and the
posterior femora piceous ; metatarsus of the posterior legs as long
as the following joints together.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall),
Smaller than 4. durbanensis Jac., the thorax less transverse, the
punctuation of the elytra and the striz more widely placed, and
the whole insect of half the size only and much less robust.
APHTHONA BICOLOR, sp. n.
Below bluish black, the head, basal joints of the antennz, the
thorax, and the legs flavous ; thorax transverse, microscopically
punctured ; elytra metallic blue, strongly punctured in closely
approached rows; posterior femora dark blue ; abdomen fulvous.
Length 3 millim.
Of elongate, nearly parallel shape; the head impunctate, the
frontal elevations strongly raised; the clypeus broadly convex
between the antenne, these extending to about the middle of the
elytra, black, the four or five lower joints flavous, the second joint
scarcely shorter than the third, the following nearly equal ;
thorax one-half broader than long, the sides rounded, narrowed
towards the apex, the posterior margin feebly rounded, the surface
convex, flavous, with some extremely fine punctures, visible only
under a strong lens; scutellum black; elytra wider at the base
than the thorax, very convex, metallic blue or greenish, the
shoulders prominent, the punctures rather strong and arranged in
closely approached, somewhat irregular rows, the punctures much
finer towards the apex, the interstices somewhat wrinkled; the
breast and the posterior femora bluish black ; the rest of the legs
and the abdomen fulvous or flavous; posterior tibie strongly
widened and deeply sulcate ; the metatarsus as long as the following
joints together.
Hab. Headlands, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
Of the same coloration as A. bohemani Jac., likewise an African
species, but of double the size, and with strong and very closely
approached rows of elytral punctures.
APHTHONA MARGINATA, sp. n.
Fulvous, the thorax subquadrate, impunctate ; elytra very closely
and finely punctured, metallic blue, the lateral margins flavous ;
apex of the posterior femora piceous.
Length 23 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations feebly raised, broadly tri-
gonate, the carina rather elongate, distinct ; antenne extending below
the middle of the elytra, entirely fulvous, the second joint one-half
shorter than the third, this and the fourth equal, the following
joints more elongate and slender; thorax one-half broader than
long, the sides feebly rounded, scarcely narrowed anteriorly, the
angles distinct, the surface convex, fulvous, impunctate ; scutellum
black; elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, the
shoulders prominent, the surface very closely and finely punctured,
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 247
metallic blue, the interstices slightly wrinkled, the space near the
lateral margins dzeply sulcate and flavous, this colour also
extending to the apical margins ; below and the legs fulvous, apex
of the posterior femora piceous, posterior tibia with a distinct spine ;
the metatarsus as long as the following joints together.
Hab, Angola.
Two specimens of this very well-marked and distinct species are
in my collection.
APHTHONA MINUTA, Sp. 0.
Winged, entirely pale flavous or testaceous, the apical joints of
the antennez black ; thorax impunctate ; elytra scarcely perceptibly
punctured in irregular rows.
Length 1 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontai elevations distinct, bounded above
by oblique grooves, carina acute and rather narrow; antenne two-
thirds the length of the body, the lower four joints flavous, the
rest black, the second and third joints small, equal, the following
slightly longer, terminal joint more elongate and feebly thickened ;
thorax one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed in front, the
sides nearly straight, the surface somewhat depressed, with a very
obsolete transverse depression near the base, entirely impunctate ;
elytra scarcely wider at the base than the thorax, parallel, the
apex rounded, the surface with microscopically fine rows of
punctures ; posterior femora strongly incrassate, tibie dilated at the
apex; the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following
joints together.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (ev.J. 0’ Neil). Many specimens.
One of the smallest species of the genus, perhaps most nearly
allied to the European A. pallida, but of entirely uniform coloration
with the exception of the antenne ; the penis is of parallel shape
neither constricted nor widened, and with the apex broadly
rounded, ending in a small point.
SERRAPHULA ELONGATA, Sp. 0.
Elongate, narrowed posteriorly, piceous below, above greenish
zneous, the antenne and the legs (the posterior femora excepted)
fulvous ; thorax coarsely and closely punctured; elytra closely
punctate-striate, the interstices longitudinally costate.
Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations trigonate, undivided;
the clypeus strongly raised into a triangular ridge, which extends
upwards between the antenne; palpi rather slender; antenne
extending to the apex of the elytra, fulvous, the basal joint
moderately long and stout, the second and third short, equal, the
following joints gradually elongate and slightly thickened ; thorax
subquadrate, one-half broader than long, all the margins straight,
the angles not produced, the surface closely and strongly punctured ;
scutellum broader than long; elytra rather long and convex, slightly
widened towards the middle, rather pointed towards the apex, the
17*
248 MR, M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6
latter itself rounded, eneous, the punctures strong and closely
placed, the interstices, especially at the sides, longitudinally costate ;
posterior femora piceous, strongly incrassate, the rest of the legs
fulvous; posterior tibie furnished at the apex with a long
styliform process, the sides of which are strongly serrate.
Hab. Port Alfred, South Africa (Zev. J. O'Neil).
This is the second species of this interesting genus which I have
received from Africa: like the typical form, the present species has
the posterior tibix provided with a long, slightly curved and
serrate prolongation, the tarsi being inserted much above the apex
of the tibia, their first joint is extremely elongate and slender,
the second one shorter, the claws are simple. (In my original
description of the genus the claws are given as appendiculate, but
another examination proves this to be incorrect, there is only a
slight thickening of the base.) S. elongata is very closely allied to
the type S. enea, but is of more elongate shape, the antenne are
longer, the thorax is less transverse and the sides are not rounded,
the surface is also much more strongly punctured and the elytra
more distinctly costate. I received five specimens from the
Rev. J. O'Neil.
HESPERA NATALENSIS, sp. 0.
Black, finely pubescent, the basal joint of the antenne fulvous;
legs flavous; head and thorax finely granulate and punctured; elytra
opaque, sculptured like the thorax ; apex of the posterior femora
piceous.
Length 2 millin.
Head minutely granulate, scarcely perceptibly punctured; frontal
elevations and the carina strongly raised, shining, clypeus in shape
of a transverse ridge; antenne extending nearly to the apex of the
elytra, black, the basal joint more or less fulvous, second very short,
third slightly shorter than the fourth, terminal joints elongate and
rather thin ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides slightly con-
stricted at the base, nearly straight, the surface sculptured like the
head and finely pubescent ; elytra very finely transversely wrinkled,
clothed with short white pubescence, their base distinctly wider
than the thorax ; below black, more shining ; legs flavous, all the
tibize mucronate; posterior femora moderately incrassate, their apex
black; the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following
joints together ; prosternum extremely narrow, the anterior coxal
cavities open.
Hab, Malvern, Natal (G. Marshall).
One of the smallest species of the genus and very closely allied
to several Indian forms, at present undescribed. The general
appearance of the insect is delicate and suggestive of Luperus, but
the posterior femora are distinctly incrassate.
HESPERA INTERMEDIA, sp. 0.
Entirely black, finely pubescent ; thorax closely and finely rugose-
°
1 eh ae
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 249
punctate ; elytra sculptured like the thorax, clothed with very fine
grey pubescence.
Length 3 millim.
Head minutely transversely granulate and sparingly punctured ;
frontal tubercles strongly marked, transverse; clypeus with an
acutely raised central ridge; antenne long and slender, the third
joint twice the length of the second, very slightly shorter than
the fourth joint; thorax one-half broader than long, the sides
straight, the posterior margin rounded, the disc rather flat, finely
rugosely punctured, sparingly pubescent ; elytra wider at the base
than the thorax, extremely closely rugose-punctate, of a rather
finer texture than the thorax and clothed with short, silky, grey
pubescence ; posterior femora strongly incrassate, black as well as
the under surface and the legs.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (Rev. J. O'Neil).
This species is intermediate in size between H. africanus Jac.
and H. natalensis just described ; it differs from both in the entirely
black antenne and legs, also in the sculpturing of the thorax and
that of the elytra, which is much more marked and rugose. IL
received two specimens from the Rev. J. O’Neil.
CHIRODICA PUNCTICOLLIS, 8p. Nn.
Black, the head, basal joints of antennee, and the thorax and legs
fulvous; elytra dark blue, like the thorax, very finely and closely
punctured and minutely granulate; posterior femora bluish
black.
Length 4 millim.
Of elongate parallel shape, the head broad, impunctate, reddish
fulvous, the frontal elevations broadly trigonate, divided by a
narrow groove ; clypeus strongly thickened, narrowly transverse ;
antenne robust, extending slightly below the middle of the elytra,
black, the lower two or three joints fulvous, basal joint curved and
thickened at the apex, second joint short, the third one-half longer,
the following more elongate and somewhat dilated ; thorax sub-
quadrate, one-half broader than long, all the margins nearly straight,
the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, the surface some-
what depressed, minutely granulate and finely and closely punc-
tured; scutellum broad, black; elytra dark blue, sculptured like
the thorax ; breast and abdomen black ; legs robust, the anterior
four fulvous, the posterior ones more or less piceous ; posterior
tibiz with a strong spur, carinate, anterior tibie unarmed ; the
metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints
together; prosternum extremely narrow, tlie anterior coxal cavities
open.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
The genus Chirodica is of rather peculiar shape on account of
the flattened and nearly quadrate thorax; the antenne seem to
ary rather in structure, as they are nearly moniliform and short
in C, chalcoptera Germ., but much more elongate in the other
species described by Baly. The present insect may be known from
250 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
C. chalcoptera by the finely punctured and granulate upper surface
and the entirely unicolorous blue elytra. Mr. Marshall has sent
me three specimens of it.
CHIRODICA FULVICORNIS, sp. n.
Narrowly elongate, black, the antennz fulvous, the head, thorax,
and legs flavous; thorax impunctate, the sides rounded; elytra
closely and finely punctured, black.
Length 2} millim.
Head impunctate, strongly obliquely grooved above the eyes ;
frontal elevations broad and flattened, apex of the clypeus between
the antenne rather broad, palpi distinctly thickened ; antenne
extending to the base of the elytra, entirely fulvous, all the joints,
with the exception of the first, short, the terminal ones thickened ;
thorax one-half broader than iong, the sides rounded, the angles
distinct, very slightly thickened, the surface entirely impunctate ;
scutellum black, impunctate ; elytra slightly wider at the base than
the thorax, very feebly depressed below the base and the scutellum,
black, shiny, finely, closely, and evenly punctured; legs rather
robust, flavous ; breast and abdomen black ; the last abdominal seg-
ment with a round fovea (¢?); prosternum very narrow, anterior
coxal cavities open.
Hab, West Africa.
Closely allied to C. wollastont Baly, but with the antenne
entirely fulvous and the sides of the thorax rounded, not straight.
JAMESONIA (THRYMNES) FEMORALIS, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 12.)
Oblong, the head, antenne (excepting the basal joints), the
breast and abdomen, and the posterior legs black ; thorax fulvous,
impunctate ; elytra violaceous blue, very minutely and closely
punctured ; base of posterior femora fulvous.
Length 4 millim.
Head black, impunctate, the frontal elevations trigonate, oblique ;
clypeus with a long and acutely raised central ridge ; palpi black ;
antenne extending to about the middle of the elytra, black, the
lower four joints fulvous, third and fourth joints equal, each one-
half longer than the second, following joints more elongate;
thorax one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly,
the sides and the posterior angles rounded, anterior angles oblique,
the surface microscopically punctured, fulvous; scutellum triangular,
black ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, elongate, convex,
metallic bluish or violaceous, extremely finely and closely punctured ;
legs fulvous, the apex of the posterior femora, their tibize and the
tarsi blackish, posterior tibize with a long spine; prosternum
extremely narrow, anterior coxal cavities open.
Hab. Port Alfred, South Africa (2tev. J. O'Neil).
Differing entirely in coloration from the other species of the
genus described by Weise and myself. I received eight specimens
from the Rey. J. O’Neil.
1900.) FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. ~ 251
J AMESONIA NIGRIPENNIS, sp. 0.
Black, the lower portion of the face and the thorax reddish
fulvous, the latter very minutely punctured ; elytra opaque, black,
closely and more distinctly punctured than the thorax; legs
black.
Length 3 millim.
Head broad, impunctate, the vertex black, the lower portion in
shape of a large subquadrate patch, fulvous, frontal elevations very
broad ; carina rather blunt, anterior edge of the clypeus straight ;
antennze robust, extending to about the middle of the elytra, black,
the second and third joint small, equal, third and following joints
thickened, about twice as long as broad ; thorax twice as brvuad as
long, convex, the sides rounded, the posterior angles rather oblique,
the surface extremely minutely punctured, reddish fulvous ; scu-
tellum black ; elytra slightly broader at the base than the thorax,
very slightly narrowed posteriorly, black, cpaque, closely and finely
punctured ; below and the legs black, posterior femora strongly
incrassate ; the tibiz with along spine; the metatarsus as long as
the following two joints together.
Hab. Dunbrody, Cape Colony (Rev. J. O'Neil).
Distinguished by the opaque black elytra, antenne, and legs,
and the colour of the head ; the eyes in this species are, however,
much more distantly placed than in the other members of the genus,
and the posterior angles of the thorax are less rounded: all other
characters agree with the typical species.
DECARIA OBSCURA, Sp. 0.
Below and the legs pale fulvous, above obscure dark fulvous,
antenne (the basal joints excepted) black; thorax extremely
minutely, elytra more distinctly punctured, the punctures arranged
in very close semiregular rows; antenne ten-jointed.
Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, obscure fulvous or piceous, frontal elevations
transverse, broad ; carina distinct; antenne closely approached at
the base, black, the lower two joints fulvous, second joint very
small, third and following joints triangularly dilated, rather broad
and robust; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, the sides
rounded, the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, basal
margin distinctly concave in front of the scutellum, the dise obscure
dark fulvous, with a few minute punctures ; scutellum broad, im-
punctate; elytra distinctly wider at the base than the thorax,
slightly widened towards the middle and gradually narrowed
posteriorly, the apex rounded, the surface convex, subcylindrical,
rather strongly punctured in closely approached semiregular rows ;
posterior femora strongly incrassate ; posterior tibiw with a long
spine, their metatarsus as long as the following two joints together.
Hab, Khobomp, Sierra Leone. —
This cannot be D. tricolor Weise from the same locality, as the
author describes the antennz as yellowish brown and the elytra as
252 MR. M, JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar. 6,
very finely punctured, with the anterior fourth portion black.
Three specimens are before me, which do not differ from each
other.
SPHERODERMA MASHONANA, Sp. Nn.
Subglobulose, reddish fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne
and the tibize and tarsi black ; thorax extremely minutely and rather
closely punctured ; elytra punctured like the thorax, the punctures
irregularly placed.
Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, the clypeus deflexed anteriorly, with a dis-
tinct central longitudinal carina; eyes very large; the antenne
extending to the base of the thorax only, flavous, the terminal five
or six joints fuscous, subtriangularly dilated, the last strongly
pointed ; thorax nearly three times broader than long, the sides
feebly rounded, with a very narrow margin, the anterior angles
rather thickened and obtusely rounded, the posterior margin
broadly produced at the middle, sinuate at the sides, the surface
closely and very finely punctured; scutellum triangular, pointed ;
elytra subglobular, evenly and very strongly convex, the shoulders
rounded and slightly prominent, the punctures not or scarcely
larger than those of the thorax, irregularly distributed and here
and there arranged in lines, those near the lateral margins nearly
obsolete ; elytral epipleurs extremely broad and concave ; legs and
the underside fulvous, the cox and the tibiz and tarsi blackish ;
prosternum elongate, constricted at the middle, strongly punctured.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, May and October (@. Marshall).
Resembling somewhat in size and shape the European Argopus
ahrensi Gebl., but still more convex, the antennz very short and
dilated, and the punctuation of its upper surface very fine. The
present species is the largest of the genus known to me from
Africa.
BLEPHARIDA REGULARIS, Sp. 0.
Subquadrate ovate, fulvous; head and thorax flavous, the latter
minutely punctured; elytra strongly punctate-striate, the inter-
stices costate at the sides, with numerous closely placed flavous
spots, the lateral margins broadly flavous, spotted with fulvous.
Length 52 millim. '
Head very sparingly and finely punctured, flavous, with a deep
semicircular groove in front of the eyes; clypeus broad and flat;
antenne not extending to the middle of the elytra, fulvous, the
terminal six joints shortand thick; thorax more than twice as
broad as long, narrowed anteriorly, the sides nearly straight, the
anterior angles thickened, the surface extremely finely punctured,
only visible under a strong lens, with two small round depressions
near the lateral margins ; elytra with ten rows of deep and closely
placed punctures, the subsutural one short, the punctures fulvous,
the interstices varied at regular intervals with fulvous and flavous
1900.) FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 253
spots, the last interstice near the margins broad, flavous, crossed
from the middle downwards with fulvous stripes.
Hab. Africa.
Whether this is the species described by Thunberg as Podontia
stolida I am not certain, the description is not detailed enough to
be sure about it; the terminal joints of the antennz are given as
black and the thorax as impunctate ; the position and number of
the elytral spots are not mentioned. The present species differs
from all its African congeners with which I am acquainted in
the regular or semiregular numbers of the flavous spots, which form
no bands or other pattern, but are distributed evenly and closely
on every interstice; I possess three specimens, which show no
differences in that respect, but have no exact: localities.
DIBOLIA BIMACULATA, sp. n.
Bluish black, above metallic blue, the basal joints of the antenne
flavous ; thorax closely semirugose-punctate ; elytra finely and closely
punctate-striate, each elytron with a fulvous spot near the apex.
Length 2} millim.
Of convex, subcylindrical shape; the head with a few fine
punctures, metallic greenish; clypeus triangularly raised; eyes
elongate and large; antenne scarcely extending to the middle of
the elytra, black, the lower five joints flavous, the basal joint
stained with piceous above, elongate, slender, the second as long as
the third joint, terminal joints gradually and moderately thickened ;
thorax about twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight,
obliquely narrowed towards the apex, the anterior angles very
slightly thickened, the surface irregularly wrinkled, rather finely
and closely punctured ; scutellum small, ‘triangular, black ; elytra
very closely and finely punctate-striate, the rows rather irregular
here and there; each elytron with a large, subquadrate, slightly
oblique fulvous patch near the apex; femora metallic blue; tibie
and tarsi black, posterior tibize strongly widened towards the apex,
the edges dentate, the apex with a robust, double-pointed fulvous
spur ; the metatarsus slender, as long as the following two joints
together.
Hab, Malvern, Natal (G. Marshall).
I received a single specimen of this pretty little species from
Mr. Marshall. ‘
DIBoLTA AFRICANA, sp. n.
Dark metallic greenish, the antenne black ; thorax strongly and
remotely punctured ; elytra strongly and very closely punctured in
irregular rows.
Length 3 millim.
Head finely and remotely punctured, the eyes widely separated,
frontal elevations feebly raised ; clypeus convex, triangular ; antennxe
extending to the base of the elytra, black, the lower three joints
more or less stained with fulvous, the second, third, and fourth
254 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLHOPTERA [Mar. 6,
joints equal, rather short, terminal joints rather thick; thorax
more than twice as broad as long, narrowed in front, the sides feebly
rounded, the surface remotely and strongly punctured ; elytra widened
towards the middle, the punctures about the same size as those on
the thorax and arranged in irregular, very closely approached rows,
distinct to the apex; below and the legs coloured like the upper
surface ; the posterior tibie strongly widened at the apex, with their
edges serrate, the emarginate spur at the apex fulvous, as well as
the claws.
Hab. Nairobi, 5500 ft,, Kikuyu Forest, Brit. East Africa
(Mr. Mackinder). (Type in the Oxford Mus. Collection.)
Of rather more robust appearance than D. triment Baly, and
much more strongly punctured than that species. Differing from
D. intermedia Baly in the metallic green legs and the black
antenne.
CH ATOCNEMA SUBATERRIMA, Sp, n.
Black, the antennee, the anterior and posterior tibia and tarsi
flavous ; head impunctate, deeply foveolate near the eyes ; thorax
extremely finely and closely punctured ; elytra deeply punctate-
striate, the interstices longitudinally convex.
Length 2 millim.
Head entirely impunctate, blackish, opaque, with a deep longi-
tudinal fovea near the eyes ; clypeus separated from the face by a
deep groove, very broad, nearly subquadrate, its lower portion
furnished with some grey hairs ; antenne extending to the middle
of the elytra, entirely flavous, the third to the sixth joints slender,
the following joints slightly thickened but elongate, basal joint about
one-half longer than the second; thorax about one-half broader
than long, the sides slightly rounded, the anterior angles strongly
thickened, the surface very minutely, evenly, and closely punctured,
the basal margin not accompanied by an impressed line, but with
some large punctures at each side; scutellum extremely short,
transverse ; elytra very convex, subcylindrical, strongly narrowed
and pointed posteriorly, the punctures deep, closely placed and
regular, distinct to the apex, the interstices convex, especially so
near the sides and apex, impunctate, the fourth, fifth, and sixth
interstices shortened and joined at the end, from thence to the apex
continued into a single costa; the anterior legs flavous, as well as
the rest of the tibize and tarsi; the femora blackish, the posterior
ones very greatly incrassate ; underside scarcely punctured; pro-
sternum rugose-punctate.
Hab, Malvern, Natal (@. Marshall).
This is one of the few species which show no trace of a metallic
gloss, being nearly entirely black; the very convex, posteriorly
strongly pointed elytra and their costate interstices, together with
the entirely impunctate head, will assist in the recognition of the
species.
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 255
GALERUCINA.
ASBECESTA ORNATICOLLIS, Sp. n.
Flavous, the head and the anterior half of the thorax black, the
base of the latter fulvous, strongly punctured ; elytra finely and
closely punctured, testaceous, the base with a narrow, deeply emar-
ginate blue band, another transverse narrow band or spot placed
below the middle.
Length 5 millim.
This species, of which two specimens were received by Prof.
Poulton from Mr. H. J. Mackinder, who obtained them at Nairobi,
Kikuyu Forest, in East Africa, is so closely allied to the following
one that it will only be necessary to point out the differences,
which comprise the colour of the head and that of the thorax; the
sides of the latter also are almost straight, not so strongly rounded
anteriorly ; the bands of the elytra are very narrow and the anterior
one is deeply emarginate, the posterior band still narrower and not
quite extending to the suture; lastly, the scutellum is black, not
fuivous; the underside seems to be of the latter colour, but the
specimens being glued to cards I am not quite certain as to this.
Type in the Oxford Museum Collection.
ASBECESTA ORNATA, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 11.)
Flavous, the head and thorax fulvous ; elytra finely and closely
punctured, flavous, a transverse band at the base and another near
the apex dark blue.
Length 5 millim.
Head impunctate, frontal elevations very strongly raised, trigonate,
bounded behind by a deep transverse groove; clypeus triangular,
strongly swollen ; antenne flavous, the third and fourth joints equal,
slightly Jonger than the second, the following joints gradually
widened, robust ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, the sides
strongly rounded before the middle, the disc with a deep trans-
verse sulcus, sparingly punctured anteriorly, more closely so within
the depression; scutellum fulvous; elytra finely and closely
punctured, the punctuation indistinct near the apex, the ground-
colour pale flavous, the base with a transverse, rather broad, dark
blue band, extending a little way downwards at the sides, with its
posterior margin rather deeply indented near the suture, near the
apex another equally broad band extends from the lateral to the
sutural margin ; the sides of theelytra with a rather strongly marked
longitudinal suleation ; below pale fulvous, the legs flavous,
Hab. Malvern, Natal (Barker) ; also Mozambique.
I received several specimens of this distinct species from Mr,
Barker. A single specimen from Mozambique contained in my
collection differs in the shape of the posterior elytral band, which
surrounds the sides and apical margins, including a spot of the
ground-colour ; other differences I am unable to find.
256 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
MALACOSOMA VARIIPES, sp. 0.
The antenne, breast, and the legs black, the head and thorax
rufous, the latter impunctate, subquadrate ; elytra extremely finely
punctured, rufous ; base of the femora of the latter colour.
Length 6 millim.
Head rufous, impunctate, the frontal elevations transverse, the
carina acutely raised, labrum black ; antennz extending below the
middle of the elytra, black, the third joint one-half longer than
the second, the following joints more elongate, slender; thorax
one-half broader than long, the sides feebly rounded before the
middle, the posterior angles strongly oblique, the posterior margin
rounded, anterior angles thickened, the disc impunctate, or with
some microscopically fine punctures, convex, rufous; scutellum
obscure piceous ; elytra widened posteriorly, convex, of the same
colour as the thorax, extremely closely and finely punctured; the
breast, the apex of the femora, and the tibiee and tarsi black; the
base of the femora and the abdomen rufous; tibize mucronate ;
prosternum very narrow, the anterior coxal cavities open.
Hab. Natal.
Distinct from every other species of the genus in its system of
coloration. Quedenfeldt has described several speciesas Malacosoma
from Central Africa; with one of them, M. deformicorne, the pre-
sent insect agrees partly in coloration but not at all in structure ;
and as Quedenfeldt makes no mention of the state of the cavities
nor the mucronate or non-mucronate tibie, it is doubtful whether
he had a true Malacosoma before him; his description agrees far
better with a species of Megalognatha.
LUPERUS MARSHALLI, sp. n.
Black, the antenne and the legs flavous ; thorax transverse,
obsoletely sulcate; elytra with a few minute punctures.
Length 4 millim.
Head extremely finely granulate and punctured, when seen under
a strong lens, the frontal elevations very distinct, strongly oblique
and joined at the apex; clypeus narrow, strongly thickened ; antennze
nearly extending to the apex of the elytra, flavous, the second and
third joints short, equal, the apical four joints much constricted at
the extreme base ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, the sides
straight at the base, feebly rounded anteriorly, the angles thickened,
the disc with a shallow transverse sulcus, very finely punctured,
black, shining; elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax,
punctured like the latter, the punctures scarcely perceptible ;
below black; the legs long and slender, all the tibie mucronate, the
metatarsus of the posterior legs very long; prosternum invisible
between the coxie, the anterior cotyloid cavities open.
Hab. Estcourt, Natal, on acacia-trees (G. Marshall).
Somewhat resembling our ZL. niger, but with entirely flavous
antennze and Jegs and the thorax with a shallow sulcus.
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 257
S ERMYLOIDES UNIFASCIATA, Sp. 0.
Elongate, fulvous, antennz (the basal joints excepted) black ;
thorax transverse, narrowed anteriorly, extremely finely punctured ;
elytra very closely and distinctly punctured, flavous, the margins,
a triangular spot surrounding the scutellum, and a transverse band
below the middle black.
Length 5-6 millim.
Head impunctate, frontal elevations broadly transverse, labrum
flavous, palpi piceous; antenne long and slender, extending to
about the middle of the elytra, black, the basal three joints fulvous,
second joint small, the third, one-half longer, oblique at the apex,
the following joints somewhat thickened, the terminal ones more
slender ; thorax transverse, the sides obliquely narrowed in front,
nearly straight, the surface microscopically punctured, fulvous ;
scutellum fulvous, triangular; elytra convex, nearly parallel, very
closely punctured, flavous, the lateral, sutural, and apical margins
black, a triangular sutural black spot surrounds the scutellum,
below the middle is a transverse band, widened at the suture and
at the sides and connected with the black margins, this band
encloses a round spot near the apex, of the ground colour; below
and the legs flavous, all the tibia mucronate ; anterior coxal cavities
closed.
Hfab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, on Zizyphus (G. Marshall).
This is the second African representative of this genus, the other
species, S. maculata Jac., having been provisionally placed by me in
the genus Sermyla (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 333). The
present species has lately been sent by Mr. Marshall, and another
careful examination proves the two insects with far more right to be
placed in Sermyloides, which is distinguished by filiform antenne,
incrassate penultimate joint of the palpi, a transverse non-impressed
and anteriorly narrowed thorax, in having prolonged elytral epi-
pleurz, mucronate tibiz, and an elongate posterior metatarsus, also
by a very narrow and convex prosternum and closed anterior
cavities ; all these characters are present in the two African species,
but the antenne have no incrassate and elongate third joint as is+
the case with the male in the typical form 8. basalis. This is,
however, a sexual character only, and of no value in classification
used by itself. All the species of the genus known until now
are inhabitants of the Malayan islands.
MOoNoLEPTA STRIATIPENNIS, sp. n.
Oblong, very convex ; below piceous, above testaceous, the antenne
(the basal joints excepted) black; thorax very short, remotely
punctured ; elytra with extremely close rows of deep punctures,
the interstices slightly convex ; legs testaceous.
Length 23 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations transverse; antennz
rather long and slender, black, the lower four joints more or less
258 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
testaceous, third joint very slightly longer than the second, the
following more elongate, terminal joint widened at the middle but
not longer than the preceding one ; thorax very short, more than
twice as broad as long, narrowed anteriorly, the sides straight, the
surface rather remotely but distinctly punctured ; scutellum pro-
portionally large ; elytra strongly convex towards the apex, strongly
punctured in regular and very closely approached rows, distinct to
the apex, the interstices slightly longitudinally convex, their epi-
pleurz entirely absent below the middle ; underside piceous ; legs
slender, testaceous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi very long.
Hab. Kurazol, East Africa.
This small species is not difficult to recognize on account of its
short thorax and the sculpturing of the elytra, which differs from
any species with which I am acquainted.
MOonoLEPTA NIGROCINCTA, sp. Nn.
Flavous, antenne fuscous; thorax transverse, impunctate ; elytra
finely and closely punctured,very narrowly margined with black ;
lateral margins of the thorax obscure piceous.
Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations transverse, the clypeus
broad ; labrum black ; antenne extending slightly beyond the middle
of the elytra, fuscous, the lower three joints flavous, second and
third joints short, equal, the rest elongate ; thorax twice as broad
as long, the sides feebly rounded, the angles distinct, posterior
margin moderately rounded, the surface convex, impunctate, flavous,
the lateral margins piceous; scutellum fuscous ; elytra subcylin-
drical, very finely and closely punctured, the interstices somewhat
wrinkled, the extreme margins piceous or black ; elytral epipleure
entirely indistinct below the shoulders, margined with black ; below
flavous as well as the legs ;.the anterior tibie unarmed, the posterior
tibiee with a long spine, their metatarsus very long.
Hab. Sierra Leone.
Similar in colour to Candezea dahlmanni Jac., but the elytral
epipleure indistinct below the shoulders, the antenne and the
underside of different coloration, and the general size smaller ; C.
tenuicornis Jac. is likewise nearly similarly coloured, but varies also
in the same structural differences pointed out, the smaller size, more
slender antenne, pale labrum, and the absence of the thoracic black
lateral margins; C. nigrosuturalis Jac. has the underside black.
MONOLEPTA EXCLAMATIONIS, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 9.)
Fulvous, the head and the intermediate joints of the antenne
black; thorax subquadrate, closely punctured; elytra widened
posteriorly, punctured like the thorax, the lateral margins ante-
riorly, an interrupted longitudinal stripe (widened and abbre-
viated posteriorly), and a small spot at the apex black.
Length 5 millim.
Head black, opaque, the frontal elevations broad, trigonate,
bounded by a transyerse groove behind, clypeus with an oblique
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 259
row of deep punctures on each side ; antennz long and slender, the
lower three joints flavous below, black above, the following five
and the last joint of the latter colour, the ninth and tenth
pale flavous, basal joint long and curved, club-shaped, second
slightly shorter than the third; thorax nearly quadrate, the
sides very feebly rounded at the middle, the anterior angles
thickened, the posterior margin rounded, the surface crowded with
punctures of different sizes, fulvous; scutellum small, trigonate ;
elytra widened towards the apex, of similar sculpture to the
thorax, fulvous, the basal and lateral margins (the latter to below
the middle), a short stripe at the middle of the base, followed by a
longer stripe placed at the middle of the disc, curved and thickened
at its apex, black, between these two stripes another indistinct
black line is seen in some specimens as well as a minute black spot
at the extreme apex of the elytra; below and the legs fulvous, the
knees, base of the tibie, and the tarsi more or less piceous; the
metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints
together ; elytral epipleure very broad at the base, indistinct below
the middle.
Hab. Verulam, Natal (G@. Marshall).
A well-marked species and resembling much M. nigrolineata
Motsch., from Japan, but of different sculpture, the head black, and
the colour of the antenne and legs different.
MonocipaA INORNAA, sp. n.
Below blackish, above flavous; antenne black, the lower
three joints fulvous; thorax with a few extremely minute punctures;
elytra more distinctly but finely and very closely punctured ;
posterior tibize and tarsi black.
Length 5 millim.
Head fulvous, impunctate, the frontal tubercles strongly
developed ; clypeus in shape of a narrow transverse ridge ; antennz
slender, black, the lower three joints fulvous or entirely of the first-
named colour, third joint one half longer than the second, fourth
twice the length ot the third; thorax subquadrate, distinctly
narrowed at the base, the sides rounded before the middle, the
anterior angles slightly prominent, the surface with a few minute
punctures ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, the shoulders
prominent, the punctation very close and fine, the epipleurs
continued below the middle; breast and abdomen blackish, the
last abdominal segments more or less flavous ; femora fulvous; all
the tibia mucronate, the four posterior ones (the base excepted)
and the tarsi black; the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long
as the following two joints together; claws appendiculate, the
anterior coxal cavities closed.
Hab. Headlands, Mashonaland (@. Marshall).
This, the second species of the genus, may possibly be a local form
of M, sutwrata Jac. (P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 370), but the head is fulvous
and the elytra have no sutural nor lateral black bands and are
more strongly punctured ; the constriction of the thorax at the
260 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
base, the mucronate tibize, and the closed anterior cavities are the
principal characters by which the genus may be known.
EstCOURTIANA, gen. nov.
Oblong, glabrous ; the antenne short, the joints submoniliform ;
thorax subquadrate, without depressions ; elytra irregularly punc-
tured, their epipleure continued below the middle; all the tibize
with a spine at the apex; the first joint of the tarsi as long as the
following two joints together; claws appendiculate ; prosternum
nearly invisible, the anterior coxal cavities closed.
Amongst the genera with closed anterior cavities, the present
one seems most nearly allied to Hrgana Chap., but the antenne in
that genus are filiform and the thorax much more transversely
shaped. The only species of the genus here described, known to me,
is a smal] insect of nearly subcylindrical shape which I have
received from Natal and Mashonaland.
EstTcouRTIANA BIFASCIATA, Sp. Nn.
Below black, above testaceous, the head partly black; thorax
minutely punctured, with a central black band and a lateral spot ;
elytra nearly impunctate, each elytron with a broad longitudinal
black band nearly extending to the apex.
Var. a. The elytral bands replaced by an anterior and posterior
spot; head fulvous.
Var. b. Elytra without any markings.
Length 3 millim.
Head impunctate, black, obliquely grooved above the eyes, the
frontal elevations obsolete, oblique ; clypeus flavous, rather broad ;
palpi rather robust, the apical joint conical; antennz very short,
the lower five or six joints flavous, the others fuscous, the
third joint about one-half longer than the second, the following
joints widened, all very short ; thorax one-half broader than long,
the sides feebly rounded, the angles acute, the surface very finely
and subremotely punctured, with a rather deep fovea near the
anterior angles ; elytra much wider at the base than the thorax,
with some extremely fine punctures near the suture, the rest
nearly impunctate, testaceous, a broad black band extends from
the middle of the base nearly to the apex; the underside and the
femora black, the tibize and tarsi flavous.
Hab, Estcourt, Natal, Salisbury, Mashonaland, obtained by
sweeping (G‘. Marshall).
The specimens from Natal all belong to the varieties and it may
just be possible that they represent a closely allied species, but I
cannot find any differences of importance except those of coloration;
the thorax is a trifle more transverse in shape and the extreme sutural
margin is likewise black: in the variety a the elytra have an elon-
gate black spot anteriorly and a rounded one below the middle,
thus indicating the direction of the band; in the variety 6 all
markings except those of the thorax are absent, these latter
} ae
1900.7 ' FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 261
represent a longitudinal central stripe, narrowed at the base, and a
lateral small round black spot.
CANDEZEA CENTROMACULATA, sp. n. (Plate XX. fig. 10.)
Fulvous, antenne and legs flavous ; thorax minutely punctured,
flavous, with a central black band; elytra extremely closely and
finely punctured, flavous, with a broad transverse band at the base
and another below the middle black.
Length 5 millim.
Of rather broad and robust shape, the head reddish fulvous,
impunctate, the frontal elevations broad, trigonate, anterior margin
of the clypeus straight; antenne extending to the apex of the
elytra, flavous, the last joint fuscous, the third joint but slightly
longer than the second, the fourth as long as the basal joint ;
thorax one-half broader than long, the sides and the anterior
margin straight, the basal one strongly rounded, the surface very
minutely and closely punctured, the middle of the dise with
a shallow transverse groove, flavous, with a central longitudinal
black band, slightly widened anteriorly and extending from the
base to the apex; scutellum black ; elytra widened towards the
middle, punctured like the thorax, flavous, with a transverse black
band at the base, which gradually widens at the sides, to which it
extends for about one-fourth of the length of the elytra, another
band of more regular shape is placed below the middle, elytral
epipleure extending below the middle; the breast and abdomen
fulvous ; the legs flavous ; the first joint of the posterior tarsi longer
than the following joints together.
Hab. Malvern, Natal (Barker).
Distinguished from all other African species placed in this genus
and in Monolepta by the band of the thorax and the width of the
_elytral black bands.
CANDUZEA SULCICOLLIS, sp. 0.
Entirely flavous, the terminal joints of the antenne black only ;
thorax transverse, finely punctured, the disc obsoletely sulcate ;
elytra punctured like the thorax.
Length 53 millim.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations broad and flat, divided
by the rather broad posterior portion of the clypeus; antenne
extending to about the middle of the elytra, black, the lower four
joints flavous, the second joint scarcely smaller than the third,
the following joints elongate and slender; thorax rather more than
twice as broad as long, the sides feebly rounded, the posterior
margin oblique at the sides, the surface finely and closely punctured,
with a transverse sulcus at the middle, more marked at the sides
but not extending to the lateral margins, the anterior angles
thickened, not produced ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax,
the shoulders not prominent, the punctation fine and close, the
interstices slightly wrinkled, epipleure narrow but continued below
Proc, Zoon. Soc.—1900, No. XVIII. 18
262 MR, M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [Mar.6
the middle; below and the legs flavous; the metatarsus of the
posterior legs very elongate, its extreme base stained with black.
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland (G@. Marshall), on Zizyphus.
Amongst the smaller uniformly coloured species of this genus
there is none in which the thorax has a similar transverse sulcus ;
this character and the colour of the antenne will help in the
recognition of the species.
CANDEZEA MOLIROENSIS, Sp. nl.
Fulvous, the antennz and the thorax flavous, the latter scarcely
perceptibly punctured; elytra very closely and distinctly punc-
tured, flavous, a sutural spot at the base, a broad transverse band
‘at the middle, and the lateral and apical margins black.
'- Length 4 millim.
Of very convex and posteriorly widened shape; the head
‘extremely finely punctured at the vertex, rather broad, the frontal
‘elevations narrowly oblique, clypeus broad, triangular; antenne
fulvous (the last three joints wanting), the third joint double the
Tength of the second; thorax short, more than twice as broad
‘as long, narrowed anteriorly, the sides perfectly straight, the
‘anterior angles oblique, the surface microscopically punctured,
flavous, scutellum fulvous; elytra strongly convex, very distinctly,
closely, and evenly punctured, their epipleure continued below the
‘middle, black, the disc flavous, the suture at the base with an
elongate black spot nearly connected with a very broad transverse ©
‘band at the middle of triangular shape, its greatest width being at —
“fhe suture, the margins of which it does not quite reach, the
shoulders and the entire lateral and apical margins are likewise
black; below and the legs fulvous; metatarsus of the posterior
‘legs very long.
~~ Hab. Moliro, Congo. (Coll. Belgian Mus. and my own.)
This Candezea much resembles in coloration and otherwise
certain varieties of C.variopennis Jac. from Natal, but in that
species the antenne, with the exception of the basal joint and the
underside, are nearly always black, the head is less broad, the base
of the antenne is more closely approached, and the thorax more
distinctly punctured ; but for all that the present: species may only
be another local variety of the very variable insect to which I have
alluded.
CANDEZEA O'NEILI, sp, n.
Below and the tibiz and tarsi black, above testaceous ; antennze
fuscous; thorax impunetate ; elytra scarcely perceptibly punctured.
Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, flayous or pale fulvous, the frontal elevations
.strongly raised and broad, clypeus broad, triangular, with a slightly
_raised central ridge, labrum piceous ; antenne extending below the
middle of the elytra,slender,the second joint short, the third, one-half
_Jonger, the following joints very elongate and equal ; thorax scarcely
one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed at the base and apex,
1900. ] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 263
the sides feebly rounded at the middle, the angles distinct but not
-produced, the basal margin but slightly rounded, the surface
entirely impunctate; scutellum triangular, fuscous; elytra with
their greatest width below the middle, wider at the base than the
thorax, the surface with some very minute punctures, only visible
under a very strong lens; below black or piceous, the femora
flavous, the tibie and tarsi black, all the tibia mucronate; the
metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following three
joints together ; elytral epipleure continued below the middle.
Hab. Port Alfred, South Africa (Rev. J. O'Neil).
Amongst the unicolorous or for the most part flavous species af
this genus known from Africa, the present one seems most nearly
allied to C. mashonana Jac., but is only half the size of that
species, which has also a flavous underside, and the metatarsus of
the posterior legs much longer; C. nigrotibialis Jac. is likewise
“larger, and the lower joints of the antenne as well as the under-
side are flavous and the elytra distinctly punctured ; in several
-other species the tibice and tarsi are flavous. I dedicate this
‘species to the Rev. J. O’Neil, in recognition of his constant
aruda ours to explore the entomological fauna of his district.
~ CANDEZEA LIVINGSTONII, sp. 0.
‘Pale flavous or testaceous, the apical joints of the antenne al
the breast black ; thorax finely punctured, obsoletely sulcate; elytra
very finely and closely punctured.
Length 3 millim.
Head rather broad, impunctate; clypeus strongly thickened,
bounded behind by a deep transverse groove; antennew extending
‘to the middle of the elytra, the lower four or five joints flavous,
the rest black, the second and third joints equal, short, the fourth
double the length and equal to the following joints; thorax transverse,
twice as broad as long, the sides very feebly rounded at the middle,
the posterior margin rounded, the surface with a shallow transverse
sulcus at the middle, finely and closely punctured ; elytra wider at
the base than the thorax, extremely closely and finely punctured,
the interstices somewhat wrinkled, their epipleuree very narrow
below the middle; legs flavous, all the tibiee armed with a spine,
the metatarsus of the posterior legs very elongate ; the breast black,
Hab. Salisbury, Mashonaland, obtained by sweeping (G. Mar-
shall),
One of the small species of the genus, distinguished by the
transverse sulcus of the thorax and the black breast.
SARDOIDES NIGRICORNIS, Sp. 0.
Dark metallic blue, the antennx black ; thorax with a deep trans-
verse sulcus ; elytra flayous, finely punctured, the sutural and lateral
margins metallic blue.
' Length 5-6 millim. sf Js
3. Elongate and parallel, dark metallic blue; the ene impunc-
tate, the frontal elevations strongly raised, trigonate, the carina
18*
264 MR, M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA [ Mar. 6,
acute ; antenne extending nearly to the apex of the elytra, black,
all the joints, with the exception of the second, elongate, the
third joint shorter than the fourth, terminal joint thinner and
more cylindrical in shape than the others; thorax about one-half
broader than long, slightly constricted at the base, the angles
tuberculiform, the sides nearly straight, the disc with a very deep
and broad sulcus, metallic blue, the non-impressed parts very finely
punctured, the anterior portion with another small depression ;
scutellum broad, metallic blue ; elytra finely and closely punctured,
with traces of longitudinal sulci, flavous, the margins narrowly
metallic blue; below and the legs metallic blue.
Hab. Natal. (Coll. Mr. Andrewes and my own.)
At first sight this species entirely resembles the type of the genus,
S. viridicollis Jac. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 333), but may
be at once distinguished by the colour of the antenne and that of
the legs; but this is not the only difference. The male of the present
insect differs from that of S. viridicollis in having the antenne longer
and more robust, with the intermediate joints slightly dilated ; the
thorax, instead of having two deep foves, has a continued broad
sulcus, nearly extending to the sides: in the female the antenne
are much shorter, very robust, and the thorax has two fovee as in
the allied species; but in all the specimens the colour of the
antenne and that of the legs agrees with the male of the insect
described here, the general size is also rather larger.
PLATYXANTHA BICINCTA, sp.n. (Plate XX. fig. 8.)
Flavous, the head and thorax reddish fulvous, the latter impunc-
tate, transversely sulcate; elytra extremely minutely punctured,
flavous, a narrow transverse band at the base and another near the
apex dark metallic blue.
Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, frontal elevations very narrow, in the shape
of a transverse ridge, clypeus strongly raised, narrowly triangular ;
antennz extending to the middle of the elytra, flavons, the apical
joint fuscous, the second joint small, the third and following joints
equal, nearly subcylindrical ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long,
of equal width, the sides feebly rounded, the angles acute, slightly
tuberculiform, the surface impunctate, deeply transversely sulcate,
the sulcus interrupted at the middle, scutellum fulvous; elytra
slightly wider at the base than the thorax, extremely finely punc-
tured, flavous, the base with a narrow transverse’ band, extending
to the margins, the latter and another band near the apex metallic
dark blue ; below fulvous, legs flavous ; tibie unarmed; the meta-
tarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together ;
anterior coxal cavities closed.
Hab, Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. Marshall).
A rather small species, possessing all the characters of the genus:
it may be known by the colour of the antenne, which have only
the last joint dark, and by the two blue transverse bands of the
elytra.
1900.] FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 265
SYOPLIA AFRICANUS, sp. n.
Elongate, pubescent, testaceous; antenne long and slender;
thorax transverse, impunctate ; elytra closely and strongly punctate-
striate and pubescent.
Length 5 millim.
Head broad, impunctate, the frontal elevations short, strongly
raised, the eyes large and round ; the antenne slender, extending
beyond the middle of the elytra, testaceous, all the joints, with the
exception of the second, elongate and pubescent ; thorax about
one-half broader than long, of equal width, the sides slightly con-
stricted at the base, feebly rounded anteriorly, furnished with
single long black hairs, posterior margin preceded by a strongly
impressed groove, the surface impanctate and shining; scutellum
triangular, rather broad ; elytra elongate and parallel, wider at the
base than the thorax, deeply and closely punctate-striate, the punc-
tures large and round, but much finer near the apex, the interstices
clothed with fine fulvous pubescence and longer single hairs ; legs
long and slender, the first joint of the posterior tarsi very elongate ;
the anterior coxal cavities closed.
Hab. Assynia, West Coast of Africa (CA. Alluaud), and Came-
roons (Conrad).
This is the only species of the genus known to me from Africa,
the other members inhabiting Java and Sumatra. The present
insect at first sight entirely resembles the type of the genus,
S. gavanensis Jac., but the punctation of the elytra is quite different,
the punctures being larger, less closely placed, and the interstices
flat. I received one specimen from M. Alluand and another from
Dr. Kraatz.
Notes AND CORRECTIONS.
Pseudocolaspis puberula Marsh.
This species must find its place in Macetes Chap.
Diacantha divisa, Gerst. (sub Aulacophora).
This species and Aulacophora conifera Fairm. are of exactly similar
coloration, and Mr. Gahan has expressed a doubt, in describing his
species D. mutica (P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 747), to which of these the female
described by Gerstiicker may belong. I possess a female specimen
which undonbtedly represents Gerstiicker’s species, as it entirely
agrees with the description. In the same sex in A. conifera the
scutellum is always flavous, not black, the joints of the antenne are
more slender and elongate, and the thorax is much less strongly
subangulate before the middle ; all the females of A. conifera differ
in these respects from A. divisa, and I have not much doubt that
D. mutica represents the male sex of Gerstiicker’s species.
Poéphila costatipennis Jac. (P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 364).
This species and P. fulvipes Jac. of the same paper should
find their places amongst the Halticine instead of the Galerucine.
266 PROF, BELL ON LAND-PLANARIANS. [Mar. 20,
Luperus scutellatus Jac. and Malacosoma donkieri (P. Z. 8. 1897,
pp- 568, 569).
The locality for both these species, which has been left out, is
Madagascar.
_ Hemixantha piceipes Sac.
Fig. 6 in Plate xxi. of the P.Z.S. 1899 represents a variety of
this species, not H. terminata as erroneously given.
Longitarsus africanus Jac. (P.Z.8. 1897, p. 555).
Of this species more specimens have kindly been sent by Mr.
Marshall, which prove the insect to vary greatly in coloration ; some
of the specimens are piceous above, and others nearly black, with
the apex of the elytra flavous; I may also add to mv original
description, that the last joint of the antenne is in nearly every
case fuscous.
Edionychis natalensis Baly.
This species is identical with Physodactyla africana De}.
CEdionychis rugicollis Jac. :
Edionychis africana Jac.: this species is an Hutornus, and the
specific name must be altered to clarki on account of Eutornus
africanus Clark.
Both these species, on account of their short and robust
antenne, should find their places in Eutornus Clark.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Fig. 1. Damia capitata, p. 207.
» frontalis, p. 208.
. Peloptera apicata, p. 210.
. Pseudocolaspis cupreofemorata, p. 225.
Scelodonta sexplagiata, p. 226.
. Odontiomorpha minuta, p. 239.
. Microhermesia hirticollis, p- 220.
. Platyxantha bicinceta, p. 264.
. Monolepta exclamationis, p. 258.
. Candezea centromaculata, p. 261.
. Ashecesta ornata, p. 255.
. Jamesonia femoralis, p. 250.
ee
NO SO 00 aT Or CO tO
March 20, 1900.
W. T. Buanrorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair,
Prof. Bell drew attention to a collection of Land-Planarians
made by the Society’s Corresponding Member, Dr. Goeldi of Para.
These, like many other collections of Land- Pinsavianis had been
confided for description to Prof. Graff, and some of them were
the types of new species described by that author in his magnificent
monograph. The collection before the Society had been sent to
OS
1900.]. MR.S,. L, HINDE ON EAST-AFRICAN, MAMMALS, 267
Mr. Sclater with the request that he would deposit them in the
British Museum. Prof. Bell stated that to the already good
collection there they would be a valuable and welcome addition.
Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., exhibited a specimen of Polypterus
lapradw Steindachner, with large external gills, which had been
recently brought home from the Senegal by M. P. Delhez. This
fish measured 390 millimetres, and was therefore the largest on
record in which this larval character had been retained.. In con-
nection with this interesting example, Mr. Boulenger also exhibited
a full-grown female of the Common Newt (Molge vulgaris), from
the environs of Vienna, bearing well-developed external gills.
Mr. 8. L. Hinde read a series of field-notes on the Mammals
which he had met with during five years’ residence in Hast Africa,
and illustrated them with lantern-slides from photographs of the
animals taken in their native surroundings.
Mr. Hinde made the following preliminary remarks :—
The B. E. A. Protectorate, for the purpose of description, may
be divided into two parts, the inhabited and the uninhabited. The
inhabited ranges of hills are practically devoid of big game. The
uninhabited country may be divided into two sections: regions of
less than 3000 ft. above the sea-level, and regions more than
3000 ft. above the sea-level. The regions below 3000 ft. are, for
the most part, densely covered with thorny jungle. The water-
supply is small during the greater part of the year. In this dense
jungle, eland, lesser kudu, oryx, impala, zebra, bushbuck, lions, and
an occasional rhinoceros are to be found, but from the nature of
the country and climate they are sufficiently protected from
extermination by hunters without the necessity of legislation.
Above 3000 ft. the game-country consists of rolling grass plains,
interspersed in places with thin bush. In these plains the great
herds of antelopes, zebras, &c. which now live and graze will soon
be exterminated, unless the game-laws are enforced. One of the
factors instrumental in aiding the escape of game is here absent.
The ordinary hunter has to find his game, and this is often the
most difficult part of the day’s work. On large flat expanses the
hunter can always see his quarry, and his whole time may therefore
be given to stalking cr killing it.
_. I should like to see animals from our Protectorate largely
imported into the British Isles, and am convinced that they would
both live and breed well in our parks, moors, and gardens, with little
or no trouble about acclimatization. On the uplands of East
Africa, the zebra, the white-bearded guu, Coke’s hartebeest, impala,
waterbuck, Grant and Thomson’s gazelles, the lesser reedbuck,
and many other animals live in the open without any protection
from the biting night-winds, rains, and intense heat. The
temperature in the shade often varies from under 40° Fahrenheit
at night, to over 80° in the daytime. During a very wet year at
Fort Smith, in the Kikuyu district, waterbuck, Grant’s and
268 MR, W, BATESON ON A CASE OF [Mar. 20,
Thomson’s gazelles, and bushbucks lived healthily and well, though
they were confined in the Fort Square, where for weeks together
their feet and legs were never dry. Thomson's Gazelle bred for
two generations in the Fort Square, and then all the animals died
of rinderpest. This is a curious point, as none of these species
suffer from rinderpest in their wild state.
From what I have seen of game, with the exception of elephant
and rhinoceros, I am of opinion that they are not naturally timid.
A railway train does not alarm the majority of animals, their
curiosity at first draws them quite close to it; but within a few days
of the establishment ofa railway in a district, trains may pass
noisily through a herd of game and few of them will even cease
grazing. It would seem that animals, and antelopes in particular,
are only afraid of what they have, in past experience, found to be
dangerous. In most districts they have learnt that human beings
represent danger, but in the country of the Masai, who do not
hunt, the game take little or no notice of man. When horses
were first brought to the country, in districts where game was
constantly hunted, a mounted man could approach wild animals
closely, but the moment he dismounted they fled. It is probable
that antelopes only distinguish man under certain conditions ;
they apparently recognize him as an animal that walks erect, with
a small head, and no neck or horns. In proof of this, it has been
noticed that a man with a large load on his head can approach
antelopes much nearer than a man without one ; to their view, the
man with the load, perhaps, seems to be athick-necked animal whose
head is out of all proportion to his body, and whom they have had
no cause to fear, I have seen lions standing within 50 yards of a
train, showing neither sign of fear nor intention of retreating, until
the train pulled up and one or two men alighted. Seeing their
well-known enemies close to them, the lions turned and trotted
away.
The slides now exhibited are from photographs taken by me
of animals in their natural surroundings. Those of the dead
animals, with perhaps one exception, were taken without disturbing
or arranging them in any way.
The following papers were read :—
1. On a Case of Homeeosis in a Crustacean of the Genus
Asellus—Antennule replaced by a Mandible. By W.
Bateson, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received March 20, 1900.]
The subject of this note is a male specimen of Asellus aquaticus
(an Isopod Crustacean) in which the left antennule is represented
by a mandible.
The specimen was noticed when alive by Mr. J. J. Lister among
1900. ] HOM@OSIS IN THE GENUS ASELLUS, 269
a number of Aselli taken from a large aquarium in the Cambridge
Zoological Laboratory for examination by the students.
As the figure shows (fig. 1), the abnormal structure stands exactly
as the left antennule should. Both antenne and the right anten-
nule are normal, as also are the mandibles, the other mouth-parts,
and the rest of the body and its appendages, so far as they could
be observed. ‘The animal was of good size.
Fig. 1.
Head of Asellus aguaticus, seen from dorsal side. —7t. ant.', right antennule ;
rt. ant,?, 1. ant.”, right and left antenne; ry, palp of normal right man-
dible projecting from below; p’, palp of the abnormal mandible; ¢r7¢,
triturating process.
The abnormal appendage (fig. 2, p. 270) is a fairly well-formed
mandible. The blade is complete, having two toothed processes and
eleven plumose setw. The latter are not quite regularly placed.
The presence of two toothed processes proves that the appendage is
a true left appendage, for the right mandible in Asellus aquaticus has
only one toothed process, which bites between the two toothed
processes of the left mandible’.
The teeth on these processes are more numerous and less regular
than in a normal mandible.
’ Sars, G. O., Crustacés d’Eau douce de Norvége, p. 97, pl. viii. fig. 26.
270. ON A CASE OF HOM@OSIS IN THE GENUS ASELLUS. [Mar. 20,
The palp is misshapen and rudimentary. It consists merely of
an irregular process with slight traces of segmentation.
The molar process is rather less than the normal in length. Its
triturating end is ill-formed, and does not bear the elaborate
structures found in the same place in the normal mandible, the
apex being simply covered with a thick plate of chitin.
Apex of extra mandible of Ased/us aquaticus, to show details,
p', palp of abnormal mandible.
This mandible was in life carried flat to the body, as shown in the
drawing, but 1 have not succeeded in determining which morpho-
logical surface was upwards. It is not evident which this should
be, but presumably it is the face, which in the normal mandible is
next the mouth. I regret that I could find no feature sufficiently
differentiating the two surfaces; but from the fact that, as shown
in the figure, the diminishing series of teeth are on the exposed
surface, it seems likely that the presumption referred to is correct.
In a normal mandible this series is much less clearly defined.
The animal was approaching a moult, and the newly-formed
skin, which could be seen through, showed that at the next ecdysis
the appendage would not be noticeably changed.
In the details of the toothing and in the number of the plumose
sete (11 instead of 13), the animal departs slightly from Sars’s
type; but on examining other specimens I find that these characters
vary a good deal, as might be expected.
Elsewhere I have discussed the significance of cases of this sort,
* Especially ‘ Materials for the Study of Variation,’ Ohap.v., where an account
of previously recorded cases is given. ‘To these should be added a case of an
Astacus haying a somewhat antennuliform structure with two jointed filaments
replacing one of the eyes: Hofer, B., Verh. d. deutsch. zool. Ges. iv. 1894, p. 82,
fig. det Lae
P.Z.S. 1900, Pi Awe
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1900,] MR. F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS, 271
in which an organ takes on the likeness of another organ with which
it is in serial homology.
This phenomenon, which I have called Homeosis, plays a
considerable part in the yariations of Meristic series. In plants
such variations are common, but in animals instances so striking as
that now under consideration are among the greatest rarities in
nature. Among Arthropods probably not a dozen examples
comparable with the present one ave on record. The conversion
of antennule into mandible has not hitherto been observed in any
form.
It should be noticed that the homeosis in the present instance
does not transform the appendage into the likeness of the ap-
pendage next to it in series, for this is the antenna. The change
is to the next but one.
Perhaps the cases hitherto known which most nearly approach
this one are those of Cimbex and Bombus, having the club of an
antenna in each case replaced by a foot. ;
Since the discussion of these cases in ‘ Materials for the Study
of Variation’ was written, the new fact has been discovered by
Herbst’ that when the eye is amputated in Palemon an antenna-
like structure may be formed in its place on regeneration. The
question therefore arises whether some other Arthropod cases of
homeeosis may not be similarly connected with regeneration. On
this point there is little positive evidence. It may be noted,
however, that Przibran’, who made some experiments on the subject,
found that in Asellus both pairs of antennz were regenerated as
antenne.* The results of such experiments, however, are clearly
very irregular. The regenerated part in Herbst’s experiments was
not always similar, and Przibran, on repeating Herbst’s experiments,
obtained only negative results. Here the matter at present rests.
2. On Echinoderms from Singapore and Malacca.
By F. P. Beprorp, F.Z.S.
[Received March 8, 1900.]
(Plates XXI.-X XIV.)
The Echinoids and Asteroids described in this paper were
collected during a residence of a little over a year in the neigh-
bourhood of Singapore and Malacca by Mr. W. F. Lanchester and
myself.
"a am much indebted to the kind courtesy of the Hon. Sir J. A.
Swettenham, Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements, and the
Hon. W. Egerton, Resident-Councillor of Malacca, in allowing us
to make use of the lighthouses under their jurisdiction as head-
quarters for our work; and Iam under a still greater obligation to
+ Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. ii., 1896, p. 544
* Zool. Anz. xix. 1896, p. 424.
* P.S.—Sinee this paper was read Mr. L. Doncaster, of King’s College,
Cambridge, has repeated the experiment on Asel/us with the same result, . -
272 MR, F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
Dr. R. Hanitsch, Curator of the Raffles Museum, for the great
amount of trouble he took on our behalf, and for the readiness
with which he placed his valuable experience of the local marine
fauna at our disposal. I also wish tu thank Mr. H. N. Ridley for
his kind hospitality and advice.
Professor Bell has been good enough to allow me a room in the
Natural History Museum, where I have had an opportunity of
comparing our specimens with those in the National Collection ;
and Professor Minchin has kindly given me every facility for
microscopical stuay at University College Laboratory.
From the point of view of the geographical distribution of the
littoral fauna, this comparatively unworked district is a peculiarly
interesting one: the sea rarely reaches a depth of more than 40
fathoms, and never, so far as I know, of more than 80, so that
dredging from a small sailing-boat was always possible in calm
weather; and although the collection of Echinoderms cannot be
considered complete, yet I think specimens of all the commoner
indigenous species have been collected either by ourselves or
obtained from the natives.
Professor Bell has kindly looked through this paper and given
me valuable suggestions.
I. ECHINOIDEA.
The region under consideration lies close to the Equator, between
the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and might be regarded as a
probable specific centre for many tropical forms whence migration
took place in all directions—westwards to the Red Sea and East
Coast of Africa; northwards to China and Japan; eastwards
through the Pacific Islands towards the American Coast, and
southwards in the direction of Australia and New Zealand.
Plausible as such a view may appear a priori, the Echinoid evidence
in its support is very meagre, and seems rather to point to a
separate “centre” for each form-unit. The distribution of
tropical Echinoids is as a rule very extensive: moreover, in the
case of closely allied species their areas of distribution often
overlap: e.g., among Cidaride, Rhabdocidaris annulifera and
R. baculosa ; among Echinide, all the species of Salmacis ; among
Clypeastride, Hehinodiscus auritus and £. levis; and among
Spatangide, Lovenia elongata and L, subcarmata. In these cases,
where there are no geographical barriers we should expect perhaps
a physiological isolation to manifest itself in differences of mode of
life and habitat, but such does not seem by any means an invariable
rule: Laganum depressum and Laganum decagonale were frequently
dredged together, and must have been subjected to almost identical
environmental conditions, and the same is true of Salmacis globator
and S, sulcata,
Considering the limited area, the Echinoid fauna is a fairly
large one. This is no doubt partially to be accounted for by the
great variety exhibited by the inorganic environment: near the
1900.] -MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS, 273
mouths of the rivers extensive deposits of silt mixed with
vegetable débris occur, and here, as a rule, the reef is poorly, if at all,
represented ; in places, however, where the reef is flourishing its
distance from the shore is very variable, rarely exceeding 500 yards,
and the lagoon shore is of the most varied description—mangrove-
swamps, tracts of hard sand, or gravel may occur, or volcanic
rocks may come down to the water’s edge and, being eroded by the
action of the sea, form tide-pools and crevices when the tide
recedes.
Each kind of environment was found to have its own peculiar
Echinoid fauna, each species except the most abundant being
restricted to one sort of habitat in its adult condition ; and in this
convection it is worth noting that, although this is constant
throughout the district, yet in other localities, ¢.g., Batavia, the
same species will be found ina different environment. A good
instance of this is afforded by Diadema sawatile, which was the ouly
reef-Kchinoid of the district, and was a conspicuous object among
the masses of coral on nearly all the reefs; whereas at Batavia this
species was apparently found by Dr. Sluiter (cf. also Studer *) a
short distance from coral on patches of sand, Echinometra lucunter
being common among coral in that locality. It seems to me that,
by a similar change of habitat, a certain amount of isolation might
be caused which would enable variations in a direction favourable
to that environment to become normal for the particular form-
unit, and by a continuation of the process specific distinctions
might become fixed. Without some such isolation it is difficult to
imagine how any variations from the norm could become sufti-
ciently stable to be perpetuated alongside of the type, or how any
gradual modification could take place in the type itself”, since the
pelagic plutei that settle down in any given limited area can
hardly be supposed to be the offspring of adults living within that
same area, and there is no evidence, so far as I am aware, of
discontinuous variation among Kchinoids likely to lead to the
formation of new races.
The species of which examples were obtained number sixteen, of
which it may be worth remarking that four extend as far south as
New Zealand; this is interesting in connection with the distribu-
tion of Asteroids and Holothurians, which appears to be much
more limited.
Only a few Kchinoids have been previously recorded from the
locality, but of these there are two species which we have failed to
find, and which are not represented in the Raffles Museum ; they are
Salmacis dussumieri and Rhahdocidaris bispinosa; there are
specimens of the latter in the British Museum collected by
Dr. Powell at Singapore, and I have satisfied myself of their
distinctness from Rhabdocidaris annulifera. Only one new species
is described, belonging to the morphologically interesting genus
Asthenosoma, antl we were fortunate in obtaining two young
' T. Studer, Monatsber. d. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 868.
* Cf. A. E, Ortmann, Grundziige d. mar. Tiergeographie, 1896, p. 31,
274 MR. F, P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
‘specimens which exhibit a number of points in the later develop-
ment, and which I hope to describe in detail further on. The fol-
‘lowing is a list of the species of which examples were collected :—
1. Rhabdocidaris annulifera Lam.
2. Diadema saxatile Linn.
3. Asthenosoma heteractis, sp. nov.
4, Temnopleurus toreumaticus Ag.
5. Temnopleurus reynaudi Ag. ?
6. Salmacis sulcata Ag.
7. Salmacis globator Bell.
8. Salmacis ravispina Ag. (fil.).
9. Laganum depressum de Blainv.
10. Laganwm decagonale de Blainvy.
11. Laganum, sp.
12. Arachnoides placenta Ag.
13. Echinodiscus levis Ag. (fil.).
14. Lovenia elongata Gray.
15. Metalia sternalis Lam.
16. Brissus carinatus Gm.
‘1. RHABDOCIDARIS ANNULIFERA Lamarck. (Plate XXTI.
figs. 1 a—d.)
Cidarites annulifera, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
4. iii. 1816, p. 57.
Phyllacanthus annulifera, Alex. Agassiz, Revision of Echini,
pt. ii. 1872, p. 387. ;
Cidaris annulifera, P. de Loriol, Mém. Soc. Se. Nat. Neuchatel,
t. iv. 1873, p. 25.
Cidaris liitkeni, P. de Loriol, Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neuchatel,
t: iv. 1873, p. 29.
Schleinitzia crenularis, Th. Studer, Monatsb,. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,
1880, p. 865. ,
Leiocidaris annulifera, L. Doederlein, Die Japanische Seeigel, i.
1887, p. 24.
References. H. Troschel, Sitzungsb. d. niederrhein. Ges, in Bonn,
1887, p. 335. Alexander Agassiz, ‘Challenger’ Reports, iii.
Echinoidea (1881). P. de Loriol, Beitriige d. Geol. u. Pal.
d. Libysche Wiiste, Ab. 3, Hft. i, 1883. P. de Loriol,
Mém. Soc. de Physique &c. de Geneve, t. xxviii. No. 8
(1883). C. Ph. Sluiter, Natuurk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind.
D. xlviii. (1889). S. Lovén, Bih. till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl., Bd. 18 (1892). P. de Loriol, Rev. Suisse de Zool.
t. i. (1893). R. Koehler, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France,
t. vill. (1895).
Locality. Seven specimens from Singapore, one from Malacca.
Habitat. Spines of this species are extremely abundant in nearly
all dredgings on a sandy or muddy bottom round Singapore; as
Dr. Sluiter noticed in the Bay of Batavia, so here, the species seem
to prefer a ground composed of comminuted fragments of shell,
1900.] = - MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS.. 275
coral, sand-grains, &c., but I have obtained it on the “ tangles ”
from mud.
Distribution. The area of distribution is a somewhat anomalous
one: it is fairly widely distributed over the Indo-Pacific circum-
tropical zone, extending from the Coromandel Coast on the west
through the Bay of Bengal and Malay Archipelago to the Prince
of Wales Is.: in the east and southwards it extends into the
Antarctic littoral zone, having been found in Tasmania as well as
on the South-Australian coast, but it is not reported from as far
north as Hongkong or the 8. Japanese seas.
There seems little doubt that M. de Loriol is right in associ-
_ .ating Studer’s Schleinitzia crenularis from New Guinea with this
species. Prof. Troschel and others have shown the inconstancy
which the tubercles exhibit with regard to absence or presence
of crenulation among recent Cidaride; and I have followed
~-M. de Loriol (loc. cit. 1883, p. 1) in uniting Agassiz’s species of
Phyllacanthus and Stephanocidaris bispimosa in Desor’s genus
Rhabdocdaris.
The specimens brought home represent a series showing growth-
changes from an individual 8 mm. in diameter to one 57 mm. in
diameter. Considerable allowance has to be made for individual
_ yariations in drawing deductions from so few specimens ; but it
seems worth while to give a table of the principal measurements
and also to figure the changes taking place in the spines during
growth.
As is well known, new coronal plates are formed between the
calycinals and the corona, the first-formed appearing as minute
sectors between the oculars and genitals (cf. condition in
Asthenosoma); and Prof. Lovén has described the process of
formation of the perignathic girdle and peristomal radial and
interradial plates by absorption from the coronal plates and
_redeposition on the buccal membrane. In this species, unlike
Dorocidaris papillatu examined by him, the peristomal plates do
not increase in number after the animal has reached a diameter of
2% mm.; and judging from the relative positions of the plates
and spines of the corona bordering on the peristome, I conclude
that no entire coronal plates have been absorbed in that region
subsequent to the stage represented by the smallest of our
specimens (8 mm. in diameter). The formation of new coronal
plates probably continues throughout life, and the spines
evidently increase in length up to a quite late stage; but whether
they keep pace with the growth of the test is not certain, as in the
largest specimen they had apparently been injured during life.
When first formed, the spines are always smooth and acquire the
characteristic granulations and thorns later; but it is interesting to
note that in the smaller specimens the spines acquire the typical
characteristics long before they reach a length at which granu-
lation begins to appear in the spines of larger individuals (cf.
Plate XXI. figs. 16, 1d). Insome specimens all the tubercles are
smooth, while in others many of the larger tubercles are very
[Mar. 20,
MR, F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS,
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distinctly crenulated in their aboral half, as noticed by other ob-
servers ; and, as pointed out by them, it is of interest in connection
with the fossil species of the genus, e. g. Rhabdocidaris nobilis
Desor, found in the Upper Jurassic strata of Europe.
2, DIADEMA SAXATILE Linn. (sp.).
For synonymy, vide 8. Lovén, Bihang till Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl. Bd. xiii. Afd. 4, No. 5 (1887).
References. Th. Studer, Monatsber. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,
Oct. 1880, p. 868. P. de Loriol, Mém. de la Soc. de Phys.
&e. de Geneve, t. xxviii. No. 8, 1883, p. 13. P. & F.
Sarasin, Ergeb. naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, Bd.i. Hft. 1, 1887.
C. Ph. Sluiter, Natuurk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. D. xlviii. 1889,
pp. 285, 288. G. W. Field, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ.
vol. xi. No. 97 (1892).
Locality. Singapore and neighbouring islets.
Habitat. This species is abundant on the reefs wherever the
coral is flourishing. In the daytime several individuals may often
be seen congregating together under the shadow of projecting
platforms of Madrepora, Turbinaria, or other coral. Unlike
Drs. Sluiter and Studer, I have never observed it except in the
immediate vicinity of living coral and usually on the outer edge
of the reef (cf. Field). As the Drs. Sarasin point out, it is an
extremely unpleasant creature to handle owing to the sharpness of
its spines, the tips of which break off in the flesh, and when any
attempt is made to hold it, it generally retreats to a place of greater
security ; when in its natural surroundings I have never noticed
any indications of attack or defence unless touched. So far as 1
know, it is the only Echinoid which is used as an article of food
by the Malays of the “ Straits.”
Distribution. The distribution is an extremely wide one
throughout both the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific cireumtropical
zones ; in the north it reaches up to Japan, the Mediterranean,
and the Canary Is., and it has been found as far south as the
Cape of Good Hope and N.E. Australia, but I cannot find any
record of its occurrence from the west coast of America. The
species is extremely variable both in form and colouring, but the
varieties do not seem to be confined to separate localities.
In one young specimen the spines, as described by other
observers, are banded with purple and white, the test being purplish
black as in adult.
The coloration of this species is subject to a very considerable
amount of modification, but whether there is really more than one
species living in the district I am unable to state positively. The
same uncertainty exists in my mind as to the Asteroid Pentaceros
described later in this paper, and it would require a random
selection of a large number of examples in order to settle the
question.
Proo. Zoon, Soc,—1900, No. X1LX. 19
278 MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
3. ASTHENOSOMA HETERACTIS, sp. nov. (Plate XXI. fig. 2.)
References. Grube, 45es Jahresb. d. Schles. Gesell. f. vat. Cult.
1863 (A. varium). H. Ludwig, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd.
34, 1880, p. 70 (A. varium). A. Agassiz, ‘ Challenger ’ Re-
ports, vol. iii. Echinoidea, 1880, p. 82 (A. grubet). P. &
F. Sarasin, Ergeb. naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, Bd. i. Heft 3,
1888 (A. urens). S. Lovén, Bih. till K. Sv. Vet.-Ak.
Handl. Bd. 18, 1892 (A. varium). F. J. Bell, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. iv. 1889, pp. 436-438. P. de
Loriol, Rey. Suisse de Zool. t. i. & im. 1893 & 1896
(A. varium). S. Yoshiwara, Ann. Zool. Jap. vol. 1. part 1,
1897 (A. wimai). R. Koehler, Zool. Anz. xx. 1897,
p. 307.
Locality & Habitat. This species occurs in some numbers in
about 5 fathoms of water on a muddy bottom off the west of
Pulo Brani, Singapore; a single specimen was dredged by
Dr. Hanitsch in the New Har bour, Singapore; it lives in
company with a species of Haplodactyla, specimens being
frequently obtained together in the dredge.
This form is very closely allied to the other three shallow-
water species of Asthenosoma; its adult characters appear to be
very constant, and although its differences from these species
are very slight, it seems advisable to regard it as a distinct species.
The nearest ally is perhaps Asthenosoma wrens, collected by
the Drs. Sarasin in the north of Ceylon, which it resembles in the
possession of thorn-bearing spines in the neighbourhood of the
ambitus, as well as poison-organs arranged along each side of the
interambulacral space, and in the former respect it differs at once
from A. varium and A. grubei. It is distinguished from A. wrens
by the very marked distinction in appearance between the ambu-
lacral and interambulacral abactinal spines ; the latter possess
constricted connective-tissue sheaths as in all the abactinal spines
of A. wrens, which they also resemble in the possession of well de-
veloped poison-sacs, there is, however, very little pigment developed
in their sheaths ; the ambulacral spines are of equal length to the
interambulacral, but havea very thin sheath which is unconstricted,
and they are marked by very distinct and regular bands of purple
pigment arranged transversely at intervals along the sheath ;
poison-sacs are also developed on these spines, but their tips are
much more fragile than those of the other spines and in process
of capture they are nearly always broken. The calycinal system
resembles in the adult that of A. wrens and A. grubei, and differs
from A. varium in the separation of the genital pores from the
genital plates, the pore being situated in a V-shaped incision on
the outer margin of the plate. The madreporite differs from that
of A. grubet in being quite flush with the rest of the calycinal
system.
The peristomal plates, of which there are ten rows continuous
with the ambulacral coronal plates (the interradial plates heing
1900.] MR. F, P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS, 279
unrepresented in the peristome of Hchinothuride), number in
adults normally 9 in one row and 8 in the other row of the pair,
although occasionally there may be 8 and 7 respectively. In
A. wrens there are 9 in each row (according to the Sarasins), and
in A, grubei there are 12. The coronal plates, both ambulacral
and interambulacral, are like those described by M. de Loriol for
Amboina specimens of A. varium, but the ambulacral edge of the
narrow interambulacral plates is devoid of tubercles. There are
three distinct kinds of pedicellarie.
Stewart’s organs are very well-developed and of the same
shape as in A. wrens, and the muscular partitions are developed
to the same extent as in that form.
The alimentary canal does not seem to have been described in
detail in any species of the genus, so that I do not know if the
condition occurring in this species in universal throughout the
genus, or whether it forms a “ specific character ” ; but in addition
to the two loops of the alimentary canal occurring in other
regular Kchinoids (the adoral of the two being connected with the
siphon), it makes two additional loops within the former before
reaching the “siphonal intestinal loop,” these additional loops
being situated round the top of the lantern of Aristotle (the
siphon appears to be absent).
Ss.
\
ns. WN. Dy. €.n.
Radius of Asthenosoma heteractis (transverse section).
This section passes between the branches to the ambulacral pores, and is
thus slightly oblique.
w.v. = radial water-vessel. | ms. = mesentery formed from the
b.v. = radial blood-vessel ? endothelium of the body-wall.
r.s. = radial sinus (pseudohemal c.e, = endothelium lining body-wall.
canal), c.p. = calcareous plate (decalcified).
s. = septum between outer and c.t, = connective tissue.
inner radial nerves. i.r.m, = inner radial nerve (ganglion).
en, = epineural canal, or.n.= outer radial nerve.
Another character of some morphological interest which does
not seem to have been noticed by the Drs, Sarasin in A. wrens, or
19*
280 MR, F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [Mar. 20,
by Agassiz in the ‘ Challenger ’ species of the genus, is the condition
of the radial water-vessels ; these, together with the nerves and
associated canals, are slung up from the body-wall by a narrow
mesenterial fold, so that the nervous system is farther removed
from its primitive epithelial position than, so far as I know, occurs
in any other Echinoid (see section figured). The division of the
nerve-trunk into a deeper and a superficial layer is very obvious
in sections, the deeper layer being swollen at intervals on each
side to form gauglia: this condition is quite unique among
Echinoids, the deeper nerve-layer being absent in the radii of all
forms hitherto investigated in which it is said to be confined to
the neighbourhood of the oral ring ; its occurrence in the radii of
this species recalls the condition in Holothurians.
In addition to adult examples, of which several were taken, two
young stages were obtained which I hope to describe in a later
communication in some detail, as they show some important
differences in the calycinal system, coronal plates, poison-organs,
pedicellarie, &c. I hope also to give a more detailed account of
the adult morphology than seemed advisable in a paper dealing
chiefly with systematic features,
Adult examples seem to average about 83 mm. in diameter and
have a height of about 24 mm.; they are thus smaller than the
allied species.
4, TEMNOPLEURUS TOREUMATICUS Ag.
Temnopleurus toreumaticus Agassiz & Desor, Ann. Sci. Nat. 3™°
sér. Zool. t. vi. 1846, p. 360.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Echini, pt. 3, 1873, p. 463.
J. E. Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vol. iv.
p- 159.
Locality. Common between tide-marks and up to 5 fathoms on
the east of Singapore island; alsocommon in from 1 to 3 fathoms
of water at Tanjong Kling near Malacca, and several young
specimens were dredged in 10 to 15 fathoms at C. Rachado.
Habitat. At Singapore they are found on Zostera on mud.
Distribution. Reported from the Indo-Pacific area between the
Gulf of Persia on the west and New Caledonia on the east ; it
extends also into North China, and is recorded from N.E.
Australia.
The Malacca specimens differ strikingly from those found at
Singapore by reason of their much longer spines and somewhat
different coloration. In some specimens the general colour-effect
is a greenish grey, the spines being light-coloured with 6 to 12
dark transverse bands of the same tint, these bands are con-
spicuous towards the tip of each spine, but become gradually
fainter towards the base; in other individuals the bands are
claret-coloured, giving a reddish hue to the entire animal.
Individuals do not seem to reach the same size as those recorded
from other localities,
1900.] MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. 281
Measurements.
| Diam. | Height. | Calyx. bau cane | Locality. io a ta
a oc esas aly Longest epee
}1. | 245 15 8-0 28:5 | Malacea 116:3
2, | 26 15 75 32 | , 123-1
3. | 34 21 MO Met Nl 88:2
4, 30°5 21°5 8 10:0 33 ie 92°9
Meera UO i 4 10 ‘Singapore 95:2
6. 34 PA ey 10:0 21 * 61:8
7. 37 21:5 103 10:0 21 | FF 56°8
5. TEMNOPLEURUS REYNAUDI Ag. (?).
Temnopleurus reynaudi, Agassiz & Desor, Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) vi.
1846, p. 360.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Hchini, part 3, 1873.
H. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. xxii. 1898, p. 318.
Distribution. Ceylon, China Seas, and New Zealand.
Locality. A single specimen only, in 6 fathoms on a bottom com-
posed of sandy mud off the west of Singapore Island, appears to
belong to this species.
Diameter 24 mm. ; height 13 mm.
6. Saumacis sutcaTa Ag. (Plate XXII. fig. 3.)
Salmacis sulcata, Agassiz & Desor, Ann. Se. Nat. (3) vi. 1846,
p. 309.
Salmacis globator, Alex. Agassiz (not L. Ag.), Revision of
Echini, part 3, p. 473, 1872.
Salmacis alexandri, Bell, Report of Zool. Coll. H.MLS. + Alert,’
1884, p. 119.
References. J. E. Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iv.
1878. F. J. Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880 (S. globator a). F. J.
Bell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ix. 1885. 8. Lovén, Bih. K.
Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Bd. 13, Afd. 4, No. 5, 1887. L.
Doederlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. Bd. 3, 1888, p. 836,
P. M. Duncan & W. P. Sladen, Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. xxi,
1888. H. Farquhar, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. xxiii. 1898.
Locality § Habitat, vide S. globator, Bell. I believe that this
species prefers a somewhat greater depth than 8. globator (5-10
fathoms), but in any case they are found together in about 5
fathoms. A similar association together of two closely allied species
of Echinoids within a limited area occurs in the case of Hchinus
esculentus and Echinus acutus at Plymouth (v. E. J. Allen, Journ.
M. B. A. Plymouth, vol.xv. no. 4, 1889, p. 473). In this latter case
the ‘ specific centre ” of the two forms appears, from Mr, Allen’s
282 MR. F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN HCHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
report, to differ considerably in depth, and the area in question
appears to represent the shallow-water margin of the distributional
area of /. acutus which overlaps the centre of distribution of
E. esculentus.
Two of the specimens collected approach very close to “typical”
S. alexandri in the more uniform character of their tuberculation,
their deeper sutural furrowings, and their general facies ; and t
seems to me that the two forms represent extremes of a continuous
series, the “norm ”of which differs in different localities (cf.
Loven). Dr. Lovén places this species in the genus Z'emno-
pleurus, but I cannot see sufficient differences to warrant its
generic separation from the other Salmacis; the bare median
spaces containing the sutural pits, and referred to by Dr.
Doederlein, are very obvious in the living animal. The colour of
the spines is for the most part dark violet, with the base and tip
often cream-coloured (¢f. Duncan & Sladen).
Measurements.
Diam. Height, Oalyx. Peristome. Percentage values: D=100.
ah O. | a
50 31 75 13°5 62:0 15:0 27:0
59 35 8:0 14°5 59°3 13:6 24:6
61 35 = 10°5 13°5 57:4 17-2 22:1
7. SALMACIS GLOBATOR Bell (? L. Ag.). (Plate XXIL. figs. 4 a, b.)
Salmacis globator, F. J. Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 431
(S. globator |3).
? S. sulcatus, Sladen, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 439, 1879.
References. ¥. J. Bell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ix. 1885.
8. Lovén, Bih. K. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Bd. 13, Afd. 4,
No. 5, 1887.
Locality. Singapore.
Habitat. The test of this species together with those of
S. sulcata are frequently found washed ashore on the east side of
Singapore Island; unfortunately when collecting I did not re-
cognize that the two species were distinct, so that I do not know in
what proportions they occur ; they live in considerable abundance
from between tide-marks up to about 10 fathoms on a muddy
bottom. The synonymy of this, as indeed of all the species of
Salmacis, isin a state of the greatest confusion. Prof. Bell (doc. cit.
1880) described it as Salmacis globator (3) ; some years later (loc.
cit. 1885) he expressed the opinion that it was identical with
Louis Agassiz’s S. globator, and he then renamed Alex. Agassiz’s
S. globator, Salmacis alexandri. Dr. Lovén does not admit that
S. globator (6) Bell is Louis Agassiz’s species, but, on the other
hand, unites it with S. rarispina of the latter author. It is quite
impossible from the meagre description in Agassiz and Desor’s
‘Catalogue Raisonné’ to arrive at any conclusion as to the
species they intended ; it seems better therefore, for the sake of
Sy MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. 28
1900 R. F. P. BEDFORD N ECHINODERMS 283
clearness, to ignore their definitions in the two cases, and to name
it S. globator Bell. The species from the Korean Straits described
by Mr. Sladen as S. sulcatus seems to me to be referable to this
form. Owing to the uncertainty of identification of species of
this genus, I have omitted their recorded distribution, but it is un-
doubtedly extensive.
The colour of the spines in the specimens collected was whitish
yellow, with irregularly spaced, narrow, transverse purple bands ;
in one specimen the abactinal spines were all devoid of any purple
pigment.
Measurements.
Diam. Height. Oalyx. Peristome. cy values: D= ie
30°5 =. 200 Me 8 65:6 ae 26°2
53°56 40 9-0 13 74:8 168 = 243
58:5 34 10°5 15 58'1 17:5; 25°6
750 3949 ah 16 65°3 ae 21:3
8. SALMACIS RARISPINA Alex. Agass.
Salmacis rarispina, Alexander Agassiz, Revision of EHchini,
pt. 3, 1872, p. 475.
References. J. EH. Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.
vol. iv. 1878, p. 161. P. de Loriol, Rev. Suisse de Zool.
t. 1. 1893, p. 370.
Locality. Singapore ; two specimens dredged in 10 fathoms on
sand. The species does not appear to be very common at Singapore,
although M. de Loriol mentions having examined several speci-
mens from that locality.
The description given by Mr. Tenison-Woods of individuals
from N.E. Australia accords exactly with those in the present
collection ; and I think there can be very little doubt that they are
the same species as Alexander Agassiz’s S. rarispina; the pale
wedge-shaped sutural markings so characteristic of this species
are very obvious in both specimens. So faras I can judge, this, as
suggested by Loven, is the Hehinus spheroides of Linneus, but I
cannot agree with him in identifying it with S. globator (()
described by Prof. Bell (P. Z. S. 1880).
Measurements.
Diam. Height. Oalyx. Peristome. Percentage values: D=100.
Tal C. P.
Peay woe 24 7:0 11 61°5 17:9 28°'3
Qi nae Od "od aie 14:5 68°38 26°6
9. Laganum pupressuM de Blainv. (Plate XXIII. figs. 5 a-e.)
Laganum depressum, L. Agassiz, Monograph. d’Echinod. ii. 184 ,
p. 110, tab. 238.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Kchini, pt. 3, 1373,
284 MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
p. 518. P. de Loricl, Mém. Soc. Phys. &. de Geneve,
t. xxviii. no. 8, 1883, p.37. CO. Ph. Sluiter, Natuurk. Tijd.
y. Ned. Ind. xlviii. 1889, p. 293. P.de Loriol, Rev. Suisse
de Zool. t. i. 1895, p. 375.
Locality § Habitat. Abundant in 5 to 10 fathoms on mud.
Singapore.
Distribution. Extends from the East Coast of Africa to Fiji and
Kingsmills Is.
Adults are easily distinguished trom LZ. decagonale by the shape
of the test ; the young, however, approach each other rather closely
(v. figs.) ; 5 genital pores usually visible.
Measurements.
1. Length 37 mm. Diameter 33 mm.
2. ae es ’ Be
3.0, 865 ee ey ai
ikea: 4 gp
RRA RE Jel aie
10. LaGANUM DECAGONALE de Blainy. (Plate XXIII. figs.
6 a-é.)
Laganum decagonum, L. Agassiz, Monogr. d’Echinod. ii. 1841,
p- 112, tab. 23. figs. 16-20.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Echini, pt. 3, 1873,
p. 520. F. J. Bell, Zool. Coll. of H.MLS. ‘ Alert,’ 1884,
p- 122. F. J. Bell, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi.
1884, p. 130. F. J. Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 411.
Locality § Habitat. Very abundant in 3 to 10 fathoms on mud.
Singapore and Malacca.
Distribution. Previously recorded from Japan, Prince of Wales’
Channel and Thursday Is., New Caledonia, and Bay of Bengal.
The colour, when alive, is a dull red ; in spirit this first becomes
green, and ultimately disappears more or less completely. As shown
in the figures, the test is somewhat variable in shape, the angles
of the outline being somewhat less marked in young individuals.
The size of the genital openings varies considerably ; normally
there are four present, although occasionally the posterior pore also
occurs: in some specimens the genital openings are quite indis-
tinguishable even in the denuded test; the extent to which the
coronal sutures are visible is also extremely variable. This species
is placed by Agassiz and others in the subgenus Peronella, but
Professor Bell (oc. et. 1883) has shown reasons for discontinuing
this mode of subdivision of the genus.
Measurements.
1. Length 66°5 mm. Diameter 63°5 mm.
a Seale 5 » Ol
3.
nae » 495
ih ics) a
1900.] MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. 285
11. Laganum, sp.? (Plate XXIII. figs. 7 a, 6.)
Four small specimens were found among a number of individuals
of Laganum depressum and decaqonale which I cannot ascribe to
either of these species. It seems possible that they may be bybrid
forms. The test is more swollen than in any specimens of either
of the two species named; in shape they are quite orbicular and
the four genital pores are very large (the posterior being absent) :
in the two smaller specimens the actinostome and anus are excep-
tionally large; the internal calcareous connections between the
upper and lower surfaces are more complicated than in L. depressum,
but do not extend to half the distance from the periphery to the
centre as in normal ZL. decagonale (v. figs.).
12. ARACHNOIDES PLACENTA Agass.
Arachnoides placenta, L. Agassiz, Monogr. d’Echinod. ii. 1841,
p. 94.
Reference. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Hchini, pt. 3, 1878,
p. 530.
Locality. Singapore, one specimen between tide-marks.
Distribution. Mergui Archipelago, Burma, E. India Is., Aus-
tralia, and New Zealand.
Transverse diameter 64 mm. Diameter in plane of odd ambu-
lacrum 65 mm.
13. EcHrnopiscus L&VIS Agass.
Echinodiscus levis, Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Echini, pt. 3,
1873, p. 533.
Lobophora truncata, L. Agassiz, Monogr. d’Echinod. ii. 1841,
p. 66.
Locality. Singapore, three specimens between tide-marks; at
low tide they lie just covered by sand.
Distribution. 8. Africa, E. India Is., New Caledonia, China Seas,
and Japan.
In one specimen the lunule is incompletely formed on one side,
the slit not being clesed posteriorly; in the others both lunules
are complete.
This species is very closely allied to Z. biforis, from which it is
distinguished by the shape of the test, which is relatively longer in
the former, and the transverse line of greatest breadth passes close
to the apex, being much more anterior in position than in
E. biforis; the lunules, also, are shorter. Louis Agassiz’s dis-
tinction, based on the absence of transverse grooves between the
pore-pairs in Z, truncata, does not hold good; in one specimen the
pore-fields on the right side of the odd (ant.) ambulacrum and
right posterior ambulacrum are devoid of continuous pore-grooves,
while on the other pore-fields they are present; the characters
first mentioned are also so variable, that it is quite possible that
we are really dealing with a single species’.
1 Dr. Hanitsch has sent me an example of this species obtained at Malacca.
286 MR. F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
Measurements.
Distance of anus Length of lunule
Trans. diam. Other diam. from post. edge. on right side.
42 39°5 about 4 6
85 81 6 14
92°5 85°5 od 14
14. Lovenra BLONGATA Gray.
Lovenia elongata, J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Kchinids in Brit.
Mus. 1. 1865, p. 45.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Echini, pt. 3, 1873,
p. 575. Alexander Agassiz, ‘Challenger’ Reports, vol. iii.
Echinoidea, 1880, p. 175. R. Koehler, Mém. Soe. Zool.
de France, t. vili. 1895.
Locality. A single damaged specimen from 4 fathoms on mud.
Singapore.
Distribution. Recorded from the Red Sea and Cape of Good
Hope to the Philippines ; it extends also into North and West
Australia, and according to Agassiz it is found in the Gulf of
California.
There is some doubt as to whether this species is correctly
determined, on account of the broken condition of the posterior
end of the test; but the arrangement of the long serrated abactinal
spines and the shape of the actinostome resemble those parts in
L. elongata more than in ZL. subcarinata, the only species with
which it could be confounded: the colour also is characteristic of
L. elongata, the large spines being yellow banded with violet as in
the type.
15. Mprania STERNALIS Lamarck.
References. Alexander Agassiz, Revision of Echini, pt. 3, 1873,
p- 600. P. de Loriol, Mém. Soc. de Phys. &c. de Genéve,
t. xxviil. p. 44, 1883.
Locality. Pulo Brani, Singapore.
Habitat. This species appears to burrow in fine sand between
tide-marks in the same way as Echinocardium cordatum on our own
coasts. j
Distribution. Extends from the Red Sea to Sandwich Is. in the
Indo-Pacific circumtropical littoral region ; it is also recorded from
Australia and New Zealand.
It is at once distinguished from Brissus carinatus by its cordi-
form subanal fasciole, narrower actinal plastron, and deep anterior
groove.
Measurements.
Length. Trans.diam. Ant. petal. Post. petal. Height. Act. plastron.
715 64 24-5 B0°5 41 22
1900.] MR. ¥. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. 287
16. Brissus CARINATUS Gmelin.
Brissus carinatus, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 3200.
Brissus scille, Ag., Agassiz & Desor, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, Zool.
t. vill. 1847, p. 13.
Brissus columbarius, Gray, \ J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Echinoidea
Brissus carinatus, Gray, in Brit. Mus. pt. i. 1855, pp. 53, 54.
Brissus unicolor, Alex. Agass. (not Klein or Leske), Revision of
Eehini, pp. 97, 357, 598, 1872.
References. N. G. Leske, Addit. ad Kleinii Disp. Echin. 1778,
tab. xlvii. figs. 4,5. F.J. Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879,
p. 349. P. de Loriol, Mém. Soc. de Phys. &. de Geneve,
t. xxvill. 1883, p. 47. 8S. Lovén, Bih. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak.
Handl. Bd. 15 (4), 1887, p. 165.
Locality. One denuded test dredged off Pulo Brani, Singapore ;
there is also another test of this species in the Raffles Museum
collected at Singapore.
Distribution. Ranges over the entire circumtropical littoral zone,
including the West Indies, Cape Verd Is., Mediterranean, and
Indo-Pacific as far east as the Society and Sandwich Islands ; it is
not recorded from Australia.
M. de Loriol does not agree with Prof. Bell in uniting the
Brissus unicolor and carinatus of Alexander Agassiz into one species;
he bases his distinction on characters admittedly variable in
different individuals of the same size and in the same individual at
difterent stages of growth. I have therefore, with some hesitation,
followed Professor Bell in this respect ; but since Dr. Loven has
shown that Klein’s Brissus wnicolor is probably identical with
Metalia maculosa and certainly not a true Brissus at all, it follows
that the name of B. carinatus should be retained for this species,
which is undoubtedly the same as that referred to by Leske as
Spatangus brissus latecarinatus and renamed carinatus by Gmelin.
In our example the peripetalous fasciole is normal for Eastern forms,
having two re-entering angles in each anterior interambulacram,
and in the odd interambulacram it forms a deep angle as in Leske’s
figure of Spatangus brissus lutecarinatus. The subanal fasciole is
reniform, and there are 5 pedicellar pores on each side of subanal
area.
Measurements.
Length. Trans. diam. Ant. petal. Post. petal. Height. Act. plastron.
70 52 22 28 39°5 21°5.
Il. ASTEROIDEA.
Seventeen species of Asteroids were collected, several of which
were, however, represented by single or few individuals; five
species were found in the immediate neighbourhood of Malacca,
but these were all specifically distinct from any found at Singapore
and 3 out of the 5 were very abundant. This is worth noting, since
the four species of Hchinoids collected at Malacca were common
288 MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
also at Singapore. The question of the extent to which the same
species alters as it migrates from its specific-centre is one the
solution of which must lead to a clearer idea of the mode of origin
of new species (or rather perhaps new “ form-units”). In many
cases the same range of variation appears to occur throughout the
whole area of distribution of the species, while in other cases we
can speak of local varieties or local races; and in such, attempts
have been made to trace a gradual progressive modification as we
pass outwards from the supposed original “ centre.” This has been
exemplified in some detail by Dr. Déderlein ‘ for two species of
Oulcita. In this genus the form and distribution of the pore-areas
over the abactinal surface vary considerably within the limits of
the same species, and in the two species, C. schmideliana and
C. nove-quinee, these pore-areas have a similar independent range
of variation from forms with small disconnected areole to others
in which the areolz merge into one another, leaving small isolated
spaces devoid of pores. C. schimideliana var. ceylonica and C. nove-
guinee var. plana belong to the former type, while C.schmideliana var.
africana and C. nove-quinee var. arenosa belong to the latter type.
The distribution of the two species is as follows: C. schmideliana
occurs in the western part of the Indian Ocean, while C. nove-
guinee extends throughout the Malay Archipelago and Eastern
Pacific. Dr. Déderlein points out that at Ceylon var. ceylonica
occurs, while at Sumatra and Java, the most western points to which
C. nove-yuinee extends, var. plana is found; and from this he draws
the conclusion that “wo die Verbreitungsgrenze beider Arten
aneinanderstésst, finden sich Varietiiten, die einander auffallend
ihneln.” From this it would appear that the two species originated
from a form intermediate between var. ceylonica and var. plana,
and that the specific-centre of this form would lie between Ceylon
and Malaysia. This, however, is at once falsified by finding the
opposite extreme of variation, viz. var. arenosa, at Singapore, a point
nearer to Ceylon than the places at which var. plana has been
collected. This merely shows how important it is todetermine the
distribution of varieties before questions of position of specific-
centre can be solved, and it will serve, I hope, as an apology for
what may be regarded as unnecessary detail in the descriptions
I have given of specimens collected. In the case of Astropecten
javanicus we appear to have a case of progressive modification as
we pass from Java through the Straits of Malacca to the Mergui
Archipelago, where A. andersoni, which I believe to be a variety of
A, javanicus, is found ; but it would be rash to assume this until the
region is more fully worked out.
I have adopted in all cases the generic and specific notation
employed by Professor Ludwig’, as it seems to me preferable to
attempt to impress some uniform scheme into systematic reports
rather than to wage an incessant war of words in defence of
doubtful claims to priority.
? Semon’s Zool. Forsch. in Austr. &. Bd. v. Lf. 3, 1896, pp. 310-316.
? Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Bd. ii. Abth. 3, Asteroidea, 1899.
1900. ] MR. F. P. BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. 289
The following is a list of the species represented in the col-
lection :—
. Archaster typicus M. & T.
. Craspidaster glauconotus, sp. nov.
. Astropecten gavanicus Ltk., var. malaccanus nov.
. Astropecten pleiacanthus, sp. nov.
. Inidia longispina Sladen.
. Luidia penangensis de Lor.
. Luidia maculata M. & T.
. Iconaster longimanus Mob.
. Goniodiscus articulatus de Lor.
10. Stellaster incei Gray.
11. Anthenea flavescens Perrier.
12. Pentaceros turritus M. & T.
13. Culcita nove-quinee, var. arenosa Perrier.
14. Palmipes rosaceus M. & T.
15. Retaster cribrosus v. Mart.
16, Patria, sp.
17. Asterina, sp.
C CONT Oo OVE OO DOH
The total absence of Linckiade from the collection seems worthy
of remark.
1. ARCHASTER TYPICUS.
Archaster typicus, Miller & Troschel, Archiv f. Naturg. 1840,
. 323.
: References. Miller & Troschel, System der Asteriden, 1842,
p. 65, Taf. 5. fig. 2. v. Martens, Archiv f. Naturg. 1866,
p- 83. C. Ph. Sluiter, Natuurk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. xlviii.
1889, p. 309. PP. de Loriol, Rev. Suisse de Zool. t. i.
1893, p. 378. L. Cuenot, Archives de Biologie, xi. 1891,
p- 335. H. Ludwig, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Bd. ii. Abth. 3,
Asteroidea, 1899.
R=5'3—7:0 Xr.
Locality & Habitat. This species was very abundant on a sand-
flat just exposed at low tide on Po Senang, Singapore; I did not
meet with any examples elsewhere; its habitat appears to be
identical on the islets of the Java Sea (cf. Sluiter).
Distribution. Extends from the Nicobars and Andamans through
the Mergui Archipelago, Malay Archipelago, and N. Australia, as
far as the Fiji and Tongals. It seems doubtful whether it occurs
in Mauritius.
Out of five specimens brought back the superomarginals varied
in number from 45 to 50 on each side of interbrachial arch
(v. Martens gives 40-45, while Miller & Troschel give 36). There
were no traces of superomarginal spines.
In one specimen at the base of one of the arms there is a con-
striction somewhat similar to that which occurs in Linckia before
schizogony of the arm takes place; in the present case the
290 MR. F. P, BEDFORD ON MALAYAN ECHINODERMS. [ Mar. 20,
superomarginals meet across the abactinal surface, but the actinal
plates are unaffected.
The anus is central, without any tendency towards Cuénot’s
interradius BC in any of the five specimens brought back: Prof.
Ludwig, in his definition of the genus pes riince.t 305 a, eee
354 MR, STANLEY 8S. FLOWER ON THE (Apr. 3,
108. Scruroprerus pAvisont Thomas. Davison’s Flying-
Squirrel.
O. Thomas (P. Z.S. 1886, p. 74, pl. vi.) described this species
from a specimen collected in Malacca by Davison.
109. ScivROPTERUS LEPIDUS Horsf.
In the Museum at Kuala Lumpor there is a Squirrel from
Selangor, which Mr. A. L. Butler tells me is of this species. ,
110. ScruropreRUS GENIBARBIS (Horsf.).
Cantor (p. 45) records this species from the Malay Peninsula,
and gives the following dimensions of a male :—
Head and body ...... 191mm. 73 inches.
Dail. 9: 5 eats, cen tihetiss 7 SO Bee ee alee
Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Java.
111. Rarura Bicotor Sparrm. The Large Malay Squirrel.
Sciurus bicolor, Cantor, p. 38; Blanford, Faun. Ind., Mamm,
p. 373.
Cantor says the dark variety is called by the Malays of the
Peninsula “ Chingkrdéwah ¢tam,” and is very numerous in the
forests and hills of Penang and the Malay Peninsula; the light
variety is called “ Chingkrawah” or “ Chingkrawah puteh,” and
occurs in Penang.
O. Thomas (P. Z. S. 1886, p. 75) records twelve specimens from
the Malay Peninsula, from the following localities :—two from
Salanga, Junkceylon ; one from the Dindings; four from Klang,
Selangor ; one from Malacca; one from Jaffaria, Johore; and three
from Gunong Pulai, Johore. He says: ‘“* With the exception of
three or four of the cream-coloured examples so common in this
species, all these specimens represent the typical black and yellow
S. bicolor.”
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. ii. 1891, p. 9) records
specimens from Perak, Malacca, and Singapore.
Ridley (J.8. B. R. A.S. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 58) says: “ Scturus
bicolor Sparr. This very variable Squirrel is, in Pahang, usually of
a dirty yellowish-white colour, almost tawny on the back. Seen far
up the Tahan River, and at Pulau Tawar.” Also (Nat. Science, vi.
1895, p. 95) he writes :—‘“S. bicolor is a strictly arboreal squirrel,
which lives in the tops of the higher trees in the thick jungles.
It is very variable in colour. The commonest form in Singapore
is black with a cream-coloured belly. In the Peninsula it is
usually entirely cream-coloured. It is remarkably docile, but
much less active than the smaller species. When eating, this
species sits transversely on a bough, grasping it with its hind feet,
the head and body hanging down on one side and the tail on the
other. It eats fruits of different kinds, and also buds and leaves.”
H. J. Kelsall (J. S. B. R. A.S8. no. 26, Jan. 1894, p. 16) says :—
“This squirrel, which is common in Johor, is here of a dirty
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 355
yellowish-white colour, somewhat darker on the back. Specimens
were obtained at Kuala Sembrong and Batu Pahat.”
The Museum at Taiping contains a specimen of the dark race
from Maxwell’s Hill, Larut, Perak. Mr. L. Wray tells me this
squirrel is known as ‘The Jeelrang Squirrel,” “ Chingkrawah
Itam,” or “ Tupai Nanding.”
‘The Museum at Kuala Lumpor contains one dark specimen
from Selangor.
The Raftles Museum contains a specimen from Singapore.
In the Siamese Museum we had a specimen from Phrabat.
1 saw the dark race of this species in some high jungle-trees
near the waterfall, Botanical Gardens, Penang, 1st January, 1896.
Also on the 28th March, 1897, a little downstreamof Paknam Kabin
on the Bangpakong River, Siam, I saw one in a very tall tree: it
was black above, pale fawn-colour beneath, had a very big, bushy
black tail, and, so far as we could make out with field-glassesg, it
had tufted eurs.
Distribution. Nipal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Mme Burma,
Siam, Malay Peninsula (Junkceylon, Penang, Perak, Dindings,
Selangor, Malacca, Pahang, Johore, Singapore), Sumatra, Java,
Borneo ; Celebes ?
112. Scrurvus FintaysoniI Horsf. Finlayson’s Squirrel.
Sciurus ferrugineus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 375.
“ Kra rawk khow” (White Squirrel) of the Siamese.
Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. Mus. East India Co. 1851, p. 154)
records a specimen from Siam collected by Dr. G. Finlayson.
This species is very numerous in parts of Siam; the Siamese
Museum contained five specimens—a red one from Bangkok,
October 1893 ; a red one from Chantaboon, July 1896; and three
white ones without recorded localities. In March 1897 I saw six
of the white race in various places on the Bangpakong River
between Tahkamen and Kabin, they were all in trees, usually in
the jungle. In January 1898 I saw one of the red race in trees in
a mangrove swamp near the mouth of the Chantaboon River. In
February 1898 we saw very many near Ayuthia, especially in a
grove of trees a few miles north of the town; I did not see any
on the ground, but always in the trees or clumps of tall bamboo.
They were all engaged in love making, males were more numerous
than females ; they made a good deal of noise, a sort of clucking,
rather like the cry of some species of woodpecker. The females
have two pairs of mamme. These Ayuthia specimens varied
greatly in colour (v. O. Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 245); in all the
iris was dark brown, and the bare skin on hands and feet black.
In August 1898 I saw one specimen on Klong Morn, a few miles
from Bangkok. On the 28th August 1897, at Kosichang, J saw
in the woods on Flagstaff Hill about 12 or 15 white squirrels,
probably of this species, but apparently smaller and more buff
(less pure white) than those I saw on the Bangpakong in March.
On the 27th February, 1898, on revisiting the same woods, I saw
356 MR, STANLEY 8S, FLOWER ON THE [ Apr. 3
many of these squirrels; again they seemed to me smaller than
S. finlaysoni of the mainland, but they looked pure white: perhaps
they are a small island-race.
Distribution. Sikhim ?, Burma, Siam.
113. Scrurus ERyrHR#US Pallas. Pallas’s Squirrel.
Sciurus erythreus, Blant, Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 377.
A stuffed specimen, apparently of this species, in the Siamese
Museum, was said to have been obtained locally, which seemed
probable, as the Siamese had a name for it—‘ Krarwak lai,’ that
is, “ The Variegated Squirrel.”
Distribution. Assam, Burma, China ?, Siam ?
114, Scrurus urppurvs Is. Geoffr.
Sciurus hippurus, Cantor, p. 41.
“Tupai Jinjang,” “ Ummu,” or “Jau” of the Malays of the
Peninsula (Cantor),
Cantor records this species from the Malay Peninsula.
Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. Mus. East Ind. Co. 1851, p. 154) records
it from Malacca. O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 75) records three
specimens from Klang, Selangor, collected by Davison, saying
“This species seems to be the Malay representative of S. erythraeus
Pall., which does not, however, extend further south than Manipur,
while Klang seems to be about as far north as S. hippurus has been
found.”
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. part ii. 1891, p. 18)
records two specimens from Malacca, from R. W. G. Frith, 1844.
In the Museum at Taiping there are several squirrels from the
Larut Hills which Mr. Wray considers to be S. hippurus; they are
about equal in size to S. prevosti, but have the back dark ferru-
ginous instead of black, and have no white on the sides.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak?, Selangor, Malacca),
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
115. Scrurus CANicEps (Gray). The Golden-backed Squirrel.
Sciurus caniceps, O. Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1886, pp. 68 & 76; Blanf.
Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 380.
O. Thomas (op. cit. p. 76) records seven specimens of Sciurus
caniceps concolor from “* Kussoom, Taroar, Poongah, and Salanga,
Junkceylon,” collected by Darling. W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm.
Indian Mus. part ii. 1891, p. 14) records specimens from Perak
which “ have only a slight tinge of orange on the back, and no
cheek-patches, and this form agrees very well with the speci-
men from Malacca (procured by G. Moxon, 1847), the type of
S. concolor.”
I shot a specimen, subsequently kindly identified by Mr. Thomas,
near Gunong Gajah, Kedah, 13th April, 1895. ¢.
Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula (Junkceylon, Kedah,
Perak, Malacca).
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 307
116. Scrurus eriseimManus M.-Edw. The Grey-footed Squirrel.
Ridley (J.8. B. R. A. 8. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59), in a “ List of
Mammals recorded from Pahang,” includes “ Sciwrus griseimanus,
A. M.-Edwards,” but unfortunately gives no details about it.
_ Distribution. Cochinchina, Cambodia, Upper Burma (Blanf.Faun.
Ind., Mamm. p. 381), Laos (O. Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 68), and
Malay Peninsula ?
N.B.—Scrurvus arriporsaLis Gray. The Black-backed Squirrel.
Sciurus atridorsalis, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 382.
O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 76) records a single specimen from
Klang collected by Davison, but says :—“ There is possibly some
mistake in the labelling of this specimen, as the species is not
otherwise known to occur south of Tavoy, Tenasserim, and the
specimen exactly matches some of Mr. Davison’s Moulmein skins.”
Davison (J. S. B. R. A.S. no. 20, 1889, p. 84) says he “ obtained
one specimen of the common squirrel Sciwrus atrodorsalis” on Pulo
Tioman in August 1889!
Distribution. Burma.
117. Scrunvs MACCLELLAND!I Horsfield. The Striped Himalayan
Squirrel.
Sciurus macclellandi, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 386.
In the Museum at Taiping, Perak, there is a stuffed specimen
of S. macelellandi barber from Taiping (it is labelled S. tenuis
Horst.).
In the Siamese Museum there are two specimens, also of the
barbei race, from Petchaburi, Siam.
I obtained a single individual in a tree in a wood near Bortong
Kabin, 26th March, 1897.
Distribution. Sikhim, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Cachar,
Manipur, China, Formosa, Cochinchina, Siam, Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula (Perak, Malacca).
N.B.—Mr. J. L. Bonhote (A. M. N. H. ser. 7, vol. v. p. 53,
1900) distinguishes specimens from Perak as Sciwrus macclellandi
leucotis (Temm.), differing from S. barbet in having the light
stripes narrow and hair of ear white at base.
118. Scrurus renui1s Horsfield. The Slender Squirrel.
Sciurus tenuis, Cantor, p. 42.
Cantor records this species from Singapore and the Peninsula,
and apparently found it rare, only observing two individuals.
Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. Mus. East India Co. 1851, p. 154)
mentions a specimen from Singapore, collected by Finlayson.
O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 76) records eleven specimens from
the Malay Peninsula; they are from Klang and Ulu Langhat in
Selangor, from Malacca, from Gunong Pulai in Johore, and from
Singapore, and says ‘“ these specimens are all very similar, and
precisely agree with Horsfield’s type.”
Proc, Zoor, Soo.—1900, No. XXIV. 24
358 MR, STANLEY S. FLOWER ON THE [Apr. 3,
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. ii. 1891, p. 20) records
a specimen from Perak, and one from Malacca, collected by A. R.
Wallace. :
H. J. Kelsall (J.S. B. R. A.S. no. 26, Jan. 1894, p. 16), in a list
of Mammals from Johore, says ‘ Sctwrus tenuis, Horsf. Fairly
common. The smallest of the Malayan squirrels.”
Ridley (Nat. Science, vol. vi. 1895, pp. 95 & 96) gives an account
of the habits of this squirrel, and says it is very abundant and
destructive in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Hanitsch (Rep.
Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) also records it from Singapore.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Johore,
Singapore); “ Pulo Panjang in the Gulf of Siam” (W. L. Sclater,
0. 8. ¢.), Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
119. Scrurus PREVOSTI Desm. Raffles’s Squirrel.
Sciurus raffles, Cantor, p. 40.
‘“‘Tupai B’lang” of the Malays (according to Messrs. Ridley and
Wray). Cantor records this species as numerous on the Malay
Peninsula.
O. Thomas (P. Z. 8S. 1886, p. 76) mentions specimens trom Klang,
Selangor,and Malacca. W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii.
1891, p.24) records specimens from Malacca. Ridley(J.S.B.R.A.S.
no, 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59) mentions this species being common at
Kuala Semantan, Pahang, and (Nat. Science, vol. vi. 1895, p. 95)
says of it, ‘one of the most beautiful kinds in the world, is common
in the Malay Peninsula, but I never saw it in Singapore.”
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records this
species from Kuala Lumpor and from Pahang. In July 1898 I
saw a specimen in the Raffles Museum labelled “ Sciurus raffesii.
Singapore.”
The Museum at Taiping contains specimens from Taiping and
Blanja, Perak. Mr. A. L. Butler tells me this species is not
uncommon in Selangor; there are several specimens in the Museum
at Kuala Lumpor.
Mstribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Pahang.
Singapore ?), Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Banka, Billiton, Celebes.
120. Scrurus Notarus Bodd. The Malayan Squirrel.
Sciurus badging, O. Thomas, P. Z.S. 1886, p. 76.
Sciurus plantani of authors.
Sciurus vittatus, Cantor, p. 42.
Sciurus nigrovittatus, Cantor, p. 42.
? Sciurus griseiventer, L. Wray jun., label in Perak Museum.
Cantor records S. vittatus from Penang, Singapore, and the
Peninsula, and says it is ‘‘ the most numerous species in the Straits
of Malacca,” and S. nigrovittatus he records from the Peninsula and
says it is “not numerous.” O. Thomas (P.Z.S. 1886, p. 76)
records specimens from Lumut in the Dindings; Jerome, Klang,
and Birman in Selangor; Malacca; Gunong Pulai in Johore; and
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 309
Singapore ; and makes some very interesting remarks on the color-
ation of this species. W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus.
il. 1891, p. 23) records specimens from Perak and Malacca. Ridley
(J.S. B.R.A.S. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59), in a “ List of Mammals
from Pahang,” says: “ Sciwrus notatus, Bodd. This is perhaps the
commonest of all the Malayan Squirrels. Common everywhere” ;
and mentions its habits in Nat. Science, vol. vi. 1895, p. 95.
H. J. Kelsall (J. 8S. B. R. A.S. no. 26, Jan. 1894, p. 16), in a list
of Mammals from Johore, says “ Sciwrus notatus, Bodd. This pretty
little squirrel is common everywhere.” Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles
Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records this species from Singapore,
Johore, Kuala Lumpor, and Pahang.
This is the commonest species both about Taiping, Perak, and
Kuala Lumpor, Selangor ; there are several specimens in the local
museums at both towns. It also seems the commonest species on
Penang Hill; I obtained a specimen there at 2200 feet elevation.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Penang, Perak, Dindings,
Selangor, Malacca, Pahang, Johore, Singapore), Sumatra, Java,
Borneo.
121. FuNAMBULUS BERDMOREI (Blyth), Berdmore’s Squirrel.
Sciurus berdmoret, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 387.
During March 1897 I met this squirrel near Tahkamen, on the
Bangpakong River, Siam; three specimens undoubtedly of this
species, one in the jungle, two near a village, were seen running
on the ground ; two others, apparently of this species, were seen
climbing in a clump of bamboo.
In the Siamese Museum there were two specimens labelled
‘“©M. Pran, Siam.”
Distribution. Martaban, Tenasserim, Mergui Archipelago, Siam,
Cambodia, Cochinchina.
122, FUNAMBULUS LaTICAUDATUS (Diard). Long-nosed Squirrel.
Sciurus laticaudatus, Cantor, p. 43.
Rhinoscturus laticaudatus, W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.
ii. 1891, p. 30.
Cantor records this squirrel from the Malay Peninsula, gives a
description of it, and says it is “apparently not numerous”; he
examined five individuals. O. Thomas (P.Z.8. 1886, p. 78)
records a specimen from Klang, Selangor. W. L. Sclater (Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii. 1891, p. 30) records a specimen from the
Malay Peninsula procured by G. Moxon in 1851. Ridley
(J.8. B. R. A.S. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59), ina “ List of Mammals
recorded from Pahang,” says “‘ Sciwrus laticaudatus, Diard. This
appears to be a rare species. Kota Glanggi.” Hanitsch (Rep.
Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 10) under the name of “ Xerus
laticaudatus”” records a specimen from Pahang, probably the same
as that mentioned by Ridley. A large pale rufous squirrel from
Simpang, Perak, in the Museum at Taiping is considered by
24
360 MR, STANLEY 8, FLOWER ON THE [Apr. 3,
Mr. Wray to belong to this species. Mr. A. L. Butler told me
he shot two specimens in June 1898 near Kuala Lumpor, a
female and a three-quarter-grown young one; the young one has
dark rings on the tail, which are absent in the adult.
Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Pahang), Borneo.
123. FUNAMBULUS INSIGNIS (F. Cuvier).
Sciurus insignis F. Cuv.
O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 78) records specimens from Klang
in Selangor, and from Jaffaria in Johore. W. L. Sclater (Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii. 1891, p. 28) records a specimen from Malacca,
presented by E. R. Alston. Ridley (J.S. B.R.A.S. no. 25,
Jan. 1894, p. 59), in a “ List of Mammals recorded from Pahang,”
says: ‘ Sciurus insignis, F. Cuv. This is a pretty squirrel with
three black stripes down the back. It appears to live almost
entirely on the ground. Tahan River.” Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles
Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 10), under the name of Xerus insignis,
mentions this species from Ulu Pahang.
Distribution, Malay Peninsula (Selangor, Malacca, Pahang,
Johore), Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
124. FuyampBvtus tooria (Hodgs.). The Orange-bellied Hima-
layan Squirrel.
Sciurus subflaviventris, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. East India Co.
1851, p. 152.
Sciurus locria, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 376.
Horsfield (/. s. c.) mentions a specimen “ from G. Finlayson’s
Collection during Crawford’s Embassy to Siam.”
Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, Manipur, Arrakan, &c., and
probably Siam.
Family Murip2.
125. Hapatomys Lonercaupatrus Blyth. Berdmore’s Rat.
Hapalomys longicaudatus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 401.
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records a
specimen from Patani.
Distribution. Burma and Malay Peninsula (Patani).
126, VANDELEURIA OLERACHA (Benn.). The Long-tailed Tree-
Mouse.
Vandelewria oleracea, Blanf, Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 402.
_One specimen, said to have been caught near Chantaboon, was
given to me while in Siam ; its dimensions in spirit were :—
Head and body ........ 56mm. or 2-2 inches.
Dail yeh a eee eee Ob 155 Sun ir
Hind-foot 28 34heeae 1G os, ‘63 inch
Bar 2 ascend ke sacar eae -43
PP
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Assam, Yunnan, Burma, Siam,
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 361
127. CHIROPODOMYS GLIROIDES (Blyth). The Pencil-tailed Tree-
Mouse.
Chiropodomys gliroides, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 403.
O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 78) records a mouse from Jaram,
Selangor, collected by Darling, which probably belongs to this
species.
Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula (Selangor), Java, Borneo.
128. Mus rarrus Linn. The Common Brown Rat of the East
Indies.
Mus rufescens, Cantor, p. 46.
Mus rattus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 406.
“ Nu” of the Siamese (a term applied to all species of rats).
W.L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. ii. 1891, p. 67) records
a specimen of Mus’ rattus rufescens from Malacca, and one from
Penang from Cantor’s collection. Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. &
Mus. 1887, p. 11) records this species from Singapore.
I have caught this rat in Sepoy Lines, Penang (May 1895), on
Penang Hill (Nov. 1896 and March 1898), in Bangkok (April,
June, July, Aug., Nov. 1897, and Feb., Aug. 1898), and in Ayuthia
(Feb. 1898).
Colour. Specimens from Penang Hill: Above reddish brown,
with longer dark hairs: beneath pale yellowish, buff, or fawny
grey; the two colours gradually shade into each other on the
sides.
Specimens from Bangkok: Above reddish brown (varying from
bright rufous to yellowish), many of the larger hairs having black
tips (most noticeable in adult specimens), base of fur on back grey ;
beneath pure white (out of about 20 specimens examined, one was
yellowish beneath, one male grey, one female rufous grey with a
little white on the lower part of the abdomen, one young female
rufous grey); the line of demarcation between the darker upper
and white lower parts is very noticeable (except ina young female,
where they gradually shade into each other); hands and feet
flesh-coloured, with short white hairs on their upper surfaces, the
white hairs on the last segment of the toes may be longer than
the claws.
Females from Penang and from Bangkok had each 5 pairs of
mamme.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
129. Mus concotor Blyth. The Little Burmese Rat.
Mus concolor, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 408.
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. iit. 1891, p. 68)
mentions a skin from Malacca, collected in 1846. Hanitsch (Rep.
Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records this species from
Singapore. The Siamese Museum contained three specimens from
Bangkok.
Of this species I obtained three specimens from Penan
362 MR. SPANLEY 8, FLOWER ON THE [Apr.3
Hill, 2260 feet elevation, March 1896; two specimens from
Tanglin, Singapore, April 1896; one specimen from Pachim,
Siam, March 1897; one specimen from Paknam Menam, Siam,
August 1898; and I saw what I believe to be this species at
Pakpreo, Siam, in June 1897.
Colour of Paknam specimen:—Upper surfaces pale rufous
brown, lower surfaces pure white, tail dark above and light below.
Distribution. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula.
130. Mus pecumanvs Pall. ‘The Norway Rat.”
Mus decumanus, Cantor, p. 46; Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm.
p- 408.
“ Tikus ” of the Malays (name applied to any species of rat).
Cantor records this species from Penang and the Peninsula ;
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records it
from Singapore. In Siam I never saw this species alive or
trapped it, but three times found dead rats (which appeared to.
be .V. decumanus) in Bangkok, in each instance in that quarter
of the town where the foreign shipping lies along the wharfs.
In Georgetown, Penang, this species is common; it is rufous
brown above, buff below.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
131. Mus muscunus Linn. The Common House-Mouse.
Mus musculus?, Cantor, p. 46; Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm.
p. 413.
“ Tikus ruma” (0. é. house-rat) of the Malays,
Cantor gives habitat “ Pinang,” and says :—‘‘In colour, this
slightly difters from the European mouse, the upper parts being a
mixture of shining grey and tawny. The separate hairs are
leaden-grey at the base, then tawny with black apex; some are
longer and uniformly dark brown. Beneath pale ash. The ears
are large, more than one-half the length of the head, with very
short hairs, rounded, blackish. Toes, palms, and soles whitish.
Tail slender, dark-grey, with very short appressed brown hairs.
Length of the head and body, two and five-eighth inches (67 mm.),
tail two and four-eighth inches (64 mm.).”
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 11) records this
species from Singapore. J obtained only three specimens of the
Common Mouse, two trapped in houses in Singapore (Jan. & Dec.
1896), and one picked up dead in the bazaar at Chantaboon
(Jan. 1898). There were none in the houses in which we lived,
in Bangkok, Kedah, or Penang.
Of the second specimen from Singapore, Mr. Oldfield Thomas
writes to me :—** Very typical house specimen, with brown meta-
podials but white fingers and toes, a very characteristic coloration.”
Distribution, Cosmopolitan.
132. Nesocria sp. inc. Bandicoot Rat.
At least one species of Nesocta occurs in the Malay Peninsula,
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND TH! MALAY PENINSULA. 363
but what it is we cannot yet say for certain. Cantor seems to
have observed two species: one (p. 45) he calls Mus bandacota,
Bechstein, the other Mus setifer, Horstield. Of the former he
gives the Malay name as “ Tikus besdr” (7. ¢. big rat), and the
habitat as “ Pinang,” and says :—‘ The larger of two individuals,
captured in gardens, measured, head and body, ten and one- -eighth
inches (258 mu.); the tail seven and four-eighth inches (181 mm.).”
In May 1895 a species of Nesocia was common about out-
buildings in the barracks in Penang.
Subsequently in April 1898 I trapped more Bandicoots in
Georgetown, Penang; they were in colour:—above grey, with
very long black hairs giving a very dark appearance; throat
whitish buff, remainder of lower surfaces pale grey.
Three skulls and skins I sent to Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who
kindly wrote to me they were “allied to WV. bengalensis—perhaps
N. barclayana, Anderson.”
Family Spatacip.
133. Ruizomys BAbTUS Hodgs. The Bay Bamboo-Rat.
Rhizomys minor, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. East India Co.
1851, p. 165.
Rhizomys badius, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 438.
Horsfield (7. s. ¢.) records a specimen from Siam obtaied by
Dr. G, Finlayson, who says it is called “Thur ” by the Siamese, and
adds: *“ Our specimen is about 6 inches in length, and appears to
be a young one. It readily submits to confinement, and is easily
tamed. Like most animals of the genus, it is destructive to
furniture, to grain, etc., and when suddenly surprised it throws
itself upon the offensive, instead of making a precipitate retreat.
[ts principal food is unhusked rice or other grain, and it is fond
of yams, pumpkins, ete., found in forests and woods near to
Bamvasor.”
Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Manipur, Burma,
Siam.
134. Ruizomys SUMATRENSIS (Raffl.), The Large Bamboo-Rat.
Rhizomys sumatrensis, Cantor, p. 47; Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm.
p. 439.
“ Dekan” of the Malays (Wray).
*“ Woo'n ” of the Siamese ; also called “ Tun.”
Cantor records this species from the Malay Peninsula, describes
its colour, gives dimensions, and says “In confinement, it is very
savage, scarcely tameable.” W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian
Mus. ii. 1891, p. 96) records specimens from Malacca and from
Alma Estate, Province Wellesley. The Raffles Museum possesses
specimens from Malacca. The Museum at Taiping contains
specimens from Batu Gajah and from Bukit Gantang, Perak.
The Museum at Kuala Lumpor contains several specimens caught
in the neighbourhood of that town. here were in the Niamese
364 MR. STANLEY 8. FLOWER ON THE [Apr. 3,
Museum three stuffed specimens from Siam of a species of Bamboo-
Rat: they had been labelled (probably by the late Dr. E. Haase)
R. badius, but they looked to me more like the young of
R. sumatrensis.
Distribution. Parts of Burma, Siam, and Malay Peninsula.
Family Hysrricip®,
135. Hysrrix LoneicaupA Marsden. The Malay Porcupine.
Hystrix longicauda, Cantor, p. 48.
“ Tandak” or “ Babi Lindak” (7. e. pig-porcupine) of the Malays.
Cantor records this species from the Malay Peninsula, and says
it “‘is numerous, and, as it is considered a delicacy by the Chinese
population, is frequently brought to market.” Ridley (Nat.
Science, vi. 1895, p. 94) calls this species Hystria leucura, and
says of it:—“The Porenpine is still common in Singapore, but
a uumber must be destroyed by the burning of the open country,
in which they chiefly live. The are very destructive to the pine-
apples.” The Museum at Taiping contains a specimen from Larut,
Perak, The Museum at Kuala Lumpor contains one young
porcupine, apparently of this species, locality unknown but prob-
ably from Selangor.
On the 14th Oct. 1897, 1 bought a live porcupine from a Malay
in Singapore, who said it had been caught on Bukit Timah ; it
soon became tame and an interesting pet. (It is still alive with
me, February 1900.)
Distribution, Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Singapore),
Sumatra, Java ?, Borneo?
In the Siamese Museum there were two stuffed Porcupines,
both labelled “Siam,” representing apparently two species, but
I do not know which: one with a pale brown forehead and a
light crest had been labelled by some one “ H. bengalensis;” the
other had no crest, and had an old label “ H. hodgsoni.”’
The Siamese call a porcupine ‘‘ menn.”’
136. ATHERURA MACRURA (Linn.). The Asiatic Brush-tailed
Porcupine.
Atherura fasciculata, Cantor, p. 49.
Atherura macrura, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 446, fig. 146.
“ Landak” of the Malays.
‘‘ Landak-woobi” of the Malays of Selangor (A. L. Butler).
Diard and Duvaucel in 1821 (Miscell. Papers Indo-China, 2nd
series, vol. ii. p. 208, 1887) speak of this species as ‘‘ the porcupine
of Queda” (7. ¢. Kedah), and say it “ always carries its tail lifted up
like a trumpet, and makes the tuft at the end tremble.” Cantor
records this species from Penang and the Peninsula, and says it
‘is very numerous in the Malayan valleys and hills. In its fretful
habits and in its food it resembles the preceding porcupine, like
which, it is carried to the markets at Pinang and Malacca, where as
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 365
many as twenty to thirty may frequently be seen.” W. L. Sclater
(Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii. 1891, p. 104) records a specimen from
Malacca. Ridley (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p, 94) says :—‘‘ The Brush-
tailed Porcupine (Atherwra macrura) is not a native of Singapore,
so far as is known; it inhabits the limestone caves in Pahang,” This
probably refers to the animals which Ridley (J.S. B. R. A.S, no.
25, Jan. 1894, p. 59), in his “List of Mammals recorded from
Pahang,” says were “caught in the Kota Glangga caves,” but he
then called them “ Hystriw longicauda, Marsden.” The Raffles
Museum possesses a specimen trom Malacca. The Museum at
Taiping contains four stuffed individuals from Larut, Perak. The
Museum at Kuala Lumpor contains one specimen without locality.
Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula (Kedah, Penang, Perak,
Malacca, Pahang), Sumatra, Java; Borneo?
Family Leporip#.
137. Lxpussp.ince. Hare.
A hare occurs in Siam, but I do not know of what species: I
saw one caught alive at Genkoi (between Ayuthia and Korat),
21st November, 1897, and a leveret that had been caught near
Chantaboon, January 1898.
Order PROBOSCIDEA.
Family ELEPHANTID 2,
138. EtupHas Maximus L. The Indian Elephant.
Elephas indicus, Cantor, p. 52.
Elephas maxinvus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 463; 8S. Flower,
Journ. Bombay N.H.S. vol. xi. no. 2, p. 335 (1897).
“Gajah” of the Malays.
“Chang” of the Siamese.
In the Royal Siamese Museum there was a life-size model of a
male Siamese Elephant, and a most magnificent collection of about
seventy tusks, all, so far as I could ascertain, from Siam; forty of
. these tusks are over 4 feet 8 inches (1420 mm.) in length.
The Selangor Museum contains six or seven skulls of local
elephants.
Wild elephants do not occur in either Penang or Singapore, nor
are tame ones employed there ; but on the continent, both in Siam
and the Malay Peninsula, elephants are found wild in suitable
localities, and are trained for various purposes. Personally I only
once came on wild elephants, a party of four, near the Bangpakong
River, in March 1897; but in June 1897 we observed over a hundred
wild ones caught in the Kraal at Ayuthia. 1 saw more or less
trained elephants in Bangkok, Ayuthia, Chantaboon, Kedah, and
Perak, but in the Southern Malay States the people do not seem
to catch and tame them, H. J. Kelsall (J.S. B. R. A. S. no. 26,
366 MR. STANLEY §. FLOWER ON THE (Apr. 3,
Jan. 1894, p. 17) says: “The elephant appears to be common
throughout Johore. Tracks were seen in many places on the Indau,
and also on the Sembrong, near P’ngkalan Repoh especially.”
Ridley (J.S.B.R.A.S. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59) says: ‘The
elephant, though common all through Pahang, is never caught and
tamed. Abundant in the Tahan woods ;” and (Nat. Science, vol. vi.
1895, p. 162) remarks that “it is not excessively abundant, but is
plentiful in many parts of the Peninsula.”
Distribution. India, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
and Borneo.
Order UNGULATA.
Family Rurocerorip &,
Malay name for Rhinoceros, “ Badak” (the final “k” not pro-
nounced in most parts of the Peninsula).
Siamese name for Rhinoceros, ‘* Rat.”
A good deal of uncertainty exists as to how many species of
Rhinoceros inhabit this region, and which they are, and it is difficult
to obtain information ; they are poorly represented in the local
Museums—partly because almost all parts of the rhinoceros are
highly prized by various natives of Asia; and I have been told that -
it is more profitable for a Malay, if he happens to catch one of
these animals in a pitfall, to kill it and sell the remains to the
Chinese, than to sell the whole animal to a European.
The only specimens of Rhinoceros in the Perak Museum (May
1898) were three hornless skulls without localities labelled 2. las¢-
otis, R. sumatrensis, and Lt. sondaicus respectively. In the Selangor
Museum (July 1898) there was a single unlabelled skull. The Raffles
Museum (1898) had only a skeleton, labelled 2. swmatrensis without
locality. In the Siamese Museum we had a splendid series of over
sixty separate, detached horns of Rhinoceros, some of remarkable
shapes, but unfortunately their localities are not known. In
February 1897 we acquired a specimen of &. sondaicus, which we
skinned and stuffed. As an instance of how rhinoceros products
are valued, I may mention that to skin this animal we had any
number of eager volunteers, mostly Siamese women, who in return
for the work of removing the skin only wanted to have some of the
blood. ‘The rhinoceros was skinned in an old Palace Garden in
Bangkok under my directions; it was an extraordinary sight as
we hurried to get it done before dark—a crowd of women, mostly
clad only in a * panung” (Siamese loin-cloth), smeared with blood
from head to foot, working away at the carcass with knives and
fingers, little children collecting the blood in cocoanut-shells and
running off with it to their homes, and Siamese men hanging round
trying to get any of the flesh they could; it was very difticult to
save the skeleton, several of the bones being snatched up and
nearly carried off by these loafers.
Cantor (p. 54) says that Rhinoceros unicorns and R. sondaicus
“appear to be numerous on the Malayan Peninsula;” and adds
1900.) MAMMALS OF SIAM AND ‘THE MALAY PENINSULA, 367
(p- 55) “a two-horned Rhinoceros is stated by the Malays to inhabit,
but rarely to leave, the densest jungle,” which he expects to be
R. sumatrensis. Unfortunately he does not mention seeing any
local specimens, or give any details of why he includes 2. wunicornis
in his list.
Personally I have never seen even the tracks of a wild rhinoceros.
At Alor Star, Kedah, the Malays told me no rhinoceros was known
in that district, which is mostly flat ; they looked on it as an animal
only inhabiting the mountains. An Englishman once told me he
had seen tracks of rhinoceros on Gunong Jerai (Kedah Peak) at
several thousand feet above the sea. In Perak, English friends
have told me, rhinoceroses were not uncommon till three or four
years ago in the Larut Hills above four thousand feet. In the
south ot Perak, however, a friend told me he had once seen a
rhinoceros in a swamp, it was reddish in colour. The ‘ Bangkok
Times’ for 11th Nov., 1897, mentions a rhinoceros being shot by
Mr. C. Ephraums: unfortunately this account, as usual, does not
say to what species the animal belonged and gives but few details—
the rhinoceros was “seen at a sulphur spring within six miles of
Ipoh,” Perak: it ‘was an old male, stood 6 feet high at the shoulder
and about 8 feet in length; his ‘Sumbu,’ or horn, measured 13
inches and weighed 3 lbs.”
Mr. Ridley told me that in 1896 he saw a rhinoceros in the
Dindings; and (J.8.B.R.A.S. no. 25, Jan. 1894, p. 59) he
mentions having seen tracks of some species of rhinoceros in the
Tahan River woods, Pahang, where he also heard the animal at
night.
An. T. ff. Carlisle, H.B.M. Consular Service, writing to me
from Baw Yakar, Pailin, Battambong Province of Siam, 4th Feb.,
1899, says ‘I have met an old Shan hunter here who has shot
both the one-horned and the two-horned rhinoceros.”
139. RatNocEROS sonDaIcus Cuv. The Smaller One-horned
' Rhinoceros.
Rhinoceros sondaicus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 474, fig. 155
(p. 475).
A young female, just dead, was brought to the Siamese Museum
on the 10th Feb., 1897, which I was told had been brought from
the Laos Country, and had died on reaching Bangkok. There
was no horn. Colour uniform dusky grey. Only one pair of
incisors showed through the gums in the lower jaw, they were
tusk-like ; none showed in the upper jaw, the gum forming a
hard pad in the place where the incisors of a horse would be.
Ridley (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 161) says 2. sondaicus appears
to be the common rhinoceros of the Malay Peninsula. “It fre-
quents the hill-jungles, ascending to 4000 feet altitude, and seems
usually to move about at night, though one may come upon it by.
day. It has a habit of constantly using the same track, and
dropping its dung in the same place daily, a habit common also to
the tapir. As the jungle gets cleared, it wanders often into the
368 MR. STANLEY 8, FLOWER ON THE (Apr. 3,
low, open country, apparently losing its way. It is a quiet,
inoffensive beast.”
Distribution. Sundarbans, parts of Eastern Bengal, Sikhim Terai,
Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
140. Ruryoceros sumaTRENSIS Cuv. The Asiatic Two-horned
Rhinoceros.
Lhinoceros sumatrensis, Blant, Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 476.
The “ Bada Api” or “ Fire Rhinoceros” of the Malays is prob-
ably a red variety of this species.
Sclater (Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 651, 1875) mentions a rhinoceros of this
species ‘‘ captured in the Sunghi-njong (presumably Sungei-Ujong)
district of Malacca,” and says other specimens “from the same
district or the neighbouring territory of Johore were imported into
Europe.”
WL. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii. 1891, p. 205) records
specimens from Malacca.
Mr. A. L. Butler in a letter to me, from Kuala Lumpor, dated
25th Oct., 1898, says :—‘* I went to see a big rhinoceros in a pitfall
the other day at Rantan Panjang. A fine big female &. sumatrensis,
a dark reddish-brown beast. 4 feet 3 inches at shoulder (measured
with a standard) and about 8 feet to 9 feet in length (guessed).
The great thing that struck me was her extraordinary tameness.
She had only been caught three days, but fed readily from one’s
hand, and seemed to enjoy being scratched.”
Distribution, Assam, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo.
Family Taprripz.
141. Tapirus rnpicus Cuv. The Malay Tapir.
Vapirus malayanus, Cantor, p. 55.
Tapirus indicus, Blant. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 478.
“‘ Badak tampong” (7.¢. Piebald Rhinoceros) of the Malays in
Kedah and Perak.
Badak,” ‘Kuda Ayer,” and “Tenni” of the Malays of the
Peninsula, apud Cantor.
«“ Tenok” of the Malays, apud Ridley.
Cantor mentions specimens from Province Wellesley and Kedah.
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. ii. 1891, p. 198) records
two specimens from Malacca, obtained in 1820 and 1848,
Ridley (J.S. B. R. A. S. no. 25, p. 59) says tracks of the Tapir
were seen near Temerloh, Pahang, and (Nat. Science, yi. 1895
pp- 161, 162) mentions the supposed protective coloration of the
young.
There are specimens from Larut in the Museum at Taiping, and
from Malacca in the Raffles Museum.
H.H. the Rajah Mudah of Kedah told me (June 1898) that the
‘Lapir is not uncommon in the swamps of Kedah, within a day’s
1900. ] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 369
journey of Alor Star. Mr. F. H. Malcolm Staples told me (Sept.
1897) that the Tapir is still sometimes met with about Batu Pahat,
Johore.
On the 25th July, 1898, I saw a young Tapir alive in Bangkok :
it had been brought from the Malay Peninsula, from between Kedah
and Singora; it was kept in the King of Siam’s menagerie, and
died about 6th August, 1898.
Distribution, Tenasserim, Lower Siam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra.
Family Bovip.
142. Bos caurus Ham. Smith. The Gaur or S’ladang.
Bos gour, Cantor, p. 64.
Bos gaurus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 484, fig. 159 (p. 488).
“ Kating ” of the Siamese (both B. gaurus and B. sondaicus seem
included in this name).
“ Sdpi utan ” (7. e. Cattle of the Woods) of the Malays of the
Peninsula, apud Cantor.
“ S’ladang ” of the Malays.
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 1891, p. 125) records a
skull and horns from Malacca from Dr. Maingay, 1863. Ridley
(J.S. B.R. A.S. no. 25, 1894, p. 59) says: “ The S’ladang is to be
met with all through the Pahang jungles, but, owing to its shy
and retiring habits, is difficult of approach. Tahan woods and all
down Pahang River.”
In the Museum at Taiping there are horns from Batang Padang.
Perak, and many fine heads from Pahang shot by Mr. C. F. W.
Curtis. In the Museum at Kuala Lumpor there are a stuffed bull
and numerous heads shot by the late Captain H. C. Syers in
Selangor. The Raffles Museum contains a skull from Ulu Pahang
presented by Mr. W. Bertrand Roberts.
Mr. W. Sinclair told me in Jan. 1898 that there are wild cattle,
probably of this species, in the hill-jungle at the back of Anghin,
Siam.
A pair of horns, apparently of this species, from near Raheng,
Siam, measured in length 24 inches, and in circumference at the
base 17 inches.
Mr. A. J. A. Jardine, Inspector General of Police, Bangkok,
told me he had found a Gaur killed by wild dogs near Shagan
Salween River, Burma.
Distribution. Parts of India, Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay
Peninsula ; Cochinchina ?
143, Bos’ sonparcus Mill. & Schleg. The Banting or
‘Tumbaadu.
Bos sondaicus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 489.
“ Kating ” of the Siamese.
‘“ Sapi-utan ” of the Malays.
In March 1897 I saw detached horns, apparently of this species,
370 MR. STANLEY 8. FLOWER ON THE (Apr. 3,
in the Governor’s house at Pachim, Siam ; they were said to have
been obtained in that province.
The Banting is probably very rare in the Malay Peninsula:
Mr. H. N. Ridley told me one was killed by Mr. Oxley at Muar
about fifty yearsago; Mr. J. Rodger, C.M.G., has in his possession
a single horn, apparently of this species, obtained from a Sakei ;
and both Mr. Ridley and Mr. A. L. Butler tell me one was killed
recently in Perak.
Distribution. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Bali, Borneo,
and Sumatra ?
144. Bos pupatus Linn. The Buffalo.
Bubalus arnee, Cantor, p. 65.
Bos bubalus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 491.
“« Khwai” of the Siamese.
“ Karbau” of the Malays.
Cantor says:—‘‘ The wild Buffalo is reported, but apparently
without proof, to be indigenous in the Malayan Peninsula.
Domesticated it is very plentiful.” Ridley (J.S. B. R. A. S. no. 25,
1894, p. 59) says it is very doubtful if the Buffalo occurs in a wild
state in Pahang.
I was told, on good authority, that there are Buffaloes near
Pailin, in Siam, descendants of some that ran wild about fifty
years ago.
Distribution. Wild in parts of India and Ceylon. Wild or feral
in parts of Burma, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula. Domesticated
in Egypt, Italy, Southern Asia, and the Malay Islands.
145. NEMORH@DUS SUMATRENSIS (Shaw). Goat-Antelope.
Nemorhedus sumatrensis, Cantor, p. 64.
Nemorhedus sumatrensis, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 514.
*« Leea’ngpah ” or “ Ooarpar ” of the Siamese.
“ Kambing ttan ” or “ Kambing gran ” of the Malays.
“ Black Mountain-goat” of the English in the Straits Settle-
ments.
Cantor says “it appears to be numerous on the Malayan
Peninsula, but exceedingly difficult to obtain, as it frequents the
steepest hilly localities, and is very shy and active.”
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. 11. 1891, p. 151) records
a skull from Province Wellesley.
Ridley, writing on the Mammals of Pahang (J. 8S. B. R. A.S.
no. 25, 1894, p. 60), remarks: ‘This wild goat is supposed to occur
in the high mountains of the interior, but there is no record of its
having been obtained ” ; and (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 163) says
it ‘‘ inhabits the isolated patches of limestone rocks which flank at
intervals the main granite chain of the Peninsula. Though
apparently not rare in these places, it has never been shot by any
sportsman.”
In the Museum at Taiping there is a stuffed head from near
1900,] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 371
Kuala Kangsar, Perak, and a complete skeleton and two pairs of
horns, all, I understand, from Perak. In the Museum at Kuala
Lumpor there are several frontlets and horns, without locality.
Mr. A. L. Butler told me he saw a Goat-Antelope in March
1898 near “the Cottage” in the Larut Hills, Perak, at an
elevation of about 4000 feet; and in a letter, dated 14th March,
1899, mentions Sir Frank Swettenham as having shot one in the
Perak Hills. This is the first instance, to my knowledge, of one of
these animals being shot by a European sportsman in the Peninsula,
though many have tried. In another Jetter, dated 5th November,
1899, Mr. Butler tells me he has examined three specimens, and
says “ the Nemorhadus of the Peninsula is not NV. sumatrensis, having
legs black instead of rufous.”
The Siamese Museum possesses a stuffed female from the Laos
country, each horn 7°8 inches (198 mm.) in length, and a frontlet
without locality, each horn 7:4 inches in length. A frontlet from
the hills between Raheng (Siam) and Burma was shown me by
Mr. J. Harper: length of horns 7-75 inches, circumference of horns
at base 5°25 inches; a horn in my possession from Perak is
6°15 inches in length, and 4°5 inches in circumference at base.
In July 1898, a live goat of this species was exhibited in
Bangkok, but I was unable to find out where it had been caught ;
it was a very handsome animal, nearly black in colour.
Distribution. Eastern Himalayas, Moupin, Yunnan, Assam,
Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
Family Cervip#.
146. CervuLus MuNirsac (Zimm.). The Kakar, or Barking
Deer.
Styloceros muntjac, Cantor, p. 61.
Cervulus muntjac, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 532, fig. 173.
“ Kijang,” “ Kidjang ” “ Kidang,” or of the Malays.
Recorded from Kuala Tahan, Pahang, by Ridley (J.8.B.R.A.S.
no. 25 1894, p. 60), who (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 164) says :—
“The Kijang does not occur now in Singapore, if it ever did. It
is abundant in many places, such as the slopes of Mount Ophir,
and is often shot by planters and others in and about the coffee
plantations.” This species is kept in the Singapore Botanical
Gardens, where it breeds.
There are specimens from Upper Perak in the Museum at
Taiping, and from Selangor in the Museum at Kuala Lumpor.
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 7) mentions a
young C. muntjac, 24 hours old, ‘showing clearly the white
longitudinal striations, which soon disappear in older animals.”
The Kijang occurs in Siam. ‘There is a pair of antlers in the
Siamese Museum, presumably local, the length from burr to tip
is 4:25 inches; and Mr. N. Kelly Passmore gave me the skull of
one which had been shot by his overseer near Muok Lek, about
372 MR. STANLEY 8S. FLOWER ON THE (Apr. 3,
900 feet elevation, in the Dong Phya Fai: the right antler from
burr to tip measured along the curve 6°5 inches, the left 6°75 inches
(171 mm.). A deer we saw and heard on the Bangpakong River
in March 1897 was probably of this species, though I failed to
procure a specimen.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Hainan,
Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Pahang), Sumatra,
Java, Lombok, Borneo.
147, Cervus scHOMBURGKI Blyth. Schomburgk’s Deer.
“ Qua-an ” of the Siamese.
Distribution. Parts of Siam.
148. Cervus ELDI Guthrie. ‘The Thameng.
Panolia acuticornis, Cantor, p. 64.
Cervus eldi, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 541, fig. 176.
“ Sam-an ” of the Siamese.
Cantor says “ A single skull of a stag, killed in Keddah, has the
horns so like those of the Munneepore animal, that the species
might be taken to be identical, but that the Malays assert theirs to
be maned, and of a dark colour, with white spots, like the Axis.
This stag is further described as being extremely wary, and
therefore seldom seen but on heights inaccessible to man.” H.H.
the Rajah Mudah of Kedah, who is keen on shooting, told me the
Thameng does not exist in Kedah ; antlers are sometimes conveyed
there from Siam, a pair of which probably were brought to Cantor,
with imaginary details to enhance their value, the statement that
they frequent “ heights inacessible to man” being alone suspicions
in regard to this plain-dwelling species.
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Indian Mus. ii. 1891, p. 181)
records a frontlet of this species supposed to have been “ brought
from Penang” in 1846; this may have been imported from Siam,
via Singora and Kedah.
Mr. H. Warington Smyth (‘ Five Years in Siam,’ vol. ii. p. 217)
says the plain round Battambong “is much frequented by herds
of the Lamang, or Eld’s Deer,” and describes how the Cambodians
capture them.
Distribution. Manipur, Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Hainan.
149. Cervus UNICOLOR Bechstein. The Sambar.
Rusa equina, Cantor, p. 63.
Cervus unicolor, Blant. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p, 548, fig. 177
(p. 544).
‘‘Nua” of the Siamese.
“‘ Rusa” of the Malays.
Cantor records the Rusa from the Malay Peninsula and Penang ;
so far as I have been able to ascertain, it is now extinct in Penang,
and has been so for the last 25 or 30 years. H. J. Kelsall
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. 373
(J. S.B. R. A.S. no. 26, 1894, p. 17) says :— Cervus equinus, Cuv.
Tracks of the Sambhur were seen on Gunong Janeng. This deer
is probably common in the Johore jungles, but owing to its shy
nature is seldom seen.” Ridley (J. 8. B. R.A. 8. no. 25, 1894,
p- 60) records this species from Pahang, observing : “* The Malayan
Sambur, apparently the same as the Indian species, but the horns
do not attain the same leneth”; and (Nat. Science, vi. 1895,
p. 164) says :—“* The Cervus equinus is common in the Peninsula,
and a few still occur in Singapore ; .... the young are produced
singly, and are coloured like the adult, but with much sotter hair.
There are, however, faint traces of light spots on the rump, which
disappear after the first week” *. Writing to me on 11th Sept.,
1899, Ridley says: ‘Sambar breed regularly in the Singapore
Gardens, and they also breed in Government House Park. The
young usually have a couple of white spots on the sides near the
rump, not very distinct. They are not fully spotted like Axis. I
shoald say certainly that the Sumatran deer is a distinct animal,
Cervus hippelaphus. It would not cross with the other deer”
(2. ¢., Peninsula Sambar). In the Museum at Taiping there is a
stuffed female from Upper Perak, and antlers from Upper Perak,
Batang Padang, and Larut. In December 1896 I saw a Sambar
stag in a small patch of jungle within about a mile of the town of
Taiping. In the Museum at Kuala Lumpor there are specimens
from Selangor. The Sambar appears to be numerous in parts of
Siam ; we had a stuffed female and two pairs of antlers in the
Siamese Museum.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Siam, Hainan,
Malay Peninsula; probably also parts of China, Formosa,
Philippines, Borneo, and Sumatra.
N.B.—Cerrvus axis Erxl. The Chital, or Spotted Deer.
Axis maculata, Cantor, p. 62.
Cervus avis, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 546.
Cantor says this deer is called ‘‘ Rusa Bunga” by the Malays of
the Peninsula, and “ It is numerous in Keddab, and at present in
Pinang. But it did not inhabit Prince of Wales’ Island (2. ¢.
Pinang) till one of the last Governors of the late Presidency took
the trouble of importing from Bengal some pairs, which were kept
in the park adjoining Government House (Suffolk House). When
the Presidency of Prince of Wales’ Island was abolished, the deer
of the quondam Governor’s park found their way into the jungle,
where they have multiplied to a prodigious extent.” Nowadays
they have disappeared from Penang. and it seems Cantor must
have been mistaken in recording them from Kedah; the local
Malays assured me no spotted deer existed there.
1 A Sambar born in 1899 in the Ghizeh Zoological Gardens (original locality
of parents unknown) had at first a very distinct black vertebral line from
between the ears to the tail.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1900, No. XX V. 25
374 MR, STANLEY 8, FLOWER ON ‘THE (Apr. 4,
150. Cervus porcinus Zimm, The Para, or Hog-deer.
Cervus porcinus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 549, fig. 179
(p. 550).
The Siamese Museum contains two stuffed males, obtained in
Siam, but the exact locality I was not able to discover.
Distribution. Parts of India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, and Laos
States of Cambodia (R. Ward, ‘ Records Big Game,’ 1899, p. 71).
Family TraGorip#.
151. Traeeuius savanicus (Gmel.). The Smaller Malay Mouse-
devr.
Tragulus kanchil, Cantor, p. 60; O. Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1886,
1D: by
Tragulus javanicus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 536.
* Kra-chong”’ of the Siamese.
“Kanchil” or ‘* Peléndok” (pronounced ‘ Plando’”) of the
Malays.
Cantor says this “species is astonishingly numerous” and
occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Penang, ‘Singapore, and the
Lancary Islands; he adds “ In Prince of W ales’ Island (z.e, Penang)
any number may be procured within short notice, at the rate of
one Spanish dollar per dozen.”
Oldfield Thomas (/. s. ¢.) records specimens from Salanga,
Junkceylon, from Taroar, from Klang, Selangor, and from Singa-
pore Island.
Ridley (J. 8. B. R. A. 8S. no. 25, 1894, p. 60) records this species
from Pahang.
There are specimens from Larut in the Museum at Taiping,
and from Selangor in the Museum at Kuala Lumpor. Hanitsch
records it from Changi, Singapore (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898,
p- 9).
This species occurs in Siam; there is a specimen from the Don
Phya Fai in the Siamese Museum; and A. Milne-Edwards
(‘ Recherches Famille Chevrotains,’ Paris, 1864, p. 78) says “en
1862, M. Bocourt en a rapporté au Muséum un individu du
royaume de Siam, et le Musée britannique en posséde un
exemplaire provenant du Camboge.”
Distribution. Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia, Cochinchina, Malay
Peninsula (Junkceylon, Lancary, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Pahang,
Singapore), Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
152. Tracunus napu (F.-Cuv.). The Larger Malay Mouse-
deer.
Tragulus javanicus, Cantor, p. 61.
Tragulus napu, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm., p. 557.
‘‘ Nipu ” of the Malays.
Cantor records this species from the Malay Peninsula, where
he says it “ appears to be far Jess numerous than the preceding.”
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA, 378
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. ti. 1891, p, 191) records
two specimens from the Malay Peninsula, obtained in 1871 and
1872.
Ridley (J. 8S. B. BR. A. 8S. no. 25, 1894, p. 60) records this
species from Pahang, and (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, pp. 163, 164)
says this is the commonest species of Mouse-deer in the Peninsula,
and gives an interesting account of its habits in confinement and
of native methods of catching it. There are specimens from
Larut in the Museum at Taiping, and from Selangor in the Museum
from Kuala Lumpor.
Distribution. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor,
Pahang), Sumatra, Java, aud Borneo.
N.B.—TRAGULUS STANLEYANUS Gray. Stanleyan Chrevrotain.
W. L. Sclater (Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. part ii. 1891) records
two specimens from the Malay Peninsula, obtained in 1870. This
species is by some supposed to occur in Singapore, perhaps from
a statement by A. Milne-Edwards: ‘‘Un individu né le 25 sep-
tembre 1862, 4 Singapore, de Chevrotains de Stanley achetés par
M. Bocourt pour le Muséum ” (‘ Recherches Famille Chevrotains,’
p- 81, Paris, 1864). Ido not know the real habitat of this species,
but have been told that it occurs in the Dutch islands south
and south-east of Singapore, and is imported into Singapore
from Rhio.
Family Sum.
153. Sus crisratus Wagner. The Indian Wild Boar.
Sus indicus, Cantor, p. 53.
Sus cristatus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 560,
‘“« Mu” of the Siamese.
* Babi utan” of the Malays.
Cantor records wild swine from the Malay Peninsula, Penang,
Singapore, and the Lancary Islands. Ridley (J.S.B. R.A. S.
no. 25, 1894, p. 60) says wild pig are common in the low country
ot Pahang, and were also seen far up the Tahan ; and (Nat. Science
vi. 1895, p. 161) records them from the island of Singapore,
where he says they are “ far too abundant,”
There are local specimens in the Museums at Taiping, Kuala
Lumpor, and Singapore.
In 1896 wild pigs were still to be found in both Penang and
Singapore. In 1897 I saw one that had been killed the day before
near Gunong Pulai, Johore; I was doubtful whether it was
S. cristatus or not, owing to the greatly elongated facial portion
of the skull, which unfortunately I could not bring away, my
companions being Mahomedans, and I having too many other
things to carry myself. In June 1898 I saw two wild pigs in
swamps beyond Jenan, Kedah ; apparently the ordinary S. cristatus.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Burma, Lower Siam, Malay Pen-
insula.
25*
376 MR. STANLEY 8. FLOWER ON THE [Apr. 3,
Order CETACEA.
Family BaALZNIDA,
154. Mrcaprrura Boops. Humpbacked Whale.
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 9) says there is
an incomplete skeleton of this species from Malacca in the Ruffles
Museum. I believe it was obtained in October 1891.
Family DEeL_pHinip2.
155. PHoc#na pHoczNoipES (Cuv.). The Little Indian Porpoise,
Phocena pho:enoides, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 574, fig. 187
(p. 575).
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 9) records
“ Neomeris phocenoides” from Singapore. In the Museum at
Taiping there is a stuffed specimen caught off Ma‘ang, Perak,
about 46 inches (say 1168 mm.) in total length, apparently of
this species.
Distribution. Indian Ocean, from Cape of Good Hope to Japan
(Blanf. op, cit. p. 575).
156. ORCELLA BREVIROSTRIS (Owen). The Larger Indian
Porpoise.
Orcella brevirostris, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 571, fig. 189.
* Lomba lomba” of the Malays.
The British Museum contains a stuffed specimen from Singapore
(Flower, List of Cetacea, 1885, p. 17), from whence it is also
recorded by Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 9). In
the Museum at Taiping there is a stuffed specimen, caught off
Matang, Perak, about 60 inches (say 1524 nm.) in total length,
apparently of this species. ;
Distribution. Bay of Bengal, Singapore, North Borneo.
157. STKNO PLUMBEUS (Dussum.). The Plumbeous Dolphin.
Steno pluinbeus, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 583. :
Cantor (p. 66) says Delphinus plumbeus occurs on the coasts of
Penang, is called “ Paramptan Laut” by the Malays of the
Peninsula, and “ the species, although very numerous, and rather
heavy in its movements, is rarely captured, except by chance in
fishing stakes.”
In the Museum at Taiping there are three stuffed specimens,
from the coasts of Perak, probably of this species ; the largest is
abont 78 inches (say 1980 mm.) in total length.
Distribution. Indian Ocean.
158. Detpninus pe.puts L. The Common Dolphin.
Di Jphinus dilphis, Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 587, fig. 182.
Recorded from Singapore by Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. &
Mus. 1898, p. 9).
1900.] MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. Sit
Distribution. ‘“* Probably all tropical and temperate seas” (Blan-
ford).
Dolphins are numerous on both sides of the Malay Peninsula
and in the Gulf of Siam. I have from time to time seen three,
apparently different species, but have never managed to secure
any specimens; one of these is D. delphis, one a smaller species,
and one larger than D. delphis, with a very prominent dorsal fin.
Local sailors report seeing a ‘white porpoise” at Belawan
Deli, on the east coast of Sumatra, and at the mouths of several
rivers in the Straits of Malacca.
Order SIRENIA.
Family Manarip2.
159. Hanicore puGcone (Erxl.). The Dugong.
Halicore indicus, Cantor, p. 66.
Halicore dugong, Bianf. Faun. Ind., Mamm. p. 594, fig. 196.
“ Diyong” or ‘ Paramputan aut! of the Malays of the
Peninsula, apud Cantor.
Ihave in my possession a beautifully finished pencil drawing of
* A young male Duyong taken in the neighbourhcod of Singapore
in April 1837. Measuring in length from the tuil to the nose on
the back 7 ft. 4in. A Commander of a Portuguese ship trading to
China says that in Portuguese this Fish or Animal is called ‘ Pexi
Mulher’ (literally Woman ¥ish)—he kad seen them at Palaos in
the Pacific. The bones of the jaws, the top of the scull and the
throat are much esteemed there, especially those of the jaws
which are of value and used as ornaments by the Natives, who are
Savages.” This note and the drawing are unsigned, but are
stamped ‘“ Pinang, 4 Ja. 1838, Post-Office.”
Cantor says: “The Duyong appears not to be numerous at
Singapore, still less so to the Northward, and has but in few
instances been observed in Kwala Mida, the mouth of the river,
which forms the northern boundary of Province Wellesley.”
Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. Mus. East India Co. 1851, p. 139)
records a Dugong’s skull “ from Finlayson’s Collection, Siam.”
Ridley (Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 165) says “‘The Dugong is
tolerably common in the Strait between Johore and Singapore ;
but one does not often see it,” and gives some information about
it.
Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 9) records a
specimen from Malacca. In July 1898 I saw one in the Rattles
Museum labelled Singapore.
Mr. L. Wray told me in 1896 he believed the Dugong was not
found on the coast of Perak, probably owing to the lack of sea-
weed.
Distribution. Shores of the Indian Ocean, Straits of Malacca,
and coasts of Borneo.
378 MAMMALS OF SIAM AND THE MALAY PENINSULA. _‘[Apr.3,
Order EDENTATA.
Family Manip.
160. Manis gavanica Desm. The Malay Scaly Anteater.
Manis javanica, Cantor, p. 51; Blanf. Faun. Ind., Mamm.
p. 599, fig. 199 (p. 600).
‘* Nim ” of the Siamese.
“ Pengdling” or ‘“ Pangolin” of the Malays, according to
authors.
“ Tangiling” of the Malays.
Cantor records the Manis from Penang and the Peninsula, and
says :—‘ Although numerous in rocky situations, is not often
captured, as it is seldom abroad till after sunset. The largest
male measured from the apex of the nose to the root of tail one
foot nine and a half inches (546 mm.); the tail one foot eight
inches (508 mm.).” Ridley (J.8. B. R. A. 8. no. 25, 1894, p. 60)
records it from Pramau, Pekan, in Pahang; and (Nat. Science, vi.
1895, p. 165) says: “It is frequently found in open sandy
country, making large burrows in the ground,” and remarks on its
habits. In the Museum at Taiping there are several specimens
from Larut, Perak, andin the Museum at Kuala Lumpor specimens
from Selangor. Hanitsch (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 9)
records this species from Singapore, There were three specimens
from Siam inthe Museum at Bangkok, the largest, as stuffed, was
3 feet 43 inches (say 1028 mm.) in total length.
In April 1896 I saw a female and young one alive in Penang,
said to have been just caught in the hills on the island. Mr. F.
H. Malcolm Staples told me (Sept. 1897) that he once got an
Anteater at Batu Pahat, Johore; they ate it and found it good.
In June 1897 I saw the skin of a specimen that had been just
killed at Ayuthia, Siam; this was in a flat alluvial plain, with no
rocky hills within many miles. In January 1898 we got two
specimens at Chantaboon, both caught by natives ; one was brought
in alive, but it died in nine days. In May 1898 we got a live one
in Kedah, which also diedin nine days. In each case we could not
get them to feed; at night they were turned loose in the lower part
of the house (where ants and innumerable other insects abounded),
to forage for themselves, but I never observed them even attempting
to eat. They were the least intelligent animals I have ever kept ;
they wandered about the house a great deal at night, and one we
let walk in the garden so as to watch it in the moonlight: they
showed no inclination to dig or search for food, but walked on till
they came to an obstacle, when they proceeded to climb up it ; if,
for instance, it was a chair, they climbed on to it, then on to the
back, and then fell off the other side, and continued walking as
before. The prehensile tail is very difficult to detach once the
animal has coiled up round one’s arm.
1900. ] ON A PIECE OF SKIN FROM PATAGONIA. 379
Colour. Kedah specimen, 3, uniform dark brown, except end
of tail which is buff. Naked skin of feet pink.
This specimen had sixteen rows of scales round the middle of
its body, and measured :—
ie Thai, mm.
Length, head and body .......... 8 508
Soa ri aS righ Sea erw coe pele gene 394
Sis? ASE Bane reesei are eens : 3 19
hind foee Ww Silat claws .. 3 76
99
Distribution. Sylhet to Burma, Siam, Cochinchina, Cambodia,
Malay Peninsula (Penang, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Johore,
Singapore), Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.
Popular beliefs. It is not surprising that strange stories are
related about an animal like the Manis. One that I was told in
Kedah is worth putting on record. It, says the Malays, is very
‘clever catching ants; putting all its scales at right angles to its
body, it lies perfectly motiouless on the ground: ants, thinking it
dead, swarm over it by thousands, then it suidenly shuts down
all its scales, thus imprisoiing the ants, and rushes into a pond:
under water it again opens its scales, the ants float to the surface,
and the wily Manis licks them up comfortably.
On a remarkable Piece of Skin from Cueva Eberhardt,
Last Hope Inlet, Patagonia. By Dr. Einar LOnNBERe,
University of Upsala.’ :
[ Received March 6, 1900.]
Last year Mr. Erland Nordenskjold visited Last Hope Inlet,
Patagonia, to make further explorations in the large cavern, Cueva
Eberhardt, which has become famous for the interesting remains
of animals found in the deposits covering its-floor. He has
recently published the results of his researches in a memoir read
before the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”; but in addition
to the remains of which he treats there is also a remarkable piece
of skin of an unknown animal, which he has kindly entrusted to
me for description. This specimen was found by Mr. Nordenskjold
in the oldest stratum on the floor of the cavern, which is chiefly
formed of the excrement of the giant-sloth Grypotherium, and is
sometimes covered with a thin layer of sulphate of magnesia 30 to
50 mm. in thickness. The discoverer informs me that it was found
close to a scapula, a claw, and some other bones of Grypotherium,
and also near a tooth of Felis oncu. It is therefore probable that
the animal to which the skin belonged was contemporaneous with
Grypotherium and the other members of the Pampean fauna.
‘Mr. Nordeuskjéld informs me that when the piece of skin was
S
’ Communicated by A. Smita Woopwarp, F.Z
2 E. Nordenskjold, “ Takttagelser och Fynd i Grottor vid Ultima Esperanza i
sydvestra Patagonien,” K, Vetensk.-Akad Handl. vol. xxxiii, no, 3 (1900),
(Apr. 3,
DR. E, LONNBERG ON A
380
‘qpavysaqyy vAeng uloay uLys Jo ooaid oY,
LOU
1900. ] PIECE OF SKIN FROM PATAGONIA. 381
found it was rolled up likea ball; but by moistening the specimen
he was able to unwrap it and stretch it into the form shown in the
accompanying photograph (see fig. 1, p. 380). It measures about
0-15 m.in length, but its breadth varies between0-05 m.and 0-015 m.
Its thickness, where stretched, is quite 0-002 m.: where contracted,
somewhat greater. It is very densely covered with hair of a
sappy
Fig. 2.
Micrographic reproduction of some of the hairs of the piece of skin.
reddish-brown colour, redder than the coloration common in cattle
and perhaps best described as fox-red. The hair seems to be a
little more shiny than that of a fox, and occasionally it appears
to be bleached to a pale yellow. It is, however, uncertain whether
the paler spots are original or due to accident : it can only be said
that they are probably original, because the paler tufts and single
382 DR, EB, LONNBERG ON A [Apr. 3,
hairs exhibit the same shade from their tips to their roots, and
closely mingle with the completely red hairs. The length of this
hair is different in different parts. Where it is longest it measures
a little more than 0:045 m., but in some places 0-03 m. to
0-025 m. or even less. The hair is laid in different directions, as
seen in the figure, and cannot have formed a smooth covering on
the animal. The size of the individual hairs is variable, but there is
no typical wool or underfur. The thickest hairs (fig. 2, p. 381)
measure 80-100 « in optical section, but taper gradually towards
both ends. They are flattened and wavy. The medulla occupies the
largest part of the hair, so that the cortex does not measure more
than 10-13 p» in optical section ; but towards the root the medulla
becomes scantier and is finally completely broken up. The thinner
hairs cannot be classified as wool or underfur. Their diameter in
optical section varies from 45 to 58 uw. Their structure is exactly
the same as that of the coarser hair. They are flattened and wavy,
gradually tapering to a tip which has no medulla; but their stem
exhibits a large medulla, so that the cortex of that part usually
measures only 8-10 p. The cortex is, as a rule, thicker on one
side, and the cuticle covering it is scaly, so that the edge of the
optical margin assumes a more or less distinct serrated appearance.
The finer hairs are about ten times as numerous as the coarse hairs ;
and on the skin the coarser hair is not very conspicuous, the less
so as intermediate sizes can also be seen.
Jn attempting to determine to what animal the piece of skin thus
described may be referred, it is necessary first to consider the
mammals of which remains have been found in the same stratum
as this specimen. Of these, of course, Grypotheriuwm is at once
excluded, neither the structure of its skin nor that of its hair
admitting of any comparison. The Guanaco may also be dismissed
at the same time, since its fine wool or fleece bears no resemblance
to the hair of this skin, as shown even by Guanaco remains
associated with it. The large Cat of Cueva Eberhardt has been
identified by Erland Nordenskjéld (with the concurrence of the
eminent Danish zoologist, Herluf Winge) asa large variety of
‘tlis onca*. If this creat extinct Jaguar had the same black-spotted
appearance as the recent one, it is most improbable that so large
a piece of skin should have been preserved without any black hairs
remaining attached to it. If, however, the extinct Jaguar had a
different fur-colour, it may be assuined, with a high degree of
probability, that the structure of its furry covering was similar to
that of the recent Jaguar. But the fur of the latter is distin-
guished from that of “this piece of skin very readily by being
shorter and having a fine underfur. This underfur of the Jaguar
does not measure more than 15-30 » in optical section, and has
quite another structure, being completely devoid of a central
This is the animal called by Santiago Roth “ Yemisch listati”’ (“ E) Mamifero
misterioso de la Patagonia Grypotherium doimesticum, yor Rodolfo Hauthal,
Santiago Roth & Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, Revista Mus. La Plata, vol. ix. 1899
p: 441). ;
1900.) PIECE OF SKIN FROM PATAGONIA, 383
medulla, or at least with the medulla broken up in scattered minute
portions. The coarse hair of the Jaguar is also different from
that of the problematical piece of skin, in having a thicker cortex
and a less developed medulla. Since all the present South-
American cats (Jaguar, Puma, Ocelot, &c.) have an underfur, it
may be assumed that the extinct Jaguar also had such an under-
fur, the more so as it lived further south in a region with a more
inhospitable climate than that of the native country of most South-
American cats. If such were the case, this piece of skin cannot
have belonged to that extinct cat or to any other allied species.
Similarly the species of Canis, probably aclose ally of C.magellanicus,
may be excluded from comparison, because, like other wolves and
foxes, it must have been provided with an underfur. The skin is too
thick to have possibly belonged to any of the rodents of which
remains have been found in this or other layers of the cave.
There thus remain only two kinds of animals of which fragments
occur in the same layer as that in which the piece of skin was
found, namely Macrauchenia and Onohippidium. The first of
these, however, is very sparingly represented in Erland Nordens-
kjold’s collection, perhaps only by a phalangeal bone, and Dr.
Hauthal has not found anything which could be referred to the
same animal. Onohippidium, on the other hand, occurs abundantly.
This peculiar horse, with its large fossa lachrymalis, which can be
seen very well in one of Nordenskjold’s specimens, has thus in one
way or the other been very often brought into the cave. It seems,
therefore, quite probable that the piece of skin now described may
have belonged to the now extinct Onohippidium.
To determine more precisely the mammal to which this piece
of skin belonged, it is necessary to extend comparisons to other
animals still living in the neighbourhood. For reasons aiready
mentioned, the Puma, species of Canis, Guanaco, and the siall
rodents are at once excluded. The Viscacha (Lagostomus) has too
soft a furand too thin a skin to be taken intoconsideration. The
characteristic structure of the hair of the deer (Cervus chilensis)
makes every comparison with this animal impossible. In the same
way, every mammal uvative to the South-American soil must be
rejected. For the sake of completeness, however, the domesticated
cattle and horses must also be included in the discussion, although
it is extremely improbable that a piece of skin of either of these
animals would find its way into the deepest layer of the cave-
deposits. I have thus made a comparison of the hair with that
of the domesticated ox and horse. ‘I'he microscopical structure of
the hair of cattle is different from that of the supposed Onohip-
pidium. The cortex of the hair of the former is much thicker
compared with the medulla than in the latter. At least in
Scandinavia, it is also to be noted that the cattle have an under-
fur of fine hairs without medulla; aid I suppose that the cattle
of Patagonia, which ran half wild without protection against the
tuughness of the climate, must be similarly provided. The hair
of a horse is coarser and stiffer aud does not show the same
384 . MR, CECIL WARBURTON ON A (Apr. 3,
scaly cuticle. It is also noteworthy that not even the winter-coat
of a horse in Scandinavia approaches in denseness that of the
supposed Onohippi/ium; while there are other differences more
easily seen than described.
Taking all circumstances into consideration, I think we must
return to the above suggested theory, that the specimen now under
discussion is a piece of skin of an Onohippidium. If that be
correct, it is of course very interesting to have a fraguient of
the soft parts of a second animal, long ago extinct, from the
Cueva Eberhardt.
The detailed statements of Erland Nordenskjold as to the
extreme dryness of those parts of the cave where these remains
were found, and the protecting layer of sulphate of magnesia,
give a plausible explanation of the organic substances (even fesh
on some bones) having been so excellently preserved for such a
considerable time. I may add that Professor Lagerheim has also
made attempts to find bacteria in the fecal material, but failed to
discover any ’.
3. On a remarkable Attid Spider from Borneo, Mantisutta
trucidans, nu. g. et sp. By Ceci Warsurton, M.A.,,
Christ’s College, Cambridge.
[Received March 31, 1900.]
By the courtesy of Dr. Sharp I am able to describe a very
interesting new Spider found in a collection of insects, chiefly
Termites, made by Dr. G. D. Haviland in Sarawak, Borneo. The
Spider was overlooked on first going over the collection, and un-
fortunately no note was made of the particular insects with which
it was associated, and nothing is certainly known with regard to
its habits,
Fam. ATTID &,
Subfam. Lyssoman 2.
Genus MANTISATTA, n. gen.
Body elongated and depressed. Eyes arranged as in Lyssomanes.
Spinnerets beneath the posterior end of the abdomen, which is
produced beyond them into a caudal process. Legs of the first
pair much the most strongly developed, with strong forwardly
directed spines under the tibia and backwardly directed spines
} After the reading of this paper, Dr. W. G. Ridewood remarked that he
had examined the microscopic structure of the hair of the two equine hoofs
found in association with Grypotherium by the La Plata Museum expedition.
He had observed in the bairs attached to these hoofs the tapering of the bair
at each end, the sealy cuticle, and the excentric position of the relatively large
medulla, which had been deseribed as characterizing the hair of the pro-
blematical skin found by KE. Nordenskjéld.
1900.} NEW SPIDER FROM BORNEO. 335
under the metatarsus, forming a prehensile weapon when these
joints are apposed.
MANTISATTA TRUCIDANS, n. sp. (Fig. 1.)
Female. Total length 4mm.; length of thorax 14 mm.; length
of abdomen 24mm. Greatest ‘breadth of thorax (about the level
of the second pair of legs) about 1 mm.; of the abdomen about
‘75 mm.
ie
ANIA
Ri
wy
My
»
x
N
SEN
‘S
Mantisatia trucidans, 2, much enlarged.
The cephalothorax is much depressed and is about half as Jong
again as broad. ‘The first pair of eyes are very large, occupying
the whole breadth of the facies, and are mounted on short cylin-
ders which project forward. The second and third pairs of eyes
are on confluent dark-coloured eminences. The second eyes, which
are pale-coloured, are about a quarter of the anterior eyes in dia-
meter. The third eyes are very small and black. The fourth
pair of eyes, somewhat farther behind the third pair than these are
behind the second, are dark and moderately large, their diameter
being about one third of that of the anterior eyes. The whole
ocular area (fig. 2, p. 386) forms almost an exact square.
The abdomen is a depressed cylinder, more than three times as
long as broad. The spinnerets are not visible from above, being
hidden by a caudal process (fig. 3, p. 385).
The anterior legs are about as long as the whole animal, the
femora, patelJae, and tibix being very strongly developed, and giving
386 ON A NEW SPIDER FROM BORNEO, (Apr. 3,
the Spider a chelifer-like appearance. Beneath each tibia, towards
its distal end, are three pairs of strong black spines, directed
forward. The metatarsus, which can be closed upon the tibia,
bears two pairs of shorter black spines directed backward. One
pair is beneath the middle of the joint, and the other near its
distal extremity.
Fig. 2.
Ocular area of Manfisatta trucidans.
Fig. 3.
HN
Mantisatta trucidans in profile.
Under surface of anterior part of Mantisatia trucidans, with enlarged
view of epigyne.
The other legs (4, 2, 3) are small and weak, and do not appear
to be adapted for leaping.
The whole Spider is exceedingly pale—almost white—in colour,
at all events as it appears after immersion in spirit. Dorsally it is
variegated by a pattern marked out in faint dusky lines and dots.
On the cephalothorax there are two dark patches between the third
pair of eyes, and the second, third, and fourth pairs of eyes are on
"SHLD STOILIVATIAS SHI 2 'SdaQVNTad SNOILVATAS SON'T
PEL ASSP Seta
‘dum sorg wsze7upy
Ry...
, Se
Pri:
ios uy
AXX Id O06T SZ ad
1900.] ON MUS SYLVATICUS AND LTS ALLIES, 387
black eminences. Behind the fourth pair commence two faint dusky
lines, which converge slightly as they approach the abdomen, along
which they are continued for nearly a third of its length. Along
the first half of the abdomen there is a median line, forking pos-
teriorly. This is succeeded bya shorter line which forks similarly,
and behind this there is a transverse line. On each side of the
central marking there are a series of dots, the distribution of which
is shown in fig. 1. The body is thinly pubescent. The under
surface of the body is whitish except the small yellow-brown epigyne
(fig. 4).
The legs are similar in colour, and, except for the spines on the
tibie and metatarsi of the first pair, are furnished only with a
thin clothing of hairs. All exhibit black scopule on the tarsi.
Male unknown.
A single adult female was found among a collection of insects
made by Dr. G. D. Haviland in Sarawak. Nothing is known
of its habits, but from the nature of the collection it is probable
that it was found inside a termites’ nest. Its structure would
suggest that it does not pounce upon its prey in the usual Attid
fashion, but that it remains still and seizes passing insects with its
predaceous front legs.
4. On Geographical and Individual Variation in Mus
sylvaticus and its Allies. By G. E. H. Barrerr-
Hamitton, F.Z.S.
[Received March 2, 1900.]
(Plate XXV.)
This paper contains some account of the various local forms or
subspecies of the Long-tailed Field-mouse, which can be recog-
nized from the material at present available in the collections of
the British Museum of Natural History.
The accusation has sometimes been brought against certain recent
workers ou Mammals that their papers are “scrappy.” I fear that
those who lightly make such assertions can have but little idea
how insignificant is our present knowledge of the local variations
of Old World mammals, and how numerous are the new facts
constantly being brought before us with the consequent need for
their permanent record. Even in the case of one of our commonest
mammals, such as that here under consideration, a careful study of
material, which is probably both greater in quantity and better in
quality than that which has come before any other writer, chiefly
impresses one by its inadequacy to afford the basis of anything like
a full account of the variations of the animal even in such a small
area as that of the British Isles.
It is a curious sign of the times that in this country, at all
events, the naturalist who wishes to give some account of the local
variations or subspecies of any particular mammal must commence
388 MR. G, E. H, BARRETT-HAMILTON ON (Apr. 3,
with an apology for the work in which he is engaged. So
long as the field of enquiry be entomology, the attempt to describe
and classify local variations, and to gain some knowledge of the
guiding principles which underly them, is regarded with respect.
If, on the other hand, a zoologist attempts to institute a similar
inquiry respecting mammals, he is regarded with suspicion, or often
as a mere species-monger who wishes to burden the compilers of
local faunas with the names of a number of forms, the status and
relationships of which only a long study will help them to thoroughly
understand. Yet modern investigations have clearly shown the
existence of a rich crop of local variations amongst the Mammalia,
not Jess worthy of study than those found amongst the Lepi-
doptera or Mollusca, and which I hold it to be clearly the business
of systematic zoology not only to describe and to arrange, but to
name.
In treating a species well known and long recognized, such as
Mus sylvaticus, | prefer to regard as subspecies all forms which can
be identified as in any way phases or representative modifications
of the original type as known to Linneus. The method, so much
in favourin America, whereby all forms which intergrade are looked
upon as subspecies, and all those which do not are regarded as
species, has much to recommend it; but the simp'e ascertain-
ment of the fact that intergradation does, or does not, occur alone
implies a greater knowledge and an ampler series of specimens than
we, in the Old World, possess of many of the very commonest
mammals. Further, by its unavoidable multiplication of species
it obscures the relationship of kindred species and genera, and
necessitates the formation of new genera or subgenera to include
the various groups’ of new species and subspecies. Under this
system many, if not all, of our time-honoured Old World species
would be raised to the rank of full genera—a contingency which
may be eventually necessary, but which it seems desirable to
postpone to as late a date as possible.
On the other hand, the system used in this paper has the
advantage of roughly indicating the relationship of the forms
dealt with. We do not, however, thereby escape from the
difficulty that these forms are of widely different degrees of
distinctness. For instance, whereas some of our western subspecies
approach each other closely, even in their extreme phases, and will
probably be found to intergrade freely, there are others, such as
Mus sylvaticus princeps or M. s. draco, which, even if they be
proved to intergrade, are in their extreme phases highly distinct and
at once recognizable. Some forms there are, however, which, having
been long separated from the parent form, have become so differ-
entiated that the most stubborn disregarder of local variations
could not consider them to be identical with M. s. typicus. Such
is M. argenteus of Japan. To it accordingly, lest my judgment
should be found erring in allying it too closely with MV. sylvaticus,
I here accord full specific rank.
A further advantage may be claimed for the method which is
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES, 389
here advocated, namely, that it does not add to the difficulties of the
student of the geographical distribution of mammals in its broadest
and widest sense. The numerous modern species, although they
may be of the greatest interest to the student of the fauna of a
single or of a particular group of countries, cannot but be a source
of perplexity to the naturalist, whose aim it is to regard the mammals
of the world as a whole. ‘To the latter the liberal and intelligent
use of trinomials must be a boon, rendering possible as it does a
ready comprehension of the origin and relationship of any particular
local or representative form which he may have before him.
But, after all, the main object of our study should be the
variations of the animal or group of animals dealt with. Provided
that this be our aim, the exact method we employ is surely of
subsidiary importance. No method that does or can exist, unless
it be diagrammatic or pictorial, is capable of fully or satisfactorily
exhibiting the variations which have to be dealt with.
_ Distribution.—The distribution of Mus sylvaticus, speaking of it
in abroad sense as including all its subspecies, is, as I haye already
pointed out*, almost coterminous with the limits of the Palearctic
Region, in which it is probably as widely spread as most other
mammals, since it seems to be comparatively regardless of the
influence of temperature and is found far up the slopes of the
mountains. Thus Dr. G. Radde* met with it almost everywhere in
his journeys in South-western Siberia, and it is especially common
on the middle Amoor. He remarks that there can be no doubt
that it is found, at least locally, in the regions lying between wooded
Dauria and Lake Baikal, at all events in the grassy country, but that
it is absent from the high steppes of Mongolia. In these regions
it avoids swampy and shaded localities, but loves suuny slopes
with sparsely distributed high woods, where it gladly gathers the
dry windfalls for its nest. With these exceptions, to which must
be added the deserts and arctic tundras, it is equally at home in
all the countries between the eastern coast-line of China and the
Atlantic sea-board of Ireland or Portugal. It has reached nearly
all the outlying portions of the Region, such as Morocco, Algeria,
Palestine, Corsica, Sicily, the Balearics, the Channel Islands, Great
Britain, the Isle of Man, Ireland, the Scotch Islands * (such as the
Inner Hebrides, where it is abundant on all the islands), the
Outer Hebrides (including even remote St. Kilda‘), the Shetlands,
and Iceland, and in the last locality its local representative, if indi-
genous, is the only species of mammal that is so. On the other hand,
I have seen no specimen from any of the Japanese islands, where,
however, I believe, that on Nippon Mus argenteus is its modified
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Feb. 7, 1899, p. 82.
2 *Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien in den Jahren 1855-1859 inel,’
Band i. pp. 180-182 (1862).
* J. A. Harvie-Brown & T, E. Buckley: ‘ Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll and
the Inner Hebrides,’ 1892, p. 38.
4 J have as yet seen no specimen from either the Orkneys or the Faroes. It
doubtless occurs on the former; the case of the latter will be discussed
below.
Proc, Zoos, Soc.—1900, No. XX VI. 26
390 MR, G. B, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
representative, and I could not hear of it in Kamchatka; but its
absence from the latter country is not surprising when it is
considered that the peninsula, as shown by its general fauna, has
probably been isolated as an island until recent times, and further
that we are not aware of the presence of Aus sylvaticus in the
tivo main roads thither, in Chukchiland or the Kuril Islands.
In Asia Minor it was found by Ménétries amongst the moun-
tains of Talyche, by Canon Tristram on the plains of Palestine,
and Danford caught a specimen ‘while running about on the
surface of the deep snow,” considerably above the tree-growth '.
As # contrast to this, one has been trapped by Mr. G. H. Caton
Haigh in Wales among the rocks on the shore near the mouth of
an estuary, so that it seems equally at home in extremely varied
localities.
In spite, however, of its wide distribution and comparative
disregard of extremes of climate and environment, it is one of
those mammals which do not seem to have reached Tunis, Tripoli,
or Egypt.
The southern boundary of its range in Asia is uncertain. It
has been reliably recorded from Wakhan on the Upper Oxus ; from
Kashgar, in Eastern Turkestan; from Gilgit in the Upper Indus
Valley; from Cherra Punji, India; from Kashmir; and from
Kuatun, in North-west Fokien, Eastern China. It thus reaches
the confines of the Oriental Region at more than one locality.
Its presence in such isolated, yet widely separated, islands as
Iceland and Corsica (if, indeed, it be native in the former), seems
to mark it as a species which has for long maintained a wide area
of distribution, and which is of sufficient age to have already
occupied the greater part of its present geographical range when
the British Islands and their appendages, at least as far as the
Shetlands, Outer Hebrides, St. Kilda, and Ireland, still formed part
of the Continent of Europe, and when there existed a free land-
passage from Europe to North Africa by means of substantial land-
bridges where now only islands remain. Japan alone seems to be
old enough to have given it time for specific modification. This
supposition gains support from the fact * that its bones have been
found in numerous caves on the Continent as wellas in the English
Forest-Bed of Norfolk, and elsewhere, as in the Ightham Fissures
of Kent, and that we have no trace of its ancestry, the
Pleistocene species Mus orthodon Hensel and Mus lewisi E. T.
Newton * being at least as highly specialized as itself.
The question as to whether this Mouse could be indigenous to
Iceland I left an open one, since it seems likely that the connection
between that island and the Shetlands must have been of far more
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 279.
* See A. Nehring’s “ Uebersicht tiber vierundzwanzig mitteleuropiische
Quartar-Faunen,” Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. Bd. xxxii. 1880, pp. 468-
509; also Brandt & J. N. Woldrich’s ‘ Diluviale europaisch-nordasiatische
Saugethierfauna und ihre Beziehungen zum Menschen,” Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St. Pétersbourg, xxxv. I. p. 69 (1887).
% Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol, 1. pt. 2, no, 198 (May 1, 1894).
YY Saree
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 391
remote date than that between the British Islands and the
Continent, and, moreover, we do not know whether this Mouse
occurs on the Faroes or not. Its occurrence in these intermediate
localities would afford support to the presumption that it is native
in Iceland; but I am indebted to Col. H. W. Feilden for the
information that the existence of an indigenous mammal of any
kind on the Faroes is very unlikely, since they have undergone
an intense, although local, glaciation at a period long subsequent
to their present condition as islands.
At all events, Mus sylvaticus is perhaps the species par excellence
of all others inhabiting the Palearctic Region which we should
most expect to find in such an out-of-the-way island as Iceland.
Material ewamined.—The following is a summary of the material
which I have been able to examine. Not only have I had
before me the specimens included in my own collection, but the
whole of those now in the British Museum have been generously
placed at my disposal by the authorities. In addition to these
Mr. Gerrit 8S. Miller, Junior, Assistant Curator of Mammals at
the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., has most
kindly sent over for my examination 66 examples from the col-
lection in that museum. JI have thus had before me a series of,
in all, about 580 specimens, many of them prepared in the best
modern methods and having also attached to them carefully cleaned
skulls.
From England and Wales I have seen 171 specimens!: from
Bedfordshire 2, Cambridgeshire 3, Carmarthenshire 6, Cheshire 9,
Dorset 1, Glamorganshire 11, Gloucestershire 6, Herefordshire
33, Hertfordshire 3, Isle of Wight 8, Kent 4, Leicestershire 13,
Lincolnshire 2, London District 13, Merionethshire 5, the New
Forest 5, Northants 2, Northumberland 6, Oxfordshire 18, Staf-
fordshire 3, Suffolk 4, Surrey 5, Sussex 5, Warwickshire 2,
Worcestershire 1, Yorkshire 1.
Turning to Scotland and its Islands, I have seen 56 specimens:
from Cromarty 11, Edinburgh 2, Elgin 17, Haddingtonshire 2,
Lanarkshire 1, and Skye 1; while Mr. Robert Henderson of
Dunrossness, Shetland, has sent me 8 obtained there; and Mr. W.
E. de Winton has lundly placed at my disposal lis fine series of
14 from the Islands of Lewis and Barra.
From Ireland I have had before me about 45 specimens:
from Carlow 7, Clare 2, Galway 4, Kerry 6, Tipperary 3, and
Wexford several; and have also, through the kindness of my
friend Dr. R. F. Scharff, been permitted to examine those in the
Dublin Museum of Science and Art, among which are included
1 For these the British Museum and myself are indebted to a numerous
band of collectors, of whom I may mention Messrs. O. V. Aplin, A. 8. Austen,
BE. W. H. Blagg, J. L. Bouhote, G. H. Caton Haigh, T. A. Coward, R. J.
Cuninghame, G. Denoon, W. Dodson, J. 8. Elliott, W. Evans, C. H. B. Grant,
S. F. Harmer, F. W. Headley, the late Lord Lilford, Messrs. J. O. Mansel-
Pleydell, W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Oldfield Thomas, Miss D. Sharpe, Mr. W. Taylor,
Col. J. W. Yerbury, while, last but not least, my friend Mr. W. E, de Winton
has placed his whole collection from various localities at my entire disposal.
26
392 MR. G. E, H. BARRETT-HAMILION ON [Apr. 3,
(besides several specimens in alcohol) 7 skins from Co. Dublin and
the north of Co. Wicklow, 7 from Co. Louth, two without locality,
and an immature skin from Co. Galway.
From the Channel Islands I have a set collected by Mr. W.
Eagle Clarke on Alderney’; while from the Continent of Europe,
its Islands, and North Africa, I have seen 169 specimens (which
form part either of my own collection or of that of the British
Museum of Natural History) from the following countries :—
Morocco 11, Portugal 9, Spain (various localities) 10, France
(various localities) 18, Belgium 10, Holland 5, Denmark 5, Scan-
dinavia 6, Germany 60 (from various localities), Lithuania 1,
Slavonia 16, Switzerland 11, Italy 4, Corsica 2, Sicily 2, Algeria 1,
Roumania 44, Montenegro 1, Russia 1, Iceland 1. Lastly, there
is the series of 66 specimens kindly sent over for my examination
by Mr. G. 8S. Miller, Junior, which comprises 16 from Brunswick,
Germany; 9 from Bergen, Norway; 2 from Upsala, Sweden ;
17 from Switzerland; 17 from Warenne, Belgium; and 5 from
Cadillac-sur-Garonne, France.
Of Asiatic material I have examined 25 specimens from a number
of localities. the most eastern of which is Kuatun, in North-west
Fokien, China, whence Messrs. C, B. Rickett & J. D. La Touche
have recently sent a fine series to the Natural History Museum.
General Remarks.—It is extremely hard to deal satisfactorily
with the various phases of Mus sylvaticus. Considerable as has
been the material at my command, far more so probably than
has fallen to the Jot of any other naturalist to examine, it is
still impossible to trace out with anything like completeness the
variations of this species even in Western Europe. Mus sylvaticus
occurs everywhere in such abundance and is so easily caught
that it might be thought that no animal would be easier to work
out; but this is not the case, for in proportion to the very facility
with which it is captured, a great deal of the material is young
and untrustworthy. At present, therefore, 1 do not see my way
to catalogue with anything like completeness the various recog-
nizable subspecies and individual variations. All that I can do is
to describe a few of the more extreme forms, leaving the majority
of the intermediates for further consideration.
In dealing with the variations of an animal, we have two distinct
types to treat of, viz., those which are spasmodic and affect only
he individual, and those which are geographical and characteristic
of all, or of the majority of, the individuals of a particular region
or locality. The former do not directly concern the student of
geographical variation ; the latter are the species and subspecies,
according to the degree of difference which they show, of a paper
like the present one. The occurrence of startling variations, either
individual or geographical, seems almost foreign to the constitution
of Mus sylvaticus, yet it is not deficient in equally interesting,
although less conspicuous, developments. In this respect, what
I stated in my previous paper on the subject may still, broadly
1 See Proc. Zool. Soc. Feb. 7, 1899, p. 82, footnote,
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 393
speaking, be regarded as true, although now naturally modified by
recent accessions of material, so that I am able to distinguish
local forms, for the proper differentiation of which, although I
believe them to be perfectly recognizable and distinct, there was
needed the accumulation of a cousiderable number of specimens.
Mus sylvaticus appears in fact to be a form which, in its longstand-
ing and successful struggle for existence, has attai ned to a height of
specialization from which it has either very little power of variation,
or else which is such as to fulfil all the needs of the species in
almost any conditions with which it may be brought into contact.
The possible range of its variations, whether individual or geo-
graphical, would seem to be narrow. Within this narrow range,
however, variation is very evident and perplexing. ‘lhe animal,
indeed, while apparently baving small power of varying, uses to
the utmost the power which it possesses. Unlike some of our
common mammals, such as the Squirrel, Rabbit, or Rat, it is not
subject to either melanism or albinism. In the whole series of
the ‘ Zoologist’ and the volumes of the ‘ Field’ for the last twenty
years, there is not to be found a single recorded instance of a well-
marked sport of this species—a result which would have been very
widely different had the object of the search been Sedurus vul-
garis, Talpa europea, or Mus musculus. This, of course, does not
prove that conspicuous sports do not occur, but it undoubtedly
emphasizes their rarity. L have not thought it worth while to
supplement this result by a search for information, all of which
would probably be of a highly negative character, through any
number of the works of foreign writers; but neither in those of
Bell* nor of J. H. Blasius® can any allusion to such sports be
found. Dehne’, however, mentions a variety, which he calls ‘ die
isabellfarbige Waldmaus,” and which he characterizes as very rare,
since he had only seen one example, and that in the summer
of 1833 in the district of Penig. He had never seen white or
otherwise coloured varieties. De Selys-Longchamps’ records an
‘Isabelle albine” variety with pink eyes, and states that such
occur ‘‘ trés accidentellement.” Similar isabelline, white, or white-
speckled varieties are noted as of extremely accidental occurrence
by Bonaparte °, Fischer’, and Mina Palumbo®*. Mus sylvaticus is
then, it seems, a good instance in support of Mr. A. Sedgwick’s
remarks ° on the loss of variability in an old species.
1 Tt must not be forgotten also that sports of Mus sylvaticus may haye been
occasionally credited to Mus musculus.
* «British Quadrupeds,’ ed. 2 (1874).
‘Saugethiere Deutschlands,’ 18957.
Allgem. deut. naturh, Zeit. 1858, pp. 182-3.
‘Etudes de Micromammalogie,’ 1839, p. 65.
‘ Fauna Italica,’ 1832-1841, art. on Mus sylvaticus.
7 “ Saugethiere des St. Petersburger Gouverneiuents,” Der Zoologische Garten
1869, p. 340.
* Cat. dei Mamma. della Sicilia, 1868, p.72. See E.Cantoni’s ‘‘ Elenco Generale
dei Mammiferi soggetti ad albinismo,” in Atti della Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat.
yol. xxili., 1880.
% Presidential Address to Section D of British Association ; Dover, 1899,
aark &
394 MR. G, HE, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
Within its own limits, as has been stated above, the Long-tailed
Field-mouse is subject to considerable variation, but the variations
are usually more subtle than are those of some other mammals.
Thus, putting aside the influence of age and season, I find a good
deal of individual variation in the amount and intensity of
the rufous coloration of the upper surface and of the purity of the
underside, in the presence or absence of a spot or band upon the
breast, and in the length of the tail. Size too, as in other
mammals, contributes its share to individual differences ; and my
tables at the end of this paper show that, after allowing for
individual differences amongst the various persous who have
measured the specimens which I have had under examination,
there yet remains a considerable variation above and below the mean
for adults. I think it highly probable that such variation would
have proved distinctly less had the series from which my averages
have been compiled been collected in a locality smaller than that
of Great Britain as a whole. It is, in fact, possible that there is
an increase in size of Mus sylvaticus even in Great Britain from
south to north, or, perhaps, from south-west to north-east.
As regards geographical or local variations, Mus sylvaticus is, on
the whole, remarkably constant to a single well-marked type.
Throughout the Palzarctic Region it is distinguishable at a glance
from every other mouse with which it might possibly be confounded
by the possession of a combination of characters, amongst which
its size, the pattern of its teeth, its long foot, large ears, and pure
white belly, separated from the more or less rufous dorsal regions
by a clearly marked line of demarcation, are predominant. ‘l'hus
its local forms, though distinguishable, are not nearly so readily
appreciable as, say, those of Sciurus vulgaris; and Mus sylvaticus
chevriert Milne-Edwards, of Tibet, is at tirst sight surprisingly like
Mus s. arianus Blanford, of Persia and Afghanistan, or Mus s.
intermedius Bellamy, of England, considering the enormous tracts
of country by which these forms are separated. Yet there is
variation and that distinctly geographical, consisting for the most
part (as in the case of the individual variations) in differences
of general size, tint, and thickness of the coat of the upperside,
intensity of the white colour of the belly, presence or absence of a
breast-band, length of tail, and size of ear.
Thus, in Europe, it is easy to divide Mus sylvaticus primarily
into two very distinct—a larger long-tailed and a smaller short-
tailed—subspecies. he larger reaches its maximum both of size
and coloration in Eastern Europe (VV. s. princeps), but towards
the West becomes both smaller and duller. Colonies, however,
persist right into Great Britain, where they are distinguishable by
the presence of a remarkable breast-band of the same colour as
the upper surface of the body (IM. s. wintoni). In Denmark and
Scandinavia there is a reduction in size (M. s. typicus), but, although
the red of the upper surface remains fairly intense, the underside
is much dulled; and this process has been carried to its fullest
extent in the representatives of the species on the islands of Lewis
>
eee
]
mh i.)
1900.) MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES, 395
and Barra (WV. s. hebridensis) and St. Kilda (M. s. hirtensis), where
it is accompanied by a very interesting shortening of the ear and
lengthening of the foot proportionately to the length of the body.
A representative of the large form occurs also in the Shetlands ;
but my series is not sufficiently good to enable me to decide finally as
to its affinities. The Iberian Peninsula and Morocco seem to be
the habitat of a large dull-coloured form, with regard to the exact
appearance and relationship of which, in default of more numerous
specimens, I am a little uncertain, and for the present can merely
allude to it under the name Mus hayz Waterhouse.
To turn to the smaller subspecies (I. s. intermedius), this is
found mainly in the British Islands and in the neighbouring
continental areas of Holland, Belgium, and North-west France ;
but the exact limits of its distribution are as yet uncertain, and
it probably intergrades in all directions with other subspecies.
It is extremely interesting to find that specimens from such
damp western localities as Lewis and Skye in the Scotch Islands,
Galway and Kerry in Ireland, and Oporto in Portugal indicate
that in such situations the reduction of size and darkening of the
colour of the upper surface reaches its maximum, It is not less
interesting to find some evidence that there may be two ways of
attaining to that greater dullness of coloration which seems to be
fitted to a sojourn in the moderately warm, damp regions of
Western Europe; and that, whereas in JM. s. hebridensis and
M. s. hirtensis this object is attained by rendering more uniform,
although not darker, the colour of the upper surface, by the en-
largement of the breast-band, the partial obliteration of the line
of demarcation between the two surfaces of the body, and the
extension of the yellow colour to the belly, the whole consistent
with a retention of large size, in J. s. celticus the same result
is brought about by an increase of the black-tipped hairs on the
back, while the belly, although retaining its pure whiteness, is
made less conspicuous by reduction of the size of the animal.
The occurrence of representatives of each of these forms almost
side by side on the small island of Lewis is perplexing; but
Mr. de Winton informs me that the larger I, s. hebridensis keeps
severely to itself on the western side of the island, and that he
believes that the presence of the smaller form may here be due to
accidental introduction.
As regards the remaining forms, such as MW. s. islundicus, arianus,
pallipes, griseus, chevriert, draco, and M. argenteus, little is known
and little can be said; but there is evidence to show that the
representatives of MM. sylvaticus are characterized in the north
(according to Radde) by larger, and in the south by smaller size,
and in the latter case by a proportionately smaller hind foot. The
thick fur and light upperside of M. s. pallipes seem to indicate
a development to suit great cold, combined perhaps with desert-
or steppe-lhke conditions ; but the curious differences between
the manner in which the young grow up in extremes, such as
M. s. draco and M. s, intermedius, are at present inexplicable.
396 MR, G, E. H. BARRETI-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
The fact remains, however, that in these subspecies the young are
more strikingly differentiated than the adults. In all, the young
are duller than their respective adults, but in the East they seem
to take a longer time to don the brighter hues of maturity and
the manner of effecting the change is more patchy than that
in vogue in the West. It may be that in regions where food is
abundant and general bodily growth is rapid, the development of
the genital organs cannot keep pace with that of the general size,
and that with these organs the assumption of the external colours
of the adult, which we know to have in many cases a most
intimate connection with them, is retarded accordingly.
It it be true that the various stages of progress to maturity
repeat in some degree the phylogeny of an animal, then we may,
perhaps, assume that the brighter red hues of the adults of several
ot the subspecies? of Mus sylvaticus must be regarded as a modern
acquirement, the original ancestor of the Long-tailed Field-mice
having been a plain coloured, white-bellied House-mouse-like
creature. Further, on the same supposition, the adult winter
coat being the darker, is nearer to that of the young, and hence
to that of the ancestor, whence perhaps it might be inferred that
the immediate ancestor was an animal which inhabited a damp,
only moderately warm, sunless country, and is most nearly repre-
sented in its colour by the subspecies of Western Europe of the
present day.
The occurrence of a small dark form in such isolated localities
as Lewis, Skye, Galway, and Kerry, and possibly in Portugal,
seems to suggest some thoughts on our present views of distri-
bution. We may look on the discontinuous distribution of such
a form in two ways. We may regard it as evidence of the
survival in isolated localities of an old subspecies, once of far
wider distribution ; and this is the view that would undoubtedly
be adopted had we to deal in this case not with a subspecies,
but with a genus or even with a very distinct species. An
alternative view may, however, present itself, viz., that we may
have here a case of the independent evolution of a similar form
under the influence of similar conditions, which in fact one is
tempted to regard as a similar reaction of the organism to the
impetus of similar stimuli. ‘To the latter view I am, I confess,
myself very much inclined, and parallel cases can be found
amongst other groups, as, for instance, in the case of the slug
recently described by my friend Dr. RK. F. Scharff? as Limax
marginatus, var. nov. niger. This, a small dark form, was found
by its describer and Mr. G. H. Carpenter “ suddenly ” appearing
at a height of 2800 feet on Carrantuohill, in Co. Kerry, lreland,
and was certainly quite absent from the lower slopes of the
mountain. According to Professor Simroth this form occurs also
‘ There are other Eastern Muride (e. g. Mus confucianus) of which the
young are dully coloured and the adults red.
2 ‘Irish Naturalist,’ Oct. 1899, p. 214.
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 397
in Transylvania, while it only differs from the var. rupicola in
being unicoloured above. In fact the variety rupicola itself would
seem to be another case in point, being found, as it is in Lessona
and Pollinera, up to a height of 7000 feet in the Piedmontese Alps,
as well as in the Mourne Mountains of Ireland, from which it has
been recorded by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.
From whatever point of view we regard the numerous forms
of Mus sylvaticus, it is of extreme interest to find that the
changes and variations in different climates are parallelled, to a
certain extent at least, not only by other mammals, but by birds
and, in some cases, by invertebrates. In a recent paper’ I
showed that the brightening of the colours of certain birds
according as they range suuthwards is parallelled by the Weasel,
Putorius nivalis Linneus and its subspecies. So, too, the most
richly coloured subspecies of Jus sylvaticus which I have seen is
Mus s. draco from Kuatun, a locality which must be near the
extreme south-eastern limit of the range of the species, while in
the south-west the deep, almost chocolate upperside of the single
British Museum specimen of M. s. algirus of Algeria seems to be
suggestive of a similar tendency.
It is also of interest to find that the bright, clearly coloured Mus
sylvaticus of the cold drier regions of Central Europe is the counter-
part of the corresponding form of Squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris rufus
Kerr ; whereas the duller subspecies of some of the damper Western
regions are parallelled by S. v. lewcourus Kerr and S. v. typreus
Linneus ; and other parallels may be sought amongst the Red-
backed Voles (Hvotomys) and their subspecies. We are only just
beginning to obtain any general light on the distribution of
variation amongst European mammals, but the larger size of
Mus s. princeps of Central Europe finds a parallel in at least one
other species, viz. Lepus europwus typicus Pall., of which the
Central European and Russian examples are distinctly larger than
the Western, Z. e. occidentalis de Winton”. Indeed, it would be
easy to quote a good many other instances, taken from birds as well
as maminals, which seem to afford evidence of some law of decrease
in size from cold and clear to warmer and dullerregions. Finally,
the occurrence of especially dark and often simall forms in various
isolated western localities of the British Islands finds an abundant
counterpart in other groups. I may point to the Lepidoptera,
amongst which so many dark western varieties have been recorded ;
to the dark Squirrels of damp mountainous continental regions ; to
our small dark breeds of cattle (Scotch, Irish, and Welsh); and
to numerous instances amongst birds, as the Dippers (Cinclus)
and the Long-tailed Titmice (Acredula). Perhaps the most
interesting parallel of all is afforded by the Song-Thrush, J'urdus
musicus*, of which it is stated that individuals which inhabit the
? Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 42 (1900).
* See Mr. W. E. de Winton’s paper, ‘On the Hares of Western Europe and
North Africa,” in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. i. February 1898.
® Howard Saunders, ‘ Manual of British Birds,’ ed. iy. p.3.
398 MR. G. E, H, BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
Outer Hebrides are, like the Lepidoptera of the same islands,
small and darkly coloured.
In many cases black forms of some common species of animals
occur in the British Islands or in mountains, either in certain
defined areas or sporadically, but are not yet in a_ status
to be generally recognized subspecifically. Such are the black
variety of the Water-Vole, Microtus ater (Macgillivray); the
black varieties of the Common Rat, Mus hibernicus Thompson ;
the black variety of the Squirrel, Sciwrus alpinus Cuvier, of the
Pyrenees and Alps; and the dark variety of the Common Snipe,
Gallinago celestis sabinit (Vigors). Such forms, however, seem to
be in many ways analogous, and it is strongly to be suspected
that they owe their origin to some common cause, apparently not,
in the ordinary sense, a protective one.
L recognize 19 subspecies or phases of Mus sylvaticus, which are
as follows :—
1. MuS SYLVATICUS INTERMEDIUS,
Mus intermedius, C. J. Bellamy, Natural History of South
Deyon, pp. 195 & 329-330, with woodcut (1839).
Mus campestris, J. J. J. Holandre, Faune de la Moselle, p. 24
(1836), antedated by MW. campestris, A.G. Desmarest, Mamm. Suppl.
p. 643 (1822), which is a Mus minutus, Pall. subsp. incert.; see
De Selys-Longchamps, ‘Etudes de Micromammalogie: Revue
des Musaraignes, des Rats et des Compagnols, suivie d’un Index
méthodique des Mammiféres d’Europe’ (Paris, 1839), and Barrett-
Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., April 1899, p. 345.
Mus sylvaticus fossilis, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fr. p. 43 (1859).
Mus sylvaticus auctorum.
Type locality. Devonshire, England.
Nomenclature § Synonymy. The discovery that the original
application of the name sylvaticus by Linnus referred to a
distinct subspecies, makes it necessary to search for a subspecific
name which shall apply to the ordinary lesser subspecies of
Britain and the neighbouring continental area. The name inter-
medius of Bellamy, although undoubtedly applied to a large
example, seems to be suitable for this use. It is at all events
appropriate to an animal which is distinctly intermediate in its
characters between several surrounding subspecies.
Description. The colour of the basal two-thirds of all the hairs
at all ages and seasons is slate-grey, but this is concealed by the
terminal portions, about 2 or 3 mm. in length, which are coloured
quite differently and to the tints of which the animal owes its
general appearance. In adults the upperside is sandy reddish
brown, not usually of rich or intense tints, the lower side pure
white, with a very clear line of demarcation between the colours
of the two surfaces passing along the flanks, inner surface of the
thighs, fore limbs, and cheeks. Many hairs of the upperside are
tipped with black, especially in the median dorsal region, and
these black tips, becoming greatly increased in winter, constitute
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES, 399
the only seasonal difference which I can discover. The presence
of the black-tipped hairs on the dorsal region gives the Mice
the appearance of being more darkly coloured on the back and
redder on the flanks; but there is a good deal of variation, even
amongst individuals from the same locality, in regard to the
comparative darkness, greyness, or redness of the upperside. As
a general rule, very old specimens seem to be the reddest, but I
have seen very large ones which were remarkably grey. In many
there is present a breast-spot of variable extent, which may in
some cases extend backwards along the median ventral surface,
either as a thin rufous line or as a rather broad and diffused
yellowish staining of the belly.
In old nursing females the underside often becomes very bare,
and may lose its pure white colour.
In immature specimens the coloured tips to the hairs are not
well developed; hence young mice are always duller and more
House-mouse-like on the upper surface. In some cases, as in
that of a specimen from the Island of Skye, the colour, both above
and below, is identical with that of typical Mus musculus ; others
are slate-grey, and one from Shetland has the upperside like that
of typical musculus and the underside white. Some very young
specimens lack the line of demarcation between the colours of the
upper and under surfaces and are dark-bellied, that is to say, the
white-tipped hairs are absent and the dark underfur prominent ;
but this condition is not invariable, and many are comparatively
brown or red, although not so much so as are the adults. My
remarks respecting the colour of immature specimens are mainly
based on the British series at the Natural History Museum and those
in the collections of Mr. W. E. de Winton and myself, consisting
chiefly of specimens taken in the months of May and July: later
in the autumn a pelage which more nearly resembles that of the
adults is assumed. In mild climates young are born until late in
the year, since two females trapped by Mr. Oldfield Thomas near
Calais, France, in September were nursing ; other nursing females
have been trapped as late as 10th September by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie
Grant in Elginshire, Scotland, aud on the 8th October at South
Sutor, Cromarty, Scotland, and of the form JZ, s. wintoni on
Dec. 7th, by Mons. A. Robert in Haute-Savoie. It would seem,
then, that specimens in immature pelage may occasionally be
trapped almost throughout the winter.
Moult. The rarity of the specimens showing a moult is worth
noticing, and I can only suppose that the change from one coat to
the other is made gradually and in an inconspicuous manner.
One of Mr. Thomas’s August specimens from Holland, a male
(no. 98.2.1.18), is moulting from the rufous to a duller coat, and
has just a patch of the former colour on the rump, whereas the
rest of the body is of a dull colour.
Dimensions. The tables (p. 423) show that this subspecies is
intermediate in size between giants of its race like MW. s. princeps
and pigmies like WM, s. celticus or M. s. tauricus.
400 MR. G, E. H, BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
Skull. The skulls of adult British examples do not usually
exceed 26 mm. in total length, the more usual length being 25 mm.
Distribution. Great Britain, Ireland, and the Scotch Islands
(except the localities inhabited by other subspecies, such as St.
Kilda, part of Lewis (Outer Hebrides), Barra, parts of the West
of Ireland, probably Shetland, and the sporadic localities occupied
by M. s. wintoni); the Channel Islands (Alderney), Holland,
Belgium, Brittany, and North-west France, parts of Switzerland,
and perhaps portions of South-western France; but the exact
limits of the distribution of this form are uncertain, and it is not
known whether its range is clearly marked off from, or whether it
intergrades with, the larger forms.
General Remarks. Excluding examples of MM. s. wintont, I do
not find amongst specimens from the mainland of Great Britain
any tangible local differences; but to insure satisfactory results
in this direction, a very carefully collected set of specimens from
several selected localities would be necessary. The skins from
Oxfordshire and Leicestershire (both those in Mr. de Winton’s
and those in the British Museum collection) certainly seem
brightest and reddest, but they are summer skins, and there is no
conclusive series from other localities of exactly the same date
with which to compare them. Further, an old nursing female
taken in Glamorganshire in July is as brightly coloured as any of
them. Again, specimens from the London Parks are, like the birds
and Lepidoptera, verv dark and smoky. I am not, however, quite
able to trace beyond dispute any local British variations, other
than those already mentioned, but the subject is of great interest
and well worthy of the attention of British naturalists. Certainly,
if there be any reliable conclusions to be drawn from recent work
on the colour of mammals, the mice of Central England should
be on the whole brighter and redder than those of the surrounding
districts ; but a study of them should be based not upon individuals,
but on averages, and would need very careful procedure. It is
at least confirmatory of my supposition that amongst the more
remarkable individual skins which I have examined are an old
nursing female from Clifton, in which there was a thick median
line of yellow on the belly, and a male from Northumberland
(December), in which the belly is dirty white and exhibits also
a buff median line. I have not been able to separate Scotch
from other British specimens.
As regards continental forms, it is probable that the further
accumulation of specimens will show the existence of hitherto
undetected subspecies. Thus, while those both from Brunswick,
Germany, and from Belgium belong to a type which, like J, s,
intermedius generally, may be distinguished from most Scandina-
vian specimens by their clearer colour both above (grey) and below
(white), 1 fancy that, of the two, the Belgians are the less clearly
white-bellied. Swiss specimens, on the other hand, seem to agree
with those from Upsala, Sweden, in having the central dorsal
region darker and more accentuated, and the underside duller,
while those from Bergen, Norway, are redder.
1900.] MUS SYLVALICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 401
Monsieur F. Lataste seems to have got upon the track of some
such subspecies when he wrote! that in the park of M. Foucassis,
apartment Gironde, France, he had taken individuals “ dont les
teintes foncées, méme en dessous, se rapprochaient beaucoup de
celles de la souris.” This variety he contrasts with one from the
dependencies of the observatory of Pic du Midi, at an altitude
of nearly 3000 metres, ‘‘ et dont la robe est d’un roux vif éclatant.
Plusieurs sujets de cette derniére m’ont été envoyés par M.
Vaussenat ;” but I suspect that, in the case of the first of these
varieties, M. Lataste had to deal with immature mice.
2. MUS sYLVATICUS CELTICUS, subsp. nov. (Plate XXV. fig. 2.)
Type. A female, No. 0.3.11.1 (British Museum Collection), from
Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, Ireland: collected by Colonel J. W.
Yerbury, on Nov. 27, 1894.
Distinguishing Characteristics, A small-bodied Field-mouse, with
a very dark upperside, caused by a great increase in the number of
black-tipped hairs. ‘The underside, unlike that of M. s. hebridensis
and M,. s. hirtensis, is clear white, although not so clear as in
M. s. wintoni, and the line of demarcation between the colora-
tion of the two surfaces is sharply defined. The dimensions of
ear and hind foot seem to show that these are slightly larger in
proportion to the general body-size than is the case with M. s,
intermedius. This subspecies no doubt intergrades with Irish
examples of M.s. intermedius. Thus Col. Yerbury’s specimens are
the most and Mr. Passingham’s the least accentuated specimens
which I have seen.
Skuil as in M. s. typicus ; total length about 25 mm.
Distribution. West of Britain, I have seen specimens from
Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry (Col. J. W. Yerbury), from Fermoyle,
Castlegregory, ia the same county (Mr. G. A. Passingham), as well
as from Woodpark, Co. Galway (Mr. R. F. Hibbert). These
specimens are matched exactly in colour and size by three from
Hisken, in Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Major H. D. Thornycroft),
and one from Skye (Mr. J. Steele Elliott). A similar one from
Oporto, Portugal, collected by Mr. James Searle, may be an acci-
dental variety or may indicate the occurrence of this small dark
form in other parts of Western Europe.
General Remarks. So long ago as 1841 the late Rev. Leonard
Jenyns (afterwards Blomefield) received from the County of Kerry,
Ireland, some long-tailed Field-mice, one of which was taken at
an altitude of 2500 feet. He at once noticed that they differed
from the typical Mus sylvaticus “in being of a darker colour,
smaller, and with some of the relative proportions rather less ” 7,
and suggested the occurrence of an interesting local race in these
mountains. Not being, however, in possession of a satisfactory
series, he wisely refrained from giving a name to his specimens.
Then followed the age of inexactness, during which Jenyns’s mice,
* Act. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, xxxviii. p. 33 (1884),
? Ann, & Mag, Nat, Hist, vol. vii. p. 268, June 1841,
402 MR. G, E. H. BARRETT-HAMILION ON [Apr. 3,
like so many other local forms, were put aside with the remark
that they could be only regarded as “ varieties of Mus sylvaticus”*.
Irish naturalists, however, well knowing the tendency of the
elements of our fauna to become darker in the west of the country,
have all along suspected that Jenyns’s suggestion was well worthy
of attention. Hence they have been gradually accumulating a
series of Field-mice from Ireland, with the result that I think I
may now say definitely that we have, in the west of Ireland, a small
dark subspecies of Field-mouse, which nearly corresponds to Jenyns’s
description, aud which is quite unlike the Field-mice of the greater
part of Europe, of England, or, what is equally interesting, of the
east and centre of Ireland. For this small subspecies I propose
the name Mus sylvaticus celticus.
The first specimens of this Mouse received at the Museum were
a series of six, collected by Col. J. W. Yerbury, at Caragh Lake,
Co. Kerry, between Nov. 27th and Dec. Ist, 1894. These, although
some allowance must be made for the winter coat, are darker and
smaller than any English specimens which I have seen even of
that season. In spite of these characters, I at first hesitated
to regard the specimens as conclusive evidence of the truth of
Jenyns’s hypothesis. It was possible that in such a mild climate
the mice might continue breeding to a Jate date in the year, so
that examples showing the characteristics of immaturity might
be obtainable even in December, and hence Col. Yerbury’s speci-
mens might possibly be regarded as not wholly adult. The colour
of the underside, however, did not suggest immaturity, it being as
white and as clearly marked off from that of the upperside as in
any English examples, nor were the skulls those of immature spe-
cimens. Hence I felt sure that I should eventually obtain others
hke them from the west of Ireland. ‘These were forthcoming in
1896, when Mr. R. F. Hibbert sent me four small dark Mice from
Woodpark, Co. Galway. The date at which they had been taken
(February and March) was such as to almost preclude the possi-
bility of their being immature, and they were further supplemented
by a third set of the small dark western Mouse sent by Mr. G. A.
Passingham, from Fermoyle, Castlegregory, in the very same
county which had produced both Jenyns’s and Colonel Yerbury’s
specimens.
The interest of these specimens was heightened when I found
them exactly matched in colour and size by three collected at
Eisken, in Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, in October and November
1895, and by one sent to the British Museum of Natural History
by Mr. J. Steele Elliott, from Skye, in the same year. These
specimens seem to indicate that this small Western subspecies of
Mus sylvaticus is not confined to the west of Ireland, but is found
in similar localities in the Western Scotch Isles. The late date of
capture (June 24th) of the Skye specimens shows that the dark
colour is not characteristic of winter, but is retained throughout the
year. It is remarkable that I should have seen a perfectly similar
1 See Bell’s ‘ British Quadrupeds,’ ed. ii. p. 296 (1874).
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 403
specimen collected at Oporto, Portugal, by Mr. James Searle, on
December 12th, 1896; but too much must not be inferred from a
single specimen, which may possibly indicate the existence of
Mus s, celticus in the west of Portugal, or may be only an acci-
dental variety. Blasius, however, knew of the oceurrence of dark
Field-mice in the higher mountains of Europe’. This single
specimen from Oporto, whatever it may be, is certainly very unlike
the ordinary Portuguese Field-mice.
A remarkable fact is the occurrence of this mouse on the same
island (Lewis) as the very distinct MJ. s. hebridensis, which is one
of the larger forms of Field-mice. I am informed by Mr. de
Winton that the latter keeps to its own part of the island, and
that probably the twodo not intermingle. It is curious that while
a big and little form of Mus sylvaticus occur here side by side,
each finds a different method of fitting itself for the damp dull
climate of the west.
It is interesting to find that the Field-mice of the centre and
east of Ireland are normal, and, as far as I can make out, show
neither any darkening of the colour of the upper surface nor any
diminution of size. Among these normal Irish mice must be
included specimens from Ballaghmoon, Co. Carlow (Mr. J. G.
Symes), from Cashel, Co. Tipperary, and from the neighbourhood
of Arthurstown, Co. Wexford, together with those in the Dublin
Museum from Cos. Dublin, Wicklow, and Louth.
3. MUS SYLVATICUS HEBRIDENSIS.
Mus hebridensis, W. H. de Winton, Zoologist, Oct. 1895, p. 369.
Mus sylvaticus hebridensis, W. E. de Winton, Zoologist, Noy.
1895, p. 426.
Type. No. 95.10.25.1 (British Museum Collection), from Barra,
Outer Hebrides (W. E. de Winton).
Distinguishing Characteristics. Resembles Mus sylvaticus inter-
medius in general form and colour, but is larger (about equal to
M. s. wintont), and has proportionately smaller ears, larger hind feet
(especially stout in males), shorter and thicker tail, and generally
stouter build. The colour of the upperside is more uniform anid
less bright than in 1. s. intermedius; that of the underside is
“‘ enerally dusky or sandy, with no distinct line between the
upper and under parts” (de Winton); that of the tail is almost
uniformly ‘ brownish grey.”
Skull large: total length of that of the type specimen 27 mm.
Distribution. The islands of Lewis and Barra in the Outer
Hebrides.
General Remarks. This island-form was first obtained by Mr, J.
Steele Elliott ; but to Mr. de Winton is due the credit of having
written the first published notice * of so interesting an addition to
the British fauna.
1 Saugethbiere Deutsch. p. 324 (1857).
2 Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1895, p. 55.
404 MR. G. E, H. BARRETI-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
This gentleman, to whose kindness I am indebted for permission
to examine the whole of his interesting series of 14 specimens
of this subspecies, has drawn my attention to the curious fact that
the young males appear to lose the dull hues of immaturity of
the upperside, and to don the reddish colour of maturity, at an
earlier age than do the females, so that young males and females
of the same age are actually distinguishable by their colour alone.
If this be so, it would seem to be a quite unique case in the
Rodentia, an order among the species of which, as I am informed
by my friend Mr. Oldfield Thomas, sexual differences are exces-
sively rare.
4, MUS SYLVATICUS HIRTENSIS.
Mus hirtensis, Barrett-Hamilton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 81.
Type. No. 94.7.16.1 (British Museum collection), a young male
collected by Mr. J. Steele Elliott at St. Kilda.
Distinguishing Characteristics. Closely allied to M. s. hebridensis,
from which, however, it differs in its slightly larger size, and also
in the greater amount of buff or yellowish-brown coloration on the
underside. Like Mus s. hebridensis, it differs from MM. s. inter-
medius, apart from its greater size, in the more uniform coloration
of the upper surface of the body, in the absence of the clearly
defined white underside, and in the longer feet and shorter ears.
The skull is similar to that of M. s. hebridensis, but appears to
be slightly larger, reaching a length of 29 mm., and equalling in
size that of the largest specimen of J. s. wintoni.
Distribution. Known only from the island of St. Kilda.
General Remarks. This is another interesting insular deve-
lopment of Mus sylvaticus, the status of which has been already
discussed (op. cit.). Like M. s. hebridensis, it seems to have been
first obtained by Mr. J. Steele Elliott, who presented the type
specimen’ to the British Museum in 1894. This was supple-
mented by a series procured for me by my friend Mr, Henry Evans,
of Jura, Scotland, in 1898. I have already suggested the possi-
bility that this Mouse may be indigenous to St. Kilda, a suggestion
which is heightened by the fact that, as Mr. Steele Elliott informs
me, ‘‘ there is no landing-place at St. Kilda, so rats and mice stand
a poor chance of getting on the islands from any boats that call,
especially as provisions taken on are also very limited ”’”.
5. Mus sytvaticus typicus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758,
p. 62,
Mus flavicollis, H. B. Melchior, Den danske Stats og Norges
* Trapped in a hole in a loose stone wall at a height of about 6 feet from the
ground.
* Mr. R. M. Barrington writes me that when he was at St. Kilda in 1881 he
found a dead and dried specimen on the headland opposite the Doon, but,
unfortunately, did not preserve it.
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 405
Pattedyr, p. 99, pl. i. (1834); nec A. Dehne, W. E. de Winton et
aliorum (vide sub J. s. wintonz).
Type locality. Upsala, Sweden.
Nomenclature and Synonymy. Melchior’s M. flavicollis must
stand as a synonym of WV. s. typicus, since I find that the Mice of
Hilleréd, in Zealand (an almost topotypical locality for the former
name), belong to the latter form, as shown by a collection made
there by Mr. Oldfield Thomas. This is unfortunate, since the
name flavicollis had, on the initiative of Mr. de Winton, been
applied to its British representative, for which, therefore, a new
name must now be instituted.
Distinguishing Characteristics. A greyish Mouse, with rather
dark central dorsal region, resembling the subspecies wintoni in
size, but slightly smaller, and with the white of the underside far
less pure, the chest-band less prominent, and a slight tendency to
display a washing of yellowish colour on the underside.
Distribution. Parts of Denmark, Norway, Sweden (I have seen
specimens from Laaland, Denmark; Bergen, Norway, and Upsala,
Sweden), and, possibly, the southern shores of the Baltic.
Specimens from Brunswick, Germany, are intermediate between
this and other subspecies.
General Remarks. Linneus may possibly not have had an adult
before him when he wrote his original description of Mus sylvaticus,
which runs as follows :—‘ M. cauda mediocri, palmis tetradactylis,
plantis pentadactylis, corpore griseo pilis nigris, abdomine albido.”
This would apply very well to a not quite mature animal. At all
events the Long-tailed Field-mice of the localities given above are
distinguishable from those of other parts of Europe. In size
they are intermediate, being not so large as IM. s. wintonz, but
larger than M. s. intermedius from Ireland, England, and the
neighbouring continental areas. The Mice of Brunswick seem
to connect this subspecies and the larger WZ. s. wintoni and M. s.
princeps. A series obtained there by Mr. J. A. Loring are
smaller and less bright than other specimens which I have seen,
notably a set procured by myself in 1894.
It is through the courtesy of Mr. G. 8. Miller, Junior, who
sent me over two specimens collected by Mr. J. A. Loring at
Upsala, that I am enabled to know definitely what the Mouse
which Linneus described is really like. It seems to be a reduced
and dulled edition of MW. s. wintoni.
I strongly suspect, however, the existence of two subspecies in the
Scandinavian Peninsula, but the material at my disposal is not yet
sufficient for their proper differentiation. The skins which I have
examined suggest the inference that those from Bergen are redder
on the flanks, darker on the central dorsal line,and yellower beneath
than those from Upsala, which latter agree with skins from
Meiningen, Germany, and are not so red on the flanks, nor so
dark on the central dorsal line; all the Scandinavian and Meinin-
gen specimens possess a breast-band or spot, and in two or three
individuals there is a wash of yellow continued right along the
Proc, Zoou. Soc,—1900, No. XX VII. 27
406 MR. G. BH. H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
median ventral line. But these differences, if real, are minute,
and I should like to see them substantiated by the accumulation
ot far ampler material before recognizing them subspecifically.
6. MUS SYLVATICUS CELLARIUS.
Mus cellarius, J. F. Fischer, Zool. Gart. vii. p. 153 (1866), and
Xili. pp. 223, 224 (1872).
Type locality, Cellars at or near St. Petersburg, Russia.
Nomenclature. The inappropriate name cellarius must unfortu-
nately apply to the subspecies of the St. Petersburg district, since
there can be no question that Fischer's Mus cellarius was simply a
cellar-haunting individual of Mus sylvaticus, at first described by
him as a variety, but later accorded full specific rank.
Distinguishing Characteristics. I am uncertain as to the appear-
ance of this form, having never seen a skin of it. Mr. G. 8.
Miller, Junior, has, however, been good enough to send me over
a single skull (No. 3616 of his own collection), which must be
regarded as topotypical of the subspecies. The skull is a
large one, differs radically from that of M. s. typicus, and has
apparently its nearest relative in M. s. princeps of Roumania, a
supposition which gains support from the fact that Mr. Miller
writes of the skin, which he had unfortunately mislaid and there-
fore was unable to send to me, that it is simply a huge sylvaticus.
The skull has a greatest length of 27 and a greatest breadth at the
zygoma of 14 mm., so that while far larger than that of MW. s.
typicus, it is not so large as that of J. s. princeps, the largest skull
of which has a total length of nearly 30 mm. It is a shorter-
nosed and more compactly framed skull than is that of WM. s.
princeps, to which, however, it must be very closely allied.
Distribution uncertain, at present only known from the type
locality. Probably the neighbourhood of St. Petersburg and the
adjacent parts of Russia.
7. Mus sYLVATICUS WINTONI, subsp. nov.
Mus sylvaticus var. flavicollis, A. Dehne, Allgem. deut. naturh.
Zeit. p. 182 (1855).
Mus flavicollis, W. BE. de Winton, Zoologist, Dec. 1894, pp. 441-
445 ; nee Melchior, Danske Stats og Norges Pattedyr, p. 99, pl. i.
(1834).
Type. A male, No. 0.3.12.1 (British Museum Collection),
Graftonbury, Herefordshire, 8th June, 1894(W. E. de Winton).
Synonymy and Nomenclature. For the original description of
this fine Mouse we are indebted to Mr. W. E. de Winton, who
discovered it at Graftonbury, Herefordshire. In his anxiety to
avoid the rash institution of a new name, he was led to identify it
with Melchior’s Mus flavicollis, Since, however, a series of Long-
tailed Field-mice procured by Mr. Oldfield Thomas at Hillerid,
Zealand, Denmark—a locality almost topotypical of Melchior’s
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 407
Mouse—prove to be different from the present form and identical
with Mice trom Scandinavia, it is unfortunately necessary that
Mus flavicollis Melchior should stand as a synonym of Mus
sylvaticus typicus Linn. Mr. de Winton’s discovery, therefore,
needs a new name, and I now take the opportunity of connecting
it with its discoverer, to whose excellent field-work amongst
British Mammals we owe our knowledge not only of this, but of
the Hebridean subspecies. The use of the name flavicollis by other
writers, such as Dehne, was probably in connection partly with
M. s. typicus and partly with M. s. princeps, so that a certain
amount of nomenclatural confusion cannot well be avoided.
Distinguishing Characteristics. Generally speaking, a remarkably
finely developed Aus sylvaticus, in which the size is above the
average, and the colours both of the upper and under sides are
very pure and intense. Specimens of all ages usually, but by no
means always, possess a well-defined breast-band, “about 8 mm.
broad, passing along the chest, immediately in front of the fore
legs, with a cross or longitudinal stripe in the centre extending
forward about 5 mm., and back along the sternum about 10 mm.,
where it is entirely lost, unlike the shght dash of colour sofrequently
found on the chest of Mus sylvaticus, and which varies from the
smallest spot on the breast to a decided yellow-brown tinge
extending over the whole belly” (de Winton, op. cit.). The tail
is longer than in WV. s. intermedius; and Mr. de Winton gives the
number of vertebre as 30, as against 27 only in the latter sub-
species. From J. s. princeps it may, perhaps, best be distinguished
by its slightly duller colour and the more frequent occurrence and
greater extent of the breast-band. Western specimens show the
greatest development of the breast-band, which seems to become
less conspicuous towards the east.
Skull larger and stronger than in JZ. s. intermedius, reaching a
total length of 27 mm. and upwards.
Distribution. Sporadically distributed in colonies amongst VW. s.
intermedius in England, but replacing it eastwards. From
England I have seen specimens ae Graftonbury (de Winton)
and Bishopstone, Herefordshire ; Oundle, Northants (the late
Lord Lilford); Sussex, Suffolk, and Northumberland. On the
Continent it seems to become more dominant towards the east,
until it must somewhere intergrade with its eastern representative,
MM. s. princeps, which appears to be the only form in Roumania,
and perhaps also in 8. Russia. Towards Denmark and in the
neighbourhood of the South Baltic it is replaced by I. s. typicus,
M. s. cellarius, or by intermediate forms, a set of which I have
myself trapped at Brunswick. There are in the British Museum
specimens from Tharand, Saxony; Magdeburg; Haida, Bohemia ;
Niesky, Silesia, andfrom Western Hungary. So long ago as 1855
A. Dehne (op. cit.) recognized a big Field-mouse with golden collar
and long tail as not rare in the district of Pirna in Saxon Switzer-
land, while Prof. Nehring * states that there are specimens in the
' Katalog der Saugethiere, p. 13 (1886).
al fis
408 MR, G. E, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
Berlin Museum from Riigen. Lastly, a set of eight males and
three females collected by Mons. A. Robert at Lucinges, Haute-
Savoie, in December 1899, at an altitude of 1100 metres, although,
perhaps, slightly smaller and darker than the largest M. s. wintont,
and with the chest-spot less strongly developed, agree so closely
with this form in the length of tail, coloration of the underparts,
and general appearance, that I prefer to unite them with it, at
least provisionally. This form doubtless occurs also in numerous
other localities.
General Remarks. lt cannot be denied that the treatment of
M. s. wintoni at first presented a good many difficulties, at least
as long as we knew it only from isolated localities. It seemed
impossible that a large and small form of Mus sylvaticus could
occur intermingled throughout the same area without interbreeding.
Despite the assertion of Mr. de Winton, who has had such ex-
ceptional opportunities of studying these mice in Herefordshire,
that the two forms keep guite separate, breed true, and show no
intermediates, I was for a long time inclined to treat them as two
parallel forms of one dimorphic animal. Even after colonies had
been found on the Continent the difficulty remained, and was
not dispelled until I had had the opportunity of working out a
collection of small mammals taken by the late Mr. W. Dodson in
Roumania, and which contained a fine series of the local form of
Mus sylvaticus of all ages. These all proved to be very different
from M. s. typicus, and are a bright Eastern representative of
M. wintoni, which I have now no hesitation in regarding as
the Western sporadic representative of the large East European
Field-mouse (M. s. princeps).
8. MUS SYLVATICUS PRINCEPS, subsp. nov. (Plate XXV. fig. 1.)
Mus sylvaticus var. flavicollis, auctorum.
Type. Original no. 25, a female, Bustenari, Roumania, 13th
April, 1899, collector the late W. Dodson: caught at foot of dead
stump in oak-torest.
Distinguishing Characteristics. An extremely large Mouse ap-
parently identical in size and proportions with IM. s. wintoni, but
adults are even brighter red in colour above and purer white on
the underside. Many examples possess a breast-spot or band, but
this character is not universal, and the band is not so extensive as
in M. s. wintonit. Immature specimens are very blue, and re-
semble the young of MV. s. draco; they frequently retain the dark
colour of the upperside until they are fully as large as adults of
M. s. typicus.
Skull. A large massive edition of that of VW. s. typicus, reaching
a total length of from 27 to nearly 30 mm.
Distribution. This was the only Long-tailed Field-mouse obtained
by W. Dodson in Roumania, whether in the beech and oak forests
of Bustenari, in the Carpathians N.W. of Bucarest, at a height of
480 metres ; at Comana, south of Bucarest ; under brushwood on a
high plateau near Breba,alarge and highly cultivated valley amongst
1900.} MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 409
the Carpathians ; or in the comparatively flat cultivated country at
Gageni, at the foot of the Carpathians, north-west of Bucarest.
Radde’s description of the form found in the Caucasas, the Crimea,
and in Western Siberia shows that a band of large syluvaticus-like
Mice extends eastwards right into Siberia until in the East they
meet the subspecies M.s. chevrieri; but, in the absence of specimens,
it is impossible to lay down the exact relationships of these forms,
or to state where one ends or the other begins. A single young
specimen from Montenegro seems to belong to M. s. princeps, and,
as has been stated above, a set from Haute-Savoie are in certain
respects intermediate between this form and MM. s. wintoni, with
which form it must intergrade in various localities.
General Remarks. M. s. princeps is undoubtedly a bright Hast
European representative of VW. s. wintoni. For our knowledge of
it we are indebted to the late Mr. W. Dodson, whom, through the
liberality of the late Lord Lilford, I was enabled to send on a
collecting trip to Roumania in the spring of 1899. Mr. Dodson
brought back a fine series of 44 examples of all ages and sexes,
showing that this form occurs in the regions which he visited to
the apparent entire exclusion of the smaller forms of Long-tailed
Hield-mice.
This Mouse seems to breed in early spring, for amongst Mr.
Dodson’s specimens is a young one caught on April 15th, 1899,
which, although attaining to a head and body length of 87 mm., was
still in the slaty-coloured pelage of immaturity.
9, Mus SYLVATICUS ISLANDICUS.
Mus islandicus, F. A. L. Thienemann, Nat. Bemerk. ges. auf
einer Reise im Norden von Europa, p. 153 (1824).
Type from Iceland? non existent; a co-type in Brit. Mus. of
Nat. Hist., no. 45.11.15.17, received from Dr. Thienemann.
Description. ** M. cauda corpore eequanti supra e fusco cinereus
- subtus albus.” Seems to be smaller than ordinary J. sylvaticus.
Distribution. Iceland.
General Remarks. It has long been known that small rodents of
some sort are found in Iceland, and there have been many discussions
as to the exact nature of them. Some naturalists have supposed
that they are Lemmings’; but it is now certain that some forms
both of Mus sylvaticus and of Mus musculus occur in the island.
The Rev. H. H. Slater has been good enough to inform me
that, while both species occur on the coast, the former is the
House-mouse and the only species of the interior. Thienemann’s
description, although it gives no characters whereby M. s. islandicus
may be distinguished from the Mice of other localities, and although
he was himself of the opinion that his Mouse presented some of
the characters both of Mus sylvaticus and of Mus musculus, clearly
1 See the remarks of J. Steenstrup in ‘ Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjébenhavn,’ pp. 51-66 (1867), translated in
the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iii. pp. 445 &e. (1869),
410 MR. G. E, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr.3
applies to some form of Mus sylvaticus'. His description is
certainly borne out by one of his specimens now in the British
Museum of Natural History (no. 45.11.15.17), which, although
an old and faded skin, and of little use for a careful and accurate
examination of its characters, undoubtedly belonged to a Mus
sylvaticus-like Mouse. I cannot distinguish the skull by any cranial
or dental characters. ‘The ears and feet of this specimen would
appear to be rather shorter than in ordinary examples, as is also
the case with the dimensions of two specimens in alcohol from the
Gerbe collection as given by Mons. I’. Lataste. Lastly, Herr
Herluf Winge, to whom I wrote for information regarding the
specimens in the Danish Museum at Copenhagen, has been good
enough to inform* me that the Museum possesses four Icelandic
specimens of Mus sylvaticus, “two skins and two spirit-specimens,
all of them looking very ordinary, quite resembling Danish speci-
mens.” The measurements sent me by Herr Winge are not
smaller than those of average sylvaticus.
There can be little doubt that the Field-mouse of Iceland is very
close to that of Europe, and can only be regarded as subspecifically
distinct.
10. Mus SYLVATICUS HAYI.
Mus hayi, G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 76.
Type from Tangier, Morocco, no, 52.9.13.9 (British Museum
Collection), in alcohol, from the collection of the Zoological Society
of London.
Nomenclature. Mus hayi Waterhouse is simply Mus sylvaticus of
Morocco.
Distinguishing Characteristics, This subspecies can only be
described at present from its negative characters. It is not a
large bright Mouse like J. princeps, but its size exceeds that of
M.s. imtermedius of England, and it has in addition the tail usually
longer than the head and body.
The skull commonly reaches a length of 26 mm.
Distribution. For the present I am obliged to include under
this name the Long-tailed Field-mice of Morocco, Spain, Portugal,
and the neighbouring countries, including those_of the Mediter-
ranean islands. Of these I have seen specimens from Corsica
and Sicily, the latter of which, however, have a name ready for
them in Mus dichrurus Rafinesque.
Later investigations will probably show the existence of more
than one subspecies in these regions. Thus some specimens from
Villabra, Galicia, Spain, are small and very red; they come from
a height of 1300 metres, and probably indicate the existence of
more than one subspecies in Spain.
* Although Riippell, who seems to have examined the original specimen of
Thienemann, has declared it to be a Mus musculus, a piece of information for
which I am indebted to Herr H. Winge.
? In litt. of 14th April, 1899.
1900.1 MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLInS. All
[ Musculus dichrurus, C. 8. Rafinesque, Précis des Découvertes et
Travaux somiologiques, p. 13 (1814).
Myouus siculw, Lesson, Man. de Mamm. p. 27 (1827).
Mus sylvaticus, J. H. Blasius, Siiugethiere Deutschlands, p- 322
(1857); Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. & Mag Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. 11.
p. 426 (Nov. 1898).
Type locality. Sicily.
Synonymy and Nomenclature. The substitution of the generic
name Muscylus for that of Mus is explained by Rafinesque under
heading of his Musculus frugivorus (= alcwandrinus, Is. Geoftr.)
in the same work. He simply writes “J’ai changé le nom trop
court et équivoque de Mus en Musculus.”
Description and General Remarks. In the absence of a series of
the Long-tailed Field-mouse of Sicily I am as yet unable to decide
whether it be distinct or not. Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker has sent
over one or two specimens for identification, which, however, do
not form material sufficient to enable me to make a thorough
comparison, They seem to vary a good deal amongst themselves,
one being very red in the colour of the upperside and another
very much duller. The size seems to be larger than that of
AM, s. intermedius. |
11. Mus sYLVATICUS ALGIRUS.
Mus algirus, Pomel, Compt. Rend. Ac. Se. Paris, xli. p. 654
(1856); nec Loche, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. p. 49, pl. 1. (1858), and
Expl. de l’Algérie, sp. 78 (1867).
Type locality. Algeria.
Synonymy and Nomenclature. There can be no doubt that Pomel’s
name refers to the Long-tailed Field-mouse of Algeria, and, as
this name exists, I propose to treat the form as subspecific,
although, as in other cases, I have no series of specimens.
Distinguishing Characteristics. There is only one specimen of
Mus s. algirus in the British Museum of Natural History, but
that one, no. 52.5.27.62, although a very old French skin, is so
peculiar in appearance that I think it very probably represents
a distinguishable subspecies. The skin is a small one, but the
coloration suggests that it is that of an adult, the underside being
very white and the upperside almost chocolate in tint.
The original description ran as follows :—‘“ Pelage d’un gris-
brunatre, teint de jaune ou de roussatre, mélé de quelques longs
cils noirs; parties inférieurs du corps, face interne des membres et
pieds blanchatres ; parfois une tache rousse 4 la poitrine; talon
brun; oreilles presque rondes, courtes, avec une petit touffe devant
le méat ; une tache blanchatre derricre Voreille; queue grise dessous,
brunissant de plus en plus vers le bout. Le corps mesure 0m.,075 ;
la queue 0m.,060.
“ Habitat des terriers dans les cultures et les broussailles ; quel-
quefois entre dans les maisons des campagnes.”
Distribution. According to Lataste, the Long-tailed Field-mouse
has been recorded for Barbary by Poire et, who states that he found
412 MR. G, EB, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3
it in great quantities in the cultivated fields‘. Rozet has indicated
its occurrence in the neighbourhood of Oran*. Loche found it
about Algiers; and, finally, Lataste*® himself took it in the plain
of Mitidja, at Arba, near Algiers, and in the fields of Azesga, to
the north-east of Fort National, “en Kabylie.” Lataste did not
find it so commonly as Rozet would have led him to expect, and
he supposes that that author had confounded several other species
with the present one,
This species is not included in Lataste’s work on the Mammals
of Tunis *, so that I presume that it does not occur in that country.
General Remarks. Lataste’ states that sometimes the back shows
*d’un brun plus terne, et le gris domine sur les faces inférieures,”
which variation appears to be produced especially in the “ pays
méridionaux,” and he has noted this variety also from Cardillac,
Gironde, France, from Ciudad Real, Spain, and from Algeria.
Side by side with this he states that he has met some individuals,
generally young, which in coloration only were indistinguishable
from common Mice. He adds (footnote) that these colours get
clearer in alcohol, and after a time such specimens in alcohol are
indistinguishable from the normal specimens.
12. Mus sYLVATICUS TAURICUS, subsp. nov.
Mus sylvaticus, C. G. Danford and E. R. Alston, P. Z. 8. 1880,
p- 62.
Type. No. 77.8.13.9 (in alcohol) (British Museum Collection),
from the Zebil Bulgar Dagh, Asia Minor, collected by Mr. C. G.
Danford, on the 5th January, 1876.
Distinguishing Characteristics. ‘This single specimen from Asia
Minor cannot be identified with any known form of Long-tailed
Field-mouse. It cannot be placed either with the large Mice of
Eastern Europe, or with the not very much smaller V. s. arianus
of Asia. The skull, although the teeth are worn, has a total length
of only 23 mm., and is thus smaller even than the smallest
Western European subspecies.
Distribution. Uncertain: only known from the type specimen.
General Remarks. Perhaps the nearest ally of this little Mouse
is M. s. algirus, another little known subspecies. It may be a
parallel form to the small Weasel of the Caucasus and Asia Minor,
to which I have recently given the subspecific name of M. nivalis
caucasicus,
13. MUS SYLVATICUS MAJOR,
Mus sylvaticus var. major, G. Radde, Reis. Sib. i. p. 180, pl. v.
figs. 3 & 4a (1862).
Voyage en Barbarie (1789).
* Voyage dans la Régence d’Alger (1833).
3 “ Faune des Vertébrés de Barbarie,” Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix.
p. 135 (1885).
: 4 eee critique des Mammiferes apélagiques sauvages de la Tunisie (Paris,
887).
* “Note sur les Souris d’Algérie,” Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. vol. xxxvii. pp. 17-18
(1883).
————
1900.) MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 415
Antedates Mus wagneri var. major, N. Severtzoff, 1876 (see
under WM. s. arianus), and Mus decumanus var. major, B. Hoffmann,
Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1887, p. 18.
Mus chevrieri, E. Biichner, Wiss. Res. der von N. M. Przewalski
nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen &c., Siugethiere, p. 92
(1889).
Type: unknown (? in the Caucasian Museum at Tiflis).
Distinguishing Characteristics. I have no specimens of this Mouse
at my disposal. Radde describes it as a large sylvaticus, resembling,
but distinguishable from, the larger Eastern European Mice.
Distribution. Of the distribution of this, the Western Siberian
representative of I. s. princeps, we have no exact knowledge, but
we know that Herr Radde found Mus sylvaticus, of one form or
another, wherever he journeyed in Western Siberia. With this
form I must place, at least provisionally, Przewalski’s specimens
as described by Herr Biichner. Przewalski found dus sylvaticus
in the mountains of Ganssu, Ala-schan, to a height of 8000
metres, and it is recorded for the Muni-ula, where it lives in holes
in meadow-lands.
14. MUs SYLVATICUS ARIANUS.
Mus sylvaticus, F. de Filippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 344 (1865); K.
Satunin, Mammals of Caucasus, p. 305, &e.
Mus erythronotus, W.T. Blanford, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi.
p. 311 (1875); Eastern Persia, Zool. & Geol. vol. ii. pp. 54-55,
pl. v. fig. 3 (1876); Mammals of Yarkand Expedition, p. 54(1879)
(nec Mus erythronotus, C. J. Temminck, Fauna Japonica, Mamm.
p. 50, 1850).
Mus arianus, W.T. Blanford, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 162
(1881).
“ Mus wagneri, var. major (M. tokmak un. sp. ?),” Severtzoff,
Proc. Mose. Soc. Nat. vol. viii. p. 2 (1873), translated by J. Carl
Craemers in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 1876 (see p. 53);
Blanford, Mammals of Yarkand Mission, loc. cit.; E. Bichner,
op. cit. p. 90; W. L. Sclater, P.Z.8. 1890, p. 528.
Typical serves. Four specimens from Kohrid, between Isfahan
and Teheran, in Northern Persia, altitude 7000 feet (Indian
Museum at Calcutta), and one, no. 74.11.21.22, anno 1872
(British Museum Collection).
Nomenclature and Synonymy. The name erythronotus Blanford,
being preoccupied by evythronotus Temminck, the former naturalist
renamed his species arianus, under which name I have to designate,
for the present at least, the Mice from very widely separated
localities and which probably include several distinct subspecies.
Severtzoff’s subspecific name is preoccupied by Radde’s Mus sylva-
ticus var. major. Mus wagner? itself is a Mus musculus-like Mouse,
Severtzoff’s original description is, as Blanford has pointed out
(Mamm. Yark. Mission, p. 54), insufficient to enable his species to
be recognized, and it is far from clear whether “ M/. tokmak” is pro-
posed as a name, Tokmak being “the name of a town between
Vernoe and Aulitta, lying north-west of Lake Issik and nearly due
4} 4 MR. G. H, H, BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
north of Kashgar.” Further, the types seem to have been lost,
being neither in the Museums ‘of. St Petersburg or of Moscow.
The usual course would, therefore, have been to have consigned
Severtzoff’s name to the list of those of unrecognizable species ;
and this I should have done, had not Herr Biichner, who had
under his examination a large number of typical Mus wagneri from
Turkestan, and who noticed that Severtzoff mentions no sylvaticus-
like Mouse in his account of the Mammals of that region,
bracketed Maus wagneri major with Mus arianus. I am, therefore,
glad to follow Herr Biichner on that point. When, however, we
do receive a series of the representative of Mus sylvaticus from
Turkestan, | should not be surprised if it prove to be neither the
subspecies arianus nor any other known subspecies.
Distinguishing Characteristics. Although there is no doubt that it
is extremely close to Mus s. inter mnedinte, like some other geograpbi-
cal forms of Aus sylvaticus, M. s. arianus was originally described
as if it were something so distinct i in itself as to need no compari-
son with any other species ; hence no particular characters are laid
down in the original description whereby the two may be separated.
It agrees with Mus s. intermedius of England in general appearance
and in the number of the mamme, and Mr. Blanford’s plate in
‘ Hastern Persia’ would do very well for a specimen from Western
Europe; but it appears to differ in the lesser size and length of
the hind feet, and is said to be never of so intense a red-brown
colour on the upper surface. Probably, had we a series from the
distant regions where it is found, we should find other points of
difference. The colour of the underside of the specimens
examined by Herr Biichner was not, as in Mr. Blanford’s examples,
white, but golden grey (gelblichgrau), with a sprinkling of grey
hairs, and there was no breast-spot ; but, as has been said above,
it is more than likely that several distinct subspecies have been
confounded under the name of arianus.
I have no series of this Mouse before me, the only specimens at
iny disposal being no. 74.11.21.22 (1730 a), the skull of a female
and one of Mr. Blanford’s co- types; no. 96.11.2.1, a female in
alcoho] from Gulmerg, Cashmere, 5000 ft. (Dr. E. T. Aitchison) ;
and a third specimen in alcohol, no. 91.93.20.15, with the mamme
as in Mus sylvaticus; so that I am quite unable to give a decided
opinion as to the exact appearance of this form, but must follow
Mr. Blanford and other naturalists in considering it distinct.
Neither can I lay down any characters which will help to distin-
guish the skull from that of MJ. s. typicus. The skull certainly
appears to be more massive and stronger than the skuils of
Western European examples ; but it is probable that the cranial
characters given by Mr. Blanford’ would not stand the test of
» It may perhaps be well to summarize these, as given by Mr. Blanford in the
J.A.8. B. xlviii. pt. ii. (1879):—The occipital portion of the skull and the
foramen magnum of Huropean specimens is higher in proportion to its breadth
than in Ms. arianus ; the opening of the posterior nares is narrower, the
breadth being less than that of the anterior upper molar, whereas in a skull
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND I'l'S ALLIES. 415
comparison with a series of specimens from Western Europe.
It is very unfortunate that, whereas Mr. Blanford’s original
description was taken from the Kohriid specimens, he afterwards
obtained his cranial characters from a specimen from Wakhan,
which may have belonged to quite a different subspecies. At all
events the cranial characters as laid down by him, and in par-
ticular that of the size of the last upper molar, will not apply to
his original specimens (skull no. 74.11.21.22, ¢ , Persia).
Distribution. So far as our present information goes, and the name
being used in the wider sense indicated above, it would appear that
Mus s. avianus has a wide distribution. Mr. Blanford remarks '
that ‘‘a species apparently identical with the Persian Mouse was
- collected by the late Dr. Stoliczka* in Wakhan, a province on the
Upper Oxus belonging to Afghanistan, and at Kashgar, in Eastern
Turkestan; and the same form has since been found by Major
Biddulph and Dr. Seully at Gilgit, in the Upper Indus Valley.”
Blyth® recorded it from Cherra Punji, India; while Herr Biichner '
identified with this Mouse the specimens brought by Przewalski
from the rivers Zauma, Ssairam-mor, and Chapzagaigol, in Central
Tian-schan, and from the southern slopes of the mountains of the
latter name, to a height of 7500 feet. .
It is found as a “ steppe-inhabitant in the Ural, as well as on
the Kirgies Steppes; but in Turkestan, where WZ. musculus is
absent, JZ. wagnert is the house-mouse. Jt is numerous in the
Chimkent and Tashkent houses, where it does not differ at all from
the Kirgies-Steppe specimens.” ’
De Filippi’ identified the Persian House-mouse as Mus sylvaticus,
and states that the same species was brought from Shiraz by
Marquis Doria. Mr. Blanford, however, declares that a specimen
which he obtained from Shiraz is certainly M. bactrianus. Mr.
Blanford had seen no specimens from Northern Persia, and thought
that ‘although the house-mouse there may be MM. sylvaticus, it is
quite as probable that it is MW. bactrianus.”
‘“‘ Even if, however, J. bactrianus prove to be found in houses
throughout Persia, J. sylvaticus must also be included in the fauna,
as it was found by Ménétries common on the parts of the Tilish
Mountains not covered by trees, and it is said by Hichwald to
be abundant in Georgia.” ‘ Hichwald includes JZ. musculus L.,
from Wakhan the breadth exceeds that of the molar; the third upper molar
of M. sylvaticus is about one-fourth the size of the second, whereas in the
Wakhin and Gilgit skulls the proportion is one half. It should be noted
that Mr. Blanford had only one skull of Buropean M. sy/vaticus at his disposal,
and only the figures of the types from which he had described M. erythronotus,
the specimens themselves having been mislaid. See also pages 54 & 55 of
Mr. Blanford’s ‘Mammals of the Yarkand Expedition’ (1879).
1 J. A.S. B. vol. xlviii. pt. ii. (1879).
2 « At Panja in Wakhin”—Blanford, J. A.S. B. xliv. p. 108 (1875).
8 J.A.8. B. xxiv. p. 721, & xxxii. p. 348.
4 Op. cit. pp. 90-91.
5 Blanford, Mamm., Yarkand, p. 54.
8 Op. cit. p. 344.
416 MR. G. B, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
and Ménétries M. minutus Pall. (M. messorius, Kerr), in the
fauna of the Transcaucasian provinces. The latter probably may
extend into Persia, but de Filippi particularly noticed the
absence of M. musculus in the north-western part of the country,
where he says it is replaced by M. sylvaticus.” *
Of the Caucasus, Rosikoff states? that J. sylvaticus is very
common in the whole of the region ; but ina second publication’ he
alludes only to M. arianus, so that, as Satunin remarks, it is
difficult to ascertain which species really occurs in Malkathales.
Satunin himself supports Rosikofi’s second opinion.
As regards the Transcaucasian Field-mouse, Satunin himself
states that it is difficult to properly name the specimens, since
they present characters of both species, but he thinks that on ~
the whole they agree better with M. sylvaticus. He finds typical
sylvaticus at Tiflis.
General Remarks. There can be little doubt that there has been
a considerable confusion, perhaps of two or three separate forms,
amongst the naturalists who have written of MW. s. arianus; but for
the present, and in the absence of an adequate series of specimens,
I must follow Mr. Oldfield Thomas, and regard all the small-footed
Central Asian individuals of MZ. sylvaticus as belonging to this form.
Even Mr. Blanford’s belief in his own species seems to have
become a little shaky, since he wrote‘ in 1879 that “it is by no
means certain that this form may not pass into the Eastern races
of M. sylvaticus ; and it requires comparison with MW. sylvaticus, var.
major of Radde; but. . .it appears to be a well-marked type, with
a wide distribution in Central Asia.”
The best remarks on this form are, I think, by Mr. Oldfield
Thomas *, who notes the close, almost identical, proportions of J.
arianus and M. sylvaticus, the shorter foot of M. arianus (as com-
pared with English examples), the failure of Mr. Blanford’s skull-
characters for M. arianus, and finally adds that, “‘ on the whole, I
think that I. arianus will be found to represent a short-footed
Eastern variety of M. sylvaticus worthy of a varietal name, but not
enough to merit specific separation.”
“De Filippi’s ‘ Mus sylvaticus L.’ is no doubt this short-footed
form, and not the true European M. sylvaticus.”
15. MUS SYLVATICUS GRISEUS.
Mus arianus griseus, F. W. True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xvii.
p. 8 (1894).
Typical series (in U.S. Nat. Museum) :—
20151 Male. Mountains of Central Kashmir, Sept. 13 1891.
35514 10,000 feet.
9120
ae Female. Central Kashmir, Oct. 8, 1891. 8500 feet.
' East. Pers. pp. 57 & 58.
2 «Die Saugethiere des Malkathales,’ p. 58.
* «Tn den Bergen des N.W. Kaucasus,’ pp. 20, 31 & 51.
* J. A.S8.B. vol. xlviii. pt. ii. p. 97.
> P.Z.8. 1881, pp. 548-550.
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 417
sees: Male. Pir Panjal Pass, Aug. 31,1891. 8500 feet.
Described from three specimens collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott
“in pine forests at high elevations, two of them in Central Kashmir
and the third in the Pir Panjal Pass.”
Description. ‘Similar to typical Mus arianus Blanford in size
and proportions, but having the upper surfaces ochraceous grey
instead of rufous.” An immature specimen “ was especially grey
above, and coincides in colour almost exactly with ordinary spe-
cimens of JW. musculus.” The two other specimens, a male and
female, were “ greyish, ochraceous brown above, which colour is
produced by the mingling of hairs having ocher-coloured tips with
others which are black.” The dimensions of the feet, given in
inches only, were in two of the dried specimens, after soaking in
water, ‘ slightly less than an average of measurements of MW. syl-
vaticus given by Mr. Thomas.”
Distribution. Known only from the type specimens.
General Remarks. Mr. True rightly draws attention to the
extreme difficulty of ascertaining the real colour and appearance of
M. s. avianus from descriptions only. That being so, it is doubly
hard to determine in a similar manner the exact value of MW. griseus ;
but, until specimens are available, we cannot do wrong, I think,
in considering it a mountain form of WV. sylvaticus. I cannot help
suspecting, however, that Mr. True’s description of his specimens
reads uncommonly like that of an immature set of individuals.’
16. MUS SYLVATICUS PALLIPES, subsp. nov.
Type. No. 75.8.17.6 (British Museum Collection), from Surhad
Wahkan, Turkestan, April 28, 1874: collector, Capt. (now Colonel)
Biddulph.
Distinguishing Characteristics. The size of the body is apparently
similar to, or rather smaller than, that of MW. s. intermedius, the
length of the head and body, feet, and ears in the dried skin being
about 85, 19 to 20,and 12 mm. respectively. The tail of the type
specimen has been damaged, but is seemingly thicker than that of
M. s. intermedius. The fur is very thick ; the colour of the upper-
side extremely light and that of the underside white, but with an
ill-defined line of demarcation between the colours of the two
surfaces.
Skull. Damaged, but closely resembles that of W. s. intermedius
except in the size of the last upper molar, which is larger than usual.
Distribution. Known only from the type specimen.
General Remarks. The single skin on which I base this
description, although not a good one and having attached to it no
dimensions taken in the flesh, is so unlike that of any other speci-
mens of M. sylvaticus which I have seen, that I have no doubt that
it represents a distinct subspecies. The thick, almost rabbit-like
' Since this paper was read I have, through the courtesy of Mr. G, §,
Miller, Junior, been able to examine Mr. True’s specimens. ‘They are certainly
not highly remarkable and would almost pass muster as British, were it not
for the slight peculiarity of tint which they show,
418 MR. G. E, H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
fur and the extremely light tints seem to mark this Mouse as a
light northern or mountain form of Mus sylvaticus.
17. MUS SYLVATICUS CHEVRIERI.
Mus chevriert, A. Milne-Edwards, Rech. Mamm. pp. 288-9,
pl. xl. fig. 2 (1868) ; ‘E. Biichner, op. cit. supra, sub Jus sylvaticus
muyor (p. 413).
Type from Moupin, Tibet (Paris Museum); collector Pére
David.
Distinguishing Characteristics, Jc. This little-known Mouse was
originally described as a species on the ground of its slightly
greater size than that of VW. sylvaticus, and agreement in colour
with M confucianus A. M.-Edw., as the young of which latter
species Milne-Edwards was disposed to regard it until an examina-
tion of the skull convinced him of its distinctness.
The general colour is ‘“ d’un brun-fauve tiqueté de brun-foncé ;
les parties inférieurs sont d’un gris trés-clair, presque blanches.”
Mr. Oldfield Thomas has examined the types, which he thought
come very near to M. arianus Blanford; their colour above is
bright rufous, with the belly white or slate-colour; the fur on
the back in some instances is almost spinous. Herr Biichner,
who states that he also has seen the types, considers this sub-
species identical with Herr Radde’s M. s. major of Western
Siberia, which is itself very close to and a constant Eastern repre-
sentative of M. sylvaticus, while M. avianus Blanford represents
the same species in the South. According to Herr Biichner’s
description of the typical series, the ground-colour of the upper-
side is a rusty golden brown, tolerably strongly mixed with dusky
brown or black. The whole underside is white. There is a
somewhat strong line of demarcation between the colours of the
two surfaces of the body.
Distribution. Not exactly known. I identify with this sub-
species only the typical series from Moupin, Tibet, and (pro-
visionally) a specimen (no. 82.6.16.7 of the British Museum
Collection) collected by Pére David at South Shensi, an inland
province of China, in 1873. This locality, which lies considerably
to the south-west of Pekin, is so far to the north of Moupin that
Pére David’s specimen may represent a new form; but it comes
sufficiently near the original description of M. chevriert to be at
least provisionally assigned to it. The specimen, which is adult,
is apparently of about the same size as my WM. s. draco, but is
brighter in its coloration. As in the Kuatun Fie!d-mouse, the
underside is white, but the skull is more massively formed.
18. Mus SYLVATICUS DRACO, subsp. nov.
Mus chevrieri, Oldfield Thomas, P. Z. 8. Nov. 15, 1898, p. 773.
Type from Kuatun, N.W. Fokien, N.W. China (no. 98.11.1.20
of British Museum Collection) ; collector, Mr. J. D. La Touche.
Distinguishing Characteristics. In external appearance this
Mouse resembles M. s. typicus Linnzeus, but is slightly smaller
and more brightly coloured on the upperside.
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 419
The skull is narrower and slightly smaller than that of adult
of the subspecies intermedius, reaching a length of only about
25 mm., and having the anterior portions of the frontals more
attenuated, and the nasal region proportionately more slender
than in the latter subspecies.
Distribution. At present known only from the typical series.
General Remarks. The Mice identified by Mr. Oldfield Thomas
as M. chevriert form quite a nice series of eleven specimens, with
which may be considered eight specimens collected by Mr. C. B.
Rickett in the same locality. Although obviously representing a
subspecies of M, sylvaticus, 1 am unable to identify them with
any known phase of that species. They cannot be MW. chevrieri,
for they are not larger, but rather smaller than the average ;
and the colour of the upperside, although brighter than that of
M., sylvaticus from Western Europe, is not like that of I. confu-
cianus. They cannot well be I. s. arianus, Blanford, the description
of which certainly does not apply to them, while they differ in
more than one obvious respect trom VW. s. intermedius.
The series represents individuals of very varied age, from quite
young specimens to adults. The young seem to undergo very
different changes of colour in their progress to maturity trom
those undergone by M. s. intermedius. When very young, they
are of a darker slate-colour ; and they appear to retain the dull
slaty hues of immaturity until they reach a considerable, perhaps
their full, size. Thus no. 97.6.6.11, a nursing female, with
mamme ++4, is in colour of the upperside very like an ordinary
M. musculus, but, unlike this species, has a sharply defined white
belly. Another nursing female, no. 98.11.1.22, is in process of
losing her immature coat, and presents a three-coloured appearance,
having the belly white, the central dorsal region clothed in the
dusky immature tints, while the flanks show the red colours of an
adult. Another specimen has progressed farther, and shows traces
of the dark colour only on the rump. This patchy method of
assumption of the adult coat seems to be quite unknown in WV, s.
imtermedius, 11 which the process seems to be much more gradual :
it would appear to be highly characteristic of this new subspecies.
The white belly is present in specimens of all ages, and two
or three show a breast-spot or band of more or less complete
development.
The skulls of this subspecies are interesting, and are remarkable
as compared with skulls of M. s. intermedius and even with the
skull of the South Shensi specimen, as being very much narrower
and more attenuated in the anterior frontal and nasal region.
They are far less massive than in examples from Roumania, but
almost equal in size those of medium-sized individuals from
Western Europe. None of those which I have at my disposal
are quite perfect, but the respective dimensions of total length
and breadth would appear to be about 25 and 11 mm. ‘The
tubercles of the molar | are rather regularly arranged, and [ think
that the central tubercle of the last row (C” of Hensel) is more
prominent than in ©. s, intermedius.
420 MR, G. B. H. BARRETI-HAMILTON ON (Apr. 3,
19. MUS SYLVATICUS LEWISI.
Mus abbotti, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii.
pt. 2, no. 198 (May 1, 1894).
Nec Mus abbottii, G. R. Waterhouse, P. Z.S. July 25, 1837,
p. 77, which is a form of MW. musculus Linneus.
Mus lewisi, E. T. Newton, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 381.
Type. A skull, being one of those collected by Mr. Lewis
Abbott in the ossiferous fissure at [ghtham, Kent, and now in the
Geological Museum, Jermyn Street, London, 8.W.
Description (skull only). Similar to J. sylvaticus, but differs
from it in the absence of the anterior pointed tubercle of the first
lower molar.
Distribution. Known only from the typical series.
General Remarks. The absence of a small dental tubercle seems
to be a very small point on which to base a species, especially as
the skulls of JZ. lewist were accompanied by others which were
indistinguishable from those of MW. sylvaticus. But the validity
of the specific character must depend on its constancy or incon-
staney in skulls of modern sylvaticus. I have examined 49 of
these with a view to deciding this point, with the result that in
47 the tubercle in question is conspicuously present, while in two
only (viz., no. 98.2.2.22, from Cintra, Portugal, and no. 95.10.25.1,
from Lewis, Scotland, the type of Mus. s. hebridensis) had the
wearing down of the teeth made it. indistinct. The specimens
were of all ages, with the teeth both worn and unworn, and from
widely different localities, yet in all the tubercle shows clearly,
and must therefore, I think, be considered characteristic of
present day sylvaticus.
We cannot tell what external features were present in J, s,
lewist in correlation with this slight peculiarity of dentition.
These may have been conspicuous, or they may have been non-
existent. The material in our hands permits us merely to examine
the skulls, and from them alone, according to my treatment of
Mus sylvaticus, 1 can only admit J. lewist to subspecific rank as
representing a side development of the Mus sylvaticus stock.
MUS ARGENTEUS.
Mus argenteus, C. J. Temminck, Faun. Jap. p. 51, pl. xv. fig. 1
(1845) (on the date of this work see Sherborn & Jentink, P. Z. 8.
Feb. 19, 1895, p. 149).
Type locality. Japan.
Distinguishing Characteristics. Resembles Mus sylvaticus in
arrangement of colours, but has the upperside of a peculiar,
deeper, more uniform J. minutus-like red, of a shade that I have
never seen in M. sylvaticus. In the specimens at my disposal
there is no breast-band and none of the black-tipped hairs of
M. sylvaticus. The size is that of I. musculus. Temminck states
that the general size and the ears of M. argenteus are as in
M. musculus, and the tail is longer than the head and body. Of
the colour he writes that “tout le dessus du corps, jusqu’d la
1900. ] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 421
ligne médiane des flancs et des cétés du cou, d’un brun-roussatre
doré ; la téte est d’une teinte brune et les longues moustaches
sont d’un brun cendré. La couleur blanche de toutes les parties
inférieurs s’étend jusqu’a la ligne médiane des flancs et des cétés
du cou ; les quatres extrémités sont aussi d’un blanc pur.”
The skull is about equal in size to that of MW. sylvaticus and
with an identical tooth-pattern; the total length of skull of
no. 88.9.25.6 (damaged) is slightly over 24 mm.
Distribution. Known only from Japan.
General Remarks. The only specimens of this Mouse at my
disposal are nos. 88.9.25.6 and 88.9.25.7, collected by Mr. H.
Pryer, and which bear on the labels the simple locality “* Japan.”
The latter is a female with the mamme arranged as in WM. sylvati-
cus, and, since the general pattern of coloration and teeth, and
skull, where not damaged, also agree with that species, I can have
no hesitation in regarding this Mouse as very closely allied to
M. sylvaticus. The dimensions of the dried skins, however, seem
to show that the animals are considerably smaller than average
M. sylvaticus.
Although Temminck gives no particulars as to the skull of his
M. argenteus, and although his figure of that species is a miserable
caricature of a dark brown M. musculus-like Mouse, with dark
feet, long tail, and light underside, his description, which, it will
be noted, contradicts his figure in several important respects,
fits this Mouse so closely that I feel bound to identify it as
Mus argenteus.
I can have little doubt that this Mouse is a local development
from a sylvaticus-like stock, in which the skull has not altered
from that of the type, but its peculiar red colour, its size and
proportions mark it, as might perhaps have been expected, as
the most distinct ally of Mus sylvaticus which I have seen.
Mus ortrHopon.
Mus orthodon, R. Hensel, Zeitschr. deuts. geo]. Gesellsch. 1856,
p-. 279, pl. xii. figs. 6-10 (aff. Muri sylvatico, fide C. I. Forsyth
Major, P.-verb. Soc. Tosc. 1888, p. 129).
Type (skull) from the Ossiferous Breccia of Mt. San Giovanni,
Sardinia.
In dealing with Mus sylvaticus, I must allude also to Mus
orthodon, which is believed to be very closely allied to it, and
the skulls and teeth of which in the British Museum Collection I
have examined. The teeth of this species are far more hypsodont
in character, and in immaturity show very deep jateral grooving of
the crowns, so that they are also more Vole-like than those of
modern Muride. The first upper molars of the youngest specimen
show three internal and three less distinctly marked external
conyexities. The tubercles have been a good deal worn away, so
that their exact disposition can only be guessed; but the teeth
certainly give the impression of having had all the nine tubercles
of Hensel’s diagrams present and regularly arranged when quite
Prov. Zoot. Soc.—1900, No. XX VIII. 28
422 MR. G, E. H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON [Apr..3,
young and unworn. ‘The first upper molar is more hypsodont
than either of the next two.
In the next oldest set of teeth the lateral grooving is still
evident, but is not nearly so deep as in the youngest; while in
quite old and worn teeth the grooves are no longer visible. As
they are worn down, the teeth get smaller and at length become
separated from each other. The internal convexities of the first
molar become less distinct, and the teeth-pattern of the crowns is
gradually obliterated. Altogether, the upper teeth remind me
very strongly of those of M. agrarius Pallas.
The under molars come very close to those of M. sylvaticus, but,
like the upper, are more hypsodont in character. The tubercles
of the first tooth were probably arranged as in ©. sylvaticus, and
the anterior unpaired tubercle is present. There is nothing to
call for comment in the last two under molars, the tubercles of
which, as in modern species, seem to have been 4 for molar 2,
and 3 for molar 3.
The animal was larger than M. sylvaticus, and in its dentition
shows resemblances both to that species and M. agrarius, so that it
may, perhaps, have been a direct offshoot from a common stock
from which both species have later sprung. In other respects,
however, it seems to throw no light on the ancestry of Palearctic
Muride, being even more specialized than the modern species.
TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.
The dimensions of the specimens examined during the prepara-
tion of this paper are included in a single table, so as to be more
convenient for purposes of comparison. By the careful averaging
of a large series of British examples, I have tried to give figures
which shall be useful as a standard with which may be compared
those of other subspecies. JI am conscious that this standard
would have been more satisfactory had it been taken from
specimens from a single locality, instead of from those procured
all over Great Britain. It may, for instance, be some day found
that the average dimensions of specimens from North and South
Britain are different; but I have had to make the best use of my
material, and I think the figures given are a fair average for the
ordinary Mus sylvaticus of the British Islands generally.
It is not easy to explain the large difference between the
minimum and maximum dimensions given in the case of MM. s.
intermedius; but it should be borne in mind that as long as we
have to deal with a series of specimens measured by a numerous
band of collectors, so long will the individual factor tend to
increase the gap between minima and maxima. I venture to
think that the number of specimens which have been dealt with is
sufficient to make the averages trustworthy and useful for purposes
of comparison. It is to them that we must look for an idea as to
the true appearance of an ordinary individual of a particular
species dealt with, and they are not at all affected by the
occasional occurrence of giants or pygmies, the measurements of
which counterbalance one another.
1900.) MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 423
Mus sylvaticus intermedius.
Great Britain: Head Hind Skull,
and Tail. f - Ear. extreme
body, Poe length.
No. of items ............ Meee cecitatase see dass 62 61 60 26. )\
mm. mm. mm, mm.
Wikoiatieahie7 ee AAneP rei meehares Tell 103 24:5 17°5
OB. |e SRDS) HOTU CEC ORE Ee ca eee 92°6 88:2 22:7 15-4
INOWUOTTID oocemsaoooencncoeennd 83 67 20 14 25 to 26
Nieeftem any: melee eee c.. 31 31 30 12 es
mm. mm. mm. mm.
WE RSTaNINEG pS boenecoceousodeeos 110 98 24 17°5 |
Sh ah siMicioa hie Pee REMY. 92 845 925 16 |
NDOT ecm icnbmEe oa eeesde 78 70 20 14 )
Percentage of specimens in which length of head and body ds. Qs.
SXCHCGR NEM AL ORAL sewn ev etees accoess oes oduoees tantse sce semen 70 74
Percentage of specimens in which length of tail equals or is
less'than head gad) body fx. ...-.. dj gbecos-09e- Sy ondecnsaeschad 30 26
Percentage of specimens in which length of head and body
PXCCOARY OU WHY cncrseccetr ats seeckincste avelccy doaecincncinas aah 63 67
Percentage of specimens in which length of head and body
exceedsyl OO s.neaeeesrcesceeceeees pa satisls gala taiees Oatnscewene 13 23
Percentage of specimens in which length of feet reaches 24 mm. 7 3
Percentage of specimens in which length of feet does not reach
a LaMAREe eee wana e cares ance one ameteren do eaien + depisteawaek SSfaeoees« 93) Si
Head Hind Skull,
*Immature Specimens. and Tail. { * Har. extreme
body. Sot length.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm,
G. Lowestoft, Suffolk, Aug. 25, 1894, 85 79 23 a 23
Oldfield Thomas.
6. Rugby, Warwickshire, Jan. 2, 1894, 78 85 21 25
A. 8. Austen.
6. Lyndhurst Road, New Forest, Hants, 81 83 22 25
July 12, 1894, Col. J. W. Yerbury.
©. Chiswick, near London, Aug. 31, 1897, 83 90 20 Ni 24
Miss D. Sharpe.
© (nursing). Hurlingham,nearLondon, 90 71:5 20 23
Aug. 31, 1897, R. I. Pocock.
©. Cheadle, Staffs, Nov. 13, 1897, 64 74 20 22°3
E. W. H. Blagg.
2. Dunphail, Elginshire, Scotland, Sept. 57 57 19 20
19, 1893, W. R. Ogilvie Grant.
IRELAND :
5 gs,2 9s. Ballaghmoon, Car- )
low, Jan. 20 to Mar. 6, 1896, | Max. 103 105 24:
J.G. Symes (e coll. Barrett-' Mean 93 85 22°6
85 62 20
Hamilton). Measured by | Min.
F. Metcalfe.
* The length of foot, apart from the coloration, distinguishes these from Mus musculus,
of which I take at random the following dimensions for comparison, viz. :—
Head and Tail Hind
body. ag foot
Ol isevcetnataan 83 78 17
Pe Ae 79 72 16
424 MR. G. E, H. BARRETI-HAMILTON ON [Apr. 3,
Head Hind Skull,
and Tail. eat Ear. extreme
body. cay length.
IRELAND: mm. mm, mm. mm. mm.
4 gs, 19. Co. Wexford, Ire- 2
land, Jan., Mar., & Apr. Max. 95 oT 22 16
: : Mean 91 862 20:2 :
(e coll. Barrett-Hamilton). Mi 84 75 218 15
Measured by F. Metcalfe. i
2 ds and one unsexed. Ca-| Max. 103 70 22°5 16
shel, Tipperary, Ireland, Jan. } Mean 92 74 22 155 25
1895. Min. 87 87 23°5 15
SHETLAND :
Adult nursing @Q (e coll. Barrett-
Hamilton, no. 588). Recd. from 102 100 22 15°5 26
R. Henderson, Oct. 27,1898 ......
eI OMGIbO\e snc. cs hanecenecocdes ones cele 7 87 23 145
GM IUV) MUIELO MIGLO sesso sce semen secees 88 84 22 14
CHANNEL ISLANDS :
2s. Alderney, autumn 1898, W. 93 95 23 16
Eagle Clarke (e coll. Barrett-
Hamilton, nos, 543 & 544) .......-. 95 91 2s =
Br.erum:
Liége, altitude 100 metres, Nov. 1894,
H. Grénvold; of 10 specimens, all
immature, although one was nursing,
none exceed 88 mm. for head and body.
11 gs and 6 Qs. Warenne, \
Oct. 27-28, J. A. Loring, | Max. 100 100 25 ne
from the collection of the}Mean 89:5 89:1 22:9 ae 24 to 25
Smithsonian Institution, | Min. (i 81 22
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Houuanp :
Oldest ¢ of 2 dsand 2 Qs, collected 25 (teeth
by Oldfield Thomas, Aug. & Sept. 94 83 21°5 16°1 much
1895, worn).
SwiTzpRLAND:
12 gs and 4 Qs. Meiningen,
J. A. Loring, from the col- opm oes e oa |) Sake
lection of the Smithsonian Min, 72 9 a
Institution. ae : 78 21
Britany :
6 gs. Dinan, Dee. 25-28, 1897, | ce Meee ena aoe
G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. . : =
{ Min. 83 755 20°5
Max. 88 83 24
3 Qs. Dec. 21, 1897, ditto ...{ Mean 8341 765 23°41
Min. 75:35 67:5 22°25
Combined average, after adding Max. a a aap
one unsexed specimen ay Nahe S 79°2 23:13
‘ Min. 15:25 67:5 20°5
France:
d. cnet arenes =! Mr. Young. 100 60 22 12
Semele, Nov EO: Honk eal oe 80 kaa
* Dimensions probably exaggerated.
1900.] MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. 425
Head : Skull,
and Tail. vue — extreme
body. on% length.
ITALY: mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
2 ae Qs. Apr. 9 & 10, 1895,
A Savage Landor. Apparently
young, of which the largest (a ¢) 102 84 oI 16
MCASUECE Weve svercsseeerees.cadesseuees
Mus sylvaticus celticus.
2gs8,49s. Caragh Lake, ae Max. 90 84 25 15
Ireland, Nov. to Dec., Col. Mean 85'3 &0'8 22°3 146
Ww. ue Min. 80 75 20 14
3 & Q. Femoyle, Castle Gregory, :
Co.Kerry, Ireland, various dates nes a a 3 5 ig 25
in winter, G. A. Passingham. g. i.
kg. 3 Qs. Woodpark, Galway,| Max. 88 94 23 16
Treland, Feb. 13 to Mar. 19, Mean 85°8 858 21:°25 8155
1896 RB. F. Hibbert. Min. 83 82 20 14
Skye, N.B., June 24, 1895,
J. Steele Elliott. 8 83 84 21 13
Mus sylvaticus hebridensis.
3 ¢3,1 9. Lewis, Outer Hebrides, ) Max. 112 100 25 16
W. HE. de Winton (from}Mean 108 97°5 2425 15°75
‘Zoologist,’ op. cit.). Min. 106 95 23°5 15 27
Mus sylvaticus hirtensis.
St. Kilda:
1 g. H. Evans, 1898 (e coll. Barrett- be
Hamilton, no. 556). } 107 ee se Ul a
OPrinraniongl: SDittar.ccs:..c-t--nees 2 110 94 24 15
Mus sylvaticus typicus.
Upsala, Sweden (e coll. Smith- 95 89 21
sonian Institution, Washington, 93 66 20
D.C., U.S.A.). (nursing).
Hilleréd, Zealand, Denmark, alti- 3. 104 111 25 17 26
tude 10 m., May-June ‘1898, Q. 108 114 24 175
Oldfield Thomas. Almost topo- [One skull from this
typical of M. flavicollis Melchior. locality reached 27. |
Mus sylvaticus, subsp. incert.
Bergen, Norway : 88 125 «26 a8 $27
4 $s. (Z Coll. Smithsonian Institu- 93 110 *26
tion, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) 89°5 62°55 *24:5
95 99 *23
93 89 #225. {25
FD Bey CDIttOs) iy jos con aapnee oe dezsatel 83 98 #24 at (nursing)
92 103 #245
* These measurements include the claws.
t Teeth partly worn. t Teeth much worn,
Mus sylvaticus wintoni,
3gs8,19. Graftonbury, Hereford- (Max. 108 108 23 18 29
shire, England. (£Coll.W.E.; Mean 110°75 111°75 2375 18 28
de Winton.) Min. 115 112 24 18 27
426.
3 gs. Haute-Savoie, France, Dec.
1899, A. Robert. (An interme-
diate form.)
March 1895, Lord Lilford
—"
f=)
Ou
3 & 9. Haida, Bohemia .........
Brunswick, Germany :
A gpa ag dread Cece
_
S
|
4s. Strass b. Burgheim, _
(
|
5 ds. August. (More or less
intermediate.) ‘ dow,
3. 110
13 gs. Aug. & Sept. J. A.)
Loring, from’ the collection | Max. 94
of the Smithsonian Insti-}Mean 84:8
tution, Washington, D.O., | Min. 73
U.S.A. )
Niesky, Silesia : é. 97
2 g8,1 9. Feb. & Nov. 1898, 4 ¢. 115
W. Baer. O (juv.). 93
Mus sylvaticus princeps.
é ; Max. 119
9 ao Neale Roumania, W. Monn: 110
: Min. 102
3 3 ‘M 110
q oe Roumania, W. ried 10528
oe Min. 101
An obviously young specimen in slaty
coat, from Roumania, taken April 15, 87
1899, measures as much as............
Mus sylvaticus islandicus.
4 specimens in Copenhagen Museum, {
Jide Herr H. Winge (2 in alcohol), {
2 skins, ditto.. (Ear measured from
lower border of ear opening.)
Mus sylvaticus hayi.
Portugal :
Cintra (altitude 230-330
m.), Jan. Feb., Mar, } Larges J. 100
1896, Oldfield Thomas, J reest 2. 1
Estoril, ditto, ditto .........0 cece 3. 10%
(Five others are large, but
immature.)
Morocco:
8 ds. Tangier, Mar. & Apr.
Max. 110
(partime coll. Barrett-Hamil- Mean 95°62
ton, partim coll. by W. Dodson
for J. I. 8. Whitaker), a
1Q. April 1, 1895 (G. B.-H.).
107
100
MR. G. EJ H. BARRETT-HAMILTON ON
2 Skull,
ie Ear, extreme
wee length.
mm mm mm.
25 17 27
25 17 27°25
26 20 28
22
25
22 28
23 is 28
27 18 28
25 16 28
24 “hc 27
25 27
20 26
23 27
25
24 Ax. :
22'5 wee 24 to 25
21 ay
22°5 19
24° 7:5
22°5 175 24
25°D 19°5 + | 27°5 “to
24°5 17:94 30
24 15 (nearly).
25 19
23°21 17°85 $27 to 28
22 16°5
22'5 14:5
235 17
21 (juv.) 13°5
22+ ¥ 14
23'5 15
a5. Wy
24 17 27
233 16:2 26°
23 m2
22:12 a: 26
20 ne
22
[Apr: 3.
1900.]
Mus sylvaticus, subsp. incert.
Spain :
2 gs, 1 9, in alcohol. Nos. ] Max. 91
194.1.1.10 to 18, Villabra,$ Mean 82°
Gallicia, Prof. V. L. Seoane... } Min. let
3. Farrer del Allo, near Coruna, 80
Prof. V. L. Seoane.
GE NLLOE. aetcc su aus cesev aan scape (Juv. ?) 81
¢. Oiudad Real, Spain, F. La- ris)
taste, 1883 (alcohol).
Pee Dibios (sit) Scacesetsescuceeuet << 84
Corsica :
2 ds. Nos. 93.9.15.6 to 8, La Fue
di Villarora (Beech Forest),
altitude 3000 ft., Col. J. W.
Weer bury 275 cps acorn sureeencecweee
See
~J
(os)
{Mus sylvaticus dichrurus.
Palermo, Sicily, e coll. J. f ? sex 95
I. S. Whitaker, Aug. 6, (stuffed).
1898, & Nov. 13, 1898. | © (nursing). 100
Ditto, Nov. 10, 1898 ............ 3 (juv.). 74
Dutio, Nov: 18, 1898 .....:.....- © (juy.). 71
Mus sylvaticus algurus.
Three specimens in alcohol (fide) . is
Mons. F. Lataste, op. cit. 1883, é 72
p- 12). : 55
Mus sylvaticus taurieus.
Sere esse aseesoesessancee
Type specimen
Mus sylvaticus major.
Herr Radde’s* specimen from the
Bureja Mountains (? Trans- 118
Baikalia).
Tail.
102
66
69
69
64
84
97
_MUS SYLVATICUS AND IES ALLIES,
Hind
foot.
mm,
22
20
22
18:5
19
23
AQT
Skull,
Ear. extreme
length.
mm. mm.
15
14°25
13
14
11
145
115
15 26
16
15
15
15]
{ Skull.
28 x 12
13°5
* Radde gives total length, including tail, as 215 mm., and head and body as 118 mm.,
whence by subtraction I get tail 97 mm.
Mus sylvaticus arianus.
Type series (inches roughly re- oe» 102
duced to mm.), fide Blanford, OF 96
East. Persia, p. 55. (Heightof{ <6. 97
ear measured from orifice to tip.) O. 104
Mus sylvaticus chevriert.
Type specimen (a quite adult aa 120
Jide Milne-Edwards). -
One of Milne-Edwards’s typical
series as measured by Mr, Oldfield | 100
Thomas.
Skull.
18 (Gulmerg,
12°8 Persia, no.
96.11.2.1.)
28x 14
428 ON MUS SYLVATICUS AND ITS ALLIES. [Apr. 3,
Head . Skull,
and Tail. ae Ear. extreme
body. or length.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm,
Three of typical series as measured | e: a = |
by Herr E. Biichner. | sex (?) 100 «655 29-5
No. 82.6.16.7 of British Mus. coll.,
South Shensi, China, Pére ; = =
David. (Dimensions taken from 90 15 205 15 25
MIG SAMATI.) Uvaapssessestasaeebaentae
* Tail perhaps damaged.
Mus sylvaticus draco.
do. No. 98.11.1.20, Kuatun,
Bohea Mts., N.W. Fokien, S.E.
China, April 18, 1898, J. D. La 91 BF ml Ate vs 25
Touche.
©. No. 98.11.1.21, ditto, ditto, 83 91 - os 25
April 27, 1898.
* This item from dried skin only; those of head and body and tail are collector's
measurements converted from inches.
Mus argenteus.
No. 88.9.25.6. Japan (H. Pryer). 88 70 *17°5 *10 24
No. 88.9.25.7, 2. Ditto. 78 65 T17°5 +10 24
* Dimensions from the dried skin ; these increase to 19°5 and 13 when the skin is wet.
+t Collector’s dimensions reduced from inches,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Geographical variation in Mus sylvaticus, as illustrated by (fig. 1) M. s. princeps
(p. 408), the large light form of Roumania; (fig. 2) MW. s. celticus (p. 401), the small dark
form of Co. Kerry, Ireland.
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CERVICAPRA THOMASINA:.
1900.] MR. SCLATBR ON A NEW SPECIES OF REEDBUOCK. 429
May 8, 1900.
W. T. Buayrorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1900 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of April was 120, of which 41 were by
presentation, 52 by purchase, 15 were received on deposit, and
12 were born in the Menagerie. The total number of departures
during the same period, by death and removals, was 103.
Amongst the additions attention may be called to :—
1. A young Lyre-bird (Menura superba), presented by Messrs.
Carrick and Fry on April 12th. Of this well-known Australian
type no specimen has been received by the Society since 1876.
The present example is immature, and may be either a female or a
young male, the tail-feathers being not yet developed.
2. A Ural Owl (Syrnium uralense) obtained by purchase April
24th. This fine Owl of North-eastern Europe has not been
previously represented in the Society’s collection.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a male Reedbuck (Cervi-
capra), which had been mounted by Messrs. Rowland Ward & Co.,
for Mr. Ewart S. Grogan, F.Z.8. It had been already exhibited
as a skin to the Society by Mr. R. Lydekker, on May 2nd, 1899".
The specimen was of about the same size and dimensions as the
Common Reedbuck (C. arundinum)*, but differed entirely in its pale
grizzled grey colour above and white under surface, the anterior
surface of all four limbs being of a dark rich brown. It had
been supposed by Mr. Lydekker, and other good authorities who
had examined this specimen, that the animal might be an albino
or pale-coloured variety of the Common Reedbuck; but, after
studying the specimen carefully, Mr. Sclater had come to a
different conclusion, and considered it to be referable to a new
species, which, at the request of Mr. Grogan, he proposed to call
Cervicapra thomasine, with the following characters :—
CERVICAPRA THOMASIN®, sp. nov. (Plate XXVI.).
C. quoad formam C. arundinum fere similis, sed colore albo, in
dorso cineracco et pedibus anticé fulvo-brunneis, ut videtur, satis
diversa: alt. ad humeros 35 poll.
Hab. in ripis Laci Nyase, Afr. or.
The specimen exhibited had been obtained by Mr. Grogan on
the Songwé River, about six miles from its entrance into Lake
1 See P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 555.
2 Book of Ant. vol. ii. p. 157, pl. xliii.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1900, No. XXIX. 29
430 MR. J. 8. BUDGETT ON THE [May 8,
Nyasa in December 1898, during the journey from the Cape to
Cairo, of which Mr. Grogan had lately given an account to the
Royal Geographical Society (see ‘Geographical Journal,’ xvi.
p. 164). Mr. Grogan had been informed of the existence of a
herd of four of these animals on the Songwé, and on proceeding to
the spot indicated by his informant, had succeeded in shooting the
present specimen, which he met with while grazing in a patch of
grass near the river. Mr. Grogan had been told that a similar
animal had been seen at Fort Johnston at the south end of the
Lake, and that a specimen had likewise been met with on the
shores of Lake Nyasa about 40 miles from its north end.
Altogether Mr. Grogan had heard of eight specimens of this
animal.
Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, F.Z.8., called attention to the progress
of his ‘Index Animalium,’ commenced in 1889, which would contain
an alphabetical list of all names used in Zoology from 1758 to
1900. The first portion, now approaching completion, was that for
the years 1758 to 1800 inclusive. This part would contain about
60,000 entries ; the whole of the slips were already in alphabetical
order, and had had the duplicate entries eliminated. About six
months’ more work would be required to check the generic names.
Mr. Sherborn, who is the Recorder under the British Association
Committee, stated that he had been able to purchase no less than
250 volumes dealing with systematic zoology and dated before
1800, copies of which were not previously to be found in England.
All of these volumes had now been incorporated in the Libraries
of public institutions in this country. Some of these volumes
were unique, and most of them of considerable rarity.
Mr. R. Lydekker called attention to the following misprint in
the notice of his exhibition of the head of a Swamp-Deer (P. Z. 8.
1899, p. 829), where the word ‘Thameny’ in the bottom line
should read ‘ Thameng’; also to an error in the Jettering of the
plate in his paper on “ The Dental Formula of the Marsupial and
Placental Carnivora,” where in fig. 4, “pp. 2” should be read
“mp. 2.”
A paper was read by Mr. J. 8. Budgett, F.Z.S., “On some
Points in the Anatomy of Polypterus,” of which the following is an
abstract :—
Having obtained a large amount of material of both the species of
Polypterus found in the Gambia, in the spring of 1599, I thought
it advisable to attempt to fill up some gaps in our knowledge of
the anatomy of this most interesting of fishes.
Though much work bas been done by many zoologists in this
direction, there are many points in which the descriptions already
1900.} ANATOMY OF POLYPTERUS. 431
published of the anatomy of Polypterus are either deficient or in-
accurate.
In the present paper, I have described in detail the urinogenital
system of the male and female Polypterus, together with the later
stages of the development of these organs. I have also added
observations upon the vascular system, the external gills, the
abdominal pores, the anal fin, and the skull.
In obtaining my material, I was aided by a grant of £50 from
the Balfour Fund of the University of Cambridge. The work has
been done in Mr. Adam Sedgwick’s laboratory. To Mr. Sedgwick,
Mr. Graham Kerr, aud Prof. Howes my thanks are due for much
help and advice.
The Male Organs.—In the adult male Polypterus a ridge of
testicular tubules extends on either side the entire length of the
body, but is only functional towards the anterior end of the ridge,
where it swells out to form a conspicuous lobulated testis.
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1900.] | ON THE BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 433
P. lapradei, a difference which Bridge observed in two specimens
of Polypterus and which he attributed to great range of variation.
This paper will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Trans-
actions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. A List of the Batrachians and Reptiles of the Gaboon
(French Congo), with Descriptions of new Genera and
Species. By G. A. Boutenenr, F.R.S.
[Received March 20, 1900.]
(Plates XX VIT.-XXXIT.)
Mr. G. L. Bates, who has been stationed for some time on
the Benito River, north of the Gaboon River, between 20 and
30 miles inland from the coast, has been so kind as to collect
Batrachians and Reptiles for the British Museum, and so lucky
as to discover, especially among the former, a number of new or
interesting forms, on some of which I have already reported}.
Whilst describing the new forms of which an account is given in
this paper, it appeared to me useful to compile a complete list of
all the species on record from the Gaboon district—viz., the part
of West Africa situated between Camaroons and Loango, in the
French Congo *. Such a stock-taking seemed to me particularly
useful with reference to the work on the distribution of species in
the Congo basin, with which I am now engaged. I must observe,
however, that I am convinced that the list will have to be increased
by the addition of a number of widely distributed species which are
known both north and south of the Gaboon district, and which
will, no doubt, be found when more extensive collections are made ;
but I have introduced the names of such species only of which I
have seen examples from the district, or which have been recorded
on reliable authority.
Only five contributions dealing specially with the Batrachians
and Reptiles of the Gaboon district have been published so far :—
Dumérit, A.—‘ Note sur les Reptiles du Gabon.” Rey. et Mag.
de Zool. 1856, pp. 369-377, 417-424, 460-470, 553-562,
pls. xx. & xxii—The new species described in this paper have
been redescribed and mostly figured in the same author’s
“ Reptiles de l’Afrique occidentale,” Arch. du Mus. x. 1859,
pp. 137-240, pls. xili.—xviil.
1 Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) iii. 1899, pp. 274, 276, and iv. 1899, p. 122,
2 The term Gaboon is here taken in the old sense. I do not know on what
authority the Gold Ooast is included ia the Gaboon Country by Giinther,
P.Z.S. 1899, pp. 716 & 721.
434 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
Hatiowertt, E.—‘ Notice of a Collection of Reptiles from the
Gaboon County, West Africa, recently presented to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Henry
A. Ford.” Proc. Acad. Philad. 1857, pp. 48-72.
Peters, W., and Bucnnoiz, R.—“ Zweite Mittheilung iiber die in
West Africa gesammelten Amphibien.” Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867,
pp. 117-123. [Mostly from the Gaboon and Ogowe. |
GintHer, A.—‘ Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Fishes
made by Miss M. H. Kingsley during her Travels on the
Ogowe River and in Old Calabar.” Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6)
xvi. 1896, pp. 261-285.
Mocauarp, F.—‘“ Sur une Collection de Reptiles recuillie par
M. Haug & Lambaréné.” Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
pp. 5-20.
For the nomenclature and synonyms I must refer the reader to
the British Museum Catalogues. JI have added references to
publications issued since the appearance of these general works.
Mr. Bates’s discoveries have enriched herpetology with 5 new
genera and 13 new species, some of which are of special mor-
phological interest. The discovery of Hymenochirus and Cardio-
glossa has extended our knowledge of geographical distribution
by adding African representatives to the families Pipide and
Dendrobatide, the former having been based on the single South-
American genus Pipa, the latter being hitherto regarded as charac-
teristic of Tropical America and Madagascar.
I wish to record my thanks to the Beard of Curators of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for the loan of type
specimens described in 1857 by the late Dr. Hallowell.
BATRACHIA.
APODA.
1. URZXOTYPHLUS SERAPHINI A. Dum.
Hab. Gaboon.
2. HERPELE sQUALOSTOMA Stutchbury.
Hab. Gaboon.
ECAUDATA.
DACTYLETHRID Z#.
3. XENOPUS CALCARATUS Ptrs.
Hab. West Africa, from Liberia to the Congo.
One of the specimens collected by Mr. Bates on the Benito
River has been prepared as a skeleton. There are only seven
precaudal vertebree, the first being formed by the fusion of two
(as is clearly proved by the large nerve-foramen in front of the
diapophysis).
1900.] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 435
Prrip2z.
4. HYMENOCHIRUS BOETTGERI Tornier.
Xenopus boettgeri, Tornier, Kriechth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 163,
fig. (1896).
Hymenochirus boettgert, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xviii.
1896, p. 420, and (7) iv. 1899, p. 122; Ridewood, Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool. xxvii. 1900, p. 454, pl. xxxi.
Hab. German East Africa ; Gaboon.
In recently recording the oceurrence of this extraordinary
Batrachian on the Benito River, I have pointed out that the
absence of teeth necessitates its removal from the Dactylethride to
the Pipide. My notes on the skeleton have been corrected and
supplemented by Dr. Ridewood in the paper quoted above, dealing
with the hyoid and larynx and the carpus.
BUFONID&,
5. Buro tuserosus Gthr.
Hab. Fernando Po, Camaroons, Gaboon.
Several specimens were obtained on the Benito River by
Mr. Bates. The upper parts are not always uniformly coloured;
they are sometimes handsomely spotted or marbled with darker
brown, and a yellow or crimson vertebral line is often present.
6. BuFO REGULARIS Reuss.
Hab. The whole of Africa with the exception of Barbary. I
have, however, not myself examined specimens from the Gaboon
and there were none in the collection made by Mr. Bates.
7. BUFO LaTIFRONS, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 1.)
Crown without bony ridges; snout short, blunt; interorbital
space slightly concave, broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, three-fifths the diameter of the eye. First finger much
longer than second; toes half-webbed, with single subarticular
tubercles; two rather small metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold.
The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of
the eye. Upper parts with irregular warts, some of which may be
conical; parotoids elliptic, feebly prominent, rather indistinct.
Olive-brown above, with or without a yellowish vertebral line,
with more or less symmetrical black markings ; limbs with dark
cross-bars; bright pink spots on the back of the thighs ; lower
parts dirty white, throat greyish, breast with small greyish spots.
From snout to vent 73 millim.
Three specimens, females and young, from the Benito River
(G. L, Bates).
This species stands very near to B. regularis. It is distinguished
by the broader interorbital region, the smaller tympanum, and the
feebly prominent parotoid glands,
436 MR. G. % BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
8. Buro suPERCILIARIS Blgr.
Bufo superciliaris, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 565.
Bufo levissimus, Werner, Sitzb. Bayer. Ak. xxvii. 1897, p. 212,
and Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlviii. 1898, p. 202, pl. ii. fig. 1.
This curious Toad was described from young specimens collected
by Sir H. H. Johnston in the Rio del Rey district, Camaroons.
Adult specimens have been redescribed by Werner under the
name of B. levissimus, from Camaroons. A young specimen is in
Mr. Bates’s collection from the Benito River. I have also
examined a fine specimen, measuring about 120 millim. from
snout to vent, from the Congo Free State.
9. Buro Gracies Bler.
Bufo gracilipes, Blgr. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) iii. 1899, p. 276,
pl. xu. fig. 2.
I have recently described this Toad from a single specimen from
the Benito River, collected by Mr. Bates. I have now examined
several specimens, and have to add that the tarso-metatarsal arti-
culation may fail to reach beyond the anterior border of the eye,
that the toes are one-third webbed in breeding specimens, that the
parotoid glands may be more distinct than in the type specimen,
narrow and shorter than the head, and that the male is provided
with an internal subgular vocal sac and brown nuptial asperities
on the inner side of the two inner fingers. Limbs with dark
cross-bars. The largest male measures 30 millim. from snout to
vent, the largest female 40.
10. NECTOPHRYNE AFRA Ptrs.
Originally described from Camaroons. Two specimens (¢ 9 )
are in Mr. Bates’s collection from the Benito River.
Fig. 1.
Hand and foot of Nectophryne afra, showing the subarticular tubercles of
the fingers and toes.
The subarticular tubercles of the fingers and of the toes are
much developed, and flattened into overlapping pads which bear a
1900.) BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 437.
close resemblance and are no doubt functionally analogous with
the subdigital lamellee of the scansorial Geckos. Such a structure
had not been observed before in any Batrachian. Buchholz and
Peters have not alluded to it otherwise than by mentioning
“ dunkle Querlinien unter den Zehen,” which I believe to be the
result of an optical delusion caused by the lamelle to which
attention is now drawn.
The male, which is devoid of vocal sacs, measures only 17 millim.
from snout to vent; the female measures 21.
RANIDZ,
11. Rawa crassirss Ptrs.
This species is known from Camaroonsand the Gaboon. I have
examined 10 specimens collected by Mr. Bates on the Benito
River, the largest measuring 63 millim. from snout to vent.
As pointed out by Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. [6] xvii. 1896,
p- 266), the vomerine teeth are sometimes absent; this is the case
in three of Mr. Bates’s specimens. When present, they form two
very small groups just behind the level of the choane. The
tympanum is more or less distinct, measuring three-fourths or
fourth-fifths the diameter of the eye. The colour of the upper
parts varies from greyish olive or purplish brown to blackish, with
or without very indistinct darker and lighter spots or marblings ;
dark cross-bars on limbs usually irregular, sometimes absent ; lower
parts white, throat often spotted or marbled with dark brown.
12. Rana suspsigrttata A. Dum.
This species, which has been well figured by A. Duméril, is
known from Old Calabar, Camaroons, and the Gaboon. Several
specimens were collected by Mr. Bates on the Benito River, the
largest measuring 88 millim. from snout to vent.
The species is remarkable for its long head without canthi
rostrales, and its short limbs, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
the tympanum ; the diameter of the latter is two-thirds to three-
fourths that of the eye. The upper parts are of a dark brown,
but the sides of the head and body and the fore limbs are often
tinged with bright carmine. The lower parts, in the young, are
olive, with close-set round pale yellow spots on the throat and
belly ; with age, the dark colour between the spots becomes
reduced to a network, which may even almost entirely disappear.
Some specimens have a rather indistinct flat round gland under
each thigh, as in most species of the genus Mantidactylus.
13. Rana HQUIPLICATA Werner.
Rana mascareniensis, var. equiplicata, Werner, Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xlviii. 1898, p. 192.
Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series commencing from
the inner front edges of the choane. Head moderate, as long as
broad or a little longer than broad; snout pointed, longer than the
438 MR. G, A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region
deeply concave; nostril midway between the eye and the end of
the snout ; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of
the eye. Fingers moderate, obtusely pointed, first not extending
beyond second; toes broadly webbed, the web reaching the
extremity of the third and fifth toes, but leaving two phalanges of
the fourth toe free; subarticular tubercles moderate; a very
small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout ;
tibia more than two-thirds the length of head and body. Skin
more or less distinctly granular above, with numerous, interrupted,
glandular, longitudinal folds on the back; a glandular fold from
beneath the eye to the shoulder. Olive-brown above, with small
dark spots, with or without a broad whitish or pink vertebral band ;
usually a dark cross-bar between the eye; a black canthal streak
and a black temporal spot ; tympanum reddish brown ; limbs with
dark cross-bars ; hinder side of thighs black, spotted or marbled
with white or pink; a series of black spots on the lower jaw;
throat and belly yellow, immaculate. Male with two black
external vocal vesicles projecting through two slits below the
lower jaw.
From snout to vent 50 millim.
Five specimens from the Benito River are in Mr. Bates’s col-
lection. Dr. Werner’s specimens were from Camaroons.
Closely allied to 2. mascareniensis; differs in the more exten-
sively webbed toes and the more numerous, interrupted folds along
the back.
14, RANA MASCARENIENSIS D. & B.
Hab. Egypt, Tropical Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mascarenes,
The Gaboon specimens belong to the var. bibronii Hallow.
(superciliaris Gthy.), with longer snout and longer hind limbs.
The head is longer than broad, and the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches beyond the end of the snout.
15. RANA ALBOLABRIS Hallow.
Hab. Fernando Po, Camaroons, Gaboon, Lower Congo.
Females grow to a length of 93 millim. from snout to vent. In
such large specimens the dorso-lateral glandular told becomes
more indistinct, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or
between the eye and the end of the snout, the first finger does
not extend beyond the second, and the white border to the upper
lip, whence the species derives its name, disappears more or less
completely.
SCOTOBLEPS, g. n.
Pupil vertical. Tongue free and deeply notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free; toes
webbed. Outer metatarsals narrowly separated by web. Omo-
1900. ] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 439
sternum and sternum with a bony style. Terminal phalanges
simple, obtuse.
This genus may be defined as Rana with a vertical pupil.
16. SCOTOBLEPS GABONICUS, sp. n. (Plate XXVIIL. fig. 1.)
Vomerine teeth in two small groups on a line with the posterior
borders of the choane. Head rather large, as long as_ broad;
snout obtusely pointed, with feeble canthus rostralis; loreal
region slightly concave ; nostril equally distant from the eye and
the end of the snout ; eye large; interorbital space narrower than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum not quite half the diameter of the
eye. Fingers and toes moderately elongate, with slightly swollen
tips and very strong subarticular tubercles ; first finger extending
as far as second; toes half-webbed; an oval inner metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostri]. Skin
smooth, or with small flat warts on the back. Olive-brown above,
with small blackish spots; a dark cross-band between the eyes;
upper lip with blackish vertical bars, the one below the anterior
third of the eye extending on the lower lip; limbs with dark cross-
bars ; lower parts white. Male with internal vocal sacs.
From snout to vent 57 millim.
Three specimens from the Benito River (@. LZ. Bates).
17. PETROPEDETES NEWTONI Bocage.
Tympanoceros newtonir, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. (2) 11. 1895, p. 270,
and iv. 1895, p. 18, pl. —.
Males differ from females in the larger tympanum, which is
larger than the eye, and from the centre of which a horn-like
dermal tubercle projects, in the presence of a long spine on the
inner side of the first finger, and in the greater size of a large flat
oval gland on the lower side of the thigh.
Several specimens were obtained on the Benito River by
Mr. Bates. The specimens described by Barboza du Bocage are
from Fernando Po.
The venus Petropedetes Reichenow (Arch. f. Nat. 1874, p. 290)
is nearly related to Cornufer, but differs in the division of the der-
mal pad on the upper surface of the digital expansions by a short
distal groove, giving it a cordiform appearance. The males are
remarkable for the large glands under the thighs, which are absent
or feebly developed in the females. In addition to the type species
and the one now referred to, the genus embraces Cornufer johnstoni
Boulenger, from the Rio del Rey, Camaroons. The three species.
may be distinguished as follows : —
P. cameronensis Reich. Toes half-webbed ; tympanum half
diameter of eye.
P. johnstoni, Blgr. Toes with a mere rudiment of web; tym-
panum half diameter of eye.
P. newtont Bocage. Toes with a mere rudiment of web; tym-
panum more than half diameter of eye; male with a spine on the
inner finger and a dermal tubercle on the tympanum.
440 ; MR.G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
18, PHRYNOBATRACHUS AURITUS, sp.n. (Plate XXVIIL. fig. 2.)
Tongue with a free conical papilla in the middle. Habit slender.
Head moderate, as long as broad ; snout pointed, projecting beyond
the mouth, with angular canthus and nearly vertical loreal region ;
nostril equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout;
interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, measuring nearly half the diameter of the eye. First
finger as long as second ; toes two-thirds webbed; tips of fingers
and toes dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles small; two
small metatarsal tubercles; a very small tubercle not far from the
latter, on the inner side of the tarsus. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth, or with very small
warts above; a narrow glandular fold on each side of the back
from the eyes to the sacral region, the two folds converging on the
scapular region; a similar fold from the eye to the shoulder.
Greyish or reddish brown above, darker on the middle of the back,
with or without a filiform light vertebral line, which is continued
along the middle of the upper surface of the thigh and the inner
side of the leg; glandular folds edged with blackish; a few round
black spots may be present on the pelvic region ; limbs with rather
indistinct darker cross-bars ; hinder side of thighs blackish brown,
edged with whitish above near the vent; inner side of legs
also blackish brown ; lower parts white, with small brownish spots
on the throat and breast in the female ; the throat blackish in the
male. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac.
From snout to vent 37 millim.
Three specimens from the Benito River (@. LZ. Bates).
The distinct tympanum distinguishes this species from P. plicatus
Gthr., to which it bears some resemblance.
19. PHRYNOBATRACHUS LATIROSTRIS, sp. n. (Plate XXVIII.
fig. 3.)
Tongue with a free conical papilla in the middle. Habit
moderately slender. Head moderate, as long as broad ; snout short,
rounded ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril
equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct; measuring
three-fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderate,
the tips dilated into small disks ; first finger not extending as far as
second ; toes half-webbed ; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the end
of the snout. Skin smooth; a slight curved fold behind the eye,
converging towards its fellow on the scapular region. Dark grey-
brown above ; a dark triangular spot between the eyes ; glandular
folds dark-edged ; upper lip lighter, with dark vertical bars ; lower
lip dark brown in the male, with a series of small white spots ;
limbs with dark cross-bars; anal region blackish, edged with
whitish above ; throat grey in the male, white, spotted with brown,
in the female; belly and lower surface of Jimbs white, breast
spotted with brown, Male with an internal subgular vocal sac,
1900.] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 44)
From snout to vent 30 millim.
A single male specimen from the Benito River (G. LZ. Bates).
A smaller female specimen from Lambarene, collected by Miss
Kingsley, has been referred by Giinther to Cornufer johnston.
20. ARTHROLEPTIS AFRICANUS Hallow.
Heteroglossa africana, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 64;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 343.
Arthroleptis? africanus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 119
(1882).
Arthroleptis gabonensis, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix
1897, p. 17.
Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Chapman, Chairman of the Board
of Curators of the Museum of the Academy of Sciences of Phila-
delphia, I have been able to examine the type specimen from the
Gaboon, preserved in that Institution, and compare it with two
specimens, male and female, collected by Mr. Bates on the Benito
River.
Tongue with a free conical papilla in the middle. Head rather
large, as long as broad ; snout obtusely pointed, with feeble canthus
and concave loreal region ; interorbital space narrower than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two-thirds the diameter of the
eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips swollen into small disks ;
first finger not extending beyond second; toes with a short
but very distinct web; two metatarsal tubercles, inner oval, outer
round, subconical ; a small tubercle on the tarsus, near the inner
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
nostril. Upper parts with small flat warts; a feeble curved fold
on each side of the scapular region. Dark brown above; limbs
with darker cross-bars ; blackish vertical bars on the sides of the
head ; white beneath, limbs spotted with brown; throat spotted
with brown in the female, entirely black in the male, which is
provided with an internal vocal sac.
From snout to vent 30 millim.
21. ARTHROLEPTIS VARIABILIS Matschie.
Arthroleptis dispar (non Peters, 1870), Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1875, p. 210, pl. i. figs. 1-3.
Arthroleptis variabilis, Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1893,
p- 173; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) iv. 1895, p. 18; Werner,
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlviii. 1898, p. 193.
Hab. Fernando Po, Camaroons, Gaboon.
22, ARTHROLEPTIS MACRODACTYLUS Bler.
Arthroleptis macrodactylus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 117,
pl. xi. fig. 5 (1882), and Zool. Rec. 1885, Rept. p. 23; Giinth.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 620.
Arthroleptis bivittatus, F. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885,
p- 671, pl. ix. figs, k-l.
Hab, Gaboon, Tumbo Id. (Gulf of Guinea), Nyassaland.
442 MR. G. A, BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
23. ARTHROLEPTIS INGUINALIS, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 2.)
Tongue without conical papilla. Head moderate, as long as
broad ; snout rounded; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region
concave ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, three-fifths to two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Fingers and toes rather elongate, slender, the tips merely swollen ;
subarticular tubercles very prominent; first finger not extending
beyond second; toes practically free, the rudiment of web being
very indistinct ; a rather large, very prominent, oval, compressed
inner metatarsal tubercle ; no outer metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or between
the eye and the end of the snout. Skin smooth. Coloration very
variable: greyish or brownish above, uniform or spotted or freckled
with darker, or with dark symmetrical markings ; a black canthal
and temporal streak; a more or less distinct dark spot or short
oblique band on the groin; limbs with dark spots or bars ; lower
parts white, throat usually freckled with brown. Male with an
internal vocal sac.
From snout to vent 30 millim.
Numerous specimens from the Benito River (G. Z. Bates).
GAMPSOSTEONYX, g. n.
Pupil vertical, Tongue free and feebly notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the
tips slightly swollen ; terminal phalange of all but the inner toe
a sharp curved claw, projecting through a slit on the lower surface
of the extremity of the toe. Outer metatarsals bound together.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style.
The projecting, non-retractile bony claw, uncovered with a horny
sheath, which arms the toes with the exception of the hallux, is a
feature unique, so far, not only among Batrachians but among
Vertebrates. The only other instance I know of bone being ex-
posed through the skin in Vertebrates higher than Fishes is to be
found in the ends of the ribs of Molge (Pleurodeles) waltlii Mich.
and Tylototriton anderson Blgr.
24. GAMPSOSTEONYX BATESI, sp. n. (Plate XXIX.)
Vomerine teeth in two small round groups between the choane.
Head large, much broader than long ; snout broadly rounded, with
short canthi and very oblique, slightly concave lores; nostril
equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout ; eye large ;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, oval, little smaller than theeye. First finger longer than
second, nearly as long as third; subarticular tubercles of fingers
and toes feeble ; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth and shiny; a
glandular fold above the tympanum. Dark purplish brown above,
white beneath; a black canthal and temporal streak; a black
transverse line between the eyes; two dark bars on the upper lip,
1900.] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 443
the first under the nostril, the second below the anterior third
of the eye; limbs with rather indistinct dark cross-bars; lower
surface of crus and tarsus dark brown.
From snout to vent 70 millim.
A single specimen from the Benito River (G. Z. Bates).
TRICHOBATRACHUS, g. n.
Pupil vertical. Tongue subcordiform, free and notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free ; toes webbed.
Outer metatarsals bound together. Omosternum with a bony style;
sternum a cartilaginous plate, without style. Terminal phalanges
simple, obtuse.
To these characters might be added the villose dermal papille
which cover some parts of the body, whence the name proposed
for this new genus, were it not that I suspect it to be a mere
seasonal peculiarity ; far from being a nuptial attribute of the males,
as one might have been inclined to suppose from analogy with
various Fishes, the character is more strongly developed in the
female than in the male.
25. TRICHOBATRACHUS ROBUSTUS, sp.n. (Plate XXX.)
General appearance suggestive of Rana hebigi Gthr. Vomerine
teeth in two short transverse series between the rather large
choane. Head larger, broader than long, much depressed ; snout
very short, rounded, with distinct canthi and very oblique, slightly
concave lores ; nostril slightly nearer the eye than the end of the
snout ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum moderately distinct, half the diameter of the eye.
Linbs robust; tips of digits slightly swollen; first finger much
longer than second, as long as third; toes half-webbed; sub-
articular tubercles large; a feebly prominent, elongate, imner
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye.
Skin smooth; sides of body, back of thighs, and a stripe along the
upper surface of the latter with hair-like papille, more developed
in the female than in the male. Olive-brown above; a darker,
black-edged broad band along the back, fading away behind and
sharply defined in front by a black cross-bar between the eyes ;
a black canthal and temporal streak; sides of body and limbs
blackish ; lower parts white, female with brown dots on the throat.
Male with a pair of internal vocal sacs, and with three short ridges
(two longitudinal and one transverse) of small horny black spines
on the inner side of the first finger.
From snout to vent 110 miilim.
Two specimens (¢ 2) from the Benito River (G. LZ. Bates).
DILOBATES, g. n.
Pupil vertical. Tongue subcordiform, free and notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free; toes nearly
free, with a slight rudiment of web. Outer metatarsals bound
444 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE May 8,
together. Omosternum and sternum small, cartilaginous. Ter-
minal phalanges simple, obtuse.
26. DILOBATES PLATYCEPHALUS, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 3.)
Vomerine teeth in two small groups on a line with the posterior
borders of the choane. Head very broad, much broader than the
body, depressed, with very oblique lores and temples; snout
rounded; canthus rostralis distinct; a loreal concavity ; nostril
equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum almost as large as
the eye. Fingers and toes rather short, obtuse; first finger ex-
tending beyond second ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small,
oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. Hind limb slender; the tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye. Skin
smooth. Olive above, with small black spots ; a dark cross-band
between the eyes, preceded by a yellowish one; sides of head
yellowish, with two dark bars, the first below the nostril, the second
below the anterior half of the eye ; fore limb yellowish ; limbs with
blackish transverse spots ; lower parts white.
From snout to vent 26 millim.
A single specimen from the Benito River (G. LZ. Bates).
27. RAPPIA FIMBRIOLATA Buchh. & Ptrs.
Hyperolius fimbriolatus, Buchholz & Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1876, p. 121.
Rappia finbriolata, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887-88, p. 96.
Hab. Ogowe and Loango.
28. Rappra MARMORATA Rapp.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa.
29. RapPIa OCELLATA Gthr.
Hab, Fernando Po to Angola.
30. RAppra FuSCIGULA Bocage.
Hab. Gaboon to Angola.
31, RAPPIA TUBERCULATA Mocq.
Rappia tuberculata, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
18.
Hab. Ogowe.
32. RApPIA PHANTASTICA Bler.
Rappia phantastica, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. 1899,
p. 274, pl. xi. fig. 2.
Hab. Benito River (G, L. Bates).
33. RApPIaA PLatTYcnPs, sp. n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 4.)
Head rather large, as long as broad, much depressed ; snout
rounded ; loreal region oblique ; interorbital space broader than
1900. ] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON, 445
the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Outer fingers one-fourth
webbed; toes two-thirds webbed; disks rather large. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, faintly areolate
on the belly. Pale brownish above, with a large blackish-brown
marking with indentations extending from between the eyes to the
sacral region ; sides of head and body and upper surface of legs
blackish brown ; a whitish spot on the leg above the tibio-tarsal
articulation ; upper surface of thigh whitish, with a narrow dark
brown streak; lower parts white.
From snout to vent 29 millim.
Two specimens from the Benito River (G. LZ. Bates).
34, RAPPIA PUSILLA Cope.
Hab. Niger Delta to Gaboon.
35. MEGALIXALUS FORNASINIL Biance.
Megalivalus fornasinti, Werner, Verb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xlviii. 1898, p. 195.
Hyperolius dorsalis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1875, p. 206, pl. 1.
fig, 2.
Hyperolius leptosomus, Peters, op. cit. 1877, pl. 619, pl. —. fig. 5.
Megalixalus leptosomus, Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
pel:
Hab. Gold Coast to Congo, Nyassaland, East Africa from the
Zanzibar Coast to Delagoa Bay.
36. CHIROMANTIS RUFESCENS Ptrs.
Hab. Camaroons, Gaboon.
37. HYLAMBATES RUFUS Reichen.
Hab. Fernando Po, Camaroons, Gaboon.
38. HyLAMBATES BREVIROSTRIS Werner.
Hylambates brevirostris, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xlvi. 1898, p. 199, pl. il. figs. 5 & 6.
In addition to the characters given by Werner from Cama-
roons specimens, this well-marked species is easily distinguished
from H. rufus by the more dorsal position of the tympanum.
The only specimen obtained by Mr. Bates on the Benito River is
uniform purplish above.
DENDROBATID &.
CaRDIOGLOSSA, 2. n.
Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, cordiform, deeply notched
behind. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips
dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals united. Omoster-
num with a slender bony style; sternum a small cartilaginous
plate, without bony style. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
Proo. Zoou. Soc.—1900, No. XXX. 30
446 MR. G. A, BOULENGER ON THY [May 8,
The family Dendrobatide, which may be defined as Ranide
without teeth, was previously represented by two genera only :
Dendrobates, from Tropical America, with the tongue elongate and
entire and without bony style to the sternum; and Mantella, from
Madagascar, with the tongue elongate and nicked behind and
with a bony style to the sternum.
39. CARDIOGLOSSA GRACILIS, sp. n.
Fig. 2.
y
Cardioglossa gracilis.
Head much depressed, a little longer than broad; snout longer
than the orbit, truncate at the end, scarcely projecting beyond the
mouth ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril
near the end of the snout; eye rather small; interorbital space
much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct,
two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers and
toes long and slender, the tips dilated into small disks; subarticular
tubercles small but very prominent; first finger not extending
quite as far as second; a rather prominent, moderately large, oval
inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
the tip of the snout or a little beyond. Dark brown above and
beneath ; a black band, edged beneath with white, extends on each
1900. ] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 447
side from the nostril to halfway down the side of the body, passing
through the eye and tympanum, and widening behind; this band
followed by a large black inguinal spot ; dark symmetrical markings
on the limbs, those on the front and back of the thighs black, edged
with white; lower surfaces spotted or marbled with white. Male
with internal vocal sacs.
From snout to vent 37 millim.
Several specimens from the Benito River (G@. LZ, Bates).
REPTILIA.
CHELONIA.
PELOMEDUSID®.
1. SreRNOTHERUS GABONENSIS A. Dum.
Hab. Gaboon; Angola.
2. STERNOTHERUS DERBIANUS Gray.
Hab. Cape Verde to Angola.
TESTUDINID A.
3. CINIXYS EROSA Schweigg.
Hab. Gold Coast to Gaboon.
4, Cryixys HOMEANA Bell.
Hab. Cape Verde to Gaboon.
TRIONYCHIDS.
5. Trionyx triunGutIs Forsk.
Hab. Tropical Africa, Nile, Syria.
6. CycLODERMA AUBRYI A. Dum.
Hab. Gaboon.
EMYDOSAURIA.
CROCODILID &.
7. CROCODILUS CATAPHRACTUS Cuv.
Hab. Senegal to Congo.
8. Crocopinus nitoricus Laur.
Hab. Nile and Senegal to Cape of Good Hope; Madagascar ;
Syria.
9. OsTEOLEMUS TETRASPIS Cope.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Gaboon. 304
448 MR.G.A.BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
LACERTILIA.
GECKONID &.
10. HemrpacryLus MaBura Moreau.
? H. angulatus Hallow.
Hab. Tropical Africa, Madagascar, South America.
11. Hemipacryius EcHINus O’Shaugh.
Hab. Camaroons, Gaboon.
12. HemipacryLus FASCIATUS Gray.
Hab. Gold Coast to Gaboon.
Through an oversight, this species appears in Giinther’s list of
the Reptiles collected by Miss Kingsley as Gymnodactylus fasciatus,
which is the name of an American Gecko.
13. Hemrpactyius Bocaeri Blgr.
Hab. Gaboon, Angola.
14. H&MIDACTYLUS RICHARDSONI Gray.
Hemidactylus richardsonii, J. G. Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. wiss.
Aust. v. 1888, p. 49, pl. iv. fig. 10.
Hab. Gaboon.
15. LYGoDACTYLUS CAPENSIS Smith.
Hab. Gaboon (Benito River) and Lake Tanganyika to Natal.
AGAMID#.
16. AGAMA coLonoRUM Daud.
Hab, Senegambia to Angola, Somaliland, and Uganda.
VARANIDE.
17. VARANUS NiILOTICUS LL.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa, Egypt.
AMPHISBENID,
18. MoNoPELTIS DUMERILII Strauch.
Hah, Gaboon.
19. MoNOPELTIS MAGNIPARTITA Ptrs.
Hab. Gaboon.
20. MONOPELTIS KOPPENFELSII Strauch.
Hab. Gaboon.
1900.) BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 449
LACERTID 2,
21, PoroMERA FoRDI Hallow. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1.)
Tachydromus fordii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 48.
Poromera ford, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i. p. 6 (1887); Giinth.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 264.
Poromera haugi, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1896,
poe.
Hallowell’s description is faulty in several points, as I have
been able to satisfy myself through inspection of the type speci-
men (¢ ) kindly sent to me from Philadelphia.
The vertral shields are in 10 longitudinal rows, not in 6. The
large anal shield is bordered by a semicircle of keeled scales, a
larger one on each side, connected by a series of 6. 12 femoral
pores on one side, 13 on the other. In addition to this specimen,
I have examined one from Lambarene, on the Ogowe, collected
by Miss Kingsley and described by Dr. Giinther, and seven pro-
cured by Mr. Bates on the Benito River. ‘The dorsal shields are
in 6 or 8 longitudinal, the ventrals in 8 or 10 longitudinal and 23
to 26 transverse series. The collar contains 12 to 14 shields.
Males have a large, smooth przanal shield, bordered by a series of
6 or 8 keeled scales ; females have the whole przanal region covered
with keeled scales. 11 to 13 femoral pores on each side. Two
superposed postnasals: 4+ to 6 upper labials anterior tothe subocular.
Dark olive above, turning to bronze or copper-colour posteriorly ;
two light dorsal streaks, bright bluish white anteriorly; beneath
greenish white in front, salmon-pink behind. The largest
specimen measures 65 millim. from snout to yeut.
Only known from the Gaboon district.
22. LAcERTA ECHINATA Cope.
Hab. Liberia to Loango.
23. HonasPis GUENTHERI Gray.
Hab. Tropical Africa, from the Gold Coast and the coast of
Zanzibar to Angola and the Zambesi.
GERRHOSAURID #.
24, GERRHOSAURUS NIGROLINEATUS Hallow.
Hab. Gaboon to Angola.
SCINCID,
25, Mapvuia RADDONII Gray.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Congo.
.
26. MABUIA BATESI, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 2.)
Snout short, obtuse, much depressed. Lower eyelid with a
450 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
large transparent disk. Nostril behind the suture between the
rostral and the first labial; a post-nasal; anterior loreal not
touching the first labial; supranasals widely separated from each
other, the rostral forming a broad suture with the frontonasal ;
latter nearly twice as broad as long; prefrontals forming a short
median suture; frontal as long as the fronto-parietals and inter-
parietal together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ;
four supraoculars, second largest; seven superciliaries, first largest;
frontoparietals distinct, twice as long as the interparietal; parietals
short, twice as broad as long, forming a suture behind the inter-
parietal; no nuchals; fifth and sixth upper labials largest and
below the eye. ar-opening smaller than the transparent pal-
pebral disk; two small obtuse lobules on its anterior border.
Scales smooth, smallest on the sides, 32 round the middle of the
body. The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.
Digits short; subdigital lamelle obtusely keeled. ‘Tail slightly
compressed, nearly once and a half the length of the head and body,
Dark olive above, with widely separated bluish spots preceded
by blackish ones, forming two longitudinal series on the back; a
black canthal streak ; sides of the neck and axilla lineolate black
and white, with some black spots; lower parts white.
millim. millim.
Total length ........ 140 Fore limbs oc. se ayers 18
ECHO Wa wie tists ce ate 12 Pine Gases oe occas 24
Width of head ...... 9 MN oie Pa ete sae 84
Body’ “Gass aces oh te ers 44
A single specimen from the Benito River (G@. LZ. Bates).
27. LyGosoMA REICHENOVI Peters.
Lygosoma reichenovii, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
8.
Hab, Camaroons ; Lower Ogowe.
28. LyGosoMA FERNANDI Burton.
Hab. Fernando Po to Congo.
ANELYTROPID#.
29, FEYLINIA CURRORI Gray.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Angola.
RHIPTOGLOSSA.
CHAM ZLEONTID®,
30. CHAMELEON QUILENSIS Bocage.
Chameleon parvilobus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii. p. 449.
Hab. Camaroons to South Africa.
—
1900.] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 451
31. CHAMELEON GRaACcILIS Hallow.
Hab. Tropical Africa, from the Gold Coast and Somaliland to
Angola and Lake Tanganyika.
32. CHAMELEON DILEPIS Leach.
Hab. Gaboon and Somaliland to Angola, Mashonaland, and
Mozambique.
33. CHAMELEON OWENI Gray.
Hab. Camaroons to Gaboon.
34. CHAMZLEON CRISTATUS Stutchb.
Hab. Calabar to Gaboon.
35. RHAMPHOLEON SPECTRUM Buchh.
Rhampholeon spectrum, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix.
1897, p. 5.
Hab. Camaroons ; Lower Ogowe.
OPHIDIA.
TYPHLOPID#.
36. TyPHLoPs PuNCTATUS Leach.
Hab. West Africa, from the Gambia to Angola; Central Africa.
37. TypHiops cxcus A. Dum.
Hab, Sierra Leone, Gaboon.
Boz.
38. PyTHON sEBz L.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa.
39. CALABARIA REINHARDTI Schleg.
Hab. Liberia to Congo.
COLUBRID. .
40. TROPIDONOTUS FULIGINOIDES Gthr.
Hab. Gold Coast to Congo; Central Africa ; Mozambique.
41. Troprponozus OLIVAcEvs Ptrs.
Hab. Sudan to Congo and Mozambique.
42. HypR2#PHIOPS MELANOGASTER Gthr.
Hab, Camaroons to Congo.
452 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
43, GONIONOTOPHIS BRUSSAUXI Mocq.
Gonionotophis brussauxi, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix.
1897, p. 13.
Gonionotus vossii, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1892, p. 418.
Hab. Camaroons to Congo.
44, BornROPHTHALMUS LINEATUS Ptrs.
Hub, Liberia to Congo; Central Africa.
45. Boopon vireatus Hallow.
Hab. Gold Coast to Gaboon.
46. Boopon trnuatus D. & B.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa.
47. Boopon onivacreus A. Dum.
Hab. Niger to Congo.
48, LycopHIDIUM LATERALE Hallow.
Hab. Gold Coast to Gaboon.
49, Lycopuipium FasciaTum Gthr.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Gaboon.
50. Hormonotus Mopestus D. & B.
Hab. Gold Coast to Loango.
51, SIMOCEPHALUS CAPENSIS Smith.
Hab, Gaboon, Nyassaland, South-east Africa.
52. SIMOCEPHALUS GUIRALI Mocq.
Hab, Camaroons to Loango.
53, CHLOROPHIS IRREGULARIS Leach.
Hab. Tropical Africa from the Gambia and British East Africa
to Angola and Mozambique.
54. CHLOROPHIS HETERODERMUS Hallow.
Hab, Sierra Leone to Congo.
55, PHILOTHAMNUS SEMIVARIEGATUS Smith.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa.
56, PHILOTHAMNUS DORSALIS Bocage.
Hab. Gaboon to Angola.
57. GASTROPYXIS SMARAGDINUS Schleg.
Hab. Liberia to Angola.
1900. ] BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. 453
58. HAPsIDOPHRYS LINEATA Fisch.
Hab. Liberia to Congo,
59. RHAMNOPHIS £THIoPs Gthr.
Hab. Liberia to Gaboon.
60. THRASOPS FLAVIGULARIS Hallow.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Congo.
61. Grayta smytut Leach.
Hab. Liberia to Angola.
1 have re-examined all the specimens in the British Museum in
the light of the remarks recently made by Prof. Barboza du
Bocage (Herp. d’Angola et du Congo, pp. 102 & 104) and by
Dr. Mocquard (Bull. Soc. Philom. [8] ix. 1897, p. 9), and although
I admit the possibility of several species being confounded under
the name of G. smythi, 1 am unable to separate them into two
by means of the characters pointed out by these authorities.
This is obvious from the following tabulation of the shields and
scales in the specimens examined by me :—
%
. | |
2 Bale. Scales. desis Caudals.
Cem IeLLaNmeONekee: cactsacanesceeeecacnere: 8 17 148 97
¢. Oil River, Camaroons ..........:..-- a Wel 154 99
oe . shih AE, ee 7 17 161 89
©. Camaroons, opposite Fernando Po} 8 17 161 ?
Gre ADO OME craeneinesansee trace eneieee 8 19 147 ?
ES ets Weg nels Na aE aarerniina ere Se er: 8 Lh 147 82
Yg. Lambarene, Gaboon .................. 8 19 153 80
Yg. Cette Cama, Gaboon...............2-. 8 19 145 ?
Yg. Mouth of the Loango ......... ..... 7 17 154 99
Pie ROM: COUP Ones.acuecrshas crores sxadeses 7 17 147 93
OP Monsembes Congo)... ...ene6sesseees ee ri 17 159 96
Gr COULON:.. See steaccasaatcte-dvesecscest ses 7 17 147 98
Yg. jae Ue midteods Wadacapee dna ai new dubeeet 7 17 155 95
Nii gee ets adausih cs ips. donaae Oapuecies aa senee 7 17 152 91
PR ee erates ade nate semen ie oz Bon 7 17 148 74
Gare) CPSrANCANII CA Ceca enti saeceaccwdansar 8 19 150 83
Brig se Gee ia teatreerarchanvedtesonvcatsats a 17 149 101
Mocquard gives 19 as the number of scales in G. ornata=fureata,
but the types of both these supposed species are described as having
only 17. A much larger material than was accessible to Bocage,
Mocquard, and myself is required before the variations of the
forms of this genus can be properly understood.
62. DIPSADOMORPHUS PULVERULENTUS Fisch.
ITab. Liberia to Angola.
454 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE [May 8,
63. DIPSADOMORPHUS BLANDINGII Hallow.
Hab. West Africa, from the Senegal to the Congo ; Zanzibar.
64, DipsaDOBOA UNICOLOR Gthr.
Hab. Sierra Leone to Gaboon.
A single specimen (2, V. 192; C. 58) was sent by Mr. Bates
from the Benito River. It is blackish above and white beneath,
Eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. A smaller
specimen, collected by Miss Kingsley at Lambarene, noticed by
Giinther under the name of D. assimilis Matschie, is brown above
with ill-defined darker cross-bars ; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye on the left side, third, fourth, and fifth on the
left. The typical D. unicolor Gthr., green above, with nine upper
Jabials, fifth and sixth entering the eye, is not confined to the
island of Fernando Po, as Giinther was inclined to believe; the
British Museum has recently acquired a similar, but larger, speci-
men (total length 710 millim.; tail 145) from Sierra Leone.
Anoplodipsas viridis Ptrs., of which Heterurus bicolor Jan is a
strict synonym, is green above and has eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye. There is thus no correspondence
between the colour and the number of the labials. I therefore
do not think D. assimilis can be separated, as a species, from
D. unicolor, however much extreme forms may differ. F. Werner
(Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlvii. 1897, p. 399), after examination
of 8 specimens from Togoland, has arrived at the same conclusion,
65. PSAMMOPHIs SIBILANS L.
Hab. Tropical Africa and Egypt.
66. THELOTORNIS KIRTLANDI Hallow.
Hab. Tropical and South Africa.
67. Miopon CoLuLARIs Ptrs.
Hab. Old Calabar to Angola.
68. Miopon GABoNENSIS A. Dum.
Hab. Old Calabar to Congo.
69. Potemon Bocourri Mocq.
Polemon bocourti, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
p- 13.
This species differs from P. barthi Jan in having two post-
oculars and a lower number of ventral shields (178-202), A
single specimen from Lambarene (V. 171; C. 24) in Miss Kingsley’s
collection has been referred by Giinther to P. bartht.
70. Evapops mMopgestus Gthr.
Hab. Liberia to Congo.
1900. } BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON, 455
71. BouLENGERINA aANNULATA Buchh. & Ptrs. (Plate XXXII.)
Naja annulata, Buchh. & Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 419;
Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 84; Bocage, Herp.
Angola, p. 137 (1895).
Aspidclaps bocagii, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884,
p- 205, pl. vi. fig. 2.
Boulengerina annulata, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix.
1397, p. 14.
Two perfectly typical young specimens (V. 227-230 ; C. 72, 70)
were obtained on the Benito River by Mr. Bates. The only
difference, apart from the markings, between this species and
B, stormst Dollo resides in the number of scales (23 instead of 21),
and it is quite possible the two may have to be united when we
become acquainted with a larger number of specimens.
Hab. Gaboon to Congo.
72, ELAPECHIS GUENTHERI Bocage.
Hab. Gaboon to Angola; Nyassaland,
73. NAIA MELANOLEUCA Hallow.
Hab. Tropical Africa, from the Gambia and British East
Africa to Angola and the Zambesi.
74, Nata Goxpir Bler.
Pseudohaje nigra, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 222 (1858), nec Naia
nigra, Smith.
Naia goldu, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 34,
and Cat. Sn. iii. p. 387, pl. xx. fig. 2 (1896).
Naia guentheri, Bouleng. Cat. t. c. p. 388, pl. xxi., and Ann. &
Mag. N. H. (6) xix. 1897, p. 154.
Naia yakome, Mocquard, C. R. Congr. Intern. Zool. Leyden,
1895, p. 233 (1896).
Hab. Sierra Leone to Congo.
A large specimen was obtained by Mr. Bates on the Benito
River. It bas two preoculars on one side and one on the other ;
third and fourth upper labials entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows
on the neck as well as on the body; ventrals 199; subcaudals 92.
Uniform black above. J am now convinced that NV. guentheri and
NV. goldvi cannot be maintained as distinct species.
75. DENDRASPIS JAMESONI Traill.
Hab. Niger to Angola; Central Africa.
76. Biris eaponica D. & B.
Hab. Liberia to Damaraland; Zanzibar ; Mozambique.
77. Biris NASIcoRNIS Shaw.
Hab. Liberia to Gaboon,.
456 BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GABOON. [May 8,
78. ATHERIS CHLORECHIS Schleg.
Hab, Liberia to Gaboon.
79. ATHERIS SQUAMIGER Hallow.
Hab, Camaroons to Angola.
80. ATRACTASPIS CORPULENTA Hallow.
Hab. Liberia to Gaboon.
81. ATRACTASPIS BOULENGERI Mocq.
Atractaspis boulenyeri, Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix. 1897,
p.i 16,
Hab. Lambarene, Ogowe.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puare XXVIII.
Fig. 1. Bufo latifrons, p. 435.
2. Arthroleptis inguinalis, p. 442, two specimens.
3. Dilobates platycephalus, p. 444.
4, Rappia platyceps, p. 444.
Puate XXVIII.
Fig. 4 pig ci gabonicus, p. 489.
Side view of head.
” ”
i ; Open mouth.
2. Phrynobatrachus auritus, p. 440.
3. i latirostris, p. 440.
Puate XXIX.
Gampsosteonyx batest, p. 442.
a. Upper view. d. Side view of 4th toe, enlarged.
b. Side view of head. e. Lower view of 4th toe, enlarged.
ce. Open mouth, J. Distal phalanges.
Pirate XXX.
Trichobatrachus robustus, p. 443.
a. Female, upper view. c. Open mouth.
b. Side view of head. d. Inner side of first finger of breeding
male, enlarged.
Puate XXXII.
Fig. Af Poromera fordi, female, p. 449.
Side view of head, x 2.
Lower view of head, x iz.
c 5 ‘, AA Anal region, X 2.
d. » Male. Anal region, x 2.
2, Mabuia batesi, p. 449.
la. ” ” ”
l
2”? ” ”
Puate XXXII,
Loulengerina annulata, p. 455, with upper and lower views of head,
H.Gronvold delet hth NMantern Bros.imp
NYCTICORAX MAGNIFICA.
wis
WN
7, 2 ig Maigthe: ‘
H.Gr i de he Mintern Bros. iy
A _ o TrTITTOITm ATT fF 5
J J = H BIE A A
in UW fii io EA Ore
1900. } ON THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, 457
2. On the Birds of Hainan. By W. R. Ociivie Grant.
[Received March 4, 1900.]
(Plates XXXII. & XXXIV.)
The present paper, which gives a complete list of all the species
of Birds known to occur in the island of Hainan, is based on the
collection made by the late Mr. John Whitehead in the so-called
‘ Five-Finger Mountains’ (Ngau-tchi-lea) in the interior. During
this expedition he unfortunately fell a victim to the terrible forest-
fever, for which, it appears, the island is, at certain seasons,
notorious.
T had arranged with Mr. Whitehead that he should again proceed
to the Philippines and complete his work there by investigating the
fauna of the highlands of Mindanao and other islands forming the
southern part of the archipelago, which he had not been able to
visit during his previous expedition. It was further agreed that
he should, if possible, explore the highlands of Formosa and
Hainan.
On the 10th February 1899 he arrived at Manila, but after
remaining there two weeks, during which time fighting between
the Americans and Philipinos (Tagalos) continued daily, he was
reluctanfly obliged to give up all idea of collecting in the Philip-
pines, and, returning to Hong-Kong, made his way to Hainan.
While in Manila he engaged the services of four Philipinos,
including two of his most valued collectors who had accompanied
him during his former expedition in the Philippines. Through
the kindness of the late Mr. Whitehead’s relations, I have been
permitted to make use of his diary giving an account of his
journey in Hainan ; and I feel sure that the following extracts,
melancholy though they be, will prove to be of interest as the iast
record of how this brave man and unrivalled field-naturalist lost
his life in the cause of science '.
DIARY.
Marcu 5th. Leave Hong-Kong for Hainan. Voyage to Hoihow.
Stranded in the ‘ Hatin’ for four days on a sandbank; afraid of
losing our baggage ; an anxious time. Get taken off the steamer
by the ‘ Hoihow.’ Experience difficulties in reaching the shore at
low water. Mud-flats covered with flocks of Waders: Dunlins,
Greenshanks, Stilts, Golden Plover, Redskanks, Curlews, and Sand-
plovers ; also white-necked Crows.
On arriving in the town visit the Consul, and meet with great
kindness from Mr. Jiidell, who puts me up. Baggage comes off
in boats and arrives at daylight the next day.
1 An account of the late Mr. John Whitehead’s scientific career will be found
in ‘Country Life,’ vol. vii. no, 159, pp. 72, 73, 20th January, 1900,
458 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
10th. Consulted the American missionaries, who are inclined to
throw cold water on my visit to Nodia, their place inland, and can
give no information! Determine not to ask their assistance any
more. The Portuguese Padre Baptista promises to help me, and L
hope to start in a few days. Mr. Jiidell rides with me to Kiung-
chu, a walled city, with narrow streets, stinks, darkness and crowds
of people, a terrible-looking place—my first. visit to a Chinese
town. Pass many lepers on the road begging, minus fingers and
toes and at times feet and hands—an awful sight !
13th. Left Hoihow for Pak-siang, which is the riverside port of
Kiung-chu. I left Hoihow at 1.80, and arrived at the Padre
Baptista’s house in about an hour,and subsequently we went to meet
the boat which, with men and baggage, left Hoihow this morning
at 10 a.m. The Chinamen had filled up the boat with rice and
flour for their own food, so consequently we had to move some of it.
The Chinese always do their best to score off the European, and
as a rule succeed. One hour’s walk over a narrow road paved
with big stones brought us to Pak-siang. The river runs through
a sandy barren country, almost treeless, and no good to the
collector, so one must goon. The sides of the river, where they
are high, are of red burnt clay of volcanic origin, underneath this
clay is sand and here and there a stratum of sea-shells. The river
is broad and very shallow, the boats requiring to be pulled along
by the men for long distances.
We have passed a number of bamboo water-wheels for irrigating
purposes, and where these occur the river is dammed with a bamboo
fence. When this has been passed, navigation once more becomes
easy.
We have seen numerous birds, Ospreys, Kites, Crows, Magpies,
a Cormorant, a Grebe, numbers of Waders, more especially
Greenshanks, Herons, and black Storks, as well as Kingfishers of
two kinds. Our boat is a dirty barge and smells very strong, but
one might be worse off.
The Chinese work naked and are without shame, the greatest
savages I have met with.
15th. Still going up stream with a nice wind, and make good
progress, though our mat sail is much destroyed.
16th. Still going up stream, but slowly. Arrive at Ting-au, a
small walled Chinese town. We have got porters for Sieum-tin-
san, where the Padre Baptista has a priest, and we remain for the
night.
Vth. Left this morning with twenty-eight porters; could not
get off early as the Chinese talked so much, but at 9.30 a.m. they
were on their way. The country is almost a sandy desert ; there
has been no rain for so long that the rice and potato crop will in
all probability be a failure: all the trees have been cut down and
burnt, and a more arid place it would be difficult to find. We
stopped to-night at Teen-heng-si, in a most horrible squalid house
with a foul open drain at the door; unfortunately we were too
late to camp outside.
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 459
18th. After passing a horrible night, we started off at daylight
for a 30-mile walk over the sandy arid country, a truly miserable
spot. Camped at night by the side of a river at Nam-lu-as (I am
fully determined, if possible, never to enter a Chinese house again),
and passed a fairly good night.
19th. Walked twenty miles to-day and at:3 o'clock reached Lea-
mui, another wretched place ; in fact the whole country is horrible
and almost entirely cleared of trees—the Chinese burning down
the forest to keep back the Lois or aborigines. I am afraid there
are no birds, but fleas and other insects are everywhere.
20th. Went a long walk over the mountains to see if we could
find collecting ground, but the place is very bare. I saw a
Peregrine and several other birds.
21st. Getting baggage into small packs. I find my Chinese
carriers a very great nuisance. Visited the Mandarin, and hope to
start to-morrow.
22nd. Again visited Mandarin. His rifles are clean outside,
but the rifling is eaten away with rust! Saw two Loi with their
hair done up in front in a knob, like the horn of a unicorn.
23rd. Went for a walk over the bare mountain-sides, but caught
a few nice butterflies on some flowering-plants. Saw a small red-
coloured deer, two Peregrines, and, in the evening, sume Night-
' jars, which settled on the tops of rocks on the summit of the hill.
Their note is a curious shrill chirp, which, like that of a ventriloquist,
seems to come from the ground near one’s feet. Francolins are
very common here. The porters say they will start to-morrow.
24th. The porters did not turn up till nearly 10 a.m.; then, as
usual, went after their sticks; subsequently we had to visit the
Mandarin, so did not leave until 12.30. After walking over some
twelve or fifteen miles of the usual barren country, we reached a
Chinese village, where we put up in the Joss-house, which was
clean and well away from the stinks of the crowd.
25th. Started for the mountains again to-day, arriving at 5 P.M.
at a small village, where we camped for the night. Saw a few
birds, a Henicurus in the river, and a number of Pericrocoti, also a
few Paleornis javanicus. I see neither the white Crow nor the
Magpie so far inland. Francolins are still abundant. We meet
every day Chinese carrying bundles of skins of deer, monkeys, and
pangolins, so I am sure we are not far from some large forests.
26th. Our Chinese porters refuse to go any further to-day ; they
say they have no rice, but, the truth is, they are done up and want
to rest. The Mandarin sent two soldiers with us, so that we
should be looked after; they have proved most useful. Some
Chinese wanted to prevent our going through their village yester-
day: one of them was, I think, drunk and nearly had a row with
us. The country is slightly Jess barren, but still a miserable place
for collectingin. Rainallnight. The hills have been so enveloped
in clouds, that I have not yet been able to see the mountain-tops.
I hope to reach our destination some time to-morrow.
27th. Instead of reaching our destination to-day, the Chinese
460 MR, W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
have taken us a day’s journey further away from the mountains, as
they say there is no road this (the north) side, so we have had to
tramp over bare hills in a broiling sun. My old trouble dysentery
is a great worry to me. The Lois or Lu, as the Chinese call them,
are, so far as the men go, nearly like the Chinese. The hair is at
times a pigtail tied in'a knob, but more often a knob of hair tied
in front, which looks like a unicorn’s horn. ‘Their villages are
small, the houses of grass and sloped like an arch, and they live
on the ground. The women are quite distinct from the Chinese,
wearing very short skirts of blue, or blue with a red-and-white
pattern.
28th. Still on the march. Arrived at Lu village in the evening,
but the men seemed so disagreeable, that we went about half a mile
away and camped. They then followed to see all they could, and
were amazed at our guns. Bought half a big pig for $1°50.
29th. Left early, as I wanted to camp near the mountain. Sent
Andres and Juan off at 4 a.m. to look for a spot. Nearly had a
row with our Chinese porters, but formed up in their rear so that
they had to go on after using a good deal of bad language at us.
Have struck a nice place for a camp, close to a fine rocky stream
not far from the mountains. Wear lots of birds. Am very seedy
with dysentery, Juan with fever. Busy building a house all day. _
30th. Busy house-building. Caught some beautiful butterflies
in the river. Saw a fine Kingfisher, I think Alcedo euryzona, also
some monkeys.
3lst. This being Good Friday, we have resolved not to begin
collecting to-day—unlucky—but to finish off the house. It rained
this morning and was very cold before daylight. A cloudy day,
saw no butterflies. Begin collecting to-morrow.
Apri Ist. At last we were able to go shooting. Andres brought
in four birds. Hills very steep, sand and rocks; this is the reason
why they are left alone by the natives. Sand-flies awful. Butter-
flies numerous in the river-bed. Saw a large Kingfisher and some
squirrels.
Natives visit us daily: fowls 10 cts., ducks 25 cts., eggs 3 ct.
2nd. Very seedy with dysentery. Juan shot a Silver Pheasant
which may be new (see Genneus whiteheadi, p. 503), and a fine
Paradise Flycatcher. Heat and sand-flies awful.
3rd-19th. All ill with fever and dysentery.
19th-30th. The bird collection is going along slownly—my men
being all ill one day or another, one or two have been ill every day
with fever. Iam perhaps in better health than I have been for
some time. Li women catching caterpillars for food. It rains
heavily and thunders every afternoon, and our life here, owing to
fever, is most miserable.
May 1st-6th. All my men ill with bad fever. The two Chinese
and myself do not suffer much.
7th. I saw a Li with some rat-traps identical with those made
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 461
by the Kina Balu Dusans. Changed into my new house. Very
fine for the last few days, no rain. Men (Philipinos) hopelessly
ill, and have done nothing for a fortnight. Sent the Chinese
soldier out to shoot for me; want to see if he is worth anything.
9th. Three of my Manila men left me to-day of their own
accord. I trust they will reach Hoihow safely. It makes me very
sad all this illness. I gave them the option of going, as I should
be very sorry to be the cause of the death of any one of them.
10th. To-day is very wet ; the Manila men will have a sad time
of it, I expect. My boy Juan is still with me, not because he cares
about staying with me, but because he was too ill to start with
the others. The Chinese soldier is doing my shooting and gets on
very well.
1lth-16th. Am trying to work on with one boy, whois not much
use at bird-skinning. The Lu are beginning to bring things, which
is a good job, so perhaps I shall get on after all.
20th. Attacked again by fever—very seedy—useless. John
Afar also.
21st-23rd. Nearly dead with fever—no food—no depression of
temperature.
24th May. (Diary ends.)
The faithful Chinese servants carried Mr. Whitehead’s body
and all his belongings to Hoihow, and his remains were interred
in the cemetery by the sea. The journey from the interior was
accomplished in 19 days.
Through the kindness of the Consul, Mr. Butler O’Brien, White-
head’s zoological collections were carefully packed and shipped to
England, arriving safely in due course. The collection of birds,
numbering about 250 skins, all in the most perfect condition,
includes many striking novelties, the most remarkable being a very
peculiar Jay (Urocissa whiteheadi), a splendid Silver Pheasant
(Genneus whiteheadi), and an equally fine Night-Heron (Nycticorax
magnifica). The two last-named species have been well figured
by Mr. H. Grénvold in the accompanying drawings.
That Mr. Whitehead should have succeeded, under the most
adverse circumstances, in obtaining such splendid results in a
comparatively short time, indicates that much still remains to
be done in the highlands of the interior of Hainan, but, as his
diary too clearly shows, the deadly climate of the forests will
probably deter even the most hardy explorer from following in his
footsteps.
[The species of which specimens were obtained in the Five-
Finger Mountains are marked with an asterisk. ]
1, CoRVUS LEVAILLANTI.
Corvus sinensis, Moore ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 348, fig. 1.
Corone levaillanti (Lesson); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p- 39 (1877).
Proc. Zoou, Soo,—1900, No. XX XI. 31
462 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
Corvus levaillanti, Lesson ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 299, 312 (1892).
Hainan birds of this species appear to belong to a slightly
larger race.
Common about the towns of Hainan (Swinhoe).
2. CoRVUS TORQUATUS.
Corvus torquatus, Less.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 350; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 21 (1877); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 312 (1892).
Common in the plains of North and North-west Hainan
(Swinhoe).
3. PICA PICA.
Pica media, Blyth ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 350.
Pica pica (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 62 (1877) ;
Styan, Lbis, 1893, p. 431.
Pica caudata, Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 312
(1892), xiv. p. 866 (1898).
Abundant everywhere (Swinhoe).
4, UROCISSA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.
Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p- 71 (1877); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 312
(1892).
An example of this species was procured in North Hainan by
Tetsu, the late Mr. Schmacker’s Japanese collector, and identified
by Dr. Hartlaub.
5. *URocrssA WHITEHEADI.
Urocissa whiteheadi, Grant, Bull, B. O. C. vol. x. p. xviii
(1899).
This remarkable species may be characterized as follows :—
Sexes similar one to another in plumage. Head, back, fore-neck,
and chest dark earthy brown, darkest on the ear-coverts, and
shading into grey on the sides and flanks, and into yellowish buff
on the middle of the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts ; feathers
of the crown‘rounded at the extremity and edged with whitish
brown; rump greyish brown; upper tail-coverts black, tipped
with white; wings black, except the lesser and median wing-
coverts, which are white save at the base; tips of the primary-
quills, margins of the terminal half of the outer webs of the
secondaries, and the tips of the greater wing-coverts pure white ;
middle tail-feathers grey, widely tipped with white and with a
subterminal black band; the outer feathers similarly marked, but
with the white tips increasing in size and shaded with yellow;
axillaries and under wing-coverts clear yellowish white. “Iris
straw-colour ; bill red, shading into brownish yellow at the base ;
1500.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 463
feet dark brown.”—J. W. Total length about 18 inches; culmen
1:9; wing 8:2; tail 9-4; tarsus 1°95.
Mr. Whitehead was fortunate in obtaining a nest and eggs of
this remarkable new species. The nest, a very slightly concave
platform, is semitransparent, and formed of dry stems of creepers
and roots, firmly interwoven.
The eggs, six in number, have the ground-colour pale greenish
blue, sparingly spotted and dotted with light brown. The
average measurements are 1:4 x 1 inch.
6. *DENDROCITTA SINENSIS.
Dendrocitta sinensis (Lath.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 351;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 81 (1877); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 431; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 366 (1898).
“Tris dull lake ; bill black; feet dull brownish black.”—J. W.
Not uncommon among the fine woods of Shuy-wei-sze, Central
Hainan (Swinhoe).
Mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
7. *STURNIA SINENSIS.
Temenuchus sinensis (Gmel.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 352.
*Sturnia sinensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 68 (1890) ;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. pp. 219, 314 (1892); Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 431 ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 365
(1898).
Q. “Iris greyish white; bill whitish blue, cobalt at base; feet
whitish brown.”—J. W.
Common on the coast of Hainan in March (Swinhoe).
Mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
8. *ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS.
Acridotheres philippensis, Bonap. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 352.
Acridotheres cristatellus (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii.
p- 92 (1890).
3g. “ Iris orange-yellow; bill whitish green, base of lower
maudible pinkish ; feet yellowish brown.”—J. W.
Abundant about all towns and villages (Swznhoe).
9. SPODIOPSAR CINERACEUS.
Sturnus cineraceus, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 352.
Spodiopsar cineraceus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. pp. 41,
665 (1890).
Poliopsar cineraceus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299,
314 (1892).
Met with during February (Swinhoe).
10. SPODIOPSAR SERICHUS.
Spodiopsar sericeus (Gmel.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xiii.
pp. 44, 665 (1890). A
31
464 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON THE [May 8,
Poliopsar sericeus (Gmel.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 314 (1892).
Adult and young were obtained by Mr. Schmacker’s collector,
Tetsu, in North Hainan (Hartlaub).
11. TEMNURUS NIGER.
Crypsirhina nigra, Styan, Bull. B. O. C. vol. i. p. vi (1892); id.
Ibis, 1893, p. 55.
Temnurus niger, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vol. i. p. xix (1892);
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431.
Temnurus schmackeri, Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 426 (descript. null.).
It is doubtful whether this species is really distinct from the
type of Temnurus truncatus, which is said to have come from
Cochin China and is preserved in the Paris Museum.
Obtained by Tetsu at Liuwowan, on the north slopes of the
mountains of South-west Hainan.
12. *MAINATUS INTERMEDIUS.
Eulabes hainanus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 352.
Mainatus intermedius (A. Hay); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii.
p. 104 (1890).
“Tris brown ; bill orange-red, tip and lappet orange-yellow ; feet
yellow.” —J. W.
Though Swinhoe saw these Grackles in the cages in the towns
of Hainan, he never met with them in a wild state.
Several birds were obtained by the late Mr. Whitehead in the
Na Mountains.
. *CHAPTIA ENEA.
Chania enea (Vieill.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 243,
(1877).
3. “Iris dark hazel; bill and feet black.”—J. W.
This is the first time this species has been recorded from Hainan.
14. *BUCHANGA LEUCOGENYS.
Buchanga leucogenys, Wald.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 245;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 251 (1877); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 429.
o. *Inis lake ; bill and feet black.”—J. W.
Not rare in the woods of Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan),
15. BUCHANGA ATRA.
Dicrurus macrocercus, Vieill. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244.
Buchanga atra (Hermann); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii.
246 (1877); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 313
(is9: 2); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
Xiv. p. 357 (1898).
Found in all cultivated parts of Hainan (Swinhoe).
1900. | BIRDS OF HAINAN. 465
16. BUCHANGA CINERACEA.
Buchanga mouhoti, Wald.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 245.
Buchanga innexa, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 246.
Buchanqa cineracea (Horsf.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iu. p. 250
(1877); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 313 (1892).
No reference is made in the ‘ Catalogue of Birds’ to Buchanga
innexa Swinhoe. The British Museum Collection now contains the
female ty pe of this species, which appears to be an immature example
of B. cineracea; the male type has apparently disappeared.
North-west and Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
17. *DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS.
Dissemurus paradiseus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 258 (1877).
In none of the specimens are the feathers on tes back of the
neck much elongated.
Tail to tip
Crest. Culmen. Wing. Tail. of racket. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in. in. in.
S42 As 15 6:3 6°9 16°5 Halt
ue. a 15 6°5 6°3 14-1 1:2
ans | ee 1-4 6:3 6-1 14-4 et
mm. 1°85 1-4 6-1 6°8 14:4 Beit
This Drongo is recorded for the first time from Hainan.
18. *ORIOLUS DIFFUSUS.
Oriolus chinensis, Swinhoe (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1870, p. 342.
Oriolus diffusus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 197 (1877);
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 356 (1898).
Northern slopes of the mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan),
North-central Hainan (Hartlaub).
19. ORIOLUS NIGELLICAUDUS.
Psaropholus ardéns, var. nigellicauda, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 342.
Psaropholus nigellicauda, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xi.
pp. 299, 313 (1892).
Oriolus ni igellicaudus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 221 (1877).
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan, and Yulinkan, South Hainan
(Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
20. MUNIA TOPELA.
Munia topela, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 351 (1890); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299, 315 (1892) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 362 (1898).
Common in Hainan (Swinhoe).
Hoihow (Hartlaub).
Northern slope of the mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
466 MR, W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
21. *UROLONCHA SQUAMICOLLIS.
Munia acuticauda, Swinhoe (nec Hodgs.), Ibis, 1870, p. 354.
Uroloncha squamicollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 359
(1890).
3. “Iris light hazel ; upper mandible black, lower whitish blue ;
feet dull black.”—J. W.
Common (Swinhoe).
22. PASSER MONTANUS.
Passer montanus (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 301 (1888).
This is the domestic Sparrow of Hainan (Swinhoe).
23. EMBERIZA FUCATA.
Emberiza fucata, Pall.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 493 (1888); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431.
Lingmun, Central Hainan, 23rd February (Swinhoe).
Northern slopes of the mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
24, EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA.
Emberiza spodocephala, Pall. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 522 (1888).
Common about gardens in February (Swinhoe).
25. *EMBERIZA AUREOLA.
Emberiza aureola, Pall.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 509 (1888); Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 315 (1892).
“Tris dark brown ; bill whitish brown on the culmen; feet light
pinkish brown.”—J. W.
Haosuy, West Hainan, 29th March ciakaieas
North Hainan, 19th March (Hartlaub), .
The late Mr. Whitehead obtained an adult male on the Five-
Finger Mountains, 8th May.
26. ALAUDA GULGULA.
Alauda celivox, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354.
Alauda sala, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354.
Alauda gulgula, var. sala, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 575
1890).
Alauda wattersi, Swinhoe ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431.
The varieties Alauda celivow and A. sala are both found in
Hainan.
The former is common in all cultivated parts of Hainan and
even wet with at Lingmun, Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
The latter was obtained at Hoitow, West Hainan (Swinhoe).
Northern slopes of the mouutains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, 467
27. MoTAcILLA OCULARIS.
Motacilla ocularis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 346; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. x. p. 471, pl. iv. figs. 5, 6 (1885).
Tolerably common (Swinhoe).
The three specimens obtained by Swinhoe in Hainan are no
longer to be found, they are not in the Seebohm Collection nor
are they mentioned in the Catalogue of the Tristram Collection.
28. MorTactLLa LEUCOPSIS.
Motacilla francisi, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Motacilla leucopsis, Gould ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 482
(1885) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 354 (1898).
Two specimens were obtained by Swinhoe. It was recorded
from Hoihow, North Hainan, by Hartlaub, and from South-western
Hainan by Styan.
29. MoraciLLa MELANOPE.
Calobates boarula, Linn. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 346.
Motacilla melanope, Pall. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 497
(:885) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
x1. p. 354 (1898).
Not common (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
HFbihow, North Hainan (Harélaub).
30. MoracILLa TAIVANA.
Buajtes taivanus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 346.
Moteilla taivana, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 514 (1885).
The bird collected by Swinhoe is now in the Liverpool Museum.
31. Mvracrnta BOREALIS.
Budyte cinereocapillus, Swinhoe (nec Savi), Ibis, 1870, p. 346.
Motacill: borealis, Sundey. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 522,
pl. vii. figs.1-3 (1885).
The exanple collected by Swinhoe on West Island, South
Hainan, is mw in the British Museum Collection.
32, ANTHG MACULATUS.
Pipastes agtis (Sykes) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 347.
Anthus maclatus, Hodgs.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 547
(1885) ; Hartl Abh. nat, Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 311 (1892).
The British Juseum Collection possesses a young bird obtained
by Swinhoe, wh says that the species was to be found at most of
the places he visted.
North Hainan’ Hartlaub).
33. ANTHUS RIHARDI.
Corydalla richati (Vieill.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 347,
468 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
Anthus richardi, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 564 (1885) ;
Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 311 (1892); Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 354
(1898).
Two specimens collected by Swinhoe are now in the British
Museum Collection.
Common (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
34. ANTHUS CERVINUS.
Anthus cervinus (Pall.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 347; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 585 (1885); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428;
Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 354 (1898).
Often met with in small parties (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
35. ANTHUS ROSACEUS.
Anthus rosaceus, Hodgs.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 58)
(1885) ; Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 354 (1898).
Dr. Hartlaub records two males from Hoihow, North Hainar.
36. *AETHOPYGA CHRISTINA.
Aithopyga christine, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) iv. p/ 436
(1869) ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 226; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 36, pl. i.
fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 30 (1884); Styan Ibis,
1893, p. 430; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 361 (1598).
Urodrepanis christine (Swinh.); Shelley, Monogr. Nect.i. p. 79,
pl. 26.
“3. Eye and bill black ; feet dark brown.”—J. W.
Shuy-wei-sze and Lingmun, Central Hainan (Swinhoe}
Liuwowan, northern slope of the mountains of fouth-west
Hainan (Styan).
37. CINNYRIS RHIZOPHORZ.
Cinnyris rhizophore (Swinhoe) ; Shelley, Monogr. Mct.i. p. 163,
pl. 52; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 89 (1884) /Styan, Ibis,
1893, p. 430.
Arachnechthra rhizophore, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) iv.
p. 436 (1869); id. Ibis, 1870, p. 237; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 309 (1892), xiv. p. 361 (189).
Plentiful throughout Hainan, except in the neigbourhood of the
capital (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub & Styan).
38. DIc®UM CRUENTATUM.
Diceewm cruentatum (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 189, p. 239 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 15 (1885); Hartl. Abhpat. Ver. Bremen,
1900.} THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 469
xii. pp. 299, 309 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 361 (1898).
Everywhere a common species (Swinhoe).
39. *DIcHUM MINULLUM.
Diceum minullum, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 240 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. x. p. 47 (1885).
This species, hitherto known only from the unique type specimen
which was dropped in the streets of London and lost (see Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 47, footnote), is represented by a male in
the present collection.
40. *ZostTEROPS PALPEBROSA.
Zosterops palpebrosa (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ix.
p. 165 (1884).
Zosterops simplex, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 331 (S. China); id.
Ibis, 1870, p. 348 (Hainan).
Zosterops neglecta, Seebohm, Bull. B. O.C. vol. i. p. xxvi (1898) ;
id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 219, 258 (HE. Java).
The Silver-eye from China and Hainan differs somewhat from
typical Z. palpebrosa from India in haying the sides of the breast
and the flanks much less conspicuously washed with grey.
There is an example of Z. palpebrosa in the British Museum
Collection, labelled “ Laccadives, Hume Coll.” This bird is per-
fectly similar in plumage to 7. neglecta, Seebohm, from East Java.
The latter appears to me to be indistinguishable from examples
of Z. palpebrosa from China and Hainan—that is to say, from
Z. simple«w of Swinhoe.
“Tris light brown, bill black, base of lower mandible pale blue,
feet greyish green.”—J. W.
Met with in all parts of the island (Swinhoe).
41, *PARUS CINEREUS.
Parus cinereus, Vieill.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 348; Gadow,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 16 (1883).
Three Tits from the Five-Finger Mts., Hainan, differ slightiy
from typical P. cinereus in having the sides and flanks pure white,
but this difference appears to me to be too slight to warrant their
separation.
* Tris and bill black, feet greyish lead-colour.”—J. W.
42, *LANIUS SCHACH.
Lanius schach, Linn. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 240; Gadow, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 261 (1883); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299, 312 (1892).
** ¢, Iris brown, bill and feet black.”—J. W.
Appears to be fairly common.
43, LANIUS SUPERCILIOSUS.
Lanius superciliosus, Lath.; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, viii.
470 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
p. 273 (1883); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 312
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429.
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
44, LANIUS FUSCATUS.
Lanius fuscatus, Less.; Swinhoe, [bis, 1870, p. 241; Gadow,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 263 (1883) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429 ;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 858 (1898).
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nodouha, North Central Hainan (Styan).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
45, LANIUS LUCIONENSIS.
Lanius lucionensis, Linn.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 241; Gadow,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 274 (1883).
Lanius luzionensis, Linn. ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 299, 312 (1892).
Seen, but not procured, in North and West Hainan (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
46, *'EPHRODORNIS PELVICA.
Tephrodornis pelvicus (Hodgs.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 241;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 376 (1877); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p- 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 358 (1898).
“ %. Iris brown; bill black; feet brown.”—J. W.
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nodouha, North Central, and Liuwowan, northern slopes of the
mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
47, ARTAMUS FUSCUS.
Artamus fuscus, Vieill.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 11 (1890).
Yu-lin-kan Bay, South Hainan (Swinhoe).
48, PHYLLOSCOPUS PLUMBEITARSUS.
Phyllopneuste plumbeitursus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 45
(1881).
West coast of Hainan towards the end of March (Swinhoe).
49. PHYLLOSCOPUS SUPERCILIOSUS.
Reguloides superciliosus (Gmel.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Phylloscopus superciliosus, Seebohin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 68
(1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 309 (1892).
Common in February (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 471
50. LUSCINIOLA FUSCATA.
Phyllopneuste fuscata, Blyth ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
LIusciniola fuscata, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 127 (1881) ;
Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 310 (1892).
Often met with in Hainan (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Haritlaub).
51. CErriaA MINUTA.
Calamoherpe minuta, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Cettia minuta, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 141 (1881) ;
Grant, Ibis, 1894, p. 508; Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 352 (1898).
Frequently seen and heard in February about the gardens and
villages near the capital, Kiung-chu (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
52. CETrTIA CANTURIENS.
Calamoherpe canturians, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Cettia canturiens, Seebalim Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 141 (1881);
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 352 (1898).
Common in February near Kiung-chu (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Harilaub).
58. PRINIA EXTENSICAUDA.
Drymeca extensicauda, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Prinia inornata, Sykes ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 195
(1883) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 350 (1898).
Prinia extensicauda, Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, i. p. 454 (1889).
Common (Swznhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
-
54, *BURNESIA SONTTANS.
Prinia sonitans, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Burnesia sonitans, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 205 (1883);
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p- 351 (1898).
“Tris brown ; bill black; feet pinkish brown.”—J. W.
Seen about the gardens at Kiung-chu, North Hainan, and Nychu,
South Hainan (Swznhoe).
Interior of Hainan (Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
55. SUTORIA SUTORIA.
Sutoria sutoria (Forst.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 215
(1883).
Orthotomus longicauda (Gmel.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299, 310 (1892).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
472 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
56. *GRAMINICOLA STRIATA.
Graminicola striata, Styan, Bull. B. O. C. vol. i. p. vi (1892) ; id
Ibis, 1893, p. 427; Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 350
(1898).
A female specimen, collected by Whitehead, is in somewhat
worn plumage; it appears to be very closely allied to G. bengalensis,
if, indeed, it is really distinct ; but the latter has the black on the
head and back more pronounced and the rufous edges to the
feathers less conspicuous. Many specimens of G. bengalensis have
the feathers of the rump more or less narrowly streaked with
black. I do not consider this character of much importance.
“Tris brown; bill dull pink, blackish along the culmen ; feet
pinkish white.”—J. W.
This species is new to the British Museum Collection.
Leimumon and Leimoi, northern slope of the mountains of
South-west Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
57. CISTICOLA CISTICOLA.
Cisticola scheenicola, Bonap.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 310 (1892).
Cisticola cisticola (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p. 259 (1883).
Grassy hills of North Hainan (Swinhoe & Hartlaub).
58. TURDUS MUSICUS.
Turdus musicus, Linn.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
. 346 (1898).
Hartlaub records a male from Hainan.
=|
59. TURDUS CARDIS.
Turdus cardis, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248 ; Hart]. Abh.
nat. Ver. Eremen, xil. pp. 299, 303 (1892).
Merula cardis, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 261 (1881) ;
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
Kiung-chu, North Hainan, February (Swinhoe § Hartlaub), and
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan, 20th February eens
South-west Hainan (St, yan).
60. TuRDUS CHRYSOLAUS.
Turdus chrysolaus, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248.
Merula chrysolaus, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 275 (1881).
Chinlan River, North-east Hainan, 6th March (Swinhoe).
61. TURDUS MANDARINUS.
Turdus mandarinus, Bonap.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248.
Merula mandarina, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 238 (1881).
Merula sinensis, Hartl. Abh, nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 303
(1892).
North Hainan (Swinhoe & Hartlaub).
Occasionally seen in North-west and Central Hainan (Swinhoe),
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 473
62. *GROCICHLA CITRINA.
Geocichla citrina (Lath.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248 ; Seebohm,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 172 (1881).
An immature male obtained on 25th April, 1899, has the ear-
coverts partially dusky brown.
“ Tris dark brown; bill black; feet yellowish white.”—J. W.
Observed by Swinhoe at Shuy-wei-sze, Central Hainan, but not
obtained. Mr. Whitehead’s specimen is the first that has actually
been secured in Hainan.
63. MoNnTICOLA SOLITARIUS.
Petrocincla manilla (Bodd.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248.
Monticola solitaria (P. L. 8S. Miller); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. v. p. 319 (1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 304 (1892) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
Kiung-chu-fu and Hoihow, 27th December, North Hainan
(Swinhoe & Hartlaub); February, Lingshuy, 8.E. Hainan, 11th
March, Haosuy, West Hainan, 29th March (Swinhoe) ; South-west
Hainan (Styan).
64. MonvricoLa CYANUS.
Monticola cyanus (Linn.); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 316
(1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 304 (1892),
xiv. p. 348 (1898).
Hoihow, N. Hainan (Hartlaub).
65. RUTICILLA AUROREA.
Ruticilla aurorea (Gmel.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p.344; Seebohm,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 345 (1881).
Gardens of Kiung-chu, February (Swinhoe).
66. RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.
Ruticilla rufiventris, Jerdon; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p- 342 (1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xi. pp. 299, 306
(1892).
Dr. Hartlaub has identified a female from Hainan as belonging
to this species. &. rufiventris is a bird of North China and
Mongolia, wintering in North and Central India, and it is some-
what surprising that it should turn up in Hainan ; it is, however,
very unlikely that any mistake could bave been made in the
identification.
67. ERITHACUS CALLIOPE.
Evrithacus calliope (Pall.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 305
(1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 305 (1892) ;
Styan, [bis, 1893, p. 428.
North Hainan (Harilaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
474 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
68. ERITHACUS SIBILANS.
Erithacus sibilans (Swinh.); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 297, pl. xvii. (1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xi.
pp. 299, 304 (1892).
North Hainan, 15th December (Hartlaub),
69. PRATINCOLA MAURA.
Pratincola indica, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 344.
Pratincola maura, Pall.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 188
(1879); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 305 (1892);
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 351 (1898).
Near Kiung-chu and Hoihow, North Hainan, February (Swinhoe
& Hartlaub).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
70. *CopsyCHUS SAULARIS.
Copsychus saularis (Linn.); Swinhoe, [bis, 1870, p. 343; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 61 (1883); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299, 308 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
“ 4. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet brown.”—J. W.
Common in North and West Hainan (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
71. *CIvrocrINcLA MINOR.
Cittacincla macrura, var. minor, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 345.
Cittacincla tricolor, Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
Kittacincla macroura?, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 348 (1898).
Cittocincla brevicauda, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 584.
The characters which distinguish this species from C. tricolor
are its somewhat smaller size (wing 3°4 inches), the brownish edges
to the outer webs of the primaries, the shorter middle pair of tail-
feathers, not greatly exceeding the second pair in length, and the
smaller white tips to the four outer pairs.
In addition to the male obtained by Whitehead, the British
Museum possesses three birds collected by Swinhoe. These differ
from the type in having the middle pair of tail-feathers longer
than the following pair, but agree in having the outer webs of
the primaries brownish and the white tips to the tail-feathers
shorter.
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nodouho, interior of North Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
72. *HENICURUS SINENSIS.
Henicurus sinensis, Gould; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 313
(1883).
2. “Iris and bill black; feet pinkish white.”—J. W.
This species is recorded for the first time from Hainan.
1900.] HE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 475
Besides adults the collection contains a quite young bird,
apparently just fledged, in an interesting stage of plumage.
73. *TROCHALOPTERON CANORUM.
Leucodiopterum sinense (Gmel.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 250.
Trochalopteron canorum (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p- 376 (1883); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 348 (1898).
“Tris greenish yellow; bill yellow-red-brown; feet pinkish
brown.”—J. W.
Interior of Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan 5 Hartlaub).
74. *GARRULAX SEMITORQUATA, sp. 0.
Adult male. Most nearly allied to G. pectoralis (Gould), having
the ear-coverts similarly striped. It is, however, much smaller and
at once distinguished by the following characters :—the black band
surrounding the throat is widely interrupted in the middle, the
outer webs of the outer primary-quills are brownish buff instead
of white, and the tips of the tail-feathers are fulvous buff.
Adult female. Differs from the male only in having the white
streaks on the ear-coverts more strongly marked.
“Tris straw-colour to reddish brown ; upper mandible lead-black,
lower and feet lead-grey.”—J. W.
Total length about 11:0 inches; culmen 1:25; wing 5:1; tail
4°8; tarsus 1°75.
Hab. Vive-Finger Mts., interior of Hainan.
75. *GARRULAX SCHMACKERI.
Garrulax moniliger, Styan (nec Hodgs.), Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
Garrulax schmackeri, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 349 (1898).
This species evidently belongs to the more slender-billed group
and is closely allied to G. monihiger (Hodgs.), having the ear-coverts
similarly coloured. It is, however, an altogether smaller bird and
may be at once distinguished by the wide bright fulvous tips to
the tail-feathers. The adult has the base of the fore-neck tinged
with buff, while in a quite young bird this part is pure white ; in
other respects the plumage of the young bird does not differ from
that of the adult.
This species is new to the British Museum Collection.
G. schmackert: culm. 1°05in.; wing 4:2-4°3 ; tail 4:5; tarsus 1°5.
G. moniliger : ae erin 2 ABO... ADs og, ies
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan g Hartlaub).
76. *DRYONASTES CASTANOTIS.
Dryonastes castanotis, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 584.
This very distinct species is perhaps most nearly allied to D. rufi-
collis from India.
The general colour above is slate-grey, tinged with greenish on
476 MR. W. R, OGILVIP GRANT ON [May 8,
the lower back aud upper tail-coverts; the lores and feathers
surrounding the eye and on the fore part of the cheek black; the
hinder part of the cheek and ear-coverts with a large rounded
patch of bright chestnut; the chin, throat, and upper part of the
chest brownish black; and the rest of the underparts grey, tinged
with greenish on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts.
“ Bill and eye black; legs and feet dark blackish brown.”—J. W.
Total length 10-7 inches; wing 5-0; tail 5:0; tarsus 1°75.
Hab. Five-Finger Mts., interior of Hainan.
77. *DRYONASTES MONACHUS,
Garrulax monachus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 248; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 309 (1892).
Dryonastes monachus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 457
(1883) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
“Tris brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dusky black.”—J. W.
Interior of Hainan (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
78. *POMATORHINUS NIGROSTELLATUS,
Pomatorhinus nigrostellatus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 250; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 425(1883); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299, 308 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 427.
Pomatorhinus musicus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 348
(1898) (part., Hainan).
This species, though nearly allied to the Chinese form P. stridulus,
Swinh., may be at once distinguished by the dark olive colour
of the upper parts and the deep reddish-brown middles to the
feathers of the fore-neck and chest.
“Tip of upper and lower mandible straw-yellow; iris pale brown;
feet dark brown.”—J. W.
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
79. *STACHYRIDOPSIS RUFICEPS.
Stachyrhis precognitus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 310 (Formosa).
Stachyridopsis ruficeps (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p- 598 (1883).
This is the first time this species has been recorded from Hainan.
There appear to be three fairly well-marked races of S. ruficeps :—
a. Typical examples from India with the cap extending over
the nape, and of the pale chestnut-colour characteristic of Chinese
birds.
b. Chinese examples with the cap confined to the crown and
generally of a pale chestnut-colour.
c. Birds from Formosa and Hainan with the cap of a deeper
chestnut-colour and extending on to the nape. This is the form
which has been described as S. pracognitus by Swinhoe.
“Tris deep lake; upper mandible black, lower white; legs
greyish yellow.”.—J. W.
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 477
80. *ALCIPPE MORRISONIANA.
Alcippe morrisoniana, Swinh.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii.
p. 621 (1883).
Aleippe morrisonia, Swinh.; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, Xiv. p. ” 350 (1898).
“ Tris lake-brown ; bill black; feet brownish yellow.”—J. W.
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub),
81. *HBRPORNIS TYRANNULUS.
Herpornis tyrannulus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 347, pl. x.; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 637 (1883); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 353 (1898).
Cryptolopha bicolor, Styan, Bull. B. O. C. vol. i. p. vi (1892) ;
id. Ibis, 1893, p. 55.
“Tris black; bill pink; ridge of culmen brown ; feet pink.” —
ee:
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
Hummocks, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
82. *PYCNONOTUS HAINANUS.
Ieus hainanus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 253; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 308 (1892).
Pycnonotus hainanus, Swinhoe ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi.
p- 150 (1881); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 355 (1898).
Tris, bill, and feet black.”—J. W.
Throughout Hainan and the adjacent island of Naochu (Swinhoe).
83. *HEMIXUS CASTANONOTUS.
Hemiaxus castanonotus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 251, pl. ix. fig. 1;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 51 (1881); Seebohm, P.Z.S.
1890, pl. xxvii. fig. 2 (breast wrongly coloured); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 428; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 355 (1898).
Swinhoe’s type specimen, as figured by Seebohm, has had the
breast stained with some brownish matter; hence the plate, as
pointed out by Mr. Styan, is misleading.
3. “Iris hazel; bill black; feet brownish black.”—J. W.
Tai-ping-sze and Lingmun, Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Siyan).
84, SPIZIXUS CINDREICAPILLUS.
Spiziaus cinercicapillus, Swinhoe ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi.
p. 173 (1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xi. pp. 299, 308
(1892).
Hartlaub records the occurrence of this species in Hainan.
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1900, No. XXXII. 32
478 MR. W. R, OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
85. *HYPSIPETHS PERNIGER.
Hypsipetes perniger, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 251, pl. ix. fig. 2;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 41 (1881); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 209, 307 (1892) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p.429; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 355 (1898).
3. “Iris brown; bill, legs, and feet vermilion.”—J. W.
North Hainan (Swinhoe, Styan, § Hartlaub).
Central and South Hainan (Swinhoe).
86. *CRINIGER PALLIDUS.
Criniger pallidus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 252; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. vi. p. 81 (1881); Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vol. i. p. xix
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 356 (1898).
Pinarocichla schmackeri, Styan, Bull. B.O.C. vol. i. p. vi (1892);
id. Ibis, 1893, p. 54.
“Tris brown; upper mandible brown, lower blue-grey; feet
pinkish brown.”—J. W.
Central and South Hainan (Swinhoe).
Northern slopes of the mountains of South-west Hainan
(Styan).
87. *CHLOROPSIS LAZULINA.
Phyllornis lazulina, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 255; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 356 (1898).
Chloropsis lazulina (Swinh.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi.
p- 19 (1881) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429.
3d. “Iris dark brown; bill black ; feet lead-grey.”—J. W.
Central and South Hainan (Swinhoe).
Northern slopes of the mountains of South-west Hainan (Styan).
S8. *CAMPOPHAGA SATURATA.
Volvocivora saturata, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 242.
Cumpophaga saturata (Swinh.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p- 66 (1879); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 357 (1898).
3. “Iris brown; bill black; feet dusky black.”—J. W.
Throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
89. *GRAUCALUS MACII.
Graucalus macvi, Lesson; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 34
(1879); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Swinhoe (nec Swinh. 1863),
Ibis, 1870, p. 242.
Graucalus rev pineti, Hartl. (nec Swinh.), Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 357 (1898).
2 moulting. “Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.”—J. W.
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Northern slope of the mountains of South-west Hainan
(Styan).
1900.] THH BIRDS OF HAINAN,. 479
90. PERICROCOTUS CANTONENSIS.
Pervcrocotus cantonensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244 (Nao-chu);
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 84 (1879).
This species, though found on the adjacent island of Nao-chu,
has not yet been met with in Hainan.
91. *PERICROCOTUS FRATERCULUS.
Pericrocotus fraterculus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244; Oates,
Faun. Brit. India, Birds, i. p. 481 (1889).
Pericrocotus elegans, Sharpe (nec M‘Clell.), Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p. 73 (1879); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 307
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 429; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
Xiv. p. 358 (1898).
6. “Iris, bill, and feet black.”—J. W.
Common on all parts of the island (Swinhoe).
92. *PERICROCOTUS GRISEIGULARIS.
Pericrocotus griseigularis, Gould ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, iv.
p- 83 (1879).
36. “Tris, bill, and feet black.”—J. W.
A male from Hainan appears to belong to the typical form from
Formosa. Continental birds from China seem to differ from
typical examples from Formosa in having the top of the head and
back greyer, and they are, moreover, somewhat larger. :
This is the first time this species has been recorded from Hainan.
93. PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS.
Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244 (Nao-
chu); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 83 (1879).
This species was procured by Swinhoe on the adjacent island of
Nao-chu, but has not yet been found in Hainan itself.
94. HEMICHELIDON SIBIRICA,
Hemichelidon sibirica (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p. 120 (1879); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 359 (1898).
Hartlaub records a male from Hoihow, North Hainan.
95. H®mMICHELIDON FERRUGINEUS.
Butalis ferruginea (Hodgs.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Hemichelidon ferrugineus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 122
(1879).
West coast of Hainan, 29th and 30th March (Swinhoe).
96. ALSEONAX LATIROSTRIS.
Butalis cinereoalba (T. & 8.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Alsconax latirostris (Raffl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 127
(1879); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 430.
Gardens about Kiung-chu-fu, North Hainan, February (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan). A
32
480 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
97. MuscrcaPA ALBICILLA.
Erythrosterna leucura (Swains.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Muscicapa albicilla, Pall.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 162
(1879); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 430 ; Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 359 (1898).
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan, 19th February (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
98. POLIOMYIAS LUTEOLA.
Evythrosterna mugimaki (Temm.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Poliomyias luteola (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 201
(1879).
On the adjacent island of Nao-chu, 5th April (Swinhoe).
99. *XANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA.
Xanthopygia narcissina (Temm.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 249 (1879).
Swinhoe records this species from the adjacent island of Nao-chu
on the 5th April.
This is the first time this species has been procured on Hainan.
100. *XANTHOPYGIA CYANOMELENA.
Cyanoptila cyanomelena (T. & S.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Xanthopygia cyanomelena, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 261
(1879).
Niltava cyanomelena, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299,
306 (1892).
Haosuy, West Hainan, 29th March, and adjacent island of
Nao-chu, 5th April (Swinhoe).
101. *XANTHOPYGIA FULIGINOSA.
Xanthopygia fuliginosa (Vig.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p. 253 (1879).
2. “Iris and feet dark brown; bill black.” —J. W.
This is the first time this widely distributed Indo-Chinese
species has been met with in Hainan, where it is evidently a
resident and breeds. Young birds just able to fly were among
those sent home.
102. *SIpHIA HAINANA.
Siphia pallidipes (Jerd.)?; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 430; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 359 (1898).
Siphia hainana, Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vol. x. p. xxxvi (1900).
Adult male. Allied to male of S. pallidipes (Jerd.), but much
smaller. ‘‘he blue on the upper parts darker and brighter; the
forehead and superciliary stripes bright cobalt-blue ; flanks and sides
of belly grey, sightly washed with fulvous.
“ Tris and bill black; feet dusky black.”—J. W.
1900. | THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 481
Adult female. Differs conspicuously from the female of
S. pallidipes (Jerd.), the general colour of the head and upper
parts being darker and more uniform, the upper tail-coverts
and outer webs of the tail-feathers being olive-brown tinged with
rufous instead of chestnut; but the most conspicuous difference is
to be found in the colour of the throat, fore-neck, and chest, which
are pale rust-colour instead of deep orange-rust.
Total length. Culmen. Wing. ‘Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in. in.
S, pallidipes, S ad. .. 6-2 0-7 2-9 2-4. 0-7
S. hainana, gad. .. 5 0:6 2%5 2:3 0°65
S. pallidipes, Q ad... 5:9 0-65 2-9 225, 0-72
S. hainana, Qad. .. 5 0-6 2-6 215 . 0-65
Mr. Styan records examples from Leimumon on the northern
slopes of the mountains of South-west Hainan and from Nodouha
in the interior of Northern Hainan.
103. * HyPpoTHYMIS AZUREA.
Myiagra azurea (Bodd.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 247.
Hypothymis azurea, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 274 (1879) ;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 307 (1892).
Hypothymis occipitalis (Vig.) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p.430; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 360 (1898).
Common (Swinhoe).
104. RuIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS.
Rhipidura albicollis (Vieill.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p- 317 (1879); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 480; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 360 (1898).
Styan records this species from Hainan.
105. *TERPSIPHONE PRINCEPS.
Terpsiphone princeps (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p- 3861 (1879) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 430.
g. “Iris black; orbital skin and bill rich cobalt-blue, inclining
to purple; feet cobalt.”—J. W.
Hoihow, North Hainan, 10th October (Styan).
106. *CRYPTOLOPHA FULVIFACIES.
Cryptolopha fulvifacies, Swinh.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p. 406 (1879).
gd. “Iris dark brown; upper mandible brown, lower dull
yellow ; feet brownish yellow.”—J. W.
This is the first time this little Flycatcher has been recorded
from Hainan.
107. Hirunbo GUTTURALIS.
Hirundo gutturalis, Scop. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 240 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 134 (1885).
Recorded by Swinhoe from all parts of the coast of Hainan,
482 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
108. *GECINUS HAINANUS.
Gecinus hainanus, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 584.
This species is most nearly allied to G. guerini (Malh.) from
China, but distinguished by the darker green colour of the upper
and under parts; in @. guerini the general colour of the upper
parts is dull greyish green and the underparts are similarly
coloured, but paler, inclining to whitish grey tinged with green.
This species is also related to G. occipitalis, which it resembles in
the dark green colour of the underparts; but the upper parts and
wings are darker, the latter with very much less bronze-yellow
wash on the outer webs, which are indistinctly barred with paler,
while the tail-feathers are spotted, not barred ; the present species
is, moreover, considerably smaller than G. occipitalis, the bill
especially being shorter and less stout.
Culmen, Wing. Tail.
in. in. in.
G. hainanus, adult (type)... 1°5 53 3°8
G. occipitalis, § adult ...... ley, 5°6-5'9 4:2-4:5
Hab. Five-Finger Mts., interior of Hainan.
“ Tris white; bill grey-black, base greenish white; feet lead-
grey.” —J. W.
109. *CHRYSOPHLEGMA STYANI.
Chrysophlegma styani, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 585.
This species is most nearly allied, to C. wrayi Sharpe and
C. ricketti Styan. From the latter it differs in being much smaller
and in having the terminal part of the outer primaries mostly
uniform black, as in C. wrayi. From C. wrayi it may be at once
distinguished by its larger size and by the dark brownish-chestnut
crown, the pale (Californian) gold nuchal crest, and the dark smoke-
grey underparts ; in these respects it resembles C. vicketti.
The female of C. styani further differs from the female (type)
of C. wrayt in having the feathers of the middle of the throat paler
brown and margined with rufous instead of white.
Wing. Tail
in. in
Type.of ‘OC; aicketle 3). ce ease 6°8 5:2
Type of C. Gta, saeielghe'e = 5 icinnt 5 6:0 4:5
Typé Of. Cl wrayices eke aes ais iaie os 56 4-0
“ Tris dark claret ; bill dusky black, lower mandible green at
base ; feet olive-green.”—J. W.
Hab. Five-Finger Mts., interior of Hainan.
110. *DENDROCOPUS CABANISI.
Picus cabanist, Gould, B. Asia, vi. pl. xvii. (1857).
Dendrocopus cabanisi (Malh.); Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 218 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431.
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 483
Picus mandarinus, Malh.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 94; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 366 (1898).
“Tris brown; bill lead-black ; feet brownish black.”—J. W.
Yulinkan Bay, South Hainan (Swinhoe).
South-west Hainan (Styan).
Interior of North Hainan (Hartlaub).
111. *LEPOCESTES HAINANUS.
Lepocestes pyrrhotis, Styan (nec Hodgs.), Ibis, 1893, p. 431.
Lepocestes hainanus, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 585.
This species is most nearly allied to Z. sinensis Rickett, which
it resembles in the darker colour of the mantle; but the feathers of
the lower back and rump are dark brown, indistinctly tipped with
rufous, never barred with buff; the chin and throat are more
rufous ; the general colour of the underparts less dark; and the
flanks and under tail-coverts uniform without any traces of bars.
The black bars on the wings and tail-feathers are wider apart and
less numerous.
“ Tris brown; bill straw-yellow ; legs dull blackish brown.”—
dar Wis
112. *IYNGIPICUS KALEENSIS.
Picus kaleensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 95.
Lyngipicus kaleensis, Swinh.; Hargitt, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xviii.
p. 315 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 366 (1898).
“Tris dark brown; bill slate-grey, whitish at base of lower
mandible ; feet olive-green.”-—J. W.
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
Interior of North Hainan (Hartlaub).
113. MicroprerRNvUs HOLROYDI.
Micropternus holroydi, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 95 ; Hargitt, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 403 (1890); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 431;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 366 (1898).
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nodouha, interior of North Hainan, May (Styan § Harilaub).
114. *CYANOPS FABER.
Megalema faber, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 96, pl. iv. fig. 1; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 317 (1892), xiv. p. 367
1898).
Ciatins faber, Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix. p. 75 (1891);
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 432.
3. “ Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower greyish at base>
terminal half black; feet green-olive.”—J. W.
Central Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nodouha, interior of North Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
484 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
115. *PALORNIS FASCIATA,
Paleornis javanica, Swinh. (nec Osb.), Ibis, 1870, p. 93.
Paleornis fasciata (Mill.); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx. p. 464
(1891); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Paleornis lathami, Finsch; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xil.
pp. 299, 322 (1892), xiv. p. 368 (1898).
@. “Iris pale straw-yellow ; bill black; feet olive-green.”—
J. -W.
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan, and near Hao-suy Harbour, North-
west Hainan (Swinhoe).
Nam-fung, interior of North Hainan, 26th May; Ting-on, 13th
January, and Leimumon, northern slope of the mountains of
South-west Hainan (Styan).
116. *CUCULUS MICROPTERTS.
Cuculus micropterus, Gould; Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p- 241 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 368 (1898).
3g. “Iris dark brown; orbital skin, feet, and gape bright yellow;
lower mandible greenish, upper blackish grey.”—J. W.
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
Interior of North Hainan (Hartlaub).
117. CACOMANTIS MERULINTS.
Polyphasia tenuirostris, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 230.
Cacomantis merulinus (Scop.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 268 (1891); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 319
(1892).
Near Kiung-chu, North Hainan, February and March (Swinhoe).
North Hainan, December and March (Hartlaub).
118. *CHALCOCOCCYX MACULATUS.
Chaleococcyx maculatus (Gmel.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 291 (1891).
3g. “Iris red-brown; bill orange, tip black; feet brownish
green.”"—J. W.
This species is new to Hainan.
119. EupYNAMIS HONORATA.
Eudynamis malayana, Cab. & Heine ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p- 231.
Eudynamis honorata (Linn.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 316 (1891); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 318
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 453.
Eudynamis maculatus (Gmel.) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 368 (1898).
Common throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 485
120. *CENTROPUS SINENSIS.
Centropus viridis, Swinhoe (nec Scop.), Ibis, 1870, p. 235.
Centropus rufipennis, Swinhoe (nec Mliger), Ibis, 1870, p. 234.
Centropus sinensis (Steph.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p- 343 (1891); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 318
(1892), xiv. p. 368 (1898).
* Tris lake-red; bill and feet black.”—J. W.
Common throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
121. CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS.
Centropus bengalensis (Gmel.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 352 (1891) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
122. *RHOPODYTES TRISTIS.
Rhopodytes tristis (Less.); Shelley, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xix.
p- 386 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Zanclostomus tristis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 2384; Hart]. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xi. pp. 299, 318 (1892), xiv. p. 367 (1898).
3. “Iris dark brown; bill dull emerald-green ; orbital skin dull
scarlet ; feet dull bluish olive-green.”—J. W.
Central, South-east, and South Hainan (Swinhoe).
Leimumon, northern slopes of the mountains of South-west
Hainan (Styan).
123. *HARPACTES HAINANUS.
Harpactes erythrocephalus, Styan (nee Gould), Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Harpactes hainanus, Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vol. x. p. xxxvii (1900).
Adult male. Differs from the male of H. erythrocephalus in having
the head dull purplish crimson, not shading into crimson-scarlet
on the nape; the upper parts much browner, especially the mantle
and upper back, and with very little trace of chestnut on the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter being dark
chestnut ; the lower part of the chest, next the white band, dull
crimson instead of scarlet-crimson. In addition to the above
differences, the white tips to the outer tail-feathers are shorter,
the longest scarcely exceeding 1:1 inch. From H. yamakanensis
Rickett, from Fohkien, the Hainan bird may be at once distin-
guished by the colour of the upper parts.
Tris hazel; bill black, base and orbital skin dark purplish French
blue ; feet pinkish brown.
3. Total length 12 inches ; wing 5:5; tail 6.
Adult female. Differs from the female of H. erythrocephalus in
having the general colour of the upper parts and chest much browner.
2. Total length 12 inches; wing 5:3 ; tail 5:7.
This species has already been obtained by Mr. Schmaker’s col-
lector Tetsu at Leimumon, on the northern slopes of the mountains
of South-west Hainan, but was identified by Mr. Styan with
H. erythrocephalus, Gould.
486 MR, W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
124, CYPSELUS PACIFICUS.
Cypselus pacificus, Lath.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 89.
Micropus pacificus, Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 448 (1892).
Apus pacificus, Hartert, Das Tierreich, Macropt. p. 86 (1897).
Observed in large numbers in Nychow Harbour, South Hainan
(Swinhoe).
125. CYPsELUS SUBFURCATUS.
Cypselus subfurcatus, Blyth; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 89; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 361 (1898).
Micropus subfurcatus, Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 456
(1892).
Apus subfurcatus, Hartert, Das Tierreich, Macropt. p. 88 (1897).
North and South Hainan (Swinhoe § Hartlaub).
126. TACHORNIS INFUMATA,
Cypselus tinus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 90.
Tachornis infumatus (Sclat.); Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi.
p. 467 (1892).
Central, South-east, and South Hainan (Swinhoe).
127. *CAPRIMULGUS JOTAKA.
Caprimulgus jotaka, Temm. & Schleg.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870,
p- 89 (Nao Chau); Hartert, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 552 (1892).
Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Hartert, Das Tierreich, Caprimulg.
p- 61 (1897).
The two specimens collected by Whitehead, though considerably
different one from another, agree in general characters with
typical C. jotaka, but are somewhat smaller :—
a. Wing 7:1 inches; tail 4-4.
b. ” 78 ” ; 9 51.
The smaller bird has the general colour of the head, wing-coverts,
and scapulars grey, and in this respect, as well as in the larger
white markings on the four outer quills, differs considerably from
6, the latter having many more of the feathers of the crown
largely mixed with black, while the scapulars and wing-coverts
are more conspicuously marked with black and rufous. Both
Whitehead’s birds belong to the smaller form obtained by Swinhoe
on the adjacent island of Nao Chau.
128. MEROPS SUMATRANUS,
Merops sumatranus, Raffl.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii.
p- 61 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 432.
Two immature birds from the Hummocks, North Hainan,
18th September (Styan),
129. *NYCTIORNIS ATHERTONI.
Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby); Sharpe, Cat. B, Brit. Mus.
xvi. p. 88 (1892),
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 487
“Tris dark brown; bill black, base of lower mandible grey ;
feet dull yellow.”—J. W.
This is the first time this species has been recorded from
Hainan.
130. *UPUPA INDICA.
Upupa indica, Reichenb.; Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 10
(1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 432.
Upupa ceylonensis, Reichb.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 91; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 318 (1892), xiv. p. 367
(1898).
“Tris black; bill dusky black, pinkish at base; feet dusky
brown.” —J. W.
Common throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
131. CERYLE VARIA.
Ceryle rudis, Swinhoe (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1870, p.92; Styan, Ibis,
1893, p. 433; Hartl. Abb. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 367 (1898).
Ceryle varia (Strickl.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 112
(1892); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. pp. 299, 319 (1892).
Common throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
132. *CERYLE LUGUBRIS.
Ceryle luqubris (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii.
p. 115 (1892).
Ceryle guttata, Vigors ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
*¢ Bill lead-black ; feet dark brown.”—J. W.
Jnterior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
133. *ALCEDO ISPIDA.
Alcedo bengalensis, Gmel.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 92.
Alcedo ispida, Linn.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 141
(1892).
gimm. “Trisbrown; bill black; feet brown, soles yellow.’—
A aS
Common in all open country (Swinhoe).
134. *ALCEDO GRANDIS.
Alcedo grandis, Blyth; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 156
(1892).
Adult 9. “Iris dark brown; upper bill black, lower dull red ;
feet coral-red.”—J. W.
This is the first time that this very rare species. has been met
with outside Northern India.
135. *Cryx TRIDACTYLA.
Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 174
(1892).
This species has not previously been met with in Hainan,
488 MR, W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
136. *HALCYON SMYRNENSIS.
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 93; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 222 (1892); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 319 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 367 (1898).
Once met with at Haosuy, North-west Hainan (Swinhoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
137. HALCYON PILEATUS.
Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 93; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 229 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 367 (1898).
Entomobia pileata, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. pp. 299, 319
(1892).
' Haosuy, North-west Hainan, and the adjacent island of
Nao-chu.
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
138. *EuRYSTOMUS CALONYX.
Eurystomus calonyx, Hodgs.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvii.
p. 38, pl. il. fig. 2 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 432.
Eurystomus orientalis, Hartl. (nec Linn.), Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 367 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 29th Sept. (Styan).
139. Scops LEMPIJI.
Ephialtes lettia, Swinhoe (nec Hodgs.), Ibis, 1870, p. 88.
Ephialtes umbratilis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 342, footnote.
Scops lempiji, Blyth ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 91 (1875).
Scops umbratilis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 93 (1875).
A male shot near Kiung-chu, North Hainan, February (Swinhoe).
The type of 4, wmbratilis Swinh. is now in the British Museum
Collection. It resembles dark Indian examples of S. lempzji and
is perfectly similar to specimens of S. lempii from Sadia, Assam,
collected by Colonel Godwin-Austen.
140. NINnox JAPONICA.
Ninox japonicus (T. & 8.) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 88; Grant,
Ibis, 1896, p. 111.
Ninox scutulata, Sharpe (nec Raffl.), Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 156
(1875).
Kiung-chu, North Hainan, 2nd April, and Haosuy, North-west
Hainan, 29th March (Swinhoe).
The birds collected by Swinhoe are typical WV. japonica.
141. *GLAUCIDIUM WHITELYI.
Glaucidium whitelyi (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii.
p. 222 (1875).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, 489
3. “Iris straw-yellow ; bill and feet greenish yellow.”—J. W.
This is the first time this Chinese species has been procured in
Hainan.
142, ASIO ACCIPITRINUS.
Asio accipitrinus (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 234
(1875).
Otus brachyotus, Steph.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 320 (1892).
Hartlaub records a specimen from North Hainan.
143. CIRCUS SPILONOTUS.
Circus spilonotus, Kaup ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 87; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 58 (1874); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Swinhoe observed this species near the city of Ting-gan on the
15th of February and also in the neighbourhood of Kiung-chu in
North Hainan.
Styan records it from the interior of South-west Hainan.
144. CriRcUS MELANOLEUCUS.
Circus melanoleucus (Forst.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.i. p. 61
(1874); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 321 (1892).
Hartlaub records an adult male from North Hainan.
145, CrRcuUs MACRURUS.
Circus macrurus (Gmel.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 67
(1874): Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 322 (1892),
xiv. p. 369 (1898). -
Hoihow, North Hainan, 19th December (Hartlaub).
146. *LOPHOSPIZA TRIVIRGATA.
Astur trivirgatus (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 105
(1874).
“‘Tris straw; cere greenish yellow; bill black, base of lower
mandible bluish ; feet dull yellow.”—J. W.
I consider that Kaup is fully justified in distinguishing this bird
from Astur, the long occipital crest and half-feathered tarsi being
characters of importance.
This is the first time this species has been recorded from Hainan.
147. CIRCUS HRUGINOSUS.
Circus wruginosus (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 87; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 69 (1874); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xill. pp. 299, 321 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 483; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 369 (1898),
North Hainan, 15th February (Swinhoe & Hartlaub).
Leimumon, northern slope of the mountains of South-west
Hainan (Hartlaub & Styan).
490 MR, W. R. OGILVID GRANT ON [May 8,
148. *AsTUR BADIUS.
Micronisus badius (Gmel.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 84.
Astur badius (Gmel.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 109 (1874).
Astur poliopsis, Hartl. (nee Hume), Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 322 (1892).
“ Tris straw-yellow ; bill black, base bluish ; feet light yellow.” —
J. W.
Examples from Hainan have the crown of the head darker and
the cheeks greyer than is the case in the majority of Indian
examples ; there is, however, a female from Tipperah, in the British
Museum Collection, which is absolutely indistinguishable from the
two Hainan birds before me. The measurements are as follows:—
Wing 8°8 to 8:9; tail 6°8 to 7:1 inches.
An adult male, Shuy-wei-sze, Central Hainan, 19th February
(Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
149, ACCIPITER NISUS.
Accipiter nisus (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 84; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 132 (1874).
Swinhoe records the Common Sparrow-Hawk from Tai-ping-sze,
Central Hainan, 20th February.
150. *ACCIPITER AFFINIS.
Accipiter virgatus (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 150
(1874) [ part. }.
Accipiter affinis, Hodgs.; Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 107.
“*Cere yellowish.”—J. W.
Like Formosan examples, the Hainan Sparrow-Hawk belongs
to the larger Himalayan form. Whitehead procured two adult
females from the Five-Finger Mountains; this species had not
previously been met with in Hainan.
151. Burro PLUMIPES.
Buteo japonicus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 87.
Buteo plumipes (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 180
pl. vii. fig. 1 (1874); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Buteo hemilasius (Temm. & Schl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p- 182 (1874); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 322
(1892).
Island of Naochow, 2nd February ; Ling-suy, South-east Hainan,
11th March; Heongpoo, West Hainan, 25th March (Swinkoe).
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
North Hainan, 11th February (Hartlaub).
152. *SprzAETUS NIPALENSIS.
Spizaétus nipalensis (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p- 267 (1874).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 491
9imm. “ Iris yellow ; bill black, base blue; cere and feet dull
yellow.”—J. W.
Recorded from Hainan for the first time.
153. SPILORNIS MELANOTIS.
Spilornis rutherfordi, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 85.
Spilornis melanotis (Jerdon); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 289 (1874); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 322
(1892) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 433.
Spilornis cheela, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 369
(1898).
Forests of Central Hainan near Tai-ping-sze (Swinhoe).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
Liu-wo-wan, northern slope of the mountains of South-west
Hainan (Styan).
154. MiInvus MELANOTIS.
Milvus govinda, Swinhoe (nec Sykes), Ibis, 1870, p. 88.
Milvus melanotis, T. & S.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 324
(1874).
Abundant throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
155. FaLco COMMUNIS. |
Falco communis, Gmel.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 376
(1874); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 320 (1892).
Hartlaub records an adult male from North Hainan, 12th
December.
156. CERCHNEIS TINNUNCULUS.
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 84.
Cerchneis tinnunculus (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 425 (1874).
Frequent throughout Hainan and in the small adjacent island of
Nao-chu (Swinhoe).
157. PANDION HALIAETUS,
Pandion halhaétus (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 449
(1874); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 86.
Harbours of Hainan (Swinhoe).
158. PoLioaA&TUs HUMILIS,
Poloaétus ichthyaétus, Horsf.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 452 (1874) [ part. }.
Polhioaétus plumbeus (Hodgs.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 484.
Polioaétus humilis (Mill. & Schl.) ; Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds,
ii, p. 371 (1895).
Liuwowan, northern slope of the mountains of South-west
Hainan, 15th December (Styan).
492 MR. W. R, OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
159. PELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS.
Pelecanus manillensis, Oates (nec Gmel.); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 434.
Pelecanus philippensis, Gmel.; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 471 (1898); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 380 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
160. PHALACROCORAX CARBO,
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434; Grant,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 340 (1898); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 380 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
161. Suna sua.
Sula fusca, Vieill. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 367.
Sula sula (Linn.) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 436 (1898).
Seen by Swinhoe near Ting-gan, North Hainan.
162, Nurropus COROMANDELIANUS.
Nettopus coromandelianus (Gmel.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435;
Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 68 (1895).
Nettapus coromandelicus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p- 378 (1898).
Nodouho, interior of North Hainan (Hartlaub).
163. MARECA PENELOPE,
Anas penelope (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 3
Mareca penelope, Salvad. Cat. B, Brit. Mus. xxvii. 4 (227 (1895).
North Hainan (Swinhoe).
164. NETTION CRECCA.
Anas crecea, Linn. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 366.
Nettion erecea, Saly ad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. pS p- 243 (1895).
North Hainan (Swinhoe).
165. QUERQUEDULA CIRCIA.
Querquedula circia (Linn.) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435; Salvad.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 293 (1895); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 379 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Styan § Hartlaub).
166. Isis MELANOCEPHALA.
Ibis melanocephala (Lath.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 326 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 7 (1898) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 374 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 493
167. LEPTOPTILUS JAVANICUS.
Leptoptilus javanicus (Horsf.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 364;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 317 (1898).
Swinhoe observed this bird on several occasions in Central
Hainan.
168. PsEUDOTANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS.
Pseudotantalus leucocephalus (Forst.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxvi. p. 323 (1898).
Tantalus leucocephalus, Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 373
(1898).
Hoikow, North Hainan (Hartlaud).
169. ARDEA CINEREA, Linn.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 365;
Harti. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. op. 299, 324 (1892); Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 74 (1898).
Seen in all parts of the island (Swinhoe).
170. HERODIAS TIMORIENSIS.
Herodias alba, Swinhoe (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1870, p. 365.
Herodias timoriensis (Cuy.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p- 98 (1898).
Common (Swinhoe).
171. GARZETTA GARZETTA,
Herodias garzetta, (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 365.
Ardea garzetta, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 325
(1892).
Garzetta garzetta, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 118 (1898).
Common (Swinhoe).
172. NycricoRax NYOTICORAX.
Nycticorax griseus, Linn. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 365; Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 434; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 373
(1898).
Nycticorax nycticorax, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 146
(1898).
Often seen in large flocks (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
173, *Nyoriconax MAGNIFICA. (Plate XX XIII.)
Nycticorax magnifica, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 586.
This species is most nearly allied to NV. leuconotus (Wagl.), but
differs chiefly in the following particulars :—The back is uniform
brown like the wings; some of the concealed feathers of the lower
back have a subterminal oval white spot at the extremity; a white
band runs from behind the eye to the base of the long black crest
(3 inches in length); the chin, throat, and fore part of the sides
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1900, No. XX XIII. 33
494 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
of the neck are white; the hinder parts of the sides of the neck
chestnut ; the middle of the fore-neck reddish brown, widely edged
on either side with black ; some of the intermediate feathers with
pale buff middies ; the rest of the underparts white, with wide
irregular margins of reddish brown; and the thighs are dark reddish
brown on the outer and white on the inner aspect.
‘Tris dark brown; skin round the eye and base of bill sulphur
greenish yellow ; rest of bill black ; feet pea-green.”—J. W.
Total length about 20 inches; culmen 3:1; wing 11°9; tail 4-9;
tarsus 2°95.
This magnificent Night-Heron is not very closely allied to any
known form; the style of the coloration of the lower parts is
most like that of Gorsachius melanolophus.
Hab. Five-Finger Mountains, interior of Hainan.
174. *ARDEOLA BACCHUS.
Ardeola prasinosceles, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 365; Styan, Ibis,
1893, p. 434.
Ardeola bacchus (Bonap.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 211
(1898).
“ A male in changing plumage has the iris straw-yellow ; bill at
base and skin round eye yellowish green, remainder of bill black ;
feet dull yellow.”,—J. W.
Abundant about paddy-fields and moist places (Swinhoe).
175, ARDETTA SINENSIS.
Ardetta sinensis (Gmel.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 227 (1898).
Recorded from Hainan by Styan.
176. DuPprErToR FLAVICOLLIS.
Ardettu flavicollis (Lath.) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 434.
Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 247 (1898).
Recorded by Styan from Hainan.
177. GRUsS GRUS.
Grus cinerea, Meyer & Wolf; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 362.
Grus lilfordi, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 252 (1894).
Common in plains and open country (Swinhoe).
178. ARENARIA INTERPRES.
Strepsilas interpres (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 361; Hart.
Abb. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 300, 332 (1892); Styan, Ibis,
1893, p. 486; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 375 (1898).
Arenaria wmterpres (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p- 92 (1896).
Common at Poochin River, North-west Hainan, 5th March
(Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 495
179. HopLopreRUS VENTRALIS.
Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 361;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 159 (1896).
Procured at Lingshuy, 8.E. Hainan, 18th March (Swinhoe).
180. CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS.
Charadrius longipes, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p.360.
Charadrius fulvus, Gmel.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 300, 331 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436; Hartl. Abh. nat.
Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 374 (1898).
Charadrius dominicus, P. L. S. Mill.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxiv. p. 195 (1896).
West Hainan, 21st-23rd March, and Hoihow, North Hainan,
2nd April (Swinhoe).
Interior of North Hainan (Hartlaub).
181. OcHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI.
Aigialitis geoffroyi, Wagl.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 360.
Charadrius geoffroyi, Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436.
Ochthodromus geoffroyi, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 217
(1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 374 (1898).
A specimen from Paklai, West Hainan (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 11th December (Hartlaub).
182. OCHTHODROMUS MONGOLICUS.
Aigialitis mongolicus (Pall.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 360.
Charadrius mongolicus, Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436.
Ochthodromus mongolus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 223
(1896).
Ochthodromus mongolicus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p- 374 (1898).
Chillan River, N.E. Hainan, 7th March, and Hungpe, N.W.
Hainan, 30th March (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 10th December (Hartlaub).
183. AXGIALITIS DUBIA.
Aigialitis intermedius (Ménétr.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 361.
Ayialitis dubia (Scop.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 263
(1896).
Recorded from Hainan by Swinhoe.
184, AXGIALITIS ALEXANDRINA.
Atgialitis dealbatus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 361.
Charadrius cantianus (Lath.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436.
Aiyialitis alewandrina (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p- 275 (1896).
Recorded from Hainan by Swinhoe.
33*
496 MR. W. R. OGILVID GRANT ON [May 8,
185. NUMBNIUS PHZOPUS.
Numenius pheopus (Linn.) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 299, 327 (1892), xiv. p. 375 (1898); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xxiv. p. 355 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 25th Nov. (Hartlaub).
186. NUMENIUS ARQUATUS.
Numenius major, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363.
Numenius arquatus (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
pp. 341, 753 (1896).
Lingshuy, South-east Hainan, 11th March (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan, Feb.—April (Swinhoe).
187. NUMENIUS VARIEGATUS.
Numenius variegatus (Scop.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 487 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 361 (1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 375 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub & Styan).
188. Limosa NOV ZEALANDIA,
LIimosa uropygialis, Gould ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 362.
Iimosa nove zealandie, Gray; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
. 377 (1896).
Limosa baueri, Naum.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p. 376 (1898).
Hungpe, North-west Hainan, 30th March (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan, Feb. and April (Swinhoe & Hartlaub).
[=
189. LiMosa LIMosa.
Limosa melanuroides, Gould ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Limosa limosa (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p.381
(1896).
Limosa melanura (Leisl.); Hartl. Abb. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv.
p-.375 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Styan § Hartlaub).
190. ToraNnus FUSCUS.
Totanus fuscus (Linn.); Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 328 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Srit. Mus. xxiv. p. 409 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 31st January (Hartlaub § Styan).
191. Toranus CALIDRIS.
Totanus calidris (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 364; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 328 (1892) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 414 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 5th February and 9th December
‘Swinhoe § Hartlaub).
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 497
192. Toranus STAGNATILIS.
Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 364; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xil. pp. 299, 328 (1892) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 437; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxiv. p- 422 (1896) ; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 376 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan, December, February, April (Swinhoe ¢
Hartlaub).
193. ToTANUS GLAREOLA.
Totanus glareola (Gmel.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 328 (1892).
Rhyacophilus glareola (Gm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 491 (1896).
Kiung-chu-fu, North Hainan, 2nd April (Swinhoe).
194. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA.
Squatarola helvetica (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 360; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 300, 331 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. B
Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 436 (1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 374 (1898).
Charadrius helveticus, Linn.; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436.
Hungpe Lagoon, West Hainan, 30th March (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 12th December (Hartlaub).
195. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS.
Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 456 (1896).
Actitis hypoleucus (Linn.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 299 (1892).
Totanus hypoleucus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 328
(1892).
Common everywhere (Swinhoe).
196, TEREKIA CINEREA,
Totanus terekius (Lath.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
p. 328 (1892).
Terekia cinerea (Gild.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
p- 299 (1892) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, xxiv. p. 474 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 17th December (Swinhoe).
197. GLOTTIS NEBULARIUS.
Totanus glottis (Lath.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 364; Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 487; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 376
1898).
: Glottis nebularius (Gunner); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p. 481 (1896).
Very common about Hoihow, February (Swinhoe ¢ Hartlaub).
498 MR, W. BR. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
198. CALIDRIS ARENARIA.
Calidris arenaria (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363; Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 487; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 526 (1896) ;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 375 (1898).
Hungpe, North-west Hainan (Swinhoe).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
199. EURHYNORHYNCHUS PYGMZUS.
Eurhynorhynchus pygmaeus (Linn.) ; Hart]. Abh.nat.Ver. Bremen,
xii. pp. 800, 830 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 487 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 535 (1896) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xiv. p. 377 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
200. TRINGA RUFICOLLIS.
Tringa albescens, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363.
Tringa ruficollis, Pall.; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 4387.
Limonites ruficollis (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p- 545 (1896).
Hungpe, North-west Hainan, 30th March (Swinhoe).
201. TRINGA TEMMINCKEI,
Tringa temmincki, Leisl.; Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 300, 329 (1892), xiv. p. 377 (1898).
Limonites temmincki (Leisl.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p- 555 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 25th November (Hartlaub).
202. TRINGA SUBARQUATA.
Tringa subarcuatus (Gild.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Ancylochilus subarquatus (Giild.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 586 (1896).
Tringa subarquata, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 300,
329 (1892), xiv. p. 376 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 17th December (Hartlaub).
203. TRINGA CANUTUS.
Tringa canutus, Linn.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 300, 329 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 593
(1896).
North Hainan, 17th December.
204. TRINGA CRASSIROSTRIS.
Tringa crassirostris, Temm. & Schleg.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xii. pp. 890, 329 (1892); Styan. Ibis, 1893, p. 436 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 600 (1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 376 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 24th November, 16th December, and
26th January (Hartlaud).
1900. ] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 499
205. TRINGA ALPINA.
Tringa cinclus (Linn.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 300, 329 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Tringa alpina (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363 ; Harti. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 377 (1898).
Pelidna alpina, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxxiv. p. 602 (1896),
Hoihow, North Hainan, 11th December and 15th January
(Swinhoe § Hartlaub).
206. LiMIcoLA PLATYRHYNCHA.
Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363;
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Iimicola platyrhyncha (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxiv. p. 612 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan, 5th February (Swinhoe).
207. GALLINAGO STENURA.
Gallinago stenura (Bonap.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 362; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 800, 330 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893,
p. 436; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 619 (1896).
Common throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
208. GALLINAGO GALLINAGO.
Gallinago scolopacina, Bonap. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 362.
Gallinago gallinago, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 633
(1896).
Common near Kiung-chu, North Hainan, February (Swinhoe).
209. SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA.
Scolopax rusticula (Linn.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 671; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 671 (1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 375 (1898).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
210. RostRATULA CAPENSIS.
Rhynchea bengalensis (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 362.
Rhynchea capensis (Linn.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 300, 331 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 436; Hartl. Abk. nat.
Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 375 (1898).
Rostratula capensis (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
p- 683 (1896).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Swinhoe g Hartlaub).
211. PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREUS.
Lobipes hyperboreus (Linn.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 363.
Phalaropus hyperboreus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv,
p- 698 (1896).
Hungpe, North-west Hainan, 4th April (Swinhoe),
500 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
212. HyDROPROGNE CASPIA.
Sterna caspia, Pall.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 366; Hartl. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 300, 334 (1892).
Hydroprogne caspia, Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 32
(1896).
Plentiful at Hoihow, North Hainan, Feb. to April (Swinhoe &
Hartlaub).
213. STERNA SINENSIS.
Sterna sinensis (Gmel.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437; Saunders,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 113 (1896).
Sternula sinensis, Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiy. p. 380
(1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
214, STERNA MELANAUCHEN.
Sterna melanauchen, Temm.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 367;
Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 126 (1896).
Hoihow Harbour, North Hainan (Swinhoe).
215. LARUS SAUNDERSI.
Larus saundersi, Swinhoe; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
xil. pp. 3800, 334 (1892); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 487; Saunders,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 183 (1896).
North Hainan (Hartlaub).
216. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS.
Larus ridibundus, Linn.; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv.
p- 207 (1896); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 379
(1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
217. LaRvs CANUS.
Larus niveus, Pall.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 366.
Larus canus, Linn. ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 277
(1896).
Hoihow Harbour, North Hainan, and Hungpe, North-west
Hainan, February to April (Swinhoce).
218. PoDICIPES PHILIPPENSIS.
Podiceps philippensis (Bonnat.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 366;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 300, 334 (1892),
Tachybaptes fluviatilis, Styan (nec Tunst.), Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Podicipes philippensis, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 511
(1898).
Often seen (Swinhoe),
219. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS.
Gallinula chloropus (Linn.); Hart]. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen,
1900.] THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 501
Xli. pp. 300, 332 (1892) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 169
(1894).
Recorded from North Hainan by Hartlanb.
220. GALLICREX CINEREUS.
Gallicrex cinereus (Gm.); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 486; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 183 (1894); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, xiv. p. 378 (1898).
Hoihow, North Hainan (Hartlaub).
921, FULICA ATRA.
Fulivea atra, Linn. ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 300, 332 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 210
(1894).
North Hainan ( Hartlaub).
222. *TRERON NIPALENSIS.
Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi.
p- 34 (1893) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435.
_ “Tris orange; bill pale yellow ; base of bill and feet orange
red.’"—J. W.
Interior of South-west Hainan (Styan).
223. OSMOTRERON BICINCTA.
Osmotreron domvilit, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Styan, Ibis,
1893, p. 435.
Osmotreron bicincta (Jerd.); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi,
p. 57 (1893); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 370 (1898).
Interior of Hainan (Swinhoe).
224, CARPOPHAGA NEA.
Carpophaga sylvatica (Tick.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 355.
Carpophaga cnea, Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 190 (1893).
Shuy-wei-sze, Central Hainan, 18th February, and Hungpe,
West Hainan, 30th March (Swinhoe).
225. *CARPOPHAGA GRISEICAPILLA.
Carpophaga griseicapilla, Wald.; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxi. p. 217 (1893).
“Tris pale bluish white ; bill and feet dull red; tip of bill dull
grey.’—J. W.
Recorded from Hainan for the first time.
226. CoLUMBA PUNICEA.
Columba punicea (Tick.); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi.
p. 306 (18938).
Alsocomus puniceus, Tick.; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 485; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver, Bremen, xiv. p. 370 (1898).
Nam-fung, interior of North Hainan (Styan ¢ Hartlaub),
502 MR. W. R. OGILVIE GRANT ON [May 8,
927. *MACROPYGIA MINOR.
Macropygia tusalia, var. minor, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 355.
Macropygia swinhoit, W. Ramsay, Ibis, 1890, p. 218; Salvad.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 840 (1898); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435 ;
Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 370 (1898).
Two specimens in the Whitehead collection have the somewhat
smaller measurements of J. minor, but are identical in plumage
with typical M. tusalia, the colour of the back, wings, and tail
being absolutely similar. The female type of J/. minor has the back
unusually dark and almost devoid of all trace of rufous cross-bars.
The pair of birds sent home by Whitehead are the first really fine
specimens that have been brought to Europe, and they seem to
show that though some examples of M. minor are darker than
typical MW. tusalia, others are indistinguishable in plumage, and only
differ in their somewhat smaller size.
3. Wing 7'1; tail 7:2 inches.
Oy BBR AB ae
“ Tris narrow, pale yellow ;
J. W.
Tai-ping-sze, Central Hainan, Nychow, South Hainan (Swinhoe),
Nam-fung, interior of North Hainan, May (Styan & Hartlaub).
bill dusky black; feet coral-red.”—
228. TURTUR ORIENTALIS.
Turtur rupicola (Pall.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 356; Hart.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 323 (1892); Styan, lbis, 1893,
p-. 485; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 370 (1898).
Turtur orientalis (Lath.); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 403
(1893).
A few near Kiung-chu, February (Swinhoe).
229. TURTUR HUMILIS.
Turtur humilis (Temm.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 856; Salvad.
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 434 (1893); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435.
Obtained at Kiung-chu, 10th February, and occasionally seen in
other parts of the island (Swinhoe).
230. *TURTUR CHINENSIS.
Turtur chinensis (Scop.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 356; Harti.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 324 (1892); Salvad. Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 439 (1893).
“Tris pale brownish yellow ; bill black; feet dull coral-red.”—
Found everywhere (Swinhoe).
231. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA.
Chalcophaps indica (Linn.); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 856; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. pp. 299, 323 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 514 (1893); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 485; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 370 (1898),
1900.] THH BIRDS OF HAINAN. 503
Once obtained at Shuy-wei-sze, Central Hainan, 27th February
(Swinhoe).
Lui-wo-wan, northern slope of the mountains of South-west
Hainan ; Nodouha, interior of North Hainan, and the Hummocks,
near the coast of North Hainan (Styan & Hartlaub).
232. TURN1X DUSSUMIERI.
Turmx dussumiert (Temm.); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp- 299, 324 (1892); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 540 (1893).
Hartlaub records a specimen from North Hainan on the 24th
March.
233. CACCABIS CHUKAR.
Caccabis chukar (Gray); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 113
(1893); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 371 (1898).
Hartlaub records a pair from Hainan.
234, *FRANCOLINUS CHINENSIS.
Francolinus sinensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 359; Hart]. Abh.
nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 372 (1898).
Francolinus chinensis (Osbeck); Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem.
xii. pp. 299, 324 (1892); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 186
(1893) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 435.
“Tris hazel; bill dusky black, base whitish; feet orange-yel-
low.”—J. W.
Common everywhere (Swinhoe).
235, ARBORICOLA ARDENS.
Arboricola ardens, Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 486, pl. xii.; Grant,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 210 (1898).
The only specimen known of this remarkable Tree-Partridge was
obtained at Luiwowan, on the northern slope of the mountains of
South-west Hainan, in the month of December.
236. CoTURNIX COTURNIX.
Coturnix communis, Bonn. ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.
pp. 299, 324 (1892).
Coturnie coturnix (Linn.); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 231
(1893).
North Hainan, 29th January (Hartlaub).
237, EXCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS.
Excalfactoria chinensis, Swinhoe (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1870, p. 360;
Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 250 (1893),
Seen by Swinhoe, but not obtained. It is quite possible that
the Hainan bird should be referred to the subspecies Z. lineata.
238. *GENNEUS WHITEHBADI. (Plate XXXIV.)
Genneus whiteheadi, Grant, Ibis, 1899, p. 586.
The male of this remarkably fine species of Silver Pheasant
———
504 ON THE BIRDS OF HAINAN, [May 8,
is most nearly allied to G. nycthemerus, but, as may be seen from
the accompanying drawing (Plate XXXIV.), differs conspicuously
in many important particulars.
Crown black with a slight blue gloss; nuchal crest rather
long (2°5 inches) and similarly coloured, the longer feathers being
decomposed.
Adult male. Nape and upper mantle pure white; each feather
of the lower mantle, back, ramp, and shorter upper tail-coverts
with one black submarginal band on each web, forming an arrow-
head black marking, which gradually increases in width towards
the tail, most of the feathers being also narrowly fringed with
black. Wing-coverts similar, but with the black markings much
coarser. Longer upper tail-coverts and secondaries very boldly
marked with successive black arrow-heads. Primary-quills black,
with wide oblique white markings. Middle tail-feathers pure
white; second and third pairs white, with wide (about 0°5 inch)
oblique black bands on the outer web; the latter pair with some
irregular black marking on the inner web also; remaining pairs
white, with wide oblique black bands on both webs forming an
irregular arrow-head pattern. Underparts black, some of the
feathers of the sides with narrow white middles. Iris brownish
yellow; naked wattle and skin on sides of face scarlet; bill greenish
white ; legs coral-red.
Total length 35 inches ; wing 9°4; tail 20; tarsus 3:15.
Adult female. Most nearly resembles the female of G. andersoni,
but is much darker. The feathers of the neck and mantle mostly
black with wide white shaft-streaks; the underparts, including the
under tail-coverts, similar, but with wider white middles. Outer
tail-feathers uniform dark chestnut, with indistinct vermiculations
of black. Iris light brown; upper mandible greenish brown, lower
dull green; naked skin on face red; legs and feet bright scarlet.
Total length 21°5 inches ; wing 8:1; tail 8-8; tarsus 2°9.
Mr. Whitehead secured three adult males and one female of
this splendid Silver Pheasant.
Hab, Five-Finger Mountains, interior of Hainan.
239. GALLUS GALLUS.
Gallus ferrugineus (Gmel.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 357; Styan,
Ibis, 1893, p. 435; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xiv. p. 371 (1898).
Gallus gallus (Linn.); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 344 (1893).
Gallus bankiva, Temm.; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 324.
Throughout Hainan (Swinhoe).
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Pruate XXXII.
Nycticoraxr magnifica, p. 493.
Puate XXXIV,
Genneus whiteheadi, 3 2, p. 503.
Horace Kmght admnat lith We st, Newman chromo
1900.} ON BUTTERFLIES FROM HAINAN. 505
3. On the Butterflies collected by the late Mr. John
Whitehead in the Interior of the Island of Hainan. By
Puiuip Crowtey, F.L.S., F.Z.8.
[Received March 29, 1900.]
(Plate XXXV.)
In this collection, which was the last made by the late Mr. John
Whitehead, there are representatives of 108 species, of which 8 are
new, and many others have not been previously recorded from
this island. I therefore append a list of those received. I can
find only two previous lists of Butterflies from Hainan—that of
Mr. F. Moore, in P. Z. 8S. 1878, and that of the Rev. W. F. Holland,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1887. I have marked with M. or H. all
the species mentioned in these lists.
NYMPHALIDA4.
EUPLG@IN#.
TIRUMALA LIMNIACE Cram. 2. M.& H.
SALATURA GHNUTIA Cram. 6,2. H.
CADUGA SWINHOEI Moore. <¢.
TREPSICHROIS LINNZI Moore. 4G, Q.
SATYRINA.
EvrL@aMIMa HENRICI Holl. ¢. H.
ORsOTRIENA MEDUS Fabr. 2.
CALYSISME MAMDpRTA Cram. ¢.
LETHE ROHRIA Fabr. ¢
TANSIMA VERMA Koll. ¢.
Maianitis ASwA Moore. ¢. H.
AMATHUSIIN ®,
NANDOGES HAINANA, Sp. 0.
Male. Resembles N. diores Doubl. Differs from the Indian
form in being smaller, and in having the blue much restricted.
Expanse 3,4; inches,
DiscoPHORA TULLIA Cram. ¢.
506 MR, PHILIP CROWLEY ON [May 8,
NyYMPHALINA.
EULEPIS EUDAMIPPUS WHITEHEAD, sp.n. (Plate XXXV-. fig. 1.)
Male. Upperside—Fore wing: discal white area clearer and
much broader than in E. eud. rothschildi, being in this respect not
essentially different from E. eud. nigrobasalis, the marginal and
submarginal spots having the same arrangement and direction as
in its allies. Hind wing as in Z. eud. mgrobasalis, but the black
marginal band separated into rather smaller portions just touching
each other, outer marginal interspaces much shaded with blue.
Underside—Fore wing: middle of costal margin black, disco-
cellular portion of middle band black ; two conjoined costal black
spots midway between cell and postdiscal band; discal band
similar to E. eud. rothschildi. Marginal band olive-brown. Hind
wing: median band as in £&. ewd. rothschildi, but with the upper
black bars more strongly developed. Series of double lunules with
heavy bluish-white centres parallel to outer margin, as in £. euda-
mippus. Black submarginal spots, which are heavy and slightly
transverse, especially 5—6, midway between lunules and margin of
wing.
Expanse 3,5, inches.
HestinA NAMA Doubl. ¢.
ADOLIAS ELEANOR Fruhs. ¢, 2.
KIRONTISA WHITEHEADI, sp. un. (Plate XXXV. fig. 4.)
Male. Upperside deep olivescent brown. Fore wing with two
paler olivescent marks within, one at the end, and another beyond
the cell. Cilia white. A slight bluish-grey marginal band.
Hind wing with a bluish-grey marginal band, narrow at the apex,
widening to the anal angle ; extreme edge black. Underside dark
ochraceous umber-brown, cell and basal marks black. Both wings
crossed by discal and submarginal sinuous blurred darker bands,
most prominent on fore wing.
Female. Upperside paler than male. Fore wing: cell-markings
as in male. Beyond the cell a series of five semidiaphanous
whitish spots, the middle one indistinct, a subapical spot situate
just below the base of the fifth subcostal; a bluish-grey marginal
band beginning narrowly just below the apex, and widening to
the posterior angle. Hind wing: basal marks obscure, a very
wide bluish-grey outer marginal band enclosing six dentate black
spots ; blackish extreme outer edge. Underside brownish ochreous.
Fore wing : cell-markings slender as in male ; a series of prominent
bluish-white black-edged semidiaphanous discal spots as on upper-
side; a submarginal series of six black spots separated by the
veins. Hind wing: basal marks obscure; a faint discal band; a
series of diffused sinuous submarginal spots.
Expanse, ¢ 2,8,, 2, 3,3, inches.
1900.] BUTTERFLIES FROM HAINAN. 507
Nora KESAVA Moore. ¢.
DopHLaA DERMA Koll. ¢.
Nepris HAINANA Moore. ¢, 9. M.
NEpTis LEUCONOTA Butl. 9.
Ranwinpa HORDONIA Stoll. 9. H.
Yoma vasuKI Doh. o.
JUNONIA ASTERIE Linn. ¢. H.
JUNONIA LEMoNIAS Linn. ¢. M. & H.
CYRESTIS THYODAMAS Boisd. g. M.
PENTHEMA MICHALLATI Janet. 5, @.
Cyntaia pROTA Fabr. ¢. H.
ATELLA SINHA Koll. ¢.
Exgouis attERNUS Moore. ¢. M.
LEMONIID4S.
LIBytH AINA.
LIBYTHEA MYRRHA Godt. <.
NEMEOBIIN 2.
ZEMEROS CONFUCIUS Moore. 6. M.& H.
LYC#ZNIDA,
PITHECOPS HYLAX Fabr. ¢.
NEOPITHECOPS ZALMORA Butl. o, 9.
TARAKA HAMADA Druce. 9.
MrcisBa HAMPSONI Moore. ¢ A OF
Cyanirnis puspa Horsf. d, ?.
CYANIRIS DILECTUS Moore. ¢.
CYANIRIS ORBAS Leech. ¢.
LYCENESTHES LYCAMBES Hew. ¢.
Evbres pipoka Moore. ¢.
NACADUBA C@LESTIS de Nicév. ¢.
NAcADUBA ARDATES Moore. ¢.
NACADUBA KURAVA Moore. ¢.
508 MR, PHILIP CROWLEY ON [May 8,
CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO Fabr. ¢.
LAMPIDES ELPIS Godt. ¢.
LAMPIDES CELENO Godt. 6, 2. H.
Tarvous PLinius Fabr. ¢.
CASTALIUS ELNA Hew. C.
PotyomMatus Bericus Linn. ¢d. M. & H.
AMBLYPODIA HAINANA, Sp. 0.
Male. Wings above dark purplish violet, with a dingy black
marginal band; anal lobe and tail brown. Underside dark
purple-brown, base of fore wing and entire hind wing sparsely
speckled with grey scales; transverse line edged with grey near
anal angle.
Expanse 2,2, inches.
CureEris BuLIS Doubl. & Hew. ¢.
CURETIS SPERTHIS Feld. ¢.
IneRDA BPIcLES Godt. ¢, Q.
APHNZUS ZEBRINUS Moore. 9°.
LoxvuRA ATYMNUS Cram. o.
Yasopa prra Horsf. ¢.
RAPALA MANBA Hew. @.
PAPILIONIDE.
PIERIN 2,
PRIONERIS THESTYLIS Doubl. ¢.
PRIONERIS WATSONI Hew. oC.
PRIONERIS CLEMANTHE Doubl. ¢.
TERIAS HARINA Horsf. ¢.
Trias suaAvA Boisd. ¢. H.
TERIAS #SI0PE Ménétr. ¢d, 2. M.
Hpomola GLAUCIPPE Linn. ¢.
DERCAS VERHUELLI Hoev. o.
Ixtas EVIPPE Dru. ¢. M.
APPIAS GALBA Wall. ¢.
APPIAS HIPPO Cram. 6, 2.
1900.] BUTTERFLIES FROM HAINAN, 509
CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE Linn. ¢.
HiIposcRITIA LALAGE Doubl. g. H.
HIPOSCRITIA PSEUDOLALAGE Moore. ¢.
HiposcrRiTIA INDRA Moore. 6.
HIPOSCRITIA LAGELOIDES, sp. n. (Plate XXXV. fig. 2.)
Male. Upperside white. Fore wing: base of costa greenish grey ;
a black streak shaded with bluish grey from base of cell to black
discocellular spot, which is connected with the spur of the
outer margin, thus cutting off a large white transverse elongated
spot. Apical area and broad outer margin black, enclosing two
subapical white spots, the lower indistinct ; also a large white spot
between first and second median nervules. Hind wing with a
broad marginal black band, inner edge much suffused. Underside—
Fore wing white, a distinct quadrate discocellular black spot, a
black oblique band from costa beyond cell to just above posterior
angle ; a black spot between the median nervules connected with
the band. Apex brownish yellow. Hind wing pale brownish
yellow, crossed by two zigzag dark grey bands, a dot on the lower
discocellular nervule.
Female. Upperside similar to male, with broader, more pro-
nounced bands, and the white tinged with yellow. Underside as
in male, but with apex and hind wing paler and tinted with faint
lilac.
Expanse, d 2,4, to 25,, 9 2,8, inches.
CATOPHAGA ALBINA Boisd. ¢.
Hupnina NERISSA Fabr. o.
HUPINA NADINA Lucas. ¢.
PAPILIONIN A.
TrorpEs ABACUS Feld. 9.
PapPitio HELENUS Linn. ¢. M.& H.
PAPILIO cHAON Linn. 6.
Papitio prMoLnus Linn. ¢, 2. H.
Papitio acgmunor Linn. ¢g, 9. M.& H.
PAPiILio PROTENOR Cram. ¢.
PAPILIO HAMELA, sp.un. (Plate XXXV. fig. 3.)
Male. Upperside uniform intense brown, with vein- and cell-
lines black. Minute internervular marginal white points. Hind
wing with a discal band of seven pale primrose-coloured spots,
second, third, and fourth being much the larger, sixth and seventh
Proc. Zoon. Soo.—1900, No. XXXIV. 34
510 ON BUTTERFLIBS FROM HAINAN. [May 8
tinged with yellow. Underside: general colour as above, but
paler. Fore wing: faint white discocellular spot, traces of a
series of submarginal internervular spots. Hind wing: an outer
discal band of six, and traces of the seventh, white spots. A
series of slight submarginal white spots.
Expanse 3,1, inches.
PAPILIO SLATERI Hew. oC.
Papitio PARIS Linn. ¢. H.
PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHIZ Fabr. 9.
PapiLio popDsI Janet. ¢.
PAPILIO CONTINENTALIS Himer. ¢, 2. H.
Paprnio acEres Westw. o.
Papitio BATHYCLES Zink. ¢.
Papinio Axion Feld. ¢.
Paprnio AcHERON, Moore. ¢.
PAPILIO SARPEDON Linn. ¢.
PAPiLiIo XENOCLES Doubl. ¢.
Papizio striatus Lathy. ¢.
CAPILA HAINANA, sp. n.
Female. Upperside brown. Fore wing with a broad glistening
hyaline white discal band, decreasing obliquely from middle of
costa to above submedian nervure. Hind wing with two slightly
defined parallel grevish streaks between the nervules. Underside
dark brown. Hind wing without the greyish streaks. Body and
legs brown. Palpi bright orange.
Expanse 2;, inches.
TAGIADES MULYIPUNCTATUS, sp. n.
Male. Allied to 7’. pralaya. Upperside with the hyaline spots
smaller and all entirely separated. Much less yellow on the
hind wing. Underside—Fore-wing spots as above. Hind wing
yellow, more restricted anally.
Expanse 1,8, inches.
TaGIADHs aTTicus Fabr. ¢.
ScoBURA, sp.n. O.
A single specimen of a new species in too bad condition to
describe.
PapDRAONA OIDES Butl. ¢.
PapDRAONA PSEUDOMa@sSA Moore. ¢.
1900.] ON FISHES FROM THE GAMBIA. 511
TELICOTA BAMBUSH Moore. ¢. H.
CaLtToRIs TOONA Moore. 9.
CALTORIS BADA Moore. <6.
JAMBRIX SALSALA Moore. o.
Upasprs Fotus Cram. ¢. H.
ASTICTOPTERUS OLIVASCENS Moore. ¢.
IsMENE ATAPHUS Watson. > FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 731
_ Aftergatis nitidus, roseus, scrobiculatus, levigatus, A, M.-Edw.
Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. pp. 239 seq. (1865).
Atergatis roseus, Kossmann, Zoolog. Ergebn. pp. 19-21 (1877).
Atergatis levigatus, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p. 352 (1893).
Hab, Singapore and Malacca; littoral. Five males.
Kossmann has shown that probably all the above-named species
are varieties of A. roseus. Of these specimens one is the var.
serobiculatus, with a slightly punctated carapace, generally red but
with a very distinct white border. Two others belong to the var.
alba (Kossm.), although not perfect examples of it, for a whiter
margin may still be distinguished from the white carapace, and the
latter is still slightly punctated. The fourth and fifth are re-
spectively more and more intermediate between var. alba and var,
scrobiculata, one of them more resembling the former, the other
the latter.
The Singapore specimens are the two examples of var. alba.
Dim. 610°5x6°5. ¢ 10°25x625. ¢ var. scrobic. 11°75 x 7.
d var. alba, 11°5X6°5. var. alba, 65 x 4°5.
Breadth taken is greatest breadth.
XVI. Genus Carpitopss Dana.
28. CARPILODES MARGARITATUS, A. M.-Edw.
Carpilodes margaritatus, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix.
p- 182, pl. v. f. 2 (1873); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool.
vol, v. p. 353 (1893).
Hab. Malacca; 15 fms, One female. Agrees with the
descriptions of M.-Edwards and Henderson: like those of the
latter, it is without the brilliant colours figured by M.-Edwards
although still of a general red hue.
Dim. 24x17.
29. CARPILODES socius, sp. nov. (Plate XLIV. fig. +.)
Hab. Singapore ; 8-10 fms. Two males and a female.
Carapace much broader than long, everywhere smooth to the eye,
but minutely punctate viewed under the lens, posteriorly nearly
flat, but very declivous anteriorly towards the front and antero-
lateral margins. Protogastric lobe divided by a groove which does
not quite reach the branchio-hepatic groove. Epigastric lobes
clearly defined, having a well-marked transverse groove behind as
well as in front of them. Mesogastric lobe prolonged a little way
between them; the two grooves enclosing this lobe are not pro-
longed backwards very far. Groove between cardiac and gastric
regions less pronounced than the others.
Front notched in the middle, and sinuous, so as to form four
lobes, the two median being large and broad, and the external,
forming also the internal angle of the eye, small and conical.
Upper margin of the orbit very much thickened in its internal half,
732 MR, W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
Antero-lateral margins curved, about as long as the postero-
lateral, divided into four lobe-like teeth, and tending anteriorly to
be continued below the orbits.
Chelipedes short ; arm trigonous, externally punctated like the
carapace, upper margin sharp, lower rounded; wrist punctate,
armed internally with two approximate blunt teeth, externally with
a line of three flat tubercles ; hand compressed, grooved externally
and above, just below the blunt crest formed by the upper margin ;
this groove is very wide and shallow, and not so conspicuous in
small examples. Fingers brown, with white, strongly excavate
tips; inner margins dentate; longitudinally bisulcate externally,
uni-suleate internally.
Ambulatory legs with meri smooth, or slightly punctate; com-
pressed, and lightly keeled above. Upper borders of next two joints
each with two tubercular prominences, one near the proximal,
the other near the distal joint. Sixth joint rounded; dactyl
very small and pointed. Abdomen of male five-, of female seven-
jointed.
The two males are of a very deep crimson colour; the female is
of a much lighter shade, more like terra-cotta.
This species comes between C. rugipes and C. rugatus. The
carapace is broader than that of C. rugipes, but less broad than that
of C. rugatus; there is a transverse groove behind the epigastric
lobes as in the latter, but the protogastric groove, as in the former,
is not prolonged backwards to meet the branchio-hepatic.
Dim. 618% x11. 6 12°75x8. 9245x15.
XVII. Genus Loppactma A. M.-Edw.
30. LoPHACTHA GRANULOSA Riippell.
Xantho granulosus, Riipp. Beschreib. 24 Krabben, p. 24, pl. v.
f. 3 (1830).
Aigle granulosus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 17 (1839).
Cancer limbatus, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 377, pl. xvi.
f. 1 (1834).
Lophactea granulosa, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus, t. i. p. 247
(1865); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 354 (1893).
Hab, Singapore ; from dead coral exposed at low water. Two
females, one bearing ova.
The upper margins of the hands are slightly cristate.
Dim. 937x25. 931'5x 21.
XVIII. Genus Acrma de Haan.
31, AcT#A GRANULATA Audouin.
Cancer granulatus, Aud. Explic. d. Planches d’Egypte, Crust.
pl. vi. f. 2 (1819).
Cancer savignyi, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 378 (1834),
Cancer (Actea) granulatus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 47 (1839).
Actea granulata, A. M,-Edw, Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. p. 275
1900.)] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA, 733
(1865); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 44 (1882); Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 356 (1893).
Hab. Singapore. From the New Harbour, in 6 fms. Two
females; the larger a deep red, the smaller a hghter red.
Dim. 913°5x10°5. 910x7°5.
32. Act#A NopULOSA Adams & White.
Acta nodulosa, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 39, pl. viii.
f. 4 (1848); A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t.i. p. 277 (1865) ;
Miers, ‘Challenger ’ Brachyura, p. 120 (1886); Henderson, Trans.
Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 356 (1893).
Hab. Singapore; reef. A female and two males. The female
is a dull grey-white, the males white flecked with orange.
Dim. 67x5'25. G6x45. 98x6°5.
33. ACTA RUPPELLII Krauss.
Aigle riippellii, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust. p. 28, pl. 1. f, 1 (1848).
Aigle rugata, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 43, pl. viii.
f. 5 (1848).
Actwa riippellii, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. p. 270
(1865).
Actea rugata, id. tom. cit. p. 269.
Actea riippellix, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. v.
p- 232 (1880); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 10Y
(1887).
Actea rufopunctata, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 26 (1888).
Actea rippelli, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p- 358 (1893); de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 499 (1895).
Hab. Singapore ; shore, and up to 12 fms. Three males and
three females. These were generally found curled far down in the
cavities of pieces of eroded stone, which had to be broken in
order to find them. In all, the whole of the mesogastric and part
of the protogastric lobes are red; the ground-colour a faint
yellow, with scattered red spots both on the carapace, legs, and
under surface.
Dini. fd 2h deed 19:55) dg 2a xdidw iy gr2ix 20:
2 26520. 2 20°5x 15-5.
34. ACTA AREOLATA Dana.
Actea areolata, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i. p. 162,
pl. viii. f. 1 a (1852); A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus, t. i. p. 264
(1865); Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 209 (1884); de Man, Mergui
Crust. p. 25 (1888); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx.
p- 109 (1887).
Hab. Singapore ; under stones between tide-marks. Three
females and a young male.
As in the ‘ Alert’ specimens, so in these, the inter-regional
grooves are much more clearly defined than in Dana’s figure.
But their general resemblance with the figure, and their close
Proc. Zoou, Soc,—1900, No. XLVIIL, 48
734 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
agreement with the description make it almost certain that they
are Dana’s species. Dr. de Man has noticed (¢. c.) that whereas
the internal protogastric division is represented in Dana’s figure as
being much broader than the portion of the mesogastric next if,
in his examples the former is scarcely broader than the latter.
This I find to be also the case both in the Singapore and the
‘ Alert’ individuals.
Dim. ¢ 9x5. 920x125. 919x112. 91610.
35. AcCTHA PULCHELLA A. M.-Edw.
Actea pulchella, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. p. 273,
pl. xvii. f. 5 (1865).
Hab. Singapore ; between tide-marks. Two males and a female.
These specimens agree entirely with the description and figures
given, except that the granules on the hand tend, here, to form
in definite rows.
I may also notice that the granules tend to disappear on the
posterior part of the carapace. M.-Edwards’s figure gives some-
thing of their appearance, but in his description he only says
‘ surface couverte de granulations.” *
Dim, '¢12x9. ‘“S9O25x7. 2105x775.
XIX. Genus Acr#opEs Dana.
36. ACTXODES TOMENTOSUs Dana.
Zozumus tomentosus, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 385 (1834),
and Atlas du Régne Anim. de Cuvier, Crust. pl. xi bis. f. 2.
Actwodes tomentosus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i.
p- 197 (1852).
Acteodes affinis, Dana, t. c. p. 197, pl. xi. f. 3 (1852).
Actea tomentosa et affinis, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i.
pp. 262-8 (1865).
Actwodes tomentosus, Miers, ‘ Challenger’ Brachyura, p. 135
(1886).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. Three males and two females.
Of these, one male and one female agree entirely with Dana’s
A. tomentosus ; the others agree with his A. affinis in having the
cardiac areolet nearly completely bisected, the granules smaller and
more numerous, and the outer maxillipedes relatively smoother,
but not in the smoothness of the under surface of the hands, nor
the fewer and larger spinules on the fingers ; the bands are quite
similar in all. Furthermore, all havea ratio of length to breadth
of approximately 1 : 1:6; in Dana’s A. affnis this ratio is 1 : 1°37
(t. c. p. 198). These specimens were all obtained from the same
exposed reef. The internal surface of the hands of two of the
males is encrusted with a Polyzoon.
In Milne-Edwards’s description of Zozymus tomentosus (t. ¢.) he
' T have recently examined a larger individual from the Museum collection
at Sarawak, which I am at present describing, and find that the granules on the
posterior region are quite distinct, though smaller than those in front.
(> ares
e
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 730}
says that the pterygostomian regions are not granulous ; in all these
specimens they are distinctly granulated.
Dim. $30°5x19°5. $295x19. $265x17. 9285x185.
9 27°75 * 175.
XX. Genus Cyctoxantuus A. M.-Edw.
37. CYCLOXANTHUS LINEATUS A. M.-Edw. (?)
Cf. Cycloxanthus lineatus, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix.
p- 209, pl. vi. f. 5 (1873); Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 212 (1884).
Hab. Uncertain. A small male.
I cannot definitely refer this specimen to M.-Edwards’s species.
The carapace is not at all smooth; there is a distinct low carina
on each side over the branchial regions, extending from the last
tooth nearly to the middle line; two low swellings on the meso-
gastric, and one on the cardiac regions. The whole surface,
moreover, is finely and closely granulated. Colour a dull grey ;
legs yellow; fingers of chelipedes brown. This individual is
identical with the two specimens obtained by the ‘ Alert.’
Dim. 7°5 x 5:5.
XXI. Genus Euxantuus Dana.
38. Euxanruus Huonu Jacq. et Lucas.
Cancer huoni, Jacq. et Lucas, Voyage au Péle du Sud, Crust.
p. 16, pl. iv. f. 1 (Hombron et Jacquinot, tome iii. 1853).
Euxanthus huoni, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. p. 290
(1865); Miers ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 204 (1884).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral, from among stones and dead coral.
One male.
A. M.-Edwards thinks it possible that #. huoni and E. sculptilis
Dana may be identical. Mr. Miers, commenting on this, points
out that the black coloration of the fingers extends on to the
hand in M.-Edwards’s figure, and also in his (‘ Alert’) specimen.
This, he adds, is not figured by Dana, nor does it occur in two
Museum specimens one of which has been designated 2. huonw by
A. M.-Edwards, but which Mr. Miers refers provisionally to
E. sculptilis. Now, in this example from Singapore, the colour is
limited to the fingers also; yet there can be no doubt it is identical
with #. huonii, and not with £. sculptilis, for two reasons—firstly,
the fingers are not denticulate above: and secondly, the postero-
lateral margins are deeply concave, while in Dana’s figure they are
represented as nearly straight. For these reasons, also, I should
still regard #. huonii and £. sculptilis as distinct. I was unfor-
tunately unable to obtain the specimens referred to by Mr. Miers
for purposes of comparison (vide footnote ').
Dim. 18°5 x 13.
1 The two specimens of Luwranthus sculptilis to which Mr. Miers refers (op.
cit. p. 204) were not in the collection when I made a MS. catalogue of the
Brachyura in 1890,—-F. J. B., Nat. Hist. Mus. 16 April, 1900.
43*
736 MR. W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
XXII. Genus Lorpnozozymus A. M.-Edw.
39. LopHozozYMUS EPHELITICUS Linn.
Cancer epheliticus, Linn. (fide auctor.).
Xantho octodentatus, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 398
(1834); Jacq. et Lucas, Voyage au Pole du Sud, Crust. p. 23,
pl. ix. f. 1 (Hombron et Jacq. tome iii. 1853).
Lophozozymus octodentatus, Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 58
(1882).
Lophozozymus epheliticus, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx.
p. 109 (1887); de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 518 (1895).
Hab. Singapore; littoral. One male and three females: and
one younger male.
In these specimens I note the following variations :—In the
adult male, the fissure in the dorsal crest of the merus of the
chelipedes opens widely at the top in the left arm, being broader
above than below, whereas in the right arm it is nearly closed
above; and in the right arm of one of the females it is completely
closed above. Further, in the females the two tubercles on the
inner edge of the carpus show a tendency to unite and form a
ridge with concave edge. In the right carpus of one it forms a
tri-tuberculate ridge, in the left the posterior tubercle is rudi-
mentary, lying at the base of the other: while on the right carpus
of another the two are nearly obsolete, being only represented by
a very smal] excrescence.
Dim. ¢ 56x36°5. ¢ 32°5x20. 9 64x41°5. 2 58°5x37'5.
9 56°5 x 37.
40. LopHozozymus (LOPHOXANTHUS) LEUCOMANUS Lockington.
Xanthodes leucomanus, Lockington, Proc. Calif. Ac. Nat. Sci.
pp. 32, 100 (1876).
Lophozozymus (Lophoxanthus) bellus, var. leucomanus, Miers,
* Challenger’ Brachyura, p. 115, pl. xi. f. 1 (1886).
Hab. Singapore. I have no record of the depth. A male and
a female.
Colour of carapace grey-black, of legs white-yellow. I cannot
but regard this as specifically distinct from L. bellus Stm., after
comparing it with two examples of the latter that are in the
Museum collection. Superficially, the carapace of L. lewcomanus
appears, and is actually, broader in proportion to the length than
that of L. bellus, and the front projects much farther forward
beyond the orbits. The result of this is that the crab has a
definitely six-sided appearance, which is not seen in ZL. bellus.
The antero-lateral margins also differ very considerably, for in
L. leucomanus they are continued in front to a point below the
orbits, making the hepatic regions somewhat concave ; whereas in
L. bellus the margin is continued, at the same level, to the external
orbital angle, and the hepatic regions are slightly convex. The
rugosities of the carapace are also very distinctive in L. leuwcomanus,
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 737
and these occur but little in Z. bellus. Further, the carine of the
upper margins of the ambulatory legs are very well developed in
L. leucomanus ; whereas in L. bellus the upper margins are only
sharp, or even slightly rounded, as in the last pair. The chelipedes
of LZ. leucomanus are very pitted and rugose, those of L. bellus are
smooth.
In the two Museum specimens of Z. bellus, the proportions
are :—
Breadth of carapace .... 9 mm. 19 mm.
Length of carapace...... 7 mm. 14 mm.
Dim. g 12x9. 2 10x7:25.
XXIII. Genus Parapanore de Man.
41. PARAPANOPE EUAGORA de Man.
Parapanope euagora, de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. pp. 513-
518, Bd. ix. pl. xii. f. 4 (1895).
Hab. Malacca. One male, entirely agreeing with Dr. de Man’s
excellent description.
Dim. 8x55.
XXIV. Genus Cutoropivs Riipp.
42. CHLORODIUS NIGER Forskal.
Cancer niger, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 89 (1775).
Chlorodius niger, Riipp. Beschreib. D4 Krabben, p- 20, pl. iv.
f. 7 (1830); A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 214 (1878) ;
de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 32 (1888), and Zoolog. pe Bd. viii.
p. 519 (1895).
Hab. Singapore. One male.
Dim. 12:5 x 9.
XXY. Genus Cutoroporsis A. M.-Edw.
43. CHLORODOPSIS PILUMNOIDES Ad. & White.
Chlorodius pilumnoides, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 41
pl. ix. f. 3 (1848).
Chlorodopsis pilumnoides, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 35 (1888).
Hab. Malacca.
An adult female. Spines on anterior margin of arm well-
developed ; interspace between the fingers very wide as far as the
tips, which are sharply curved to meet each other and strongly
excavate. Mr. Miers states (‘ Alert’ Crustacea, p. 531) that in
an adult male specimen from Singapore in the Museum collection
the black coloration of the fingers extends over the inner and
outer surfaces of the hand: in this individual the fingers are deep
brown with white tips, and the brown colour does not extend
beyond their base. Dr.de Man also (¢. c.) has found this to be the
738 MR. W. F LANCHESTER ON ORUSTACHANS = (June 19,
case in his females from the Mergui Archipelago, so perhaps it is a
sexual distinction.
In three females and a male from the Mergui collection, which I
have examined, the actual colour varies from a deep black to a very
pale brown.
Dim. 22x 16.
XXVI. Genus Lupropius A. M.-Edw.
44, Lepropius ExARatus M.-Edw.
Chlorodius ewaratus, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 402
(1834).
Xantho affinis, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 48, pl. xii. f. 8 (1839).
Leptodius ewaratus, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 222
(1873); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 362 (1893) ;
de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 521 (1895).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. Several young examples.
Dim. ¢6 10x77. 6 95x7. G 105x725. og 7:25x 5:25.
OY PQS OS HD WLR OO Osc Gary ON Se ae ere
© 675x5;) 9: 75x53. 9 7 xb. 2) SHR:
44a, LePTODIUS BXARATUS GRACILIS.
Chlorodius gracilis, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 210, pl. xi.
f. 13 (1852).
Leptodius exaratus, var. gracilis, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 530
(1884).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral, together with the species. A male
and a female.
Dim. ¢ 145x95. 2 17x12.
XXVII. Genus Erisus M.-Edw.
45. Evrisus LEVIMANUS Randall.
Etisus levimanus, Randall, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii.
p- 115 (1839); Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i. p. 185,
pl. x, £1 (L852),
Etisus macrodactylus, Jacq. et Lucas, Voyage au Pole du Sud,
Crust. p. 30, pl. ix. f. 2 (Hombron et Jacquinot, tome ili. 1853).
Etisus levimanus, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 234
(1873).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. Two males. One of these is orna-
mented with a large, oval, brown spot on the gastric region, and
other brown spots dotted more or less regularly over the carapace
generally.
Dim. ¢ 635x40. o¢ 685x415.
46. Evisus uriuis Jacq. et Lucas.
Etisus utilis, Jacq. et Lucas, Voyage au Pole du Sud, Crust.
1900. ] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 739
pood, Ge i. 0.26 (Hombron et Jacq. tome ili. 1853); A. M.-Edw.
iene Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 233 (1873).
Hab. Singapore ; obtained at lowest tides. Five males.
Dim. ¢ 90x59. $ 78x52. g 100x66. S 104x 66.
3 102x 68.
Breadth taken from between penultimate lateral teeth.
XXVIII. Genus Ertsoprs Dana.
47. Erisoprs anaciyptus M.-Edw. (Plate XLV. fig. 5.)
Etisus anaglyptus, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t.i. p. 411 (1834).
Etisodes anaglyptus, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 218 (1884); Hasw.
Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 55 (1882).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. Three males and a female.
These are all fine specimens, and, as I have not seen any
description of the species since that of Milne-Edwards in 1834,
and a few additional remarks by Mr. Miers (¢. c.), I give a further
one now.
Carapace somewhat lobulated, more particularly in front and on
the sides, and rather depressed; under the lens everywhere
minutely punctated ; furrows between the lobules broad and rather
deep. Front relatively narrow, consisting of two projecting lobes,
separated by a deep median notch, closed posteriorly ; each lobe
with a short, thick, granulated and concave anterior margin, the
external half of which is lower than the interior, so that the line
of the front is curved dorso-ventrally ; a deep wide notch between
this and the internal orbital angle, below which, when viewed from
above, appear the antennz. This angle forms a salient tubercle.
Upper orbital margin thick, its external half divided, by two con-
spicuous closed fissures, into two low tubercles, the outer of which
forms the external angle of the orbit. Lower margin formed of
two tubercles; one, more prominent, below and external to the
internal orbital angle, the other below and internal to the external
angle. A curved line of granules, set in a shallow furrow, sepa-
rates the subhepatic and pterygostomian regions: merus of
external maxillipedes granulated, as also are the anterior half of
the first sternal segment and the internal edge of the others where
they abut on the abdomen ; the first sternal segment also presents
a deep median groove.
Chelipedes fairly long; merus and carpus internally granulate,
hand internally smooth and slightly punctate. External surface
of merus smooth, its upper margin with a line of long hairs ;
external surface of carpus tuberculate and punctate, its internal
angle with a strong forwardly curved spine, which has a low
tubercle at its base posteriorly ; external surface of hand
punctate, and with three longitudinal rows of low tubercles ;
upper margin with two rows of tubercles, irregularly disposed.
Fingers black, this colour extending a little way on to the under,
lower external, and lower internal surfaces of the hand; externally
740 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS (June 19,
and internally more or Jess suleate; mobile finger with two rows
of 3 or 4 tubercles above, enclosing between them a furrow ; tips
strongly excavate and white; inner margins dentate and not quite
meeting. Ambulatory legs with upper and under margins densely
clothed with hair; upper margins tuberculate, the tubercles
becoming stronger from the merus to the dactyl, under margins
granulate.
Colour variable ; smallest male greenish yellow with a few
red-brown patches, the next in size with a much greater amount
of red-brown, the largest completely brown; the female has a
somewhat mottled appearance of brown and yellow.
The tubercles of the chelipedes tend to obsolescence in the
largest male. Mr. Miers’s statement (t. c.) that the distal ends of
the frontal lobes are convea seems to be either a mistake or a
misprint ; for I have examined the ‘ Alert’ specimen, and find
them, like these, slightly concave when viewed from above ; briefly,
they are convex in a vertical, and concave in a horizontal plane.
Dim. ¢ 573x38. fg 455x305. ¢F 36x25. 2 42x 28.
XXIX. Genus Cymo de Haan.
48. CYMO ANDREOSSYI MELANODAOTYLA.
Cymo melanodactylus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 22 (1839).
Cymo andreossyi, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 532 (1884); de Man,
Mergui Crust. p. 35 (1888); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool.
vol. v. p. 363 (1893).
Hab. Singapore : from the reef at low water. A male. Fingers
black: black colour extending on to under and lower external
surface of hand; granules on this part small above, absent below ;
tips of fingers light brown, not white.
Dim. 11°5x9°5. Breadth taken is greatest breadth.
XXX. Genus Myomentern Hilgendorf.
49. MyoMENIPPE GRANULOSA A. M.-Edw.
Menippe granulosa, A. M.-Edw. Ann. Soc. Entom. de France,
t. vil. p. 275 (1867).
Myomenippe duplicidens, Hilgendorf, Monatsber. k. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 796 (footnote) (Nov. 1878).
Myomenippe granulosa, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 40, pl. ii. f. 1
(1888), and Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 525 (1895).
Hab. Malacca ; littoral. One male example.
This agrees almost entirely with Dr. de Man’s excellent
description (¢.c.); the only notable difference is the presence of
numerous, rather thickly-set hairs on the ambulatory legs, especially
on the upper margin of the meri; these would appear, from
Dr. de Man’s figure, to be much less numerous in his examples.
Dim. 38 x 27°5.
Distance between ext. orbital angles, 22 mm.
Length of larger hand, 29:25 mm.
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 741
XXXI. Genus Acr£opsis, gen. nov.
This genus bears a very general resemblance to Actwa, both
in the shape of the carapace, and arrangement of the front, orbits
and antenne. But it differs in having well-marked ridges on the
endostome, and very distinct carine on the ambulatory legs;
furthermore, the fingers are strongly excavate. The antero-
lateral margins, too, are much straighter, and the carapace relatively
more flat.
The characters of the genus, as exemplified in the present
specimens (2 males and 2 females), are as follows :—
Carapace six-sided, broader than long, generally depressed, but
a little declivous towards the front and sides; front broad, and
a little advanced, its anterior margin sinuous; basal joint of the
antenne barely entering the internal orbital hiatus, reaching the
base of the infero-lateral process of the front by the anterior
half of its internal margin, but not quite reaching the apex of the
internal subocular lobe externally! ; flagellum short. Endostome
with well-marked ridges; merus of the exterior maxillipedes
truncate, broader. than long, the next joint being articulated at
its emarginate antero-internal angle. Chelipedes short with
excavate fingers; ambulatory legs of moderate length, meri uni-
carinate, next three joints bicarinate. Antero-lateral margins very
thick, with four blunt and rounded teeth, the depressions between
which are continued on to the subhepatic regions at well marked
grooves. Abdomen, in the male five-,in the female seven-jointed. |
50. ACTHOPSIS PALLIDA (Borradaile). (Plate XLV. fig. 6.)
Carpiliodes pallidus, Borradaile, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 586, pl. xl. fig. 3.
Hab. Singapore; from interstices in coral from off the shore
at low water, and up to 6 fms. Two males and two females.
Carapace nearly flat behind, slightly declivous towards the
anterior and antero-lateral margins; under the lens it is seen to
be everywhere closely punctate, with a tendency to a spongy
appearance ; breadth one and a half times the length. Proto-
gastric grooves prolonged posteriorly to meet the branchio-hepatic;
epigastric lobes limited by a transverse groove behind as well as
before; mesogastric lobe projecting very slightly between them,
and the grooves which bound it prolonged posteriorly and
outwardly so as nearly to meet the protogastric grooves at their
junction with the branchio-hepatic ; hepatic and branchial regions
lobulated. Front with a distinct median notch, and sinuous;
median lobes broad and rounded and rather prominent, lateral
lobes small and only faintly prominent. Superior orbital margin
rather thickened internally, and externally to this two closed
fissures. Antero-lateral teeth four in number, broad, low and
very rounded, except the last which is conical and obtuse.
The depressions between them are continued as grooves on to the
subhepatic regions which, together with the exterior maxillipedes,
the pterygostomian and sternal regions, are everywhere strongly
punctate.
1 Note,—This is not very clearly shown in the figure, Pl, XLV. fig. 6.
742 MR, W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
Chelipedes short, everywhere punctated, on the outside strongly
so as to appear almost rugose, on the inside faintly so as to appear
smooth in comparison. Merus trigonous, with a small double
blunt tooth, subdistal, on its upper margin; carpus rounded, with
a small double tooth internally; hand rather compressed, the
puncte, externally, tending to a linear arrangement; fingers
brown, rather short, dentate on the inner margin and externally
unisulcate ; tips white and strongly excavate.
The ambulatory legs are all carinated, in the following manner,
on their upper margins: the merus has a simple carina with a
slight groove on its outer aspect; in the carpal joint this carina
is faintly sinuous, the groove is very distinct, and outside it may be
seen a second low carina; this carina is even more distinct in the
fifth joint, uutil in the next it equals in size the first carina, and
the two enclose the original groove between them. Thus the
merus is unicarinate, the carpus obscurely bicarinate, and the
remaiuing two joints distinctly bicarinate.
The carapace and limbs in one female are of a deep red hue;
in the males and the other female the limbs and under-surface
only are red or pinkish, the carapace being white or yellow-white.
This form is identical with one which Mr. Borradaile has re-
ferred to the genus Carpilodes in a recent paper (supra, page 586)
and I too was at first inclined to refer it to that genus. But the
differences it exhibits are very striking, namely, the depression
of the carapace, the grooves on the subhepatic regions, the ridges
of the endostome, and the carination of the ambulatory legs, while
the lateral margins are much less curved than in Carpilodes. This
combination of characters is also sufficient to separate it from
Actea; though I am inclined now to regard it as more nearly
related to that genus than to Carpilodes.
Dim. g 85x5°75. ¢ 856x575. 2 T75xX55 P 9:25x 6.
XXXII. Genus Acrumnus Dana.
51. ACTUMNUS SETIFER de Haan.
Cancer (Pilumnus) setifer, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 50, pl. iii.
f, 3 (1839).
Actumnus setifer, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. i. p. 287,
pl. xviii. f. 5 (1865).
Actumnus tomentosus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i.
p- 243, pl. xiv. f. 2 (1852).
Actumnus setifer, Miers, ‘Alert’ Crust. pp. 225-6 (1884); de
Man, Mergui Crust. p. 47 (1888); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887).
Hab. Singapore; 5-10 fms. Five adult males and a smaller
female, and two young males. These were found in holes made
in soft stones, which were brought up by the dredge.
Dim. ¢ 205x16. g 16x13. ¢ 1325x105. ¢ 18°25
x10°5. ¢ 138°75x105. @ 12°75x10.
ae
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 743
XXXII. Genus Prrumntvs Leach.
52, PILUMNUS VESPERTILIO Fabr.
Cancer vespertilio, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 338 (1798).
Pilumnus vespertilio, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 418
(1834).
Pilumnus ursulus, Ad. & White, ‘ Samarang ’ Crust. p. 45, pl. ix.
f. 6 (1848).
Pilumnus mus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i. p. 240
(1852).
Pilumnus vespertilio, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 58 (1888);
Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887).
Hab. Singapore; littoral. One large male, four smaller; a
small female, and a very young male. The granulations of the
under surface of the larger hand tend to disappear in the largest
male (cf. de Man, ¢. ¢.).
Mima eel GS sel. ig lO Agere
Gg SD eGo (2. 105¢7-5
53. PILUMNUS LABYRINTHICUS Miers.
Pilumnus labyrinthicus, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 224, pl. xxii.
f. C (1884); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110
(1887); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 365 (1893).
Hab. Singapore ; 5-15 fms., rough bottom. Two adult females
and three very young males.
Dim FO 125 yu. VO Ose 2a. gf -5 XG.
54. PILUMNUS MINUTUS HIRSUTUS.
? Pilumnus minutus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 50, pl. ii. f. 2
(1839).
Pilumnus hirsutus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 37
(1858); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 69 (1882).
Pilumnus minutus?, var. hirsutus, Miers, ‘ Challenger ’ Brachyura,
p. 154 (1886).
Hab. Singapore; littoral, from broken stones and coral. One
larger male, damaged, and two smaller.
I agree with Mr. Miers in thinking it very probable that de
Haan’s P. minutus is nearly identical with P. hirsutus of Stimpson.
Dim. ¢ 9x7. of 6x45. g 45x35.
55. PILUMNUS LEVIS Dana.
Pilumnus levis, Dana, Conspectus Crust., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. vol. vi. p. 82 (1852) ; de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 66, pl. iy.
ff. 1-2 (1888) ; id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 553 (1895).
Hab. Singapore ; ?depth. A small male.
The infra-orbital margins may be seen to be finely granulous
under the lens, but there is no hiatus just under the outer orbital
angle on the right side; as in Dr. de Man’s somewhat larger
744 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
specimens (Zoolog. Jahrb. loc. cit.) the margin is continuous on
both sides.
From a shoal near Raffler lighthouse, a female with ova. Colour
a deep pink, extending on to the legs.
Dim. 6 5x3°75. 2 4:25x6.
XXXIV. Genus Evrycarcinus A. M.-Edw.
56. EuRYCARCINUS MAcuLATUS A. M.-Edw.
Pilumnopeus maculatus, A. M.-Edw. Annal. Soc. Entom. France,
t. vii. p. 277 (1867); id. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. iv. p. 82, pl. xix.
ff. 17-19 (1868).
Eurycarcinus maculatus, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 44, pl. ii.
ff. 4-5 (1888).
Hab. Singapore; littoral, sandy shore. One male, slightly
damaged.
Dim. 12°75~x 9.
XXXV. Genus Ertruia Latr.
57. ERIPHIA LEVIMANA SMITHII.
Eriphia smithiit, McLeay, Annulosa in Smith’s Illustr. Zool.
S. Africa, p. 60 (1838); Krauss, Siidl. Afrik. Crust. p. 36, pl. 11.
f. 3 (1843).
Eriphia levimana, var. smithii, Hilgendorf, Monatsber. Akad.
Berlin, p. 797 (1878); Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. v.
p. 237 (1880); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110
(1887).
Hab. Singapore; littoral. Three males and four females. These
crabs run actively among rocks on the shore; they will also defend
themselves well against attack, with their formidable chelipedes.
Dim. ¢ 39°5x29. ¢ 45°5x3425. ¢ 57x42°5. 2 38x
27°5. 9 37x28. 9 43x31°5. 9 47:5x 34:
Breadth taken is greatest breadth.
XXXVI. Genus Terratia Dana.
58. THTRALIA GLABERRIMA Herbst.
Cancer glaberrimus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krabben, i. p. 262,
pl. xx. f. 115 (1799).
Trapezia serratifrons, Lue. et Jacq. Voyage au Pole du Sud,
Crust. pl. iv. ff. 20-23 (Hombron et Jacq. tome iii. 1853).
Tetraha glaberrima et nigrifrons, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust.
pt. i. p. 261, pl. xvi. ff. 2 & 3 (1852).
Hab. Singapore: littoral. A male and a female, the latter
slightly damaged. Front and antero-lateral margins edged with a
black band. Pit at base of hand in larger chelipede very distinct
in the male; the female has lost its larger chelipede.
Dim. ¢ 8'25x7:25. 92 9°25x 8-25.
1900.) FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 745
XXXVII. Genus Neptunus de Haan.
59.. NEPTUNUS PELAGICUS Linn.
Cancer pelagicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 1042 (1766).
Iupea pelagica, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 450 (1834).
Portunus (Neptunus) pelagicus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 37,
pl. ix. & x. (1839).
Neptunus pelagicus, A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 820 (1861);
Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 77 (1882); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887); de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 69 (1888) ;
id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 556 (1895); Henderson, Trans. Linn.
Soe., Zool. vol. v. p. 367 (1893).
Hab. Singapore. Six males and six females; all from pools at
low water.
Dim. ¢ 84x45:25. g 81x44. ¢ 68x37. ¢ 515x28.
3 515x275. 6 42:°25x22. 9 58x81. 9 555x305.
Q 444x245. 9 39x22. 9 37x21. 2 33x19.
60. NEPTUNUS SANGUINOLENTUS Herbst.
Cancer sanguinolentus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. i. p. 161,
pl. viii. ff. 56-57 (1796).
Portunus sanguinolentus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 367 (1798).
Iupea sanguinolenta, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 451
(1834).
Neptunus sanguinolentus, A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 319
(1861); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 77 (1882); Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 368 (1893).
Hab, Singapore; sandy shore. Two males and a female.
Dim. ¢ 52x28. of 405x22. 9 37-5~x 20.
61. Neptunus (AMPHITRITE) HASTATOIDES Fabr. (Plate XLV.
fig. 7.)
Portunus hustatoides, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 368 (1798).
Cancer hastatus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krabben, iii. p. 3,
pl. lv. f. i. (1803).
Inpea hastata, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 455 (1834).
Portunus (Amphitrite) hastatoides, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 39,
pl. i. £. 3 (1889).
Neptunus hastatoides, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p- 368 (1893).
Neptunus (Amphitrite) hastatoides, de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb.
Bd. viii. p. 557 (1895).
Hab. Singapore; 5fms., mud. Five small males and one female.
In two of these the dark spot, on the end of the dactyls of the
last pair, is absent. Like Dr. de Man’s Malacca examples (¢. ¢.)
the middle teeth of the front project only as far as the middle
portion of the upper orbital margin. The teeth mentioned by
Dr. de Man as occurring on the distal end of the hind border of
the meri of the last pair of legs are not readily distinguished in
these small examples, but they seem to be variable and not constant,
746 MR, W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
I note the following sexual differences in this species :—
Males. The hind margin of the abdomen as seen from below
(7. e. hind margin of 3rd segment) is medianly emarginate, and
curved forward at the sides. The first and second sternal seg-
ments are crossed by transverse rows of granules, which are
prominent in the larger examples.
Females. The hind margin of the abdomen not, or very faintly,
emarginate, and almost transverse ; first and second sternal seg-
ments smooth.
Dim.’ d 1lsSxK%95- ‘SIRS! GPG esexs iis 18S
Oo 12K19:) Gebers.
XXXVIII. Genus Acurtows de Haan.
62. ACHELOUS wuHITEI A. M.-Edw.
Achelous whitei, A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 343, pl. xxxi.
f. 6 (1861); Walker, Journ. Liun. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110
(1887); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 371 (1893).
Hab. Singapore ; upto 12 fms. An adult male and adult female ;
a spurious male, with the whole of the under surface covered with
parasitic organisms, and a spurious female, less densely beset with
the same parasite (=a Sacculina). In the adult female the last
(epibranchial) spine is but little bigger than those in front, and the
breadth of the carapace is relatively less than in the male.
Dim. ¢ 18x11. 9 16x12.
63. ACHELOUS RUBRO-MARGINATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XLVI. fig. 8.)
Hab. Singapore ; taken from off a floating piece of wood. A
single specimen, a female.
Carapace only moderately broad, and somewhat convex, covered
with numerous, evenly disposed, and granulated prominences,
between which is an exceedingly dense, short pubescence; this
extends on to the prominences, but not so as to conceal the
granules on them, which are quite smooth and rounded. Frontal
lobes six: two median, short and conical, separated by a wide
fissure from the submedian, which are broader and directed niore
obliquely outwards than the median, but do not project farther
forwards ; a deeper, wider, fissure separates these from the laterals,
which are broad and less prominent, and form the internal or-
bital angle. All these lobes are granulated. Superior orbital
margin granulated, with two fissures ; tooth of external angle broad
and salient ; tooth next behind this about half the size, and the six
antero-lateral teeth following equal, and still smaller than the
second, all directed forwards; last tooth strong, a very little larger
than the external tooth of the orbit, and with its point curved
forwards. Lower orbital border granulous, with a deep fissure
in its external half; internal angle of this lower border forming
a strong and prominent tooth. Basal joint of antenne broad,
and reaching the infero-lateral process of the front, next joint
moderately dilated ; flagellum smooth and not very long. Ischium
a br
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 747
of external maxillipedes with a longitudinal groove near its inner
margin; merus with its external angle much dilated, this dilatation
separated off by a broad groove. All the under surface, maxillipedes,
abdomen, &c., clothed with pubescence, with longer hairs in places.
The antero-lateral teeth are partially hidden by a line of long,
thickly placed hairs, arising just below the margin of the carapace.
Merus of chelipedes with its anterior half visible from beneath
the carapace ; upper surface concave and faintly pubescent where
it is applied to the carapace, somewhat rounded and more densely
pubescent in front. Anterior margin with long hairs, and five
teeth; one of these is placed about the ceutre of the margin ;
behind it are three placed very close together, closer to each other
than the first of them is to the spine in the centre of the margin,
the first being the same size as that in front, the two behind it
being equal and half the size. Posterior margin convex, with
long hairs, and a single small tooth at the distal end. Carpus
externally pubescent, and costate; with a strong spine at its
inner angle, and a smaller one on its lower outer surface. Hand
rather thick, everywhere pubescent, externally with three strong
coste, and above with two, less strong coste, none of them pu-
bescent; the internal costa of the upper surface bears a single,
forwardly directed spine at its distal extremity, between the two next
costz there is a similar spine at the angle of the joint, and the
lowermost costa is continued on to the immobile finger. Each of
the fingers presents five coste, all perfectly smooth, except the
uppermost one on the dacty], which is evenly granulate at the
base. Inner margins dentate, teeth strong and laciniate; tips
decussate. Ambulatory legs much compressed, dactyls styliform ;
under margins of all the joints lined with hairs.
Colour dull yellow, granules lighter than pubescence; teeth of
meri and antero-lateral margins with their bases red and their tips
white.
Dim. 50x 34:5.
Base of chelipede to tips of fingers .... about 75 mm.
AEP UN OL IMAM ead sheets Pe ee ne cca es about 16 mm.
Length of dactyl of hand ............ about 16 mm.
XXXIX. Genus Gontosoma A. M.-Edw.
64. GONIOSOMA AFFINE Dana.
Charybdis affinis, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i. p. 286,
pl. xvii. f. 12 (1852).
Goniosoma affine, A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 384 (1861);
de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 80, pl. v. f. 2 (1888); Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 874 (1893); de Man, Zoolog.
Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 559 (1895),
Hab, Singapore ; sandy shore. One male example.
In this individual the merus of the left chelipede has the
typical three spines on its anterior border, the most posterior
being smaller than the two in front; on the right side, however,
748 MR. W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
there is another small tooth between the first two spines, and
an even smaller one between the second and third. Dr. de Man
(Mergui, Crust. l. ec.) says: “The outer and upper surfaces of the
hands of G. affine are covered with short hairs, whereas in the
specimen of G. cruciferum” (a. e. the only one obtained from the
Mergui Archipelago) ‘‘ their surfaces are perfectly glabrous and
smooth.” In this example of G. affine, their surfaces are nearly
smooth in the case of the left chelipede, which is smaller than
the right; the carpi are in both cases externally hairy.
Dim. 35 x 24.
XL. Genus Soria de Haan.
65. Soya spRRATA Forskal.
Cancer serratus, Forskail, Deser. Anim. p. 90 (1775).
Cancer olivaceus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. ii. p. 157, pl.
xxxviil. f. 3 (1794).
Portunus tranquebaricus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 366 (1798).
Iupea tranquebarica, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. i. p. 448
(1834).
Portunus (Scylla) serratus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 44 (1839).
Scylla serrata, A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 349 (1861);
Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 79 (1882) ; Henderson, Trans. Linn.
Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 872 (1893).
Hab. Singapore; one large male, caught in the fishing-stakes
used by the natives, about 3-6 fms.
Dim. 152 x 102.
XLI. Genus THatamita Latr.
66. THALAMITA CRENATA Latr.
Portunus crenatus, Latr. Coll. du Muséum.
Thalamita crenata, Riipp. Krab. d. rothen Meeres, pl. 6, pl. i.
f. 2 (1880); M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. 1. p. 461 (1834).
Thalamita prymna, var. crenata, Kossmann, Zoolog. Ergebn.,
Malacostraca, p. 48 (1877).
Thalamita crenata, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 79 (1888).
Hab. Singapore; from the nets of native fishermen. Three
females. I note the following variations :—
Specimen A. The 4th antero-lateral tooth on the left side is only
represented by a prolongation of the posterior edge of the tooth
in front ; thus forming one enormous tooth, completely filling the
normal positions of the 3rd and 4th teeth. Right side normal.
Posterior border of penultimate joint of last legs dentate.
Specimen B. Normal, except for denticulation of the posterior
border of the penultimate joint of the last legs.
Specimen C. Penultimate joint of last legs denticulate; cara-
pace, chelipedes, and posterior surface of last legs thickly covered
with short hairs.
Dim. 9 67x44. 92 60x389°5. 92 53x 35-4,
lod
1900, } FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA, 749
67. THALAMITA SPINIMANA Dana.
Thalamita spinimana, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. p. 283,
pl. xvii. f. 8 (1852); A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 165,
pl. iv. f. 5 (1878).
Thalamita prymna, var. spinimana, Kossmann, Zoolog. Ergebn.,
Malacostr. pp. 47-49 (1877).
Thalamita spinimana, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 76, pl. iv. f. 7
(1888).
Hab. Singapore; from a shoal exposed at low water. Four
males and two females. The approximation of the median lobes
of the front varies, from a state of almost complete fusion in the
smallest to a separation of quite a millimetre in the largest. In
one female the median and submedian frontal lobes are partially
fused.
Dim. ¢ 70x48. g 595x387. g 48x30°5. ¢ 595x37.
2 56x35. 954x335.
68, THALAMITA DAN Stimpson.
Thalamita crenata, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. pt. i. p. 282,
pl. xvu. f. 7 (1852).
Thalanita dane, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 37
(1858); A. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 366, pl. xxx. f. 1 (1861).
Thalamita stimpsoni, A. M.-Edw. t. c. p. 362, pl. xxxv. f. 4.
Thalamita dane, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 78 (1888).
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. Five adult females, three with ova,
and four young males. These are all of the variety stimpsoni,
with rudimentary fourth antero-lateral tooth.
Dim. 9 42x26. 92 27x17°5. 9 255x165. 9 21x12°5.
O20) x 1s.
XLII. Genus Poramon Sav.
69. PoraMon (PARATHELPHUSA) TRIDENTATUM INCERTUM, var.
nov. (Plate XLVI. fig. 10.)
For species cf. M.-Edw. Arch. Mus. t. vii. p. 171, pl. xiii. f. 1.
(1854-55) ; Heller, ‘ Novara’ Reise, Crust. p. 34 (1867); von
Martens, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, pp. 18-22 (1868) ; Targioni-
Tozzetti, Zoologia del viaggio della Magenta, Crostacei, p. 93,
pl. vi. f. 4 (1877); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. xxi. nos. i.—tii.
pp. 67-70 (1899).
Hab, Singapore ; from a lake in the Botanical Gardens. Three
males and two females, ranging from 17 mm. to 39°5 mm. in the
length of the carapace.
The most notable point in this well-marked variety is the
structure of the inner and under angle of the eyes. The lower of
the two teeth described by M.-Edw. as occurring in this position
is well developed, and agrees entirely with his description and figure,
but the upper tooth is not all prominent, though still represented
by a very small lobe, occupying the same position and abutting on
Proo, Zoon, 8oc,—1900, No. XLIX. 49
750 MR, W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
the basal joint of the antenna, but leaving the orbit widely open at
this point.
The postfrontal ridge is sinuous and not straight: and the extra-
orbital tooth is lobular and not pointed, though its anterior angleis
rather sharp. In this latter respect it agrees with a description by
von Martens of seven Borneo examples (tom. cit.). As it has the
same shape in all these individuals irrespective of size or sex, I do
not think it is a peculiarity of age, as he at first suggests, but rather
one of local race: the possibility of which von Martens admits a few
lines further on.
In none of these specimens can I find any traces of the longi-
tudinal groove of the median crest of the palate. As with Heller's
examples of the species (t. c.), the meri of all five legs bear a sub-
terminal spine on their anterior margins: in all other respects
they agree with M.-Edwards’s description. In colour they are uni-
formly dark brown above, with a tendency to yellow below.
These crabs form burrows with two mouths, one of which would
open on the bank of the lake, just above the level of the water, the
other opening at a distance of at least 10 feet over a stream which
carries off the surplus water of the lake: the burrow, between its
mouths, being straight and horizontal, more or less.
Tozzetti gives a figure of the internal angle of the orbit, but I
cannot determine from it whether the upper tooth is well- or ill-
developed, and he makes no mention of it in the text. He also
describes the sub-apical teeth of the meropodites as being much less
acute than in the Thelphuse generally, and figures that on the 2nd
pair, showing it to be more of a rounded lobe than a tooth: in all
five legs in this variety they are, on the contrary, very acute indeed.
External maxillipedes, male abdomen, and hands of chelipedes, how-
ever, entirely agree with his description and figures.
Dim. ¢ 52x38°5. § 42x33. of 37x28. 2 38x30°75.
Q 19°75 x 16.
Length taken from base of rostrum to middle of posterior
border.
XLIII. Genus Carcrnoprax M.-Edw.
70. CARCINOPLAX SUBINTEGER, nom. noy. (Plate XLVI. fig. 9.)
Carcinoplax integra, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 543, pl. xlviii. fig. C
(1884).
Carcinoplax integer, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 93 (1888),
Hab, 1 am uncertain as to whether this was obtained at Singa-
pore or Malacca, or at what depth it occurs.
3 males, and 1 female with ova.
I propose to alter Mr. Miers’s specific name in view of the fact
that the antero-lateral margins are not entire but dentated. This
I find to be the case in all my specimens (3g and 19), and also
in two examples in the Museum from the Mergui collection.
There are 4 teeth, small but distinct: the first two are low, broad,
and truncate, the 2nd about as broad as the first; the 3rd, about
oa CT ee
1900. | FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA, Tol
half the breadth of those in front, is also slightly more prominent ;
the 4th, very small and tuberculiform, lies close behind the 3rd: all
are granulated.
In the larger individuals, the pubescence that covers both palms
externally in the smaller tends to disappear from below upwards
in the right palm ; leaving the upper margin, in the largest example,
and the base of the palm still thickly covered, while the rest of the
surface is naked, smooth, and of a white colour. In the last men-
tioned example, also, the space between the bases of the finger of
the left chela has lost its hairy covering.
Dim. ¢ 105x75. 6 7°75x625. 3 7T5x6. Q 6:25x5.
Length taken from base of rostrum to middle of posterior
border.
70 a. CARCINOPLAX SUBINTEGER HIRSUTIOR, var. nov.
Hab. Singapore; littoral. A male, which has lost its right
chelipede.
This variety shows a much greater development of hair than the
preceding species. The front has a fringe of long silky hairs,
which spring from a line connecting the external angles of the
front ; and similar hairs are seen thickly placed on the chelipede
and legs, more especially on the anterior and superior faces of the
carpo- pro- and dactylopodites: the meri are relatively smooth.
In the left chelipede the hairs extend to the tips of the fingers but
not on them: these tips are brown, the rest of the fingers white,
as seen through the less dense covering of hair. I may add that
the 2nd of the four aatero-lateral teeth (orbital angle included) is
less flattened and more prominent than in C. subinteger.
This variety is well-marked and the differences may be specific
—e. g., the denser hairiness, the somewhat different 2nd antero-
lateral tooth, and the different coloration of the fingers; but it is
difficult to form a certain opinion from a single individual, in which,
moreover, a chelipede is wanting.
Dim. 10°75 8. Length taken from base of rostrum to middle
of posterior border.
XLIV. Genus Curatoprax Stimpson.
71, CERATOPLAX LEVIS Miers.
Ceratoplax ? levis, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 244, pl. xxv. fig. C
(1884).
Hab. Singapore; 24 fms. One male specimen.
Dim. 6:5 x 4°75. Length taken from base of rostrum to middle
of posterior border.
XLY. Genus Ocypropn Fabr.
72. OCYPODE CERATOPHTHALMA Pallas.
Cancer ceratophthalmus, Pallas, Spicil, Zool, fase. ix. p. 83, pl. v.
£227 (1772);
49*
752 MR, W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
Ocypode ceratophthalma, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 847 (1798).
Ocypoda ceratophthalma, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. 1. p. 48
(1837); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 94 (1882); Walker, Journ.
Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887); de Man, Mergui Crust.
p. 107 (1888) ; Hend. Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 387 (1893).
Ocypode ceratophthalma, de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 570
(1895).
Hab, Singapore and Malacca: in holes in the dry sand, above the
mean high-water mark. These holes are not more than a foot to
a foot and a half in depth, with at least one more or less sharp
turn in them: they are only covered at the highest spring tides, at
least in the great majority of cases. Five males and two females,
all adult, about 35-40 mm. in length: seven males and a female,
ranging from 5-20 mm.
The individual 20 mm. long shows the first trace of ocular
styles in the shape of tubercles barely a millimetre in length (ef.
de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. 1. c.) ; that next in size, 13 mm. long, shows
no trace of them.
Close to the distal extremity of the eyestalk, in the young speci-
mens, may be seen a small hair: and a little farther back a similar
hair, just where the stalk is left uncovered by the cornea. In the
adult this second hair retains its position, but the first is carried
farther and farther away, as the ocular style increases in length.
These two hairs may equally be seen in O, cordimana, but with
numerous smaller hairs interspersed between andaroundthem. In
four of the smallest specimens the epibranchial angles attain the
same level as the external orbital angle, the margin between being
straight or concave: in the other two it projects farther than the
orbital angle, the margin between being concave just behind the
latter angle, but becoming convex towards the epibranchial. In
the individual of 13 mm. length it is much more prominent than
the orbital, and forms a sharp angle: the antero-lateral margin is
straight. In the adults the two angles are approximately on the
same level, with the margin between slightly concave.
Dim. ¢ 415x365. ¢ 41x37. 3 405x365. ¢ 35x31°75
3 325x229. fg 28x20. Q 40°75x365. 2 375x345
9 35x31.
Breadth taken from epibranchial angles.
73. OCYPODE CORDIMANA Latr.
Ocypoda cordimana (Latr.) M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 45
(1837); de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. iii. p. 248 (1881); id.
Mergui Crust. p. 108 (1888); id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 572
(1895); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 387 (1893).
Hab. Singapore: holes like those of 0. ceratophthalma. Two
males and a female. Prof. Henderson (t. ¢.) states that it is
** terrestrial, and lives in burrows at some distance from the sea.”
These specimens came from holes which would sometimes be liable
to be covered by the sea, though the strip of beach was not an open
i oS
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA, 753
one like that which supplied specimens of O. ceratophthalma, but
part of a small bay, and further protected by an expanse of the
mangroves which grow out into the sea on many of the islets round
Singapore.
Dim. ¢ 33'°25x 30°25. § 32°75x31. 2 35°5x30°5.
Breadth taken from epibranchial angles.
XLVI. Genus Uca Leach.
74. Uca acura Stimpson.
Gelasimus acutus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 99
(1858); de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 113, pl. vii. ff. 8-9, pl. viii.
ff. 1-4 (1888); id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 573 (1895).
Hab. Singapore: Malacca, from mangrove-swamps near the edge
of the sea. From Malacca there are five males ; from Singapore
three males, six females and two young examples. The difference
in coloration between these two sets is interesting. The Malacca
specimens have their carapace of a light blue-green colour, and the
external surface of the hand rose-coloured : in those from Singapore
the carapace is a fine purple, with, in most cases, two light blue
spots on each side of the gastric region, and the hands externally
are ofa deep plum-colour. In one or two of the females the purple
of the carapace becomes mottled in front with green, this colour
tending to replace the former.
The Singapore specimens were obtained from the same place as
the next-described species ; which is interesting, in view of their
close relationship to each other.
Dim. (a) Singapore forms:— ¢ 13'75x9°5. g 28x18. g16°5
elie ROR oroee 1G. Poors Lor ae POE oe 2h! VO i sete.
S) Giese:
(6) Malacca forms:—¢ 20x12. ¢ 20x12. ¢ 1911-75.
So USK IV. 9 gt Lr-25 6 75:
75. Uca DussumMInRI M.-Edw.
Gelasimus dussumiert, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, t. xvili.
p- 148, pl. iv. f. 12 (1852); Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p- 145 (1880); de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 108, pl. vii. ff. 2-7 (1888) ;
id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. vii. p. 576 (1895).
Hab, Singapore: from the shore on the mouth of a small river.
Seven males and thirteen females. Colour of females, when alive,
a rich blue over the carapace, a light sky-blue on the legs; the
males a more sombre brown or bronze; lower half of hand, and
index, orange; upper half, and dactyl, nearly white.
In some cases the females were ornamented with one median, or
one median and two lateral, fair-sized white spots in the gastric
region. The interest of the colour-marking here lies in the fact
that the gay colours appear in the females ; and not in the males,
as is generally the case (cf. Darwin’s ‘ Descent of Man,’ 2nd ed.
1894, p. 271).
Dim. d 28x17. gf 283x175. f$ 27x175. gf 22x14:5,
754 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON ORUSTACHANS = [June 19,
3185x1275. g 185x125. g 145x95. 2 235x165.
Q 2115x1475. 923x115. 9 22x145. 2 205x114.
76. Uca vocans M.-Edw.
Gelasimus vocans, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, t. xviil. p. 145,
pl. iu. f. 4 (1852).
? Gelasimus cultrimanus, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 49
(1848),
Gelasimus nitidus Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. pt. i. p. 316,
pl. x. f. 5 (1852).
Gelasimus vocans Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. v.
p- 308 (1880); id. ‘Challenger’ Brachyura, p. 242 (1886) ; Hasw.
Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 92 (1882); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool.
vol. xx. p. 110 (1887).
Hab. Singapore and Malacca: burrowing in the beach, holes
covered at high water. Six males and three females.
In one male the tooth between the base of the index and the
subdistal tooth is absent.
Dim. ¢ 20x13'5. 618x125. 617x115. ¢ 1565x1025
3 13°75x9°5. fg 1275x875, 2 1675x1225. 2 IbBox
11:5. 9 14-75 %.10:25,
77. UcA TETRAGONON Herbst.
Cancer tetragonon, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. i. p. 257, pl. xx.
f, 110 (1790).
Gelasimus tetragonon, Riipp. Beschr. 24 Krab. p. 25, pl. v. f. 5
(1830); M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 42 (1837); id. Ann. Sci.
Nat. sér. 3, t. xviii. p. 147, pl. i. £.9 (1852) ; Kingsley, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 143, pl. ix. f. 11 (1880).
Hab. Singapore: a male from the shore at the west entrance to
the New Harbour.
Dim, 24:5 x 17.
78. Uca annuuipes M.-Edw.
Gelasimus annulipes, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 55,
pl. xviii. ff. 10-13 (1837); id. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, t. xviii.
p. 149, pl. iv. f. 15 (1852).
Gelasimus perplewus, M.-Edw. t.c. p. 150, pl. iv. f. 18.
Gelasimus annulipes, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 148
(1880); de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 118, pl. viii. ff. 6-7 (1888);
id. Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 577 (1895); Henderson, Trans. Linn.
Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 388 (1893).
Hab. Singapore: very common in holes on the shore, or a short
distance inland, near brackish and tidal water.
Out of 63 males 34 have the big claw on the right side, and 29
have it on the left; 13 females. There are also a male and a
female from Malacca. General colour of the carapace, alternate
transverse, rather irregular, bands of light blue and black.
Dim. d 145x9. fg 115x875. 6 135x7-75. 3 18x75.
Ij
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 55
6isb x8. 9125x758 O11 x Gifos, PI2> xs. 2 115 x65.
2105x625. 91056.
XLVII. Genus Grapsus Lam.
79. GRAPSUS STRIGOSUS Herbst.
Cancer strigosus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. iii. p. 55, pl. xlvii.
fe CLs 9o):
Grapsus (Goniopsis) strigosus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 33
(1839).
Grapsus strigosus, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 286
(1873); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 97 (1882); Walker, Journ.
Linn. Soce., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887); Henderson, Trans. Linn.
Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 390 (1893).
Hab. Singapore; rocks along the shore. ‘Two males and a
female.
General colour of carapace and legs a light yellow with maroon
markings, the latter having a somewhat linear arrangement on the
sides of the carapace.
Dim. ¢ 52x49'5. 3 38:5x36. 9 47:5 x 43.
XLVIII. Genus Meropocrarsus M.-Edw.
80, METOPOGRAPSUS OCEANICUS Jacq. & Lucas.
Grapsus oceanicus, Jacq. et Lucas, Voyage au Pole du Sud,
Crust. p. 73, pl. vi. £. 9 (Hombron et Jacq. tome iii. 1853).
Metopograpsus quadridentatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. p. 102 (1858).
Metopograpsus oceanicus, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 191 (1880).
? Pachyyrapsus transversus, Gibbes, et syn. vide Kingsley, t. ¢.
p- 199; Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 110 (1887).
Hab. Singapore: from rocks or piles of landing-stages. Twelve
males and sixteen females, five having ova. Carapace generally
has a mottled appearance of green and purple; but the colour of
these crabs is exceedingly variable.
I have also from Malacca six specimens, three male and three
female, of a form which seems to be identical with Pachygrapsus
transversus Gibbes ; the internal subocular lobe being reduced
so that the antenne just enter the orbit. They also agree with
descriptions given of that species. But, excepting that the antenne
aremorein contact with the orbit, these individuals agree so entirely
with those of Metopograpsus oceamcus, that I am inclined to agree
with Mr. Walker (t. ¢. p. 113) that P. transversus is a variety of a
Metopograpsus—but of M. oceanicus ; not M. messor, as he suggests,
seeing that this latter species has no teeth on the antero-lateral
margin.
Dim. ¢ 28°5x 24. 3 285x235. § 27x22'5. Jf 25°25 x 22,
3d 24x 205. f 22°25x19. 9 34x28. 2 335x27. 2 29x 24,
926x215. 927x225. 9 24x19.
756 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACHANS [June 19,
XLIX. Genus Varuna M.-Edw.
81. VARUNA LITTERATA Fabr.
Cancer litteratus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 342 (1798); Herbst,
Naturgesch. d. Krab. iii. p. 58, pl. xlviii. f. 4 (1799).
Varuna litterata, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 95 (1837).
Grapsus (Trichopus) litteratus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 32
(1839).
oe litterata, Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 103 (1882)
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 391 (1898).
Hab. Singapore ; from off a floating log of wood. Two males
and four females.
The shape of the frontal margin is slightly variable. According
to Herbst, it is “in der Mitte ein wenig aufgeschnitten”: and his
figure sbows it to be very distinctly concave. Of these specimens
it is very slightly, yet distinctly concave in three ; in the other
three it is straight.
Dim. (a) With straight front.
3 315x30. 9 265x25°75. 9 21x20.
(b) With concave front.
329x265. 9 305x285. 9 25°75 x 25.
L. Genus Sresarma Say.
82. SESARMA QUADRATA Fabr.
Cancer quadratus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 341 (1798).
Sesarma quadrata, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 75 (1837) ;
Hilgendorf, von d. Decken Reise, p. 90, pl. iii. f. 3 ¢ (1869).
Sesarma quadratum, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. ix. p. 302
(1873).
Grapsus (Pachysoma) quadratus, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 62,
pl. viii. f. 3 (1839).
Grapsus (Sesarma) affinis, de Haan, t.c. p. xxx.
Sesarma aspera, Heller, Crust. der Novara Reise, p. 63, pl. vi.
f, 1 (1867); de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 169 (1888).
Sesarma quadrata, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. yol. v.
p. 392 (1893).
Hab. Singapore; taken from under decayed logs of wood on
marshy ground a short distance from the sea. Two males: typical
specimens of S, quadrata, with eleven tubercles on the dactyl.
Sesarma aspera Heller I judge to be a variety of S. quadrata,
and not distinct.
Dim, sd 19°53 & Le.) ¢ L4ed 1s.
838. SESARMA TRNIOLATA White.
Sesarma teniolata, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1847).
Sesarma medert, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. t. xx. p. 185 (1853).
Sesarma teniolata, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 181 (1888); id.
Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. ix. p. 166 (1897); Biirger, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. vii.
p. 615 (1894).
1900.) FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACOA. 757
Hab. Malacca; mangrove swamp on the edge of the sea.
Two males (one young) and two females. These are all covered,
on the back of the carapace, with dense tufts of hair.
Dim. ¢ 384x325, 6 19x16. 9 365x33. 9 32x29.
84. SmsaRMA CALYPSO de Man.
_ Sesarma (Parasesarma) calypso, de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. ix.
pp. 185-189 (1897), & Bd. x. pl. xxx. f. 34 (1898).
Hab. Malacca; littoral. Two males.
I am inclined to refer these to the above species, because in the
general form of the carapace and chelipedes they agree with Dr.
de Man’s description, and more especially in the cross-markings
on the tubercles of the dactyl, which are very distinctive: they
give them an appearance which Dr. de Man describes as “ treppen-
formig,” for which I can find no English equivalent. There are,
however, two points in which these individuals differ from the type :
(a) in the number of the tubercles; these are fewer, being 8-9
instead of 12-13: (6) in the number of pectinated ridges (= Kamm-
leisten, de Man) of the hand. Of these, in the larger male there
are four, all well-marked, the proximal one being a little shorter
than the distal three, which are equal in length. In the smaller,
however, there are only three on the left hand, 2. ¢. counting disto-
proximally 1,2, and 4: 3 being merely represented by a short
line of granules projecting only a little way between the
external terminations of 2 and 4. In the right hand, 3 is more
developed as a pectinated ridge extending half-way to the internal
upper margin, and 4 is correspondingly reduced to a granular
line, becoming externally fainter. Allowing, then, for this varia-
bility, and also for the fact that the actual number of tubercles on
the dacty] is also slightly variable in the species of Sesarma, I have
not thought it advisable to separate these two individuals from
S. calypso. Colour of hands orange-red.
Dim. 6 17x18. fg 165x125.
85. SESARMA ONYCHOPHORA de Man.
Sesarma (Perisesarma) onychophora, de Man, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. ix.
pp. 214-18 (1897), & Bd. x. pl. xxxi. f. 39 (1898).
Hab. Singapore: off wooden piles. Two males, and a female
with ova. Colour of hands deep red.
Dim, ¢ 16°75x13:25. g 15x12. 9 17-75x14,
86. SHSARMA EDWARDSI de Man.
Sesarma edwardsi, de Man, Mergui Crust. pp. 185-188, pl. xiii.
ff. 1-4 (1888); cf. also Sesarma edwardsi, var. levimana, Zehntner,
Rey. Suisse Zool., tom. ii. fase. i. p. 181 (1894).
Sesarma edwardsi, var. crassimana, de Man, Mergui Crust.
p- 188; Zehntner, t.c. p. 180,
Hab. Malacca. These specimens were taken from the stomach
of a species of Varanus, the monitor lizard. A male and female
758 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
are representative of the species: and two males and two females
(although with some doubt) of M. Zehntner’s variety. I also find
two males answering to Dr. de Man’s var. crassimana ; these were
obtained on the shore.
Dim. ¢ 14x13. 92 17x15.
Var. crassimana. 6g 1175x1025. ¢ 7°75 x 7:25.
Var. levimana? 612x105. of 1275x11. 9? 10x9.
9 9x 7°75.
87. SHSARMA FASCIATA, sp. nov. (Plate XLVII. fig. 12.)
Hab. Singapore: marshy ground near sea. One male and three
females.
This species belongs to Dr. de Man’s subgenus Parasesarma, in
which the sides have no tooth behind the orbital angle, and in
which there are two or more pectinated ridges on the palms. Cara-
pace smooth to the eye, but under the lens seen to be closely punc-
tated everywhere : sides nearly parallel (but broken up in one of the
females just behind the eyes so as to give indications of a tooth
behind the orbital angle). Tooth at distal end of the upper border
of the merus very small and obtuse, and the anterior border only
slightly expanded, the long proximal edge of the expansion being
dentated. External surfaces of merus and carpus rugose, inner
angle of carpus with a large triangular tooth; outer surface of palm
and fingers quite smooth to the eyes, but minutely punctate under
the lens; whole inner surface of chelipedes smooth. Inner upper
border of hand thick and prominent: external to this there are
three pectinated ridges, which lie more nearly longitudinal than
transverse. The middle one consists of :—a, a short distal portion,
practically one with the distal part of the inner upper border; 6, a
longer middle portion running obliquely from near the upper
border to the upper part of the posterior border, and cutting off a
smal] semicircular piece of the upper surface in which lies another
very small pectinated ridge ; and c, a proximal portion, curving
sharply from the middle portion to run parallel to the posterior
border as far as the joint of handand carpus. The third pectinated
ridge starts from the inner and upper base of the dactyl, to run in
front of, and parallel with the middle portion of the middle ridge,
and to stop abruptly half-way between its starting point and the
joint of hand and carpus. Only 5 or 6 obscure, low tubercles can
be distinguished on the upper margin of the dactyl, which stop
some distance from the tip: inner margins of both fingers with 4
or 5 broad triangular denticulations. Meri of ambulatory legs
with a subdistal low and blunt spine; remaining joints with hairs,
rather diffuse, but tending to be arranged on the anterior and
posterior margins. Male abdomen seven-jointed, broad, regularly
tapering from the middle of the 3rd segment to the middle of the
6th where it suddenly narrows ; the 7th has a rounded extremity,
parallel sides, and is only a little longer than broad. Colour a
deep crimson red, with regular mottlings of a light yellow, and a
light yellow band, or fascia, placed transversely on the frontal
1900.) FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 759
eminences between the bases of the eyestalks, and extending along
the latter as far as the cornexw ; but the degree of this mottling
varies, and is less conspicuous in some individuals. Hands and
fingers bright yellow.
Dim. of 8'75x8.' 9 9-5 x S:by (OP a2ans'2a. 92) S75 X75.
LI. Genus MaocroputHaLmus Latr.
88. MAcROPHTHALMUS DILATATUS CARENS, var. nov. (Plate
XLVIL. fig. 11.)
Cf. Ocypode (Macrophthalmus) dilatata, de Haan, Crust. Japon.
p- 55, pl. xv. f. 3 (1839).
Macrophthalmus dilatatus, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, Zool.
t. xviii. p. 157 (1852); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. xii. pl. iv.
f. 9 (1890); Ortmann, Carcinol. Stud., Zool. Jahrb. Bd. x. p. 345
(1898).
Hab. Singapore and Malacca; littoral. Five males and six
females, four of the latter carrying ova.
There is a specimen in the Museum from Singapore, from the
‘ Alert’ collection, referred to “ M. dilatatus, young ?,” presumably
by Mr. Miers; of which, however, I can find no mention in the
descriptive account of the ‘ Alert’ Crustacea. , It is identical with
the present specimens; and on an examination of these, I find
them sufficiently distinct from the type to be considered as a well-
marked varietiy.
The average size of these specimens is 15 mm. breadth to 7°5 mm.
length: two of the females with ova are considerably larger, but
the other three (two having ova) are of these dimensions, so that
they may all be regarded as adult. I find the following departures
from the type :—
a. The chelipedes are shorter, being only just longer than
the breadth of the carapace, whereas in de Haan’s species they are
not quite half as long again.
b. The spinules on the upper margin of the hand are wanting,
and the granules on the outer surface very small, though numerous.
c. A well-marked dentated tubercle exists at the base of the
dactyl; and there is a flattened dentated prominence extending
from the base to the middle of the thumb, which is less evident in
M., dilatatus. The thumb is only slightly deflexed, and the carina
near the lower margin is rather strong and obscurely granulous.
Dim. 6 15x8. “6. 1568-25. § 13°75x75. ff 12x 6:5,
S115x65. 9 1925x10. 9 18x95. 9 1B5x75. 9 13x7.
Ue 7. 9 Ll: pe6'5,
89. MacropHTHALMUS CRASSIPES M.-Edw.
Macrophthalmus crassipes, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, Zool.
t. xvili. p. 157 (1852); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. xii. p. 76,
pl. iv. f. 7 (1890); Ortmann, Carcinol. Stud., Zool. Jahrb. Bd. x.
p. 345 (1898).
Hab, Singapore; littoral. Four males and three females, one of
760 MR, W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
the latter with ova: two of the males, however, only represented
by exuvia.
The tubercle on the inner margin of the thumb is, in these,
rather more flattened than in the type (v. de Man, t.c.), leaving a
larger interspace between itself and the finger.
Dim. ¢ 17x9°5. . oo 17 KO:26, Co 1625xK9, Ss 126K te,
0 145x85. .2 15% 8°62 :12 x66.
90. MAcROPHTHALMUS PODOPHTHALMUs Hydoux & Souleyet.
Macrophthalmus podophthalmus, Eyd. & Souleyet, Voy. ‘ Bonité,
Zool. Crust. vol. i. pl. iii. f. 6 (1841); M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat.
sér. 3, Zool. t xvii. p. 155 (1852); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 88
(1882) ; Miers, ‘ Challenger’ Brachyura, p. 249 (1886).
Hab, Singapore; littoral. A male.
In this specimen the eye-peduncles do not project by much more
than a quarter of their length.
Dim. 14x85. Length of eyes 8°25. Length of projecting
portion of eyes 2-5.
91. MACROPHTHALMUS JAPONICUS de Haan.
Ocypode (Macrophthalmus) japonica, de Haan, Crust. Japon.
p. 54, pl. vi. f. 1, & pl. xv. £. 2 (1839).
Macrophthalmus japonicus, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust.
p- 51 (1848); M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, Zool. t. xviii. p. 158
(1852).
Hab. Singapore; littoral. A female with ova.
Dim. 10°5x 8.
LIL. Genus Scoprmera de Haan.
92. ScoprMERA MycTrRoIpDES M.-Edw. (Plate XLVII. fig. 14,)
Doto myctiroides, M.-Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat, sér. 3, Zool. t. xviii.
p- 152, pl. iv. f. 24 (1852).
Dotilla myctiroides, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx.
p. 111 (1887).
Scopimera myctiroides, Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool. vol. v.
. 390 (1893).
Hab. Singapore In great numbers on the sand between tide-
marks, burrowing in holes.
Out of 81 specimens, I find7 females, one bearing ova. I think
it has hitherto escaped notice that the shape of the female abdomen
is almost exactly similar to that of the male. Prof. Henderson
(tom. cit.) states that out of a very large series he had only met
with males. But on examining a bottle in the Museum collection,
-labelled ‘Sc. myctiroides, Rameswaram, J. R. Henderson, 92.7.15,”
I find, out of about 30 examples, at least as many females as males.
The female abdomen, however, may still be distinguished externally
from that of the male by a generally broader aspect. Taking
measurements from the base of the 5th segment to the tip of the
ne)
1900. | FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 761
7th, and across the base of the 6th, I find these to be, approxi-
mately, for most examples :—
Length. Breadth.
Meer iees scack = 4-5 mm. 2 mm.
De Peri 3, 24) 4 mm. 2°5 mm.
giving a ratio for the female of 1: 1°6, for the male 1 : 2°25,
Dims i XO SG TOK DO Tea eee oreo 10:5:
dc (oun Guba or “OUR S:-o. TO Ses an ONres sao Wo:
OG 7axs. O6DKS.° VSEXT-25).1 Pista x Oa!
Breadth taken across posterior margin, just above the last legs.
LII. Genus Etamenet M.-Edw.
93. ELAMENE UNGUIFORNIS de Haan.
Inachus (Elamene) unguiformis, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 75,
pl. xxix. f. 1 (1839).
Elamene unguiformis, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p- 394 (1893).
Hab. Singapore. A female.
Dim. 6°25 x 6°5.
LIV. Genus PrnnoTHeres Latr.
94, PINNOTHERES SEMPERI Biirger.
Pinnotheres semperi, Birger, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 382,
pl. ix. f. 28, & pl. x. £. 27 (1895).
Hab, Singapore; right respiratory tree of Holothuria scabra. A
male, and a female with ova.
The specimens which Dr. Birger has described came from the
cloaca ot Hol. fusco-cinerea ; whereas the specimens we obtained
from that Holothurian are, I[ find, referable to P. ortmanni. The
host, trom which came Dr. Biirger’s example of the latter species,
was, I suppose, not known, as he makes no reference to it. In
both these species, the animal was found high up the respiratory
tree, forming an enormous gall; whether it would be able to
extricate itself from this, and move, at will, up or down the
respiratory tree, I do not know, but it has the appearance of being
a fixture, nolens volens.
Dim. 9103x111. §7:75x8.
95. PINNOTHERES ORTMANNI Birger.
Pinnotheres ortmanni, Biirger, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 384,
pl. ix. f. 30, pl. x. f. 28 (1895).
Hab. Singapore; right respiratory tree of Holothuria fusco-
cinerea. ‘Two females, both with ova.
Ding P12 se Tae eee a x 1173:
96, PINNOTHERDS MODIOLICOLA Birger.
Pinnotheres modiolicola, Birger, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd, viii. p. 370,
pl. ix. f. 9, & pl. x. f. 9 (1895).
762 MR, W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
Hab. Singapore ; from Lamellibranch shells. Seven females,
six with ova.
These were collected by natives, and as I never saw the shells
from which the Pinnotheres were taken, I am unable to state their
enus.
: Dim. 9 9°5x8 97x55. 2 65% 5:25. «9 10x B26.
DKS 2 9x78: eB Ki-S.
97. PINNOTHERES ARCOPHILUS Biirger.
Pinnotheres arcophilus, Birger, Zoolog. Jahrb. Bd. viii. p. 371,
pl. ix. f. 10, & pl. x. f. 10 (1895).
Hab. Singapore: from Lamellibranch shells. Four females, all
with ova. For the same reason as with P. modiolicola, I am unable
to give the genus of the mollusc they inhabited.
Dim, 2 Oxi. @ 10K So. 2B Dx 7.5 Pap s-o,
LV. Genus Ma‘ruta Fabr.
98. Matura vicrrix Fabr.
Matuta victor, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 369 (1798).
Matuta peronii, Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. p. 13, pl. exxvii. ff. 1-2
(1817).
Matuta lesuerii, Leach, tom. cit. p. 14.
Matuta vietrix, Miers, Trans. Linn. Soe. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i.
p- 243, pl. xxxix. ff. 1-3 (1877); Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 134
(1882); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 111 (1887);
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 306 (1893).
Matuta victor, Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv. pt. ii.
No. 2, p. 160 (1896).
Hab. Singapore ; sandy shore. Three adult males, three young
males, and three small females. Also from Malacca two adult
and one young female.
Dim. ¢ 46:25 x 42. ¢ 40°5 x37. fb 34:25 x 382. $24:75x
93:25; d 24x22°5.. G 20:25%19°25.: 9. 25%23.. 0.22%
21-75... 9 15:25% 15.:\ 2:82 30.\,-9 338X315. QATXIG,
99. Marvura BANKsII Leach.
Matuta banksii, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. p. 14 (1817); Miers,
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i. p. 245, pl. xl. ff. 1-2 (1877) ;
Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 111 (1887) ; de Man,
Archiv f. Naturgesch. p. 389 (1887); Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool.
t. ii. p. 188(1894) ; Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv. pt. ii.
No. 2, p. 158 (1896); de Man, Zoolog. Jabrb. Bd. ix. p. 363
(1896).
Hab. Malacca; littoral. Five males, and two smaller females.
In the males, besides some rather big crimson spots on the meri of
the legs, there is a very large crimson patch on the penultimate
joint of each of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th pairs. The latter is not seen
1900. ] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 763
on the females ; but only a few small spots onthe meri. In one of
the males the spots on the carapace are arranged in pairs, or even in
groups of three, giving it a more densely spotted appearance. I
may add that I should describe the rostrum, in these individuals,
as being distinctly emarginate (vide Alcock, t. ¢., “ rostrum entire
or faintly emarginate ”; and Miers, t. c., “ front obtuse and rounded
or obscurely emarginate ”), the emargination taking the form of
a wide, triangular notch, quite as distinct as in MW. lunaris. Other-
wise they entirely agree with Mr. Alcock’s description.
Dim. ¢ 35x34. fg 382x305. ¢ 31°75x31. 6 29x 28°75.
3 25°5 xX 24:25. 9 22x21:25. 9 21:5x 2055.
100. Matura LunaARIS Herbst.
? Cancer lunaris, Herbst, Krab. u. Krebse, i. p. 140, pl. vi. f. 44
(1790).
Matuta planipes, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 369 (1798).
Cancer lunaris, Herbst, op. cit. iii. p. 43, pl. xlviii. f. 6 (1799).
Matuta lunaris, Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i.
p- 247, pl. xl. f. 10 (1877); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
vol. lxy. pt. 11. No. 2, pp. 161-2 (1896).
Hab. Malacca; littoral. Two young males and a female.
Dim. ¢ 22x 21:25. ¢ 16°25x15. 9? 20x19.
LVI. Genus Levcostra Fabr.
101. Levcosia CRANIOLARIS Herbst.
? Cancer craniolaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 1041 (1766) ;
Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. Bd. i. Hft. ii. p. 90, pl. ii. £. 17
(1783); Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 441 (1792).
Leucosia craniolaris, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 350 (1798); Bell,
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 283 (1855).
Leucosia craniolaris, var. levimana, Miers, ‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 250,
pl. xxvi. f. A (1884).
Leucosia craniolaris, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx.
p- 111 (1887) ; Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 397
(1893); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv. pt. ii. No. 2,
p- 231 (1896).
Hab. Singapore and Malacca; 5 fms.; muddy bottom. Two
females, of which the larger is from Malacca.
Dim. 2 19x21°75. 92 145x 16,
102. LrucosIA RHOMBOIDALIS de Haan.
Leucosia rhomboidalis de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 134, pl. xxxiii-
f. 5 (1839); Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 284 (1855).
Leucosia maculata, Stm. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 159 (1858).
Leucosia rhomboidahs, Alcock, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv.
pt. ii. No. 2, p. 234 (1896).
Hab. Singapore: 5fms.; muddy bottom. A male anda female.
Both these individuals have a row of three yellow spots arranged
764 MR. W. F, LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
crescent-wise on each side of the gastric region, and the female has,
in addition, a reticulated yellow patch on the cardiae and uro-
cardiac regions.
Dim. g¢ 10°5x12. 9 121355.
103. LEUcOsIA BRUNNEA Miers.
Leucosia brunnea, Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i.
p. 237, pl. xxxviii. ff. 10-12 (1877).
Hab. Singapore: 7 fins.; muddy bottom. A female.
A very deep yellow patch on the uro-cardiac declivity, extending
forward laterally nearly to the epibranchial angle; the same
yellow colour on all the legs, but less deep on the abdomen.
Dim, 25°5 x 29°75.
LVII. Genus Puinyra Leach.
104. Puityra eLtososa Fabr.
Cancer globosus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 441 (1792).
Leucosia globosa, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 349 (1798).
Philyra globosa, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 182 (1837).
Philyra porcellana, M.-Edw. t.c¢. p. 138.
Philyra globosa, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 203 (1888).
Philyra globosa et globulosa et syn., Alcock, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, vol. Ixv. pt. ii. No. 2, pp. 243-246 (1896).
Philyra polita, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 401,
pl. xxxviii. ff. 1-3 (1893).
Hab. Malacca: 5 fms.; muddy bottom. Eight males, seven
females: one of the latter carrying ova.
In none of these does the epistome project farther than the
front; the inner angles do, but in a greater or less degree in the
different individuals. Five of the males have the small tubercle on
the abdomen (P. globulosa); in the other three it is absent
(P. globosa)—yet in one of the males with a tuberculated abdomen
the whole of the upper surface of the arm is granulated except
near the tip (P. globosa), while in the three with no tubercle only
the proximal half is granular (P. globulosa); in all the females it
is entirely granulous except at the tip. The internal edge of the
exopodite of the external maxillipedes seems to show a gradation
from a nearly straight line to a slightly curved one ; but, curiously,
the nearly straight edge (P. globosa) is found in the males with
abdominal tubercle (P. globulosa), the slightly curved (P. globulosa)
on a male with no tubercle (P, globosa). In all cases the under
surface of the meri of the legs is smooth (P. globosa) ; equally in
all cases, the size of the granules on the edge of the carapace
varies (P. globulosa). The males with abdominal tubercles have a
low dentiform eminence at the base of the thumb, in those with
no abdominal tubercle it is absent; this is the normal correlation
in P. globulosa and P. globosa respectively. The amount of
definition of the regions of the carapace varies from one to
1900. ] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 765
another; but the cardiac region is always more or less distinct,
and the hepatic regions always project slightly in a lateral and
obliquely downward direction, so as to break the plane of the
antero-lateral margins.
Dim. ¢ 145x15. ¢ 13°75x13°5. g 125x13. ¢ 13x13.
o LU x10:5, ad 9°75 «10, GS Iza gt lax le 7a:
lade lo. Oia sg Wide 12 Diigee URI 9x9. 9 1a x13;
Po iaeciea se.
105. PHILYRA SEXANGULA Alcock.
Philyra sewangula, Aleock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv.
pt. i. No. 2, p. 241, & pt. ti. No. 3, pl. vii. f. 2 (1896).
Hab. Singapore: from mud, at low water. A female with ova.
Mr. Alcock’s description is from a male; in this female I note
the following differences :—The median carina is raised into four
low tubercles over the cardiac and mesogastric regions ; the teeth
at the outer edge of the posterior margin are not very strong; the
black colour of the carapace shades off to a dull yellow-green in
the anterior half, commencing at the anterior termination of the
branchial carine ; the finger-tips are white, and the four posterior
pairs deep yellow.
As regards the abdomen, it is composed of three distinct pieces :
a narrow basal segment ; a long, broad, dome-shaped median piece,
composed of segments 2 to 6, segment 2 being still clearly marked
off by a transverse groove; and the 7th segment, very small and
rounded triangular. Segments 1 and 2 are obtusely carinated
transversely ; the whole abdomen is honeycombed and pubescent
_ like the carapace, and uniformly black, except the 7th segment
and the anterior and lateral margins of the middle piece, which
are nearly white.
Dim. 9°75 x 9°5.
Length of middle piece of abdomen.... 7:0 mm.
Breadth ia es a Spt ty GO be
Length of chelipede ................ DOD: "5,
LVILL. Genus PsruporHityra Miers.
106. PsrupoPHityRa MELITA de Man.
Pseudophilyra melita, de Man, Mergui Crust. p. 199 (1888) ;
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. v. p. 397 (1893) ; Alcock,
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv. pt. ii. No. 2, p. 253 (1896).
Hab. Uncertain. One female.
Ihave no doubt that this specimen belongs to P. melita; but
the following—possibly sexual—differences may be noted. The
surface of the carapace is nowhere granular, but everywhere fairly
closely punctate, the puncte being distinct, and quite visible to the
naked eye. The distal third of the upper and under surfaces of
the arm, and the wrist, both above and below, are also punctate,
Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1900, No, L. ad
766 MR. W. F. LANCHESTER ON CRUSTACEANS [June 19,
the under surfaces less so than the upper; and there is no sign of
any granules on the inner (anterior or lower) margin of the band.
The inner edges of both fingers have a line of 5 or 6, widely
separate hairs, very distinct under the lens.
Dim. 7:25 x8.
LIX. Genus Myra Leach.
107. Myra AvustRaALis Hasw. (?).
Myra australis, Hasw. Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vol. iv. p. 50,
pl. v. f. 3 (1879), & Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 122 (1882); Miers,
‘ Alert’ Crust. p. 251 (1884), & ‘Challenger’ Brachyura, p. 315
(1886); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 111 (1887);
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vy. p. 402 (1893).
Hab. Singapore: 4—5 fms.; bottom of broken shells and sand,
A small male, which I refer rather doubtfully to this species with
which it seems to agree, excepting that there is an additional
minute spine over the base of each of the posterior legs, and there
is no denticle on the penultimate joint of the abdomen.
Dim. 8x8.
LX. Genus Arcanta Leach.
108. ARCANIA ERINACEUS Fabr.
Cancer erinaceus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 460 (1792); Herbst,
Naturgesch. d. Krab, Bd. ii. Hft. 2, p. 258, pl. xx. f. 111 (1790).
Lewosia erinaceus, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 352 (1798).
Arcania erinaceus, Bell, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxi. p. 309 (1855) ;
Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv. pt. ii. No. 2, p. 268
(1896).
Hab, Singapore: 4 fms.; sandy bottom. A damaged male.
Dim. 11x11.
LXI. Genus fruicutus Ad. & White.
109, IpuicuLus sponeiosos Ad. & White.
Iphiculus spongiosus, Ad. & White, ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 57,
pl. xiii. f. 5 (1848); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv.
pt. ii. No. 2, p. 256 (1896).
Hab. Singapore: 5 fms.; muddy bottom. A male.
Dim, 105 x 8.
LXII. Genus Nursta Leach.
110. Nursta pricata Herbst.
Cancer plicatus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. Bd. iii. Hft. 4,
p- 2, pl. lix. f. 2 (1804).
Nursia plicata, Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv. pt. il.
No. 2, p. 180 (1896).
Bie lac of
1900.] FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 767
Hab. Singapore: 12 fms., rough bottom; south of Blakang
Mati island. One male.
I quite concur with Mr. Alcock in the separation of this species
from the next, and its identification with Herbst’s form. This
specimen lacks the red colouring of his Indian examples, being
only of a rather dark, yellow-brown hue.
Dim. 9°5 x 7°75.
111. Noursta HARDWICEII Leach.
Nursia hardwickii, Leach, Zool. Mise. iti. p. 20 (1817); M.-Edw.
Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 187 (1837).
Nursia plicata, Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 307, pl. xxxiv.
f. 4 (1855).
Nursia plicata?, Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i.
p. 240, pl. xxxviii. f. 28 (1877).
Nursia plicata, Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 127 (1882); ? Walker,
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 111 (1887); Henderson ( fide
Alcock), Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v. p. 404 (1893).
Nursia hardwickti, Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv.
pt. ii. No. 2, p. 181 (1896).
Hab. Singapore: 6-10 fms., rough bottom; from both north
and south side of Blakang Mati island. A male and a female.
Rather yellow than, like Mr. Alcock’s examples, flesh-coloured.
It is interesting to find this species living together with the
closely-related NV. plicata.
Dim. ¢ 10°5x9°5. 9 9°75x 8°75.
LXIII. Genus OrzorHorus Riipp.
112. OREOPHORUS RUGOSUS Stimpson.
Oreophorus rugosus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 259
(1858); A. M.-Edw. Ann. Soc. Entom. Fr. t. v. p. 152, pl. vi.
f. 3 (1865); id. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. x. p. 49 (1874): Hasw. Cat.
Austr. Crust. p. 130 (1882).
Hab. Singapore: a male from 2~3 fms., muddy bottom, and a
female from the reef.
Dim. 6 13x9. 2? 185x14.
LXIYV. Genus Favus’, gen. nov.
Carapace twice as broad as long, extended laterally so as quite
to conceal the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs of legs in flexion, but
suddenly narrowed behind so as to leave the whole of the posterior
pair exposed ; front small and upturned ; antennules obliquely
folded; antenne with flagellum either very rudimentary or
completely absent, and basal portion imbedded in the inner orbital
angle and fused with the orbital margin; orbits, in consequence,
» Favus=a honeycomb,
768 MR. W. F, LANCHESTER ON ORUSTACHANS = [June 19,
circular and complete, small; eyes very small, but not fixed ;
endostome deeply excavate in the middle line; exopodite of exterior
maxillipedes broad, and not reaching beyond the middle of the
merus ; chelipedes and legs short and rugose. Abdomen (of
female) composed of only two pieces, of which one is the narrow
basal segment.
113. Favus GRANULATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XLVII. fig. 13.)
Hab. Singapore ; littoral. One female.
Carapace convex in both directions, regularly honeycombed, the
pits being more distinct on the branchial regions or lateral
expansions, the elevated parts covered with relatively large
rounded granules ; a rather strong prominence—granulated, and
with two deep sulci on either side—on the narrowed uro-cardiac
region. The marginal line is regularly curved, and defined as a
non-pitted, but granulated border ; edges thick, and under side of
lateral expansions honeycombed, transversely concave, longi-
tudinally convex. Front very small, appearing as a slightly
upturned prominence in the anterior margin ; epistome and tip of
exterior maxillipedes just visible from above. Chelipedes very
rugose, with carpus just appearing from under the carapace; hand
as high as it is long, and as thick also, in its posterior portion ;
fingers shorter than hand, curved, with short decussating tips.
Legs rugose and granulous, with carpo- and propodites obtusely
carinate. Maxillipedes and abdomen also granulate; the latter
(in w female) with four distinct grooves, marking the segmental
sutures. The rather long and narrow 7th segment, which nearly
reaches the base of the maxillipedes, is partially fused on to the
large, only slightly rounded, middle piece. The sternum is deeply
hollowed.
Dim. 15x 7°5.
LXV. Genus Dorivrn Latr,
114, Dorivreb raccutno Herbst.
Cancer facchino, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. Bd. i. Hft. 6,
p. 190, pl. xi. f. 68 (1785).
Dorippe sima, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 157, pl. xx.
f, 11 (1837).
Dorippe facchino, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 123 (1839).
Dorippe sima, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. -vol. vy.
p. 317 (1880); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xx. p. 111
(1887).
Dorippe facchino, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p. 405 (1893); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv. pt. ii.
No. 2, p. 278 (1896).
Hab. Singapore and Malacca ; 2-6 fms., muddy bottom.
A large male from Malacca, and a smaller one from Singapore ;
also, from Singapore, a much smaller female which had just
1900.) ROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA, 769
moulted, and which carries on its dorsum a small anemone, with a
bivalve shell interposed (vide Alcock, t.c. p. 279). The right
hand is much swollen in the two males. Mr. Alcock describes
both edges of the merus of lst and 2nd legs as being densely
pubescent in the male; in these only the posterior edge is so, as
with the pro- and carpopodite.
The base of the anemone rests directly on the shell; but, the
latter being only half the size of the anemone’s base, it follows
that the outer edge of the base projects beyond the shell on every
side. Between this part of the base and the dorsum of the
Dorippe is found a circular flattened ring, with a wrinkled surface ;
with the appearance and consistency of mud supported by a few
scattered fibres.
There is also another female from Malacca, which carries an
anemone. There is no shell interposed between the base of the
anemone and the crab, but only what appears to be the operculum
of a large Gastropod. The circular flattened ring mentioned above
is evidently the remains of a similar structure.
Dim. 6 28°75x22. $25x19°5. 9165x138. 913:5x 19°25,
115. Dortprr porstPEs Linn.
Cancer dorsipes, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 452, & Syst. Nat.
ed. xii. i. 2, p. 1053 (1766).
Cancer frascone, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. Bd. i. Hft. 6,
p- 192, pl. xi. £. 70 (1785).
Dorippe quadridens, Fabr. Suppl. Ent: Syst. p. 861 (1798).
Dorippe quadridentata, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 156
(1837).
Dorippe quadridens, de Haan, Crust. Japon. p. 121, pl. xxxi.
f. 3 (1839).
Dorippe quadridentata, Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 137 (1882).
Dorippe dorsipes, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. v.
p. 404 (1893); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv. pt. ii.
No. 2, p. 277 (1896).
Hab. Singapore: 10 fms.; muddy bottom. Three males.
Dim. ¢ 156x145. 6 125x12. g 11x10°5.
116. Dorrern astuta Fabr.
Dorippe astuta, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 361 (1798).
? Dorippe callida, Fabr. t.c. p. 362.
Cancer astutus, Herbst, Naturgesch. d. Krab. Bd. iti. Hft. 3,
p. 45, pl. lv. f. 6 (1803).
Dorippe astuta, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. t. 11. p. 157 (1837) ;
Hasw. Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 136 (1882); Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool. vol. xx. p. 111 (1887); Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soe., Zool.
vol. v. p. 405 (1893); Alcock, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixy.
pt. ii. No. 2, p. 280 (1896).
Hab. Malacca: 2 fms.; muddy bottom.
Seven adult males and five young ones. There is also another
770 ON CRUSTACEANS FROM SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. [June 19,
male, still carrying a comparatively large leaf, beneath which it is
entirely concealed when the legs are flexed. In three of the
males the right hand is swollen.
Judging from Fabricius’ description of his D. callida, it seems
to me very probable that it is really identical with his D. astuta.
Dim. ¢ 1325x125. ¢ 135x125. g 185x13. ¢ 12°76
x12. g 975x995. § 75X77. 6 82X75. GF 6X57.
6 6x55. S$ 575x5. S55x475. § 525x475.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puatse XLIV.
Fig. 1. Micippa excavata, p.725. a. Rostrum. 6. Ohelipede. c. Pterygo-
stomian region.
2. Lambrus tumidus, p. 727. a. Dorsal view. 6. 5th ambulatory leg.
3. Harrovia albolineata longipes, p. 729. «a. Dorsal view.
4. Carpilodes socius, p. 731. a. Dorsal view. 0. 3rd maxillipede.
Puate XLV.
Fig. 5. Etisodes anaglyptus, p. 739. a. Dorsal view. 6, Frontal region.
6. Acteopsis pallida, p. 741. «a. Dorsal view. 0%. Frontal and buccal
regions. ¢, Male abdomen.
7. Neptunus (Amphitrite) hastatoides, p. 745. a. Male, b. Female
abdomen.
Puate XLVI.
Fig. 8. Achelous rubro-marginatus, p. 746. a. Dorsal view. 6. 3rd
maxillipede.
9. Carcinoplax subinteger, p. 750, a. Anterior portion of carapace.
10. Potamon tridentatum incertum, p. 749. a. Anterior portion of
carapace. 0. 3rd leg. c. Orbital region.
Prats XLVII.
Fig. 11. Macrophthalmus dilatatus carens, p.759. a. Chelipede.
12. Sesarma fasciata, p. 758. a. Dorsal view. 0. Chelipede. c. Male
abdomen.
13. Favus granulatus, p. 768. a. Dorsal view. 6. Frontal region,
c. Female abdomen.
14. Scopimera myctiroides, p. 760. a. Male, 6, Female abdomen.
af oWNIUNVL SALWHIONNOD
‘durt sorgiuresuty WN 7 ' TEP wus Lf
‘THATX Id OOGTS ‘Zc
1900.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. rig
November 20, 1900.
Dr. W. T. Buanrorp, F.R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following reports on the additions made
to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July,
August, September, and October, 1900 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of June was 251, of which 87 were by
presentation, 18 by birth, 42 by purchase, 2 were received in
exchange and 102 on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period, by death and removals, was 162.
Among the additions special attention may be called to a
young male Rocky-Mountain Goat (Haploceros montanus) from
British Columbia, purchased June 6th, of Mr. J. La Montagne, by
whom it had been captured on Elfa Mountain, British Columbia,
on June 12th, 1899. This is believed to be the first living speci-
men of the species brought to Europe. It is now changing into
its summer dress. In reply to enquiries, Mr. La Montagne informs
me that he shot the mother of the present specimen on HEifa
Mountain (at about 7000 feet altitude) and captured the young
one, then about a fortnight old. It is the same specimen as that
of which I exhibited a photograph on January 23rd last, forwarded
to me by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S8. (see
P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 1). Our best thanks are due to Dr. Selwyn for
assisting us in obtaining the present specimen of this interesting
animal.
Five Gentoo Penguins (Pygosceles teniatus) from the Falkland
Islands were purchased June 7th. This Penguin is rarely met
with in captivity, although abundant in its native haunts.
Three White Ibises (Hudocimus albus) were hatched in the
Great Aviary on June 13th. They were bred by a pair received
in immature plumage on June 14th, 1897. This is the first
occasion upon which this interesting species has propagated in the
Society’s Gardens.
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of July was 137, of which 48 were by
presentation, 18 by birth, 11 by purchase, 5 were received in
exchange and 60 on deposit. The total number of departures
during the same period, by death and removals, was 149.
A young female Brindled Gnu (Connochetes gnu) was born in
the Gardens on July 14th, being the first instance of this species
breeding in the Society’s Menagerie.
I exhibit a drawing by Mr. Smit (Plate XLVIII.) representing
this interesting little animal, which, it will be seen, is very different
from the calf of the White-tailed Gnu.
Proc, Zoot, Soo.—1900, No, LI, 51
7712 MR, SCLATER ON CONTINENTAL MENAGERIES. [Nov. 20,
I believe that this Antelope has already bred in the Garden of
the Zoological Society of Breslau’.
Four Red-collared Lorrikeets (Z'richoglossus rubritorques) were
deposited by the Hon. W. Rothschild, M.P., on July 27th. This
beautiful species is new to the Society’s Parrot-house.
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the
month of August were 182in number. Of these 52 were acquired
by presentation, 24 by purchase, 14 were born in the Gardens, 9
were received by exchange and 83 on deposit. The total number
of departures during the same period, by death and removals,
was 180.
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of September was 141, of which 80 were
by presentation, 10 by purchase, and 51 were received on deposit.
The total number of departures during the same period, by death
and removals, was 148,
Amongst the additions attention may be called to :—
Two Tenrees (Centetes ecaudatus), deposited by the Hon. Walter
Rothschild, M.P., on Sept. 4th. No example of this curious
Insectivore has been previously exhibited in the Society’s Gardens.
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of October was 160, of which 38 were
acquired by presentation, 4 by purchase, 105 were received on
deposit, 9 in exchange, and + were born in the Menagerie. The
total number of departures during the same period, by death and
removals, was 178.
Amongst the additions special attention may be called to two
fine birds, one of which is new to the Collection :—
1. A Caffre Bustard (Zupodotis caffra), from Port Elizabeth,
presented by J. E. Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Oct. 22nd. Mr.
Matcham kindly informs me that this fine bird was captured at
Zwartkops in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth, where these birds are
always to be found, but not in great quantities.
2. A Bouquet’s Amazon (Chrysotis bouqueti), from Dominica,
West Indies, acquired by purchase, Oct. 31st, new to the Collection.
Mr. Sclater made some remarks on some of the objects noticed
in the Zoological Gardens of Hamburg, Berlin, and Rotterdam,
which he had visited during the vacation.
At Hamburg the Zoological Garden (under the direction of
Dr. H. Bolau, C.M.Z.S.) was found to be in its usual excellent
order. ‘T'wo buildings lately erected, one for European Birds and
the other for Rodents and Marsupials, had been much admired
and carefully examined.
Among the Carnivorous Mammals noticed was a fine young
* See Sclater and Thomas, ‘ Book of Antelopes,’ i. p. 103.
1900. | MR. SCLATER ON MACACUS INUUS. 773
Leopard from Corea, remarkable for its long-haired fur and
densely-haired ears—perhaps Felis fontainiert M.-Edw., but
apparently only a subspecies of Felis pardus; and a very large
example of the Red Wolf of Paraguay, Canis jubatus. A Hedge-
hog from West Africa, belonging to the white-fronted section of
the genus, labelled Hrinaceus pruneri, was new to Mr. Sclater.
The full series of Cervide had been lately enriched by the
acquisition from Amoorland of a young male and a female of
Luehdorf’s Deer, Cervus lwehdorfi—one of the largest and finest of
the Red Deer Section. These were the first fresh examples
received at Hamburg since the arrival of the original specimens
more than twenty years ago, upon which the species had been
founded *.
Of the many interesting mammals noticed at Berlin it was hardly
necessary to say much after the full account of this Garden given
by Mr. F. E. Blaauw at a recent meeting of the Society (see P. Z.S.
1900, p. 299). It might, however, be stated that to the full
series of the larger Antelopes recorded by Mr. Blaauw had recently
been added a fine male specimen of the White-bearded Gnu
(Connochetes albo-jubatus) obtained in the Kilimandjaro district of
East Africa, and brought home by Herr Schillings. This was the
first livmg example of this form of the Brindled Gnu Mr. Sclater
had seen, and seemed to show readily distinguishable characters
from C. taurinus.
In the Ape-house had been specially noticed a fine large olive-
green Baboon with a black face from Khartoum (supposed to be
Papio doguera), and an example of a new Monkey from Togoland,
which Herr Matschie was proposing to call Cercopithecus zecha,
after its discoverer Count Zech, who had recently brought it home.
Mr. Sclater stated that during a short visit to Gibraltar in
September last he had not omitted to make enquiries as to the state
of the herd of Barbary Apes (Macacus inwus) which is well-known
to inhabit the higher and less frequented parts of the ‘ Rock,’ and
that he had been assured on all sides that these animals had much
increased in numbers of late years and had in some cases become
rather troublesome. When riding in the evening up to the Signal
Station at the top of the Rock he had himself seen small parties
of this Monkey both going and returning. They were apparently
quite tame and fearless, and allowed an approach within a few
paces. Some authorities were of opinion that the herd now con-
sisted of at least 130 individuals or more.
Capt. J. 8. Inglefield (of H.M.S. ‘ Devastation’) had favoured
Mr. Sclater with the following remarks on the subject, gathered
from two years’ experience :—
“T have seen the Monkeys in parties of 15 and more, but have
' See P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 451; List of An. (9) p. 174 (1896); and Bolau, Abh.
Ver. Hamb. vii. p. 33 (1880); Lydekker, Deer of all Lands, p. 102.
* For previous notes on this subject see ‘Galton’s Vacation Tourists,’ ser. i,
p. 206 (1867), and ‘ Nature,’ xxxix. p. 30 (1888),
51*
774 SIR HARRY JOHNSTON ON A NEW HORSE. [Noy. 20,
‘‘never counted more than 29 together at one time. They go
“generally in families—an old patriarch accompanied by several
‘females and young ones of different sizes. The young ones appear
“in early summer, when the females carry them for a few weeks at
“their breasts, afterwards on their backs. Nearly every evening in
“summer, Monkeys may be seen about 5 p.m. near Ferdinand’s
‘“‘ Battery and Devil’s Gap, grubbing for roots and playing about the
“bushes. They have a sentinel on the look-out while feeding—he
‘warns them of danger by a noise like the distant bark of a dog.
“On two occasions my dog (a Scotch Terrier) has been attacked by
‘“‘the older animals. On several occasions also they have waited
‘till the writer and his dog have arrived on the path below them,
“when they have sent down upon them showers of stones, some
“of the size of a cocoanut. The writer has never been personally
“attacked by a Monkey, but has known the old males approach
“quite close and grin at him.” e
The Monkeys are also said to have occasionally committed great
devastation in some of the fruit-gardens near Europa Point, so that
the owners have obtained leave to shoot them. But as a rule they
are strongly protected by the authorities.
A letter was read addressed to the Secretary by Sir Harry
Johnston, K.C.B., F.Z.8., dated Fort Portal, Toru, Uganda, August
21st, 1900. Sir Harry stated that he had made an excursion
round the southern base of Mount Ruwenzori and had crossed the
Semliki River halfway between Lake Albert Edward and Lake
Albert. He had entered the Great Congo Forest, which here
comes down to and even crosses the Semliki River. In the forest
he had obtained something like proof of the existence of a very
remarkable new horse (Hquus sp. inc.) which appeared to inhabit
the forest. The following passage in Sir Harry Johnston’s letter
contained his account of this animal :—
‘Reading through Stanley’s ‘ Darkest Africa’ I noticed that he
mentions his Dwarf having a name for horse or ass, and stating
that such animals were found iu their forests. As the ordinary
Zebra type of Equine steadily avoids dense woodlands, this state-
ment seemed to me a curious one. When I entertained for months
the pigmy band which had been captured by a tilibustering German
(and the restoration of whom to their homes was one of my motives
for going into the Congo Free State), I questioned them on this
subject and they were very explicit; they told me they called the
animal ‘O’,Api’ (’, stands for a gasping sound like an aspirate or
Arabic K). They described it as being dun-coloured or dark grey
over all the upper parts of the body, with stripes on the belly and
legs. As soon as | reached the Belgian post of Mbéni I began
questioning my host, who at once acknowledged the existence of
this animal and promised to send me where | should shoot one.
They stated that it frequented the deepest parts of the Forest,
ent usually in pairs, was dark iron-grey on the upper part of the
1900. ] MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON NHOBALENA MARGINATA, 775
body, and had brownish stripes on the belly and legs. I found the
Bambuba natives dwelling alongside the dwarfs called it ‘ Okapi.’
The Belgians state that the head is very long ‘et trés effilée.’
One man said that the muzzle was particularly ‘ effilé’—i. e. drawn
out. At first they excited me by declaring that there was a skin
lying about which I could have; eventually it was found that the
skin had been cut up by their native soldiers to be made into waist-
belts and bandoliers. Two of these fragments were found and
given to me, and I shall send them home to you by first opportunity.
Whatever the animal may be to which these pieces belong, it is not
any one of the known Zebras or wild Asses; the pieces of skin un-
fortunately exhibit chiefly the stripes of the belly and legs. These
are very irregular with a chestnut border, and they look as though
from above they emerged from a uniform dun or dark grey.
“ Unfortunately we did not succeed in seeing a specimen of this
animal in the Forest during our short stay, but one of the Congo
Free State officials has promised to send me a complete skin and
skull.”
Mr. Boulenger exhibited one of the type specimens of a new
species of Protopterus from the Congo, for which he had proposed
the name P. dollot (Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. pl. lvi.). Mr.
Boulenger pointed out the remarkable characters of the new
Dipnoan, which, whilst agreeing with Protopterus aninectens in the
essential generic features (limbs, gills), approached Lepidosiren in
the greater elongation of the body (length of head 5 to 6 times in
distance from snout to vent), the greater number of ribs (54) and
ot scales along the body (86-91 to vent), and the smaller eye (its
diameter 15-19 times in length of head, 4-6 times in interocular
width). >
Mr. W. T. Bianford, F.R.S., exhibited a very fine skull and
antlers of the Central Asiatic Wapiti, Cervus maral var. songaricus
Severtzow, C. eustephanus Blanford, and also skins of the Wapitis
of Central Asia and of America. Attention was called to the
great development of the 4th tine, which measured in one antler
232 inches from the angle with the upper part of the beam, and
was very massive and considerably flattened. The antler itself
measured 54 inches from the base along the outside curve. The
head had been obtained along with others by Messrs. P. Church
and J. V. Phelps. Mr. Blantord was indebted to Mr. Rowland
Ward, F.Z.S., for the opportunity of exhibiting the head and skin
of this fine Stag.
Mr. I. E. Beddard, F.R.S., Prosector and Vice-Secretary to the
Society, read a paper entitled “ Contributions towards a Knowledge
of the Osteology of the Pigmy Right Whale (Neobalena marginata).”
This paper will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
‘776 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
The following papers were read :—
1. A Description of Wynyardia bassiana, a Fossil Marsupial
from the Tertiary Beds of Table Cape, Tasmania. By
Batpwin Srencer, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor
of Biology in the University of Melbourne, Director of
the National Museum, Melbourne.
[Received July 9, 1900. ]
(Plates XLIX. & L.)
For many years the Tasmanian Museum in Hobart has been in
possession of a block of calcareous sandstone, obtained from the
** Turritella-zone ” in the Tertiary beds of Table Cape, containing,
partly exposed to view, the remains of a marsupial, which in life
must evidently have been of the size of a large Phalanger, though
of stouter and more massive build than any existing one.
1 have to express my cordial thanks to the Council of the
Museum and to the Curator, Mr. Morton, for the opportunity of
examining the specimen, the especial interest of which lies in the
fact that it is the oldest marsupial yet found in Australia, as
the Turritella-zone is regarded, from paleontological evidence, as
belonging to the Eocene deposits’.
Whilst a large number of fossil! mammals from Australia have
been dealt with by Owen, McCoy, de Vis, Stirling and Zietz,
Broome, and others, none of an age earlier than Pleistocene have
been hitherto discovered, the specimen now described being the
solitary one as yet found in Australia which dates back as far
as the Tertiary period. Pleistocene fossils reveal the existence of
highly specialized forms such as Thylacoleo and Diprotodon, asso-
ciated with representatives of living genera; whilst the Eocene form
appears to be in no way highly specialized, but unites within itself
structural features which serve to ally it, on the one hand, with
the most generalized of the Diprotodontia—the Phalangeridie, and
on the other hand with the most typical Polyprotodontia—the
Dasyuride. This is exactly what we might expect to find, on the
supposition that the present Diprotodont marsupials of Australia
have been developed in the Australian region from earlier Polypro-
todont forms, and that the more highly specialized Diprotodonts
were comparatively late developments.
The earliest and, in fact, the only reference to the fossil occurs in
Johnston’s ‘ Geology of Tasmania,’ where it is briefly described as
“the almost perfect skeleton of a species of Halmaturus obtained
. } G. B. Pritchard, ‘‘A Revision of the Fossil Fauna of the Table Cape Beds,
Tasmania,” Proc. R. 8. Vict. 1895, p. 74. Professor Tate, however, has
recently referred the beds, doubtfully, to the Oligocene: Trans. R. 8. South
Austr. vol, xxiii. pt. i. p. 107.
WANDVANS IS Wisl WINGS 2INAINN
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H,Gronvold. del Photoprint by Bale «Danielsson Ltd
WYNYARDIA BASSIANA
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 777
embedded in the ‘ Turritella-zone’ of the marine beds at Table
Cape”*. Unfortunately it is far from being nearly perfect.
Table Cape itself is a promontory near to the little township of
Wynyard and looks out northwards across Bass Strait. Close to
it are two small bluffs, from one of which” the specimen was
obtained. The bluff is about 160 feet high, with a capping of
basalt, beneath which lie the Tertiary beds, which in their turn rest
on Silurian slates. The upper Tertiary beds, calted by Johnston
the “ Turritella-zone,” are about 80 feet where fully exposed and
contain in addition to marine forms leaf-impressions. The same
author says: ‘“* With respect to the occurrence of the plant-remains
amongst marine forms, it is most probable that the calcareous
sandstones were formed at the mouth of an estuary or river, and
that the leaves and other land organisms were washed down and
included with the marine forms. This interpretation also throws
some light upon the discovery of the almost complete skeleton
of the species of Halmaturus already derived trom the calcareous
sandstone.” In regard to the underlying Crassatella-bed, he says :
‘Tt hardly deserves to be considered as distinct from the Turritella
group which rests immediately upon it, were it not for the fact that
it appears to have been accumulated under different circumstances.”
Pritchard * says in regard to the collection of shells studied by him
that it ‘came principally from the lower deposits known as the
Crassatella-beds, and judging from the fossils I regard the zone as
the direct equivalent of the so-called middle beds of the Spring
Creek section in Victoria. The coarseness of the material in which
a number of the Table Cape fossils is preserved, the worn character
of many of the species, and the abundance of fragments of shells
clearly indicate the littoral character of the deposit, and as an
attendant fact of some importance we have certain faunal
characteristics indicative of the same feature.”
In their suggested arrangement of the sequence of the Eocene
rocks of Victoria, Messrs. Hall and Pritchard place the Spring
. Creek beds at the base of the series *.
The block of sandstone, as it was originally found, had broken
off from the face of the bluff and tumbled down to the base, which
was surrounded, when the author visited the spot in 1892 in
company with Professor Tate, with masses of varions sizes strewn
about in all directions. Evidently this fall from the upper part
of the bluff had smashed the block in such a way as to partially
expose the fossil, and subsequent weathering resulted unfortunately
in the breaking off of the lower part of the skull ; though it is
quite possible that considerable damage had been done to the skull
before it was embedded, as the part of the lower jaw enclosed in
the matrix, and so not exposed to recent weathering, has all of
1 Pp. 261, 288 e sey.
* Figured and described by Mr. Johnston, op. ci/. pp. 258 ef seq.
® Proc. R. 8. Vict. 1895, p. 77.
' Proc. R. 8. Vict. 1894, p. 180. “The older Vertiaries of Maude with an
indication of the sequence of the Eocene Rocks of Victoria.”
778 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
its teeth broken away. ‘That it must have Jain for some time
exposed within reach of the tide is shown by the fact that a
barnacle three quarters of an inch in diameter has grown
attached to a fragment of the sacral region. When it was
originally found (and as it came into my hands) only a small
portion of the broken under surface of the skull was visible. A
portion of one side of the lower jaw, parts of ten vertebral bodies,
a portion of the sacrum, a broken ilium, various bones of the
hinder limbs, one of the marsupial bones, and parts of ribs were also
visible. All traces of teeth, shoulder-girdle and front limbs, hind
feet and tail were unfortunately lacking. The ten vertebre are but
little disturbed, the zygapophyses of eight fitting closely on to one
another.
By dint of careful working, the comparatively soft matrix which
is full of Turritella-shells was removed, and the remains of the skull,
lower jaw, femur, and ‘tibia were extracted. One of the coronoid
processes was found between the zygoma of the right side and
the cranium, detached from the lower jaw and inverted in position ;
but though a considerable part of the matrix has been worked
away, not a trace of a tooth could be found. There can be little
doubt but that the lower jaw and pelvic girdle had been smashed
before the specimen was finally embedded in the matrix; the
pectoral girdle and limbs and possibly also the hind feet were
contained in the part of the block from which the preserved
portion was broken off, while weathering will account for the
damage done to the lower part of the skull and the hind-limb
bones.
The strongly inflected angle of the lower jaw, the general
structure of the skull and the marsupial bones indicate the
essentially marsupial nature of the animal; but at the same time it
will be seen, when dealing with various parts of the skeleton, that
this early Australian mammal shows structural features which
in certain respects are not characteristic of living marsupials,
and in others are characteristic of various groups belonging
on the one hand to the Diprotodontia and on the other to the
Polyprotodontia.
The name of Wynyardia bassiana is proposed for the fossil, the
generic name being derived from that of the township close to
which lie the ‘Table Cape beds in which it was found.
The Skull. (Figs. 1 & 2, Pl. XLIX., & fig. 5, Pl. L.)
The upper surface of the skull is fairly intact, but the lower is
unfortunately broken, the exoccipital and basioccipital, the auditory
bullz and the palatal region being absent.
The most striking features are (1) the considerable relative size of
the cranial as compared with the facial portion, (2) the strong
development of the sagittal crest and the lambdoidal crista, (3) the
broad sweep and upward curvature of the zygomatic arch, (4) the
large size of the squamosal, (5) the large size of the lachrymals,
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 779
which meet the nasals and prevent the maxille from coming into
contact with the frontals, (6) the great width of the nasals, (7) the
very anterior position of the intraorbital foramen, and (8) the
general massiveness.
Owing to the base of the skull being broken, the length measure-
ment from the basion to the gnathion cannot be taken, and
therefore, for the purpose of comparison with other skulls, the
total length from the posterior end of the sagittal crest to the
anterior end of the nasals, that is the total length along the mid-
dorsal line, is taken. Though this is not so satisfactory as the former
measurement, still it will serve to a certain extent as a basis of
comparison.
The total length is just 100 mm., and the greatest width across
the zygomata is 67 mm. Taking the same length of various
species of marsupials, measured for comparison, as 100, we find
that the proportionate breadth is as follows :—Trichosurus fuligi-
nosus 58°7, T. vulpecula 53°7, Pseudochirus herbertensis 60, P. archeri
63°8, P. cooki 53°7, Phascolarctos cinereus 59, Cuscus sp. 49,
Bettongia penicillata 56°3, Dendrolagus bennettianus55°7, Phascolonys
mitchelli 75°2, Dasywrus maculatus 68:2, Sarcophilus ursinus 77,
Didelphys sp. 56°9. In regard to this it is intermediate between
such extreme forms as Sarcophilus on the one hand and Petrogale
ou the other, and approaches most nearly to Dasyurus, showing a
decidedly greater width than is met with in the Phalangeride.
The occipital region is separated from the upper surface of the
skull by a well-marked lambdoidal crista which curves somewhat
backward, so as to afford a concave surface for the muscles of the
neck, the occipital plane sloping slightly downwards and forwards
and not being vertical as in most marsupials. The curvature of
the ridge is carried to about the same extent as it is in Dasyurus,
the ridge of either side curving slightly towards the middle line.
From a point just behind the intertemporal constriction a
strongly marked sagittal crest runs backwards to the lambdoidal
crista, the former being as well developed as in Thylacinus and
Dasyurus, In this respect the fossil offers a strong contrast to
the Phalangeridz, in which the two temporal ridges run backwards
converging towards the lambdoidal crista; so that no such sagittal
crest is formed as is characteristic of the Dasyuride, and is seen
also in Didelphys marsupialis. On the upper surface of the frontals
there is a shallow, but sharply outlined, depression, the converging
margins of which are continuous posteriorly with the sagittal crest.
The parietal suture extends about as far forwards as the latter.
A very remarkable feature is the great extent and anterior
extension of the squamosals, the anterior ends of which reach
almost as far forwards as those of the parietals. An equally
striking feature, and one in which the fossil agrees with Dasyurus
and Sarcophilus, is the general parallelism of the upper part of the
suture of the squamosal with the sagittal crest. In such forms as
the Phalangeride for example the sutures show a continuous
marked convergence towards the iniddle line posteriorly. In regard
780 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
to the straightness and to a certain extent the length of the
squamosal suture, the fossil resembles Phascolomys and Phascolarctos,
from both of which it differs, however, to a great extent in other
features. The squamosal is indeed larger than in any existing
or fossil marsupial yet known, and its forward extension completely
prevents the alisphenoid from coming into contact with the parietal
as it does in most marsupials, such as Phalanger, Trichosurus,
Pseudochirus, and Dasyurus ; though, on the other hand, the parietal
does not reach the alisphenoid in Peragale, Apyprymnus, and
Phascolomys, with which in other respects the fossil has but little
in common.
No intertemporal bone can be detected.
The zygomatic arch is strong and massive, most resembling in
form that of the Dasyuride both in the considerable outward sweep
of the hinder part and in its marked upward curvature; in the
former respect it most nearly resembles a large skull of a Dasyurus,
and in the latter that of a Sarcophilus. There is not a trace of the
swollen posterior part of the squamosal which is such a striking
feature in certain of the Phalangeride, such as the genera
Phalanger, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and Petawrus ; but, im strong
contrast to what is characteristic of these forms, the arch arises low
down, and, as is well seen in lateral view (fig. 5, Pl. L.), the upper
surface rises immediately so as to form a strongly marked curve:
at the same time the arch flattens out laterally, bends over (fig. 1)
towards the upper surface and runs forwards to be inserted into
the notch in the malar process of the maxilla. The latter process
is well developed and passes off almost at right angles to the side
of the maxilla, bending abruptly backwards and at the same time
outwards to be attached in the characteristic way to the hinder end
of the arch, beneath which it runs backwards to the glenoid cavity.
The abrupt bend of the malar process most resembles that of
Phascolarctos, though in the latter the main body of the arch runs
parallel to the length of the skull. In the Phalangeride the bend
is a more gradual one, and the sweep of the arch is not nearly so
pronounced as it is in this fossil form. Though the lower part. of
the arch is broken away, it appears probable that there was a slight
zygomatic process at the anterior end; and, as in Trichoswrus and
certain other genera, only still more markedly, there is a very
distinct ridge (Pl. L. fig. 5), which traverses almost the length of
the arch, and sharply marks off an outer and upper from an outer
and lower surface, the latter serving for the attachment of the
masseter muscle.
The glenoid cavity is considerably elongated transversely, the
downward process which bounds it posteriorly being, as in the
Dasyuride and Perameles, apparently independent of any structure
concerned with the auditory passage. The shape and relationships
of this process are most similar to those of Thylacinus, and differ
markedly from those which obtain in the Phalangeride, amongst
the members of which the process in question forms the anterior
part of a well-marked bony canal. Also, as in Dasywrus, the
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 781
meatus is directed outwards and a little forwards. The glenoid
cavity is placed neither very high nor very low in regard to the
base of the skull; it is higher than in the Dasyuridx, where it is
more nearly on a level with the base of the skull, and somewhat
lower than in the Phalangeride, though it approximates more
nearly to the position in the latter.
The frontals show only a faint trace of a postfrontal process
tending to bound posteriorly an orbital space ; their greatest width
occurs in the cranial and notin the facial portion—a feature which
is the reverse of that which is characteristic of marsupials, amongst
whom the broadest part of the frontal is characteristically found
in the facial part of the skull. Dorsally the frontal region
is marked by a concavity of a V-shape, sharply outlined. This
concavity is nothing like so wide nor so extensive in length as it
is in Cuscus, Trichosurus, and Pseudochirus, from which it differs
markedly in appearance and very much more resembles that of
Dasyurus. Its posterior end, which practically corresponds in
position with that of the least intertemporal width, is marked by
the commencement of the sagittal crest.
The lachrymals are of large size and extend upon the face
to such an extent that, owing partly to the width of the nasal
bone, they come into contact with the latter and so prevent the
upward process of the maxilla from reaching the nasal. This
feature is also met with in Phascolomys, while in some of the
Phalangeride also the lachrymal extends very nearly to the nasal.
A very characteristic feature of marsupials is seen in the extra-
orbital position of the lachrymal foramen, which is single and
placed as in Sarcophilus.
The nasals present two points of importance—tirst, the consider-
able expansion of their upper ends, the greatest width occurring
at rather more than a quarter of the length from this point ; and
second, the forward extension of the bones beyond the premaxille
so that they overhang the nasal cavity. Their greatest length is
40°5 mm. and the greatest width 18°5 mm. The expansion which
brings the nasals into contact with the lachrymals is indeed more
marked than in the Phalangeride, Dasyurus, and certain Didel-
phyide in which it is characteristically present. In the forward
projection of the bones over the nasal cavity, the skull differs from
that of the Dasyuride and agrees with those of Phalanger,
Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and certain species of Didelphys; in
fact the general structure and relationships of the nasal bones
recall most strongly that which obtains in the latter.
The lower part of the maxillary bone is broken away at the
level of the infraorbital foramen, but there are two features of
importance. Jirst, the upward process, as already described, is
completely shut off from contact with the frontal ; and second, the
infraorbital foramen is situated close to the suture between the
maxilla and premaxilla, being considerably farther away from the
orbit than in any existing marsupial.
The premaxille are of large side, approximating most in form
782 PROF, BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
to those of Trichosurus, and their dimension would appear to
indicate the existence of a fair-sized incisor dentition. It is most
unfortunate that the lower part of the premaxille should have
been broken away at such a level as to leave no indication of the
exact nature of the teeth.
With regard to the ventral surface, the specimen is so broken
that it is not possible to say much. The palate is completely
wanting; parts of the basi- and presphenoid remain and the
euto-carotid canals, as is characteristic of marsupials, pierce the
basisphenoid and enter the skull close to the middle line, the
opening on the right side being larger than that on the left.
Each artery runs forward in a deep strongly marked groove, the
two grooves converging anteriorly. These grooves, which lead
forwards from behind the level of the foramen ovale on each side,
are considerably longer and more strongly developed than in any
other marsupial and are well seen in the figure of the under surface
of the skull (Pl. XLIX. fig. 2).
The foramina leading from the skull, so far as they remain,
agree in essential features with those of marsupials. The optic
foramen and the foramen lacerum anterius are united to form a
sphenoidal foramen opening outwards from the sella turcica, and
the foramina of the two sides are confluent, so that in lateral view
(fig. 5) of the skull there is a small but well-marked opening
leading from the lower part of the temporal fossa of one side into
that of the other. The passage thus formed is bounded below
by the basisphenoid and presphenoid, the suture between which
lies in the floor of the cavity, and above by the ali- and presphenoids.
A similar passage is seen in Macropus, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus,
Phascolomys, and Dasywrus, but is quite wanting in other forms
such as Phascolarctos and Sarcophilus. The foramen rotundum
opens close to the outer and slightly to the under and posterior
side of the sphenoidal foramen, from which it is as usual only
separated by a thin plate of bone.
Within the cavity of the skull the entocarotid canals enter close
behind the sella turcica, the right being twice the size of the left.
The sella turcica has no posterior clinoid process, and from the
foramen rotundum of each side a well-marked groove leads back
to the Gasserian fossa, the outer edge of the groove being formed
by the projecting ridge of bone which is developed from the
alisphenoid in the tentorial plane. The same feature occurs in
Macropus, Sarcophilus,and Dasyurus. The periotic lies completely
behind the ridge marking the tentorial plane, the bony structure
in which is not very strongly developed in contrast with what
obtains, for example, in Cuscus and Trichosurus. The periotic
differs from that of other marsupials, first in its relatively small
size, and secondly in its structure. The lower part, in which lies
the auditory meatus, has, facing the cerebellar cavity, a nearly
vertical surface measuring 8 mm. by 5 mm. in height ; above this
portion the bone is impressed so as to form a horizontal platform
from which, on the outer and posterior sides, rise the thin curved
1900. ] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 783
plates which are attached to but not fused with the skull-wall.
It thus differs markedly from that of other marsupials, in almost
all of which there is a well-marked pit for the lodgment of the
lateral appendage of the cerebellum. In the Wombat the pit is
represented by a depression, but there is no horizontal platform
developed, and the whole structure is very different from that of
the fossil.
The cranial cavity 1s relatively of considerable size as compared
with that of recent marsupials. Some idea of this may be gained
from the following measurements’, which, for the sake of more
easy comparison, have all been reduced so as to make them pro-
portionate in dimension to skulls of the same length’ as that of
the fossil specimen (100 mm.) :—
| {
a |28|83|S¢|S2| 22 | Bz
a |'sS| >3 |] SS] 28] 88 |] SB
5 SS) fs] SP} 88] 581 85
2 [SF Ae RE IAE Se ae
= |
Total length of = ae _ 3 1 ley |
Gonna caine 58 50°5 50-4 | 44°8 | 42-1 | 44 | 42°6 |
Greatest height ... | 26 | 21 | 204) 24 | 205] 21:3] 18:2
Length of cerebral 2 SESS Cee ee eee tee 2 | :
LGSGAN. tik Rte cece } 33 30°5 | 307 | 32 | 275 | 263 | 28-4
i | i
Length of cerebellar 9.5 6 2
BOGS rate seen ott Scien } Iie te bie | 103. | 1? a ecaaae |
| Greatest width of | ae 9 > 32 2 2
| cerebral fossa... | Fo oa eh 9} 29 id aS ei
It will be evident from these figures, which represent approxi-
mately the cranial development in typical examples of the families
Macropodide, Phalangeride, Dasyuride, Phascolomyide, and
Peramelide, that in the extinct form we have an animal in which
the relative size of the brain was greater than in existing mar-
supials ; in the total length of the brain, and in the height, length,
and breadth of the cerebral hemispheres, it has decidedly the
advantage, and as indicating a possible retrogression in cranial
development within the marsupial group since Eocene times, the
fossil is of peculiar interest.
Pets cranial cavity has been cleared of matrix since the drawings were
made,
* This measurement is along the dorsal surface from the front end of the
sagittal crest to the tip of the nasal bones, as, owing to the broken under surface,
the length from basion to gnathion cannot be taken. In the case of the
Kangaroo the difference between the latter and the dorsal length is greater
than in the other forms, and causes the relative dimensions of the skull-cavity
to be slightly greater than they would be if the more satisfactory measurement
of gnathion to basion had been ayailable,
784 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
In regard to their dentition as well as to the nature of the foetal
membranes, Wilson and Hill! have come to the conclusion that
there is very clear evidence of retrogression within the marsupial
order, and it appears to be very probable that this retrogression has
affected the cranial development.
The Lower Jaw—Only a fragment of one ramus of the lower jaw
(figs. 6 & 7, Pl. L.) is preserved together with a broken-off coronoid
process (fig, 8), and, just as in the case of the upper jaw, no teeth
are visible. The angle of the jaw has the inward bending so as to
form, as seen from below (fig. 7), a flat surface of considerable
extent, which evidently formed, as in Potorous and Phalanger, the
floor of a deep and fairly wide depression on the inside of the
ascending ramus, which is completely broken away. It differs,
however, from that of the Phalangeride in being of much greater
proportionate length and in running backwards into a long and
markedly upturned process, more like that in Perameles than in
any other form. It will be noticed that there is on the under
surface a well-marked ridge which accentuates the convexity of the
outline when seen from the side. The structure of the jaw, while
distinctly marsupial, is in certain respects unlike that of any
known form. The inflected angle, which is in fact longer than is
represented in the figure (a broken off portion 8 mm. in length
not being represented), is quite unlike that of any existing species
both in regard to its length and upward curvature. It must
also have been of considerable vertical height, as there were no
traces left of even the lower parts of the sockets ; and either there
were no largely developed incisors, or else the symphysis was a
remarkably long one, as there is not a trace of any sockets at the
anterior end. The ventral curvature and sharply marked ridge
are again characteristic features, while further still there is a
curious and inexplicable feature in regard to the ramus, consisting
in the presence of a deep depression across the upper surface,
which must apparently have been situated in the area occupied
by the molar series. It extends in a slanting direction from side
to side across the jaw, and its smooth, rounded floor-surface and
margins show clearly that it is not a mere break in the jaw. With
this is associated a swelling on the internal face, which is well
seen in the view from below (fig. 7). What can have been the
meaning of this it is impossible to state *, asit is apparently unlike
anything known in any mammalian jaw, while its definite outline
and the normal condition of the surface of the bone appear to
negative the idea that it is a pathological feature.
The dental foramen is not present, having evidently been placed
farther back than the most posterior limit of the preserved portion of
the ramus. The mylo-hyoid groove, if present, is only very faintly
marked, contrasting in this respect strongly with earlier marsupials,
2 J. P. Hill, “The Placentation of Perameles,’ Q.J.M.S. vol. xl. p. 485.
* The only suggestion which can be made is that possibly it may have been
associated with the presence of a large sectorial tooth in the molar or premolar
series such as is developed in Abderites,
1990.) FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 785
and on the other hand agreeing with the majority of recent ones,
in which it is variable and only feebly developed’.
The coronoid process is that of the right side (fig. 8). Itis a
remarkably thin plate, in comparison with the general solidity of
the other bones, with the anterior and upper margin but little
thickened. In comparison with that of other marsupials it is of
considerable breadth; there is no concavity on the lower half of
the outer surface such as is present in most forms. ‘The form of
the posterior curved margin, where it is passing backwards and
downwards towards the condyle, may be taken as indicating that
the latter was placed fairly high up as regards the angle of the
jaw.
LTimb-bones.
These are represented by a fairly complete left and a broken
right femur; a left tibia broken distally, and a right tibia also
broken ; a left fibula broken distally and a right more perfect one.
No part of the anterior limb or of the foot is preserved.
The Femur (text-fig. 1, and figs. 10, 11, Pl. L.).—The left
femur (figs. 10, 11, Pl. L.) is entire except for the upper end
of the trochanter, which evidently rose slightly beyond the head.
Its total length is 107 mm., and when compared with the cor-
responding bone of a Trichoswrus, which is of about equal
length, it is at once seen to be remarkable on account of its
massiveness. The shaft is straight without any anterior curve,
and the posterior surface is flattened. A line passing along
the long axis practically cuts through the tip of the great
trochanter, the head being turned considerably inwards. The
lesser trochanter is characterized by the strong development of
the tuberosity at its upper end; while the ridge, which is con-
tinued downwards from the great trochanter, has a marked
tuberosity at its lower end similar to that which is present in
Phascotomys. t its ventral distal extremity the shaft swells
out, the lateral surface of the outer side being turned, so that it
becomes visible in ventral view as in the femurs of Phascolomys
and Phascolarctos. There is also a distinct depression beneath the
inner condyle, which is present but not so strongly developed in
Phascolarctos.
The condyles are of interest because, whilst in marsupials it is
characteristic to find the outer larger (in Macropodide and
Phalangeride notably so) than the inner, the reverse condition
obtains here, and the inner one is slightly larger than the outer—
a point of structure in which the fossil apparently differs from all
other Marsupialia.
On the anterior face at the condylar end there is a broad surface
with only a slight development of groove, the latter being less
marked even than in Phalangers and Dasyures, in which there is
a broad, distinctly concave surface with distinct margins. What
' H. F. Osborne, “ Mesozoic Marsupialia,” Journ, Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol, ix, 2, 1888, p. 262,
786 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [ Nov. 20,
groove there is in the fossil is only as broad as the deep depression
which lies between the condyles posteriorly ; starting from this it
runs in a slanting direction towards the external side, separating
a larger internal rounded eminence from a smaller external
one '.
Wynyardia bassiana,
Fig. 1.--Portion of right femur. Fig. 2.—The same. Upper ex-
Nat. size. tremity, from above. Nat. size.
The total length of the femur is 107 mm.; the least width, in
the centre, is 10 mm.; the greatest width, immediately below the
condyle, is 22 mm. Some idea of the relative length of the femur
in regard to that of existing marsupials may be gathered from the
following list, which represents the length of, the femur in pro-
portion to that of the skull in the species named, calculating the
length of the skull in each case as 100, that is equal to that of the
fossil :—Vrichosurus fuliginosus 119°5 ; Dasyurus maculatus 95°8 ;
Pseudochirus herbertensis 93°8: P. archert 100°8; Sarcophilus
ursinus 107°6; Bettongia penicillata 142°7 ; Phascolaretos 112°5;
Didelphys marsupialis 809; Phalanger sp. 89°5; Phascolomys
' This groove is too strongly marked in fig. 11, Pl. L.; and its depth is
shown where it is seen in profile at the extremity of the bone.
Aude
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA, 787
mitchelli 85°4. It will be observed that there is a very considerable
variation within the limits of the Phalangeride, the fossil having
a decidedly shorter femur than is found in Zrtchosurus and a
decidedly longer one than in Phalanger, while it agrees very
closely with that of Sarcophilus.
The Tibia (fig. 9, Pl. L.).—The tibia is a strong bone with the
shaft much compressed andtwisted. Atabouta fifth of its length
from the upper end there is a well-marked tuberosity, flattened from
side to side and considerably more prominent than in the tibia of
Phalangeride or Dasyurus, though not so strongly marked as in
Phascolarctos, where it forms a very prominent structure with an
extended broad surface. The inner articular surface of the head
is of much greater extent than the outer, in correspondence with
the large size of the inner condyle of the femur. In this feature
it differs from the tibia of recent marsupials.
Wynyardia bassiana. Portion of right fibula, anterior aspect.
The same, posterior aspect. Both nat. size.
The Fibula (text-figs. 3 & 4).—The fibula is a complete separate
bone. Unfortunately neither fibula is perfect distally, but sufficient
of this end of the right one remains to indicate that though the head
was somewhat expanded, it was considerably less in size than that
of the tibia. The proximal end is much enlarged, the most notice-
able features being (1) the fact that evidently the outer condyle of
the femur, as in Fhascolomys and to a certain extent Phascolarctos,
articulated with the upper of the two articular facets, the outer
head of the tibia playing upon the lower one; (2) the extension
upwards of the olecranon portion (broken off in the specimen
figured), which carries a well-marked surface with which, as in
other marsupials, a sesamoid evidently articulated. The lower
tuberosity is strongly marked and in general features the head ot
the fibula rather calls to mind that of Phascolomys and to a lesser
degree that of Phascolarctos. In both of these a line drawn
through the middle of the lower tuberosity at right angles to the
long axis of the bone lies considerably below the level of the lowest
angle of the tuberosity which articulates with the sesamoid, while
Proc. Zoor, Soc.—1900, No. LIL. 52
788 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
in Trichosurus and other Phalangerine it cuts across the same
angle.
‘The measurements of the tibia and fibula are as follows :—Tibia,
length 99 mm.; greatest width of head 25; width at tuberosity
13. The comparative lengths of the tibia in the following species,
taking in each case the length of the skull as 100, are :—Tricho-
surus fuliginosus 118-4; Dasyurus maculatus 94°6; Pseudochirus
archert 97°4; Sarcophilus ursinus 96; Bettongia penicillata 218 ;
Phascolarctos 82°6; Didelphys marsupialis 82°2; Phascolomys
mitchelli 65:2; Phalanger sp. 80°6.
Fibula, length 99. Comparative length of the fibula in the
following species, taking in each the length of the skull as 100 :—
Trichosurus fuliginosus 115°4; Dasyurus maculatus 94-6 ; Pseudo-
chirus archeri 97:4; Sarcophilus ursinus 94:2 ; Bettonqia penicillata
210-9; Phascolarctos 81:2; Didelphys marsupialis 71:5; Phasco-
lomys mitchell: 65:2; Phalanger sp. 80-6.
It will be noticed that the nearest approach in relative length
of both tibia and fibula is met with in Pseudochirus, the next nearest
being Dasywrus and Sarcophilus.
Pelvic Girdle. (Fig. 4, Pl. XLIX.)
The parts of this remaining are the acetabular region and
ischium and the greater part of the ilium of the right side. The
whole girdle is remarkable for its great massiveness.
The ischial portion is somewhat similar to that of Trichosurus,
the border which lies on the internal side in the acetabular region
bending outwards and downwards to the tuber ischii, though it is
nothing like so sharply marked as it is in Trichosurus, in which it
forms a distinct ridge. The acetabular cavity is deeper than in
Trichosurus or Dasyuius, the two margins of the articulating
surface approaching more nearly one to the other inferiorly, owing
to the fact that the posterior margin which overhangs the cotyloid
notch faces somewhat more forwards than it does in the Phalan-
geride or Dasyuride. ‘The cotyloid notch is deep, though not so
deep as in the Macropodide. The synovial cavity is distinctly
outlined, but, except in the posterior part, is not overarched by the
acetabular border. Owen’ laid some stress upon the presence of
this feature in Thylacoleo as being indicative of the alliance of the
latter with the carniyorous marsupials, but it is also present in
certain herbivorous forms. The shape of the acetabular region on
the whole more nearly resembles that of Phascolomys than of any
other form.
The ilium is unfortunately somewhat broken along its postero-
internal or iliac border, but is sufficiently intact to show that it
does not closely resemble that of any existing marsupial. The
three surfaces—gluteal, iliac, and sacral—are sharply defined, and
' “Pelvic Charactera of Thylacoleo carnifer,” Phil. Trans. R. 8. part ii.
1883, p, 639, ;
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 789
in certain respects have much the same relationship one to another
that they have in the Macropodide. They differ markedly from
those of the Dasyuride, and still more from those of the Phalan-
geride. The bone gradually spreads out towards the crest, which
curves out as in the Phalangeride, but in the fossil the crest is
formed by the union of the gluteal and sacral surfaces. The bone
is roughly triangular in section, with two broad and one narrow
side, much as in the Macropodide, from which, however, it differs
strongly in the gradual swelling out towards the crest. The
acetabular border, which is rounded proximally, becomes more and
more angular distally and curves outwards to the external limit of
the crest. The pubic border, which 1s distinctly marked along its
whole length, much as in Macropodide, is very sharply defined
distally, and between these two borders runs the iliac surface
which is distinctly concave distally. The ilium in its broad,
flattened distal part with outcurving crest bears only a superficial
resemblance to that of the Phalangeride, for whereas in the latter
the acetabular border lies almost in the middle line of the expanded
surface, in the fossil it forms the lower and outer boundary of
this, the iliac surface being as it were pushed forwards and down-
wards so as to form, as in the Macropodide, a very distinct antero-
inferior surface. From that of Dasywrus and Perameles the bone
differs in that the iliac border does not meet the acetabular, and so
obliterate the iliac surface in the upper and distal part, though this
obliteration is not quite complete in all specimens of Dasywrus.
The marsupial bones are well developed, and fortunately one of
them is in a good state of preservation. It is straight, flattened,
and considerably expanded at the proximal extremity, where, as
in the Wombat, there are two distinct surfaces for articulation
with the pubis. They differ markedly from those of the Phalan-
geridz both in size and in the absence of the curve which is
characteristic of the bone in such forms as Trichosurus. The
length of the bone is 55 mm.; that of the corresponding bone in
a Trichosurus, the femur and skull of which are of approximately
the same length as those of the fossil, being only 31 mm. In
shape the bone is closely similar to that of the Wombat, though
relatively larger; in fact it is as large in proportion to the ilium
as in Phascolarctos, though it is markedly different from that of the
latter in being straight instead of strongly curved. The width of
the expanded proximal end is 22 mm.; at 11 mm. from this end
the width is 9 mm. ; at 15 it is 6 mm., and this width is continued
to the distal end.
Sacrum.
Only a broken portion of the sacrum is preserved, showing the
bodies of three fused vertebre. The transverse processes are
too broken to allow of the method of attachment of the ilia being
determined, but the bodies and processes of the three are firmly
fused together. The neural spine of the first is broad and flattened,
measuring 14 mm. in length; the total height cannot be ascertained,
a2”
790 PROF. BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [ Nov. 20,
as itis broken off at a height of 125mm. _ It slants slightly
forwards.
Vertebral Column.
Of the vertebral column there remains the broken axis and a
continuous series of 9 vertebre belonging to the presacral region.
The axis has the odontoid process firmly attached. The articular
surface is elongate, its length being 10 mm.; the anterior margin
of the neural arch arises at the level of the posterior end of the
articular surface, and is almost vertical, the under surface of the
overhanging end of the neural spine forming almost a right angle
with it. The exact extent of the spine cannot be determined as
the posterior part is broken. The transverse process differs from
that of marsupials generally (ex. T'richosurus, Dasyurus, Perameles,
Macropus) in running out nearly at right angles to the body.
It is stoutly built and relatively short. The width (11 mm.) of
the neural cavity is decidedly greater than its height (7:5), a con-
dition which does not usually obtain in marsupials; in a specimen
of Dendrolagus bennettianus both width and height are 9 mm. ; in
Lrichosurus both are 7 mm.; in Dasyurus viverrinus and Perameles
gunnt the height is 5 mm., the width a shade greater; in Phasco-
lomys the width is 15, the ‘height 12; and in Macropus rufus the
width is 16 and the height 11:5. The ridge of bone which forms
the floor of the vertebrarterial canal instead of being, as in
recent marsupials, narrowed from before backwards so that there
is a distinct open space between the backwardly slanting process
and the centrum ventrally, is expanded so as to form a platform
which serves as a floor for the vertebrarterial canal. In ventral
view there is a low median keel; this runs forwards to meet a ridge
which runs across the anterior end of the centrum and then
diverges outwards on each side, when it is confluent with the
lower edge of the articular surface, and then passes outwards on
to the process at the base of the vertebrarterial canal. The space
between this ridge on either side and the median keel is occupied
by a platform of bone across which runs a small ridge. This
platform, stretching across between the process and the centrum,
is a distinctive feature of the axis of the fossil form, and is not met
with in recent marsupials.
The remaining vertebre are all considerably broken ; they are
lying on their right side, the processes of the left side being all
broken off. Under the four anterior ones there lie the broken
remains of ribs.
The total length of this part of the vertebral column is 191 mm. ;
that of a corresponding part of a Trichosurus vulpecula, of which
the skull is slightly smaller than that of the fossil, is 160 mm.
Owing to their broken state it is not possible to determine which
of them carried ribs. The third from the anterior end is the only
one in which the neural spine is preserved; it has the form of a
broad plate slanting backwards, with a length of 14 mm. at its
base and 12 along its dorsal margin; its anterior, backwardly
1900.} FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. fon
sloping margin measures 9 mm.; its vertical height is 7 mm. It
gradually thickens from before backwards, the width of the some-
what swollen dorsal surface being 2 mm. in front and 4 mm.
behind. The length of the broken base of the neural spine of the
vertebra next in front is 16 mm. Its general form is much like
that of Trichoswrus, only much enlarged, the corresponding process
in a J. vulpecula (with a skull of almost the same size as that of
the fossil) being § mm. in length and 4 mm. in vertical height.
The metapophyses are well developed, and fit in between the
posterior zygapophyses and the anapophyses. The latter are well
developed, forming rounded processes on four of the vertebre,
those of the last two being broken off; they gradually diminish
in size from before backwards. The zygapophyses and associated
metapophyses lie in a more horizontal plane than they do in TJri-
chosurus and other forms, their general relationship being very
much that which obtains in Dendrolaqus.
The most striking feature in regard to these presacral vertebra
is the structure of the transverse processes, which are unlike those
of any existing marsupial. They are well developed on all the
last five vertebre, but in front of this cannot be seen, owing to
the manner in which the ribs have been pressed up against the
vertebral column. The most perfectly preserved one is that on
the fourth vertebra counting from the posterior end; here it has the
form of a flat plate slightly increasing in width towards the free
end and slightly slanting forwards, both its anterior and posterior
edges being straight. The width of the attached end is 10 mm.
and of the tree end 12 mm.; the length of the process is 15°5 mm.
On the vertebra in front of this the width at the attached end is
11 mm. and the length 12 mm., the anterior edge being slightly
concave. On the vertebra behind, the process is broken off close
to its base, while on the next vertebra it is directed outwards at
right angles to the length of the body, has a length of 16 mm. and
a uniform width of 9mm. In the last of the presacral vertebra»
the shape is different ; for the length of 5 mm. the proximal part
lies at right angles to the body, but beyond this the process bends
forwards, the total length bemg 22mm. The process, which only
measures 7 mm. in width, is marked by a ridge which runs obliquely
across its width, continuing the line of the curved front edge af
the distal part. All of the processes run in an almost horizontal
plane, as they do in Phascolomys ; but whereas in the latter they
are long and narrow, here they are Jong and broad, unlike those of
existing marsupials except to a slight extent those of Phascolarctos,
in which, however, they are relatively much smaller.
Summary of Important Points.
(1) Proportionate length to the breadth of the skull, 100 : 67.
This approximates most nearly to Dasyurus, and shows a decidedly
greater proportionate width than in the Phalangeride.
(2) Lambdoidal crest well developed, as in Dasyurus.
792 PROF, BALDWIN SPENCER ON A [Nov. 20,
(3) Sagittal crest strongly developed, resembling that of Dasy-
uride and species of Didelphys.
(4) Large size of the squamosal. This is more strongly marked
than in any recent marsupial except perhaps Phascolomys. The
dorsal suture of the squamosal runs generally parallel to the
sagittal crest as in Dasyuride and does not converge posteriorly as
it does in Phalangeride.
(5) The wide sweep and upward curvature of the zygomatic
arches, as in Dasyuride.
(6) The entire absence of the inflated part of the squamosal,
which is characteristic of the Phalangeride generally.
(7) The transverse elongation of the glenoid cavity, the down-
ward produced plate of bone which forms the boundary is not
connected with any structure forming part of the auditory passage.
In this respect it agrees with Dasyuride and Perameles, and
differs markedly from the Phalangeride, amongst which it forms
the anterior part of a bony auditory canal.
(8) The position of the glenoid cavity in reference to the base
of the skull. In the relatively high position of this it approximates
most nearly to the Phalangeridx, though it is placed somewhat
lower than in these.
(9) The greatest breadth of the frontals is in the cranial part.
In this the fossil differs apparently from all recent marsupials.
(10) The large size of the lachrymals, which meet the nasals as
they do in Phascolomys.
(11) The great width of the nasals. In their general shape the
bones are closely similar to those of certain species of Didelphys.
(12) The forward extension of the nasals, as in the Phalangeride
and certain Didelphyide, and in contrast to what obtains amongst
the Dasyuride.
(13) The very anterior position of the infraorbital foramen.
(14) The development of a groove running forward from the
foramen rotundum to the fossa gasseriana. In this it agrees with
Macropus, Sarcophilus, and Dasyurus.
(15) The structure of the periotic bone, which is quite unlike
that of any other marsupial.
(16) The size and shape of the premaxille, which are very
similar to those of Zvishosurus and may probably be regarded as
indicating the presence of a fair-sized incisor dentition.
(17) The relative size of the cranial cavity, which is greater than
that in any recent marsupial.
(18) The great length of the inflected angle of the lower jaw
and the height to which it rises. This characteristic marsupial
feature is strongly emphasized in the fossil.
(19) The probable high position of the articulating surface of
the lower jaw.
(20) The remarkable obliquely transverse groove in the lower jaw.
(21) The strongly marked curved ridge on the under surface of
the lower jaw.
1900.] FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. 793
(22) The massive nature of the femur and the fact that the
inner condyle is larger than the outer one, which is the reverse
condition of that which is typical of recent marsupials.
(23) The strong development of the tuberosity at the upper
end of the lesser trochanter, and the presence of a tuberosity at
the lower end of the ridge which is continued down from the great
trochanter. The latter feature is met with in Phascolomys.
(24) The position of the head of the femur, which is turned
considerably inwards.
(25) The proportionate length of the femur to that of the head.
It is longer than in Z’richosurus, shorter than in Phalanger, and
agrees most nearly with that of Sarcophilus.
(26) The strong development of the anterior tuberosity in the
tibia. This is more strongly developed than in Phalangeride
and Dasyurus, but not so strongly as in Phascolarctos.
(27) The distal head of the fibula is somewhat less in size than
that of the tibia.
(28) The upward extension of the olecranon portion of the
fibula is considerable and most resembles that found in Phascolomys.
The outer condyle of the head articulates with the femur.
(29) The proportionate length of the fibula and tibia to that of
the skull is nearest to that of Pseudochirus.
(30) The ischium is massive and shows a general resemblance
in form to that of Trichosurus.
(31) The acetabular region is most similar to that of Phascolomys,
the lower part only of the distal acetabular border overhangs the
synovial cavity in the region of the cotyloid notch. The notch is
fairly deep, and the whole acetabular region resembles most nearly
that of Phascolomys.
(32) The ilium is unlike that of any recent marsupial. It has
the trihedral form of Macropus or Dendrolagus, but counbined with
this the distal expansion characteristic of other forms, such as the
Phalangeride, from which, however, it differs markedly in essential
structure.
(33) The great size and straightness of the marsupial bones,
which have two articulating surfaces as in Phascolomys.
(34) The sacrum consists of three fused vertebra. This occurs
in Dasyurus viverrinus.
(35) The structure of the axis, in which the transverse process
runs out almost at right angles to the body, and the ridge
which forms the base of the vertebrarterial canal is flattened out,
instead of being narrowed from before backward as in all recent
marsupials.
(36) The transverse processes are large broad plates running
out almost horizontally: they are unlike those of any recent
marsupial.
It will be seen from the above that the fossil presents a remarkable
combination of characters, some of which serve to distinguish it
from recent marsupials, while others serve to ally it on the one
794 ON A FOSSIL MARSUPIAL FROM TASMANIA. — [ Noy. 20,
hand with existing Polyprotodontia, and on the other with existing
Diprotodontia.
If we had only the anterior part of the skull preserved, there is
but little doubt that it would be referred to the Phalangeride ;
but, on the other hand, if we had only the hinder part showing
the strong sagittal crest, the low origin and-wide sweep of the
zygomatic arch, it would be referred to the Dasyuride; the ilium
alone would be regarded as belonging to an animal more allied to
Dendrolagus than to any existing marsupial; while the head of
the fibula would be regarded as indicating affinity to Phascolomys.
We may divide the more important characters into three groups
as follows :—
(1) Those in which it differs from recent marsupials. These
characters are seen in numbers 9, 13, 15, 17, 22, 32, 35, 36. The
most important features in connection with these is the greater
relative size of the cranial cavity, in conjunction with the fact that
the greatest breadth of the frontal bones lies in the cranial and not
in the facial region. There is no indication of affinity with any
special group outside of the marsupials, but an indication that
within the marsupials retrogression has most probably taken place
in this respect.
(2) Those in which it shows alliance with the Polyprotodontia.
These are seen in numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, in all of which it shows a
decided alliance with the Dasyuride.
(3) Those in which it shows alliance with the Diprotodontia.
These are seen in numbers 8 (to a certain extent), 12 (to a certain
extent, though this character is common to Didelphyide), 16, 19,28,
29,30, 31, 32. In some of these features it shows alliance with the
Phalangeride and in others with Phascolomys, and in 32 with
Macropodide to a certain extent.
In the complete absence of teeth and of the bones of both fore
and hind feet, it is unsafe to attempt to refer it to any existing
family ; there are, indeed, only two which could possibly be con-
sidered in this respect—the Dasyuride and Phalangeride. From
both of these it differs in the points mentioned in the first group :
from the Dasyuride in the characters mentioned in the third group
as well as in 4 (in part), 18, 32, and 33; from the Phalangeride
in those of the second group as well as in 4, 6, 18, 28, 32, 33, 34.
The structure of the premaxillee appears to indicate the existence
of a fair-sized incisor dentition; and a consideration of all the
features would appear to lead to the conclusion that the fossil is
the representative of a now extinct series of forms which were
more nearly allied to ancestral Polyprotodonts than are any of
the existing Diprotodont forms. It may, in fact, be regarded as
intermediate between the former and the latter, and as indicative
of a stage in the development of Australian marsupials when the
ancestors of the recent Diprotodontia were beginning to diverge
from the original Polyprotodontid stock from which they have
been developed within the limits of the Australian region.
Melbourne, May 1900.
4
a
3
2!
es
vi
N
A,
Edwin Wilson, Combridge.
THE SOUTH PACIFIC
CRUSTACEANS FROM
Or
; RUSTACEANS FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC. 7
1900 ON CRUSTACEANS FRO SOUTH PACIFIC 79
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate XLIX.
Wynyardia bassiana.
1. Upper surface of the skull.
2. Lower surface of the skull.
3. Axis vertebra, from the left side.
4. Portion of the pelvic girdle, showing the acetabulum and
ischium.
Prats L.
Wynyardia bassiana,
. Side view of the skull.
. The left ramus of the mandible, from the inner side.
. The same, from the under surface.
. The coronoid process of the right side.
. The left tibia.
10, 11. The left femur.
All the figures are drawn of the natural size.
eO OO ST Ce Or
2. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part V.
Arthrostracans and Barnacles’. By Li. A. Borrapalte,
M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn
College, Cambridge.
[Received June 6, 1900.]
(Plate LI.)
The material on which the present report is based was collected
in the islands of Funafuti (Ellice group), Rotuma, and Viti Levu,
Fiji, by Mr. Stanley Gardiner, to whom the writer is much
indebted for the opportunity of examining it.
The following species were furnished by the three localities
respectively :—
From Rotuma.
ARTHROSTRACA,
Armadillidium pacificum, n. sp.
CIRRIPEDIA.
Tetraclita porosa (Gmelin), var. viridis Darwin.
From Funafuti.
ARTHROSTRACA.
Cirolana latistylis Dana.
Armadillidium pacificum, n. sp.
Leptochelia sp.
Hyale gracilis (Dana).
CIRRIPEDIA.
Lithotrya pacifica, n. sp.
1 For Parts I.-IV., see P. Z. S. 1898, pp. 52, 457, and 1000, and 1900, p. 568.
796 MR, L, A, BORRADAILE ON CRUSTACEANS [Nov. 20,
From Fiji.
CIRRIPEDIA.
Lepas anatifera Linn.
Balanus tintinnabulum (Linn.), var. occator Darwin.
There are altogether four species of Arthrostraca, of which two
are described as new, and four of Cirripedia, of which one is new.
Subclass ARTHROSTRACA.
Order ISOPODA.
Tribe ONISCOIDEA.
Family ARMADILLIDIIDA,
Genus ARMADILLIDIUM Brandt, 1833.
1. ARMADILLIDIUM PACIFICUM, n. sp. (Plate LI. figs. 1, 1a.)
Diagnosis: “An Armadillidium with the body oblong-oval,
more than twice as long as broad (£); the surface minutely pitted,
not hairy; the head transverse, shorter and narrower than the
thoracic segments, its fore edge straight as seen from above, its
hind edge hollowed; the first free thoracic segment broader than
any of the rest, its hind angle rounded and overhung by a squarish
lobe, under which the fore edge of the next segment fits when the
animal curls up; side plates of remaining segments narrow, those
of segments 2, 5, 6, and 7 squared, those of 3 and 4 subacute ; each
segment with a row of small longitudinal furrows on each side ;
the abdomen short, broad, semicircular ; the last segment broader
at the base than it is long, hollowed at the sides, and thus nar-
rowest in the middle of its length, broader and truncate at the
end; the antenne very short, their flagella shorter than the last
joint of the stalk, with the first joint about one-fourth of the
length of the end joint; the outer branch of the uropods rather
shorier than the base, broad, its free edge completing the semi-
circular outline of the abdomen, but projecting slightly beyond
this outline; the copulatory appendages on the first abdominal
appendage of the male slightly diverging at the tip.”
Colour in spirit, mottled grey.
Length of largest specimen, 8 mm.
The genus Armadillidium seems not to have been met with
hitherto in the South Seas, if we except the world-wide A. vulgare,
which has been found at Melbourne. The name of the present
species is proposed in commemoration of this fact.
Funafuti; one male, seven females.
Rotuma; one male, one female.
88.
Fig. 9. Diagrammatic reconstruction of anterior portion of C. haddoni. x 4.
832 ON BONES OF A MACACUS FROM MAURITIUS. [Dee. 4,
December 4, 1900.
Dr. Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read an extract from a letter which had been
addressed to the Colonial Office by the West India Committee,
and sent by the Colonial Office to the Society for information,
concerning the proposed introduction of the English Starling
(Sturnus vulgaris) or the Indian Mynah (Acridotheres tristis) into
St. Kitts, West Indies, in order to check the increase of Grass-
hoppers, which were causing great damage to the growing crops
in that island.
Mr. Lydekker exhibited the mounted skin of a female Musk-ox,
which Mr. Rowland Ward, F.Z.S., was about to present to the
British Museum. It had been obtained from East Greenland,
together with the skin of a male, which had also been set up by
Mr. Ward’s firm. Both specimens differed from the Musk-ox of
Arctic America (and probably West Greenland) by the presence
of a large patch of long whitish hair in the middle line of the face
between the horns and the muzzle, and also by the hair on the
rest of the front of the face being grizzled, instead of uniformly
dark brown. In the female the hair between the bases of the
horns was also white, and a little white hair was observable
between the closely approximated horns of the bull.
Both Mr. Thomas and Mr. Lydekker had previously been struck
with the presence of the white on the face of the young East-Green-
land Musk-oxen at Woburn Abbey (see the figure in P. Z.S. 1899,
p. 886), but had not been satisfied that the feature might not be due
to immaturity alone. Now, however, it wasdemonstrated to occur in
the adult of the East-Greenland race, which Mr. Lydekker proposed
to name Ovibos moschatus wardi, taking the above-mentioned female
specimen asthe typeof the subspecies. Therace would be sufficiently
characterized by the presence of the light grey tuft in the middle
of the face of both sexes of the adult. But not improbably the
still larger amount of greyish white, or white, on the face of the
calves was also a distinction ; for Mr. Lydekker had been informed
by the manager to Mr. Rowland Ward that in young American
Musk-oxen the face (to the best of his belief) was uniformly brown.
It was also suggested that in future the fossil Asiatic and
European Musk-ox, which was doubtless subspecifically distinct
from both the living American races, might be designated Ovibos
moschatus pallantis (De Kay), the name maximus being available
for the fossil American form if considered desirable.
Dr. Forsyth Major exhibited a few bones of a species of Macacus
found associated with the remains of the Dodo in the Mare aux
Songes (Mauritius), and made the following remarks :—
The bones here exhibited, two radii, right and left, are preserved
1900.) ON REMAINS OF CYON FROM SARDINIA. 833
in the Natural History Museum; there is in the Cambridge
Zoological Museum a cubitus from the same locality and apparently
of the same species. My purpose in exhibiting them is to draw
attention to the fact, in the hope that more characteristic remains
will turn up.
A species of Macacus, said to be M. cynomolgus, is living in a
wild state at Mauritius. According to I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s
Catalogue of Primates (pp. 26 & 29), the remains of two species
of Macacus from Mauritius, MW. sinicus and M. cynomolgus, are in
the Paris Natural History Museum. A. Newton, in his ‘ Dictionary
of Birds’ (p. 215, footn. 1) states the Mauritius Monkey to be the
Macacus pileatus from Ceylon.
IT have not succeeded in determining accurately the few bones
from the Mare aux Songes; all I can say for the present is that
they belong to a species of Macacus which is not M. cynomolgus.
Monkeys have been known to exist in the Mauritius since 1627-
28 at least, and were, it seems, supposed to have been introduced
there by the Portuguese, as mentioned in the following passage in
Sir Thomas Herbert’s Travels: ‘“ The Le (7. e. Mauritius) affoords
us withall Goats, Hogges, Beeves and Kine, land Tortoyses (so great
that they will creepe with two mens burthens, and serue more for
sport, then seruice or solemne Banquet), Rats and Monkeyes, all
of which becomes food to such ships as anchor here. They were
first brought hither by the Portugall...... » (Th. Herbert, A
Relation of some Yeares Travaile, Begunne Anno 1626. Into Ajri-
que and the greater Asia...... London, 1634, p. 213.)
Dr. Forsyth Major made the following remarks on remains
of Cyon sardous (Studiati) from a cave at Capo Caccia (N.W.
Sardinia) :—
The mandible of a member of the Canidz here exhibited has
been communicated to me, together with other Pleistocene Verte-
brates from Sardinia, by Professor D. Lovisato, of the University
of Cagliari, who for years has been exploring the fossiliferous
deposits of Sardinia with characteristic energy and at considerable
personal sacrifice.
In the absence of the posterior part of the ramus, whereby it
must be left undecided whether a third true molar was present
or not, the determination of this fossil rests chiefly on the con-
formation of the talon of the lower carnassial, which is unicuspid
and trenchant, whereas in Canis it is composed in the main of a
stronger outer and a lesser inner tubercle.
Amongst recent Canide, three genera exhibit the trenchant
conformation of the lower carnassial’s talon; viz., the South-
American Icticyon, the African Lycaon, and the Central and South-
east Asiatic Cyon. There are no a@ priori grounds why such a
feature might not be independently developed in various forms,
As to Icticyon, Lund, Huxley, and Winge have insisted upon its
close relation in other characters to the other South-American
834 ON REMAINS OF CYON FROM SARDINIA. [Dec. 4,
Canide, Winge pointing out, moreover, transitional forms between
both.
With regard to Zycaon and Cyon, their closer relation with each
other than with Canis, as shown by the skull and dentition, is avery
striking fact and can scarcely be regarded as a mere parallelism.
Huxley observes (P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 276) that “ in the breadth of the
premolar region of the upper jaw, and in a more or less marked
convexity of the facial contour, Zycaon strongly reminds one of
Cyon;” whilst Mivart shows that Lycaon agrees with Cyon in
having large incisive foramina and strongly sigmoid external margins
of the nasals (A Monograph of the Canide, p. 196, 1890).
Nehring was aware (Sitzungsber. naturf. Freunde, 1890, p. 20)
that the lower carnassial of Lycaon agrees with Jeticyon and Cyon
in its unicuspid talon. A similar agreement exists with regard to
the lower m2, which in Lycaon is quite as reduced in form as in
several lower jaws of Cyon. In the former, this tooth has two roots ;
but this condition also occurs quite as often in Cyon as the presence
of only one root. The lower m 3 reappears very rarely in Cyon (Van
der Hoeven); conversely in one of the five skulls of Zycaon in the
Natural History Museum this tooth is missing. In the upper jaw,
m 1 of Lycaon is reduced almost to the extent of Cyon, and m 2 is
also reduced more than in Canis. Therefore, in my opinion,
Lycaon and Cyon are much more closely allied than has hitherto
been supposed.
The first recorded Pleistocene Carnivore of this Canine type is
Studiati’s Cynotherium sardoum (1857), from the ossiferous breccia
of Bonaria near Cagliari, well described by Studiati, who, however,
was not aware of its affinities with Cyon. These were pointed out
by myself in 1872, and later on (1877) corroborated by figuring
some of Studiati’s specimens side by side with Canine remains of
the ordinary type.
The specimens from the two Sardinian localities agree with Cyon
bourrett Harlé, from the cave of Malarnaud (Ariége, France), in
the conformation of the lower posterior premolar (p 1), which is
the same as in the recent species of Cyon; whereas the same tooth
of Cyon ewropeus Bourg., from caves of the Maritime Alps and
Moravia, exhibits a strongly developed anterior basal cusp, which
is a characteristic feature of Lycaon, and therefore acquires ad-
ditional interest in connection with the above remarks on the
relationship of both genera. With each other the Sardinian fossils
agree in the absence of the lower anterior premolar (p4) and in
the presence of a diastema between p2 and p3. These two
characters are certainly of specific, but not of generic value. As I
formerly pointed out, the establishment of a separate genus, Cyno-
therium, appears to be unnecessary; the characters upon which
Studiati insisted for generic distinction are those of Cyon and
Lycaon. Pending more complete materials, the latter genus may
be excluded on account of the conformation of the lower p 1
and of the more slender build of the teeth generally. The present
Sardinian Carnivore will accordingly have to be known as Cyon
1900.] ON THE BREEDING-HABITS OF WEST-AFRICAN FISHES. 839
sardous (Studiati). There are slight differences between the
fossils of the two localities, but as they refer to secondary details
which cannot be well demonstrated without figures, I must post-
pone their discussion.
Mr. J. 8. Budgett, F.Z.S., read a paper entitled ‘“‘The Breeding-
habits of some West-African Fishes, with an Account of the
External Features in the Development of Protopterus annectens, and
a Description of the Larva of Polypterus lapradii,” in which a
history was given of a collecting-trip made during the previous
summer to the swamps of the Gambia River in search of the
eges of Polypterus.
The eggs of Polypterus were not discovered, though a very young
specimen was found measuring only one inch and a quarter in
length. In this small specimen the dermal bones were not de-
veloped, and the external gills were of very great size, the base of
the shaft being situated immediately behind the spiracle. The
dorsal finlets formed a continuous dorsal fin.
While the eggs of Polypterus were being searched for, the under-
ground nests of Protopterus annectens were found in abundance,
and a complete series of eggs and larvee were preserved.
The male Protopterus was found to live in the nest until the
larvee were fit to leave it.
The nests of this fish were made in but a few inches of water ;
frequently the water round the mouth of the nest was dried up,
and then the parent was seen lashing the surface of the water in
the entrance to the nest with the end of its tail out of water.
The larve were provided with four pairs of plumose external gills
and a ventral sucker as in Lepidosiren; soon after hatching they
attached themselves to the sides of the nest by the sucker and
hung in a vertical position.
The larve hatched in eight days and left the nest as young
Protopteri in twenty days.
Thee xternal features in their development were remarkably
like those of the South-American Lung-fish (Zepidosiren), differing,
however, from the latter in several details, which possibly could be
traced to the presence in Lepidosiren of a larger amount of food-
yolk.
The colour change at night-time, which is found to be so marked
in both members of the Dipneumona at a certain stage of their
life-history, was discussed, and was shown in Protopterus to be
associated with the nocturnal habits of the larva at this period.
Nests were also found of Gymnarchus niloticus Cuv. These
were made in about three feet of water and floated on the surface.
The nests were two feet long and a foot wide, the wall of the nest
standing several inches out of water except at one end, where
it was two or three inches below the surface, and left an
entrance to the nest. Inside the nest the depth of water was
about six inches.
The eggs measured 10 mm. in diameter; the larve hatched in
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1900, No, LV. 56
836 ON THE GESTATION OF THE PINE-MARTEN, [ Dee. 4,
five days when in an embryonic state and left the nest in eighteen
days. Soon after hatching the larva was provided with great
bunches of protruding gill-filaments, which hung down as a blood-
red beard. The yolk-sac became drawn out into a long cylindrical
bag, which was completely absorbed by the time the larva left the
nest. The larve while in the nest continually came to the surface
and took air into the lung-like swim-bladder.
The nests of Heterotis niloticus were also found. These were
built on the swamp-bottom in two feet of water. They measured
four feet across the walls reaching the surface of the water. The
fish was observed making its nest, which, when finished, was
perfectly round and quite smooth. ‘The larvee soon after hatching
formed a swarm in the centre of the nest, and were at that stage
provided with long protruding gill-filaments.
Another remarkable fish, Sarcodaces odoé BI., was found breeding
in the same swamps. It laid its eggs in masses of foam, which
floated on the surface of the water. The hatched larve were
provided with adhesive structures on the front of the head, with
which they hung to the underside of the surface.
Nests were also found containing eggs which apparently belonged
to Hyperopisus bebe Lacép., one of the Mormyride. These nests
were scooped out from the swamp-bottom ; the eggs were attached
to the rootlets thus laid bare. The hatched larvae were provided
with six cement-glands on the surface of the head: by these a
delicate rope of mucus was spun, often nearly the length of the body
of the larva, by which the larva hung suspended from the rootlets
until the yolk-sac was absorbed.
This paper will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. Note on the Gestation of the Pine-Marten.
By A. H. Cocks, F.Z.8.
[Received August 21, 1900.]
Pine-Martens (Mustela martes) first bred in my collection in
1882, a note on which was published in the ‘ Zoologist ’ for 1883,
p- 203. Various details concerning the rate of growth of the
young were recorded, including the interesting fact, which seems
to have been previously unsuspected, that the young are at first
perfectly white. Since then other litters of this species have been
bred in my collection ; but as we never could discover when the
female came in season (and have never even yet seen this species
pairing), all attempts at breeding were extremely hazardous: the
allowing of a pair to run together was apt to result in the death
of the female, in consequence of one or more of the long canines
of the male penetrating her brain, the damage being inflicted so
instantaneously that there was no possibility of a timely separation.
At last, this year, we noticed little mouthfuls of short straw
1900.] ON THE INSECTS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION,” 837
deposited here and there in the cage of a female Marten, a sign of
her being in season, which I first observed some years ago in the
case of Otters.
Accordingly a male was admitted from the adjoining cage on
January 5th; shut off again on the 16th, but readmitted the next
day, and the pair were finally separated on the 18th. Pairing
probably took place on the nights of the 8th, 10th, and 13th,
though quite possibly at other times also.
Young, which proved to be two males, were born early on
April 22nd; and by the end of July they were already bigger than
their mother.
The probable period of gestation of this species is therefore a
few hours over 103 days, the extremes of possibility ranging from
94 to 106 days.
Beyond certain contributions towards determining the gestation
of the Badger, among which I would specially refer to that of
Mr. E. G. Meade-Waldo (‘ Zoologist,’ 1894, p. 221), and the
common statement that the Ferret “goes about six weeks,” I
know of no published record of the gestation of any of the
Mustelide, except in the case of two species in my own experience,
viz.: Otter, 61 days (cf. P. ZS. 1881, p. 249; ‘ Zoologist,’ 1882,
p. 201); and Polecat, 40 days (‘Zoologist,’ 1891, p. 344). Although
I had long suspected that the gestation of the Pine-Marten must
be a good deal longer than that of the Polecat, yet the actual state
of the case was unexpected, and is certainly remarkable.
2. Observations on the Habits and Natural Surroundings of
Insects made during the “Skeat Expedition” to the
Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. By Netson ANNANDALE,
B.A."
[Received May 11, 1900.]
CoNTENTS.
I. Introduction, p. 837.
II. Flower-like Mantide, p. 839.
III. Another Harpagid Pupa, p. 848.
IV. Alarming Colour and Attitude, p. 854.
V. Sounds produced by Insects, p. 859.
VI. Insect Luminosity, p. 862.
VII. The Use of the Spines of certain Orthoptera, p. 866.
VIII. The peculiar Prolongation of the Head in certain Mulgoride, and
its use, p. 866.
I. Lyrropvucrion.
The observations which form the subject of this paper were
made in the months of April to September, 1899, while I was a
member of Mr. W.W.Skeat’s expedition to the Siamese Malay States.
I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the University
of Cambridge for permitting me to join that expedition as a
1 Communicated by Prof. BE. B, Pouuroy, F.R.S., Ra:
a5*
838 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [Dee. 4,
volunteer, and also of saying how much I am indebted to Professor
Poulton, F.R.S., of Oxford, and to Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., of
Cambridge, who have aided me in ways too numerous for specifi-
cation. I also must thank Mr. Malcolm Burr, F.Z.S., F.E.S., for
identifying many of the Orthoptera mentioned. The immaturity
of many of my specimens has made it impossible to place them
more definitely than by saying that they belong to such and such
a family; in at least one instance even this has been impossible.
In the few cases in which species are new to science I have not
ventured to name them, as that is more properly the task of the
specialist who describes them from a systematic or anatomical
point of view. The immense importance of climatic and other
physical conditions of life in the consideration of an animal’s habits
has induced me to preface my observations with a short general
account of the country through which we passed, especially as little
is known of the geography of lower Siam. I found a knowledge
not only of the native names of animals but even of the native
stories in connection with them to be of such value in my work,
both as a collector and as an observer, that J have treated the
etymology and what may be called the mythology of the subject
at greater length than is perhaps usual in a zoological paper.
The climate of lower Siam is extremely damp, and is not divided
into regular seasons in most districts, though more rain is liable
to fall during the winter (November, December, and January)
months than at any other time of the year. The most northerly
State that we visited, except for a hurried trip to the Tale Noi
(Little Lake) in Ligor, was Patalung, which abuts on the Tale
Sap or Great Lake of Singora. In Patalung the rainfall is very
small in March and April, but the jungle is never parched by
drought. The interior of the eastern States is mountainous, and
is buried in deep jungle, which is only broken, along the banks of
the numerous rivers, by villages; clearings for hill rice, bananas,
and maize ; and by lawns, which are cropped smooth by half-tamed
or feral buffaloes. The soil on the sea-coast is sandy, and in some
places produces only a scanty vegetation. Between the mountains
and the sea there is a great plain, dotted with isolated hills, mostly
of limestone, some of which reach a considerable height, and some
of which are riddled with caves. The mountain-region is the
dampest of the three, being subject to violent thunderstorms,
which are very local and lose much of their violence before they
reach the coast. In nearly all regions rain falls almost daily for
the greater part of the year.
A very large proportion of my observations were made at Aring,
in the hill-country of Kelantan, the most southerly of the States
which I visited. Aring is a village in the midst of exceedingly
dense jungle, which commences close to the houses. The specimens
Which we obtained there were comparatively few in number, but
very many of the species were peculiar in one way or another,
Biserat in Jalor, the only other place where we stayed for more
than a few days at a time, is in the plains, at the base of some hills
1900.] INSECTS OF THE **SKBAT BXPEDITION,” 839
of no great height about 25 miles from the coast; it is the Siamese
headquarters of the State. At Biserat we obtained a very large
number of specimens, including probably more individuals and
species than did the rest of our land collections; but very few of
the species were highly specialized. Every sort of environment is
to be found near a place like Biserat : swamp, lawn, orchard, open
wood, cave, river, and even jungle on the hills, but not jungle of
the densest. The animals in such a locality have no need to adapt
themselves to any very limited environment, they can choose what
environment they will. In the deep jungle, on the other hand,
though few animals of any sort are seen on the ground, the fiercest
struggle for existence rages among the upper foliage and also in
the rotten wood underfoot—though there the termites, as a rule,
far outstrip all competitors ; while, even in the clearings, the space
and the food-supply is so limited that every animal must make the
best use of its natural advantages or else disappear. Though the
clearings are of recent formation, due to man, who has become no
longer a savage, yet the struggle which goes on in them seems
already to have led in many cases to extreme modifications in habit
and structure. We can only suppose that this struggle commenced
long ago in places such as sand-spits running out into the rivers,
where vegetation was necessarily scanty, owing to poverty of soil
or constant change of conditions.
II. Frower-tike Mantip”.
Hymenopus bicornis (pupa).
Colour.—Head: very pale grey, almost white. Eyes of same
shade, but with a slightly darker longitudinal stripe ranning down
the centre of each. Leaf-like process between the eyes white,
with median vein of pale green. Antenne black.
Thorax: prothorax pale pink, with a tendency towards mauve ;
shading off posteriorly to white, and finally bounded by a bold
transverse bar of deep sage-green. The posterior region of the
thorax, which was usually concealed by the upturned abdomen, was
pearl-white, as were also the rudimentary wings.
Abdomen: ventral surface pale pink. Dorsal surface pale pink,
with 5 longitudinal dotted stripes of deep yellow-brown. Near
the junction with the thorax were several irregular transverse bars
of the same colour, but slightly darker. At the extreme tip of the
abdomen, surrounding the anus, was a very conspicuous dark patch,
almost black.
Limbs: 1st pair pale translucent pink. 2nd and 3rd pairs pink
of a deeper shade, with a more marked tendency towards mauve.
The distal joints were horn-coloured and almost transparent. At
the inner edge of the broad petal-like expansions on the femur of
the 2nd and 3rd pairs, more conspicuous on the 3rd than on the
2nd, was a slightly livid, bruise-like mark, such as one sees on
flowers that have been battered by tropical rain.
The whole surface of the trunk and that of the flattened
840 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dee. 4,
expansions of the femur of the posterior limbs had that semi-
opalescent, semi-crystalline appearance that is caused in flower-
petals by a purely structural arrangement of liquid globules or of
empty cells. On the grasping-limbs and on the extremities of the
other pairs the absence of this peculiar sheen was compensated for
by the translucency of the integument and the tissues—a trans-
lucency more proper to Celenterates than to an air-breathing
insect. The petals of Melastoma polyanthum, the flower with which
the Mantis was found associated, are of mauve-pink on the upper
surface, slightly darker in tone than that of the limbs of the insect.
Their lower surface, and consequently the visible surface of the
older flower-buds, is considerably darker than the upper, more like
that of the Mantis’s abdomen. The leaves are of the same shade
of green as the bar across its thorax. The flower was in bloom in
Fig. 1.
Pupa of Hymenopus hicornis on inflorescence of Melastoma polyanthuin.
(Photographed from life.)
The Mantis is seated in an upright position, with the abdomen flexed back-
wards. The photograph represents it as it is seen on a level with the eye, and
shows the horn-like eyes of the insect (at the apex of figure), the V-shaped bar on
the thorax, the predatory limbs folded in front of the body, the petal-like
expansions of the femora of the 2nd and 8rd pairs of legs arranged on the
flowers, and the ventral surface and dark tip of the abdomen. The tarsus of
the left leg of the 3rd pair is seen stretching out from beneath the expansion
of the femur to a seed-yessel of the plant,
1900. ] INSECTS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 841
Patalung at the end of March, and not yet completely passed at
Aring in the middle of September; but possibly the flowering-
season does not exactly coincide in the two districts. I know of
no other flower at all like it in the jungle of lower Siam. A rarer
species of the same genus, very similar in general appearance, is
found in the clearings.
Habits and Attitude.—The only specimen which I obtained was
caught about midday on August 17th in a buffalo-lawn near
Kampong Aring, a village in the Ulu Lebeh district of Kelantan—
that is to say, almost at the centre of the broad part of the Malay
Peninsula. I was attracted toa bush of the ‘‘Straits Rhododendron”
(Melastoma polyanthum) by a curious movement among the flowers
of a large inflorescence at the height of about five feet above the
ground. On a cursory examination I could only see that one of
the flowers—so it appeared—was swaying slowly from side to side;
and it was not for several seconds that I realized that the moving
Fig. 2.
Pupa of Hymenopus bicornis on inflorescence of Melastoma polyanthum.
(Photographed from life.)
The same specimen as in figure }, viewed from above, showing the dotted
lines on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and the bruise-like markings on the
expansions of the femora of the 3rd pair of legs. The head and fore limbs are
slightly out of focus, and part of the bar on the thorax appears behind them.
This photograph shows the difference in shape between the expansions on the
legs of the Mantis and the petals of the flower.
842 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [Dec. 4,
flower was not a flower at all, but a Mantis. Even then it betrayed
itself by turning round and staring me in the face in the
manner characteristic of the Mantide. When I held the branch
on which the insect had established itself in my hand, I could not
tell exactly where animal tissue commenced and where flower
ended, so perfectly was the one assimilated to the other, not only
in colour but in surface texture, and perhaps even to some degree
in structure. The Mantis had ensconced itself in the very centre of
the inflorescence, a position which it never assumed in the three days
during which it remained alive in my hands: it will be noticed in the
figures (pp. 840, 841), which are from photographs taken from life at
Aring, that the insect is clinging to the edge of a bunch of flowers.
The attitude which it adopted did not change with its position in the
inflorescence. In all cases, so long as the insect was on the watch
for prey, the abdomen was bent backwards until its dorsal surface
almost touched that of the thorax. The head and thorax were
held upright, and the fore limbs in front of them, in the ordinary
“praying” attitude of the Mantide. The other two pairs of legs,
by which it clung to the flowers, were disposed round the upturned
abdomen, more or less at right angles to the main axis of the body.
Sometimes this was the same as that of the inflorescence, but often
it was at an angle to it; for the Mantis seemed indifferent as to
whether its head or one of its sides was uppermost. When once
a position had been taken up, it was never changed so long as the
insect remained on that particular inflorescence. Perfect as was the
concealment thus effected, I cannot say that the Mantis imitated a
single flower or part of a single flower with any great accuracy.
Perhaps the upturned abdomen might be taken to represent a bud
not yet opened, while the darker expansions on the femora showed a
greater resemblance to petals which had already unfurled themselves.
The petals of Melastoma, however, are more elongated than these
structures on the legs of the Mantis, which are almost circular in
shape, though their diameter is as great as, if not greater than, that
of the floral structures which they represent. What I can say
with certainty is, that a most marvellous resemblance is produced
between the insect Hymenopus bicornis and part of an inflorescence
of Melastoma polyanthum when the flower and the insect are
combined, as they sometimes are in nature. I cannot say that
they are always found together. An interesting point in con-
nection with this simulation of the flowers is the part played by
the green bar across the thorax of the Mantis. This bar divided
the prothorax from the rest of the body, and apparently separated
the insect into two parts, which appeared to have no connection
with one another on the inflorescence. In no ordinary in-
florescence of this plant are the flowers large enough to afford an
expanse of uniform coloration of the size of Hymenopus.
During an unsuccessful search for further specimens in the
buffalo-lawn at Aring, the Mantis was placed, together with the
inflorescence to which it still clung, in a large box lined with dead
leayes. On the lid being taken off from this, after about half an
1900. ] INSECTS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 843
hour’s interval, it was found that the insect had deserted the flowers
and was sitting quite still among the leaves at the bottom of the box.
Though its attitude was essentially the same as before, its whole
appearance was now completely changed ; for it no longer resembled
the flowersamong which it bad been found except in the most remote
degree, but appeared rather to simulate an orchid fallen upon the
ground. The brown lines on the upper surface of the abdomen,
which had before been concealed among the petals of the flowers,
became conspicuous from many points of view, now that the body
was seen from above. Converging as they did towards the
junction with the thorax, they bore no slight likeness to the
‘‘honey-guides” of many orchids. The darker tiansverse bars
seen in the shadow cast by the head and thorax gaye an idea of
hollowness such as might be expected round the nectaries ; while
the abdomen itself represented the labellum, and the limbs the
other petals of the orchid. The head and thorax took the place of
the stamen and anthers, their resemblance to which was greatly
increased by the horn-shaped eyes; and even the green bar on the
thorax had a new part to play, for on not a few orchids there is
just such a band at the base of this part of the flower. No change
of colour aided the change of appearance. The Mantis remained
among the dead leaves for the rest of the day of its capture and
for the night which followed, without altering its tint or losing
anything of its brilliancy. I do not know of any specifie orchid
which it may have simulated; orchids of sufficient size and
brilliancy of colour are rare, if not unknown, in lower Siam.
Early the next morning the Mantis was placed on a packing-
case in the open air, near a large branch of the ‘“ Rhododendron ”
fixed upright ina natural position. It deliberately walked towards
the branch, swaying its whole body from side to side as it pro-
gressed, and commenced to climb one of the twigs. This twig,
however, bore only green buds and unripe fruit. When the
Mantis reached the tip of the twig and found no flowers, it re-
mained still for a few seconds, and then turned and descended
with the same staggering gait. It proceeded to climb another
twig. This also bore no flowers. The Mantis descended from it
and mounted a third twig, which was topped by a large bunch of
full-blown blossoms. To these it clung by means of the claws of
the two posterior pairs of limbs. For a few minutes it remained
perfectly still, and then began swaying its body from side to side,
as it had done while walking. (It was only during this brief
interval of rest that I was able to secure a photograph, for in a
tropical climate so damp as that of lower Siam instantaneous
photography is never satisfactory. The light, in spite of its
apparent intensity, is very feebly actinic, and the moisture of the
atmosphere combined with the heat makes it impossible to keep
“rapid” plates for any length of time.) While the body of the
Mantis was in motion the fine hair-like antenne were also in con-
stant agitation, sometimes being held upright, sometimes stretched
out like horns, and sometimes lying back along the thorax,
844 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [Dee. 4,
Almost as soon as the Mantis had settled itself on the inflores-
cence, a small, dark, dipterous insect, of a kind very commonly seen
on the flowers of this species of Melastoma, alighted on one of its
hinder legs. It was soon joined by others, apparently of the same
species as itself. They settled quite indiscriminately on the petals
and on the body and limbs of the Mantis. It was then that the
significance of the black spot at the tip of the abdomen became
apparent, for at the distance of a few feet it was impossible to
distinguish it, except by its symmetrical position, from one of
these small Diptera. The Mantis made no attempt either to drive
off or to capture the small flies, for its motions seemed to attract
rather than to repelthem. Aftera short time alarger Dipteron, as
big as a common house-fly, alighted on the inflorescence within
reach of the predatory limbs. Then the Mantis became active
immediately ; the fly was seized, torn in pieces and devoured, not-
withstanding the presence of a large crowd of natives who had
collected to watch what was happening. I did not see Hymenopus
actually catch an insect on its own person ; but very probably this
was owing to the short duration of my observations. The smaller
Diptera were unable to discriminate between real and simulated
vegetable tissue, and there is no reason to suppose that the larger
ones are more intelligent. I was unable to detect any secretion
from the integument or any part of the body of the Mantis which
might have attracted them. It is quite probable that they acted
gratuitously as lures for its prey, in that they made it appear that
there was no trap set, if they did not form an actual bait for
predaceous insects.
After the Mantis had been on the watch for some little time,
I noticed that the abdomen was drooping slightly and was
gradually coming to lie in line with the thorax. As it did so,
the brown lines on its dorsal surface came into sight, and they
grew more conspicuous the more it drooped. At last, only a
very few minutes after I had first noticed this movement, the
Mantis gave a sudden leap into the air and alighted on the
ground at the distance of several feet from the place where the
base of the stem would have been had it leaped from a real bush
of the ‘* Rhododendron.” It then staggered quietly away along
the ground. When interrupted in its progress it gave a short
jump; but it was easily recaptured, as its leaping powers were
chiefly developed in the direction of jumping to the ground from
a height. I was able to watch this drooping of the abdomen and
final hasty desertion of the flowers on four separate branches.
In each case the process commenced when the flowers began to
droop, and occupied, perhaps, two minutes in completion. The
drooping of the abdomen was primarily a preparation for leaping.
Of that I have no doubt, for the body was bent again the moment
the insect reached the ground, almost as if it were brought
into position by the action of a powerful spring. Whenever the
Mantis gave one of its short jumps on the level, the body was
previously straightened with almost the same rapidity of action.
1500. ] INSECTS OF THE ‘¢ SKEA'T EXPEDITION.” 845
Moreover, the upturned position of the abdomen is common to
many Mantid larve, for instance those of several species of
Hierodula and Pseudonantis, though in the adults of these forms
it becomes an impossible attitude when the insects are at rest,
owing to the outgrowth of the wings; and these larve have the
habit of leaping to the ground when disturbed on the tree-trunks
on which they watch for prey, and always straighten their body
before they leap. But that this action has a secondary significance
in the case of Hymenopus bicornis is proved by the deliberate and
gradual way in which it takes place when the insect is seated on
an inflorescence. It seems to me that its secondary object is to
display the brown lines on the dorsal surface, in order that, as the
flowers wither, the flower mimic may appear to wither also. It
must be remembered that in the tropics the process of fading, in
the case of most flowers, is an exceedingly rapid one. It is
difficult, however, if this be the true explanation, to see why the
Mantis should leap to the ground when the flowers of a single
inflorescence begin to fade, for we can hardly assume that it looks
round to see whether other flowers on the same branch are fading
also, and Melastoma is not a plant on which all the blossoms
naturally fall off at the same time. In the case when it could find
no proper concealment on one twig of a branch, the insect did not
behave in this way. It is: quite possible that its instinct may
warn it to seek for other shelter whenever the petals begin to
droop, for flowers of this plant close at night and in very bad
weather. Under either of these conditions the insect must find
it impossible to get its prey, and may be exposed to death from
cold or from the violence of the rain, should it remain in an
exposed position. Most probably it takes shelter among the
undergrowth during storm and dark. When placed in a dark box
it deserted the flowers to which it clung while they were plucked
from the bush with considerable violence.
Malay y Beliefs—The Kelantan Malays call this insect “ Kan-
chong,” but they consider it so rare that my desire to obtain more
than a single specimen was ridiculed as being quite extravagant. I
was told that few men ever saw more than one such Mantis in the
course of their lives. It was agreed at Aring that the Kanchong is
not a “belalang”' (the general term in Malay for any Orthopteron
which is neither a cockroach, “/ipas,” nor an earwig, “ sipit-sipit”)*,
but a flower which has become alive. ‘“ Its origin is from the flowers.”
The blossoms of the ‘‘ Sendudok” give birth to it, in the same way as
the leaves of the “ Nanka,” or Jack-fruit tree (Artocarpus integri-
folia), give birth to Heteropteryw dilatata, a large prickly Phasmid
‘ Belalang are named after the Lalang Grass (Imperatia koenigii), which
affords a fayourite shelter to many orthopterous insects.
2 Sipit are the tweezers with which the Malays pluck out the few hairs that
naturally grow upon their chins. The reduplication of a word in Malay either
gives it a metaphorical sense or turns it into a feel of indefinite multitude,
Thus, mata-mata, from mata an eye, means a policeman ; macham isa kind or
sort, macham-macham all sorts.
846 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THR [ Dec. 4,
of great rarity which rich men keep alive in cages in order to secure
its eggs, which they set in rings like jewels, and consider to be a
most powerful charm against evil spirits of all kinds. These eggs
are said to be of a beautiful red colour.
Remarks.—Professor Poulton has been kind enough to show me
some young larvee of Hymenopus bicornis that he has lately received
from Mr. Shelford, Curator of the Sarawak Museum, Borneo,
together with some Heteroptera to which they bear a very close
and detailed resemblance. It is indeed remarkable that any animal
should be so highly specialized in two different directions of
deception during the lifetime of an individual. The imago of
this form, judging solely from dried specimens, may possibly show
a likeness in life to a withered flower. Its long white tegmina,
with their faint brown markings, may well have this appearance
in life, if they are possessed of the flower-like glistening which
distinguishes certain parts of the body of the pupa.
The pupa of the Indian Mantis, Gongylus gongyloides ', the habits
of which have been described by Dr. J. Anderson, resembles the
Kanchong in swaying its body while waiting for prey, but differs
from it in that only the lower surface is coloured like a flower,
the back being green, and that the flower-like shape is brought
about by the expansion of the thorax. Two varieties of the
pupa of Hymenopus itself are known: the one is pink, the other
white. Any information as to whether these are seasonal forms,
whether they confine themselves to the flowers which they resemble,
aud whether they are in any way modified by light reflected from
their environment, would be of the very greatest interest. Wood-
Mason reports * two specimens, the one white and the other pink,
taken at an interval of six months, apparently from the same
district, in Assam. Mr. R. L. Butler of Selangor tells me that he
has taken white specimens, and white specimens only, on the
verandah of a bungalow at Kuala Lumpur, on which white lilies
were growing in pots. Wallace® says that in India the pink
variety will settle among any flowers or leaves, and he seems to
lay stress on this point in a note which I have received from him.
In the figure* of this insect given in Poulton’s ‘Colours of
Animals’ (p. 74) it is represented as sitting head downwards, on
a leaf, with the abdomen and thorax in a straight line ; in all of
which points the attitude of the specimen depicted differs from
that of mine, though the first is of no great importance. The
brown lines on the dorsal surface of the insect °, and the dark spot
at the tip of the abdomen, are entirely omitted by the Indian artist.
My specimen certainly refused to sit among leaves when it was in
1 P. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 193.
* Ent. Soe. London, 1877, p. xxix.
* * Darwinism,’ p. 212.
* The figure is from a native drawing sent to Wallace by Wood-Mason, from
whom the information about this insect in ‘ Darwinism’ was also obtained.
* These lines, and also the black tip to the abdomen, are just as conspicuous,
judging from dried specimens, in individuals from other parts of the East as
they were in the one observed at Aring.
1900.] INSECTS OF THE “ SKEAT HXPEDITION.” 847
the light; and I am sorry that I did not experiment with other
flowers than those among which it was found. It would have been
exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to find any of sufficient size
in the immediate neighbourhood of Kampong Aring.
Hymenopus bicornis, the only representative of its genus, is
an insect which has a fairly wide distribution, being found in
Sikkim, Java, and Sarawak ; but in none of these localities does
it appear to be at all common; in Kelantan it is exceedingly rare.
During the six weeks which the expedition spent at Aring, only
one specimen was seen, though every clearing in the district was
full of the blossoms of the Sendudok. It may be said that an
animal so well able to hide itself might easily exist in considerable
numbers without being detected. This would have been perfectly
true had the Mantis been in the habit of sitting still; but move-
ment in an apparent flower is just as attractive to a biologist
as it isto alizard. After the first specimen had been captured,
hundreds of bushes were examined with the very greatest care by
three zoologists and a botanist, but no Hymenopus was found.
Granted that the insect is as highly specialized in instinct as it
is in form—and I think there can be little doubt that this is
the case—it is not difficult to suggest an explanation of its rarity.
It is an animal which, for some reason, has had the greatest
difficulty in holding its own in past ages, and it has been driven
in the course of its struggle for existence to the extremes of
specialization. It has become so highly specialized, in fact, that it
has condemned itself, as it were, to a single and very limited
environinent ; and should that environment be changed, even to
a slight extent, by external circumstances, the insect must either
perish or alter both its structure and its habits immediately, a
thing which no highly-specialized animal is likely to do rapidly.
Now in the Malay Peninsula the conditions of life are always
undergoing small changes that are apparent even to a traveller
hastening through the country ; there must be many that years of
research could not reveal. Suppose that the district of Aring
were decimated by the small-pox, as many a Malayan district has
been, and that the inhabitants who survived fled over into Pahang
with their buffaloes, in a few years the jungle would kill off all
the Sendudok bushes in the neighbourhood, for the plant can only
exist in a clearing. In olden times, before the advent of the
Malays into the Peninsula, the Sendudok must have been a rare
plant in Kelantan, as neither the Sakais nor any of the other
aboriginal tribes make clearings or keep cattle. The extremely
local nature of the fruiting-season of various semi-cultivated trees,
such as the Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), must have some
influence on the insects of the different districts, and seems to
depend not so much on local variations of climate as on the
different varieties of the trees that are popular in the different
villages. One would like to know whether the variations of a
fruit of such ancient cultivation as the banana affect the insects
which live upon it. In lower Siam over a hundred varieties of
848 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dee. 4,
this fruit are said to be commonly grown, differing from one
another in shape, size, colour, and even smell; and it is often the
case that in two villages separated by only a few miles the pre-
dominant variety of banana is different. The introduction of a
foreign weed such as the “ Putri Malu,” or Shy Princess (Mimosa
pudiea), among the teeming insect population of a tropical clearing
must have some direct effect upon the life therein, and indirectly
must influence all the surrounding country. This plant has
appeared in the Peninsula since the arrival of the white man, its
natural home being South America; and has succeeded in
becoming one of the commonest and most noxious weeds in the
country, even in the districts to which the white man himself has
not yet penetrated.
Ill. AnorHer Harpacip Pupa.
Colour.—Head: pink, eyes and mandibles black. Antenne
black.
Thorax: prothorax, which is broad and slightly flattened, dull
pink, striped transversely with dingy white and pale green, and
edged with black. (There is no bar on the posterior edge of the
prothorax as there was in the other form.) Posterior region of
thorax dull pink. Rudimentary wings dingy white, with a pale
green band at the base of each.
Abdomen: pale pink, ringed with pale green, dingy white, and
black. The green and black rings did not completely encircle the
body, but were interrupted in the mid-ventral line by a number
of prominences, one to each segment, of pale pink. At the
extreme point of the abdomen, surrounding the anus, was a black
spot, not so large or so prominent as the one on the corresponding
position in Hymenopus bicornis, but still conspicuous.
Limbs: all the limbs were ringed with bands of dingy white,
pink, and green, which completely surrounded them, including
the expansions on the femora of the 2nd and 3rd pairs. The
spines on the predatory limbs were some of them green and some
black. The black spines predominated towards the distal
extremities.
This Mantis had none of the flowery sheen of the other, and
the lappets on the 2nd and 3rd limbs are small, rounded, and in
nowise petal-like. The flowers with which it was found associated
were of a deep cream-colour. Their buds and leaves were con-
siderably darker than the green markings on the insect’s body.
Habits and Attitude.—Unfortunately I was unable to observe
this species in a state of nature, but 1 have no doubt that its
habits are very similar to those of the Kanchong. The natural
attitude of the two species is precisely the same, and though they
adopt different methods of concealing themselves, they were both
found hidden among flowers, presumably for the same purpose—
that of obtaining their food. The common possession of a black
tip to the abdomen is interesting. A single specimen of the
striped Mantis was brought me on August 19th, by Mr. R. H. Yapp,
1900.) INSECTS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 849
then botanist to the Expedition, together with a spray of the
flowers and leaves of an acacia among which he had found it.
The flowers of this tree are very much like those of the common
Mimosa, but larger in size and of a far less brilliant shade of yellow.
The leaves are much divided. Mr. Yapp tells me that he found
the specimen on a tree near the edge of a buffulo-lawn across the
Kelantan river opposite Aring, about eleven o’clock in the fore-
noon. Even in the dim light of the mosque in which we were
then staying the insect was very inconspicuous among the flowers;
and when it was taken out into the brilliant sunshine it completely
disappeared among the shadows cast by them and the leaves. The
dark bars on its body and limbs were slightly wider than the spaces
between the pinnules of the acacia-leaves, and the prominences
on the ventral surface of the abdomen were of the shape, though
not of the colour, of the prominent parts on the unopened flower-
buds; for it will be noticed that the buds were green, while the
structures on the insect’s body were pale pink. These prominences
were conspicuous ; but the lights and shadows among the feathery
leaves and fur-like flowers were so confused that a difference in
colour detracted little from the similitude between the abdomen,
cut into as it was by the black bars which were conspicuous on its
edges but interrupted in its middle line, and the distal extremity
of one of the racemose inflorescences of the acacia.
The insect and the flower had not a single colour in common
intrinsically ; and yet, under given conditions of climate, the
colours of the two became indistinguishable from one another.
The Malays at Aring called this insect Striped Kanchong ; but
the name was evidently invented for the occasion. The plant on
which it was found being a tree and not a shrub, it was much
more liable to escape detection, even had the acacia been as
common as the “ Rhododendron.” There are plenty of similar
acacias in Kelantan, and there is no reason why the Mantis should
confine itself to one species, for its colour and form are adapted
for concealment among any flowers and leaves of this peculiar type.
The possession of leaf or petal-like expansions on the limbs is a
peculiarity shared by many Mantids with leaf-like insects of dif-
ferent groups, but as a rule their outline is not so regular as it is in
the case of this species and of Hymenopus. With regard to the
origin of such structures and their primitive function, it is worth
while noticing their rudimentary condition, whether it be a specific
or merely a pupal character, in forms like this Striped Harpagid
from Kelantan. It cannot be said that in this case they give any
direct aid in concealing the insect by resembling petals of a flower
or any other vegetable organ. But, especially where we get the
extremes of light and shade, any little irregularity of outline or
projection from the surface of the body of an animal may give it
a distinct aid in hiding itself. This is truer in the case of the
smaller invertebrates than it is in that of vertebrates, though the
principle is well exemplified by many fish, and not a few lizards,
that live among terrestrial and aquatic plants. A large nocturnal
850 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dec. 4,
snake, like the “ Ular katam tebu” (Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus) *
gliding among mangrove-roots beneath the moonlight, or a tiger
resting at midday in the Lalang grass, is well concealed by its
colour gradations and its black and yellow stripes, and has no
need of an elaborately foliated tail like that of a heraldic lion ;
such a tail might be of very great advantage to a small Arthropod.
Repeated observations, more especially in the small caves of the
Koh Sih Hah, or Five Isles of the Tale Sap, have convinced me
that the extreme elongation of the spinnerets in the Araneid family
of Hersilide—the “ laba-laba berekor” or tailed spiders of the
Malays—aids greatly in effecting their concealment on the grey
stones and tree-trunks which they frequent, by breaking the
otherwise smooth and rounded outline of the abdomen, as the
long legs break the outline of the cephalothorax. In short
irregularity of outline bears much the same part in hiding an
animal as does irregularity of colour such as is exemplified by the
black bars on the otherwise pale and inconspicuous tints of the
striped Mantis.
But irregular protective colour is by no means confined to
definite bars and stripes, which might be said more exactly to
represent definite shadows or spaces; it possesses even more
frequently a scattered or speckled arrangement. In fact, it is very
often the case that the actual colours present are not of such great
importance as the manner in which they are arranged and their
multiplicity in a given space. It is well known that even in the
ordered light and surroundings of a picture gallery, if sufficient
brilliant colours are crowded into a sufficiently small space they
‘ kill” one another and are no longer brilliant. This is doubly
true in the deep gloom of the jungle, where any colour has the
greatest difficulty in asserting itself, and where so many hues that
are in themselves brilliant have to contend with one another. On
the jungle floor almost all colours are present in small quantities ;
there are patches of deep blue where the sky is reflected through
a crevice in the upper foliage upon rain-water held in the hollow
of a dead leaf; among the dead leaves themselves there is every
shade of brown and yellow, and scattered black and white in plenty
patches of scarlet caused by fungi on rotten wood are sometimes
frequent; there is the brown-pink of the seedlings struggling
towards the light ; and the dull green of tree-stems and creepers,
and of the ferns and the few phanerogams which are adapted to
exist down below. Bright green alone is absent, except in some
' Kaiam tebu are little round pieces of sugar-cane from which the outer skin
has been removed. They are sold in the markets on bamboo skewers. The
term “Ular Katam Tebu,’ in the Siamese States at any rate, is generic, and is
applied to all snakes, whether marine or terrestrial, which are conspicuously
ringed and which are too big to come under the category of “ U/ar Kapak” or Axe-
snakes ; the dark skin of the reptile being taken to represent the spaces between
the fatam on the skewer, and the lighter rings the tebw or sugar-cane itself,
Dipsadomorphus is by far the commonest of such snakes, and therefore the
species with which the name is most generally associated. In other parts of the
Peninsula it is probable that the “Ular Katam Tebu” is Bungarus fasciatus,
1900. ] INSECTS OF THE ‘¢ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 851
mosses of the minutest size; so that large Locustids of yellows
green, Pseudophyllus and others, which in the cabinet, and perhap-
in their own place, form such admirable imitations of bamboo-leaves
in colour, and to a lesser degree in form also (for doubtless they
are part of the plancton of the jungle, and only gravitate down into
its depths by misadventure), are the most conspicuous of the smaller
jungle fauna which one meets with below. Yet all these shades
are so altered and commingled in the chequer of deep shadow with
occasional gieams of sunlight that they become completely confused
to the eye. One is tempted to speculate as to whether the gorgeous
tartan-like checks in which the Malays are so fond of clothing
themselves may not have originally developed among a jungle-loving
and somewhat murderous people at constant feud with their
neighbours, as a means of secondary protective coloration, and
have become more brilliant and less useful through the vagaries of
sexual selection. On festive occasions these combinations of many
colours are chiefly worn vy the men, the women preferring for
their holiday dresses simpler and more striking costumes into
which only four or five masses of colour enter as a rule. On the
jungle floor itself the most inconspicuous animals are certain long-
legged but by no means bulky Phalangiids, which appear and dis-
appear as they moveor are still. Intrinsically they are of brilliant
colours ; one species is black, speckled on the body and limbs with
scarlet, white, yellow, and green. But they are less conspicuous
even than the majority of Phasmids found in similar situations,
even than the forms which have green markings resembling minute
liverworts, such as cover the stems and leaves of the jungle flora,
on their otherwise stick-like bodies; for it is generally easy to
distinguish the exact outlines of such insects if they have once been
located; but even when the Phalangiids are moving it is rarely
possible to see either their limbs or their bodies, though their
motions are perfectly visible. Every such stick-insect resembles a
particular stick, an ideal stick it is true; the Arachnids are assimi-
lated, not to any particular object, but to their surroundings
generally, by their irregular colour, their irregular form, and b
the large extent of their surface in comparison with their bulk.
The limbs of the Phasmids are often held in angular vegetable
attitudes, but they do not always blend into their environment as
the almost hair-like legs of the Phalangiids do; for it is often the
case that the instinct of the insects is at fault in the choice of
their immediate surroundings’, whereas the protective adaptation of
the Arachnids, being general and not particular, does not necessitate
any high specialization of instinct to accompany it.
But that the object of brilliant coloration arranged in stripes
is not always the same, even in a single group of insects, is proved,
if proof were necessary, by comparing the striped pnpa from Aring
with the Arabian and African imago Jdolum diabolicum?, a form of
which the natural colour and attitude have lately been described
' See Proc, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, Dec. 1900.
2 P. Cambr. Phil. Soc. vol. x. p. 175 e¢ post., plate ii.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1900, No. LVI. 56
852 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dec. 4,
by Sharp. This latter insect makes no attempt to conceal itself,
but sits among leaves, showing, by reason of its broadened thorax
and coxe of the first pair of limbs, a likeness to some gorgeous
flower.
In connection with these flower-like Mantids it may not be super-
fluous to mention the leaf-like form, Deroplatys trigonodera, which
is sometimes found in the deep jungle near Aring. Though the
whole visible surface of this species, including that of the tegmina
and of the legs, is coloured like a dead leaf ', and though the tegmina,
the thorax, and the two posterior limbs bear irregular leaf-like
processes, yet the posterior wings, where they are concealed by the
tegmina, are coloured deep maroon, veined and rimmed with white.
A specimen which crawled up my leg from the jungle floor made no
attempt to fly when captured, but defended itself with its armed
predatory limbs, drawing blood from my finger. Very possibly this
species also may be nocturnal, or at least crepuscular, and only use its
wings in the evening. ‘This is certainly the case with the various
species of large green Mantide that are common through the whole
of lower Siam. At Biserat, in the State of Jalor, specimens of
Hierodula modesta flew into our verandah in the evening on several
occasions, and settling on the whitewashed wall, would feed on the
termites and small Orthoptera attracted by the lamp, they them-
selves showing no inclination towards its flame. The insects
which they caught did not avoid them in any way, but walked
straight into their clutches. The larve of Hierodula and allied
genera are often to be seen sitting on tree-trunks in the middle of
the day; but I never observed an adult on the wing before
sunset.
Ceratomantis saussuret is another interesting Mantis which may
be taken at Aring. The head, body, and limbs of this species are
of a dingy yellowish grey, speckled with black. The wings, which
are unusually broad, are transparent, but the tegmina are marked
with curious black streaks. The head is prolonged forwards
between the eyes into a peculiar spike. The predatory limbs are
broad and flattened dorso-ventrally ; and the sides of the abdomen
are produced into several irregularly shaped lobes. On the inner
surface of the fore leg, which is concealed by that of the opposite
limb except when the insect is struggling with its prey, there is a
black bar running along the femur.
One morning in September, | found a specimen of this Mantis
at Aring in the interior of a fallen tree which I was chopping up
in the jungle. The wood was rotten and afforded a harbour to
many other insects, such as beetles and cockroaches. A few days
earlier another specimen was brought me bya Malay, together
with a dead Selaginellid among which he had found it. If this
Mantis is seated among the dead wood, its colour makes it incon-
spicuous ; but if it is among dead fern-fronds or withered Sela-
ginellids, its predatory limbs entirely disappear, owing to their
* Numerous other species of the same genus are coloured in a similar
fashion,
-. Ase
1900.] INSECIS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION,” 853
colour and form. Among these leaves, the head and wings, though
they are inconspicuous, are not invisible; the wings may be detected
because they are transparent and glary, the head because it is held
well raised above the surface on which the insect is sitting. Seen in
such surroundings, there is nothing that would lead a human being
to judge that the Mantis was a predaceous animal. Indeed, it bears
a general likeness to a moth or a non-predaceous Neuropteron,
not particular enough, perhaps, to justify one in saying that it
“mimics” any other form, but sufficiently marked to deceive one as
to its realnature. The fact that a specimen of the Mantis was found
concealed in a dead tree would lend colour to the idea that it is
nocturnal, asa large proportion of the Mantide appear to be. But
it is quite possible that it may be sufficiently active in the daytime
to seize any prey which comes within its reach. If so, it affords
an instance that may be compared with that of the Kanchong.
While the latter simulates a flower, and so actually allures its prey,
the former sits still and looks harmless, so that its prey chances to
come toit uninvited. The difference seems to me to beone of degree.
Supposing that a green Mantis were seated among leaves of the
same colour as its own body, and that a phytophagous insect
alighted upon it, it might then be said to be an instance of
“alluring” coloration. Whereas if the insect only alighted near
it, the Mantis would scarcely come under this category. In any
case the adaptation appears to be calculated to deceive Arthropod
prey rather than mammalian enemies. The Mantide are well
adapted for self-defence, and the movements of the Kanchong, at
any rate, betray the insect to vertebrate eyes.
The curious prolongation of the head in Ceratomantis is nota
feature of any systematic value; many other Mantids, belonging
to widely separate genera, have a similar peculiarity. Undoubtedly,
however, in this case it aids in masking the characteristic shape of
the Mantid head; or, at any rate, appears to do so.
With regard to the marking on the femora of the fore limbs,
similar markings, often emphasized by yellow lines running
parallel to them or across them, occur in the same position in
a large number of Mantide. I do not know that a function has ever
been assigned to marks situated in this position except by the
Russian naturalist Porschinsky, whose interesting observations ',
and imaginative explanations thereof, Professor Poulton has been
kind enough to have translated for me from the Russian.
Porschinsky has a theory that all eye-like markings on insects
represent glands, which may be imagined to excrete a noxious
fluid. He supposes that such markings simulate the liquid which
has issued forth, with the blue sky or some other object reflected
in it. He points out that the display of such spots is sometimes
accompanied by a sound which might be taken to imitate liquid
hissing out of a narrow opening such as the duct ofa gland. Mantis
religiosa is one of his examples. He says that there is a large
1 Lepidopterorum Rossiz Biologia, iv. (Petersburg, 1893), p. 36, fig. 10,
56*
854 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dee. 4,
blue “ eye ” ringed with black on the inner surface of the femur
of the fore limb in this species ; and that the “eye” is concealed
when the Mantis is at rest, because the two limbs are held folded
together in front of the body. ‘‘ But when danger threatens,” to
quote his own words, “the praying Mantis assumes a very peculiar
and interesting attitude, which, so far as I know, was first described
by Goureau. The long and narrow prothorax assumes a vertical
position, so that the body is supported only by its two pairs of
hind legs. Under these circumstances the insect widely separates
the front pair of legs, giving to its long femora a horizontal position,
so that the distal ends of them are directed on opposite sides. In
this way the eye-spots, which are situated at their bases, stand out
conspicuously and are most obvious, owing to their colour, The
tibie of the front pair of legs are directed vertically upwards. At
the same time the insect lifts up its tegmina and unrolis its wings,
giving them a horizontal position, and it begins quickly to raise
and lower its abdomen, which, rubbing against the posterior edge
of the wings at the same time as these continual movements,
produces a sound. The Mantis can produce the latter artificially
by rubbing its wings against some extraneous object.”
In the ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ for January 1900, Brunner von
Wattenwy] calls attention to the markings on the fore limb of a
species of Hierodula from Borneo. He speculates as to their
origin, but does not assign them a use.
TV. Avarmine CoLtour and ATTITUDE.
A Hooded Locustid (Capnoptera sp. n. near C. staudingeri).
Colour.— 2. Body and limbs dull green, marked with dark
brown. Tegmina dull green, veined and spotted with dull blue and
marked with black. Hind wings pale smoke-colour. Between
the head and the thorax there is a rectangular bladder of vivid
scarlet. This is habitually concealed beneath the dorsal plate of
the prothorax, but can be everted and project behind the head
like a hood. When not in use the two corners most remote
from its point of origin are inverted. When it was displayed
these were everted, apparently by the forcing of blood into the
hollow of the structure. . Similar to female, but considerably
smaller. The hood was equally well developed in both sexes.
Habits and Attitude.—The species is not uncommon in the jungle
of Nawnchik, Patalung, and Jalor ; but the male is much rarer than
the female. I only obtained a single specimen of the former. So
far as I know, there is nothing peculiar about the habits of this
species when it is left to itself, except that the saltatorial legs
being less highly developed than they are in most Malayan
Locustids, it is unable to take the enormous leaps of forms, like
the “ Belalang Rusa” or Deer Grasshopper (Mecopoda), which
are found in the same environment. When the hooded locust is
taken in the hand it makes very little resistance. Leaving the
consideration of its peculiar means of defence for a moment, this
1900.] INSECTS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 855
is not surprising, as the chief resistance that the ordinary large
Locustid can offer is that performed with its third pair of legs,
which are incredibly powerful in some species and often armed
with formidable spines. Instead of resisting, it lowers its head, so
as to separate it from the thorax, and erects the hood. If this
does not cause its enemy to let it loose, its resources are at an end.
The sudden apparition of the vivid scarlet patch on the dull and
inconspicuous body of the insect may well be disconcerting to its
natural enemies. ‘l'o a human observer it appears that he has
injured his specimen, and that some brilliantly coloured portion
of its internal anatomy is issuing from its neck.
Malay Name.—The Salor and Rhaman Malays call this and allied
species “ Belalang Gambor,” or Image Grasshopper, perhaps because
they recognize a likeness between it in its alarming attitude and
images of Buddha overshadowed by Cobras with expanded hoods.
A colossal statue of this kind exists in a cave-temple near Biserat.
When I asked for the “ Belalang Gambor” at Aring, the natives
brought me a large Locust (Acridium succinctum), that is known to
the Malays at Biserat as “ Belalang Babi,” or Pig Grasshopper.
Remarks.—In the jungle near Kota Bharu, Rhaman, I found a
single specimen of another species (Capnoptera, sp. n.) which had
the same peculiarity of structure and attitude as this form, but
differed from it in that the brilliant coloration was not confined
to a part of the body which was concealed when the insect was at
rest. Its head and body were of a dull neutral green; its tegmina
pale, dull translucent yellow, barred and spotted with black; and
its legs magenta. Magenta was also the colour of the hood, which
in form and extent resembled that of the commoner species.
The action of these two grasshoppers may be compared with that
of certain caterpillars, ¢.¢g. of one which is not common on pome-
granate trees at Biserat in the month of June. It is a fair-sized
form, probably belonging to the Lymantriide, which reaches a
length of from + em. to6cm. The dorsal surface is covered with
long hairs of a pale lemon-yellow colour, those on the 4th to 7th
segments being shorter and more closely set than the others.
Between the 4th and 5th segments a black bar of a peculiar velvety
appearance extends right across the body. This bar is surrounded
by a kind of white halo, and is almost completely concealed when
the caterpillar is feeding or walking ; which it does in rather a
peculiar manner, always resting after every few paces, and twisting
its body about, as if it were feeling round to see that there was
nothing wrong. If one blew upon the caterpillar, or irritated
it in any other way, it suddenly bent the anterior and posterior
regions of its body together, thus causing the black bar on the
back to become stretched and be conspicuous, and to appear like
a gaping, cavernous mouth, of which the bunches of hair behind
and before formed the jaws. The phenomenon was first pointed
out to me by Mr. D. TI. Gwynne Vaughan, then botanist to the
Expedition.
Some such cases come near to mimicry; for the one just
856 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dee. 4,
mentioned differs but little in essentials from that of the Sphinx
larve, which bring into prominence the eye-like markings on their
sides when alarmed, and thus seem to mimic small reptiles or
mammals. One such caterpillar’ is not uncommon in Nawnchik and
Patalung during April. It feeds on a species of Caladium* growing
in marshy localities, and is generally found on the underside of
the broad leaves, in the shadow of which it may easily be mistaken
for a small gecko which has lost its tail; though geckos do not
live in the marshes, and though its eye-spots are perfectly round,
more like the eyes of a snake than those of a gecko in the daytime.
In some cases structures which are alarming at one stage of an
animal’s existence may be mimetic or protective at another. The
case of the larva of our English Lobster Moth (Stauropus fagi)’,
which in its youth is said to mimic an ant, is so well known that
I need ouly refer to it. In lower Siam there is a common cater-
pillar, of what family it is impossible to say, which has a series of
curious long, flattened processes rising in three rows from the
dorsal surface of the anterior part of the body. When the animal is
walking these structures are kept in constant motion. They may be
supposed to alarm its enemies by their movements, and certainly
they give the full-grown caterpillar no aid by concealing it or by
making it resemble any otheranimal. But I have been completely
deceived by a very young specimen of this form. It was hanging
by a thread from a tree, and looked so extremely spider-like as
it hung, that I captured it to add to our collection of spiders.
Nor was I undeceived before the insect was in my spirit-tube ;
for in the Malay jungle there are many Araneids with elongated
abdomens.
An animal which is habitually of an alarming appearance may
even lose this appearance periodically. At Aring, one afternoon
in the beginning of September, a caterpillar nearly allied to
Stauropus fagi, and probably belonging to the same genus, came
under my notice. When first I saw it I mistook it for a bird’s
dropping. It was seated on the edge of a leaf of Melastoma
polyanthum, with the anterior and posterior regions of its body bent
towards one another, with the true legs folded together upon the
under surface of the thorax, and the abdominal feet firmly
clutching the edge of the leaf. The body was bent over so that
one side lay on the upper surface of the leaf, parallel to the
mid-rib. The insect was motionless. Its skin was smooth and
shiny; intense black in colour, except for some vivid white
markings about the middle of the body. ‘The likeness to a bird’s
dropping was not exact, because these white markings were at the
> The Malays do not appear to have any superstitious dread of this cater-
pillar, such as is felt by the Irish for that of the Elephant Hawk Moth
(Cherocampa elpenor), a form to which it bears a close resemblance. For the
any Hs with regard to the caterpillar, see Miss Ormerod’s Reports, 1898,
pp. 72-73.
* The “ Kladi mabok” or Sick Caladium, so called because, unlike some other
species, it is inedible,
* See Poulton, Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. xxvi. pl. 40, and ‘Colours of Animals.’
1900.] INSECTS OF THE “SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 857
centre and not towards the periphery; but, nevertheless, it was
striking and, at a first glance, quite deceptive. When disturbed
the caterpillar commenced to walk along the leaf, slowly and
irresolutely, unbending and rebending its long thoracic limbs as
it moved, and shaking the two processes with which its abdomen
terminated. I took it home, and shut it up till the next morning
with a supply of leaves, hoping to photograph it when the light
was better. During the night the insect cast its skin, and in the
morning all likeness to anything else had left it. The skin was
no longer polished and glittéring, and the colour had changed to
a dull brown with dingy white bars. Moreover, all sluggishness
of movement had disappeared, and the caterpillar was now ex-
ceedingly brisk, behaving very much as a well-grown specimen of
our own English form would do. During the languor and
dangerous inactivity of the ecdysis and the period immediately
preceding it, protective coloration had been assumed ; as soon as
the operation had been safely performed, the habitual means of
defence were adopted once more.
But to return to animals which, being otherwise inconspicuous,
have the power of exhibiting br illiant colour when alarmed. ‘This
phenomenon is not only exemplified by insects. A good instance
is that of the Toad Callula pulchra, which is found not un-
commonly in the Siamese States, among the rubbish which collects
under the houses and in like situations. In this species, the upper
surface of which is otherwise of a warm brown colour, a broad
yellowish stripe runs along either side of the back; but the
peculiar looseness of the skin and the folds into which it naturally
falls prevent this stripe from becoming conspicuous. When the
animal is disturbed, however, it draws air into its lungs until its
body becomes almost globular, and the skin is stretched in such
a way that its centrasting colours are displayed to their best
advantage. We may compare this amphibian to the fish of the
genus TYetrodon and others, which have earned the name of
Balloon-fish among Europeans, and of “ kan buntal,” or Pillow-fish,
among Malays, by the manner in which they gulp down air into
their stomachs, so causing the brilliant coloration of many of
them to become conspicuous, and also the spines with which they
are armed to be erected.
Another interesting example is afforded by the Lizard Liolepis
bellit, which the Malays call “ Biawak Pasir”, or Sand Monitor,
and which is common in all sandy plains where the vegetation is
scanty in the north of the Malay Peninsula. The male of Liolepis
is coloured in what sounds a very gorgeous fashion, and what is
in nature by no means a conspicuous one. The upper surface is
grey, mottled and eyed with green, the lower surface pale yellow
veined with blue, which is more conspicuous on the underside of
the thighs and the neck than on the rest of the body. Along each
side there are a number of transverse bars, alternately of orange
1 « Biawak” is the Malay name of Varanus.
858 MR, NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [Dee. 4,
and of deep purple. The female is very like the male, except that
she is smaller, that her colouring is not so brilliant, and that the
blue markings are almost entirely absent from her under surface.
When the Lizard is running about the sand its brilliant shades are
not conspicuous, for the lower surface is hidden beneath the body,
and the bars on the sides are almost concealed in the folds of
loose skin which are present in the living specimen. Liolepis is
exceedingly timid and very agile; asa rule one does not see it
until it commences to run away, at the distance of several yards.
It lives in burrows, which it excavates, so the Malays say, by
means of its feet and its snout. When one of the males is taken
in the hand, it attempts to bite, for it has sharp teeth and a
strong jaw, and struggles violently. As it struggles, it flattens
out its body, by enlarging the lower angle formed by the ribs with
the vertebral column, so that the purple and orange stripes on its
sides come into view. The female tries the same tactics, but
without such great effect, for in her case neither are the stripes
so brilliant nor the ribs so mobile. It is very possible that the
male makes some display ' before the female at the time of court-
ship. The Malays say that the “‘ Biawak Pasir” is monogamous,
and on many different occasions, at Biserat and elsewhere, children
brought me two specimens together, male and female, which they
said they had snared ina single hole. The case of the Lizard is not
quite parallel to that of the Grasshopper, for it is evident that in
‘ That reptiles do indulge in nuptial dances is proved by the case of the
“ Sumpah-sumpah” (Calotes versicolor), a Lizard whose great powers of changing
its colour have caused the colonists of the Straits to misname it the Chameleon.
When the male is courting the female, he is of a pale yellow colour early in the
day, though in the afternoon he appears to become slightly darker ; and he has
a very conspicuous black patch @ on either side of the throat which calls attention,
as it were, to the gular pouches, that he is constantly inflating. He posts
himself on some conveniently conspicuous perch, such as ghe top of a fence or a
banana leaf, with his tail stretched out behind him and his fore-quarters raised
as high as possible upon the legs. The head is held very erect, but is con-
stantly being nodded up and down, very much in the same way as that of
a cock pigeon is nodded under similar circumstances. He opens and shuts his
mouth continually, as if he were chattering, but no sound is emitted; it is
probably this habit which has given the Lizard its Malay name, which seems to
be connected with a word (swmpah) that means to curse. In this manner the
male advances gradually towards the female, only progressing a few steps at a
time. The female remains concealed during the performance, which often
commences at a considerable distance from her retreat. I found on several
occasions that if one male was killed while dancing, bis place was taken by
another before many hours had passed. If he was captured, the black spots
disappeared from his throat immediately; but they reappeared after death.
The males of this Lizard are extremely pugnacious, and when they are fighting
together they change colour repeatedly, the victor usually assuming a reddish
tinge. The females differ from the males in most species of this genus in that
the gular pouches and the nuchal and dorsal crest are smaller than in the
other sex; also they do not seem to have the power of colour-change so well
developed.
® See also Capt. Stanley Flower’s paper on “The Reptiles of the Malay
Peninsula and Siam,” in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, 1899, p. 641. My
observations were made in Bangkok, Singora, and Patalung, in the months of
March and April.
1900. ] INSECTS OF THE ‘‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 859
the former the exhibition of brilliant colour is primarily a sexual
attraction, being better developed in the male than it is in the
female ; but it seems probable that even in Liolepis any excite-
ment may cause a display, and that in a secondary manner this
display has come to be used as a means of alarming enemies,
though it will be noticed that the conspicuous stripes are not
exhibited suddenly, or immediately on disturbance, but only when
the animal is handled. Also it is strange if the larger, more active
male has this means of defence better developed than the female,
which must be much less agile at times. The fact that Liolepis
bellii has particularly strong teeth and jaws does not seem to me
to be of any importance in considering the case. The Cobra affords
one of the best instances of alarming coloration and attitude, and
it happens to be a particularly venomous animal; but there are
instances of similar display among animals which have no such
dangerous qualities.
The black-and-yellow Snake, Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus,
which is the commonest large Snake in Lower Siam, when driven
to extremities exhibits movements which may be compared with
the sudden display of colour by other forms. If a specimen of
this Snake is tied up so that it cannot escape, it raises its head,
gapes, hisses, strikes wildly at anything that is held near it, and
drums spasmodically upon the ground with the last few joints of
its tail, thus producing a curious noise. But I have never seen it
bite, even when a stick was held close to its mouth ; though many
Snakes, e. g. Coluber teniurus, will snap at anything, even at their
own bodies, when they are sufficiently enraged. The Malays say
that Dipsadomorphus is not poisonous ; but they are much afraid
of its bite, because of its violent appearance.
VY. Sounps PRODUCED BY INSECTS.
A Cicada (Dundubia intemerata).
There are two distinct colour varieties of this species, found
together and independent of sex; the body of one being grass-
green, and that of the other pale brown, which becomes yellow as
the insect dries. Among my dried specimens there are inter-
mediate forms more or less mottled; but this peculiarity did not
appear for some days after death, and in life all the individuals
were either one colour or the other.
At certain seasons this Cicada forms a regular article of diet
among the Siamese inhabitants of Patalung ; and as their method
of capturing it is based upon a knowledge of its habits, I cannot
do better than give an account of this method, as I saw in opera-
tion at Ban Nah, a village on the border of the hill-country of
Patalung. Immediately after the sun had set several of the
natives gathered in an open space, round a fire of brushwood or a
number of torches fastened to stakes stuck into the ground, and
commenced to clap their hands in unison, observing a regular time
and rhythm. Very soon, if they were fortunate, the Cicade flew
860 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dec. 4,
out from the undergrowth of the surrounding orchards and jungle,
and alighted on the persons of their captors, who had no difficulty
in picking off the insects with their fingers and securing them,
still alive, in a fold of their draperies. The clapping only con-
tinued for about half an hour every evening, and when, with
considerable difficulty, 1 persuaded the men to recommence it
again later in the night, not a single Cicada came near them,
though the stridulating had now become loud all over the village,
like the noise of machine hair-brushes in a barber’s shop.
The insects were silent on the wing, and I only heard one
stridulate when caught. The voiceless females, as might be
expected, were in great preponderance over the males among the
specimens taken; probably the one individual which was not
dumb when captured was the only male taken that night. In
order to be sure that the fire was not the chief attraction for
the Cicade, I stood among a party of natives who were clapping,
together with another member of the Expedition, who clapped
also ; while I kept my hands still. In the course of a few minutes,
the natives captured many specimens, and ten alighted on my
friend’s coat ; but only one settled on mine. Afterwards I heard
from a Patani Malay that the children of Patani town have
2 game in which they attract Cicadas by clapping their hands, and
without the aid of light at all; though they sing, as they clap, a
nursery rhyme, calling upon the insects to come down from the
trees. The season of the edible Cicada seems to be a very local
one in Patalung. At Ban Nab on the Ist of April, and again on
the 6th of the same month, the natives secured me as many
specimens as I wanted, besides serving a dish of them with our
curry on the second occasion. On April 3rd, at Ban Kong Rah,
which is only about eight miles further inland than Ban Nah, our
guard of native military police were unable to catch a single
individual, although they adopted exactly the same method of
procedure as the Ban Nah people had done, and clapped at the
same time of evening. On none of these three occasions had the
moon risen, and in Patalung one night is like another in the dry
season, On April 5th, I noticed that the ground in a patch
of primeval jungle near Ban Kong Rah was covered with the
cast pupal skins of a Cicada. Whether they were those of the
edible species or not, I am unable to say with certainty, but they
were of the correct size, and, so far as I could see, such as might be
expected to belong to this form.
Malay Name, etc—The Malay-speaking Malays of lower Siam
call a Cicada “ Riang-riang,” confusing it with certain large
Melolonthid beetles belonging to at least four different species—
Lepidiota stigma, another species of the same genus, and two
species of Leucopholis—which buzz round the tops of the cocoanut-
palms in the evening, and produce, probably in the same way as
the common Cockchafer’, a sound with a considerable resemblance
* See Lubbock, ‘ The Senses of Animals,’ p. 67.
1900.] INSECTS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 861
to the word “riang” (to call back) pronounced very rapidly and
repeatedly. All four species of beetle are on sale for food in the
local markets of Patalung, and their grubs, which are found in
the earth or under fallen trees, are eaten also. (A conventional
representation of the grubs is often carved on rice-stirrers and
other objects of household use by the Malays, who call them ‘“* Ulat
Kiki.”) Both beetles and Cicade are either boiled or fried in
cocoanut-oil. The latter have very little flavour of any sort, and
what they have is vegetable rather than animal.
Remarks.—The existence of auditory organs in the Cicade has
not been demonstrated with certainty. The insects must indeed
be deaf if they mistake the sound of clapping for the squeaky
whirr of the male’s stridulation. It is evident, however, that the
females have some perception of rhythm, if not of sound. May
not this perception be due to vibrations produced in the opercula
of the stridulating apparatus? The opercula are often well
developed in the voiceless females, though they differ in shape from
those of the males. The males, supposing that the perceptive
organ were situated in the stridulating apparatus, would be
deafened by their own song; as Sharp points out when dealing
with Swinton’s theory that one of the membranes of the apparatus
itself, a membrane which apparently is only present in the male,
is an auditory organ. But there is no need for the males to hear
their own song, and no proof that they do so. Though only one
species of Cicada is attracted by the particular rhythm with which
the people of Patalung clap their hands, another rhythm might
attract another form. The several species of Cicade inhabiting
the same country undoubtedly sing in different rhythm ' from one
another. The song of this species is fairly monotonous and
unbroken, though it rises and falls to a slight extent. That of the
large form Pomponia imperatoria, which restricts itself to deep
jungle, rises in a series of trills, each of which concludes with a
kind of click. Each section of the song is faster, louder, and
clearer than the one which preceded it; until, about five minutes
after the Cicada’s settling, the noise suddenly comes to an end, as
the insect flies off to another tree, where it commences again.
The sound produced by this species is, at the beginning of the
song, like the winding-up of a large clock, and ends by being
comparable to the notes of a penny whistle. Another insect,
commonly heard at night in the jungle, presumably also a Cicada,
has a clear, loud, clarion-like ca!l which can be heard for a great
distance.
The sounds in a Malayan jungle after dark may justly be com-
pared to those in the machinery-hall of an exhibition at the busiest
time of day, and their volume increases materially before the coming
of dawn. The body of the din is the work of small Cicade, like the
edible species, but the true riang-riang and certain Locustids have
no mean share in its production. In some places the “ Singing
? See Riley, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Science, vol. xxiv. p. 331.
862 MR, NELSON ANNANDALD ON THE [ Dec. 4,
Earthworm” ’, a Gryllotalpid cricket, contributes from its hole in the
ground a deep, organ-like note. What is the meaning of all this
noise? “The riang-riang sing,” a Malay would say, “ because
their livers are glad”; and in many cases we are not in a position
to give any better reason. The stridulation of the male Cicada
appears to be in the main and primarily a sexual call, but may also
be used as a warning or alarming cry.
Of insects capable of producing a sound, some species stridulate
when captured, but all do not. The brilliantly coloured little black
and scarlet Huechys sanguinea, which, unlike the majority of
Malayan Cicadee, is diurnal and flies about among bushes in the
open at midday, is silent when handled. The male of the large
dung-beetle Heliocopris mouhotus, a pair of which was brought to
me at Biserat by an elephant mahout, squeaks like a bat when
touched, but is silent when lifted from the ground. The female
of this species is dumb. On the other hand, many kinds of
Orthoptera only stridulate when they are left in peace and quiet.
In the Malay Peninsula the majority of stridulating species are
nocturnal, or only sing at sunset and just before sunrise. There
one does not hear the noise of grasshoppers among long grass at
midday as one does in this country, though in the jungle there is
a subdued hum of insects continually. At Belimbing in Legeh a
man brought me several specimens of the “ Belalang Rusa Ljou”
or Green Deer Grasshopper (Mecopoda elongata). Each specimen
was in a small bamboo-cage, as he said that if two were put together
they would fight. He told me that children kept this grasshopper
as a pet, feeding it on the young shoots of the pineapple, in order
that they might hear it “crow.” My specimens were silent all
day, and all the evening while the lamp was lit; but in the middle
of the night we were awakened by their stridulations.
VI. Insect LuMINosIry.
An Aquatic Lampyrid Larva.
Form and Colour.—The body is elongated and narrow: the head
is minute, and can be retracted within the thorax. There are
eight abdominal segments, which are little differentiated from those
of the thorax superficially. The upper surface is corrugated. The
colour is dark brown, minutely marked with dull yellow in some
specimens. The luminous organs were situated in two small oval
patches on the under surface of the last abdominal segment, just
behind the anus.
Habits—On March 30th, when catching fire-flies by the side of
a marsh at Lampam, the chief town of Patalung, I noticed a
number of luminous points on the surface of a small stagnant pool.
We had some difficulty in ascertaining the origin of these, for they
died away slowly when the water was disturbed ; and it was not
until we examined some of the plants floating on the top of the
? See ‘ Oxford Magazine,’ Oct. 17th, 1900, p. 9.
1900. ] INSECTS OF THE ‘‘SKEAT EXPEDITION,” 863
pool that we discovered that the light proceeded from beetle larve,
which were clinging, dorsal surface downwards, to the floating
fronds of a small cryptogam. The luminous points were blue in
colour and very brilliant, though small. They did not flicker like
the lights of the fire-flies which flitted in hundreds over the surface
of the marsh, and when they were extinguished they died away
gradually. In the pool they did not change their position, but
they became sometimes brighter and sometimes less bright slowly,
occasionally dying out entirely for no apparent cause. When the
larva was taken out of the water, its luminosity disappeared, and
did not reappear until it had been restored to its habitual element
for some minutes. The light of some specimens which were placed
with water and weeds in a glass jar, and brought near a lamp after
they had recovered from their capture sufficiently to shine again,
went out. After a longer or shorter interval of rest near the
lamp, on different trials, it reappeared again. Poking them witha
twig sometimes caused them to shine more brightly, but more often
to become entirely dark. If several individuals were in a bottle
and one of them became brilliant from any cause, the others
followed suit after a few seconds. A specimen which was put
into corrosive solution ceased to be luminous, but after about a
quarter of an hour became exceptionally bright. It was then
transferred to a weak solution of formalin; whereupon its light
went out finally, taking several seconds to disappear.
During the day I was unable to find any of the larve on the
surface of the pool; but the captive specimens had deserted the
floating weeds before morning, and were crawling slowly on the
bottom of the jar. I did not see them feed, though the water in
the jar was full of small animals of different sorts—Copepods,
Protozoa, and water-mites. Nor, while I was watching them, did
the larve ever come to the surface to take in air or to breathe.
I can find no special respiratory organs in my specimens: when
alive no part of the body was silvery in appearance under water.
Remarks.—The question of luminosity is one even more
enigmatical than that of the sounds produced by insects. It is a
phenomenon which is manifested right down among the Protozoa,
and even in the border-land between the two great kingdoms ; it
reaches its highest development among some of the Lampyride.
In the Westmann Isles I have seen a whole village accidentally
lighted up by the action of putrefactive bacteria in cods’ heads
hanging to dry on the walls of the gardens; and a dead shark upon
the shore was visible on the darkest night from the same cause to
the distance of half a mile. Noctiluca and other marine animals——
coelenterates, crustaceans, tunicates, &c. —produce even more
astonishing luminescent effects. It is not apparent what is the
object of this display among these forms; though possibly in the
case of the Medusz it may serve as a lure for prey, as it appears
to do among certain deep-sea fishes. Among the insects and
Myriapoda the purpose of luminescence is also obscure’, It
' See Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, “ Les Elatérides lumineux” (1886), &e.
864 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [ Dec. 4,
cannot be in all cases a sexual attraction, for it is exhibited by
Jarve and even by eggs’; neither can its object always be to
attract prey: that it is a warning to enemies seems hardly pro-
bable, for most small animals, whether aquatic or terrestrial, are
attracted rather than repelled by light. In the bacteria and
in forms like Noctiluca it appears to be an adventitious result of
metabolism rather than to bring any practical gain to the organism ;
among the adults of the Lampyride it very probably acts as a sexual
charm ; among the larve of the same group its purpose may possibly
be to attract prey. In the case of the aquatic form there must be
some reason why the Jarve should come to the surface at night and
display their light on the top of the water. That purpose can hardly
be to warn surface enemies not to eat them, or to scare away aerial
aggressors. Much more probably the light attracts some surface or
aerial prey. The fact that the light disappears when the water is
disturbed also supports this view. It is not to the advantage of
the larve to attract the attention of any animal big enough to make
a commotion in the pool.
In three other species of Lampyrid larve, all terrestrial,—two,
which were both over an inch in length, being found crawling on
the ground among bushes in Patalung, and the other seated on a
cocoanut-husk under a house in Kelantan—the light, which was
situated in all cases on the ventral surface of the abdomen, was
steady, and neither flickered as it did in the winged forms, nor
slowly disappeared without apparent cause as in the case of the
aquatic larva. A small specimen which I found under the mosque
at Aring, mistaking it at first sight for luminous fungus which grew
there commonly, continued shining when picked from the ground,
but immediately became dark when dropped into formol, and never
shone again. Professor Poulton tells me that North-American *
fire-flies lose control of their lights when placed in a cyanide-bottle,
and are no longer able to extinguish them. The same is true of
the Malayan winged forms, though occasionally a specimen becomes
entirely dark for a few minutes when first introduced into the bottle.
The aquatic larva which allowed its light to reappear after it had
been in corrosive sublimate for some minutes was probably only
just beginning to become affected, for corrosive penetrates hard
chitin very slowly. The insect allowed itself, when once affected,
to be transferred into a more pungent medium before it finally
ceased to shine.
Of all the manifestations of luminescence among animals there is
none more curious, or, in the present state of our knowledge, more
inexplicable, than the manner in which large numbers of individuals
of certain fire-flies are able to display their light with absolute
apparent simultaneity and unison and with regular intervals of
darkness, under circumstances which make it impossible for all the
members of the swarm to see one another. Even the power,
* See Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. 1887, p. 137.
* Darwin makes very much the same remark with regard to the Brazilian
forms, in his ‘ Voyage of a Naturalist’ (p. 30).
1900.] INSECTS OF THE ‘“‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 865
possessed by some peculiar South-American beetles’, of showing
lights of different colours on different parts of the body at the
same time is not more wonderful, or more conspicuous, than this.
The phenomenon is not common on the east coast of the Malay
Peninsula, where the soil is sandy; but it is said to be often
manifested both in Siam proper and among the mangrove-swamps
of Perak and Selangor in the west. I have only been able to see
it on one occasion, and that was on the bank of the river near
Kuala Patani, one fine evening at the end of June.
A large tree was covered with many hundreds of fire-flies, the
majority of which seemed, judging from the similarity of their
lights, to belong to one species, or perhaps to one sex. There
were three individuals seated together, however, whose lights
were larger and bluer than those of the others. The lights of all
the specimens of the more abundant variety flickered in unison
with one another; those of the minority, the three individuals,
flickered together also, but in a different time. At one instant
the tree was all lighted up as if by hundreds of little electric
lamps; at the next it was in complete darkness, except for three
blue points. Then, again, it was covered with white points, except
for a little patch of darkness where the three blue lights had been,
and would be again immediately. A similar power of displaying
luminosity in unison is said to be exhibited by some marine
animals, even after they have been removed from the water ; but
the questions as to how this unison is effected and what is its
exact object are obscure. The power by which it is regulated may
be somewhat analogous to that which causes all the individuals
composing a flock of birds to wheel at the same instant. As
Professor Poulton has pointed out to me, the rhythmical display
of light among a crowd of individuals appears much more
conspicuous to the eye than the simple flickering of a number of
independent points.
Malay Names.—The ordinary Malay term for a fire-fly is klip-
klip, a name which seems to suggest the rapid flickering of the
insect’s light, though the word khp is used in the sense of to
glitter. Our west-coast servants called the luminous beetle larve
with which we met in Patalung, “ klip-klip tanah,” land or earth
fire-flies. The aquatic species, which they had never seen or heard
of before, they christened “ klip-klip ayer,” or water fire-fly. His
Excellency Phya Sukum, the Siamese Chief Commissioner for the
Ligor Circle, to whose hospitality and administration we owed
much, tells me that he has seen, in the south of Ligor and near
Singora, a large green worm which sits on trees, and it is so
brilliantly luminous at night that it well deserves its Siamese
name of Lightning Grub. On one occasion he secured a specimen,
and was conveying it to Bangkok; but unfortunately it was killed
on the voyage through the carelessness of a servant who closed
the box in which it was. ,
* See Haase, Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. 1888, pp. 146-167.
866 MR. NELSON ANNANDALE ON THE [Dec. 4,
VIL. Tus Use or THE SPINES OF CERTAIN ORTHOPTERA.
The Locustid (Lumegalodon blanchardi).
Colour and Form.—The whole exposed surface of this well-
known and peculiar form is coloured pale brown, speckied, but
not in any very marked way, with a darker shade. Its coloration
bears a general, and by no means highly specialized, resemblance
to a withered leaf.
The most peculiar features of its external form are the enormous
stoutness of the head and jaws, and the well-developed thorn-like
processes on the thorax.
Huabits.—The only specimen secured was captured in a rice-field,
then partially flooded, at Belimbing in the Ulu Legeh, on July 22nd.
I was crossing the swamp towards a solitary tree of large size that
srew on the embankment halfway across. When about ten
yards distant from this tree, I noticed what appeared to be a
dead leaf falling from one of its lower branches at a height of
perhaps eight feet from the ground. Judging from the way it fell
that the leaf must have something, perhaps a chrysalis, attached
to it, I left the embankment and waded to the place where it had
touched the ground, and was surprised to find a fine male specimen
of Eumegalodon seated motionless on the damp earth. It made
no attempt to escape but did its best to defend itself with its
really formidable mandibles, a bite from which would have taken
a piece right out of the finger.
Remarks.—It is very dangerous to generalize from a single
instance of this sort; but the behaviour of the insect was interesting,
and may possibly cast some light on the use of the peculiar spines
on its back. I am sure, from the rapidity with which it fell and
from its appearance while in the air, that the wings were folded
as it dropped from the tree; I am also convinced that it dropped
and did not leap down. Supposing that its usual habit is to
descend thus—and I have no reason to suppose that the behaviour
of my specimen was at all peculiar—it is easy to see that its
spines, combined with the sturdy build of the anterior part of its
body, might assist greatly in breaking its fall, should it strike
against anything hard or sharp ; for necessarily it would fall head
downwards, the head and thorax being heavier than the abdomen.
This suggestion does not interfere with the view that these
structures may also be of use in defending the insect against its
enemies, whatever they may be, should it be attacked from behind;
in which case its jaws could not assist it; very possibly it may
drop from the tree to escape assailants. Professor Meldola has
suggested the same use for the hairs and spines on caterpillars.
VIII. Tre pecuniar PROLONGATION OF THE HEAD IN CERTAIN
FULGORID#, AND ITS USE.
Hotinus, Pyrops, &c.
The curious anterior prolongation of the head in many genera
of the Fulgoride has long puzzled entomologists, and some have
Se
1900.} INSECTS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 867
been found bold enough to suggest that in life it is luminous‘ >
being led to this suggestion, I suppose, by the lantern-like outline
of the “nose” in the more highly specialized members of the
family, and perhaps by the fact that some of the species at any
rate are nocturnal or crepuscular, and rest by day on the trunks
of trees in a very open manner. At Biserat in Jalor I was
fortunate enough to observe the real use of this peculiar structural
modification.
On the morning of May 30th, I noticed a specimen of Hotinus
spinole seated on the. trunk of a Durian tree in the village and
incautiously attempted to catch it in my hand. The insect remained
almost still, merely drawing in its legs towards its body and
pressing the claws firmly agaist the “bark, until I had almost
touched it. Then, it lowered its’ head with very great rapidity,
flew up into the air without spreading its wings, and alighted on
the roof of a house about six feet behind the tree and considerably
higher than the position on the trunk whence it had started.
When it was at rest its dorsal surface had been directed towards
the roof and its head had pointed upwards ; but it started off at a
tangent from its original station, and landed with its head,
speaking roughly, at right angles to an imaginary line drawn
through the main axis of the body as it had been on the tree.
The insect remained on the roof without moving while I went to
get a butterfly-net, in which it was easily captured by a man who
swarmed up one of the house-posts.
At the time I did not notice anything peculiar in the way in
which this Fulgorid jumped, for there are many large species
of the same family (e. g. Aphana atomaria) which, without being
provided with long noses, can leap for a considerable distance by
means of their legs only; but, as I was examining my specimen
after it had died in a cyanide-bottle, I was struck by an indenta-
tion or crease that ran across the central region of the nose, at
right angles to its main axis. Then I discovered that the chitin
was flexible at this pomt, and at this point only; and that if the
tip of the nose and the dorsal surface of the abdomen were pressed
together between the finger and thumb and then suddenly releaged,
the insect would not fall straight to the ground, but would be
propelled for some distance through the air before doing so; just
as would be the case if a piece of whalebone were treated in like
manner. Now supposing that the whalebone (representing the
nose of the insect) was fixed rigidly to a small rigid object (the
head), which in its turn was fastened by a flexible juncture to a
larger rigid object (the thorax and abdomen); supposing that the
larger object was then laid so that it rested for all its length
along a smooth vertical support with the whalebone pointing in
front of it, that the free extremity of the whalebone was bent
downwards by some force, and that the whole structure was
simultaneously shoved away from the support (as the body of
? For a coloured picture of a /uwminous Fulgorid, see Donovan's ‘ Natural
History of the Insects of China, p. 27; also ‘for much evidence as to its
luminosity.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1900, No. LVII. 57
868 ON THE INSECTS OF THE “SKEAT EXPEDITION.” [ Dec. 4,
the insect might be by its legs), it is obvious that the whole
structure would fly off into the air at a tangent; only supposing
that the pressure was slightly oblique at any point. I have
no doubt that this is substantially what occurs in the case of
Hotinus ; but in the living insect the action is far too rapid for
the eye to discriminate its details, and dead specimens cannot be
made to leap in this way, because it is impossible to force the legs
to perform their part of the action. In two specimens of Hotinus,
which I observed on tree-trunks at Aring, the wings were spread
after the insects had leapt into the air, but not immediately they
left their perch. Both of them distinctly bent down their heads
before they jumped.
The nose is perfectly hollow, and does not appear to contain
any muscle. It differs, of course, from the whalebone in respect
of its hollowness, and also in that it is only flexible at one point.
In specimens preserved in spirit it is largely filled with liquid, but
contains a bubble of air, which naturally rises to the tip when the
apparatus is in its resting position, and runs towards its base
when the head is lowered.
When I had made the discovery in my first specimen of Hotinus,
I examined some Fulgorid larve, almost certainly those of Pyrops
nobilis, which had been brought to me by a native at Ban Sai Kau
in Nawnchik, and which I had preserved in spirit. The nose was
well developed in these, although the abdomen was still small and
unexpanded and the wings as yet mere stumps. I found that the
joint was present in these specimens also, and still retained a
certain amount of springiness, though they had been dead for a
month.
Since coming home, I have been enabled, by the kindness of
Professor Poulton, to examine dried specimens of twenty-six
species of long-nosed Fulgoride, belonging to nine genera, In
individuals of sixteen of these species 1 am able to distinguish
a crease running across the nose in exactly the same position as
it does in my specimen of Hotinus. All of the remaining ten
species in the Hope Collection, of which species Pyrops nobilis is
one, have either comparatively short, spiny, or otherwise peculiar
noses. JI have no doubt that the joint would be found in
them also, were fresh specimens examined; even in my larve,
in which it is still flexible, there is no external sign of its exist-
ence except a slight translucency of the integument. The members
of the bulbous-nosed American genus Fulgora probably use their
heads in the same manner as the less highly modified Oriental
forms. There is a deep hollow across the noses of the former
which seems to correspond to the crease in that of Hotinus; and I
have satisfied myself at any rate that a certain very limited
flexibility exists at this point even in dried specimens. What
is wanted is a series of instantaneous photographs from life.
Malay Name.—At Biserat Hotinus spinole goes by the name
of “* Raja Legch,” but this is probably a corruption of some more
direct appellation,
“CC AENE ee See “VIVITIO SNW ‘ aerate
‘IAT Id 0061 S°Z'd
1900.] ON THE MAMMALS OF THE ‘‘SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 869
A large proportion of the insects mentioned in this paper have
been identified by comparison with specimens preserved at Oxford
in the Hope Department of the University Museum, to the
officials of which I offer my thanks for the ready help which
they have given me. I cannot conclude without expressing my
personal gratitude to the Siamese Government for the kindness
and generosity with which it treated us throughout: to the officials
at Bangkok and Singora who arranged for our reception in lower
Siam: to the Malay Rajas through whose territory we passed,
without whose aid the Siamese Malay States are practically a closed
country to Europeans: and to Luang Phrom, Commissioner of
Patani, to Kun Rhat Wan Hussein, and to the other gentlemen
who accompanied us as agents of the Siamese Government ; at
whose hands I received much personal kindness, and whose assist-
ance and advice made it possible to travel in such a country with
physical comfort and with some degree of celerity.
3. On the Mammals collected during the ‘‘Skeat Expedition”
to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. By J. Lewis
Bonuore, B.A.
[Received October 16, 1900.]
(Plate LVI.)
I have the pleasure of furnishing a report on the collection of
Mammals made in the Malay Peninsula by Messrs. R. Evans and
F. F. Laidlaw, who accompanied an expedition under Mr. W. W.
Skeat. As might be expected, the collection, which includes
specimens of 54 species, is of considerable interest, although only
one, a rodent, appears to be new to science. A fine specimen of
Macacus rufescens was procured, which has hitherto only been
known by the type,a young example; the presence of Tiichys
lipura, a Bornean species about whose occurrence in this region
considerable doubt had been expressed, is of great interest. The
collection also contains a fine skull of Hystrix yunnanensis; a skin
of Mus cremoriventer, a scarce species lately described from the
Malay Peninsula by Mr. G. Miller, jun., of Washington; and
several specimens of Vesperugo tylopus, originally described from
Borneo.
As Capt. Stanley Flower has lately published a catalogue of the
Mammals of Siam and the Malay Peninsula, I have not given the
full synonymy but have referred to his paper, only adding the
references to one or two subsequent papers to which he did not
have access. Great praise is due to Messrs. Evans and Laidlaw for
the careful way in which they collected: almost all the specimens
having careful dates and measurements, which, apart from greatly
adding to their value, has considerably lessened the work of
identification, With regard to the position of the places
57*
870 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON THR [ Dec. 4,
mentioned: Talé-sap is a large inland sea in the State of Patelung,
which lies on the east coast of the Peninsula, where it begins to
widen out in the north; Singora is the capital of the State
and is situated near the entrance to the sea. Jering is a small
State on the east coast considerably to the south, in a latitude
slightly north of that of Penang. Patani, Kelantan, and Tringganu
form the remaining States under Siamese protection along the
coast from the north. Due south of Jering and Patani lies the
State of Jalor with Biserat as its capital; Bukit Besar is a
mountain (3000 ft.) on its western border. South of Jalor lie the
small States of Raman and Legeh with its capital Belimbing.
The State of Kelantan takes its name from a large river of that
name, near the mouth of which is situated the town of Khota
Bharu. The Lebeh is a tributary of this river and lies in the
southern portion of the State, where it is joined by the Aring,
another river. The prefixes Kwala and Ulu indicate the lower or
upper waters of the river. Gunong Inas is a large mountain
(5861 ft.) about 50 miles due east of the southern boundary of
Province Wellesley, in the State of Perak; the head-waters of
the river Selama rise there, and Ulu Selama practically indicates
the foot of the mountain. This locality, which was visited by
Messrs. Laidlaw and Yapp after the rest of the expedition had
gone home, seems to be of great interest, several species, including
the undescribed one and Trichys lipura, having been found there
only. Mr. Laidlaw having given me some interesting notes on the
Mammals of this mountain, dealing more especially with the species
of which specimens were not procured, I have great pleasure in
recording them here :—
“ Primates—A. Gibbon, I believe the Siamang (Hylobates syn-
dactylus), ranges well up to 4000 ft. on Gunong Inas. It has quite
a different cry to the species common at Kwala Aring.
“ A very large Semnopithecus with a long tail is also common at
that height, as are one or two smaller species. I was unable to
get a specimen of any of these.
“ Sciuromorpha.—lI saw a very fine pair of large Flying Squirrels
at about 3000 ft.
“ Sciwrus tenuis is the common species. I only saw the one
S. erythreus that I shot. There is anotber black species about the
same size as S. caniceps that occurs, but is rare at that height (it is
perhaps S. atridorsalis). A very small species with a yellow and
black lateral stripe is common but very difficult to shoot; this
species ranges well up to 5000 ft. There is another large Squirrel,
ot which I saw a single specimen; its head is shaped much like
that of S. bicolor, but it is not so large and more plainly coloured,
a dull grey: 4000 ft.
“ Carnwora.—The Tiger does not occur high up in the mountain
so far as we could discover, neither did we see any trace of Bears
or Leopards, though I imagine the latter must occur.
“ Ungulata.—The Elephant does not appear to get much above
2000 ft. The Tapir ranges right up to the summit-ridge of the
1900.] MAMMALS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 871
mountain, and the Rhinocervs to nearly 4000 ft. at any rate. Of
Nemorhedus we saw tracks on the summit-ridge. At the foot of
the mountain was a hot sulphur spring, which the Malays assured
us was much frequented just at sunset by many kinds of beasts.
We were never so fortunate as to see any there, although it had
evidently been frequented from time to time by Elephants.”
1. Macacus rursescens Anders.
Macacus rufescens Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 204; Sclater, op.
cit. p. 495; id. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 194; Anders, Zool. Res. (1879)
p- 79; S.S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 3165.
a. 2 sk. Patelung, 7th April, 1899.
This specimen is of considerable interest, for the species is
apparently known only from two specimens ; the first of which
was sent by Dr. Anderson to this Society with no further par-
ticulars than that it had been “purchased at Singapore,” and
Dr. Anderson, not knowing to which species it should be referred,
suggested the above name. This specimen is now in the
British Museum, where I have examined it, and, except in its
slightly smaller size, agrees in all respects with the present
example.
Shortly afterwards Dr. Anderson procured a young female in
the Calcutta market, which subsequently also found its way to
this Society, through Mr. Jamrach, with the additicnal infor-
mation that it was supposed to have been brought to Calcutta
from Batavia. The present specimen therefore fixes the hitherto
somewhat doubtful habitat of this species as being the Malay
Peninsula, whence doubtless the second specimen also came, as
it is not unlikely that a ship bound for Calcutta from Batavia
would touch at Singapore. The present example is not quite
adult, but being rather older than either of the other two speci-
mens I append a full description :—Hair moderately long and
wavy on the back, shorter and rather sparse on the underparts.
Face and buttocks naked. General colour of a warm reddish brown,
but many of the hairs, especially on the dorsal area, with a dark
tip and one or more dark annulations. ‘Tail very short, about
an inch in length, and covered with hair. The hair of the crown,
which is short and light in colour, radiates from a central point,
while a few black bristles grow out from the edge of the forehead.
The measurements and colour of the soft parts are not given,
and those given below are from the dried skin.
The skull is considerably larger than the specimen in the
British Museum, which I take to be the type, and is that of an
individual a good deal older although not quite adult. Its chief
points of difference from the skulls of other nearly allied species
(e. g. M. brunneus) are the length of the snout, narrowness of
the brain-case, and also the sharp and clearly defined supraorbital
processes : in these points it completely agrees with Anderson’s
description.
872 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON THE [ Dec. 4,
Measurements [from skin}. Length, tip of muzzle to root of
tail, 22 in.; tail 13 in.; hind foot 53 in.
Skull. Greatest length 124 mm.; zygomatic breadth 81;
breadth of brain-case 64: length, occipital to back of nasals, 89;
back of nasals to tip of premaxille 47.
2. Macacus cyNoMoueus (Schreb.).
Macacus cynomolgus, Schreb. Siiugeth. i. p. 91, pl. xii. (fig.
Buffon), nec Linn.; 8S. 8. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 316.
a. ¢ ad. sk. Koh Nam Kam, Talé-sap, Nu Pau, 12th April,
1899.
b. dad.sk. Jering, 19th June, 1899.
3. SEMNOPITHECUS OBSCURUS Reid.
Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 14; Flower,
op. cit. p. 317.
a. 9 ad. sk. Koh Nam Kan, Talé-sap, 12th April, 1899.
4, SEMNOPITHECUS ALBOCINEREUS Cantor.
Semnopithecus albocinereus, Cantor, J. A. 8S. B. xv. p. 174 (1846)
(nec Desm.).
Semnopithecus mitratus (Eschs.), Flower, op. cit. p. 319.
a. g ad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 23rd Aug., 1899.
This Monkey, which is of a clear ashy grey on the back, white
below, with dark hands, feet, and tail, agrees with the example
from Klang referred to by Mr. Thomas (P. Z.S. 1896, p. 72) as
being identical with Cantor’s S. albocinereus, which in Dr. An-
derson’s opinion, is synonymous with S. stamensis of Miiller and
Schlegel. Under the name stamensis Dr. Anderson gives a de-
scription of the present species ; but on reading Miiller’s original
description I find siamensis to be a dark-coloured Monkey, and there
are several specimens in the British Museum of a dark brown Monkey,
rather smaller than the specimen under consideration, which agree
fairly with Miiller’s description and are labelled siamensis. There
is therefore no alternative but to allow Cantor’s name to stand for
the present.
Cantor’s type was founded on a young specimen, but he remarks
that when adult it is hardly to be distinguished from S. obscurus ;
this remark, however, hardly seems to hold good, the present
specimen being fully adult and yet showing no such resemblance.
5, SEMNOPITHECUS sp. inc.
a, 3 juv.sk. Biserat in Jalor, 26th May, 1899.
This specimen is very young and shows no distinctive features
by which, with our present knowledge of the group, it could be
identified. It shows no sign of a crest and the hair of the head
radiates straight back from the facial limit, while the face and
cheeks are surrounded by long black hairs. In colour it is of a
light golden buff all over, with a tendency to a black tip on the tail.
1900. ] MAMMALS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 873
6. NyYcriceBUs TARDIGRADUS (L.).
Lemur tardigradus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 44 (1766).
Nycticebus tardigradus, Flower, op. cit. p. 321.
a. 9 sk. Komlom, opposite Singora, 17th April, 1899.
b. 9 ad. sk. Tremangan, 15th July, 1899.
ce. 2 ad. sk. Bukit Blinja, 15th July, 1899.
7. FELIS BENGALENSIS Kerr.
Felis bengalensis, Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 151 (1792); Flower,
op. cit. p. 325.
a. Ad. sk. Khota Bharu, Kelantan, 17th Oct., 1899.
b,c. 9 juv. sk. Patelung, Nu Pau, April 1899.
8. VIVERRA ZIBETHA L.
Vwerra zibetha, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 65 (1766) ; Flower, op.
cit. p. 327.
a. $ juv.sk. Biserat in Jalor, 13th May, 1899.
This specimen, which is very young, may be easily recognized as
belonging to this species by the markings on the back and neck ;
the hairs along the centre of the back are longer and stiffer than
those elsewhere, although there is no noticeable crest, the white
subdorsal lines start from the middle of the back and run to the
root of the tail, and the markings on the neck are very clear and
distinct. The sides of the body, which are dark brownish, are
flecked with dull white spots, which show a tendency to arrange
themselves into transverse lines.
9. PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS (Pall.).
Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas, Schreber, Saugeth. iii. p. 426
(1778).
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Flower, op. cit. p. 329.
a,b. ¢ imm. sk. Patelung, Nu Pau, April 1899.
c. 2 imm.sk. Biserat, Jalor, 10th May, 1899.
d. 9 adsk. Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 15th Oct., 1899.
10. HeMIGALEA HARDWICKEI Gray.
Hemigalea hardwicke, Gray, Spicil. Zool. 1830, p. 9, pl. i.
lad
(nec Lesson, 1827); Flower, op. cit. p. 330.
a. 2 ad. sk. Kwala Selama, 10th January, 1899.
11. Hurerstes savanicus (Geoffr.).
Ichneumon javanicus, Geoffr. Descript. de ’ Egypte, 1815, Hist.
Nat. vol. 1. p. 138. no. 5,
Herpestes gavanicus (Desm.), Flower, op. cit. p. 832
a. Q ad. sk. Biserat in Jalor, 18th May, 1899.
b, Skull. Patani, May 1899.
874 MR, J, LEWIS BONHOTE ON THE [Dec. 4,
12. Canis FAMILIARIS L,
Canis familiaris, Linn., Flower, op. cit. p. 333.
The collection contains three skulls of the native domestic or semi-
domestic Dog; they are fairly large, measuring some 6 inches in
length, and are chiefly noticeable from the fact that in two of them
the dentition is asymmetrical.
No particulars are given.
Dentition :—
ee 44 ot
(4) 1. 35° © 7 PM gay WM. ao-
re = ee 2-2 22
(6) le sy, CG Gap PM. Ty ™ os
) 4 88 11 3-4 ae
(¢ i, 33) Cc. 1242 pm. 4-3? m- 3-3"
13. Lurra sp. ine.
a. Juy. Bankok, Patelung, 5th April, 1899.
I have been unable to satisfactorily identify this specimen,
which is very young ; it is apparently referable to either L. vulgaris
or L. macrodus, probably to the latter ; but owing to the confusion
that seems to exist between the species I have thought it best to
leave it doubtful.
14, Lurra crverza Llliger.
Intra cinerea, Mliger, Abh. Akad. Berl. 1811, p. 99; Flower,
op. cit. p. 334,
a,b. 3 2 imm.sk. Patelung, 8th April, 1899.
15, TUPAIA FERRUGINEA Raffles.
Tupaia ferruginea, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 256 (1822) ;
Flower, op. cit. p. 336.
a. 9 ad. sk. Belimbing, Legeh, 27th July, 1899.
6b. 9 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 3rd Sept., 1899.
c. Q ad. sk. Gunong Inas (2700 ft.), 16th December, 1899.
d, One spec. inal. Kota Bharu, June 1899,
16, CrocipuRA MURINA (Linn.).
Sorex murinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 74 (1766).
Crocidura murina, Flower, op. cit. p. 337.
a. Sk. Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16th Oct., 1899.
17. SORICULUS NIGRESCENS (Gray).
Corsira nigrescens, Gray, A. M. N. H. x. p. 261 (1842).
a. 9 ad.sk. Biserat, June 1899.
The skull of this animal not having been preserved, I am unable
to identify it with certainty. Outwardly, however, it only differs
from the type of S. nigrescens in its slightly darker colour; under
this species I therefore place it.
a
1900.] MAMMALS OF THE “ SKHAT EXPEDITION.” 875
18. GALEOPTIHECUS VOLANS (Linn.).
Lemur volans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 45 (1776).
Galeopithecus volans, Flower, op. cit. p. 338.
a. Skeleton. Bau Kong, Patelung, April 1899.
6. Foetus in al.
19. Prmropus VAMPYRUS (Linn.).
Vespertilio vampyrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 31 (1758).
Pteropus edulis, Geoff., Flower, op. cit. p. 339.
a,b. g ad.sk. Biserat, Jalor, 27th May, 1899.
20. PrEROPUS NICOBARICUS Fitzinger.
Pteropus nicobaricus, Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Wien. Akad. p. 389
(1860).
a. 2 inal. Gt. Redang, off the E. coast of Peninsula.
21. Kioporus minimus (Geoffr.).
Pteropus minimus, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 97 (1810).
Carponycteris minima (Geoffr.), Flower, op. cit. p. 341.
a. ¢ inal. Ulu Selama.
22. CYNOPTERUS SPHINX Vahl.
Vespertilio sphinw, Vahl, Scrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet,
4 Bind, 1** Hefte, p. 123 (1797).
Cynopterus marginatus (Geoffr.), Flower, op. cit. p. 341.
a. 6 sk. Kikalin, Raman, 20th June, 1899.
b,c.in al. Biserat, Jalor.
23. CyNoprERUS LUCcASI Dobs.
Cynopterus lucasi, Dobs. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1880 ;
Flower, op. cit. p. 341.
a,o. inal. Ulu Selama.
24, RuINOLOPHUS LUCTUS Temm.
Rhinolophus luctus, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 24, pl. 30 (1835) ;
Flower, op. cit. p. 341.
a. 2 inal, Ulu Selama.
25. HipPPosIDERUS ARMIGER (Hodgs.).
Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. iv. p. 699 (1835).
Hipposiderus armiger, Flower, op. cit. p. 342.
a. 2° ad. sk. Jalor Caves, June 1899.
26. HipposipErvs piaDEMA (Geoffr.).
Rhinolophus diadema, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx.
p. 263 (1813).
Hipposiderus diadema, Flower, op. cit. p. 342.
a-f. 6 sk. Biserat, Jalor, 12th, 16th, 21st, 25th May, 1899.
. 9 sk. Biserat, Jalor, 25th May, 1899.
h, Sk. No particulars.
876 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON THB [Dee. 4,
27. PIPISTRELLUS ABRAMUS (Temm.).
Vespertilio abramus, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 232 (1835-41).
Vesperugo abramus (Temm.), Flower, op. cit. p. 345.
Pipistreilus abramus (Temm.), Bonhote, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 191.
a, Ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 11th May, 1899.
28. VesprruGco tytopus Dobs.
Vesperugo tylopus, Dobson, P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 473; Blanf. Faun.
Br. Ind., Mamm. p. 602.
15 specs. in ale. Biserat, Jalor.
29. ScoropHinus KUHLI Leach.
Scotophilus kuhlii, Leach, Tr. L. 8. xii. p. 72 (1822); G. Miller,
jun., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 321 (1898); Bonhote, P. Z.S.
1900, p. 191.
Nycticejus kuhlii, Flower, op. cit. p. 346.
4 specs. in ale. from Biserat, Jalor.
30. VESPERTILIO EMARGINATUS.
Vespertilio emarginatus, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. vol. viii. p. 198
(1806).
a, spec. in ale. Biserat, Jalor.
31. VESPERTILIO MURICOLA Gray.
Vespertilio muricola, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Nepal & Thibet, p. 4
(1846); Flower, op. cit. p. 347.
9 specs. in ale. from Biserat, Jalor.
32. SCIUROPTERUS PHAYREI Blyth,
Sciuropterus phayrei, Blyth, J. A.S. B. xxviii. p. 278 (1859) ;
Bonhote, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 193.
Sciuropterus sagitta, Flower, op. cit. p. 353.
a’, b. g ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 29th May, 1899.
ce. 9 ad. sk. Bukit Besar, Jalor, June 1899.
d. 3 inale. Bukit Besar, Jalor, May 1899.
The female is slightly smaller and distinctly lighter in colour.
The male in spirit was dropped by a Monitor lizard.
33. Ravura? Brcotor * (Sparrm.).
Sciurus bicolor, Sparrm. Giétheb. Vet. Svensk. Handl. i. p. 70
(1778).
Ratufa bicolor, Flower, op. cit. p. 354; Bonhote, Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. v. 1900, p. 493.
* One specimen labelled in parenthesis “ (from Bukit Besar)” ; probably they
all came from there.
* For use of generic term Ratufa and other terms in the former genus Seiwrus
see Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 938.
* Since this paper was read, Mr. G. Miller, jun. (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.
1900, ii. p. 71), has described this species under the name Ratufa melanopepla.
1900.] MAMMALS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 877
a,b. 6 2 ad. sk. Koh Nam Kam, Talé-sap, 12th April, 1899.
c. g ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 15th May, 1899.
d-qg. 9 ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 15th, 24th, & 25th May, 1899.
h. 6 ad. sk. Kota Bahru, Kelantan, June 1899.
These eight specimens are the true &. bicolor and are identical
with the southern race from Java, but differ in size and one or two
minor points from the large form of the Himalayas, which also
occurs in the Malay Peninsula. I have measured the skulls of
all the specimens, which entirely bear out my former observations
on this race. The average measurements of the eight specimens
are:—Greatest leneth 71:2 mm.; basal length 56:4; zygomatic
breadth 48:7 ; length of nasals 21:1; length of palate to henselion
26°5.
All these specimens show a tendency to bleaching, although
this has taken place to a far less degree than in most of the
specimens I have examined; one or two of the specimens from
Biserat, moreover, show a tendency to erythrism, having reddish
tips to many of the dorsal hairs, most noticeable on the hind-
quarters and tail.
34. ScIURUS BRYTHRAUS Pall.
Sciurus erythreus, Pall. Glires, p. 337 (1778); Flower, op. cit.
p- 306.
a. Ad. sk. Gunong Inas, 4000 ft., N. Perak.
35. SCIURUS CANICEPS, Gray.
Sciurus caniceps, Gray, A. M. N. H. x. p. 263 (1842); Flower,
op. cit. p. 356; Bonhote, P. Z. 8S. 1900, p. 194.
3 2 ad. sk. Bankok, Patelung, 6th April, 1899.
@ ad. sk. Lambom, Singora, 17th April, 1899.
@ ad. sk. Komlom opp. Singora, 17th April, 1899.
Q ad. sk. Bukit Besar, Jalor, 7th May, 1899.
g ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 17th May, 1899.
392 ad.sk. Biserat, Jalor, 10th & 25th May, 1899.
2 imm.sk. Biserat, Jalor, 11th May, 1899. :
4 specs. very young inal. Biserat, Jalor (no date).
g ad. sk. Tremangan, 12th July, 1899.
25 &29 ad.sk. Belimbing, Legeh, 29th July, 1899.
Q ad.sk. Sungei Labeh, Angadik, 5th August, 1899.
g ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 17th & 29th August, 1899.
g ad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 2nd Sept., 1899.
2g ad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 5th Sept., 1899.
g ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 6th & 7th Sept., 1899.
g imm.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 5th Sept., 1899.
49 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 16th, 25th, 30th, & 31st Aug., 1899.
2? ad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 6th Sept., 1899,
2 imm.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 18th August, 1899.
39 ad.sk. Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 4th, 5th, & 8th Oct., 1899.
g ad. sk. Tringganu, 22nd, 30th, & 31st October, 1899.
Q ad. sk. Tringganu, 26th October, 1899.
878 MR. J, LEWIS BONHOTE ON THE [ Dee. 4,
This large series shows hardly any variation throughout; the
April specimens from Bankok and Singora are somewhat greyer
in their general tone, and young individuals appear to be browner
on the back and to have the tail more distinctly annulated. None
of the specimens have the bright yellow back, the majority having
only a warm tinge of brown.
36. Scrurus tenuis Horsf.
Sciurus tenuis, Horsf. Zool. Res. (1824); Flower, op. cit. p. 357.
a-f. Sd ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 26th & 29th Aug., 1st, 9th,
11th, & 14th Sept., 1899.
g. Q ad. sk. Bukit Besar, Jalor, 1st May, 1899.
h,j. 2 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 31st Aug. & 3rd Sept.
k,l. g ad. sk. Gunong Inas (4000 ft.), 14th & 17th Dec.,
1899.
m. 9 ad. sk. Gunong Inas (4000 ft.), 16th Dec., 1899.
37. Scturus noratus, Bodd.
Sciurus notatus, Bodd. Elench. Anim. (1785) p. 119; Flower,
op. cit. p. 358.
A. Variety with bright red underparts.
a. 6 ad.sk. Ko Nam Kam, 12th April, 1899.
b,c. ¢ ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 25th & 26th Aug., 1899.
d. 9 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 3lst Ang., 1899.
e-h. 9 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 2nd Sept., 1899.
j-k. 2 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 14th Sept., 1899.
l. 9 ad. sk. Ulu Selama, 5th Jan., 1900.
B. Variety with blue underparts.
m. fg ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 26th Aug., 1899.
n. Q ad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 13th Sept., 1899.
38. FUNAMBULUS INSIGNIS, Cuvier.
Sciurus insignis, F. Cuvier, Mamm. 1821, p. 233.
Funambulus insignis, Flower, op. cit. p. 360.
a. 9 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 26th Aug., 1899.
This solitary specimen is rather a dark variety and shows no
trace of the rufous on the flanks.
39. MUS RUFESCENS, Gray.
Mus rufeseens, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 585 (1837).
Mus alexandrinus var. rufescens, Thos. P. Z. 8S. 1881, p. 534,
Mus rattus, Flower, op. cit. p. 361.
a. 9 ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 25th Sept., 1899.
This specimen agrees with Mr. Thomas’s description of var.
rufescens, viz., body small, tail longer than head and body; fur
coarse, intermixed with many spines; colour rufous above, much
paler below.
1900.] MAMMALS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 879
40. Mus concotor Blyth.
Mus concolor, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xxviii. 1859, p. 295 ; Flower, op.
cit. p. 361; Bonhote, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 195.
a. g ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 25th Sept., 1899.
6. gd imm. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 28th Aug., 1899.
c-e. 2 ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, June 1899.
f-g- Qad.sk. Aring, Kelantan, 23rd Aug. & 25th Sept.,
1899.
41. Mus DECUMANUS Pallas.
Mus decumanns, Pallas, Glires, p. 91 (1779); Flower, op. cit.
p- 362.
a-c. g ad. sk. Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 1st Oct., 1899.
42. MUS CREMORIVENTER Miller.
Mus cremoriventer, G. Miller, jun., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xiii.
p. 144 (1900).
a. No particulars (probably Jalor.—J. L. B.)
I have no hesitation in referring this specimen to the species
which has lately been described by Mr. Gerritt S. Miller, jun,
It is allied to Mus jerdoni, but is easily recognizable by its
slightly larger size, slender form, and long tail with a whitish tip.
Mr. R. Evans, who procured the specimen, states that it was taken
in an absolutely dark cave, but when found was in too decomposed
a condition for satisfactory measurements to be taken.
43. Mus cruiatTa, sp. n. (Plate LVI.)
General colour above dark brown; many of the hairs having
fawn tips, which, especially on the sides, give the animal a lighter
appearance. Underparts yellowish white, sharply marked off from
the colour of the back. The fur is of three kinds—(1) a light grey
underfur ; (2) fine soft hairs light at their bases with a fawn or
dark tip, the former colour being most abundant at the sides and
the latter on the back ; (3) long stiff spines, also light at their bases
but with a very dark tip. Ears moderately long, naked, and uni-
formly rounded. Hands and feet uniform dark sepia-brown above,
sometimes with an irregular longitudinal whitish stripe. Tail long,
unicolour, and covered with very short stiff bristles. Whiskers
very long and numerous; the two supraorbital bristles especially
are longer than those in any other species except Mus edwards,
while there is also a long cheek-bristle on either side starting from
midway between the eye and the ear.
The skull closely resembles that of M. vociferans, Miller, and in
a less degree that of WM. sabanus. It differs from the former
in being slightly longer and of greater depth over the brain-case,
while the nasals are somewhat straighter. From the latter it
differs in the supraorbital ridges being much less prominent and
in the shape of the anteorbital foramen, which is narrower, espe-
cially at its upper end, caused by the maxillary plate being flatter,
i. é. less concave and nearer the rostrum at its upperend. The skull
880 MR. J. LEWIS BONHOTE ON THE [Dee. 4,
may also be distinguished from that of Mus edwardsi by its smaller
size, less prominent supraorbital ridges, and the much smaller
auditory bulle, which in this respect agree with those of the
sabanus group.
Tecth similar to those of MZ. vociferans, but the anterior crescent
of the first molar has a deep constriction at its inner side, so that
when the tooth is worn it becomes split into a narrow crescent and a
round tubercle.
Dimensions of the type (approx., see below). Head and body
290 mm.; tail 315; hind foot 47.
Skull. Greatest length 57 mm.; basilar length 44; palatal
length to henselion 23; length of nasals 21°5; breadth of brain-
case above zygoma-roots 21; interorbital breadth 9.
Hab. Gunong Inas, Malay Peninsula (4090 ft.).
Type. Adult 2, Gunong Inas, 4000 ft., 23rd Dec., 1899.
I have no hesitation in describing this species as new, although
it bears a certain likeness to 3 species, viz.: Mus sabanus Thos.,
from Borneo; Mus vociferans Miller jr., from the west side of
the Malay Peninsula; Mus edwardsi Thos., from W. Fokien,
China. From the first two it may be at once distinguished by
the great length of the supraorbital bristle, which in the type
measures 71 mm., and in the ¢ specimen 78 mm., as compared with
40 mm. in the type of sabanus. The tail is also much shorter,
being hardly longer than the body. From Mus edwardsi, which it
more closely resembles, it may be at once distinguished by its
unicolor tail, darker colour, smaller size, and the impure colour
of the underparts.
For this species I propose the name ciliata, from the long bristles,
which form so distinctive a character. Mr. F. F. Laidlaw, who
collected these specimens, has brought home examples of both sexes
and three skulls, all from the same locality; but owing to the
imperfect condition of the skull of the male, I have been obliged
to make the female the type. With regard to the measurements
which were taken on the spot, there appears to have been some slight
oversight. Those given forthe 3, namely, head and body 285 mm.,
tail 300, hind foot 49, are probably correct ; but I am unable to
understand those given for the type, which are “snout to tail
12°3 mm., tail 11:4, hind foot 29.” ‘The tail of the type is 15 mm.
longer than that of the ¢, and the hind foot approximately the
same size, while the skulls are also practically identical; but if the
measurements of the type, which are presumably taken in inches,
be transposed to millimetres, they would not at all fit in either
with the measurements of the other specimen, or with the mea-
surements of the type taken by myself from the skin and given in
the description.
44. Mus wurrenuanti Thos.
Mus whiteheadi, Thos. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiv.
pp. 452 & 457 (1894).
a. 2 ad. sk. Gunong Inas, about 4000 ft.
1900. | MAMMALS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 881
6. 2 imm. sk. Gunong Inas, about 4000 ft.
c. Gunong Inas.
The adult 9 is typical and very spiny ; the immature specimens,
which are about 2 grown, are much darker, showing hardly any
fawn-colour, and, except on the underparts, where the mature
pelage has commenced to show itself, are entirely spineless.
45, Mus merrapa (Gray).
Golunda mettada, Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 586
(1837).
a. @ inal. Bukit nr. Biserat, Jalor, 12th June, 1899.
This is, so far as I am aware, quite a new locality for this
species, which is, however, a fairly typical specimen.
46. RHIZOMYS SUMATRENSIS (Raflles).
Mus sumatrensis, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 258 (1822).
a. 9 adsk. Biserat, Jalor, 18th May, 1899.
b. 9 adsk. Aring, Kelantan, 8th Sept., 1899.
47. Hystrix YUNNANENSIS Anders.
Hystrix yunnanensis, Anders. Zool. Res. p. 332 (1880).
a. Skull, ad. 2. Biserat.
b, c. 2 foetuses in al., taken from the above 2.
d. Imm.inal. 24th Jan., 1900.
I have compared the skull with other Hystriv skulls in the
Museums of Cambridge and London, and, although there did not
appear to be a skull of this species among them, I had little difficulty
in determining it.
The characteristic points, which are well brought forward in the
original description, are :—
(i) The posterior border of the nasals being in a line with the
posterior edge of the 1st molar.
(ii) The posterior margin of the premaxillary is anterior to the
1st molar.
(iii) The nearly equal breadth of the nasals throughout their
length.
Ge) The greatest length of the frontals being nearly equal to
that of the nasals.
The measurements of the skull are :—
Greatest length 131 mm. ; henselion to lower edge of occipital
foramen 113 mm.; zygomatic breadth 68 mm.; length of nasals 53 mm.;
greatest length of frontals 57 mm.; breadth of conjoint nasals at
posterior margin of premaxille 29 mm. ; ditto at tip 22 mm.
48, TricHys LIPURA Giinth.
Trichys lipura, Ginth. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 739.
a. @ ad. sk. Ulu Seiama, 12th Jan., 1899.
This specimen, which is young, is of chief interest as confirming
the fact that this animal occurs in the Malay region, and con-
sequently renders it possible that the species described by Buffon
882 ON THE MAMMALS OF THE “SKEAT EXPEDITION.” [Dec. 4,
as “‘le pore épic de Malacca,” and called Hystrix fasciculata by
Shaw, might be referred to the animal in question, as stated
by Dr. Jentink’.
I have been carefully through Buffon and Shaw’s descriptions,
comparing them with the present specimen, which differs in the
following points :—
(i) The tail is much longer, measuring about half the length of
the body.
(ii) Muzzle and legs are brown not black.
(iii) The fifth digit on the fore feet has a small nail and is not
merely a tubercle.
(iv) The spines have a brown tip with a white base, instead of
having a white tip and base and centre brown.
This specimen agrees precisely in all these details with some six
specimens of 7’. pura from Borneo, and undoubtedly belongs to
that species, which is, moreover, quite distinct from Hystria fasci-
culata Shaw.
Judging from the length of the tail and the white tips to the
spines, Buffon’s description appears to me to refer to Atherura
macrura (Linn.); at the same time Dr. Jentink’s generic differ-
entiatious * between Atherura and Trichys appear to hold good, so
that the specimens in the Leyden Museum from Malacca may
probably be referred to 7’. lipura.
Mr. Thomas gave the name guentheri on the assumption that
Lipura meaning tailless could not apply to an animal with a long
tail, an assumption which in these days does not hold good.
49. Taprrus mnpicus Cuv.
Tapirus indicus, Cuy., Desm. Nouv. Dict. dHist. Nat. xxxii.
p- 469 (1819); Flower, op. cit. p. 368.
a. Imm. sk. & skel. Aring, Kelantan, Sept. 1899.
50. NEMORH@DUS SUMATRENSIS (Shaw)’.
Antilope sumatrensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 354 (1801).
Nemorhedus sumatrensis, Flower, op. cit. p. 370.
Two pairs of horns, the one without any data and the other
from near Biserat, Jalor, presented by Mr. D.T.Gwynne Vaughan,
are referable to this genus and probably to WV. sumatrensis, but the
material does not admit of a complete identification.
51, Cervus untcotor Bechstein.
Cervus unicolor, Bechstein, Allgem. Uebers. d. vierfiiss. Thiere,
1. p. 112 (1799); Flower, op. cit. p. 372.
a. 9 skull. Biserat, Jalor, May 1399.
This is a skull marked ‘ Rusa Deer,” which, according to
Mr. Flower, is the local name for the species.
Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. xvi., Dec. 1894, p. 235.
2 Tom. cit.
° The Nemorhaedus from the Peninsula has, since this paper was read, been
separated under the name N. swettenhami by Mr. Butler (P. Z. 8.1900, p. 675),
and is said to be distinguished by its jet-black legs.
P.Z.S. 1900. Pl. LVI.
Ldwin Wilson, Cambridge
FROGS FROM THE MALAY PENINSULAR.
—— =
1900. ] ON THE FROGS OF THE ‘*SKBAT EXPEDITION,” 883
52. CERVUS PORCINUS Zimm.
Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Spec. Zool. Geogr. Quad. p. 532 (1777) ;
Flower, op. cit. p. 374.
The collection contains a pair of horns belonging to this species,
but with no data.
53. TRAGULUS JAVANICUS (Gmel.).
Moschus javanicus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (1788).
Tragulus javanicus, Flower, op. cit. p. 374.
a. g ad. sk. Tale Nowy, Lacoon, 3rd April, 1899.
b. $ juy. sk. Tale Nowy, Lacoon, 3rd April, 1899.
ce 9 ad.sk. Tale Nowy, Lacoon, 4th March, 1899.
d. g ad. sk. Aring, Kelantan, 11th Sept., 1899.
e. Q ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, 14th May, 1899.
tig. 6 @ skeletons. Bukit Besar, 8th May, 1899.
h, Skull (no particulars).
Native name: ‘“ Kanchil, Pelandoc.”
54, Manis savanica Desi.
Manis javanica, Desm. Mamm. p. 377 (1822); Bonhote, P. Z.S.
1900, p. 195; Flower, op. cit. p. 378.
a. Ad. sk. Biserat, Jalor, May 1899.
b,c. Ad. sk. (Recd. 18th Sept., 1899.)
4. On the Frogs collected during the “ Skeat Expedition ”
to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. By F. F. Larpraw,
B.A.
[Received October 24, 1900.]
(Plate LVIL.)
The collection of Frogs made by Mr, Annandale and myself
during the Skeat Expedition includes no specimens new to science,
but we have been able to add four species to the fauna of the
Peninsula.
These are, with their previously recorded habitats :—
Rana signata. Borneo.
Rana lateralis. Burmah.
Bufo jerboa. Borneo.
Microhyla inornata. Burmah; Sumatra.
Of these Rana signata and Bufo jerboa were obtained in Perak ;
Rana lateralis and Microhyla inornata are from the east side of the
Peninsula.
It is worth remarking that specimens of Rana limnocharis, Bufo
melanostictus, and Callula pulchra from the neighbourhood of Patani
Proc, Zoon, Soc,—1900, No. LVIIT. 58
884 MR, F, F, LAIDLAW ON THE [ Dee. 4,
haye in some cases carmine-coloured spots, which are symmetrical
in one Callula (see Boulenger, P. Z. 8. 1890, p. 31).
Some species appear to be very careless of the welfare of their
young; it is very usual to find spawn or tadpoles in little puddles
left after heavy rain which must dry up long before the wretched
tadpoles can escape from them.
Frogs occur plentifully up to a height of at least 5000 feet
above sea-level. At about this height J found several small pools,
only a few feet across, in which there were numbers of tadpoles.
As to localities, beginning on the east coast, Patalung was the
most northerly district in which collections were made, mostly
near Singora, a large town at the mouth of the Talé-sap or Inland
Sea which lies on the east coast of the northern half of the
Peninsula. The next locality is Patani, a town on the east coast just
below the narrowest part of the Peninsula. From here Mr. Annan-
dale with the rest of the party travelled inland to Biserat, a village
in a small state called Jalor; near this village is a hill about 3000
feet in height called Bukit Besar (Great Hill). From Biserat the
party travelled south overland through Jalor, Legeh, and Raman,
and reached the Kelantan River ; then, passing up the Lebeh River,
they stayed for some time at Kwala Aring, a small village at a point
where the Aring River runs into the Lebeh. At this point I joined
the party, which next moved down to Khota Bharn, the capital
town of the state of Kelantan. After a short stay here we went
by steamer to Tringganu, a large town some 60 miles farther down
the east coast. From here we went back to Singapore, then to
Penang, and thence reached Ulu Selama, a district about the head-
waters of the Selama River, a tributary of the Krian River which
runs between Kedah and Perak. Gunong Inas is the mountain in
which the Selama River rises.
I have to acknowledge the kindly interest displayed by Mr. G. A.
Boulenger in our collections and to thank him for much assistance
in describing them.
Order ECAUDATA.
Fam. RANIpD”.
OxyeLossus Lima (Gravenh.).
Oxyglossus lima, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 5; id. Rept. &
Batr. of British India, p. 486.
Three specimens from near Biserat in Jalor.
OXyYGLOSsSUS L&VIS Giinther.
Oxyglossus lavis, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 6; id. P. ZS.
1897, p. 288 (tadpole); id. Rept. & Batr. of British India, p. 437 ;
S. S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 886.
Several examples were collected by Mr. Annandale in the same
locality as the last species. Two of them have very warty skin, and
a third is by no means smooth, ;
ete *
aie Popa
1900.) FROGS OF THE ‘‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 885
Rana Macropon Kuhl.
Rana macrodon, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sai. p. 24; 8. S. Flower,
PHL. 821889) p: 888, ply lixsiek La:
I caught two adult specimens of the variety with the
rounded snout in Singapore, and one half-grown individual at
Khota Bharu, Kelantan, Of the variety with a pointed snout, one
at Kwala Aring, Kelantan, and one at Ulu Selama, Perak.
Rana LIMNocHaRis Wiegmn.
Rana gracilis, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 28.
Rana limnocharis, Boulenger, Rept. & Batr. of British India,
p. 450; 8. 8S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 893.
Specimens were collected in Patalung, at Biserat, at Kwala
Aring and Khota Bharu, Kelantan, and at Tringganu.
Rana TIGRINA Daud.
Rana tigrina, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 26; id. Rept. &
Batr. of British India, p. 449; S. S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p- 891.
Specimens were collected at Biserat, Patani, Kwala Aring, and
Khota Bharu, Kelantan.
RANA MACRODACTYLA Giinther.
Rana macrodactyla, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 54; id. Rept.
& Batr. of British India, p. 455; S. S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p- 896.
Mr. Annandale caught three specimens hopping about in a rice-
field near Biserat in Jalor.
RANA PLICATELLA Stol.
Rana plicatella, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 26; 8. 8. Flower,
P.Z.8. 1899, p. 890.
A full-grown male of this species agrees with the specimen
described by Flower in having an occipital knob, but with Stoliczka’s
type in having only eight longitudinal dorsal folds. This spe-
cimen and an adult female were caught at the foot of Gunong Inas.
Two others, both young, were caught in rain-puddles—one at a
height of about 3000 feet, the other about 4000 feet above sea-level.
RANA HASCHEANA (Stol.).
Polypedates hascheana, Stoliczka, J. A.S. B. 1870, p. 147, pl. ix.
fig. 3.
Rana hascheana, 8. 8. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 894.
Three specimens from the foot of Gunong Inas, taken on different
days just at dusk.
RANA ERYTHRAA (Schleg.).
Rana erythrea, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 65; S. 8. Flower,
58*
886 MR. FE, F, LAIDLAW ON THE [ Dee. 4,
P. Z. 8S. 1896, p. 2038, pl. xlv. fig. 2; Boulenger, Rept. & Batr. of
British India, p. 460.
Specimens were collected at Belimbing (Legeh), Biserat, and
Singapore in the botanical gardens.
RANA LABIALIS Bler.
Rana labialis, Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xix. 1887,
p- 345, pl. x. fig. 1; $8. 8S. Flower, P. ZS. 1896, p. 903, pl. xlv.
fig. 3; id. P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 896.
I caught a young specimen at Kwala Aring, and another nearly
full-grown at the foot of Gunong Inas.
RANA SIGNATA Ginther.
Rana signata, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 71.
I caught a single young specimen of this Frog at the foot of
Gunong Inas, and saw but could not catch a much larger individual
in the same locality. It has not hitherto been recorded from the
Peninsula, but is known in Borneo.
Rana LARUTENSIS Bler. (Plate LVIL. figs. 3, 4.)
Rana larutensis, Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. 1899,
p. 278, pl. xi. fig. 1; 8.8. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 898.
These handsome Frogs are extremely common along the banks
of the rapid jungle torrents running about the foot of Gunong
Inas. They sit on the great boulders strewn along the courses of
the streams, and when one approaches them spring boldly into the
water, no matter how fiercely it may be pouring down. Soon after
being disturbed they will again take up their station on the rock
which they had quitted, and in such a position their colouring
renders them well-nigh invisible.
The tadpole is provided with a well-developed ventral sucker
extending from the lower lip to beyond the middle of the abdomen.
The beak is of two pieces, an upper and lower minutely serrated.
The arrangement of the labial teeth is
a
5 3)
1 1
4
It is thus apparently closely allied to the tadpoles of Rana
jerboa Blgr., R. latopalmata Blegr., R. cavitympanum Blgr., and
Staurois hainanensis Bler.
Coloration is much as in the adult, greenish white, mottled
with dark green on the back ; ventral surfaces white. There are a
few minute black denticles scattered on the head. Tectal length of
the single specimen caught 65 mm., tail 45 mm.
Rana LATERALIS Blgr. (Plate LVILI. figs. 1, 2.)
Rana lateralis, Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) v. 1887,
p. 488, pl. viii. fig. 2; id. Rept. & Batr. of British India, p. 457.
1900.] FROGS OF THE * SKHAT EXPEDITION.” 887
I caught a single example of a Frog, apparently belonging to this
species, in thick jungle at Kwala Aring. It is a female and much
larger than the type (70 mm. from snout to vent), The back is
grey, with very curious glandular folds running obliquely backward
from left to right, making an angle of about 45° with the long axis
of the body. The tympanum is as large as the eye. A black line
from the tip of the snout passes back through the eye and broadens
above the shoulder, disappearing abruptly immediately behind the
tympanum. The flanks are grey with a few black spots. This
species has hitherto been found only in Burmah.
Rana GLANDULOSA Bler.
Rana glandulosa, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 73, pl. vii.; S.S.
Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 897.
One specimen from Bukit Timah, Singapore.
R#ACOPHORUS LEUCOMYSTAX (Gravenh.).
Rhacophorus maculatus, part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 83.
Rhacophorus leucomystax, Boulenger, P. Z.S. 1889, p. 29; id.
Rept. & Batr. of British India, p. 474; 8.8. Flower, P. Z. 8.
1899, p. 898, pl. lix. figs. 3, 3a.
Malay name: “ Katak pisang,” Banana Frog.
This is perhaps the commonest of the Malay Frogs and is
abundant everywhere. The measurements of the largest specimen
obtained, a female, are :—
ESM) BO VEINO TSS a5. ac, do npu sat, cat ous 7) mm.
Die Go ee ese csc api nk GO ss
eee: Goh alleles 5 aierar Sia coke 5 3 Sc Bly =o
Ankle to end of 4th toe ........ ah ess
At Kwala Aring we found this species breeding in the month
of September and the end of August. The eggs were laid in
i frothy mass on the leaves of trees overhanging small pools of
water. After a short time (I believe iess than 48 hours) they slid
off the leaves and fell into the water, where the frothy envelope
is dissolved away, setting free the tadpoles. (Cf. S. Ikeda on
Rhacophorus schlegeli Guthr., Annot. Zool, Jap. i. part ii.
p- 113.)
Fam. ENGYSLOMATID &.
MicroHyLA ORNATA (Dum. et Bibr.).
Microhyla ornata, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 165; id, Rept.
& Batr. of British India, p. 491; S. 5. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p. 901, pl. Ix. figs. 1, la, 16.
A single specimen from Kwala Aring was caught in long grass
close to a small pond on the edge of the jungle,
Microuyba 1NORNALA Blgr.
Microhyla inornata, Boulenger, P. Z. 8.1890, p. 37; 5.8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 905.
888 MR. F, F, LAIDLAW ON THE [Dee. 4,
Mr. Annandale caught three specimens of this small Frog on
Bukit Goah, near Biserat in Jalor. It has not, I believe, been
reported previously to this from the Peninsula, but is known from
Sumatra and Borneo.
MicROHYLA ACHALINA (Boie).
Microhyla achatina, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 166; 8.8.
Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 906.
One specimen from Kekabu, Rhaman, and three from Kwala
Aring, these last from the same spot as M,. inornata.
MicROHYLA BERDMORII (Blyth).
Microhyla berdmorti, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 166 ; id. Rept.
& Batr. of British India, p. 412; 8.8. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p- 906.
A single specimen from Belimbing, Legeh, from very thick
forest.
CALLULA PULCHRA (Gray).
Callula pulchra, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 170 (fig.);
S. 8S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 906.
This strange creature was very plentiful at Khota Bharu,
Kelantan, especially in the market-place, where they hide during
the day amongst the numerous rubbish-heaps, coming out at night
and making an intolerable noise when it rains. They are found
down the east coast as far as Tringganu, but in this town are
much scarcer than in Kelantan.
Fam. Buronrp&.
Buro asPer Gravenh.
Bufo asper, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 313; id. Rept. &
Batr. of British India, p.507; 8. 8. Flower, P. Z. 8, 1899, p. 912.
Malay name: “ Katak puru.”
Specimens were collected in Legeh at Belimbing, at Biserat in
Jalor, at Kwala Aring in Kelantan and near Ulu Selama.
Buro MELANOSTICrUS Schneid.
Bufo melanostictus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 306; id. Rept.
& Batr. of British India, p. 505 (fig. p. 506); 8S. S. Flower,
P. Z.8. 1896, p. 911, pl. xliv. fig. 3; id. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 910.
Common all along the east coast of the Peninsula ; two specimens
from Biserat show carmine-coloured spots on the back and
head.
Buro parvus Bler.
Bufo parvus, Boulenger, A. M.N.H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 346,
pl. x.; 8S. S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 911.
One specimen from near Biserat in Jalor, three from Ulu Selama
in Perak.
1900.} ' - PROGS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION,” 889 |
Buro serBoa Bler.
Bufo jerboa, Boulenger, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 328, pl. xxv. fig. 3.
A Malay brought me a single male specimen of this interesting
Toad, which he had caught: squatting on the ground amongst dead
leaves in dense forest on Gunong Inas. I believe this is the first
specimen taken in the Peninsula. Its coloration and proportions
are closely similar to those of the type specimen from Borneo.
Distance from snout to vent ............ 30 mm.
= ge othiph tadlones, c.cieae sareets Oey
e +) a bee, tesankles,. sictecsctan cee oy Ve
5 «. atkle:to:end of toe: 2.5350. ne dis
Fam. PELOBATID#.
[.BPTOBRACHIUM HASSELTI Tschudi.
Leptobrachium hasseltti, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 441;
S. 8. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 913.
Mr. Annandale collected a large number of the tadpoles of this
species at the foot of Bukit Besar in Jalor. They are very
curiously coloured, being a pale yellow and spotted with numer-
ous fine black dots. (See Hanitsch, Rep. Raftles Mus. & Libr.
Singapore, 1897, p. 8.)
MEGALOPHRYS NASUTA (Schleg.).
Megalophrys montana, part., Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 413.
Megalophrys nasuta, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 443; 8.5%.
Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 913.
This Frog is fairly common in the Botanical Gardens at Penang,
where I obtained two specimens, one young and one adult. A
specimen in the University Museum at Cambridge from Java
(labelled Megalophrys montana) is very much more richly coloured,
especially on the under surface, than are either of my specimens
or others that I have seen from the Peninsula.
MerEGALOPHRYS MONTANA Kuhl.
Megalophrys montana, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 442; 8.8.
Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 914.
Mr. Annandale caught an adult female on Bukit Besar in Jalor
at a height of about 2000 ft.; and I found one adult and three
young on Gunong Inas at from 1000 to 1500 ft. above sea-level.
It is a very sluggish animal, as is also the first species of the genus.
The following are the principal measurements of an adult :—
PALIOUU bOLVGN Went cistalen tees wa 65 mm.
IMEI TO KACO" Vania pane yc 20° 5
leneo.to'ankloiwietit ese ice 5 26. +
Ankle to 4th toe ....../... 42 ,,
Total length of hind leg .... 93 ,,
The tadpoles of M. montana were found in the same locality
~ 890 ON THE FROGS OF THE “*SKHAT EXPEDITION.” —[Dee. 4,
during the month of June, in a stream with a gravelly bed. They
are provided with a very remarkable funnel-like float, formed by
the lips, which are fused together at the angles of the mouth.
This funnel is much wider than it is long, and opening dorsally at
its wider end leads down to the mouth, which is subterminal and
faces ventrally as in other tadpoles. The “ buccal vestibule ” so
formed has on its inside rows of minute widely separated denticles.
By means of it the tadpoles can apparently float motionless,
hanging as it were from the surface of the water by their lips.
The total length of the largest individual obtained by Mr. Annan-
dale is 31 mm., the length of the head and body 8:5, and the
breadth of the funnel-opening 7, the length about 3 mm.
A fuller account of this interesting creature, with figures, is
given by Prof. Max Weber in the ‘ Annales du Jardin Botanique
de Buitenzorg,’ 1898, Supplément ii. pp. 5-10.
MEGALOPHRYS LONGIPES Bler.
Megalophrys longipes, Boulenger, P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 850, pl. lv.;
Giinther, A. M. N. H. (5) xx. 1887, p. 316; 8S. 8. Flower, P. ZS.
1899, p. 914.
Fairly common on Gunong Inas from a height of 2000 ft. up-
wards. I caught two females and a male which is much smaller
than the females. This species is much more active than either
of the preceding members of the genus.
The measurements of the larger female are :—
Snbutfoiventinss sk sien aos 62 mm.
Thigh 46 Ene@” 00 jon en). 2 30 os;
Knee to ankle: ..5. .t48.a87 Oy Lh ss
Ankle to end of 4th toe .... 48
Total length of hind leg .... 115
Order APODA.
Fam. Cmcrniip 2.
IcHTHYOPHIS GLUTINOSUS (Linn.).
Ichthyophis glutinosus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. &e. p. 89,
pl. iv. fig. 2; id. P. ZS. 1895, p. 403; id. Rept. & Batr. of
British India, p. 515, fig. p. 516; 8. S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899,
p. 914, aed
Mr. Annandale collected many specimens, adult and young,
at a small village near Biserat. The natives told him that they
were found only in places where ants were not very plentiful.
The Siamese speaking natives call them “* Ngu kling (? pling),”
and the Malays “ Ular Belogelengong,” or sugar-mill snake.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LYII.
Figs. 1, 2. Rana lateralis, p. 886.
Fig. 3. Rana larutensis, p. 886, tadpole, ventral surface.
AP enlarged view of mouth and sucker.
1900.] ON THE EARTHWORMS OF THE “SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 891
5. On the Earthworms collected during the “ Skeat Expedi-
tion” to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. By Frank
E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.
[Received November 20, 1900.]
The Earthworms upon which I now report were collected by
Mr. R. Evans of Oxford, during the Skeat Expedition in the
Malay Peninsula. They belong for the most part to the charac-
teristic and abundant Oriental genus Amyntas.
The collection contains, however, a number of examples of the
ubiquitous Pontoscolex corethrura and of a small Benhamia. Since
so many species of Amyntas are now known—I allow 109 or so in
my recently published! revision of the genus—I was not pre-
pared for the large number of novelties that occur in the collection.
It must be remembered, however, that this region of Asia has
been but little explored from the point of view of its earthworm
fauna.
It is also important to notice that the greater proportion of the
entire list of species recorded here are peculiar to the mainland,
and do not, so far as is known at present, occur upon the islands
of the Malay Archipelago; these latter are regarded by Michaelsen,
and apparently with justice, as the headquarters of the genus
Amyntas. Further to the west, though still in the Oriental
Region of zoogeographers, the genus becomes scarcer and scarcer,
the forms occurring in India itself and in Ceylon being but very
rarely peculiar forms”, and being far from numerous altogether.
It is interesting to find that the condition hitherto peculiar to
A, stelleri, A. phakellotheca, and A. biserialis, of an increased
number of spermathece in each segment, is also characteristic of
A. minutus and A. polytheca described as new species in the
present communication. The interest lies of course partly in the
inore widely-spread occurrence of this geoscolecid characteristic,
but also in the fact that small species like the two described here
may show a character which is more intelligible in a large species
such as A, stelleri, where there is more room for a reduplication
of these crgans.
Another novelty of structure for the group which is recorded in
the present communication, is the curious intersegmental position,
and the single row, of numerous genital papilla, which is the
principal characteristic of the new species A. evansi. Iam not
aware that any closely similar arrangement of such papilli occurs
elsewhere among Earthworms of this genus.
The large size of the various organs belonging to the repro-
ductive system is, as a very general rule, a marked feature in the
' P, Z, 8. 1900, p. 609.
2 In Ceylon there is only A. taprobane (Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1892, p. 163) and
in India only A. alexandri (Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1900, below), and A. travan-
corensis (Fedarb, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. p. 435), which occur in those
regions and are not found elsewhere.
892 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 4,
anatomy of Earthworms. The extraordinary reduction in size of
the spermathece in the new species A. viryo must therefore
be considered as one of the more important new facts which
I detail here. It is interesting to notice that the reduction in size
is apparently not accompanied by a reduction in number, and
certainly not by an increase in number, as with the small but
numerous spermathec of such a form as Microcheta.
The marked resemblance in A. biporus between the “ genital
papille ” of segment xix. and the male pores, confirmed by micro-
scopic investigation, seems to indicate the remnant of a second
pair of spermiducal glands, which is new to the genus.
In other respects the species represented in the collection show
no particularly noteworthy divergences in structure from other
species of Amyntas.
We shall now proceed to the description of the new species,
after mentioning the forms already known to science.
(1) Amyntas posthumus ' Vaillant.
(2) Amyntas cingulatus* Vaillant.
These two species, the latter, as I believe, with many synonyms,
are so widely spread, and have been so frequently reported upon
and described, that I have nothing of novelty to add to existing
descriptions.
(3) Amyntas bossche Horst.
Pericheeta bosschw, Horst, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv. p. 324.
Pericheta bossche, Michaelsen, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxiii. p. 238.
Amyntas bossche, Beddard, P. Z. 8S. 1900, p. 625.
It is rather curious that the collection contains a number of
specimens of a species of Earthworm which really does appear to
be identical with A. bosschw. It is at least extremely near to that
species, and I do not attempt at present to separate it. Nor do I
give a full description, since that has been done. In size and
general external appearance A. bosschw is very like A. pulanensis,
which I describe later ; but it has no genital papill.
_ Ifind,as did Michaelsen, that there are three pairs of sperm-sacs
in segments x.-xii, The spermiducal glands, however, are not
compact and small; they extend through segments xv.—xx. and
are much broken up into lobules. Their short duct is coiled into a
circle or is perfectly straight. The spermathece agree rather with
Michaelsen’s than with Horst’s description.
Hab. Khota Bharu.
(4) Amyntas papulosus Rosa.
Perichwta papulosa, Rosa, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) xvi. p. 525.
Amyntas papulosus, Beddard, P. Z. 8, 1900, p. 644.
Ihave examined two specimens which are undoubtedly referable
‘ For synonymy and localities see Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1900, pp. 641, 615.
1900.] EARTHWORMS OF THE “ SKEAT BXPEDITION.” 893
to this species. Jam able in a few small points to supplement
Dr. Rosa’s account. I find, for example, that in both specimens
there are more set upon the clitellum than he found, 2. ¢. 6 or so
upon the last two segments. The figure given by Rosa (loc. cit.
tay. i. fig. 14) of the very remarkable arrangement of the genital
papille entirely bears out and admirably illustrates the appearances
detected by myself. This being so, | was surprised to find on
opening one of the two specimens not a trace of the ceca which
Rosa has very emphatically stated to be present. ‘To make certain
about this point, which is of some systematic importance, I dis-
sected the second specimen, in which I also failed to find these
appendages.
The gizzard of this worm is rather remarkable in shape ; it is
wide from side and short in antero-posteriur diameter; it is
constricted in the middle, and presents somewhat the appearance
of a doctor’s hat viewed, of course, from the side.
In other points, including size, my specimen seems to agree
with that described by Dr. Rosa. The spermathece, however,
happen to be more globular, no doubt a question of a different
degree of distension with sperm, while the diverticula are a little
less conspicuous in length than they are figured by Dr. Rosa.
Hab, Biserat.
(5) Amyntas malayanus, n. sp. (Fig. 1, p. 894.)
Of this species I have been able to examine a number of
examples. The individual selected for measurement was 144 mm.
in length and consisted of 105 segments.
The setw on the anterior segments show no differences in size
from those of the posterior segments. They are present on all
the segments of the clitellum.
The chitellum occupies the usual segments, but it does not begin
or end sharply.
The genital papille are highly characteristic. ‘There are four
pairs of these in all, which lie upon the xviiith to the xxist
segments. The first pair lie behind and to the inside of the male
pores ; the remaining pairs are in line with them upon successive
segments. The papille, as shown in the accompanying figure
(fig. 1), are small, considerably smaller than the male pores, to
which, however, they have a general resemblance in appearance.
They are slightly projecting and surrounded by a circular
wrinkle of the integument. There are no papille upon the
anterior segments.
The male pores are conspicuous and widely separated. Each is
surrounded by several circular wrinkles of the integument. rom
the tip of each porophore, which is somewhat raised, protrudes a
slight conical process, which can be regarded as a penis.
As to internal structure it is noticeable that the septum separating
segments vill./ix., which is so often absent in Amyntas, is present
in A. malayanus though rather thin.
The intestine begins in the xvith segment, and the cwea are present,
894 MR. F, H. BEDDARD ON THE [Dee. 4
occupying about three segments ; these reach, in fact, as far forward
as the second segment in front of that in w hich they originate.
The last pair of hearts are placed in segment xiii.
The sperm-sacs lie in segments xi. and xii. and are large and
racemose ; they are in contact above the cesophagus.
Fig. 1.
Anterior end of Amyntas malayanus. X 3.
The spermiducal g glands are largish, somewhat irregular in shape,
and occupy segments xvii.—xix. The duct itself is curved in a
horseshoe-like fashion ; it has no terminal sac, but widens some-
what towards the orifice.
There are four pairs of spermathece, situated in segments vi.—ix.
The sacs are large, irregularly oval in contour, and with a short
1900.] EARTHWORMS OF THE “‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 895
muscular duct. The diverticulum is short, barely one-third of the
length of the sac.
Hab. Aring.
The following is the abstracted definition of
Amyntas malayanus, n. sp.
Length 144 mm. ; number of segments 105. Sete of anterior
segments not enlarged. Clitellum xiv.-xvi., with sete. Genital
papillee paired on xviii.—xxi. Male pores far apart. Septum viii./ix.
present. Czca present. Last hearts in xin. Sperm-sacs in Xi.,
xii. Spermiducal glands in xvii.-xix., with horseshoe-shaped duct
and no terminal sac. Spermathece in vi.—ix., with shortish diver-
ticulum.
Hab, Malay Peninsula.
(6) Amyntas virgo, n. sp.
I have examined seven and dissected four fully mature examples
of this species, whose characters do not fit in with those of any
other species that has been adequately described.
The largest individual, which, however, like the others, is
somewhat softened in the clitellar region, measures 152 mm.
The sete upon the anterior segments are rather larger than upon
the following segments.
The clitellum, which occupies the usual segments, has no sete.
The male pores are very conspicuous and quite far apart.
There are no genital papillee.
The gizzard-septum is wanting ; two septa following the gizzard
are of considerable thickness.
The usual paired cca are present.
The last heart is in segment: xiii.
The remarkable feature about this species which at once differ-
entiates it from A. impudens' and A. philippinus*—the only two
that could be confused with it by reason of their possessing a
terminal sac to the spermiducal-gland duct, no sete upon the
clitellum, and 3 pairs of spermathece in vii.—ix.—is the very small
size of all the parts of the generative apparatus. In this the
present species resembles A. taprobane.
The sperm-sacs are small and lie in segments xi., xii.; they do
not reach as far as to the dorsal surface of the intestine.
The spermiducal glands vary in size, but are small and confined
to their segment. The short duct leads into the circular end-sac.
The spermathece are so small that they might be readily over-
looked; and yet the external apertures are quite large and
conspicuous. Hach pouch has a diverticulum of about the same
shape and size, especially resembling in this A. taprobane. The
spermathece lie in segments yil., viil., 1x., and open between
vi./vil., &c.
Hab. Paddy-fields, Tale.
' Michaelsen, JB. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xvi. p. 84,
* Rosa, Ann, Hofm. Wien, vi. p. 397,
896 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE [Dec. 4,
From the foregoing account of its structure may be abstracted
the following brief definition of
Amyntas virgo, 1. sp.
Length 152 mm. Set of anterior segments rather larger.
Clitellum xiv.-xvi., without sete. Male pores far apart. No
genital papille. Gizzard-septa wanting. Czca present. Last
hearts in xiii. Sperm-sacs small, in xi., xii. Spermiducal glands
confined to xvilith segment, with circular terminal sac. Sperm a-
theese very minute in vii., viii., ix., with equal-sized diverticulum.
Hab. Malay Peninsula.
(7) Amyntas pericheta, n. sp.
Although I have had for examination only a single example of
this species, there is no possible doubt, in my opinion, of its
distinctness as a species. It furnishes, moreover, an excellent
example of how necessary it is to dissect an earthworm merely for
the purpose of discovering whether it is known or not described.
Externally, the present species might readily be confounded with
many others. But its somewhat negative external characters
combined with several internal features of very positive value
enable it to be placed with accuracy.
It is a stoutish worm of 170 mm. in length.
The number of segments is 116.
The sete are more or less equal in size; those of the anterior
segments show no special differentiation.
I could find no genital papilla of any kind.
The clitellum occupies the usual segments and is quite free
from sete.
The male pores are conspicuous orifices separated from each
other by a fairly wide interval.
The gizzard-septa appear to be wanting. The intestine com-
mences in the xvith segment. The usual ceca of moderate length
are present.
The last hearts are in segment xiii.
The sperm-sacs lie in segments x1. and xii.; they are fairly large
and solid bodies. The two sperm-ducts of each side unite very
shortly after they have emerged from the sperm-reservoirs.
The spermiducal glands are on the whole very compact, although
they are much divided into small lobules. They occupy segments
xvil.—xix. and they have a kidney-like outline. Their duct is not
long; it runs forward and then backward, after the very pre-
valent fashion, and then debouches into a fairly large terminal
bursa of approximately circular outline, which is confined to the
xvilith segment.
A pair of small egg-sacs occur in the xivth segment, attached of
course to the anterior wall of that segment.
There are three pairs of spermathece. These lie in segments vi.,
vil., and vili., and are lateral in position, occupying the average
place that these organs occupy in the members of the genus
1900. | EARTHWORMS OF THE “ SKBA‘! EXPEDITION.” 897
Amyntas. The pouches are not large and have but a short duct ;
they taper gradually towards the free cecal extremity, which gives
to them a pear-shaped outline.
The diverticulum of each spermatheca is considerably longer
than the pouch ; it is tubular in form, and the greater part of it is
coiled into a tight knot-like coil. This, however, could be un-
ravelled, though I have not done so. There is no external sheath
enclosing the whole coil such as exists in A. pequanus. The end of
the diverticulum is only very slightly dilated to form the sac-like
extremity.
Hab. Malay Peninsula’.
We may thus define
Amyntas pericheta, n. sp.
Length 170 mm.; number of segments 116. Sete of anterior
segments not enlarged. Clitellum xiv.—xvi., without sete. No
genital papille. Male pores far apart. Gizzard-septa missing.
Czeca present. Last hearts in xii, Sperm-sacs in xi.,xu. Spermi-
ducal gland in xvii.—xix., with not long, horseshoe-shaped duct
and terminal sac. Spermathece 3 pairs in vi—vui., with much-
coiled diverticulum, much longer than the pouch.
Hab. Malay Peninsula.
(8) Amyntas polytheca, n. sp. (Hig. 2, p. 898.)
The same tube which contained the numerous specimens of
A, kelantanensis contained a single example of a small Amyntas
which differed from these by its pale (light brown instead of violet)
coloration. It proved to be the representative of a distinct new
species. The single example was imperfect and I do not therefore
give accurate measurements ; it is a slender worm and can hardly
have been more than two inches in length.
The sete on the anterior segments are larger than on those
which follow.
The clitellum occupies the usual three segments and has sete
very plainly present upon the ventral side of all of them.
The male pores (see fig. 2, p. 898) are exceedingly prominent
as large round protruding discs, which are widely apart.
On the segment in front of that which bears the male pore and
upon the two segments following are a pair of genital papilla of
much smaller size than the porophores and rather closer to the
middle ventral line of the body.
The alimentary canal of this species has the usual strong gizzard,
which is rather elongated in form and not so globular as is often
the case. The usually missing gizzard-septa are often absent in
the present species. The intestine begins in the xvth segment and
has not any cwca. The typhlosole is quite conspicuous.
The last pair of hearts are in segment xii.
The arrangement of the sperm-sacs is rather different from that
which usually obtains in this genus, There are large pairs in
' T have not seen a label indicating the exact: locality.
898 MR. F, EB. BEDDARD ON THE [Dec. 4,
the xth and xith segments, which are quite distinct, at least in the
case of the former pair, from the sperm-reservoirs. In the xiith
segment there are a pair of sperm-sacs, but they are quite small
and compact bodies.
In the xiiith segment there are a pair of still smaller egg-sacs. It
may be thought perhaps that I have made an error of a segment,
and that the two pairs of small sacs are both egg-sacs and lie, as
the two pairs of these sacs sometimes do, in segments Xxiil., xiv. I
believe, however, that this is not the case,
Fig. 2.
Anterior end of Amyntas polytheca. xX 5.
The spermiducal glands are extensive, reaching from segments
xvii.-xx.; they are much lobulated. The duct runs forward as a
narrow tube into the xviith segment and then runs back, widening
out to the xviith segment, where it opens directly on to the
exterior and not through the intermediary of a terminal sac,
1900. ] EARTHWORMS OF THE “ SKEAT PXPEDITION.” 899
The spermathece, like those of A. stellert and of a number of
other species, are present in several pairs in the segments in which
they occur. These segments are the vith to the ixth; in each
there is on either side of the nerve-cord a group of smallish
spermathece up to 8 or 9 in number, each of course with its own
diverticulum as usual.
Hab. Aring, Kelantan.
The species may be thus defined :—
Amyntas polyiheca, n. sp.
Small, slender worm. Setz on anterior larger than on posterior
segments. Clitellum xiv.—xvi., with sete on ventral surface of all
segments. Genital papille paired on xvii, xix., xx. Male pores
further apart than genital papille. Gizzard-septa absent ; no ceca.
Last heart in xii. Sperm-sacs in’ x.-xti. Spermiducal glands
Xvii.-xx., lobate, with not long curved duct and no end-sac.
Spermathece several pairs in each of segments vi—ix.
Hab. Malay Peninsula.
(9) Amyntas aringeanus, n.sp. (Fig. 3, p. 901.)
This species has a superficial likeness to A. posthumus by reason
of the fact that the xviith and the xixth segments are provided
with papille which lie exactly in the same line as the male pores
upon the xvilith segment. A closer examination of these papille,
however, shows that they are not in the least like those of
A, posthumus.
This species measures up to 115 mm. in length. A specimen
which is of that length has 142 segments, a disproportion which is
not usual in this genus, where there is generally a very close
connection between the number of segments and the number of
millimetres in length.
The sete show no differences in size in the anterior segments.
They appear to be totally absent from the clitellum.
The clitellum occupies all of segments xiv.—xvi.
The most characteristic feature of the new species concerns the
genital papille (see fig. 3, p. 901). These occur both in the neigh-
bourhood of the male pore and more anteriorly. The latter are
somewhat unusual in arrangement and position: they commence
as early as the fifth segment and there are altogether four pairs of
them, the last pair being situated upon segment vil. On segment vi.
there are two pairs of papillae. They are rather large and not very
conspicuous and are placed in front of and just overlapping the line
of setze. The additional pair of segment vii. are behind the line of
sete. The two papille of segment y. are rather closer together than
those of subsequent segments, and there is a slight progressive
increase in the distances separating them from first to last. Occa-
sionally two or three pore-like depressions are to be seen like those
of the posterior papille. The posterior genital papille are upon
segments xvii, and xix. They correspond exactly in position to
the male pores and are of considerable size. Each papilla is in
Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1900, No, LIX. 59
900 MR, F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dee. 4,
reality a group of 9-11 small circular papille apparently very like
those of A.aspergillum. They are disposed in two slightly curved
lines, one in front of and one behind the line of sete. The whole
area upon which they are borne is not only raised above the area
of the surrounding integument, but is slightly different in colour.
In one case only the lowest left-hand papillze merely consisted of
the raised area without an indication of the separate papillae upon
it.
The male pores are very large and conspicuous, the orifice is
much wrinkled. There are about fourteen sete between the
pores.
Dorsal pores are present.
The gizzard of this species shows, more plainly than I have
observed in other species of the genus, a disposition of the blood-
vessels of the gizzard which has been figured and described in
other genera. There are about 8 parallel vessels on each side of
the gizzard which run from end to end of that organ. In the
gizzard-segments also, which are undivided by a septum, two strong
lateral blood-vessels run one on each side ; anteriorly each gives off
a very strong and much-branched twig to the body-wall. The last
heart is in segment xii.
The intestine has no cea.
There appear to be three pairs of sperm-sacs in segments x., Xi.,
and xii. Those of the tenth and of the twelfth segments are much
smaller than those of the eleventh ; but in every case they nearly or
quite meet each other above the esophagus. In the tenth segment
the sperm-sacs swell out below into the sperm-reservoirs, which
lodge *the anterior pair of vas deferens funnels. These reservoirs
are not fused together below though they come into contact.
Their dorsal extension must, as it appears to me, be regarded as
an anterior pair of sperm-sacs.
The spermiducal glands are squarish in outline and occupy
segments Xvii-xix. Their duct leaves them as nearly as possible
exactly in the middle ; it is quite slender and is curved back upon
itself in a horseshoe-like form; there is no terminal sac, the
presence of which might possibly be inferred by the large size of
the male pore.
A moderately large pair of egg-sacs are appended to the front
wall of segment xiii. They are transversely elongated.
The spermathece are constituted upon the plan of those of
A, stelleri, and occupy the same segments as do the spermathece
of that species. There are in fact in segments vi. and vii. 8 to 10
spermathece on each side in each segment. Each spermatheca is
pear-shaped, lessening gradually in calibre towards the duct; it has
a diverticulum of about half its own length which is slender. The
diverticulum has the form that has been noted in A. stelleri ; there
is a marked constriction between the swollen end of the diverti-
culum and another swollen region which gradually diminishes in
calibre to the duct.
Hab, Aring, Kelantan,
1900.] EARTHWORMS OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 901
From the foregoing account may be extracted the following
definition of
Amyntas aringeanus, n. sp.
Length 115 mm.; number of segments 142. Clitellum xiy.-xvi.,
without sete. Genital papille paired upon segments v., vi. (two
pairs), vil., on xvii, & xix. paired groups of 9-11 papille in line with
Fig. 3,
Anterior end of Amyntas aringeanus. X 3.
male pores. Male pores large and far apart. Septum viii./ix.
absent. Last heart in xii. No ceca. Sperm-sacs in x.-xii.
Spermiducal glands in xvii.-xix., compact and square in outline ;
5Q*
59
902 MR, F. E, BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 4,
no terminal sac to their duct. Spermathece 8 to 10 pairs in vi.
and yii.
Hab. Malay Peninsula.
It is clear that this species comes nearest to ) by the
want of a facial tubercle, and (c) by the possession of jaws and
papille on the pharynx; also (d) by the want of felt and (¢) of
the long stiff ventral bristles {6}. On the other hand, the following
is McIntosh’s diagnosis of the genus Lepidonotus {'7]:—
“ Body short, more or less linear. Anterior part of the cephalic
lobe produced into the bases of the median and lateral tentacles.
Palpi smooth or with papille in five longitudinal rows. Three
comparatively short alimentary ceca directed forwards into the
peri-pharyngeal space. Elytra 12 pairs, covering the dorsum
entirely, and occurring on the segments bearing feet thus: 1, 3, 4,
6, 8, and so on to 20, 22. Bristles of the superior lobe slender,
serrate, shorter than the inferior, which have a smooth portion
below the slightly hooked tip, and then a spinulose region beneath.
Nerve-trunks in the granular layer of the epiderm, between the
powerful oblique muscles.”
From this it is evident that our animal belongs to the genus
Lepidonotus, the only point of difference being that the rows of
papille on the palps are 7 or more instead of 5.
A comparison of the above account of this worm with that given,
in brief and without figures, by Mr. Kirk [8] makes it quite
evident that Quatrefages’s “A. syuamosa” is identical with Kirk’s
L. giganteus; and it is not to be wondered that the latter author
overlooked the description by Quatrefages, as the worm is so
palpably not a member of the genus to which he ascribed it.
Dunedin, Aug. 24, 1900,
. Ray Layxusrer. Proc. Roy. Soe. 1873.
. QUATREFAGES. Annelida, vol. i. pp. 201-203.
. Id. ibid. p. 186.
. W. McInvosu. British Annelida, p. 241.
. Id. ibid. p. 273.
WORD P wd
List of Interature referred to.
W. Haswett, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vii. pp. 255-256.
A.G. Bourns. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1883.
T. W. Kirx. Trans. N. Z. Inst. vol. ii. p. 399.
H. Jounstone. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 1897.
re
1900.]
EXPLANATION OF
POLYNOID FROM NEW ZEALAND.
985
THE PLATES.
Phare LX,
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Lepidonotus giganteus (completed on the right side
only) (nat. size).
a, areola or area of attachment of elytron: coloured in life light buff.
c, dotted portions of elytron: coloured warm, or even dark, brown.
ch., neuropodial chetz, seen here and there.
ex.ap., exbalant aperture of subelytral respiratory channel.
J, notopodial hairs forming a fringe along each side.
nt.c., notopodial cirrus.
Fig. 2. View of the ventral surface of the anterior seven segments.
I. First, or peristomial, parapodium.
SP!
II. Second, or first elytriferous, parapodium.
a.l., anterior lip.
b.cir., buccal cirrus.
ch., neuropodial chetz.
el,, elytron.
J, notopodial hairs.
2.1., lateral lip.
1.2., lateral tentacle.
m., mouth,
m.t., median tentacle.
neph., nephridial papilla.
nr, neuropodium,
nr.c., neuropodial cirrus.
nt., notopodium.
p.,palp.
p.J., posterior lip.
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of another individual after removal of all the elytra :
showing the median respiratory channel and its lateral affluents.
I-XXVII. Segments numbered.
an., anus. |
d.t., dorsal tubercle.
el., elytrophore.
Fp.r., flattened parapodial ridge. |
nt.c., notopodial cirrus.
tr.c., transverse respiratory channel.
7.c., mid-dorsal respiratory channel.
Puate LXI,
Fig. 4. Enlarged view of the head of Lepidonotus giganteus, seen dorsally *
after removal of elytra. x 4.
I, Peristomial parapodium, bearing the peristomial cirri (c', c*).
IL. First elytriferous parapodium.
b.t., base of prostomial tentacle.
c',c*, ventral and dorsal peri-
stomaial cirri.
ec’, buecal cirrus, belonging to
segment II.
d.c., anterior end of the dorsal
respiratory channel.
d.t,, first dorsal tubercle, in re-
spiratory channel.
e, anterior eye.
Fig. 5. Left elytron of the first pair.
Fig. 6. The last elytron of the left side.
Lettering of figs. 5, 6, 9, & 10:—
A.P., antero-posterior direction,
L.R., transverse (left to right)
direction,
a, areola,
c, darker pigmented
(dotted). -
e, spine on the edge with conical
base.
region
x
é,, another type of the same,
less common.
e', posterior eye.
e/,, elytrophore.
F, notopodial cheetz of peristomial
parapodium.
/.t., lateral prostomial tentacle.
m.t., median prostomial tentacle.
nr., neuropodium.
nt., notopodium.
Pp. palp.
9
ae
x 2
ed., prominent, upturned margin
forming the edge of the ex-
halant aperture.
h., hairs on the edge of the elytra.
n., notch in the anterior border of
the 1st elytron on the left side.
ps. pigment-spot in a spine.
8., star-rooted spine, springing from
the surface of elytron,
st.b., base of ditto.
v., vesicle in apex of spine,
986 MR, H, M, KYLE ON A (Dee. 18,
Fig. 7. A cirriferous parapodium of the right side drawn from behind
(enlarged).
Fig. 8. An elytriferous parapodium drawn from above (enlarged). =
Lettering of figs. 7, 8 :—
ac., acicula, md.c., median dorsal respiratory
br., branchie. channel.
ch., neuropodial chiet. neph., nephridial papilla.
el., elytrophore. nr., neuropodium.
J, notopodial bunch of hair. vrc., neuropodial cirrus.
Sp.7., flattened parapodial ridge. at., notopodium.
at.c., base of notopodial cirrus,
Pirate LXII.
Fig. 9. The part of fig. 6, much magnified.
Fig. 10, Large typical elytron from the middle of the left side. x 2.
Fig. 11. Neuropodial cheta of Lepidonotus giganteus, much magnified (camera).
Fig. 12a. pr.e., proximal half of a single notopodial hair,
Fig. 12. d.¢., distal half of the same.
Fig. 13. Anterior-end of the protruded pharynx, showing the circle of papilla
(7), the paired dorsal and ventral teeth (4), supported on the lateral
cushions (¢) of the lining of the pharynx. X 4.
Fig. 14. The dorsal pair of teeth, seen é situ, after the retracted pharynx and
buccal region have been slit open. x 4.
a, the chitinous expanded base | d, prepharyngeal papille.
of the tooth. e, cushion, between which and the
h, the claw-like terminal tooth. base is a deep furrow.
c, secondary calcified junction J, dorsal groove of pharynx.
across the dorsal line. |g, buecal region.
3. On a new Genus of Flat-fishes from New Zealand.
By H. M. Kyts, M.A., B.Sc., St. Andrews.'
[Received November 26, 1900. |
The new genus of Flat-fishes which it is proposed to establish is
founded on a single specimen contained in the collection of
Prof. D’Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., of the University College,
Dundee. It was presented by Prof. Jeffrey Parker of New
Zealand, and had been labelled by him Rhombosolea monopus. A
cursory glance, however, was sufficient to distinguish it from
Rhombosolea ; and a more careful examination and comparison
with the description of the known and already described forms
showed that it was different from them all, and merited a place in
the classification of the Flat-fishes (Heterosomata) as a distinet
genus.
It is somewhat precarious perhaps to found a new genus on a
single specimen, but it would be absurd to suppose that this
specimen was the only one of its kind. To describe this form at
present, also, will lead to its earlier detection and differentiation
from the other forms of the New Zealand fauna.
It is proposed to call this specimen , double row of large hooks ;
c, terminal cluster of small suckers,
B, extremity of tentacle, 1}.
of ensheathing lamin, cone within cone. In its present state it
65* 2
998 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON A [Dec. 18,
does not enable us to add any details of structure to what we
already know from Verrill.
The specimens hitherto known of this animal, all more or less
imperfect, are three in number, and were all found at Unalaska
by Mr. W. H. Dall, in April and May 1872. They are referred
to by their discoverer as perhaps identical with Onychoteuthis berg,
in a note on large Cuttlefish in the ‘American Naturalist,’ vol. vil.
p- 484 (1873). They were afterwards described by Verrill (with
the aid of Mr. Dall’s notes) as Ommastrephes robustus (Dall, MSS.),
in the ‘ American Journal of Science,’ vol. xii. p. 286 (1876), and
again as Onychoteuthis robustus (Dall, MSS.) in the ‘Transactions
of the Connecticut Academy,’ vol. v. p. 246 (1879). Verrill, though
describing the animal asa species of Onychoteuthis, pointed out that
the pen with its solid terminal cone agreed with that of Ancistro-
teuthis, Dosidicus, or Lestoteuthis. He closes his discussion as
follows : “So far as we can judge, with our present imperfect data,
the relationship of O. robustus appears to be rather with Lestoteuthis
than with any other known group. It is possible, however, that
its affinities may prove to be closer with Ancistroteuthis, when the
armature is discovered.” In 1881, Steenstrup, in his paper on
Sthenoteuthis and Lestoteuthis (Overs. Vid.-Selsk. Kjéb. 1881, p. 19),
pointed out that the animal could not possibly belong to Verrill’s
Lestoteuthis, with its four series of suckers on the arms, and
expressed his opinion that it belonged to Aneistroteuthis. The
tentacular club now described confirms this identification, insomuch
as it is identical with the clubs of Ancistroteuthis and Onychoteuthis,
which two genera are sufficiently discriminated by the characters
of the pen.
5. On a new Species of Earthworm from India belonging to
the Genus Amyntas. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A.,
F.R.S.
[Received November 20, 1900.]
Having just attempted a revision of the genus Amyntas' it may
seem early to add a new species to that now rather well-known
genus. Nevertheless I cannot place an earthworm, which I
received too late for incorporation into that revision, and which is
a native of India, among any of the known species of Amyntas.
It came to me, through the kindness of Mr. Nicholson, from Kew
Gardens, where it had been imported from the neighbourhood of
Calcutta.
I shall give it a name and explain in the course of my description
the reasons which lead me to regard it as a new, or at any rate not
fully-described, species. Unfortunately I had only a single
example at my disposal, which, however, was alive and could be
therefore carefully preserved.
P. Z.8, 1900, p. 609.
1900.] NEW EARTHWORM FROM INDIA. 999
Amyntas alexandri, n. sp.
The single specimen measures 145 mm. in length and consists
of 133 segments. The six segments lying in front of the
clitellum are more or less markedly triannulate.
Fig. 1.
re ee
Anterior extremity of Amyntas alewandri. X 3.
The sete are rather, but not at all markedly, larger upon the
anterior segments. I counted 16 upon the first seta-bearing
1000 MR. F, B. BEDDARD ON A [Dec. 18,
segment. I have not counted those upon the body generally, as
I have been unwilling to injure my only specimen. There are 13
sete lying between the male pores. At the posterior end of the
body the sete are again rather larger and further apart from each
other. This increase in size of the sete at the end of the body is
very strongly marked in such a genus as Onychocheta, but I have
not observed it to occur commonly in Amyntas *.
There are dorsal pores, but I am unable to state the exact seg-
ment at which they commence. They are at any rate visible upon
the clitellum.
The clitellum extends over segments xiv.—xvi. and includes the
whole of those segments. It has no sete upon it.
The male pores are very inconspicuous. They lie as usual in
the line of set. There are no differentiated genital papille any-
where upon the body; but, as is shown in the accompanying
drawing (fig. 1, p. 999), there are depressions of a groove-like
character which may perform the function of adhesive papille.
One of these lies in front of each male pore ; the other, the longer,
lies behind it. They are encircled by rather tumid walls. There is
in addition a slight medianly placed furrow in front of and behind
the line of sete.
The oviducal pore is single and median and upon segment xiv.
The spermathecal pores were not visible externally, but the point
of their opening would seem to correspond to that of the male
pores.
The alimentary canal calls‘for no special description except to
mention that the intestinal ceca are rather long; when fully
extended they reach as far forward as the posterior margin of the
spermiducal gland, 7. ¢. to the xxth segment. They arise as usual
in the xxviith segment and taper gr adually towards the tip; there
is no trace of secondary ceca. The ceca are very much longer
than those of A. trinitatis.
In front of the gizzard there are three very stout intersegmental
septa. They are bound together and to the parietes by numerous
thin strands of muscle. The septum separating segments viii. and
ix. is entirely absent. The gizzard is bound to the septum which
follows it by a pair of very stout ventrally placed muscular bands.
The first two septa after the gizzard are fairly thick and the size
diminishes in the next two or three, all of which, however, are tied
to each other and to the parietes by thin muscular strands.
The last pair of hearts lie in segment Xiii.
The reproductive organs show certain features which are of use
in the discrimination of the present species from A. trinitatis? or
A. heterochetus *, which are its nearest allies, especially the former
species.
The sperm-sacs in xi. and xii. are not in any way remarkable.
The spermiducal glands (fig. 3) are large, extensively lobulated.
* It is to be found, however, in A. heterochetus.
* Beddard, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 206.
* Horst, Nederl. Arch, f. Bool, iv.
1900.] NEW BARTHWORM FROM INDIA. 1001
They extend from segment xvii. to segment xx. Anteriorly the
glands extend round towards the middle of the body beyond the
point of opening of their duct. The whole contour of the gland
is thus somewhat ear-shaped. In A. trinitatis the glands are
longer and of an even diameter throughout. The accompanying
drawing (fig. 2) will show the difference between the two species
in this respect. The duct of the gland, too, is rather longer in the
present species.
Fig. 2.
A B C
Spermathecz of ; A, Amyntas heterochetus ; B, A, trinitatis ;
C, A. alexandri.
Spermiducal glands of: A, Amyntas helerochetus ; B, A. trinitatis ;
C, A. alexandri.
The spermathece (fig. 2) are four pairs and lie in segments
vi-ix. Their orifices to the exterior are not so dorsally placed as
in A, trinitatis. The pouch, too, is distinctly different in form and
the relations of its component parts. The duct of the pouch is
longer than the pouch and broadens towards the external orifice.
1002 ON A NEW BARTHWORM FROM INDIA. [Dee. 18.
The diverticulum is longer than the spermatheca ; it is plainly com-
posed of a duct and of a distal moniliform sperm-receptacle. The
two parts are about equi-sized. The accompanying drawing (fig. 2,
p- 1001) shows how different are the spermathece of A. alewandri
from those of A. trinitatis, which latter are more like those of
A, heterochetus’. The salient points of difference between the
three species may be thus tabulated :—
| A. heterochetus. A, trinitatis, A, alexandri.
Oliteliltnn: exgeneness oh Xiv.—XVl. OY xiV.-XVi.| XiV.—xvi. XiV.-Xxvl.
| —
Sete of anterior
segments on either markedly larger. | not larger, not larger.
side of ventral line
Genital papille......... present. ent. absent.
Spermathece °......... open laterally, with | open dorsally,with open laterally,
short duct. _ short duct. with long duct.
Spermiducal glands’. | often absent or — large, always large, always
rudimentary. | present ? | present ?
It is obvious that these three forms come very near to each other
A rough general description would very readily confuse their
points of unlikeness, which appear to me, who have studied all
these species, to be unmistakable. The following is a sufficient
definition of the new species :—
Amyntas alexandri, n. sp.
Length 145 mm.; number of segments 133. Sete of most
unterior and most posterior segments rather larger. Clitellum
X1V.-Xv1., Without sete. . Male pores separated by 13 sete. No
genital papilla. Septum viii./ix. absent. Czeca rather large. Last
heart in xiii, Sperm-sacs in xi., xii. Spermiducal glands in xvii.-
xx., broader anteriorly, much lobate; duct longish, horseshoe-
shaped, without terminal sac. Spermathece in vi.-ix., with long
thick duct longer than pouch; diverticulum longer than sperma-
thee, with equi-sized duct and sperm-chamber. Spermathecz
open laterally.
Hab. Calcutta’.
* I have distinguished A. trinitatis and A. heterochetus by the longer diverti-
cula of the former. I think that this somewhat variable characteristic will
hardly do. There is no doubt, however, about the more dorsal position of the
spermathece in A, trinitatis.
* The very accurate drawings (figs. 2,3) which accompany this paper should
render the characteristics of these organs clear.
: * The genus being Malayan, the species may not be really indigenous
1ere,
APPENDIX.
LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE
DURING THE YEAR
1900.
=
Jan, 1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 2. Presented by
Dr. 8. W. Thompstone.
. 1 Moor Macaque (Macacus maurus), §. Deposited.
. 1 Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis). Presented by J. Newton,
Esq.
Oe: Grocatills (Louia curvirostra). Deposited.
. 1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Deposited.
5 Serrated Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta). Deposited.
1 Prickly Trionyx (Trionyx spinifer). Deposited.
1 Bull-Frog (Rana catesbiana). Deposited.
6, 2 White-eyebrowed Wood-Swallows (Artamus superciliosus),
Oe oo bo
. Purchased.
2 Masked Wood-Swallows (Artamus personatus), 6 Q. Pur-
chased.
1 Tawny Owl (Syrniwm aluco), Presented by Mdm. de
Bunsen.
8. 1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus), Presented by
Mrs. Vernon.
9. 2 Java Sparrows (Padda oryzivora). Presented by Mr. Walter
Buchanan.
10, 1 Indian Dial-bird (Copsychus saularis), Presented by W. H.
St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Whooper Swans (Cyynus musicus). Deposited.
10 Nose-crested Iguanas (Lyuana tuberculata rhinolophus).
Deposited.
1 Starred Tortoise (7'estudo elegans). Deposited.
11, 1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by
H. W. Stride, sq. :
12, 1 Vulpine Phalanger (T'richoswrus vulpecula). Deposited.
1 Delalande’s Gecko (Tarentola delalandii). YPresented by
Mr, May.
13. 1 Hocheur Monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), 2. Deposited,
1004
Jan. 15,
15.
16.
17.
24.
29.
30.
APPENDIX.
2 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by
Mrs. Brett.
2 Wagler’s Terrapins (Hydraspis wagleri). Deposited.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii). Presented by
A. Althorp, Esq.
8 Burrowing-Owls (Speotyto cunicularia). Purchased.
1 Woodcock (Scolopar rusticula). Presented by W. A.
Beauclerk, Esq.
1 Short-eared Owl (Asto brachyotus). Presented by Dr. A. E.
Prest Hughes.
1 Flat-backed Tortoise (Testudo platynota). Deposited.
10 Reeve’s Terrapins (Damonia reevesi). Deposited.
5 Blanding’s Terrapins (ELmys blandingi). Deposited.
2 Long-necked Chelodines ( Chelodina longicollis), Deposited.
1 Indian River-Snake (Tropidonotus piscator), Deposited.
1 Grass-Snake (Contia vernalis). Deposited.
1 Mocassin Snake (Zropidonotus fasciatus). Deposited.
1 Indian Eryx (Eryx johni). Deposited.
. 2 White-headed Sea-Eagles (Haliaétus leucocephalus), Pre-
sented by Henry Anger, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo giyantea). Presented by J.
Kirkland, Esq.
. 2 Triangular-spotted Pigeons (Columba guinea), Presented by
J. Parminter, Esq.
. 1 Royal Python (Python regius). Deposited.
. 1 Black-headed Bunting (Emberiza melanocephala). Bred in
the Menagerie.
. | Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula), Presented by Charles E.
Lambert, Esq.
1 Common Snake (7ropidonotus natrix), Presented by Miss
Ash.
1 Tessellated Snake (Tropidonotus tessellatus), Presented by
Miss Ash.
1 Dark Green Snake (Zamenis gemonensis). Presented by Miss
Ash.
1 Black-headed Lemur (Lemur brunneus). Deposited. -
1 Geottroy’s Cat ( Felis geoffroii). Presented by W. A. Gillett,
Ksq., F.Z.S.
1 Blue-tongued Lizard (Tiliqua scincoides), Deposited.
. 1 Bare-eyed Cockatoo (Cacatua yymnopis). Deposited.
2 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus) (var.).
Deposited.
2 Black-pointed Teguexins (T'upinambis nigropunctatus). De-
osited.
1 Eyed Lizard (Lacerta ocellata). Deposited.
1 Hog-Deer (Cervus porcinus), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Great Anteaters (Myrmecophaga jubata), § Q. Purchased.
2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mrs,
Nigel Cohen.
1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Presented by
Mr. H. Coffey.
1 Small Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa). Presented by W.
Brindley, Esq.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), Q. Presented by Dr.
Cox.
1 American bison (ison americanus), g. Deposited.
1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva). Deposited.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERID. 1005
Feb. 1. 1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 3.
Deposited.
4, 2 Dwarf Chameleons (Chameleon pumilus), Presented by
H. Way, Esq.
5, 1 Alligator Terrapin (Chelydra serpentina?). Deposited.
2 Pennsylvanian Mud-Terrapins (Cinosternum pennsylvanicum).
Deposited.
1 Wrinkled Terrapin (Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
8 Adorned Terrapins (Chrysemys ornata). Deposited.
1 Floridan Terrapin (Chrysemys concinna?). Deposited.
1 Salt-water Terrapin (Malacoclemmys terrapin). Deposited.
1 Sculptured Terrapin (Clemmys insculpta). Deposited.
4 American Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
1 Annulated Terrapin (Nicoria annulata). Deposited.
1 Prickly Trionyx (Trionyx spinifer). Deposited.
1 N, American Trionyx (Zrionyx feror). Deposited.
5 Carolina Anolis (Anolis carolinensis). Deposited.
1 Undulated Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). Deposited.
53 American Glass-Snakes (Ophiosaurus ventralis). Deposited.
9 Five-lined Skinks (wmeces guinquelineatus). Deposited.
1 Common Boa (Loa constrictor). Deposited.
2 Striped Snakes (Z'roptdonotus ordinatus sirtalis). Deposited.
1 Seven-banded Snake (Zropidonotus septemvittatus). De-
posited.
1 Testaceous Snake (Zamenis flagelliformis). Deposited.
2 Corn-Snakes (Coluber guttatus). Deposited.
1 Chicken-Snake (Coluber obsoletus). Deposited.
1 American Black Snake (Zamenis constrictor). Deposited.
2 King Snakes (Coronella getula). Deposited.
9 Changeable Tree-Frogs (Hyla versicolor). Deposited.
1 Dusky Toad (Bufo lentiginosus). Deposited.
. 1 Orange-bellied Mangabey (Cercocebus erythrogaster), De-
10.
14
16.
posited.
2 Grooved Tortoises (Zestudo calearata). Deposited.
1 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), 3. Presented by the Right Hon.
the Marq. of Breadalbane, K.G., P.C., F.Z.S.
1 Spanish Blue Magpie (Cyanopolius cooki), Presented by
L. Ingham Baker, Ksq.
. 1 Starred Tortoise (Testudo elegans), Deposited.
2 Reeves’s Terrapins (Damonia reevesi). Deposited,
1 Serrated Terrapin (Chrysemys scripta). Deposited.
. 1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus), 9. Presented by
Mrs, E. J. Gaudie.
} Blue Lizard (Gerrhonotus ceruleus). Deposited.
1 Three-striped Boa (Lichanura trivirgata). Deposited.
2 Tcheli Monkeys (Macacus tcheliensis), ¢Q. Presented by
Dr. S. W. Bushell, C.M.G., O.M.Z.S. See P. Z. S. 1900,
». 181.
1 Vulpine Phalanger (7richosurus vulpecula). Presented by
Miss Freda Gilder.
3 Indian Dial-birds (Copsychus saularis), 2 3,19. Pur-
chased. ,
1 King Vulture (Gypagus papa). Presented by II. A. De
Lisle, sq. From the Rio Purus.
1 Weka Rail (Ocydromus australis), Deposited.
1 Common Snake (albino) (Zropidonotus natriv). Deposited.
2 Purple-capped Lories (Lovins domicella). Purchased.
1006
Feb. 19.
Mar.
24.
APPENDIX,
1 Marica Gazelle (Gazella muarica), 9. Presented by B. T.
Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria cucullata), Presented by
Miss Power.
1 Nilotic Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus). Presented by Rupert
D’Oyly Carte, Esq.
22, 1 Undulated Grass-Parrakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), Q.
Received in Exchange.
. 1 Pinche Monkey (Midas wdipas). Presented by Mrs. H. V.
Holden.
1 Indian Darter (Plotus melanogaster). Purchased.
1 Indian Pied-Hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus). De-
posited.
1 Jackal Buzzard (Buteo jacal). Presented by Douglas Mann,
Es
Btamtell Terrapin (Chrysemys scripta). Deposited.
2 Speckled Terrapins (Clemmys guttata). Deposited.
2 Common Wolves (white var.) (Canis lupus), 69. De-
posited.
15 Mississippi Terrapins (Malacoclemmys geographica). De-
26.
fe
LS)
fer
AY
c©
. 10.
osited.
4 Black-headed Terrapins (Damonia reevesi unicolor). De-
posited.
1 Four-lined Snake (Coluber quatuorlineatus). Deposited.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii). Presented by J. E.
Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Serval (Felis serval). Presented by J. E. Matcham, Esq.,
C.M.ZS.
1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-
sented by Linneel Hopton.
1 Vervet oer! (Cercopithecus lalandii), 3. Presented by
Dudley B. Myers, Esq.
4 Black-bellied Sand-Grouse (Pterocles arenarius), 1 3,3 Q.
Presented by G. P. Torrens, Hsq., F.Z.8S.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢. Presented by
Mrs. A. E. Poyer.
1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Miss
M. C. Glover.
1 Purplish Death-Adder (Pseudechis porphyriacus). Pur-
chased.
1 Ludio Monkey (Cercopithecus ludio). Presented by Mrs. C,
Young.
1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus). Presented by Mas. C.
Young.
. 4 Cockateels:(Calopsittacus nove-hollandie), 2g,29. Pur
chased.
1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), g. Presented by B.
T. Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.8.
1 Alligator (young) (Alligator mississippiensis). Presented by
J. Turner Turner, Esq.
1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas), 9. Presented by Cecil
Masters, Esq.
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Zrichosw'us vulpecula). Presented by
Mrs. Walter Crane.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Mrs. Herbert Griffith,
Mar. 15.
Apr. 3.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1007
1 Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis). Purchased.
2 Grey Struthideas (Strauthedea cinerea). Deposited.
. 1 Silver Pheasant (Luplocamus nycthemerus), 3. Presented by
the Rev. J. O. Coussmaker.
2 Starred Lizards (Agama stellio). Presented by Stanley S.
Flower, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Bennett’s Wallaby (Macropus bennetti), g. Deposited.
. 1 Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus), Presented by
W. Baker, Esq.
. 1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis), Presented by W. J. R. Eley,
Ksq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Hagenbeck’s Mangabey (Cercocebus hagenbecki), From the
Mobangi River. Presented by the Rey. A. Christopher.
5. 1 Great Bustard (Otis tarda), 3. Presented by E. G. B. Meade-
Waldo, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Pine-Marten (Mustela martes). Deposited.
1 Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca), ¢. Deposited,
1 Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Pterocles alchata). Deposited.
1 Slender-billed Gull (Larus gelastes). Deposited.
2 Martinican Doves (Zenaida aurita). Presented by R. Phillipps,
Esq
. 1 Jaguar (Felis onga). Presented by J. C. Rodrigues, Esq.
. | Secretary Vulture (Serpentarius reptilivorus). Presented by
James D. Logan, Jun., Esq.
27, 1 Spanish Blue Magpie (Cyanopolius cook’), ¢. Presented by
EK. G. B, Meade- Waldo, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Greater Black-backed Gull (Zarus marinus). Presented by
H. Clinton Baker, Esq.
4 Marbled Newts (Molge marmorata). Presented by G. A.
Boulenger, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.8.
1 Common Hare (Lepus europeus). Deposited.
1 Chacma Baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), ¢. Presented by
J. E. Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.8.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), Q. Presented by
J. E. Matcham, Esq., C.M.ZS.
2 Yellow-billed Ducks (Anas undulata). Presented by J. E.
Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Ludio Monkey (Cercopithecus ludio), 2. Presented by D. J.
Jones, Esq.
1 White-collared Mangabey (Cercocebus collaris), 9. Presented
by D. J. Jones, Esq.
. 1 Common Duiker ( Cephalophus grimmi), 2. Deposited.
1 Small-clawed Otter (Lutra leptonyx). Deposited.
1 Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Deposited.
2 Bonnet-Monkeys (Macacus sinicus), 6 9. Presented by
T. W. B. Lindgren, Esq.
1 Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila adaxv), Presented by Col. R.
B. Ingram.
. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). De-
posited.
» 1 Fennec Fox (Canis cerdo), 3. Presented by Dixon Bey.
5 Squirrel-like Phalangers (Petaurus sciureus). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Marabou Stork (Leptoptilus crumeniferus). Presented by
Mr, Justice H, G. Kelly. ;
20,
27.
APPENDIX.
. 4 Spot-billed Ducks (Anas pecilorhyncha). Presented by Sir
Kd. Chas. Buck, K.C.S.1, C.M.ZS.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), d. Presented by
Mr. T. Packer.
2 Masked Wood-Swallows (Artamus personata), dQ. Pur-
chased,
2 White-eyebrowed Wood-Swallows (Artamus superciliosus ?).
Purchased.
2 Australian Thicknees (@dienemus grallarius). Purchased.
. 1 Roller (Coracias garrulus). Deposited.
. | Lyre-bird (Menura superba), 9. Presented by Messrs.
Carrick & Fry. See P. Z.S. 1900, p. 429.
. 7 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovw?s tragelaphus),3 3,49. Born in
the Menagerie.
. 1 Barbary Mouse (Mus barbarus). Presented by the Masters
Chapman.
. 1 Suricate (Suricata tetradactyla). Deposited.
1 Common Boa (oa constrictor). Deposited.
1 Anaconda (Eunectes murinus). Deposited.
. 1 Baboon ( Cynocephalus, sp. inc.), 9. Deposited.
19,
1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), 9. Born in the
Menagerie.
5 Common Wigeon (Mareca penelope),5 3. Purchased.
3 Pochards (Fuligula ferina), 2 $,1 9. Purchased.
3 Tufted Ducks (Luligula cristata), 1 ¢,2 2. Purchased.
4 Goldeneyes (Clangula glaucion),2 3,2 2. Purchased.
1 Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Pterocles alchata), $. Deposited.
1 Hybrid Sand-Grouse (bred between Pterocles alchata and
P. pyrenaica), 3. Deposited.
. 1 Panola Deer (Cervus eldi), 2. Purchased.
1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Purchased.
. 2 Leopards (Felis pardus), $ 2. Presented by Mrs. F. L. G.
Simpson.
2 Upland Geese (Chloéphaga megallanica), ¢ 9. Purchased.
2 Gold Pheasants (Thaumalea picta),2 2. Purchased.
2 Scemmerring’s Pheasants (Phasianus sammerringt), 3 Q.
Purchased.
1 Cactus Conure (Conwrus cactorum). Deposited.
1 Flap-necked Chameleon (Chameleon dilepis). Deposited.
. 1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovvs tragelaphus), 3. Purchased.
1 Great Wallaroo (Macropus robustus), §. Purchased.
1 Musky Lorrikeet (Glossopsittacus concinnus). Purchased.
3 Blue-crowned Hanging Parrakeets (Loriculus galgulus),
Purchased.
1 Ural Owl (Syrnium uralense). Purchased. See P. Z.S, 1900,
. 429,
1 shiped Owl (Ciccaba virgata). Purchased.
2 Silver Pheasants (Huplocamus nycthemerus),2 2. Purchased,
. 1 Mozambique Monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), 2. Pre-
sented by the Lady Ashburnham.
9 Natterjack Toads (Bubo calamita), Presented by J. B.
Thornhill, Esq.
5 White-backed Trumpeters (Psophia leucoptera). Purchased.
4 Wonga-Wonga Pigeons (Leucosarcia picata), 23, 29.
Purchased.
2 Germain’s Peacock Pheasants (Polyplectron germaini), 3 9.
Purchased.
Apr. 273
28
30.
May 1.
Li)
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 1009
2 Japanese Pheasants (Phastanus versicolor), § 2. Purchased.
2 Cabot’s Horned Tragopans (Ceriornis caboti), 6 2. Pur-
chased.
1 Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Mrs, E. M.
Blackwood.
6 Common Vipers ( Vipera berus). Presented by A. Old, Esq.
1 Sykes’s Monkey (Cercopithecus albigularis), 9 . Deposited,
1 Yak (Poéphagus grunniens), $. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Yellow-whiskered Lemur (Lem vanthomystax). “Presented
by J. E. Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Grys-bok (Raphicerus melanotis), ¢. Presented by J. FE.
Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 English Wild Cow (Bos taurus). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Violet-necked Lory (Kos riciniata). Presented by H. R.
Fillmer, Esq.
1 Eyed Lizard (Lacerta ocellata). Presented by Miss Robinson.
1 Brazilian Tapir ( Tapirus americanus), $. Purchased.
2 Violet-necked Lories (Zos riciniata). Purchased.
2 Amherst Pheasants ( Thaumalea amhersti@), § 2. Purchased.
2 Siamese Pheasants (Euplocamus prelatus), ¢ 2. Purchased.
2 Rufous-tailed Pheasants (Luplocamus erythrophthalmus), 3 2.
Purchased.
1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by C. W. Lilley,
Ksq., F.Z.S.
1 Heyatan Eryx (Eryx jaculus), Presented by C. W. Lilley,
Es
1 Glas Snake | (Ophiosaurus apus). Deposited.
. 1 Grooved Tortoise (Testudo calcarata). From Khartoum,
Deposited.
1 Eyed Lizard (Lacerta ocellata). Presented by Miss Ash.
2 Edible Frogs (Rana esculenta). From Biskra. Presented by
the Hon. Mrs. A. Cadogan.
1 Three-banded Terrapin (Cyclemmys trifasciata). Deposited.
2 Roofed Terrapins (Aachuga tectum), Deposited.
2 Blackish Sternotheres (Sternotherus niyricans). Deposited.
1 Derbian Sternothere (Sternotherus derbianus). Deposited.
2 Black Sternotheres (Sternotherus niger). Deposited.
1 Hamilton’s Terrapin (Damonia hamiltoni). Deposited.
3 Annulated Terrapins (Nicoria annulata). Deposited.
1 Red-striped Ground-Snake (Adastor erythrogrammus), De-
osited.
6 Kentucky Blind-fish (A mblyopsis spelea). Deposited.
. 1 Crowned Lemur (Lemur coronatus), ¢. Deposited.
1 Black Lemur (Lemur macaco), §. Deposited.
2 Slender Loris (Loris gracilis). Deposited.
1 Bandicoot (Perameles ia inc.). Deposited.
3 Wrinkled heme ( Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
20 Elegant Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta elegans). Deposited.
10 Reeves’s Terrapins (Damonia reevesi). Deposited.
1 Radiated Tortoise (Testudo radiata). Deposited.
1 Reticulated Terrapin ( Chrysemys reticulatus). Deposited.
2 Argentine Tortoises (Testudo argentina). Veposited.
3 Coralline Snakes (Coronella gentilis). Deposited,
8 Undulated Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus). Weposiiad:
1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). De-
posited,
1010 APPENDIX.
May °°. 1 Common Snake (7repidonotus natriv). Presented by Master
R. Macdonald.
4, | Cape Hunting-Dog (Lycaon pictus), 2. Purchased. See
P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 659.
2 Australian Rails (Rallus pectoralis), Presented by Mr. C. F.
Fox.
6. 1 Crowned Lemur (Lemus coronatus). Born in the Menagerie.
7. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinieus), g. Presented by Lady
Malcolm of Poltalloch.
4 Australian Sheldrakes (Tadorna tadornoides), 2 3, 2 9.
Purchased.
1 Sclater’s Cassowary (Casuarius sclater’). Deposited.
2 Loggerhead Turtles ( Thalassochelys caretta). Deposited.
12 Elegant Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta elegans). Deposited.
12 Adorned Terrapins (Chiysemys ornata). Deposited.
17 Lesueur’s Terrapins (Malacoclemmys lesueurt). Deposited.
7 Reeves’s Terrapins (Damonia reevest). Deposited.
8. 2 Prevost’s Squirrels (Sciwrus prevosti), 2 9. Purchased.
4 Indian Starlings (Stwrnus menzhieri). Purchased.
6 Common Wolves (Canis lupus). Born in the Menagerie.
9. 2 Egyptian Foxes (Canis niloticus). Deposited.
2 Meyer's Parrots (Paocephalus meyer’). Purchased.
Prevost’s Squirrels (Sevwrus prevosti),2 9. Deposited.
Cardinal Eclectus (Zclectus cardinalis). Deposited.
White-crested Tiger-Bittern (Zigriosoma leucolaphum). Pre-
sented by F. W. Marshall, Esq.
1 Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa). Deposited.
1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by F. H. Preston,
10.
e bY bo
sq.
5 Sordid Wood-Swallows (Artamus sordidus). Purchased.
3 Hairy Armadillos (Dasypus villosus). Purchased.
6 Sulphury Tyrants (Pitangus sulphuratus). Purchased.
1 Black-pointed Teguexin (Tupinambis nigropunctatus). Pur-
chased.
‘11. 1 Crowned Lemur (Lemur coronatus). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Bengal Fox (Canis bengalensis). Purchased.
12. 4 Chaplain Crows (Corvus capellanus). Presented by B. T.
Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Porto-Rico Pigeons (Columba squamosa). Purchased.
1 Cinereous Vulture (Vultw monachus). Presented by W. F.
Found, Esq.
1 Polecat (Mustela putorius). Deposited.
13. 1 Llama (Lama peruana), §. Born in the Menagerie.
14. 1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), Presented by M. A. French, Esq.
4 Blood-rumped Parrakeets (Psephotus hematonotus), Pur-
chased.
15. 1 Allen’s Porphyrio (Hydrornia allenc). Captured at Sea. Pre-
sented by Capt. J. C. Robinson. See P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 659,
6 Long-nosed Crocodiles (Crocodilus cataphractus). Presented
by J. 8S. Budgett, Esq., F.Z.S.
16. 1 Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca), 2. From Bylott Island,
Lancaster Sound. Presented by A. Barclay Walker, Esq.
2 African Tantaluses (Pseudotantalus this). Purchased.
2 Black-and-White Geese (Anseranas semipalmata). Pur-
chased.
2 Plumed Ground-Doves (Geophaps plumifera). Purchased,
2 Rose-Hill Parrakeets (Platycercus eximius). Purchased,
May 17
18,
19.
20.
24.
25.
26.
28.
29.
30.
3.
June 1,
2.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIB. 1011
. 2 Crested Pigeons (Ocyphaps lophotes). Purchased.
2 King Snakes (Coronella getula). Deposited.
1 Coralline Snake (Coronedla gentilis). Deposited.
2 American Black Snakes (Zamenis constrictor). Deposited.
3 Ten-lined Snakes (Contia decemlineata). Deposited.
1 Gamett’s Galago (Galago garnetti). Deposited.
1 Common Teguexin (Tupinambis teguexin). Deposited.
4 Blue Wall-Lizards (Lacerta muralis cerulea). From Farag-
lione, Sicily. Deposited.
10 Pennsylvanian Mud-Terrapins (Cinosternum pennsylvanicum).
Deposited.
4 Adorned Terrapins (Chrysemys ornata). Deposited.
13 Elegant Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta elegans). Deposited.
6 Lesueur’s Terrapins (Malacoclemmys lesueuri). Deposited.
3 Annulated Terrapins (Nicoria annulata). Deposited.
5 Schlagintweit’s Frogs (Rana cyanophlyctis). Deposited.
6 Red Newts (Spelerpes ruber). Deposited.
1 Serval (Felis serval). Presented by R. Barton Wright, Esq.
2 Long-eared Owls (Aszo otus), Presented by D. F. Campbell,
Esq.
2 Geico Touracous (Turacus persa). Purchased.
1 Squirrel Monkey (Chrysothrix sciurea). Presented by Perey
L. Isaac, Esq.
1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), §. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Summer Snake (Contia estiva). Deposited.
1 Mexican Snake (Coluber melanoleucus). Deposited.
1 Common Paradoxure (Paradorurus niger). Presented by
K. E. Hewens, Esq.
6 Menobranchs (Necturus maculatus). Deposited.
5 American Green Frogs (Rana halecina). Deposited.
1 Boddaert’s Snake (Drymobius boddaertz). l Presented by
1 Chequered Elaps (Zlaps lemniscatus). Leon Bern-
1 Rat-tailed Opossum (Didelphys nudicaudata). | stein, Esq.
1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana). Presented by Mrs.
Morris.
1 Common Squirrel (Seiwus vulgaris). Presented by Mrs.
Morris.
1 Thar (Hemitragus jemlaicus), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
5 Swinhoe’s Pheasants (Euplocamus swinhoii). Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Brown Mynahs (Acridotheres fuscus). Purchased.
2 Red Howlers (Mycetes seniculus), § 9. Deposited.
1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), 3. Deposited.
3 Chaplain Crows (Corvus capellanus). Presented by B. T.
Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by J. W.
Berry, Esq.
2 Greek Tortoises ( Testudo greca). Deposited.
1 American Flying-Squirrel (Sc?wropterus volucella). Deposited.
1 Red-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera), 2. Deposited.
2 Black-headed Caiques (Caica melunocephala). Deposited.
2 Wild Swine (Sus scrofa), 2Q. Presented by the Lord
Carnegie, F.Z.5.
1 Occipital Blue Pie ( Uroeissa occipitalis). Purchased.
1 Brown Mock-Thrush (Harporhynchus rufus), ¢. Purchased.
Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1900, No. LXVI. 66
1012
June
cor
be |
10. 2
i.
APPENDIX.
. | Chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus). Deposited.
. 1 Thar (Hemitragus jemlaicus), 2. Born in the Menagerie.
6 Argentine Tortoises (Testudo argentina). Deposited.
3 Ameriean Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
1 Black Sternothere (Sternotherus niger). Deposited.
1 North-American Trionyx (Trionyx ferox). Deposited.
53 Changeable Tree-Frogs (Hyla versicolor). Deposited.
. 3 Shaw's Gerbilles (Gerbillus shawi), From Biskra, Algeria.
Presented by the Rey. A. E. Eaton.
1 Garamantic Gerbille (Gerbillus garamantis). From Biskra,
Algeria. Presented by the Rey. A. E. Eaton.
1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), §. Born in the Menagerie.
3 Goshawks (Astur palumbarius). Presented by Tom ‘Simonds,
Fisq.
1 Common Snake (Tropidonotus natrix), Presented by W. H.
St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Mocassin Snakes (7ropidonotus fasciatus). Presented by
W. H. St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Burchell’s Zebra (Lquus burchellii), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Rocky-Mountain Goat (Haploceros montunus), 3. From
British Columbia. Purchased. See P. Z.S. 1900, p. 771.
1 Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus). Purchased.
1 Common Squirrel (albino) (Sezurus vulgaris). Deposited.
1 Large Red Flying-Squirrel (Pteromys tnornatus). Presented
by A. Dudley Yorke, Esq.
. L Lion (Felis leo), $. From Kathiwar. Deposited by H.R.H.
the Prince of Wales, K.G.
1 Nylghaie (Doselaphus tragocamelus), 2. Deposited by H.R.H.
the Prince of Wales, K.G.
2 Four-horned Antelopes (Tetraceros quadricornis), ¢ Q. De-
posited by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, K.G,
5 Indian Gazelles (Gazella bennetti). Deposited by H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales, K.G.
1 Sykes’s Monkey (Cercopithecus albigularis). Presented by
C, H. Armbruster, Esq.
1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus). Presented:by R.S. Allen, Esq.
5 Gentoo Penguins (Pygosceles teniatus). Purchased. See
PL 2s8: L000, p: CEL:
2 Cunning Bassaris (Bassariscus astutus). Purchased.
. 1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), ¢. Born in the Mengerie.
1 Allen’s Porphyrio (Hydrornia alleni). Captured at Sea.
Presented by Miss Wallace.
1 Little Egret (Ardea garzetta). Presented by J. H. Yates, Esq.
4 Bearded Lizards (Amphibolurus barbatus). Deposited.
5 American Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
6 Stink-pot Mud-Terrapins (Cinosternum odoratum). De-
posited.
1 Mississippi Terrapin (Malacoclemmys geographica). De-
posited.
. | African Python (Python sebe natalensis). Presented by
Francis EK. Colenso, Esq.
1 Green Lizard (Lacer ta viridis). Presented by Miss Mabel
A. Heaton.
2 Stump-tailed Skinks (Z'rachysawrus rugosus). Deposited.
1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis). Presented by
H. G. F. Stallard, Esq.
2 Collared Fruit-Bats (Cynonycteris collaris). Received in
Exchange,
June 11
14,
ON
18.
19,
20.
. 1 Hocheur Monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans).
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1013 -
. 1 Orinoco Goose (Chenalopex jubatus). Purchased.
1 Little Guan (Ortalis motmot). Purchased.
1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva) (var.). Purchased.
2 Wandering Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna arcuata). Purchased.
1 Moustache Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus). | y,,
1 Malbrouck Morileee ( Cercopithecus cynosurus). | Pret
1 Angolan Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis). [ FB a ah 35 F.ZS
10 African Walking-fish (Periophthalmus koel- | ~°°?°% * +4
reutert).
1 Egyptian Jerboa (Dipus cegyptius). Presented by Lady
Preston.
1 De Filippi’s Meadow-Starling (Stwnella defilippit). Pur-
chased,
6 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets ((elopsittacus undulatus). Pur-
chased.
4 Anderson’s Tree-Frogs (Hyla andersoni). Deposited.
4 Changeable Tree-Frogs (Hyla versicolor). Deposited.
. 2 Palm-Squirrels (Sciurus pulmarum). Presented by W. B.
Bingham, Esq.
1 Angola Seed-eater (Serinmus angolensis). Presented by Miss
Long.
3 White Ibises (Eudocimus albus). Bred in the Menagerie.
See P. Z.S. 1900, p. 771.
6 Glossy Ibises (Plegadis falcinellus). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Chacma Baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), §. Deposited.
1 Common Squirrel (Sciwrus vulgaris). Presented by Dr. J.
L. Williams.
1 Yellow-billed Sheath-bill (Chionis alba). Captured, at Sea,
off Cape Horn. Presented by Capt. Bate.
. | Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), 2. Presented
by Miss E. B. Hall.
1 Negro Tamarin (Midas ursulus). Deposited.
1 Whinchat (Pratincolu rubetra). Purchased.
Black Redstart (Ruticilla titys). Purchased.
Meadow-Pipit (Anthus pratensis). Purchased.
Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla). Purchased.
| Blue-headed Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Purchased.
. | Common Squirrel (Sccwrus vulgaris). Presented by G. 8.
Johnson, Esq.
2 King Snakes (Coronella getula). Purchased.
1 Smooth-headed Capuchin (Cebus monachus). Presented by
F, Wallace, Esq.
2 Yellow-bellied Liothrix (ZLiothrix luteus), _ Presented by
Miss Petrocochino,
1 Cockateel- (Calopsittacus nove-hollandie), $. Presented by
Mrs, Harry Blades.
2 Green Lizards (Lacerta viridis). Presented by the Rev. F,
W. Haines.
4 Viperine Snakes (7'ropidonotus viperinus). Presented by the
Rey. F. W. Haines.
1 Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca), Presented by the Rey.
I’. W. Haines.
2 Marbled Newts (Molge marmorata). Presented by the Rey,
I’, W. Elaines.
1 Grey Parrot (Psittacus ertthacus). Deposited.
1 Yellow-cheeked Amazon (Chrysotis autumnalis). Deposited.
9 Mountain Ground-Doves (Geotrygon cristata). Deposited.
66*
1014
June 20,
23.
25.
26.
July 2.
. 1 Alpine Newt (Molge alpestris).
APPENDIX,
4 Ring-necked Parrakeets (Paleornis torquata), 43. Pre-
sented by J. M. G. Bate, Esq.
1 Small Hill-Mynah (Gracula religiosa). Presented by Capt.
R. Yorke Heriz, R.N.
2 Peba Armadillos (Tatusta peba). Purchased.
3 Spotted Owls (Athene brama). Purchased.
3 White-throated Finches (Spermophila albogularis), 6. Pur-
chased.
1 Thick-billed Seed-Finch (Oryzoborus crassirostris), 9. Pur-
chased.
1 White-eared Conure (Pyrrhura leucotis), Purchased.
1 Loggerhead Turtle (Thalassochelys caretta). Purchased.
. 2 Burrhel Wild Sheep (Ovis burrhel), 2g. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Thar (Hemitragus jemlaicus), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
22. 1 Hocheur Monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans). Deposited.
7 Brazilian Tortoises (Testudo tabulata). Deposited.
5 American Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
1 Indian Desert-Fox (Canis leucopus?). From Persia. Pre-
sented by Capt. D. J. Leiper.
1 Orang-outang (Simia satyrus), 3. Deposited.
5 Silvery Mole-Rats (Myoscalops argenteo-cinereus), Deposited.
3 Chaplain Crows (Corvus capellanus). Presented by B. T.
Ffinch, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Pied Mynahs (Sturnopastor contra). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Common Duiker (Cephalophus grimmi), ¢. Presented by
J. E. Matcham, Esq., O.M.Z.S,
1 Common Duiker (Cephalophus grimmt), 9. Deposited.
1 Syrian Bear (Ursus syriacus). Deposited.
1 Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus). Purchased.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), §. Presented by G. A.
S. Bell, Esq., R.N.
5 Wild Cats (young) (Felis catus). From Inverness-shire.
Presented by Geo. J. Bailey, Esq.
1 Cheetah (Cynelurus jubatus). Deposited.
1 Levaillant’s Amazon (Chrysotis levaillanti). Presented by
J. Farmer Hall, Esq., F.Z.8.
1 Common Viper (Vipera berus) (black var.). Presented by
G. Allan Marriott, Esq.
. 6 Wrinkled Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
5 Mississippi Terrapins (Malacoclemmysgeographica). Deposited.
3 Annulated Terrapins (Nicoria annulata). Deposited.
1 Amboina Box-Tortoise (Cyclemys amboinensis). Deposited.
1 Prickly Trionyx (Trionyx spinifer). Deposited.
. 1 Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta). Presented by Miss M. C.
Raweliffe.
2 Black-faced Kangaroos (Macropus melanops), 3 2. Deposited.
1 Royal Python (Python regius). Presented by Mr. Benjamin
Stewart.
Presented by the
9 Black Salamanders (Salamandra atra). avd. Wi Micisine
2 Slowworms (Anguts fragilis).
1 Adanson’s Sternothere (Sternotherus adansont). Received in
Exchange.
1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Received in
Exchanve.
6 Wrinkled Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1015
July 5. 1 Yellow-cheeked Amazon (Chrysotis autwmnalis). Presented
10.
17,
18.
by S, Hawkings, Esq.
2 Greater Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus). Bred in the
Menagerie.
1 Herring-Gull (Zarus argentatus). Bred in the Menagerie.
. 2 Tigers (Felis tigris), ¢ 2. Presented by H.H. the Maharani
Regent of Mysore.
1 Pine-Marten (Mustela martes). Presented by C. G. Beale,
Esq.
1 Common Squirrel (Sciwrus vulgaris). Presented by Cecil
Slade, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Crimson-crowned Weaver-birds (Huplectes flammiceps). Pre-
sented by Mrs. Charles Green.
1 Long-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus cataphractus). Presented
by J. A. Robb, Esq.
1 Four-lined Snake (Coluber quatuorlineatus). Presented by
W. R. Temple, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hupale penicillata). Presented by
Mrs. G. L. Bagnell.
2 Great Wallaroos (Macropus robustus), ¢ 9. Deposited.
1 Wrinkled Terrapin (Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
1 Burrhel Wild Sheep ( Ovis burrhel), ¢. Born in the Menagerie.
4 Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita). Presented by 8. S. Flower,
Ksq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mrs.
Alexander Grant.
1 Altai Deer (Cervus eustephanus). Born in the Menagerie.
2 Grey-headed Love-birds (Agapornis cana), Presented by Mrs.
Harry Blades.
1 Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by L. W. Wiglesworth,
Esq.
1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas), 2. Deposited.
1 Isabelline Bear (Ursus isabellinus). Deposited.
1 Sharp-nosed Badger (Meles leptorhynchus). Purchased.
1 Rough Fox (Canis rudis), Purchased.
. 1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus), 2. Deposited.
2 Brazilian Tortoises (Testudo tabulata). Deposited.
2. | Himalayan Snow-Partridge (Tetraoyallus himalayensis).
Deposited.
. | Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus). Presented by Mrs,
Heigham.
1 Little Bittern (Ardetta minuta). Received in Exchange.
. 1 Brindled Gnu (Connochetes taurina), 2. Born in the Mena-
gerie. See P.Z.S. 1900, p. 771.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Presented by P. M.
Thornton, Esq.
1 Nuteracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). Purchased.
1 Senegal Parrot (Paocephalus senegalus). Presented by 8.
Cordwell, Esq.
2 Larger Hill-Mynahs (Gracula intermedia). Deposited.
1 Missel-Thrush (Turdus viscivorus). Presented by J. B.
Williamson, Esq.
2 Striped Snakes (7ropidonotus ordinatus sirtalis), Deposited.
1 Viperine Snake (7'ropidonotus viperinus), Deposited.
1 Mauve-necked Cassowary (Casuarius violicollis). Deposited.
6 Blanding’s Terrapins (Emys blandingi). Deposited.
1 Alligator Terrapin ( Chelydra serpentina). Deposited.
1 Guira Cuckoo (Guira piririgua). Purchased.
26.
27.
28.
30.
31.
to
co
APPENDIX.
. 2 Painted Frogs (Discoglossus pictus). Received in Exchange.
. 2 Chukar Partridges (Cacabis chukar). Presented by Chas. E.
Pitman, [sq.
20, 4 Elephantine Tortoises (Testudo elephantina). Deposited.
1 Clumsy Tortoise (Testudo inepta). Deposited.
1 Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Miss Lucy Holland.
. 2 Masked Paradoxures (Paradoxurus larvatus). Presented by
W. T. Lay, Esq.
1 Humboldt’s Lagothrix (Lagothrix humboldti). Presented by
W.S. Churchill, Esq.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Presented by Miss A.
N. Ball.
. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), $. Presented by
W. H. Lacy, Esq.
3 Crested Pigeons (Ocyphaps lophotes), Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Spotted Pigeon (Columba maculosa). Bred in the Menagerie.
4 icons Turtle-Doves (Turtur vinaceus). Bred in the
Menagerie.
6 Roofed Terrapins (Kachuga tectum). Deposited.
2 Alligator Terrapins (Chelydra serpentina). Deposited.
. 1 Yellow-bellied Liothrix (Liothrix luteus). Deposited.
2 Common Bluebirds (Stalia wilsoni), 3 Q. Presented by 8. W.
Sutherland, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Chaffinches (Fringilla celebs), § 2. Deposited.
1 Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus). Deposited.
1 Lesser Redpoll (Linota rufescens). Deposited.
53 Linnets (Linota cannabina). Deposited.
1 Yellow-rumped Seed-eater( Crithagrachrysopyga). Deposited.
1 Two-spotted Paradoxure (Nandinia binotata). Presented by
R. H. Gush, Esq.
1 Levaillant’s Amazon (Chrysotis levaillanti). Deposited.
4 Red-collared Lorikeets ( Trichoglossus rubritorques). Deposited.
See P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 772.
1 American Box-Tortoise (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
1 Sculptured Terrapin (Clemmys insculpta). Deposited.
1 Altai Deer (Cervus eustephanus), g. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Sulphury Buntings (Lmberiza sulphurata). Purchased.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
T. Forsyth Forrest, Esq.
2 Greater Vasa Parrots (Coracopsis vasa). Presented by Mr.
G. Barfoot.
3 Glossy Ibises (Plegadis falcinellus). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Deposited.
7 Algerian Skinks (Zumeces algeriensis). Presented by G. H.
Fernan, Esq.
1 Spiny-tailed Mastigure (Uromastix acanthinurus). Presented
by G. H. Fernan, Esq.
5 Barn-Owls (Strix fammea). Purchased.
1 Silky Cow-bird (Molothrus bonariensis). Presented by F.
Willes, Esq.
. 1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 2. Presented by W.
Cleaver, Esq.
. 2 Prasine Snakes (Coluber prasinus). Deposited.
1 Dahl’s Snake (Zamenis dahl’). Deposited.
. 1 Pheasant (Phasianus cochicus), 2. Purchased.
3 Ring-necked Pheasaits (Phasianus torquatus), 39. Pur-
chased,
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1017
. 2 Golden Pheasants (Thaumalea picta),2 2. Purchased.
. 1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), §. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Common Viper (Vipera berus). Presented by A. Cooper,
Esq., F.Z.S.
6. 1 Chinese Quail (Coturnix chinensis), 9. Presented by
2 Asiatic Quails (Perdicula asiatica). D. Seth-Smith, Esq.,
2 Sparrow-Hawks ( Accipiter nisus). E.ZS.
8. 2 Black-headed Caiques (Cazca melanocephala). Deposited.
10.
Lh.
12.
9
~'
1 Quail (Coturniz communis). Presented by Miss F. E. Burt.
. 1 Blue-and- Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by Capt.
G. H. Arnot.
1 Gold Pheasant ( Thaumalea picta), §. Purchased.
1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista).
Deposited.
1 Smooth-headed Capuchin (Cebus monachus). Deposited.
1 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). Deposited.
1 Burrhel Wild Sheep (Ovzs burrhel). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas). } Presented by J. E.
1 Leopard Tortoise (Testudo pardalis). Matcham, Esq.,
1 Puff-Adder (Bitis arietans). C.M.Z.S.
1 Lioness (Felis leo). Presentedby the Rt. Hon. Cecil J. Rho des,
PC. DCF ELS.
3 Little Bitterns (Ardetta minuta). Purchased.
1 Algerian Tortoise (Testudo wera). Deposited.
4 Alligator Terrapins (Chelydru serpentina). Deposited.
2 Argentine Tortoises (Testudo argentina). Deposited.
6 European Pond-Tortoises (Emys orbicularis). Deposited.
1 Leopardine Snake (Coluber leopardmus). Deposited.
1 Vivacious Snake (Varbophis fallax). Deposited.
2 Egyptian Mastigures (Uromastix spinipes). Deposited.
1 Pleurodele Newt (Molge malth). Deposited.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by W. A.
Gillett, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Leopard Tortoise (Testudo pardalis). Deposited.
3. 5 Rosy-billed Ducks (Metopiana peposaca). Bred inthe Menagerie.
14.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitricus), 3. Presented by
L. J. Sparrow, Esq.
1 Black-cheeked Monkey (Cercopithecus melanogenys), 2. Pre-
sented by L. J. Sparrow, Esq.
4 Indian Crows (Corvus splendens). Received in Exchange.
1 Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax javanicus). Received in
Exchange.
3 Dwarf Turtle-Doves (Turtur humilis). Received in Exchange.
1 Green-winged Dove (Chalcophaps indica). Received in Ex-
change.
1 Indian Roller (Coracias indica). Presented by E. W. Harper,
Ksq.
] nae Weaver-bird (Ploceus bengalensis), §. Presented by
E. W. Harper, Esq.
1 Manyar Weaver-bird (Ploceus manyar), 6. Presented by
Kk. W. Harper, Esq.
4 Black-throated Weaver-birds (Ploceus atrigula), 2 3,2 9.
Presented by E. W. Harper, Esq.
5. 1 Argali Sheep (Ovis ammon), 2. From the Altai Mountains.
Purchased.
2 Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). Purchased.
1 Bi fig Iguana (Clenosaura acanthura). Presented by
Mr. C. Hagenbeck. :
1018
Aug. 15
16.
17;
18.
20.
21.
22.
23.
27.
28.
29.
APPENDIX.
3 South Albemarle Tortoises ( Testudo vicinia). Deposited.
1 Saddle-backed Tortoise (Testudo ephippium). Deposited.
2 Thin-shelled Tortoises (Testudo microphyes), Deposited.
6 Bungoma River-Turtles (EZmyda granosa). Deposited.
1 White-collared Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris). Deposited.
1 Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus), 3. Purchased.
1 Common Lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Presented by 8. 8. Flower,
Ksq., F.Z.8.
1 Mozambique Monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), 3. Pre-
sented by C. Mackay, Esq.
1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla), Deposited.
2 Blue-tongued Lizards ( Tiliqua scincoides), Deposited.
5 Blue Lizards (Gerrhonotus ceruleus). Deposited.
1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), S$. Born in the Menagerie.
3 Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), 1 g,29. Presented by
Capt. G. H. Arnot.
1 Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), G. Presented by Capt.
G. H. Arnot.
1 Military Macaw (Ara militaris). Deposited.
1 Blue-tongued Lizard (Tiligua scinecoides). Deposited.
1 Blue Lizard (Gerrhonotus ceruleus). Deposited.
1 African Buzzard (Buteo desertorum). Presented by
2 American Kestrels (Tinnunculus sparverius). > T. Simonds,
2 Lesser Kestrels ( Tinnunculus cenchris). Esq.
1 Black Kite (Milvus migrans). Presented by T. mew ak Esq.
2 Dark Green Snakes (Zamenis gemonensis). Presented by
W. Hunter, Esq.
1 Common Lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Presented by the Con-
troller of the Returned Letter Office.
1 Larger Hill-Mynah (Gracula intermedia). Presented by
Geo. Smith, Esq.
3 Blackish Sternotheres (Sternotherus nigricans). Deposited.
2 Prasine Snakes (Coluber prasinus). Deposited.
1 Indian Crow (Corvus splendens). Presented by E. A,
Williams, Esq.
1 Rose-coloured Pastor (Pastor roseus).
1 Nonpareil Finch ( Cyanospiza cris).
1 Indigo-bird (Cyanospiza cyanea).
Presented by L.
Ingram Baker, Esq.
11 American Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
10 Common Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Purchased.
1 Brush-tailed Kangaroo (Petrogale penicillata), 9. Born in
the Menagerie.
1 Occipital Blue Pie (Urocissa occipitalis). Purchased.
1 Raven (Corvus corax). Presented by G. St. Leger Hopkinson,
Esq.
1 ie Amazon (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Deposited.
1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), 2. Born in the Menagerie,
2 Collared Fruit-Bats (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Germain’s Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron germaini), °.
Presented by A. Yates, Esq.
1 Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Presented by A. Yates, Esq.
1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by G R. Fair-
banks, Esq.
30. 2 White Ibises (Ludocimus albus). Bred in the Menagerie,
10 Roofed Terrapins (Kachuga tectum). Deposited.
3 Bungoma River-Turtles (Zmyda granosa}. Deposited.
31. 1 Red-bellied Squirrel (Sciwrus variegatus). Deposted.
Aug. 31.
Sept. 1.
be |
12;
13.
14,
16.
Li.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, © 1019
1 Red-bellied Squirrel (Sciwrus variegatus). Purchased.
2 Bosch-boks (Tragelaphus sylvaticus), ¢Q. Presented by
Dr. A. MacCarthy Morrogh, M.B., F.R.C.S.
1 Rufous-necked Wallaby (Macropus rujicollis), 9. Presented
by Miss Seymour.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), ¢. Presented by
Mr. C. A. Gilbert.
. 2 Purple Herons (Ardea purpurea). Purchased.
2 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Purchased.
3 Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia). Purchased.
1 Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa). Presented by G. P. Ashmore,
Es
. 2Cunning Bassaris (Bassariscus astutus). Presented by Miss
Franklin.
1 Cunning Bassaris (Bassariscus astutus). Deposited.
2 Tenrecs (Centetes ecaudatus). Deposited. See P.Z.S. 1900,
p. 772.
. 1 Nilotie Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus), Presented by Major
H. B. Weatherall.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
Miss K. Bishop.
1 Puma (Felis concolor), §. Presented by Maurice F. Dennis,
Esq.
2 Chilian Sea-Eagles (Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Presented
by Tom Simonds, Esq.
. 1 Cardinal Eclectus (Eelectus cardinalis), ¢. Deposited.
2 Westerman’s Eclectus (Lelectus westermani), 22. Depo-
sited.
. 1 Lion (felis leo). From Uganda. Presented by Capt. Delmé
EG
Radcliffe.
1 Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus), S. Presented by
Mr. B. Stewart.
2 Common Badgers (Meles tarus). Presented by Mrs. W. A.
Gillett.
2 Indian Fruit-Bats (Pteropus medius). Presented by Mrs. W.
A. Gillett.
5 Barred Doves (Geopelia striata). Presented by Miss Tyars.
3 Black-pointed Teguexins (Tupinambis nigropunctatus). De-
posited.
2 Antillean Boas (Boa divinilogua). Deposited.
1 Black-headed Terrapin (Damonia reevesi unicolor). Presented
by F. J. Bridgman, Esq.
1 Algerian Skink (Zumeces algeriensis). Presented by F. J.
Bridgman, Esq.
1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by
F. J. Bridgman, Esq.
1 European Pond-Tortoise (Zmys orbicularis). Presented by
Miss F, M. Weippert.
5 Undulated Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus). Deposited.
1 Squacco Heron (Ardea ralloides). Presented by Mr. A. F.
Putz.
1 Wall-Lizard (Lacerta muralis). Presented by Walter
Hunter, Esq.
1 Tessellated Snake (Tropidonotus tessellatus). Presented by
Walter Hunter, Esq.
1 Red Tiger-Cat (Felis chrysothriz), Deposited.
1 Leopard (young) (Felis pardus). Deposited.
1020
Sept. 17.
18,
19,
26.
29.
APPENDIX.
1 Red-footed Ground-Squirrel (Xerus erythropus). Presented
by Dr. Oswald Horrocks.
1 Alpine Marmot (Arctomys marmotta). Deposited.
2 Crossbills (Lovia curvirostra). Deposited.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by Capt. W.
H. Rotheram, R.E.
2 Dusky Ducks (Anas obscura), ¢ 9. Presented by W. H.
St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Blackbird (Turdus merula), ¢. Presented by Mr. A. Sahlin.
1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by A. L.
Jessopp, Esq.
4 Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus),1 3,3 9. Presented by
F., Larratt, Esq.
3 Jays (Garrulus glandarius). Presented by Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe, F.Z.S.
1 Plantain-Squirrel (Scdwrus plantani). Presented by H. H.
Goodwin, Esq.
20. 10 Elephantine Tortoises (Testudo elephantina). Deposited.
21. 1 Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 2. Presented by Mrs. C.
Campbell.
2 Western Yellow-winged Laughing-
Thrushes (Trochalopterum nigrimentum).
1 Rufous-chinned Laughing-Thrush (an-
thocincla rufigularis). Presented by
1 Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler (Pomato- f E. W. Ha 4
rhinus schisticeps). Esq., F.Z.8
1 Black-throated Ouzel (Merula strigularis). |
2 Tickell’s Ouzels (Merula unicolor). |
1 Spotted-wing (Psaroglossa spiloptera).
J
. 1 Yellow-crowned Troupial (Icterus chrysocephalus). Deposited.
1 Yellow-backed Troupial (Icterus croconotus). Deposited.
2 Rose-ringed Parrakeets (Paleornis docilis),2 9. Deposited.
. 1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by
Randolph Berens, Esq., ¥.Z.8.
. 1 Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea), §. Purchased.
1 Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Presented by H.
Strachan, Esq., F.L.S.
1 Bell’s Cinixys (Cimivys belliana). Presented by H. Strachan,
Esq., F.L.S.
1 Schmidt's Monkey (Cercopithecus schmidti), 9. Purchased.
1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by W. R.
Bryden, Esq.
6 Florida Tortoises (Testudo polyphemus). Deposited.
4 Elegant Snakes (Z'ropidonotus ordinatus infernalis). Deposited.
4 Couch’s Snakes (Tropidonotus ordinatus couchi). Deposited.
1 Vivacious Snake (Zarbophis fallax). Presented by W.H.
St. Quintin, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 9. Presented by
Mrs. Woods.
. 1 Plantain-Squirrel (Setwrus plantani). Presented by Mrs. A
Jeffery.
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Zrichosurus vulpecula). Presented by
Mrs. A. Jeffery.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), §. Presented by
Mrs. Sassoon.
1 Bristly Ground-Squirrel (Xerus setosus). Purchased.
1 Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsittacus spiat). Deposited.
1 Large Grieved Tortoise (Podocnemis expansa). Deposited.
Sept. 29. 1 Brazilian Tapir (Tapirus americanus), 2.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGBRIE. 1021
2 Snowy Herets (Ardea candidissima). |
6 Ring-necked Lizards (Tropidurus torqua-
tus). Presented by
3 Surinam Lizards (Ameiva surinamensis). (> Capt. Albert
2 Tuberculated Iguanas (Iguana tuberculata). Pam, F.ZS.
1 Lacertine Crocodilurus ( Crocodilurus lacer-
tinus).
6 Giant Toads (Bufo marinus). J
Oct. 1. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Deposited.
10.
1s
12.
1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas). Presented by J. E.
Matcham, Hsq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by Mrs. E. Putz.
2 Pucheran’s Guinea-fowls (Guttera pucherani). Deposited.
2 Common Rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus). From Lake Kerr,
Marion County, Florida. Received in Exchange.
2 Water-Vipers (Ancistrodon piscivorus). 7}
2 Copper-head Vipers (Ancistrodon contortriz).
1 Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon platyrhinos, vay.
niger). ,
1 Mocassin Snake (Tropidonotus fasciatus ery-
throgaster).
1 Mocassin Snake (Tropidonotus fasciatus).
| Received in
Exchange.
J
. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (T7richosurus vulpecula). Presented by
Miss Bartlett.
1 Blue-faced Amazon (Chrysotis versicolor). Presented by
Miss M. Moon.
. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandu). Presented by Lieut.
Sullivan.
2 Greek Tortoises (Testudo greca). Presented by Sister Heather
Grey.
yi:
. 1 Two-spotted Paradoxure (Nandinia binotata). Presented by
R. G. Pointer, Esq.
1 Large Grieved Tortoise (Podocnemis expansa). Deposited.
. 1 Algerian Tortoise (Testudo mauritanica). Deposited.
. 1 Broad-nosed Lemur (Hapalemur simus). Deposited.
1 Llliger’s Macaw (Ara maracana). Deposited.
6 Starred Tortoises (Testudo elegans). Deposited.
1 Electric Eel (Gymnotus electricus). Deposited.
1 Common Water-Buck (Cobus ellipsiprymnus), 2. Deposited.
1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus). Presented by Mrs. W. L.
Gower.
1 Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris). Presented by W. C.
Tait, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Dusky Sloth (Bradypus infuscatus). Deposited.
2 Salvin’s Amazons ( Chrysotis salvini). Deposited.
4 Wrinkled Terrapins (Clemmys scripla rugosa). Deposited.
1 Annulated Terrapin (Nicoria annulata). Deposited.
1 Brazilian Tortoise ( Testudo tabulata): Deposited.
2 Yellow-whiskered Lemurs (Lemur xanthomystax), 3 Q.
Presented by J. B. Joel, Esq.
1 Alligator (Alhgator mussissippiensis). Presented by Mrs.
Bazalgette.
1 Violaceous Night-Heron (Nycticorax violaceus), Purchased.
. 4 Indian Fruit-Bats (Pteropus medius). Deposited.
1 Porose Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus). Presented by Miss
Gwendoline Waite.
1022
APPENDIX.
Oct. 15. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Deposited.
16.
i;
18.
19.
20.
22.
23.
265.
1 Missel-Thrush (Zurdus viscivorus). Purchased.
1 Hagenbeck’s Mangabey (Cercocebus hagenbecki), g. From
Congoland. Deposited.
1 Grey-cheeked Mangabey (Cercocebus albigena),3. Deposited.
1 Skort-tailed Wallaby (Macropus brachyurus), 2. Deposited.
1 Oldham’s Terrapin (Cyclemys dhor). Deposited.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Q. Presented by
G. H. Jalland, Esq.
17 Speckled Terrapins (Clemmys yuttata). Deposited.
3 Painted Terrapins (Chrysemys picta). Deposited.
10 Alligator Terrapins (Chelydra serpentina). Deposited.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 9. Presented by Mr. A.
J. Smith.
1 Sooty Mangabey (Cercocchus fuliginosus), 9. Deposited.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), §. Presented by
Mr. C. T. Reaney.
1 Elephantine Tortoise (Testudo elephantina). Deposited.
1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas). Presented by Mrs.
Creighton Hall.
1 Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). Deposited.
1 Black-neaded Lemur (Lemur brunneus). Deposited.
2 One-wattled Cassowaries (Casuarius uniappendiculatus). De-
posited.
1 Blue-necked Cassowary (Casuarius intensus). Deposited.
2 Coach-whip Birds (Psophodes crepitans). Deposited.
2 Simony’s Lizards (Lacerta simonyi). Deposited.
2 Muscat Gazelles (Gazella mascatensis). Presented by Capt.
P. Z. Cox, F.ZS.
1 Indian Desert-Fox (Canis leucopus). Presented by Capt. P.
Z. Cox, F.Z.S.
4 Brown’s Parrakeets (Platycercus brown). Deposited.
1 Black-faced Kangaroo (Macropus melanops), 3. Deposited.
1 Caffre Bustard (Zupodotis caffra). From Port Elizabeth.
Presented by J. E. Matcham, Esq.,C.M.Z.S. See P. ZS.
1900, p. 772.
1 Westerman’s Eclectus (Eclectus westermant), 2. Deposited.
6 Finches (Spermestes, sp. inc.). Deposited.
2 Simony’s Lizards (Lacerta simonyr). Deposited.
1 Carolina Anolis (Anolis carolinensis), Deposited.
2 Leopardine Snakes (Coluber leopardinus). Deposited.
2 Vivacious Snakes ( Tarbophis fallav). Deposited.
1 Aisculapian Snake (Coluber longissimus). Deposited.
1 Four-lined Snake (Coluber quatuorlineatus). Deposited.
1 Lacertine Snake (Celopeltis monspessulana). Deposited.
1 Mocassin Snake ( Tropidonotus fasciatus). Deposited.
6 Gold Pheasants (Thaumalea picta),2 ¢,4 2. Presented by
H. G. Hobbs, Esq.
1 Hybrid Gold Pheasant (bred between Thaumalea picta and
LT. amherstig), g. Presented by H. G. Hobbs, Esq.
1 Raven (Corvus corar). Presented by T. Sykes, Esq.
. 1 Persian Gazelle (Gazeila subgutturosa), 2. Presented by B.
T. Ftinch, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Spotted Eagle-Owls (Bubo maculosa). Deposited.
1 Spotted Slow-Skink (Acontias meleagris). Presented by W.
L, Sclater, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Lady
Mackenzie.
Nov. 1.
Le)
“I SD Or co
00
10.
ADDITIONS 10 THE MENAGERIE. 1023
2 Hog-Deer (Cervus porcinus), 2 $. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Severe Macaws (dra severa). Deposited.
. 1 Carrion-Crow (Corvus corone). Presented by Mr. 8. T. Hen-
derson.
1 Bearded Tit (Panurus biarmicus), §. Presented by A. R.
Gillman, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Black-cheeked Falcon (Falco melanogenys). Purchased.
. 2 Dwarf Turtle-Doves (Turtur humilis). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis), Presented by Dr. Dyer.
. 2 Patas Monkeys (Cercopithecus patas), § 2. Purchased.
1 Bush-Dog (Ieticyon venaticus), Purchased.
1 Osprey (Pandion haliaétus). Presented by Capt. T. Yendell.
. 1 Tayra (Galictis barbara). Purchased.
1 Bouquet’s Amazon (Chrysotis bouqueti). Purchased. See
P. Z. S. 1900, p. 772.
1 Bosman’s Potto (Perodicticus potto). Purchased.
2 Ruddy Sheldrakes (Tadorna casarca), ¢ 2. Purchased.
3 Wattled Honey-eaters (Anthochera carunculata). Deposited.
. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), 3. Deposited.
1 Syrian Bear (Ursus syriacus). Presented by R. de Rustaf-
jaell, Esq.
1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). From Canada. Pre-
sented by T. H. Small, Esq.
. 2 Knots (Tringa canutus). Purchased.
. 8 Mocassin Snakes (Tropidonotus fasciatus). Born in the
Menagerie.
. 2 Grey Squirrels (black varieties) (Sczwrus cinereus). Purchased,
. 1 Grey-cheeked Mangabey (Cercocebus albigena). Deposited,
1 Festive Amazon (Chrysotis festiva). Deposited.
. 1 Lion (Felis leo), 2. Presented by Major T. Souter.
2 Ostriches (Struthio camelus massaicus), ¢ 2. From the Tana
Province, E. Africa. Presented by A. Marsden, Esq.
1 Nilotic Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus). Presented by A.
Marsden, Esq.
1 Bosch-bok ( Tragelaphus sylvaticus), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus), 9. Deposited,
3 Tenrecs (Centetes ecaudatus). Deposited.
1 Tenrec (Hemicentetes, sp. inc.). Deposited.
1 Hawk-headed Parrot (Deroptyus accipitrinus). Deposited.
. L Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus), $. Presented by
Major M*Micking.
1 Yellowish Capuchin (Cebus flavescens). Deposited.
1 Moustache Tamarin (Midas mystar). Deposited.
2 Tui Parrakeets (Brotogerys tut). Deposited.
1 Egyptian Jerboa (Dipus egyptius). Presented by Mrs. R.
Gurney.
1 Leopardine Snake (Coluber leopardinus). Presented by W.
J. Wintle, Esq., F.Z.S.
1] Tessellated Snake (Tropidonotus tessellatus). Presented by
W. J. Wintle, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Barn-Owl (Strix flammea). Presented by Lady Hutt.
2, 2 Brown Hyzenas (Hyena brunnea), 6 9. Purchased.
| Indian Cobra (Nata tripudians). Purchased.
2 Black Kites (Milvus migrans). Presented by Campbell B.
Hausburg, Esq.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), d. Presented by D,
Nagle, Esq.
1024
Nov. 18.
14.
23.
27.
50.
APPENDIX.
1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus), 9. Presented by Thos. Pink,
Esq.
1 Gineeor Squirrel (Seiwrus vulgaris). Presented by Mr. C.
W. Labarte.
2 Auriculated Doves (Zenaeda auriculata). Presented by Mrs.
Aston.
1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), Presented by W. B. Spiers, Esq.
1 Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). Deposited.
2 Vernal Hanging-Parrakeets (Loriculus vernalis). Deposited.
1 Malabar Mynah (Poliopsar malabaricus). Deposited.
1 Grey Monitor (Varanus griseus). Deposited.
3 Giant Toads (Bufo marinus). Deposited.
1 Robin (Erithacus rubecula). Presented by Canon Wilber-
force.
. 1 Common Wolf (white var.) (Canis lupus), 3. Deposited.
2 Rosy Parrakeets (Paleornis rosa), ¢ 2. Deposited.
. 1 Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by H.
L. Brackenbury, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 1Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by
Mr. Small.
. 1 African Civet Cat (Viverra civetta). Presented by R. H.
Brady, Esq.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), 2. Presented by Mrs. H.
Lazarus.
1 Ocellated Monitor (Varanus ocellatus). Deposited.
2, 1 Common Roe (albino) (Capreolus caprea), g. Deposited.
1 One-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius uniappendiculatus). De-
posited.
1 Axis Deer (Cervus aris), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
4 Black-backed Jackals (Canis mesomelas), Presented by J. E.
Matcham, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Puffin (Fratercula arctica). Presented by E. T. Norris,
sq.
cf ati neratinnnd Parrakeet (Platycercus flaveolus). Deposited.
2 Black-bellied Weaver-birds (Euplectes afer). . Deposited.
1 Hybrid Canary and Greenfinch. Deposited.
1 Hybrid Canary and Singing-Finch. Deposited.
5 Blue Lizards (Gerrhonotus ceruleus). Deposited.
5 Undulated Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus). Deposited.
24, 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Presented by H. A.
Loop, Esq.
1 Egyptian Jerboa (Dipus @gyptius), Presented by K. Ric-
cardo, Esq.
4 Ashy-crowned Finch-Larks (Pyrrhulauda |
grisea), 3 b,1 9.
2 Singing Bush-Larks (Mirafra cantillans). Presented
2 Slaty-headed Parrakeets (Palgornis schisticeps). | by E. W.
1 Burmese Slaty-headed Parrakeet (Paleornis ( Harper,
Jinschi), 3. Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Golden-eyed Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga con-
cinta).
2 Chestnut-bellied Finches (Munia rubro-nigra). Deposited.
1 Salvin’s Amazon (CArysotis salvint). Deposited.
!
21 Climbing Anabas (Anabas scandens). Deposited.
1 Striated Snake-head (Ophiocephalus striatus), Deposited.
1 Doguera Baboon (Cynocephalus doguera), ¢. Deposited.
3 Alligator Terrapins (Chelydra serpentina). Deposited.
2 Sculptured Terrapins (Clemmys insculpta). Deposited.
Noy. 30.
Dec.
10.
Li
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1025
1 King Snake (Coronella gehila, var. boylii). Deposited.
1 King Snake (Coronella gehila, var. californie). Deposited.
1 Three-striped Boa (Lichanura trivirgata). Deposited.
3 Blue Lizards (Gerrhonotus eeruleus). Deposited.
. 1 Suricate (Suricata tetradactyla). Presented by Capt. J. C.
Brinton.
1 Raven (Corvus corar). Presented by J. C. Brush, Esq.
6 American Box-Tortoises (Cistudo carolina). Deposited.
2 European Pond-Tortoises (Hmys oricularis). Deposited.
1 Muhlenberg’s Terrapin (Clemmys muhlenbergr). Deposited.
. 1 Black Rat (Mus rattus). Presented by E. Wormald, Esq.,
E.Z.5.
. 2 Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus), § 2. Purchased.
1 Moose (Alces machlis), $. Purchased.
1 Ashy-black Macaque (Macacus ocreatus). Deposited.
1 Rufous-necked Wallaby (Macropus rujicollis). Deposited.
1 Plain-coloured Amazon (Chrysotis mornata). Deposited.
1 Blackbird (pied var.) (Turdus merula), §. Deposited.
6 Yellow-legged Frogs (Rappia horstockii). Presented by W.
L. Sclater, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 2 Ashy-black Macaques (Macacus ocreatus), § 2. Deposited.
1 Golden-headed Marmoset (Midas chrysomelas), 3. Depo-
sited,
1 Red-footed Lemur (Lemur rufipes). Deposited.
1 Mongolian Pheasant (Phascanus mongolicus), 9. Deposited.
2 Delalande’s Lizards (Nweras delalandu). |
32 Spotted Slow-Skinks (Acontias meleagris). |
2 Puff-Adders (Brtzs arietans).
1 Yellow Cobra (Nava flava). |
3 Rough-keeled Snakes (Dasypeltis seabra).
5 Rhomb-marked Snakes (Zrimerorhinus |
rhombeatus). r
3 Smooth-bellied Snakes (Homalosoma
lutrix). |
3 Crossed Snakes (Psammophis erucifer). |
1 Lineated Snake (Boodon lineatus).
2 Coppery Snakes (Prosymna sundevalli).
1 Oldham’s Snake (Chlorophis hoplogaster). _)
Presented by
J. E. Matcham,
Esq., C.M.Z.S.
. 4 Westermann’s Eclectus (Zclectus westermanni), 25,29.
Deposited.
1 Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus troglodytes), 9. Presented by
Capt. W. G. Ambrose.
1 Mozambique Monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus). Presented
by W. J. Langton, Esq.
1 Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus gambensis). Presented by
Lady Cardew.
1 Blue-bonnet Parrakeet (Psephotus hematorhous). Deposited.
3 Caspian Terrapins (Clemmys caspica). Deposited. .
1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey ( Cercopithecus petaurista). Pre-
sented by Mrs, L, Harold.
1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), Deposited.
2 Mediterranean Peregrine Falcons (Falco punicus). Presented
by W. T. Barneby, Esq., F.Z.5.
1 Heron (Ardea cinerea). Presented by W. T. Barneby, Esq.,
F.Z.8.
. 1 Suricate (Suricata tetradactyla). Presented by Capt. F. FE.
Cannot, A.S.C,
Le
18.
19,
24,
26.
27.
31.
APPENDIX,
1 Eupatorian Parrakeet (Paleornis eupatria), ¢. Deposited.
. 1 Stairs’s Monkey (Cercopithecus stairsi), 9. Presented by Miss
J.C. S. Purves.
2 Black-tailed Parrakeets (Polytelis melanura), g 2. Pur-
chased.
1 Smaller Patagonian Conure (Cyanolyseus patagonus). Depo-
sited,
. 1 Duke of Bedford’s Deer (Cervus xanthopygius), 2. Presented
by H.G. the Duke of Bedford, F.Z.S.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by
Miss M. A. Reeve.
] Cuvier’s Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri), ¢. From Morocco, Pre-
sented by W. T. Barneby, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Maximilian’s Parrot (Pionus maximiliant). Deposited.
1 Ural Owl (Syrnium uralense). Deposited.
1 Passerine Owl (Glaucidium passerinum). Deposited.
1 Muhlenberg’s Terrapin (Clemmys muhlenbergi). Deposited.
1 European Pond-Tortoise (Emys orbicularis). Deposited.
3 Wrinkled Terrapins (Chrysemys scripta rugosa). Deposited.
1 South-Albemarle Tortoise (7estudo vicina). Deposited.
1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Deposited.
5 Chestnut-bellied Finches (Munia rubro-nigra). Deposited.
6 Bungoma River-Turtles (Lmyda granosa). Deposited.
1 Roofed Terrapin (Kachuga tectum). Deposited.
1 Golden Eagle (Aguila chrysaétus). Presented by H.E. Bury,
Esq.
2 aed Cassowaries (Casuarius galeatus). Deposited.
2 Adelaide Parrakeets (Platycercus adelaide). Deposited.
1 Rose-Hill Parrakeet (Platycercus eximius). Presented by
Mrs. Stoughton.
. 4 Plumed Ground-Doves (Geophaps plumifera). Deposited.
1 Leopard Tortoise (T¢estudo pardalis). Deposited.
. 3 Ring-tailed Coatis (Nasua rufa). Deposited.
2 Lettered Aracaris (Pteroglossus inscriptus). Deposited.
1 Leopard Tortoise ( Testudo pardalis). Depouind.
1 Burmese Tortoise (Testudo elongata). Deposited.
2 Bar-tailed Pheasants (Phasianus reevesi), § 9. Purchased.
3 Bengal Monitors ( Varanus bengalensis). Deposited.
1 Conical Eryx (Eryx conicus). Deposited.
1 Indian Eryx (Eryx johni). Deposited.
12 European Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Purchased.
1 Derbian Zonure (Zonurus giganteus). Presented by Major J.
W. Jerome.
1 Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), 2. Presented
by W. R. Fowler, Esq.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), g. Presented by
Lieut.-Col. G. M. Prichard, LS.C.
3 Viscachas (Lagostomus trichodactylus). Deposited.
1 Blue-crowned Hanging-Parrakeet (Loriculus galgulus). De-
osited.
4 Bare Tortoises ( Testudo elegans). Deposited.
10 Small-scaled Mastigures (Uromastix microlepis). Deposited.
7 Verreaux’s Guinea-fowls (Guttera edouardi). Presented by
J. F. Walker, Esq.
2 Crested Pigeons (Oceyphaps lophotes). Presented by W. L.
Prentice, Esq.
Acanthosoma
affinis, 817, 825.
borealis, 818, 823.
cruciata, 818, 823.
lateralis, 817,
823.
luteicornis, 823.
picicolor, 817, 823.
variolosa, 818, 820.
Accipiter
’ affinis, 490.
nisus, 490.
virgatus, 490.
Aceratodes
costalis, 816.
Sulvipes, 816.
Acheenops
puncticollis, 219,
Achzus
breviceps, 721.
lacertosus, 721.
lorina, 721.
Achelous
granulatus, 578.
rubro-marginatus, 746,
770.
whitei, 746.
Acherontia
atropus, 182.
Acolastus
amyntas, 202.
Acomys
dimidiatus, 103.
Acrea
acrita,
923
alicia, 922.
cecilia, var. stenobea,
923.
caldarena, 923.
doubledayi, 1.
encedon, 922.
—, var. daira, 922.
—, var. lycia, 922.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j
|
INDEX.
Acrzxa
insignis, var. balbina,
ligus, 925.
mirabilis, 11, 63.
neobule, 11, 923.
pudoria, 923.
quirina, 923,
serena, 11.
stenobea, 928.
Acridium
ruficorne, 40.
succinctum, 40, 855.
Acridotheres
cristatellus, 463.
philippensis, 463.
tristis, 832.
| Acrotylus
longipes, 40.
| Actzea
affinis, 570, 583, 754.
areolata, 733.
Ffossulata, 570, 584.
granulata, 732.
hirtissima, 570, 583.
nodulosa, 116, 733.
pulchella, 734.
Actias
selene, 181.
Actinometra
multiradiata, 729, 730.
Actinopyga
miliaris, 117."
Actitis
hypoleucus, 497.
| Actuarius, gen. noy.,
814
|
|
rufopunctata, 570, 584,
733
rugata, 739.
riippellit, 733.
speciosa, 570, 584.
tomentosa, 570, 588,
754
var. pudorina, | Actseodes
affinis, 583, 734.
richtersit, 583.
speciosa, 584.
tomentosus, 116, 754.
Actzopsis, gen. nov., 741.
pallida, 741, 770.
Actias
luna, 181,
mimose@, 181.
Proc. Zoon. Soco.—1900, No. LX VII.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
albonotatus, 815, 825.
Actumnus
setifer, 570, 580, 742.
tomentosus, 742.
Addax, 161.
Adelochelys
crassa, 661.
| Adolias
eleanor, 506.
Aigialitis
alexandrina, 495.
dealbatus, 495.
dubia, 495.
geoffroyt, 495.
intermedius, 495.
mongolicus, 495.
Aigle
granulosus, 732.
rugata, 733.
rippellit, 733.
fBlia
assimilis, 817, 823.
atricornis, 818.
conspicua, 821,
crucifera, 823,
depressa, 823.
erosa, 821.
gambiensis, 825.
infuscata, 823.
melanoleuca, 821.
nasalis, 821.
sanguinea, 823.
sparsa, 817, 821,
varicornis, 821,
67
1028
Eluropus
melanoleucus,
681.
JElurus
fulgens, 665.
/®theria
sp. ine., 971.
lamarckii, 971.
ASthopyga
pee irks 468.
/Btius, gen. nov., 813.
variegatus, 814, 825.
Agama
colonorum, +48.
Agaricia, 127.
Agonoscelis
nubila, 823.
rufescens, 811.
venosa, 823, 824.
versicolor, 823.
Agonosoma
bicolor, 822.
trilineata, 822.
Agraulis
vanille, 198.
Agrypnus
Fumie 26.
longicornis, 26, 63.
Alauda
calivoxr, 466.
guigula, 466.
—, var. sala, 466.
sala, 466.
wattersi, 466.
Alcedo
bengalensis, 487.
euryzona, 460.
grandis, 487.
ispida, 487.
679,
Alces
machlis, 686.
Alcippe
morrisoniand, 477.
Alemo
seychellensis, 133.
Alestes
dentex, 512.
leuciscus, 513.
sethente, 512.
Alia
atricornis, 824.
Allorchestes
gracilis, 788.
Alceides
taikosama, 924.
Alopochen
egyptiacus, 597.
Alphitopola
peelt, 32.
Alseonax
latirostris, 479.
INDEX.
Alsocomus
puniceus, 501.
Amarygmus
sp., 30.
Amauris
albimaculata, 913.
Amblycephalus
nuchalis, 185, 187.
Amblyospiza
unicolor, 603.
Amblypodia
hainana, 508.
Amiantus
sp., 28.
sexcostatus, 28.
Amphitrite
speciosa, 578.
Ampullaria
werner, 970.
Amyna
octo, 18.
selenampha, 18.
| Amyntas, 612.
acinctus, 650.
acrophilus, 636.
elianus, 626.
eruginosus, 629.
agrestis, 637.
alexandri, 891, 999,
1001, 1002.
annulatus, 634.
aringeanus, 899, 901.
aspergillum, 631, 900.
batjanensis, 630.
bermudensis, 645.
bicinctus, 651.
bindjeyensis, 616.
biporus, 892, 908.
birmanicus, 637.
biserialis, 638, 891.
|
bossche, 625, 892, YO+.
bournei, 635.
brevis, 636.
burchardi, 627.
caducichetus, 618.
cecilia, 630.
californicus, 627.
capensis, 617, 618.
carinensis, 625.
castaneus, 626.
celebensis, 642.
cingulatus, 615, 892.
corticis, 651.
culminis, 649.
darnleiensis, 624.
densipapillatus, 621.
dicystis, 651.
diffringens, 651,
divergens, 625.
dyert, 610, 623.
elongatus, 650.
|
Amyntas
enganensis, 623.
esafate, 632.
evanse, 891, 907, 908.
fee, 643.
Sferdinandi, 617.
Jissiger, 630.
flavescens, 628.
Sorbesi, 611, 648.
galelensis, 630.
gamsungi, 630.
glandularis, 634.
glandulosus, 643.
godeffroyi, 647.
gracilis, 651.
halmahere, 610, 630.
hasselti, 638.
hawayanus, 610, 645.
hesperidum, 633.
heterochetus, 611, 622,
1000, 1001, 1002.
hevatheca, 621.
hilgendorfi, 633, 904.
houlleti, 613, 902.
hupeiensis, 646.
ijime, 611, 636.
imparicystis, 630.
impudens, 611, 616,
895.
iris, 610, 611, 647.
izukai, 625.
jampeanus, 630.
Japonicus, 634.
javanicus, 651.
juliani, 651.
Juloides, 628.
kalaenensis, 626.
kauensis, 630.
kelantanensis, 897, 902,
903.
levis, 684.
lohri, 633.
lompobatagensis, 649,
lorie, 641. ?
malayanus, 893, 894,"
895.
margaritaceus, 647.
martensi, 624.
masatake, 632.
mazarredi, 644,
megascolidioides, 622.
merabahensis, 610, 617.
minahasse, 626.
minimus, 649.
minutus, 891, 906.
montanus, 619.
musicus, 611, 629.
nanus, 689.
neo-guinensis, 610, 642.
nove britannie, 652.
novare, 619.
Amyntas
ocellatus, 627.
pacificus, 642.
padasensis, 611, 624.
—., var. lokonensis, 615.
papua, 644,
papulosus, 644, 892.
parvus, 650.
pataniensis, 637.
peguanus, 628.
pentacystis, 614.
peregrinus, 644.
pericheta, 896, 897.
phacellotheca, 640, 891.
philippinus, 616, 895.
pictus, 623.
polytheca, 891, 897,
898, 899.
posthumus, 611, 641,
892, 899, 910, 911.
proporus, 635.
pulauensis, 892, 904,
905.
pulcher, 619.
purpureus, 630.
purus, 617.
pusillus, 649.
quadragenarius, 649.
quadripapillatus, 616.
gueenslandicus, 643,
racemosus, 621,
ringeanus, 627.
robustus, 648.
rodericensis, 651.
sadrasinorwm, 682.
schmarde, 619.
sedqwickit, 647.
semifasciatus, 629.
sieboldi, 635.
sluiteri, 630.
solomonis, 641.
stelleri, 610, 639, 891,
899, 900, 902, 907.
subquadranqula, 651.
subulatus, 641.
supuensis, 638,
taitensis, 650,
taprobane, 610, 648,
891, 895.
tobaensis, 627.
tokioensis, 639.
travancorensis, 614,
891.
tricystis, 651.
trinitatis, 624, 1000, |
1001, 1002.
udei, 628.
upoluensis, 630.
urceolatus, 619.
violaceus, 610, 641.
virgo, 892, 895, 896.
INDEX.
_ Amyntas
vittutus, 635.
vordermanm, 624.
zebra, 637.
| Anza
echemus, 199.
| Anartia
iatrophe, 199.
Anas
crecca, 492.
penelope, 492.
sparsa, 597.
Anastomus
lamelligerus, 962.
Ancistroteuthis
robusta, 992-998.
Ancorina
simplex, 131.
Ancylochilus
subarquatus, 498,
Andropadus
oleaginus, 2.
Aniculus
typicus, 116.
Anisota
rubicunda, 181.
Anomala
sp., 24.
transvalensis, 24.
Anoplodipsas
viridis, 454.
Anoplostetha
Jardinei, 38.
pauli, 33.
Anoplotherium, 712.
Antestia
cruciata, 814, 818,
825.
variegata, 823.
Anthenea
flavescens, 289, 295.
Antherza
mylitta, 181.
pernyt, 181.
Anthia
Jferox, 21.
Anthocharis
antevippe, 93+.
Anthothreptes
longuemarii, 2.
| Anthropoides
leucuuchen, 304.
virgo, 964.
Anthus
cervinus, 468.
maculatus, 467.
richardi, 467, 468.
rosaceus, 468.
rufulus, 2.
Antigonus
synestalmenus, 940.
, Antileuchus
piceus, 808.
Antilocapra, 702.
americana, 686.
Antilope, 701, 704, 705,
707, 712.
sumatrensis, 882.
Aonyx
leptonyx, 334.
_ Apate
terebrans, 27.
_ Aphena
atomaria, 867.
Aphnzeus
zebrinus, 508.
Aphrissa
statira, 200.
| Aphrodita
aculeata, 976.
squamosa, 974, 983.
| Aphthona
bicolor, 246.
bohemani, 246.
durbanensis, 246.
marginata, 246.
minuta, 247.
ovatipennis, 245.
pallida, 247.
_ Apis
ligustica, 47.
Aplosterna, 818.
virescens, 819,
| Appias
galba, 508.
hippo, 508,
Apsetta
thompsoni,986,987 ,992.
| Apus
pacificus, 486.
subfurcatus, 486.
Ara
ambigua, 304.
glauca, 304.
hyacinthina, 304.
leari, 304.
spiai, 304.
Arachnechthra
rhizophore, 468.
Arachnoides
placenta, 274, 285.
Araneus
hoplophallus, 52.
nauticus, 52.
Arbela
quadrinotata, 21.
Arboricola
ardens, 503,
Arca
imbricata, 118.
Areania
erinaceus, 766.
Cf as
1030
Archaster
typicus, 289.
Archispirostreptus
sp. ine., 972.
Arctictis
binturong, 330.
Arctogale
leucotis, 380.
Arctotherium
sp., 75, 79.
bonaerense, 75.
Ardea
cinerea, 493.
cocoi, 304.
garzetta, 495.
goliath, 304, 964.
méelanocephala, 597.
purpurea, 3, 964.
sumatrana, 304.
Ardeola
bacchus, 494.
prasinosceles, 494.
Ardetta
flavicollis, 494.
sinensis, 494.
Arenaria
interpres, 494.
Argas
savignyt, 49.
Argiolaus
crawshayt, 926, 946.
Talos, 926.
silas, 926.
trimeni, 926,
Argynnis
hanningtoni, 913,920,
Arius
latiscutatus, 514.
Armadillidium
pacificum, 795, 799.
Arocera
acroleuca, 828.
Artamus
Fuscus, 470.
sordidus, 305.
superciliosus, 305.
Arthroleptis
africanus, 441.
hivittatus, 441.
dispar, 441.
gabonensis, 441.
inguinalis, 442, 456.
macrodactylus, 441.
variabilis, 441.
Arvelius
albopunctatus, 823.
Arvicanthis
abyssinicus, 81, 179,
8035.
dombeensis, 81.
variegatus, 103.
INDEX.
Arvicola
nivalis, 301.
| Asbecesta
ornata, 255, 266.
ornaticollis, 255.
Ascanius
hirtipes, 822.
Asellus
aquaticus, 268, 269, 270.
Asio
accipitrinus, 489.
Asopus
Sfuscosus, 816.
Aspidelaps
bocagit, 455.
Aspongopus
alternans, 823.
cuprifer, 819.
Suscus, 819.
Janus, 823.
nepalensis, 819.
nigriventris, 819.
nubiius, 819.
ochreus, 819.
sanguinolentus, 819.
siccifolius, 820.
vicinus, 823.
| Asterina
sp., 289.
| Asteriscus
rosaceus, 297.
Asthenosoma
grubei, 278, 279.
heteractis, 274,
279, 299.
ijimai, 278.
urens, 278, 279.
varium, 278, 279.
Astictopterus
olivascens, 511.
Astrogonium
longimanum, 295.
Astropecten
andersoni, 288, 291.
aurantiacus, 292.
brevispinus, 292.
Jjavanicus, 288,
291,
—, var. malaccanus,
289, 291.
pleiacanthus, 289, 292,
299.
polyacanthus, 292,
zebra, 292.
Astur
hadius, 490.
poliopsis, 490.
polyzonoides, 3.
trivirgatus, 489.
Asturinula
monogrammica, 3.
278,
289,
Atelecyclus
spinosulus, 519.
Atella
phalantha, 920.
sinha, 507.
Atelocerus
centro-lineatus, 820.
cervicornis, 817, 820.
Ffurcatus, 820.
rugosus, 809, 820.
sticticus, 819.
varicornis, 820.
variegatus, 814, 820.
| Atergatis
floridus, 569, 570, 585,
730
integerrimus, 730.
levigatus, 731.
marginatus, 730.
nitidus, 731.
roseus, 730, 731.
— alba, 731.
— scrobiculata, 731.
scrobiculatus, 731.
Athene
ferruginea, 305.
glaux, 305,
Atheris
chlorechis, 456.
squamiger, 456.
Atherura
JSasciculata, 364.
macrura, 364,
882.
Atractaspis
boulengeri, 456.
corpulenta, 456.
Attacus
atlas, 181.
cynthia, 181.
Auchenoglanis
biscutatus, 514.
Audinetia
spinidens, 816, 824.
Augocoris
gigas, 822.
gomesi, 822.
Aulacodus
semipalmatus, 803.
swindernianus, 301.
Aulacophora
conifera, 265.
divisa, 265.
mutica, 265.
Avicenna, gen. noyv.,
815.
inquinata, 815, 825.
Axis
maculata, 373.
| Azanus
|
jesous, 13.
Azanus
moriqua, 929.
thebana, 13.
Bagrus
doemac, 969.
Baleniceps
rex, 963.
Balanus
tintinnabulum, var.
occeator, 796, 799.
Balearica
pavonina, 964.
Baoris
philippina, 945.
Basicryptus
irroratus, 817, 825.
rugicollis, 824.
Bassaricyon
alleni, 661-675.
gabbi, 662, 672.
Bassariscus
astutus, 667.
Belenois
abyssinica, 15.
gidica, 15.
infida, 937.
mesentina, 17, 937.
peeli, 15, 63.
severinad, var. ifida,
937.
zochalia, 913, 986,
937.
Benhamia
beddardi, 659.
budgetti, 653, 654, 656,
658, 659.
cecifera, 167-173.
liberiensis, 170.
octonephra, 657.
stampflii, 171.
Bettongia
penicillata, 779, 786,
788.
Biloculina
ringens, 141.
Bitis
gabonica, 455.
nasicornis, 459.
Blatta
orientalis, 36.
Blepharida —
reqularis, 252.
Bolivina
limbata, 141.
Boodon
lineatus, 452.
olivaceus, 452.
virgatus, 452.
Bootherium, 699.
bombifrons, 700.
INDEX,
Bootherium
cavifrons, 700.
Bos, 144-167.
americanus, 680.
arni, 303.
bonasus, 680.
bubalis, 608, 701, 704, |
706, 708.
bubalus, 370.
caffer, 680.
— equinoctialis, 953.
depressicornis, 679, 686.
frontalis, 303, 661, 679.
gaurus, 303, 369, 661.
gour, 369.
grunniens, 159, 680.
indicus, 679, 686.
mindorensis, 680.
moschatus, 165.
sondaicus, 303, 3869,
679, 686.
taurus, 148, 679, 680,
701, 704, 708, 711.
Bostrychus
sp., 27.
Bothrophthalmus
lineatus, 452.
Boulengerina
annulata, 455, 456.
Bracon
sp., 46.
Bradyornis
murinus, 2.
Brady pterus
cinnamomeus, 607.
Bradypus
tridactylus, 69.
| Brissus
carinatus, 274, 286,
columbarius, 287.
scille, 287.
wnicolor, 287.
Brochymena
annulata, 828.
Brookia
baileyi, 661.
Bubalis, 164, 701.
sp., 83, 954.
buselaphus, 303.
caama, 303, 686.
jacksoni, 83, 954.
lelwel, 83, 803.
lichtensteini, 503.
neumann, 8.
swaynei, 83, 680,
tora, 680.
tragocamelus, 680.
Bubalus
arnec, 370.
moschatus, 165,
1031
Bubo
ascalaphus, 305. ey
mackinderi,_ 59 5 >
turcomanus, 305.
| Buchanga
assimilis, 956.
atra, 464.
cineracea, 465.
innexa, 465.
leucogenys, 464.
mouhoti, 465.
Budorcas, 165, 166, 167,
706, 708, 715, 716,
ils:
Budytes
cinereocapillus, 467.
taivanus, 467.
Bufo
asper, 883.
gracilipes, 436."
jerboa, 883, 889.
levissimus, 436.
latifrons, 435, 456.
melanostictus, 883, 888.
parvus, 888.
regularis, 435.
superciliaris, 436.
tuberosus, 435.
| Bungarus
fasciatus, 850.
Burnesia
sonitans, 471.
Burria, gen. noyv., 37.
JSarinosa, 38.
longixipha, 38, 63.
Butalis
cinereoalba, 479.
ferruginea, 479.
| Buteo
auguralis, 598.
hemilasius, 490.
japonicus, 490.
plumipes, 490.
| Buthus
acutecarinatus, 57, 58.
calviceps, 48, 54, 57, 63.
emini, 57, 58, 973.
occitanus, 55, 57.
— berberensis, 56, 57.
— zeylensis, 56, 57.
polystictus, 57, 58.
trilineatus, 57,
Byblia
acheloia, 922,
boydi, 922.
castanea, 922.
gaetzius, 922.
ilithyia, 12.
vulgaris, 922.
Bycanistes
cristatus, 60).
1032
Caccabis
chukar, 503.
Cacergate
leucosticta, 34.
Cacomantis
merulinus, 484.
Cacyreus
palemon, 928.
Caduga
swinhoei, 505.
Calabaria
reinhardti,
Calamoherpe
canturians, 471.
minuta, 471.
451.
Calappa
hepatica, 568, 569, 572,
573.
‘acridine 572.
Calcarina
hispida, 141.
Calcinus
elegans, 116.
tibicen, 116.
Calidris
arenaria, 498.
Calisto
perophile, 198.
Callidea
abdominalis, 822.
aurifera, 822.
bengalensis, 822
dispar, 822.
formosa, 822.
marginella, 820.
obtusa, 820.
pulchra, 822.
purpurata, 820.
purpurea, 820.
regia, 822.
roylii, 820.
taprobanensis, 822.
Callidryas
eubule, 200.
Calliphara
excellens, 822.
Callosune
vulnerata, 934.
Callula
pulchra, 857, 883, 888.
Calobates
boarula, 467.
Calophrynus
heterochirus, 186, 187.
Calosoma
rugosum, 21.
Calotes
versicolor, 858.
Calothyrza
margaritifera, 33.
paul, 33.
INDEX.
Calothyrza
sehestedi, 33.
Caltoris
bada, 511.
toona, 511.
Calysisme
mamerta, 505.
Camelus
bactrianus, 147, 686.
Campophaga
nigra, 2.
saturata, 478.
Camposcia
retusa, 569, 573, 721.
Campothera
abingdoni, 3.
hausburgi, 599.
teniolema, 599.
Camptolenes
abyssinica, 210.
pubifrons, 209.
Camptonyx
rotundifrons, 579.
Cancer
admete, 579.
@neus, 584.
anaglyptus, 588.
arachnoides, 723.
astutus, 769.
carnifer, 594.
ceratophthalmus,
Zor.
converus, S85.
craniolaris, 763.
cymodoce, 591.
dorsipes, 769.
epheliticus, 736.
erinaceus, 766.
facchino, 768.
floridus, 585, 730.
Sornicatus, 728.
‘fossulata, 584.
Ffrascone, 769.
glaherrimus, 591, 744.
globosus, 764.
granulatus, 732.°
grapsus, 592.
hastatus, 745. -
hepaticus, 572.
huonii, 735.
integerrimus, 730.
limbatus, 732.
litteratus, 756.
lunaris, 7638.
maculatus, 585.
melissa, 586.
muricatus, 722.
niger, 587, 737.
ocyroé, 730.
olivaceus, 748.
orbiculus, 525.
on
so
=
| Canis
Cancer iis
pelagicus, 745.
Aare, 584.
planatus, 524.
planissimus, 592.
plicatus, pases
prymna, 578
ep ast 756.
roseus, 730.
sanguinolentus, 745.
savignyt, 732.
serratus, 748.
strigosus, 755.
sty, 5T4.
tetragonon, 754.
vespertilio, 743.
(Acta) granulatus,
732,
(—) hirtissima, 583.
(Atergatis) floridus,
585, 730
(— ) integerrimus, 730.
so andreossyi,
(— ey ‘nelandactyia
( Pilerania) setifer, 580,
742.
Candezea
centromaculata,
266.
dahlmanni, 258.
livingstonit, 263.
mashonana, 263.
moliroensis, 262.
nigrosuturalis, 258.
nigrotibialis, 263.
oneili, 262.
sulcicollis, 261.
tenuicornis, 258.
variopennis, 262.
261,
sp., 953.
chanco, 301,
corsac, 301.
dalmaticus, 301.
familiaris, 333, 874.
hadramauticus, 101,
301.
Jvbatus, 77, 773.
latrans, 301.
lupaster, 101.
magellanicus, 77, 383.
occidentalis, 301.
ochropus, 301.
pallipes, 95, 101,
Cantao
ocellatus, 822.
Caphyra
rotundifrons, 569, 579,
580.
Capila
hainana, 510.
Capnoptera
sp. n., 854, 855.
staudingeri, 854.
Capra, 144-167.
egagrus, 303.
cylindricornis, 305.
hircus, 718.
tbex, 308.
pyrenaica. 686.
sibirica, 303.
— dauvergnei, 114.
— sacin, 115.
sinaitica, 104.
Capreolus, 144-167.
caprea, 686.
Caprimulgus
frenatus, 600.
indicus jotaka, 486,
jotaka, 486.
lentiginosus, 600.
trimaculatus, 600.
Caprocoris
nigricornis, 823.
Caprona
canopus, 913, 943.
Carbula
difficilis, 812.
fusca, 812.
indica, 812.
insocia, 812, 823.
melacantha, 812, 824.
obscura, 812.
(Pentatoma) obscura,
812.
Carcinoplax
integer, 750.
subinteger, 750, 770.
— hirsutior, 751.
Cardioglossa, gen. nov.,
445.
gracilis, 446.
Cardiosoma
carnifex, 570, 594.
guanhami, var. carni-
Sex, 594.
hirtipes, 570,
594,
obscura, 594.
Cariacus
inornatus, 302.
macrurus, 303.
mecicanus, 303.
savannarum, 303.
Cariama
cristata, 304.
Carpiliodes
margaritatus, 731.
monticulosus, 570,
585.
569,
INDEX,
' Carpiliodes
pulidus, 570, 586, 595, |
741.
rugatus, 732.
rugipes, 732.
socius, ‘731, 770.
tristis, 570, 585.
vailliantianus, 570,
585.
Carpilioxanthus
vailliantianus, 585.
Carpilius
convexcus, 570, 585.
maculatus, 570, 585.
marginatus, 730.
roseus, 730.
Carponycteris
minima, 341, 875.
Carpophaga
enea, 501.
griseicapilla, 501.
sylvatica, 501.
Carupa
leviuscula, 568, 578.
Casarca
rutila, 961.
Cassidina, 558.
emarginata, 559, 560,
561, 562.
latistylis, 559, 562.
maculata, 559, 561,
562.
neo-zealanica,
562.
599,
Castalius
elna, 508.
margaritaceus, 913,929.
_ Casuarius
uniappendiculatus, 306.
— aurantiacus, 306.
Catoblepas
gnu, 691.
Catochrysops
strabo, 508.
Catophaga
alhina, 509,
Catopsilia
agarithe, 201.
eubule, 200.
Alorella, 14, 935. *
pyranthe, 509.
pyrene, 935.
statira, 200.
Caulastriea, 125,
Cebrennus
ethiopius, 52.
Celznorrhinus
biseriatus, 942, 943,
galenus, 942.
1033
| Celenorrhinus
maculatus, 942, 943.
opalinus, 942, 948,
946.
Centetes
ecaudatus, 772.
_ Centropus
bengalensis, 485.
burchelli, 2.
rufipennis, 485.
senegalensis, 958.
sinensis, 485.
viridis, 485.
Cephalophus, 701, 704,
07, 713
abyssinicus, 83, 686.
campbelli, 303.
coronatus, 303.
dorie, 686.
dorsalis, 686.
— castaneus, 714.
grimmi, 686.
leucogastris, 686.
melanorheus, 714.
rufilatus, 303, 686.
sylvicultrix, 714.
Ceratites
jaspideus, 33.
Ceratomantis
saussurei, 852.
Ceratomia
amyntor, 182.
undulosa, 182.
| Ceratoplax
typa, 559, 560, 561, |
562.
levis, 751.
Cerchneis
tinnunculus,
959.
Cercocebus
agilis, 303.
albigena, 303.
Cercoleptes
brachyotis, 301.
caudivolvulus, 661-675.
Cercopithecus
albigularis, 179, 801,
912.
brazze, 801.
cynomolgus, 316.
neglectus, 801.
omensis, 801,
patas, 952.
ruber, 303.
sabeus, 952.
stuhimanni, 801.
zechi, 773.
Cerebratulus
coloratus, 826.
haddoni, 829, 830,
831.
lacteus, 826,
491,
1034
Cerebratulus
queenslandicus,
830, 831.
rohustus, 829.
spadix, 828.
torresianus, 826, 830,
831.
Cerivoula
picta, 347.
Cerocala
munda, 19, 63.
Ceroplesis
revoili, 33.
Cervicapra
arundinum, 429, 686.
827,
bohor, 83, 804, 805,955. |
chanleri, 805.
Julvorufula, 686.
thomasine, 429.
Cervulus
lachrymans, 686.
muntjac, 371, 685.
reevesi, 686.
Cervus, 77.
alfredi, 686.
axis, 373, 686.
cashmirianus, 686.
chilensis, 383.
dama, 147, 150, 685,
706.
duvauceli, 686.
elaphus, 147, 150, 156,
158, 159, 686.
eldi, 372.
equinus, 373.
eustephanus, 775.
hippelaphus, 373.
kuhli, 686.
luehdorfi, 773.
maral, var. songaricus,
775.
minor, 303.
porcinus, 374, 686,
883.
schomburgki, 303, 372.
tarandus, 680.
unicolor, 3872, 882.
Ceryle
guttata, 487.
lugubris, 487.
rudis, 2,487, 958.
varia, 487.
Cettia
canturiens, 471.
minuta, 471.
Ceyx
tridactyla, 487.
Cherocampa
elpenor, 856.
Chetocnema
subaterrima, 254.
INDEX,
Chaleococeyx
maculatus, 484.
Chalcomitra
kirki, 2.
Chalcopelia
afra, 3, 966.
Chalcophaps
indica, 502.
Chameleon
cristatus, 451.
dilepis, 451.
gracilis, 451.
owent, 451.
parvilobus, 450.
quilensis, 450.
Chaptia
@nea, 464.
Charadrius
cantianus, 495.
dominicus, 495.
Fulvus, 495.
geoffroyi, 495.
helveticus, 497.
longipes, 495.
mongolicus, 495.
Charaxes
ansorget, 913, 915,
candiope, 916.
guderiana, 916.
hollandii, 916.
Jasius, 181.
manica, 915.
rosé, 915.
zoolina, 916.
Charieis, gen. noy., 36.
peeli, 37, 63.
Charybdis
affinis, 747.
Chen
rossi, 805.
Chenalopex
egyptiacus, 597, 961.
Chilades
acca, 111.
messapus, 111.
sebagadis, 111.
trochilus, 930.
| Chilena
sabrina, 20, 63.
Chirodica
chalcoptera, 249.
JSulvicornis, 250.
puncticollis, 249.
wollastoni, 250.
Chiromantis
rufescens, 445,
Chiromeles
torquatus, 350.
Chiropacha
dives, 37.
gilva, 37.
Chiropodomys
gliroides, 361.
Chlzenius
sp., 21.
Chlorinoides
aculeatus, 724.
Chlorodiella, 587.
Chlorodius
sp., 116.
barbatus, 570, 587, 596.
exaratus, 738.
gracilis, 738.
niger, 569, 570, 587,
737.
pilumnoides, 737.
ungulatus, 587.
Chlorodopsis
pilumnoides, 737.
spinipes, 569, 588.
(Cyelodius) ornata,
569, 570, 588.
Chloropeta
icterina, 608.
masaica, 609.
natalensis, 609.
Chlorophis
emini, 968.
heterodermus, 452.
trregularis, 452.
Chloropsis
lazulina, 478.
Cholcepus
didactylus, 69.
Chondrilla
nuda, 127, 130.
Chondrosia
plebeja, 127, 129, 130.
ramsayi, 129.
reniformis, 127, 129.
Chorina
aculeata, 724.
Chrotogonus
lugqubris, 40.
Chrysichthys
cameronensis, 514,
nigrodigitatus, 514.
Chrysococcyx
cupreus, 2.
Chrysocoris
atricapillus, 822.
auratus, 822.
dilaticolles, 822.
eques, 822.
patricius, 822.
stockerus, 822.
Chrysomela
badeni, 241.
livingstoni, 240.
Chrysophanus
abbottii, 913, 924.
phleas, 924.
Chrysophlegma
ricketti, 482.
styani, 482.
wrayi, 482.
Chrysotis
estiva, 304.
bougquett, 772.
hecki, 304.
zanthopteryx, 304.
Chunga
burmeisteri, 304.
Ciconia
boyciana, 304,
ciconia, 962.
Cidarites
annulifera, 274.
liitkeni, 274.
Cigaritis
taikosama, 924.
Cimex
clavata, 809.
cruciatus, 814.
jimbriatus, 814.
histrio, 815.
melacanthus, 812.
papillosus, 817.
prasinus, 811.
spinidens, 816.
viridissima, 811.
viridulus, 813.
Cinixys
erosa, 447.
homeana, 447.
Cinnamopterus
tenwirostris, 602.
Cinnyris
falkensteint, 2.
kirki, 605.
mediocris, 605.
rhizophore, 468.
Circus
eruginosus, 489.
macrurus, 489, 959.
melanoleucus, 489.
ranivorus, 3.
spilonotus, 489.
Cirolana
latistylis, 795, 797.
Cisticola
cisticola, 472.
hunteri, 607.
procera, 607.
schenicola, 472.
terrestris, 607.
Citharinus
geoffroyi, 513.
Cittocinela
brevicauda, 474.
macrura, var. minor,
474.
minor, 474.
INDEX.
Cittocincla
tricolor, 474.
Clarias
budgetti, 513.
lazera, 969.
senegalensis, 513.
Clathrina
primordialis, 127,129.
— protogenes, 129.
protogenes, 129.
Cobus
buffoni, 686.
defassa, 83, 954.
ellipsiprymnus, 682.
leche, 686.
leucotis, 85, 954.
marie, 84, 954.
thomasi, 686, 954.
vardoni, 686.
| Coccothraustes
melanura, 305.
Coccystes
cafer, 2.
Ccelops
frithi, 344.
Celoria
sinensis, 126.
Ccenobius
plagiatus, 218.
Ccenopsammia
ehrenbergiana, 119.
Colenis
delila, 198.
Colasposoma
abdominale, 221.
alutaceum, 221, 222.
antiquum, 221,
conradi, 221.
Sairmairei, 224.
Joveatum, 223.
foveipenne, 223.
obscurum, 223.
pradieri, 224.
pubescens, 223.
subaureum, 222.
Colias
edusa, 932.
electo, var. edusa, 932.
marnoana, 14.
Coliipasser
jacksoni, 603.
Colius
sp., 958.
affinis, 600.
erythromelon, 2.
leucotis, 805.
Colobocentropus
atratus, 117.
Colobus
abyssinicus, 800.
— poliurus, 800.
1035
Colobus
caudatus, 174, 800.
matschiei, 800.
Coluber
teniurus, 859.
Columba
punicea, 501.
Connocheetes, 164.
albo-jubatus, 773.
gnu, 771.
taurinus, 773.
Conus
coronatus, 117.
hebreus, 117.
Copris
harrisi, 24.
Copsychus
saularis, 474.
Coptocephala
Salkensteini, 214.
Coptosoma
maculata, 819.
nepalensis, 819.
transversa, 819.
Coracias
abyssinicus, 957.
caudatus, 2, 600.
Corbicula
fluminalis, 970.
Cornufer
johnstoni, 439.
Corsira
nigrescens, 874.
Corvina
nigrita, 515.
Corvultur
albicollis, 602.
Corvus
levaillanti, 461, 462.
scapulatus, 956.
sinensis, 461.
torquatus, 462.
Corydalla
richardi, 467.
Corynodes
bimaculicollis, 227.
nigripennis, 227.
raffrayi, 228.
Corythornis
cyanostigma, 2.
Cosmophila
sabulifera, 18.
Coturnix
communis, 505.
coturnia, 508.
Cotyle
riparia, 956,
| Oraspidaster
glauconotus, 289, 290,
299.
hesperus, 290, 291.
1036
Crenis
boisduvali, 919.
Cresphontes
monsoni, 814, 825.
nigro-maculatus, 814.
Criniger
kikuyuensis, 608.
pallidus, 478.
Crioceris
militaris, 206.
Crocidura
sp.; 174.
cerulea, 337.
murina, 337, 874.
Crocodilus
cataphractus, 447.
niloticus, 447, 967.
Crossotus
8p., dd.
natalensis, 33.
plumicornis, 33.
Crypsirhina
nigra, 464.
Cryptocephalus
araticollis, 216.
denticulatus, 215.
erythromelas, 217, 218.
flavo-ornatus, 217.
natalensis, 216.
ornaticollis, 214.
salisburiensis, 216.
severini, 215.
strigicollis, 215.
v-nigrum, 217.
Cryptodromia
hilgendorfi, 568, 571.
Cryptolopha
bicolor, 477.
fulvifacies, 481.
Cryptopodia
JSornicata, 728.
Cryptoprocta
ferox, 301.
Ctenomys
magellanicus, 76.
Cuculus
micropterus, 484.
Culcita
arenosa, 296, 297.
coriacea, 297.
NOVE-Guinee,
288,
=, var. arenosa, 288, |
289, 296.
—, var. plana, 288.
schmideliana, 288, 296,
297.
—, var. africana, 288.
—, var. ceylonica, 288.
—, var. nove-guinee,
288.
INDEX.
Cuon
primevus, 333.
Cupido
cassius, 199.
Curetis
bulis, 508.
sperthis, 508.
Cursorius
temmincki, 3.
Cuscus
sp., 779.
Cuspicona
inquinata, 815.
| Cyaniris
dilectus, 507.
oreas, HOT.
puspa, 507.
Cyanops
Saber, 483.
_ Cyanoptila
|
cyanomelena, 480.
Cyclanorbis
senegalensis, 967.
Cyclax
(Cyclomaia), swbor-
bicularis, 569,
575.
| Cycloderma
|
aubryi, 447.
Cyclodius
ornatus, 588.
Cyclomaia
margaritata, 575.
Cyclopides
metis, 944, 945.
midas, 913, 944.
quadrisignatus, 913,
944, 945.
Cycloxanthus
lineatus, 735.
Cyclyrius
equatorialis, 929.
juno, 929.
noquasa, 929.
sharpet, 929, 946.
Cydnus
capicola, 819.
indicus, 819.
insularis, 819.
latipes, 820.
nepalensis, 819.
nigricans, 819.
obscurus, 819.
piceus, 820.
serripes, 820.
subferrugineus, 820.
| Cyllogramma
latona, 5, 19.
Cymo
andreossyi, 581,
740.
Cymo
andreossyi, var. melano-
dactylus, 568, 569,
581, 582, 740.
melanodactylus, 582,
740
Oymothoa
serrata, 552.
Cynocephalus
langheldi, 303.
Cynogale
bennetti, 331.
Cynoglossus
senegalensis, 516,
Cynopithecus
niger, 303.
Cynopterus
lucasi, 341, 875.
marginatus, 340, 875.
sphine, 191, 875.
titthechcilus, 340.
Cynotherium
sardoum, 834.
| Cynthia
erota, 507.
Cyon
bourreti, 834.
europeus, 834.
rutilans, 333.
sardous, 833.
Cypreea
annulus, 118.
arabica, 118.
— reticulata, 118.
lynx, 118.
moneta, 118.
vitellus, 118.
Oypselus
pacificus, 486.
subfurcatus, 486.
tinus, 486.
Cyrestis
thyodamas, 507.
Dafila
acuta, 961.
Daira
perlata,
584,
variolosa, 584.
Dalpada
clavata, 809, 823.
nigricollis, 823.
Dalsira
modesta, 824.
Dama, 159.
Damaliscus
albifrons, 303.
jimela, 949.
pygargus, 161.
tiang, 85, 949, 950, 954.
116, 569,
Damia
capitata, 207, 266.
Frontalis, 208, 266.
Danais
plexippus, 198.
Dasychlorus
passeti, 224.
varicolor, 224.
Dasyurus
niaculatus, 779,786, 788.
viverrinus, 790, 793.
Decaria
obscura, 251.
tricolor, 251.
Deilephila
alecto, 182.
elpenor, 182.
euphorbie, 182. |
livornica, 20.
Deiopeia
pulchella, 18.
Delphinus
delphis, 376, 377.
plumbeus, 376.
Dendraspis
jemeson, 459.
Dendrocitta
sinensis, 463.
Dendrocopus
cabanisi, 482.
Dendrocyena
eytoni, 305.
viduata, 960.
Dendrolagus
bennettianus, 779, 790. |
Dendromys
lovati, 82, 84.
mesomelas, 176.
nigrifrons, 176.
typicus, 83.
Dendrophyllia
ehrenbergiana, 119.
Dercas
verhuelli, 508.
Dermestes
vulpinus, 22.
Derocalymma
analis, 36.
bottegiana, 36.
Deroplatys
trigonodera, 852.
Desmacella
sp., 128, 1387.
Deudorix
caerulea, 925.
Diacantha
divisa, 265.
mutica, 265.
Diadema
saxatile, 117, 273, 274,
277.
INDEX,
| Dibolia
africaua, 253.
bimaculata, 253.
intermedia, 254.
trimeni, 254.
Diczeum
cruentatum, 468.
minullum, 469.
Dichogaster
mimus, 171.
Dicrurus
macrocercus, 464.
splendens, 305.
| Dictyotus
equalis, 810.
affinis, 810.
cenosus, 810.
pallipes, 810, 825.
roet, 810.
semimarginatus, 810.
tasmanicus, 810.
vilis, 810.
_ Didelphys
sp., 779.
marsupialis, 779, 786,
788,
| Dilobates, gen. nov.,
44
platycephalus, 444,
456.
| Dinidor
dispar, 820,
melanoleuca, 820,
punctiger, 823.
tesselatus, 808, 820.
unicolor, 808, 820.
variolosus, 820.
Dinocoris
amplus, 808.
piceus, 808.
tessellatus, 808.
tripterus, 825.
unicolor, 808.
| Dioleus
trroratus, 822.
Dione
affinis, 725.
vanille, 198.
Dioptrornis
Jischeri, 608.
Dipsadoboa
assimilis, 454.
unicolor, 454,
Dipsadomorphus
blandingii, 454.
dendrophilus,
859.
pulverulentus, 458.
Dipus
sp. ine., 197.
deasyi, 196, 197.
850,
|
1037
Dipus
lagopus, 197.
loftusi, 196.
Discophora
tullia, 505.
_ Dismegistus
sanguineus, 823.
| Dissemurus
paradiseus, 465.
Dissura
episcopus, 962.
Distira
saravacensis, 184, 186.
| Doclea
muricata, 722.
Dolycoris
baccarum, 823.
Dophla
derma, 507.
_ Dorcelaphus
americanus, 686.
bezoarticus, 686.
dichotomus, 686.
hemionus, 686.
Dorecotragus
megalotis, 83.
| Dorigona
longimana, 293.
moebti, 294.
Dorippe
astuta, 769.
callida, 769.
dorsipes, 769.
Jtacchino, 768.
quadridens, 769.
quadridentata, 769.
sima, 768.
| Doris
coriacea, 118.
| Doritis
|
|
apollinus, 181.
Dorocidaris
papillata, 275.
Dorycoris
Juscosus, 816, 824.
Dotilla
myctiroides, 760.
Doto
myctiroides, 760,
Drepanoplectes
jacksoni, 603.
Drepanorhynchus
reichenovi, 603.
| Dromia
australiensis, 572.
globosa, 571.
Dromidia
australiensis, 572.
globosa, 569, 571,
Dromidiopsis, gen. noy.,
9°
is
O14
1038
Dromidiopsis
australiensis, 569, 570,
572.
Drymeeca
extensicauda, 471.
Dryonastes
castanotis, 475.
monachus, 476.
Dryoscopus
ethiopicus, 606.
cubla, 2.
Dundubia
intermedia, 859.
Dupetor
Jlavicollis, 494.
Durbania
aslauga, 924.
Eacles
imperialis, 181.
Eagris
decastigma, 942.
plicata, 941, 942,
946.
sabadius, 942.
INDEX,
Edessa
senilis, 816.,
simplex, 816.}
vicina, 823.
Egeria
arachnoides, 723.
longipes, 728.
lamene
mathaei, 520.
quoyt, 521.
truncata, 569, 575.
unguiformis, 761,
whitei, 522.
Elapectus
guentheri, 455,
| Elaphodus, 161.
michianus, 686.
EJaphurus
davidianus, 686.
Elapops
modestus, 454.
EHleotris
senegalensis, 515.
| Elephas
africanus, 953.
Equus, 156,
sp., 774.
africanus, 302.
asinus, 680.
burchelli, 302.
caballus, 680, 685.
chapmanni, 302.
hemionus, 302, 680,
686.
onager, 302.
somalicus, 5.
zebra, 802.
Eretis
djelele, 942.
Ergolis
alternus, 507.
Hrinaceus
pruneri, 773.
Eriphia
levimana, 116,
570, 589.
— smithii, 744.
scabricula, 569,
589.
smithii, 744.
569,
570,
Pbalia indicus, 365. Erithacus
erosa, 568, 572. maxtmus, 365. calliope, 473.
Echidna Eliomys sibilans, 474.
hystrix, 302. munbyanus, 301. | Hronia
Kehinocerus, 531. | Elops | dilatata, 937,
granulatus, 533. lacerta, 512. | Erynnis
Eehinodiscus Emberiza | comma, 946.
auritus, 272. aureola, 466. Erythropygia
biforis, 285. flaviventris, 305. barbata, 2.
levis, 272, 274, 285. | fucata, 466. | Erythrosterna
Kehinometra melanocephala, 84. leucura, 480.
lucunter, 117, 273. spodocephala, 466. mugimaki, 480.
Echinus Engina Esperella
acutus, 281, 282. | mendicaria, 117. pellucida, 128.
esculentus, 281, 282. Entomobia Estcourtiana, gen. noyv.,
svheroides, 283. | pileata, 488. 260.
Ecionema | Eonyeteris bifasciata, 260.
bacilliferum, 128, 180. spelea, 341. Estrelda
Edessa Epacromia phenicotis, 957.
carnosa, 816, 819. thalassina, 39. | Ethmostigmus
costalis, 816. Epamera trigonopoda, 48.
eruciata, 818. emulus, 927. Etisodes
flavida, 816, 819, 823. aphneoides, 927. anaglyptus, 570, 588,
fulvipes, var. costalis, | arborifera, 927, 946. 739, 770.
diametra, 927. frontalis, 569, 570,
jugata, 819. mimose, 927. 588.
jutea, 816. sidus, 926. Etisus
lateralis, 818.
lineata, 819.
loxdalii, 819.
lurida, 816.
lutea, 816, 823.
miniata, 816, 819.
nodifera, 820.
piperitia, 819.
scutellata, 816.
| Epargyreus
zestos, 202.
| Ephialtes
lettia, 488.
umbratilis, 488.
Ephippiorhynchus
senegalensis, 962.
| Epicauta
}
amethystina, 351.
i
anaglyptus, 588, 739.
levissimus, 570, 588,
levimanus, 738.
macrodactylus, 738.
utilis, 738.
Euchoreutes
naso, 196, 197.
Eudamus
proteus, 202.
Eudocimus
albus, 771.
Eudynamis
honorata, 484.
maculatus, 484.
malayana, 484.
Hugaster
loricatus, 45.
Eulabes
hainanus, 464.
EKulepis
eudamippus, 506.
— nigrobasalis, 506.
— rothschildi, 506.
— whitehead, 506, 511.
Eumegalodon
blanchardii, 866.
Eumenes
dimidiatipennis, 47.
lepelletiert, 47.
Euneoctonus
collurio, 2.
Euoplitus
laciniatus, 823.
Eupagurus, 554.
bernhardus, 535.
comptus, 535, 536.
—, var. Jugosa, 536.
—, var. /atimanus, 536.
edwardsi, 535.
Jorceps, 536.
nove-zealandia, 535.
rubricatus, 535.
smithii, 535.
stimpsont, 535.
Eupetoieta
hegesia, 199.
Euphausia, 538.
antarctica, 542, 543, |
544.
bidentata, 541, 542,
543, 544.
gibba, 542, 544, 545.
gibboides, 542, 543, 544,
545.
gracilis, 540, 542, 543,
544, 545.
latifrons, 539, 541, 542, |
344 |
mucronata, d42, 543, |
544, 545.
miilleri, 540, 542, 543,
044.
murrayt, 542, 544.
pellucida, 538, 589,
540, 541, 543, 544.
pseudogibba, 542, 543,
544, 545.
schotti, 541, 542,
544, 545.
similis, 548, 544.
543,
| Eupolia
INDEX.
Euphausia
spinifera, 539, 542,544,
545.
splendens, 538, 589,
540, 541, 543, 544.
superba, 540, 541, 543,
544.
vallentini, 544, 545,
567.
Euphrosthenops
bayonianus, 973.
Euplexia
opposita, 18.
Hupleamima
henrici, 505.
Eupodotis
arabs, 965.
caffra, 772.
delineata, 825,
830.
hemprichi, 826.
melanogramma,
1.
826,
quinguelineata, 826.
Eupolyodontus
cornishit, 976.
Kuptoieta
hegesia, 199.
Hurema
dina, 200.
|
messalina, 200.
Eurbynorhynchus
pygmeus, 498.
Kuruppellia
annulipes, 570, 589,
Hurycarcinus
maculatus, 744.
Eurycorypha
varia, 45.
Eurydemus
brevilineatus, 234.
maculipennis, 233. |
marginatus, 232.
Hurygaster
cognatus, 822.
maurus, 822.
—, var. pictus, 822.
orientalis, 822.
Eurypodius, 527.
audouinii, 528, 529.
brevipes, 528, 529.
cuvieri, 528.
dane, 528.
latreillii, 527, 528, 529,
longirostris, 527,
septentrionalis,
H2O
oad.
tuberculatus, 528.
lurystomus
calonyx, 488.
528,
1039
_ Eurystomus
glaucurus, 2.
orientalis, 488.
Hurytela
angustata, 921,
dryope, 921.
hiarbas, 921.
Euschistus
servus, 811, 824.
tristigmus, 812, 824.
Euspongia
sp., 128.
Husthenes
laticollis, 820.
Kutelia
subapicalis, 18.
Eutornus
atricanus, 266.
clarki, 266.
HKuxanthus
huonti, 735.
mamillatus, 586.
melissa, 570, 586.
seulptilis, 735.
Everes
dipora, 507.
Kveryx
cherilus, 182.
iixcalfactoria
chinensis, 503.
Exosphzroma, gen. nov.,
553.
gigas, 551, 558, 556.
lanceolatum, 558.
liysarcoris
guttiger, 823.
wnsocius, 812.
Kaleo
communis, 491,
lavus, gen. noy., 767.
granulatus, 768, 770.
Pelis
sp., 74.
bengalensis, 325, 873.
caffra, 301,
caligata, 301,
caracal, 100, 801,
celidogaster, 301,
chaus, 326.
concolor, 76, 679.
diardi, 325.
domestica, 526,
Jontanieri, 300, 773.
geoffroyi, 801.
isabellina, 301.
Javanensis, 325,
Jubatus, 679.
leo, 74, 679, 952.
leopardus, 800, 323.
— fontanieri, 300,
1040
Felis
leopardus tulliana, 300.
lynx, 679.
— fasciata, 301.
maniculata, 100.
marmorata, 325.
moormensis, 301.
nebulosa, 324.
onca, 74, 77, 79, 379,
382, 679.
pardus, 323, 679, 773,
952.
passerum, 301.
planiceps, 326.
serval, 952.
servalina, 301.
temmincki, 325,
tibetana, 301.
tigris, 74, 322, 679.
— longipilis, 300.
— mongolica, 300.
— striata, 300.
— virgata, 300,
tristis, 326.
viverrind, 325,
Feylinia
currori, 450.
Fiscus
collaris, 2, 606.
souse, 2. |
Francolinus |
chinensis, 503.
cogui, 3.
jacksoni, 596.
schuett?, 596.
sinensis, 5038.
Fulica
atra, 501.
Fuligula
fuligula, 961.
Funambulus
berdmorei, 194, 359. |
insignis, 360, 878.
laticaudatus, 359.
locria, 360.
Funisciurus
jacksoni, 174, 179.
multicolor, 80.
INDEX,
Gallinago
gallinago, 499.
scolopacina, 499.
stenura, 499.
Gallinula
chloropus, 500.
Gailiphara
imperialis, 822.
Gallus
bankiva, 504.
Serrugineus, 504.
gallus, 504.
varius, 306.
Gampsosteonyx, gen.nov.,
442
batesi, 442, 456.
| Garrulax
monachus, 476.
moniliger, 475.
pectoralis, 475.
schmackeri, 475.
semitorquata, 475.
Garzetta
garzetta, 493.
Gastrimargus
verticalis, 39.
Gastropyxis
smaragdinus, 452.
705, 707, 712.
dorcas, 701.
granti, 686.
— brighti, 805.
— notata, 806.
— petersi, 806,
— smithi, 806.
— typica, 806.
mhorr, 686.
rujifrons, 85, 955.
rujfina, 85.
_ soemmerringi, 83.
thomsoni, 806.
' Gecinus
guerini, 482.
hainanus, 482.
occipitalis, 482.
| Gegenes
letterstedti, 945.
| Gelasimus
Galago
galago, 802.
Galaxea
aspera, 125.
ellisi, 125.
Galeopitheeus
temminckit, 338.
volans, 338, 875.
Gallicrex
cinereus, 501.
Gallinago
celestis, 398.
acutus, 758.
annulipes, 754.
cultrimanus, 754.
dussumiert, 753.
nitidus, 754.
perplexus, T54.
tetragonon, 754.
vocans, 595, T5H4.
| Gellius
varius, 128.
_ Genecerus
cervinus, 27.
Genecerus
nebulosus, 26, 63.
Genetta
sp., 952.
bonapartei, 301.
dongolana, 301.
Felina, 301,
genettoides, 301.
tigrina, 301.
| Gennzeus
| Gazella, 161, 701, 704, |
andersoni, 504.
nycthemerus, 504.
whiteheadi, 460, 461,
503, 504.
Geocichla
citrina, 305, 473.
plaggie, 606,
Geograpsus
gray, 569, 570, 593.
rubidus, 593.
Geranospizias
cerulescens, 305.
Gerbillus
sp., 102.
dasyurus, 102.
Samulus, 102.
gerbillus, 95, 102.
gleadowi, 102.
murinus, 80.
nanus, 102.
pecilops, 101.
Gerrhosaurus
nigrolineatus, 449.
Giraffa, 156, 161, 164.
camelopardalis, 958.
Glaucidium
whitelyi, 488.
Glauconia
cairi, 968,
Glossina
longipennis, 9, 10.
tabaniformis, 10.
tachinoides, 10.
Glossotherium, 64, 73,
74, 77.
Glottis
nebularius, 497.
Glutophrissa
contracta, 935.
Glyphodes
|
'
sericea, 971.
Glypsus
sparsus, 817, 823, 824.
Gnamptonyx
vilis, 19.
Gnathonemus
senegalensis, 512.
Gnophodes
diversa, 914.
Gongylus
gongyloides, 846.
Goniastrea
auricularis, 124.
planulata, 125.
retiformis, 123, 124.
Goniocaphyra
truncatifrons, 568, 577.
Goniodiscus
articulatus, 289, 294.
scaber, 294.
Gonionotophis
brussauxi, 452.
Gonionotus
vossit, 452.
Goniopora, 123.
Goniosoma
affine, 747.
cruciferum, 748.
Gorsachius
melanolophus, 494.
Graminicola
bengalensis, 472.
striata, 472.
Graphiurus
murinus, 174.
Grapsillus
dentatus, 590.
maculatus, 590.
Grapsus
maculatus,
570, 592.
oceanicus, "755.
ornatus, 592.
pharaonis, 592.
pictus, 592.
strigosus, 755.
tesselatus, 580.
webbi, 592.
(Goniopsis)
755
116, 569,
strigosus,
(Pachysoma) quadra- |
tus, 756.
(Sesarma) affinis, 756
(Trichopus) /itteratus, |
756.
Graptophara
reynaudii, 822.
Graucalus
macii, 478.
purus, 608.
rex pineti, 478.
Grayia
Surcata, 453.
ornata, 453.
smithi, 455.
Grus
antigone, 303.
cinerea, 494.
grus, 494, 964.
lilfordi, 494.
monachus, 304.
nigricollis, 304.
_ Gypsina
| Hagedashia
INDEX. .
Gryllus
domesticus, 46.
lugubris, 46.
melanocephalus, 46.
Grypotherium
bonaerense, 73.
darwinii, 64, 73, 74.
domesticum, 64, 382.
listai, 65, 74, 78, 79.
(Neomylodon) Uistai,
64-79.
Gymnarchus
niloticus, 512, 8835,
Gymnodactylus
fasciatus, 448.
Gymnopleurus
levis, 28.
lugens, 23.
splendens, 23.
Gymuura
rafflesi, 337.
suilla, 337.
SS i
p-, 35.
Gerceileapialal ns
aspaltina, 213.
Joveiceps, 214. |
marginicollis, 213. |
subrugosa, 2138.
Gyps
Fulvus, 959.
vesicularis, 141.
hagedash, 961. |
| Halcyon
chelicutensis, 2.
pileatus, 488.
smyrnensis, 488.
Haliaétus
pelagicus, 305.
vocifer, 959.
Halicareinus, 521.
ovatus, 522, 528, 524,
525, 526, 567.
planatus, 522, 525,
524, 525, 526, 567.
tridentatus, 522, 528.
Halichondria
solida, 128, 189.
— rugosa, 128, 189.
Halicore
dugong, 377.
indicus, 377.
Halyomorpha
pieus, 825.
1041
Halys
alternans, 809, 820.
apicalis, 820.
assimilis, 809, 820.
carolinensis, 823.
concinna, 809, 828.
dentata, 823.
dentipes, 809, 824.
gravis, 824.
humeralis, 828.
lata, 820.
latipes, 809, 828.
lineata, 820.
nigricollis, 820.
obscura, 828.
parvula, 809, 820,
825.
reticulata, 820.
rufescens, 809, 824.
serricollis, 823.
serrigera, 823.
strigata, 820.
timorensis, 823.
| Hamanumida
dedalus, 13.
Hapaloderma
narina, 601.
Hapalomys
longicaudatus, 360.
Rapier 706, 716,
it
montanus, 1, 771.
Haplopelia
bronzina, 597.
Hapsidophrys
lineata, 453.
Hardella
baileyt, 661.
Harpactes
erythrocephalus, 483.
hainanus, 485.
yamakanensis, 485,
| Harrovia
albolineata, 728.
— longipes, 729,
770
tuberculata, 729.
Hauerina
ornatissima, 141.
Hebomoia
glaucippe, 508.
Helarctos
malayanus, 335.
Helictis
personata, 192,
Heliocopris
mouhotus, 862.
Heliothis
armigera, 18.
Helogale
atkinsoni, 80.
1042
Hemaris
ruficoudis, 182.
Hemichelidon
ferrugineus, 479.
sibirica, 479.
Hemichromis
fasciatus, 516.
Hemidactylus
angulatus, 448.
bocagit, 448.
brookii, 967.
echinus, 448.
Fasciatus, 448:
mabuia, 448.
richardsoni, 448.
Hemigalea
hardwickii, 330, 873.
Hemitragus
hylocrius, 303.
jemlaicus, 303.
Hemixantha
piceipes, 266.
terminata, 266.
Hemixus
castanonotus, 477.
Henicognathus
leptorhynchus, 304.
Henicurus
sinensis, 474.
Herodias
alba, 493.
garzetia, 495.
timoriensis, 495.
Herpenia
iterata, 15, 946.
melanarge, 15.
Herpele
squalostoma, 484.
Herpestes
albicauda, 301.
auropunctatus, 331.
brachyurus, 332.
caffer, 301.
exilis, 332.
griseus, 331,
ichneumon, 301.
javanicus, 332, 873.
mungo, 331, 332.
pluto, 301.
rutilus, 332.
urva, dol.
widdringtoni, 301,
Herpornis
tyrannulus, 477.
Hespera
africanus, 249.
intermedia, 248.
natalensis, 248.
Hesperia
letterstedti, 945.
pisistratus, 946.
INDEX.
Hestina
nama, 506.
Heteroglossa
africana, 441.
Heteropteryx
dilatata, 845.
Heterostegina
depressa, 141.
Heterotis
niloticus, 512, 836, 969.
Heterurus
bicolor, 454,
Hierodula
sp., o7.
modesta, 852.
Himantopus
himantopus, 965.
nigricollis, 304.
Himatismus
sp., 28.
_ Himerida
chapuisi, 238.
_ Hiposcritia
indra, 509.
lageloides, 509, 511.
lalage, 509.
pseudolalage, 509.
Hippopotamus
amphibius, 955.
| Hipposiderus
amboinensis, 344.
armiger, 342, 875.
bicolor, 343.
diadema, 842, 875.
gueritus, 343.
larvatus, 343.
murinus, 343.
nobilis, 342.
stoliczkanus, 344.
iridens murraiana, 99.
vulgaris, 345.
(Asellia) ¢ridens, 98.
Hippotragus
akeri, 303.
equinus, 83.
— bakeri, 955.
Hirundo
@ethiopica, 956.
gutturalis, 481.
Hister
gehini, 22.
memnonius, 22.
| Holaspis
|
guentheri, 449.
Holothuria
fuscocinerea, 761.
scabra, 761.
Homala
agona, 28,
Homo
lar, 307.
Homothyrea
helene, 25.
Hoplistodera, 818.
testacea, 819.
Hoplopterus
spinosus, 965.
ventralis, 495.
Hormonotus
modestus, 452.
Hosea
flavescens, 295.
spinole, 867, 868.
Huechys
sanguinea, 862.
Humbertiella
tenuicornis, 89.
Huphina
nadina, 509.
nerissa, 509.
Hyena
crocuta, 952.
hyena, 100.
togoensis, 301.
Hyale
gracilis, 795, 798.
Hyalomma
grossum, 49.
Hyastenus
diacanthus, 723.
— bituberculatus, 728.
elegans, 574, 595.
—, var. tenuicornis,
569, 574.
oryx, 724. ,
planasius, 724.
Tybosorus
illigeri, 22.
Hydreethiops
melanogaster, 451.
Hydrochelidon
hybrida, 966.
Uydroecyon
brevis, 512.
Hydrophilus
senegalensis, 22.
Hydropotes
inermis, 686.
Hydroprogne
caspia, 500.
| Hydrornia
‘
alleni, 659.
Hylambates
brevirostris, 445.
rufus, 445,
Hylephila
phyleus, 208.
Hylobates
agilis, 313.
Hylobates
albimanus, 312.
hoolock, 189, 190.
lar, 312, 313, 314.
leuciscus, 189, 190.
leucogenys, 313.
pileatus, 313.
syndactylus, 187, 189, |
190, 313.
Hymenarcys
nervosa, 823.
Hymeniacidon
conulosum, 128, 155.
fenestratum, 136.
Hymenicus
varius, 525.
Hymenochirus
boettgert, 435.
Hymenopus
bicornis, 839, 840, 841, |
842, 845, 846, 847,
848.
Hymenosoma, 521.
depressum, 522.
leve, D24.
leachii, 522, 525.
mathei, 520, 521.
planatum, 520, 523.
tridentatum, 522.
Hypanartia
hippomene, 917.
scheneia, 917, 918.
Hypena
Ty ssinialie 20.
—, var. gussalis, 20.
Hyperolius
dorsalis, 445,
jimbriolatus, 444.
leptosomus, 445,
Hyperopisus
bebe, 512, 836.
Hyphantornis
camburni, 605.
shelleyi, 2.
azanthops, 605.
Hy pochera
io, 181. N
Hypogomphus
ancients 824.
Hypolimnas
dedalus, 919.
inaria, 12.
misippus, 12, 13, 919.
Hypopeltarium, 519.
spinosulum, 520,
Hypothymis
azurea, 481.
occipitalis, 481.
Hypsipetes |
aE ueaptas 305.
perniger, 478.
INDEX.
Hyreus
equatorialis, 929.
cordatus, 928.
Hystrix
bengalensis, 364.
fasciculata, 882.
hodgsoni, 364.
leucura, 103.
longicauda, 302, 364,
365.
yunnanensis, 869, 881.
Tais, 548.
hargeri, 549, 550, 551.
neo-zealanica, 549.
pubescens, 549,
556, 567.
(Janthe) pubescens, 549,
Tambrix
salsala, 511.
Ibis
ethiopica, 961.
melanocephala, 306,
AQ”?
550
’
Ichneumon
Javanicus, 873.
Ichthyophis
glutinosus, 890.
Ichthyosaurus
sp., 660.
australis, 660.
campylodon, 660.
marathonensis, 660.
Iconaster
longimanus, 289, 293.
Tdolum
diabolicum, 851.
| Temisch
listai, 75.
Tlerda
epicles, 508,
pallescens, 812, 825.
sudana, 812.
Tnachus
longipes, 728,
lorina, 72).
muricatus, 722.
(Elamene) wnguifornis,
761.
Tolaus
nurser, 14.
sidus, 926.
Topas
sertum, 117.
Totrochota
baculifera twmescens,
128, 136, 141.
Tphiculus
spongiosus, 766.
Tphimedia
nodosa, 518.
Proc. Zoot, Soco.—1900, No. LX VILI.
1043
Trrisor
jacksont, 601.
Ischnoptera
atra, 30.
Ismene
ataphus, 511.
Tyongius
puncticollis, 232.
Ixalus
aurifasciatus, 186.
petersi, 185, 187.
Txias
evippe, 508.
Ixodes
sanguineus, 49.
Txus
hainanus, 477.
Tyngipicus
kaleensis, 483.
Jeera, 548,
antarctica, 549, 550.
neo-zelanica, 549.
nove-zealandie, 549,
pubescens, 549,
Jamesonia
nigripennis, 251.
(Thrymnes) jfemoraiis,
250, 266.
Janthe, 548.
Julodis
laticollis, 25, 63.
subvittata, 25.
vittipennis, 25.
Junonia
asterie, 507.
cebrene, 12.
clelia, 12.
elgiva, 917,
lemonias, 507.
pyriformis, 917.
taveta, 12.
Kalula, gen. noy., 809.
varicornis, 810, 825.
Kerivoula
@rosa, 802.
africana, 802.
brunnea, 802.
harrisoni, 802.
lanosa, 802.
picta, 347.
smithii, 802.
tenwis, 345,
Kiodotus
minimus, 875.
Kirontisa
whiteheadi, 506, 511.
Kittacincla
macroura, 474.
68
1044
Kraussia
rastripes, 569, 576.
Kricogonia
lyside, 200,
Labeo
couhie, 513.
selti, 513.
Lacerta
echinata, 449.
Lachnocnema
durbani, 946.
Lachnoptera
ayresti, 913, 919.
Laganum
Pe 274, 285, 299.
cagonale, 272, 274
284, 285, 299.
depressum,
283, 285, 299.
Lama
glama, 159.
huanacos, 77, 686.
Lambrus
affinis, 727.
pameen 726.
—, var. planifrons.
726.
laciniatus, 728.
longispinus, 726,
pelagicus, 727.
rumphii, 727.
spinifer, 726.
tumidus, 727, 770.
validus, 726,
Lampides
celeno, 508.
elpis, 508.
Lamprocolius
sp., 957.
ee 605.
sycobius, 2.
Lamyra
vorax, 9.
Laniarius
abhotti, 605.
ethiopicus, 606.
erythrogaster, 956.
mosambicus, 2.
Lanistes
carinatus, 970.
purpureus, 970.
Lanius
JSuscatus, 470.
humeralis, 606.
lucionensis, 470.
schach, 469.
superciliosus, 469.
Larrada
sp., 47.
dhaboliea, 47.
272, 274,
INDEX.
Larus
canus, 500.
cirrhocephalus, 3.
niveus, 500.
ridibundus, 500.
saundersi, 500.
Lefevrea
ahdominalis, 230,
brunnea, 229.
hirsuta, 230.
Leiocidares
annulifera, 274.
Leiolophus
planissimus, 569, 570,
592.
| Lema
affinis, 204.
bomaensis, 204.
dunbrodiensis, 205.
duvivieri, 203.
Suscitarsis, 206.
natalensis, 205.
nigrotibialis, 205.
rubricollis, 204.
rufo-femorata, 204.
sanguinicollis, 204,
tarsata, 205.
Lemur
abyssinicus, 800.
catta, 663.
tardigradus, 873.
volans, 875.
Lenodora
nigrolineata, 181.
Le
anatifera, 796, 798.
Lepidiota
stigma, 860.
Lepidonotus
clavus, 976, 981.
giganteus, 974, 977,
984, 985, 986.
sguamatus, 974, 75,
981.
Lepocestes
Dinas: 485.
pyrrhotis, 483.
sinensis, 483.
Lepreus
fischeri, 54, 50.
Leptobrachium
isselti, 889.
Leptochelia
sp., 795, 797, 799.
minuta, 797.
Leptodius
exaratus, 738.
— gracilis, 738.
Leptoptilus
crumeniferus, 962.
Javanicus, 493.
|
|
|
|
|
Leptoria
phrygia, 126.
Lepturophis, gen. nov.,
183.
born eensis, 183, 186.
sp., 365, 953.
albus, 88.
altaicus, 90.
arabicus, 104.
borealis, 88.
— collinus, 89.
— sylvaticus, 88.
canescens, 88, 91.
europeus occidentalis,
397.
— typicus, 397.
grenlandicus, 90.
hibernicus, 89.
timidus, 87, 88, 89.
— ainu, 90, 92.
— altaicus, 90, 92.
— collinus, 89.
— grenlandicus, 92.
— hibernicus, 88, 89,
91.
— lutescens, 89.
— tschuktschorum, 90,
92.
— typicus, 88, 91.
tschuktschorum, 90,
variahilis, 88.
— altaica, 90.
| Lestodon, 73.
Lethe
rohria, 505,
| Leucandra
sp., 127, 129.
ternatensis, 129.
Leucastra
bimaculata, 207.
Leuceronia
argia, 938.
| Leucodioptrum
sinense, 475.
| Leucosia
brunnea, 764.
craniolaris, 763.
— levimana, 763.
erinaceus, 766.
globosa, 764.
maculata, 763.
planata, 522, 524.
rhomboidalis, 768.
Leucozonia
smaragdula, 117.
Liemys
inornata, 661.
Ligidium
hypnorum, 564.
Limax
marginatus, var.
396.
—, var. rupicola, 397.
Limenitis
disippus, 182.
Limicola
platyrhyncha, 499,
Limicolaria
caillaudi, 970.
Limnas
alcippus, 11, 15.
chrysippus, 10, 12.
niger ,
INDEX.
Lobipes
hyperboreus, 499.
Lobivanellus
lateralis, 3.
Lobophora
truncata, 285.
Longitarsus
africanus, 266.
luvidus, 245.
salishuriensis, 244.
Lophactza
granulosa, 732.
Lophoaétus
occipitalis, 3, 959.
_ Lophoceros
— alcippoides, 10, 11, |
12.
— dorippus, 10, 11.
— klugit, 10, 11, 12, |
914.
Limonites
ruficollis, 498.
temminckhi, 498.
Limosa
baueri, 496.
limosa, 496.
melanura, 496.
melanuroides, 496.
nove: zealandia, 496.
uropygialis, 496.
Linckia
diplaz, 116.
miliaris, 116.
Lineus
albovittatus, 826, 831.
longissimus, 826.
Lioderma
(Rhytidolomia) seni/is,
811.
Liogryllus
bimaculatus, 46.
Liolepis
bellii, 857, 859.
Liomera
levis, 569, 583.
richtersi, 569, 588.
Liriopea, 521.
leachii, 523.
lucasti, 523, 526.
Lissotis
melanogaster, 964.
Lithocranius
walleri, 83.
Lithodes, 531.
granulata, 532.
granulosa, 631.
verrucosa, 532.
Lithotrya
pacifica, 795, 798, 799.
erythrorhynchus, 958,
nasutus, 958.
Lopholzmus
antarcticus, 306,
Lophospiza
trivirgata, 489.
Lophostethus
dumolinii, 92.
Lophozozymus
sp., 116.
bellus, 736, 737.
epheliticus, 736.
leucomanus, 736, 737.
octodentatus, 736.
(Lophoxanthus) Ael/us,
var. leucomanus, 736,
(—) leucomanus, 736.
Lophuromys
aquilus, 174.
Lovenia
elongata, 272, 274, 286.
subcarinata, 272, 286,
Loxura
atymnus, 508.
dermaptera, 925.
Lucidia
longispina, 289, 292.
maculata, 289, 293.
penangensis, 289, 292.
Lupea
granulata, 578.
hastata, 745.
pelagica, 745.
sanguinolenta, 740.
tranquebarica, 748.
| Luperus
marshalli, 256.
niger, 256.
scutellatus, 266.
Lusciniola
Juscata, 471.
Lutra
sp., 874.
barang, 334.
cinerea, 334, 874,
ellioti, 334.
|
1045
Lutra
leptonya, 334.
macrodus, 384, 874.
nair, 334.
sumatrana, 334.
vulgaris, 334, 874.
Lycena
alope, 108.
alsoides, 110.
alsulus, 110.
antanossa, 110,
antinorit, 928.
argia, 108.
atrigemmata, 109,
caduca, 110.
cassius, 199.
communis, 110,
diluta, 107.
gaika, 109, 930,
galba, 108.
indica, 111.
japonica, 108.
knysna, 109,
lorquiniz, 109.
lulu, 105, 111.
lysizone, 111.
macalenga, 13.
maha, 106.
mangoensis, 110,
marginata, 107,
moriqua, 929.
noveé-hollandie. 110.
opalina, 107.
pygmea, 109.
sgualida, 107.
stellata, 930.
trochilus, 930.
Lyczenesthes
definita, 927.
liodes, 928.
lycambes, 507.
princeps, 13.
Lycaon
pictus, 659, 803.
| Lycophidium
Fasciatum, 452.
laterale, 452.
| Lycus
ampliatus, 27.
Lygaria
mutabilis, 242,
ornata, 242,
robusta, 242.
terminata, 241,
walleri, 242,
Lygodactylus
capensis, 448.
Lygosoma
JSernandi, 450,
reichenovii, 450.
shelfordi, 182, 186,
68*
1046
Lyncodon
patagonicus, 76.
Lyramorpha, 818.
pallida, 823.
rosea, 819, 823.
Mabuia
batesi, 449, 456.
raddonii, 449.
striata, 968.
Macacus
arctoides, 315.
assamensis, 314,
brunneus, 871.
cynomolgus, 316, 835,
872.
Fusco-ater, 303.
inuus, 303, 773.
leoninus, 315.
nemestrinus, 315, 316.
pileutus, 833.
rufescens, 315,
871.
sinicus, 833,
speciosus, 303.
tcheliensis, 181.
Macetes
albicans, 224.
clypeata, 224.
Macherridia
bilineata, 39.
Macherodus
neogeus, 74.
Macrauchenia, 77.
Macrina
juvenca, 822
Macronyx
croceus, 2,
Macrophthalmus
crassipes, 759.
dilatatus, 759.
— carens, 759, 770.
japonicus, 760.
podophthalmus, 760.
Macropus
bedfordi, 112.
erubescens, 113.
eugenit, 112.
isabellinus, 115.
magnus, 113.
robustus, 113.
— cervinus, 113.
— typicus, 1138.
rufus, 113, 790.
Macropygia
minor, 502.
swinhoit, 502,
tusalia, var. minor,
502.
Macropygium
reticulare, 824.
869,
INDEX.
Macroscelides
boranus, 802.
revoili, 803.
rufescens, 802, 803.
Macrotoma
palmata, 31.
Madoqua
cavendishi, 804.
guentheri, 804.
— smithii, 804.
kirki, 804.
phillipsi, 88.
Madrepora
aspera, 116, 121.
brooki, 122.
clathrata, 116, 120.
delicatula, 121.
valida, 116, 121.
(Isopora) brook?, 120,
Magrettia
abominata, 46.
mutica, 46,
obscura, 45.
Maia
miersii, 723.
(Chorinus)
724.
(—) longispina, 725.
Mainatus
intermedius, 464.
Malaconotus
blanchoti, 2.
manningi, 605.
Malacosoma
donkieri, 266.
variipes, 256,
Malacothrix
typicus, 82.
Malopterurus
electricus, 515.
Manis
javanica,
Mantis
religiosa, 853.
Mantisatta, gen. noyv.,
384.
trucidans, 385, 886.
Mareca
penelope, 492.
Marpessa
sp., 975.
aculeata,
195, 378,
| Matuta
hanksii, 762.
lesuerii, 762.
lunaris, 763.
peronit, 762.
planipes, 763.
victrix, 762.
| Mecistes
chapuisi, 226.
Mecopoda
elongata, 862.
Megaderma
hs, 80.
spasma, 344.
Megalema
Saber, 483.
Megalixalus
Pacuint i, 445.
leptosomus, 445.
Megalophrys
longipes, 890.
montana, 889.
nasuta, 889.
Megamys, 76, 77.
Megaptera
boops, 376.
Megarhynchus
acanthurus, 820.
marginellus, 822.
quadrispinosus, 822.
truncatus, 819.
Megascolex, 612.
eruginosus, 629.
affinis, 642.
annulatus, 634.
aspergillum, 631.
biserialis, 638.
californicus, 627.
capensis, 617.
cingulatus, 615.
hasselti, 638.
houlleti, 618.
iris, 647.
japonicus, 634.
margaritaceus, 647.
mazarredi, 644,
montanus, 620,
musicus, 629.
pictus, 623.
posthumus, 642.
robustus, 648.
schmarde, 619.
sieboldi, 635.
sumatranus, 618.
Megatherium, 67, 69.
Mezgisba
hampsoni, 507.
Megymenum
insulare, 819.
Melampodius, gen. nov.,
cervicornis, 817,
825.
Melanitis
aswa, 505.
leda, 914.
Melanobucco
torquatus, 2.
Melasoma
guadrilineatum, 243,
Meles
ankuma, 301.
Melia
tessellata, 569, 580,
Melierax
sp., 959.
Melina
perna, 118.
Melinda
formosa, 938.
Meliphaga
phrygia, 305.
Melithreptes
lunulatus, 305.
Melittophagus
cyanostictus, 0U2.
oreobates, 602.
sharpei, 602.
Mellivora
indica, 3d4.
ratel, 95, 101.
Melursus
ursiius, 335.
Menzethius
angustus, OTA.
areolatus, 574.
depressus, 574,
inornatus, 574.
monoceros, 568, 574,
722.
subserratus, o74,
722.
tuberculatus, OTA.
Menida
histrio, 815, 828.
Menippe
granulosa, 740.
Menura
superba, 429.
Mephitis
suffocans, 76.
Meriones
eryptorhinus, 196,
rex, 101, 102.
Merops
albicollis, 957.
nubicus, 958.
sumatranus, 480.
viridis, 957.
Merula
cardis, 472.
chrysolaus, 472.
mandarina, 472.
sinensis, 472.
Metalia
maculosa, 287.
sternalis, 274, 286.
Metopograpsus
messor, 755.
oceanicus, 755.
quadridentatus, 750.
INDEX.
Micippa
curtispina, 725.
excavata, 725, 770.
mascarenica, 725.
philyra, 725.
— mascarenica, 725.
Micrantereus
sp., 30.
asidoides, 30.
Microciona
dubia, 128, 136, 141.
Microglossus
aterrimus, 304.
Microhermesia, gen. nov.,
220.
hirticollis, 220, 266.
Microhyla
achtina, 888.
berdmorii, 888.
inornata, 883, 887.
ornata, 887.
Micronisus
badius, 490.
Microphrys
styx, 575.
Micropternus
holroydi, 483.
Micropus
pacificus, 486.
subfurcatus, 486.
Microtus
albicauda, 196.
ater, 398.
roylet, 196.
stracheyi, 196.
(Alticola) Jama, 196.
Miliolina
auberiana, 141.
bicornis, 141.
insignis, 141.
oblonga, 141.
parkeri, 141.
rupertiana, 141.
seminulum, 141.
Milititsa, gen. nov.
somatiensis, 43, 68.
Millsonia
nigra, 171.
rubens, \71.
Milvus
egyptius, 593, 959.
govinda, 491.
melanotis, 491.
Miodon
collaris, 454.
gabonensis, 454.
Miolania, 64.
Miomantis
Senestrata, 37.
Mirafra
Jischeri, 2.
1047
Mithrax
aspera, 725.
suborbieularis, 575,
Mitra
virgata, 118,
(Strigatella) “iderata,
118.
(—) paupercula, 118.
Molge
vulgaris, 267.
Monoceida
énornata, 259.
suturata, 259.
Monolepta
exclamationis, 258,
266.
nigrocincta, 258,
striatipennis, 257.
Monopeltis
dumerilii, 448.
koppenfelsti, 448.
magnipartita, 448.
Monotrichtis
sajitza, 914,
Monticola
cyanus, 478,
solitarius, 473.
Montipora
tmconspicua, 122.
parasitica, 122,
spongilla, 122.
Mormidea
scutellata, 811, 825.
Mormyrops
deliciosus, 512.
Mormyrus
jubelini, 512.
Moschus, 161.
javanicus, 883.
moschiferus, 686.
Motacilla
borealis, 467.
Francisi, 467.
leucopsis, 467.
melanope, 467.
ocularis, 467.
taivana, 467.
vidua, 2.
Mugil
Jalcipinnis, 515,
Munia
acuticauda, 466,
topela, 465,
Murgantia
bifasciata, 824.
tessellata, 812.
varicolor, 812.
Mus
spp., 103.
abbotti, 420.
agrarius, 422,
1048
Mus
albipes, 80.
alexandrinus, var. 7u-
Sescens, 878.
arborarius, 803.
argenteus, 388,
420, 421, 428.
arianus, 413, 414, 416,
417, 418.
— griseus, 416.
hactrianus, 415.
bandicota, 365.
hrunneusculus, 194.
campestris, 398.
cellarius, 406.
chevrieri, 413, 418,
419.
ciliata, 879.
eoncolor, 195, 361, 879.
confucianus, 396, 418.
eremoriventer, 869,
879.
decumanus, 362, 879.
—, var. major, 413.
dichrurus, 410.
edwardsi, 879, 880.
erythronotus, 413, 415.
flavescens, 194.
flavicollis, 404, 405,
406, 407.
griseus, 417.
hayi, 395, 410.
hebridensis, 403.
hibernicus, 398.
hildebrandti, 179.
hirtensis, 404.
intermedius, 398.
islandicus, 409.
jacksoni, \74.
jerdoni, 879.
lewisi, 390, 420.
mahomet, 80.
messorius, 416.
mettada, 881.
minutus, 398, 416.
musculus, 194, 362,
393, 399, 409, 410,
415, 416, 417, 420,
421, 423.
nitidus, 194.
nivalis caucasicus, 412.
orthodon, 390, 421.
rattus, 194, 361, 878,
933.
— alexandrinus, 108.
— rufescens, 361.
rufescens, 361, 878.
sabanus, 879, 880.
setifer, 363.
sumatrensis, 881.
sylvaticus, 387-428.
389,
}
|
INDEX.
Mus
syluaticus algirus, 397,
411, 412, 427.
— arianus, 394, 395,
415, 414, 415, 419,
27.
— cellarius, 406, 407.
— celticus, 395, 399,
401, 402, 403, 425,
428,
— chevrieri, 395, 418,
427.
— dichrurus, 427.
— draco, 388, 395, 397,
418, 428.
— flavicollis, 408.
— fossilis, 398.
— griseus, 395, £16.
— hayi, 410, 426.
hebridensis,
401, 403, 404,
425.
— hirtensis, 395,
404, 425.
— intermedius,
395, 398, 400, 401,
403, 405, 407, 414,
417, 419, 422, 423.
— islandicus, 395, 409,
26.
— lewisi, 420.
— major, 412, 415,
416, 418, 427.
— pallipes, 395, 417.
— princeps, 388, 394,
397, 399, 405, 406,
407, 408, 413, 426,
428,
— tauricus, 399, -
427.
— typicus, 388,
401, 404, 406,
408, 418, 425.
— wintoni, 394,
401, 403, 405,
408, 409, 425.
tokmak, 413.
vociferans, 879, 880.
vulgaris, 394,
wagneri, 413, 414, 415.
—, var. major, 413,
414,
whiteheadi, 880.
wintoni, 408.
(Leggada) méinutoides,
174.
395,
420,
401,
394,
Muscardinus
avellanarius anglicus,
— pulcher, 86.
— speciosus, 85, 87.
Muscardinus
avellanarius typious,
85, 86, 87.
pulcher, 85, 87.
speciosus, 87.
Muscicapa
albicilla, 480.
Jischeri, 608.
Musculus
alexandrinus, 411.
dichrurus, 411.
frugivorus, 411.
Mussa
regalis, 125, 126.
Mustela
eversmanmni, 301.
Alavigula, 333.
martes, 836.
Mutela
sp., 971.
petersi, 971.
rostrata, 970.
rubens, 971.
Mutilla
arenaria, 47.
Mycalesis
safitza, 914.
Myiagra
azurea, 481.
Mylabris
hypolachna, 31.
lateplagiata, 31.
senn@, 31.
somalica, 31.
| Mylodon, 64, 66, 67, 69,
(A h(ek
darwinii, 64.
robustus, 68, 73.
Mylothris
agathina, 17, 930.
dentatus, 931.
jacksoni, 931.
knutsoni, 931.
narcissus, 931.
neumanni, 913, 931.
rubricosta, 918, 930.
swaynei, 931,
trimenia, 931.
Myomenippe
duplicidens, 740.
granulosa, 740.
Myoxus
muscardinus, 86.
sicule, 411.
Myra
australis, 766.
Mpriastra
simplicifurca, 131.
Myrina
dermaptera, 913, 925.
ficedula, 925,
Myrmecophaga, 70.
Myrmeleon
variegatus, 34.
Mytilus
chorus, 77.
Nacaduba
ardates, 507.
celestis, 507.
kurava, 507.
Naia
annulata, 455.
goldit, 455.
guentheri, 455,
melanoleuca, 45d.
yakome, 455,
Nandoges
hainana, 505.
Nardoa
tuberculata, 116.
Necrobia
rufipes, 27.
Necrosyrtes
monachus, 598.
Nectarinia
eneigularis, 604.
cupreonitens, 604.
deckeni, 604.
famosa, 604.
johnstoni, 604.
reichenow?, 603.
tacazz@, 604.
Nectophryne
afra, 436.
Nemorhzdus, 699, 701,
704, 705, 706, 707,
708, 712, 715, 716,
ze
rubidus, 679.
sumatrensis,
675, 882.
swettenhami,
Neobaleena
marginata, 77).
Neomeris
phocenoides, 376.
Neomylodon, 64, 69.
Neophron
monachus, 598, 959.
percnopterus, 959.
Neopithecops
zalmora, 507.
Neptidopsis
ophione, 921.
Neptis
agatha, 920.
hainana, 507.
lermanni, 913, 920.
leuconota, 507.
marpessa, 921,
trigonophora, 913, 920.
370, 371,
675, 882.
|
i
|
|
|
INDEX,
Neptunus
hisiesouien 745.
pelagicus, 745.
sanguinolentus, 745.
(Achelous) granulatus,
568, 578.
(Amphitrite) hasta-
toides, 745, 770.
Nerita
costata, 118.
Nesocia
sp. ine., 362.
barclayana, 368.
bengalensis, 363.
Nesotragus
moschatus, 178, 686.
| Nestor
meridionalis, 304.
notabilis, 304.
| Nettion
|
!
erecca, 492.
Nettopus
coromandelianus, 492.
Nezara
capicola, 813, 824.
chloris, 813.
chlorocephala, 812.
marginalis, 823.
viridula, 811, 813,
cyanomelena, 480.
Ninox
Japonica, 488.
scutulata, 488.
Niphe
cephalus, 810.
subferrugined, 810.
Nisaétus
pennatus, 3.
Nitocris, 612.
Noctulina
malaccensis, 845,
Nora
kesava, 507.
Notopterus
afer, 512,
Numenius
arquatus, 496, 965,
major, 496.
pheopus, 496, 965.
variegatus, 496.
Numida
ptilorhyncha, 966.
veichenowi, 597.
Nursia
hardwickii, 767.
plicata, 766, 767.
Nychitona
aleesta, 932.
immaculata, 32.
1049
Nychitona
medusa, 17, 932.
—, var. alcesta, 932.
Nycteris
javanica, 344.
thebaica, 99.
Nycticebus
cinereus, 321.
tardigradus, 9321,
873
| Nycticej us
kuhlii, 346, 876.
Nycticorax
sp., 964.
griseus, 495,
lewconotus, 493.
magnifica,461, 493, 504.
nycticorax, 493.
Nyctinomus
johorensis, 351.
plicatus, 351,
tenuis, dD1.
| Nyctiornis
athertoni, 486.
Nymphalis
candiope, 916,
zoolina, 916.
Nymphicus
uveensis, 804.
Ochotona
ladacensis, 197.
Ochthodromus
geoffroyi, 495.
mongolicus, 495,
| Ocirrhoé
roei, 815, 825.
virescens, 815, 825,
Ocnera
sp., 28.
Octopus
sp., 117.
Ocypode
ceratophthalma, 570,
595, 751), 752.
cordimana, 752.
urvillei, 569, 595.
(Macrophthalmus) di-
latata, '759.
(—) yaponica, 760.
Odontiomorpha, gen.
noy., 238.
minuta, 239, 266.
Odontionopa
cerulea, 228.
discolor, 229,
Odontopus
sexpunctatus, 48.
' idaleus
abruptus, 40.
infernalis, 40.
1050
CEdaleus
instillatus, 39.
nigrofasciatus, 40.
senegalensis, 40.
(Edicnemus
sp. ine., 965.
(Edionychis
africana, 266.
natalensis, 266.
rugicollis, 266.
lia
varicornis, 810.
Ommatostrephes
sp., 117.
Oncinopus
angulatus, 723.
aranea, 722.
neptunus, 722.
subpellucidus, 722.
Oniscus
asilus, 552.
conglobator, 552.
globator, 552.
serratus, 552.
Onohippidium
saldiasi, 76.
Onthophagus
sp., 24.
gazella, 24.
gerstaeckeri, 24.
Onychoteuthis
robusta, 992.
Ophidiaster
sp., 117.
Ophiocephbalus
obscurus, 515.
Ophiocoma
ethiops, 117.
scolopendrina, 117.
Ophiusa
melicerte, 20.
Orbitolites
complanata, 141,
duplex, \41.
marginalis, 141.
Orcella
brevirostris, 376.
Oreas
canna, 686, 702.
Oreaster
lincki, 296.
nodosus, 296.
nodulosus, 296.
turritus, 295.
Oreophorus
rugosus, 767.
Oreotragus
oreotragus, 808.
Oriolus
chinensis, 465,
diffusus, 465,
INDEX.
Oriolus
larvatus, 2.
nigellicaudus, 465.
Ornithodoros
savignyt, 49.
Orsotrixna
medus, 50d.
Orthoschizops
assimilis, 809, 825.
rugosus, 809, 825.
, Orthotomus
longicauda, 471.
O
gazella, 686.
Osmotreron
hicincta, 501.
domvilii, 501.
Osteolamus
tetraspis, 447.
| Otiaphysa
angustipennis, 43, 63.
hebetata, 44.
Otogyps
auricularis, 959.
Otomys
irroratus, 175.
— orestes, 175.
Jackson, 175.
Otus
brachyotus, 489.
Ourebia
haggardi, 804.
hastata, 686.
montana, 83, 803, 955.
nigricaudata, 686.
Ovibos
bombifrons, 700.
moschatus, 142-167,
680, 686-718.
-—- pallantis, 882.
— wardi, 832.
Ovis, 144-167.
ammon, 114, 686.
arkal, 305.
ophion, 686.
poli, 114, 686, 702.
sairensis, 118, 114, 686.
Oxyglossus
levis, 884.
lima, 884.
Oxyopes
sp., 52.
Ozius
(Euruppellia) annu-
lipes, 589.
Pachychalina
spinosissima, 127.
| Pachycoris
attenuata, 819.
ryx
heisa, 83, 680, 682, 686.
we’
Pachycoris
Sabricii, 822.
Alavescens, 822.
linnei, 822.
lobata, 819.
nitens, 822.
piperitia, 822.
pumila, 822.
Pachydissus
(Derolus) somalicus, 32.
Pachygrapsus
ethiopicus, 593.
corrugatus, 595.
levis, 569, 592, 596.
longipes, 593.
minutus, 570, 593.
plicatus, 595.
transversus, 7595.
Padraona
oides, 510.
pseudomesa, 510.
zeno, 945.
Paguma
lemomystax, 529.
trivirgata, 530.
_ Pagurus
comptus, 530.
JSorceps, 585, 586.
maculatus, 592.
Palemon
pilimanus, 95.
(Macrobrachium )
pilimanus, 93.
Palzornis
derbianus, 304.
docilis, 958.
fasciata, 484.
Javanicus, 459, 484.
lathami, 484.
Palmipes
rosaceus, 289, 297.
Palomena
prasina, 811.
wnicolor, 811, 825.
viridissima, 811.
Palpares
papilionoides, 34.
tristis, 34.
walkeri, 34.
Paltothyreus
pestilentius, 47.
Pamphila
sp., 202, 203.
detecta, 945.
misera, 203.
phiyleus, 203.
thaumas, 203.
zeno, 945.
Pandinus
hellicosus, 53, 61, 62.
cavimanus, 61.
Pandinus
colez, 58, 59, 61.
gregorii, 58.
hawkeri, 60, 62.
meidensis, 58, 62.
militaris, 61, 62, 65.
pallidus, 58, 59.
peeli, 48, 53, 60, 61, 62,
65
phillipsi, 58, 59, 62.
pugilator, 48, 52, 61, 65.
smithi, 58, 62.
Pandion
haliaétus, 304, 491.
Pangonia
bricchettii, 8.
tricolor, 7, 8, 63.
Panolia
acuticornis, 372.
eldi, 303.
Panopzeus
caystrus, 580.
Panopea
expansa, 915, 919.
heliogenes, 919.
tarquinia, 913, 919.
Papilio
acheron, 510.
atha, 920.
eis 509.
agetes, 510.
ajax, 182.
alcesta, 932.
alsus, 110.
anacardii, 918.
andremon, 201.
argia, 938.
aristolochie, 510.
asterias, 182.
axion, 510.
heticus, 930.
hathycles, 510.
honhotei, 201, 203.
calais, 933.
cardwi, 918.
cenea, 938, 939.
chaon, 509.
clelia, 917.
cloantha, 917.
continentalis, 510.
cresphontes, 182.
dedalus, 919.
demodocus, 940.
demoleus, 17, 509.
doddsi, 510.
dryope, 921.
electo, 982.
encedon, 922.
florella, 935.
forestan, 946.
goetzius, 922.
|
INDEX.
Papilio
hamela, 509, 511.
helenus, 509.
hiarhas, 921.
ilithyia, 922.
leda, 914.
lysimon, 108.
machaon, 181.
mesentina, 937.
metis, 944.
minimus, 110.
minutus, 110.
misippus, 919.
nireus, 939, 940.
nobilis, 913, 988.
ophione, 921.
otis, 111.
palemon, 928.
paris, 510.
phalantha, 920.
philenor, 182.
phorcas, 913, 939.
polydamas, 202.
pringlet, 938.
protenor, 509.
quirina, 925.
rex, 913, 938.
sarpedon, 510.
slateri, 510.
spio, 945.
striatus, 510.
telicanus, 929.
thersander,913,939 ,940.
tibullus, 938, 939.
trotlus, 182.
turnus, 182.
wenocles, 510.
Papio
anubis, 952.
arabicus, 95, 96.
doguera, 773, 802.
falconeri, 97.
hamadryas, 95, 96.
heuglini, 802.
nemestrinus, 315.
subhimalayanus, 97.
thoth, 96.
Parabuthus
granimanus, 5b.
heterurus, 56.
Paradisea
apoda, 305.
papuana, 305.
Paradoxurus
derbyanus, 330.
Jinlaysonii, 329.
hermaphroditus,
873.
leucomystax, 301, 329.
macrodus, 328, 329.
musanga, 323.
329,
|
|
1051
Paradoxurus
niger, 328.
tytleri, 301.
Paralomis, 531.
aculeata, 532.
aspera, 532, 539.
formosa, 532, 583.
granulosa, 532, 533.
indica, 580.
investigatoris, 533.
longipes, 532.
multispina, 532.
papillata, 532.
verrillt, 5382, 533.
verrucosa, 532, 533.
Paramithrax
peronti, 528.
(Chlorinoides) aculeatus
armatus,; 724.
Parapanope
ewagora, 737.
Parasa
Fulvicorpus, 21.
Paratelphusa
convera, 98.
Parnara
detecta, 945.
micans, 913, 946.
Parthenope
(Lambrus) valida, 726.
Parus
afer, 2, 3.
cinereus, 469.
Passer
cinnamomeus, 30D.
dentatus, 305.
diffusus, 2.
domesticus, 957.
montanus, 466.
swainsoni, 30D.
Patiria
sp., 289.
Pausiris
fuscitarsis, 240.
rotundicollis, 240.
subfasciatus, 239.
Pavoncella
pugnaxr, 3.
Pelecanus
manillensis, 492.
minor, 598.
onocrotalus, 960.
philippensis, 492,
roseus, 598.
rufescens, 960,
Pelidna
alpina, 499.
Pellina
eusiphonia, 138.
Pelmatochromis
jentinki, 516,
1052
Peltarion, 519.
magellanicus, 519, 520.
spinosulum, 519, 520.
Penzus
sp., 116.
Pentaceros
alveolatus, 296.
granulosus, 294.
hiulcus, 296.
muricatus, 296.
—, var. intermedia,
296.
—, var. mutica, 296.
turritus, 289, 295, 296.
Pentatoma
acutesta, 821.
equinoxialis, 823.
africana, 813, 824.
albonotata, 815, 821.
aliena, 816, 824.
anchorago, 824.
angularis, 824.
angulosa, 811,
antiguensis, 812, 821.
atrox, 821.
hengalensis, 815, 823.
herylina, 813, 824.
bifida, 824.
himaculata, 812, 828.
hinotata, 823.
bronzea, 821.
bufo, 824.
cenosa, 810, 821.
caffre, 821.
capicola, 813, 821.
cephalus, 810.
chinensis, 813, 824.
chloris, 818, 821.
chlorocephala, 812, 821.
collaris, 824.
concimna, 824.
confusa, 811.
crassa, 821.
crocipes, 821.
crudelis, 824.
cummingii, 822.
delenda, 812.
deplanata, 811, 82].
difficilis, 812, 821.
ferruginea, 810. |
fimbriata, 814, 824.
formosa, 821.
frontalis, 818, 824.
gloriosa, 821.
grisea, 811.
harrisi, 818, 824.
hostilis, 812, 824.
inconspecta, 812, 824.
inconspicua, 814.
indica, 812, 821.
interrupta, 824.
INDEX.
Pentatoma
lata, 813, 824.
lateralis, 810, 818,
824.
leti, 813, 824.
lineaticollis, 821.
luteipennis, 821.
luteo-varia, 822.
marginalis, 821.
marginella, 822.
mintata, 816, 824.
miniaticollis, 824.
nepalensis, 823.
nigripes, 818, 824.
mitida, 823.
oblonga, 811, 813,
824.
obscura, 812, 821.
orbitalis, 823.
ovalis, 811, 824.
pallescens, 812, 821.
pallipes, 810, 821.
pantherina, 814, 818,
823.
pavonina, 821.
pennsylvanie, 825.
platygaster, 821.
precedentis, 812.
proaima, 813, 824.
pulchella, 824.
pulchra, 824.
punctipes, 823.
purpurea, 821.
roet, 810.
rosea, 821.
rotundicollis, 811.
rufo-spilota, 821.
rugicollis, 822.
scutellata, 811, 821.
semimaryinata, 821.
senilis, 811, 824.
serva, 811.
spilota, 811, 824.
spinosa, 811.
subferruginea, 821,
sublurida, 824.
subsericea, 818, 824.
tenicola, 812.
trifasciata, 824.
trimaculata, 821.
trinotata, 821.
tripunctifera, 813.
tripunctigera, 824.
tristigma, 812.
wnicolor, 811, 818, 821,
824
varia, 821.
varicolor, 812, 821.
varipennis, 821.
ventralis, 821.
vilis, 810.
| Pentatoma
violacea, 824,
violascens, 821.
viridicollis, 814, 821.
vitrea, 812, 821.
wilkinsonii, 823.
Penthema
michallati, 507.
Peploptera
abyssinica, 211, 213.
anchoralis, 212.
angustata, 211.
apicata, 210, 266.
cylindriformis, 211.
hemorrhagica, 211.
humeralis, 213.
lefevrei, 211.
punctata, 212.
semifasciata, 211.
Perameles
gunni, 790.
lagotis, 302,
Perichzta, 612.
acrophila, 636.
acystis, 638.
eliana, 626.
affinis, 641.
agrestis, 637.
amazonica, 645.
annulata, 634.
arturi, 620.
aspergillum, 631.
atheca, 620.
barami, 689.
bLarbadensis, 645.
batjanensis, 630.
belli, 615.
bermudensis, 645.
birmanica, 637.
biserialis, 638.
bonthainensis, 630.
bossche, 625, 892.
bournei, 635.
brevis, 636.
caducicheta, 618.
cecilia, 630.
campanulata, 613.
campestris, 632.
candida, 633.
capensis, 617.
carinensis, 625.
carnosa, 645.
cingulata, 615, 648.
communissima, 635.
corticis, 651.
crassicystis, 620.
crescentica, 614.
cupulifera, 645.
darnleiensis, 615.
decimpapillata, 636.
densipapillata, 621,
Perichsta
digitata, 630.
divergens, 625.
dubia, 614.
dyeri, 623.
elongata, 60.
enganensis, 628.
eoa, 615.
esafate, 632.
everetti, 639.
Salcata, 618.
JSasciata, 629.
fee, 648.
Serdinandi, 617.
flavescens, 628.
floweri, 644.
forbesi, 648.
fumigata, 631.
Ffuscata, 625.
galelensis, 630,
gamsungi, 630.
glandularis, 634.
glandulosus, 645.
grossa, 6205.
grubei, 650.
guarint, 627.
gulielmi, 614.
halmahere, 630.
hasselti, 638.
hawayana, 645.
hesperidum, 633.
heterocheta, 622.
heteropoda, 625.
hexatheca, 621.
hilgendorfi, 633.
hippocrepis, 648.
houlletz, 615.
hupeiensis, 646,
“ime, 636.
imparicystis, 651.
indica, 615, 622.
inflata, 618.
insule, 645.
irrequiaris, 633.
izukai, 625.
jampeana, 630.
javana, 616.
kamakurensis, 686.
hinabaluensis, 639.
klabatensis, 640.
labuensis, 637.
levis, 634.
longa, 629.
lovie, 641.
macrocheta, 619.
madeline, 615.
malamaniensis, 620,
mandhorensis, 645.
martensi, 615.
masatake, 632.
mauritiana, 645,
“INDEX.
Pericheta
megascolidioides, 622.
merabahensis, 617.
micronaria, 625.
minima, 649.
minahasse, 626.
mirabilis, 622.
modiglhani, 622.
molokaiensis, 644.
monilicystis, 623.
morrist, 645,
moseleyt, 655.
musica, 629.
nana, 639.
neo-guinensis, 642.
nipponica, 622.
nove britannie,
632.
novare, 619.
obscura, 625.
operculata, 618.
pacifica, 642.
padasensis, 624.
pallida, 645.
papillata, 639.
papua, O44,
papulosa, 644, 892.
parvicystis, 633.
parvula, 636.
pataniensis, 637.
puuli, 648.
peguana, 628.
pentacystis, 614.
peregrina, O44,
perkinst, 622.
plilippina, 616.
posthuma, 641.
producta, 628.
propora, 6305.
pulchra, 619.
purpurea, 630.
pura, O17.
pusilla, 649.
quadragenaria, 649.
queenslandica, 643.
racemosa, 621,
recta, 630.
ringeana, 627.
robusta, 648.
rokugo, 633.
sancti gacobi, 645,
sandvicensis, 633.
sangirensis, 620,
sarawacensis, 689,
schizopora, 633.
schmarde, 619.
scholastica, 625,
sedqwickii, 172, 647.
seriata, G40.
seata, 618.
shimdensis, 625.
169,
1053
Perichxta
sieboldi, 635.
sinensis, 623.
sluiteri, 630.
solomonis, 641.
spectubilis, 642.
stelleri, 639.
sumatrana, 618.
supuensis, 638.
taitensis, 619.
takatorii, 631. .
taprobane, 648.
tenkatei, 618.
tetra, 628.
tigrina, 631.
tyibode, 618.
tokioensis, 633.
travancorensis, 614.
trinitatis, 624.
trityphia, 619.
udet, 628.
udekemt, 614.
upoluensis, 630.
urceolata, 619.
vaillanti, 615.
variabilis, 618.
vesiculata, 619.
violacea, 641.
vitiensis, 620.
vittata, 635.
vordermanni, 624.
willeyi, 629.
zebra, 637.
zonoporus, 620.
Perichares
telisignata, 913, 946.
Pericrocotus
cantonensis, 479,
cinereus, 479.
elegans, 479.
Fraterculus, 479.
griseiqularis, 479.
Periophthalmus, 116.
Periplaneta
americana, 36.
Perna
samoensis, 118,
Peronia
peronti, 118.
Peronura
ap., 41.
Petaurista
cineraceus, 193.
lylei, 192, 195.
oral, 193.
phillipensis, 198.
yunnanensis, 193,
Petrocincla
manilla, 473.
Petropedetes
cameronensis, 439,
1054
Petropedetes
johnstoni, 439.
newtoni, 439.
Petrosia
contignata, 137.
exigua, 128, 139, 141.
similis, 139.
Phacocherus, 681.
africanus, 955.
Phzochrous
beccarii, 22.
Phalacrocorax
sp., 999.
africanus, 3.
carbo, 492.
lucidus, 3.
Phalanger
sp., 786, 788.
Phalaropus
hyperboreus, 499.
Phaneroptera
nana, 42.
punctulata, 41.
quadripunctata, +2.
Phascolarctos
cinereus, 779.
Phascolomys
mitchelli, 779,
788.
Phasianus
semmerringi, 306.
Pheretima, 612.
californica, 622, 627.
montana, 619.
Philea
senator, 822.
Philothamnus
dorsalis, 452.
semivariegatus, 452.
Philougria
marina, 56d.
Philygria
Hate 565.
Philyra
globosa, 764.
globulosa, T64.
polita, 764.
porcellana, 764.
sexangula, 765.
Phlegethontius
convolvuli, 20.
Phlyxia
erosa, 572.
Phocena
phocenoides, 376.
Phebis
agarithe, 201.
Pheeniconaias
minor, 960.
Phrissura
aegis, 939.
787,
sr rs ee ere teense,
\
INDEX.
Phrissura
confusa, 936.
dubia, 936.
illana, 935.
isokani, 936.
phebe, 936, 946.
polisma, 935.
Phrygilus
gayi, 305.
Phrynobatrachus
auritus, 440, 456.
latirostris, 440, 456.
plicatus, 440,
Phyciodes
frisia, 199.
Phyllacanthus
annulifera, 274.
Phyllidia
varicosa, 118.
Phyllocephala
wrorata, 820.
Phyllocnema
semijanthina, 32.
Phyllopertha
rticola, 25.
Phyllopezus
africanus, 3, 965.
Phyllopneuste
Juscata, 471.
plumbeitarsus, 470.
Phyllorhina
bicolor, var. fulva, 348
stoliczkana, 344.
Phyllornis
lazulina, 478.
Phylloscopus
plumbeitarsus, 470.
superciliosus, 470.
Phyllotreta
capensis, 245.
unicostata, 244.
Phymateus
morbillosus, 40.
stollii, 40.
Phymodius
ungulatus, 570, 587.
Physodactyla
africana, 266.
Pica
caudata, 462.
media, 462.
pica, 462.
Picus
cahanisi, 482.
kaleensis, 483.
mandarinus, 483.
Pieris
omphale, 934.
phileta, 201.
Piezodorus
incarnalus, 825.
|
'
Piezosternum
calidwm, 828.
Pilodeudorex
cerulea, 913, 925.
Pilodius
spinipes, 588,
Pilumnopeus
maculatus, 744.
) Pilumnus
andreossyi, 581.
hirsutus, 570, 581, 596,
743.
lahyrinthicus, 743.
levis, 743.
minutus, 743.
— hirsutus, 743.
mus, 749.
prunosus, 568, 581.
rotumanus, 569, 581
596.
ursulus, 743.
vespertilio, 743.
| Pimelia
cenchronota, 28.
hildehrandti, 28.
| Pinacopteryx
;
|
gerda, 915, 937.
Pinarochroa
ernesti, 606.
hypospodia, 606.
sordida, 606.
Pinarocichla
schmackeri, 478.
Pinnotheres
arcophilus, 762.
modiolicola, 761.
ortmanni, 761.
semperi, 761.
Pionias
chalcopterus, 304.
Pionopsittacus
pileatus, 304.
Pipastes
agilis, 467.
Pipile
cumanensis, 305.
Pipistrellus
abramus, 191, 876.
ridleyi, 345.
Pisa
monoceros, 574, 722,
planasia, 724.
(Naxia) diacantha, 723.
Pithecops
hiylaz, 507.
Pitta
bengalensis, 305.
Pitylus
capistratus, 305.
Plagiodera
congoensis, 242.
Placusia
pallet 592.
speciosa, 569,
Hoe
Platacantha
lutea, 823.
Platalea
sp., 962.
minor, 306.
Plataspis, 818.
flaviceps, 822.
hemispherica, 820.
nigrita, 819.
nigriventris, 820.
nitida, 820.
subenea, 820.
Platycercus
browni, 304.
hematonotus, 304.
multicolor, 304.
Platyxantha
bicincta, 264, 266.
Plautia
fimbriata, 814, 824.
viridicollis, 814.
Plebeius
alboceruleus, 107.
falkensteinii, 928.
trochilus, 13.
Plecoptera
reflexa, 19.
Plectropterus
sp., 960.
Plegadis
falcinellus, 961.
Plocederus
melancholicus, 32.
peeli, 32.
Ploceipasser
pectoralis, 2.
Plotus
levaillanti, 5.
rufus, 960.
Pluvianus
egyptius, 965.
Pocillopora
brevicornis, 125.
favosa, 124.
Podicipes
philippensis, 500.
Podisus
luridus, 824.
neglectus, 817, 825,
Podontia
stolida, 253.
Podops
spinifera, 819.
Pecilocoris
hardwickii, 822.
Peeocephalus
massaicus, 599,
570,
INDEX.
Peeocephalus
versteri, 304.
Poéphila
acuticauda, 305.
costatipennis, 265.
Sulvipes, 265.
Polemon
barthi, 454.
bocourti, 454.
Polioaétus
humilis, 491.
ichthyaétus, 491.
plumbeus, 491.
Poliomyias
luteola, 480.
Poliopsar
cineraceus, 463.
sericeus, 464.
Polites
thauwmas, 203.
Polydesma
otiosa, 19.
Polyhirma
calliaudi, 21.
Polynemus
quadrifilis, 515.
Polyommatus
beticus, 13, 508, 930.
chandala, 106.
karsandra, 109.
labradus, 110.
sangra, 111.
_ Polypedates
hascheana, 885.
Polyphasia
tenuirostris, 484.
| Polypterus
hichir, 969.
lapradii,
511, 835.
senegalus,
969.
267,
452,
Polystomella
macella, 141.
Polytelis
alexandre, 304.
Polytrema
miniaceum, 141.
Pomatorhinus
musicus, 476.
nigrostellatus, 476.
Pomponia
imperatoria, 861.
Pontoscolex
corethrura, 891.
Poospiza
personata, 305.
Popa
undulata, 37.
Porites
indica, 123..
1055
Poromera
Sordi, 449, 456.
haugi, 449.
Porphyrio
alleni, 3.
Portunus, 578.
crenatus, ‘748.
hastatoides, 745.
sanguinolentus, 745,
tranquebaricus, 748.
(Amphitrite) hastatoz
des, 745.
(Neptunus) pelagicus,
745
(Seylla) serratus, 748.
Potamon
sp., 973.
bicristatum, 95.
consobrinwm, 98.
convexum, 93, 94.
dehaani, 94, 99.
kadamaianum, 93, 95.
maculata, 94.
obtusipes, 94, 95.
tridentatum, 721.
(Geothelphusa) ada-
maianum, 94.
(Parathelphusa)
verwin, 93.
tridentatwm incer-
tum, 749, 770.
(Potamon) consobri-
num, OA.
(Thelphusa)
num, 94,
Praogena
gagatina, 31.
nigra, 30.
Pratincola
indica, 474.
maura, 474.
Precis
cebrene, 917.
clelia, 917.
cloantha, 917.
elgiva, 917.
milonia, 917.
natalensis, 918.
pyriformis, 917.
sesamus, 913, 916, 946,
tugela, 917.
Prinia
extensicauda, 471
inornata, 471.
sonitans, 471.
Prionastraa
australensis, 126,
Prioneris
clemanthe, 508.
thestylis, 508.
watsoni, 508,
con=-
consobri-
1056
Prionodon
gracilis, 328.
maculosus 328.
pardicolor, 328.
Prionops
talacoma, 2.
Procayvia
abyssinica, 176, 177.
jacksoni, 176, 177.
mackinderi, 176.
scheelei, 178.
shoana, 83, 177.
stuhlmanni, 178.
syriaca jayakari,
104
valida, 178.
(Dendrohyrax)
shayi, 178.
Protogoniomorpha
anacardit, 918.
Protopterus
annectens, 511, 775,
835.
dolloi, 775.
Psammodes
sp., 28.
Psammophis
sibilans, 454, 968.
Psaropholus
ardens, vay.
cauda, 465.
nigellicauda, 465.
Pseudochirus
archeri, 779, 786, 788.
cooki, 779.
herbertensis, 779, 786.
Pseudocolaspis
cupreofemorata, 225,
266.
parvula, 226.
puberula, 265.
severini, 225.
Pseudogyps
africanus, 959.
Pseudohaje
nigra, 455.
Pseudomela
nigripennis, 241.
Pseudophia
lineata, 19, 638.
oppia, 18, 63.
Pseudophilyra
melita, 765.
Pseudosuberites
andrewsi, 128, 135, 141.
hyalina, 135.
sulphureus, 185.
Pseudosyagrus
africanus, 228,
Pseudotantalus
ibis, 963.
CcTraw-
nigelli-
INDEX.
Pseudotantalus
leucocephalus, 493.
Pseudozius
caystrus,
580.
inornatus, 568, 580.
_ Psiloptera
somalica, 25, 63.
Pteraster
militaris, 298.
| Pternistes
infuscatus, 597.
Pterocles
quadricinctus, 966.
Pteromys
melanotis, 352.
nitidus, 351, 352.
oral, 351, 352.
petaurista, 351, 352.
punctatus, 353.
tephromelas, 353,
Pteropus
edulis, 389, 875.
medius, 339.
minimus, 875.
nicobaricus, 875.
vampyrus, 339, 875.
Pterygospidea
djelele, 942.
Ptilonorhynchus
smithi, 305.
Ptilotis
auricomus, 805.
Pudua
humilis, 686.
Pulvinulina
repanda, 14).
Putorius
nivalis, 397.
nudipes, 334.
Pyenonotus
arsinoé, 956.
hainanus, 477.
layardi, 608.
melanocephalus, 305.
Pygosceles
teniatus, 771.
Pyrameis
abyssinica, 918.
atalanta, 917.
cardui, 918.
Pyrgomorpha
grylloides, 40.
Pyrgus
elma, 943.
spio, 943.
Pyromelana
flammiceps, 2.
canthomelana, 2.
Pyrops
sp. 971,
568, 569,
— Rana
Pyrops
nobilis, 868.
Pyrrhulauda
smithi, 2.
Pyrrhulopsis
personatus, 304.
Python
sebe, 451, 968.
_Querquedula
circia, 492.
Rahinda
hordonia, 507.
equiplicata, 437.
albolahris, 438.
cavitympanum, 886.
crassipes, 437.
erythrea, 885.
glandulosa, 887.
gracilis, 885.
hascheana, 885.
Jerboa, 886.
labialis, 886.
larutensis, 886.
lateralis, 883, 886,
890.
latopalmata, 886.
limnocharis, 883, 885.
macrodactyla, 885.
macrodon, 885.
mascareniensis, 438.
— equiplicata, 437.
— hnhronii, 488.
mascarensis, 968.
plicatella, 885.
signata, 883, 886.
subsigillata, 437.
superciliaris, 438,
tigrina, 885.
Rangifer, 144-167.
tavrandus, 686,
Rapala
manea, 5O8,
Raphicerus
campestris, 686.
melanotis, 686,
Raphigaster
abdominalis, 823.
flavolineatus, 820.
guildingii, 820.
longitudinalis, 821.
luteus, 820.
monsoni, 814, 821.
neglectus, 820.
punctulatus, 823,
transversalis, 823.
virescens, 821.
Rappia
Jimbriolata,* 444.
Rappia
uscigula, 444,
marmorata, 444.
ocellata, 444.
phantastica, 444.
platyceps, 444, 456.
pusilla, 445.
tuberculata, 444.
Ratelus
leuconotus, 301.
Ratufa
bicolor, 354, 876, 877.
gigantea, 193. _
melanopepla, 876.
Recuryirostra
avocetta, 965.
Reguloides
superciliosus, 470,
Remigia
repanda, 20,
Reniera
sp., 139.
crateriformis, 139.
innominata, 128, 138,
141.
Retaster
cribrosus, 289, 298.
insignis, 298.
Rhabdocidaris
annulifera, 272, 273,
274, 276, 298.
baeulosa, 272.
bispinosa, 273.
nobilis, 277.
Rhabdotis
sobrina, 25.
Rhacophorus
leucomystax, 887.
maculatus, 887.
schlegeli, 887.
shelfordi, 185, 187.
Rhamnophis
ethiops, 453.
Rhampholeon
spectrum, 451.
Rhaphidophlus
filifer, 136.
spiculosus, 136.
Rhaphigaster
capicola, 813.
subsericeus, 813.
Rhegmatopoda
leptocera, 44.
peeli, 44, 63.
Rhembastus
affinis, 235.
collaris, a,
anipennis, 236.
gdje, 235,
inde 236, 237.
geminatus, 234.
INDEX.
Rhembastus
interstitialis, 236.
irreqularis, 237.
micans, 235. |
natalensis, 235.
nigripes, 285.
nigritarsis, 237.
obscwrellus, 235.
puncticollis, 235.
recticollis, 236.
uniformis, 286.
Rhinoceros, 156.
lasiotis, 366.
simus, 949.
sondaicus, 366, 367.
sumatrensis, 366, 367, |
368.
unicornis, 366, 367.
Rhinolophus
affinis, 342.
armiger, 875.
celophyllus, 341.
diadema, 875.
luctus, 341, 875.
minor, 342.
trifoliatus, 341.
Rhinopoma
hardwickii, 350.
microphyllum, 99, 350.
Rhinopomastes
eyanomelas, 2.
Rhinosciurus
laticaudatus, 359.
Rhipicephalus
armatus, 50, 51, 63.
marmoreus, 50, 51, 63.
sanguineus, 49, 51.
Rhipidura
albicollis, 481.
tricolor, 305.
Rhizochalina
pellucida, 128, 158.
sessilis, 128, 138, 141.
Rhizomys
hadius, 195, 363, 364.
minor, 195, 363.
sumatrensis, 363, 364, |
Rhodia
Sugax, 181.
Rhodope, 612.
Rhombosolea
monopus, 986,
Rhopalocampta
anchises, 17.
forestan, 946.
pisistratus, 946.
Rhopodytes
tristis, 485.
Rhyacophilus
glareola, 497.
1057
Rhyncheea
bengalensis, 499.
capensis, 3, 499.
Rhynchium
sp., 47.
Rhynchocoris, 818.
inguinata, 815, 820.
roct, 815, 820.
thoracica, 820.
unimaculata, 820,
virescens, 815.
Rhynchops
flavirostris, 966.
Rhysida
paucidens, 48.
Rhytidonota
delicatula, 28.
robusta, 28, 63.
Rostratula
capensis, 499.
Rousettus
egyptiacus, 98.
amplexicaudatus, 98.
stramineus, 98.
Rupicapra, 699, 704, 705,
706, 707, 708, 712,
CSE alge
Ruppellia
amuulipes, 589.
Rusa
equina, 372.
Ruticilla
aurorea, 475.
leucocephala, 305.
rufiventris, 473.
Saiga, 164, 701, 704, 705,
707
tartarica, 680, 686.
Salatura
genutia, 505.
Salius
megaera, 47.
Salmacis
alexandri, 282.
dussumiert, 273.
globator, 272, 274, 281,
282, 283, 299,
rarispinad, 274, 282.
283.
sulcata, 272, 274, 281,
282, 283, 299.
Samia
cecropia, 181.
Saprinus
chalcites, 22.
semipunctatus, 22.
Sarangesa
eliminata, 17, 941,
motozi, 941.
motozioides, 918, 941,
1058
Sarangesa
synestalmenus, 940.
Sarcidiornis
melanonota, 3.
Sarcodaces
odoé, 512, 836.
Sarcopbilus
ursinus, 779, 786, 788.
Sareophyton, 116.
Sardoides
nigricornis, 263.
viridicollis, 264.
Sastragala
variolosa, 818, 825.
Sauracris, gen. noy., 40.
lacerta, 41, 63.
Saxicola
enanthe, 956.
Scarabzeus
bettoni, 28.
isidis, 23.
Scelidotherium, 67, 69, 73.
Scelodonta
sexplagiata, 226, 266.
Schilbe
senegalensis, 514,
Schistocerca
peregrina, 40.
Schizonycha
crenata, 24.
nigrofusca, 24.
squamosa, 24.
Schizophrys
aspera, 725.
serratus, 725,
Schizorhis
concolor, 2.
Schleinitzia
crenularis, 274, 275.
Sciocoris
capensis, 822.
Sciuropterus
alboniger, 358.
davisont, 354.
genibarbis, 304.
horsfieldii, 858.
lepidus, 354.
phayret, 193, 876.
sagitta, 353, 876.
Sciurus
alpinus, 398.
INDEX.
Sciurus
Serrugineus, 355.
Jinlaysoni, 191, 193, 355,
356.
griseimanus, 357.
griseiventer, 358.
hippurus, 556.
insignis, 360, 878.
laticaudatus, 359.
locria, 360.
macclellandi, 357.
— harhei, 194, 357.
multicolor, 803.
nigroviltatus, 358.
notatus, 858, 359, 878.
palmarum, 307.
plantani, 358.
prevosti, 356, 358.
rafflesii, 358.
rufigenis, 194.
rufobrachiatus, 174.
subjlaviventris, 360.
tenuis, 357, 870, 878.
varius, 301.
vittatus, 358.
vulgaris, 393.
— lecourus, 397.
— rufus, 397.
— typicus, 397.
Scobura
sp., 510.
Scolitantides
stellata, 930.
| Scolopax
rusticula, 499,
| Scolopendra
morsitans, 9738.
Scopimera
atridorsalis, 194, 357, |
870.
badging, 358.
berdmorei, 359.
hicolor, 354.
caniceps, 194, 356, 870,
877.
— concolor, 356.
erythreus, 356, 870,
877.
|
|
}
|
myctiroides, 760, 770.
Scops
lempiji, 488.
pennatus, 305.
umbratilis, 488.
Scorpio
bellicosus, 61.
colei, 59.
pallidus, 58.
phillipsti, 58.
smithii, 58.
Scotobleps, gen. noyv.,
488
gabonicus, 439, 456.
Scotophilus
castaneus, 192, 346.
kuhli, 191, 346, 876.
nigrita, 80, 953.
schlieffeni, 99.
temminckii, 346.
Scutellera
fasciata, 822.
rubro-lineata, 819.
Scylla
serrata, 748.
Seyphacella
arenicola, 56d.
Secusio
strigata, 17.
Semnopithecus
sp., 872.
alhocinereus, 317, 319,
872.
cristatus, 317, 318, 319.
entellus, 303.
femoralis, 317, 318, 319.
germaini, 317, 319.
maurus, 319.
mitratus, 19, 872.
neglectus, 319.
obscurus, 317, 318, 872.
schistaceus, 808.
siamensis, 317, 319, 872.
Sepidiostenus
erinaceus, 29.
Sepidium
bilobatum, 30, 63.
crassicaudatum, 30.
magnum, 29, 63.
Septifer
bilocularis 118.
Sermyloides
basalis, 257.
maculata, 257.
unifasciata, 257.
Serolis
paradoxa, 518.
Serraphula
ened, 248.
elongata, 247.
Sesarma
aspera, 796.
aubryt, 570, 593, *
calypso, 757.
edwardsi, 757.
—- crassimana, 757.
— levimana, 757.
fasciata, 758, 770.
gardineri, 569, 570, 598,
596.
mederi, 756.
onychophora, 757.
quadrata, 756.
teniolata, 756.
(Holometopus) auhryi,
593.
(Parasesarma) calypso,
(—) onychophora, 757.
Sidonops
picteti, 128, 130, 134.
Simocephalus
capensis, 452.
guirdli, 452.
Siphia
hainana, 480, 481.
pallidipes, 480, 481.
Sistrum
morus, 117.
ricinus, 117.
Smaragdinella
viridis, 118.
Smerinthus
modestus, 182.
ocellatus, 182.
tilie, 182.
Smilorhis
sowerbyi, 2, 5.
Sorex
murinus, 337, S74.
Soriculus
nigrescens, 874.
Spalacomimus
talpa, 45.
Sparassus
sp., 973.
Spatangus
brissus latecarinatus,
287.
carinatus, 287.
Spatula
elypeata, 961.
Sphzrocoris
annularis, 822.
amnulus, 822.
lateritia, 819.
multipunctatus, 822.
polysticta, 822.
punctaria, 822.
quadrinotata, 822.
testudo-grisea, 822.
Sphzeroderma
mashonanda, 252.
Sphxroma
calcarea, 553.
curtum, 053, 557.
gigas, 549, 553, 554,
555, 556, 558.
lanceolatum, 549, 555,
554, 555, 558.
obtusa, 550, 553.
prideaucianun, 5d.
quoyana, 550.
rugicauda, 593, 597.
serratum, 552, 5b3,
556, 557.
Sphenodon
(Hatteria) punctatus,
516.
Sphingomorpha
chlorea, 5, 20.
— monteironis, 971.
Sphinx
ligustri, 182.
lucitiosa, 182.
*
INDEX.
Sphyrena
guachancho, 515.
Spilornis
cheela, 491.
melanotis, 491.
rutherfordi, 491.
Spindasis
somalina, 14.
Spirastrella
carnosa, 128, 184.
decumbens, 135.
— robusta, 128, 154,
135.
semilunaris, 134.
Spirillina
limbata, 141.
Spiroloculina
Sragilissima, 141.
Spizaétus
nipalensis, £90.
Spizixus
cinereicapillus, 477.
Spodiopsar
cineraceus, 463.
sericeus, 460.
Spongelia
sp., 128.
Spongia
sp., 128.
Spudeus
parvulus, 809.
Squatarola
helvetica, 497.
Stachyridopsis
ruficeps, 476.
Stachyris
precognitus, 476.
Staurois
hainanensis, 886.
Stauropus
Sagi, 856.
Stellaster
belcheri, 294.
gracilis, 294.
incei, 289, 294.
squamutosus, 294.
Stelletta
bacea, 182.
bacillifera, 131.
simplicifurca, 128,
151.
Steno
plumbeus, 376.
Stenopus
hispidus, 116.
Stephanocidaris
bispinosa, 275.
Steraspis
sp., 25.
Sterna
caspia, SOU,
Proo. Zoon. Soo.—1900, No. LXILX.
1059
Sterna
melanauchen, 500.
sinensis, 500.
Sternothzrus
adansoni, 967.
derbianus, 447.
gabonensis, 447.
Sternula
sinensis, 500.
Stiretrus
anchorago, 824,
decemguttatus, 822.
rubro-maculatus, 822.
Strachia
munda, 812.
Strepsiceros
imberbis, 83.
kudu, 83, 686.
Strepsilas
interpres, 494,
Struthio
australis, 305.
massaicus, 3805.
molybdophanes, 305.
Sturnia
sinensis, 463.
Sturnus
cineraceus, 463.
vulgaris, 832.
Styloceros
muntjac, 371.
Styloniscus, 565.
gracilis, 564.
longistylis, 564.
magellanicus,
566.
Stylotella
sp., 128, 137.
conulosa, 135.
irregularis, 128, 137,
141.
polymastia, 156.
Sula
fusca, 492.
sula, 492.
Sus
cristatus, 375.
indicus, 370.
philippinensis, 302.
Sutoria
sutoria, 471.
Syagrus
antennatus, 231e
opacus, 231.
rugifrons, 251.
Synchloe
johnstonii, 937.
Synodontis
clarias, 514,
gamiensis, 514,
ocellifer, 514.
69
564,
1060
Synodontis
schall, 969.
Syntarucus, gen. noy.,
29.
telicanus, 929.
Syoplia
africanus, 268.
javanensis, 265.
Syrnium
umbrinum, 599,
uralense, 429.
wood fordi, 599.
Tabanus
sp., 972.
higuttatus, 972.
dorsivitta, 971.
leucaspis, 8.
Tachornis
infumata, 486.
Tachybaptes
fluviatilis, 500.
Tachydromus
Sordi, 449.
Tachyoryctes
splendens, 85, 179.
— ibeanus, 179, 180.
— typicus, 179.
Tagiades
atticus, 510.
multipunctatus, 510.
Talorchestia
scutigerula, 518,
Talpa
europed, 395.
‘Tansima
verma, BOD.
Tantalus
leucocephalus, 493.
loculator, 304.
Taphozous
affinis, 350.
longimanus, 349.
— albipinnis, 349.
melanopogon, 347, 348,
349
perforatus, 99.
saccolemus, 350).
Tapirus, 156.
indicus, 368, 882.
malayanus, 368.
Tarache
caffraria, 18.
Taraka
hamada, 507.
Tarsiger
orientalis, 608.
Tarucus
cassius, 199,
plinius, 508.
INDEX.
Tarucus
telicanus, 929.
theophrastus, 929.
Tectocoris
affinis, 822.
hinotata, 822.
gambiae, 822.
hardwickii, 819.
interrupta, 819.
Jjavana, 822.
lineola, 822.
nepalensis, 822.
oblonga, 819.
obscura, 822.
purpurascens, 819.
Telea
polyphemus, 181.
promethea, 181.
Telegonus
zestos, 202.
Telephonus
senegalus, 2.
Telicota
bambuse, 511.
| emenuchus
sinensis, 463.
Temnopleurus
reynaudi, 274, 281.
toreumaticus, 274, 280.
Temnurus
niger, 464.
schmackeri, 464.
truncatus, 464.
Tephrina
disputaria, 20,
Tephrodornis
pelvica, 470.
Teracolus
antevippe, 934.
aurigineus, 935.
calais, 933.
chromiferus, 913, 933.
elgonensis, 915, 933.
eupompe, 14.
heliocaustus, 15.
helvolus, 15.
incretus, 934.
omphale, 15, 934.
phillipsi, 15.
protomedia, 15.
pseudacaste, 954.
puniceus, 934.
ranthus, 934.
Terekia
cinerea, 497.
Terias
esiope, 508.
boisduvaliana, 932.
brigitta, var. zoé, 932.
candida, 933.
dina, 200.
Terias
hapale, 14.
harina, 508.
marshalli, 933.
messalina, 200.
reqularis, 939.
suava, 508.
z0é, 932, 933.
Teriomima
aslauga, 915, 924, 925,
hildegarda, 925.
pallida, 925.
Terpsiphone
cristata, 609.
princeps, 481.
_ Tesseratoma
cuprea, 820.
javanica, 817.
papillosa, 817, 825.
proxima, 817, 823.
taurus, 820.
Tethya
affinis, 128, 133, 141.
ingalli, 128, 132, 135.
japonica, 134.
merguiensis, 132.
seychellensis, 128, 138.
Tetilla
bacca, 128, 182.
dactyloidea, 132.
ternatensis, 128, 132.
Tetraceros
quadricornis, 686.
Tetraclita
orosa, var. viridis,
795, 796, '799.
Tetralia
cavimana, 591.
glaberrina, 569, 570,
591, 744.
nigrifrons, 591, 744.
Tetroda
histeroides, 822.
Textor
alector, 305.
Textularia
rugosa, 141.
Thais
cerisyi, 181.
polyxena, 181.
Thalamita
admete, 569, 579.
—, var. edwardsi, 568,
579.
crenata, 720, 748, 749.
dane, 720, 749.
integra, 568, 579.
picta, 579.
prymna, 569, 578.
— crenata, 748.
—, var. picta, 569,
Thalamita
prymna, var. spini-
mana, 569, 579,
749.
—, var. stimpsoni, 569,
579.
spinimana, 579, 720,
id
stimpsoni, 579, 749.
Thecla
angelia, 200.
salona, 200.
Thelotornis
kirtlandi, 454.
Thrasops
flavigularis, 453.
Thripias
schoensis, 599.
Thryonomys
swinderenianus, 803.
Thyanta
antiguensis, 812.
perditor, 824,
vitrea, 812.
Thylacoleo
carnifex, 788.
Thymele
proteus, 202.
Thysanoessa, 546,
gregaria, DAT.
longicaudata, 547.
macrura, 547.
neglecta, 547.
Thysanoteuthis
rhombus, 994.
Tilapia
gulilea, 516.
lata, 516.
nilotica, 969.
Tinnunculus
alaudarius, 491.
cenchroides, 305.
vespertinus, 305.
Tirumala
limniace, 505.
Tmolus
angelia, 200.
salona, 200.
Totanus
calidris, 496.
Fuscus, 496.
glareola, 497,
glottis, 497.
hypoleucus, 497.
stagnatilis, 497.
terekius, 497.
Trachynotus
ovatus, 515.
Tragelaphus
sp., 955
bor, 806,
INDEX
Tragelaphus
decula, 83, 806.
delamerei, 806.
gratus, 303.
roualeyni, 308.
scriptus, 806.
| — fasciatus, 806, 807.
— ornatus, 807.
— scriptus, 807.
sylvaticus, 303.
Tragulus
javanicus, 374, 883.
kanchil, 374.
napu, 374.
stanleyanus, 375,
Trapezia
areolata, 590.
cymodoce, 569,
590, 591.
dentata, 590.
digitalis, 569, 590.
—, var. speciosa,
570, 591.
ferruginea, 569, :
589, 590.
—, var. areolata, 5
570, 590.
—, var. dentata,
570, 590.
—, var. guttata,
570, 590.
—, var. maculata, 570,
590.
—, var. typica, 589.
| guttata, 590.
| hirtipes, 591.
maculata, 590.
serratifrons, 744.
| speciosa, 591.
| Trepsichrois
linnei, 5OD.
| Treron
nipalensis, 501.
Trisenops
persicus, 98.
Trichobatrachus,
nov., 443.
robustus, 443, 456.
Trichoglossus
rubritorques, 772.
Trichoniscus, 563.
albidus, 565.
asper, 565.
australis, 565.
cavernicola, 565.
chavesi, 565.
insularis, 565.
leydigi, 565.
magellanicus, 566.
murrayi, 565.
pusillus, 566,
570,
569,
569,
gen.
1061
| Trichoniscus
pygmeus, 566.
vividus, 565.
| Trichosaurus
Suliginosus, 779, 786,
788
vulpecula, 779, 790,
791.
Trichys
giintheri, 882.
lipura, 869, 870, 881,
882.
Tridacna
gigas, 117, 118.
Trigoncdes
hypasia, 19.
Trigonosoma
affine, 819.
apicale, 822.
gambie, 819.
rufum, 819.
subfasciatum, 819.
Trilatitus
horsfieldi, 347.
Tringa
albescens, 498.
alpina, 499.
canutus, 498.
cinelus, 499.
crassirostris, 498.
platyrhyncha, 499.
ruficollis, 498.
subareuatus, 498.
subarquata, 498.
temmincki, 498.
Tringoides
hypoleucus, 497.
Trionyx
triunguis, 447.
Tritonidea
undosa, 117.
Trochalopteron
canorum, 475.
erythrocephalum, 305.
rufigulare, 305,
Troides
aeacus, 509.
Trombidium
tinctorium, 49.
Tropa
artemis, 181.
Tropicorypha
deplanata, 811.
rufescens, 811.
Tropidonotus
fuliginoides, 451.
olivaceus, 451, 968.
Trox
denticulatus, 23.
expansus, 22, 23, 68,
funestus, 23.
1062
Trox
squalidus, 22.
Truneatulina
rostrata, 141.
ungerianda, 141.
Truxalis
nasuta, 38.
unguiculata, 39.
Tupaia
belangeri, 192.
ferruginea, 192, 336,
874.
javanica, 3306.
malaccana, 336.
tana, 336.
Turacus
buffoni, 305.
hartlaubi, 601.
macrorhynchus, 305.
porphyreolophus, 305.
Turbo
lajonkairii, 118.
Turdus
cardis, 472.
chrysolaus, 472.
flavipes, 305.
libonianus, 2.
mandarinus, 472.
musicus, 397, 472.
mustelinus, 305.
piaggii, 606.
Turnix
dusswmieri, 505.
lepurana, 3.
Turtur
ambiguus, 966.
chinensis, 502.
humilis, 502.
orientalis, 502.
rupicola, 502.
Tylocarcinus
styx, 569, 574, 575.
Tylopsis
bilineolata, 43.
perpulchra, 43.
Tympanoceros
newtoni, 439.
Typhlops
cacus, 451.
punctatus, 451.
Uca
acuta, 758.
annulipes, 754.
cultrimana, 569, 570,
595.
dussumieri, 753.
tetragonon, 754.
vocans, 754.
Udaspes
Jolus, 511.
INDEX.
Unio
teretiusculus, 970.
Upupa
ceylonensis, 487.
epops, 957.
indica, 487.
Urwotyphlus
seraphini, 434.
Uranothauma
antinorii, 913, 928.
cordatus, 913, 928.
crawshayi, 928.
falkensteinti, 918,
28.
Urobrachya
axillaris, 2.
traversi, 957.
Urocissa
erythrorhyncha, +62.
whiteheadi, 461, 402.
Urodrepanis
christine, 468.
Urolabida, 818.
tenera, 819.
Uroloncha
sqguamicollis, 466.
Uroplectes
Jischeri, 54, 55.
— flavimanus, 55.
— nigrimanus, 5d.
— typicus, 5d.
Urostylis, 818.
histrionica, 822.
punctigera, 819.
Ursus
behringianus, 302.
malayanus, 339.
rexi, 302.
Vandeleuria
oleracea, 360.
Varanus
niloticus, 448, 967.
ocellatus, 968.
Varuna
litterata, 756.
Vespertilio
sp., 993.
abramus, 876.
adversus, 346, 347.
emarginatus, 876,
hasselti, 346.
muricola, 347, 876.
oreias, 346
sphina, 875.
tralatitius, 347.
vampyrus, 875.
Vesperugo
abramus, 345, 876.
blanfordi, 345.
imbricatus, 345.
Vesperugo
noctula, 845.
ridleyi, 345.
tenuis, 345.
tylopus, 869, 876.
Vidua
paradisea, 2.
principalis, 2.
Vieta
sp., 30.
Vietomorpha
foveipennis, 30.
Vitellus
inquinatus, 815.
Viterna
sanguineirostris, 824,
Viverra
hermaphrodita, 873.
malaccensis, 329.
megaspila, 327, 328.
tangalunga, 327.
zibetha, 327, 328, 873.
Viverricula
malaccensis, 328.
Vivipara
unicolor, 970.
Volvocivyora
saturata, 478.
Vulpes
leucopus, 95, 101.
Vulsirea
violacea, 828.
Walkeriana
pertinax, 947, 948.
Wynyardia
assiana, 776, 778, 786,
787, 795.
Xantharpyia
amplexicaudata, 340.
Xanthias
lamarcki, 568, 582.
notatus, 569, 582.
parvus, 569, 582, 596.
Xantho, 582.
affinis, 738.
granulosus, 732.
hirtissima, 583.
lamarckii, 582.
octodentatus, 736.
rufopunctatus, 584.
Xanthodes
lamarckit, 582.
leucomanus, 736.
notatus, 582.
Xanthopygia
cyanomelena, 480.
Suliginosa, 480.
narecissina, 480,
Xenelaphus
antisiensis, 686.
ellipsifer, 184, 187.
hexagonotus, 184.
Xenocarcinoides, gen.
nov. 575.
rostratus,
595.
Xenocichla
kikuyuensis, 608.
Xenopus
boettigeri, 435.
calcaratus, 434.
Xenotilapia, 3.
Xerus
insignis, 360.
laticaudatus, 359.
Xiphidium
armaticeps, 45,
brevicercus, 45.
natalense, 45.
somali, 45.
Xylocopa
sp., 47.
favilabris, 47.
Yasoda
pita, 508.
568, 573,
INDEX.
Yoma
vasuki, 507.
Zanclostomus
tristis, 485.
Zemeros
confucius, 507.
Zethes
hesperidoides, 20.
Zicrona
cerulea, 824.
Zizera
antanossa, 106, 110,
iWikile
argia, 106, 108, 111.
— japonica, 111.
atrigemmata, 106, 109,
111
caduca, 106, 110, 111.
chandala, 107.
diluta, 105, 107, 111.
gaika, 106, 109, 930.
indica, 106,111.
— decreta, 111.
Japonica, 108.
karsandra, 106, 108,
109.
knysna, 106, 108, 109,
Tit.
THE END.
1063
Zizera
labradus, 105, 106, 110,
111
lorquint, 106, 109.
lysimon, 106, 108, 111.
maha, 105, 106, 107,
109, 111.
— ossa, 111.
minima, 106,109, 110.
mora, 109.
opalina, 105, 107.
— marginata, 111.
ortens, 111.
ossa, 106, 107, 108.
otis, 106, 111.
plhebe, 110.
unigemmata, 111.
Zophosis
aromatum, 27.
Zosterops
kikuyuensis, 605.
neglecta, 469.
palpebrosa, 469.
simplex, 469.
Zozymus
eneus, 570, 584.
levis, 583.
tomentosus, 583, 734.
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Vol. _L., containing 59 Plates.... (1833-35) .... £318 6. £4 18 OF
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Index, Vola; keke. Gee tach tencit (1853-79). «5. OFZ 38.. 010 0
Vol. XI., containing 97 Plates.. (1880-85) .... 912 0. 12 16 0
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Valin) pd, | Angie Be y RL ARGS... }hgyh aan ee
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XVIII. 1850. i ABVGd, lie UGSS> Varma faa cael a: 1 18 OF
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# XX, 1852. 6 As: Ode ct IGS ak ae 015 9 1 xk
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WS 2 Wheychopes Sessa ci sic xian: oto ert 9s. le eR ee hee 30s. 9d. .... 408.0
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List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardeus us we auuivgival
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->—0.05G500——_
HE object of the ZootogrcaL Recorp is to give, by means of an
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LIST OF VOLUMES or tux "ZOOLOGICAL RECORD,’
The Record of Zoological Literature, 1864. Volume First.
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London, 1865. Price 10s.
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The Record of Zoological Literature, 1866. Volume Third.
Edited by Atpert C. L. G. Ginrner, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.BS.,
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Edited by Atzert C. L. G. Ginruer, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.B.S.,
F.Z.8., &c. London, 1869. Price 10s.
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Edited by Atsert C. L. G. Ginter, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
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The Zoological Record for 1870; being Volume Seventh of the
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The Zoological Record for 1873; being Volume Tenth of the
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Rye, F.Z.S. London, 1875. Price 10s.
The Zoological Record for 1874; being Volume Eleventh of
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Ryeg, F.Z.8., M.E.S. London, 1879. Price 10s.
The Zoological Record for 1878; being Volume Fifteenth of
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Rye, F.Z.8., ME.S. London, 1881. Price 10s.
The Zoological Record for 1880; being Volume Seventeenth of
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The Zoological Record for 1884; being Volume the Twenty-
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The Zoological Record for 1886; being Volume the ''wenty-
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Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.8. London, 1887. Price 10s.
The Zoological Record for 1887: being Volume the Twenty-
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Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.8. London, 1888. Price 10s.
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Herdman, E. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, G. C. Crick, A. W. Brown,
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Davin Suarp, M.A., F.RB.S., F.Z.8., &c. London, 1899. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Thirth-sixth ; being Records
of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1899. By
J. A, Thomson, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, G. A. Boulenger,
W. A. Herdman, E. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, G. C. Crick, A. Willey,
A. W. Brown, D. Sharp, F. A. Bather, and R. von Lendenfeld.
Edited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davin Swarr, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.Z.8., &. London, 1900. Price 30s.
These publications may be obtained at the Socrety’s Orricx
(3 Hanover Square, W.), of Messrs. GurNEY and Jackson (Pater-
noster tow, L.C.), or through any bookseller.
LIST OF INSTITUTIONS
TO WHICH
COPIES OF THE SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS ARE PRESENTED,
AFRICA,
The South-African Museum, Cape Town.
The South-African Philosophical Society, Cape Town.
The Museum, Durban, Natal.
AMERICA, SOUTH.
The National Museum, Buenos Ayres,
The Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chili.
The Museum of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Ayres.
AUSTRALASIA.
The Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart.
The Zoological and Acclimatization Society of Victoria, Melbourne.
The Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney.
The Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney.
The New-Zealand Institute, Wellington.
AUSTRIA.
The Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.
The Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna.
The Zoological and Botanical Society, Vienna.
BELGIUM.
The Congo Free State Museum, Tervueren, Brussels.
The Entomological Society of Belgium, Brussels.
The Malacological Society of Belgium, Brussels.
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Brussels.
The Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels.
BRITISH INDIA.
The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
The Geological Survey of India, Calcutta.
The Indian Museum, Calcutta.
CANADA (DOMINION OF).
The McGill College, Montreal.
The Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
The University of Toronto, Toronto.
2
CHINA.
The China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Shanghai.
EAST INDIES.
The Royal Society of the Dutch East Indies, Batavia.
FRANCE.
The Linnean Society of Normandy, Caen.
The Agricultural Society, Lyons.
The Entomological Society of France, Paris.
The Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The National Society of Acclimatization, Paris.
The Zoological Society of France, Paris.
GERMANY.
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin.
The Society of Friends of Natural History, Berlin.
The Natural-History Union for Rhineland and Westphalia, Bonn.
The Senckenbergian Society, Frankfort-on-Main.
The New Zoological Society, Frankfort-on-Main.
The Natural History Society, Freiburg-in-Breisgau.
The Royal Society of Sciences, Gottingen.
The er gieia Leopoldino-Carolinian Academy of Naturalists,
Halle.
The Natural-History Society, Halle.
The Natural-History Union, Hamburg.
The Medical and Natural-History Society, Jena.
The Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich.
The Union for Natural History of Wiirtemberg, Stuttgardt.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Belfast.
The Philosophical Society, Cambridge.
The Royal Dublin Society, Dublin.
The Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
The Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh.
The Royal Society, Edinburgh.
The Free Public Library and Museum, Liverpool.
The Athenzeum Club, London.
The British Museum of Natural History, London.
The Entomological Society, London.
The Geological Society, London.
The King’s College Library, London.
The Linnean Society, London.
The London Institution.
3
The Royal College of Physicians, London.
The Royal College of Surgeons, London.
The Royal Geographical Society, London.
The Royal Institution, London.
The Royal Society, London.
The University College, London.
The Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.
The Owens College, Manchester.
The Natural History Society, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural-History
Society, Plymouth.
The Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth.
The Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York.
HOLLAND.
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.
The Royal Zoological Society, Amsterdam.
The Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem.
The Dutch Entomological Union, The Hague.
The Royal Museum of the Netherlands, Leyden.
ITALY.
The Royal Institute of Superior Studies, Florence.
The Civil Museum of Natural History, Genoa.
The Italian Society of Natural Sciences, Milan.
The Zoological Station, Naples.
The Royal Academy of the Lincei, Rome.
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin.
JAPAN.
The Science College of the Imperial University, Tokyo.
RUSSIA.
The Society of Naturalists, Jurjeff (Dorpat).
The Society of Sciences of Finland, Helsingfors.
The Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow.
The Entomological Society of Russia, St. Petersburg.
The Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
SCANDINAVIA.
The Bergen Museum, Bergen.
The Society of Sciences of Christiania, Christiania,
The Royal Danish Society of Sciences, Copenhagen.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Upsala.
4
SPAIN.
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Madrid.
SWITZERLAND.
The Philosophical and Natural-History Society, Geneva.
The Vaud Society of Natural Sciences, Lausanne.
The Society of Natural Sciences, Neuchatel.
The Natural-History Society, Zurich.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
The Boston Society of Natural History, Boston.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
The Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Illinois.
The American Journal of Science, Newhaven.
The American Museum of Natural History, New York.
The New-York Academy of Sciences, New York.
The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
The Entomological Society, Philadelphia.
The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.
The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
The United States Fish Commission, Washington, D.C,
The United-States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
The United-States National Museum, Washington, D.C.
WEST INDIES.
The Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. E
PPP PALL AP PPP LIIIIPPDD
The Publications (except in special cases) are sent out direct as
soon as they are issued. It is requested that they may be ac-
knowledged by the return of the form of receipt sent with them,
in order that any mis-delivery may be brought to notice.
Publications sent in exchange to this Society should be addressed
to the Librarian at this Office. It is requested that they may be
sent direct by post, as much delay is caused by their transmission
through booksellers and in other ways.
By order of the Council,
P. L. SCLATER,
Secretary.
3 Hanover Savare, Lonpon, W.,
April, 1901.
Be Se
PROCKEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1900.
PART I.
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
JANUARY ann FEBRUARY.
JUNE 1st, 1900.
SOLD AT THETR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND OO,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
)
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
PON WHat Net odo ac da Soren et 167
4, List of Mammals obtained by Mr. H. J. Mackinder during his recent Expedition to Mount
Kenya, British East Africa. By Oxpriecp THOMAB ies co aceite fa dec ee hata ae lie 178
LIST OF PLATES.
1900.
PART “I;
Plate Page
I. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, &c. from Somaliland .... ¥.+-.....)
II. Orthoptera from Somaliland .....)--++0+% 5 fs es eyes eehee f . 4
LEE,.WDickstrom Somaliland x05 eis. Gis Ae oso bt ae wee “| i
TV... Scorpions from Somaliland | .6c¢. 0.) Gil yas hatha eee ee a )
V.) )
Wifi? Wek pie | ae
VIL \ Grypotherium listai mete Sh Pay ripe hay seen ener eee ye des f
VIII. } ;
IX. 1) Grypotherium listai, 2. Felis onga. 3. Arctotherium sp. ine, J
Ker DENA ONG B LOVING oes ke Td stn oh) a pT a an tn ap. 8 ile deokowaateet 79
KL ¢ Species of Migara Fs reitin'\ sews elaalas payee tec alee Caieibpantaoe 104
ma from Christmas Island 15
XL ponges from Christmas Island ................40 Bip
3
NOTICE.
The ‘ Proceedings’ are issued in four parts, as follows:—
Part 1. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist.
Ty. ts a » March and April, on August Ist.
Ill. ge if », May and June, on October Ist. ’
IV. 3 a », November and December, on April Ist,
he
Dit. 2
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS:
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOLELY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
i
:
ee 1900.
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
MARCH ann APRIL.
fo. ey) %.¢£ % }}
AUGUST 1st, 1900.) 9! bey }OONY
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREBN, AND CO.,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
we "Price Twelve Shillings.)
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART II.—1900.
March 6, 1900.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in February 1900. .-. 181
Mr. Arthur Thomson. Report on the Insect-house for 1899 .....- 6.22. c eee ee ee eee 181
1. Descriptions of new Reptiles and Batrachians fons Borneo. By G.A. Bovu.exarr, is RS:
(Plates XLV. ARVs) tiie ti. So on sees Sag wisrolpyg tevin bcp te heed wins nis MaBLs Mielatee Beaeele 182
2. On the Brain of a Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus). By Franx BE. Bepparn, M.A, ~ -
F.R.S., Prosector and Vice-Secretary to the Society...........+.... SAT Od a St ae oi 187
3. On a Collection of Mammals from Siam made by Mr. T. H. Lyle. By J. Lewis
Bonnore. (Plate XVIII.) .,... PARR sts ND OU Ve Pee hyd odo! Se agg ad YS Sli 0 2 ~19L
cS
. On asmall Collection of Mammals obtained “by Captain Deasy in South Chinese Tur-
kestan and Western Tibet. By G, E. H. Barrerr-Hamitron, F.Z.S.
ox
. Ona Collection of Butterflies from the Bahamas. By Eu1iy Mary Smarpe. (Plate XIX.) 197
6. On new Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from South and Oeptral *
Africa. . By Martin Jacopy, FBS. (Plate RX iis ote Save oe th. whik tan deed pak Oe
March 20, 1900.
Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, F.Z.S. Remarks on a i aomacies of Land- Plasidvionk made by
Dr. Goeldi; C.M.Z.S., in Brazil
Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
ConTENtS (continued),
March 20, 1900 (continued).
: Page —
Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Polypterus |
; maprams, with Yarge-external. gills. i nels Sache F devhivne belo whic a PU Me oe das bse bie 5 > 267
Mr. 8. L. Hinde. Remarks on the Mammals observed during five years’ residence in British
Ha Sh ATIC eeatertloy yates aud Ped eel Tas NN CPAP ie Leese ways Pepe et auld Aaa aed OE OB
1. On a Case of Homeeosis in a Crustacean of the Genus Ase//us—Antennule replaced by a
Mardibles..BysW: Bateson, M.A. BBS: INAS. o8r eek ies Sata asta otele wo shy pe pid OS
2. On Eehinoderms from Singapore and Malacca. By F. P. sip Ag tee E.Z8. (Plates
MME AIC TN ofa eine dia bape as ofc pas shart d's! 5 wa oO HarWen kU Gun Urekal Coe ANa ann Ketel, Shel a tear 271
3. Notes on the Zoological Garden of Berlin. By F. E. Buaavw, OM.ZS. jee Lig NEES 299
April 3, 1900.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Monagerie in March 1900...... 306
v
1. On the Mammalia of Siam and the Malay Peninsula. By Stantey Suyvru Frower, F.Z.S.,
FSR TELIA STEYR Led co Oo Satan rag Mee hip o Ba bok a Wig \alin Weg TENE RCD lle Ohare cele Bi Patina 8) eoeate) a oxi 3806
2. Ona remarkable Piece of Skin from Cueva Eberhardt, Last 4 Sete Inlet, ania: By
Dr. Pixar LOnnperc, University of Upsala... jo. js es ese dence ce eneddeerantevetcns OLD
8. On a remarkable Attid Spider from Borneo, Mantisatta trucidaps, n. g. ety sp. By
Crecrn Warsurton, M.A., Christ’s College, Cambridge ...- 2... eer hea ee eee eee eee 384
4, On Geographical and Individual Variation in Mus sylvaticus and its Allies. By G. BE. H.
BAtERTTert AMILTON, BSS. (Plate SEV. hovdie s accep o/bie calbis alalece ¢ s.e-vistt el weld dle ple Waele 387
LIST OF PLATES,
1900.
PART II.
Plate
XIV. 1. Lygosoma shelfordi. 2. Distira saravacensis....%+++200+.+ \
XY. Lepturophis borneensis 2... 0. i veces eee deues 2434
XVI. Xenelaphis ellipsifer ........0.. ech
XVII. 1. Amblycephalus nuchalis. 2. Bint Kose shelfordi. 3 Tie
alus petersit, 4. Calophryne heterochirus: ....... Ach
RV LLL,. iPerarista WylGt o 25.o Oy rk ok bee Sh phi owas > Aastaaeie
RIX, 9 Papilto bomhboters \ sic peice 6 oegeleistil se arg skein og,c tread ta
XX. African Phytophagous Coleoptera.......2........ 00.04:
XXT. :
iy Vk chinoderms from Singapore and Malacca ........+---..¢8
XXIII. |
xxiv. }
XXV. 1. Mus sylvaticus princeps. 2. Mus sylvaticus celticus.....+.
NOTICE.
The ‘ Proceedings ‘are issued in four parts, as follows:—
Page
182
Part 1I.-containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist,
IL. 3 “ ,». March and April, on August Ist.
iI. a Bi », May and June, on October Ist.
lV. ‘ es » . November and December, on April 1st,
|
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
| | 3 1900.
| aS PART III.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
|. OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
MAY ann JUNE:
pet OOP
tet :
Ar anhial
FA Nn
OCTOBER 1st, 1900. \\ 0°
. ee -
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
LONDON:
|
|
{|
i . PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
i}
| |
| MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREBN, AND CO.,
ae
|
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART III.—1900.
May 8, 1900.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in April 1900
Mr..Sclater. Exhibition of a specimen and description of a new species of Reedbuck
proposed to be called Cervicapra thomasing. (Plate XXVI.)......6. 0.0.4. -0.0 20s: 429
Mr. C. Dayies Sherborn, F.Z.S. Remarks on the progress of the ‘Index Animalium”.... 430 2
Mr. R. Lydekker. Remarks on some errors in his papers published in the ‘ Proceedings’ in
(O70 Bec haem inte 1 Me LUG eign Sank coe Aaa ANd Pn Baan EN CUS Bn ee RM Sco eR AN NA oP 480
Mr. J. 58. Budgett, F.Z.8. Notice of a Memoir entitled “ On some Points in the Anatomy
OEP alypeers® aio si hyaig.e sieige pw ois alae Ne oa, Bini mb tates Gea whe gabe Me SS iAlvetyy she 6 430...
1. A List of the Batrachians and Reptiles of the Gaboon (French Congo), with Descriptions }
of new Genera and Species. By G. A. Bounrnesr, F.R.S. (Plates XXVII.-—XXXTI. ) 433 _
2. On the Birds of Hainan. By W. B. Oatuviz Grant. (Plates XXXIII. & XXXIV.) .. 457
3. On the Butterflies collected by the late Mr. John Whitehead in the Interior of the *
Island of Hainan. By Puiie Crowrey, F.L.S., F.Z.S.. (Plate XXXYV.) .. PSS 505
4. List of the Fishes collected by Mr. J.-S. aa in the River Gambia. By G, A.
Boununcer, F.R.S., F.Z.S. With Notes by J. 8. Buncert, F.Z.S........2.2..000.. ears) |
May 22, 1900.
The Secretary. Announcement of Mr, J. 8. Budgett’s departure on his second expedition
to dhe Gamibiay cis oii sk Pah ak Pec Saar Cel Ons Se ude Saat Bi ie Nal oe 516
Prof. G. B. Howes, F.R.S., and Mr. H. H. Swinnertcn,-B.Se. Notice of a Memoir onthe
Development of the Skeleton of the Tuatera (Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus) ...... 516
1. On some Crustaceans from the Falkland Islands collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin. By
the Rev. Tuomas R. R, Srzpzine, M.A., F.RS., FILS. F.Z.S8. (Plates XXXVI
XXXIX.)
Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper,
ConTENTS (continued).
May 22, 1900 (continued).
Page
_ 2. On some Crustaceans from the Suuth Pacific.—Part IV. The Crabs. By L. A. Borrapatte,
M.A., F.Z:S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences of Selwyn College, Cambridge. (Plates XL.-
oo
XLII. ) TARE RNG NOY! BRIE Oe ty Se tea ts att! Cee a Reais givaidia Ob fda ts oral aie ls epoca 568.
. On the Birds collected during the Mackinder Expedition to Mount Heivas By R.
Bownpter Suarez. With Notes by H. J. Mackinpur, Ernest Saunpers, and C. Campurn.
at P12) R28 by Se EE Gs SS CME kes Seam hey ery Ce rs dh ee nse 596
_ 4. A Revision of the Earthworms of the Genus Amyntas (Pericheta). By Frank E&,
BEDARD MAA HRS.» Goo. cots 8h wees epoca PREFER oe i MUL IN Be Pace Nee 609
5. On the Structure of a new Species of Earthworm of the genus Benhamia. By Franx E.
is PEBBDAR BM SAL NRE: | Qu8.2) be ears Us Sag Da date a alot wdeiyme g beh hus s7meinas © Sopeenenie 653
June 19, 1900.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in ae 1900.... Gag
The Secretary. Exhibition, on behalf of Mr. J. Lane re of a cast of a EL tisha sae of 5
Jaw of an Ichthyosaurus from Queensland .-. .. - - 660
Phe Secretary. Notice of an article in ‘ The Asian,’ by Mr. E. OC. Stuart Baker, concerning
CISA UNE RE ai A aot oat ale a Lialdld's Sale s a'cejod vaidn GNU Milam Matte ve Raley 661
Mr. G. A. Boulenger. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a large Bornean
Tortoise. .... Sr Mpa sing tr seve e's GW edtn sig woes LES his ott ug Byatby pegs A oiahibyy.c) rt sai c ta SMES SOTE 661
1. On the Anatomy of Bassaricyon alleni, By Frank B. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector
and Vice-Secretary of the Society . 2... -e2ce-der cr tesseneseesepteungnecnerverner 661
2. On a new Serow from the Scie te Peninsula, aby A. L. Burusr, F.Z.8., Curator, Selangor
State Museum ....... Patek b aids Shih Nat wlothichaialy arava leh aati set Ce
3. The Significance of the Hair-slope in certain Mammals, By WaAttre Kinp, M.D., F.Z.8. 676
4..On the Structure and Anatomy of the Musk-Ox (Ovibos moschatus). By Dr. Kinar
DOOM VBE ME ON n sara NG ag 8 bh alia AR 'clsh ooVate's Vaid ee sore gi AM an a me wtale er Chve. well ae als 686
5. On a Collection of Crustaceans made at Singapore and Malacca.—Part L Crustacea
Brachyura. By W. F. Lancnesrme, M.A,, King’s College, Cambridge, (Plates XLIV.~
XLV.) SUR M EIA en RNS AGS ale Wit adie ROM ohh» obs Wel Sadie Recon a Relat oe 719
; ay AS eae
w“ E i s
LIST.OF PLATES.
ria i vie
1900. OAS: elk RS ma
PART If. ex :
wh) eee eee |
~ ¥ ‘
Plate Ph iKY a8 aces a ame Sidi 4)
XXXVI. Cervicapra thomasine .... 61 eee eee ees feo iW din GADD a:
XXVIL.. 1. Bufo latifrons, 2. Arthroleptis inguinalis: 3. Dilo\ -\ 6
; bates platycephalus. 4. Rappia platyceps . +s... 0+.. eee. ‘ig
XXVIII. 1. Seotobleps gabonicus. 2.° Phrynobatrachus auritus, . a pe Mie Ss
3, Phrynobatrachus latirostris '...6+4..+% tee i is :
- XXTX. Gampsosteonyx batesti 2. -s++4+ i a ie Srabeee eon Fs is dh
XXX. Trichobatrachus robustus. 002. isco ee le pace cere te pane’ | Saas,
“XXXII. Poromera fordii. 2. Mabuia batesié .......2.. ae : i ate mens
XXXII. Boulengerina annulata ah. Tere oid Carag Me ree de Ray ‘ ie: :
XXXL Nycticorar magnifica .. 1.00206! pete eae bres? } 467 oe
XXXIV. Genneus whitcheadi, F& Qiives secede cedeeccieces ke, et
XXXV. Butterflies from Hainan ............2....- = al 20 Y. 2A Ob es ieee
XXXVI. Halicarcinus ovatus. Halicarcinus planatus .. eee She “ry satin, eeah
“ XXXVII. Huphausia vallentini ...- 2... 12+. tay eee ners eo et i ;
RXXVIU: 8 Jais pubescens. 1s a to Biss wlcine a LE ee eR ee es Bie f sins Se
XXXIX.. Erospheroma Gigas . 0. ob cue cd vee ne ventas POLE os by
XL. o
XL} Cre from the South -Pacwfie s ‘5, 55/0... pa beape case ate | OOS! >
XLII. it man peers
XLITI. Bubo mackinderi .. os. eee eee eet ee = » SOT ate ole CRG: 596)
XLIV.) wa . re we
rans | Crustaceans from Singapore and Malacea ...-..... +... 719 9
XLVI. ° Fos Tae
- XLVIT.)
NOTICE.
The ‘Proceedings’ are issued in four parts,as followe:— . " ie
Part I. containing papers read in J anuary and February, on June Ist.
Il. rt 3 ,, March and April, on August Ist.
Ii. 53 a », May and June, on October Ist. eoreye
IV. a ‘, » November and December,on April Ist.
»-
PROCEEDINGS |
nd
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1900.
PART IV.
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
NOVEMBER ann DECEMBER.
APRIL 1st, 1901.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
. LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND OO,,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
"| fPrice Twelve Shillings.) =
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART IV.—1900.
November 20, 1900.
The Secretary. Report, on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during June, July,
August, September, and October, 1900. (Plate XLVIIT.).......
ee
Mr. Sclater. Remarks on some of the objects noticed during a recent visit to the Zoo-
logical Gardens of Hamburg, Berlin, and Rotterdam ........ 2... -e0e see sete etee
Mr. Sclater. Remarks on the herd of Barbary Apes on the Rock of Gibraltar .......-..
_Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B. -Letter from, containing an account of a supposed new
species of Zebra inhabiting the Congo Forest... 202... ee ce wesc eee ct eee cece emee
Mr. G. A. Boulenger. Exhibition of one of the type specimens of Protopterus dollot from
thie Compr bso cretiiies chiles « sure isipseta pipiens lala) a's ple al ataneraiy Gleje eyo here longo hy Weihong
Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.RS. Exhibition of a skull and horns of the Central Asiatic
Wit Adc UG ait ay Me ED steele: nse NRG Site eile alee) edo aie india pepe aie aie
Mr. F. B. Beddard, F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on the Osteology of the Pigmy Right Whale
( Neohalants War gimata) agi. WOLF onary g Bolas a fet ewe ge Spe wie Aislyih el elelyes Peele Bee SAR
1. A Description of Wynyardia bassiana, a Fossil Marsupial from the Tertiary Beds of
Table Cape, Tasmania. By Batpwin Sprncer, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S8., Professor of
Biology in the University of Melbourne, Director of the National Museum, Melbourne.
(Plates XLIX. & L.)....->.
2. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part V. Arthrostvacans and Barnacles.
By L. A. Borrapaitr, M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College,
Cambridge. (°{ Platte Bi.) \ 2's