cael er ip ata SE ad) Bh A) a = . . un petbnbehe ina . eases - A Seats nein’ aed trastete od a ste — Rinacaceet ae a aha A naig emai oReil fe 9 heer Fo ekak afnied ys ni Sci 0 inter aaeeeHc8 “5 seerecapetie area's : nent teehee ase e hh Yon | a ham ey KP ont te ay ade mae em © WM ae ae ftp ee ena ih eine caeeee hee pore ae aie sanrinte tena li iat ” Keiunrtatot rst eS y ee a patente ; ee on Cz pete her F Lei UE . POs PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE AVOLOGICAL SOCLETY Oat O NEO ie 1920, pp. 1-194, with 5 Puares and 68 TEx'-FIGURES. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, SOLD AT ITS HOUSE IN RHEGENT’S PARK. MOND ONE MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO., PATERNOSTER ROW, Lapse OF THE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1920. Patron. His Masgesty Tue Kina. COUNCIL. His Grace Tor Duke or Beprorp, K.G., F.R.S., President. 'Tae Hon. Crecit Barine, M.A. ALFRED H. Cocks, Esq., M.A. Lr.-Cot. 8. Monckton Cops- MAN, M.D., F.B.S. CHARLES DrumMonp, Treasurer. Huen §. GuApstone, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.E. Siz Srpnry F. Harmer, K.B.E., M.A., Se.D., F.R.S., Vice- President. Pror. James P. Hit, D.Sc., FE.R.S., Vice-President. WiiiiAmM Huntsman, Esa. Pror. Ernest W. McBrips, D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-President. Ksq., Cont. Str Henry McManon, | G.C.M.G., K.C.LE. E. G. B. Mreapre-Watpo, Esq., Vice-President. P,. CuauMers MircHe.u, Esgq., C.B.H., M.A., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary. THE Karu or Onstow, O.B.E. Magsor Arperr Pam, O.B.E. Aprian D. W. Pottock, Ksq. His Grac—E Tur DUKE oF Ruttanp, K.G. THE Marquis oF Srico, F.S.A., Vice-President. Masor RicHarp 8. Taytor. A. Trevor-Barrys, Esq., M.A. AntHony H. WINGFIELD, Esq., Vice-President. PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. P. Caatmers Mircuet., C.B.M., M.A., D.8c., LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.L.8., Curator of Mammals and Resident Superintendent of the Gardens. D. Seru-Smiru, Curator of Birds and Inspector of Works. Epwarb G. BouLencEr, Curator of Reptiles. Miss L. E. Curusman, F.E.S., Curator of Insects. Prof. R. T. Lerper, D.Se., M.D., Director of Prosectorium. Dr. C. F. Sonnac, Ch.B., Anatomist. Dr. N.S. Lucas, M.B., Ch.B., Pathologist. Dr. G. M. Vuvers, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Hon. Parasitologist. F, Martin Duncan, F.R.M.S., Librarian. F. W. Bonn, Accountant. W.H Cote, Chief Clerk, LIST OF CONTENTS. 1920, pp. 1-194. EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES. Page Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the months of November AMC ECETMOET OAS foc. ..,. ares « CRP ates selene a wal 189 My. A. J. Etwes, F.R.S. Letter relative to the condition of herds of Moose in Yellowstone Park., ............... 190 Mr. D. Sera-Suiru, F.Z.8. Remarks on an interesting case of response of Sparrows to colour .................. 190 Mr. E. G. Boutencer, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a remarkable new Land-Tortoise (Zestudo OCCT UUGU) IN tacts eM, « 3-3. de SE CEE Oe 190 Mr. F. Martin Duncan, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photomicrographs of Acari from the lungs of AU ASRETRENESS TAGS SES ROR BENE A 05 oe crea Sg OAR 190 Wes Das 5 ie Burne, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some skeletons of feetal Mammals prepared by MACS ONES ede aes Cote oe sks os oe SME Selo e hehd cieeee aS cre a ISH Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January, JOG Mert ic es see eat rcisie nlc. < 2 sto oe SRR ce oe ie eee cnet. 191 Mr. F. Martin Duncan, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photomicrographs of a female Mole-flea (//ystri- CHO DSUUUG ACME DOAN ieick i ce cae RRR, oS Re at ranlciohe tact 1G), Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the month of February, 1920 lv Page Mr. E. G. Boutenaer, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Frog with a duplicate foot ...................5 192 Prof. J. P. Hint, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an Embryo obtained from a Kangaroo recently living in, the Society's Menagerie ©) ...).8- 5.0.2.6. -2eeie tase tiee 192 Sir Frank Coryer, K.B.E., F.R.C.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of skulls of Macacus rhesus ... 192 Prof. H. Maxwett Lerroy, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photographs of Egret Farms in Sind... 192 Mr. R. H. Burne, M.A., E:Z.S. Exhibition of, and “remarks upon, a series of Pig’s mandibles from the New. tHlelonidles cc abe eee cca gee eerie fearie eaiaie 193 Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two Fournier’s Hutia (Capromys pilorides)...... 193, The Secrerary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of March, 1920 ......... 193 Mr. Arruur Loveriper. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a collection of Snakes which he had obtained in Kast Africa during the wears T9ho = 9 holy eee. ca. nace 193 Miss L. KE. Curesman, F.E.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of lantern-slides illustrating the life- history and habits of the Ichneumon-fly, Rhyssa DET SUMDSOTU: os wc athens os eae Wacies ested eee eee eee 194 Dr. P. Cuatmers Mircunii, C.B.E., M.A., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photo- graphs of Abbot’s Duiker (Cephalophus spadix) ...... 194 Mr. D. Seru-Suiru, ¥.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, lantern-slides showing the display of a male Monaul Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus) .........++. 194 Mi. L, Hocsen, M.A., B.Sc. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of Amblystoma ......-s..-..cs0+---- <0 194 es bo 10. PAPERS. A Revision of the Ichneumonid Genera ZLabium and Pecilocryptus. By Rowtanp E. Turner and JAmeEs Wearrrsrone 3 (Rext-foumresiel = 11.) Veice sees, eas Noe . Description of the Larynx and (isophagus of a Common Macaque (Jacacus fascicularis) exhibiting several abnormal Characters. By C. F. Sonwnrac, M.D., Ch.B., F.Z.S., Auatomist to the Society. (INSTR AUC Te e5) GSTS) et Se Eo cic cio Gee a aor Some Australian Opiliones. By H. R. Hoae, M.A., ID Ziosiy Cede hates WU 19 nn eco pee eet anes eee . Revision of the English Species of Red Spider (Genera Tetranychus and Oligonychus). By Sranuey Hirst. (GRexsG =m are Oe cee. ls «ns image eer eeeriee era Seek . On the Aortic Ligament in Indian Fishes. By D. R. Buarracuarya, M.S8c., Department, Zoological The Muir Central College, Allahabad, India, U.P. (Plates VG Wi vand Next-figuresl os) see ceee. os. neces: On some Lizards of the Genus Chaleides. By E.G. Bouuencer, F.Z.8S. (Text-figures 1-4.) ............... . Report on the Deaths in the Gardens in 1919. With Notes on Avian Enteritis. By Naruantet 8S. Lucas, M.B., F.Z.S., Pathologist to the Society. (With AC NA BUSS) Pee ie) aetna 2 oo 5s Sell Meso ela . An Apodous Ama calva. By Arnrnur Witievy, F.R.S., E.Z.S:, McGill University, Montreal .....0..........:. . On the External Characters of the South-American Monkeys. By R. I. Pococn, F.R.S. (Text-figures Ee) Meee ei nce he SY. Ss. 5k pa MM ee Rn a i The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of the Mammalia.—l. General Description of the Tongue. By OC. F. Sonnrac, M.D., Ch.B, F.Z.8., Anatomist Lowther Societys. (Vext-tiguressO=07.)) .20.0.0cessse.- ees Page i) 1 49 61 17 85 89 91 vi 11. Notes on East African Lizards collected in 1915-1919, with Descriptions of a new Genus and Species of Skink and new Subspecies of Gecko. By ArrHuR Lovertpen. (Text-figume wl S)het sored es aaa 131 12. On Abnormal Features in the Peritoneum of a Raccoon. By C. F. Sonnrac, M.D., Ch.B., F.Z.S., Anatomist to the Society. (Text-figures 18-19.) .................. 169 13. On Abnormalities of the Abdominal Arteries of a young Panda. By C. F. Sonnrac, M.D., Ch.B., F.Z.S., Anatomist to the Society. (Text-figure 20.).. 175 14. On the External Characters of the Ratel (d/ellivora) and the Wolverene (Galo). By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., RO7AS. oo ( lext-figures 142185) tm ce mene reas Coc ee: 179 Alphabetical last ot Contributoncsnae teense rere Vil iindexcot Witistratrons’) 230 peepee en eee eee ee eee eee x1 AV Iie dele lex KOs IL) | JUiJL iS) a CONTRIBUTORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. (1920, pp. 1-194.) Page BuatracHarya, D., R., M.Sc. On the Aortic Ligament in Indian Fishes. (Plates I. wand, Next one ures T—))\\\). 0). Wald eeeebe Aen ce as -. 61 Boutencer, EH. G., F.Z.S., Curator of Reptiles. On some Lizards of the Genus Chalcides. (Text- AVOWOMEES) ela) ) CRRA oie ea ale as0 xs ota is earn ee eee ey wa 17 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a remarkable new Land-Tortoise (Testudo loveridgit) .......0.0.ecceseceee seen es 190 Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Frog with a Clio ONIN 22) NOVO) Maile cet RIES SS do QA cay 6 OC Re 122 Burne, R. H., M.A., F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some skeletons of foetal Mammals prepared by Tadpoles ........................ 1g Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of Pig’s mandibles from the New Hebrides ........................05. 193 CuEgEsMAN, Miss L. E., F.E.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of lantern- slides illustrating the life-history and habits of the Ichneumon-fly, Rhyssa persudsortd ..,..ccecceeerene seers ees 194 vill Conver, Sir Franx, K.B.E, F.R.C.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of skulls of WIGCACUS TREGUS cn 3.2. ok cn ae Duncan, F. Martin, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photomicrographs of Acari from the lungs of Macacus rhesus ............0.00.0.4- Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photomicrographs of a female Mole-flea (Hystrichopsylla talpe) .................. Kuwes, A. J., F.R.S. Letter relative to the condition of herds of Moose in NWiellowstone Park: 25.2.2 een ey nae era Hitt, Prof. J. P., F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an Embryo obtained from a Kangaroo recently living in the Society’s Mienagerie *...... ci ii Ae ee ie En ester aie Hirst, STANLEY. Revision of the Engish Species of Red Spider (Genera Tetranychus and Oligonychus). (Text-figures 1-5.) ...... Hoesen, L., M.A., B.Sc. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of AGTOUYSEOMUG oe via vosintek see eee nsf Roa oe Hoge, H. R., M.A., F.Z.S. Some Australian Opiliones. (Plates I.-III.)............ Lerroy, Prof. H. Maxwett, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photographs of Egret Farms DTD SSLIYEL. oo sash etae One Ree eee Page 190 191 190 192 49 31 1x LovERIDGE, ARTHUR. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a collection of Snakes which he had obtained in East Africa during the Bee tance) = LOH Otis ete ta. ss calc sists a ee RE eee ois Patches Notes on East African Lizards collected in 1915-1919, with Description of a new Genus and Species of Skink and new Subspecies of Gecko. (Text-figure 1.) ............ Lucas, Naruantet 8., M.B., F.Z.S., Pathologist to the Society. Report on the Deaths in the Gardens, 1919. (With AS CARESS) 2 bird ces'.k Soc ee See. OR eee: Lees MirceHELL, P. CHatmers, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during themonthvot March, 1920 ives. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, photographs of Abbot’s Duiker (Cephalophus spadix) ........,.+.sceceseeeeee Pocock, Reecinaup I., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Curator of Mammals and Resident Superintendent of the Gardens. On the External Characters of the South American Monkeys (Rext-teures, L=3.)) (ie machete keenest. On the External Characters of the Ratel (J/ellivora) and the Wolverene (Gulo). (Text-figures 14-18.)......... Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of November and December, 1919 ... Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie duemoyune month of January, UOA0Meindss.coc esses -c..- Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie duriny) the month of February, [9209 3. .s-22:2-. 0: Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two Fournier’s Hutia ( (OOTOUS JOUUCTOGHES)) Corcepnencen osonadceeas -bcaber be aaccoeoaeece Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1920. b 193 131 193 149 ok 179 189 191 x Seru-Smirn, Davin, F Z.8., Curator of Birds. Remarks on an interesting case of response of Sparrows to colour rr eC Exhibition of, and remarks upon, lantern-slides show- ing the display of a male Monaul Pheasant (Lophophorus OPO TAO KCOCIS) NAEBPBPSPRE BARD AB ice 56 0%48 ch bohene begsbeumbonddtednaT ce Sonnrac, Cuarues F., M.D., Ch.B., F.Z.8., Anatomist to the Society. Description of the Larynx and Csophagus of a Common Macaque (Macacus fascicularis). (Text-figures 1-5.) eee e ee Feet ere oo ree EOE HEE OE EY CELE EO Her Becesreseeseseseeeese The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of the Mammalia.—I. General Description of the Tongue. (Text-figures 6-17.) eee te tee ete we ee es eee essere eees see rtsees-ecsece On Abnormal Features in the Peritoneum of a Raccoon. (Text-figures 18 & 19.) cere eee seer eres eet ees eee eee On Abnormalities of the Abdominal Arteries of a young Panda. (Text-figure 20.) weet there eee essere esses sesees Turner, Rowianp E., and WaArTERSTON, JAMES. A Revision of the Ichneumonid Genera Zabiwm and Pecilocryptus. (Text-figures 1-11.) ee pest ese ereetsoce WarteERSTON, JAMES. See TURNER, RowLAnp E. Wittey, Arruur, F.R.S., F.Z.8. An Apodous Amia calva Se Page 190 194 27 169 175 INDEX OF Algidia cuspidata, P\. IIT, p. 31. Alouatta, pp. 93, 95, 105, 108. villosa, pp. 102, 105. Aotus, pp. 99, 99. Ateles, pp. 92, 95, 111. ater, p. 102. paniscus, p. 103. Cacajao rubicundus, pp. 92, 99, 105. Callicebus moloch, pp. 92, 98. wean - personatus, p. 110. Callimico goeldii, pp. 92, 95, 98, 110. Cebus, pp. 93, 95, 101, 105, 108, 111. Chalcides delislii, p. 79. —— guentheri, p.79. lineatus, p. 79. mauritanicus, p. 79. — ocellatus, pp. 79, 81. , var. botteg?, p. 83. , var. polylepis, p. 83. sepoides, p. 79. —— thierryi, p. 79. tridactylus, p. 79. Clarias magur, Pl. I., p. 61. Eutropiichthys vacha, Pl. L., p. 61, p- 64. Gulo, pp. 180, 183, 186. Hapale gacchus, pp. 105, 106, 111. Labium bivittatum, p. 9. ILLUSTRATIONS, Labiuin ferrugineum, pp. 14, 19. hohartense, p. 13. montivagum, pp. 2,9, 17, 18, 25. —— occidentate, p. 13. petitorius, pp. 8, 14. pilosum, p. 10. sculpturatum, p. 14. —— subequale, p. 18. —- vasseanum, p. 13. walker, p. 5. Lagothrie, pp. 93, 95, 108. infumatus, p. 101. Leontocehus rosalia, pp. 92, 105, 106, 111. Macacus fascicularis, pp. 27, 29. Macropsalis chiltoni, Pl. 1., p. 31. Mammalia, Tongues of, pp. 116-125, 2, NPAs), Mellivora, pp. 180, 182, 185, 186. Monoxyommea henlei, P\. I11., p. 31. trawli, Pl. WIL., p. 31. -—— tuberculata, Pl. I1I., p. 31. Nuncia smithi, P\. 11., p. 31, Oligonychus quercinus, pp. 51, 59. —- simplex, pp. 51, 59. —— ulmi, pp. 51, 59. ununguts, pp. 51, 59. Panda, p. 176. Pantopsalis gray, Pl. I., p. 21, X1i INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Pantopsalis halli, Pl. 1., p. 31. pococki, Pl. 1., p. 31. wattet, Pl. I., p. 3l. Pecilocrypius nigromaculatus, pp. 17, 20. Pseudeutropius garua, pp. 63, 65. Raccoon, pp. 170, 172. Rita buchanani, Pi. 1., p. 61. Saimiris sciurea, pp. 93, 95, 98, 105, 106, 111. » Scolecoseps boulengert, p. 159. Tetranychus carpini, pp. 51, 52. crategi, pp. 51, 53, 54. —— lintearius, pp. 52, 53, 54. populi, pp. 51, 58, 54. —— schizopus, pp. 51, 52, 53. talisee, pp. 51, 53, 54. -— telarius, pp. 51, 52, 53, 54. —— tiliarium, pp. 51, 52, 53, 54. Trienobunus acuminatus, Pl. 11., p. 31. Trienonyx cockayni, Pl, 11., p. 31. variegata, Pl. I1., p. 31. Wallago attu, Pl. I1., p. 61. INDEX. 1920.—Pages 1-194, [New names in clarendon type. Systematic references in italics. (z.8.1.) indicates additions to the Society’s Menagerie. | Ablepharus boutont, var. peronit, 157. wahlbergit, 158. Acanthopterygti, 71. Agama atricollis, 142. colonorum, 140. flavicauda, 141. lionotus, 141. vaillanti, 142. Agamide, 140. Ailie coila, 70. Algidia, gen. n., 46. cuspidata, sp. n., 47. Alouatta, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113. (Mycetes) villosa, 92. Amia calva, 89. Aniurus natalis, 89. Ammotraqus lervia, 198. Amphipnoide, 71. Amphipnous cuchia, 71. Amphisbenide, 145. Anabantide, 71. Anabas scandens, 71. Anelytropide, 160. Anguilliformes, 71. Aotus, 93, 94, 96, 100, 104, 106, 118. 103, ey, —— (Nyctipithecus) trivirgatus, 92. Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1920. | —— (Ouakaria), 93, 94, 96, 97, | Ateles, 91, 93, 94, 97, 100, 103, 109, 112, 118. ater, 92. Bagarius yarrellii, 70. Bulistes erythrodon, 72. stellaris, 72. Balistide, 72. Barbus sarana, 67, 70. tor, (2. Barilius bola, 70. Belone cancile, 71. strongylura, 71. | Berycide, 71. 104, Brachyteles, 91, 94, 103, 104, 112, 113. Cacajao (Brachyurus, Ouakaria) rubi- cundus, 92. 104, 112, 113. Calamoichthys, 89. 103, Callicebus, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106, Te Ws}. —~—- (Callithrix) moloch, 92. —— personatus, 107, 109. Callichrous macrophthalimus, 67, 70. c XIV Callichrous pabda, 67, 70. Cullimico, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 109, 112, 113. goeldit, 92. Capromys pilorides, 193. Carangide, 72. Caranx atropus, 72. gallus, 72. Catarrhactes chrysolophus 192. Catla buchanani, 65, 67, 70. Cebus, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 118. -—— albifrons, 92. apella, 92. Cephalophus spadia, 194, Chetodontide, 72. Chalcides, (7. ——- bedriage, 78. bottegi, 77, 80, 83. delislii, 80. —— guenthert, 80. lineatus, 80. — linose, 79, 80, 82. —— mauritanicus, 80. — occidentalis, 80. ocellatus, 77. polylepis, 80. ragazztt, 80, 82. (z. 8. L.); sepoides, 80. simonyi, 78. —— tiliqugu, 80, 82. — tridactylus, 80. —— viridanus, 78. vittatus, 80, 82. Chameleon biteniatus, 168. ——- dilepis, 160. tsabellinus, 168. -—— gracilis, 160. —— hehnelii, 163. jacksoni vauerescece, 163. melleri, 166. Chameleontide, 160. Channa orientalis, 90. Chasmorhynchus nudicollis, 191. Chatoessus chacunda, 71. * manminna, 67, 71. Chelys fimbriata, 190, Chirocentride, 70. INDEX. Chirocentrus dorab, 70. Cinnyris mariquensis (z. 8. L.), 189. Cirrhina mrigala, 70. reba, 70. Clarias magur, 70. Clupea alosa, 61. chapra, 71. — ilisha, 67. sindensis, 67. Clupeide, 71. . Clupeiformes, 70. Conepatus, 179, 184. Coronella amabilis, 189. zonata, 189, Cricetulus migratorius (z. s. L.), 189. Cuscus, 102. Cynoglossus quinguelineatus, 72. Cyprinide, 70. Cypriniformes, 70. Dipsosaurus dorsalis, 189. Licheneis naucrates, 72. Echeneidide, 72. Elasmodactylus triedrus, 140. Engraulis malabaricus, 71. telara, 67, 70. Ephippus orbis, 72. Equus pryevalskii, 189. Hremias spellti, 148. Esociformes, 71. Eurypyga hetias, 190. Eutropiichthys vacha, 67, 70. Felis caracal, 189. leo, 189, 198. —— tigris, 189. Feylinia currori, 160. Galeopithecus, 116. Galera, 179. Galietis, 179. Gastropholis vittata, 147. Gazella subgutturosa, 191. INDEX. xV Gazza equuleformis, 72. Geckonide, 132. Gerres filamentosus, 72. Gerride, 72. Gerrhosauride, 149. Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 150. major, 149. nigrolineatus, 150. Gobiide, 72. Gobioides tenius, 72. Grisonia, 184. Gulo, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 193. Hapale jacchus, 91, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112. Hemidactglus brookii, 134. citerntt, 132. —— mabouia, 133. ——- ruspolti, 134. —— squamulatus, 134. Histiophorus, 89. Holacanthus xanthurus, 72. Flolaspis guenthert, 149. Hystrichopsylla talpe, 191. Ichnotropis capensis, 148. Ictonyx, 179, 184, 187. Julis lunaris, 72. Labeo ceruleus, 70. calbasu, 70. diplostomus, 67, 70. rohita, 65, 70. Labium approximatum, sp. n., 21. —— associatum, sp. n., 20. bicoler, 24. —— bivittatum, sp. n., 8. —— brevicorne, sp. n., 6. — centrale, sp. n., 6. clavicorne, 19. Serrugineum, 19. -—— fulvicorne, sp. n., 22. —— hobartense, sp. n., 20. | Labium longicorne, sp. n., 23. | ——— montivagum, sp. n., 16. | —— multiarticulatum, sp.r., 23. —— occidentale, sp.n., 16. petitorius Wrichs., 7. , subsp. concolor, subsp. n., 8. ——- pilosum, sp. n., 10. | ——sculpturatum, sp. n., 14. —— spiniferum, sp.n., 12. —— subzquale, sp. n. 15. — subpilosulum, sp. n., 11. —— vasseanum, sp. n., 13. —— walkeri, sp. n., 4. , Key to the Species of, 3. Labride, 72. Lacerta vawereselli, 147. Lacertide, \47. Lagothri«x, 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113. infumatus, 92, 109. -— lagotricha (=humboldti), 92. Laniatores, 36. Latastia johnstoni, 148. longicaudata, 147. Lates calearifer, 72. Leontocebus rosalia, 91, 105, 106, 109, 112. Lethrinus miniatus, 71. Lophophorus impeyanus, 194. Lutra maculicollis (z. s. u.), 189. Lygodactylus capensis (Smith), subsp. n., 135. Jischeri scheffleri, 136. —— grote, 136. — picturatus, 136. Lygosoma ferrandii, 157. sundevallii, 155. Lyncodon, 179. Mabuwia brevicollis, 152. maculilabris, 152. — megalura, 152. —— quinqueteniata, 153. striata, 153. varia, 103. Macacus fascicularis, 27. rhesus, 190 192. Xvi Macrones aor, 67, 70. ~— cavasius, 70. seenghala, 67, 70. Macropus bennetti, 191. Mamunalia, tongues of, 115. Martes, 179, 181, 187. Mastacembelde, 72. Mastacembelus armatus, 72. Meles, 179, 181. Mellivora, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 193. Mephitis, 179, 184. Monopeltis colobura, 145. Monoxyomma heudei, sp. n., 44. spinatwm, 44. —— trailli, sp.n., 45, tuberculatum, sp. n., 44. Mugil corsula, 71, Mugilide, 71. Mugiliformes, 71. Murena macrura, 71. —— punctata, 71. sathete, 71. tessellata, 71. Murenide, 71. Mustela, 179, 181, 187. putorius, 184. Mydaus, 184. Myocastor coypus, 192. Myripristis murdjan, 71. Mystax midas, 91. mystax, 91, 96, 97, 98, 106, 109, 112. —— ursulus, 91, 109. Notopteride, 70, Notopterus chitala, 67, 70. kapirat, 70. Nucras emini, 147. Nuncia enderbe@i, 42. smithi, sp. n., 42. — sperata, 41. sublevis, 41. valdiviensis, 41, (Edipomidas, 96. edipus, 91, 94, 105, 106, 112. Oligonychus quercinus, 59, uli, d8. INDEX. Oligonychus simplex, 60. —- ununguis, 59. Ophichthys boro, 71. Ophiocéphalide, 71. Ophiocephalus marulius, 71. punctatus, 71. striatus, 71, 90. Otolithus ruber, 72. Palpatores, 32. Panda, Abnormalities of the Abdominal Arteries of a young, 175. Pangasius buchanani, 70. Pantopsalis, 32. —— coronata, 33. —— pgrayi, sp. n., 35. — halli, sp. n., 34. Jenningst, 39. listeri, 33. -—— nigripalpts, 3o. —— pococki, sp.n., 34. tasmanica, 33. trippt, 33. —— wattsi, sp. n., 33. Pellona brachysoma, 71. elongata, 71. Percide, 72. Phalangiide, 32. Phascolarctos, 102. Phelsuma laticauda, 139. Pithecta, 91, 97, 112, 113. Platycephahide, 72. Platycephalus scaber, 72. Platyphotis fasciata, 139. Pleuronectide, 72. Plotosus arab, 70. Poecilocryptus nigripectus, sp. n., 24. -— nigromaculatus, 26. Pecilogale, 179. Polynemide, 71. Polynemus plebeius, 71. Polypterus, 89. Procavia capensis, 189. Psetiodes erwnet, 72. Pseudeutropius garua, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 70. Putorius, 179. INDEX. Raccoon, Abnormal features in the Peritoneum of a, 169. Report on the Deaths in the Gardens in 1919, 85. Rhanpholeon brevicaudatus, 166. kerstenit, 167. Rhyssa persuasoria, 194. Rita buchanani, 67, 70. Saccobranchus fossilis, 70. Saimiris, 94, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106, 107, 112, 1138. (Chrysothrix) sciureus, 92. Scatophagus argus, 72. Scelotes eggeli, 159. Sciena maculata, 72. Scienide, 72. Scienoides pama, 72. Scincide, 152. Scolecoseps boulengeri, sp. n., 159). Scombresocide, 71. Scombride, "72. Serranide, 71. Serranus angularis, 71. Sillaginide, 72. Sillago sihama, 72. Silundia gangetica, 67, 68, 70. Siluride, 70. Simia, 104. Sorensenella hicornis, 48. — prehensor, 43. Sparide, 71. — Stromateide, 71. Stromateus sinensis, 71. Symbranchiformes, 71. Synagris tolu, 72. Tanqua tiara, 145. Taurotragus oryx, 193. Taxidea, 181. Testudo loveridgii (z. s. u), 190, 191. XVII Tetranychus carpini, sp. n., 56. — cratezgi, sp.n., dl. —— populi, 52. schizopus, 50. —— talisiz, sp.n., 54. ——— telarius, 50. tiliarium, O7. -——, Key to the species (males), 49. Therapon jarbua, 71. Thynnus pelamys, 72. Trachynotus insidiator, 72. Triacanthide, 72. Triacanthus brevirostris, 72. Triznobunus acuminatus, sp. n., 36. Trienonyx aspera, 39. cockayni, sp. n., 39. coriacea, 39. rapax, 39. stewartius, 39. testaceus, 39. variegata, sp. n., 40. Trichiuride, 72. Trichiurus savala, 72. Umbrina russellii, 72. Ursus americanus, 191. arctos, 191. Varanide, 143. Varanus albigularis, 143, 192. — niloticus, 144. Vormela, 187. Wallago attu, 67, 70. Xiphias, 89. Zonuridx, 143. Zonurus derbianus, 192. --— tropidosternum, 145. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANUIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET S7REET, i ee ree ie) Si, a Vie | y LS PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY “< i ‘ EC 15 1999 \ oubongace 14, 14. Antennze more than 40-jomted ................0... 15. Antennz less than 40-jointed ........................ 18. 16. Mandibles bidentate; basal tergites narrowly margined with yellow ...................... L. hobartense, sp. n., p. 20. Mandibles simple ....... 16. 16. Dentiparal area unarmed, ‘areola, external area, and dentiparal areze smooth... tne ae eae L. longicorne, sp.n., 3, p. 23. Dentiparal area armed, the carine strongly raised forming small teeth at the outer angles........ 17. 17. Antenne 47-jointed; face yellow, closely ‘and Cha yr FOUUVCWORECL asco asec ist nano sect asdane ano ca: LL. approximatum, sp. n., 6, Antenne 43-jointed : face ferruginous, margined [p. 21. with yellow laterally, centrally rugulose ...... L. spiniferum, sp. n., p. 12. 18. Third and fourth antennal joints subequal ...... i), Third antennal jomt much longer than the fowtthy eee. Ea Mae ene 20. 19. Mandibles str ‘ongly ‘bidentate ; ; “hind femora shining, with Jar ee and rather sparse punctures. L. occidentale, sp. n., p. 16. Mandibles very obscurely bidentate; hind femora subopaque, very closely covered with minute punctures......... L. subequale, sp.n., p. 15. 20. Distance between the recurrent and second trans- : verse cubital nervures not equal to more than one-third of the length of the latter nervure ; nervulus very distinctly postfurcal ............... LL. clavicorne Morl., p. 19. Distance between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse cubital nervure equal to at least half the length of the latter nervure ; nervulus interstitial or very ey post- WOKEN 5.6 oo Sb al 21. 21. Petiole black, ‘except ‘at the ‘apex ; “ mesopleure extensively black superiorly....... LL. montivagum, sp. n., p. 16. Petiole mainly dH Cus mesopleurze with very little black .. Won iccbeebtenecnoudacasazong 4a CISRYIXGHAEO HI, Oe Ts, 1) 240) Labium bicolor Brullé is not included in the Key, as we have not seen a specimen. It is described from a male, and has the hind femora black as in L. sculpturatum, to which, from the description, it appears to be related. LABIUM WALKERI, sp.n. (Text-fig. 2.) 3d. Niger; mandibulis, apice brunneis, labro, clypeo, facie, fronteque lateribus, genis, orbitis externis, scutello, basi anguste nigro, postscutello, tegulis, mesopleuris maculis duabus, epimeris, pedibus anticis inter medi sque, tarsis iIntermediis br unnescentibus, coxis posticis apice, trochanteribus posticis, genubus, tibiisque posticis dimidio basali, basi angustissime brunneo annulatis, flavis; antennis subtus rufescentibus ; femoribus posticis medio late rufescentibus, basi atque apicem versus nigrescentibus ; ealcaribus pallidis ; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis: petiolo apice ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PGiCILOCRYPTUS. 5 in medio late testaceo, tergitis 2-5 brunneo-ferrugineis, apice anguste flavo-limbatis; tergitis apicalibus fuscis; sternitis quarto sequentibusque flavo-testaceis. Long. 6 mm. 3. Mandibles simple; clypeus distinctly separated from the face, convex; face smooth, subquadrate; vertex and temples smooth and shining. Antenne 28-jointed, third and fourth joints subequal, joints five to eight diminishing gradually, in the funicle the first fifteen joints are cylindrical. “Thorax shining, epimeral furrows crenulate throughout. Median segment with the apical carina of the basal area complete, areola and external areze smooth; petiolar and adjacent arex, the apical two-thirds of the spiracular aree, and the dentiparal aree subrugulose ; pleural ares smooth, anteriorly crenulate, with five or six strong Text-figure 2. Labium walkeri Turn. & Wtrst. Wings. ruge in front of the coxa. Petiole without a subbasal tooth, but the spiracular area prominent; spiracles well behind the middle ; abdomen shining, smooth. Areolet (text-fig. 2) pentagonal, second abscissa of the radius shorter than either of the transverse cubital nervures, distance between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse cubital nervure equal to nearly half the length of the latter nervure; second recurrent nervure only feebly bent in the middle, not abruptly angled as in other species of the genus. Discoidella missing; nervellus straight, not angled. Hab. Hobart, Tasmania; summer, 1891 (J. J. Walker). Very distinct im the neuration from the larger species of the genus. Probably this will eventually prove to be generically distinct, but in the present state of our knowledge it is hardly necessary to divide the genus. 6 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE LABIUM CENTRALE, Sp. li. 2. Fulvo-ferruginea ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo, facie, fronte, scapo, pedicello, propleuris antice, mesonoto lateri- bus anguste, seutello, sulco basali lateribusque nigris, postscu- tello, mesopleuris supra fasciaque infra, segmento mediano fascia lata postica, coxis anticis intermediisque, tibiisque posticis dimidio basali flavis; tarsis posticis articulo apicali, tibiisque posticis dimidio apicali intus fusco-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, venis brunneis ; stigmate brunneo, macula basali flava. Long. 6 mm. ?. Mandibles simple; line between the clypeus and face distinct, less so in the middle than at the sides, the face and clypeus sparsely, but not very finely punctured, face broader than long; eyes rather strongly emarginate above the base of the antenne; vertex and front smooth. Antenne 27-jointed, third joint only a little longer than the fourth, twelfth funicular joimt quadrate, thirteenth transverse. Notauli short; middle lobe of mesonotum not prominent, rather coarsely punctured, the lateral lobes very sparsely punctured ; the sharp anterior edge of the mesopleure is rather short, extending about halfway towards the spiracle and just extending a little beyond the first longitudinal hollow ; epimeral sulcus crenulate throughout. Prepectus antero- ventrally crenulate. Median segment with the apical carina of the basal area only indistinctly indicated laterally ; areola very broad, not clearly separated from the petiolar area, smooth, punctured near the sides; external area subrugulose, dentiparal and spiracular are a little more rugulose, the spiracular area tend- ing to be punctured anteriorly ; pleural area distinctly separated from the juxta-coxal on the posterior two-thirds, the carina obsolete anteriorly. Petiole with the lateral teeth between the spiracles and the base well developed. Hind coxe and femora smooth, with a few scattered punctures. Nervulus postfureal ; areolet pentagonal, distance between the recurrent nervure and second transverse cubital nervure equal to half the length of that nervure, second abscissa of the radius shorter than the secon transverse cubital nervure; nervellus angled far below the middle (at about three-fourths), discoidella represented only by a short stump at that point, entirely obsolete beyond the stump, without a vena spuria. Hab. Killalpanima, 100 miles E. of Lake Eyre (H. J. Hillier). LABIUM BREVICORNE, Sp. n. 2. Fulvo-ferruginea ; mandibulis, apice excepto, labro, clypeo, facie, scapo, pedicello subtus, fronte lateribus, scutello, post- scutello, mesopleuris maculis sub alis, tegulis, linea verticali supra coxas anticas, pedibusque anticis intermediisque, illius tarsorum articulo apicali excepto, flavis; antennis supra infuscatis usque ad articulam vicesimum, subtus omnino articulisque septem apicalibus ferrugineis; scutello fovea basali et Jlateribus, pro- ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PCCILOCRYPTUS. 7 pleuris antice, segmento mediano area juxta-coxali, tiblis posticis dimidio apicali, tarsisque posticis articulo apicali nigris. Long. 7 mm. Q. Mandibles simple; face and clypeus shining, very finely and sparsely punctured, the line between the clypeus and face distinct. Antenne 28- to 29-jointed, the third joint less than half as long again as the fourth, which is slightly longer than the fifth, the basal twelve joints of the funicle cylindrical. Vertex and front smooth and shining. Notauli shallow and short, middle lobe of the mesonotum not prominent anteriorly, smooth ; mesopleure shining, epimeral sulcus crenulated throughout. Median segment with the basal area very short, scarcely extending beyond the posterior edge of the sulcus separating the postscutellum and median segment, the apical carina only indicated laterally ; areola broad and smooth, sparsely punctured towards the sides, not distinctly separated from the petiolar area, which with the adjacent aree is longitudinally rugulose ; external area smeoth ; dentiparal area shining, but with a more uneven surface; spiracular area anteriorly moderately and posteriorly coarsely punctured; pleural area smooth, with a few scattered punctures, juxta-coxal area rugose. Petiole with a well-developed tooth between the spiracles and the base; spiracles prominent, the petiole rather abruptly widened behind the spiracles; abdomen shining. Hind coxe smooth, with at most a few scattered punctures beneath. Second abscissa of the vadius shorter than the second transverse cubital nervure, distance between the recurrent nervure and the second trans- verse cubital nervure equal to about three-eighths of the length of the latter nervure ; nervulus slightly postfureal. Hab. Swan River (Du Boulay); Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, November, 1913 (Turner). Lasium perirorium Hrichs. (Text-figs. 3 and 7 c.) Ichnewmon petitorius Evichs. Arch, f. Naturges. p. 255 (1842). Hab. KWaglehawk Neck, 8.H. Tasmania; February (Zurner). Common. This is distinguished from other species of the genus by the opaque, strongly and very closely punctured mesonotum and meso- pleure and the strongly developed teeth (text-fig. 3) of the denti- paral avez. The division between the clypeus and face is well marked, both clypeus and face closely punctured ; antenne of the female 42-jointed ; median segment with the apical carina of the basal area interrupted in the middle, external area smooth, denti- paral area coarsely and irregularly longitudinally striate, spiracular area rugose, juxta-coxal and pleural arez rugose-striate, postero- intermedia] and postero-external arez transversely striate, areola shining with a few large punctures, petiolar area indistinctly and irregularly transversely striated. Second abscissa of the radius and first transverse cubital nervure subequal, second transverse 8 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE eubital nervure slightly longer, the distance (text-fig. 7, c) between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse cubital nervure equal to more than half of the length of the latter nervure. Antenne 42-jointed. Subspecies concolor, subsp. n. @. Differs from the typical Tasmanian form in having the scutellum and postscutellum ferruginous, only very slightly paler than the rest of the thorax, not yellow as in the typical form. The second abscissa of the radius is somewhat shorter than in the typical form and the two transverse cubital nervures sub- equal. Antenne with three or four joints less than in the typical form. Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia ; October-December (Turner). Text-figure 3. \ i a TERZI—~ Labium petitorium Erichs. Propodeon. (a) dorsal; (6) profile; (ex) coxa of hind leg; (pé) petiole. To show outlines of the aree. Sculpture of arew not detailed fully. LAsiuM BIVITTATUM, sp.n. (Text-fig. 4, 6.) 2. Ochracea; labro, clypeo, facie lateribus, macula lineari sub alis, scutello postseutelloque flavis; vertiee late, propleuris dimidio inferiore, mesonoto fascia lata longitudinali utrinque, tergito primo apice, coxis posticis macula magna dorsali apicali, femoribus posticis basi et apice, tibiisque posticis dimidio apicali nigris ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis; antennis fuscis, infra ferru- gineis, articulis 9 apicalibus fulvo-ochraceis, $. Femine similis; antennis articulis 7 apicalibus fulvo- ochraceis ; tibiis posticis parte basali minus late ochraceis quam in femina. Long., 9 10-11 mm., ¢ 8-10 mm. 2. Labrum and clypeus rather deeply but not very closely punctured, the face much more closely and finely punctured, face broader than long. Antenne 42-jointed, the third joint as
) of the hind tarsi much less robust
than is usual in the genus; hind empodium very small, not elon-
gate, only about one-third of the length of the unguis.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia; September 14—October 31,
1913 (Turner). A good series taken.
Very distinct from other species of the genus in the small
empodium, less robust hind tarsal ungues, prominent median lobe
of the mesonotum, and black markings. The antenne are also
less strongly thickened to the apex than in most species of the
genus. The groove between the face and clypeus is strongly
marked,
10 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
LABIUM PILOsUM, sp. n. (Text-fig. 5.)
2. Ferruginea, fulvo-pilosa; antennis, scapo articuloque tertio
subtus flavis, occipite, macula circa ocello, propleuris, scutello
lateribus sulcoque basali, segmento mediano, femoribus posticis,
tibiisque posticis apice nigris; tarsis posticis infuscatis ; capite,
mesopleuris, scutello, postscutello, pedibusque flavo-ochraceis ; alis
sordide hyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 9 mm.
@. The whole insect, except the dorsal surface of the median
segment, sparsely clothed with pale fulvous hairs, which are
denser on the pleurz, legs, the sternites, and the vertex than else-
where. Labrum, clypeus, and face shining and sparsely punctured,
Text-figure 5.
Labium pilosum Turn. & Wtrst. In the front view the mandibles are partly
concealed by the labrum. In the profile the cheetotaxy of vertex and
antenna is not shown.
the clypeus quite smooth apically ; face (text-fig. 5) much broader
than long, the groove separating it from the clypeus obsolete
(2. e., clypeus and face in the same plane). Occiput more closely
and strongly punctured, front almost smooth. Antenne stout,
32-jointed, scarcely as long as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined, the third joint as long as the fourth and fifth
combined, the fourth distinctly longer than the fifth. Mesonotum
shining, finely punctured, rather closely on the median lobe, much
more sparsely posteriorly and laterally; the notauli very short, only
visible anteriorly, a very faint indication of a longitudinal carina
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PCICILOCRYPTUS. 11
between the notauli. Scutellum and postscutellum smooth,
almost impunctate; mesopleure rather coarsely and not very
sparsely punctured on the anterior two-thirds, smoother pos-
teriorly ; vertical groove between the episternite and epimeron
crenulate on upper half, smooth ventrally. Basal area of median
segment broad and very short, the carina separating 1t from the
areola only indicated laterally, surface smooth; areola very
broad, not distinctly separated from the petiolar area, smooth,
with indications of transverse ruge posteriorly and with a few
scattered punctures; external area smooth, with a few indistinct
punctures ; dentiparal area coarsely, but rather sparsely, punc-
tured; spivacular area and juxta-cosal area with numerous
punctures, not quite as coarse as those on the dentiparal area ;
aree bounding the petiolar area rugose next to the bounding
carine. Petiole apically very broad, a little raised medially on
the basal half; all the tergites shining, with numerous minute
piliferous punctures ; second tergite fully twice as broad as long,
third tergite fully three times as broad as long. Areolet long,
second abscissa of the radius longer than the second transverse
cubital nervure; distance between the second recurrent and second
transverse cubital nervure equal to less than half the length of
the latter nervure.
Hab. 8. Australia.
This is very distinct in the pilosity of the whole insect, the
robust and broad abdomen, and the black and rather short
antenne.
LABIUM SUBPILOSULUM, Sp. n.
@. Fulvo-ferruginea ; antennis omnino, mandibulisque apice
nigris; capite, propleuris supra, tegulis, mesopleuris macula
magna sub alis anticis, scutello, postscutello, coxisque anticis
intermediisque flavis; tibiis posticis apice tarsisque posticis articulo
apicali infuscatis; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis fuscis.
Long. 7 mm.
2. Mandibles simple; clypeus and face fused, without a
dividing-line, sparsely punctured, with fine hairs springing from
the punctures. Antenne 37-jointed, third joint distinctly shorter
than the fourth and fifth combined, the joints becoming trans-
verse about the twelfth. The emargination of the eyes is almost
obsolete; front and vertex smooth and shining. Mesonotum
shining, with a few sparse and very small punctures, the median
lobe rather more closely punctured, not prominent; notauli short
and shallow. Mesopleure anteriorly sparsely punctured on the
upper half, closely punctured rugulose on the lower half, smooth
posteriorly ; the epimeral sulcus crenulated on the upper half
only. Median segment with the apical carina of the basal
area broadly interrupted in the middle; areola and petiolar area
finely rugulose, not distinctly divided ; external area smooth and
shining; dentiparal are rugulose, without spines; spiracular
12 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
and pleural arez finely punctured. Petiole with the basal teeth
blunt and not very prominent, spiracles only feebly prominent.
Hind cox and femora sparsely punctured. Apical tergites with
sparse hairs. Second abscissa of the radius very little shorter
than the second transverse cubital nervure, distance between the
recurrent and second cubital nervures not quite equal to half
the length of the latter nervure.
Hab. Victoria (C. French). 1 @.
In the fused condition of the face and clypeus this resembles
pilosum, but is much less pilose, very different in colour and in
the number of antennal joints. The antenne are very feebly
thickened to the apex, but are not as stout in this species as in
pilosum.
LABIUM SPINIFERUM, sp. n.
2. Fulvo-ferruginea; antennis 43-articulatis, articulis 20 basa-
libus fulvo-ferrugineis, 2i-34 infuscatis, 35-43 ochraceis ; labro
facieque marginibus, orbitis internis, genubus, mesonoto antice
lateribus angustissime, propleuris antice, coxis anticis, tegulis,
macula sub alis anticis, macula parva sub alis posticis, mesopleuris
macula magna mediana, macula magna ante coxas intermedias,
mesonoto angulis posticis anguste, scutello, postscutello, sulco
epimerali, segmentoque mediano fascia lata transversa apicali,
aveaque pleurali flavis; alis leviter infuscatis, venis fuscis.
Long. 10 mm.
Q. Clypeus and face rather strongly punctured, the face in
the middle rugulose longitudinally ; labrum very long, distinctly
longer than the clypeus, more finely punctured; mandibles
simple. yes distinctly, but shallowly emarginate a little above
the base of the antenne; third antennal joint fully as long as
the fourth and fifth combined, the eight basal joints of the funicle
cylindrical. Front and vertex finely punctured; mesonotum
shining, finely and evenly punctured, the median lobe promi-
nent ; notauli well developed, not very short; pleure shining,
almost smooth, the epimeral furrow crenulated on the upper
half; scutellum and postscutellum almost smooth. Median seg-
ment with the basal area not closed apically, the apical carina
being obsolete; areola almost smooth, distinctly divided from the
rugulose petiolar area; external and dentiparal ares finely and
sparsely punctured, each produced into a small tooth at the external
apical angle, that of the external area being stouter and less
acute than that of the dentiparal; spiracular area finely punctured-
rugulose; pleural area finely punctured, with larger punctures
intermingled. Spiracles of the petiole prominent, a very feebly
developed tooth on each side between the spiracles and the base.
Hind cox finely punctured above, closely punctured-rugulose on
the outer side and beneath. Second abscissa of the radius a little
shorter than the second transverse cubital nervure ; the distance
between the recurrent and second transverse cubital nervures
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PQECILOCRYPTUS. 13
equal to slightly more than half the length of the latter
nervure.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia ; October (Turner). 1 2.
Distinguished from other species by the minute, but distinct,
teeth on the median segment.
LABIUM VASSEANUM, sp. n. (Text-fig. 6, a, e.)
3. Fulvo-ferrugineus ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo
facie, scapo subtus, pronoto macula parva laterali, mesopleuris
macula magna, macula sub alis anticis, macula parva sub alis
posticis, macula ante coxas intermedias, scutello, postscutello,
segmento mediano macula magna apicali, areaque juxta-coxalli
flavis; antennis nigris, apice haud ferrugineis; alis subhyalinis,
venis fuscis.
Long. 9 mm.
Text-figure 6.
(a) Labium vasseanum Turn. & Wtrst. Head, profile.
(b) Labium hobartense ,, z Mandible.
(c) Labium occidentale ,, = 5D
(d) Labium subequale ,, x »
(e) Labiwn vasseanum ,, » »
3. Mandibles elongate, acute (text-fig.6, e) at the apex ; labrum
very long. Clypeus and face (text-fig. 6, w) shining, sparsely punc-
tured, ihe face longitudinally rugulose in the ane fe. Antenne
36- jointed, third joint more than half as long again as the fourth,
the fifth distinctly shorter than the fourth. eile conatiin shining,
very sparsely and finely punctured, the median lobe rather promi-
nent anteriorly and more closely punctured, notauli very short ;
mesopleure shining, with a few scattered punctures ; epimeral
sulcus crenulated on the upper half. Median segment with the
14 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
apical carina of the basal area broadly interrupted in the middle ;
areola smooth, the carina dividing it from the petiolar area com-
plete; petiolar area smooth ; postero-intermedial area with a few
longitudinal striz ; external area with a few minute punctures ;
dentiparal area smooth in the middle, with a few punctures on
the sides and a minute tooth at the external apical angle; spira-
cular area finely punctured-rugulose; pleural and juxta- coxal
are not divided, smooth. Petiole narrow at the apex, without
teeth between the base and the spiracles. Hind empodia not very
long, not more than two-thirds of the length of the tarsal unguis.
Both transverse cubital nervures somewhat oblique and longer
than the second abscissa of the radius, the distance between the
recurrent nervure and the second transverse cubital nervure less
than half as great as the length of that nervure.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia; October, 1913 (Turner).
Nearly allied to ZL. spiniferum, of which it may be the male,
but the colour of the antennz and the number of antennal joints
differ much, also the spines on the dentiparal and external aree
are much more distinct in spiniferum. ‘The elongate mandibles
are common to both.
LABIUM SCULPTURATUM, sp. n. (Text-fig. 7, a.)
3. Niger; mandibulis, labro, clypeo, facie, scapo subtus, orbitis,
pronoto lateribus anguste, linea supra tegulas, mesopleuris macula
magna mediana, fascia sub alis anticis, sulco epimerali, scutello,
postscutello, segmento mediano fascia apicali, petiolo fascia api-
cali, pedibusque anticis intermediisque flavis; tergitis secundo
sequentibusque, tibiisque trochanteribusque posticis rufo-ferru-
gineis ; antennis supra nigris, subtus rufescentibus, articulis
13 apicalibus ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis, venis nigris.
Long. 11 mm.
Text-figure 7.
a
Aveolet (right wing):—(a) Labium sculpturatum Turn. & Wtrst. (b) Labium
Serrugineum Cam. (c) Labiwm petitorium Erichs.
3. Face much broader than long, face and clypeus sparsely
but not very finely punctured. Antenne 42-jointed, third joint
more than half as long again as the fourth, the fifth distinctly
shorter than the fourth, the joints as far as the sixteenth longer
than broad, those beyond transverse. Mesonotum with the middle
lobe prominent; notauli short, but deep and crenulate; the
median lobe densely punctured anteriorly, sparsely posteriorly ;
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PG@CILOCRYPTUS. 15
lateral lobes and the scutellum sparsely punctured ; mesopleure
antero-ventrally closely and rather strongly punctured, smoother
elsewhere; the epimeral sulcus coarsely crenulate throughout.
Median segment with the basal area and areola confluent; areola
smooth, with a few punctures, posteriorly rugulose ; petiolar area
separated, transversely rugose, as also are the adjacent arew; ex-
ternal area smooth, very bluntly raised at the external apical
angle; dentiparal area coarsely rugulose, with a ‘small tooth at the
external apical angle; spiracular area coarsely punctured ante-
riorly, rugose posteriorly ; pleural and juxta-coxal aree strongly
striate, with a few punctures between the striae. Hind coxe
externally coarsely, hind femora much more closely and finely
punctured. Second abscissa (text-fig. 7, a) of the radius barely
longer than the second transverse cubital nervure; the distance
between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse cubital
nervure more than half of the length of the latter nervure.
Petiole without a tooth between the base and spiracles, the latter
very prominent; a carina beginning near the base and almost
reaching the apex, the central raised area strongly marked,
bearing throughout its length two parallel grooves.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia; November, 1913 (Zurner).
IG.
Distinct in the strong sculpture, also in the black colour of
the thorax, petiole, and hind femora,
LABIUM SUBEQUALE, sp. n. (Text-fig. 6, 2.)
2. Fulvo-ferruginea ; antennis nigris, articulis 10 apicalibus
ochraceis ; scapo subtus, mandibulis. labro, clypeo, facie, fronte
lateribus, orbitis externis, genis, scutello, macula sub alis anticis,
coxis anticis intermediisque, tibiis intermediis apice, tarsisque
anticis intermediisque, articulo apicali excepto, flavis; pronoto
antice, tegulis, area Juxta-coxall, tarsisque posticis articulo apicali
nigrescentibus; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 9 mm.
2. Mandibles (text-fig.6, Z) obscurely bidentate, blunt, the second
tooth indicated by an external sulcus; elypeus and face sparsely
punctured, the line of division between them distinct, but not
strong. Antenne 36-jointed, the third and fourth joints sub-
equal, the third seen in profile slightly shorter than the fourth.
Mesonotum smooth, with scattered punctures, the notauli rather
long; propleure strongly crenulate in front ; mesopleure shining,
closely and very finely punctured on the lower half; epimeral
sulcus crenulate throughout, the lower crenulations more strongly
developed than usual. Median segment with the apical carina
of the basal area interrupted in the middle; areola smooth,
slightly rugulose at the sides; external area smooth ; dentiparal
area rugulose; spiracular area coarsely punctured anteriorly,
rugulose posteriorly ; pleural area striate-rugulose, separated from
the juxta-coxal area by a carina reaching to one-half, the latter
16 MESSRS. R. E, TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
area rugose. Petiole with the lateral teeth between the spiracles
and the base well developed ; spiracles prominent, obscurely striate
between the spiracles, the remainder of the segment smooth and
convex ; before the spiracles the raised area is distinct. Hind
coxe closely and rather finely punctured, femora very finely
punctured. Second abscissa of the radius about equal to the
second transverse cubital nervure, the latter fully twice as ‘long
as the distance between it and the recurrent nervure.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia; October and November,
1913 (Turner).
LABIUM OCCIDENTAL, sp. n. (Text-fig. 6, ¢.)
Q. Fulvo-ferruginea; antennis infra obscure ferrugineis, supra
nigrescentibus, articulis 13 apicalibus rufo- _ferrugineis; scapo
subtus, mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo, facie, orbitis
externis, scutello, postscutello, macula ante tegulas, mesopleuris
maculis duabus, macula sub alis posticis, macula supra coxas
intermedias, segmento mediano fascia tramsversa obscura post
medium, coxisque trochanteribusque anticis intermediisque flavis;
fronte in medio, propleuris antice, mesopleuris antice et inter
maculas flavas, scutello postscutelloque Jateribus, petiole dimidio
basali, area juxta-coxali, tibiis posticis apice supra, tarsisque
posticis articulo apicali nigrescentibus; alis subhyalinis.
Long. 10 mm.
3g. Differt occipite, temporibus, mesopleuris, segmento mediano,
notaulis, mesoncto lateribus, petiolo, apice excepto, coxis posticis
basi et apice supra, femeribus tibiisque posticis apice, nigrescen-
tibus; tarsis posticis infuscatis; pedibus anticis intermediisque
omnino flavis.
2. Differs from swhequale in the strongly bidentate (text-
fig. 6 c) mandibles, the upper tooth much shorter than the lower,
in the much more strongly punctured face, in the generally
stronger puncturation, and in the sculpture of the hind coxe and
femora, which are Shimon with large punctures in occidentale,
whereas in subequale the hind femora are subopaque and very
closely covered with minute punctures.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia; October (Z'urner).
LABIUM MONTIVAGUM, sp. n. (Text-figs. 1, 4a, 8, 9, and 11a.)
3. Niger; mandibulis, apice excepto, labro, clypeo, facie,
orbitis anguste, callis humeralibus, linea sub alis anticis, meso-
pleuris macula parva mediana, macula parva sub alis posticis,
scutello, postscutello macula mediana, pedibusque anticis inter-
mediisque flavis; segmentis abdominalibus secundo Sequenti-
busque, femoribus posticis, apice nigris, tibiis posticis, apice
nigris, tarsisque posticis articulis quatuor basalibus rufo-ferrugi-
neis ; antennis subtus (articulis tribus basalibus exceptis) arti-
culisque 11 apicalibus supra, oehraceis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PG:CILOCRYPTUS. ii%
@. Differt scapo subtus flavo; thorace ferrugineo, flavo-
maculato, propleuris infra, mesopleuris antice, scutelloque sulco
basali nigris; segmento mediano, COXIS posticis, femoribusque
posticis ferrugineis, apice nigro-maculatis; pedibus anticis
intermediisque fulvo- ferrugineis.
Long. 2 ¢ 9-10 mm.
Text-figure 8.
Wings :—(a) Pecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cam. (b) Labiwm montivagum
Turn. & Wtrst.
@. Labrum, clypeus, and face rather sparsely, but not finely
punctured ; the dividing line between the face and clypeus rather
indistinct, the face broader than long; mandibles simple.
Antenne from 32- to 36-jointed, usually 35 or 36; third joint
equal to the two following. Front shining, sparsely and finely
punctured at the sides, rather more strongly below the ocelli,
occiput finely and closely punctured. Thorax shining; the meso-
notum sparsely punctured, more closely on the median lobe:
notauli very distinct, but short, more or less crenulate; scutellum
and postscutellum smooth and impunctate; propleur anteriorly
rugulose, posteriorly crenulate, centrally slightly raised and
rather sparsely punctured ; mesopleure ventrally rather closely
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1920, No. II 2
18 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
and not finely punctured, posteriorly smooth, the smooth area
narrowing ventrally ; epimeral suleus entirely crenulate, with
one or two large fover at its ventral extremity. Sternum shining,
moderately closely punctured, one or two large fovez outside the
intermediate coxe close to the extremity of the epimeral sulcus.
Median segment coarsely sculptured; apical carina of the basal
area broadly interrupted in the middle, the basal area smooth
and shining ; areola and petiolar area fully separated, the former
smooth, with one or two large punctures and rugulose towards
the sides, especially posteriorly, petiolar area transversely rugu-
lose; external areze nearly smooth, dentiparal and other dorsal
aree rugulose, except the anterior portion of the spiracular area,
which is coarsely punctured ; pleural (text-fig. 1) and juxta-coxal
are rugulose above, and towards the coxee with strongly marked
Text-figure 9.
TERZI 3 b
Labium montivagum Turn. & Wtrst. ¢ genitalia. (a) Stipes and in profile.
(6) Entire apparatus—right stipes removed—dorsal view. (ce) Apex of
volsella.
ridges, so that anteriorly this area is crenulate. Spiracles of the
petiole just behind the middle, much nearer to each other than
to the apex of the segment, a well-defined tooth (text-fig. 11, @) on
each side of the petiole, nearer to the base than to the spiracle ;
the ceutral dorsal portion of the petiole basally distinctly raised,
with a sulcus near each spiracle; gastrocceli distinct, finely punc-
tured, abdomen otherwise smooth. Second abscissa of the radius
a little shorter than the second transverse cubital nervure,
distance between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse
cubital nervure more than half as great as the length of the latter
nervure. Externally the hind coxe and femora are sparsely but
rather deeply punctured. Tarsal unguis etc., text-fig. 4, a.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania; January and February, 1913
(Turner). A long series.
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PCSCILOCRYPTUS. 19
The male has the face almost square, the sculpture is somewhat
coarser, especially on the median segment. The sculpture of the
areola in the male shows considerable variation; 1n some speci-
mens there are coarse transverse ruge, which are only rather
feebly indicated in others. The teeth on the sides of the petiole
are remarkable, also the sexual colour differences.
The female is the type.
LABIUM CLAVICORNE Morl.
Labiwm clavicorne Mor]. Revis. Ichneum. iv. p. 151 (1915).
This species is allied to montivagwm in having a distinct tooth
on each side of the petiole between the spiracles and the base
and also in the sculpture, but differs in the almost entirely
fulvous antenne, in the ferruginous colour of the front, vertex
and propleure, and in the position of the second recurrent ner-
vure which is received close to the apex of the areolet.
This is very doubtfully distinct from ferruginewm Cam., but
differs in the colour of the antenne. The other differences given
+
Text-figure 10.
Labium ferrugineum Cam. Propodeon ; dorsal view.
by Morley either fall within the range of individual variation or
ave taken from one or other of the three males marked by him
as co-types, one of which is certainly specifically distinct, not at
all nearly related to the other two, in which the thorax is mostly
black, having only the mesonotum and a patch on the meso-
pleure ferruginous. These are probably the true males of
clavicorne, which species probably takes the place of montivayum
on the mainland.
Hab. Victoria (Wrench).
LABIUM FERRUGINEUM Cam. (Text-figs. 7 6 and 10.)
Labium ferruginewm Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii.
paos0i(l9Ol)\s 59.
This species seems to differ from elavicorne Morl. only in the
eolour of the antenne, which are black above and brownish on
the apical half beneath; the scape is yellow beneath in both
forms. Cameron’s type is in a dirty condition.
oe
20 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
The locality given is Australia,
The nervulus i is distinctly postfurcal, not differing appreciably
from clavicorne in this respect, in spite of Morley’s statement to
the contrary.
LABIUM HOBARTENSE, sp.n. (Text-fig. 6, b.)
2. Fulvo-ferruginea ; antennis supra nigro infuscatis, articulis
13 apicalibus ferrugineis; mandibulis dimidio basali, labro,
clypeo, facie, fronte lateribus, coxis trochanteribusque anticis
intermediisque, maculis duabus sub alis anticis, macula sub alis
posticis, macula supra coxas intermedias, sulco epimeral, scutello,
postscutello, segmento mediano fascia transversa post medium
coxam posticam attingente, tergitisque fascia apicali angustissima.
flavis; petiolo, area juxta-coxali, tarsisque posticis articulo
apicali nigrescentibus ; alis subhyalinis, venis nigris.
Long. 11 mm.
@. Mandibles bidentate (text-fig. 6, 6), rather short; face
shining, sparsely and finely punctured, broader than long. An-
tennee 42-jointed, third joint a little shorter than the fourth and
fifth combined.
Very similar to montivagum in other respects ; differing in the
yellow band on the median segment, in the yellow apical bands
of the tergites, and the less prominent basal teeth of the petiole.
Hab. Hobart, Tasmania; summer 1891 (/. J. Walker).
Might easily be mistaken for montivagum, but the structural
differences in the mandibles and antenne distinguish it at once.
LABIUM ASSOCIATUM, sp. n.
@. Fulvo-ferruginea ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo,
facie, scapo subtus, orbitis, scutello, macula sub alis anticis,
mesopleuris antice macula, coxisque trochanteribysque anticis
intermediisque flavis; scutello sulco basali, tibiis posticis apice
supra, tarsisque posticis, basi anguste ferrugineis, nigris; alis
hyalinis. iridescentibus, venis nigris.
Long. 8 mm.
2. Clypeus and face shining, very sparsely punctured, face
much broader than long ; inandibles simple. Antenne 36-jointed,
fulvous, somewhat infuscate above to beyond the middle, the
third jomt about ‘half as long again as the fourth, the fifth
distinctly shorter than the fourth. Eyes very feebly sinuate
opposite the base of the antenne; front and vertex shining,
almost smooth, witha few minute punctures, Mesonotum shining,
almost smooth, the median lobe sparsely punctured anteriorly ;
notauli, rather short ; .mesopleure smooth on the upper half,
sparsely and finely punctured on the lower half; epimeral sulcus
finely crenulate throughout. Median segment with the apical
carina of the basal area broadly inter rupted i in the middle; areola
not separated from the petiolar area, the dividing carina only
feebly indicated at the sides, areola georqoulh § in anes middle, finely
ICHNEUMONID QENERA LABIUM AND PGCILOCRYPTUS. 21
rugulose at the sides, petiolar area with the same sculpture as
the areola; the are adjacent to the petiolar area rugulose ;.
external area smooth, dentiparal area subrugulose, a minute
tooth at the external apical angle of both the external and
dentiparal ares; spiracular area strongly rugulose, anteriorly
punctured-rugulose ; pleural area superiorly rugulose with a few
deep punctures, ventrally with three or four large complete ruge,
which merge with thosé of the juxta-coxal area, the carina
dividing the two are well defined to about one-half. Petiole
with a well-developed tooth on each side between the base and
the spiracles; the petiole with a rather stronger sculpture than is
usual in the genus, behind the spiracles the surface in the middle
subrugulose, before the spiracles the raised median area is very
distinct. Hind coxe and femora smooth on the outside, with
large irregular punctures. Second abscissa of the radius a little
shorter than the distance between the recurrent nervure and the
second transverse cubital nervure, and only a little more than
half as long as the latter nervure.
Hab. Mundaring Weir, W. Australia; March 18, 1914
(Turner).
LABIUM APPROXIMATUM, Sp. 0.
3. Fulvo-ferrugineus ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo,
facie, froute lateribus, scapo subtus, scutello, postscutello, meso-
pleuris maculis duabus, macula sub alis posticis, macula supra
coxas intermedias, segmento mediano fascia. dorsali transversa
post medium, macula supra coxas posticas, coxisque trochanteri-
busque anticis intermediisque flavis; antennis ferrugineis, supra
nigris, articulis 15 apicalibus fulvo-ochraceis; coxis posticis apice
supra, mesopleuris macula post coxas anticas, area juxta-coxali,
petioloque ante spiracula infuseatis.
Long. 12 mm. :
3. Mandibles simple; clypeus and face closely, evenly, and
rather strongly punctured, the line between the face and clypeus
very distinct ; malar space short, only half as broad as the hase
of the mandible. Front smooth, with sparse punctures. Antenne
47-jointed, third joint almost as long as the fourth and fifth
combined, the joints becoming transverse at about the 22nd or
23rd. Mesonotum shining, finely and rather closely punctured,
the median lobe prominent aud more closely punctured; notauli
long. Scutellum and postscutellum shining, finely punctured ;
propleurz rather strongly punctured; mesopleure punctured on
the lower half, the epimeral sulcus strongly crenulate. Median
segment with the apical carina of the basal segment broadly
interrupted in the middle; areola shining, with a few lateral
punctures, its apical keel well defined ; external area finely and
closely punctured ; dentiparal area rugulose, both the external
and dentiparal arez with a small tooth at the external apical
angle, and a minute tooth also at the inner apical angle of the
dentiparal area; spiracular area anteriorly finely and closely
22 MESSRS. R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
punctured, posteriorly rugulose; pleural area rugulose-punctate ;
juxta-coxal area with six or seven strong striz. Basal tooth of
petiole blunt, not prominent, spiracles prominent; basal area
of petiole indistinct. Hind cox and femora shining, externally
closely and finely punctured. Second abscissa of the radius con-
siderably longer than the second transverse cubital nervure ;
distance between the recurrent nervure and the second transverse
cubital nervure equal to more than half the length of the latter
nervure.
Hab. Victoria (C. French). 1 3.
This is one of the males selected by Morley as a co-type of his
LL. clavicorne, to which it is not at all nearly allied.
LABIUM FULYICORNE, sp. n.
2. Fulvo-ferruginea; antennis articulis apicalibus fulvo-ochra-
ceis; mandibulis, apice excepto, labro, clypeo, facie lateribus,
mesonoto margine laterali anguste, scutello, postscutello, propleuris
infra, macula horizontali sub alis anticis ; suleoque epimerali flavis ;
tarsis posticis nigris, metatarso apice solum nigro; alis sordide
hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo.
Long. 10-12 mm,
Q. Clypeus and labrum sparsely, face more closely punctured ;
clypeus not on the same plane with the face, divided from it by a
distinct groove, the face broader than long ; front smooth, occiput
with a few small punctures. Antenne 46-jointed, more than
three-quarters of the length of the whole insect ; third joint fully
as long as the fourth and fifth combined. Thorax shining and
almost smooth, the median lobe of the mesonotum alone distinctly
punctured ; notauli short, only distinct anteriorly. Hpimerat
groove very finely crenulated above, smooth below. Arez of the
median segment smooth and shining, the external, pleural, and
spiracular ares very finely punctured; petiolar area with a few
scattered punctures ; basal area very short, the carina separating
it from the areola narrowly broken in the middle, the areola
completely divided from the petiolar and dentiparal aree. Hind
coxe shining, very sparsely punctured, reaching as far as the apex
of the petiole. Second abscissa of the radius longer than the
second and nearly as long as the first transverse cubital nervure,
the distance between the second recurrent nervure and the second
transverse cubital nervure a little less than half as great as the
length of the latter nervure.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia; October and November, 1913
(Turner).
In this and some closely-allied species the external area of the
median segment is more distinctly sculptured than the dentiparal
area, the reverse being the usual condition in the genus. The
probable male of this species has the pleure and fore legs
almost entirely yellow, also a broad transverse band at the apex
of the median segment and the pleural aree. The number of
joints in the antennz is 41-44. . These males are much smaller
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PGICILOCRYPTUS. 23
than the female, measuring from seyen to nine millimetres, and
the hind tarsi are not black.
LABIUM MULTIARTICULATUM, sp. n.
Q. Fulvo-ferruginea ; flagello supra fusco, articulis 13 api-
ealibus ochraceis, infra ochraceo ; scapo subtus flavo ; mandibulis,
labro, elypeo, facie, propleuris antice, fascia sub alis, mesopleuris
fascia lata maculaque arcuata supra coxas intermedias, scutello,
postscutello, mesonoto fascia apicali areaque pleurali, coxisque
anticis intermediisque flavis; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis, stig-
mate fusco-ferrugineo.
¢. Femine similis ; flagello articulis 10 apicalibus solum supra
ochraceis ; mesonoto lateribus flavo-marginatis, mesopleuris fere
omnino flavis, trochanteribusque anticis intermediisque flavis.
Long. 9° 3 10-11 mm.
@. Labrum long, rather narrowly rounded at the apex; face
distinctly broader iiten long, face and clypeus shining, sparsely,
but rather deeply punctured. Antenne usually from 51-. to
53-jointed (51 in the type 2 ), sometimes with one or two joints
more or less; third joint a little shorter than the fourth and fifth
combined ; front and vertex shining, almost smooth. Mesonotum
shining, finely punctured, rather closely on the median, very
sparsely on the lateral lobes, the median lobe not prominent,
notauli short ; mesopleure shining, sparsely and finely punctured.
more closely on the lower than on the upper half; epimeral sulcus
crenulate on the upper half only, the striz oblique. Median
segment with the apical carina of the basal area obsolete, except
at the sides; areola shining, sparsely and finely punctured, the
basal carina of the petiolar area well defined ; external arew finely
punctured, dentiparal areze smooth and shining ; ; Spiracular area
punctured ; pleural area very sparsely punctured, not separated
from the smooth juxta-coxal area; petiolar and adjacent arez
punctured. Petiole without any clearly-defined lateral teeth
between the spiracles and the base, spiracles not prominent.
Second abscissa of the radius very slightly longer than the second
transverse cubital nervure ; the distance between the recurrent
and the second transverse cubital nervure equal to about half the
length of the latter nervure.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia; October and November, 1913
(Turner).
Near jfulvicorne, but may be distinguished by the greater
number of antennal joints. The third antennal joint is distinctly
shorter than in fulvicorne and the antenne less clavate. The
male of the present species is generally larger and more robust
than that of fulvicorne.
LABIUM LONGICORNE, sp. 0.
36. Fulvo-ferrugineus ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeo,
facie, scapo subtus, scutello, postscutello, propleuris antice, pro-
sterno, mesopleuris maculis duabus sub alis anticis, suleo epimerali,
24 MESSRS, R. E. TURNER AND J. WATERSTON ON THE
coxisque trochanteribusque anticis flavis; antennis ferrugineis,
seapo pedicelloque supra leniter infuscatis; alis hyalinis, venis
fuscis.
Long. 9 mm.; antennarum long. 7 mm,
3. Very near LZ. multiarticulatwm, but differs in the colour of
the antenne, in the absence of a yellow apical band on the median
segment, in the distinctly shorter third antennal joint (in muléi-
articulatum this joint is twice as long as broad, in the present
species rather less than half as long again as broad), and in the
smooth external area of the median segment. The antennse
are 49-jointed.
Hab. Swan River, W. Australia (Du Boulay).
Lasium sicotor Brulleé.
_ Labium bicolor Brullé, Hist. Nat. Insect. Hymén. iv. p. 316
(1846). o.
Hab. New Guinea.
This species, the type of the genus, is unknown to us.
Genus Pacrtocryprus Cam.
Pecilocryptus Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p.527 (1901).
Cameron’s description of this genus is good, and he is probably
correct in connecting the genus with the Phygadeuonini, though,
as he remarks, it has no near relationship with any other genus.
Cameron only gives Australia as the locality for his species,
which, however, we can now record from Tasmania, together
with a new species described below.
PacrLocryPrus NIGRIPECTUS, Sp. nN.
2. Flava; mandibulis apice extremo, antennis, articulis sex
basalibus subtus flavis, fronte supra antennas, area circa ocellos,
occipite, mesonoto fascia longitudinali lata antice, usque ad
medium attingente, lateribus et margine postico late, mesosterno,
scutello basi, segmento mediano basi, lateribus late, supra augus-
tissime, tergito tertio, apice extremo excepto, tergito sexto,
valvulis terebre, femoribus posticis macula magna extus intusque,
tibiisque posticis apice nigris ; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis
fuscis.
Long. 5°5 mm.; terebre long. 2°5 mm.
@. Antennz 22-jointed, the basal joints very slender, the
apical joints strongly thickened, the last seven broader than
long, the five basal joints of the flagellum long and slender, joints
6 to 9 slightly thickened, from the tenth more abruptly
thickened, attaining the greatest breadth at the fifteenth. Face
longer than broad by at least one-third, with a short narrow
suleus, which is medially enlarged and extends downwards to the
middle of the face. Clypeus and face smooth and shining. Eyes
|
3
ee ee ee eee
ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PC@CILOCRYPTUS.
Text-figure 11.
(a) Labiwm montivagum Turn. & Wtrst. (b) Pecilocryptus nigro-
maculatus Cam.
25
26 THE ICHNEUMONID GENERA LABIUM AND PC@CILOCPYPTUS.
separated from the base of the mandibles by less than the breadth
of the mandible. Front concave, the concave area‘extending as
far back as the anterior ocellus, vertex smooth and shining.
Thorax smooth and shining, notauli indistinct. Median segment
very feebly punctured, rather dull, spiracles very small, oval ;
basal area very small, transverse; areola quadrate, a_ little
longer than broad, longer than the petiolar area; dentiparal area
subquadrate and about as large as the areola: external area
transverse; spiracular area divided by a keel arising from the
side of the basal area just before the apex, and continued out-
ward, touching the spiracle posteriorly ; of the two arez so formed
the anterior one (containing the spiracle) is pentagonal, the
posterior one is quadrate, about a third longer than broad ; both
the postero-intermedial and the postero-external are appear to
be defined ; the confluent pleural and juxta-coxal ares form a
hexagon, Spiracles of the petiole before the middle; the base
of the petiole with a raised median space bounded by definite
edges, and extending backwards to the highest part of the petiole ;
second tergite with the gastroceeli distinct, the segment rather
longer than wide; sutures 2-5 rather deepand distinct. Surface
of the abdomen dull to the middle of the second tergite, shining
apically. Hind cox and femora distinctly intumescent. Areolet
pentagonal, longer than high, the radial side equal to the inner
and almost equal to the outer, but shorter than the two lower
sides; second recurrent nervure strongly oblique.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 2300 ft., March 12-21, 1913
(Turner).
The areolet is much shorter on the radius than in mgro-
maculatus Cam., the face 1s much narrower and differently sculp-
tured; there is no tooth at the apex of the dentiparal area, the
basal area is much shorter, and in-nigromaculatus the carina
between the spiracular and pleural are is anteriorly obsolete ;
in nigripectus the spiracles of the petiole are nearer to the base
than in nigromaculatus.
P@cILOCRYPTUS NIGRoMACULATUS Cam. (Text-figs. 8@ and
115.)
Pecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7) vii. p. 528 (1901). @.
The locality given for the type is merely Australia. Two
females in the British Museum are from 8. Tasmania, Mt. Wel-
lington, January 15—February 6, 1913 (Zurner), and Haglehawk
Neck, February 12—March 3, 1913 (Turner).
Unless indication to the contrary is given the types of the
species described in this paper are females, and all are deposited
in the British Museum.
ON THE LARYNX AND G&SOPHAGUS OF A COMMON MACAQUE. 27
2. Deseription of the Larynx and Cisophagus of a Common
Macaque (Macacus fascicularis) exhibiting several Ab-
normal Characters. By C. F. Sonntac, M.D., Ch.B.,
F.Z.S., Anatomist to the Society.
"Received January 10, 1920; Read February 10, 1920. |
(Text-figures 1-5.)
The specimen which forms the subject of the present com-
munication was preserved among a series of tongues in the
Society’s Prosectorium. When a disseetion was made, the rare
conditions shown in text-fig. 2 were revealed, and the normal
state is illustrated in text-fig. 1 for comparison. One of the
Text-figure 1. Text-figure 2.
Text-fig. 1—The normal tongue, larynx, and cwsophagus. A. Ridge of mucous
membrane. C. Posterior surface of larynx clothed with mucous membrane.
E. Recess.
Text-fig. 2.—The abnormal tongue, larynx, and esophagus. B. Posterior car-
tilaginous plate. A, C, Eas in text-fig. 1.
28 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE LARYNX AND
conditions is unique, and raises problems for solution by the
embryologist and physiologist. The soft palate and the posterior
wall of the pharynx were divided in a vertical direction, but the
posterior wall of the cesophagus was only divided from behind
forwards and above downwards till the mucous membrane
appeared. I did not divide any more, as I considered that it
was better to preserve the abnormality of the cesophagus entire.
In the normal state, however, the posterior wall of the cesophagus
was divided completely and the two halves thrown outwards.
By that means an uninterrupted view of the tongue, larynx,
pharynx, and cesophagus is obtained.
In the normal state the epiglottis has a notched border and a
median fissure running vertically down the inner surface, so that
the cartilage appears to be composed of two symmetrical halves.
It slants upwards and forwards, and the upper aperture of the
larynx is small. The aryteno-epiglottidean folds, with their
contained cartilages of Wrisberg, are small, and appear globular.
The posterior surface of the larynx is smooth.
In the abnormal specimen the epiglottic border is devoid of a
notch, and the cartilage stands up vertically, so that very little
of its imner surface is visible. There is no vertical median
fissure on that surface, so that it appears like an arc of a circle.
The aperture of the larynx is capacious, and the aryteno-epiglottic
folds with their cartilages are oval; they are more prominent
than in the normal condition. Indeed, the whole larynx appears
larger. Its postero-lateral aspects exhibit a number of ridges
and sulei running horizontally round the upper part and ter-
minating on a strong vertical median ridge.
The cesophagus of the normal specimen appears as a wide space
behind the larynx. Its walls are ridged vertically, and an unin-
terrupted view of the back of the larynx, invested by transparent
mucous membrane, is obtained.
In the abnormal specimen a broad cartilaginous plate covers
up the whole of the larynx below the pitcher-beak produced
by the arytenoid cartilages. It in turn is, with the exception of
its upper end, concealed | by a vertical partition of mucous mem-
brane. It measures 1°5 em. long, 1 mm. thick, and *75 em. in
vertical height at its mid point, but it tapers towards its extre-
ities. It is convex backwards on its outer surface, and concave
backwards on its inner one. Its left extremity runs into the
end of a plate on the posterior surface of the larynx, but its right
end fuses with the posterior surface of the larynx beyond the
right extremity of the latter plate. As the anterior plate
is convex backwards, the two plates fit into one another, and the
orifice of the cesophagus is curved (text-fig. 3); it is tightly
closed. The anterior plate is not so high as the posterior one,
but extends further down the ceesophagus, and is firmly adherent
to the cricoid cartilage.
In text-fig. 5 a sagittal section has been made of the normal
neck, and the simplicity of the structures can be seen. It
oe ae ee
(ESOPHAGUS OF A COMMON MACAQUE. 248)
contrasts greatly with the abnormal state which is depicted in
text-fig. 4. In the latter one sees the mucous membrane (A)
reflected on to the posterior cartilaginous plate (B). Then comes
the cesophageal opening. Before it are the anterior cartila-
ginous plate (D), a small groove, and the posterior surface of the
larynx (C).
The folds of mucous membrane (A) merit attention. In the
normal condition a vertical ridge runs down the lateral walls of
the pharynx and cesophagus, beginning at the posterior faucial
pillar at the level of the upper border of the tonsillar pit, and
ending at the level of the middle of the larynx. At the level of
the most expanded part of the larynx, several horizontal folds
run round the entire circumference of the pharynx and ceso-
phagus. The vertical ridge, the posterior pillars of the iauces,
and the side of the larynx enclose a small triangular recess.
Text-figure 3. Text-figure 4. Text-figure 5.
2. 2 (oF
2
OPENING
OESOPHAGEAL
OE£SOPHAGEAL
OPENING
Text-fig. 3—The cesophageal opening. Text-fig. 4.—Sagittal section of
abnormal specimen. ‘Text-fig. 5.—Sagittal section of normal specimen.
In these D is the anterior cartilaginous plate, and A, B, C are the same
as in text-figs. 1 and 2.
In the abnormal specimen a ridge runs horizontally round the
cesophagus, beginning at the angles of the epiglottis, and it
bounds a deep recess on each side of the larynx. The mucous
membrane is reflected on to the posterior cartilaginous plate
(text-fig. 4), thereby forming a small pocket. From the ridge
horizontal folds turn out and run round the cesophagus.
The special points which arise from a consideration of the
above abnormality are :—
1. The origin of the cartilaginous ring.
2. The manner in which it affects the normal mechanism of
deglutition.
The great rarity of this condition, and the absence of specimens
showing gradations between the normal and the cartilaginous
ring described above, make all opinions as to its nature purely
hypothetical. My own opinion is that the development of the
cricoid cartilage has gone wrong, and the halves, or one of them,
which fuse to close in the posterior part of the laryngeal cavity,
have or has sent processes backwards; these have joined behind
to form the catilaginous plate (text-fig. 2, B), or one has grown
round and rejoined the cartilage again. The anterior plate
text-fig. 2, D) is immovably fixed to the back of the cricoid
30 ON THE LARYNX AND GSOPHAGUS OF A COMMON MACAQUE.
cartilage, and the entire ring is internal to the mucous lining of
the csophagus. The structure round the cesophagus seems to
have broken into it from the cricoid cartilage.
If the tongue and larynx are moved by the observer as they
do naturally when the animal swallows, the posterior part of the
larynx comes up against the posterior plate (text-fig. 2, B) and
obstructs the cesophagus. Of course, that probably does not occur
in life. Again, the semilunar mouth of the esophagus is firmly
closed by the cartilaginous plates, and one gets the appearance
of a sphincter. ‘The specimen had been preserved too long to
permit of a dissection of muscles which might move the posterior
plate, so I must leave the problem of how this animal swallowed
unsolved.
Both the specimens described in this communication are now
- preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,
London.
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AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES.
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AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES.
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ON SOME AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. 31
3. Some Australian Opiliones.
By H: R. Hoec, M.A. EZ.
[ Received December 27, 1919: Read February 10, 1920. |
(Plates I.-IIL.*)
I am indebted to Dr. Charles Chilton of Canterbury College,
Christchurch, New Zealand, for a large collection of Spiders and
their allied orders, gathered over a seriés of years from most
parts of New Zealand. Amongst them are a number of Opiliones,
and these with a few others I am now recording.
Of the three suborders Palpatores, Laniatores, and Cypho-
phthalmi, the two former only are represented—Palpatores by the
genera Macropsalis Sor. and Pantopsalis Sim. of the family
Phalangiide Thorell, and Laniatores by the families Trisno-
nychidee Sor. and Trienobunide Pocock.
Only three species of the genus Macropsalis have been recorded—
the type J. serritarsis Sor.r from Sydney, N.S. Wales; one
collected by myself at Macedon, Victoria, described under my
name by Mr. R. I. Pocockt; and Jf. chiltoni$ from Stewart
Island, N.Z., described by myself.
The New Zealand specimens of this genus sent to me at
various times have all come from Stewart Island, the southern-
most remnant of the now broken land, and none from the Main
Islands, whereas Pantopsalis is widely distributed over both the
North and South Islands. d/acropsalis was generally supposed to
be an Australian form, and as Stewart Island lies in the belt of
westerly winds which blow all the year round, and the genus has
not been recorded from any other part of New Zealand, it may
have been originally introduced from Australia after the sepa-
ration of the islands. In the Stewart Island examples of this
species (JZ. chaltont) the well-known apophysis at the distal end
of the palpal patella varies in size individually, but the banding of
the palp in yellow and white is always the same, and I look on
the specimens as constituting but one species.
Of Pantopsalis probably ten species may be taken as established.
The curious difference in the length and shape of the man-
dibles among the specimens of this genus is remarkable, and it
has been a matter of uncertainty whether this difference is
sexual, dimorphic in one sex, or specific. In the whole family
the sexes are not easy to distinguish accurately without spoiling
the specimens, and many of the species have been described from
single examples. Judging from the specimens in this collection,
added to the evidence hitherto available, it would appear that
* For explanation of the Plates see p. 48.
+ “Opiliones,” W. Sérensen, in Koch & Keyserling, Arachn. Austr., Suppl. p. 55.
£ “Some new Harvest Spiders,” R. I. Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, vol. ii.
p. 398. , :
§ “Some New Zealand and Tasmanian Arachnide,” H. R. Hogg, Trans. N.Z.
Inst. vol. xlii. (1910), p. 277.
oe MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
the males have the long mandibles and the females the short,
but discrepancies have to be cleared up before this can be
accepted for a certainty. It may be regarded as quite certain
that the difference is not specific, both forms being found in
members of the same species.
White’s short description* of the type species P. listerz, and
Simon’s note on the original types in the Paris Museum t, show
that the specimens originally described had the long mandibles,
but the sex was not determined. Mr. Pocock, judging from
specimens, said to be females, in the British Museum, records
P. listeri among those species with the shorter mandibles,
thereby distinguishing it from his P. albipalpis, which had them
long. Therefore, if his determination is correct, there are both
long and short mandibles in that species.
P. trippi Poe. with long mandibles, is a male.
P. tasmanica Hoge Bae eo 3 a dried specimen, sex undeterminable.
P. nigripalpis Poc. Pras san sf is a male.
P. wattsi, sp. u. Q (from the shape of the genital oper-
P. pococki, sp. n. § 2 ae 28 2 cula I take to be males.
P. coronata Poe. with short mandibles, sex not recorded.
P. halli, sp. n. seas 53 operculum broader and straighter in
specimens with short mandibles.
Mandibles long in specimens cer-
tainly males.
P. grayi, sp. n. sagas a operculum broader, female.
On the other hand, Mr. Pocock first described his P. jenningst
as having short mandibles and as a female, but later found it to
bea male. Here, however, the basal segment of the mandible is
twice as long as the palp, and the second segment six times as
long as wide, which is hardly a short mandible when compared
with that of the females recorded above.
Mr. Pocock gives a synopsis of the species described (Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. May 1903, p. 438), and this I supplement
below :—
Suborder PALPATORES.
Family PHALANGIID.
Genus PANTOPSALIS Simon.
a. Patella, tibia, and distal joint of palpi white or yellowish
white.
@, Mandibles red-brown; carapace black; eye-tubercle
SMMOOPM + sth.40 eeeb bee ssaece tec) UA areteepR eee ea each eens MILESCEMOMN abies
a. A group of small spicules on front border ............ ? albipalpis Poe.
8. About half a dozen strongish spicules in front ...... trippi Poc.
61, Mandibles pale yellow-brown; carapace cream-colour,
with dark patch in front of eye-tubercle spiculed
in front; eye-tubercles smooth........................... watési, sp. n.
* Adam White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. xvii. (1849), p. 6.
+ HE. Simon, C.R. Soc. Ent. de Belg. May 2, 1879, p. 16.
CS
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. 33
6. Patella, tibia, and distal joint of palpi dark brown, yellow-
brown or deep yellow.
a*, Kye-tubercle denticulated ; carapace dark brown.
a3, Palpi black brown .............ccc00cceceeeeeceseereesenneee nigripalpis Pec. and
subsp. spiculosa Poc.
68, Palpi pale yellow-brown ...................00eeeeeseeeess pococki, sp. n.
6°, Eye-tubercle smooth.
a‘, Spiniform tubercles on frontal area; palpi uni-
HorlAlly IDEVES, 6. ccdenanee noboncoe cbabhaesececeaDocacesoopane . GEOG SO A HOG:
6+. Carapace wholly smooth.
a. A short spine on trochanter i.; palpi yellow,
banded with brown; carapace tortoise-shell ... gray, sp. n.
6°. Trochanter 1. smooth.
a®, Palpi yellow, blotched with grey; carapace
dark yellow-brown .......... seccesees eee. tasmanica Hoge.
66, Palpi reddish brown; red and: grey stripes on
rear segments of abdomen Seema coronata Poc.
c®, Palpi orange; carapace callomeiarer. Ww ith
brown patches; legs bright yellow-brown ... halli, sp. n.
PANTOPSALIS LISTERI White.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 6.
Ty pe species.
PANTOPSALIS NIGRIPALPIS Poc.
Pocock, “Some new Harvest Spiders,’ Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1902, vol. 11. p. 399; 2d., “Some new Tropical and
Southern Opiliones,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, voi. xi.
1903, p. 438.
A specimen with the eye-tubercle and surrounding portion of
the carapace more strongly denticulated, Mr. Pocock has named
as a subspecies of the above, P. spiculosa.
PANTOPSALIS CORONATA Poc.
Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. supra, p. 436.
PANTOPSALIS TRIPPI Poc.
Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. supra, p. 437.
PANTOPSALIS JENNINGSI Poc.
Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. supra, p. 437.
PANTOPSALIS TASMANICA Hogg
Hogg, “Some New Zealand and Tasmanian Arachnide,”
Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. xlii. 1910, p. 279.
PANTOPSALIS WATTSI, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 3.)
The cephalic area is dark yellow-brown in front over a median
space as far as and including the eye-tubercle. This is bounded
by a wide horseshoe belt of bright cream-colour, beyond which
Proc. Zoot, Soc.—1920, No. II, 3
34 MR, H. R. HOGG ON SOME
again as far as the side margin it is yellow-brown, but intruding
at intervals into the lighter colour.
The eye-tubercle is smooth, brown and yellow, with the eyes
yellow.
The abdomen is unfortunately partially broken but apparently
brown.
The mandibles are long, pale yellow-brown, strongly bespiculed
in rather regular bands. ‘The palpi, remarkably long, are brown
on the basal half of the femur, yellow on the distal half, and
pale yellow on the remaining joints. The legs are banded
alternately with brown and yellow, and are also very long.
On the under side the cox, operculum, and mouth-parts are
yellow-brown, dark in the two former and lighter in the latter.
The space between the eye-tubercle and the front of the carapace
is bespiculed.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 3, lat. 25 in front, 4 behind; mand. 20; palpus 82 ;
Ist leg 374, 2nd 65, 3rd 373, 4th 453.
This specimen, apparently a male, was collected at Hawera, in
the North Island, N.Z., by Mr. G. 8S. Watts, and I have named
it after him.
PANTOPSALIS POCOCKI, sp. n. (Pi. I. figs. 3 a—d.)
The cephalic part of the carapace is dark brown, the abdo-
minal portion the same in the middle with pale yellow-grey
at the sides, into which the darker colour runs in places. The
posterior segments are grey, with transverse marginal streaks of
black-brown:
The mandibles are dark red-brown, long, profusely covered
with rather large spicules, and are moderately thin until the
thickening at the distal end.
The femoral joint of the legs black-brown, the remaining joints
red-brown. The palpi are uniformly yellow-brown till quite at
their distal end, which is yellowish grey.
The carapace, including the eye-tubercle, is almost wholly
covered with small spicules. ‘The eyes are large and black.
The under side, including the coxal and sternal area, is black-
brown.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 27, lat. 33; abd. lg. 27, lat. 32; mand. 233; palpus 47;
Ist leg 30, 2nd 56, 3rd 26, 4th 37.
This specimen, collected on Mt. Dick, N.Z., by Mr. T. Hall,
IT have named after Mr. R. I. Pocock, to whom the students of
the Opiliones are much indebted for his valuable papers.
PANTOPSALIS HALLI, sp. n. (PI. I. figs. 4 ad.)
The sides of the cephalic part are mottled yellow and dark
brown, a broad median area being paler yellow and light brown.
The eye-tubercle is pale yellow-brown, rather darker in the
median longitudinal streak ; eyes quite black.
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. 35
The dorsal abdominal part has a still paler median area, light
yellowish grey, narrower in front and broadening posteriorly to
a scolloped pattern near the rear end. This is bordered by a
dark brown streak on each side, separating the median area from
the bright yellow-brown sides.
The mandibles and palpi are bright yellow, and the legs pale
yellow-brown, except the distal end of femora 3 and 4, which is
darker.
The carapace and abdomen are both quite smooth and destitute
of granulation, as are also the mandibles, which are of the quite
short type, less than the length of the body.
The coxee and under side of the abdomen are pale yellow-
brown, quite smooth, and the segmental divisions almost obliter-
ated, being just indicated by darker transverse streaks.
The patellar joint of the palpi is slightly longer than the tibial,
both joints broadening anteriorly and being profusely covered
with short bristles.
The genital operculum is thick and broad.
The measurements (in millimetr ey) are as follows :—
Ceph. Ig. 2, lat. 14 in front, 24 behind; abd. lg. 25, lat. 3.;
mand. 32; palpus 6; Ist leg 18, and 423, 3rd 194, dth 29.
Four specimens, much shriveled and without label, but from
New Zealand. Three are males with long mandibles and the male-
shaped operculum, and one is a fariale with seemingly broader
and straighter operculum and short mandibles. Also one female,
collected on Mt. Algidus, Rakaia Gorge, South Island, by
Mr. T. Hall, to whom the species is dedicated. It is to his
efforts that this large and valuable collection is mainly due.
PANTOPSALIS GRAYI, sp. n. (PI. I. figs. 5 a-c.)
The cephalic part of the carapace is bright yellow-brown. The
abdominal part is rather darker brown in the median area, pale
and dark mingled at the sides. The under side is pale yellow from
the front to as far as the base of the genital operculum, brown on
the abdominal segments. ‘he coxe are pale yellow, with a dark
brown band on each at the end nearest to the trochanter.
The legs are yellow, banded with brown. The mandibles pale
yellow, blotched with brown. The palpi yellow, banded with
brown on the femur and patella, more faintly on.the tibial and
distal joints.
The mandibles are of the short type, not so long as the body,
and, though covered with short bristles, are otherwise smooth.
The carapace is wholly smooth, but there is a short spine on
trochanter i. The eye-tubercle is nearly in the centre of the
cephalic region. The genital operculum is broad in front.
The measurements (in millimetres, but legs mostly broken)
are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 24; abd. lg. 34; mand. 327; palpus 5; Ist leg 31.
A single specimen, apparently a Peinalel collected at Hukanui,
Waikaremoana, North Island of N.Z., by Mr. W. R. Gray, after
2%
36 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
whom I have named the species, was found in close proximity to
a male specimen, which agrees closely with M. Simon’s description
of the Paris Museum types of P. listeri White; but the two are
very different in coloration.
Suborder LANIATORES.
Family TRI Z#NOBUNID® Poe.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, vol. ii. p. 400.
Genus TRIZNOBUNUS Nor.
W. Sorensen in Koch & Keys. Die Arachn. Ausitr.,
Suppl. p. 59 (1886).
Dr. Sdrensen described the type species of this genus 7’. bicari-
natus from Sydney, and Mr, R. I. Pocock 7’. pectinatus from
Tasmania. To these I have now to add a New Zealand form
from the collection of Mr. T. Hall. In this the curious structure
of the eye-tubercle is still more elaborated than in the other two,
since it has four pairs of lateral branches. ‘There is, further;
an apical spine, and the horns on each side of the base are
more powerful. The whole creature is profusely bespined and
granulated.
Dr. Sdrensen (loc. cit.) merely regarded Triawnobunus as a
second genus in the family Trienonychide, but Mr. Pocock very
rightiy writes it down as a separate family. The quite different
type of sternum, together with the smaller and weaker palpi,
apart from the very remarkable development of the eye-tubercle,
show that it has proceeded along considerably different lines
from the above-named family. The form of the eye-tubercle is a
specialisation of that seen in Hridanus Thor. and Phistobunus Poc.
of M. Simon’s family Phalangodide.
Synopsis of S'pecies.
a. ye-tubercle having two pairs of lateral branches in front of
the eyes.
a}. Two longitudinal rows of spinous tubercles reaching
from the base of the eye-tubercle to the anterior rear
SECMMEM Ge erie eicicteveatepetahe onal mcciecetoamle arden eanen Meer
b}. A single median longitudinal row of spinous tubercles
reaching from the base of the eye-tubercles to the
anterior rear segment .........ceeeeeeeeeeeeeersceeteeteeseeese pectinatus Poe.
b. Hye-tubercle having three pairs of lateral branches in front of
PIAGEWES: razubedsucecuateest ec Atte ace aac ae CESSES EES eR ET ECTRa eS
bicarinatus Sor.
acuminatus, sp. n.
TRIZNOBUNUS ACUMINATUS, Sp. n. (PI. II. figs. 6 ad.)
Colour. Upper side greyish yellow all over; the small tubercles
forming a pattern on the back are rather yellow. The under side
is more yellow all over, with two dark brown patches on each side
of the anal segment. Both joints of the mandibles are so thickly
covered with black network on yellow ground as to appear black.
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. Bil
The palpi are palish yellow, banded with black; the legs have the
femur, patella, and tibia darker and greyer, the tarsal joint being
quite ight yellow.
One specimen, which I take to bea female, is much lighter and
greyer above than the others, and on the under side pale yellow,
without the black bands on the palpi. The genital operculum is
more thickly covered with bristles and the sternum is corrugated,
whereas in the others it is not. The spinous tubercles on the
segments are more in number (about 14). Otherwise there is
not much difference.
As in Mr. Pocock’s 7’. pectinatus from Tasmania, which this
seems to resemble more than Dr. Sérensen’s 7’. bicarinatus from
Sydney, the dorsal carapace is decorated with longitudinal and
transverse rows of small round tubercles, forming ringed areas
smooth in the inside. There are four longitudinal and about five
transverse rows of granules, but no median longitudinal row of
larger granules.
The very remarkable eye-bearing tubercle, rising and pointing
‘upwards and forwards from the front margin, is broadest at the
base, and tapers to a point at the anterior end. ‘The eyes are
situated one on each side, about half-way from base to summit.
Just behind the eyes a pair of long, pointed tubercles jut out one
from each side. ‘These are followed by three more similar pairs,
and the whole is topped by one median tubercle ending in a sharp
point. The intermediate space between these is filled up with
small granular and pointed tubercles. On the front edge of
the carapace on each side of the eye-tubercle are five spinous
tubercles.
Between the last row of small tubercles and the first of the
rear segments is a pair of moderate-sized spinous tubercles rather
wide apart.
On each of the rear segments is a transverse row of long
spinous tubercles, about nine in number in the males, but more
numerous (about 12 or 14) and not quite so large in the female.
On the under side the coxe of the palpi and first and second
pairs of legs are profusely covered with granular tubercles, but
the 8rd and 4th coxe are granular only along their margins.
Each segment has a row of round tubercles rather larger than
the above.
The soft mouth-parts of the inner end of the palpal coxa form
a very distinct upper jaw, divided longitudinally into two parts.
The same parts of the coxa of the first pair of legs similarly form
the lower jaw, each part lying on one side of a soft median lip.
Coxa ii., on the other hand, ends in a flat chitinous piece, which,
turning forwards, clasps the mouth-parts, and would appear to
support and hold them together.
Coxa lili. is similarly hard but black, and the pair seems to
form “‘areuli genitales” on each side of the genital operculum
and sternum. The end of coxa iv. is a narrow ridge of hard
black substance, a continuation of the sides of the triangular
38 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
sternum. The latter is like the lower end of the sternum in
Trienonyx, but without the narrow stem; consequently the
operculum is brought much closer to the mouth-parts, as in
genera so far removed as Stylocellus Westw. The head of the
penis is bluntly triangular, and its upper and lower sheaths, as
far as can be seen when not extended, are terminated in a
transverse line.
The mandibles ave shorter and weaker thanin 7riwnonya; the
first joint does not reach as far as the end of the eye-tubercle.
The palpi also are short and weak, and are not longer than the
dorsal carapace,
The legs are fringed the whole distance along the femora,
patelle, and tibize with long spines ranged on each side of the
respective joints.
The measurements (in rol ipacilies) are as follows :—
Ceph. ls. 1j, lat. 13; abd. lg. 22, lat.21; mand. 1; palpus 22;
Ist leg 5, 2nd 8, 3rd 64, 4th 83.
This species differs from 7. seniors Poe. in having a larger
number of projections along the sides of the eye-tubercle, in’
having a larger number of spinous tubercles on the rear segments,
and in being without the median row of larger tubercles on the
dorsal carapace.
I have four specimens, of which three are certainly males.
They were collected by Mr. T. Hall near the Holliford River,
L. Wakatipu district in the province of Otago.
Family TRI#ZNONYCHID.
Genus TRI#NonyxX Sor.
W. Sorensen in Koch & Keys. Die Arachn. Austr., Suppl. p. 58.
This genus, being now restricted to those species in which the
eye-tubercle is marginal, includes, with new ones that 1 am now
recording, only seven in number. These may be distinguished as
follows :—
a. ay coarsely granulated.
. Transverse row of granules on carapace, and a pair of
spinous tubercles at posterior end of same ............ 7. rapax Sor.
b'. No spinous tubercles on carapace.
a*, Carapace chocolate-brown ; rear segments orna-
mented with round flat orange spots, with a
short bristle on each .............0.....000ee000ee 2, cockayni, sp. n.
6. Carapace deep brown; a series of low tubercles,
hut no bright spots on rear segments.
a. Distal end of tarsus elongated..................... T. coriacea Poc.*
(3. Distal end of tarsus nodular .................... ZZ. aspera Poe.
* Mr. Pocock (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. May 1903, p. 445) refers to a species in
this section under the name of 7. verrucosa. This I aim unable to trace the origin
of, and he allows me to state that he was, he believes, intending to refer to the
species named 7. coriacea.
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. 39
6. Carapace smooth or finely granulated.
a’, Carapace yellow-brown, with a dark brown rectan-
gular pattern round the margins and a similar |
pattern behind the eye-tubercle; yellow spots in
the posterior area between the two patterns ......... T. variegata, sp. n.
63. Carapace orange, two black patches on the yellow eye-
tubercle ; legs very pale yellow ; a row of fine spines
on upper surface of each segment of abdomen ...... T. testaceus Hoge.
e®. Carapace dark yellow-brown, a row of tubercles along
its posterior border in front of first rear segment ;
a longitudinal row of short bristles on the median
Ihave 8 a ae ee eevee emery ce y's | Roopa a opty,
TRLENONYX RAPAX Sor.
W. Sorensen in Koch & Keys. Die Arachn. Austr., Suppl.
1886, p. 58.
Locality. Fiji.
TRLENONYX CORIACEA Poc.
R. I. Poeock, “Some new Harvest Spiders,” Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1902, vol. 11. p. 403.
Locality. Auckland, N.Z.
TRIZNONYX ASPERA Poc.
Loe. cit. supra, p. 404.
Mr. Pocock states that this species, only located as Austrahan,
differs from other species in the formation of the end of the
tarsal joint, which, instead of being elongated, has the last portion
spherical or nodular.
TRIENONYX TESTACEUS Hogg.
‘H.R. Hogs, “Some New Zealand and Tasmanian Arach-
nide,” ‘Frans. N.Z. Inst. vol. xli. 1910, p. 280.
Locality. New Zealand only.
TRIBNONYX STEWARTIUS Hogg.
H. R. Hogg, loc. cit. supra, p. 281.
Locality. Stewart Island, N.Z.
TRIHNONYX COCKAYNI, sp. n. (PI. II. figs. 7 a—d.)
Colour, Male: orange, shaded in patches at the side, and in
the middle line and on the eye-tubercle with brown; females
browner all over. Transverse lines of round orange spots on the
rear dorsal segments, the ventral segments yellow- -brown and
smooth. The mandibles, and more faintly the upper sides of the
palpi, have a brown network pattern; the legs are yellow, banded
with brown.
The dorsal surface is coarsely granulated. No raised tubercles
on the segments, but a short bristle on each round spot and no
spines on anterior margin of carapace. The eye-tubercle is
marginal, straight in front, but sloping posteriorly. On the
40 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
ventral surface the oral segment of coxa ii. is well developed,
pointing prominently forward, but is flat and does not stand up
from the surface; the mouth-parts, on the other hand, of coxa i.
and the palpal coxa stand up well above the surface-level.
The mandibles are smooth, the basal segment 13 times as long
as wide, with two small spines on the inner side of the anterior
end. The palpi robust, the trochanter with three spines under-
neath, in front, on the outer side; three powerful spines under
the femur; two small spines under the patella; three long spines
on each side underneath the tibia; three small spines on each
side and a large terminal spine on the distal joint.
The extended sheath of the male penis is bilobed, the penis
itself terminated by fine bristles.
The coxe of the anterior three legs are corrugated and
tubercled, that of the 4th pair smooth.
In the female the sternum between the third pair of coxee is |
corrugated and narrow.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 2, lat. 3; abd. lg. 4, lat. 4; palpus 64; Ist leg 11,
2nd 14, 3rd 94, 4th 13.
One male and four females were collected by Dr. Cockayne
from Kapiti Isiand, off the S.W. coast of the North Island of New
Zealand.
TRIENONYX VARIEGATA, Sp.n. (PI. II. figs. 8 a-c.)
Colour. Female: pale greyish yellow, with dark brown rect-
angular pattern reaching from the eye-tubercle to the first rear
segment, also a smaller and lighter coloured similar rectangle
reaching from behind the eye-tubercle to the posterior end of the
cephalic part, and transverse rows of yellow spots round on the
carapace, oval on the segments; the under side is pale all over.
The legs are pale yellow, banded with dark grey; the mandibles,
and femoral and tibial joints of palpi are deep black, speckled
with small yellow spots. The eye-tubercle yellow-grey in the
middle, dark grey at the sides; eyes orange.
The dorsal surface 1s smooth but coriaceous, the spots thereon
flat, with short bristles, but the segmental spots slightly raised.
The marginal eye-tubercle, rather high and conical, has a wide
circular base, narrowing to a blunt point anteriorly, but there is
nothing either spinous or tubercular about it. The eyes are at
the side. There are no spines on any part of the carapace.
The mandibles are smooth, without tubercles, the first segment
about twice as long as wide.
The palpi are rather slight, the usual spines on the under side
little more than low tubercles, and none on the upper side.
The sternwm between the 3rd pair of coxe is wide and corrugated,
in the male, with an upper and lower division, and above this a
rectangular lip between the prominent oral parts of coxe i. The
oral portions of coxe ii. are hardly formed at all and in no wise
raised,
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. Al
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Q. Ceph. Ig. 13, lat. 13; abd. Ig. 22, lat. 23; mand. 21;
palpus 34; 1st leg 5, 2nd 8, 3rd 53, 4th 72.
S. Ceph. Ig. 17, lat. 13 ; abd. lg. 23, lat. 24 ; mand. 12 ;
palpus 32; Ist leg 5, 2nd 8}, 3rd 43, 4th 84.
There are three females from the Holliford River and one
young from Mt. Remarkables, L. Wakatipu. One from Mt.
Oakden ; also six specimens from Paradise, L. Wakatipu, of which
four are apparently males, with more prominent spines on the
palpi and without the clear pattern on the back. They were all
gathered by Mr. T. Hall.
The males are, as mentioned by Mr. Pocock, generally more
constricted in the cephalic part of the carapace than the females.
The wide sternum and well-formed lip above it are features
which might almest be held to be of generic importance, but I
have not made them so in consideration of other resemblances
the species shows to the genus 7’ricenonyx.
Genus Nunera Loman.
Nuneia J. C. C. Loman, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xvi. 1902, p. 214.
Nuncia R. I. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi.
May 1903, p. 440.
* Following the limitations adopted by Loman and Pocock, we
may assume that the species to be attributed to this genus have
the ocular tubercle rising at a short distance from the front
margin of the carapace, that it is smooth and rather low and
without any prominence thereon ; the carapace itself smooth, the
sternum in both sexes narrow, and the tarsal claws of the third
and fourth pairs of legs with short side claws springing from
near the base of the median claw. On this basis we have the
following :—
NUNCcIA SPERATA Loman.
Dr. J. C. C. Loman, loc. cié. supra.
From Stephen’s Island on the N. coast of the South Island of
New Zealand.
NUNCIA VALDIVIENSIS Sor.
Trienonyx valdiviensis W.Sérensen in Koch & Keys. Die
- Arachn., Austr.
Nuncia valdiviensis R. I. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
supra.
From Chili.
NUNCIA SUBL&VIS Poc.
Trienonyx sublevis R. I. Pocock, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1902, vol. ii. p. 404.
Nuneia sublevis R. 1. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, supra.
Locality. Otago, 8. Island, New Zealand.
49 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
NUNCIA ENDERBHI Hoge.
Trienonyx enderbei WH. R. Hogg, in Dr. Chilton, “ Sub-
antarctic Islands of New Zealanc , Wellington, N.Z.,
1909.
This species, from the Enderby and Auckland Islands, clearly
comes into the genus Vuncia.
NUNCIA SMITHI, sp.n. (PI. II. figs. 9 a-c.) .
Colour. Male: carapace rather deep red-brown, mingled with
black patches and streaks, but hardly suggesting much of a
pattern. The edges of the segments are marked in some cases
with bright white transverse “lines. The mandibles are dark
brown and the palpi bright yellow, with black network pattern
on the lower portions of the femoral, patellar, and tibial joints.
The under side is paler yellow-brown.
The female is pale yellow with brown markings, and in both
cases the legs are yellow with brown bands.
The eye- ee rele 18 low (but rather higher in the male than in
the female), slightly removed from the front margin of the cara-
pace. The latter is finely granulated, and the dorsal surface is
without warts or spines. The first joint of the mandibles is about
twice as long as broad, with a bunch of short spines near the base;
the fingers long and fine. On the basal part of the femur of the
palp are one long spine and two short ones, and there is another
half-way up. On the inner side is a row of short blunt tubercles
with a bristle on each, and on the outer side a row of bristles ;
on the tibial joint are two long spines on the inner side and two
warty knobs.
The true maxillary process of coxa ii, is flat, and clasps on each
side the soft white mouth-parts of coxa i., but behind this is a
large prominence standing up from the surface and pointing
rather backwards. At the outer end of coxa iv., Just above the
spiracle, are three short tubercles followed by a rather long club-
shaped knob. The tarsal claws of legs iii. and iv. have each a
pair of moderately large side claws springing from the base. The
sternum is narrow, corrugated, with a triangular base and a
spear-headed distal end.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 17, lat. 22; abd. lg. 33, lat. 32; mand. 37; palpus 1};
Ist leg 7, ond 102, 3rd 7, Ath 10.
I have one male and one female collected by Mr. W. W. Smith
at Hawkes Bay, North Island of N. Zealand, and two males by
Dr. Chilton from Picton at the north of the South Island.
Genus SORENSENELLA Poe. ;
R. I. Pocock, “Some new Harvest Spiders,” Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1902, vol. 11. p. 409.
The two species of this genus deseribed by Mr. Pocock have
the eye-tubercle placed shortly behind the front margin of the
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. 43
carapace and bearing on its summit a short dentiform tubercle.
The claws of the third and fourth pairs of legs have the side
branches longer than the median claw in both sexes. I have a
male and female which I am placing in the genus following
(Monoxyomma), in which this type of claw appears in the male
only, the female having the side claws shorter than the median.
SoRENSENELLA PREHENSOR Poc.
R. I. Pocock, loc. cit. supra.
Locality. New Zealand (only),
SORENSENELLA BICORNIS Poc.
R. I. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi. May
1903, p. 439.
Male and female from Christchurch, N.Z.
Genus MonoxyomMa Poc.
R. I. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. x1.
May 1903, p. 444.
Mr. Pocock formed this genus for those members of the family
Triznonychide in which the ocular tubercle, rising distinctly
behind the anterior margin of the carapace, is protected by a
‘Jong suberect spine. He also gives as generic characters a pair
of long spines on or about the third abdominal segment, and the
dorsal valve or sheath of penis trilabiate.
The pair of dorsal spines is far from being peculiar to this genus.
It is present in a median bifurcated form in one case, and wanting
in another, among the species which I am compelled to consider
as belonging to this genus since they otherwise conform to the
ty pe.
The third character suffers under the disability of being a
sexual one; and it is a matter of considerable difficulty, in the
majority of cases, to ascertain whether it appertains to a par-
ticular species or not.
The following synopsis may help to distinguish the species
below recorded :—
a. Dorsal carapace roughly granular all over ......... M. tuberculatum, sp. n.
6. Dorsal carapace smooth or small granules only.
a}, A pair of spinous tubercles near rear end of
(CEAPROEXOSY 34) chocadeaduindeaad eee Bene Santen Eerisen 2005006
61. No pair of spinous tubercles near rear end of
carapace.
a*, A bifurcated spinous tubercle on median
line; no spines on anterior margin ; palpi
15 times as long as body ...............-.-..-... ML. hendei, sp. n.
62, No spinous tubercles on carapace; a pair 0
short spines, one on each corner of anterior
margin; palpi nearly twice as long as body. JM. trailli, sp. n.
M. spinatwm Poe.
44 MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
MonoxyomMaA sPInatum Poe.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. loc. cit. p. 445.
The type species, sent by Dr. Brown from Hill Grove,
N.S. Wales. ;
MoNoOXYOMMA HENDEI, sp.n. (PI. III. figs. 10 a-d.)
Colour. The cephalic part is yellow-brown smirched with black-
brown, chiefly at the sides. The thoracic part and segments
almost wholly black-brown. The mandibles yellow-brown with a
slight network of black, and the palpi the same but the network
heavier. The under side of the carapace is very similar, yellow-
brown and black being mixed up without much semblance of
pattern. On the segments, however, the two colours are in
transverse bands. On the legs the same mixture occurs, the pale
being more in the joints. On the femur and tibia the two colours
appear in longitudinal bands.
The median area of the carapace is slightly convex, this part
being circumscribed by a ridge in front, and at the sides with a
flat streak between it and the margin. The surface is coriaceous,
without spines or tubercles, except as below, either thereon or
projecting from the margin. The eye-tubercle is situated on the
inner side of the ridge above mentioned ; it is conical and rather
tall, with the horn-shaped projection from its highest point bend-
ing slightly forward. This is about the same height as the lower
tubercle, from which it springs. Near the posterior end of the
carapace there is a large bifid tubercle in the middle line, with
two transverse rows of small single ones, each with a bristle in
the middle, between it and the first of the segments.
On each of the three abdomiual segments is a row of similar
warty tubercles, rather larger than the above, each with a short
bristle.
The mandibles and palpi are fairly long and strong. On the
femoral joint of the latter are two longitudinal rows of quite
small spines; on the tibial and distal joints the usual longer
spines. On the trochanter, femur, patella, and tibia of all legs are
rows of small warty tubercles with short spines, and similar but
smaller on the coxe.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Total length 22, breadth 2; mand. 2; palpus 4; Ist leg 63,
2nd 92, 3rd 7, 4th 93.
One male from Hende’s Ferry, Central Westland, N.Z., which
1 have named after Mr. J. W. Hende, the collector.
MonoxyoMMA TUBERCULATUM, sp.n. (Pl. III. figs. 11 a-c.)
Colour. Males: a uniform dark yellow-brown over whole of
carapace. The posterior edge of each rear segment is distinctly
marked out by a pale transverse line; the mandibles and palpi
AUSIRALIAN OPILIONES. 45,
are rather bright yellow. The legs ashy grey. The under side
is yellow from the front as far as the rear coxe; dark brown
behind this on the sterna, which are bordered with paler edging.
Two specimens, which I take to be females, are ashy grey above
with pale grey spines and almost wholly yellow underneath, being
there grey only at the extreme end; on the upper side there is a
distinct rhomboidal pattern in pale grey on a dark ground.
The cephalic part of the carapace is thickly covered with coarse
granulations ; it is bounded posteriorly by a distinct depression
separating it from the abdominal portion. The front border has
one long median spine, flanked on each side by five smaller
spines. The eye-tubercle takes its rise at a point well behind
the front margin; it is roughly hemispherical, with the eyes
looking upwards, and a median horn about equal to the height
of the basal part on which it stands. Behind the suleus above
mentioned the granulations form themselves more into longi-
tudinal and transverse rows, but without achieving any very
definite pattern. About midway between the dividing sulcus
and the rear end are a pair of rather large spinous tubercles, and
behind these four more, of which the middle two are the largest.
The rear segments have regular rows of spinous tubercles,
about ten on front row to four on the back row.
The basal joint of the mandibles is thick and bulges upwards.
On the basal part of the second joint are several spinous
tubercles.
The palpi are thick and powerfully bespined on all joints. In
length they just equal the body. ‘hose of the supposed female
are “slighter and less strongly armed.
The “legs are covered with spinous granules « as far as the tibial
joint, and the spaces between the trochanters of ii. and ili., and
uli. and iv. are armed with three or four spinous tubercles. On
the claws of tarsi 11. and iv. are two quite small side wings
inserted about the middle of the claw.
I have little doubt about the sexes, but on removing the oper-
culum of one supposed male, there was nothing at. the bottom of
a deep hollow but a granular mass.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Ceph. lg. 14, lat. 235 abd. lg. 33, lat. 32; mand. 23; palpus 5;
Ist leg 77, 2nd 142, 3rd 11, Ath 1g,
These are three males ‘and two females from Mt. AJgidus,
Rakaia Gorge, South Island, N.Z.
MoNoxYOMMA TRAILLI, sp. n. (PI. III. figs. 12 a-f.)
Colour. Male: a black-brown border along the front edge of
the carapace, along the sides, and the same colour over the rear
seements; in the median area there is a large yellowish patch.
On the segments large, round faint yellow spots in transverse
VOWS. The mandibles are yellow, with a black network pattern
AG MR. H. R. HOGG ON SOME
on both joints. The palpi are orange, with dark blotches on the
femur and inside of tibia. The legs are dingy yellow, ringed with
brown. On the under side the whole of the cephalic part is
orange, and the segments black-brown. In the female the pale
area of the carapace is paler and more cream-colour than in the
male, and the femur and patella of the palp are more continuously
black-brown, otherwise the coloration is much the same.
The carapace in both sexes is of a dull smoothness without
granulations, and the only spinous tubercles are one at each
front corner at the side of the trochanter of the first leg. The
spots on the segments are slightly raised, with a bristle on each.
The eye-tubercle is clearly removed from the front margin, and
the portion between the eyes is produced forward into a peak
about as high as the portion of the tubercle below the eyes.
The mandibles are remarkably short, but the first joint bulges
upwards above the base. On the other hand, the palpi are
nearly twice as long as the whole body, the femoral joint bowed
like the first joint of the mandible, and powerfully bespined both
above and below. The other joints are similarly spined.
The tarsal joint of legs 111. and iv. in the male has the modifi-
cation of the claws which Mr. Pocock considered one of the
points of his genus Sorensenella—viz., the side claws longer than
the median; but in the female the claws are normal, the side
claws being only half the length of the median, but springing
from the base, thus showing that this character is only sexual in
some cases. .
The sternum in the male is of the narrow type, triangular at
the base and spear-headed at the distal end, with the oral part
of coxe ii. meeting above it and no visible lip; but in the female
it is broad, as I have above described it in 7ricenonyx variegaia,
with a well-defined lip in front. It would appear, therefore, as
if this broad sternum, where it occurs, is a sexual character. I
have re-examined the specimens I believe rightly taken to be
males of 7’. variegata (indeed, in one of them the penis is exposed ) ;
and, although the sternal depression is still wide, a slightly-
formed narrow sternum is to be seen in the median line, and the
lip is above it.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Male. Ceph. 1g. 22, lat. 31; abd. lg. 22, lat. 4; mand. 2; palpus 9;
Ist leg 83, 2nd 14}, 3rd 9, 4th 13.
Mr. W. Traill, after whom I have named them, sent the
specimens, one male and one female, from Stewart Island.
ALGIDIA, gen. nov.
This genus differs from the others in the family in having the
genital operculum, in both sexes, furnished with denticular
tubercles, each with a short bristle at its apex, extending along
the front margin and toa greater or shorter distance down the
AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES. A7
sides. The eye-tubercle, which is situated the length of its
diameter behind the front margin of the carapace, bears wart-
like protuberances in its median line, varying from one only to a
row of three or four. The mandibles are short and weak. The
palpi rather slight, but tuberculated and strongly bespined. The
rear segments and trochanters are strongly bespined and the
carapace profusely granulated.
ALGIDIA CUSPIDATA, sp.n. (PI. IIT. figs. 13 a-e.)
Colour. Male: carapace dingy yellow, with two dark, broad,
longitudinal stripes, beginning one each side of the eye- tubercle
and reaching to the level off the fourth trochanter, where it
turns outwards to the margin. The mandibles and palpi are
darker, the latter covered with pale wart-like protuberances and
the former with black network pattern. The legs are yellow
with dark grey rings; the under side yellow-grey. The female
is paler on the carapace; the dark stripes not so conspicuous, but
the warty pattern more regular. The legs, mandibles, and palpi
about the same as in the male.
The eye-tubercle is hemispherical ; the median row of warts
three or four in the males, fewer in the females.
The carapace in the male is strongly constricted behind the
cephalic part, the sides straighter in the female. On the front
margin in the male there are seven long spines in front of the
eye-tubercle and three smaller behind each corner. In the female
are three formidable spines in the centre, flanked by two small
ones, and none at the side. The median area and sides of the
carapace are thickly covered with warty pustules, but there are
none on the darker stripes.
On the abdominal portion in the male are four transverse rows
of powerful spines, while in the female there are only a few large
ones near the centre line, and a fewer number of smaller ones at
wide intervals reaching to the sides.
The trochanters of all the legs and the intervals between are
strongly bespined. The legs themselves have small denticu-
lations, with a short bristle on each as far as the distal end of the
tibial joint. The metatarsal joints smooth, the tarsi with short
hairs. The tarsal claws are weak; those of iii. and iv. with short
side wings springing from about the middle. On the under side
the coxe are all bordered with rows of warty prominences, the
front margin of coxe i. having a row of sharp pointed black
spines.
The margin of the genital operculum is divided into about
ten or eleven distinct scopulations or pustules, each terminated
with a bristle.
The mandibles are short and weak, and covered with short
black beady pustules.
The palpi are about the length of the carapace in the male,
48 ON SOME AUSTRALIAN OPILIONES.
strongly bespined with sharp bristly points; those of the
female are longer and rather slimmer, but equally bespined.
The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows :—
Male. Ceph. lg. 14, lat. 13; abd. Ig. 2, lat. 22; mand. 22;
palpus 34; 1st leg 43, 2nd 8, 3rd 67, 4th 83.
Female. Ceph. lg. 13, lat. 14; abd. lg. 24, lat. 2; mand, 12;
palpus 43; 1st leg 54, 2nd 92, 3rd 83, 4th 103.
The males are three from Mt. Algidus, Rakaia Gorge, and one
from Mt. Remarkables, near L. Wakatipu.
The females are one from Mt. Starve-all, near Nelson, and one
from Canterbury. All these localities are in the South Island of
New Zealand.
There can be little doubt that they are all of the same species
from the similar coloration of their parts.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate I.
Fig. 1. Macropsalis chiltont Hogg. § with short mandibles. Underside showing
mouth-parts, genital operculum, and coxe.
. Macropsalis chiltoni Hogg. Profile of male.
3. Pantopsalis pococki, sp.n. (a) Dorsal view; (6) profile; (¢) Pantopsalis
wattsi, sp. n., cepbalic part of carapace, dorsal view.
4. (a) Pantopsalis halli, sp.n., 6; (6) 2; (c) genital operculum of g; (d)
genital operculum of g turned back showing organ.
. Pantopsalis grayi, sp.n. 2. (a) Ventral view of carapace; (6) mandible ;
(c) patella and tibia of palp.
bo
On
Prats II.
Fig. 6. Trienobunus acuminatus, sp.n., 6. (a) Dorsal view of carapace; (b) ven-
tral view of carapace; (c) eye-tubercle enlarged; (d) genital operculum
turned back, showing dorsal and ventral sheaths and organ—distal end
only.
7. Trienonyx cockayni, sp.n. (a) Under side of cephalic part of 9; () under
side of cephalic part of 6; (c) genital organ of g protruded from
operculum—tront view ; (@) ditto—side view.
8. Trienonyx variegata, sp.n. (a) Dorsal view of g ; (6) ventral view of 3 ;
(c) ventral view of cephalic part of 2.
9. Nuncia smithi, sp.n. (a) Dorsal view of carapace of 2 ; (6) ventral view,
anterior portion of carapace; (c) tarsal claw of iv.
Prarez III.
Fig. 10. Monoxyomma hendei,sp.n. . (a) Dorsal view of carapace; (6) ventral
view of carapace ; (c) profile; (d) tarsal claw of iv.
11. Monoxyomma tuberculatum, sp. n. (a) Dorsal view of carapace ; (0) ventral
view of carapace ; (c) eye-tubercle from side.
12. Monowyomma trailli, sp.n. (a) Dorsal view of g3; (6) ventral view of
cephalic part of ¢; (c) ventral view of cephalic part of 2; (d) eye-tubercle ;
(e) iv. tarsal joint showing claws of 6; (jf) iv. tarsal jomt showing claws
of 2.
13. Algidia cuspidata, gen. et sp.n. (a) Dorsal aspect of g ; (b) dorsal aspect
of ¢ ; (c) under side of cephalic part of ¢ showing genital operculum ;
(d) under side of cephalic part of 9 showing genital operculum ; (e) tarsal
joints of iv. leg.
")
ON THE ENGLISH SPECIES OF RED SPIDER. 49
4, Revision of the English Species of Red Spider (Genera
Tetranychus and Oligonychus). By Stanury Hirst.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Received December 8, 1919: Read February 24, 1920.]
(Text-figures 1-5.)
The following note deals with the English species of mites
commonly called Red Spiders, and is almost entirely based on
material collected by the author, the coloration being described
from living specimens. a *OULIV]AL ie alk as & “eprplousyog SaID.LINDUW SvaUayony
ey ad *1oyVM-YsoLy us eS ee “ICOM to i sna sapr0ig0ey
5 i Fe i ‘i 4 sgptaqery [ooo suupuny sume
7; «“ « 8a «é & a te snsopuaUMyyf sa.a4)
e) és ‘ fe & ‘ "eeyoyaayg) [vase 2c srusofeynnba v22z04)
= ae ‘OULIT IN BG OG a (a4 | ee ee ee 1047 suubputig
a *OULIVNYSE
a 3 pur TOJVM-YSO.L yy ae Jl OG 4 “BPIOI2T [enn a ftapoqpa savy
SI Pe & mit “ “ Lea cor: “ wopowypliva
A « «ce “ie de cs “epigstpeg, | “= SLUD]IAIS Saysuog
= “MOTIVE :
ia] jepuep as cc OT cs KG “VpPTYGUBoviIay, | SULTSOLUVALNG SHYZUDIDULT,
e “e « ay ‘ “ : ge taallgs ae Sees ae sigso snddvydy
re “i «ce “tg re & CT ee vA Chiara snbip snboydoywag
a & &“ Se ‘“ ee ‘Bprymopoy@ny | SHUN YZUDe siypUDODIOFL
a « “ “ih ce ae Se] OMOMLTBIE|GIS) [Ee eee eco puunyrs obpyyug
S cc «< S01 & 6c PORE en Noe ear cage HAQi.t SNYIVIOIC,
S > na) a 2 ii Sect ee Se ag Wass DULLGUA
2 “OULIV NT ied ce bem ee rere ee DID NIDU DUBE
“OULIvNy8O
‘poyVsto[y, pure 1oyvM-ysony ies “quesqy ‘tis h10}doyy aR vy “EG OU AOS) Dud saprouarwg
‘oZIS poonpeat tne “pourmexe Pah ee a .
ea JO 10 payesuoje SECT ysy jo aenean ‘ropaloqnug “AT Ore seroedg
iS SUT WIPE [Vs1o(y Youle] oro
AORTIC LIGAMENT IN INDIAN FISHES. 73
powerful construction to be at all effective. For the suspended
ligament to be of any use as a diagonal curtain, it is evident that
the aorta, as part of the body, will have to undergo flexion,
the curtain remaining taut and straight, but, curiously enough,
comparison of the statements in the tables (pp. 70-72) shows that
it is just in those fishes in which, owing to a deep thick body
and envelopment by deeply grooved vertebral and stout hemal
arches, the aorta cannot experience much lateral flexion, that the
ligament exists,
Text-figure 5.
|
r--\ -“g.
dor.
A diagrammatic representation of the position of the ligament inside
the aorta during the lateral flexions of the body.
aor., aorta; lig., ligament.
On the other hand, the aortic ligament is absent or but feebly
developed in all, or most of, those fishes in which the body is
slender, and the median (especially the median dorsal) fins
elongated in form, or the caudal region very much elongated
narrow and tapering), 7. e., in just those fishes in which flexion
of the body and therefore of the aorta must be most marked.
This correlation of facts, founded on my examination of over
80 species of fishes, certainly does not appear to favour the
hypothesis as to the mode of action of the aortic ligament
suggested by Professor Stewart.
Since I have no theory of my own to offer concerning the
raison @étre of the aortic ligament, I will merely add that it is
74 MR. D. R. BHATTACHARYA ON THE
evident that though the ligament is well developed in the Siluridze
(a primitive group), yet it cannot be regarded as a primitive
structure, seeing that it is not developed in many other primitive
groups of fishes.
As regards the development of the ligament, [ have not been
able to study this for lack of material. It is, however, evident
that the ligament must arise as a special development of the
inner dorsal wall of the aorta (Plate IT. figs. 12, 13, 14), the elastic
fibres of the middle and inner coats of the aorta becoming
aggregated to form the continuous elastic ligament. This view
is borne out by the fact that in the “sub-intervertebral ” regions
of the aorta in Pita buchanani (Plate I. fig. 4), and also at the
anterior and posterior ends of the aorta, the ligament pierces
through its dorsal wall and runs through the middle coat of the
aorta for some distance.
Appendix: Methods of Preparation of Material.
The marine specimens were fixed in 4 per cent. formalin, and
the fresh-water specimens, which were available locally, were
fixed in Potassium bichromate solution. The smaller specimens
were decalcified in a solution of 3 per cent. nitric acid in 70 per
cent. aleohol, which was changed every alternate day for from 3-5
weeks. Portions of trunk and tail region were imbedded in hard
wax and sections 8 w thick were cut. The sections were stained
on the slide, mostly in Delafield’s Hematoxylin, though I have
also, at times, used Borax Carmine and Picro-indigo-carmine for
differential staining with remarkably good results.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats I.
Fig. 1. Dorsal aorta of Olarias magur (X 25). Note the absence of any trace of
a ligamentous structure in the dorsal wall of the aorta. c.aoz., cavity
of aorta; d.w.a., dorsal wall of aorta.
. Longitudinal section through the vertebral column and dorsal aorta of
Eutropiichthys vacha in the caudal region, showing the relative positions
of the ,dorsal ligament and the aortic ligament (x 5). The aortic
ligament in the caudal region is more closely attached to the dorsal wall
of the aorta than in the trunk-region.’ d.lig., dorsal ligament; sp.c.,
spinal cord; d.w.a., dorsal wall of aorta; lig., aortic ligament ; v.2.a.,
ventral wall of aorta ; cav.a., cavity of aorta; s.v.m., sub-vertebral mass
of connective tissue.
. Transverse section through the sub-vertebral region of the dorsal aorta in
Rita buchanani (X16). car., cartilaginous tissue; lig., aortic ligament.
. Transverse section through the sub-intervertebral region of the dorsal aorta
in Rita buchanani (X 16). lig., aortic ligament.
. Anterior termination of the aortic ligament in Silwndia gangetica (X » nat.
size). aor., dorsal aorta; lig., aortic ligament; a., anterior position of
aortic ligament which, passing through the dorsal wall of the aorta,
becomes attached to the basioccipital bone ; c., the point of origin of the
anterior branch of the ligament after it perforates the aorta; 0., basi-
occipital; par., parasphenoid; a.lig., anterior branch of the ligament ;
a., the tibres of the ligament which spread out to form a thin sheet.
Fig. 6. Ventral view of the skull and anterior vertebree in Wallago attw (nat.
size). par. parasphenoid; bas.o., basioccipital; 1s¢ v., first vertebra ;.
p.t., post-temporal ; 2nd v. second vertebra.
eI
da
bo
eat ee
Sita) ad
oO oO
a
AORTIC LIGAMENT IN INDIAN FISHES. 15
Puate IT.
Fig. 7. A diagrammatic longitudinal representation of the position of the ligament
inside the dorsal aorta in Wallago attu. The lateral wall of the aorta
has been removed to show the position of the ligament. Jig., aortic
ligament; sws.f., suspensory fold; 3rd v., third vertebra; 2nd v., second
vertebra; 1st v., first vertebra; ba.o., basioccipital; d.w.a., dorsal wall
of aorta; v.2.a., ventral wall of aorta: lig.per., the place where the
ligment perforates through the dorsal wall of the aorta and becomes
attached to the bone; cav.a., cavity of aorta; lig.a.’, anterior branch of
the ligament running through the wall of the aorta; lig.a.’’, the place
where the anterior branch of the ligament perforates through the most
anterior dorsal wall of the aorta; lig.a.’/’’, the anterior branch of the
ligament after it comes out of the aorta and runs beneath the basioccipital
bone; eff:a., efferent arteries.
Fig. 8. Transverse section through the aorta of Wallago attu in the region where
the ligament perforates through the dorsal wall of the aorta. This section
is supposed to have passed through A-B region of fig. 7 (X18). c¢.aor.,
cavity of aorta; d.2v.a., dorsal wall of aorta; lig.per., the place where the
ligament perforates through the dorsal wall of the aorta and becomes
attached to the bone.
Vig. 9. Transverse section through C-D region of fig. 7. The ligament (lig.) here
runs through the upper region of the dorsal wall of the aorta (X 18).
Lettering as in fig. 8.
Fig. 10. Transverse section through E-F region of fig. 7. The ligament here
runs through the lower region of the dorsal wall of the aorta (xX 18).
Lettering as in fig. 8.
Fig. 11. Transverse section through G—H region of fig. 7 (x 85). d., adventitia ;
e., cartilaginous tissue; 6., media; int., intima; q@., elastic fibres; Jig.,
ligament ; ba2., bundles of elastic fibres.
Fig. 12. Transverse section through I-J region of fig. 7. A slight proliferation
takes place inside the cavity of the aorta in the region where the ligament
is situated (X16). car.c., cartilage-cells; lig., ligament; d.w.s., dorsal
wall of aorta.
Fig. 13. Transverse section through K-L region of fig. 7. The proliferation of the
dorsal wall of the aorta containing the ligament grows deeper (X 18).
Lettering as in fig. 8.
Fig. 14. Transverse section through M—N region of fig. 7. The proliferation reaches
nearly its maximum and the ligament acquires its characteristic shape.
Posteriorly the ligament flattens out, being narrower dorso-ventrally than
from side to side (X 18). Lettering as m He. 8.
0g
ON SOME LIZARDS OF 'THE GENUS CHALCIDES. lan
6. On some Lizards of the Genus Chaleides.
By E. G. Boutencer, F.Z.8
[Received February 4, 1920: Read February 24, 1920. |
(Text-figures 1-4.)
At a recent meeting of the Society a paper was read by Major
Stevenson-Hamilton in which the subject of the geographical
distribution of the varieties of various African mammals was
touched upon, and it was pointed out that one would be justified
in treating some of the varieties as distinct species were it not
for the existence of intermediate forms. This paper brought to
my mind some notes I had made about ten years ago on the
classification and distribution of the Skink Chalcides ceellatus! a
species inhabiting Southern Hurope, Northern and N.-Eastern
Africa, and $.W. Asia, which presents an extraordinary amount
of variation: in fact, the structural difference between the two
extreme forms is so great that, were it not for the wonderfully
complete manner in which they are connected, they could not
possibly be denied specific rank. I have recently gone over
again the material in the British Museum, and completed my
notes on this subject, which I now have the honour to bring
before the Society.
In papers written nearly 30 years ago my father, dealing with
the matter, came to the conclusion that this species could be
divided into five distinct varieties or subspecies, characterized
mainly by the coloration and by the number of scales round the
body, which was found to vary between 24 and 40—a range of
variation far greater than is to be found in any other lizard *.
The five forms then described were the forma typica, and the
varieties ragazzi, tiligugu, vittatus, and polylepis. To these must
be added the var. occidentalis (Ch. simonyi Stdr.).
The position of the nostril has been used as a specific character
in the lizards of the genus Chalcides, the species viridanus, of the
Canary Islands, and bottegi, of Somaliland, being regarded as
specifically different from C. ocellatus, mainly from the fact that
the opening is pierced in advance of the suture between the
rostral and the first labial instead of exactly above it, as is
normally the case in the typical C. ocellatus. C. bottegi was
described from a single specimen preserved in the Genoa Museum,
and was stated to be closely related to C. ocellatus, but differed,
apart from having the nostril pierced in advance of the rostral
and first labial, in the body being much more slender and the
scales of the vertebral rows being more than twice as broad as
* Boulenger. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) v. 1890, p. 144.
Tr. Zool. Soc. xi. 1891, p. 138, ea Xvi.
53 Ann. Mus. Genova (2) xii. 1891, p. 12.
a » Xvi. 1896, p. 581.
Anderson. Zool. Egypt, Rept. p. 210 (1898).
78 MR. E. G. BOULENGER ON SOME
long *. On examination of a large material since received at the
British Museum, I find that this form cannot be accepted as a
distinct species, the nostril being almost as often pierced above
the suture in question as in advance of it; while in a number of
specimens of the typical (. ocellwtus the nostril is pierced in
advance of the rostral and the first labial. ‘The body of the form
bottegi is, I find, not always more slender than in the typical
C. ocellatus, in which there is considerable variation in this respect.
The number of scales, however, is less than in the typical
C. ocellatus, being as a rule 24, as in the var. ragazzii, but
dropping sometimes to 22. The degree of enlargement of the
two median rows of dorsal scales varies considerably both in the
form in question and in the typical C. ocellatus. If the position of
the nostril caunot in this genus be regarded as of specific value,
the question arises whether C. viidanus, which apart from this
character agrees so closely with C. ocellatus, must also be only
allowed the rank of a variety to be added to the numerous other
forms which are embraced in the specific conception of C. ocellatus.
I find, however, that the head has a different shape, the snout
being less convex—a difference which finds expression in the
proportions of the upper labials, all or most of which are not
deeper than long.
There are two forms of (. viridanus—-the typical, from Tenerife,
Gomera, and Hierro, with the sides and belly black and 26-32
(usually 28) series of scales; and the var. simonyi, from Gran
Canaria, with the belly yellow, greenish white or grey, the head
somewhat larger and better defined than in the preceding, and
28-34 series of scales.
As pointed out by Steindachner, the Chaleides of Fuertaventura
must be regarded as a variety (var. occidentalis) of C. ocellatus T.
Great individual variation in form is to be found in the
structure of these lizards, especially in the proportions of the
limbs and body. In the var. bottegi the latter may vary to a very
great extent, namely from 18 to 28 per cent. In the distance
between the axilla and groin the variation is also often great.
The variations show that little importance can be attached to the
proportions of the body and limbs, there being an overlap, for
instance, in the length of the limbs between the two species
CO. ocellatws and OQ. bedriage. The latter lizard was described as
differing specifically from C. ocellatus in the proportions of the
limbs, and in the nostril being pierced in advance of the suture
between the rostral and first labial. It has been shown that
neither of these characters can be regarded as absolute. I have
ascertained, however, that in C. bedriage the fourth labial
normally takes the place of the subocular, and not the fifth, and
* Boulenger. Ann. Mus. Genova (2) xviii. 1898, p. 719, pl. x. fig. 1, and (3) v.
1912, p. 330.
+ Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, waterless and treeless and nearer the African coast,
differ greatly from the other Canary Islands in their fauna, which is nearly identical
with that of the neighbouring Sahara.—Tristram, Brit. Assoc. 1893.
LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CHALCIDES. 79
that therefore it may, provisionally at least, retain its specific
rank.
In the small island of Linosa, between Tunisia and Malta,
lizards similar to, but easily distinguishable from, the typical
C. ocellatws are found, and have been regarded as the young of
the var. tiligugu, which occurs in Tunisia and Malta. They differ
from the typical form in the small size (the largest specimen
measuring only 80 mm. without the tail), in having the gular
Text-figure 1.
ea
Yi SERIES A.
V4
a. Ch. ocellatus.
b. Ch. sepoides.
=>
c. Ch. delislii.
d. Ch. mauritanicus.
SERIES ]3.
a. Ch. thierryi.
y b. Ch. lineatus.
c. Ch. tridactylus.
" d. Ch. guentheri.
b c d
Reduction in the hind limb.
region spotted, and in the under surface being slate-colour. They
are dorsally brown, spotted all over with small black and white
ocelli. An indistinct paler dorso-lateral band is sometimes pre-
sent. The number of scales round the body is 30 in all speci-
mens, the two median rows being enlarged. These lizards are
undoubtedly distinct from all the other forms of the species
ocellatus, and for them I propose the varietal name of linose.
C. thierryi was originally described as a var. of C. bottegi: it is,
80 “MR. E. G. BOULENGER ON SOME
however, a very distinct species, quite different from the nume-
rous forms of C. ocellatus *. In its shorter not so unequal toes, in
its large ear-opening, and in its long, thick tail, it approaches the
groups including C. lineatus, tridactylus, guenthert; and my
father has given it as his opinion, that, although derived from the
same stock as C. ocellatus, it represents one of the pentadactyle
forms from which the more degenerate types referred to above
have been evolved ; whilst 2 continuous degeneration can be traced
from C. ocellatus through C. sepoides to C. delisliti and C. mauri-
tanicus.
In all, therefore, we now have, apart from the typical form,
seven varieties of the lizard C. ocellatws, and it is interesting
from the evolutionary point of view that they are geographically
connected, it being possible to trace every link in the chain from
the short and stout variety with as many as 40 scales from
Morocco, which must be regarded as the most generalized form,
to the long and slender type with only 22 scales round the body
from Abyssinia and Somaliland.
The general reduction in the number of scales takes place
as follows :—
1. var. polylepis (84-40 scales). Morocco.
,», occidentalis (80-32 ,, ). I. of Fuertaventura.
», vittatus (80-34 ,, ). Tangier.
- », chguern (28-34 ,, ). Sardinia, Sicily, Malta,
S. Italy, Algeria and
Tunisia, N.of the Sahara.
5. forma typica (26-32 ,, ). Arabia, Persia, Kgypt to
Algerian Sahara, Syria,
Cyprus, Greece, Eritrea.
> oo bo
6. var. linose (30 5) ke dlhvor Ibreaesey.
(ee ragazeru (2 a ae scall:
8. ,, bottegi (22-24 ,, ). Abyssinia, Somaliland.
The following are definitions of the 8 forms into which
C. ocellatus may be divided :—
1. Var. polylepis Blgry. 34-40 seales round the body, the two
median dorsal rows not enlarged; light brown above, with-
out ocelli, but with a round yellowish spot on each scale,
forming regular longitudinal series sometimes separated by
dark lines: young with vertical black-and-white bars on the
sides of the neck. Maximum length from snout to vent
155 mm.
2. War. occidentalis Stdr. 30-32 scales round the body, the two
median dorsal rows not enlarged; coloration as in the
preceding, but the yellow spots less numerous. Maximum
length from snout to vent 100 mm.
* Ch. bottegi var. thierryi Tornier, Arch. f. Nat. 1901, p. 87.
Ch. thierryi O. Neumann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxi. 1908, p. 401.
Ch. pulchellus Mocquard, Bull. Mus. 1906, p. 466.
a en en en
81
LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CHALCIDES.
*$N7Y]]200 saproynyy JO NOINGLystp [eompdvadoar
°Z OINSY-4X9q,
“HIZZWOWe
“SONI
“SIIWLNAGID9N0°
“SIdaTAI0Od”
“SN LWLLIA*
“19411048 °
"Monon sya [iil
“WOIdAL Ss =
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1920, No. VI.
82 MR. E. G, BOULENGER ON SOME
Text-figure 3.
POLYLEP|S OGELLATUS
lOCCIDENTALIS
N
i RAGAZZII
BOTTEG}
Relatienships and distribution.
3. War. vittatus Blgr. 30-34 scales round the body, the two
median dorsal rows not enlarged; brown above, without
spots or ocelli, with a light dorso-lateral and a dark brown
or black lateral band, both sharply defined, Maximum
length from snout to vent 115 mm.
4, Var. tiligugu Gmel. 28-34 scales round the body, the two
median dorsal rows not or but feebly enlarged ; olive or
brown above, with black and white ocelli and a well-defined
yellowish dorso-lateral band edged with black below. Maxi-
mum Jength from snout to vent 150 mm.
5. Forma typica Blgr. 26-32 scales round the body, the two
median rows not or but feebly enlarged ; yellowish or brown
above, with black and white ocelli, sometimes confluent
into irregular transverse bands; a light dorso-iateral band
sometimes present. Maximum length from snout to vent
140 mm,
6. Var. linose,n. 30 scales round the body, the two median dorsal
rows not enlarged; dark brown above, ocellated all over,
with or without a more or less distinct pale dorso-lateral
band ; belly grey; gular region spotted with black. Maxi-
mum length from snout to vent 80 mm.
7. Var. ragazzit Bler. 24 scales round the body, the two median
dorsal rows feebly enlarged ; pale greyish brown above, with
an ill-defined paler dorso-lateral band; no ocellar spots
except on the posterior part of the body, the hind limbs, and
the tail; crowded black spots form a lateral band from
nostril to above axil, passing through the eye and above the
ear-opening. Maximum length from snout to vent 75 mm.
LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CHALCIDES. 83
Text-figure Ay
Ch. ocellatus, var. polylepis. Ch. ocellatus, var. bottegi.
8. Var. bottegi Bler. 22-24 scales round the body. the two median
dorsal rows more or less strongly enlarged; yellowish or
greyish brown with black and white ocelli, with a dark, often
black-edged dorsal band along the median 1ows of scales and
a dark brown or black lateral band, the two separated by a
sharply-defined pale area. Maximum length from snout to
vent 150 mm.
The two extreme forms are represented on text-figure 4.
6*
ON DEATHS IN THE GARDENS IN 1919. 85
7. Report on the Deaths in the Gardens in 1919. With
Notes on Avian Enteritis. By Naraanien S. Lucas,
M.B., ¥.Z.8., Pathologist to the Society.
[Received February 6, 1920: Read February 24, 1920.]
(With 4 Charts.)
The total deaths in the Gardens for the year 1919 amount
to 926.
The total is composed as follows :—
MViteianiialsi 4. ce ssnaceee 299
IBHIRC Gy: TRE ERENT) ae 368
Reptiles, etc. .......... te 2408)
JE) 117 22, 208 oe eee 50
In the following table are shown :—
In column I. animals in Gardens at beginning of year ;
_ I. “a added during the year ;
vi III. total of animals in Gardens ;
% IV. total of deaths ;
% V. percentage of deaths.
I. ROMMEL SUMAN) NR,
IWIEWODNOTANIS on ccccsccsnccaseaece OUD 279 954 299 31%
IE WINGIS assesses escneddospocsesen | AUZNG) 801 1947 368 19°75
Rep tilesys cat eeectucdete) 209) 658 937 209 22/°/,
The large percentage of deaths among the mammals is to be
accounted for by the high mortality among the macaques.
The usual table giving the deaths from various diseases is not
given, as no figures are available this year.
The subject of Enteritis deserves special mention.
The high rate of mortality from this disease is shown by the
charts for 1919. These emphasize the importance of an attempt
being made to deal with the disease.
Enteritis is the name given to inflammation of the intestine.
It begins as congestion and a consequent catarrh. The mucous
membrane inside is pink, deepening to red, and the contents are
liquid due to an excess of mucus and usually milky.
The congestion deepens and hemorrhages occur, so that the
whole gut becomes a deep red, and contents become blood-stained
and eventually black from altered blood. .
The final stage shows sloughing of the mucous membrane
lining the intestines, so that the walls are thin and the contents
dark and thickened by the destroyed cells.
It can be acute or chronic. The final stage of sloughing is
usually seen in this acute type. Often owing to the weakened
86 DR. N. S. LUCAS ON
Chart No. I.
30
20
Other
Causes.
10
Lnteritic,
Chart No. IT.
20
10
Enteritic.
Other
Causes.
Enteritic.
Other 0
Causes,
20
10
Other
Causes.
Enteritic
fo)
In these charts the deaths caused by enteritis are shown in a continuous line, those
due to all other causes in an interrupted line.
The birds are grouped according to the food eaten, though in the last group the chief
point is that these birds live mostly in the open and their food is scattered on the
ground and not placed in a receptacle. Enteritis is less prominent in this group,
on the whole, and most prominent in Group II., where the food is of the sort
which forms a good culture medium for bacteria and is almost always put into
receptacles,
DEATHS IN THE GARDENS IN 1919. 87
state of the bird bronchitis or pneumonia slips in and finishes
the illness.
~The cause of the inflammation is irritation, and this may be
either mechanical or toxic.
The mechanical source would be foreign bodies in the intestine,
e.g. grit. This appears a less likely cause.
The toxic cause may be either bacterial in origin or brought
about by poisons from unsuitable or decomposed food.
Which of these causes is the true one or which the prepond-
erating one is the subject of the investigation which has now
to be made.
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5 mee! is ; : hey i
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°
MR. A. WILLEY ON AN APODOUS AMIA CALVA. 89
8. An Apodous Amia calva. By Anraur WILLEY, F.R.S.,
F.Z.S., MeGill University, Montreal.
{Received March 13, 1920: Read April 13, 1920.]
It is known that a good many interrelated genera of fishes
differ from each other by the presence in one and absence in the
other of ventral fins. Perhaps the classic and primitive example
of this contrasting condition is that of the Crossopterygian fishes,
Polypterus and Calamoichthys, upon the theoretical interest of
which Gegenbaur (1895) laid some stress. Calamoichthys is a
Crossopterygian eel, the Mastacembelide are Actinopterygian
eels (Giinther), the Murenoids are Malacopterygian eels—all
lacking ventral fins. A far-removed contrast of the same kind is
found in the Swordfishes: Histiophorus with ventral fins, Xiphias
without ; and this may serve as a sample of the rest.
Only in a few species has the absence of ventral fins been noted
as a rare mutation. Brindley (1891) recorded the capture, in the
River Cam, of a White Bream without ventral fins. Ten years
later, EKigenmann and Cox (1901) described a specimen of the
Yellow Catfish (Amiurus natalis) from Turkey Lake, Indiana,
showing absence of all trace of ventral fins. Some further
references will be found in Gemmill (1912).
Last November (1919) a male Ama calva, which had been
caught in the Richelieu River on the south side of the St. Lawrence
in the province of Quebec, was purchased from the market in
Montreal. Its length was twenty inches and it was in perfect
condition except for one strange defect, the utter absence of the
ventral fins. The specimen is preserved in the Peter Redpath
Museum, McGill University. The addition of Amia to the
meagre list of occasional apodous mutants should contribute
towards the ultimate evaluation of the phenomenon. Its rarity
and incidence show that the absence of ventral fins from fishes
which normally possess them is no ordinary malformation, though
there is at present no means of testing its behaviour as a unit
character experimentally.
Gegenbaur gave reasons pointing to the ventral fins of recent
ganoids and teleosts having lost at least part of their original
function and being consequently in a state of flux and retro-
gression. In most teleostomes they seem to persist because they
have been inherited, rather than for any particular use they may
be to the animal. Accordingly their loss would not react in-
juriously upon the organism, but might be an advautage to it.
Bateson (1894) made no attempt to deal with this remarkable
variation, doubtless through lack of corroborative data. With
the increase of instances it seems likely that it will take its
place as a standard illustration of natural mutation amongst fishes,
99 MR. A. WILLEY ON AN APODOUS AMIA CALYA.
especially since it falls into line with ascertained anatomical
relations.
According to Giinther (1880), fishes living in limited localities
or concealing themselves in mud are apt sometimes to lose their
ventral fins. One of the local names for Amia is Mudfish, another
is Beaver-fish (poisson castor), a third is Bowfin. The last of these
may have reference to the rounded arcuate shape of the caudal
fin, like a stretched bow. Wherever it occurs it frequents
marshy places, and its habits resemble in many ways those of. the
oriental Tankfish (Ophiocephalus striatus), known in Southern
India as the “ murrel” and in Ceylon as the ‘“Jula.” This species
has ventral fins, but the closely-related Paddy-field fish (Channa
orientalis) is without them. The Swordfishes and some other
pelagic and deep-sea fishes show that. the presence or absence of
ventral fins does not depend on one class of habits alone.
There are certain other wavering characters in Teleostean
fishes, which, taken in conjunction with the admitted decadence
of the ventral fins, suggest the hypothesis that the presence or
absence of such deep-seated characters is linked up with their
use or disuse, and that they do not necessarily dwindle away
to vanishing point, but may simply drop out of the factorial
system.
REFERENCES.
. A. C. L. Gunrusr, 1880.—The Study of Fishes, p. 615.
. H. H. Brinptey, 1891.—“ On a Specimen of the White Bream
(Abrams blicca Bloch) without Pelvic Fins.” Proc. Zool.
Soc. pp. 108-9, pl. x.
. W. Bareson, 1894.—Materials for the Study of Variation.
. C. GecenBAur, 1895.—“ Das Flossenskelet der Crossopterygier.”
Morph. Jahrb. xxii. pp. 119-160, 5 figures.
5. C. H. Ergrnmann and U. O. Cox, 1901.—‘‘ Some Cases of
Saltatory Variation.” Amer. Nat. xxxv. p. 33.
6. J. F. Gemmit, 1912.—The Teratology of Fishes, p. 55. Glas-
cow, Ato.
bo
H> OO
a a ree
_—
EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN MONKEYS. 91
. On the External Characters of the South American
Monkeys. By R. I. Pococx, F.RB.S.
[Received February 23, 1920: Read March 16, 1920.]
(Text-figures 1-13.)
ContTENTs.
Page
1 set tieZoVa NOGA CON eM il SMI me Feehan ha ob ita) iL
“Me INfostiilse 08. cjekce eco sassuid ovecssnitesnh cece reek eee eee
i Mheshan! Gee RCAC HOM ARES heer serait) Quen
iat deena Feet. 1 KA DO ee een pera 47
The Tongue ..... ophl gtinas Sasa OAs
The External Genigalea ae eS Male Peer sence ee ote a3 UNS)
The External Genitalia of the Hemalen ee a iscokon 105
ET ayy Cee WRN 5 aloes Sen ee ee RS Oman ee eee JI)
Introduction.
The observations recorded in this paper are based mainly upon
the Platyrhine Monkeys that have died in the Zoological Gardens
during the past ten years* ; and the subject-matter is treated on
the lines adopted in my paper-on the Lemurs and Varsius (P.Z.S.
1918, pp. 19-53). Since I described the hands and feet and the
ears of the Hapalide in 1917 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xx.
pp. 247-258), my notes, so far as that family is concerned, are
in the present case restricted for the most part to the external
genitalia, the species examined being Hapale jacchus, Mystax
ursulus, midas and mystav, Edipomidas aedipus, and Leontocebus
rosalia.
Of the Cebide, I have seen examples of all the admitted genera,
except Pithecia and Brachyteles ; but 1 have not seen both sexes
in all cases, and in many instances immature specimens only have
been available. These defects are regrettable, since the external
genitalia promise to yield valuable diagnostic characters for the
genera.
The immaturity of specimens also makes their specific identity
doubtful. Very little indeed appears to be known of the range
of variation in colour and structure within specific limits. It
is not an uncommon event, for instanee, to receive in our
Zoological Gardens immature examples of |imels
lesjiac)
P Pp Pp
Angoni Land.
Tndia, Malay Pen.
* Genera described as thalassoid,
|| Olim Ielania,
FAUNA OF THE AFRICAN LAKES. 545
Tangan- Victoria
Albert Edward aa Other parts of
yika. Nyanza. ’
Name of Species.
Name of Species Nyanza. Nyanza. the world.
Nyasa.
Family Limnmipz.
Limnea natalensis ............ 12
S| CIYANSe teeeeaneeec
3) cundussume sees. Efe
Msi oraicoullosiaessseses ess K
pe TOUSK AYR ceer eee se A 1p Xs a age ... Egypt, Natal,
sy LM ASSANAN eee tee ae He K (Angola.
* randabelue sess 1)
OUP stticasapa meanest a 2 Bis &. de ... HH, Africa.
5, succineoides ............ Be ae 1)
PU ebLANSVersaliseecenesee- ae HE
Ay LODIEXONEN soe pmnangospdhoose &e 0
Physopsis africana ee a ide 12 ae sh ... KH, Africa, Natal.
FA OVOIGER ee ceenen ce nO 12 ax be she ... 4, Africa,
5 fanganyice ......... EK
1 Se ve) ee Navale
P ... HH. Africa.
lasHies}iae]
Family PLANORBIDZ.
Planorbis adowensis ............
is alexandrina .........
3 ENOANBS) cco cbhconesoune
= bridouxiana .........
95 choanomphalus_...
ss crawfordi ............
53 eibbonsi “sae
os J ial Bese censtacee at
Pr lavigerianus .........
= INOMCE Libee eee
3 Stamll eye easeaces tera.
i Sudamicus) -....2s..-:-
5 VWACUOMED Sadoepnenadants ae y
a wis ie ... Abyssinia.
12 as ee ... Egypt.
rd
B:
i 62 _.. Cape Colony.
1p fi eEeAunica:
soliac)iae)
bd: ee:
we
P oe ReeNule?
Family ANCYLIDm.
Ancylus stuhlmanni_......... an 1D)
> tanganyicensis ...... E
Shomulliesimpeee eee ae ene Lenses C2", (le) 5 1eh 6P. 2P.
ee ee
SIS; CTC), cadcaoasconecesbenuene PU ONL Be Tk Wee 9P. Gk: G12, 2P.
(35)
MSSISPECIES) 0.0 6. ct. ae d..e.2 COLL. 17 1OR 14 Ps 4b ORs ih SPs 2p
(84) (28) (24) (13) (10)
A list such as this, with 133 species, requires a somewhat
detailed analysis to bring out the points of most interest and
importance, although, indeed, the tabular form reveals the excep-
tional nature of the Gasteropod fauna of Tanganyika. In the
first place it will be noticed that no less than 84 species are
recorded from Tanganyika, which is clearly an exceptional number.
That this is so, is shown by a comparison with the known fauna
of the two lakes which come nearest in size, for Victoria Nyanza
can muster but 28 forms and Nyasa only 24. Thus Tanganyika
contains three times as many Gasteropods as Lake Victoria and
more than three times as many as Nyasa.
Secondly, be it observed, that of the 84 Tanganyika species, no
fewer than 76 are endemic, while correspondingly only 11 out of
28 are peculiar to Victoria Nyanza and 10 out of 24 to Nyasa.
546 DR. W. A. CUNNINGTON ON THE
Of the smaller lakes, Albert Nyanza has 4 endemies out of a total
of 13, Edward Nyanza 1 out of 10, while Kivu only contains two
species, neither of which is dene In other words, more than
90 per cent. of the forms in Tanganyika are only known from that
lake, while Victoria Nyanza has 39 per cent. of endemic species
and Nyasa some 41 per cent.
In the next place it must be emphasised once more that the
greater number of the endemic species of Tanganyika are types
which have been described as thalassoid—58 out of 76 belonging
to that category. Thus there are more than three times as many
thalassoid as non-thalassoid endemie species, actually some 76 per
cent. having this characteristic appearance. Even when the non-
endemic forms are added to swell the total, the shells having this
marine aspect outnumber the normal series by more than two to
one, there being respectively 58 and 26 species.
The figures which refer to the genera are even more arresting
than those which have been dealt with. Tanganyika alone con-
tains one or more representatives of each of the 35 genera named
in the table. The number of genera represented in Lake Victoria
sinks to 11, but it is significant that this 1s due to the absence
from that lake of the large total of 24 genera which are peculiar
to Tanganyika. Of this total of 24, 23 are regarded as thalassoid,
the single exception being the genus Weothawma, as already
mentioned, Apart from these endemic genera, both Tanganyika
and Victoria contain species belonging to the same 11 genera—
those of the ‘normal African fresh-water fauna” to adopt
Moore’s term. It is interesting to observe that while 28 species
of these less specialised genera (including 11 endemics) occur in
Victoria Nyanza, 25 (including 17 endemics) are found in Tan-
ganyika. Lake Nyasa with 9 of these ordinary fresh-water
genera comes next, and the other lakes follow with still smaller
numbers. No endemic genera are to be observed outside Tangan-
yika. It is thus clear that over and above the representatives of
certain well-known fresh-water genera, there is, in Tanganyika,
a whole series of unique Gasteropods which are not represented
elsewhere.
Tt may not be unprofitable to institute a comparison with the
group of the fishes, in which alone so large a number of endemic
genera is known. Tanganyika contains 25 endemic genera of
fishes, as compared with 24 endemic genera of Gasteropods! but
whereas with the fishes there are in addition 29 non-endemic
genera represented, there are only 11 non-endemic genera of
Gasteropods, Again, among the fishes there are a fou endemic
genera found in the remaining lakes, while this is not the case
with the Gasteropods. The comparison serves to show that while
the actual numbers both of genera and species are less in the
group now under discussion than in that of the fishes, it affords
quite as conspicuous an instance of the peculiar Chavacher: of the
Tanganyika fauna.
The table of distribution already furnished now calls for more
FAUNA OF THE AFRICAN LAKES. HAT
detailed examination. Among the Viviparide, Viviparus itself
is represented in Tanganyika only by two (one doubtful) endemic
forms. In Lake Victoria there is a series of 5 forms, 3 of which
are peculiar to its waters. It is noteworthy that the widely dis-
tributed species V. rubtcundus and V. wnicolor have not been
obtained from Tanganyika. The genera Veothaumaand Lridouaia
are of more interest, since they are entirely confined to Tan-
ganyika. The latter genus has been regarded as exhibiting a
thalassoid facies. Each i is represented by only a single species.
The family Ampullariidz contains representatives “of the well-
known genera