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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Fe) Si

PROCEEDINGS AND

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL &

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

DECEMBER 1968 Vol. 1 No. 2

Acting Editor:
E. P. WILTSHIRE, C.B.E., B.A., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A. T. R. EAGLES
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

Papers Panel:
T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., M.I.BIOL, F.R.E.S.
C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S. T. R. EAGLES

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes
place this year on November Ist in the
Conversazione Room at the British Museum
(Natural History). Frequent Field Meetings are
held at weekends in the Summer. Visitors are
welcome at all meetings. The current Programme
Card can be had on application to the Secretary.

PROC. BRIT. ENI. NAT, HiST. SOC. Si)

LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
NOT FIGURED BY BUCKLER
PART VIII
Compiled and Illustrated by G. M. HaGGeTi

FOREWORD

This part is the largest of the series. Its appearance in the covers of
a single issue is due to the kindness of Mrs. MARGARET MERE, who has
undertaken to provide for the colour plates and accompanying text as a
tribute to the memory of her husband the late ROBIN MERE. His name
appears often in the text, for he was untiring in his efforts to obtain for
me those larvae newly discovered in Britain. He assisted, too, in meeting
the cost of producing more than one of the earlier parts. I am proud
to associate this work with his name and am sad that he did not live to see

its completion.
G. M. HaGcETT, 3list August, 1968.

RHYACIA SIMULANS Hufnagel. THE DOTTED RUSTIC

The occurrence of simulans in Britain has a curious pattern, peculiar
both for its distribution and for its irregular appearance and long flight
period; it seems to be mainly an insect of certain western and northern
counties, for with the exception of rare appearances in Surrey, Hertford-
shire and Buckinghamshire, it has not been recorded from either the
eastern or south-eastern parts of England, any further east than the Isle
of Wight, although from further north Barrett (Lep. Brit. Isles 3: 376)
recorded it from Yorkshire. It is present in Ireland (rare), North Wales,
Isle of Man, Scotland, and in the Hebrides, Orkneys and Canna, and in
Northern England, but English collectors perhaps know it best from the
mid-western counties of Somerset, Dorset, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire;
and it has been more regularly obtained at Portland and on the Cotswold
Hills than elsewhere, yet little is known of it from Devon and Cornwall.
It is a species that may remain scarce for years and then appear in
numbers sometimes in one particular locality, and at others over a larger
part of its range. In recent times its most remarkable appearance was in
1943, when it was reported to be abundant in the Cotswolds. Like
Spaclotis ravida Schiff. and some Triphaena the moth may occur in any
month from June until late September, and it is possible that some form
of aestivation is undergone and indeed may be necessary for the eggs to
mature. Barrett gives a fairly full description of the larva (after Reid)
under the old name of pyrophila Schiff. but no figure. In 1957 Mr. R. C.
Dyson and Dr. J. V. BANNER were kind enough to give me some of the
young larvae they were rearing as progeny of a moth they had caught
at Portland. While still very small the larvae were ochreous brown and
bore a series of miniature dark markings along the dorsum, and as they
grew so the markings darkened and the lateral wedge-shaped lunules
became stronger. They were at all times very restless and sensitive to
light and vibration. They were reared in rather warmer conditions than
outdoors. These larvae were reared throughout on Poa annua L but few

58 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

reached full growth and none produced a moth; it would seem that grass
alone is insufficient and that low growing plants, such as dock and
dandelion, are better foods as some writers have earlier suggested.

Description of the last instar. Length to 43 mm. Shape very
cylindrical and thickset with taper only at the last abdominal ring. The
general pattern is dense sooty-brown markings on a pale buff ground,
and grey below the broad stone-coloured spiracular band which is con-
tinuous from the first ring to the anal claspers. The dorsal line is fine
and pale, and weakly expressed, being mostly obscured on the thorax,
on the abdominal rings it bisects a series of dark brown diamonds, each
of which bears at its outer corners a pair of short intensely black streaks
that extend forward almost to the ring in front. These streaks begin in
miniature on the first abdominal and become progressively larger until
the eighth, where they are produced towards each other to form a delicate
urn-shaped figure. Each streak is relieved immediately behind by a
bright pale cream dot that stands out boldly from the sombre hues of
the main colour scheme. On each of the first eight abdominal rings
there is placed immediately above the spiracular band a dark brown
lozenge that is extended forward and swept upwards, and which is
associated with an oblique pale patch above. Head large, rounded but
flat in front, a dark brown stripe to each side of the clypeus converging
to form a broad uniform band above it, and another vertical dark streak
to each lobe. True legs and prolegs greyish. Prothoracic plate dark
purplish-brown, dull and not shining, crossed by a narrow weak dorsal
line and by broader pinky-white subdorsals. Anal plate ochreous, weak,
darker freckled. Tubercles tiny, black, each with a minute, weak hair.
Spiracles oval black hoops pale centred, situated at the upper edge of the
spiracular band.

Figures: Plate I, fig. 1 nine weeks old; fig. 2 twelve weeks old; fig. 3
and 6 last instar 19 and 26.1.1958. Reared on Poa annua L. ab
ovis. Portland from female moth taken by Messrs. Dyson and
Banner.

PRODENIA LITTORALIS Boisd. MEDITERRANEAN BROCADE

This is not a species that is indigenous to Britain and until 1963 it
had appeared only as a chance imported larva in fruit, chiefly bananas,
from tropical regions. The moth recorded at Runton, Norfolk, on
17.ix.60 is probably the only occurrence of the species in this stage in
Britain before the glass-house escapes of recent years. It was formerly
known under the name J/itura Fab.

Larvae began to be discovered in 1963 on glass-house grown
chrysanthemums in nurseries over southern Britain as far apart as Norfolk
to Glamorgan and Worcester, and along the south coast from Essex to
Somerset. There were two records from Scotland. By the late autumn it
had become evident that a considerable pest had arisen as a threat to
the cut-flower trade. The pattern of introduction appeared to derive
from a major importer of chrysanthemums who had begun to bring in
by air rooted cuttings grown in the Canary Islands and in Malta, and who

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 59

had unknowingly introduced the insect from cuttings from the Canary
Islands. Infested cuttings had been imported during the summer and
had been distributed to other nurseries, many of which grew especially
for the cut-flower trade, and there was next the likelihood that the
following year’s tomato crop might become infested, causing the Ministry
of Agriculture to become interested. In the Canaries tomatoes are subject
to severe Prodenia attack, and in Britain the same’ glass-houses that were
growing chrysanthemums during the autumn and winter would grow
tomatoes in the following summer. Nurseries that had received plants
from this infested source were traced and all suspected stocks of plants
were subjected to prolonged cold treatment that brought about the death
of Prodenia. Quarantine measures were begun to ensure that all future
imported cuttings were free of the insect. By the early summer of 1964
the outbreak was thought to be over, the stocks of plants having been
chilled or left at outdoor temperatures during the winter; but isolated
occurrences continued into the summer, the best-known being at Ports-
mouth. After this the species died out everywhere except in laboratories
of research stations, and here the original glass-house stocks had become
continuously inbred and sometimes mixed with newly introduced control
material from abroad.

Surprisingly little notice was taken of the outbreak in entomological
journals. J. M. CHALMERS-HunrT (1964, Ent. Rec., 76: 59, 199) gave the
first accounts, and in January, 1964, the Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries issued a leaflet entitled “The Mediterranean Climbing Cutworm
(Prodenia litura F.)” which gave an outline of the life history with descrip-
tions and good illustrations of all stages. A brief account of the early
stages was given in Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1963: 48.

The whole life cycle must be spent at warm temperatures and then it
must be passed very quickly. The tiny eggs are laid in pearly batches,
frequently beneath the leaves, and they are covered with brown hairs from
the parent’s abdominal tuft. The newly hatched larva is a dull olive
glassy creature with black tubercles, black head, black prothoracic legs
and black prothoracic plate; the prolegs are banded in black; stiff short
hairs arise from the tubercles, The second instar, and succeeding instars,
are fully coloured and similar in appearance to the last instar, but are
brighter and have more greenish yellow. The larva pupates in a loose
cocoon just under the surface of the soil.

Early experiment found that the species was remarkably resistant to
DDT and other common insecticides. A convenient quarantine was found
to be to subject stock to 30-35° F. for ten days. The egg stage was the
most hardy.

I am indebted to Mr. CLAUDE RivERS and Mr. CHATELAIN for live-
stock, and to Mr. SHEERD and Dr. Durrey of the Littlehampton Horticul-
tural Research Station for much information.

Foodplants. The list of plants attacked by this moth is a long one
D. G. STEVASTOPULO names 74 plants (1964, Ent. Rec., 76: 118), some
being listed simply by genera; his list includes such diversities as ground-

60 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

nut, wheat, poplar, teak, guava and Thuya. In Britain it was found that
larvae did not do so well on glass-house tomatoes during cooler months
of the year.

Description of last instar. This larva is so very closely related to
Peridroma saucia Hiibn. and Rhyacia simulans Hufn. and others of this
group of agrotids that one wonders how the species came to be classified
with any other noctuid subfamily. Its shape with swollen third thoracic
and eighth abdominal segments, tiny head, diminutive anal claspers, thin
papery skin, as well as general pattern and colour, all conform to the
characters of the agrotids that link the cutworms to the yellow under-
wings and Amathes. Yet E. C. ZIMMERMAN, Insects of Hawaii 7 (1958)
is the only author known to me to place Prodenia amongst the agrotids.
Those authors and systematists who have included this genus in Palaearctic
and European faunae have always put it among the loosely assorted
Apatelinae (= Caradrininae or Amphipyrinae).

At full growth the larva increases to 45 mm. in length but there is
much variation in size, depending on the temperatures at which the larva
is reared, and some may spin up when only 30 mm. long. The body is
cylindrical with pronounced taper from the third thoracic ring to the small
head, and there is sharp decline from the eighth abdominal segment with
the anal segment very small, The skin is soft and thin, and it appears
quite smooth to the naked eye; under a strong lens sparse short hairs are
visible. When resting the larva can retract the head and prothorax and
swell the thorax, so throwing the eye-like markings there into prominence.
The head is small, longer than broad, rounded, flattened in front, smooth
and shining, studded with sparse black hairs, the colour is deep dark
brown or chestnut-brown shaded blackish on the lower lobes, the clypeus
edged by a crisp white line. Prothoracic plate dulled, smoky-grey, broadly
semicircular, bearing weak ochreous dots and transversed by a very faint
dorsal stripe, its anterior margin bears a larger orange spot at the
positions of the dorsal and subdorsal stripes; in some examples all three
stripes are present on the plate. Anal plate large, red-brown, dotted with
white flecks and bearing a few strong black hairs. True legs grey but
heavily sclerotised to appear black laterally and bearing fine hairs.
Abdominal legs yellow and carrying above a broad and shining dark
brown ring. Anal claspers conspicuously bright yellow and orange
mottled, displayed behind when at rest, slightly hairy.

The body colour is predominantly a rosy purple-grey with darker
lateral and dorsal bands. Along the back the ground colour is pale pinky
grey, sometimes inclined to cobalt or lilac; there is a weak pale dorsal
stripe that runs from the edge of the prothoracic plate to the large
eighth abdominal ring, but the line is partly obscured in all specimens
and totally obliterated in the darkest examples; in the brightest marked
ones the line appears faintly orange. The line is contained within a dark
grey band that is swollen on each segment to form a series of broad
lozenges. Laterally there is a broad velvety grey sinuous band that arcs
upwards at the centre of each ring; the band is faintly edged above by
an incomplete wavy black line that in some individuals is tinged with

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 71968 PEAVIE)

12

Figs. 1-3 and 6 Rhyacia simulans Hufn.; figs. 4—5 and 7-8 Apamea infesta Ochs.;
Figs. 9-12 Prodenia /ittoralis Boisd.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAL. HIST. SOC, 6)

orange. At the centre of each ring there is a deep black dash extended
posteriorly by this fine black line and the illusion is given of a curved
streak. On the third thoracic and eighth abdominal rings this black
mark is greatly enlarged to form a deep velvety patch, semicircular on
the thorax and almost triangular on the abdomen. The abdominal rings
8-10 display dorsally a broad pale oval patch that encloses a dusky
irregular pattern and there is a sharp black spot to each side; these rings
are deeply folded, unlike the rest of the abdomen which is smooth and
plump with no obvious segmental folds. Below the lateral band there is
a broad pinkish subspiracular band that becomes orange on the thorax,
and the skin is much folded with a fleshy cushion above each proleg.

The second thoracic ring carries dorsally a conspicuous black patch
surrounding a bright orange dot and there is another black dot laterally.
The third thoracic ring has only a smaller black and orange dorsal dot.
Ventrally the larva is 2 delicate rosy-grey, the skin folds deep pink as
in the skin between the prolegs.

Spiracles large, oval, black, set centrally on a black line where the
lateral and subspiracular bands meet, the abdominal spiracles each have
a bright white dot placed immediately to the rear.

All the body colours are composed of minute irrorations and under
a moderate lens they appear as pale mottling on dark skin or dark
mottling on pale skin, but to the naked eye the appearance is a uniform
soft velvety hue.

The prominent features of this larva are the large black dorsal
blotches, the contrasted lateral bands and the soft fleshy humps of the
last abdominal rings.

Although the majority of larvae are dull, sombre creatures there is
a very handsome form in which the rosy ground colour of the dorsum
is relieved by bright orange dorsal and subdorsal stripes, the latter also
being flecked with brighter yellow at the centre of each ring, and the
adjoining black streak is greatly enlarged to form an elongated triangle.
In addition the dark band each side of the bright dorsal stripe is coloured
blue-grey. This form can be likened to Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. and
when fully grown is not at all unlike Triphaena pronuba L.

Figures: Plate I, figures 9-12, ali last instar, 21.vi.1964 and 26.vii.1964
on Chrysanthemum and dandelion. Inbred from larvae obtained at
Nazeing, Essex, glass-houses the previous autumn. Originally an
accidental import from the Canary Islands. From C. RIVERs.

DIARSIA FLORIDA Schmidt. FEN SQUARE SPOT

The 1961 edition of Soutu’s Moths of the British Isles (p. 146) sums
up about all that is known of this insect in Britain. In the years since
recognition of the Askham Bog moths the insect has been reported from
widely separated parts of Britain, mostly north and west, from Isle of
Mull in west Scotland to Newtonmore, Inverness-shire where HARPER
says it can be “common in June.” From Wales it has been taken in
Cardiganshire and at Bala, Merionethshire. In southern England only
from Cambridgeshire and the Broads, with a solitary moth at Folkstone

62 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

1958. In Ent. Gaz. 17 (1966), 40-41, the Rev. VinE HALL has commented
informatively on the occurrence of single brood and double brooded
insects in Westmoreland and Cumberland and he questions the occurrence
of florida and rubi in Scotland and elsewhere north of the Lake District.

There are no constant differences between the adult insects of florida
and rubi; florida is argued to be generally larger, paler, pinker and with
better defined markings. There are no differences between the genitalia.
Both are said to occur together in some localities and abroad; florida is
sometimes thought to be a marsh, fen or bog insect while rubi has a
general distribution. Yet much is made of the supposed difference in
emergence periods, rubi being double brooded and flying in May-June,
July-September, while florida is reckoned to fly only in the late June and
July period and to be single brooded. Goodson (Ent. Gaz. 2 (1951),
71-74) suggested that florida came to MV light only late at night and
was not to be had at sugar.

CLASSEY (Ent. Gaz. 2 (1951), 71) stated that florida was easy to rear,
the larva feeding rapidly on Dock, and readily ‘forced’ to produce an
autumn brood. Early accounts from abroad reckoned there was a differ-
ence in appearance between young larvae of the two insects but not when
larger; COCKAYNE wrote “ Stange (1886 Stett. ent. Zg. 47: 279) emphasised
the different colouration of the young larva before hibernation, which in
florida is decidedly more reddish yellow and brighter, in rubi dark reddish
brown. After hibernation the difference is less apparent and the varia-
bility make it impossible to distinguish them with certainty at this
stage.” EE. W. Classey was good enough to send me four larvae said to
be offspring of a florida female and these in last instar were all alike and
all lacked the dark subdorsal streaks that are generally present in larvae
of D. rubi, and these were duller, less sharply marked.

Description of last instar larva

The mature larva measures 32 mm. long, the general colour is deep
ochreous brown, darker on the sides as far as the spiracles. A double
dark brown dorsal stripe runs clearly from the second ring to the anal
plate, the lines converging between rings to give a chain-like appearance.
The subdorsal stripe is also composed of a pair of fine lines but they
are very inconspicuous. The space between the dorsal and subdorsal
stripes is much darker than the rest of the body. There is no spiracular
line but immediately beneath the spiracles is a bold pale cream band
centred with darker, and which commences on the first ring as a very
narrow streak, becoming gradually broader until it reaches its maximum
width on the eighth abdominal ring. Below this band the larva is plain
pale brown. True legs light brown, claspers marked with darker, head
dark brown with a darker vertical stripe down each lobe that is pale
edged on its outside, glossy and shining. Spiracles black, oval, centred in
pale brown, those on rings I and II clearly larger than the rest.

Figures: Plate VII figs. 7 and 10, last instar, fig. 9 third instar. Reared
from parent taken at Askham Bog, Yorkshire, and fed on Rumex
(Dock). From E, W. CLassey. Figured 10.x.1950 and 15.xii.1950.

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAL, HIST. SOC, 63

HADENA COMPTA Schiff. VARIED CORONET

A plain case for the refutation of the early British compta is stated
in the Ent. Rec 1897 being a report of a meeting of the South London
Ent. and Nat. History Society at which Messrs. Tutt, Barrett and South
discussed the early records. Although SouTu had evidently been deceived
by Parry, both TutTr and BARRETT were well aware of the dubious history
of specimens sent out by Parry and Meek and their fellow dealers: they
also pointed out that the compta of the early authors was undoubtedly
our conspersa indicating a confusion in the synonymy which the dealers
had exploited. The early records are reviewed by YOUDEN, Entom. 1950
83: 121 and none emerge with too much conviction; the specimen taken
in 1921 was championed by CocKAYNg, like Meek’s Howth examples, and
when in 1954 Morley actually bred two compta from Silene inflata on
the Sugar Loaf hill at Folkestone, it seemed that THOMAS SALVAGE’S 1921
moth was vindicated. There is, however, an alternative, and to my mind
more likely explanation, which we owe to A. J. WIGHTMAN, who knew
Salvage well, and who knew also that Salvage, honest enough in the way
of dealers of his time, quite usually relied on his memory for the localities
of insects in his boxes and put on data labels only when he sent them
out, and much of his stock was from sales. Since he sent this insect out
as conspersa and charged for it as such, there is no case for fraud, but a
very strong case for not taking the record too seriously. As a British
insect, then H. compta dates really only from 1954, when G. H. YOUDEN
first caught moths in his garden at Dover. The following year larvae
were found in abundance in gardens and nurseries there and by 1951 the
moth was taken at Folkestone. It was recorded from Polstead, Suffolk,
in 1953 and elsewhere in Suffolk in 1954, and the moth also appeared at
Colchester in Essex. The Bishops Stortford moths also date from 1954
and in 1956 it was first seen at Balsham, Cambs. In 1960 it was reported
from the Breck, Suffolk and Cambridge, while in 1961 I was told that
compta has been taken in the Cromer district of Norfolk, for the past
two seasons.

Apart from the solitary record of South Devon in 1956 (Ent Rec.
68: 190) the expansion and movement. of compta in Britain has been
northwards into East Anglia rather than westwards across the south. De
Worms (Ent. Gaz. 14: 115) recorded it from the London area in 1962.
A point of interest is that Hoffmeyer (Entom. 1950, 83: 194) included
compta amongst the noctuids that had established themselves in Denmark
only in this century. In addition to Youden’s own observations on the
larva, Cockayne wrote an account of collecting the wild larva on a large
scale at Folkestone and of larval behaviour in captivity (Ent. Gaz. 2: 76).
The larva feeds in the withered flower-heads and on the pods of Dianthus
barbatus L. (Sweet William) during July, and when large can be found
amongst withered leaves at the base of the plant along with an occasional
H. bicruris.

Description of the last instar larva
The largest larvae measure up to 33 mm. long. There is rather more
taper at each end of the body than is usual in British Dianthoecia larvae,

64 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT, HIST. SOC.

and the head is smaller. Colour an olive-ochreous, inclined in some
instances to sandy, others with much grey suffusion along the dorsum, but
commonly a dull putty hue. Darker dorsally than at the sides and paler
still beneath. Markings are variable but the dusky grey suffused dorsal
stripe is always prominent and is indeed the most conspicuous ornamen-
tation of a rather drab caterpillar. In some specimens there is but the
simplest pattern of dorsal stripe and trapezoidal dots, while others may
show a series of rudimentary chevrons so typical of Dianthoecia, running
from the fourth to the eleventh rings. I have not seen a well marked
larva, but the anterior trapezoidals can be boldly expressed. Thoracic
plate light-brown, crossed by a pale dorsal and subdorsal lines. Head
pale brown with two darker vertical stripes in front and with darker
mouth parts. Spiracles ringed in black, all legs grey-brown to ochreous.

Figures: Plate VII figs 8, 12 last instar, fig. 11 penultimate skin, on
Dianthus, Dover, 18.vii.1950 from A. J. WIGHTMAN.

HADENA CONSPERSA Schiff. MARBLED CORONET

A widely distributed species occurring throughout the coastal counties
of England and Wales, less frequently in Scotland, in the northern Isles,
and in Ireland from Cork to Antrim: less often found inland, but still
with a wide range of habitat that includes the chalk hills of Surrey, the
limestone district of Derbyshire, the Sheffield region, and central Inverness-
shire where the moth is associated with Silene maritima along the Spey
valley. Also in the Scilly Isles. The moth is remarkable for its clinal
variation from region to region, though this is less spectacular than in
H. lepida Esp.

Owing to the fact that larvae of the Dianthoecia group of moths are
mostly obtained from breeding from indiscriminately gathered seed-pods,
there are varied accounts of their foodplants, and this is confused further
because several of them will take to the same cultivated plants and may
be successfully reared from the egg upon them. In the wild it is doubtful
if larvae of conspersa have ever truly been found eating Lychnis pods.
Inland on chalk and limestone soils they eat Silene injlata but on the coast
they prefer Silene maritima wherever both plants occur together. In
appearance the larva of conspersa can really be confused only with
bicruris Hufn, from which it can be separated by the spiracular differences
given by MACNICOL (Jowin. am. ent. Soc. 5 (1941); 38: 42), but this larva is .
more usually found on Lychnis. So far as the Silene feeders in the wild are
concerned, conspersa is a much duller larva than the yellow tinged and
more handsomely mottled rivularis Fab. (cucubali). H. albimacula Borkh.
is a deeper orange and more heavily freckled, and is confined to §. nutans
on the Kent and South Devon coast, it occurs in Sussex only where that
county protrudes into Kent at Dungeness. A. irregularis Hufn. feeds only
on S. otites in the Breck. H. caesia Schiff. is heavily dusted with grey
laterally and has dark grey dorsal diamonds, and is exclusively a western
seaboard SS. maritima feeder. H. compta Schifl. has rarely been reported
from S. inflata but is more usually attached to Dianthus, and is a more
sombre ill-marked larva; conspersa has, however, been found on Dianthus
(Ent. Rec. 73: 166).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 65

Myers has written an instructive note on the foodplants of the group
(Entom. 1968, p. 35).

BarrETT (Lep. Brit. Is. vol. 1V, 252) gives a good description of the
conspersa larva and figure (Pl. 164).

Description of the last instar larva

Length when full grown to 36 mm. Body plump and cylindrical with
taper only in the later abdominals, showing the typical Hadena features
of small prolegs and smooth skin. Colour basically a dull putty hue but
inclined to orange or sandy in some specimens and also when younger.
Intersegmental folds narrow and frequently orange tinted. The common
Dianthoecia dorsal pattern of two diverging arms carried forward from
the dorsal line varies in intensity in conspersa; in its common form it is
weakly expressed, becoming well marked only at the dorsal line and
between the segments, but there is every development through to the heavily
marked dark form in which the entire pattern is deeply etched and much
suffused by further dark-brown freckling.

In the darkest form the entire centre of the dorsum between the
arms is shaded in to comprise a dusky diamond in which the front pair
of trapezoidal warts—so conspicuous in the pale forms—are barely
discernible. Similarly, the obscure shading above the broad pale spiracular
band in pale specimens may in others become deeply suffused and joined
above to the dorsal markings. Dorsal stripe begins on the thorax as a
double line but soon becomes darkly suffused and diffused on the
abdomen.

Spiracles fine, narrow, oval, brown rings pale centred. Head smooth
and shining, pale brown to very dark brown and marked in front with
two wavy blackish vertical lines. The legs pale brown, claspers and
prolegs pale like the ventral surface. Prothoracic plate pale brown in
the paler larvae to dark-brown in the highly coloured forms but always
crossed by the narrow white dorsal line. One larva collected from S.
maritima at Poldhu, Cornwall, was a uniform sombre ebony-brown and
the dorsal markings could be detected only with difficulty.

Figures: Plate VII all last instar figs. 1-3 on Silene inflata. Storrington,
West Sussex, 28.vii.1951, figs. 4-6 on Silene maritima Tintagel,
Cornwall, 14.vii.1957.

LUPERINA NICKERLII FREYER SSP. KNILLI Boursin.
IRISH RUSTIC

The species L. nickerlii has a curious history in Britain. It was first
found commonly as a sand-hill insect along the St. Annes part of the
Lancashire coast during the latter part of the last century, but it dis-
appeared before the First World War. A few were taken along the
North Wales coast from Rhyl to Deganwy until just before the Second
World War, and none have been found there since, and it has not been
found from the extensive sand-dune area of Anglesey, where collectors
expected to find it. Instead it was next discovered in Western Eire
(Ent. Gaz. 16: 3 (1965)) on the Dingle peninsula at Inch where it is an

66 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

inhabitant of the loose cliffs hard by the sea: this race has been named
knilli by BoursIN (Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 33: 5 (1964), 184). A good
account of collecting the moth has been given by HuGaIns (Ent. Rec. 79:
281, 1967).

The moth has been reared from the egg by Myers (Entom. 100:
13, 1967), who with A. J. WIGHTMAN gave me eggs in the autumn of
1965. The following is my own account based on the development from
these eggs.

Eggs were laid within the curled sheathing leaves of dead grass
stems. The eggs hatched after 14 days and the tiny larvae ate their
individual ways out by boring minute holes through the dead sheathing
leaf; stems from which a good number of larvae had hatched were
profusely perforated. Larvae were put on to whole plants and cut stems
of Poa annua and the first moult was passed within the grass stems
during the last week of September. They fed solely on the soft interior
of the stem. A second moult was made about the middle of October
and a third during the last week of October. Thereafter most larvae
entered hibernation but with a range of at least two instars, some larvae
being in their third instar, others in their fourth. Five larvae kept on
feeding very slowly throughout the winter at a mean temperature at 50° F.
and reached the seventh instar by early March, when the hibernating
larvae began to feed again.

I reared 4 larvae through to the moth and 12 others to last instar
and found them all to pass seven moults (not including the pupal) but
Myers (ibid) recorded only seven instars from one individual. The first
larva to finish feeding did so on March 27th, it spun a roomy cocoon
about twice the length of itself and lay up within for three weeks before
pupation. The cocoon was made beneath two inches of loose vermiculite
and scarcely any silk was used in its construction, the walls being simply
pressed out and weakly cemented. The pupa remained in the cocoon
and the moths made their way up through the vermiculite. The later
larvae followed a more usual timetable and pupated during June and July.

Habits of larva

Larvae were sluggish at all stages of growth, from newly hatched to
last instar. They were disinclined to wander and were unable to climb.
When feeding internally they simply ate away the centre of the stem that
contained them and when larger they rarely moved from their chamber.
The older larvae ate those stems they could reach by thrusting the head
from their chamber and only when all available food was eaten did they
extend or change their retreat.

Only the white lower parts of the stem were eaten by the older
larvae. During first and second instars some larvae lived in the flower
heads and ate the flowers and they preferred immature flowers still within
the sheathing leaf. The chamber of the larva is really a hollowed out
space within grass roots rather than a true cocoon, and the walls are soft
and closely woven, not cemented or brittle, the larva presses rootlets and
other material at hand (such as tissue paper) into a yielding bag-like
structure, but this is so strong that the materials can be torn apart with

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 67

the fingers only with great difficulty and risk of injury to the larva. During
the last two instars the larva lives within the dense matted fibrous rootlets
in dry powdery soil. Its chamber takes the form of a tight fitting
cylindrical tube that fits so closely to its body that it can be extricated
only with the greatest care, and then by stripping away the girdling walls
piece by piece.

The tube is open at both ends, the head is withdrawn in the manner
of a caddis-fly larva and the larva ejects its frass through the rear end
into the loose soil. When feeding inside the grass stem the larva simply
packs frass behind it within the burrow. Older larvae living externally
pass a very dry and powdery green frass which is evacuated outside
the chamber. The species is remarkable for the very small quantities of
frass passed and for its dryness.

Newly hatched larvae bored their way into stems by way of the
lower leaf axils, pushing and eating down into the stem, some were given
cut stems and these simply ate their way upwards. The full grown larva
will thrust its mouth parts upwards when disturbed and will vigorously
snap its large, strong mandibles.

Techniques used to rear larvae

Lepidopterous larvae that live within their host plant can be very
difficult to rear in captivity: those that live inside small grass stems are
especially tricky during the early instars. The problem is to keep the
grass fresh and healthy without the need to move larvae from stem to
stem, and when tried on a growing plant grass-feeders are rarely seen
again. Most internal feeding larvae dislike being turned out of their
burrow and the grass and the reed feeders usually choose to stay until
death in a yellowing stem. Grass quickly goes limp and _ loses its
attractive succulence when kept in a dry container and the only way in
which its life may be prolonged is to keep it in an airtight glass or
metal tube or glass phial, but these encourage condensation and mould
forms quickly.

A good many of the internal grass feeding larvae take readily to
Poa annua which is particularly fortunate as this grass is compact, is very
common, has a shallow root system and, above all, has a comparatively
stout fleshy rootstock that supports a conveniently short leaf: it is
available in good condition all the year. If the whole plant is uprooted
and most of the soil shaken away the roots can be squeezed and the plant
slipped into a glass phial or larger tube where it will remain attractive to
larvae for a week or so. The problem of condensation can be eased by
wrapping the plant in paper tissues and lining the cork with the same
material.

Newly hatched larvae of nickerlii knilli were placed on Poa annua
in glass phials packed in this manner and they were transferred still within
their stems to new plants as the old became yellow. As the larvae
hollowed out the blanched lower stems they could be fairly easily detected
when each stem was held against a bright electric lamp and each larva
could be seen within the translucent eaten stem. Tenanted stems were
laid against fresh plants and the larvae shifted of their own accord.

68 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

As the larvae grew larger and began to live outside the stem so
more paper tissue was loosely packed at the bottom of larger tubes, and
finally into jam-jars and complete protection was given from mould whilst
providing a dark and dry environment. Older larvae were kept solitary
but during the first two instars more than one larva would occupy the
same stem.

Description of first instar larva

A cylindrical larva with taper at anal end. The skin very glossy with
each ring banded in orange, the rest of the body being translucent. Body
hairs minute. Head large, dark brown, shining. Prothoracic plate large,
heavily chitinized, red-brown semi-circular and peaked in front. Anal
plate large, brown, heavily chitinized. Thoracic legs long, dark brown.

Description of fourth instar

The body colour dull ochreous grey bearing a well defined hoop of
plum-purple across the back of each ring. Head pale brown. Prothoracic
and anal plates large, pale brown, heavily chitinized, the anal with a
narrow strip of chitin on the preceding ring. True legs dark brown,
prolegs ochreous-grey.

Description of the eighth (last) instar

When fully grown the larva measures up to 25 mm. in length which
is very little for so large a creature. This is because its build is shortened
and squat and fat rather than long and slender as is more usual in
lepidopterous larvae. It is flattened at the thorax, broadest and thickest at
rings 4-6 of the abdomen, becoming much flattened and smaller after
that. Each ring is about twice as broad as long. The skin is smooth
and shining but exceedingly tough and is deeply quilted, no hairs are
visible to the naked eye except the sparse fine ones on the head and anal
plate. The dorsal vessel can be traced throughout the length of the body.

The body colour is a dull waxy olive-cream and the cuticle is thrown
into convoluted relief by transverse folding and quilting of the segments
and by the fleshy lateral folding, on the large thoracic rings the lateral
folds are darker and resemble plates of chitin. The only ornamentation
are the plates and associated bands of chitin.

The prothoracic plate is large and entirely covers the dorsum of the
first ring, it is weakly chitinized being coloured pale grey-brown or light
brown and is divided by a fine medio-dorsal line but is not well defined
at the sides. It is dotted with tiny sparse black hairs each of which arises
from a minute tubercle mounted on a pale base. The anal plate is a dark
brown heavily sculptured structure, semi-circular when viewed dorsally
and very thick when seen from the side, it is saucer-shaped bearing in its
depression on the anterior side another smaller replica of itself, so the
whole plate can be described as bearing two prominent flanges; the rim
of the plate and its internal discs are coloured deep dark brown or black.
The anal plate is preceded by a narrow strip of blackened chitin on the
ring adjacent to it, which reaches across the full width of the dorsum,
and this belt is notched at the position where in other larvae a subdorsal
line might run. The belt carries four tiny tubercles. There is another
shorter streak of dark grey-brown chitin on the next ring but this is

Proc. Brit.

ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968

PLATE

Figs. 1-3 and 7—8 Procus /atruncula Schiff.;
Figs. 4—6 Luperina nickerlii Frey, ssp. kni//i Boursin.

//

al ks
Eyes

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 69

broken at the centre and appears as two short streaks, each with a tiny
tubercle. The head is honey-brown or red-brown, globular with a broad
deep division at the base. It is normally held well into the thorax but
when extended, and when the larva moves, the head is seen to be thrust
so far forward that the larva appears to be in a moult.

Spiracles are small, oval, black and situated rather forward on each
ring, and about halfway down the sides, the prothoracic pair being much
larger. Anal claspers dark grey-brown, prolegs fleshy, olive-cream, tipped
with small black crochet rings, of little use for climbing or gripping. The
true legs grey, the last pair blackish. The skin is remarkably thick and
tough, the body is firm and turgid to the touch, it is one of the toughest
larva that I have seen.

Figures: Plate II figs. 4-6 all of last instar. Ex ova, female taken at
Inch, Co. Kerry, by WIGHTMAN and Myers, reared on Poa annua
and drawn 7.iv.1966.

PROCUS LATRUNCULA Schiff. TAWNY MINOR

For many years I have collected Procus larvae in April and May
from all manner of grassy situations wherever I happened to be in
England and Wales. These larvae always preduced strigilis Clerck and
latruncula Schiff. also furuncula Schiff., but never the insect called
versicolor Borkh., even although I have coilected larvae in situations, e.g.,
Marlow where versicolor is known.

These Procus larvae change from stem to stem by night and can be
seen by torchlight sitting or moving slowly low down on the grass stems
or on the soil debris and not at all on the tips of the blades because the
legs are not suited to climbing and the crochets do not grip tightly. The
larvae feed internally and enter by pushing into the leaf axil, fairly low
down where they eat away the fleshy blanched stem as far as the tough
base and root and they leave behind a squashy green frass. They pupate
in the ravaged stem above compacted frass and always within a large
leafy shoot, and within the shelter of other sheathing blades, but very
low down.

P. strigilis and P. latruncula larvae appear to be inseparable, both
exhibiting variation in the rosy pink ground colour which may be deep
maroon or purplish. Larvae with a blanched pallid line are not uncommon
but are unhealthy, being infected by a fungus that kills in the last instar.
Both species are, however, very distinct from other small internal grass
and reed feeders as I have already described in Part VI of this work,
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. hist. Soc. 1961, pp. 142-144.

Description of last instar larva

At full growth measure to 20 mm. long. Head very small, pointed,
dark brown with darker mouthparts, ocelli large and prominent in a
raised arc. Prothoracic plate large pale brown divided by a clear fine
dorsal line, edged darker in front and again but less strongly at the
posterior border. The second and third thoracic rings bear two small
rounded plates laterally with a further, weaker one above. The anal plate

70 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

is large, honey-coloured preceded by a narrow transverse chitinous strip
bearing dorsal warts on the posterior of the previous segment. Trapezoidal
warts tiny but conspicuous, black, each with a short soft fine bristle.
Head and anal plate weakly hairy. Prolegs weak ill-suited to climbing
and fast movement, grey in colour. True legs greyish ochreous. Spiracles
narrowly oval upright, placed at the centre of the spiracular band.

The ground colour is greyish ochreous at the sides and beneath is
flushed with pink, the dorsum is flesh tint and an intensified pink on the
dorsal patches. The dorsal stripe is clear grey from behind the prothoracic
plate to the narrow strip of chitin on the penultimate ring. Subdorsal
stripes pale, well-marked only in darker examples, in many specimens the
only markings that can be seen between the dorsal patches and spiracular
band are a series of undulating streaks that bisect the lateral space. The
dorsal patches are much broken by wedges and streaks of ground colour
and the trapezoidal warts stand each on a pale base within these patches.
Colour of the dorsal patches varies from purplish to pale rose pink.

The drab pallid pattern of larvae of this genus does not allow easy
identification, and the more characteristic feature is the build which is
spindle-shaped and swells quickly from the fleshy puffed thorax and _ is
broadest at the third thoracic ring from whence it tapers evenly to the
long narrow penultimate ring: other abdominal rings wider than long.
The skin is quilted and shining.

Figures: Plate II figs. 1-3 last instar in Dactylis, Marlow, Bucks.,
18.iv.1959; figs. 7, 8 last instar in Dactylis, Farnham, Surrey, 10.iv.1958.

APAMEA INFESTA Ochs. (anceps Hiibn.). LARGE NUTMEG

Whereas this moth has a universal distribution in Britain extending
to the northern isles, and occupying great variety of habitat, it is nowhere
really common, although perhaps more often seen in southern English
counties. The larva is not to be found with other hibernated A pamea
species in the meadow grasses and by the way-side, indeed, it remains
unknown in the wild state. Some.knowledge of the larva was evidently
known to the early writers for South, Moths of the British Isles, in 1907
could accurately state that the caterpillar ‘“‘is said to be very like that of
Apamea basilinea (sordens),” which indeed it is. Barrett (Lep. Brit. Isles,
4: 349) gives an inadequate description, and no other British author has
offered an alternative. To the best of my knowledge Mr. T. G. HowarTH
was the first person, at least in modern times, to obtain larvae, and these
he reared from the egg. Like other species of true Apamea, infesta
larvae feed at first on grass seeds and flowers, or on grain, and only later
take to grass blades; they are not true subterranean larvae, but they do
hide away in the soil and spin there a loose cocoon in which they rest.
The legs of Apamea larvae are not well suited to climbing and they are
in consequence to be found amongst the lower parts of the grass tussocks
rather than higher up the stems. They can be found in this manner only
after dark. JI have in an earlier paper, Ent. Gaz. 8: 223, discussed the
five species of Apamea larvae that appear very much alike, and there

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT, HIST. SOC. 7)

suggested that the chitinised plates of the prothoracic and anal segments
provide the surest means of identifying them.

A. infesta is more difficult to distinguish from A. sordens Hufn. than
the others, but it can still be recognised by its red-brown head, its
narrower and red-brown prothoracic plate, both of which are blackish-
brown in sordens, and by the absence of the suffused black patch which
surrounds the lateral warts of sordens; infesta is rather the more slender
larva with a greater taper at each end. The larvae reared by Mr. Howarth
were kept indoors and presumably fed up more quickly than in nature.

Description of the last instar larva

At full growth measures 35 mm. long, the body broadest at the centre
with considerable taper to the anal segment and less towards the head, a
little flattened along the dorsum. The skin very smooth and shining, the
intersegmental divisions clearly defined, transverse wrinkling only on the
thoracic rings. Colour a dull pale ochreous-grey relieved only by the
dorsal stripe and spiracular bands; the dorsal stripe is a bold creamy-
white, broader at the intersegmental divisions and again at the centre of
each segment, the stripe narrower and less distinct on the thorax, but
narrowly margined throughout its length by dusky shading that becomes
heavier towards the anal segment. Subdorsal lines merely paler than the
ground colour. Spiracular bands broad, stone-coloured, surmounted by
a large black wart on all abdominal rings. The spiracles narrow, oval,
white and black ringed, accompanied by a small spherical wart, the
spiracles placed centrally in their band. Head reddish-brown, shining,
marked above and in front by two short dark, vertical streaks. Pro-
thoracic plate pale red-brown, darker between the dorsal and subdorsal
stripes, the latter white and clear, the subdorsals mostly obliterated.
Anal plate pale, the subdorsals very weak, the conspicuous white dorsal
stripe bordered by a dark shading. True legs dark brown, prolegs and
anal claspers pale ochreous-grey. Trapezoidal warts along dorsum small,
the hairs fine and short, and not evident to the naked eye.

Figures: Plate I, fig. 4 penultimate instar 28.x.1952; fig. 5 immediately
after the last moult; figs. 7, 8 fully grown, 30.xi.1952. Reared ab
ovis at first on wheat grains and oatmeal subsequently on blades of
Poa annua L., Dactylis and Agropyron (couch grass), from a moth
taken at Arkley, Herts., by Mr. T. G. HowartTu.

APOROPHYLA LUNEBURGENSIS Freyer

The criteria that distinguish one species from another, or from race
or subspecies, are neither constant nor entirely rational, and lepidopterists
have become increasingly familiar with anomalies and inconsistencies as
species have become split. The decision is frequently one of acceptance
by majority opinion, and the argument shifts dramatically between one
group and another: on the one hand we have the “genitalia” species
as in the genera Procus, Oporinia and Hydraecia, on the other we have
Diarsia florida, Eupithecia goosensiata and Leucania favicolor that depend
for their recognition solely upon differences in wing facies or habitat.

72 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

The case for regarding luneburgensis as a separate species from
lutulenta Schiff., since the original description by FREYER in 1848 (Neuere
Beit. 6: 72), has been supported by Draupr (in Seitz, 1938. Palaearctic
Noctuae, Suppt. 3, p. 136), by HoFFMEYER (1962 De Danske Ugler) and
by WIGHTMAN (1955 Ent. Gaz. 6: 217), who gives full descriptions and
references and who writes, “I find it impossible to accept that if /utulenta
and luneburgensis were but forms of one species, both forms would be
so widespread. Local races are surely likely to be restricted in habitat.
Yet in this case lutulenta is found in England, France, Spain, Germany
and Italy among other places while /Juneburgensis occurs in Ireiand, Isle
of Man, France, Holland and throughout N.W. Germany, etc. Yet the
Taces or species are quite easily distinguishable from each other every-
where.”

The occurrence in Britain of the two insects is quite separate,
lutulenta being confined to the south and east of England; in Wales,
Ireland and Scotland it is entirely replaced by /uneburgensis. In Denmark
Hoffmeyer states that only luneburgensis occurs.

In his paper Wightman suggested that there might be differences
between larvae of the two insects, and the examination of many Scottish
larvae since then has borne this out. In contrast to lutulenta, the larva of
luneburgensis is mostly a brightly ornamented creature with black or red
flecking relieving the white and cream longitudinal stripes, Wightman has
now seen a great many larvae of both insects and he maintains he has
never seen such brightly marked forms of /utulenta, in which the greatest
extent of variation is a tendency for weak maroon edging of the spiracular
band and rarely a suggestion of abbreviated black dashes along the
dorsum. Larvae of all the British species included in the genus
Aporophyla vary a great deal in colour and markings, all have plain
green examples, normal in lutulenta, not too rare in luneburgensis, very
unusual in both australis and lunula (nigra) but green larvae do occur in
all four species, and they can quite easily be wrongly identified. The
larva is principally a Calluna feeder.

Description of last instar larva

Measures to 38 mm. long, is cylindrical with taper towards the head
from the mid abdomen, the skin smooth and velvety, the body rather
flattened at the thorax, the head held well under a large prothoracic
plate.

Colour a rich, luscious sap-green, intersegmental folds deep yellow,
dorsal line always present, usually brightly marked in crimson or black
on the anterior half of all abdominal rings except the last two, in some
larvae these marking are restricted, but in the best marked examples the
line is continuous from last thoracic to the penultimate segment, and is
doubled on the thorax itself. The line is not smooth but is coarsely
granulated, having a rough powdered appearance. Subdorsal stripe is
snow-white, weak on thorax and last abdominal ring, it is edged above in
varying intensity in crimson or black, sometimes continuously, more often
as a broken border and better marked on the anterior half of each ring.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. Ws

Spiracular band continuous and broad on all abdominal rings, narrow on
thorax and anal segment, band is swollen by fleshy lateral flanges coloured
white but heavily obscured in lime-yellow; the band is edged continuously
above in deep maroon to form a series of blotches with each patch
surrounding the white spiracle. Head olive, unicolorous, true legs grey,
prolegs green tipped with pink, and claspers green edged by continuation
of the spiracular cream stripe.

Some larvae combine both red and black markings, and this makes
a very handsome combination.

Figures: Plate VIII figs. 7-11 all last instar on Calluna, Boat of Garten,
Inverness-shire, 9.vi.1962, A. J. WIGHTMAN.

LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI Boisd. THE STONE PINION

The history of this recently discovered British noctuid is given by
MerRE (1961 Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 67) and is also
given in South (1961, Moths Brit. Is., 1: 228) where the English name of
Blair’s Shoulder-knot is first introduced. My own preference is for the
name Stone Pinion, this being the name given by Bair (1952,
Entomologist, 85: 123) in his original paper.

At the time of writing (March, 1968) the moth is still confined in
Britain to the south seaboard counties, and is distributed discontinuously
from Eastbourne in Sussex to Torquay in Devon with odd records from
Hants mainland and south Surrey. It remains best-known from the Isle
of Wight, and is apparently well established at Torquay.

At the time when KETTLEWELL proved this moth to be breeding in
this country it was known to British entomologists by the name lapidea
Hiibn., and all records until 1957 appeared under that name, it was not
until the work of BoursIn became available that the English insect was
considered instead to be the subspecies hesperica Boursin of a twin
species L. leauticri Boisd. The subspecies was first described by Boursin
(1957, Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 3: 62) from moths of west and south-west
France, and in particular from the Gironde district. Previously (1957,
Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2: 19) Boursin had argued the difference between
lapidea and leauticri, and stated that the English moths very likely
belonged to the latter species; in the later paper Boursin discussed the
English moths at greater length, having received specimens from Kettle-
well, and he re-affirmed his decision that these agreed with Jeautieri s.sp.
hesperica.

Mr. E. P. WILTSHIRE has studied the two insects Jeautieri and lapidea
from extensive material from the Middle East, France and Switzerland;
he has recently pointed to me that in addition to quite distinct differences
between the male genitalia of these insects he has found that the white
dorsal stripe of the larva is widely interrupted in Japidea but continuous
or nearly so in leautieri. The larva of leautieri usually has, in addition,
the subdorsal white markings more tapering and less club-like, and the
white spots in the subdorsal and lateral area are smaller and fainter.

74 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

There has been the usual speculation on the origin of Jeautieri in
Britain. WARNECKE (1959, Entomologist, 92: 34) was prompted to write,
“Tt has been suggested that it has been there for a very long time and it
has escaped detection from search until the present time. The consensus
of opinion among British lepidopterists, however, is that it is a recent
arrival.” Writing from first hand knowledge of the species Wightman
(1959, Entomologist, 92: 76) gave sound reasons why the insect could
well have lived here for years without discovery. There never had been
a consensus of opinion that J/eautieri was a recent arrival, but instead a
naive fixation amongst collectors generally that any species met with for
the first time in Britain must necessarily have newly flown in. The fact
that the moth may be extending its range in Britain does not equally
argue its recent migration from the Gironde. If, on the other hand,
leautieri were to be a long-standing inhabitant of Britain then it must
have subsisted on juniper, because its only other, and more usual food is
cypress, and no cypress is indigenous to Britain.

The most common cypress, Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gord
was introduced from California early last century and the bulk of south
coast trees derive from about 50 years ago and cannot have provided the
flowers required by leautieri until something like the past thirty years.
C. macrocarpa was first introduced into Britain in 1838 but was used in
widescale plantings only from about 1880. The early 1900’s saw extensive
plantings and most of the larger trees date from this period 1880-1920.
Large old trees are today found along the southern English coastline
from Cornwall to Kent and Essex, and they occur principally in orna-
mental groups or avenues, not as plantations. The tree grows well only
near the sea for it is very subject to dieback in cold winters, and it
produces flowers rather erratically. Lepidoptera that are dependent upon
C. macrocarpa for food will have the same distribution as the tree, and in
the case of Jeautieri this will be the older trees that bear flowers.

A full account of rearing the species from the egg is given by Kettle-
well and Haggett (1957, Entomologist, 90: 285-294).

Kettlewell and Wightman have separately recorded the view that the
moth rests normally by day not on the bark or fence palings, as is usual
in the genus, but amongst cypress foliage, and Wightman (1959,
Entomologist, 92: 76) tells how he found that moths came commonly to
light from cypresses standing in a chicken-run, and why he believed the
pupa to be spun up on the tree. An empty pupa and cocoon were indeed
found on the bark of cypress by Goater and Lorimer. The only recorded
instances of larvae being found wild appear to be of two larvae beaten
by Mr. Lobb by means of a long pole from C. macrocarpa on the Isle
of Wight (1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 9) and again by Wakely in 1962. A fully
grown larva was found by Sam Knill-Jones in July, 1963, crawling along a
garden wall.

Larvae in captivity have been induced to eat juniper.

When discussing the larva (1957, Entomologist, 90: 287) I quoted
Milliére’s comment on Dahl’s opinion that the larva of /apidea could be

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 75

likened to that of Cucullia abrotani F. (artemisiae Hufn.) and that this
had led Treitschke to place lapidea among the Cucullias. Boursin also
referred to this same account (Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon., 2: 22), saying that
the larva of true /apidea was still very little known and that if Dahl had
indeed examined that species and not /eautieri then that fact might explain
Dahl’s observation, but I think it probable that Dahl could have had
either because both more closely resemble some of the Cucullias than the
common lithophanid larva. This is not to suggest that Jeautieri is wrongly
assigned to its present genus, but it is a good opportunity of stating how
closely allied are the genera Lithophane, Xylena and Cucullia.

The larva of lapidea is now better known thanks to the work of
Mr. Wiltshire and at a meeting of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, 27.ix.62, Mr. Wiltshire showed colour trans-
parencies of the larva of this species from Lebanon.

Description of the fifth (last) instar larva

Forty-three days old and seven days after the last moult. Length
36 mm. Plump, cylindrical, the segments swollen, much restricted at the
divisions, the larva is soft and fleshy and easily injured, of even width
with taper only at the very last segment, abdominal rings but slightly
broader than the head and thorax. Colour a rich olive-green gently
shading into yellow-green and touched with maroon on each ring on
the dorsum; wrinkled and decidedly yellower beneath with a pair of
crinkled dark green bands. Dorsal stripe broad, bold, clear white outlined
in black, running continuously from the prothoracic plate to the edge of
the anal plate, broadest at the segment divisions and narrowest at the
centre of each ring, particularly on the thorax where constriction is
extreme, and swollen on the twelfth ring to form, in association with the
two white warts there, a crown-shaped figure followed by a fine white
streak before the plate. Subdorsals a series of broad, distinct, incurved
waved clear white patches edged in black, finely drawn out at each side
and extended above to embrace the posterior trapezoidal wart, running
from behind the head on to the anal plate where they become yellowish,
yellowish also on the prothoracic plate’ and smeared with yellow at the
centre of each abdominal patch. Spiracular bands white, much mottled
with yellow at the centre of each ring, a continuous, crinkled, undulating
band arched upwards posteriorly to each spiracle, broken at the eleventh
segment to reappear as a pale stripe down the anal clasper. Adjacent to
each upward sweep of the spiracular band, and surrounding the spiracle,
is a patch of deep maroon on each of the abdominal rings with a
corresponding but weaker patch present well below the band embracing
a white wart.

A further pale line is present between the subdorsal blotches and
the maroon patches, comprising a series of pale streaks. Below the
spiraculars the skin is mottled with dark green, yellowish and maroon
flecks on which the white warts stand boldly. All warts along the dorsum,
tiny, black, placed on a paie base that is ringed again in black. Lateral
warts white, a tiny hair from each wart. Head smooth, shining, with a

76 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

few weak hairs, flat in front, the suture weak, colour olive-green, the lobes
much mottled on the upper half with pale flecks except for the two short
dark vertical streaks; clypus plain green outlined in whitish, labrum pale
green, mandibles red-brown. The head well tucked into the first segment
when at rest. True legs pale yellowish-green, ochreous at the tips,
prolegs plain green, deep maroon at the extremities with pink crochets.
Prothoracic plate bluish, soft, the dorsal stripe simply a tear-shaped flash of
white at the anterior margin and extended most finely to meet the swollen
stripe on the second segment, the subdorsals thick and continuous across
the lower margin. Anal plate narrow, green, crossed only by the strongly
marked yellowish subdorsals. Spiracles oval, orange, strongly edged with
black, placed centrally on their segments, each immediately above the
white band. There was a very little variation in this instar as in pre-
ceding stages. Some larvae were better marked with maroon along the
posterior abdominal segments and others had minor breaks in the
subdorsal stripe.

Figures: Plate IX fig. 1 newly hatched larva, figs. 2 and 3 third instar,
figs. 4-6 fifth instar, 5S.iv.1957 and 19.iv.1957. All ab ovis from Isle
of Wight moths taken by H. B. D. KETTLEWELL. Reared on flowers
and then foliage of Cupressus macrocarpa.

COLOBOCHYLA SALICALIS Schiff. THE LESSER BELLE

Until this century the Lesser Belle was one of the rarest of British
moths and it still remained very uncommon until the end of the Second
World War when Ham Street Woods in Kent were assiduously worked
and the species was found there in large numbers; today these woods are
still the only locality where collectors can be sure of finding the moth. It
has only ever been recorded from south-eastern England, from Kent to the
west Sussex border.

At Ham Street the moth frequents the more open parts of the woods
and when plentiful it could be readily flushed by day from herbage and
long grass. It was most numerous where thinning of the Populus tremula
(aspen) groves had encouraged dense growth of suckers, and in such a
situation in May, 1952, I found it remarkably abundant. This unprece-
dented abundance could be attributed to the cutting of aspens for
replanting, during which abnormal quantities of young foliage became
available, enabling the moth to exploit an artificial situation. The
normal habit would seem to be to pass a precarious existence amongst
aspens in the old oak woodlands of south-eastern England, utilising for
food such young aspen shoots as grow naturally and in limited supply,
for the older foliage of the upper crown of the tree is not acceptable to
the larvae which instead require the juvenile leaves of suckers or saplings,
and these remain attractive only for a few seasons. But WAKELY was
successful in rearing larvae sleeved on willow (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1958: 8) and FAtRCLOUGH has also found larvae easy to rear
on this plant.

oc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 , PLATE Ill

Figs. 1-5 Ap/asta ononaria Fuessl.; figs. 6 and 9 Thetidea smaragdaria Fab ;
Figs. 7-8 and 10 Scopula immorata Linn.; figs. 11-16 Thalera fimbrialis Scop.

a —_ nee y te 7

5 Ene
a La,
Ps

ieee:

1
onal

oy

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT, HIST. SOC. 77

In captivity there have been several instances of second-brood moths
emerging in August and September, and there is one record of a wild-
taken moth on 14.ix.56 at Ham Street. The moth is usually out in late
May to mid-June, but odd examples may be found in mid-July. Larvae
have been found on aspen at Ham Street in late June and early July,
1953;

BARRETT (1900, Lep. Brit. Isles, 6: 283) gives a very good account of
the habits and haunts of the moth, but his figure of the larva, Plate 261,
is not accurate. The figures by HOFFMAN (1893, Die Raupen der Gross-
Schmetterlinge Europas, Pl. 38) are good except for the exaggerated black
spiracles. The figure given in the 1961 edition of South, Moths Brit.
Isles, Series I, Pl. 148, is totally unlike salicalis. HEpGEs (1950, Entomolo-
gist, 83: 97) has given an accurate account of the life history with an
excellent photograph of the cocoons. The egg and beautifully paiterned
pupa are described and figured in Ent. Gaz., 4: 267. The only mention
in BUCKLER (9: 384) is the remarkable record of a parasite reared by
BIGNELL,

I found that captive females could be kept alive for four weeks,
feeding on sugar water, but the moths would quickly die if their container
was allowed to dry out. The eggs hatched in ten days, the eggshell was
not eaten but the cast skin of later moults was. The newly hatched larva
was very active, and was coloured a greyish-ochreous with a dark purplish
suffusion along the dorsum to the eighth abdominal segment, the head
large and yellowish.

It became a uniform glassy grey-green after one day, with prominent
black warts. It ate the hairy under surface of the young aspen leaf,
leaving tiny perforations. The larva showed a thin dorsal line after its
second moult but retained its grey-green colour until the next change.
The larval stage lasted six to seven weeks and at all instars the many
larvae I had under observation ignored older leaves for the tender young
foliage. There are four moults in addition to the pupal.

Description of the fifth (last) instar larva

Measures to 30 mm. long at full growth, the body slender with
abdominal rings 4 to 6 the largest, and with even taper to each end;
viewed dorsally the larva is of uniform width. The large globular head
is pale green and as broad as the first ring. Colour a bright yellow-
green or sap-green, changing in intensity in relation to the amount of
light cast upon the body, seen from above it may look deep blue-green,
from the side a translucent yellow hue broken by dark green moitling,
with conspicuous yellow intersegmental folds and with tracheal system
showing yellow at the spiracles. The first thoracic and last abdominal
rings are flattened and much wrinkled, the other rings being more smooth
and firm. The only ornamentation is a fine dark blue-green dorsal line
which is present on all segments, but weaker on the thorax and through
which the dorsal vessel can be seen. True legs pale brown, prolegs pale
green tipped with brown and placed well to the rear of the segment, the
anal claspers long and slender. There are only two pairs of well

78 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

developed prolegs, those of the third abdominal ring being reduced to
small conical non-functional appendages, and those of the fourth are
small and weak but are used. Skin soft, smooth, the spiracles tiny, pale,
thickly ringed with orange; the body hairs fine and soft, more numerous
on the head and last ring. The larva moves and sits like a looper; it is
a very active, nervous creature and when alarmed it can wriggle most
violently,

Figures: Plate X figs. 11-13, all last instar, on aspen. Ab ovis, the
parent moth from Ham Street. Figured 23.v.1952.

HYPENA ROSTRALIS L. BUTTONED SNOUT

PORRITT gives an adequate account of the larva in the last of
Buckler’s volumes (9: 1); Buckler himself evidently left no figures. There
is a good description given by BARRETT (1900, Lep. Brit. Isles, 6: 318) but
the figure plate 263 is poor.

The species seems to be present wherever there is plenty of hop in
Britain, which is mainly in the southern half of England, but the moth
has been recorded from as far north as Rhum in the Hebrides. It is
apparently absent from Ireland.

Figures: Plate X figs. 5-8, all last instar, on hop, Pulborough, Sussex,
from A. J. WIGHTMAN. Figured 18.vi1.1953.

APLASTA ONONARIA Fuess. REST-HARROW MOTH

As a British insect this species really dates from 1937, when A. M.
Morey found it in the Warren at Folkestone: during the last century
there had been specimens recorded also from the Warren in 1867, 1869
and 1871, with one from Folkestone in 1877; but no more until 1909
(New Forest), 1923 (scuthern England) and 1932 and 1934 (both Romney
Marsh). The Warren colonies prospered throughout the 1939-45 War, and
by 1947 the moth had been found in numbers at Sandwich; it has con-
tinued to flourish in both these localities and there have been single
records also from Tilgate Forest (1947), Southsea (Portsmouth) (1959)
and Dungeness (1957 and 1959). The early history of the moth at
Folkestone has been recorded in detail by Morey (1937-48 Entomologist,
71: 145; 72: 81; 74: 138; 78: 190; 80: 168 and 81: 179) with notes on
the life history and the discovery of the wild larva. More recently (Ent.
Rec., 80 (1968), 9, supplt. (2)) CHALMERS-HUNT has given a full history
of both Kent colonies.

Morey and COcKAYNE recorded that the larva hibernates in its fourth
instar, remaining dormant from August until May, and passing one
further moult. Moths emerge during the latter part of June and
throughout July, with second brood moths coming out from mid-August
into early September. Larvae have been found after hibernation from
4th May until 4th June. The larva feeds only on Ononis.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 719

I have found the larva to be very sluggish and to move but little in
the wild state, so that it could be located by its feeding habit and its
frass, both of which occur at the tip of the leafy shoots; it has the
characteristic habit of biting partly through the stem of a young shoot
about an inch below the tip so that the end droops and withers, In
captivity it was necessary to well water both plant and larvae. Although
the penultimate instar may be much paler green than the foodplant, at
full growth the larva is beautifully matched to the soft deep green of
Ononis. The larva likes to sit just below the tip of a shoot where it is
partially hidden by the bunched leafiets. Larvae quickly fall when the
plant is disturbed, but they may be sought tightly curled at the base of
the plant.

Description of last instar larva

COCKAYNE (1938, Entomologist, 71: 169) has given a very full
description of the early instars, remarking that this larva was structurally
quite unlike any other geometrid larva that he had seen. The larva is
remarkable for the peculiar structure and arrangement of the hairs which
are of two forms, long curved setae or shorter blunt-tipped hairs, which
Cockayne called cup-hairs, the latter being borne sometimes on _ bold
conical projections or bosses, and sometimes on the skin itself.

Length to 17 mm. when fully grown. Shape thickset and obese,
stubby, with little taper at each end. Rather flattened beneath, the rings
but weakly differentiated from one another, but when the body is
extended each ring is seen to be edged with a pronounced flange that is
interrupted at the ring divisions. Colour a blue-green that is softened
and lightened by a profusion of hairs and spines that arise both from
tubercles and the skin. The skin is shining yellow-green like a chile
pepper, but is so contorted by tubercles and by folding that highlights
and shadow combine with hairs and spines to present a dulled mat
surface in which only the larger yellow tubercles stand out, and these
but slightly; this is especially true of the first pair of dorsal tubercles on
each of the abdominal rings. There is a weak yellowish lateral line,
which is merely the paler extremities of the skin flanges, and it can be
traced from the thorax to the anal flap. The whole of the anal segment
and the one preceding it are markedly yellow-green. There is a poorly
marked dorsal stripe of dark green which runs the full length of the
body. The larva is uniform paler green beneath and the hairs there are
shorter and sparser. The two kinds of hairs are both present in the last
instar, both are white, the shorter knobbed hairs arising from the cuticle
and tubercles, the longer curved hairs only from the tubercular cushions.

Head longer than broad, flattened in front, pale green but varying in
the amount of black freckling that may be so dense as to almost obscure
the green. Prothoracic plate a horny, squared and smoothed part of the
cuticle, studded with a row of tiny black tubercles at front and posterior
edges, and carrying sparse long hairs directed forward over the head.
Anal flap large, juicy yellow-green, fleshy, bluntly heart-shaped owing
to the bilobed anterior edge, it carries only short hairs. True legs pale

$0 PROC. BRIT. ENI. NAT. HIST. SOC.

green tipped with pink. Spiracles rounded, dark yellow. Prolegs dark
green, anal claspers yellow-green like the flap.

This peculiar larva has no obvious affinities with any other of the
Palaearctic region species. Meyrick (1927, Revised Handbook of the
British Lepidoptera) included it with those geometrid genera whose moths
appear to have primitive venation to form the family Monocteniadae, but
this has not proved very satisfactory and modern practice is to return
Aplasta near to the Emeralds which share similar hindwing venation.

Figures: Plate III fig. 3, larva in hibernation; figs. 1, 2, in penultimate
instar. Folkestone Warren, 16.v.1948. Figs. 4-5, last instar, Sand-
wich, 26.v.1963. On Ononis repens L.

THETIDEA SMARAGDARIA Fab. ESSEX EMERALD

The larva of this species had always been difficult to locate until
Rev. Burrows published his observations in 1900 Ent. Rec., 2: 113,
152, 169, 171; and as the moth is rarely caught the species has since that
time invariably been collected in the larval stage. It has always been
extremely local in Britain, being confined to the Essex coastal salt
marshes from Tilbury to St. Osyth, and across the Thames estuary at
Sheppey in Kent, where Chalmers-Hunt tells me it was last recorded
in 1957.

Rev. Burrows related how the larva can survive submergence by sea
tide, how the debryis is attached to the body and how the body hooks
change in structure from the first instar to the barbed spiny warts of the
last skin. He discussed how the many larvae he had reared never ate
Achillea or Poterium, only Artemisia maritima, but in captivity the larva
did well on A. absinthium and the cultivated Scuthernwood: he also
tried Pyrethrum and Anthemis without success but found that larvae
eagerly devoured Tanacetum: some larvae were found wild in his
garden on Santolina. He recorded that one should never beat for the
larva, always search because it drops before the tray can be got into the
foodplant, a habit shared by A. ononaria and some other Emeralds. His
hints on collecting are a model for all field workers to heed, thus:
“When you reach the hunting-ground, first of all roll on the patch of
plant, then sit down and eat your lunch, or smoke a pipe. When you
are ready, go quickly and have another look. If the day be warm, the
sun shining, you will see the larva walking about quite actively on the
beaten down patch.”

Burrows gave very detailed descriptions of egg and larva with special
reference to the means by which particles of foodplant are attached to
the larva, and his notes are well illustrated by line drawings. Other
authors who figure the larva, such as Barrett, South and Stokoe, so
heavily obscure the larva with its camouflage that the figures are of
little value.

Description of last instar larva

At full growth the larva measures 30 mm. The basic colour is
ochreous-grey but upon this are superimposed darker striations. There is
a solid dark mediodorsal stripe running continuously from the third ring

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 81

to the last that is finely margined in pale grey. The subdorsal lines are
narrow and white and rather inconspicuous and are bowed upwards at
the centre of each ring and thus appear to curve away from the dorsal
stripe at the ring divisions,, they are also rather constricted at the centre
of the ring. The subdorsals are flanked immediately below by a broad
dark brown band. There are two prominent blackish lateral streaks
below the subdorsal on rings 5-10. Low down on the sides of rings 4-9
there runs a fine white line and on rings 8-9 this line curls towards the
medioventral stripe. The ventral surface is much paler than above, and
carries a series of Y shaped ochreous markings on rings 4-8, each figure
surrounding a central black spot.

The disposition of the spiracles is unusual in that those on rings
5-8 are placed very high upon the sides, close to the subdorsal line. All
spiracles are large and black. Claspers are ochreous striped vertically
with dark brown, true legs mottled brown, slender but large for size of
larva. Head pale grey striped with four dark lines.

A feature of the larva is the series of warts armed with short spikes
and arranged along the sides, and to which particles of foodplant are
attached. In shape the larva tapers gradually from the small head and
thorax to its broadest at the fifth abdominal ring.

Figures: Plate III figs. 6, 9, both last instar, on Artemisia maritima,
Canvey Island, 18.v.1950.

THALERA FIMBRIALIS Scop. SUSSEX EMERALD

Also known as the Notched Emerald, this is another of those species
with a few records scattered over many years until at length it was found
to be breeding in at least part of the range from which it had earlier
been reported; there is a gap of 34 years between CapPER’s famous
Beachy Head capture in 1902 and RUSSELL’S Swanage specimen (1936),
and another ten years before the Bournemouth and Bradwell-on-Sea
moths (1946). The Dungeness and Dengemarsh records date from 1950
but the populations may well have been established a few years earlier as
the numbers caught there in subsequent years seem to indicate. Three
moths were taken at Eastbourne in 1950, 1953 and 1956, but only in the
Dungeness area has the moth been regularly taken, and there it had
become less plentiful by 1960. In 1963 DE Worms observed that it was
‘equally plentiful’ on the Crumbles at Eastbourne (1963, Ent. Gaz.,
14: 118).

The moth has been caught during the latter part of July and the first
half of August, but in 1952 there were June emergences. The larva
hibernates in its third instar, from late September until March and
pupates during June. KETTLEWELL (1953, Ent. Rec., 65: 305) records
how he collected larvae before hibernation in August and again after
hibernation in early June. Goodson has since found that the easiest way
to find the full-grown larva was first to brush the foodplants and then
search for the curled up larva on the ground below.

In the wild state the larva has been found on Achillea millefolium
(Yarrow) and has been bred from the egg on it in captivity. In 1953

82 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

HuGH ROBINSON succeeded in forcing through a second brood by giving
heat from the egg stage; the larva does not seem amenable to forcing
once the hibernation is entered.

The egg and early larval instars are described by CHALMERS-HUNT
(1952, Ent. Rec., 64: 10) and Morey and YOUDEN (1952, Ent. Gaz.,
3: 193). Descriptions of the larva and the pupa are given in the Ent.
Rec., 65: 307 and the Ent. Gaz., 5: 95. The following is from my
original work.

Description of fifth (last) instar larva

Length to 31 mm. Colour a delicate pale yellow-green along the
dorsum, bright apple green laterally and darker beneath with a pale
ventral line edged darkly; the lateral shading converges towards the
dorsal line on the thoracic segments which are somewhat swollen and
contracted. Dorsal line narrow, dark green on thorax, quickly becoming
maroon along the abdomen, ending abruptly at the anal flap in a broad
spear-shaped flash of blue-green; the dorsal line suffused on the abdominal
rings to form a series of broadly oval pink blotches with a fine purplish
central stripe, the streak on the seventh ring being shortened. Anal flap
acutely pointed and tipped with pink. Head pale greyish, deeply notched
to form unusually long horns which are coloured dark red at the tips,
a dark brown stripe up each side. Thoracic legs edged and tipped with
pink, also the horns of the first segment. Claspers deep green. Spiracles
tiny, yellow. Low down along the lateral fold of the seventh abdominal
ring there is a short bright maroon streak. Intersegmental folds pale
yellow. In shape broadest and flatter at the posterior abdominal rings,
with an acute lateral flange, tapering to cylindrical constricted thoracic
rings, and small head.

COCKAYNE (1953, Ent. Rec., 65: 307) described a form in which the
dorsal stripe was dark green instead of red, but with the same red
horns, legs and lateral streak.

The larva has been compared with Chlorissa viridata L., but the later
instars also show resemblance to Hemistola immaculata Thunb. (chryso-
prasaria Esp.) in size, structure and in the presence of the single maroon
streak laterally on the seventh abdominal ring. C. viridata also has a
series of short red dorsal streaks which are thickened at the ring
divisions, but the extended red dorsal pattern and pronounced horns of
T. fimbrialis easily distinguish it from other British Emerald larvae.

Figures: Plate Ill fig. 15, third instar 3.111.1953; figs. 11, 14, fourth
instar 4.iv.1953; figs. 12, 13, 16, fifth (last) instar 19 and 26.iv.1953.
Reared on Yarrow ex Dungeness female taken by J. M. CHALMERS-
Hunt, 1953.

SCOPULA IMMORATA L. LEWES WAVE

There are numerous instances amongst the British lepidopterous fauna
of species of remarkably restricted occurence although their foodplants
do not appear to be unusually scarce or their habits particularly demand-

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 83

ing. The Lewes Wave is probably the most astonishing of them all,
because since its proper recognition in 1887 it has never been found in
Britain outside its Lewes home which is comprised of a few acres of
grass-heath of a type that outwardly would seem to be little different
from other such sites not only in southeastern England but in neighbouring
parts of Sussex. The species has a fairly wide distribution in Europe
where the habitat is heathland and meadows, and where it may be
double-brooded. The factors that have restricted the species to this one
locality in Britain—at least in modern historical times—would appear to
be the ecological site complex rather than food, for while the larva has
not been discovered wild here, it has been found abroad on thyme and
marjoram (Prout in SEITz, 4: 35) and reared on Salvia, and in this country
it has been successfully reared on knotgrass and plantain; Calluna has been
freely quoted as a foodplant but no one knows on what evidence except
perhaps that the plant grows where the moth flies!

The status of this Sussex habitat is sadly one of decline despite the
concern shown by the Protection Committee of the Royal Entomogolical
Society and other interested persons: the balance within the plant com-
munities seems to have undergone a marked change during the past
twenty years although the trend was evident before then: the greatest
change was brought about by cultivation during 1939-45, possibly for the
first time in modern historical time. In recent years the small area
reserved for the species, through the kindness of the owner, had become
much overgrown with bracken and thorn-birch scrub, and the adjoining
land, while suitable for the insect now, has been afforested and will
eventually carry a coniferous plantation. The reserve was extended in
1964 by the Sussex Naturalists’ Trust who now manage the area and who
have carried out much clearing of scrub in the attempt to recreate site
conditions of former times.

The moth has been thought to have become extinct in Britain on
more than one occasion since the Second World War, but nevertheless
odd examples have continued to appear.

H. J. TURNER’S description of the larva given in BARRETT (Lep. Brit.
Is., 8: 50) appears to be the only fully recorded account and this has
been variously repeated by succeeding authors. The following is my own
account.

Description of last instar larva

The fully grown larva measures to 22 mm. long. The build is typical
of the long, slender and wiry larva of Scopula which is more regularly
cylindrical than Sterrha, and its general colour is a pinky ochreous along
the back and sides, paler beneath. The skin roughened and wrinkled
especially at the thorax and again at the lateral abdominal rings. The
dorsal pattern consists of a pair of faint brown lines which run from
behind the head through to the last segment where they converge on the
anal flap; the lines are bolder on the thorax and become deeply etched
black on the abdomen from its seventh ring, and also at the intersegmental
divisions between rings 3-4, 4-5, 5-6 and 6-7, the lines are thickened to

84 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

appear as twin black dots, the first pair being rather fainter. The sub-
dorsal stripe is broad and blackish brown and also runs the full length
of the body, being a little broader at the swollen flanges of the thorax
and again at the later abdominal rings; the stripe is divisible into two,
with the bolder, thicker line above, and the division is clearly evident on
the abdominal rings, There is a weak dusky-grey subspiracular line low
down on the sides. On the ventral surface there is a short streak at the
centre of each of the abdominal rings 2-5 with additional sinuous lines
on the fifth and sixth. The pale prolegs and anal claspers are edged in
front by irregular dusky lines and the sides of their segments are similarly
adorned. Spiracles small, round, black, placed centrally but high up the
side of their segment and very close to the lower edge of the subdorsal
stripe. Head rounded, pale ochreous with double brown bar above at the
centre and a black patch to each side, sparsely studded with short pale
bristles like the body. Thoracic legs long, thin and grey-ochreous.

Figures: Plate IIf figs. 7, 8, 10 all last instar, Lewes, Sussex, reared on
Polygonum (Knotgrass), ab ovis, by R. PaRFitr. Figured 20.ix.1946.

COSYMBIA PUPPILLARIA Hiibn. BLAIR’S MOCHA

The popular name of this moth derives from the first British specimen
which was a female caught by Dr. BLaiR at Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
on 2.x.1946, and from which several offspring were reared. Since then
there have been records of less than thirty moths, all in southern
England, in an area from Kent to Devon, with Hockley (Essex), Chalfont
St. Peter (Bucks) and Weston-Super-Mare (Somerset) the most northerly
occurrences except for one at Wroxham (Norfolk). There have been two
early summer records—Hockley 23.v.1959 and Leigh (Surrey) 16.vi.1964
—all other occurrences have been during August, September and October.
In nine years there were none seen, in 1956 there were eleven, in 1959
there were five, and four in 1964.

The majority of specimens in British collections are progeny of one
female moth caught in the Scilly Isles (Tresco) on 20.v.1957 by ROBIN
MERE, which were inbred from several generations. Apart from the
Scilly Isles, the status of the species in Britain must be regarded as
migratory, and within the Scillies the moth is still rather uncommon but
there is evidence that it has been resident for many years (RICHARDSON
and MERE, Ent. Gaz., 9 (1958): 120). COCKAYNE discussed the two last-
century Scillies moths in 1947 (Ent. Rec., 59: 55). The moth appears to
occur equally sporadically in Denmark and is unknown in Belgium, in
France it is a southern species with a distribution that is mainly
Mediterranean.

The species is clearly on the very edge of its northern range in
Britain and the key to its survival here may be in the manner in which
it passes the winter. Milliére (1859-74 Iconographie, 3: 197) states that
the larva can be found throughout the year in central France but that
during December and January its growth was slowed. The only insects

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE IV

Figs. 1—7 Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb.:
Figs. 8 and 11 Eupithecia intricata Zett ssp. hibernica Mere;
Figs. 9-10 and 12-13 Eupithecia egenaria H.-S.

wiih

ta D ty
. i i

PROC. BRIT. ENL. NAT. HIST. SOC. 85

that were brought through a British winter as pupae were those recorded
by Haggett and Mere (Ent. Gaz., 10 (1959): 45), and these did not
pupate until January and February, producing moths in the following
May: these writers suggested that diapause in this species might be
determined early in the larval life as a delicate balance between instar
and condition of food whereby as long as fresh food was available there
would be no diapause but as the leaf chlorophyll content changed during
autumn so the larval metabolism became modified to allow feeding to
continue on tougher, older foliage at lower temperatures. The prolonged
larval life would then last until late winter and the ensuing pupa remain
dormant until spring. It seemed significant that inbred pupae formed
during autumn always produced moths immediately and when kept at
low temperatures the pupae died.

It was found that larvae reared in Britain would eat the soft young
leaves of several species of oak including Q. suber. L. (Cork Oak), Q.
Lucombeana Sweet) (Luccombe Oak) and Q. robur L. (Common Oak)
but larvae were most successfully but larvae were most successfully
reared on Quercus ilex L. (Evergeen Oak). MILLIERE (ibid) also gives
Cistus, Myrtus, Phillyrea and Arbutus, and other continental writers have
quoted privet and hornbeam. People who tried to feed Scilly Isles larvae
on Myrtus were unsuccessful but Blair reared his larvae on that food.

Descriptions of the life history and of the pupa are given with
illustrations by HAGGETT, Ent. Gaz., 9 (1958): 103.

Description of the fifth (final) instar larva

Measures to 22 mm. long when fully grown.

There are only two forms of the larva at full growth, a bright
emerald green that varies to darker olive green, and a dull umbrous
brown. For a short while after the fourth moult those larvae later to
assume the green skin exhibit much variation in colour from soft, greyish
green and yellow green to ultramarine and bluish but they quickly become
a uniform bright green. The brown larvae also begin the last instar
much brighter than at maturity.

In both forms the dorsal pattern is very reduced being discernible in
the green larvae only at the anterior margins of the abdominal rings but
is rather better developed in the brown. The basic markings of both
forms remain constant at maturity, being a delicate pair of whitish lines
along the dorsum, composed of tiny whitish or cream dots, the lines
converging at the segmental divisions where they are bolder, and again
before the second pair of dorsal tubercles. The entire skin surface is
scattered with a profusion of tiny whitish or cream flecks and dots that
break up the uniform ground colour which is darker above than ventrally.
A pale dorsal stripe is present only on the thorax, with darker shading to
each side of it that merges with the head banding. A fine crinkly lateral
line of white or cream runs from the first abdominal segment on to the
anal claspers.

The head appears ginger brown owing to dense short bands of
freckling and it is streaked with two pale vertical bands like a clove.

86 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

True legs pale reddish brown, prolegs tipped with pinkish, and anal
claspers whitish and heavily streaked in front and behind with deep
reddish brown.

Spiracles tiny rounded ovals, ringed with black and barely discernible
from the tiny black tubercles which carry a single short soft hair. The
spiracles rather larger on the prothorax and again on the sixth to eighth
abdominal rings, all placed centrally but high above the lateral line.

The shape is of the rather thick Cosymbia type with little taper at
either end and with the rounded head that is flattened in front.

In its earlier instars the larva of C. puppillaria rather resembles that
of C. pendularia, but at full growth it is in both forms so similar to the
same stage of C. portata that I am quite unable to distinguish them:
C. puppillaria is rather the larger. Amongst the large numbers of larvae
I have reared there were very few that remained brown in the last instar.

Figures: Plate V figs. 1-8; fig. 8, first instar one day old; fig. 1, second
instar; fig. 3, fourth instar; fig. 6, fifth instar newly moulted; fig. 2,
4, 5, 7, fifth instar fully grown, 3.vili.1957. All from female moth
caught by Robin Mere Tresco, Scilly Isles and reared on Quercus
ilex (Holm Oak).

ANAITIS EFFORMATA Guenée. SHORT-CLASPED TREBLE BAR

DE Worms wrote of this moth (1951, Ent. Gaz., 2: 3, 157), “‘It was
only in 1923 that Dr. K. JoRDAN (Novit. Zool., 30: 243) showed that what
had hitherto been considered a form of A. plagiata was a distinct species
under the name of A. efformata. Later, in 1934, Prout finally admitted
it as a new species into the supplement of Seitz Palaearctic Geometridae,
p. 87. Both insects often fly together and at the same periods in May
and August in southern England. The range of A. efformata does not
appear to extend further north than the Midlands, whereas A. plagiata is
found freely in the Highlands.”

In Journ. am. ent. Soc., 5 (38): 26 (1941), COCKAYNE stated, “ A.
plagiata is found all over England and in most parts of Scotland, efformata
is not found west of Dorset nor north of the Midlands.” In Ireland only
A. plagiata is found.

Here we have two species that look alike, occupy the same ground
over part of their ranges, and have coincident flight and mating periods;
yet their genital structures are very distinct and there would seem to be
a breeding barrier that keeps the two insects specifically separated. How-
ever, A. V. HEDGES recorded (1949, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1947-8: 78) that where the species occurred together in the Chilterns A.
efformata was on the wing at least ten days before A. plagiata. Presum-
ably A. plagiata has been in Britain the longer, A. efformata being a more
recent arrival that has not been able to occupy the higher and wetter land.

COCKAYNE (loc. cit.) observed ‘“‘the larva is exactly like that of
plagiata in shape and distribution of pigment, and the anal plate is

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAL. HIST. SOC. 87

truncated in the same way, but the colour is drab instead of red-brown.
It feeds on St. John’s Wort (Hypericum) but I have not found it on H.
pulchrum which is a favourite food of plagiata in moorland districts.” [
can see no difference between larvae of the two species, both have dull
umbreous forms and both can be brightly marked and display deep
brick-red or rosy or orange colours, and both may have dark patterns.
They are equally variable when reared from the egg.

I found that larvae of A. efformata did not eat Hypericum flowers,
but they liked both young and mature foliage; in autumn they would eat
yellowing leaves without ill-effect. I have found the wild larva in spring,
in April, sitting at night on the dead stems of the previous year, and in
the last skin. I found that moths will lay eggs freely only in the
withered seed-heads and not upon leaves or green stems.

Description of last instar

Measures to 34 mm. long at full growth. Thickset with first five
abdominal rings longer than broad, other rings much broader than long,
very little taper at the head, rather more on last three abdominal rings,
each ring with a conspicuous lateral flange, interrupted at the intersegmental
areas. The body very flattened dorso-ventrally. Thorax much wrinkled
transversely and each of the first five abdominal rings has the posterior
half deeply wrinkled, while on the rest of the abdomen there is heavy
lateral skin folding.

The appearance of the larva is dominated by the sharp contrast in
colour above and below the lateral flange, and the paler posterior
abdominal rings. The very variable general colour is some shade of
dull buff, stone, flesh-pink, sienna or chocolate, darkest at the thorax and
anterior abdomen, and pallid at the fifth abdominal ring; each ring is
suffused rosy, sienna or smoky. There is a fine dark medio-dorsal line
that is continuous from head to first abdominal ring, thereafter it appears
only as a short dark streak at the beginning of each ring, then as a
larger and bolder streak at the centre and finally as a short thick blotch
at the very posterior edge of the ring; the line is continuous again from
the fifth abdominal ring to the anal flap. At the beginning of each of
the abdominal rings two to five the dorsal central streak is contained
within a small blue-grey lozenge which is more robust in the dark brown
form, while in some examples the parallel sides of the lozenge are
extended to frame the medio-dorsal in a pair of fine lines, the thorax
always has these lines clearly expressed. There is a narrow stripe of pale
ground colour before the next line which takes the form of a dark
greyish sub-dorsal band and it is continuous to the last ring but much
weaker on the fifth abdominal.

The skin is paler at the sides, the lateral flange is bright primrose
or whitish. Immediately below this the skin is deep dark brown rapidly
becoming paler and assuming a lilac-grey or pinky-brown colour until
the broad pale central band along the centre of which there runs a
blanched centre stripe, and there are two conspicuous white tubercles to
each side of every abdominal ring.

83 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

The intersegmental areas are smoky-grey or tinged cobalt and the
posterior dorsal margin of fifth, sixth and seventh abdominal ring is
marked with a tiny black streak where the centre and inner lines meet it.

Spiracles broadly oval, pale brown with darker centres, placed
centrally but high up on the side of the abdominal ring, those of the
eighth being the only pair visible from the dorsal aspect. Head large,
globular, pale brown, smooth and flattened in front, brown mottling in
two short bands above and a further band to each side, each band con-
sisting of regular V-shapes placed in a vertical series. Ocelli black and
mouthparts dark brown. True legs pinky-brown. Prolegs and anal
claspers prettily ornamented with a dark stripe down the side. Anal
flap broadly triangular, ending squarely and bluntly, shaded dark brown
with pale rim, dark central band with a series of dark dots to each side
that form a cup-shaped figure; the flap is set with strong short bristles
at its posterior edge.

Dorsal tubercles show up in the darker examples as four pale spots.
The tubercles each support a minute hair.

Figures: Plate VI figs. 1-5 all last instar, reared from Arundel, Sussex,
female, on Hypericum perforatum L., 9.xi.1963 and 12.vii.1964.

LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA Metcalfe. DEVON CARPET

During the 25 years that followed METCALFE’S description of this
new species (1917, Entomologist, 50: 53) little was known of its existence
outside Devonshire although it was recorded from several localities within
that county. More recent years, however, brought a spate of discoveries
and the distribution in Britain today is known to extend from the north
Wales counties of Caernarvonshire, Montgomeryshire, Merioneth to
Carmarthenshire; and from Glouceter, Somerset and Cornwall to south
Hampshire. BARRETT (1893, Lep. Brit. Isles, 8: pl. 359, fig. 11) figured
an example as suffumata from Pembroke, as COCKAYNE (1936, Entomologist,
69: 245) and HuaGaIns (1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 218) have both pointed out.

Although Cockayne gave a very full account of the larva and life-
history (1936, loc cit.) and MerRA had reared it 19 years earlier, the early
stages remained little known to collectors and the moth itself was still
an elusive quarry to most of them until recent years. In 1962 Comdr.
HARPER found the moth to be very common in the New Forest, Hants. a
discovery that not only confirmed Dr. KING’s solitary record of 1952, but
which enabled many people to observe the moth and rear it from the
egg. In the following year A. H. Dosson published his comprehensive
observations on the species in a Devonshire habitat, including discovery
in the wild of the egg and young larva (1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 162 and 216
with plate).

This double-brooded insect is now known to have a much longer
flight period for each of its broods; Dobson recorded it from 18th May
to 29th June and 8th August to 14th September, and I found that moths
kept in damp tins would live for 20 days after capture but would quickly

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 7968 PLEAVIE NV:

Figs. 1-8 Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn.; figs. 9-12 and 14 Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh.:
Figs. 13 and 15 Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 89

die if kept in a dry box. Drxon and Epwarps told me that at Dawlish
they used to find the moth out during the second week of May.

Cockayne reared his larvae on Galium aparine L. in 1933 after Mera
had had limited success with G. saxatile L. One natural foodplant is
G. palustre L., the Marsh Bedstraw, as Dobson found in Devon and my
success with New Forest larvae has amply confirmed; the larvae (200)
that I reared fed entirely on the leaves, ignoring a profusion of flowers
and flower buds, but BRETHERTON reared some on G. saxatile and these
fed at first on the blossom (1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 218). The natural food
in the New Forest would seem to be G. uliginosum L., Fen Bedstraw.

Enlarged line drawings of the larvae were given by Cockayne in
1936 and the very fully grown larva was illustrated photographically by
Dobson in 1963.

The description of the larva given by Cockayne is extremely detailed
and especially discusses at great length the pattern in relation to the
tubercles which are given a terminology not in common use amongst
field workers; because of this I give an edited version of Cockayne’s
account.

Description of last instar larva

The fully grown larva measures 18 mm, long. The skin is very
thin and the contents of the abdomen show through. Head rather longer
than broad, whitish, with a brown-grey tint, and flecked with darker
brown; a broad dark brown stripe to each side, clypeus pure china white.
True legs almost colourless, tinged with ochreous. On the thorax is a
pure white stripe and external to it is a narrow line little paler than the
ground colour, with yet another similar line beyond. Between the dorsal
stripe and the subdorsal lines the ground colour is snuff-brown and
external to the subdorsal it is tawny-olive. Towards the posterior of each
of the first five abdominal segments there is a conspicuous white dot,
expanding posteriorly to give rise to two parallel lines which diverge
and converge again on the first subsegment of the succeeding ring to
form a circle and then to continue across as parallel lines again. Just
behind the white dot an oblique white line arises on each side and is
continued across the first two subsegments of the succeeding ring. The
snuff-brown colour becomes intensified around the white dot and outside
the oblique white lines to form a dark brown VY mark which is a
dominant feature of the whole pattern. The posterior abdominal segments
are conspicuously paler, a dark brown dorsal stripe runs down all of
them and is bordered on each side by a white line, then a band freckled
with brown. The palest parts of the ground colour, those of the venter
and sides, the dorsum of the sixth abdominal and the whole of the
seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth are cinnamon-brown or Brussels brown.
The intersegmental folds of the abdomen are orange. Elsewhere the
larva inclines to sienna and even vandyke, the darker colours being
along the dorsum of the first five abdominal segments.

The anal plate is cinnamon-brown with a white margin and ends
bluntly. The spiracles are black with a small white centre and lie in a

90 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

broad whitish spiracular stripe that is broken by bands of the ground
colour at the posterior half of each segment. Beneath there is a central
brown stripe bordered by a cream stripe of the same width, then a
broader olive-green band and finally a cream stripe to each side broken
at the centre of each ring. The outer aspect of the first proleg is dark
red-brown or blackish, and it is always striped with white in front; the
anal proleg is tawny-olive with a bold white stripe down the side.

The most important feature of the larva is the colour of the large
conical tubercles, those on the dorsum and sides of the 4th and 5th
abdominal rings are especially large and black, as are the single lateral
tubercles of the following ring, but the dorsals of that ring are very small
and inconspicuous as are those of all succeeding rings.

There was no perceptible variation amongst the 200 larvae I reared.

Figures: Plate X figs. 1-4, all last instar, reared on Marsh Bedstraw,
Galium palustre L., ab. ovis New Forest females, figured 3.vii.1963.

XANTHORHOE BIRIVIATA Borkh. BALSAM CARPET

This moth provides another instance of a species discovered only in
very recent times to be resident but attached to a host plant that has
been introduced years ago from America; on the Continent the foodplant
is Impatiens noli-me-tangere L. which in Britain is confined to the Lake
District and north Wales; in this country the food is Impatiens capensis
Meerburgh (fulva Nutt) which has been here since early last century and
which has formed large colonies in the Thames valley and along other
waterways of south-east England. The moth was first found in Middlesex
in 1955 and during the next few years was discovered in Bucks and Surrey;
the only locality from which the moth has been reported well away from
the Home Counties is south Hants., where Bernard Skinner found it in
1964. BRETHERTON has interesting observations on this species (Proc. S.
Lond. ent. nat. His. Soc. 1965 : 22) saying that unsuccessful search had been
made in north-west Surrey before the moth had been found in Britain and
yet by 1956 and 1957 there were strong colonies, and that these were
present in localities in 1964 that had been searched earlier. DE Worms
also contributes a useful note Ent. Gaz., 14 (1963) 105.

The moth Epirrhoe alternata has had the name biriviata as one of its
synonyms and records of this name as a British insect before 1950 always
refers to E. alternata.

The discovery of this moth in Britain is well written up by MINNION
and GOODBAN Ent. Gaz., 7 (1956), 3 and 8, 190 with photographs and
descriptions of the life history. A descriptive note on the larva and pupa
was given by HaGcEtTT, Ent. Gaz., 8 (1957), 167, and is repeated below.
Larvae have been found wild by Minnion and Goodban and by WAKELY;
when young they were mainly along the ribs on the undersides of leaves
and low down on the plant, but during the last instar larvae were found
openly on the upper leaf surfaces and often at the midrib. No larvae
were found on plants growing in open situations without shade. Larvae

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 91

appeared to eat only a portion of each leaf and the Balsam assumed a
ragged appearance where larvae were plentiful in the wild. They fed
mainly at night. The moth is active in sunshine and emerges from the
pupa during the early morning, it pairs and lays eggs in bright sunlight.
The moth has one main brood, emerging at any time from the last two
weeks of April until the end of August but in captivity the great majority
come out in May. Second brood moths have been bred in captivity but
few in number, and only occasionally have these approximated to the
darker form aestiva Fuchs: but examples of aestiva have been found wild.
It has been recorded by different observers that pupae from either
generation may overwinter with the moths fully formed within and the
wing pattern quite visible.

The wild food in Britain is unquestionably Impatiens capensis and
in captivity larvae feed up rapidly upon it. Larvae that I reared out of
doors in 1956 took an average of 23 days from egg to pupa, those kept
indoors but not forced in any way took an average of 18 days, some being
as quick as 13 days, the longest 20 days. I tried larvae on the red and
pink flowering cultivated Balsams but neither were eaten: Minnion and
Goodban tried larvae on I. parviflora but were uncertain whether poor
results were due to food or method of rearing.

Description of the last instar larva

The largest larvae at full growth measure 26 mm. long. They are of
the characteristic Xanthorhoe shape and pattern; the head is small and
just less in width than the first segment; the second and third thoracic
segments are slightly swollen and puckered laterally, the abdominal
segments are of regular cylindrical shape, longer than broad, and gently
constricted at the intersegmental divisions, the segments increasing in
girth but slightly from the thoracic.

The general pattern is based on a fine dorsal line that is extended
into a small black dash at the beginning of each of the 2-6 abdominal
rings and followed by a longer streak at the centre of each of those rings.
This system is outlined by a fine pale line and is then bound to the
spiracular line by a broad band of darker shading broken only by a fine
pale subdorsal line with immediately below it a less distinct pale wavy
irroration. There is sharp contrast between the lateral dark shading
above the spiracular line and the much paler colouring below which is
relieved only by the faintest mottling of ochreous or orange. Beneath,
the larva has a broad pale central band narrowly divided by a fine dark
line, and a double set of loosely drawn bands to each side which meet
at the intersegmental areas to form a series of open chain, each link
marked by a dark dot. The division between the darker dorsal and paler
ventral colouring is sharpened by the strong development of a freckled
blackish spiracular band on the thoracic segments and again on the last
abdominal where the stripe runs the length of the anal claspers and
prolegs; at both ends of the stripe there is below it a dusting of white.
True legs pale brown, prolegs of sixth abdominal segment blackish in
marked contrast to the pale ventral shading. Head small, rounded,

92 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

flattened in front with well developed iobes much freckled with black, the
dots forming a darker streak to each side that joins with the spiracular
band of the prothorax. Thoracic plate of the common Geometrid type,
weakly expressed and ill defined; and flap ochreous and well studded with
black hairs. The body and head are set with sparse but sturdy bristles,
those on the body placed on a tiny white tubercle.

There is much variation. In its simplest guise the dorsal dots and
dashes stand starkly and unrelieved on a plain ground colour, at the
extreme development of the dark brown forms the posterior dorsal streak
becomes extended by dark suffusion to occupy so much of the dorsum
that only the set of anterior dots stand on a pale patch. The commonest
form of the last instar larva has a dusky brown suffusion above the
spiracular line with a darker blotch at the centre of the dorsum of each
abdominal segment. The black truncated dash at the beginning of each
abdominal segment is isolated in a pale fawn triangle with the long axis
directed on the posterior part of the preceding segment. The black
streaks of the dorsal line on the latter abdominal rings are not con-
spicuous but the pale lateral lines are very distinct. A form with similar
dusky markings and pattern to the common brown type, but a bright green
ground colour is rare. Another distinctive but infrequent variety is a
plain pale brown form spectacularly ornamented by sharply etched black
dashes and blotches of the dorsal pattern and the black freckling in the
spiracular region of the thoracic and latter abdominal rings and dark
clasper streaking which persist in all forms.

Variation of the fully grown larva of X. biriviata can be likened to
that of other British Xanthorhoe species and in particular to that of X.
fluctuata.

During its early life the larva is a plain glassy blueish green and it is
in the penultimate instar that there is a great variety of pattern and
colour. This mostly vanishes again at the next moult and in the last
instar the majority are of the dark brown form described above. At this
variable phase there is every intermediate shade in colouration from a
soft pale yellow-green through olive and blue-green to grey-brown and
red-brown; each colour form may bear a weak and simple pattern or it
may be heavily suffused by dark mottling and one of the prettiest forms
is that which combines the palest green with the heaviest black dorsal
pattern. The green forms are decorated with lemon-yellow at the
intersegmental folds and ventrally, the brown and greyish forms with
orange and pink.

Figures: Plate V fig. 14 eleven days old, second instar; figs. 9, 10, 11, 12
seventeen days old, last instar. Reared on Impatiens capensis from
eggs sent me by E. W. Crassey. All figured 26.vi.1956.

THERA VARIATA Schiff. GREY SPRUCE CARPET

Since Prour first described this insect as a distinct species in 1921
there have been several accounts of the larva and the species’ habits given
by British writers, most notably by CocKAYNE (1926, Ent Rec., 38: 33),

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE VI

Figs. 1-5 Anaitis efformata Guen.; figs. 6-10 Perizoma minorata Treits.

me

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 93

by Tams and CocKkAYNE (1941), Amateur Ent., 5 (38): 14 and 27), by
DE Worms (1953, Ent. Gaz., 2: 157) and more recently by FLETCHER
(1953, Ent. Gaz., 4: 228 and 1961, Moths Brit. Isles). From abroad an
early and significant contribution to knowledge of the larva was made by
LAVALLEE (1923, Bull Soc. ent. Fr., 1922: 308).

Today the species is known to be widely spread over southeri England
from Kent to north-west Devon where it is particularly plentiful, with
stations also in Suffolk, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and
Cornwall. It occurs in central and north Wales and Prof. Heslop Harrison
has recorded it from the Isles of Lesser Skye. It is also known from
Mull and Inverness-shire, and in 1966 at Glen Brittle Forest, Skye, there
were more examples of the s.sp. variata than s.sp. britannica (Forestry
Commission records). ROBIN MERE records the occurrence at Kenmare,
Co. Kerry, of the continental sub-species variata (1964, Ent. Gaz., 15: 67)
and remarks that the same form was known from Westport, Co. Mayo,
also that the species was known to Baynes to occur in north-eastern
Treland. Baynes (1964, Revised Cat. Irish Macrolepidoptera) adds Co.
Dublin and says most of the moths have been determined as typical
variata and not sub-species britannica Turner.

Writing of the distinct British race of variata which TURNER named
britannica, Dr. COCKAYNE (1926 loc cit.) says the difference ‘“‘ cannot have
developed quickly and proves in a most conclusive way that the species has
been established here for a long time.” As the food of variata is confined
to conifers that are not native to Britain it is instructive to see how long
these trees have been available (data from Jackson, 1946, Identification of
Conifers)—Norway Spruce has been present since 1548 and the Silver Fir,
Abies pectinata D.C., from about 1603 but the remainder of our commoner
exotics were introduced during the last century: thus Abies nobilis (D.
Don.) Lindl. 1830, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr. (Sitka Spruce) 1831,
Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. 1832 and Abies nordmanniana 1848. With
the exception therefore of Norway Spruce and Abies pectinata there was
no food available to variata until the last century, and even those two
earliest introductions were represented by specimen plantings rather than
plantations. Even allowing that variata subsisted in Britain on this
limited supply of food, it is still extremely unlikely that 400 years is
sufficient for a population to evolve racial characters. Although popula-
tions in the west of England and in Wales may be comprised entirely of
sub-species britannica, I find as many typical variata at Arundel, Sussex,
and at Alice Holt Forest, Hants, as britannica, and the typical form
occurs elsewhere in south-east England: this could suggest later arrival of
typical insects now interbreeding with, and artificially introduced into,
the older established race.

Although BEIRNE (1948, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 23: 316 and 361)
argues that this insect survived, along with spruce, on land now submerged
off south-west England, and that it had earlier occupied Britain while
spruce flourished during the first interstadial of the Ice Ages, he does not
account for its survival during the long period afterwards when spruce

94 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

was absent, and when the only conifers present were juniper, yew and
pine, none of which I could induce the larva to eat.

One thing is certain, that the large-scale planting since 1920 of both
spruces, but especially the Sitka, and also of Douglas Fir, is a major
cause of the wide distribution and local abundance of T. variata in Britain
today,

The moth flies in May and June and again in the autumn with moths
emerging in the wild well into November. I found that when sleeved out
of doors from eggs laid in May the resulting larvae fed up at very different
speeds, producing moths from the end of July until October. It is princi-
pally a dweller in spruce and Douglas Fir plantations and it exists also
amongst shrubberies and park conifers, but it is not a pine wood insect.

Foodplants

T. obeliscata Hiibn. is principally a pine feeder, but it will eat spruce
and Silver Fir; at Hazelborough Forest, Northants., obeliscata inhabits
Norway Spruce plantations, and I found two larvae on Cupressus
macrocarpa Gord. in south Cornwall in December, 1964.

T. variata is primarily a spruce feeder but it will eat Silver Fir, it likes
Douglas Fir and also exists on Larch; but it has never been found on pine,
nor can it be induced to eat pine in captivity. I found it would not take
Yew, or Cupressus or Thuya at any instar.

Description of the last instar

Length to 20 mm. Ground colour a deep grassy-green, broken by a
broad paler blue-green stripe along the centre of the dorsum and another
laterally, each stripe narrowly bisected by a fine dark line. Spiracular line
dark green followed by a rather paler green band and then a narrow
yellow line, crinkled along the lateral folds, marked bolder on the thorax
and again above the claspers. Ventrally there is a single pale yellow line.
Spiracles very small except those on the prothorax, orange and oval.
Head large, globular, green with crimson mouthparts, the head tucked well
into the thorax when at rest. Thoracic legs usually greenish, claspers
deep green. Anal flap deep green edged yellowish, anal twin prongs
short and stubby. The skin smooth and waxy, much creased transversely.

In his paper Cockayne (loc. cit.) considered that both obeliscata and
variata larvae varied much in later instars in the depth of ground colour
and in the clarity and whiteness of the lateral stripe and he wrote, “In
the majority of the variata larvae in the last instar the thin ventral line is
a clearer yellow than in obeliscata, in which it is white or whitish-yellow;
between the spiracular and subspiracular line there is a very disitnct white
line in obeliscata which in variata is scarcely visible. The green ground
colour is lighter below the spiracles than above in. obeliscata but this
contrast is absent in variata. These differences are not constant but on
the whole the variata are less brightly marked. In the penultimate instar

. the legs of variata larvae remained green and those of obeliscata
became pink, and in the last instar the deep pink legs of obeliscata
contrasted still more clearly with the green ones of variata.’”’ But I have
found that wild collected larvae of variata may have the thoracic legs so

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 95

well tinged with pink, and especially at the tips, that they could easily
pass for obeliscata; this is particularly true of the Alice Holt, Hants,
colonies which inhabit spruce and Douglas Fir. In these larvae the deep
yellow subspiracular stripe is the surer criterion.

Cockayne found that “any larva with only five setae on each side
of the anal flap is variata and any with seven is obeliscata, and that six
may occur in either species but less commonly.”

The following are the principle differences between larvae of variata
and obeliscata, being a tabled summary of Prout (in Seitz, 1912, Palae-
arctic Geometrae) and Cockayne (1941, Amateur Ent., 5 (38): 41).

obeliscata variata
Thoracic legs pink. Legs usually greenish.
Subspiracular stripe ivory white. Stripe deep yellow.
Lateral bands bold, sharply white. Bands inconspicuous, dull bluish.
Slender streaks join spiracles. No such marks present.
Anal points longer, .7 to .8 mm. Points short, .3 to .4 mm.
Six or seven setae on each side Five or six setae on each side of
of anal flap. flap.

on Ma eS $9 a=

Figures: Plate X figs 9 and 10, both last instar, Alice Holt Forest, Hants,
11.vili.1953, on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce).

EUPHYIA LUCTUATA Schiff. WHITE BANDED CARPET

Apart from two early records from Essex and Kent, this species dates
as a British insect only from 1950 when it was first found at Ham Street,
Kent, and after its press notice it was revealed that a pair of moths had
been taken at Uckfield, Sussex, also in 1950 and only 12 days later. The
moth was subsequently found, sometimes commonly, at Ham Street,
Folkestone, Ashford and in other woods of east Kent, and also in mid
and east Sussex. Several taken at Methwold, Norfolk, in 1966.

The moth has been caught in May, June and August and in captivity
moths have emerged indoors in September, December and January. The
larva has been found wild in July and September; but the species has an
erratic timetable, the eggs hatching sometimes in as little as three days
and in others as long as three weeks. Pupae from the first brood frequently
lie dormant until the following May. I found a high rate of inviability
in eggs from both wild-taken and inbred females, and it is well recorded
that the female may pair more than once. Wild moths have perhaps
been seen by day more often than at night for they are easily flushed
out of herbage and they appear to fly of their own accord during sunshine
and particularly in the early evening; they have been found at rest on
tree trunks and they have come to light after dark.

From moths taken in 1953 I made an unsuccessful enquiry into the
mechanism that controls colour in the last larval instar; during the next
two years I tried to establish broods wholly of green or of brown larvae,
but all T could discover was that from one-third to one-quarter of the

96 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

progeny were always brown larvae irrespective of the parent or environ-
ment and that this frequency was constant in both early and late broods.

The larva is said abroad to feed on bedstraw, but all British-bred
insects have been reared on willow-herb and wild larvae have been found
upon that plant. The plant most usually associated with Juctuata is
Chamaenecrion angustifolilum (L.) Scop., but in captivity Epilobium
tetragonum L. and E. montanum L. are accepted.

The life-history is described (1952, Ent. Gaz., 3: 27) but the descrip-
tion of the fully grown larva is poor and the following account should
be substituted; the figures given in that paper were of the pre-pupal
larva and are rather different from the normal, Further references are
Ent. Gaz., 4: 163 and 5: 41).

Description of the last instar larva

At fuli growth measures to 27 mm. long. A long and slender larva,
tapering at the thoracic segments to a flattened head that is held forward
when at rest. Flanges of the thorax a little swollen. There are two distinct
forms, a commoner green one and an orange-brown one that is etched with
open diamonds along the back.

The green larva is yellowish along the dorsum and bounded by a
wavy subdorsal line, and bisected by a dark blue-green narrow dorsal
stripe that is more heavily marked on the thorax and again on the posterior
abdominal rings; but which is broken at each of the centres of the middle
abdominal rings of the palest examples although continuous in the stronger
marked ones. On each of the abdominal rings there are converging
concave green arcs that flank the dorsal line and are suffused towards it.
Below the pale subdorsals there is a sequence of first dark green, then
pale and finally another dark green band of about equal width, the last
placed immediately above the spiracles. Below the larva is a deeper
sap-green and marked on the ventral surface by three pale and widely set
lines.

Intersegmental folds a conspicuous bright yellow at the middle
abdominal rings. Head flattened, with a few hairs, plain ochreous-grey
as are the thoracic legs, the claspers green and the anal pair marked by a
vertical pale streak. Spiracles small, round, orange.

In the brown form all the indefinite markings of the green larva are
accentuated in blackish-brown but with considerable variation in intensity,
while the ground colour itself ranges from a pale yellow-brown to a deep
orange with rusty shades. Along the dorsum the concave markings are
strengthened to form etched latticed diamonds beginning on the first
abdominal ring and continuing to the seventh, the first and last—being on
shorter rings—are much truncated; the diamonds are crossed by inter-
segmental folds of bright orange. In the better marked examples the rear
half of the diamond (ie., that part situated on the anterior half of the
next ring) is formed of thicker streaks. On the sides the diamonds are
joined by an irregular dark brown blotch to a lateral band that is
composed of three separate fine wavy freckled strands. Lower down on
the sides is another dark blotch placed between each pair of abdominal

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE V//

Figs. 1-6 Hadena conspersa Schiff.; figs 7 and 9-10 Diarsia florida Schmidt.;
Figs. 8 and 11-12 Hadena compta Schiff.

nr

ey

Boe

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. OF]

rings. The pale subdorsals are interrupted between the rings. Spiracles
small and black. Head and thoracic legs pale grey-brown with sharp
darker freckling. Claspers brown, the anal pair streaked very clearly in
white and flanked by the dark brown lateral band.

Figures: Plate IX figs. 7-11, all last instar, reared on Epilobium tetra-
gonum L. ab. ovis from Ham Street females, figured 6.vi.1954.

PERIZOMA MINORATA Tr. ssp. ERICETATA Steph.
HEATH RIVULET

Until recently little was recorded of this Rivulet from Ireland,
although it had for long been known as a locally common resident of
heaths and moors of northern England, Scotland, Orkneys and Hebrides.
On a visit to the Burren district of Co. Clare, Eire, in early August, 1963,
I found the moth to be widespread and in profusion amongst large rocks
by the sea, the moths sitting on the rocks in sunshine and when disturbed
they flew off in little clouds. ROBIN MERE found the moth still on the
wing there during the second week of September.

Females that I caught in the Burren packed their tiny eggs well
down into the dense fresh flowering heads of Euphrasia; the newly-hatched
larvae were orange colour and after the first moult they had a pale-yellow
body and black head, looking like a minute copy of the full-grown larva
of P. albulata; at this stage they alsc had large blackish prothoracic and
anal plates. From the time they were half grown the larvae would bore
into a seed capsule and remain outstretched and so motionless that a
quantity of black frass accumulated. Mostly, however, they remained
totally hidden and it is remarkable that the fattening larva can conceal
itself in so small a capsule. During the last instar they would sit about
quite openly upon the plant, but they were always beautifully camouflaged.
The larva is best reared on the growing plant and can be readily located
by standing the plant upon a sheet of white paper when daily examination
will reveal frass beneath each tenanted pod. One larva reached full
growth within four weeks, the others took a further week; the dumpy
yellow pupa was formed in a tightly spun cocoon of leaf litter.

BUTCHER (1961) Illustrations of British Flora Ul, 263, describes two
species of Euphrasia, the Burren and Irish one being E. salisburgensis
and this is the food of Irish minorata; in Scotland and N. England the
larva feeds on one form of the common Eyebright E. officinalis.

During the early part of September, 1963, Robin Mere ccllected a
large amount of Euphrasia in the Burren district and gave it into my
care upon his return; by September 30th I had recovered over fifty larvae
of P. minorata in all instars, some still newly hatched.

Description of last instar larva

Measures to 10 mm. in length: it has the familiar spindle shape of
Perizoma larvae but is even more squat than usual, having short, fat
segments that are much broader than long and deep skin folds between
them.

The larva is very variable and colour variation can be divided into
two groups, brown and green.

98 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

The general colour of the brown form is a sandy-orange flecked with
deeper orange at the skin folds and paler, almost primrose yellow, at the
sides and weakly grey beneath. The pattern consists of a very fine and
continuous dorsal line placed on a broad dorsal band of ground colour
that is margined by a bold purple-brown subdorsal stripe present on all
segments except the prothoracic and interrupted at the anterior tubercle
on each of the subdorsal rings, sometimes marked heavier at the inter-
segmental sometimes broken there, but always appearing to be continuous
when the larva is not stretched. In the lateral space of ground colour
there is first a fine continuous grey line then a broad wavy band of
clear orange edged below by primrose yellow in sharp contrast to the
sinuous subspiracular stripe of dark maroon further below; all markings
are intensified on the posterior abdominal rings for these are the only
parts exposed by the larva when it bores into its seed capsule and they
are in consequence well camouflaged. The tubercles are black and tiny,
each surrounded by a ring of pale yellow, and supporting a short fine
bristle. Head and thoracic legs greyish, mottled with dark brown, the
head small and rather pointed; prothoracic plate well chitinised, pale
greyish flecked with black sometimes in the form of two rings, anal flap
pale yellow marked with a dark central stripe. Anal claspers large,
red-brown, proleg yellowish. Spiracles black, centred with white, but
sO minute as to appear exactly like the black tubercles adjacent to them,
and they are also set within a pale ring. The brown larva can look very
like P. bifaciata.

The green form is commonly a yellow-green with no lateral markings
between the fine dusky line that accompanies the subdorsal and the
spiracles. The subspiracular stripe is a dulled green and is not con-
spicuous. The subdorsal lines are as well marked as in the brown form
and between them the dorsal area is flushed a warm orange, with the
tubercles again placed on paler bases. The black lateral tubercles show
up very clearly. The colours of the posterior abdominal segments are
suffused with chocolate and maroon.

The exact hue of the body changes with age, growing paler and more
waxy as the larva grows older and fatter: variation in the brown form
includes copper and even crimson suffused examples and while the green
form is more constant there is a handsome and not infrequent variety
that is a darker cooking-apple-green and which has the subspiracular
line deep maroon. Some larvae immediately after the last moult were
plain weak yellow with grey-green stripes and lines but these soon became
brown.

Both forms of minorata were easy to separate from the larva of
P. blandiata of which there were a few in the Euphrasia collected by
Robin Mere; blandiata in addition to being larger at full growth has
better defined markings, the dorsal space being filled with deep purple-red
and constricted on each segment (as is well shown in Buckler’s accurate
figures—Vol. 8, Pl. 127, fig 6) and accompanied by bold lateral lines: it
is a more slender and better proportioned larva than the dumpy minorata.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 99

Figures; Plate VI all figs. of last instar larvae; 6-8 ex-female Bally-
nalacken, Co. Clare, reared on Euphrasia officinalis, figured 31.viii.1963;
9 and 10 from wild collected EF. salisburgensis, from ROBIN MERE,
Ballynalacken, figured 21.ix.1963.

EUPITHECIA VIRGAUREATA Dbdy. GOLDEN ROD PUG and
EUPITHECIA SATYRATA Hibn. SATYR PUG

Although larvae of both of these species are illustrated by Buckler,
neither set of figures is accurate and while well drawn they both appear
to be Eupithecia absinthiata Clerck. Both species feed on common plants
that are also eaten by other Eupithecia larvae.

Eupithecia virgaureata Dbdy.

The larva of virgaureata has been poorly portrayed in all those works
that I have been able to consult; thus DiErze’s enlarged drawings, Plate
56 fig. 2, show a heavily marked absinthiata as does JUUL, Plate III fig. 12,
while the illustration in Barrett IX, Plate 387 fig 3a, although after
BUCKLER, is grotesque, and those of Wilson, Plate 25 figs. 3, 3a. are
much too indefinite as are those of more recent publications. The figure
given by SPuULER, Plate NT 7 fig. 49 is exceedingly poor as indeed are
most of his Geometer larvae.

So I am giving a set of original figures of this species in this work.

The larva of virgaureata has an appearance and colouring that is
shared by several common Eupithecia species and as some of these also
feed on the flowers of wild Golden Rod (Solidago), and as they are mostly
more plentiful, there has been plenty of scope for confusion. Moths of
virgaureata are usually obtained by collectors by the bulk-rearing of larvae
swept or gathered indiscriminately from Golden Rod in the autumn; they
are usually reared with absinthiata, expallidata, and satyrata, also castigata
but this last named has a very different larva to the other four. It is
doubtless because of its typically Eupithecia diamond pattern that the first
brood larva of virgaureata is so rarely observed and the foodplants in
the wild are nearly unknown at that time of year: it is unlikely that
second brood larvae exist wholly on flowers of Golden Rod and allied
Compositae because they are so uncommon in contrast to the hordes of
absinthiata and expallidata found with them in Southern England.

L. B. Prout gave a valuable and searching summary on this species
as long ago as 1907 (Entom., 40: 210 and 220) and nothing more seems
to have been added in the years since. Prout questioned some of the
foodplants recorded for virgaureata—Sallow, Lychnis, Calluna—and was
satisfied only with Crewe’s brood reared on Anthriscus flowers and
continental evidence of blackthorn and whitethorn.

I spent some years searching for this larva and collected a wide
selection of flower heads during the autumn, but was only ever able to
obtain larvae from Solidago and these at the very low frequency in Kent
and Sussex of one virgaureata to about one hundred expallidata: in

100 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAL. HIST. SOC.

western Ireland its frequency was not much higher amongst absinthiata,
say, two larvae per bag of flower heads but other larvae were scarcer.
From a number of Kent pupae that resulted from larvae collected in
1961 I reared moths the following April and obtained many larvae from
pairings, progeny hatching during May and pupating by mid-June. They
fed at first on hawthorn leaves, preferring those leaves that were lying
flattened together, and they ignored flowers of hawthorn, Spiraea,
Anthriscus and leaves of Prunus: when they reached last instar they
showed a decided preference for petals of hawthorn blossom. Moths
emerged in August and I again made pairings and tried again to rear
larvae on hawthorn and other foliage but they all died. A few pupae had
lain over and produced moths the following spring. These fed up on
hawthorn leaves and again I tried their offspring on the same food later
that summer but once more they died.

The pupa can be very distinctive, indeed quite different in appearance
from any other British Eupithecia pupa and it was because of this that I
was first able to identify and isolate virgaureata from other Solidago
insects. It has been well described by CREWE and quoted by by BARRETT
IX, 76, and is beautifully illustrated by Dietze and Juul. But this well-
known form of the pupa with dark streaked wing cases and mottled
thorax is by no means the only one: of 153 pupae that I had in 1962
from spring pairings only two were of this form, all the rest being quite
unmarked and like any other Eupithecia

Description of last instar larva

Measures to 20 mm. long, a slender larva slightly flattened on the
abdomen, the thorax cylindrical, the body tapering from the head to the
abdominal rings 3-5 but these rings still longer than broad. Each ring
has that knobbly appearance on the sides that is so common in Eupithecia
and which is due to skin folding and puckering around the spiracles. The
mediodorsal stripe is discernible only on the thorax and consists there of
a fine pale line edged in dark brown which swells and becomes succes-
sively larger on each ring to form a distinct elongated diamond on the
third. On each of the first six abdominal rings the dorsal stripe is
suffused into a darker dorsal patch that is composed of twin dark brown
arms and which take the form more of a cloven hoof than the diamond
or lozenge pattern that is so common in Eupithecia, but this species does
share the characteristic short peak or streak at the anterior part of the
ring that is extended forward from the patch and so links each dorsal
patch from one ring to the next. These dorsal patches in virgaureata
were most frequently of the rounded cloven-hoof shape in the majority of
larvae I have seen but in some larvae the patches were sharply edged to
form diamonds. Each arm of the patch is extended posteriorly as a fine
sinuous dark brown subdorsal streak which swells into a large brown
patch laterally and then joins with the dull grey-brown colour beneath
each ring. The dorsal and lateral patches are separated by an angled
clear yellow or whitish streak that converges on the dorsum to comprise
a series of conspicuous chevrons on the first five abdominal rings. There

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE VI//

Figs. 1-6 Eupithecia virgaureata Dbdy.; figs 7-11 Aporophyla /uneburgensis Frey.

a

i i

A uh ay

i

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 101

is an ill-formed but deeply marked lozenge on the sixth ring but the
remaining rings, which are exceedingly narrow, are weakly marked on
the dorsum but have a better defined dark brown subdorsal band. The
sides of the thorax and last three abdominal rings are mottled brown
becoming much paler at the sides so that a pale line is apparent contrasting
with the darker shading below.

Ventrally there is a fine strong central dark line set on a pale band
that runs the full length of the abdomen and from the last pair of
thoracic legs to between the claspers of the seventh abdominal ring.

Head rounded, slightly longer than broad, flattened in front, the
epicranial suture deep and the lobes sharply cleft above. True legs pale
brown, claspers brown or grey-brown, the anal pair with dark vertical
streaks. Anal plate with a dark centrai streak. Skin soft, dorsal warts
paler on the dark patches, each with a short stiff bristle.

The ground colour is exceedingly variable in shades of yellow, light
brown, reddish-brown and grey-brown but I am not aware of any green
form. The dorsal patches can be deep rich purple-brown, velvety-black or
dark chocolate and the associated chevrons clear white, primrose or pale
brown. The chevrons may link to form a striking wavy line.

The yellow larvae with sharply etched brown diamonds are so
similar to larvae of E. tripunctaria that it is extremely difficult to tell them
apart, but the subtly curved edge of the chevron and broader diamond
will distinguish tripunctaria and this aiso appears to feed solely on
Angelica. The deeply marked horseshoe pattern appears to occur only in
virgaureata. Larvae of the very variable EF. absinthiata can have dark
brown dorsal patches accompanied by bright yellow stitches and chevrons
but the angled dorsal streaks that comprise the dorsal patch are usually
not joined at the mediodorsal line and the peak effect is absent.

Figures: Plate VIII figs. 1-6 all last instar on hawthorn leaves, inbred
ex Lyminge, Kent, 5.vi.1962.

Eupithecia Satyrata Hibn.
(Not figured in this work)

The larvae is much better known and is accurately illustrated by
Dietze and Juul. Buckler’s figure 4a plate 131 is the best of a poor set
and is the same figure given by Barrett. The significance of satyrata is
that it only superficially resembles the common absinthiata pattern, and
instead it shares the same slender cylindrical body and coarser roughened
skin of castigata and vulgata, and shares also the dorsal pattern of those
two species, having open diamonds along the dorsum with prominent
intersegmental transverse streaks. But satyrata, being always some shade
of green or yellow-green, produces ill-marked examples in which only the
anterior half of each diamond is present and these may be confused with
absinthiata. Y have also known this weakly marked form mistaken for
E. centaureata.

References

Barrett, 1897, Lep. Brit. Is. TX.
Dietze, 1913, Biolog. Eupith.

102 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

Juul, 1948, Nordens Eupithecier.

Prout, 1907, Entom., 40: 210, 220.

Spuler, 1910, Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas.
Wilson, 1880, Larvae Brit. Lep.

EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA Rambur. CYPRESS PUG

This is another species discovered in Britain in very recent times and
which has taken to a foodplant that is not indigenous, and indeed has
itself been introduced on a substantial scale only during the last 50 years.
The Mediterranean Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), which with
Juniper forms the larval food in the western Mediterranean, is in Britain
an uncommon tree, found only in ornamental plantings; the Monterey
Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa Martw. ex Gord.) from California, has
been planted along the south coast of England and is very plentiful in
the West Country (see also notes under Lithophane leautieri Boisd. in
this work).

The moth was first taken at Penzance in 1959 by DE Worms and
MESSENGER (1960, Entomologist, 93: 93) and subsequently found by
AUSTIN RICHARDSON to be numerous in stations on the Lizard peninsula
(1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 65). In 1962 and 1963 I beat a quantity of larvae
from C. macrocarpa on the Lizard. Since 1960 the species has been
reported from Minehead (Somerset), Swanage (Dorset) and Maidencombe
(Devon), and Dobson and Kennard have found the moth at Torquay
sitting on trunks and branches of Cypress. Descriptive summaries have
been written by Mere (1961, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 66),
FLETCHER (1963, Coridon, (B) 4: 4) and DE Worms (1963, Ent. Gaz.,
14: 107), and notes on the moth’s occurrence in Jersey have appeared
(1965, 1966, Ent. Gaz., 16: 18, 17: 147).

Habits of the larva

I have found that larvae were to be beaten only from the older,
denser foliage of mature trees and not at all from the young succulent
growth of small bushes or hedges.

I noted that in captivity the larvae rarely strayed from Cypress foliage
until they were fully grown and beginning to shorten. The procrypsis was
among the most successful of all caterpillars, with green and brown forms
simulating their environment to an astonishing degree. Only when the
larva was fattening during its final instar could it be found, even when on
a small sprig of Cypress, because at that stage it was proportionately
thicker for its length than the Cypress. In the green larva the bright red
splash of colour on the pale anal flap gave an extraordinary close illusion
of the blotched leaf-scale of Cypress or the open end of a broken shoot.

The larvae were at all instars quite avid feeders eating only the buds
at the shoot extremities of mature foliage; the result in captivity is that
they quickly exhaust their food, even although there remains plenty of

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 103

green foliage. I had one larva eat Lawson’s Cypress (Chamaccy paris
lawsoniana Parlatore) in captivity when in the last instar.

In 1962 I obtained 38 larvae during the period 27th-29th November;
27 were green and 11 brown, six were in the third instar, 14 in the fourth
instar and the rest in their last skin. In 1963 I again worked during
27th-28th November and obtained 20 larvae of which two were in the
penultimate instar and the rest full grown, and most were of the green
form. Most larvae of both years had spun up by the end of December,
only the odd larva continued to feed into January. Some cocoons that I
opened during February contained unchanged larvae, but these had
pupated by the first week of March; they had been stored in temperatures
of 35-40° Fahrenheit.

Description of fifth (last) instar larva

Length to 20 mm., body thickset, with the first two abdominal rings
tather more slender, and the first five abdominal rings each clearly
divisible into three sections, the centre one a little swollen, especially at
the sides, to form fleshy flanges; the skin with heavy transverse folding
and the intersegmental folds very conspicuous. Thoracic rings humped
with the head at rest tucked well beneath. A stubby larva with a knotted
appearance, the skin devoid of all but the sparsest and shortest hair, the
skin shining and waxy. Anal claspers large and fleshy.

There are two forms, one deep grassy green, the other mottled pale
brown.

The green form has a dulled thorax with a darker blotch at the centre
of the dorsum of each ring, and darker again laterally where it is relieved
by large irregularly shaped cream blotches, especially on the first ring.
The abdominal rings show a pattern of chequered green and pale yellow,
dappled with pale bluish-white; the pale yellow ground colour is present
on the first section of the ring only at the sides, where it merges into a
bluish blotch that opens into a pale yellow ring, which in turn encircles
the fleshy green central section. Dorsally the first section shows as a
deep green patch, the anterior part of which is occupied by a neat, squared,
pale blue spot. The central section shows dorsally a p-shaped figure of
dark green outside of which lies a pair of dark green longitudinal streaks,
these broaden and open at the beginning of the posterior section, which
itself carries a central dark green patch at its posterior edge. There is a
fine dark blue-black dorsal line from the first abdominal ring to the last,
anal, ring but it is prominent only where it meets the pale blue patch on
the anterior section of each ring. The head is olive-green, the lobes
outlined finely in black and sometimes with blackish freckling at the sides,
the clypeus shaded black where it joins the deep epicranial suture; mouth-
parts carmine-red; there are short hairs in front. Ventrally the larva is
a plain olive-green, and there is a clear white central line broken at the
centre of each ring where it forms a little ring to enclose a green spot,
and has a pair white streaks extended upwards to join the lateral pale
blotch. True legs olive-grey tipped with pink, prolegs a carmine-pink with
whitish folds above, those on sixth abdominal ring much smaller than

104 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

anal claspers; anal claspers dark green and glassy with a pale stripe in
front, large and strong, the anal flap cream or white tinged with pale
green, and a central wedge of deep bright carmine centred in black.
Spiracles minute, not at all evident to the naked eye, orange, situated on
the abdomen at the centre of the swollen lateral cushion.

The green larva may be brightly variegated or very dulled, and the
individual colour components of pattern may vary in their intensity and
extent.

The brown form is basically putty coloured and mottled with blue-
white markings as the green form, but with additional dark brown
markings in bold relief that give greater variegation. Dorsally each
abdominal ring one to five bears a chevron of dark brown, each arm
comprised of twin streaks placed closely together, the outer pair being
extended rather further behind the first which at the anterior end stands
astride the dark dorsal stripe. Beneath, each ring is marked as the green
form, but is dulled dark brown and the upswept streak from the central
ring forms a bold dark wedge on the side of the ring. Laterally the pale
circle that surrounds the swollen cushion on the mid-section is shaded
smoky brown. The intersegrnental foids are prettily tinged a bright
orange, as also is the horny edge to the prothorax behind the head. At
full growth the brown larva may acquire a greenish tinge. Head grey
with sharp dark brown freckling above. true legs grey, tinged with warm
brown, prolegs soft pink, anal claspers greyish with pinky-white stripe,
anal flap pinky-white with dark brown streak.

Both forms of the larva are brilliant examples of procrypsis; the green
simulates most closely the swollen leaf scales of Cypress, the brown
exactly matches the dead Cypress twiglets, in both forms the variegated
markings serve to break up the body line and deceive the eye of any
predator.

Figures: Plate IV, figs. 1-4 last instar: figs. 5, 6 third instar; fig. 7 fourth
instar immediately after moult. On Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.
ex Gord., south Cornwall, 30.xi1.62 and 9.xii.62.

EUPITHECIA INTRICATA Zett. subsp. HIBERNICA Mere

This subspecies was described by ROBIN MERE, Ent. Gaz., 15: 2: 73
(1964) from moths taken on the limestone hills of the Burren, Co, Clare,
at Doughbrannen, where the insect frequents prostrate Juniperus communis
nana. The larva can be obtained there in quantity in August by shaking
the flattened branches over the smooth limestone pavement. Although
reported to inhabit Ireland for many years it was not until Mere discovered
the Burren colonies that Irish insects became properly known. On the
Burren Juniper grows only at the higher parts of exposed hills and there
it occupies fissures in the broad pavements and terraces, the plant does
not grow at lower elevations so the habitat is quite unlike that occupied
by Scottish millieraria which frequents groves of giant bushes, or the

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE 1X

Figs. 1-6 Lithophane /eautieri Boisd.; figs. 7-11 Euphyia /uctuata Schiff.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 105

southern English arceuthata which has always occupied sheltered juniper
sites on the chalk-hills and in recent years Cypresses and exotic conifers
in gardens. The Irish insect feeds up rather more quickly than the
English, for the bulk of my larvae had pupated by the third week of
August in 1963 (a markedly ‘late’ season) whereas arceuthata feeds up
well into October. However, Robin Mere was still able to beat wild
larvae in the Burren during early September.

The only difference in appearance between hibernica lJarvae and
arceuthata larvae is the colour of the head on the Irish insect, which is
olive-brown or even yellowish, and in this respect it agrees with Scottish
millicraria. The Irish larva shares with the other two insects the same
thickset, stubby body, relatively large globular head and thick waxy
cuticle. It is quite unlike any other British pug larva and rather resembles
a saw-fly caterpillar.

Figures: Plate IV, figs. 8, 11 both last instar, On Juniperus, Dough-
brannen, Co. Clare, 24.viii.1963.

EUPITHECIA INTRICATA Zett. ARCEUTHATA Freyer

When discussing this insect (Proc. S. Lond. nat. Hist. ent. Soc., 1955,
P. 162) in Part I of this work I incorrectly included Tamarisk in the list
of foodplants eaten by the larva. There is no evidence to suggest
arceuthata has ever eaten this plant and still less to have existed wild
on it.

The reference to Eire under arceuthata in Part I should be deleted,
only the subsp. hibernica is known from that country.

EUPITHECIA EGENARIA Herr.-Schaff. FLETCHER’S PUG

DE Worms (8) uses the name Pauper Pug for this most recently
discovered British Pug but this is misleading and follows Hk&sLop 1947
Indexed Check-List who assigned this name against egenaria on the
assumption that moths recorded under egenaria during the last century were
indeed the lime feeding insect. In fact, no true egenaria was known from
Britain until 1962 and the early records have been referred to other
species mainly arceuthata and sobrinata as Blair (1) has indicated. Here
we have the absurd circumstance of an English name given to an insect
that was not found in Britain until long after the name had been bestowed
on it, the name having originally referred tc an entirely different species.

The discovery of this pug in Britain has done much more than simply
extend the known range of the moth northwards from central Europe, for
the whole life history is now better understood, and significant advance
has been made upon the work of LUNAK (4) and ScHUTZE (6); from their
accounts it was believed that the emergence period of the moth was
restricted to the latter part of May and early June, and that the life cycle
was determined by the short and early flowering period of Tilia platyphyllos
Scop. the large-leaved Lime. We now know that in the Wye valley the
moth may reach peak emergence during the third week of June and that

106 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAIL. HIST. SOC.

the species is associated with Tilia cordata Mill. (parvifolia Ehrhart) the
small leaved Lime, and that it does well in captivity on flowers of the
hybrid Tilia europaea Linn. (vulgaris Hayne) the common Lime.

The first British specimens were recorded by ROBIN MERE in 1962
(5) and he reviewed continental literature and Schiitze’s paper (6). The
moth is illustrated, with descriptive text, by FLETCHER (2) in the supple-
ment to “ Moths of British Isles” published by Coridon, and De Worms
gave a little summary in 1963 (8). But Fletcher had been misled as to the
correct identity of the Wye valley lime trees and De Worms repeated the
error that egenaria was associated with Tilia platyphyllos in Britain as it
was abroad, and he stated that T. platyphyllos was locally common in the
British Isles, especially in the West Country. Now it may be true that
this tree occurs more frequently in the Monmouth and adjacent country
than elsewhere but it is still an uncommon tree and it certainly does not
form woodland. At the Wye stations of egenaria there are no trees of
T. platyphyllos in woodland conditions, indeed there is but a single
specimen and that grows in a nearby churchyard.

It is clear that egenaria is not restricted te T. platyphyllos in Britain
and it follows that the moth can be expected to occur wherever 7. cordata
forms well-grown woodland in Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire. It is
likely that high canopy is a necessary environment and that optimum
breeding conditions occur where the limes reach sixty feet and have been
undisturbed for many years. Lime was formerly cultivated on a coppice
system and the growth would be cut down at about the time it became
suitable for the moth—about thirty feet tall: and few flowers would be
borne until then. This cutting practice largely ceased during the 1939-45
war and many coppices have now grown into forest. The origin of the
limes in the Wye district is obscure but it is believed that both T. cordata
and T. platyphyllos were encouraged by monks of Tintern and other
houses in order to provide flowers for bees over an extended flowering
season: JT. platyphyllos flowers in early June, T. cordata (and T. europaea
flowers in late June into July. Over the greater part of Britain only the
common lime, T. europaea, is found and this has been planted, whereas
T. cordata appears to be an indigenous species that grows mainly in the
western counties adjoining the Severn. (Although 7. cordata is certainly
later flowering than T. platyphyllos its flowering period in the Wye valley
will allow the larva of egenaria to complete its growth even if open flowers
were not available for the entire larval period. And whereas T. platyphyllos
is an uncommon tree, and 7. cordata has a restricted woodland distribution,
T. europaea is abundant both as specimens in parks and gardens and
commonly as an avenue tree where it often forms continuous canopy that
approaches woodland conditions. It would be surprising if egenaria had
not colonised such habitats and perhaps MV light worked in well-chosen
sites in the West Country might further extend its known range.

The moth itself has been likened to castigata but I find it closest in
appearance to pale examples of Jariciata which shares a similar shape
and pattern and intensity of median line. The larva of egenaria in no
way resembles castigata which is coarsely rugose and has a series of

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 107

dorsal diamonds; instead it has the same tapered body as /ariciutu but its
head is much smaller. The larva is also very similar to those of
pimpinellata, subumbrata and assimilata Schiitze (6) thought egenaria
to be closely related to pimpinellata on grounds of similarity in their
genitalia.

The life history of egenaria was fully described in 1936 by LuUNAK (4)
and next by SCHUTZE in 1954 (6) who gave coloured illustrations of egg,
larva and pupa. (Schiitze’s paper was summarised by MERE (5) and by
WAKELY (7). The habits in Britain are described by HAGGET and MERE (3)
based on their experiences in 1963 and they reared the species on a very
large scale after another visit to the Wye valley during the following
year and fully confirmed the work of the earlier authors.

Female moths were found to live fully a fortnight after capture,
fertile eggs were laid by some moths immediately, by others not until after
ten days. A few eggs were laid on flower bracts otherwise the whole of
250 eggs were deposited on buds of JT. cordata, some singly, many in
twos and threes, occasionally in clusters of up to 20 eggs, but these were
then laid side by side and not piled. The egg was very large for the size
of moth and powdery blue-white when laid, they hatched in 10-12 days.
In the early instars the larva closely resembled the style of the lime
flower and it was well camouflaged within the blossom. At full growth
the larva simply sat amongst the flower stalks and it became easy to see
only just before pupation when it assumed a glaucous green. It was a
very robust larva with remarkable strength in both the anal claspers and
the thoracic legs; it seemed to be a larva that could well withstand high
winds in the treetop—and incidentally resist the beating stick as well.
It gripped tightly in all instars until very fully grown and then it might
drop easily.

When fed upon flowers of T. europaea the small larvae ate only the
anthers, later the stamens as well and these they liked to break off and
feed into the mandibles as we might eat a stick of celery, Sepals were
ignored and the petals eaten but rarely: in the last instar the whole of
the style was eaten. None of the larvae ate the leaf and the instance
recorded Ent. Gaz. 15: 25 by Mere would suggest that larvae might
subsist on foliage only in emergency. At no time did any larva attempt
to spin together the parts of the flower. Large quantities of bright
ginger-red frass were passed. There were three moults and the time
spent in the larval stage varied from 12 to 18 days, that is from time of
hatching until spinning up. There were no precocious emergences and
all pupae produced moths during the following spring. It was a very
easy species to rear.

Description of larva

The first instar larva is a pale cloudy ochreous-grey, the charactertistic
features being the uniformly black-brown head and black thoracic legs,
and purplish-plum coloured dorsal blotches along the alimentary tract; its
prothoracic plate is dusky brown and is broadly divided at the centre, its
anal plate is divided posteriorly into two short sturdy spikes. In the second
instar the head is pale grey otherwise no change in appearance. During

108 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

the third instar the abdomen becomes deeper yellow and by the end of
that instar the body assumes the delicate pale green hue.

Description of fourth (last) instar larva

Measures to 25 mm. long, slender with taper only at thorax, broadest
at the fourth and fifth abdominal rings, there is similar tapering dorso-
ventrally. The skin very soft, not shiny, a pronounced lateral flange,
much transverse wrinkling of the thoracic and posterior abdominal rings:
the skin itself coarsely granulated when viewed under a strong lens,
carrying short, fine bristles but these are evident to the naked eye only
on the posterior abdominal rings and here the bristles are fewer and all
directed backwards. Colour a delicate pale green, the sole ornamentation
being the intersegmental folds of the abdomen which appear a con-
spicuously blanched yellow, and the broken line of the dorsal vessel
which shows through the skin as a series of pulsating dark streaks; the
skin is marked beneath by a single broken stripe composed of whitish
streaks which are best developed on the abdomen. The head pale
ochreous-grey, the ocelli deep black, the shape flattened in front, rounded
not pointed, the mouthparts darker. True legs plain ochreous-grey.
Prothoracic plate weak, green, unmarked. Anal flap dulled, ochreous-grey
tinged with pink, the margins so pale as to appear white: the whole of
the flap and its body ring may appear suffused with orange just before frass
is passed. Prolegs on sixth abdominal ring are green, tipped with grey,
anal claspers ochreous-grey, there are twin conical projections beneath the
flap and these may be coloured reddish.

The colour of the larva varies depending upon age and how recently
it has eaten: from the plain creamy hue of earlier instars the skin may
assume any intermediate shade of green through to deep emerald before
it ceases feeeding: it can even appear quite grey with purplish blotches.

Figures: Plate IV, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13 all last instar, on flowers of common
lime Tilia europaea, reared from Wye valley female, 12.vii.1964.

References

(1) Blair, K. G., 1951, Entom., 84: 158.

(2) Fletcher, D. S., 1963, Coridon, Series B, No. 4.

(3) Haggett, G. M. and Mere, R. M., 1964 Ent. Gaz., 15: 25.
(4) Lunak, R., 1936, Z. ost. Entver, 21: 15.

(5) Mere, R. M., 1962, Ent. Gaz., 13: 155.

(6) Schiitze, E., 1954, Abh. Ber. Ver. Naturk Kassel, 59: 7.
(7) Wakely, S., 1957, Ent. Rec., 69: 199.

(8) De worms, C. G. M., 1963, Ent. Gaz., 14: 106.

POECILOPSIS LAPPONARIA Boisd. RANNOCH BRINDLED
BEAUTY
A very full account of the life history and description of the larva of

this moth is given in Buckler, vol. VII, pp. 11-15, by F. W. FrouHawk, the
notes having earlier appeared in their entirety in Entom. 28: 237. The

Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1968 PLATE X

Figs. 1-4 Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe; figs. 5-8 Hypena rostra/is Linn.;
Figs. 9-10 Thera variata Schiff.; figs. 11-13 Co/obochyla salicalis Schiff.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 109

reference to figures given in the text relates to the earlier publication for
there are no illustrations of this larva in Buckler.

A number of plants are said to be eaten including Calluna, Erica,
birch, sallow and hawthorn, and bog-myrtle. Regarding its choice of
foodplant in a wild state Dr. CocKAYNE wrote, “ The younger larvae were
usually on Calluna and the larger ones on Erica tetralix eating both flowers
and leaves. I did not find that bog-myrtle is the favourite food.” (Ent.
Rec., 63: 134.)

Figures: Plate V, figs 13, 15 both last instar, from H. E. HAMMOND,
ab ovis, Struan, Perthshire, female, figured 24.vi.1951, reared on
sallow.

ORTHOLITHA MUCRONATA Scopoli. LEAD-BELLE

Since publication of my earlier work in this series (Part VI in Proc.
S.L. ent. nat. Hist. Soc, 1961) I have seen many more larvae and wish to
add the following details to that account.

Occurrence of larvae

September is about the earliest time of year that larvae can be found,
and during the fourth week of this month in 1964 I found larvae on Gorse
at Tregaron, Cardiganshire. At Goonhilly, Cornwall, I found a few at
the end of November, 1960. The latest time that I have had larvae was
on 31st March, 1966, when I collected them, again on Gorse, in the Black
Mountains of Breconshire, near Hay, at 1600 feet elevation above sea-
level and exposed to the west; they began to spin up a week later.
Variation of larval colour

I had the chance to rear a large number of scotica larvae from
Aviemore, Inverness-shire, females in 1960 and found that about a quarter
of them were similar to the pale form of southern insects, but still with
the smoky hue that is typical of scotica. Larvae of umbrifera were very
common on Dartmoor on 9.xii.1964 and I collected 146 of them in a couple
of hours: 66 were of the pale form, 66 were grey, and only 14 were heavily
marked.

Editorial Note

It is proposed to publish a further part with an eleventh plate later
in the current volume. This will illustrate the two Noctuidae: Coenophila
subrosea Steph. and Trisateles emortualis (Schiff.).

CURRENT LITERATURE
BOOKS AND MONOGRAMS

CLAPHAM, A. R., TUTIN, T. G. and WarburG, E. F., Excursion Flora
of the British Isles, 2nd Edition, 1968, pp. xxxv and 586. C.U.P. Price
30/-.

The first edition of this invaluable book appeared in 1959, and it is
symptomatic of the lively state of British field botany that a new edition
is published after just nine years. The main purpose of the book is to
enable students to identify all except critical species with ease and

110 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

confidence in the field, and it is gratifying to note that among other
improvements the main key is now wholly dichotomous—the inclusion in
the first edition of occasional three and even four-alternative sections was
apt to trap the unwary. It is perhaps annoying to anyone who cannot
recognise a member of the Lemnaceae at sight to find that fertile material
is required before it will key out, but otherwise the keys are altered little
and seem to work very well. On the whole, they have been modified to
include the newly discovered species and segregates, but there is an
inconsistency in that while certain of the new species are included in the
keys, others are appended as footnotes under related species.

The major taxonomic change which has been incorporated in the new
edition is a completely revised classification of the ferns, the chief feature
of which is the splitting of the old family Polypodiaceae into ten separate
families. Some species, such as Papaver lecogii Lamotte, are better
understood now and better defined; there are some inevitable alterations
in nomenclature, and revised accounts of distribution. Two extra figures
are included, showing the structure of an orchid flower and a grass
spikelet. The point is made in the prefaces that not all the latest views
on taxonomy and nomenclature have been incorporated, lest the Excursion
Flora be made to diverge too far from the larger British Flora, by the
same authors. The book under review is essentially a companion to the
larger “ C.T.W.” and for that reason the fact that the index does not take
one beyond the genera is unimportant, and justified on the ground of space
saved.

Every naturalist ought to own this book, and while he may prefer to
keep it on the back seat of his car, it is robust enough to live stuffed into
his rucksack. However, for those who already possess the first edition, the
new one probably does not contain sufficient that is new to merit its special

purchase.
B.G.

D. S. FLETCHER, 1967

A Revision of the Ethiopian Species and a Check List of the World Species
of Cleora (Lep., Geometridae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. Sup. 8)

Why should genera, such as Boarmia, which we have known since
our youth, now be split into a number of genera (e.g., Cleora, Ascotis,
Alcis and Peribatodes) each with only one or two representatives in
Britain?

A perusal of the work under review provides a satisfactory answer to
the above question, and leaves no room for complaints of needless
splitting.

The African species alone, treated at length in this revision, number
forty-six, of which twenty-two are described here as’new. In the check-list
of world species there are over 200. The author, indeed, has included
numerous species previously separated in two related genera: Carecomotis
Warren and Neocleora Janse, and also sinks other generic names as
synonyms of Cleora Curtis. Yet only one of all these Cleora species is
British, or even European, namely, C. cinctaria Curtis (The Ringed Carpet).
A better illustration could hardly be cited of the need to study each group

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 111

on a world-wide basis before concluding that the last word has been said
about its nomenclature.

The work consists of over 100 pages, 14 plates and 146 text figures.
Among the plates are distribution maps, and the text figures consist of
excellent drawings of the male and female genitalia. These organs,
together with the neuration and the equally characteristic wing-pattern
and abdominal ring, provide the morphological grounds for the genus
as the author conceives it. But he points out that habitus resemblance,
taken by itself, may be deceptive. Ascotis Hubner, with its well-known
representative selenaria Schiff., is thus to be distinguished on structural
grounds, as are at least five Indo-Australian genera.

In the main body of the work, previously known species are re-
characterised in the same style as the new descriptions. At the end,
species are listed whose removal from Cleora was found necessary, with
the correct genus where possible.

The work as a whole lives up to the rigorous standards of the Museum
and we highly recommend it to students of the taxonomy of the
Geometridae.

E.P.W.

OUR CONTEMPORARIES

Alexanor, Revue des Lépidopteristes francais: 5, fase. 5, 1968

This excellent magazine’s latest part opens with an admirable ten-page
article by J. Bourgogne on the word “type,” so often used incorrectly
by the uninitiated. The author discusses the meaning of holotype, lecto-
type, neotype, syntype, paratype, and lectoparatype, which alone are
admitted by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Articles
61-75. Anyone who can understand French will find this exposition
clearer than the Code. One hopes that there will be no more loose talk
of varieties “darker (or lighter) than type” where the speaker has not
actually compared with the actual specimen which constitutes the holotype,
lectotype, or neotype.

Next, a short article by H. de Lesse discusses a form of Agrodiaetus
ripartii Freyer flying near Barcelona, and the validity of the combination
A. admetus agenjoi Forster in the light of the author’s chromosome-studies.

There are two other articles on Iberian Lepidoptera: one, a single
page by E. de Lajonquiére concluding a longer first instalment in the
preceding volume; the other, a contribution to a revision of the Psychid
genus Oreopsyche by J. Bourgogne, who reduces the number of species
in the genus provisionally to 23. There is a good plate of species from
Spain, Portugal and S. France and also an English summary at the end.

Among other articles are an account of an entomological voyage
in Corsica by J. J. de Granville and one by C. Herbulot on some
Sardinian Geometridae. Finally, the last instalment of Charles Boursin’s
list of Noctuidae-Trifinae of France and Belgium provides the correct
nomenclature, according to this recognised authority on the group, of the
species in the genera Gortyna O. to Axylia Hiibner, the latter being placed

112 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

in the Melicleptriinae after Periphanes delphinii L., the Pease-blossom.
Most of our readers are accustomed to follow South and Heslop and place
A. putris soon after Ochropleura plecta L., whence already in 1909 F. N.
Pierce had removed it to the vicinity of Arenostola, in which few if any
followed him. Boursin’s list, of course, contains a number of generic
names and combinations which entomologists in this country have not
yet adopted, and in this part one notes as examples: Charanyca
trigrammica Hufn., Athetis pallustris Hiibn. and Chloridea instead of
Heliothis. Yt would be impractical to suggest that our contributors should
henceforth follow Boursin’s nomenclature as it is not easily available to
the majority of our members. Until our own check-lists are revised to
conform, contributors may continue as recommended by the previous
editor to follow Heslop’s list, observing, if possible, the modifications
recommended in our 1960-2 yolumes,
E.P.W.

SHORT NOTES

Danaus plexippus in Sussex—In the sunny morning of October 15th a
large brown butterfly sailed into my garden from the south-east, fluttered
up and down the bungalow wall, then settled momentarily within a yard
of me on a sunflower where [ had an excellent but too brief view of
Danaus plexippus (L.). Before I had recovered from my surprise it had
sailed away over the roof in a north-westerly direction. W. H.
SPREADBURY, 3 Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex.

Nymphalis antiopa L. in Surrey—On the 7th September, 1968, at
Wentworth, Surrey, a “large dark butterfly” was seen at a window of
The Corner Green House. The following evening (8.9.68) Mr. A. H.
Bishop, of Sunninghill, Berks, a guest interested in Lepidoptera, after
being informed of the butterfly’s presence the previous day, found the
right fore and hind wings of a specimen of Nymphalis antiopa L. on the
lawn. He brought the two wings to the Natural History Museum for
confirmation of his determination of the species and has kindly presented
them to the museum. The wings, though worn, are entire and have
portions of the basal attachments to the thorax still present. The borders
are a pale cream typical of specimens taken in Britain. T. G. HowartTH,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History).

Nymphalis antiopa L. in Oxford—In a letter to the museum, Mr.
Martin F. Heyworth of Oxford reports that on the 10th September he
“saw a Camberwell Beauty butterfly in the centre of Oxford. The
sighting was made at 5.30 p.m. under cloudy conditions. There is no
doubt in mind regarding the identification—the insect was first observed
in flight, and subsequently settled on the wall of a building at about 10
feet above ground-level. When the sighting was made I was on the
pavement immediately below this building. The borders of the insect’s
wings were white rather than yellow, and the specimen was in good
condition, being, as far as I could see, undamaged.” T. G. HowartTn,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 113

A REVIEW OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE LONDON
AREA FOR 1966 AND 1967

By C. G. M. DE WorRMS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.LC., F.L.S., F.R.E.S

Introduction

In my last biennial review for the years 1964 and 1965 (De Worms,
1966), I drew special attention to the paper which appeared in the
Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, 1963, on the survey of the flora and fauna of the
gardens of Buckingham Palace This work included a long list of the
Lepidoptera recorded in that most interesting part of London up to the
end of 1964. The mercury vapour light trap has continued to be run
there on favourable occasions throughout the ensuing seasons but, though
naturally the new additions become annually less frequent, nevertheless
further records have been made of species rather unexpected in the
innermost area of the Metropolis.

A number of former recorders have been good enough to send in
their observations again and several new workers in the field have also
recorded most useful information about parts of the Area not covered in
earlier reviews. To all such, I would like to express my special gratitude;
some indeed have compiled most comprehensive and valuable lists of their
local species.

As previous reviews have appeared elsewhere, it should first be
explained that the Area is a circle of radius twenty miles from St, Paul’s
Cathedral. The numbers refer to the contained parts of the Watsonian
Vice-Counties, with the prefix of the initial letter of the County for readier
recognition.

All these records are now of special importance in view of the
National Survey of the British Macrolepidoptera which is being under-
taken by the Nature Conservancy in their Biological Records Centre at
Monk’s Wood, Huntingdon.

Both the winters of 1965-6 and of 1966-7 were extremely mild ones
with very little prolonged cold or severe snowstorms. Both years, therefore,
started precociously, but bleak periods: supervened in both springs,
especially in May, 1967, which was one of the coldest recorded this
century. However, the respective summers were very different. In 1966
there was hardly a warm spell at all, whereas in 1967 both in June and,
above all, during July, the sun shone almost continuously with the
thermometer well in the 70’s almost daily. Mid-July of that year produced
a real heat wave, with a further very warm week at the end of August.
There were some glorious days, too, in September and October, 1967.

What were the general comparisons between the two seasons as
regards the Lepidoptera? Certainly there was a big influx of migrants
both in March and in May of 1966. It proved to be one of the best
years this century for Vanessa cardui L. (Painted Lady), which was about
in vast quantities with a fair proportion of V. atalanta L. (Red Admiral);
they both found their way well into the London Area. Macroglossa
stellatarum L. (Humming-bird Hawk), too, was fairly frequent that summer.

114 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAIL. HIST. SOC,

All these three species were extremely scarce in 1967, during the beginning
of which, in the first week of February, a big immigration must have taken
place: for no less than three examples of that very rare migrant
Tathorrhynchus exsiccata Lederer (Levant black-neck) were taken at light
near Winchester together with several other migrant species, particularly
among the Pyrales. Again 1967 saw a large number of Colias croceus
Fourcroy (Clouded Yellow) over the southern part of England with several
records within the bounds of London

Turning in detail to the more outstanding records, for 1966 certainly
the most surprising capture was that of a perfect male Apatura iris L.
(Purple Emperor) on the edge of some woods between Northwood and
Moor Park by Master J. MAJERUS in early July. It was quite by chance
that Mr. G. Prior was collecting in that vicinity when he happened to
meet young Majerus, who took him to see his prize, which he had not
appreciated when he caught it on the ground. This grand insect used to
exist in most of the woods round North London, including Epping Forest,
but that was well back in the last century, and I am not aware that it has
been seen anywhere in that region this century.

Another spectacular capture reported for M.21 was that of Lampides
baeticus L. (Long-tailed Blue) taken in a garden at Finchley by L. SMITH
on October 18th, 1967 (vide Bulletin Amateur Entomologist’s Society
27: 71). The only previous record of this very widespread migrant for
M.21 was a specimen taken at Greenford in the phenomenal summer of
1945.

Mention has already been made of the arrival in the Area of V.
cardui and V. atalanta during 1966. It was aiso a good year for Celastrina
argiolus L. (Holly Blue), which was reported as abundant by Mr. A. A.
ALLEN in the south of the Area, at Carshalton, at Blackheath, and on
Esher Common in August (Ent. Rec. 79: 23). It was also fairly common
in the following spring, April, 1967, near Bromley, Kent (Jacobs: Ent.
Rec., 79: 178). Otherwise, not so many unusual insects or rarities seem
to have visited the Area in these two years as in the first five years of the
present decade, though 1967 provided more than its predecessor.

Probably the most interesting records are those from INNER LONDON,
particularly the Buckingham Palace survey. One of the unexpected
visitors to the light trap in the grounds of the Palace during 1967 was a
male Euproctis chrysorrhaea L. (Brown-tail) ,a species which has not
penetrated into London for many years. The nearest recent record is of
a nest of larvae found in Hounslow in 1949. During the latter half of
the 19th century it was a veritable pest in the Metropolitan Area, its
stinging larvae denuding trees in the parks and festooning them with
their tough nests. Now this moth seems to be confined chiefly to our
seaboards in the east and south-east from Suffolk to the Isle of Wight. It
is to be hoped that this single capture is only a stray and that London
has not once more become the home of this pest.

Another most unlikely inhabitant of the Central London Area was a
female Hepialus hecta L. (Gold Swift), also taken in the trap in Bucking-
ham Palace Gardens in July, 1965, but only recently recognised. This

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 115

species feeds in the roots of bracken of which there is apparently a large
clump in the Palace gardens. Normally it is to be found flying at dusk
in large woods where this fern flourishes. There are old records for
Hampstead Heath.

Among the butterflies of Inner London in 1967, by far the most
remarkable was the sight of a Nymphalis antiopa L. (Camberwell Beauty),
at rest for a fleeting moment on the bumper of a car in a Kensington
square in early August. This record has been fully authenticated. Most
probably the last time this famous migrant was seen in this part of
London was when one was found flying inside the Natural History
Museum at South Kensington shortly after World War II. Among the
regular migrant moths in 1966 was at least one specimen of Rhodometra
sacraria L, (Vestal) taken by Prof. DaciE at his home in Wimbledon in
September. He also obtained Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. (Gem) there
in July, 1966. Several newcomers to our shores seem to be steadily
increasing their range: one of these is Hadena compta Schiff. (Varied
Coronet) which first appeared as a resident in 1948 in Kent and has now
spread weil into the Area. A new station for it is near the easternmost
limit at Pinden near Dartford where Mr. E. J. Hare reported it for the
first time in July, 1967.

Once more London has the pride of recording the first example of a
species new to the British Isles: in October, 1967, at his home at Totteridge,
Mr. R. I. LortmMerR noticed a small, dark Caradrina which seemed not quite
to accord with the species of this genus with which he was familiar, He
sent it to the Natural History Museum, whose authorities in turn sent it to
that eminent French auhority, M. Charles Boursin of Paris, who pro-
nounced it to be an example of Caradrina flavirena Hiibner, an insect of
essentially Mediterranean habitat and origin, which has somehow reached
us, unless indeed it has already become a resident without having been
previously recognised.

Quite a sensation was caused in the autumn of 1967 when Dr.
SVENSSON of Sweden announced that Amphipyra pyramidea L. (Copper
Underwing), a very prevalent late summer Noctuid, in fact embraced two
distinct species as shown by the examination of the genitalia of many
individuals. When a number of British examples were examined it soon
became clear that both species were equally plentiful in the southern part
of Great Britain and specimens both new and old of the newly separated
species have been found emanating from most of the Vice-Counties in the
Area. This new addition to our list has been named Amphipyra berbera
Rungs. The separation characters were formally described by D. S.
FLETCHER in Ent. Gaz. 19: 2 (1968), p. 91, where the name of svenssoni
was also given to the particular subspecies to which our English form
belongs. It can be distinguished from true pyramidea by its generally
duller drabber ground colour without the sheen of pyrumidea; the central
mark of the forewings is always oval in the new species whereas it is
smaller and round in the authentic Copper Underwing.

116 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAL. HIST. SOC.

Analysis by Vice-Counties

In the following paragraphs, species new to each Vice-County within
the Area are marked with an asierisk.
INNER LONDON:

Nymphalis antiopa L. (Camberwell Beauty), Kensington, viii.67.

*Euproctis chrysorrhaea L. (Brown-tail), Buckingham Palace Garden,
vil.67.

*Hepialus hecta L. Buckingham Palace Garden, vii.65.

*Nola cucullatella L. (Short-cloaked), Buckingham Palace Garden,
vil.66.

*Drepana lacertinaria L. (Scalloped Hook-tip), Buckingham Palace
Garden, vii.67. (Its foodplant, Betula (birch) is far from common in Inner
London.)

Pheosia tremula Clerck (Swallow Prominent), Buckingham Palace
Garden. (A newcomer to the Palace list though not to Inner London, as
it used to be taken regularly at the moth-trap run in the Zoo in the
1950's.

Procus literosa Haworth (Rosy Minor), Buckingham Palace Garden,
1967 (a re-appearance).

A further most unexpected visitor to the Palace trap in June, 1966,
was Lygephila pastinum Treits (The Blackneck),* an insect of open country
and woodlands.

Chesias legatella Schiff. (Streak), Buckingham Palace Garden, xi.1967.

Erannis defoliaria Clerck (Mottled Umber), Buckingham Palace Gar-
den, 1966.

Other interesting observations from the innermost part of London
include several sent in by Mr. G. H. Gusu, who observed Pararge megaera
L. (Wall) in St. James’ Park on June Ist, 1966. and in 1967 *Coenonympha
pampilus (Small Heath) and Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) in May
and July respectively in the same Park, the latter being a reappearance.
Archbishop’s Park at Lambeth provided quite a spate of butterfly records
in 1966, for Mr. GuSsH noted there: Pieris napi L. (Green-veined White)
(17.v), Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral) first on 29.iii, again in v and
ix, and Vanessa cardui L. (Painted Lady) together with Maniola jurtina L.
(Meadow Brown) in 1x, and Anthocharis cardamines L. (Orange-tip) with
the common Whites on 19.v. Polygonia c-album L. (Comma) turned
up in the Abingdon Road Gardens in x.1967, while Nymphalis io L.
(Peacock) was seen in 1966 in Archbishop’s Park and in vili.1967 in Lord
North Street. Mrs. JANET SAUNDERS reported an abundance of larvae of
Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (Cinnabar) in the vicinity of the Festival Hall
in August, 1967.

MIDDLESEX (M.21):
Apatura iris L. (Purple Emperor) leg. MICHAEL MAJERUS near Moor
Park, vil.1966 (for details see Introduction).
Lampides baeticus L. (Long-tailed Blue), x.1967, Finchley (ditto).
Also from M.21, recorded by Mr. G. Prior.
Pararge aegeria L. Copse Wood, Northwood; and Bayhurst Wood,

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. NIL7/

Harefield; and P. megaera L. from the same two, and also Pinner.
Maniola tithonus L. (Hedge Brown), Hanger Hill, Ealing.
Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue), a strong colony at

Harefield.
Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue), Hanger Hill, Ealing, in 1966.
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Small Skipper), Hanger Hill, Ealing; also

North Harrow, Pinner Park and at Harefield.
V. cardui L. Copse Wood, Northwood, and North Harrow, 1966.
C. croceus Fourc. Copse Wood, 1967.
Pheosia tremula Clerck (Swallow Prominent), North Harrow and

Northwood.

Notodonta dromedarius L. (Iron Prominent), Harrow, not previously
observed there.

Drepana binaria Hufn. (Oak Hook-tip), to light, Harrow.

Noctua interjecta Hiibn. (Least Yellow Underwing), North Harrow,
last reported from there in the 1898 list.

Scopula lactata Haw. (Cream Wave), Copse Wood, North Wood.

Scopula imitaria Hiibn. (Small Blood Vein), North Harrow.

Ellopia fasciaria L. (= prosapiaria) (Barred Red), Harrow.

Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff. (September Thorn) and D. fuscantaria

Haw. (Dusky Thorn), Northwood.

Chiasmia clathrata L. Hanger Hill, a strong colony.

Also from M.21, recorded by Mr. B. R. STaALLWooD: from Sunbury,
near Kempton Park Racecourse, V. cardui, P. c-album, V. atalanta, P.
aegeria.

A specimen of Amphipyra berbera Rungs. subsp. svenssoni Fletcher
has been identified, taken at Potter’s Bar in 1906.

Herts (H.20):

Species recorded by Mr. R. I. Lorimer at Totteridge include:

*Caradrina flavirena Hiibn. (Lorimer’s Rustic), x.1967.

*Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse Chestnut), 17.ix.1966: this
peculiar heathland geometer apparently hibernates and has not been
recorded before from this part of H.20.

Nycterosea obstipata Fab. (Gem), x.1966.

*Eupithecia lariciata Freyer (Larch Pug), vi.1966 (not previously noted
for this part of H.20).

*Bomolocha fontis Thunb. vii.1967 (Beautiful Snout): usually a denizen
of regions covered with Vaccinium (Bilberry), its foodplant, which does not
grow near its place of capture.

Hemistola immaculata Thunb. (Small Emerald), vii.1967.

*Melanthia procellata Fab. (Pretty Chalk Carpet), vii.1967.

(The last two insects mainly inhabit chalk downs where Clematis
vitalba L. (Traveller’s Joy) flourishes, and are rather unexpected visitors
at Totteridge.)

Species recorded by Mr. BarRRY GOATER at Bushey in 1967 include:

Polyploca ridens Fab. (Frosted Green), very melanic examples in iv.

Apatele tridens Schiff. (Dark Dagger), vi.

Eumichtis adusta Esp. (Dark Brocade).

118 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

Spaelotis ravida Hiibn. (Stout Dart), viii (an occasional visitor to
the Area).

Tholera cespitis Fab, (Hedge Rustic).

Brachionycha sphinx Hiifn. (Sprawler), xi.

Nycterosea obstipata Fab. (Gem), vii and viii.

Tethea duplaris L. (Lesser Lutestring), viii.

Noctua pronuba L., Amathes c-nigrum L. and xanthographa Fab.,
vili, all numerous in the light trap: (350 pronuba in one night, over 100
xanthographa in one night).

The same recorder observed from Elstree during 1967:

Leucoma salicis L. (White Satin).

Jaspidia pygarga Hufn. (Marble White-spot).

*Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff. (Shaded Pug).

Brachionycha sphinx Hiifn.: abundant in xi at Haberdashers’ School,
including a melanic male ;this form is becoming commoner.

Philereme vetulata Schiff. (Brown Scallop) and P. transversata Hufn.
(Dark Scallop) both as larvae.

The same recorder also noted from near Watford at end of 1ii.1967
Gypsitea leucographa Hiibn. (White-marked), a very early date and a
reappearance.

Mr. G. Prior’s list of observations for H.20 for the two seasons
includes :

C. croceus Fourc. near centre of Rickmansworth, 1966.

Aphantopus hyperanthus L. (Ringlet), a flourishing colony in Whippen-
dell Wood, of small size with faint eye-spots.

V. cardui L. and P. c-album L. around Rickmansworth, 1966.

Celastrina argiolus L. (Ricksmanworth).

Deilephila elpenor L. (Large Elephant Hawk) and Ceramica pisi L.

(Broom), larvae at Rickmansworth.

Mormo maura L. (Old Lady) in Rickmansworth town (now becoming
quite a rarity in the Area).

Nonagria typhae Thunb. (Bulrush Wainscot), Anchoscelis litura L.
(Brown-spot Pinion) and Tiliacea citrago L. (Orange Sallow) at Moor
Park.

Eulype hastata L. (Argent and Sable) in vi and Oporinia autumnata
Borkh (Autumnal Carpet) and Colotois pennaria L. (Feathered Thorn) in
autumn, all three near Rickmansworth; also from the same neighbourhood:
Zygaena filipendulae L. (Six-spot Burnet) and Z. trifolii Esp. (Five-Spot
Burnet).

A specimen of *A. berbera Rungs. subsp. svenssoni Fletcher taken at
Oxhey Wood in H.20 has been discovered.
SOUTH ESSEX (E.2.18)

Mr. K. M. Grimwoop has once more sent in a most comprehensive
list of his captures at Ingrave, near Brentwood, during 1966 and 1967,
with comparisons as to the relative abundance in the two seasons of the
280 species comprised in the list. Among the butterflies, V. cardui was
quite numerous in 1966 while only one was seen in 1967; again Celastrina
argiolus turned up fairly commonly in 1967 while none were seen in

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 119

1966. When the list of the butterflies of the London Area was published
in 1951, Pararge aegeria L. was virtually unknown in this part of Essex
or, in fact, in E.2.18 as a whole. Now it is quite widespread there.
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. (Essex Skipper) was again common in both years.

Among the moths, most were species which had appeared in 1964
and 1965, especially the Sphingidae (Hawk-moths) and Notodontidae
(Prominents). In both years Polyploca ridens was frequent. In 1967
Euproctis chrysorrhaea was common, with only one previous record (at
Loughton) for E.2.18. But of course it swarms at Benfleet just outside
the Area. Gastropacha quercifolia L. (Lappet) appeared in 1966 and one
Saturnia pavonia L. (Emperor) that year; both are of very sporadic
appearance in the Vice-County. For 1965 Mr. Grimwood was able to
provide an authentic record of *Arctia villica L. (Cream-spot Tiger) of
very uncertain existence in Essex. In both years Drepana binaria Hufn.
was quite common. Other records from Ingrave included:

*Eilema complana L. (Scarce Footman),

Zygaena trifolii Esp. (first record in E.2.18 since 1865 when it occurred
in Epping Forest).

*Lycophotia varia Vill. (True Lover’s Knot), numerous, 1966 and ’7.

*Noctua interjecta Hiibn. (Least Yellow Underwing), numerous, 1966
and 1967.

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., 1967.
Hadena compta Schiff. (Varied Coronet), 1966 and ’7. This species
seems to be spreading rapidly throughout the Area.

The three marshland species: Nonagria dissoluta Treits. (Brown-
veined Wainscot), Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (Large Wainscot) and Leucania
obsoleta Hiibn. (Obscure Wainscot) each in single specimens, were new-
comers to Ingrave, having only been noted in the Tilbury Marshes before
World War II.

E. adusta Esp. was another unusual visitor, with only one earlier
record from Hale End. The same can be said of Eremobia ochroleuca
Schiff. (Dusky Sallow), quite numerous in both years, yet with hardly
any previous captures for E.2.18 Singletons of both Antitype flavicincta
Schiff. (Large Ranunculus) and of Cucullia chamomillae Schiff.
(Chamomile Shark) appeared in 1966, both with only records from the
western end of the V.-C. Several *Lygephila pastinum Treits. (Black-
neck) came to light in 1966 with a single *Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn.
(Dotted Fan-foot). Other species new to this V.-C. were: *Sterrha
vulpinaria H.-S. (Least Carpet), not hitherto noted in the Area north of
the Thames; *Lobophora halterata Hiifn. (Seraphim (one in 1966);
*Perizoma alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet) (several in 1966); *Ennomos
autumnaria Werneb. (Large Thorn), a few in 1967; *Aspitates ochrearia
Ross. (Yellow Belle), one in 1967.

Bapta distinctata H.-S. (Sloe Carpet) was numerous in 1967. Finally,
during 1967, out of 150 Biston betularia L. taken at light, 92% were of
the black form carbonaria.

120 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

NortH ESSEx (E.1.19)

As before, there are virtually no new records except for *A. berbera
svenssoni Fletcher as mentioned in the Introduction.
NortTH KENT (K.16)

*A. berbera svenssoni has also been found in the collection of Mr.
E. J. HARE who lives at Pinden, near Dartford, which of course is in K.16.
Other interesting captures which he made during the two years there
include *Hadena compta Schiff. (Varied Coronet). Also he took there in
1967 a female of Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria L. (Large Twin-spot Carpet)
from which a good series is being bred. Melanic forms of both Agrotis
ypsilon Hufn. (Dark Swordgrass) and Amathes xanthographa Schiff.
(Square-spot Rustic) were unusual captures for this part of England.

Also for K.16, Mr. C. G. Bruce at Lee reports the reappearance in
his garden in 1967 of the now scarce Acontia luctuosa Schiff. (Four-
spotted); also two Orthosia advena Schiff. (Northern Drab) and many
Leucoma salicis L. (White Satin), Tethea ocularis L. (Figure of Eighty),
Clostera curtula L. (Chocolate-tip) and Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S.

From West Wickham in 1967 Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HuNT records
Apamea scolopacina Esp. (Slender Brindle), Colocasia coryli L. (Nut-tree
Tussock) and Deuteronomos erosaria Borkh (September Thorn).

From a list of 214 species of moths recorded by Mr. DENNIS O’KEEFE
from his home at Bexley during 1966 and 1967, the following may be
mentioned :

Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff. (Maple Prominent) a + in 1966; this
species is usually associated with downland.

C. curtula L. (1966), E. complana L., Euxoa tritici L. (White Line
Dart), Noctua interjecta Hiibn., Graphiphora augur Fab., Hadena compta
Schiff., A. flavicincta, Naenia typica L. (Gothic), Apatele leporina L.
(Miller), Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (Dingy Shears), P. umbra, R. lutosa, the
last two in 1966. Sterrha sylvestraria Hiibn. (Dotted Border Wave), 1966,
with only one previous record, from Chislehurst. Larentia clavaria Haw.
(Mallow) (1967), Euphyia cuculata Hufn. (Royal Mantle) (1966), Chesias
rufata Fab. (Broom-tip) (1966), Perizoma alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet)
(1966) all have few records for this area. Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. has
colonised K.16, while among the bigger Geometers Ennomos autumnaria
Werneb. has appeared regularly. A melanic Lycia hirtaria Clerck (Brindled
Beauty) was noted in 1966.

SuRREY (S.17)

Mr. B. R. STALLWOOD has observed that 1966 was the best of the two
years at Chessington for butterflies, with several V. cardui and two C.
croceus there in viii and ix, but only a single C. argiolus L. A few P.
aegeria turned up there in ix and a number of A. hyperanthus in vii. V.
io (Peacock) was fairly common there that season but more numerous in
1967 which saw quite an abundance of A. urticae in late summer. V.
atalanta was relatively scarce both years, but Thymelicus lineola was
comparatively numerous in both seasons.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 121

Dr. IAN MENZIES reports Cupido minimum Fuessl. (Small Blue)
abundant still on Banstead Downs, also Plebeius argus L. (Silver-studded
Blue) plentiful both years on Ockham and Fairmile Commons. Bookham
Common provided quite a number of Limenitis camilla L. (White Admiral)
while on Ranmore Common Lysandra bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue) was
still holding its own.

Mr. G. H. Gusu has sent in a number of special records made near
Thorpe and Weybridge. The most surprising of these was Argynnis
paphia L. (Silver-washed Fritillary) near Thorpe on 17th July, 1967. In
that year V. atalanta was seen there from May to September. In early
September near Thorpe in 1966 he saw L. camilla, usually very scarce in
this district, as well as V. atalanta and hundreds of Plusia gamma L. (Silver
Y) later in the month. Thecla quercus L. (Purple Hair-streak), 23.vii.67,
sunning itself on an oak bough, scarce around Thorpe. Thymelicus
sylvestris Poda (Small Skipper) very common there in 1967. Round
Weybridge, 1966: many V. atalanta and a few V. cardui in September;
1967: a few Polygonia c-album (Comma). He also reports the following
moths during 1967:

Mormo maura L. (Old Lady) on the station wall at Weybridge.
Cerura vinula L. (Puss Moth) at light at Thorpe, and three larvae from
the Weybridge area, together with Adraxas grossulariata L. (Magpie),
never numerous in that region: Euchoeca nebulata Scop. (Dingy Shell)
and larvae of Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emerald) both near Thorpe.

Prof. J. V. DaciE at his home at Wimbledon took the two migrants
Rhodometra sacraria L. (Vestal) in September, 1966 and in July of that
year Nycterosea obstipata Fab. (Gem). Newcomers to his trap in 1967
included Cirrhia gilvago Esp. (Dusky Lemon Sallow), Cosmia diffinis L.
(White-spotted Pinion) and Sterrha emarginata L. (Small Scallop Wave).
In July, 1967, he also took a second example of Eupithecia millefoliata
Rossler (Yarrow Pug).

Mr. D. S. FLETCHER reports the capture at Warlingham in June, 1967,
of an authentic Procus versicolor Borkh. (the Rufous Minor). This species
is no doubt much more prevalent in the Area than the records show owing
to its similarity to P. strigilis Clerck and P. latruncula Schiff.

Mr, DAVID TREMBATH, who lives near the southern boundary of the
Area, at Reigate, records for 1966 his second A patele alni L. (Alder Moth),
also Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (Large Wainscot) and another Parascotia
fuliginaria L. (Waved Black) in July. Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. (Deep
Brown Dart) appeared in September. In 1967 he found Aspitates gilvaria
Schiff. (Straw Belle) plentiful on the nearby downs.

Mr. C. B. AsHBy has submitted a very complete list of lepidoptera
he has noted near his home at Cheam and also on Bookham Common.
A notable species from the latter was Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Scarce
Prominent) in April, 1966. Arctia villica L. (Cream-spot Tiger) was taken
there in 1965, and Asphalia diluta Schiff. (Lesser Lute-string) in September
of that year. Orthosia advena Schiff. (Northern Drab) appeared at Cheam
in 1964 and Cosmia diffinis L. in 1965, both uncommon for the Area in

122 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

S$.17.. Both Aporophyla nigra Haw. (Black Rustic) and A. lutulenta
Borkh. (Deep Brown Dart) were recorded at Cheam in 1966, a new
locality for them in the Area. Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. (Sprawler)
was seen in some numbers both in 1965 and 1966 at Bookham Common
in late October. The two autumn species Tiliacea citrago L. (Orange
Sallow) and 7. aurago Fab. (Barred Sallow) were taken in 1965 at Bookham
Common, not noted in the 1954 survey, and the latter species was noted
at Cheam in October of 1965 which saw several Cirrhia gilvago Esp.
(Dusky Lemon Sallow) there. In 1965 there were three Larentia clavaria
Haw. (Mallow) and in April, 1966, Coenotephria derivata Schifl. (Streamer).
Apparently all the Biston betularia L. (Peppered) taken at Cheam were of
the melanic form carbonaria.

From Camberwell Mr. S. WAKELY records Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. in
October, 1966, at rest on a bush in his garden there, a most unusual visitor
for this part of the Area. He took an N. obstipata Fab. there on July
12th, 1967, as well as Scopula promutata Guen. (Mullein Wave) and
Euphyia unangulata Haw. (Sharp-angled Carpet). The last species are
also most unexpected in this region.

Reference has already been made to the abundance of Celastrina
argiolus (Holly Blue) in 1966 at Carshalton and on Esher Common
recorded (Ent. Rec., 79: 23) by A. A. ALLEN.

Finally, for $.17 there has been found in collections specimens of
Amphipyra berbera Rungs., svenssoni Fletcher (New Copper Underwing)
from Egham (1872), Wimbledon (1875), Reigate (1886) and from near
Epsom in more recent years.

Bucks (B.24)

As before, Sir Eric ANSORGE has sent in a most valuable list of
further records from Chalfont St. Peter with several more species new to
B.24. Among these during 1966 are *Harpyia furcula L. (Sallow Kitten),
*Tethea duplaris L. (Lesser Lute-string), *Polia tincta Brahm. (Silvery
Arches) and most surprisingly *Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Waved Black),
an entirely new area for this elusive littlke moth. Another unlikely one
for this locality was Dicycla oo L. (Heart Moth), with only one previous
record.

Uncommon species for B.24 at Chalfont during 1967 included Diucrisia
sannio L. (Clouded Buff), Amathes castanea Esp. (Neglected Rustic), and
Sarrothripus revayana Scop. (Large Marbled Tortrix). All these were
previously only reported from Black Park, Fulmer, in the middle of the
last century and are new to the Chalfont list, as was *Lygephila pastinum
Treits. (Blackneck). Other captures of note included a melanic Tetheu
ocularis L. (Figure of Eighty) and the black form .of Colocasia coryli L.
ab. avellana Hiibn. (Nut-tree Tussock). There was also a remarkable
aberration of Petilampa minima Haworth (Dotted Buff) in 1967. Philereme
vetulata Schiff. (Brown Scallop), Apeira syringaria L. (Lilac Beauty) and
Ectropis extersaria Hibn, (Brindled White-spot) were uncommon insects
for the locality and for B.24. Among Sir Eric’s earlier captures were two
undoubted *A. berbera Rungs., another addition to the County list.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 123

As no analysis for the respective Vice-Counties has been made since
the main work and supplements were finished in 1959, | have thought it
of use and interest to renew this in the following table. Naturally the
species for INNER LONDON have increased by far the most following
the running of the mercury vapour moth-trap in the grounds of
Buckingham Palace.

VICE- : Totals for
CouUNTIES LL. M.21 H.20 E.2.18 E.1.19 4.16 $.17 B.24 Area U.K.
SPECIES OF s _ (1967) 4
ButtTEerFLiEs 24 49 47 51 25 53 54 31 59 7
Macro- dies
Motus 252 538 521 474 241 587 603 418 667 855
TOoTALs 276 587 568 525 266 640 657 449 726 931
INCREASES ; sl
Since 1959 53 3 16 26 1 11 7 29 8 25

REFERENCES
De Worms, C. G. M., 1966, Lond. Nat., 45: 89-97.

As will be noted, the total number of species of Macro-lepidoptera
recorded for the London Area stands at 726 compared with 931 recognised
species for the British Isles up to the end of 1967. This gives an overall
percentage of 77.9 per cent. for the Area compared with 78.1 per cent.
up to the end of 1965S.

PROCEEDINGS

14th Marcu, 1968
The PRESIDENT, Mr. B. GOATER, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., in the Chair.

EXHIBITS

The President, specimens of Eilema caniola Hiibn. and Leucania
putrescens Hiibn. from the cliffs at St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, taken
during August, 1967.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, four species of Satyridae (Lep., Rhopalocera)
from Cyprus, taken 13th/20th May, 1954: Chazara briseis larnacana Ob.,
including dimorphic females with white and orange markings respectively;
Hipparchia syriaca cypriaca Stdgr.; Pseudochazara amalthea acamanthis
Rebel; Pararge roxelana Cramer. The first three have endemic subspecies
in Cyprus.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The President welcomed Mr. D. LESTON to the meeting on behalf of
members.

The President then called for members’ appreciation of Mrs. Mere
having donated £1,000 to enable the printing of Mr. G. Haggett’s
lepidopterous larvae plates.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms reported having already seen Polyploca
flavicornis L. (Frosted Green), Dichonia areola Esp. (Early Grey).
Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. (Small Brindled Beauty), and Phigalia
pilosaria Schiff. (Pale Brindled Beauty), and Erannis leucophaearia Schiff.

124 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT, HIST. SOC.

(Spring Usher). He then referred to the President’s exhibit of E. caniola
and said that this species is found at Torquay, distributed over the
Cornish peninsula and South Wales, it is also common on Anglesey. He
commented that Leucania putrescens Hibn. was similarly distributed but
not in N. Wales. £. caniola is also found in Eire. The President added
that there are records from Rye and Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON mentioned
Camber and Eastbourne, which Dr. De Worms confirmed.

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen reported a field meeting held in Singapore by
Mr. E. Classey and Mr. C. G. Roche.

After the lecture, ‘‘Spring in Cyprus,’ by Dr. De Worms, the
President closed the meeting.

28th MARCH. 1968
The PRESIDENT, Mr. B. GOATER, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., in the Chair

The President announced the deaths of Mrs. K. M. B. Tyler in

November, 1967 and Mr. T. W. Tailby on Sth February, 1968.
EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Two males and a female Orthosia gothica L., ab.
circumsignata Hasebroek, the males taken by himself at Mill Hill,
Middlesex, in 1956 and Bushey, Herts., 1965, and the female by Dr. A.
Ridge at Huish Champfiower, Som., in 1964. The ab. is a sterile double
recessive.

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOoD—Some full-grown larvae of Angerona
prunaria L. (Orange Moth), from eggs laid by a female taken in Sussex,
and approaching ab. corylaria Thunb. A book:—“ Australian Butterflies ”
by I. F. B. Common which he presented to the Society’s Library. A
butterfly calendar from New Zealand.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. M. CLIFTON reported seeing Gonepteryx rhamni L. flying in the
gardens of the British Museum (Nat. History).

Dr. C. DE WorMS said that he too had seen one in London. He then
referred to the President’s exhibit and quoted Mr. L. Goodson as saying
that this form is exceptionally uncommon. He also reported having seen
on Chobham Common Inachis io L., Polygonia c-album L., Aglais
urticae L., and Gonepteryx rhamni L. He added that Mr. Heslop had
seen Nymphalis polychloros L. in the West, and that it seemed already
to be a good year for Biston strataria Hufn.

The President reported P.c-album L. from Elstree and the Secretary
said he had seen A. urticae that morning and P.c-album previously.

After some further discussion, Mr. G. Prior spoke on ‘The
Preservation of Commons,” after which the President closed the meeting.

11th APRIL, 1968
The PRESIDENT, Mr. B. GOATER, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Gyrohaena pseudonana Stran. This interesting
beetle is very similar to G. nana (Paykull) but differs in the shape of the
penis and in the puncturation on the pronotum. This is the first British
specimen, and was taken at Chippenham Fen in Sulphur-tuft fungus,
Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 125

A discussion was then opened by Mr. A. E. GARDNER and Mr. S. A.
WILLIAMS on “Collecting Coleoptera” which was illustrated by colour
slides and accompanied by demonstrations.

The President then closed the meeting.

25th APRIL, 1968
The PRESIDENT, Mr. B. GoaTer, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. M. CLirroN—Two specimens of Brochymena quadripus tulata
Fabr. and B. arborea Say. (Hem.), both from Powdermill Nature Reserve,
Pennsylvania, taken in autumn 1966. Both are widespread in the United
States and Canada and although plant-feeders, have been recorded as
occasionally feeding on soft-bodied larvae.

A Chalcid (Hym.) from a pupa of Opsiphanes sp., one of the owl
butterflies, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It has been identified as
Spilochalcis sp. 27 females and one male of the parasite emerged at the
British Museum on the 19th of April, 1968.

A part of the newspaper, “The Pittsburgh Press,” giving a description
of a bug being used in the Viet-Nam war to detect approaching enemies.

A specimen of lava from Mt. Etna, Sicily.

Mr. E. S. BraDFoRD—a larva of (?) Heliothis armigera discovered
when cutting open a tomato bought recently in Borehamwood.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. A. H. B. RYDON reported a cuckoo, a nightingale, swallows and a
swift from Chailey in Sussex,

The President mentioned an article in the ‘Daily Telegraph” that
reported the Little Swift from Cape Clear in Eire. This is the first
British record. He added that he had recently seen an avocet on the
Norfolk coast.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER reported a cuckoo in Wye; and also, in Suffolk,
an avocet, swallows, beared tits and cross-bills.

A discussion on cuckoos followed.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN reported that the wild part of Ditchling Common
had been burnt flat by someone who was using the common for farming
purposes and not consulting the Common Committee. This is an area of
scientific interest.

Dr. RYDON said that the Sussex Naturalists’ Trust might help, as they
had done for Chailey Common. The President said that he would write
to them or to the Nature Conservancy.

Colour transparencies were then shewn by the following members:
Mr. Cuirron; Mr. HaMMonbD; Mr. UFFEN; Mr. WILTSHIRE; and Mr.
BRADFORD.

The President then closed the meeting.

oth MAY, 1968
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

Mr. T. G. Howarth reported the death of Dr. R. M. Fox of Carnegie
Museum, Penn., U.S.A,

126 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

EXHIBITS

Mr. D. O’KEEFE—Coenophila subrosea Steph. (Lep., Noctuidae) (The
Rosy Marsh Moth) larvae, a joint exhibit with R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F.
SKINNER; found at night feeding on Myrica gale (Bog Myrtle) in Wales.
In two and a half hours’ collecting over a hundred larvae were seen, all
being between a quarter and half grown. In confinement they had taken
readily to feeding on Salix (willow) species.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—Bombylius discolor Mikan (Dipt.) (the Bumble
Bee Fly) taken at Windsor Forest on 22nd April, 1951, and taken there
again by Mr. A. E. Stubbs on 20th April, 1968.

Mr. M. P. Ciirron—Four larvae of Lymantria dispar L., the Gipsy
Moth, in their penultimate larval stage.

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD—A colour photograph of the flowers of
Lathraea clandestina, a broom-rape or toothwort, growing in a Kentish
garden. In that area there were a number of plants growing, and flowering
was continuing having started in February. Mr. Greenwood asked
whether the plant was parasitic on Rhododendrons.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following rare and local species of Col.,
Carabidae:—(a) Bembidion fumigatum (Duft.) a series from reed refuse
at Cley, Norfolk, 13th April, 1968; (b) Bembidion clarki Dawson, a series
from tufting at Chislehurst Common, Kent, 24th March, 1968; (c) Codes
helopiodes (F.) Lymington Marsh, Hants., 4th May, 1968; and (d) Ptero-
stichus anthracinus (Ill.), Cley, Norfolk, 13th April, 1968.

The President said that he had had a letter from Mr. Uffen about
Ditchling Common and had written to Sussex Naturalists’ Trust and sent
a copy of his letter to the Nature Conservancy.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The President then announced that since Mr. Buck’s resignation, Mr.
E. P. Wiltshire had kindly agreed to take over the post of Hon. Editor.
Mr. Wiltshire asked members to note that his address was now: 140
Marsham Court, Marsham Street, London, S.W.1, and not in Berkshire
as given in the List of Members.

DISCUSSION ON EXHIBITS

The President congratulated Messrs. Chatelain, Skinner and O’Keefe
on finding the larvae of Coenophila subrosea which must be the first ones
seen in the British Isles for about a century.

Mr. T. R. EaGLes confirmed the name of Mr. Greenwood’s exhibit
and said that his own specimens grew on sallow (Salix caprea) and that
he had not heard of it growing on rhododendron.

After the lecture by Dr. C. A. CLARKE on “ Hybrid Swallowtails and
some observations on mimicry,” the President closed the meeting,

23rd MAY, 1968
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. T. R. EaGLes on behalf of Dr. P. J. L. RocHE, a transparency of
a stinkhorn fungus probably a variety of Phallus indusiatus from primary

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. Ady

forest, Sabah, Malaysia. When growing the fish-net skirt was rose pink,
but it later turned white. 14th April, 1968.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND some Diptera taken at Cosford Mill Field
Meeting on 19th May, 1968.

Criorhina berberina, Fab. and its variety oxycanthae, Meigen.

previously considered a separate species; both are mimics of Bumble

Bees.

Sericomyia lappona, L. a Honey Bee mimic.

Chrysotoxum cautum, Harris, a Wasp mimic.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS, a book published to celebrate the centenary of
the Folkestone Natural History Society. He presented the book, “ Some
aspects of the Natural History of the Folkestone District” to the Society’s
library.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER, the following Coleoptera, Scydmaenidae : —

Stenichnus godarti (Latr.). Two specimens of this rare species found

in the nests of the ant Formica rufa L., New Forest, Hants., 7th

April, 1968, and Sth May, 1968.

Stenichnus collaris (Mill). Two specimens found in F. rufa nests with

the above species, 5th May, 1968. This does not appear to be one of

the myrmecophilous species.

Stenichnus exilis (Erichs). One specimen of this rare myrmecophilous

species found under freshly cut oak planks, New Forest, 22nd

October, 1967.

Dr. C. G. de Worms fully fed larvae of Polia xanthomista bred from
eggs.

Mr. C. F. DEWHURST two speciments (mature female and a nymph) of
a Praying Mantid (Acanthops tessellata, subject to confirmation) taken at
night in a forest clearing in the Matto Grosso, Lat. 12° 51’ South, Long.
51° 46’ West, by Dr. M. J. Richards of the Royal Society expedition
earlier this year. The nymph was one of 12 so far hatched from three
egg pods laid by the female.

MATTERS ARISING

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD said that he had spoken to Lord Aberconway
regarding the Broomrape growing in a Kentish garden, who said that it
is parasitic on Sallow.

Mr. Greenwood then asked if the Broomrape in question might be
another species as there is no Sallow on the ground where it occurs.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The President announced that the Nature Conservancy had asked
for records from Ashenbank Wood, near Cobham, Kent, particularly of
Coleoptera and Hemiptera, details to be sent to Mr. Labern.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. de Worms reported seeing Orange Tips and three species of
Whites that morning. He also reported the Pearl Bordered Fritilliary
from the New Forest.

The President said that his M.V. trap results were very poor.

128 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

The Secretary added that it had been a poor year generally so far
and he had seen only small numbers of Hemiptera.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON remarked that he had had 66 species in his
M.V. trap to date and that about two-thirds of these were one species,
the remainder being ones and twos of other species.

Dr. de WorMS commented that he had a Cinnabar moth last week.

After the lecture on ‘“‘The Metamorphosis of Papilio ajax” by Mrs.

G. F. Brewer, the President closed the meeting.

PAST PRESIDENTS

1872-4 J. R. Wettman (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.s. (dec.).

1875-6 <A. B. Farn, F.E.s. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., PH.D.,

1877 J. BP. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec.). A.1.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

1878 J. T. Wixiiams (dec.). 1934 T. R. Eactes.

1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1935 E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.

1880 A. FIcKLin (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLeEtt.

1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. Courson.

1882 T. R. BILuups, F.E.s. (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

1883 J. R. WeELtMaAN (dec.). 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.

1884 W. WEsT, L.p.s. (dec.). 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,

1885 R. Soutru, F.E.s. (dec.). F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1886-7 R. ApKIN, F.E.s. (dec.). 1941 F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1888—9 T. R. BiLuups, F.E.s. (dec.). 1942 S. WAKELY.

1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1943 R. J. Burton, L.pD.S., R.C.S.ENG.

1891 W. H. TuGweE Lt, PH.c. (dec.). 1944 StantEy N. A. Jacoss, S.B.ST.J.,

1892 C. G. Barrett, F.E.Ss. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.s., etc. (dec.). 1945-6 Capt. R. A. JacKSON, R.N.,

1894 E. Step, F.L.s. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1895 T. W. Hatt, F.z.s. (dec.). 1947 L. T. Forp, B.a. (dec.).

1896 R. SoutuH, F.E.s. (dec.). 1948 Col. P. A. CarpEw (dec.).

1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1949 J. O. T. Howarp, m.a. (dec.).

1898 J. W. Tutt, F.z.s. (dec.). 1950 Air-Marshal Sir Rosert SAUNDBY,

1899 A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec.). KBE, 1C.Bs5) (MiG. iDsk.GoAskeGe

1900 W. J. Lucas, B.a., F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1901 H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., 1951 T. G. HowartTuH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
L.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.). F.Z.S.

1902 F. Noap CrarK (dec.). 1952 E. W. CLasseEY, F.R.E.S.

1903 E. Step, F.L.s. (dec.). 1953 F. STanbey- SMITH, F.R.E.S.

1904 A. Sicn, F.E.s. (dec.). 1954 Stantey N. A. JACOBS, S.B:ST.J.,

1905 H. Main, B.sc., F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1906-7. R. Avxrn, F.E.s. (dec.). 1955 F. D. Buck, a.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

1908-9 A. Sicu, F.E.s. (dec.). 1956 Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Mantey, F.R.E.S.

1910-11 W. Kaye, F.E.S. 1957 B. P. Moore, B.SC., D.PHIL.,

1912-13 A. E. Tones, F.E.s. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1914-15 B. H. Situ, B.A, F-E.S. (dec.). 1958 N. E. HIcKIN, PH.D., B.SC.,

1916-17 Hy. J. Turner, F.z.s. (dec.). u F.R.E.S.

1918-19 Srantey Epwarbs, F.L.S., etc. 1959 F. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1., F.R.E.S.
(dec.). 1960 R. M. Mere, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1920-1 K. G. Brair, z.sc., F.e.s. (dec.). 1961 A. M. Masses, 0.B.E., D.SC.,

1922 E. J. Bunnett, m.a. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1923-4 N. D. RIvey, F.z.s., F.E.S. 1962 A. E. GarpNer, F.R.E.S.

1925= 60 ene nies GROSVENOR, F.E.S. 1963 cael MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S.
(dec.). 1964 C. G. RocHE, F.C.A., F-RE.S.

1927-8 E. A. Cockayne, pD.M., F.R.C.P., 1965 R. W. J, UFFEN, F.RES.
F.E.S. (dec.). 1966 J. H. C. GReEENWooD, 0.3B.E.,

1929 Hi. Als ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1930 F. B. Carr (dec.). 1967 R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,

1930 C. HawkINS, F.E.S. F.R.E.S.

1931 K. G. Brarr, B.SC., F.Z.S., 1968 B. GoaTeER, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

F.E.S. (dec.).

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming
scarce. We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and
new prices have been agreed. These are as follows :—

Las as Luss Las aa:
1919-20 OO 1935-36 110 O 1955 DAO O
1922-23 il it@) 1936-37 1 10: 0 1956 210 O
1923-24 110 O 1937-38 7 WO Or 1957 2) 0) Oe
1924-25 110 O 1945-46 72 0) Oe 1958 DA)
1925-26 110 O 1946-47 2 NO Oe 1959 2, 50)
1927-28 75 Oe Ov 1947-48 3) 0) OP 1960 2 1On80
1928-29 2 0) OF 1948-49 3 OOF 1961 210 O
1929-30 7 YO) 1949-50 3 OO 1962 2 10%50
1930-31 lO Rn Oz 1950-51 el OpenO 1963, Part! 018 O
1931-32 2M) 1951-52 3 Oo Oe 1963, Part2 1 0 O
1932-33 il i) 0) 1952-53 30) Oe 1964 010 6
1933-34 felOwnO 1953-54 LO eO 1965 40
1934-35 110 0 1954-55 3 .O O 1966 Nee3) 655)
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All other numbers are out of a but when available mint or
1st Class secondhand is : es ee 4 0 0

Other secondhand copies when eee ce tiie to condition.

* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand.
Member’s discount cannot therefore be allowed.

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.
25/0
SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted
into the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS
2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Current Literature

Haggett, G. M., Larvae of the British Lepidoptera nee
figured by Buckler, Part VIII 5

Howarth, T. G., N. antiopa L. in Oxford
Howarth, T. G., N. antiopa L. in Surrey

Past Presidents :
Proceedings .

Spreadbury, W. H., D. aletioons ih, in Sussex

Worms, C. G. M. de, A review of the Macro- Lepidoptera
of the London Area for 1966 and 1967 .

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club,
74 South Audley Street, London, W.1, and printed by
Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath, Scotland.

109

57
112
112
128
123
112

113

INDEX FOR 1968

Tt does not follow that because a page is referred to once only that there is not more
than one entry

Butterflies of Britain in Relation to those of Adjacent Parts of the Continent—
R. F. Bretherton, 7

Council’s Report 1967, 15

Curator’s Report 1967, 23

Current Literature, 33

dimorphism, 25

Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler, Part VIII—
G. M. Haggett, 57

Librarian’s Report 1967, 24
List of Berkshire Psocoptera—T. R. New, 42
Millipede, Polyxenus lagurus (L.), in Aberdeenshire, The—G. D. Morison, 36

On a collection of Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae) from Turkey—
W. G. Tremewan, 54

Proceedings, 24, 123
Special Meetings, 27

Studies in the geography of Lepidoptera, VIII: a few notes on the ecology and
distribution of Zygaenidae in the Middle East—E. P. Wiltshire, 47

Some Remarks on Diptera and their Prey—L. Parmenter, 37
Treasurer’s Report, 17
Field Meeting, Oxshott, Surrey, 32

EXHIBITORS AND
CONTRIBUTORS

Batten, A. G. M., 25

Beamish, H. H., 31

Bradford, E. S., 125
Bretherton, R. F., 4, 31, 123, 128
Brewer, G. F., 128

Chanter, D., 26

Chatelain, R. G., 126

Clarke, C. A., 126

Clifton, M., 26, 124, 125, 126
Crow, P. N., 25

Dewhurst, C. F., 127

Eagles, T. R., 32, 126

Gardner, A. E., 25, 31, 125, 126, 127
Goater, B., 26, 123, 124, 125
Greenwood, J. A. C., 124, 126, 127
Haggett, G. M., 57

Hammond, C. O., 125, 126, 127
Holland, P. C., 32

Holloway, J. D., oe

Homer, T. J. G.,

Howarth, Gee 36. 112
Jacobs, Ss N. ING. 30, 31
MacKechnie Jarvis, ox 28, 30
Morison, G. D., 36

Morris, M. G., 31

New, T. R., 42

Newton, J. L., 26

O’Keefe, D., 126

Parmenter, L., 37

Prior Gas25 4124

Roche* P23712126

Rydon, A. H. B., 125

Skinner, B. F., 126

Spreadbury, W. H., 112

Stubbs, A. E., 25, 29, 31
Tremewan, W. G., 54

Uffen, R. W. J. 125

Williams, S. A., 26, 124, 125, 127
Wiltshire, Bes 25, 30, 31, 47, 125

Worms, C. G. M. de, 30, 31, iialey 1235

124, 127, 128

BIRDS

Avocet, 125
Cuckoo, 125
Little Swift, 125
Nightingale, 125
Robin, 30
Swallow, 125

COLEOPTERA

anthracinus, Pterostichus, 126
brunneus, Colon, 25

clarki, Bembidion, 126

collaris, Stenichnus, 127

dispar, Thanatophilus, 30

exilis, Stenichnus, 127

fencieune, Lathrobium (Tetartopeus),

fumigatum, Bembidion, 126
godarti, Stenichnus, 127
helopiodes, Codes, 126
maculicornis, Phyllobius, 38
mortisaga, Blaps, 26
mucronata, Blaps, 26

nana, Gyrophaena, 124
pagana, Atheta (Liogluta), 26
pilicornis, Atheta (Tetropla), 26
pseudonana, Gyrophaena, 124
quel Hapolanea (Phyllodrepa),

quadratum, Lathrobium, 28
serripes, Colon, 25
unicinatus, Otiorrhynchus, 31

DICTYOPTERA

Praying Mantis, 127
tessellata, Acanthops, 127

DIPTERA

aestiva, Empis, 39

albiceps, Philonicus, 38
albitarsis, Cheilosia, 39
albolineata, Pseudomorellia, 38
Asilidae, 37, 38, 41

atra, Rhamphomyia, 40
atricapilla, Dioctria, 38
atricapillus, Machimus, 38
aureus, Chrysopilus, 29
auricoilis, Syrphus, 38
autumnalis, Musca, 38
baumhaueri, Dioctria, 38
berberina, Criorhina, 127
brassicae, Erioischia, 38, 39
carbonaria, Sciara, 38
carnaria, Sarcophaga, 38
cautum, Chrysotoxum, 127
Chironomus, 39

chorea, Lonchaea, 39

ciliata, Hy crotaenia, 39
cilicrura, Delia, 3

cinctus, TeNoaneae 38
cingulatus, Epitriptus, 38
citrofasciatum, Xanthogramma, 40
cristatus, Chrysopilus, 29
cyanurus, Neoitamus, 38
digramma, Empis, 39
discolor, Bombylius, 126
discreta, Botamophila, 39
dissecta, Nupedia, 39
Dolichopodidae, 37
Empidae, 37, 39, 41
erythrocephala, Calliphora, 38
esuriens, Pegomyia, 39
fasciata, Platypalpus, 38
febrilis, Dilophus, 39, 40, 41
femorata, Empis, 39, 41
femoratus, Dilophus, 39
flavidipennis, Pycnoglossa, 40
floralis, Nemorella, 39

iil
frit, Oscinella, 40 FLOWERING PLANTS
fugax, Pegohylemia, 39

glabra, Madiza, 40 absinthium, Artemisia, 80
graminum, Dorycera, 39 Achillea, 80

hircus, Pogonota, 31 Agropyron, 71

irritans, Hydrotaena, 38 album, Viscum, 25

johannis, Bibio, 39, 40 Amygdalis, 39

laetus, Chrysospilus, 29 Angelica, 101

lappona, Sericomyia, 127 angustifolium, Chamaenerion, 96
lateralis, Micropeza, 31 annua, Poa, 57, 58, 66, 67, 69, 71
leucopterus, Bibio, 39 Anthemis, 80

lineata, Knutsonia, 31 Anthriscus, 99, 100

litorea, Scatophaga, 40 aparine, Galium, 89

livida, Empis, 39 Arbutus, 85

lunosa, Collinellula, 40 aspen, 76, 78

Jutularia, Scatophaga, 40 azarolae, Crataegetum, 48, 49
maculicornis, S. auricollis, var., 38 barbaratus, Dianthus, 63
maculipes, S. lutulana, var., 40 Betula, 32, 116

marci, Bibio, 39, 41 Bilberry, 117

maritima, Machaerium, 40 Birch, 36, 37, 109, 116
melanocerus, Tipula, 31 Bog Myrtle, 109, 126
mellinum, Melanostoma, 39 Broom, 118

mollissima, Coelomyia, 40 Broomrape, 127

Morellia, 39 Buxus, 46

Muscidae, 37, 40, 41 Calluna, 72, 73, 83, 99, 109
neilseni, Erioptera, 31 capensis (fulva), Impatiens, 90, 91, 92
nervosa, Lipsothrix, 25 caprea, Salix, 126

nigripes, Rhamphomyia, 40 chrysanthemum, 58, 61
nigriventris, Bibio, 38 Cistus, 85

nigriventris, Sarcophaga, 40 clandestina, Lathraea, 126
nodulosa, Ormosia, 40 cocciferae, Quercetum, 48
obscura, Phocera, 39 Common Oak, 85

obscura, Ptiolina, 40 communis, Juniperus, 104
occulta, Hydrotaenia, 39 cordata (parvifolia), Tilia, 106, 107
oceanus, Hydrophorus, 40 Cork Oak, 85

ostinorum, Ceratinostoma, 40 Couch Grass, 71

pipiens, Syritta, 40 Crataegus, 43, 44, 45, 46
pomonae, Bibio, 39 Cupressus, 94

prunicana, Apotomis, 40 Cypress, 74, 102, 104, 105
punctata, Empis, 39 Dactylis, 70, 71

putris, Themira, 38 Dock, 62

quadrivittata, Hilara, 40 Doug. Fir, 37, 94

ribesii, Syrphus, 40 Erica,

rondanii, Fannia, 39 apie! 97, 98

rufipes, Dioctria, 38 europaea (vulgaris), Tilia, 106, 107, 108
Scatophagidae, 37, 40, 41 Evergreen Oak,

Sciara, 40 Eyebright, 97

scolopacea, Rhagio, 40 Fagus, 44, 46

scutellata, Empis, 40 fasciculifolius, Astragalus, 49
serena, Fannia, 39, 40 fulva (=capensis), Impatiens, 90
siberita, Prosena, 38 gale, Myrica, 126

sociella, Fannia, 39 Golden Rod, 99

squalens, Limnophila, 31 Gorse, 109

stercoraria, Scatophaga, 40, 41 grandis, Abies, 93

sulcata, Rhamphomyia, 40 groundnut, 59

tarsalis, Platycheirus, 40 guava, 60

tarsata, Rhamphomyia, 40 hawthorn, 25, 36, 100, 101, 109
teretirostris, Sarcophaga, 38 herba-alba, Artemisia, 49
tessellata, Empis, 39, 41 Holm Oak, 86

tigrina, Coenosia, 40, 41 Hypericum, 87

trichodactyla, Delia, 39, 40 Tlex, 45, 46

turcica, Prionocera, 31 ilex, Quercus, 85, 86
umbratica, Hebecnema, 40 inflata, Silene, 63, 64, 65
variabilis, Rhamphomyia, 40 Juniper, 74, 104

vernalis, Tipula, 40 Knotgrass, 83

vetula, Phryno, 40 Kuerboom, 31

vulgaris, S. carnaria, var., 38 Larch, 43, 94

Larix, 43, 44, 45 Silene, 64
lawsoniana, Chamaecyparis, 103 Silver Fir, 93, 94
Lawson’s Cypress, 103 sitchensis, Picea, 93
lentiscae, Pistacietum, 48 Sitka Spruce, 93, 94
Lime, 105, 106 Sloe, 46
Luccombe Oak, 85 Solidago, 99, 100
lusitanicae, Quercetum, 49 spinosae, Zilletum, 48
Lychnis, 64, 99 spinosi, Poterietum, 48
macrocarpa, Cupressus, 74, 76, 94, Spiraea, 100

102, 104 Spruce, 94
maritima, Artemisia, 80 suber, Quercus, 85
maritima, Silene, 64, 65 Sweet William, 63
Marsh Bedstraw, 89, 90 Tamarisk, 105
Mediterranean Cypress, 102 Tanacetum, 80
menziesii, Pseudotsuga, 37 Taxus, 43, 44, 45, 46
millefolium, Achillea, 81 teak, 60
Mistletoe, 25 tetragonum, Epilobium, 96, 97
Molinia, 32 tetralix, Erica, 109
monogyna, Crataegus, 25 Thuya, 60, 94
montanum, Epilobium, 96 tournefortii, Gundelia, 49
Monterey Cypress, 102 Traveller’s Joy, 117
muticae, Pistacietum, 49 tremula, Populus, 76
Myrtus, 85 Ulmus, 44, 46
nobilis, Abies, 93 Vaccinium, 117
noli-me-tangere, Impatiens, 90 vlos, Calycotometum, 48
normanniana, Abies, 93 vine,
Norway Spruce, 93% 94 viernes Clematis, 117
nutans, Silene, 64 Vitis, 52
oak, 43, 44, 46, 85 wheat, 60
officinalis, Euphrasia, 97, 99 Wild Almond, 49
Ononis, 78 willow, 76, 126
orientalis, Fagetum, 49 Yarrow, 81, 82
oroboides, Virgilia, 31 Yew, 94
otites, Silene, 64 Zygophylletum, 48
palustre, Galium, 89, 90
Papilionaceae, 52
parviflora, Impatiens, 91 FUNGI
parvifolia (=cordata), Tilia, 106
pectinata, Abies, 93 Agaricales, 32
persicae, Quercetum, 49 amethystea, Laccaria, 32
Phyllyrea, 85 androsaceus, Marasmius, 33
pine, 36, 37, 94 annosum, Heterobasidion (Fomes), 32
Pinus, 44 Aphyllophorales, 32
Pistacea, 49 argillacea, Clavaria, 32
plantain, 83 argillacea, Cribraria, 32
platyphyllos, Tilia, 105, 106 Ascomycetes, 32
poplar, 60 atropurpurea, Russula, 33
Poterietum, 49 atrotomentosus, Paxillus, 33
Poterium, 80 aurantia, Aleuria, 32
Prunus, 49, 52, 100 aurantiaca, Cribraria, 32
pulchrum, Hypericum, 87 aurantiaca, Hygrophoropsis, 32
Pyrethrum, 80 aurantium, Scleroderma, 33
Quercus, 44, 45, 46 badia, Peziza, 32
repens, Ononis, 80 badius, Boletus, 32
robur, Quercus, 85 betulinum, Melampsoridium, 32
Rosaceae, 52 betulinus, Polyporus, 32
Rumex, 62 chrysosperma, Apiocrea, 32
rust, 32 citrina, Amanita, 32
St. John’s Wort, 87 clavipes, Clitocybe, 32
salisburgensis, Euphrasia, 97, 99 crispa, Sparassis, 32
Salix, 126 cristuliforme, Hebeloma, 32
Sallow, 99, 109, 127 deliciosa, Lactarius, 32
Salvia, 83 deliquescens, Dacrymyces, 32
Santolina, 80 edulis, Boletus, 32
Sarothamnus, 44, 45, 46 emetica, Russula, 33
saxatile, Galium, 89 epidendrum, Lycogala, 32

sempervirens, Cupressus, 102 epipterigia, Mycena, 33

excipuliformis, Calvatia, 33
fasciculare, Hypholoma, 32, 124
ferriginosa, Tubifera, 32

flava, F. septica var., 32
fragilis, Leocarpus, 32

fragilis, Russula, 33

fulva, Amanita, 32

galericulata, Mycena, 33
galopus, Mycena, 33
Gasteromycetes, 33
gelatinosum, Pseudohydnum, 32
glaucopus, Cortinarius, 32
hemitrichus, Cortinarius, 32
Heterobasidiomycetes, 32
hirsutum, Stereum, 32
Homobasidiomycetes, 32
Hypomyces, 32

hypoxylon, Xylosphaera, 32
indusiatus, Phallus, 126
involutus, Paxillus, 33

laccata, Laccaria, 32

leucogala, Mycena, 33

lutea, Russula, 33

maculata, Collybia, 32
melanospermum, Didymium, 32
muscaria, Amanita, 32
myxomycetes, 32

nigripes, Didymium, 32
ochroleuca, Russula, 33
penetrans, Gymnopilus, 32

perennis, Coltrichia (Polystictus), 32

peronata, Collybia, 32
pubescens, Lactarius, 32
purpurea, Claviceps, 32
quietus, Lactarius, 33
roseus, Gomphidius, 32
rubescens, Amanita, 32
rufus, Lactarius, 33
rutilans, Tricholomopsis, 33
sanguinolenta, Mycena, 33
sarcoides, Coryne, 32
scaber, Boletus, 32
semisanguineus, Cortinarius, 32
septica, Fuligo, 32
staurospora, Nolanea, 33
Stinkhorn, 126

terrestris, Thelephora, 32
testaceoscaber, Boletus, 32
tremellosus, Merulius, 32
turpis, Lactarius, 33
variegatus, Boletus, 32

versicolor, Corilus (Polystictus), 32

vietus, Lactarius, 33
viscosa, Calocera, 32

HEMIPTERA

arborea, Brachymena, 125
aurita, Ledra, 25

quadripus, Brachymena, 125
tulata, B. quadripus, s.sp., 125

HYMENOPTERA

aquilina, Formica, 36
bipartita, Pteronidea, 38

flavus, Lasius, 46
rapae, Pachyprotasis, 38
rufa, Formica, 127

LEPIDOPTERA

abrotani (artemisiae), Cucullia, 75

absinthiata, Eupithecia, 99, 100, 101

acaciae, Strymon, 14

acamanthis, P. amalthea, 123

achine, Pararge, 14

actaeon, Thymelicus, 10, 11, 13

adippe, Fabriciana, ils

Adonis Blue, 9,

adusta, Eumichtis 117, 119

advena, Orthosia, 120, 121

aegeria, Pararge, 116, 117, 119, 120

aestiva, E. biriviata, fz S)

aethiops, Erebia, 9, ilths 13

agestis, Aricia, a 10, 13

aglaia, Mesoacidalis, 13

Agrumenia, 51, 52

albimacula, Hadena, 64

albulata, Perizoma, 97

alceae, Careharodus, 11, 14

alchemillata, Perizoma, 119, 120

alcon, Maculinea, 10, 14

alcyon, Hipparchia, 10, 15

Alder Moth, 121

alexanor, Papilio, 31

alexis, Glaucopsyche, 10, 14

allous, Aircia, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13

almalthea, Pseudochazara, 123

alni, Apatele, 121

alternata, Epirrhoe, 90

alveus, Pyrgus, 8, 14

amandus, Lysandra, 14

amasina, Z. carniolica, s.sp., 56

Amathes, 60

American Painted Lady, 8

ampelophaga, Theresimima, 50, 53

Amphipyrinae, 60

anatolica, Procris, 53

anatoliensis, Z. pucntum, s.sp., 54

anceps (=infesta), Apamea, 70-1

andromedae, Pyrgus, 15

anodoletia, Z. filipendulae, s.sp., 56

anonyma, Limenitis, 14

antiopa, Nymphalis, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13,
112, 115, 116

Apamea, 70

Apatelinae, 60

Aplasta, 80

Apollo, 8

apollo, Parnassius, 8, 14

Aporophyla, 72

araratensis, Zygaena, 55

araxis, Z. manlia, s.sp., 52

arcania, Cononympha, 10, 11, 14

arceuthata, E. intricata, s.sp., 105

areola, Dichonia, 123

Argent and Sable, 118

argiades, Everes, iil: 12, 14

arelolus, Celastrina, 114, 117, 118, 120,
1

argiolus, Lycaenopsis, 13

argus, Plebejus, 13, 121

argyronomen, Lycaeides, 15

arion, Maculinea, 9, 11, 1

armigera, Heliothis, 125

armoricanus, Pyrgus, 8, 16, 14

Arran Brown, 8

artaxerxes, Agestis, f., 7, 9

artemisiae (= at erotany) ert 75

assimilata, Eupithecia, 1

Si Vanessa, 8, 13, 113, 114, 116,
11

athalia, Melicta, 13

augur, Graphiphora, 120

aurago, Tiliacea, 122

aurinia, Euphydryas, 9, 13

australia, Aporophyla, 72

australis, Colias, 7, 8, 11,

Autumnal Carpet, 118

autumnaria, Ennomos, 119, 120

autumnata, Oporinia, 118

avellana, € coryli f., 122

Balsam Carpet, 90-2

Barred Red, 117

Barred Sallow, 122

barthai, Z. purpuralis, s.sp., 55

basilinea (=sordens), Apamea, 70

batavus, L. dispar, s.sp., 11

Bath White, 8

baton, Philotes, 14

Beautiful Snout, 117

belemia, Euchloe, 31

bellargus, Lysandra, 9, 11, 13, 121

berbera, Amphipyra, 115, 117, 118, 120,
122

12, 14

Berger’s Clouded Yellow, 8

betulae, Thecla, 13

betularia, Biston, 25, 26, 119, 122

bicruris, Hallena, 64

bifasciata, Perizoma, 98

binaria, Drepana, 116, 119

Giri Xanthorhoe, 90-2, Pl. 5 (figs.
— 14

Black Hairstreak, 9

Blackneck, 116, 199, 122

Black Rustic, 122

Black-Veined White, 8

Blair’s Mocha, 84-6

blandiata, Perizoma, 98

Blotched Emerald, 81

Boeticus, Pempides. 8, 13, 114, 116

bore, Oenis, 10,

brandti, Rees 49, 52, 53

brassicae, Pieris, 13

Brindled Beauty, 120

briseis, Chazara, 123

britannica, T. variata, s.sp., 93

britannicus, P. machaon, S.sp., 9

Broom-tip, 120

Brown Argus, 7, 10

Brown Scallop, 118, 122

Brown-spot Pinion, 118

Brown-tail, 114, 116

Brown-veined Wainscot, 119

Bullrush Wainscot, 118

c-album, Polygonia, 124

camberwel Beauty, 4, 8, 10, 112, 115,
1

vi

cambysea, Zygaena, 49, 52

camilla. Liminitis, 9, 13, 121

canescens, Polymixis, 51

caniola, Eilema, 123

caniola, Lithosia, 124

Caradrina, 115

Caradrinidae, 60

carbonaria, B. betularia, f., 119, 122

cardamines, BONO CIES: 13, 116

cardui, Vanessa, 8, 13, 113, 114, 116,
117, 118, 120

carmelita, Odontosia, 121

carniolica, Zygaena, 51, 52, 55

carthami, Pyrgus, 14

carueli, L. dispar, s.sp., 11

castanea, Amathes, 122

castigata, Eupithecia, 99, 101, 106

centaureae, Pyrgus, 15

centaureata, Eupithecia, 101

cespitis, Tholera, 118

Chaik-hill Blue, 9

Chamomile Shark, 119

chamomillae, Cucullia, 119

chariclea, Clossiana, 10, 15

charlonia, Euchloe, 30, 31, 51

chirazica, Zygaena, 52

chiron, Eumedonia, 15

Chocolate Tip, 120

chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 114, 116, 119

Cinnabar, 116, 128

cinxia, Melitaea, 13

circumsignata, OQ. gothica, ab. 124

citrago, Tiliacea, 118, 122

clathrata, Chiasmia, 177

clavaria, Larentia, 120, 122

Clouded Buff, 122

Clouded Yellow, 7, 8, 114

c-nigrum, Amathes, 118

Comma, 116, 121

comma, Hesperia, 13

Common Blue, 117

complana, Eilema, 119, 120

compta, Hadena, 63-4, Pl. 7 (figs. 8, 11,
12), 115, 119, 120

conspersa, Hadena, 64-5, Pl. 7 (figs. 1-6)

Copper Underwing, 115

coridon, Lysandra, 9, 11, 13

corycia, Zygaena, 52

coryli, Colocasia, 120, 122

corylata, A. prunaria, ab., 124

Cosymbia, 86

crataegi, Aporia, 8, 13

Cream-spot Tiger, 119, 121

cribrumalis, Zanclognatha, 119

croceus, Colias, 8, 13, 114, 117, 118, 120

cucubali (=rivularis), Hadena, 64

cuculata, Euphyia, 120

cucullatella, Nola, 116

Cucullia, 75

cucullina, Lophopteryx, 120

curtula, Clostera, 120

cuvieri, Zygaena, 49, 50, 52

Cypress Pug, 102-4

cypriaca, H. syriaca, 123

damon, Agrodiaetus, 14

daplidice, Pontia, 8, 10, 11, 1

Dark Brocade, 117

2, 13

Dark Dagger, 117

Dark Scallop, 118

Dark Swordgrass, 120

Deep Brown Dart, 121

defoliaria, Erannis, 116

derivata, Coenotephia, 122

Devon Carpet, 88-90

dia, Clossiana, 8, 11, 14

diamina, Melitaea, 11, 14

Dianthoecia, 63, 64

diaphana, Zygaena, 55

didyma, Melitaea, 14

diffinis, Cosmia, 121

diluta, Asphalia, 121

Dingy Shears, 120

Dingy Shell, 121

disa, Erebia, 15

dispar, Lycaena, 8, 10, 11, 13

dispar, Lymantria, 126

dissoluta, Nonagria, 119

distinctaria, Bapta, 119

dorylas, Lysandra, 14

Dotted Border Wave, 120

Dotted Buff, 122

Dotted Fanfoot, 119

Dotted Rustic, 57-8

dromedarius, Notodonta, 117

Duke of Burgundy, 9

duplaris, Tethia, 118, 122

Dusky Lemon Sallow, 121, 122

Dusky Sallow, 119

Dusky Thorn, 117

Early Grey, 123

Eastern Tortoiseshell, 9

efformata, Anaitis, 86-8, Pl. 6 (figs.
1-5)

egenaria, Eupithecia, 105-8, Pl. 4 (figs.
218)

egeria, Pararge, 13

elpenor, Deilephila, 118

emarginata, Sterrha, 121

embla, Erebia, 15

Emperor, 119

epiphron, Erebia, 9, 11, 13

erosaria, Deuteronomos, 117, 120

Essex Emerald, 80-1

Essex Skipper, 119

eunionia, Proclossiana, 10, 14

euphrosyne, Clossiana, 13

Eupithecia, 99, 110

expallidata, Eupithecia, 99

exsiccata, Tathorrhynchus, 114

extensaria, Ectropis, 122

fagata, Operophtera, 26

fagi, Hipparchia, 14

falloni, Euchloe, 31

fasciaria (prosapiaria), Ellopia, 117

favicolor, Hydraecia, 71

Feathered Thorn, 118

Fen Square Spot, 61-2

Figure of Eighty, 120, 122

filipendulae, Zygaena, 51, 53, 56, 118

fimbrialis, Thalera, 81—2, Pl. 3 (figs.
11-16)

Five-spot Burnet, 118

flava, Adopoea, 13

flavicornis, Polyploca, 123

Vii

flavicincta Antitype, 119, 120

flavivirens, Caradrina, 115, 117

Fletcher’s Pug, 105-8

florida, Diarsia, 61-2, Pl. 7 (figs. 7, 9,
10), 71

fluctuata, Xanthorhoe, 92

fontis, Bomolocha, 117

Four Spotted, 120

freija, Clossiana, 15

frigga, Clossiana, 15

Frosted Green, 117, 123

fuliginaria, Parascotia, 121, 122

furuncula, Harpyia, 122

furuncula, Procus, 69

fuscantaria, Deuteronomos, 117

galathea, Malanargia, 9, 11, 13

gamma, Plusia, 121

ganymedes, Zygaena, 55

Gem, 115, 117, 118, 121

Gipsy, 126

gilvago, Cirrhia, 121, 122

gilvaria, Aspitates, 121

glandon, Agriades, 15

Gold Swift, 114

Golden Rod Pug, 99-101

Gothic, 120

gothica, Orthosia, 128

graeca, Procris, 51, 53

graslini, Zygaena, 48, 53

Green-veined White, 116

Grey Spruce Carpet, 92-5

grossulariata, Abraxas, 12 ;

haematina, Zygaena, 49, 50, 52

hafis, Z. cambysea, 52

halterata, Lobophora, 119

hastata, Eulype, 118

haxs, Z. cambysea, 49

Heart Moth, 122

Heath Rivulet, 97-9

hecla, Colias, 14

hecta, Hepialus, 114, 116

Hedge Brown, 9, 117

Hedge Rustic, 118

helle, Lycaena, 14

hero, Coenonympha, 10, 14

hesperica, L. leautieri, s.sp., 73

hibernica, E. intricata, s.sp., 104-5,
Pl. 4 (figs. 8 & 11)

hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia, 117

hippothoe, Paleochrysophanus, 10, 14

hirtaria, Lycia, 120

hispidaria, Apocheima, 123

Holly Blue, 114, 117, 122

Horse Chestnut, 117

Hummingbird Hawk, 113

huntera (=virginiensis), Vanessa, 7

Hunter’s Painted Lady, 7

hyale, Colias, 7, 8, 13

Hydraena, 71

hyperantus, Aphantopus, 13, 118, 120

icarus, Polyommatus, 13, 117

idas, Lycaeides, 10, 14

iduna, Euphydryas, 10, 15

ilia, Apatura, 14

ilicis, Strymon, 14

illiterata, Z. carniolica, s.sp., 52

imitana, Scopula, 117

immaculata, Hemistola, 82, 117

improba, Clossiana, 10, 15

infesta (anceps), Apamea, 70-1, Pl. 1
(figs. 4, 7, 8)

ino Brenthis, 14

interjecta, Noctua, 117, 119, 120

intricata, Eupithecia, 104—5

io, Inachis, 13, 124

io, Nymphalis, 116, 120

iphis, Coenonympha, 14

iris, Apatura, 9, 13, 114, 116

Irish Rustic, 65—9

Tron Prominent, 117

irregularis, Anepia, 64

jacobaeae, Callimorpha, 116

Jordanita, 53

jurtina, Maniola, 13, 116

jutta, Oenis, 15

kneuckeri, Acrobyla, 51

knilli, ie nickerlii, s.sp., 65-9, Pl. 2
(figs. 4-6)

lacertinaria, Drepana, 116

lactata, Scopula, 117

lapidea (=leautieri), Lithophane, 73

lapponaria, Poecilopsis, 108-9, Pl. 5
(figs. 13 & 15)

Larch Pug, 117

Large Blue, 9

Large Copper, 8, 10, 11

Large Elephant Hawk, 118

Large Emerald, 121

Large Heath, 10

Large Marbled Tortrix, 122

Large Nutmeg, 70-1

Large Ranunculus, 119

Large Thorn, 119

Large Tortoiseshell, 8

Large Twin-spot Carpet, 120

Large Wainscot, 119, 121

lariciata, Eupithecia, 106, 107, 117

larnacana, C. briseis, 123

lathonia, Issoria, 8, 10, 11,

latruncula, Procus, 69-70, aL 2 (figs.
1-3, 7-8), 121

Lead-belle, 109

Least Carpet, 119

Least Yellow Underwing, 117, 119

leautieri (lapidea), Lithophane, 73-6,
Pl. 9 (figs. 1-6), 102

legatella, Chesias, 116

lepida, Hadena, 64

leporina, Apatele, 120

lessei, Euchloe, 30, 31

Lesser, Belle, 76-8

Lesser Lutestring, 118, 121, 122

leucographa, Gypsitea, 118

leucophaeria, Erannis, 30, 123

levana, Araschnia, 10, 11, 14

Levant Black-neck, 114

Lewes Wave, 82-4

libani, Z. cuvieri, 49, 50, 52

ligea, Erebia, 8, 10, 14

Lilac Beauty, 122

lineola, Adopoea, 10, 13

lineola, Thymelica, 119, 120

SCT Scopula, 82-4, Pl. 3 (figs. 7,
1

literosa, Procus, 116

Lithophane, 75

littoralis (litura), Prodenia, 58-61
Pl. 1 (figs. 9-12)

litura, Anchoscelis, 118

litura (=littoralis), Prodenia, 58

Long-tailed Blue, 8, 114, 116

Lorimer’s Rustic, 117

loti, Zygaena, 49, 51, 53, 56

Lucasia, 53

lucina, Hamearis, 10, 11, 13

luctuata, Euphyia, 95- Te Pl. 9 (figs. 7-11)

luctuosa, Acontia, 120

Lulworth Skipper, 10

lane DUTBensis; Aporophyla, 71-3, Pl. 8
(figs. 7-11)

lunula (nigra), Aporophyla, 72

lutosa, Rhizedra, 119, 120, 121, 122

lutulenta, Aporophyla, ADO 122

lycaonica, Z. aratensis, 55

machaon, Papilio, 9, 13, 51

mackeri, E. epiphron, S.sp., 9

maera, Pararge, 8, 11, 4

Magpie, 121

Mallow, 120, 122

malvae, Pyrgus, 13

manlia, Zygaena, 52

Maple Prominent, 120

Marble White Spot, 118

Marbled Coronet, 64-5

Marbled White, 9

Marsh Fritillary, 9

maura, Mormo, 118, 121

Mazarine Blue, 8

Meadow Brown, 116

Mediterranean Brocade, 58-61

medusa, Erebia, 14

megera, Pararge, 13, 116, 117

Mesembrynus, 51, 52

mesopotamica, E. charlonia, s.sp., 30

millefoliata, Eupithecia, 121

Miller, 120

millieraria, Eupithecia, 104, 105

minima, Petilampa, 122

minimus, Cupido, 13, 121

minorata, Perizoma, 97-9, Pl. 6

mnemon, E. epiphron, s.sp., 9

mnemosyne, Parnassius, 10, 14

morpheus, Heteropterus, 10, 11, 14

Monarch, 7, 8

Monocteniadae, 80

Mottled Umber, 116

Mountain Ringlet, 9

mucronata, Ortholitha, 109

Mullein Wave, 122

myriaca, Hipparchia, 123

napaea, Boloria, 15

napi, Pieris, 13, 116

nastes, Colias, 10, 14

nausithous, Maculinea, 11, 14

nebulata, Euchoeca, 121

Neglected Rustic, 122

New Copper Underwing, 122

nickerlii, Luperina, 65—9

nigra (=nunula), Aporophyla, 72, 122

niobe, Fabriciana, 8, 11, 14

Niobe Fritillary, 8

Noctuidae, 47

norna, Oeneis, 10, 15

Northern Drab, 120, 121

Nut-tree Tussock, 120, 122

Oak Hook-tip, 117

obeliscata, Therea, 94, 95

obscura, Procris, 50, 51, 53

Obscure Wainscot, 119

obsoleta, Leucania, 119

obstipata, Nycterosea, 115, 117, 118,
121, 122

ochrearia, Aspitates, 119

ochroleuca, Eremobia, 119

ocularis, Tethea, 120, 122

oedippus, Coenonympha, 14

Old Lady, 118, 121

olivieri, Zygaena, 52

ononaria, Aplasta, 78-80, Pl. 3 (figs.
1-5), 80

oo, Dicycla, 122

Oporinia, 71

Opsiphanes, 125

optilete, Vacciniana, 10, 14

orana, Procris, 53

Orange Moth, 124

Orange Sallow, 118, 122

Orange-tip, 116, 127

orbitulus, Albulina, 15

orion, Scolitantides, 10, 15

otregiata, Lampropteryx, 88-90, Pl. 10
(figs. 1-4)

palaemon, Carterocephalus, 13

palaeno, Colias, 10, 14

Pale Brindled Beauty, 123

Pale Clouded Yellow, 7, 8

pamphilus, Coenonympha, 13, 116

pandora, Pandoriana, 8, 14

paphia, Argynnis, 13, 121

papilionaria, Geometra, 121

parthenoides, Mellicta, 11, 14

pastinum, Lygephila, 116, 119, 122

Pauper Pug, 105

pavonia, Saturnia, 119

Peacock, 116, 120

Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 127

pedaria (=pilosaria), Phigalia, 30

pendularia, Cosymbia, 86

pennaria, Golotois: 118

Peppered, 1

SE Pararge, 14

Be Eupithecia, 102-104, Pl. 4

gs

philoxenus, C. tullia, s.sp., 9

phlaeas, Heodes, 51

phlaeas, Lycaena, 13

Phoebe, Melitaea, 14

pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia, 30, 123

pirithous, Syntarucus, 8, 14

pisi, Ceramica, 118

placida, Zygaena, 49, 52

plagiata, Anaitis, 86

plexippus, Danaus, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14,
112

podalirius, Iphiclides, 8, 11, 14
polaris, Clossiana, 10, 15
polychloros, Nymphalis, 13, 124
pontia, Z. loti, s.sp., 56

populi, Limenitis, 10, 11, 14

portata, Cosymbia, 86

Praviela, 53

Pretty Chalk Carpet, 117

pruni, Strymonidea, 9, 13

procellata, Melanthia, 117

Procridinae, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52

Procris, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53

Procus, 69, 71

Prodema, 59, 50

promutata, Scopula, 122

pronuba, Triphaena, 61, 118

prosapiaria (=fasciaria), Ellopia, 117

prunaria, Angerona, 124

punctum, Zygaena, 54, 55

pete Cosymbia, 84-6, Pl. 5 (figs.
1-8

Purple-edged Copper, 8

Purple Emperor, 9, 114, 116

Purple Hair-streak, 121

purpuralis, Zygaena, 55

Puss, 121

putrescens, Leucania, 123, 124

Pyralidae, 47

pyramidea, Amphipyra, 115

pygarga, Jaspidia, 118

pyrophila (=simulans), Rhyacia, 57

quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe, 120

Queen of Spain Fritillary, 8

quercifolia, Gastropacha, 119

quercus, Thecla, 13, 121

quercus, Zephyrus, 51

Rannoch Brindled Beauty, 108

rapae, Pieris, 13

ravida, Spaelotis, 57, 118

Red Admiral, 8, 113, 116

Reissita, 51

Rest Harrow, 78-80

revayana, Sarrothripus, 122

Rhagades, 47, 52, 53

rhamni, Gonepteryx, 13, 124

rubricosa, Cerastis, 61

ridens, Polyploca, 117, 119

Ringlet, 118

rivularis (cucubali), Hadena, 64

Roccia, 53

rosacea, Z. cambysea, 52

rostralis, Fiypena, 78, Pl. 10 (figs. 5-8)

Rosy Marsh,

Rosy Minor, TG

roxelana, Pararge, 123

Royal Mantle, 120

rubi, Callophrys, 13

rubi, Diarsia, 62

rufata, Chesias, 120

Rufous Minor, 121

saadii, Zygaena, 49, 52

sacraria, Rhodometra, 115, 121

salicalis, Colobochyla, 76-8, Pl. 10
(figs. 11-13)

salicis, Leucoma, 118, 120

Sallow Kitten, 122

sannio, Diacrisia, 122

Satyr Pug, 99

satyrata, Eupithecia, 99, 101

saucia, Peridroma, 60

Scalloped Hook-tip, 116

Scarce Footman, 119

Scarce Prominent, 121

Scarce Swallow-tail, 8

scolopacina, Apamea, 120

Scotch Argus, 9

scotica, C. tullia, s.sp., 9

scotica, O. mucronata, s.sp., 109

Scottish Large Heath, 9

seitzi, Zygaena, 49, 52

selene, Clossiana, 13 :

semele, Hipparchia, 13

semiargus, Cyaniris, 8, 13

September Thorn, 117, 120

Seraphim, 119

serratulae, Pyrgua, 14

sertonius, Spialis, 11, 14

Shaded Pug, 118

Sharp-angled Carpet, 122

Short Clasped Treble Bar, 86-88

Short-cloaked, 116

Short-tailed Blue, 8

sifanica, Boloria, 10, 14

Silver-studded Blue, 121

Silver-washed Fritillary, 121

Silver Y, 121

Silvery Arches, 122

silvicola, Carterocephalus, 10, 14

simonyi, Reissita, 47, 5

simulans (pyrophila), aTeces 57-8,
60, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-3)

sinapis, Leptidea, 13

Six-spot Burnet, 118

Slender Brindle, 120

Sloe Carpet, 119

Small Blood Vein, 117

Small Blue, 120

Small Brindled Beauty, 123

Small Emerald, 117

Small Heath, 116

Small Rivulet, 119, 120

Small Scallop Wave, 121

Small Skipper, 10, 117, 121

smaragdaria, Thetidea, 80-1, Pl. 3
(figs. 6 & 9

sobrinata, Eupithecia, 105

sordens (basilinea), Apamea, 70, 71

Speckled Wood, 116

sphinx, Brachionycha, 118, 121

Spring Usher, 124

spini, Strymon, 11

spinosissimus, Echinops, 51

spinosus, Echinops, 51

Sprawler, 118, 121

Square-spot Rustic, 120

statilinus, Hipparchia, 11, 14

staudingeriana, Z. corycia, 52

stellatarum, Macroglossum, 113

Stone Pinion, 73-6

Stout Dart, 118

strataria, Biston. 124

Straw Belle, 121

Streak, 116

Streamer, 122

strigilis, Procus, 69, 121

subrosea, Coenophila, 126

subsolana, Procris, 53

subumbrata, Eupithecia, 107, 118

suffumata, Otregiata, 88

sulcimanica, Z. loti, s.sp., 49, 53

sultana, P. graeca, 53

sultana, Z. ganymedes, s.sp., 55

Sussex Emerald, 81-2

svenssoni, A. pyramidea, s.sp., 115,
117, 118, 120, 122

Swallow Prominent, 116, 117

Swallowtail, 9

sylvestraria, Sterrha, 120

sylvestris, Thymelicus, 117, 121

syriaca, Z. filipendulae, 53

syringaria, Apeira, 122 .

tages, Erynnis, 13 '

tamara, Zygaena, 52

taurica, Z. carniolica, 55

Tawny Minor, 69-70

teleius, Maculinea, 14

Theresimima, 47, 52, 53

thersites, Lysandra, 14

thore, Clossiana, 15

tincta, Polia, 122

tithonus, Maniola, 117

tithonus, Pyronia, 9, 11, 13

tityrus, Heodes, 8, 10, 11, 14

transcaspica, E. charlonia, s.sp., 30

transversata, Philereme, 118

tremula, Pheosia, 116, 117

tridens, Apatele, 117

trifolii, Zygaena, 118, 119

Triphaena, 57

tripunctaria, Eupithecia, 101

tritici, Euxoa, 120

True Lover’s Knot, 119

tullia, Cea ae 9, 10, 11, 13

typhae, Nonagria, 118

typica, Naenia, 120

umbra, Pyrrhia, 119, 120

umbrifera, O. mucronata, s.sp., 109

unangulata, Euphyia, 122

urticae, Aglaia, 13, 120, 124

varia, Lycophotia, 119

yaaa Thera, 92-5, Pl. 10 (figs. 9 &
1

Varied Coronet, 63—4, 115, 119, 120

venata, Ochlodes, 13

venus, Leto, 31

versicolor, Procus, 69, 121

Vestal, 115, 121

vetulata, Philereme, 118, 122

villica, Arctia, 119, 121

vinula, Cerura, 121

virgaureae, Heodes, 14

virgaureata, Eupithecia, 99-101, Pl. 8
(figs. 1-6)

virginiensis (huntera), Vanessa, 7, 8, 9,

viridata, Chlorrisa, 82

vulgata, Eupithecia, 101

vulpinaria, Sterrha, 119, 120

w-album, Strymon, 13

Wall, 116

Waved Black, 121, 122

Weaver’s Fritillary, 8

White Admiral, 9, 121

White Banded Carpet, 95-7

White Line Dart, 120

White Marked, 118

White Satin, 118, 120
White-spotted Pinion, 121
wiltshirei, Z. corycia, s.sp., 52
xanthographa, Amathes, 118, 120
xanthomelas, Nymphalis, 8
xanthomista, Polia, 127
Xanthorhoe, 91, 92

Xylena, 75

Yellow Belle, 119

* yemenicola, R. simonyi, 51
ypsillon, Apamea, 120
ypsilon, Agrotis, 120
Zygaena, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Zygaenidae, 47, 48, 50, 54
Zygaeninae 47 48, 50, 51, 52

MAMMALIA

Chinchilla, 26
laniger, Chinchilla, 26

MYRIAPODA

lagurus, Polyxenus, 36

PSOCOPTERA

alboguttatus, Peripsocus, 45
bifasciata, Amphigerontia, 43
bostrychophil!us, Liposcelis, 43
briggsi, Ectopsocus, 46
burmeisteri, Caecilius, 46
cruciatus, Graphopsocus, 46
' cyanops, Cuneopalpus, 44
dalii, Trichopsocus, 45
didymus, Peripsocus, 45
enderleini, Embidopsocus, 43
Epipsocidae, 43

fasciata, Loensia, 43

flavidus, Caecilius, 46
fuscopterus, Caecilius, 46

xi

gibbosa, Psococerastis, 44
guestfalica, Cerobasis, 43
helvimacula, Reuterella, 45
hyalimus, Elipsocus, 44
immaculatus, Stenopsocus, 46
immunis, Mesopsocus, 45
inquilinus, Lepinotus, 42
kelloggi, Pteroxanium, 42
kolbei, Caecilius, 46

laticeps, Mesopsocus (Haloneura), 45
Lepidopsocidae, 43
Liposcelidae, 43

Liposcelis, 43

lucifugus, Epipsocus, 43
Maclachlani, Elipsocus, 44
Mesopsocidae, 44

nebulosus, Metylophorus, 44
pedicularia, Lachesilla, 46
phaeopterus, Peripsocus, 45
picicornis, Philotarsus, 44
Polypsocidae, 46
Pseudocaeciliidae, 45
Psocidae, 43

Psyllipsocidae, 43
pulsatorium, Trogium, 43
putruelis, Lepinotus, 42
quisquilarium, Kolbia, 46
ramburil, Psyllipsocus, 43
reticulatus, Lepinotus, 43
rostocki, Pseudosocus, 45
sexpunctatum, Trichadenotecnum, 44
simulans, Leposcelis, 43
stigmaticus, Stenopsocus, 46
subfasciatus, Peripsocus, 45
subfuscus, Liposcelis, 43
terricolis, Leposcelis, 43
Trogiidae, 42

unipunctatus, Mesopsocus, 45
variegata, Loensia, 44
westwoodi, Elipsocus, 45

SALTATORIA

parallelus, Chorthippus, 38
sylvestris, Nemobius, 25

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