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: THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E. I.

— ~~

OFFICERS & COUNCIL

1935-36.

President,
KE. E. SYMS, F.B.E.S.

Micve-pPrestdents.
T. R. EAGLES. M. NIBLETT.

GC ourtcil.
Cc. G. M. pr WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
A.LC., F.C.S., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U-
H. G. DENVIL. F. STANLEY-SMITH.
Mr

P. BAINBRIGGE-FLETCHER, s. F. STANLEY-SMITH.
Meee, A. hws. G. V. BULL, B.A., M.B.

R. W. ATTWOOD.
F. J. COULSON.

J. A. DOWNES. H. KING, D.Sce., F.R.S.
Hon. Curator, Hon. Librarian.
S. R. ASHBY, F.B.E.S. E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.

Hon. Editor,

Hd. LORNER, §28.E.8., F.R.B.S.,
‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.

Hon, Creasurer.
A. E. TONGE, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Aincroft,’? Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

Hon, Secretaries.

S. N. A. JACOBS (Corresponding), ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent.
Ho J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.B.H.S. (Report),
‘* Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.

THE SOUTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the advancement and the diffusion of
Biological Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation
of Typical Collections. There isa Library for the use of Members. Meetings
of the Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each
month, from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms
are easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence.
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
S. N. A. JACOBS, ‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

PAST PRESIDENTS}

1872-4.. J. R. Wetman (dec.). 1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.)
1875-6.. A.B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1904 .. A. Sicu, F.E.S.

1877 .. J. P. Barnett, F.E.S. (dec.). | 1905 .. H. Mar, B.Sc., F.E.S.
1878 .. J.T. WittiaMs (dec.). 1906-7.. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.).
1879 .. R. Sranpen, F.E.S. (dec.). 1908-9.. A. Sicu, F.E.S.

1880 .. A. Ficxutn (dec.). 1910-11. W. J. Kays, F.E.S.

1881 .. V. R. Peruins, F.E.S. (dec.).| 1912-13. A. E. Tones, F.E.S.
1882 .. T. R. Briers, F.E.S. (dec.). | 1914-15. B. H. Surrn, B. a y E.S.

1883 .. J. R. Wetiman (dec.). 1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1884 .. W. Wesr, L.D.S. (dec.). 1918-19. SrantEy Epwarps, F.L. S. etc.
1885 .. R. Sour, F.E.S. (dec.). 1920-21. K. G. Buarr, B. Se., F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Apxrn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932... BE. J. BuNNETT, M.A.
1888-9.. T. RB. Bruves, F.E.S. (dec.).| 1923-4.. N. D. Ritey, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
ot i re ie CaRRINGTON, F.U.8..|-3925-62 +) Pa GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
(dec.) | 1927-8.. E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
1891 .. W. H. Tuewett, Px.C. (dec.) A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
1892 .. C. G. Barrer, F.E.S. (dec.) | 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, FES.
1893 .. J.J. WEI, FL. S., etc. (dec.) | 1930 .. F. B. Carr, (dec.).
1894. .. HK. Srep, F.L8. (dec.) 1930 .. C.N. Hawxrns, F.E.S.
1605 ...T. W. Ham, F.E-S. 1931 K. G. Buarr, D. Se., F.E.S.,
1896 .. R. Souru, F.E.S. (dec.). F.Z.8.
1897 .. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1998... 3. W. Tur, B.E-S. {dec,). 1933 .. C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A.,
1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec.). Ph.D., A.1.0., FO
1900 .. W.J.Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.(dec.) FRE. Ss; M.B.0.U.

1901 .. H.S. Fremuin, F.E.S.,ete. 1934 .. T. R. Bacuxs.
1902 .. F. Noap Crarx.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea; d,
Diptera; ec. ent, Economie Entomology ; ent, Entomology, General ; e, Exotic 3
hem, Hemiptera; hy, Hymenoptera; 1, Lepidoptera; mi, Microscopy; mo,
Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. phot, Nature Photography; 00, Oology; orn,
Ornithology ; orth, Orthoptera; p.(od), Paraneuroptera (Odonata) ; 7, Reptiles ;
t, Tricoptera.

—~O+ov—

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1886 Apxin, B. W., F.n.z.s., ‘‘ Highfield,” Pembury, Tunbridge
Wells. 1, orn. .

1922 Apxin, J. H., Hon. Lanternist, Lamorran, Oak Lane,
Sevenoaks. J.

1901 Apxiy, R. A., 1, Hartfield Court, Kastbourne. im.

1928 Anperson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.

1907 Anprews, H. W., F.r.z.s., ‘‘ Woodside,” 6, Footscray Road,
Eltham, 8.E.9. d.

1901 Armsrrone, Capt. R. R., B.a., B.c. (Cantab), F.R.c.s., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., 65, Lee Road, Blackheath, 8.K.3. e, .

1895 Asuey, S. R., r.r.z.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow. c, l.

1984 Arxinson, J. L., Down’s Cottage, Northwood Road, Tankerton,
Kont.. 2.

1931 Arrwoop, R. W., Council, 36, Tannsfield Road, Sydenham,
S.E.26.

1930 Avugsertin, Miss Daphne, m.sc., F.L.S., F-R.E.S., British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S. Kensington, S.W.7.

1931 Batuarn, F., 40, Albert Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

1896 Barnert, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. J.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, 8.E.15. .

1933 Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., F.p.e.s.. Monkshatch Cottage,
Compton, nr. Guildford. J.

1927 Bepwrit, E. C., r.re.s., 54, Brighton Road, Coulsdon,
Surrey. c.

1929 Bett, J. H., r.r.u.s., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkham-
sted, Herts.

lv

YEAR oF
ELECTION.

1924

1911

1898

1926
1925
1934
1923

19338

1909

1928
1927
1934
1930

1938
1927

1915

1922
1922
1899

1924
1922
1879
1915

1934
1935
1899

1907

Birp, Miss F. E., ‘‘ Red Cottage,’” Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex. orn. -

Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.s., “ Claremont,’ 120, Sunning-
fields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, ¢.

Buss, Capt., M. F., m.c., m.p.c.s., u.R.c.P., Butlin’s Hill,
Braunton, near Rugby. J.

Buss, A., 4, Monahan Avenue, Purley.

Buiyrn, 8. F. P., “ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. J.

Borrer, C. O., 1, Fleet Street, 18.C.4.

Bouck, Baron J. A., F.n.z.s., ‘‘ Springfield,” S. Godstone,
Surrey. l,

Brett, G. A., “ The Laurels,” EK. Malling Research Station,
Kent.

Brieut, P. M., F.r.z.s., ‘“ Nether Court,” 60, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. 1.

Brockieuurst, W. §&., “ Grove House,” Bedford. 1.

Brocxiessy, 8. H., “ Long Lodge,” Merton Park, S.W.19. 1.

Bropir P., s.a., 46, Musgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey. mic, l.

Brooxe, Miss W. M. A., “Elmcroft,’’ 300, Phillip Lane, West
Green, N.15. ec,, ent., b.

Bucxstonn, A. A. W., 90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell. 1.

Buut, G. V., B.a., M.B., Council, ‘* White Gables,’’ Sandhurst,
Kent. .

Bunnett, E. J., m.a., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, 8.H. 28.
mt, ’
Busupy, L. C., ¥.x.x.s., 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. c, het.

CanpuErR, H., “ Broad Eaves,’”’ Ashtead, Surrey. J, orn, b.

Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., u.re., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes,
Lancs. l, n.

Cuapman, Miss L. M., “ Arolla,’”” Waterlow Road, Reigate.

Currsemay, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, §8.E. 12. 1.

Crope, W. (Life Member.)

Cockayne, E. A., a.M., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 116, Westbourne
Terrace, W. 2. I.

Cour, E.A.,

Coxuins, R. J., 69, Beecher Lane, Kingswood, Surrey.

Cotturup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, KE. Dulwich, 8.E. 22.
1, ool, orn.

Coorg, F. D., F.R.x.s., 832, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
I, &.

YEAR oF
ELEcTION.

1923
1919

1922
1909
1911
1934
1918
1988

1920
1898

1982
1928
1927
1925

1900
19338
1889
1930
1901
1921
1930

1930
1927

1886

1933
1928

1982

Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. 1.

Cornisu, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
5.6.18. f,'¢.

Coucuman, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. J.

Coutson, F. J., Council, “ Burnigill,” 24, Springfield Avenue,
Merton Park, S.W.20.

Coxurap, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, EH. 11.
(Life Member.) c.

Craske, J. C. B., 57, Cromwell Gardens, S.W.7.

CrauFurD, Clifford, “ Denny,” Bishops Stortford. J.

Crewpson, R. C. R., F.n.u.s., The Grange, Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. J.

Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, Bexley Heath. J.

Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
BoWe 16. if.

Crow, P. N., Orchard Cottage, Cookham Dean, Berkshire. 1.

Curwen, Capt. B.S., 9, Lebanon Pk. Twickenham. .

Dansy, G. C., 88, Huron Road, Tooting Common, S.W.17.

Dannattr, Walter, F.r.n.s., F.z.s.. 94, Gaibal Road, Lee,
S.1.12.. 7.

Day, F. H., r.n.2.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. 1, c.

Demuta, R. P., 7, Holland Park Avenue, W.11. J.

Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, 8.W.1.
Ll, mt, b.

Denvit, H. G., Council, 4, Warwick Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
be.

Dons, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, N.14. J.

Dotton, H. L., 86, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. J.

Downs, J. A., Council, 120, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, 8. W.20.
t.

Dopsrincsr, B. J., 18, Church Lane, Merton Park, S.W. 19.

Eactzs, T. R., Vice-President, 32, Abbey Road, Enfield,
Middlesex. J.

Epwarps, §&., F.L.s., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., (Hon. Member), 20, Spring
Grove, Harrogate. J, el.

Kxeoop, W. §., North Bank, Wisbech, Cambs.

Euuis, H. Willoughby, r.r.x.s., F.z.s., M.B.o.u., Friary Hill,
Weybridge, Surrey c, orn.

Iinnis, L. H., 16, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, 8.W.20. 1.

Vi

YEAR OF
ELEcTION.

1935

Ensor, G. A., 7, Mount Nod Road, Streatham, S.W.16.

1920 Farmer, J. B., 156, Loughborough Park, Brixton, 8.W.9. 1.

1924

1930
1887

1926
1889

1920
1915

1907
1921
19838
1886

1919
1912

1928

1930
1929

1920
1926

1924
1918

1924

1926

Fassnipce, Wm., M.a., F.R.E.S., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,
Southampton. l, n, trich, he.
Ferrier, W. J., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. AS

FietcHer, W. H. B., m.a., F.R.E.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. (Life Member.) L,

Fietcuer, P. Bainbrigge, m.sc., a.t.c., F.R.E.s., Council, 65,
Compton Road, Wimbledon, §8.W.19. c.

Forp, A., ‘South View.” 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bourriemouth, Hants. “2-2.

Porn, L.. 7. * St. Michael’s,”’ Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. J.

Fostrr, T. B., “Lenore,” 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. J.

Fountarng, Miss M. E., F.n.x.s., “ The Studio,” 100a, Fellows
Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. J.

Frampton, Rev. R. EB. E., m.a:, Innrams Corner, Crow-
borough, Sussex. 1.

Fraser, Angus, Ranelagh, Gloucester Road, Tankerton,
Kent. c.

Fremurn, Major H. S., m.g.c.s., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., ‘* Heavers,”
Ryarsh, Kent. 1.

Frispy, G. E., r.z.x.s., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. h.

Fronawk, F. W., F.n.x.s., M.B.0.U., “ Kssendene,’ Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. J, orn.

Gittes, W. 6&., F.R.E.s., F.I.c., “The Cottage,’ Bocking,
Braintree, Essex. 1.

Giuuiatt, F, T., r.r.z.s., 25, Manor Road, Folkestone, Kent. J.

Gurce, D. L., F.n.e.s., “ Vermala,” 9, Westleigh Avenue,
Putney, S.W.15. 1.

Goopman, A. de B., r.r.z.s., The Old Malt House, Shenley,
Church End, nr. Bletchley, Bucks. J.

Gorvon, D. J., B.a., F..z.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
ose.” <o 0.

Grant, F. T., 87, Old Road West, Gravesend. 1.

Green, HK. E., F.R.u.s., F.z.s., ‘ Ways End,’ Camberley,
Surrey. h.

Greer, T., g.p., “Milton,” Sandholes, Dungannon, Co.
Tyrone. J,
Grey, Olive, Mrs.. r.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.

Vil

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1932
1933

1911
1934

1884
1891
1903
1926

1938
1924

1927

1924.

1929

1913
1923
1920
1924
1931
1931
1927
1920
1927
1931

1934
1929

GrirFin, F. J., a.u.a., 41, Queen’s Gate, S. Kensington, S.W.7.

ent.

Grocock, L. O., “‘ Brasted,’’ 58, Sherwood Road, Addiscombe,
Croydon.

Grosvenor, T. H. L., Springvale, Linkfield Lane, Redhill. 7.

Gunton, Major H. C., m.s., F.n.z.s,, ‘“ Rathgar,’ Gerrards

Cross, Bucks.

Hatt, T. W., F.R.z.s., Woodgrange, Shire Lane, Chorley
Wood, Herts. J.

Hawn, A. H., a.t.s., F.R.E.S., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. JU.

Harz, E. J., ¥.n.z.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. 2. U.

Harmsworth, Sir H. A. B., ¥F.z.z.s., 4, Kensington Palace
Gardens, W.8.

Harris, Chas. W., 7, Roseberry Gardens, Dartford. 1.

Harwoonp, P., F.z.z.s., Westminster Bank, 292, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. J.

Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. J.

Hawkins, C. N., F.n.x.s., 23, Wilton Crescent, Wimbledon,
S.W.19. i.

Hawtey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., Sibton Church Farm, Yoxford,
Suffolk.

Haynes, E. B., 82a, Lexham Gardens, W. 8. l.

Haywarp, Capt. K. J., ¥.n.u.s., F.Z.s., F.B.G.8., Estacion
Experimental, Concordia, F.C.E.R., Argentina. J. orn, c.

Hemmine, Capt. A. F., ¥.z.s., F.R.E.s., 18, Glebe Place, Chelsea,
BWe8.. 0.

Henperson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. c.

Herrmann, E. R., 29, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. J.

Hestop, J. R. P., u.a., F.R.E.s., 34, Henleage Gardens, Westbury
on Trim, Bristol.

Hewer, H. R., m.sc., p.1.c., Royal College of Science, 5. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.

Hopeson, 8. B., “ St. Philips,” Charles Street, Berkhamsted,

Herts.
Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., 5, Hast Sheen Lodge, Sheen Lane,
S.W.14.
Howarru, T. G., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell Hill, N.10. /.
Hueeins, H. C., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea. 1, ent.
Hueuss, A. W., ‘‘ Delamere,’’ Buckingham Way, Wallington.

Viil

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1933
1928
1914

1923

1924
1924
1927

1925
1923

1933
1932

1928
1933

1910
1925
19383

1935
1925

1927

1922

1914
1934
1933

1982
1926
1931
1892

1889

Hurcuines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. J.

Jackson, F. W. J., “ The Pines,” Ashtead, Surrey.

Jackson, W. H., ‘Pengama,’”’ 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley...

Jacoss, 8. N. A., Hon. Secretary, Ditchling, 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley. 1, e, ent.

James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, If.C.1. 1.

Jamgs, R., F.n.E.S., 14, Golden Lane, [.C.1.

Janson, O. J., F.n.k.s., ecorder, 18, Fairfax Road, Hornsey,
N.8. ent.

Jarvis, C., 12, Claylands Road, Clapham, S.W.8. e.

Jounsrone, J. F., F.n.x.s., ‘‘ Courtlands,’’ Clarence Parade,
Southsea, J.

Jones, H. G. C., 38, Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey. 1.

Joy, Norman H., M.R.c.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., 271, Kilburn
Lane, W.10.

KertLewe.1, H. B. D., Miller Hospital, Greenwich, 8.E.10. J.

Kxywoop, K. P., Croft Cottage, Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey.

ent, 0.
Kipner, A. R., “Southwood,” The Drive, Sidcup, Kent. J.
Kimmins, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. 1.
Kine, H., p.sc., F.R.s., Council, “‘ Amanita,” 28, Hawthorne
Avenue, Northwick Park, Harrow. 1, orn.
Kirsy, Kathleen, 8. L. F., 70, Dukes Avenue, Chiswick, W.4.
Lasoucuerez, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.z.e.s., 15, Draycott Avenue,
S.W.83.
Lawson, H. B., F.z.e.s., The Links, Worplesdon Hill, near

Woking. J.
Lerecuman, ©. B., “ Pansala,’’ Roundabouts, Storrington,
Sussex. 1.

Lreps, H. A., Wood Walton, near Sawtrey, Huntingdon. J.

Ling, H. J., *‘ Brookside,” St. Peters Road, Orpington.

Liescoms, C. G., Lieut., Somerset Light Infantry, Blackdown,
Surrey. l.

Low, A. M., 6, Manor Gardens, Gunnersbury Pk., Acton.

Macponatp, FI’. W., 82, Trinity Street, Leytonstone, E.11. 1.

MacNutty, B. J., ‘* Rutland,” 67, All Saints Road, Sutton.

Main, H., B.sc., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot., ec.

ManssripcE, W., F.R.E.s., ‘ Monreith,”’ Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. J, c., etc.

ee ee

ix

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1982 Marcon, Rev. J. W., 69, St. Thomas Road, West Tarring,
Worthing.

1930 Marsg, D. G., ie

1922 arm A. M., p.sc., F.R.E.S., Kast Malling Research Station,

ent. J.
1934 Mears, T., 97, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20.
1932 Mettows, W. T., m.B.E., LL.B., Scatton, Thorpe Road, Peter-

1889

1930
1920

1934
1923

1923

1906
1926
1930

1931
1926
1932
1911
1927
1930
1908
1928
1933
19338

1933
19338

1925
1925
1912

borough.

Moorg, H., r.r.xz.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
t hy.d, ¢4, e:hy ed, mt.

Mortey, A. McD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone.

Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entom-
ology, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall,
Aberdeen, ec. ent.

Muserave, A. J., 21, Loveday Road, W.13.

Nasu, T. A. M., p.sc., pu.D., F.R.E.Ss., Tsetse Investigation,
Gadau, via Joss, N. Nigeria. 1.

Nasu, W. G., F.z.c.s., ‘‘ Clavering House,” de Pary’s Avenue,
Bedford. J.

Newman, L. W., F.n.£.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. J.

Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. 1.

Nistett, M., Vice- President, 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey.
galls.

Nicuotson, D. A., 11, Birkbeck Road, Dulwich, 8.E.21.

Nixon, G. E., 8.a., 8158, Norwood Road, Herne Hill, 8.H.24. h,l.

O’Farre iz, A. F., 20, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19.

Pace, H. E., r.n.x.s., 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, 8.1.3. 0.

Paumer, D. §., “‘ North Lodge,” Esher.

Pearman, Capt. A., Elm Cottage, Purley, Surrey. /.

Prennine‘ron, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W.1. J.

Perkins, J. F., £.n.£.s., 19, Courtfield Gardens, 8.W.5. h.

Pryron, A. G., Holly Bank, Napleton Road, Ramsgate. 1.

Pinney, E. C. S., 86, Wetherby Mansions, Earl’s Court
Square, S.W.5. ent.

Pinnicer, E. B., 19, Endlebury Road, Chingford, 1.4. p, J.

Pootzs, S. W. P., “ Richmond,’’ Alderman’s Drive, Peter-
borough. J.

PortsmourtH, J.

Portsmours, G. B.

Poutton, Pror. Sir E. B., p.sc., M.a., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8.,
F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Wykeham House,” Oxford. (Hon. Member.)

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1927 Prarr, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane, Rich-
mond.

1897 Prest, E. KE. B., 8 and 9, Chiswell Street, H.C.1. 1.

1924 Priest, C. G., 67, Portland Road, Holland Park, W.11. J.

1904

1922

1925

1887

1920

1934
1908

1910
1911
1920
1890
1932
1932
1915
1908
1910
1927
1923

1933
1910

1898

1925

Priske, R. A. R., F.z.E.s., 186, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing,
Woe 20,

Rart-Smirn, W., ¥F.Z.S., ¥.R.E.S., ¥F.R.H.s., © “‘ Hurstleigh,”
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. J.

Raurs, Miss EK. M., F.r.u.s., 27, Shaftesbury Road, Ravens-
court Park, W.6.

Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Common, §.W.4. orn.

Ricwarpson, A. W., F.R.E.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. J.

Ripgout, J. K., ‘‘ Hodsoniter,’”’ Godalming, Surrey.

Ritey, Capt. N. D., F.r.u.s., F.z.s., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
5.W.20, -l.

Rosertson, G. §., m.p., ‘Struan,” Storrington, near Pul-
borough, Sussex. 1.

Rozriwson, Lady Mauvp, F.r.z.s., Kirklington Hall, Newark.
tm.

Roruscui.tp, THe Riecut Hon. Lord, D.sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.Se,
F.R.E.S., Tring, Herts. 1, orn. (Life Member.)

Rownrres, J. H., ‘‘ Sealby Nabs,’”’ Scarborough, Yorks. 1.

Ruputanp, W. L., 211, Caversham Road, Reading.

Russet, A. G. B., m.v.o., F.R.E.s., Scarbank House, Swanage,
Dorset. 1.

Russett, 8. G. Castle, Homestead, Crawley, Winchester,
Hants. l.

St. Ausyn, Capt. J. A., ¥.n.e.s., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley.

Scorer, A. G., “ Hillcrest,’ Chilworth, Guildford. 1.

Scort, Hi., m.s., “‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. 1.

Szvastoputo, D. G., F.r.u.s., (Life Member), c/o Ralli Bros.
Ltd., Calcutta. J.

SHarman, I’. W., 1838, Star Road, Peterborough. 1.

SHELDON, W. G., F.z.s., F.R.E.8., ‘*West Watch,’ Oxted,
Surrey. J.

Sicn, Axr., F.R.E.s., Coburg Court Hotel, Bayswater Road,
Wa, 1

Simmons, A.,42, Loughboro Road, W. Bridgford, Nottingham, J.

xi

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1921

1908
1927

1928
1934
1928
1924
1931
1929
1934
1916
1922
1894
1913
1934
1925

1929
1981

1988
1926
1985
1902

1934
1887

1982

Smart, Major, H. D., R.a.m.c., u.D., D.sc., F.R.E.S., 172, High
Road, Salway Hill, Woodford Green. 1.

Sperrine, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, 8.6.7. 1.

SranLEy-Smirtu, F. §., F.x.u.s., Council, “Oaklands,’’ Brampton,
Huntingdon. J.

Srantey-Smiru, Mrs. Maud, Council, “Oaklands,” Brampton,
Huntingdon. .

Stephens, J. A., 44, Mount Road, Chatham.

Stocken, H. E. W., Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet, Surrey.

Srorey, W. H., “‘ Tendera,’’ Stinchcombe Hill, Dursley, Glos.
ent.

Stovin, G. H. T., m.r.c.s., u.n.c.p., 42, Chalkwell Avenue,
Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

Srusss, G. C., 31, Egremont Street, Ely, Cambs.

Surton, G. R., Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.

Syms, H. E., r.r.ze.s., President, Hon. Librarian, 22,
Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, H.11. 1.

Tams, W. H. T., F.r.e.s., 5, Daisy Lane, Hurlingham,
ee Oe 2.

Tarpat, Rey. J. K., m.a., 1, Romsey Road, Winchester. J,
ool.

TarcHe., L., F.r.z.s., Swanage, Dorset. J.

Taytor, J. O., Lyndhurst, Grosvenor Road, Orpington. .

Taytor, J. §., M.a., F.R.E.S., Prickly Pear Laboratory, Graaffe
Reinett, C.P., Union of S.A. 1.

Tetuey, J., “ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley.

THomeson, J. A., Tan-y-Bryn School, St. Margarets Drive,
Llandudno, N. Wales. 1.

THorps, R. A., ‘‘ Homestead,’ Forest Hill Road, Honor Oak,
S.E.238.

Tomutinson, Miss Florence B., ‘‘ The Anchorage,” 51, Lodge
Road, West Croydon. J. ,

Tompkins, L. H., ‘‘ Clifton,’’ 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey.

Toner, A. E., r.r.z.s., Hon. Treasurer, ‘‘ Aincroft,’’ Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. 1.

Tunstatz, H. G., 11, St. James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey.

Turner, H. J., F.R.E.S., F.k.H.S., Hon. Kditor, ‘‘ Latemar,” 25,
West Drive, Cheam, Surrey. J, ¢, d, e.l.

Turpin, 8. J., 1, Windcliffe Mansions, Letchmere Road,
Willesden Green, N.W.2.

Xil
YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1889 Warnwaicat, C. J., F.R.E.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. J, d.

1929 Watnwaicart, J. Chas., 9, Priory Road. Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey.

1911 Waxety, L. D., 15 Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, S.W.19. J.

1930 Waxety, S., 4, Auckland Road, Upper Norwood, 8.H.19. 1.

1880 Waker, Comm. J. J., M.a., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., “‘ Aorangi,’ Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. J, e.

1927 Watxer, W. H., “ Ranworth,” Potters Bar. 1.

1933 Watrer, I’. G., 181, Prince’s Avenue, Palmer’s Green, N.13.

1920 Warson, D., “‘ Proctors,’’ Southfleet, Kent. 1.

1928 Warts, W. J., 42, Bramerton Road, Beckenham. ce.

1928 Wetts, Clifford, ‘“‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. 1.

1911 Wetts, H. O., York Gate, Cheam Road, Ewell. 1.

1911 Weezer, The Rey. G., m.a., F.z.S., F.R.E.S., ‘¢ Ellesmere,”
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. 1.

1927 Warts, A. G., “ Hilltop,” Chaldon, Surrey.

1934 Wuirenouse, Prof. H. Beckwith, m.B., m.s.tonp., 62, Hagley
Road, Birmingham.

1914 Wiruams, B. §., “St. Genny’s,” 15, Kingcroft Road, Harpen-
den. ll, c, hem.

1925 Wixurams, H. B., ux.p., r.r.z.s., “ Red Mayes,’’ 79, Broad Lane,

Hampton-on-Thames, Middlesex. 1.

1932 Wits, S. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, E.4.

1932 Winpuam, W. §., 40, Wellesley Road., Chiswick, W.4.

1927 Wirrtne, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catford, S.E. 6.

1918 Woop, H., ‘Albert Villa,” Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. J.

1921 Woop, H. W., r.x.u.s., 87, De Freville Avenue, Cambridge. 1.

1926 Woorron, W. J., r.x.4.s., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex.
-

1927 pe Worms, C. G. M., M.a., PH.D., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., F.C.S., A.I.C.,
Milton Pk., Egham, Surrey. J, orn.

1985 Crasxe, E. §., ‘ Hillsborough,” Gringer Hill, Maidenhead,
Berks.

1935 Goopuirrs, F. D., Agricultural College, Long Sutton, Basing-
stoke. ec.ent.

1985 Muuurr, Miss I. M., Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.

1935 Owen, A. H., 41, Coombe Road, Croydon.

1934 O iver, G. B., ‘‘ Hazlemere,” High Wyecombe, Berks. 1.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

Xlil.

fern) OF Tre COUNCIL FOR 1934.

aaa

The occurrence of two consecutive years of exceptionally fine
summers has given naturalists an almost unprecedented opportunity
for work and has provided an extraordinary amount of material for
their attention, for in view of this weather combination many
unusual happenings have taken place in the natural history world
during 1984.

The Society can look back on an excellent year and can congratu-
late itself on much constructive work during that period.

There have been the customary twenty-two meetings and the
Annual Exhibition at the Society’s rooms. Ten papers and discus-
sions have been introduced, by Messrs M. Niblett, C. G. M. de Worms,
Dr. E. A. Cockayne, H. J. Turner, J. A. Downes, S. N. A. Jacobs,
S. Wakely, Dr. K. G. Blair, R. Adkin, and EK. IK. Syms, and the
average attendance at meetings was 41°65.

The Annual Exhibition took place on the 25th October, and the
variety of the exhibits was greatly to be commended. Almost all
insect orders were represented ; there was the section for living
objects, which as usual was a centre of interest, and in the section
devoted to drawings there were some excellent specimens, cover-
ing a variety of subjects including birds, insects, fishes, seaweeds,
sea anemones and fungi.

An innovation was the altered arrangement of the tables, which
allowed visitors to circulate more freely around the exhibits, and
added greatly to their enjoyment of the exhibition.

The number attending was recorded as 240.

Mr. Goodman is to be thanked for his attention to the catering
arrangements and Mr. Grosvenor for having organised the exhibition,
the proper carrying out of both of which functions contributed in
no small measure to the success of the evening.

There were ten field meeting held, at Effingham, Chilworth,
Westerham, Bookham, Broadwater Forest, Chalfont, Forest Row,
Benfleet, Eynsford and Box Hill, led by Messrs T. R. Eagles,

XlV.

C. G. M. de Worms, H. W. Andrews, C. N. Hawkins, Dr. G. V. Bull,
Dr. K. G. Blair, Messrs R. W. Attwood, S. Jacobs and J. A. Downes.
All these meetings were productive of interesting material, some
exceedingly unusual species being found, some rare and others local,
and the most gratifying feature of the year’s field work was the
increase in the number of members attending these meetings.
Interim reports were read by the respective leaders, at the meetings
allotted for that purpose, the full reports being published in the
present volume.

There are now 245 members, consisting of 195 full members, 41
country members, 5 life members, and 4 honorary members ; there
have been fifteen elections, four resignations, two deaths, and twenty
names removed from the list of members.

The Treasurer, whose improved health has been noted with
pleasure by all members, has produced, as expected, his usual cheer-
ing balance sheet duly audited by Messrs Denvil and Howarth.
The satisfactory state of this document is now looked on as a matter
of course, but none the less, the Treasurer’s part in having achieved
this end is well in the mind of members, but his labours would be
lessened if all members would remember that their subscriptions are
due at the beginning of the year, thus saving him the necessity for
sending out reminders to delinquents.

Exhibits have been excellent in quality and indicative of much
care on the part of exhibitors, whose remarks have been interesting,
and occasionally of considerable scientific value, but it is much to
be regretted that in spite of the fact that the Kditor of Proceedings
has repeatedly asked for full written notes, many of these observa-
tions are lost through the omission on the part of exhibitors to
comply with this simple request. Although a few are saved by the
memory of the Editor, it is not physically possible that he should
be able to remember all the remarks communicated without the
assistance of the exhibitor’s written notes.

Mr. Robert Adkin represented the Society at the Annual Congress
of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, and he is greatly
to be thanked for his report which is given in full in the present
volume.

The Annual Volume of Proceedings and Transactions was
published in July, and consists of 148 + xx pp. with eight half-
tone plates, and contains the many useful and interesting papers, as
well as the full reports of field meetings, which were presented before

XV.

the Society during the season. It has received its share of attention
in the reviews published by the varions entomological magazines,
and maintains the credit of the Society.

The thanks of the Society are due to those gentlemen whose
generosity has enabled the Publications Committee to include so
many plates illustrating the papers published.

The Librarian reports that during the year, the number of
members borrowing books shows an increase; the number of volumes
lent for home reading being 276. The library has also been exten-
sively used for reference purposes on our meeting nights.

The Curator reports that the Collection of Coleoptera presented to
the Society by Dr. Joy has now been received from the British
Museum and can be consulted.

The following gentlemen have added specimens to the various
collections during the year. ‘The thanks of the Society is due to
them.

Messrs R. Adkin, E. J. Bunnett, Dr. K.G. Blair, 8. N. A. Jacobs,
K. E. Syms, H. Moore, H. Donisthorpe, C. Jarvis, G. B. Oliver, and
F. J. Coulson.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Booxs.—Argentine Hesperiidae part III, K. J. Hayward (the
author); Brit. Ants, Donisthorpe (purchase) ; Seitz. Supp. to Pal.
Rbopal. and ditto to Bombyces (purchase) ; Text Book of Knt., Imms.
(President) ; Supp. to Moths of Eastbourne, Adkin (the author) ;
Brit. Tortrices, Wilkinson, autbor’s copy (R. Adkin).

Proceepines, Transactions, Revorts, etc.—S. I. Naturalist and
Antiquary ; Bull. and Ann. Soc. ent. de France; Ann. Report of
the Smithsonian Institute; Bull. R. Scuola d’Agri. Portici (Italy) ;
Rep. U. S. National Mus.; Jr. Commons and Footpaths Preserv.
Soc.; London Nat.; Trans. and Proceed. of the 8S. of England
Entomological Soc. ; Proc. Croydon N. H. Soc. ; Rep. Hastings and
EK. Sussex N. H. Soc.; Rep. of the Perthshire N. H. Soc.; Proc.
Bournemouth N. Science Soc. ; Trans. Wisconsin Acad. of Science ;
Rep. of the Field Museum of Chicago ; Proc. Norfolk and Norwich
Nat. Sci. Soc. ; Proc. I. of Wight N. H. Soc.; Report Conference
of Delegates of Corres. Societies to the British Association; Essex

Xvi.

Nat.; Mem. Connect. Ac. Sci.; Trans. Leicester Lit.-Phil. Soc. ;
Rep. Eton Coll. N. H. Soc.; Bull. Lloyd Lib.; Jr. Shanghai Inst. ;
Jr. Wimbledon N.H.S.

Perrrovicats, Magazines, etc.:—Ent. Mo. Mag.; Ent. Record ;
Ent.; Can. Ent.; Ent. News; Nat. Hist. (N. York); Vasculum;
Revista Ent. Soc. Argentine; Repertorium ; Rev. d’ent. (Russia).

Separates :—From American Mus.; Smithsonian Inst.; Royal
Irish Acad.; Chasa Ins. (Japan); Dr. Strand (Riga); Argentine
Ent. Soc.; M. Niblett; Guide to Coll. of Rocks (Brit. Mus.); Dr.
Horn (Berlin) ; Cat. of American Birds.

XVli.

HON. TREASURER’S REPORT, 1934

The accounts for 1934 again show a healthy state of affairs as
we just about covered our regular expenses out of income, apart
from expenditure on special items which are non-recurrent.

These special items are :—

fda eed
Moving the Joy collection ... ae re 15;.
Bookcase... oe sty 2s Pl a
New books ... 8 “ee ey i 1b O76
Making a totalok ... - 0 (ca ve OBIT < 0

Without these our expenses for the year amounted to £210 2 8,
which is made up as follows :—

f° 6. a

Current expenses ... oo see ss 86 13 5
Subscriptions ies me ie ae 2 0.6
Proceedings ... ded ae Me ey EO ee
Bookbinding aA ne Sas is 219 G
Postages, etc. ae ee _ -. 4 2 8
210 2 8

and our income to £212 18s. 8d. made up of

ose

Subscriptions aie cas oe mt < S06 ho
Dividends ... ahs oe gas es at 2 9
Deposit interest ane dias vine ee i> iG
Donations ... as sii rae Pee 42 0 8
Sales... “in ais es eed eis 4 710
212 18 8

The most notable feature of the accounts is the appreciation in
the value of our investments.
It has always been the practice to value these at current market
prices in making out the Balance Sheet, and on this basis they show
[Continued on p. xx.

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Xx

for 1934 an increment of £76 1s. 8d., and for the first time in the
history of the Society its cash assets stand at over £1,000, to be
exact £1,031 14s. 1d.

Subscriptions received in 1934 were less by £9 than in the

previous year, and donations to the Refreshment Fund were, I am —

sorry to say, £2 9s. less, but other sources of income were up to the
usual level and entrance fees were 10s. higher.

We spent 30s. more on catering for the Annual Exhibition as we.

had a larger attendance, and there are a few trifling differences in
the items which make up our regular costs which are 25s. below
those for 1933.

Printing Proceedings at £114 ‘7s. compares with £109 12s. 8d.

last year, and the outlay of £7 12s. 6d. on a bookcase and £15 9s. 6d.

on books for the Library has no counterpart in the figures for 1933. ©

The Balance Sheet is as follows :—

Balance Balances—

being Surplus of Revenue acct. -- ee ee 42 12 11
Assets over igen Suspense acct. Ae a5 ne 17.10) 3
a Publication acct. .. =: He 2130
Library acct. fe ae = 116 4
a —— 6312 6
Investments—
£300 34% War Loan at 1092 oa O29. 12:56
£391 35% Conversion Loan: at sis: 440 7 3
£155 4% Consols at1182 .. 183 110
—— 953 1 7
ee eer
| 15 0
Doubétal 15 0 0 say 15 0 0
£1031 14 1 | £1031 14 1

My figures have been audited and passed as correct by Messrs.
T. G. Howarth and H. G. Denvil to whom I tender my thanks, as
also to those members who have so kindly supported the Refresh-
ment and Publication Funds.

Details of the Accounts and Balance Sheet are appended.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

eNOS

8th FEBRUARY, 1934.
Mr. T. R. Eacues, Presipent, in the Chair.

The President exhibited larvae of the Beetle, Pyrochroa serrati-
cornis, Scop., with an example of the imago.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited a specimen of the Carposinid moth, Bondia
fidelis, Meyr., from Santa Fé, New Mexico, U.S.A., an exceedingly
rare species of which Meyrick’s type is reputed to be the only other
example in this country. Also the small Noctuid moth Menopsimus
caducus, Dyar, America’s smallest species of this family, from
Rochester, New York.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a small branch of the Japanese
Spindle Tree (Huonymus japonicus) bearing quantities of well deve-
loped fruits. He said that this species, as usually grown in our
gardens, was kept so clipped that it had no chance of forming
blossom, but even when allowed to run wild it was not often that
flowers were produced and still less frequently were fruits formed.
He thought it was probably owing to the prolonged fine, warm
weather of last summer and autumn that many bushes at Eastbourne
and some other places on the South Coast were this winter bearing
quantities of well developed fruits.

Mr. Pinhey exhibited an example of the Noctuid Polyphaenis
wanthochloris, Bdy., apparently an addition to the French fauna, as
if is not included in the recent Catalogues of French Macrolepidop-
tera. The specimen was caught, with one other, at light, in Sept.
19383, in the Basses Pyrenées. The species is supposed to be confined
to Sicily and some Spanish locality.

[Nore.—The allied species P. sericata, Esp. is well known as
occurring in the Basses Pyrenées. I believe the main difference
between the two species lies in the 3 antennae.—Hy.J.T.]

Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited a number of living beetles, Scaphidium
4-maculatum, Ol., from a colony in rotten wood, Farnborough, Kent.

Mr. Priske exhibited a series of coloured figures of named varieties
of the Mollusc, Helix aspersa, Mill., painted by Mr. Stubbs of
Brighton.

2

Mr. H. Moore, exhibited a beetle, Strataegus titanus, Fab., found
among bananas from Jamaica.
Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting demonstration with lantern
slides showing the life-history of several species of Coleoptera that
he had recently studied.

22nd FEBRUARY, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. J. O. Taylor of Orpington and Mr. J. L. Atkinson of Tanker-
ton were elected members.

Mr. S. N. Jacobs exhibited a box of Micro-lepidoptera recently
received from the United States of America.

Mr. R. C. R. Crewdson exhibited a series of J’aentocampa gothica,
L., from Frant, Sussex, with f. gothicina, H.-S. from the Spey valley,
Invernesshire ; series of Agrotis eaclamationis, L. from W. Kent, and
Wicken ; Noctua primulae, Esp. from Perthshire; Apamea leuco-
stigma, Hb. and f. fibrosa, Hb. from Rannoch ; Boarmia repandata, L.
from Rannoch District and from Bettws-y-coed, Caernarvonshire ;
Earophila (Anticlea) badiata, Schiff. from Witherslack, Westmor-
land, andfrom Delamere, Cheshire. Ketropis (l'ephrosia) consonaria,
Hb. from Sevenoaks, Kent; /. (Tephrosia) bistortata, Gze., from the
Gairloch district in Rossshire, from Struan, Perth, and from
Witherslack, Westmorland; Crocallis elinguaria, L., from Penshurst,
Kent, Formby (Lancs), Rannoch District, Perthshire, and from
Kinlochewe, Rossshire; Lampropterya suffumata, Schiff. from
Lyndhurst, Hants, and from Rannoch District, Perthshire; Lyagris
populata, L. from Rannoch District, Perthshire; Semiothisa liturata,
Clk., from Delamere, Cheshire.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of the tropical American
butterfly Gynaecia dirce, L., which had emerged in Eastbourne from
a bunch of bananas. He said that the range of this species extended
from Southern Brazil as far northward as Honduras, and he had
little doubt that in this case, as was probable in other similar cases
that had come under his notice, the caterpillar bad crawled into
the bunch of fruit at some period before shipment, pupated there,
been thus conveyed to this country alive and, in spite of our incle-
ment climate, had managed to emerge.

He also exhibited flower-heads of the alien plant T'ussilayo frayrans,
a near relative of our native butterbur (7Z’. petasites, L.) which had

3

established itself in many places in the south of England, as on the
banks along the Parades at Eastbourne, whence these blossoms came.
He said that the blossoms were more numerous and the heads finer
this season than he had seen them for many years, and he attributed
this to the unusually fine, warm summer of last year allowing the
plant to fully mature and thus the flower shoots to form, and to the
fine dry weather of the present month permitting them to expand to
advantage.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited a series of old galls from Bramble stems,
caused by a Cynipid Diastrophus rubi, Bouché., the cells of which
were occupied by a Halticine beetle, Chaetocnema concinna, Marsh.
The beetles had apparently enlarged the openings of the cells to
enable them to enter and hibernate in them.

He also showed Cynipid galls from oak, Cynips tozae, Bosc., from
Spain and Cynips glutinosa, Gir. from the Riviera. Also a number
of Aphid galls from China, imported for dyeing, and other Aphid
galls from the East, from which about 100 Aphids had emerged.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited three specimens of Hrannis defo-
liaria, Clerck. taken on Wimbledon Common in January, 19384,
including two rather striking examples of the var. obscura, Stgr.,
with a dark costa to the forewing; and a very dark specimen of
var. obscurata, Helfer. The last is by far the darkest specimen ever
noted by the exhibitor from Wimbledon and appears to show, in
the darkening of the ground colour of the hindwings and the
general appearance of the specimen, some approach to a true melanic
type, differing however from the Epping form, of which two
melanic specimens taken at Chingford in December, 1933, were also
shown for comparison; the one an extreme example and the
other of the paler form. The Wimbledon specimen is actually
intermediate between the two from Chingford in forewing colour
but the hindwings are not so completely suffused with black,
though the fringes are very dark, nor is the body appreciably black-
ened. The head and thorax are darker than in many melanic
specimens from [pping.

Mr. S. Wakely showed a female specimen of Chimabache phrygan-
ella, Hb., which had emerged on the 10th of November. Although
the males are often seen in numbers flying in the November
sunshine, females are very seldom observed, no doubt owing to their
retiring habits. Males of the same species were also shown; as
well as both sexes of Chimabache fagella, Fb. for comparison.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited living specimens of the ‘“ Death

4

Watch Beetle,” Xestobium rufovillosum, Deg., part of a colony found
in decayed willow near Rye House, Hoddesdon, Herts. Near the
colony was found a specimen of its predator, Opilo mollis, L. A
larva of the predator was also found. It is of a bright pink colour
and is described and figured in ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc.” of 1834. He
also showed larvae of the “Green Arches Moth,” Aplecta (Eurois)
prasina, Fb., reared from eggs. The young larvae from South
Scotland were given him by Dr. G. V. Bull in the early summer of
1938. Also the beetles Calandra granaria, L., and Ptinus tectus,
Bdv., and lepidopterous larvae (? Ephestia kuehniella, Zell.) found
in a sample of oatmeal intended for domestic use.

Dr. Bull exhibited the galls on the oak, of the Cynipid Aphilotrix
(Andricus) fecundatrix, Hart., of which the. alternate generation,
known as Andricus pilosus, Adlr., emerges from the small hairy
galls on the catkins.

Remarks on the season showed that both insects and flowers even
in Cornwall were very backward. Gonepterya rhamni, L., was
reported from Eastbourne.

Sth MARCH, 1934.

The President, Mr. T. R. Eacuss, in the Chair.

Mr. E. G. C. Pinhey of Earls Court Square, was elected a member.

Mr. 'l'. R. Eagles exhibited the red (ab. rufescens, Tutt) form and
the dark form of Anarta myrtilli, L.; a local Coleopteron, Pediacus
dermestoides, Fb., from Epping Forest; and the Swan Mussel,
Anodonta cygnea, L., from the New River, Enfield.

Mr. R. C. R. Crewdson exhibited series of the following Lepidop-
tera:—Aplecta tincta, Brhm., from the Rannoch district of
Perthshire; Pachetra leucophaea, View., from mid-Kent; Noctua
ditrapezium, Brk., from Langdale, Westmorland ; Leucania obsoleta,
Hb., from the Ely district of Cambridgeshire; Xanthorhoé munitata,
Hb., from Langdale, Westmorland, plentiful on rocks; Selidosema
plumaria, Schiff., (ericetaria, Vill.), from Witherslack, Westmorland ;
and Psodos coracina, Esp., from the Rannoch District of Perthshire.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited one of the Trypetidae, Trypeta (Orellia)
winthemi, Mg., not previously recorded from Britain; bred from
flower-heads of Carduus crispus, L. (Welted Thistle). (See “ Ent.
Record,” 1984, p. 88.)

5

He also showed the Cynipidae, Andricus fecundatrix, Htg., with
its galls, and A. pilosus, Adler, as an example of Alternating Gen-
eration, of which the cycle is the following :—

Leaf-bud. Flower-bud. Leaf-bud.

c) — 0 0)

Andricus fecundatrix., Andricus pilosus. |Andricus fecundatria.

(Agamous) (Sexual) (A gamous)
Emerges October or| Emerges in June.
March.
Oviposits in— Oviposits in——

Mr, Niblett then exhibited the following galls to illustrate his
paper on the ‘“ Gall Mites.” (See Trans.)

Galls of :—Eriophyes macrorhynchus, Nal., E. macrochelus, Nal.,
E. macrochelus, Nal., var. erinea, Trot., *H. convolvens, Nal., E.
triradiatus, Nal., EH. origani, Nal., . viburni, Nal., * EF. vitalbae,{Can.,
E. tiliae, Pagn., F. tiliae, Pagn., var. liosoma, Nal., HE. tiliarius,
Can., /. yalii, Karp., *E. wylostet, Can., E. ribis, Nal., E. rudis,
Can., E. avellanae, Nal., EF’. psilaspis, Nal., *H. schmardae, Nal.,
E. ulmi, Nal., FE. goniothorax, Nal., MH. laevis, Nal., *E. hippo-castanae,
Fock., /. pyri, Pagn., Epitrimerus trilobius, Nal.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited the British species of Hetobius (Cock-
roaches) to illustrate particularly the difference between KL’. lapponica,
L. @ and EF. livida, F., which are frequently confused.

The two may be separated by the following characters :—H. lappo-
nica, 2. LElytra not quite covering the abdomen, lower wings
small, much reduced, dark in colour. Upper surface with very few
and small dark spots, i.e., about 2 on each oblique subcostal nervule,
each with a fine hair. Underside with a broad dark streak down
each side, last segment largely dark.

FE. livida, 3 2. Elytra rather more than covering the abdomen ;
lower wings but little reduced in 2, fulvous. Upper surface with
granulate dark dots more numerous, i.e. about four on each oblique
subcostal nervule, each with astrongerect hair. Underside, includ-
ing last segment, almost entirely pale.

Also a living Tortoise Beetle from west Africa. The beetle,
Aspidomorpha cincta, F., was captured near Minna, Nigeria,
in November last by Mr. G. Wilson and taken to Dr. Guy
Morison of the Marischal College, Aberdeen. It was given leaves of

* Uncommon.

6

privet, dock and dandelion but did not appear to have fed. The
convex portion of the elytra is a bright metallic golden colour and
the expanded margins, except for the metallic ridges, clear. The
colour appears to remain constant whether the insect is active or
sluggish, there being no hint of the remarkable change of colour to
be seen in the North American Metriona bicolor, F., (see “ Proc. 8.
London Ent. Soc.” 1928-29, p. 74.)

Mr. G. A. Brett exhibited living Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg.
ab. fuscata, Tutt, bred from larvae which were shown at the last
Annual Exhibition in October.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited the presumed hybrid between Fvannis
aurantiaria, Esp. and EF. defoliaria, Clerck., which he had shown
and described at the meeting of the Royal Ent. Soc. of London the
previous night. The specimen, a 2, was bred in December 1912
from a larva found on Wimbledon Common. It has the pattern
of a defoliaria @, the golden colour of a g aurantiaria, the
maxillae of aurantiaria, (which are very different from those of
defoliaria), and wings 2mm. long whereas in defoliaria 2 2, the
wings are vestigial and in aurantiaria they are 8mm. long.

Mr. M. Niblett then read a Paper ‘‘ Mite Galls.’’ (See Trans.)

22nd MARCH, 1984.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited the ootheca of the small cockroach
Ectobius lapponica, laid in captivity by a female taken at Ascot.
The eggs were laid in double rows in the case.

Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs exhibited a living male of Aphomia gularis,
Zell,, the first bred out this year. The pupa was kept warm, in
captivity.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the plant Lithospermum, Gromwell,
from Studland, Dorset, and called attention to the seeds which had
been hollowed out, presumably by an insect. He also showed some
reed stems which had been eaten out by an unknown larva.

Mr, O’Farrell exhibited a rather well-marked specimen of Spilosoma
menthastri, Esp. taken at St. Ives, Cornwall, by Mr. Thornley two
years ago. He had a good number of specimens of the species from
Cornwall, and the best marked of these, were included in the exhibit,
together with an ordinary form for comparison.

Mr. de Worms exhibited larvae of Aporophyla nigra, Haw., a green

7

form. He reported that Apocheima hispidaria, Schiff. had been
coming freely to light, that Phigalia pedaria, Fb., had been over for
a fortnight, that Mrannisleucophaearia, Schiff. was also over and that
the sallows were not yet out.

Mr. J. J. Coulson exhibited the following Coleoptera :—(1) Oryzae-
philus surinamensis, L., var. mercator, Fauv. a series bred from
almonds, Merton Park, 24th January. (2) Silvanus unidentatus, OL.,
series taken under the bark of an oak branch broken by the wind,
Esher Common, 27th February, 1934. (8) Micromalus flavicornis,
Herbst., (taken alive) and Hecoptoyaster intricatus, Ratz. (dead speci-
mens) under the bark of the same branch on the same date. (4) A
series of the bug, Pezostethus cursitans, Fall., same habitat, date and
place.

7th APRIL, 1934.
Frrtp MeEretingc—EFFINGHAM.

Leader.—Mr. T. R. Eacuss.

The weather forecast for the day spoke of rain, sleet and snow for
London and South [astern England. Nevertheless 17 members
and 2 visitors braved the elements. Fortunately the weather
prophets were entirely wrong. The afternoon was fair and warm
with periods of sunshine.

By beating and sweeping among site pine and heather at Ockham
the following Lepidoptera were obtained :—Imagines of Sarrothripus
revayana, Tr.; Pachycnema hippocastanaria, Hb.; and Xylocampa
areola, Esp. Larvae of Laspeyria (Aventia) flewula, Schiff.; Thera
obeliscata, Hb. ; Diacrisia sanio, L.; Agrotis ayathina, Dup.; Hippar-
chus papilionaria, L.: Ellopia fasciaria, L.(prosapiaria, L.); Perconia
strigillaria, Hb.; Eupithecia tenuiata, Hb.; and a cocoon of Phrag-
matobia fuliginosa, L.

One member found a batch of eggs of Panolis yriseo-variegata,
Goez. (piniperda, Panz.) in his beating tray.

A dead pine trunk was found to contain numerous imagines of
the “ ruby-tail wasp,” (Chrysis ignita, L.)

Among the Coleoptera from the pines were some interesting forms
of Mysia oblonyoguttata, L., and an abundance of Myrrha 18-yuttata,
L., and Anatis ocellata, L. Many specimens of the Hemipteron
Gastrodes ferrugineus, L. were beaten.

8

The sallows yielded the beetle Dorytomus tortriz, L. in numbers,
also Kwochomus 4-pustulatus, L.; the Heteroptera Anthocorisnemoralis,
F. and A. nemorum, L.; and the Ichneumonid Hemiteles areator,
Pz.

In the evening Panolis griseo-variegata, Goez., and Taeniocampa
gracilis, Fab., were taken along with the more usual species, but not
many insects were on the wing.

12th APRIL, 1934.
The Presipent in the Chair.

The President exhibited a larva of L. (4.) fleaula, Schiff., and
one of Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata, L., beaten off the same
sloe bush, and remarked on the superficial resemblance of the two
larvae, no doubt due to wintering in similar quarters. Bedford, Herts.

Mr. O’Farrell exhibited the Nymphs of several species of Dragon-
fly and read the following note :—‘‘I am exhibiting a full-grown
nymph of Anaa imperator, Leach, taken among reeds in a smaill
pond in Richmond Park on 26th March, also male and female
nymphs of Brachytron pratensis, Mill., from the canal at Byfleet,
to show the remarkable difference in colour between the nymphs of
the two sexes. There is also a nearly full-grown nymph of Hnal-
lagma cyathigerwm, Charp., which is of a very vivid green.

“T have also brought an example of the water-bug Ranatra linearis,
L., which when at rest assumes an attitude rather like that of the
‘Praying Mantis,’ Hmpusa eyena, Charp..

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited Selenia bilunaria, Eisp., KE. Aberdeen-
shire, bred February and March, 1934, Hupithecia helveticaria, Bdv.,
Ballater, bred March, 1984, with specimens of l’hrywe vulyaris, Fall.,
bred from both species. The larvae of the flies left the pupae of
their hosts early in the year and emerged in April. The interest of
the exhibit lies in the small size of the Phrywe from the Mupithecia,
which Mr, C. J. Wainwright, who kindly identified them, says are
the smallest he has ever seen. He thinks the species is continuous
brooded and parasitizes almost any Lepidopterous larva, but accord-
ing to Baer it is double brooded and may pass the winter either as
a larva or a pupa.

He also exhibited a series of Muphyia corylata, Thnbg., bred, I.
Aberdeenshire, and pointed out amongst the seventeen specimens
one ab. albocrenata, Curt., and one asymmetrical with a plain stripe
along the right costa.

9

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the Cynipid species Oynips tozae, Bosce.,
which emerged 31.iii.84, from galls on the Spanish oak, Quercus
toza, Bosc. obtained from Spain in 193838.

Mr. J. A. Downes exhibited larvae of 2 species of Caddis-fly (un-
identified) from a stream near the source of the River Teign on
Dartmoor, and a specimen of the boring mollusc Pholadidea, with
the worm J’halassema, which often shelters in the old burrows of the
mollusc.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited nests of the Brown-tail moth, Nygmia
phaeorrhoea, Haw. which were somewhat abundant in the stunted
sloe bushes of the Essex Marshes.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of an Agrotis 2? that he
received from the collection of the late Gervase Mathews labelled
“ Aorotis sp (?) a peculiar specimen from North Devon. Instow
1888.”’ The forewings are of a uniform pale gray-brown colour, the
three stigmata being distinctly outlined in darker brown as are also
the transverse lines. It appeared to have affinities with both A.
seyetum, Schiff. and A. corticea, Hib. but was thought to be probably
an aberrant form of the former species.

He also exhibited a floral design, in the form of a question mark,
composed of leaves, seed-vessels, bracts, sepals and other parts of plants,
together with a key to their names. He said tnois was made by the
mistress of a girls school in a country town with a view to assist in
teaching botany to the pupils, and he understood that it had answered
its purpose admirably.

Mr. de Worms gave an account of his Master trip to Rannoch,
where he had obtained the species usually obtained there at that time.
The sallows were not fully out and the weather cold with snow
showers at times.

26th APRIL, 1984.
The Presitvent in the Chair.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited larvae of Procris (Adscita) stutices, L.,
reared from the egg, and also of Lithosia complana, L. from S.
Devon.

Dr. King exhibited the larval mines of Synanthedon andrenaeformis,
Lasp., and the larvae of Ayrotis ashworthii, Dbldy., from N. Wales.

Dr. Bull reported Agrotis saucia, Hb., on 11th April.

The President exhibited ova of Bupalus piniaria, Panz.

10

Mr. de Worms exhibited larvae of Cleora jubata, Thnbg. (glabravria,
Hb.) from the New Forest beaten from the lichen, ‘‘ old man’s
beard ”’ (Usnea barbata, Ach.).

Mr. Turner exhibited a series of Diacrisia (Spilosoma) lutea, L.
(lubricipeda, Esp.) with some of the forms bred a generation ago
including the extremely black marked zatima, Cr. (radiata, St.)

Dr. Robertson exhibited Pararge aegeria, L. from Sark, about 75%
being the continental type form; a large banded form of Boarmia
punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.) from Sark ; Mamestra (Hadena)
pisi, L., varied forms from Oban; a very pale Apamea gemina, Hb.
f. remissa, Tr. a species fairly common at sugar at Storrington,
Sussex; Zyyaena trifolii, L. from Sark ; a Xylophasia hepatica, L.
unusually dark ground with pale reniform stigmata from Storrington ;
Aphomia sociella, L. from Berks; ete.

The remainder of the evening was devoted to a discussion on the
genus Taeniocampa, which was introduced by Mr. de Worms.
Exhibitions of the various species were made by, or the discussion
taken part in by, Dr. Cockayne, Dr. Bull, Dr. Robertson, Dr.
Williams, Dr. Blair, the President, Messrs. Stanley-Smith, R.
Adkin, J. A. Downes, L. H. Ennis, B. J. McNulty, A. O'Farrell,
etc.

10th MAY, 1934.
The Presipentr in the Chair.

Mr. Ennis exhibited (i.) A fresh 9 Heliothis peltigera, Schiff.
taken on Wimbledon Common in April; (ii.) Two of four speci-
mens of Z'aeniocampa opima, Hb., taken at Wimbledon during
April; all on the same night. This makes a total of six specimens
from Wimbledon—one in 1981; one in 1988, and four in 1984.

Mr. Eagles exhibited a full fed larva of the ‘ Lappet’’ Moth,
Butricha (Gastropacha) querctfolia, Linn. beaten when quite small
at the Kynsford Field Meeting in 1938, and read the following note
from Dr. Hale Carpenter’s book, ‘‘ A Naturalist on Lake Victoria,”
pages 206 and 207.

: ‘‘quite a number of procryptic insects are furnished
mith an aposeme which they display if an inquiring enemy comes
unpleasantly near. ‘The caterpillars of Lasiocampidae, previously
alluded to, show, if disturbed, a cleft across the second or third
segments, or both, filled with brightly coloured fine sharp spines,

11

which very readily become detached and penetrate one’s skin, and
would prove very unpleasant in the mouth of an enemy tasting such
a caterpillar for the first time. The colour of the spines varies in
different species. It may be orange, or pink, or steely blue-black,
but is always such as to make the spines very conspicuous. When
the caterpillar is quietly at rest and concealed by its procrypsis, the
cleft is closed, but if the caterpillar is disturbed or touched it makes
the cleft gape widely open, so that the brightly coloured spines are
fully displayed. This may be seen in England in the caterpillar of
the “ Lappet-moth.”

Mr. Eagles also exhibited the Longicorn beetle, Poyonochaerus
hispidulus, Pill. beaten from maple at Studland, Dorset.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a series of preserved larvae of various
Noctuid species.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited living specimens of the birch sawfly,
Cimbea (Trichiosoma) sylvaticum, Leach., and its cocoon.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the Cynipid, Diastrophus rubi, Bouché,
which emerged 3.v.34 from galls on Bramble (Rubus sp.) stem.

Dr. Blair recalled Mr. Niblett’s exhibit of 22nd February last, in
which the empty galls of this species were enlarged and used as
hibernacula by the flea-beetle, Chaetoenema concinna, Marsh.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited two Lastocampa (Bombyx) quercus, L.,
which had been forced and had emerged within 8 months from the
egg stage. Ova 30.vil.83: Pupa xil.83: Imago 19 & 80.111.34.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited the larvae of Strymon (Thecla) prunt,
Linn. from Monk’s Wood and spoke of the general scarcity of
larvae on the blackthorn this year.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited series of the insect from St. Anne’s-
on-Sea so long called 4pamea (Luperina) guenéei, Dbldy., and which
he showed conclusively was so named in error and should be called
Apamea nickerlii, Freyer, ssp. incerta, Tutt. Included in the exhibit
was series of A. testacea, Hb. from the British Isles including
extreme forms kindly lent by A. J. Wightman, also testacea from
various continental localities, the var. A of Guenée’s ‘“ Noctuelles ”’
from the late M. Oberthiir. Also a series of the recently determined
species dA. sohn-retheli, Drdt. from the Abruzzi, Italy. Also a series
of the A. nickerlii, Frr. from continental localities with an example
from Nickerl’s own collection ; a couple of recent A. nickerlit from
Tscheckoslovakia, a couple of var. tardinosa, Four. from the neigh-
bourhood of Paris; and series of Apamea graslini, Obthr. and 4.
dumerilii, Dup. which have been confused with forms of nickerlit.

12
12th MAY, 1984.
Fietp Meetingc—Srt. Marraa’s, CainwortH.

Leader.—C. G. M. pe Worms, F.R.E.S.

As in 1933, this field meeting was once more favoured with excep-
tionally fine weather and ideal conditions for collecting. A large
party of nineteen members and friends assembled at Chilworth
Station at midday. The route followed was along the path running
parallel to the Downs and then up the slopes into the woods below
the Chapel. Though this meeting was two weeks earlier than in
the previous year, owing to the earliness of the season, there were
a great many interesting species of all Orders of insects on the wing.
Larvae were also equally numerous and once again those of Strymon
(Thecla) w-album, Knoch., were beaten in large numbers from the
wych-elms. Larvae of Brachionycha cassinea, Hb. (sphina, Hufn.),
however were not as plentiful as usual. Many species of butterflies
were also much in evidence: these included Polyyonia c-album, L.,
Pieris brassicae, L., P. napi, L., P. rapae, L., Euchloé cardamines, L.,
and Lycaenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus, L. After tea at the Railway Hotel
several members of the party repaired to the spruce wood near the
mill, where a number of Mupithecia tantillaria, Bdv. (pusillata, Hb.)
and Thera variata, Schiff., were dislodged from over-hanging
branches. A few of the party remained on until dusk when Perizoma
affinitata, Steph. and LP’. flavofasciata, Thnbg., were flying in great
plenty over the red campion. After dark the leader illuminated a
portion of the wooded slopes with his 300 candle-power lamp and
moths began to come freely to the light, including several of the
‘“‘ Hook-tips.”” Unfortunately the party had to leave for London
before the best flight took place, as the night which was very sultry
turned out to be one of the best for that time of the season.

In addition to those already mentioned, the following is a list of
some of the insects seen and taken during the Field Meeting.

Lepipoprera :—Butterflies, Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, L., Pararge
aeyerta, L., Gonepterya rhamni, L., ete.

Moths, Cosymbia (Ephyra) punctaria, L., C. (£.) pendularia, Clrk.,
Ectropis punctulata, Schiff., H. crepuscularia, Hb., Uhera obeliscata,
Hb., Bapta temerata, Schiff., B. bimaculata, Fb., Gonodontis
bidentata, Clrk., Cidaria suffumata, Schiff., Asthena albulata, Hufn.
(candidata, Schiff.), Ematurga atomaria, L., Heliaca tenebrata, Scop.,
Drepana falcataria, L., D. lacertinaria, L., ete.

13

Larvae, Taeniocampa incerta, Hufn., T. munda, Esp., Amphipyra
pyramidea, L., Calymnia affinis, L., C. diffinis, L., Lyyris pyraliata,
Schiff., Malenydris didymata, L., Ennomos elinguaria, L., Himera
pennaria, L., Phigalia pedaria, Fb., Pericallia syringaria, Plusia
chrysitis, L., P. triplasia, L., ete.

Mr. I’. J. Coulson, taking a different route, reported as follows :—
“T arrived shortly before the main party and by general sweeping
found Apion violaceum, Kby., common on nettles and Olibrus corti-
calis, Pz. frequent on Umbelliferae.

“On the arrival of the party Mr. Grant and I proceeded to the
heath south of the station (Blackheath) in search of beetles and
bugs and found Micrelus ericae, Gyll., abundant together with
Ulopa reticulata, F., and Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Fieb., both
commonly. Coccinella 7-punctata, L., was flying over the open
heath about noon and Kmaturga atomaria was disturbed fairly
frequently. The bug Piezodorus lituratus, F., occurred on the
heath and furze and Mr. Grant was successful in finding Cicindela
sylvatica, L., at the edge of the firwood. Later in the afternoon
that species was flying more over the open heath, together with
Cicindela campestris, L., and the bug Megaloceraea ruficornis, Geoff.
was common. On the firs and pines Myrrha 18-quttata, L., was
the most noticeable and Anatis ocellata, L., was fairly common.
The bug Gastrodes ferrugineus, L., and Aphidecta obliterata, L., also.
occurred on the firs. On furze Apion ulicis, Fourc., was abundant
in fresh condition.

« Proceeding by the path over the railway bridge to the high road
near the Albury Mill Pond, along a mixed hedge including both
holly and ivy, the Holly Blue was flying, together with Pieris napi
and Fuchloé cardamines. The bug Sehirus bicolor, L., occurred
here with the beetle Limonius minutus, L., on the grass beneath the
hedge.

“Qn the sedge by the pond the bug Caterestes pedicularius, L., was
abundant (females predominated), and in less numbers, C. bipustu-
latus, Payk. Two or three Psammochus bipunctatus, F., Cymus
glandicolor, Habn., and C. melanocephalus, F., were also taken on the
sedge. Hippuriphila modeeri, L., occurred on Kquisetum, Hydro-
thassa marginella, L., on Ranunculaceae, Hyyronoma dimidiata, Gr.,
and Donacia semicuprea, Panz., on reeds. Generally by the water-
side and in the vicinity of the pond, the following were more or less
common, Agriotes pallidulus, Il]., Chaetocnema concinna, Marsh,
Brachypterus urticae, F., Anthobium torguatum, Marsh, and A,

14

minutum, F., Stenus pallitarsus, Steph., and S. cicindeloides, Gr.,
Tachinus rufipes, Deg., Byturus aestivus, L. (common), and B.
tomentosus, I’. (scarce), Derocrepis rufipes, L., Synharmonia conglo-
bata, L., Anisosticta 19-punctata, L., and Thamnotettiax croceus,
H.-S. (Hem.). As usual in Surrey Hermaeophaga mercurialis, F.,
was abundant on Dog’s Mercury. Monanthia cardui, L. (Hem.),
occurred on thistles.

‘‘ Beneath the bark of a recumbent tree (probably oak) in the wood
the following occurred: Bythinus curtist, Leach, Ptinella dentivollis,
Fairm., Cercyon flavipes, F. (analis, Pk.), Ditoma crenata, ,, Dinaraea
aequata, Er., Thectura cuspidata, Kr., and Phloeonomus pusillus, Gr.

“Tn a tree stump with fungoid growth near the Cypress section of
the wood east of St. Martha’s occurred Mycetophauus 4-pustulatus,
L.. Cerylon histeroides, F., Rhizophayus bipustulatus, F., Anisotoma
humeralis, F., and a species of Scaphisoma.”

Mixed sweeping during the afternoon produced the bugs Ciaius
pilosus, Ol., Calocoris ochromelas, Gmel., and Lygus limbatus, Fall.
A pair of the fine Syrphid Criorrhina ranunculi, L., drew attention
by their high singing note to their presence in a dark cavity at the
base of a tree. (K.G.B.)

Mr. H. W. Andrews reported on the Diptera as follows :—

*‘ Some 40 species ol Diptera were either taken, or observed, and
this number would probably have been well exceeded if members
other than the writer had turned their attention to this Order.
Those species taken were mainly such as might be expected in
similar conditions at this time of year, and perhaps the absence of
representatives of certain groups was more noteworthy, than the
presence of others. No Leptidae or Tabanidae (sens. lat.) were seen,
very few Empidae, and only one species of Dolichopodidae. The
absence of the last named group may perhaps be attributed to the
verydryseason. Syrphidae were abundant, and the commoner species
of Lachinidae and Anthomyiidae also much in evidence: of the
Anthomytids, Phaonia confluens, Stein, and (?) Helina deleta, Stein,
deserve special mention.”

A list of the species observed :—Bibio marct, L.; Microchrysa
polita, L.; Gymnopternus cupreus, Fall.; Mmpis tessellata, F.;
Pipunculus campestris, Lat.; Chilosta variabilis, Pz.; Platychirus
scutatus, Mg.; Leucozona lucorum, Li. (a fine example of the “ dark ”’
form of the ¢); Didea fasciata, Meq.; Syrphus albostriatus, Fln. ;
S. trictnctus, Fln.; S. venustus, Mg.; S. bifasciatus, F.; 8. cinctellus,
LZtt.; Kristalis pertinax, Scop.; Myiatropa florea, L.; Criorriina

15

floccosa, Mg.; Syritta pipiens, L.; Stomoxys calcitrans, L.; Morellia
hortorum, Fln.; Dasyphora cyanella, Mg.; Lucilia caesar, L.;
Mesembrina meridiana, L.; Polietes lardaria, F.; Anthomyia pluvialis,
L.; Hylemyia strigosa, F.; H. variata, Fall.; Helina pubiseta, Ztt. ;
H. deleta, Stein (?); Fannia hamata, M.cq; Phaonta confluens, Stein ;
Ermistia rudis, Fall.; Hawonita glauca, Mg.; Phryao vetula, Mg.;
Phorocera assimilis, Fall; Phorocera caesifrons, Meq.; Sarcophaga
vicina, Vill.

24th MAY, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. C. H. Huggins of Westcliffe and Mr. J. C. B. Craske of
Kensington were elected members.

Dr. Cockayne discussed the differences in the larvae of Phigalia
pedaria, Fb. and Apocheima (Nyssia) hispidaria, Schiff. Colour was
no guide but if held sideways it would be noticed that the latter had
no prominences on the back. He called attention toa larva of Taenito-
campa incerta, Hufn., on the back of which was a decided hump;
and showed a larva of Huphyia (Vhibalapteryx) polyyrammata, Bork.s
of German origin. In referring to the larvae of Zyyaena purpuralis,
Briin., he stated that the continental larvae of this species had a
purple-white skin.

Mr. Niblett exhibited carpels of Populus tremula, L., galled by a
fungus, J’aphrinia johansonii, Sadebech; and also the Cynipid, Newro-
terus aprilinus, Gir., and galls in buds of Quercus robur, L.

Mr. L. H. Ennis exhibited (1) Ova of Macrothylacia rubi, L.,
laid by a wild 9° taken at Wisley, 22.v.1934, and also some ova
found wild; (2) Ova of Lobophora halterata, Hufn. laid by @ 9
taken at Horsley, 21.v.1934, by day; (3) Larvae of Phalaena
(Pericallia) syringaria, L., from Horsley: (4) Young larvae of
Saturnia pavonia, L., second brood from Ascot, hatched 20-24.v.1984 ;
and also reported that Cerura bifida, Hb., and Palimpsestis octogesima,
Hb., had emerged from pupae taken wild from a poplar tree, Populus
niger, about a month previously.

Mr. Wakely exhibited larvae of Malacosoma castrensis, L., from
the River Crouch, Essex.

Mr. Coulson exhibited a large number of the insects he took at
the Chilworth Field Meeting on 12th May.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited larvae of Cirrhia (Xanthia) citrayo, L.

16

and of Cirrhoedia werampelina, Hb. He also reported the early
appearances of Hamearis lucina, L.,on 18th May; of Carterocephalus
palaemon, Pall., on 19th May; and of Rumicia phlaeas, L., on 22nd
May. He reported that the larvae of C. citrago, L.. were plentiful
at night on the uppersides of the leaves but readily dropped off, and
that those of C. werampelina, Hb., came down by day on the trunk
or hid among the clusters of ‘‘ keys.”’

Dr. Bull exhibited Dianthoecia carpophaya, Brkn. (lepida, Esp.) of
white or whitish-brown almost purplish colour; and reported that
Brenthis enphrosyne, L., and B. selene, Schiff., had appeared a few
days previously.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a living specimen of the beetle
Melolontha melolontha, L, (vulyaris, Fab.) taken at light in his garden
at Kastbourne. He said that his reason for showing it was that,
although he had been working the light trap for some three years, it
was very rarely indeed that a beetle of any sort was found in it,
whereas during the past fortnight it had captured some half dozen
of these ‘‘ common cockchafers.”’

It was stated by some of the coleopterists present that Melolontha
had been abnormally abundant this spring both in Britain and on
the continent of Europe, and it was suggested that this would
probably account for the above mentioned captures.

Mr. Hawkins reported the Coleoptera, Molorchus minor, L., beaten
from pine at Chilworth; Tritoma bipustulata, F., on the fungus
Polystictus versicolor, at Ockham; and Attayenus pellio, L., from
Wimbledon.

Mr. Crow exhibited the larva of Limenitis camilla, Schiff. (sibilia,
L.) from N. Hants.

Mr. Hutchings exhibited the larva of Apatura iris, L., from the
New Forest, and the British orchids, Orchis purpurea, Huds., O.
ustulata, L., Aceras anthropophora, R.Br., Ophrys muscifera, Huds.,
and Habenaria bifolia, R.Br., and reported that he had found the
larvae of Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Haw. (chrysorrhoea, L.) feeding on
blackthorn, whitethorn, rose, bramble, elder, cranesbill, dock,
mallow and thistle, but not on galium; and referred to the larvae
of Calocampa exoleta, L., as feeding well on dock when young but
later readily eating lime foliage.

Dr. Joy made some remarks on the collection of Coleoptera,
containing about 8,300 species, he had so generously presented to
the Society.

17
26th MAY, 1984.
Fietp Mreretinc—WEsSTERHAM.
Leader.—Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss.

The afternoon party of four members left Westerham about two
o'clock, and set off along the Kent Hatch Road, entering the woods
on the right, and proceeded up the main drive, beating birch, oak
and pine, and although insects were not over plentiful, no one went
empty handed. Weather was bright sunshine with little wind, and
all the commoner woodland insects of the neighbourhood were in
evidence. It is to be regretted that the bracken is being allowed to
grow at the expense of the bilberry, which is not nearly so plentiful
in recent years as heretofore, and Bomolocha fontis, Thnbg., and
Cepphis advenaria, Hb., are both apparently on the decrease. In the
course of the afternoon, the morning party was joined, and all retired
to Pitt’s Cottage for tea, and so home.

9th JUNE, 19384.
Fretp Mrrtinc—Booxuam Common.
Leader.—Mr,. C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.

The Society had not held a Field Meeting at Bookham since 17th
May, 1930, and although no doubt some members had visited the
locality individually in the meantime, it came as an unpleasant
surprise to many to see the drastic cutting of the lower boughs of
some of the large oaks which had been indulged in by those in
charge of the woods.

The later date and the extreme dryness of the season resulted in
a somewhat different fauna being noted ; Lepidopterous larvae were
comparatively scarce, but some interesting species were recorded
and also some good imagines; Coleoptera and ‘‘ Other Orders’’ were
fairly abundant.

The meeting was favoured with good weather, and the dryness
of the ground enabled parts of the common, which are usually very
wet, to be worked with ease.

Arrangements were made for both morning and afternoon parties
which joined forces on the arrival of the latter after lunch.

On leaving the station in the morning the route taken was across
the marshy part of the common towards Effingham and then up

18

into the woods. Subsequent to meeting the afternoon party at the
station, most of the members worked the area around the ponds.
One of the first things noted was the “song” of the Grasshopper
Warbler and immediately afterwards the bird was seen, still
“singing” on the top of a Hawthorn bush. Although frequently
heard in suitable places, the bird is rarely seen.

Tea was taken at Mrs. Holland’s cottage on the Common, and
afterwards some of the party continued collecting while others
returned home.

Among the species of Lepidoptera noted in one stage or another
were imagines of Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, Li. (worn); Huchloé
cardamines, Li. (and larvae); (fonepterya rhamni, L.; Lobophora
halterata, Hufn. {and larvae); Perizoma albulata, Schiff. ; Hctropis
crepuscularia, Hb.; and Harpalotis (Krastria} fasciana, L.; Timandra
amata, L., and larvae of Aphantopus hyperantus, L.; Malacosoma
neustria, li., on several Laurel bushes (an unusual foodplant) at the
Railway Station ; Nola cucullatella, L.; Sarrothripa revayana, Tr. ;
Polyploca ridens, Fb.; Diloba caeruleocephala, L.; Monima (Taenio-
campa) gracilis, F.; Dyschorista fissipuncta, Hw.; Plastenis (Tethea)
retusa, Li.; Cleoceris viminalis, F.; Apocheima hispidaria, Schiff. ;
Ectropis bistortata, Goeze; Rivula sericealis, Se., and Cerostoma
scabrella, L.

The Dragonflies, Calopterya splendens, Harr., and Pyrrhosoma
nymphula, Suls., were seen while Agrion puella, L., was reported to
be present “‘in swarms.”

Mr. M. Niblett reported the following Plant Galls observed :—

Hymenoprera.—Cynipidae.—Biorrhiza pallida, Oliv., Trigonaspis
megaptera, Panz., Andricus sieboldi, Htg., A. seminationis, Adl., A.
curvator, Htg., A. inflator, Htg., Newroterus albipes, Sck., N. tricolor,
Hte., all on Quercus robur, L.

Tenthredinidae.— Pontania bridgmant, Cam., on Salix cinerea, L.

Diprera.—T'rypetidae.—Urophora cardui, L., on Cnicus arvensis, L.

Cecidomytidae.—Steomyia cupreae, Win., S. major, Kieff., Rhabdo-
phaga salicis, Sch., all on Salix cinerea, L.; Macrodiplosis dryobia,
F, Loew., on Quercus robur, L.; Perrisita rosarum, Hardy, on Rosa
canina, Li.

CoLreoprera.—Saperda populnea, L., on Populus tremula, L.

Ruynonota.— Psyllopsis frazini, L., on Fraainus eacelsior, L.

Acarina.— Eriophyes similis, Nal., on Prunus sp.

Mr. Coulson reported the following :—(*=occurring commonly.)

CoLeoprera.—General sweeping produced :—Mordellistena pumila,

19

Gyll., Hippuriphila modeert,* L. (on Equisetum), Dasytes aerosus,
Kies., Malachius bipustulatus, L., Telmatophilus caricis,* Ol. (on
rushes), Laria loti,* Payk., Longitarsus holsaticus, L.

The following species usually common in this locality occurred
only sparingly possibly owing to the dry conditions :—

Phaedon cochleariae, F'., Ceuthorhynchus melanarius, Steph., and
C. melanostictus, Marsh, Hydrothassa aucta, F., Prasocuris phellandrii,
L., Notaris acridulus, L.

The dried up condition of the ponds rendered the ‘ marestail ”’
more accessible and many species normally obtainable in fewer
numbers were taken freely. The following species were taken in
the afternoon amongst the “ marestail.”

Aleochara lata, Gr., Gymnusa brevicollis, Pk., Philonthus fusei-
pennis, Mann., Trogophloeus corticinus, Gr., Bagous nigritarsis,*
Thoms., Stenus fulvicornis, Steph., S. flavipes, Steph., S. fornicatus,
Steph., S. juno,* F., S. pallitarsis,* Steph., and S. cicindeloides,*
Gr., Tanysphyrus lemnae, F., Erirhinus festucae, Hbst., and EK.
nereis, Pk., Bembidion doris,* Pz., and B. gracilis, Gyll., Ayonum
versutum, Gyll., Pterostichus vernalis, Pz., Dyschirius luedersit, Wagn.,
Acupalpus luteatus,* Duft., Caelostoma orbiculare, F., Ootypus
globosus, Watl., Atomaria mesomelaena,* Hbst., Anisosticta 19-
punctata,* L., Coccidula rufa, Hbst., Galerucella lineola,* I., and
G. tenella,* L., and Stenolophus miatus,* Hbst.

On sallow occurred Chalcoides aurata,* Marsh, Lochimaea capreae,
L., Orchestes salicis, L.

On hawthorn, Lochmaea crataegi, Foure., Rhynchites aequatus, L.

On the rushes in late afternoon and evening, Bryaawis lonyicoriis,
Leach, was taken abundantly.

Ruayncewota.—Centrotus cornutus,* L., Deltocephains puliearis,*
Fall., Oncopis flavicollis,* L. (on birch), Monanthia ampliata,* H.S.,
and M. hwnuli,* f., Steroma pteridis,* Fall. (on fern), and a species of
Salda on ‘‘ marestail.”

14th JUNE, 1934.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Dr. Bull exhibited an example of Brenthis euphrosyne, L., heavily
blotched with black on all four wings, also a living larva of Boarmia
cinctaria, Schiff.

Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting account of a holiday he had
recently spent in Portugal in search of natural history material, and

20

exhibited various living objects he had brought home. His exhibit
included a small water tortoise, a field cricket, Gryllus campestris,
_L., which the natives often kept in small cages, they fed readily
on lettuce; a very active small lizard which was captured by
a noose of grass; beetles of the genus Akis; larvae of Thais
rumina, L., which could be found early in the day on walls; the
beetle Blaps gages, L.; the large and ferocious trap-door spider,
Nemasia fagei, which made a thick plug trap-door ; etc.

Dr. Joy gave an account of a visit to the reserved areas of the
Norfolk Broads where the Bittern and the Harriers were now well
established.

Dr. Bull stated that he had obtained a pairing of Rumicia phlaeas,
L., by placing the insects under a meat safe covering plants of dock.

Among the seasonal reports were Colias croceus, Foure., larval
nests of Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Haw., quite abundant, and Melitaea
cinvia, abundant in the Isle of Wight; Nerticula decentella, H.-S. ;
Polygonia c-album, L., at Bookham; Polyommatus icarus, Rott.,
already over in places; P. thetis, Berg., was out; Lycaenopsis
argiolus, L., was abundant in places; Hugonia polychloros, L., had
been seen and one had been taken near Kastbourne.

The President exhibited larvae of Calocalpe cervinalis (certata,
Hb.), from Enfield, and the Coleoptera Cassida viridis, L., Scolytus
destructor, Ol., and Maydalis armigera, Geoftr.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited several nests of living larvae of
Hyponomeuta malinellus, Fell., to show their method of feeding. He
pointed out that whereas H. padellus, L., fed in large companies
making great masses of web, H. malinellus was invariably found in
small companies and seldom webbed in more than one leaf at a time
and when that was finished, moving on to another. He further
said that H. malinellus was far too abundant in his garden at
HKastbourne this spring. Of over fifty small apple trees there it was
dcubtful if one was entirely free, most of them having anything from
two to half-a-dozen nests on each.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a living larva of Xantholeuca croceago,
Fb. ; a noticeable aberration of Taeniocampa populeti, Fb., in which
the marking was much accentuated; bred examples of Mupithecia
exiguata, Hb. f. wnicolor, Prout; EH. innotata, Hufn.; a dark F.
helveticaria, Bdy., with unusually accentuated lines; EH. plumbeolata,
Haw., and J, pusillata, Hb.; and preserved larvae of Taeniocampa
incerta, Hufn., and Calocampa eaoleta, L.

~ oR SO DLE Pa

21

Mr. Wakely exhibited an oakleaf containing the mine of the
Tineid Corisiwm brogniardella, D.L.

Mr. O'Farrell exhibited a 2 Phalaena syrinyaria in its character-
istic protective attitude.

l7th JUNE, 1984.
Fietp Mertinc.—Broapwater Forest.
Leader.—Dr. G. V. Butt.

The Field Meeting on 17th June at Broadwater Forest was, in
the number of insects taken, the most successful yet held, and as
the weather was also fine a most enjoyable day was spent by the
nine members present. On the way from Groombridge station a
number of Odezia atrata, L., were taken and two Ino statices, L. A
return was made to the locality after lunch and one more of the
latter species was secured. In the forest Brenthis selene, Li. was
flying in good condition, and other species noted were Diacrista
sanio, L. (three females being taken by one member), Lithosta soror-
cula, Hufn., Cybosia mesomella, L., Mrastria fasciana, L. (plentiful),
Eulype hastata, L., Mesolewca albicillata, L., Hydriomena coerulata,
Fb. (impluviata, Hb.) The total number of species of macrolepi-
doptera was 42 and in addition eight species of larvae including
Drymonia chaonia, Hb., and Saturnia pavonia, L. were found, The
outstanding capture of the day, almost at the last minute was a
specimen of Cerura bicuspis, Bork.

The remainiug Macro species were Pieris rapae, L., Gonepterya
rhamni, L., Aglais urticae, L., Maniola jurtina, L., Coenonympha
pamphilus, Li, Rianicia (Heodes) phlaeas, L., Polyommatus icarus,
Rott., Nisoniades tages, L., Auyiades sylvanus, Esp., Pygaera
bucephala, Li., Drepana falcataria, L., Triphaena pronuba, L.,
Xylophasia monoglypha, Hutn., Lodis lactearia, L., Cosymbia (Hphyra)
pendularia, Clrek., Cidaria corylata, Thnbg., Thera obeliscata, Hb.,
Xanthorhoeé montanata, Schiff., Huphyia (Camptogramma) bilineata,
L., Muchoeca nebulata, Scop. (obliterata, Hufn.), Cabera pusaria, L.,
C. exanthemata, Scop., Pseudopanthera (Venilia) macularia, L.,
- Gonodontis bidentata, Clrek., Semiothisa notata, L., Boarmia pune-
tinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.), Hmaturga atomaria, L., Bupalus
piniaria, L., Lithina chlorosata, Scop. (petraria, Hb.), Perconia
strigillaria, Hb., and Zygaena filipendulae, L.

22

Dr. K. G. Blair reported on the following Orders :—

Cotroptrra.—Of the beetles the most noteworthy was the Longi-
corn Strangalia nigra, L., swept with Alosterna tabacicolor, DeG., from
the flowers of Chryanthemium leucanthemum. Other species of interest
were Clytra 4-maculata, L., a denizen in its early stages of the nests
of the wood-ant, Formica ruta, L., Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, L.,
but only the common form lineola, F., Melandrya caraboides, L.,
Elater balteatus, L., and Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll., beaten from
pine.

Dietgra.—The biting flies Therioplectes tropicus, Mg., Haematapota
pluvialis, L. and Chrysops coecutiens, L. were well in evidence and of
the predacious robber flies, Asilidae, Dioctria oelandica, L. and D.
rufipes, Deg., as well as Neoitamus cyanurus, L. were noticed. The fine
Daddy-long-legs, Tipula gigantea, Schrk., was also not uncommon.

Hymrnoprera.—The sawflies noted included the somewhat rare
Strombocerus delicatulus, Fall., on bracken together with the common
Strongylogaster cingulatus, I'., while on the fir trees several families
of the larvae of Lophyrus sertifer, Geoffr., were observed (from a
number of the latter, 21 flies all 9 emerged in September).

Nevuroptera.—Included the beautiful spotted-winged Lacewing
fly, Osmylus chrysops, L., and Chrysopa ventralis, Ct., while C. perla,
L., was abundant.

OrrHoprERA.— Gomphocerus maculatus, Thnb., was found mature,
a somewhat early date for this species.

Ovonata.—Calopterya virgo, L., was the only one noted.

Hemiptera.—Included the pretty little Tingid Serenthia laeta,
Fall.

Mr. 8. Wakely reported the following :—Cacoecia rosana, L., and
Argyroploce ochroleucana, Hb. (larvae of both on dog-rose); and
Oedematophorus lithodactyla, Tr., and Tinea (Acrolepia) yranitella, L.
(larvae of both on Inula dysenterica, L.).

b

28th JUNE, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the ova of Mysticoptera sewalata, Retz.,
from Studland, Dorset; and larvae of Ennomos quercinaria, Hufn.,
from Epping, and remarked that their colour when beaten was
green, but was now the usual brown colour.

Mr, Niblett exhibited a Trypetid species, Gonioglossum wiedmanni,

23

Mg., which emerged in May, 1934, bred from fruits of Bryonia
dioica, L.; and a Braconid, Opius testaceus, Wesm., which emerged
in June, 1934, from pupae of the same; together with Trypeta
winthemi, Mg., bred from the flower-heads of Carduus crispus, L.,
on 27.vi.34.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited five specimens of Nepticula decentella, H.-8.,
from Bromley, Kent, and remarked that from the frequency with
which he had observed this insect in the neighbourhood of sycamore
trees, the insect has obviously been overlooked in this country.
Mr. Adkin remarked that the species was probably widely distributed.

Mr. Coulson exhibited a large number of his captures of Coleoptera
and Hemiptera at the Bookham Field Meeting on 9th June.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited full fed larvae of T’aeniocampa opima,
Hb.; as usual the mortality in the brood was large. Most of the
larvae were of a brown coloration, only a few being green.

Mr. Bliss exhibited larvae of Drymonia chaonia, Hb., from Broad-
water Forest.

Mr. Brett exhibited two bred examples of Hemerophila abruptaria,
Thnbg. 3, one typical and one melanic; and a larva of the same
brood of 147 eggs. Also ova of another brood. ‘The parents were
typical g¢ and melanic ? and the ova hatched 17.iii.34.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited short series of Lastocampa quercus,
L., from Scotland, Yorkshire and the South of England. The
Scotch specimens were of the calliunae, Palm. form, and included
a male without the pale bands on the hindwings. Those from
Yorkshire included a male having the callunae characters—the pale
basal patch and broaa, curved band—well developed ; a female of
a dark brown colour almost as dark as the normal male; and what
appeared to be a gynandromorph, in which the wings on the left
side were distinctly male, while those on the right were larger and
of the female pattern but almost as dark as the others. Among
the South of England specimens was a male with very pale forewings ;
a dark female, and another of an almost unicolorous yellowish
buff, the only distinct markings being the discal spots on the
forewings.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a varied series of larvae of Hupithecia
centaureata, Schiff. (oblongata, Thnbg.) and a series of forms of
Abraxas grossulariata, L., which he obtained previously to the forms
bred by the late Rev. G. H. Raynor.

Dr. King exhibited larvae of Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn. from

24

Sussex, and also of Agrophila trabealis, Scop., from the Breck area
of the Eastern Counties.

Dr. Bull exhibited Lasiocampa quercus, L., from Essex, Sussex and
Kent with local forms from Cambridge, Yorkshire, Lancashire,
Cumberland and Scotland.

Mr. Downes read a paper, ‘Racial Variation of Lasivcampa
guercus.”

30th JUNE, 1934.
Fistp Mrretingc—Cuatronr Roap.
Leader.—T. R. Eacuss.

The insects especially to be looked for at Chalfont Road are the
Lepidoptera Discolexia blomeri, Curt., and Abraxas sylvata, Scop.
Neither insect was found in numbers on the occasion of the 19384
visit, but nevertheless those members present who wanted these two
species were able to secure a short series of each.

In addition there were taken in the wood, larvae of Lycaenopsis
argiolus, L.; Ennomos fuscantaria, Steph.; and E. quercinaria,
Hufn.; imagines of Hydrelia flammeolaria, Hufn. (luteata, Schiff.),
and Zancloynatha yrisealis, Hb.; the Weevil Cionus pulchellus, Hb.,
and many other beetles. :

The rough fields between the Station and the wood yielded larvae
of Pyrameis (Vanessa) cardui, L.; Rumicta (Heodes) phlaeas, L. ;
Eupithecia venosata, Ib, ; Dianthoecia capsincola, Hb.; D. carpophaga,
Bkh.; and D. conspersa, Esp.; and imagines of the plume moth
Leioptilus septodactyla, Tr. (lieniyianus, Zell.). Numerous species of
beetles were found in these fields, including Malachius maryinellus,
Ol.; A. viridis, F.; Chrysomela hyperici, Foure. ; and Cryptocephalus
aureolus, Suffr.

Near the station a flourishing colony of the somewhat local plant,
Potentilla argentea, L., was noticed.

The day was sunny and very hot. There had been a long spell
of dry weather, but the vegetation was still pleasingly fresh. Six
members attended.

25

8th JULY, 1934.
Fiectp Meretingc—Forest Row.
Leader.—S. N. A. Jacoss.

The same ground as last year was visited, and though there was
rather a strong wind blowing, the expected insects were to be found;
the usual ‘‘ Chocolate Tip” larvae in the sallows and aspens, and
the ‘ Puss” and ‘‘ Poplar Kitten ”’ larvae on the aspens.

OF Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla), two black forms with but two small
white spots on the centre of the disc, and one with a whitish suffusion
over the central portion of the disc were taken. This species
certainly seems to have established itself very securely in this
stretch of woodland, and it is to be hoped that it will remain there.

Tea was taken at Forest Row, and some of the party went back to
the collecting ground while others returned home but all present
spent an enjoyable day in this beautiful part of Ashdown Forest.

12h JULY, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. C. Bower, of 1, Fleet St.,and Mr. G. F. Cole, of 28, Chepstow
Place, W.2., were elected members.

The President exhibited a larva of Catocala nupta, L., and of
various species of Dianthoecia.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited imagines, larvae and pupae of Aphomia gularts,
Zell., to illustrate his paper on the species.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a larva of the Sawfly Rhadinocerea
micans, Knw., found feeding on Iris psendacorus, L., in his garden.
The species was common throughout Central Murope. Another
species of the genus is met with on the smaller Iris 7. pumila, Vill.,
in Austria and 8. Russia.

He also exhibited a proliferous flower spike of the garden Scabious,
Centaurea caucasica, in which a second flower spike had grown
from the base of the first flower head.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited preserved larvae of all the British Dian-
thoecia species except D. caesia, Bork., and remarked that the larva
of D. andalusica, Stdgr. (barrettii, Dbldy.) was unlike the rest of the
species ; also larvae of Nola confusalis, H.-S. on oak.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited larvae of Mamestra (Hadena) dentina, Esp.

26

from a Stroud @. Ovaex. Mr. P. Bainbrigge Fletcher. The ova
were laid 11-12.vi.84 and began to hatch 18.vi.84. At present some
larvae were feeding and growing very fast, others were still very
small.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited a stem of Sedim telephium, L., from his
garden at Hendon wifh cocoons of Hyponomeuta vigintipunctatus,
Retz., and noted that the moths frequently were quite unable to |
extract themselves from the tangle of web to properly expand their
wings. )

Mr. Howarth exhibited imagines of the Lasiocampid Eutricha
quercifolia, L., of which he had found the larvae at Oxshott and one
on Canvey Island, feeding on sallow bushes.

Mr. Jacobs read a paper on Aphomia gularis, Zell., a dried-fruit
pest which had recently come somewhat into notice. (See Trans.)

Among reports of captures and of the season, Mr. Downes had
observed Polyyonia c-album, L., ovipositing on nettle at Horsley.
The ova were placed on the edge of the leaf. Dr. Bull had noted
Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., in E. Sussex, 5th July; Polyommatus coridon,
Poda, at Shoreham, Kent, 9th July; and Plebeius aeyon, Schiff., at
Eynsford, 9th July. It was noted that L. argiolus was of the 2nd
brood and that last year a 8rd brood occurred in September.
Leucania favicolor, Barr., had been common on the Essex marshes,
that L. camilla was still extending its area of distribution, as also
was Ptychopoda fuscovenosa, Gz. (interjectaria, Bdv.).

lith JULY, 1934.
Fretp Merrtingc—Sourn BenFuert.
Leader.—R. W. Arrwoop.

Eleven members attended and had a very successful day’s
collecting. The weather was all that could be desired.

A start was made over the stile on the mainland side of Canvey
Bridge along the Railway. The path goes through a disused
railway siding. ‘This isa very good collecting area as there is a
considerable variety of plants, some quite unusual to the district
and evidently introduced as seeds and distributed from the railway
trucks. The first plant of Sea Wormwood examined yielded
several larvae of Huchloris snaragdaria, Fb. The larvae were very
small and until one’s eyes had become accustomed to the rather

27

lighter colour of the larval covering, were difficult to discern.
Adopoea lineola, Ochs. was in abundance everywhere along the sea
wall and an occasional Satyrus (Melanaryia) galathea, L., and
Maniola tithonus, L., were seen. A specimen of Acidalia immu-
tata, L., was taken on the sea wall and a large number of Micro-
lepidoptera on the marshes.

The Coleopterists and Orthopterists obtained a considerable variety
of specimens along the banks of the dykes. The local dragon fly,
Lestes dryas, Krby. was taken. Two specimens of the Chameleon Fly
(Strationys furcata, F.) were found, both oviposting on the reeds; a
peculiar flat greenish mass of ova.

After lunch the party divided, one section working the dykes for
pupae of Nonayria geminipuncta, Hatch., in the reed stems, the
affected reed being indicated by a small “‘ window ” in the stem where
the imago will emerge.

The other party proceeded to the higher ground after S. yalathea,
These were very common but rather worn. Zyyaena filipendulae,
L. were on every thistle bloom and exceedingly abundant. J/. tith-
onus, and Aphantopus hyperantus, L., were also common on the
brambles. This part of the country is very rough and has not been
cultivated for years. It is a wonderful place at times for birds and
the Woodcock is frequently seen here in the winter. Itis alsoa good
place for insects and particularly grasshoppers. As living specimens
of the ‘‘ Great green grasshopper,” Phasgonura viridissima, L., were
desired, a special search was made and several were soon obtained.
The first discovered fastened itself to the finder’s finger and the bite
was sufficiently powerful to penetrate the skin and draw blood. The
Macropterous form of Metrioptera roeselii, Hag., was also found
in some numbers together with the ordinary form. It was suggested
that the abnormally warm dry season might be connected with
the appearance cf the winged form in England.

Dr. Blair reported on the most interesting insects as follows :—

“Most of the good captures of last year were repeated and a
number of additional ones made. Of Orthoptera particularly note-
worthy was the fact that Metrioptera rveselit, Hag. var. diluta, Charp.,
of which the second British record occurred on this occasion last
year, was this year abundant and in both sexes. Of Coleoptera
among the noteworthy additions were Malachins maryinellus, Ol.,
Anthicus constrictus, Curt., Bembidion varinn, Ol. and B, ephippium,
Marsh. Diptera included Stratiomys furcata, F., together with
several masses of its ova on some of which the fine parasitic Chalcid,

28

Smicra sispes, L., was sitting and apparently oviposting ; also Nemo-
telus uliginosus, L., Ceroays pictus, Mg., C. crassipennis, F.. and
Urophora stylata, F., while Icterica westermanni, Mg., was subse-
quently bred from a puparium found in a stem of Senecio palustris,
De. In addition to the Chalcid mentioned above, other good
Hymenoptera were Aritranis carnifex, Gr., subsequently bred from
a reed stem containing Nonayria geminipuncta, Hatch., and quite
unexpected were two 2 2 of Mutilla europea, L., one crawling in
the roadway by Canvey Bridge. |

‘A nearly full grown larva of Agdistis bennettit was also taken.”

The following is an additional list of insects captured :—

Lepipoprena.—Nyymia phaeorrhoea, Haw. (Euproctis chrysorrhea,
L.), Homoeosoma sinuella, Fb., H. binaevella, Hb., Hemimene politana,
Hb., H. petiverella, L., Eucosma brunnichiana, Frol., Ochsenhetmeria
birdella, Curt.

Coteoptera.—Malachius viridis, Fb., Leptura livida, Fb., Rhago-
nycha fulva, Seop., Layria hirta, L., Cassida rubiginosa, Mull.,
Sphaeroderma testaceum, Eb., S. sulcifrons, Thnbg., Oedemera lurida,
Thnbg., Coccinella 22-punctata, la., Coccidula scutellata, HUrbst.

OxtHoprERA.—Conocephalus dorsalis, L., Stauroderus bicolor,
Charp., the series including all three colour forms mollis (green),
purpurascens (reddish purple) and nigrina (dark), Omocestus viridulus,
L., Chorthippus elegans, Charp.

PAaRANEUROPTERA (Oponata).—Sympetrum sanguineum, Mull.

26th JULY, 1984.
Mr. i. EK. Syms, Vice-Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr. Bliss exhibited larvae of Arctia villica, L., and of Diacrista
sannio, L., and reported the capture of a female Apatura iris, L., in
Surrey, the 2nd brood of Leptidea sinapis, L., the occurrence of Poly-
gonia c-album, L., of Limenitis camilla, L., (sibilla, L.,) and of Dryas
(Argynnis) paphia, L., also in Surrey.

Mr. White exhibited one of the forms of the larva of Sphina
pinastri, L. It was subsequently remarked that the larvae of this
Species were very variable.

Dr. Williams exhibited the pale typical form of Acronicta psi, L.,
from the W. of England, the ab. suffusa, Tutt, from the London
district, and an extremely dark form of the latter aberration from
Hampton, 1934. Also he showed young larvae of Apatela aceris, L.,
of a black and white combination.

29

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Chloroclystis rectanyulata,
L., taken in his garden at Eastbourne. These specimens were chiefly
of the typical green form, but varied through darker shades to almost
wholly dark-sooty, closely approaching but not quite so dark as the
melanic London form, nigrosericeata, Haw., specimens of which were
shown for comparison.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited a specimen of Brenthis euphrosyne, with
the ground colour of pale straw instead of the usual tawny tint,
Also various ichneumons bred from the following hosts: Lycaenopsis
argiolus, L., Rumicia phlaeas, L., Eupithecia arceuthata, Frr., Hnnomos
fuscantaria, Steph., Oidaematophornus (Pterophorus) lithodactyla, Tr.,
and J’elphusa notatella, Hb. A specimen of the local lace-wing fly
Osmylus chrysops, Rém., taken at the Ashdown Forest Field Meeting
was also included, as well as small parasitic flies, Velenomus phalae-
narum, Nees., bred from ova of Clisiocampa castrensis, L., from
Burnham on Crouch, Essex.

Dr. H. King showed 2 pupa cases of Synanthedon (Sesia) andrenae-
formis, Lasp., in a short stem of Viburnum opulus, L., and larvae of
Cucullia lychnitis, Rmbr., on Verbascum nigrum, L., both from the
Chiltern Hills, Bucks.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the Coleoptera Athous villosus, Foure. (rhom-
beus, Ol.) and Mordella fasciata, Fb., and on behalf of Mr. G. J. Sard
of Balham, an asymmetrically marked specimen of Brenthis selene,
L., from Ashdown Forest, 18.vii.34.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited the larva (of German origin) of Zyyaena
purpuralis, Brunn., and remarked that they differed in colour from
larvae of this species, which he had had from Galway. He noted
that the larva figured by Spuler was bluish white in the g and pale
yellow in the @ ; that of Buckler from Galway was dark olive green ;
that of Boisduval was yellow; while the ground colour (skin) of
those he was exhibiting was definitely white.

_ Mr. Coote exhibited pupae of Ruralis betulae, L., from Chiddingfold
larvae, several of which pupated on the same leaf.

Mr. Downes communicated the following observations :—‘‘ On 20th
August, 1928, I was collecting in the Quantock Hills, Somerset, and
found many very worn but large specimens of Humenis semele, L.
Tour days later I returned and found in addition to the specimens
already mentioned, some very small and quite fresh g's of the same
species, and by 27th August there were small fresh specimens of both
sexes.

‘Yesterday I had a similar experience with Maniola jurtina, L.,

30

at Ranmore, Surrey. There were many normal sized specimens,
all of which were badly worn. Besides these, there were a lot of
small and quite fresh specimens.

‘““T do not know the explanation of these observations. If they
mean that the small fresh specimens are 2nd brood ones overlapping
the last of the parent brood, this is surely very peculiar in the case
of semele. However, it may indicate that one brood has emerged in
2 distinct portions, in which case why the later portion is composed
of small specimens is not quite clear.”

Polygonia c-album, L., young larvae from the Horsley eggs shown
last meeting.

“ P, c-album is still spreading rapidly: I watched one ovipositing
at Wimbledon recently, and it has now become common in East
Sussex—several have been taken in Abbots Wood and Lewes this
year, and it is abundant at Uckfield. At Uckfield last week, I saw
but missed a very extraordinary form of this species,—so far as I
could see the ground colour was clear orange brown, and there was
just one large irregular black spot on each wing.”

Mr. Jacobs reported that he had seen a Dryas (Argynnis) paphia,
L. in Fenchurch Street, and that Lycaena avion, L., was scarce this
year in its North Cornwall habitat.

9th AUGUST 1984.
Mr. C. M. pe Worms, Vicr-Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr. Dennis exhibited a full grown larva and a pupa of Limenitis
camilla, L. (sibilla, L.) from ova received on 12th July from Mr.
A. L. Rayward, Eastbourne, and noted that the young larva in its
first skin attached frass to its spines. He also showed a photograph
of it in this disguise,

Mr. C. M. de Worms exhibited larvae of Moma alpium, Osb.
(orion, Esp.), Cerwra bifida, Hb. and Lithosia sororcula, Hufn., with
Acidalia immorata, L. bred from Sussex ova. He reported Colias
croceus, Frery. (edusa, Fb.) from the 8. Coast in July, that the 2nd
brood of Polyommatus thetis, Rott. was out, that P. coridon, Pod. was
common, but that Polyommatus icarus, Rott. was scarce so far.

Mr. Fletcher exhibited the larvae of Hydrelia uncula, Clrck.
obtained on 2nd August at Esher by beating sedge.

Mr. A. P. O’Farrell exhibited a short series of l’etilampa arcuosa,
Haw. and read the following note.—“I am showing a few specimens

ata

31

of P. arcuosa, including four females which were taken on
Wimbledon Common on 27th July. In about half-an-hour I
I obtained over a dozen specimens of the female, and as this sex is
normally rather rare, even though the male occurs in considerable
abundance, some notes on the habits of the species may be of
interest. We found them soon after dusk on a patch of rough
marshy ground covered with a rank growth of grasses and rushes.
The males were flying in great abundance particularly near one
spot, and soon afterwards a pair in cép. was found close by. As
none of us had previously encountered the female, this set us
searching, and soon several more pairs were found, all of them
being rather close to the ground on rush stems; short stems over-
hanging paths or other bare parts of the ground were preferred to
those in the rank grass. Some females were found very freshly
emerged and apparently unable to fly. These sat higher up on the
rush stems about a foot from the ground, and their presence was
indicated by a number of males flying about.

“T observed one pairing take place, and noted that the moths at
once let themselves drop from the taller stem, on which the female
had ag usual been sitting, on to a short stem about three inches off
the ground. One pair, however, was found quite high up; but in
general the secret of finding the females appears to be in searching
much lower down than the males usually rest, at an average height
of about six inches from the ground. The 92 seems to be always
the uppermost of the pair, and as will be seen from those in my
exhibit, is very distinct from the male in size, shape, and markings.
It may be interesting to note that my dates for the g of this species
range from 15th June to the first week of August, but this is the
only occasion on which I have seen the female.”

He also exhibited (from the Benfleet field meeting) the scarce fly
Stratiomys furcata, F., the dragonfly Lestes dryas, Krby., and some
larvaeof Kuchloris smaragdaria, Fb. Also from the Effingham district
larvae of Gastropacha quercifolia, L., Nonagria typhae, Ksp., and
Mysticoptera sewalisata, Hib.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited:—1. A living larva of Detlephila
(Celerio) gallii, Rott., black form.

2. Living specimens of [balia leucospoides, Hochnw. (cultellator,
Latr.) parasite of the wood-wasp, Sirea yigas, L.

3. A living musk beetle, Aromia moschata, L.

4. A piece of stem of birch with gall of Fpiblema tetraquetrana,
Haw. (Tortricidae), received from Dr. H. King.

32

Last autumn Dr. H. King had observed something black moving
within the hole, but this was subsequently covered with a silken cap.
In May last Dr. King told him that the beast had come out but had
escaped, and he did not know what it was.

On splitting the stem through the hole, it was seen that the swell-
ing was caused by a proliferation of the tissue beneath the bark but
scarcely encroaching upon the wood. It was thus a ‘ gall’ strongly
reminiscent of that formed on Aspen twigs by the Dipteron Agromyza
schineri, Gir. It is probably the gall represented, though on thinner
stems, by Connold, “ Plant Galls,” No. 48, but undetermined.

Within the gall is a silken chamber with plenty of space all around
put the silken wall firmly secured around the opening. In the
spaces around this chamber was a cast larval skin, and a quantity
of frass. Meyrick says of the larva of l”. tetraquetrana ‘on birch
and alder (when young in swellings in twigs).’ Putting these
various items together it would seem that the young larva forms the
gall in the stem, and after moulting, spins the silken hibernation
chamber which it quits about May to feed upon the young leaves.

Mr. T. G. Howarth exhibited larvae of Arsilonche albovenosa, G6ze.
obtained from the Brandon district in July.

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited a large irregularly shaped cocoon of
Saturnia pavonia, L. which had two pupae inside. The larvae were
from Broadwater lorest.

Mr. Craufurd exhibited an example of the large Ichneumon,
Rhyssa persuasoria, L., which is attached to the wood wasp Sirea
gigas, L., of the pine tree.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Ayrotis corticea, Hub. taken
at light in his garden at Eastbourne in June-July last. They
showed considerable variation but were chiefly of the lighter
coloured forms. He also showed an unusually dark grey specimen
of A. eaclamationis, L. taken in the same way.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited:—1. Some examples of delayed
emergence from larvae taken in July and August, 1932, which
seemed surprising in view of the unusually fine and warm summer
of 1983. The pupae were kept throughout in a cage in which other
members of the same species emerged, 4s expected, in 19338.

Nyssia zonaria, Schiff., from larvae found by Mr. H. Brocklesby
at Llandudno in July 1982. 23 g¢ and 19 emerged April, 1984.
(This species is known to he over at times).

Chesias rufata, Fb. Larvae fron. Barnes Common, August, 1932.
139,389 2 emerged April-May, 1934.

33

Pseudopanthera macularia, L. Larvae from Box Hill, July, 1932.

13,32 2 emerged in May, 1934.
_ Hleliaca (Heliodes) tenebrata, Se. Larvae from Chiddingfold, etc.,
in July, 19382. 13 emerged in May, 1934.
2. Living larvae of Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Rott.
Ranmore Common district. Found 80.vii.84, buried deeply in
clumps of Hippocrepis comosa, or just beneath surface of ground under
the clumps.

Living larvae of Hustrotia (Hrastria) uncula, Cl., Surrey. Obtained
2.viil.34, by sweeping sedge or beating it into the net.

Living larvae of Parasemia plantayinis, L., Cranham. Bred ab
ovo, 2 taken by Prof. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, ova laid 3.vi.34,
hatched 16.vi.84. Some larvae had already pupated at date of
meeting and were expected to produce 2nd brood imagines. (NorkE.
—The first imago emerged on 12th August, 1934).

Dr. Bull exhibited larvae of Chariclea wnbra, Hufn. and reported
the occurrence of Colias hyale, L. near Newmarket and a few
Pyrameis cardui, L.

Mr. Attwood exhibited larvae of Selenia lunaria, Schiff. from
Benfleet.

llth AUGUST, 1984.
Fistp Mrretinc—Eynsrorp.
Leader.—K. G. Buair, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.

The route taken was practically that of last year, and though
some species then recorded, notably Drepana cultraria, Fb. and
Eutricha quercifolia, L., failed to put in an appearance, many
interesting additions were made. A heavy shower about lunch
time did not damp our enthusiasm in beating for larvae of
Lophopterya cuculla, Esp., though most of these fell into one tray.
Five members were present in the morning while four more turned
up at the Testing range in the afternoon.

Of Lepidoptera some 80 species, including larvae, were listed ;
among the more notable being Colias hyale, L. (1), Argynnis paphia,
L. and A. aylaia, L., Pyrametis cardui, L. Ewmenis (Satyrus) semele,
L. Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., the last two worn, and fresh (third
brood?) Polyommatus coridon, Pod. Urbicola comma, L. Phragmatobia
fuliginosa, L. Crocallis elinguaria, L. Lyydia adustata, Schiff. and
Cidaria bicolorata, Hufn, (in a lamp on the station platform),
whilst larvae included L. cuculla, Hemistola (Huchloris) chrysoprasaria,

34

Esp. (vernaria, Hb.), Hupithecia haworthiata, &Dbldy. Hydrelia
flammeolaria, Hufn. (luteata, Schiff.), L.adustata, Plagodis dolabraria,
L. (1), Myelots cribrum, Schiff. and Leioptilus (Pterophorus) carpho-
dactyla, Hb. in the flowerheads of Jnila conyza, D.C.

Coleoptera were not numerous but included Lema cyanella, L.
(lichenis, Voet.), Cryptocephalus labiatus, L. and pusillus, Fb.,
Gastrotdea polyyoni, L., Epitria atropae, Foud. and Xylocleptes
bispinus, Duft., whilst some seed-heads of Centaury (Hrythraea)
subsequently produced a small weevil, Smicronya reichi, Gyl.

Of Diptera E'nsina sonchi, L., was swept from Ragwort blossom and
subsequently bred from seed-heads of Sonchus arvensis, L., while
some heads of Carduus crispus, L., produced Trypeta serratulae, L.
and parasites (Braconidae).

Three species of long-horned grasshoppers were met with, Pholi-
doptera griseoaptera, DeG., being additional to last year’s list.

Two interesting galls were also noted, both caused by Cecydomyiid
flies, viz. Oliyotrophus corni, Gir., a large green and red gall on the
leaves of Cornel, not given in Connold’s ‘Plant Galls,’ and
Atrichosema aceris, Kieff., forming a swelling on the petiole of Maple
(Connold, No. 150, undetermined.)

Mr. F. J. Coulson reported the following additions :—

CoLrortera.—Longitarsus obliteratus, Ros. on marjoram; Lena
puncticollis, Ct. from thistles; Cryptocephalus fulvus, Gze., Ceuthor-
rhynchus assimilis, Payk., C. pleurostiyma, Marsh., Apion hookeri,
Kby. and A. punctiyerum, Payk. by general sweeping.

Hemiptera Hereroprera.—Picromerus bidens, L. and Nabis
apterus, I*., from hazel; Liocoris tripustulatus, F., Heterotoma
mertopterum, Scop., Campyloneura virgula, H.-S.,and Nabis limbatus,
Dahlb. from nettles.

Hemiptera Homoprera.—Agallia venosa, Fall. and Acocephalus
nervosus, Schrk., both commonly.

Mr. H. W. Andrews reported on the Diptera as follows.

‘Mr. O’Farrell made a most interesting capture, viz. :—TJabanus
glaucopis, Mg., new to Kent so far as I am aware. [See ‘ Ent.
Record,’ p. 125 (1934)]. I took a number of Zachinidae most of
which have still to be worked out, otherwise there were not so many
species noted as might be expected considering the varied nature of
the ground traversed.”

The following species were identified :—Pipunculus niyritulus,
Zrt. Parayus tibialis, Fln. Sctomyza obtusa, Kin. Asilus crabroniformis,
L. Hrnestia radicum, F, Phryxe vulgaris, Fall. Macquartia tenebricosa,
Mg. Tabanus glaucopis, Mg.

35
28rd AUGUST’, 1934.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Coulson exhibited some of his captures at the Kynsford Field
Meeting, on 11th August, and also a blackish blue aberration of the
Coleopteron Lema puncticollis, Curt., taken at Bookham on 9th July ;
a Podayrica fuscicornis, L., with blackish red thorax, legs and base
of antennae, from Pegwell Bay on 18th July ; and an aberration of
Cateretes rujilabris, Latr., the dark form with left elytron of the light
form, from Newchureh, I. of Wighi, 18th July.

Mr. Dennis exhibited a living Limenitis camilla, L, (sibilla, L.)
bred from an egg laid about 20th June. Imago emerged 20th
August. Also an Asparagus beetle, Crivceris asparagi, L., in cocoon
ready to emerge.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a short series of Nepticula suberivora,
Stt., a species discovered by the late Profr. Waters in the Isle of
Wight in 1927 (H.M.M., 1928, p. 1). He said that Mr. Fassnidge
very kindly sent him, in March last, a few leaves of Quercus tlew
containing larvae of this species which enabled him now to exhibit
the moth, the leaves showing the mines made by the larvae and the
pupal cocoons.

He also exhibited an Agrotid taken at light in his garden at Kast-
bourne on 5th July last which in superficial appearance closely
resembled Agrotis exclamationis, L., the wings being devoid of the
mottling usually present in A. corticea, Hb. The heavy pectination
of the antennae, however, suggested a close connection with the
latter species.

Dr. K. G. Blair read a preliminary report of the Field Meeting at
Eynsford and made the following exhibits:—(1) Both sexes of the
macropterous form of Metrioptera roeselii, Hag. var. diluta, Charp.
taken on the occasion of the Benfleet Field Meeting, when this form
was found to be nearly as abundant as the normal form. In view
of the suggestion mentioned last year that these macropterous forms
of species, usually brachypterous, never become sexually functional,
a 2 of each form was subsequently dissected. The brachypterous
2 contained well developed though immature eggs, but no trace
of such was found in the macropterous 2. Owing to the possi-
bility that they might yet be too young, a @ of each form was kept
alive with two macropterous g 3, and on the 18th of July at 9 a.m.
one of these g 3 was seen to be in coitu with the brachypterous ¢ .*

* For further report see ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,”’ 1934, p. 259.

36

After this the body of this @ became much swollen whereas that of
the macropterous ? remained similar in size to those of the f 3.
It does not follow perhaps that the act of coition proves the sexual
maturity of the J; this will only be proved if fertile ova are laid by
the 2, but the distension of her abdomen is doubtless due to the
development of the ova, even if infertile, within it, while obviously no
such development has taken place in the case of the macropterous ?.

(2) Smicra sispes, Lu. one of the giants among the Chalcididae, also
from Benfleet. On several occasions a 2 was noted sitting upon
an ege-mass of Stratiomys furcata, Mg. in which she was presum-
ably ovipositing. The young larvae emerged from one of these egg
masses within a few days, so that it would appear that any ova
deposited by the Smicra must remain dormant during a great part
of the larval life of Stratiomys.

- (8) The Trypetid fly Icterica westermanni, Mg. reared from a
puparium found by Mr. Wakely in the root of Senecio aquaticus,
Huds. at the Benfleet Field Meeting.

(4) Living examples of the “plume” Leioptilus (Pterophorus)
carphodactyla, Hb. reared from larvae found in the flower-heads of
Inula conyza, D.C. at the Eynsford Field Meeting. Of this species
there appear to be but few British records. It was introduced to
the British list by W. Purdey (‘ Ent. Rec.” 19, 1907, p. 78) on
examples taken at Folkestone, and specimens were exhibited by Dr.
Chapman at the Entomological Society on 6th March, 1907. On
June 5th of the same year he exhibited living specimens reared from
larvae found by Mr. Ovenden. Other localities are Rochester and
Sandown, Isle of Wight (L. B. Prout). The species is thus double
brooded, but no information is given in the records quoted as to
how the larvae of the first brood feed, and at that time of year the
flowering stems have not grown up. Tutt, in an editorial note to
Purdey’s article, states that the foodplant, presumably referring to
the behaviour of the species on the continent, is Conyza squarrosa,
D.C.* Kaltenbach says that larvae of the first brood burrow into the
leaf bases of the plant. )

(5) Galls of Oligotrophus corni, Gir. on Cornel, and of Atrichosema
aceris, Kieff. on the leaf petioles of Maple, both from Eynsford.

(6) Living Chalcids reared from a larva of Lophopterya cuculla,
Esp., from Eynsford, to show the peculiar pupae of this group of
parasites (Hulophinae).

Mr. Line exhibited a larva of Stauropus fagi, L., which he had

* Alternative name for Inula conyza.

37

taken at Shoreham, Kent, on hazel, a somewhat unusual food-plant.
Various other foodplants were mentioned including aspen, oak, haw-
thorn, apple, birch, beech, hornbeam, sallow.

Dr. Joy reported the abundance of Phyllotreta beetles on garden
produce.

Dr. Bull made the following report of recent observations in the
field :—“ I have just spent 10 days in the New Forest and Dorset.
The large Argynnids, Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.) and Aphan-
topus hyperantus, L., were all past their best. The nights were clear
and cool, so light was not very productive. I only took one Oenestes
quadra, L., of which species several had been captured earlier.
Sugar provided one Catocala sponsa, L. and large numbers of Xylo-
phasia monoglypha, Hufn., T'riphaena pronuba, L. and Apamea secalis.
In the marshes J’holomyyes turfosalis, Wk,, was abundant while
Hypenodes costaestrigalis, St., and H. taenialis, Hb. (albistrigalis, Haw.)
also appeared. In the Swanage district the recent fire had destroyed
some goodcollecting ground. Polyommatus coridon, Poda, was scarce,
larvae of Hyloicus pinastri, L., were beaten full fed and Agrotis
vestiyialis, Hufn., in its local form was taken both at light and sugar.
In Cambridgeshire P. coridon was plentiful on Fleam Dyke on 8th
August, and a Colias hyale, L., was taken.

Reports were made of C. hyale, L., odd specimens, Lycaenopsis
argiolus, L., in number, Polygonia c-album, L., ete.

l3ith SEPTEMBER, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

The decease of Mrs. M. L. Brooke was announced.

The President exhibited an aberration of Opisthograptis luteolata,
Linn. in which the costa was marked with brown ; living larvae of
Todis lactearia, Linn., Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn., and Lomaspilis

marginata, L.

_ Mr. G. Brett exhibited some fungi collected the previous day at
Etchingham in a garden of 23 acres, nearly 2 acres of which is still
waste woodland. About 40 different kinds were included.

Mr. F. D. Coote exhibited a series of Acidalia marginepunctata,
~Goeze, and communicated the following Note.

‘‘Harly in July I took a very dark Geometer at Bude, Cornwall,
which I concluded was A. maryinepunctata. It was worn but laid
ova in the box. They hatched within a fortnight.

38

«¢ A few days later [ took another blackish insect, very worn, which
I assumed to be the same species, but of the black form which
South mentions as occurring in Cornwall. It also laid several eggs
but in this case at least 8 weeks elapsed before they hatched.

‘‘ Both batches of larvae appear to be hibernating and seem to be
dissimilar.”

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited larvae of Hydriomena ruberata, Frr. from
the Isle of Wight; of Malacosoma castrensis, L. and of M. neustria,
L. with parasites of the former; and a melanic form of Hemerophila
abruptaria, Thnbg.

lith SEPTEMBER, 1984.
Fietp Merrting.—Box HI.
Leader.—J. A. Downgs.

The Box Hill Field Meeting was held on Saturday, 15th Septem-
ber, in very fine, but rather too warm, weather. The complete party
consisted of 23 (17 members and 6 visitors) which is the largest
attendance for several years, and although many were collecting
Lepidoptera, others were interested in Coleoptera, Neuroptera,
Hemiptera and Orthoptera. The ages of those attending ranged
from about 9 upwards, which seems to be another record.

There were 18 in the morning party, which worked up to the
woods at the top of the Hill, where lunch was taken. After lunch
the afternoon party (5) joined them in Juniper valley, where all
collected until tea time. Tea was at 5.30 at the Railway Arms as
usual. After this most went home, but 8 members returned to
Juniper valley and sugared some trees there. Although not asingle
moth was attracted, it made an interesting ending to the day.

The following is a List of the Species reported :—

CoLEopTEeRA :—GEOoDEPHAGA.—Dromius 4-maculatus, L.; D. 4-
notatus, Pz. frequent under bark; D. melanocephalus, Pz. common ;
Asaphidion (Tachypus) flavipes, L. among beech leaves.

BracHELytrRA.— Othius myrmecophilus, Kies. and Quedius tristis,
Gr. common under fallen beech leaves; Phyllodrepa vilis, Er.
common under bark.

LaMELLicornia.— Sinodendron cylindricum, L. common in birch
stump; Aphodius rufipes, L. and Onthophagus ovatus, L. common in
dung.

39

Cuavicornia.— Coccinella bipunctata, L.; C. 10-punctata, L.;3 C.
7-punctata, L.; Calvia 14-guttata, L.; Chilocorus bipustulatus, L. 5
Meligethes obscurus, Kr.; M. planiusculus, Heer. from Hchium vulgare.

RayncuopHora.—Cionus thapsus, Fb. common; Ceuthorrhynchus
geographicus, Gze.; Apion onopordi, Kirb.; A. rubens, Steph.; A.
flavimanum, Gyll.; Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Fb.; Strophosomus melano-
grammus, Forst.

PuytopHaca.—Sermyla halensis, L.; Hermaeophaga mercurialis,
Fb., common on Mercury; Galerucella viburni, Pk., from Viburnum
lantana; Longitarsus obliteratus, Rosh., from Marjoram; L. tabidus,
Fb.; L. luridus, Scop.; L. membranaceus, Foud.; Chrysolina polita,
L., common; Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; C. bilineatus, L. ;
Lochmaea crataegi, Forst.; Timarcha coriarta, Laich. Total 34 spp.

Lepipoprera (Imagines) :—Papitionina.—Gonepterya rhamni, L.;
Polygonia c-album, L., several; Pyrameis atalanta, L.; Aglais
urticae, L.; Pararge aegeria, L., single specimen only; Epinephele
jurtina, L.; EF. tithonus, L.; Coenonympha pamphilus, .; Thecla
quercus, Li. ; Volyommatus icarus, Rott. ; Urbicola (Augiades) comma,
Ti,

Nocruar.—Amathes circellaris, Hufn.; Tholera popularis, Fb. ;
T. cespitis, Fb.; Cerapterya graminis, L.; Xanthia fulvago, Fb.; all
odd specimens found by day.

GrometrRaE.—Anaitis plagiata, L., and/or efformata,Gn.; Acidalia
ornata, Scop. ; Aspitates gilvaria, Schiff.

(LarvaE) Notopontipar.—Notodonta dromedarius, L.; Pheosia
dictaeoides, Esp.

CHLoEPHORIDAE.—Hylophila prasinana, L.

DrepanipaE.— Drepana falcataria, L.; D. lacertinaria, L.; D.
cultraria, Fb.

Nocruar.—Craniophora ligustri, L., a few late ones; Acronicta
psi, L.; Demas coryli, L.; Plusia chrysitis, L.; Abrostola triplasia,
L.; Fuclidia mi, Clrck.; Aventia fleaula, Schiff., on lichen on yew
and sloe.

GEOMETRAK,
Schiff.

Nervuroprera.—At least 3 spp. of Chrysopid larvae.

MecoptEera.— Panorpa germanica, L. 2, 2nd brood.

OrtHoptERA—Acridiidae.—Tettia bipunctatus, Linn.; Stenobo-
thrus lineatus, Panz., common—also nymphs; S. rujfipes, Zett.,
common; Omocestus viridulus, Linn. ; Stauroderus bicolor, Charp.,

many forms including var. purpurascens, Fieb.; Chorthippus parallelus,

Cosymbia (Ephyra) trilinearia, L.; Ligdia adustata,

40

Zett.; Gomphocerus rufus, Linn., locally common: G. maculatus,
Thunb. Acad. Y aa ee ;

Locustipar.—Leptophyes punctatissina, Box.; Meconema thalas-
sina, Degeer.

Buatripar.— Hctobius livida, Fb. ( perspicillaris, Hbst.), F., nymphs
chiefly from juniper and yew.

Hemiprera—Hereroprera.—Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, L.,com-
mon on birch, etc.; Cyphostethus tristriatus, Fb., on juniper ;
Elasmostethus griseus, Fieb., common on oak; Stygnocoris pedestris,
Fall., common among fallen leaves; Drymus brunneus, Sablbg., and
D. pilicornis, F., among fallen leayes—uncommon; Phiytocorts
varipes, Boh., common; P. tiliae, Fb., rare; Dictyonota tricornis,
Schr., among Mentha—uncommon ; Palomena prasina, L.; Gono-
cerus acuteangulatus, Géze.; Ploiariola vaygabunda, L.; Myrmus
miriformis, Fall., common by sweeping.

Homoprera.—T'richopsylla walkeri, Fst., common on Prunus
spinosus; Psyllopsts frawini, L., on ash; Eupterya vittatus, L.,
frequently among Labiatae ; Issus coleoptratus, Fb.

27th SEPTEMBER, 1984.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. L. O. Grocock, of Addiscombe, was elected a member.

The President exhibited the leaves of walnut galled by a mite,
Eriophyes tristriatus, var. erinea, Nal., and an imago and nymphs of
the small cockroach, Ectobius livida, F., obtained at the Box Hill
Field Meeting. Also a larva of the “ Leopard Moth,” Zeuzera
pyrina, L. in a branch of apple from Enfield, and a bunch of clus-
tered catkins of hazel, an example of fasciation, from Enfield.

Mr. Wakely exhibited a Leucania albipuncta, Fb. taken on Ashley
Down, Isle of Wight, 22nd August.

Mr. Wainwright exhibited the radiola, Steph. 2 form of Agrotis
puta, Hb. in which the central area is paler.

Mr. Bliss exhibited a species of Cassida (Col.), Pseudomesomphalia
goderi, Boh., taken among bananas from Brazil.

Rev. R. E. EK, Frampton, exhibited the following aberrations of
common Tortrices, etc.—Mphestia lutella, Hb., from Australian
currants, 7 forms; Aryyroploce variegana, Hb., v. nubiferana, Haw.,
‘and another; A. lucunana, Dup., and a black form; Pandemis
corylana, Fb., unicolorous yellow from Cornwall; P. heparana,

4]

Schiff., five forms; Cacoecia xylosteana, L., pale and dark forms ;
Argyrotoxa conwayana, Fb., var. subauwrantiana, Stt., and 8 others;
A. bergmanniana, L., typical, and from N. Ireland pale yellow and
intermediate forms.

Dr. Blair exhibited the beetle Mononychus punctum-album, Hbst.
(pseudacort, Fb.) obtained from [ris fuetidissimus, in the Isle of Wight
and communicated notes on the occurrence.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited :—

1. A short series of Hapalotis (Hrastria) fasciana, L. (fuscula,
Bkh.) from Bookham and Byfleet, showing variation in shape, size
and colour of the pale patch at anal angle of forewings.

2. A short series of Hydrelia (Mrastria) wncula, Cl. (uncana, L.),
from Surrey.

- 8. Two specimens of Thyatira batis, L. taken on Wimbledon
Common in July last, one of which has the usual pink suffusion on
the spots of the forewings while the other has no pink colour.

4. Two larvae of Abrosyne (Gonophora) derasa, L. from Wim-
bledon Common, one with a single pair of spots on the 1st
abdominal somite, the other asymmetrical, having in addition, a
spot on the 2nd abdominal somite on the right side, but not on the
left.

Mr. J. A. Downes exhibitea :—

1. The Dragon-fly Anaw tmperator, Leach, nymphs, now nearly
full grown, and presumably 15 months old—that is, if the total
length of life is 2 years, as seems likely. It was noted that the
nymphs were totally free from the algae and mud that commonly
covers Anisopterid nymphs, and this is probably to be correlated
with their more active habits. Whereas many Anisopterid nymphs
live chiefly among the dead leaves on the bottom of the pond, it
seems probable that A. tmnperator spends a good deal of its time
swimming. In captivity at least it swims strongly folding its legs
down beside the body and shooting water out of the rectal chamber.
This observation was made at the Pen Ponds early this year.

2. Nymphs and adults of Nepa and Ranatra (Hem.) from the
Pen Ponds, Richmond. Both are found fairly commonly and
Ranatra can easily be spotted as it wanders among the water- weeds.
An interesting point concerning both these genera is that although
the nymphs and adults are similar in most ways the method of breath-
ing differs. Hach however takes in air through the open tip of the
siphon which usually projects through the water skin. But in the

42

adult the siphon is a completely closed tube and has 2 spiracles
situated at its base and all the other abdominal spiracles being closed
or rudimentary.

In the nymphs the siphon is open ventrally but this opening is
covered by a double fringe of hairs so that no water enters. When
this incomplete tube reaches the end of the abdomen proper it forks
and the resulting two grooves run along the underside of the abdomen
until the thorax is reached. These grooves are similarly covered by
a fringe of hairs and into them a complete series of abdominal
spiracles open, instead of just a pair at the base of the siphon. The
grooves mentioned are formed between the terga (which are partially
reflexed on to the underside) and the sterna which form the central
part of the underside.

Dr. Bull exhibited parasites he had bred from the larva of Leu-
cania pallens, L., and their common puparium,

Mr. Downes read his Preliminary Report of the Field Meeting
held at Box Hill on 15th Sept.

Mr. Coulson exhibited the Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Homoptera
he had taken at the Field Meeting at Box Hill.

Messrs Jacobs, Turner and Wakely read short papers on the
Micro-lepidoptera dealing with different aspects of the subject. (See
Trans.)

Dr. Cockayne read a short paper on ‘‘ An Anal Comb in a Micro-
lepidopterous Larva.” (See Trans.)

llth OCTOBER, 1934.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Eagles exhibited the Coleoptera Aulonium trisuleum, Geoff.
found at Nazing, Essex: two species of Scolytus upon which it preys
and the Longicorn Pogonochaerus hispidus, L., obtained from Holly
at the Chilworth Field Meeting, 12th May.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the larvae of the beetle Dermestes vulpinus,
Fab. which had been found damaging python skins consigned to
Messrs Bevingtons and Sons, leather merchants in the Borough, for
tanning. They are fairly common in some kinds of fur skins but
rarely seen on python skins.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited three species of Trypetid Diptera
taken recently by himself: Uvellia stellata, Fuess., U. eluta, Meig.,
and Icterica westermanni, Meig.

43

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited three species of Rhopalocera he had
received in a letter from a correspondent in Ecuador. (1) Gynaecia
dirce, Dbldy., a common species occurring over almost the whole of
S. America, of which scarcely any trace of local variation is
recorded. (2) Heliconius melpomone, L. ssp. aglaope, Fb., with the
typical form for comparison. The latter is a plain deep black
insect with a broad, somewhat irregular, band of orange red across
the disc of the forewing, but the subspecies has the forewings with
a large basal area of the orange-red colour, and a subapical yellow
irregular partial band on the forewings, and the hindwings with a
basal inner-marginal orange-red elongated blotch and a series of
rays of the same colour to the outer margin. This form is so
dissimilar as to appear a totally distinct species were it not for the
abundant transitional forms between these two extremes. (8) Dione
vanillae, L. ssp. lucina, Fldr., with the typical form and an allied
species D. juno, Cr., forcomparison. The subspecies is characterized
by a large suppression of the silver markings on the underside of
both wings and the close resemblance of the upperside to the allied
species D. juno, with which it was formerly confused.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited two exotic beetles recently found in the
open in Britain :—(1) Megadytes costalis, Aub., a Brazilian species, —
found dead in the mud of a pond at Mill Hill, by W. O. Steel.
(2) Ochotyra semiusta, Pase. 3 , found by Dr. E. H. Newton crawling
in short grass on the cliffs near Brighstone, I. of Wight. The
species is a native of S. India and Ceylon and belongs to the family
Rhagophthalmidae, allied to the Lampyridae, and like them having
an apterous and luminous female.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited :—1. Dianthoecia earpophaga, Bkh.
from Eastbourne, Dungeness, Chalfont St. Giles and Box Hill, to
show local variation.

2, Living larvae of the following Hupithecia species, viz. :—
castigata, Hb. from Oxted; pimpinellata, Hb. (forms) from Box
Hill; and eaignata, Hb. from Riddlesdown.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited the larvae of Eupithecia pimpinellata, Hb.
feeding on Saxifrage species and a bred series of Cirrhia citrago,
L. from Surrey and Sussex.

Mr. Downes exhibited nymphs of Anaa imperator, Leach (Para-
neuroptera), and read the following note :—

‘A purtHer Nore on Nympus or ANAX IMPERATOR, Leacu.—This

44

species is at present very common in one of the ponds in Richmond
Park. Most of the nymphs are in one of two stages—small and
nearly full groown—presumably 3 and 15 months old respectively—
but there are a few intermediate in size. They apparently catch
their food not by hunting it—although they can swim by shooting
water out of the rectum at about 2 m.p.h. or more—but by waiting
motionless on the muddy bottom of the pond until some animal
comes up to them. They then of course shoot out the labium in
the normal way to capture it. About 9 o’clock one night recently
I went to this pond and found that they were so common that there
were 27 of the large ones in a typical area of 3 square yards,
together with many young ones. ‘The large ones were all sitting
about motionless in the way described.

‘¢ An interesting feature of this nymph is the extreme transpar-
ency of the cuticle. At any stage the pulsations of the rectum can
be seen from the underside, and nearly always the ventral nerve
cord is also visible (it is so in both the large ones shown to-night).
I have also included a drawing of a small larva soon after moulting.
In this was visible the brain with its tracheal supply; the tracheal
trunks running right down to the rectum, and branching into the
gills, most of the abdominal part of the gut and towards the back
of the abdomen, part of the heart could be seen pulsating. I do
‘not think that there are many insects of such a size in which so
much of the internal anatomy is so easily visible.”

Mr. 8. Wakely reported Polyyonia c-album, L. from the Isle of
Wight, and exhibited a bred series of Perizoma bifaciata, Haw.
(unifasciata, Haw.), from Riddlesdown. The larvae fed on Bartsia
and were all very dark suffused. |

Mr. R. W. Attwood exhibited 1. Herse convolvuli, L., captured by
Mr. Sellick at South Benfleet, Essex, on 17th September. (Another
specimen was found dead a day or so later, floating on an ornamen-
tal fish pond at Thundersley, Essex, about a mile from where. this
was taken.)

2. Perizoma (Emmelesia) bifaciata, Haw. (unifasciata, Haw.). The
larvae were taken by Mr. Wakely and himself on the 80th September,
feeding on Red Bartsia. The insect seems to be overlooked as the
larvae appear to occur wherever the food plant is found. Two
larvae were even taken while gathering fresh food-plant from a piece
of waste land in Sydenham. |

3. Calocampa vetusta, Hb. The behaviour of these larvae while
pupating is interesting. Six larvae all went down about the same

45

time. About two days later five of them had come to the surface
again. They did not feed, however, but remained on the surface.
The next day one had pupated, and the following day three others.
In each case the pupae were quite clear of the cast larval skins
which was not attached in any way to the cremaster.

Mr. EK. E. Syms read a paper on “the Megaloptera (Sune:
(See Trans.)

25th OCTOBER, 1934.
THe AnnuaL EXuHisition AND CONVERSAZIONE.
The Preswent, Mr. T. R. Kacuss, in the Chair.

Again more than 200 members, their friends, and visitors were
welcomed by the Officers of the Society.

The Rev. K. B. Ashby exhibited :—1. An aberration of E'pinephele
jurtina, L. showing white scales on the upperside of the hindwings,
captured near Locquignol, Forét de Mormale, N. France, 10th July
last. 2. An Apatura iris, Iu. f. tole, Schiff. taken 20th June near
Contrexéville, Vosges, France. 38. A pair of Melitaea maturna, L.
from Contrexéville, 9th June.

- Mr. Andrews exhibited the Dipteron, Stomorhina lunata, F., a
migratory species taken at Bembridge, I. of Wight, 1.ix.84, of with
the last British record was in 1901. Also the nest of a leaf-cutter
bee, Megachile sp., from a decaying greenhouse roof at Eltham,
Kent.

Mr. R. W. Attwood exhibited the following species obtained
during the season of 19384:—Herse convolvuli, L., Gastropacha
quercifolia, L., Arctia villica, L., Saturnia pavonia, L., Cosmotriche
potatoria, L., Lastocampa (Bombyx) quercus, L., Limenitis camilla, L.
(sibilla, L.} and ab. nigrina, Weym., Melitaea athalia, Rott., Thecla
w-album, Knh., Selenia lunaria, Schiff., Hllopia fasciaria, L. (prosa-
piaria, L.), Discolowa (Asthena) blomert, Curt., Odezia atrata, L.,
Euchloris smaragdaria, Fb., Chesias rufata, Fb., Demas coryli, L
Aporophyla lutulenta, Bork., Calocampa vetusta, Hb.

Mr. L. C. Bushby exhibited living specimens of :—Crested
Mantis, Hmpusa egena, Charp., 8. France; Shore Earwig, Labidura
riparia, Pall., 8. France; Spined Stick Insect, Cnipsus rhachis,
immature specimens, New Caledonia; Wolf Spider, 77 0chosa cinerea,
Hungary; Peruvian Hunting Spider; Variegated Scorpion, Opis-

46

thophthalmus capensis; Sinodendron cylindricum, L., adults and larvae,
Surrey.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited :—1. a box of captures at Field Meetings
during 1934, including Hydrochroa syringaria, L., and Calymnia
(Caradrina) affinis, L. (reared from larvae), and a pair of the fine
Syrphid Crivrrhina ranunculi, Pz., from Chilworth; Strangalia
nigra, L., Clytra quadripunctata, L., Cryptocephalus bipunctatus var.
lineola, F., and Dryophilus pusillus, Gyl. (Col.); Lophyrus sertifer,
Geoffr., Stromboceros delicatulus, Fall. (Hym.); Tipula gigantea,
Schr., Therioplectes tropicus, Mg., Chrysops caecutiens, L., Dioctria
oelandica, L., and Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw. (Dipt.) from Broadwater
Forest; Nonagria geminipuncta, Hatch., with its parasite Aritranis
carnifex, Gr., the Chalcid Smicra sispes, L., parasite of Stratiomys
furcata, F., Nemotelus uliyinosus, L., Icterica westermanni, Meg.,
Ceroxys pictus, Mg., and Urophora stylata, F. (Dipt.), and the local
grasshopper Metrioptera roeselii, Hag., together with its macropterous
form, from Benfleet; Pterophorus carphodactyla, Zett., bred from
larvae found in flower-heads of Inula conyza, D.C.; the weevil
Smicronyx reichi, Gyl., bred from seed heads of Centaury (Hrythraea
centaureum), and the grasshoppers -Meconema thalassina, Deg.,
Pholidoptera yriseoaptera, Deg., and Leptophyes punctatissima, Bose.,
from lynsford.

2. Some ancient beetles from excavations in Egypt and Mesopot-
amia, together with modern specimens of the same species still
existing in the respective localities.

3. A portfolio of drawings of beetle larvae by Miss B. Hopkins.

Mr. Percy Bright exhibited his series of Polyommatus bellargus,
Rott. (adonis, Fb.) contained in eight cabinet drawers—comprising
many unique and striking aberrations obtained by himself during a
long series of years.

Mr. A. W. Buckstone exhibited the following series of aberrations
of British Rhopalocera.

1. Brenthis euphrosyne, L., a series from Ashtead in May, with
varied marking.

2. Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe, L.), with dark ground and
markings much emphasized, from Ashtead.

3. Polyyonia c-album, L., specimens with a row of metallic spots
on each hindwing, from Surrey and Sussex, and specimens with
abnormally formed ‘‘comma’”’ marks.

4. Pararye aegeria, L., with extreme pale and dark forms, Surrey
and Sussex,

47

5. Aphantopus hyperantus, L., a specimen with somewhat lanceo-
late eyespots from Ashtead.

6. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., series of variable forms from the
spring, summer and autumn broods.

7. Polyommatus coridon, Pod., specimens of underside aberration
from Fetcham.

8. Urbicola (Augiades) comma, L., extreme dark and pale forms
from the Surrey Hills.

9. Nisoniades (Erynnis) tages, L., dark and pale forms of both
spring and summer broods.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited:—1. Maniola tithonus, L., and
Vanessa atalanta, L., both showing marks of bird attacks. 2.
Aberrations of Brenthis euphrosyne, L., and of Bb. selene, Schiff.,
showing dusting of black scales over the light ground. 3. A large
race of Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott., bred from Dorset larvae.
4. An Agrotis saucia, Hb., taken freshly emerged on 17.iv.84. 5.
A Cucullia gnaphalii, Hb., taken at light in Kent.

Mr. H. Charles exhibited a female of the Noctuid Catephria
alchymista, Schiff., captured at Kingsdown near Deal, Kent,
12.vili.84.

Mr. G. A. Cole exhibited the Noctuid Xylophasia zollikofert, Frr.,
taken on the South Coast this autumn.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited :—1. Specimens to show Melanism
in the larvae of Abraawas grossulariata, L., and 2. Imagines and
larvae of the Geometer Ptychopoda laevigata, Scop.

Mr. C. W. Colthrup exhibited an aberration of Aglais (Vanessa)
urticae, L., taken with a jam jar and a postcard, in brilliant sunshine,
on flower of buddleia, on 25.viii.84, at Chelmsford, Essex. The
discal spots on forewing missing; the black markings on costal
margin joined, with no lines of yellow marking, but a pale grey
patch at the apex of each forewing.

Mr. R. C. R. Crewdson exhibited :—Palimpsestis fluctuosa, Hb.,
Sevenoaks, Kent., Helotropha leucostigma, Hb., Rannoch District,
Perthshire; Noctua castanea, Esp., Rannoch District, Perthshire ;
Catocala promissa, Esp., South-east Sussex; Pachnobia hyperborea,
Zett., Rannoch District, Perthshire; Dianthoecia albimacula, Bork.,
from Romney Marsh, Kent; Poecilopsis (Nyssia) lapponaria, Bdv.,
Perthshire; Isturgia (Fidonia) carbonaria, Clrek., Rannoch District,
Perthshire.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited a series of lantern slides on a frame,
by transmitted light.

48

Mr. H. L. Dolton exhibited small series of Mellinia gilvago, Esp. ;
Ochria aurago, Fb.; Zygaena trifolii, Esp. (confluent forms) ; Aricia
medon, Huf. (astrarche, Brgstr.) var. salmacis, St., from Durham.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited several beautifully illustrated works of
Moses Harris and Donovan, and also original drawings by Moses
Harris, Sydenham, Edwards and Curtis.

Mr. 8. W. Gadge, of the Surrey Honey Farm, exhibited a series
of photographs iliustrating the economy of the honey-bee hive and
other subjects mainly of botanical interest. |

Mr. L. A. C. Greenwood exhibited a heavily black-marked captured
specimen of Nymphalis io, L. and a series of Brithys crini, Fb., bred
in the spring of 1934 from larvae found in the autumn of 1933 at
Kew Gardens, also including a second generation, bred in the autumn
of 1984, This is an oriental species of which there is no previous”
record for the British Isles.

Mr. E. J. Hare exhibited :—(1.) 2 specimens of Arctia caja, L.,
from the Norfolk Broads district, (a) Inner spots of hindwings faintly
indicated in yellow. (b) Ground colour of hindwings and abdomen
yellow.

(2.) Short series of Dianthoecia conspersa, Schiff. (nana, Rott.) f.
hethlandica, Stdgr., from Shetland.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited preserved Lepidopterous larvae
showing seasonal and other variation.

Mr. 8. B. Hodgson exhibited a series of forms of Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., including a series of gynandromorphs taken in Co.
Galway 1927-1982; 9° Co. Galway, with asymmetrical blue scaling;
an English @ with rayed forewings; with obsolete and striate
underside forms.

Mr. Russell James exhibited :—1. Series of Hyloicus pinastri, L.,
bred ab. ovo from captured female, Dorset, 19383. Short series
captured specimens for comparison, Dorset, 1934.

2. Series Mellinea ocellaris, Brk., captured Suffolk, 28th Sept.,
1934; and four specimens Leucania albipuncta, Fb., Kent, 15th and
21st August, 1934.

Dr. Norman H. Joy exhibited a set of figures to be published in
a book entitled ‘‘ A Practical Pocket-book of British Birds,”

Colonel 8. H. Kenham exhibited a set of Melanic forms of Lepi-
doptera taken at Aspley Heath, Bedfordshire, pointing to connection
between that place and Scotland, possibly attributable to the
purchase of young trees—bearing ova—from Scotland in the past.

Dr. Harold King exhibited Agrotis ripae, Hb., from Dorset;

49

Cosymbia (Ephyra) orbicularia, Hb., Dorset; Selenia tetralunaria,
Hufn., Sussex ; Anyerona prunaria, L., Surrey; Lophopterya cuculla,
Esp., Bucks ; Boarmia ribeata, Clrek. (abietaria, Schiff.), Bucks.

Colonel F. A. Labouchere exhibited a few Spanish Lycaenidae,
Hesperiidae and Satyridae.

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited a bred Ruralis betulae, L., 3 , upperside
hindwings strongly fulvous banded on lower half of border, instead
of two spots. And 111 aberrations of 19 species, collected wild
during 1934, the most notable being:—Aryynnis aglaia, L., 3,
underside, red and black patches centre of inner margin to middle
of left hindwing. Pararge megera, L., S and 2 uppersides,
ocellated spot in fifth division forewings. Coenonympha pamphilus,
L., ¢ underside with long, additional, piece of texture grown on
surface right forewing. Polyommatus medon, Esp., undersides, 3 all
orange lunules well elongated on hindwings; and 2 caeca, Coury.
Polyommatus coridon, Pod., g upperside, somewhat leaden ground ;
gf underside, devoid of all basal spots; ? upperside, blackish rough
texture speckled with whitish. Polyonmmatus icarus, Rott., f upper-
side, pale blue; g underside, radiata (Courv.), plus elongation of
most basal spots; @ undersides, arcuata-bibasijuncta, Tutt, antico-
discoelonyata, anticoradiata, Courv., and two with extremely long
discoidal spot, right forewing on one and right hindwing the other.
Also many examples of bleaching in this and other species.

Rev. J. N. Marcon exhibited the following Lepidoptera taken by
himself during the 1934 season.

Melanic forms of Dryas paphia, Lin. g, Berkshire, and of
Polygonia c-album, L. 3 (hutchinsoni, Robs.), Worthing. Cream-
coloured forms of Brenthis euphrosyne, L. 9, Surrey, and Coeno-
nympha pamphilus, L., Surrey. A striate Polyommatus tcarus, Rott.
g,8. Downs. An opal-coloured P. icarus, Rott. g, S. Downs.
A symmetrically white marked Maniola jurtina, Lin. 9, Berk-
shire. Brenthis euphrosyne with aberrant markings; B. selene,
Schiff., ditto. Pieris napi, L., bred from Irish stock including three
yellow forms, one with yellow apex. Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe,
L.), with aberrant markings, one with suffused hindwings. d.aylaia,
L., one with spots on hindwings united, Berks. Aglais wrticae, L.
ab. polaris, Stdgr., Berks. P. icarus, Rott., two with large ocelli,
one with obsolete chevrons, S. Downs. Rumicia phlaeas, L., a
suffused and aradiate form. Melitaea cinxia, L., with median band
absent. Polyommatus coridon, Pod., an upperside ab. fowleri, South,
and an underside ab. diyitata, Courv. Maniola tithonus, L., with
pale hind border.

50

And on behalf of Mr. P. Harris:—An underside P. icarus with
forewings obsolete and hindwings striate. &. phlaeas, L., with band
on hindwing obsolete. A gynandromorph Plebeius aegon, Schiff.,
=argus, L. Aphantopus hyperantus, L., one ab. caeca and one
with hindwings only caeca.

Mr. Hugh Main numerous early stages of insect life in a living
state. |

Mr. A. M. Morley a picked series of aberrations of British Lepi-
doptera taken in S. Kent in 1984, including ;—

Coenonympha pamphilus, L., a specimen with wings of irregular
shape and others variable in size and shape of eyespot. Cupido
minimus, Fuess., f° with an unusual amount of blue sealing. P.
icarus, Rott., 2 ab. clara, Tutt., a @ practically obsolete underside
with discoidals displaced. Polyommatus bellargus, Rott., g ab. nigra,
Ckll., and a 2 darkened by use of carbolic acid in relaxing tin.
Hesperia malvae, L., with underside unusually dark. Psilura
monacha, L., light and dark forms. Lophopterya carmelita, Esp. A
short series of Leucania albtpuncta, Fab. Both sexes of Caradrina
ambigua, Fab. A varied series of Metachrostis muralis, Forst.
(glandifera, Hb.) Acronicta meyacephala, Fb., a form with light
patches on forewings. Dianthoecia nana, Rott., a second brood
24.vili.84. Dwarf forms of Ayrotis (Rhyacia) ypsilon, Rott., 31mm.,
and of Neuronia popularis, Fb., 29mm. Two Aventia feaula, Schiff.
Ab. costimaculata, Rbl. of Xanthorhoé montanata, Schiff. Light and
dark forms of Ectropis crepuscularia, Hb. and ab. delamerensis, B.
Wt., taken at the same time. Heavily marked forms of Lithina
chlorosata, Scop. (petraria, Hb.) Angerona prunaria, L., a banded
? and ab. pickettaria, Prout, g and the results of their crossing,
3 3 od like parent, 2 ? 2 of type form.

Mr. Moore exhibited a number of Exotic Cockroaches and
Mantids.

Mr. Gifford Nash exhibited:—(1) A Tarantula spider found
among Bananas by a Bedford greengrocer.

(2) Thorn apples on plant (Datura stramonium, L.) found in
Bedford. Two underside vars. of Melitaea cinwia, L., taken in the
I. of Wight in 1919 by Mr. Pugsley. A melanic var. of Aphantopus
hyperantus, L., taken by Mr. H. Tebbs on 17th July, 1984, in the
New Forest. One var. of Polygonia c-album, L., taken by Mr. A.
West in Northants.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited:—1. Long series of Volyyonia
c-album, L., autumn brood, showing extreme dark and light forms,

51

also undersides almost intermediate between type and ab, hutchinsoni,
Robs.

2. Papilio machaon, L. (Norfolk), a varied series; one with
Outer row of spots on the forewing on right hand side almost
obsolete.

3. Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus, L., a very pale 3.

4. Fumorpha (Chaerocampa) elpenor, L.,a unique gynandromorph.

5. Polyommatus (Lycaena) bellargus, Rott. (thetis, Rott.), a
smoky underside.

6. Lycaenopsis arytolus, L., 2nd brood 2? 2 very light and
extreme dark forms.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the following gall-causers :—

T'rypetidae.—Orellia winthemi, Mg., and parasites.

Cynipidae. Rare oak-gall causing species.—Andricus xanthopsis,
Schlt., Andricus amenti, Gir., Andricus circulans, Mayr.

Mr. S. W. P. Pooles and Mr. I’. W. Sharman exhibited a series
of Aegeria apiformis, Clerk., and Sphecia crabroniformis, Lewin.

Mr. C. G. Priest exhibited British Lepidoptera from the Isle of
Wight and other Districts.

Mr. 8. G. Castle Russell exhibited British Rhopalocera taken or
bred by himself in the season of 1984.

Dryas (Argynnis) paphia, L.—A female with spots on upper
secondary wings coalesced. ‘Two undersides of var. valezina, Esp.,
New lorest.

Brenthis euphrosyne, L.—A series of 16 aberrations including
abnormally black marked uppersides, and two of a pale straw colour.
North Hants and West Surrey.

Brenthis selene, Schiff.—A series of five specimens showing aberra-
tional markings. N. Hants and W. Surrey.

Melitaea athalia, Rott.—A series of five, including a male with
the upper wings entirely black except for marginal spotting. (var.
navarina, Selys., L.), and a male with an abnormal amount of
fulvous colouring. Hast Kent.

Aphantopus hyperanthus, Linn.—A specimen of ab. lanceolata,
Shipp., and a very grey underside. N. Forest.

Maniola jurtina, L.—A series of 12 including bleached and
asymmetrically spotted specimens. Winchester.

Euchloé cardamines, L.—A series of bred specimens with pale
orange markings. A remarkable underside female with pale green
and suffused markings, and a male with abnormal underside.
Yorks and Winchester.

52

Aglais urticae, L.—A series of four aberrations including a fine
example of ab. ichnusa, Bon. Winchester.

Hesperia malvae, L.—A dark underside. Winchester.

Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, L.—An example of ab. radiata,
Tutt, with only two faint red lines in place of red bar on under-
wings. Winchester.

Polyommatus bellargus, Rott.—A series of four including an ab.
obsoleta, Tutt, form.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Three specimens including a very
blue female and a male underside having all four wings striated.
N. Wilts.

Aricia medon, Hufn.—A specimen of form obsoleta, Tutt. Wilts.

Polyommatus coridon, Pod.—A series of 80 aberrational forms,
upper and undersides, including a male and female ab. cinnus, Gerh.,
a female symmetrically dusted with blue scales on all wings. A short
series of ab. syngrapha, Kef., including an example with unusually
broad border and a specimen with a border of large wedge-like
black spots lacking usual red spots.

Mr. 8. G. Castle Russell, on behalf of Mr. A. H. Sperring of
Southsea, exhibited an underside of Brenthis euphrosyne, L., showing
colouring of a brick-red shade on all wings instead of the usual
fulvous. Taken in South Hants, May, 1934.

On behalf of Mr. EK. Rivenhall Goffe, of Kings Somborne, Hants, an
aberration of Aglais urticae, L., taken by E. Rivenhall Goffe on
Buddleia blossom in his garden at King’s Somborne, 28rd Sept.,
1934.

Uprversipe.—The three large black spots near the upper margins
of the forewings are joined together forming a costal bar nearly
2" Jong and 1” wide. The outer areas of the primary wings are pale
fulvous with borders of black stripes instead of the usual blue spots.
The two small twin spots on the primaries are missing as in var.
tchnusa. The marginal spots on the secondary wings are pale mauve
on one side and normal blue on the other.

Unversipr.—The primaries are more heavily suffused with black
than usual and the red colouring of the upperside wings is clearly
reproduced. A very remarkable and striking aberration.

On behalf of Mr. A. Russell, Caterham, Surrey, an aberration of
A. wrticae, L.—The three large black spots on the primary wings
upperside are joined together and form a continuous bar. Taken
near Aldershot, 10.ix.84.

Mr. A. G. B. Russell exhibited a selection of Moths taken in Co.

53

Dorset during the past year including a series of Ayrotis vestigialis,
Hufn., with some fine melanic and other varieties, a series of
Leucania albipuncta, Fb. and some examples of Catocala sponsa, Le
(rare in this county) and Nonayria sparyanti, Esp. (believed to be
new to the county).

Rey. J. Ii. Tarbat exhibited a very pale Brenthis selene, Schiff.,
and an Aglais urticae, L., ab. wnita-picata.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited a collection of 260 species of Lepidoptera
taken during 1934. Including :—Lithosia depiana, Esp. and L.
sororcula, Hufn.—Boxhill, Surrey,; Marias chlorana, L.—Isle of
Wight; Acosmetia caliyinosa, Hb.—Isle of Wight (bred) ; Leucania
(Aletia) albipuncta, Fb.—Ashey Down, Isle of Wight; Hupithecia
denotata, Hb.—Boxhill (bred from larvae); Perizoma (Himmelesia)
bifaciata, Haw.—Riddlesdown, Surrey (bred from larvae); Discolowia
(Euchoeca) blomeri, Curt.—Chalfont, Bucks.; Minoa murinata, Scop.
—Selsdon, Surrey; Odezia atrata, L.—Groombridge, Kent; Bren-
this (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L.—variety from New Forest, Hants
(ground colour pale straw) ; Polygonia c-album, L.—Osborne, Isle of
Wight (larvae found on elim) ; Strymon (Thecla) pruni, L., Ruralis
betulae, L. and S. quercus, Linn.—larvae Monks Wood, Hunts. ;
Strymon (Thecla) w-album, Kn.—larvae from Maidenhead, Berks.,
and Surrey; Z’richiura crataegi, L., and Malacosoma neustria, Linn.
—Monks Wood, Hunts.; JM. castrensis, Linn.—larvae Burnham-on-
Crouch, Essex; Adscita (Procris) statices, Linn.—Groombridge, Kent ;
Aphomia gularis, Zell.—larvae taken by S. N. A. Jacobs in London
warehouse; Alucita spilodactyla, Curt. and Pterophorus carphodactyla,
Hb.—Isle of Wight; Lozopera francillana, Fb., L. diluctdana, Steph.
and Phalonia zephyrana, Tr.—Riddlesdown, Surrey; Phalonia
affinitana, Snell.—Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex; P. vectisana, Wstw.
—Shalfleet, Isle of Wight; Zortria viburnana, Fb.—including pale
saltern form from Burnham-on-Crouch and South Benfleet, Essex ;
Peronea literana, L. and Pammeme fimbriana, Haw.—Ockham,
Surrey ; Hvetria turionana, Hb. and Roeslerstammia eralebella, Fb.—
Westerham, Kent; Hucosma aemulana, Schlig.—Shalfleet, Isle of
Wight ; Polychrosis fuligana, Hb.—Monks Wood, Hunts.; Aletzneria
metzneriella, Stt.—a very small specimen bred from seedheads of
Serratula tinctoria, L. (Saw-wort), Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight ;
Synanthedon flaviventris, Stdgr.—lsle of Wight; Coleophora lineolea,
Haw.—Larvae feeding on Stachys lanata, (Lambs Kar), Selsdon,
Surrey.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited :—
(1) A selection of British Lepidoptera taken during 1934 in-

54

cluding series of :—Drymonia trimacula, Esp. (New Forest); Poly-
ploca flavicornis, Li. (Scotland); Agrotis ripae, Hb. (Kast Kent);
Triphaena fimbria, L. (bred); Eurotis prasina, Fb. (Hants) ; Xylo-
miges conspicillaris, L. (Somerset); Mamestra albicolon, Hb. (Kast
Kent); Brachionycha nubeculosa, Esp. (Aviemore); Tapinostola
extrema, Hb. (Hunts); Leucania turca, L. (Hants); Taeniocampa
incerta, Hufn. (Scotch); Mellinia ocellaris, Bork. (West Suffolk) ;
Ayrophila trabealis, Scop. (West Suffolk); Calocalpe (Hucosmia)
cervinalis, Scop. (certata, Hb.) (Suffolk); Coenotephria (Anticlea)
berberata, Schiff. (Suffolk); Anayoga (Numeria) pulveraria, L. (bred).

(2) A bred series of Polygonia c-album, L., from the New Forest.

(8) Varieties of Polyommatus coridon, Pod., taken in Sussex
during 1984 including obsoleta, Tutt, confluens, Tutt, and fowlert,
South.

(4) Varieties and Aberrations of British Lepidoptera taken in
1984, including Limenitis camilla, L., ab. nigrina, Weym., and ab.
seminigrina, (Hants); a very melanic female of Brenthis euphro-
syne, Lin. (New Forest), together with other dark forms of this
species and of Brenthis selene, Schiff.; a heavily-banded form of
Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L.; a melanic form of Chiasmia clathrata, L.,
taken in Hants; melanic examples of Apochetma hispidaria, Schiff.

Sth NOVEMBER, 1934.
The Presipent in the Chair,

- Miss L. E. Cheesman, F.Z.S., gave a Lecture illustrated with
Lantern Slides, ‘‘ Among the Mountains of Papua.”

22nd NOVEMBER, 1984.
The Presipenr in the Chair.

The following were elected members of the Society:—Mr. A. J.
Musgrave, B.Sc., 21, Loveday Road, W.13; Mr. G. B. Oliver,
Haslemere, High Wycombe; Mr. J. K. Ridfoot, Charterhouse,
Godalming; Mr. G. P. Sutton, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton,
Essex; Mr. H. G. Tunstall, 11, St. James Avenue, Ewell.

Mr. Grant exhibited puff-ball fungi from Cobham with the
Coleopteron Lycoperdina bovistae, Fb.

Major H. L. Stevens gave an Address “Around the Empire on
the track of Malaria,” and illustrated his remarks with a series of
films on the screen.

55

1sth DECEMBER, 1934.
The PresipEent in the Chair.

New Members.—Mr. H. C. Gunton, of Gerrards Cross, Mr. H. V.
Line, of Orpington, and Mr. T. Mears, of Wimbledon, were elected
members.

Mr. R. Adkin presented his Report of the Annual Congress of
the S. Hastern Union of Scientific Societies at Reading last July,
which he had attended as the Society’s Representative.

Dr. H. B. Williams exhibited Ruralis (Thecla) betulae, L., and
the aberrations swbunicolor, Tutt, unicolor, Tutt, spinosae, Gerh.,
restricta-lineata, Tutt, lata, Tutt, and a ¢ form in which the
orange lunules on the hindwings are confluent, Sussex, 1984.
Also Hipparchia semele, L., from 8, Hants, 1934, including g forms
with lower spot obsolescent on the underside.

Mr. Grant exhibited specimens of the large water beetle Hydro-
philus piceus, L.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited the following rare species of Hetero-
cera taken in his garden at Hastbourne, at light, during the past
summer, viz., Roeselia (Nola) centonalis, Hiib., of which the most
recent records were from Folkstone and Hastings about forty years
ago and Woodbridge in Suffolk in 1904. Caradrina ambigua, Fab.,
which although first recorded as British from specimens taken in
Sussex in 1879 had seldom been taken in that county for many years
past ; and Leucania albipuncta, Fab. He also exhibited two speci-
mens of Gracillaria azaleella, Brants., which were taken on the 4th
August and read the following note:—‘ This species was first
noticed in Britain as a pest on Azaleas in a greenhouse at Torquay,
in 1925 (EKntom., 1926 p. 13), then, under similar circumstances, at
Salisbury in 1980 (Hunt. Rec. 1930, p. 45); and now we find it at
Eastbourne: evidently it is extending its range in this country and
may possibly become a serious pest.”

Mr. Adkin also exhibited four species bred during 1934 from
leaves collected from apple trees growing in his garden at Hast-
bourne in the autumn of 1988, viz., Lithocolletis corylifoliella, Haw.,
I. concomitella, Bankes, L. blancardella, Fab., and Nepticula pomella,
Vaughan, also leaves showing the peculiar mines containing larvae
of L. corylifoliella. With regard to this species, he said that it was
one of the few Lithocolletids that remained in the larval state
during the winter, not pupating until spring; it was therefore

56

necessary, in order to rear it successfully, to keep the leaves con-
taining the larvae moist throughout the winter and early spring.

Also three specimens of Laspeyresia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, L.,
bred in July, 1934, from larvae taken in August, 1932 (Proc. 1933-4,
p- 38). The cocoons from which these were reared had been
examined in October 1933 and were found then still to contain
larvae ; it was, therefore, evident that the larvae had remained, as
such, in the cocoons throughout the whole of 1938, and had not
pupated until the spring of the second year.

Mr. Robert Adkin then read a paper on ‘‘ Some Lost Suburban
Hunting Grounds” (See Trans.) and in illustration of his remarks
exhibited the following species:—Lewisham district.—Comacia
(Miltochrista) senea, Htb., Acronicta leporina, L., Agrotis ypsilon,
Rott. (sugusa, Hub.), Omphaloscelis (Anchocelis) lunosa, Haw., Litho-
phane (Xylina) semibrunnea, Haw., Hepialus humuli, L., Pandemis
(Vortrix). corylana, Fab. Greenwich Marshes.—Ayrotis niyricans,
L., Ochria ochracea, Htib. (flavago, Esp..), Calamia phragmitidis,
Hub., Leucania straminea, Treits. West Wickham and Shirley.—
Drepana faleataria, L., Agrotis strigula, Thunbg. (porphyrea, Hib.),
A. agathina, Dup., Noctua castanea, Eisp., N. dahlii, Hiib., Xanthia
fulvago, L., X. lutea, Strom. (flavago, Fab.), Thera obeliscata, Hub.,
Cleora lichenaria, Hufn., Dyscia (Scodiona) fagaria, Thunbg. (bel-
giaria, Bkh.), Perconia (Aspitates) strigillaria, Hib. Darenth.—
Aporophyla lutulenta, Bkh., Cirrhoedia xerampelina, Hib.

All of these were at least half a century old, many of them con-
siderably older. :

South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.
39th AnnuaL Conecress.
Reapine, 1lltx ro 141Ta Jury, 1984.
Report oF THE Society’s REPRESENTATIVES.

It will be noticed that the date of the 1934 Congress was fully a
month later than usual, the reason being that it was desirable that
it should not clash with term time of the University, an arrange-
ment that proved eminently satisfactory as it enabled the greater
part of the University buildings to be placed at the disposal of the
Congress, thus giving ample accommodation for the reception of
the members attending, for meetings of the various sections to be

57

held simultaneously, and for the issuing of tickets for excursions
and so forth.

The Union was fortunate on this occasion in having for its
President Professor H. Leader Hawkins, D.Sc., F.G.S., Professor of
Geology at the University of Reading, and it may be said without
hesitation that the success of the Congress was due to his untiring
efforts. He not only took a leading share in the arranging and the
carrying through of the programme, but was indefatigable in his
care and attention for the comfort of the members, and in all this
he was ably assisted by the Local Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. C.
Fishlock, and the members who attended will we are sure, one and
all, wish to express their gratitude to these gentlemen.

The members began to assemble soon after 11 o’clock on the
Wednesday morning in the Gymnasium of the University which
had been fitted up as a reception room with writing tables, chairs
and all desirable conveniences. Members, who so desired, were
accommodated in the Halls of Residence of the University during
their stay, and luncheon was obtainable daily in the Buttery within
the grounds. Indeed, the arrangements for our comfort were as
near perfect as might be.

Wednesday afternoon was devoted to a tour of the more interesting
places of the town; the Abbey ruins, where a descriptive talk was
given by H. T. Morley, J.P., F.S.A., F.R.Hist. Soc.; the gardens,
the exterior of churches, and the Municipal Museum, where notes
on some of the more important exhibits were given and proved
particularly interesting.

In the evening the members were received by the Council and
Senate of the University in the Hall of the University at 8 o’clock ;
at 8.30 the new President was inducted and delivered his Presi-
dential Address. He took as his title ‘‘ Fossils and Man,” a subject
which enabled him to unfold a particularly interesting and enlighten-
ing story on evolution. The evening was brought to a close with a
conversazione.

On Thursday morning at 9.30 the Representatives held their
first meeting. The Council's report, the Hon. ‘Treasurer’s
accounts and report, and the reports of some of the sections were
read and adopted; the President, Officers and Council for the
ensuing year were elected ; and other formal business having been
transacted the meeting was adjourned to Saturday; when the
remainder of the sectional reports were presented, sundry votes of
thanks passed, and an invitation for the Union to hold its 1935

58

Congress at Bournemouth accepted. A suggestion was brought
forward that the Congress should in future be extended by an
extra day, that is that it should assemble on Tuesday and extend
over the remainder of the week. Representatives were asked to
confer with their respective Societies and to report their views at
the Congress in 1935.

The remainder of Thursday morning was devoted to the meetings
of the Archaeological and Botanical Sections. In the former the
President, T. D. Kendrick, M.A., F.S.A., gave an Address on ‘“ The
Art and Archaeology of the early Anglo-Saxons,” and this was
followed by a paper by P. 8. Spokes, M.A., B.Sce., on ‘‘ Some Aspects
of Local Heraldry.’”’ In the Botanical Section the President,
Macgregor Skene, D.Sc. (of Bristol University), spoke on ” Some
Problems of Germination,’ in which he referred to the great
differences in the time that various species of seeds retained
their vitality, and among other things the impossibility of the
so called mummy wheat germinating after being kept for some
thousands of years. Mr. Somerville Hastings, M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S..
gave a lantern lecture on ‘“ Plant Life in Alpine Switzerland,’.a
subject which drew a large audience.

For Thursday afternoon four excursions were arranged. The
Archaeologists visited Silchester. Unfortunately the greater part
of the excavations had been filled in, and as the President
remarked, a good deal more of Silchester was to be seen in the
museum than on the spot; however, a visit to the site was inter-
esting and was rendered the more so by the remarks of Lt.-Col.
Karslake, F.S.A., who had charge of the party.

The Botanists explored the Valley of the Kennett and Greenham
Common under the guidance of Miss M. A. Corry, and those
interested in Regional Survey visited the University Agricultural
and Horticultural Farms and the National Institute for Research
in Dairying at Shinfield.

The Geologists journeyed to Kingsclere, that remarkable spot
where the North and South Downs and the Chilterns seem all to
meet and to enclose within a few hundred yards most of the
geological formations associated with the chalk. In several places
exposed sections permitted remarkably good views of the strata
to be seen. At each of these a halt was made, and, despite a gentle
rain that was falling, our enthusiastic President, who had taken the
party under his wing, gave most interesting notes upon the various
structures. Chalk fossils were to be found in numbers and several

59

members availed themselves of the opportunity to secure such
samples as the time available permitted. If the country around
Kingsclere is a veritable geological paradise, there is little doubt that
it would be equally interesting to the botanist and the entomo-
logist, but unfortunately the dampness of the herbage and the very
limited time at the disposal of the party rendered any detailed
investigation impossible.

In the evening The Right Worshipful the Mayor, Alderman Miss
Edith M. Sutton, J.P., entertained the members to a Reception at
the Town Hall when a most pleasant evening was spent. The
museum adjoining was specially thrown open to the visitors, and
the Mayor’s personal solicitude for their enjoyment was most
cordial.

On Friday, there being no Representatives’ Meeting, the whole
of the morning was devoted to Sectional Meetings, and having
disposed of their routine business—feports, election of Presidents
and Officers for the ensuing year and so forth—they settled down
to Presidents’ Addresses and Papers.

In the Zoological Section the President, C. B. Williams, D.Sc.,
F.R.E.5., Entomologist to the Rothamsted Experimental Station,
gave an Address on ‘‘ Insect Immigration in Great Britain’; and
this was followed by a Paper on ‘‘ The Vertebrate Fauna during
the Period of Man,” by W. A. Smallcombe, B.Sc.

The Presidential Address to the Geological Section, by F. H.
Edmunds, M.A., F.G.S., dealt with “The Water Supply and Geology
of the South Hast of England”; and was followed by a Paper by
Llewellyn ‘l'reacher on ‘‘ The Gravels of the District.”

The Regional Survey Section had a very full morning’s work.
The President, C. H. Grinling, B.A., addressed them on ‘ Survey
for Action’’; then followed a Paper by E. W. Gilbert, B.Litt., M.A..
F.R.G.S., on ‘ Reading, its Position and Growth,” and another by
W. A. Seaby on “ The Distributian of pre-historic and early historic
Man in the Middle Thames Basin.”’

A number of excursions were arranged for the afternoon and
despite a heavy thunderstorm that broke about 1 o’clock and was
followed by frequent showers, most of them were carried through in
circumstances less pleasant than might have otherwise have been
the case. The Geologists visited Theale and Pangbourne, again
under the guidance of Prof. Hawkins. The Zoologists and Botan-
ists journeyed to the renowned Pamber Forest, conducted by
R. E. G. Smith and L. Rudland, and were perhaps the greatest

60

sufferers from the weather for with wringing wet foliage work in
either department is, to say the least, not pleasant. It may,
however, not be out of place to mention here that the Purple
Emperor Butterfly (Apatura iris, L.), an old inhabitant of the
Forest, but which had apparently deserted it for many years, had
again turned up, but of course was not seen on this occasion.
Visits were also paid to Messrs. Sutton and Sons’ Seed Trial
Grounds, Huntley and Palmer’s Biscuit Factory, and other inter-
esting works in and around the town, competent guides explaining
the various processes at each.

In the evening Prof. E. B. Poulton, I*.R.8., gave a Public Lecture

to a large audience in the Town Hall on “ The Power of Changing
Colour as a form of Protective Resemblance.”’ 7

On Saturday morning, after the adjourned Representatives’
Meeting, Sir Lawrence Chubb gave an Address on ‘“‘ The Rights of
Way Act, 1932,” an important enactment to all lovers of the
countryside as it gives the means of defining what are and what are
not Public Rights of Way. At noon a large company assembled
for a long excursion to the Vale of the White Horse, Uffington
Castle, Wayland Smith’s Cave, and Blewburton, when a very
pleasant and interesting long afternoon was spent, and on its return
the Congress automatically came to a close.

The Congress in 1935 has been arranged to be held in Bourne-
mouth from 26th to 29th June under the Presidency of Prof. A. C.
Seward.

RoBert ee te 2 aie
G. V. Bun ee eee

10th JANUARY, 1935.
The PrestoEent in the Chair,

The decease of a member, Mr. G. Routledge, was reported.

Mr. J. A. Stephen, of Chatham, and Prof H. B. Whitehouse, of
Birmingham, were elected members.

Mr. M. Niblett, Mr. H. W. Andrews, and the President exhibited
series and examples of J'rypetidae (Dip.) to illustrate the Paper
subsequently read by Mr. Niblett.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a larva of Leucania albipuncta, Fb., from
ova laid by a female taken at Swanage, September, 1934, and said
that some larvae have a red-brown ground colour, others a pure

<

61

grey one, but the black markings in all are very clear and strong, as
in the most clearly marked larvae of L. lithargyria, Esp.

Mr. Wakely exhibited series of the several species of the genus
Tinea and read the following notes :—

** An article has been published recently, written by Messrs. F. N.
Pierce and J. W. Metcalfe, dealing with the species shown to-night,
namely, Tinea cloacella, Haw., T. granella, Linn., T. ruricolella,
Staint., and the newly discovered 7’, personella, P. & M.. sp. nov.
Mr. Pierce has kindly identified these four species for me, and I
find that, although the general look of each species when placed in
series side by side with the others is quite distinctive, yet it is still
by no means easy to identify all specimens by markings and
colour. Each species, however, can be identified by an examina-
tion of the genitalia.

‘The splendid series of Tinea personella were taken by Mr. F. J.
Coulson at Clissold Park, North London, and were found on tree
trunks, the empty pupa cases being also noticed protruding from the
bark. A single specimen was also taken by him at Horsley, Surrey.

“ The two specimens of Tinea ruricolella were bred out of fungus
taken on Wimbledon Common by Mr. Coulson and passed on to me.

“ Tinea yranella has also been recorded from fungus. Personally
I have bred it from bitter almonds, dried figs and printers old ink-
rollers; but Mr. Jacobs once gave me some larvae feeding on ergot
of rye and peanuts.

‘¢ Tinea cloacella has been bred in numbers from old fungus and
is the commonest of the four species mentioned.

‘¢Mr. Coulson’s series of 7’. personella are especially noteworthy
and have added another locality to the known range of this species.”

In addition Mr. Wakely read the following note on his summer
holiday observations. ‘ Last August, during a holiday in the Isle
of Wight, I noticed some flower-heads of thistles (Carduus nutans, L.
and Cirsiwn lanceolatum, li.) evidently suffering from the attacks of
some insect. A closer inspection disclosed several lepidopterous
larvae, so I took a sample which I kept in a linen bag, hoping
eventually to breed the moth and determine the species. Within a
few weeks I found a number of the larvae had eaten their way
through the bag and had escaped. However, 1 recognised some of
these in the act of escaping, as a common species—AMyelophila
(Myelois) cribrella, Hb. The thistle-heads were examined again at
the end of November, and several small lepidopterous larvae detected,
which I hope to breed through next spring. At the same time a
specimen of the beetle exhibited, Rhinocyllus conicus, Froel, was

62

found. It was enclosed in a burnt-looking black gall situated
under the seeds, and several others were found later within similar
gall-like growths.

Mr. B. T. MacNulty exhibited specimens of a 8rd brood of Phray-
matobia fuliginosa, LL. Ova were laid 15th August and the larvae
pupated by the end of September. One larva failed to pupate and
died. From the eleven pupa obtained, six moths emerged, one of
which was deformed. The first on 25th October and the last on the
19th of November. The larvae were kept on a window sill. No
attempt was made to force them.

Mr. M. Niblett read a Paper entitled ‘‘ Some Observations on Bri-
tish Trypetidae.” (See Trans.)

24th JANUARY, 1935.
AnnuaL MEETING.
The Presipent, Mr. T. R. Eacues, in the Chair.

The Report of the Treasurer, the Financial Statement, the
Balance Sheet and the Council’s Report for the past twelve months
were presented, read and approved.

The following is the List of Officers and Council who were
declared elected for the year 1935-6.

President.—K, . Syms, F.R.W.S. Vice- Presidents.—T. R. Eagles,
M. Niblett. Hon. Treasuwrer—A. E. Tonge, F.R.E.S8. Hon.
Librarian.—h. i. Syms, F.R.E.S. Hon. Editor.—Hy. J. Turner,
F.R.E.S., F.R.H.8. Lon. Secretaries—S. N. A. Jacobs, Hy. J.
Turner. Hon. Lanternist.—J.H. Adkin. Council. R. W. Attwood,
I. J. Coulson, H. G. Denvil, P. Bainbrigge Fletcher, M.Se., F.R E.S.
J. A. Downes, C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., F.C.S., F.R.E.S.,
F. Stanley-Smith, Mrs. M. Stanley-Smith, G. V. Bull, B.A., M.B.,
H,..King, .D.Se.,, 2R.8,

The President then read his Address and the New President took
the Chair.

Votes of Thanks to the retiring President, Officers, Council and
Auditors for their services during the past year were proposed and
passed.

Orpinary MEETING.
Mr. K. Kk. Syms, Presipent, in the Chair.

The death of an Hon. Member, Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., F.R.S.,
was announced.

63

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

South London Entomological and Patural Bistory
Society.
Read 24th January, 1935.
By T. R. EHaauus, President.

ADIES and GENTLEMEN. The reports you have just
heard read are evidence of the sound and happy position of
the Society. The total membership is 245—a slight

decrease, it is true, compared with last year, but the falling off is
apparent only, being due to a drastic weeding of the list.

The Meetings, both in these Rooms and in the Field, have been
well attended. The exhibits have been varied and instructive. The
Society’s collections and books are in good state and are of real
value for reference purposes. Lastly, but not least, the finances
are in sound order. All these things we owe to the efforts of the
various working officers and to the happy spirit of co-operation
shown by all members.

I suppose we shall always have certain little problems to contend
with and I want to take this opportunity of referring to some of
them so that the improvement which hes been shown lately may
be maintained. livery care should be taken to ensure that exhibits
are passed round so that all members may see them. When we
recollect that the preparation of even a small exhibit entails time,
trouble and risk, this little effort is clearly due.

There is on the official card a request to exhibitors to furnish written
particulars to the Secretary. It is also very desirable that the exhibit
itself should have some quite brief particulars with it, so that a
member examining an exhibit may not be wholly dependent on his
recollection of what was said by the exhibitor. Again those little
arts and devices which make the exhibits more clearly visible should
be employed and developed. Lastly, there is sometimes a certain
diffidence among members in answering the queries put by

64

exhibitors, who now and again desire further information about
their exhibits. I mention these matters partly for the sake of new
members, as we look forward to seeing exhibits from them during
the coming year.

Turning from our own domestic affairs for a moment I wish to
record with what feelings of gratitude and pride we learned of the
well-earned honour of Knighthood conferred by His Majesty the
King on one of the leading Entomologists of our day—Professor
Poulton. In this pride and gratitude I am sure all who are
devoted to Natural History will humbly join.

Ladies and Gentlemen, during the year we have lost three
members by death—Mrs. Brooke, who specialized in horticultural
entomology ; Mr. George Bell Routledge, F.R.E.S., of Carlisle, who
was the author of “The Lepidoptera of Cumberland’’; and Dr.
I’. A. Dixey, F.R.S., F.R.E.S., formerly sub-warden, bursar, and
lecturer, and honorary fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. A few
days ago Dr. Dixey lost his life in a street accident in London. In
November, 1928, he addressed us here on the “‘ Scent Glands of the
Pierinae.”’ He had contributed greatly to our knowledge of this
subject and of Mimicry. He was a Honorary Member.

I propose to-night to review some of the biological theories which
are accepted to-day as having validity and to consider them in
relation to our own activities in Entomology and Natural History.
Some of these theories are very generally accepted ; others are not
so fortunate.

I confine myself to those accepted to-day because it would take
too long to consider the others, and moreover it would be of no
practical value. It must not be forgotten, that in the past certain
biological theories have held the field for long periods and then have
been superseded and forgotten. Without dwelling on this fact, I
wish nevertheless to emphasize it because it is valuable as a reminder
that the theories, we to-day hold in such high regard, may be
smiled at by posterity.

I shall speak about Mendelism, Mimicry, and Colour Conflict.

1. Mendelism has attracted the attention of a wide public,
because, apart from the commercial interest of those concerned in
animal or plant breeding, there are many who are keenly interested
in problems of heredity from a political, cultural, or purely persona

65

standpoint. Thus the elementary principles of Mendelian inherit-
ance are known—a little vaguely perhaps—to a _ substantial
percentage of educated people. The working entomologist, more
especially the rearer of lepidoterous larvae, can hardly avoid
knowing a good deal about Mendelism, and, if he is to derive from
his work full value for himself and others, he should have its main
rules at his finger tips so that he may be instant to see the
experimental possibilities of, for example, the curious and unusual
specimen of a common insect, which he finds one day on a fence
or in his emerging cage. Then perhaps his thoughts will not
automatically fly to the killing bottle, the setting board, and the
cabinet. Instead he may be emboldened to take the risk of
rearing from this specimen. The result may be failure and total
loss. On the other hand successful rearing may yield, not only a
number of welcome specimens for the cabinet, but also valuable
information on the genetics of the insect.

It may be objected that there has been so much elaborate work on
Medelian lines with insects—to say nothing of what has been done
with plants and animals—that without prolonged work of the type
demanding a laboratory or an insectary, nothing useful can be done.
I think this is a false view. Let us consider the most obvious thing
—the ascertainment of whether a particular feature, is or is not,
inherited on Mendelian lines. An accumulation of a large number
of experimentally ascertained facts on this point will be, I suggest, of
great value in helping to clear up the most important question of
the true boundary line. ‘To get the proper perspective of this matter
it is necessary to bear in mind that there is, to put it at its lowest,
the possibility that all organic inheritance is on Mendelian lines.
It may not be so much a question of finding what characters are
inherited on Mendelian lines, as of finding which are not. Merely
because environment suggests itself as a ready explanation we must
not jump to the conclusion that Mendelian inheritance is not to be
expected. The factor which produces a certain outward and visible
character in one external environment may produce quite another, if
the external environment (temperature and the like) is altered.
Naturally it will exhibit Mendelian features equally in both cireum-
stances. Thus the exceptional character, which excites our curiosity
as being new, may be nothing more than an old friend in disguise.
More subtly the effect of a factor may be altered by internal environ-
ment so that a factor, which produces in the ordinary way a
certain character, may in the case of a particular individual produce

66

some different character. This kind of alteration is thought to be
due to an alteration in the arrangement of the other factors or genes
in the various chromosomes, to a change in what is sometimes
referred to as the gene complex. There would be no external
visible indication of the existence of such a change in the environ-
ment of the factor, and so an old friend might in this instance be
even more effectively disguised. All of which goes to prove that
breeding is the only way of being sure of the proper view to take of
any unusual form coming under our notice.

If we come to the conclusion that a character is not Mendelian,
we should pause to consider to what type it may be presumed to
belong, for example, is it induced by a general environmental cause
such as industrial pollution or by special causes such as starvation,
poisoning, or accidental staining of the tissues. We shall note how
soon it wears off—does it disappear in the first filial generation or
does it, though diminished, persist to the second ?

Presuming the character is proved to be one that passes from
generation to generation on Mendelian lines, various other questions
suggest themselves. The answers to these will reveal, more or less
completely, what special inheritance properties the character con-
cerned possesses. The first point is probably to observe what
character behaves as the opposite or contrasted character of the
particular character we are considering. This is generally to be
inferred from the nature of the character itself, as for example
normal colouring to albinism. But every case is not so simple.
After all we are studying organisms whose economy is vastly different
from our own. Clearly if we start off with a wrong assumption as
to what characters are allelomorphic we shall soon have to retrace
our steps and begin again.

Next comes the question of dominance. If we wish to obtain a
long series of specimens exhibiting a feature which we have recog-
nised as Mendelian we shall need to ascertain as early as possible
whether what we are dealing with is dominant or recessive. It is
familiar to us all that as long as we are dealing with two recesssive
individuals as parents breeding is almost invariably true. This,
of course, arises out of the very nature of a recessive because any
individual that exhibits the recessive character must be devoid
of any factor for the opposite dominant character. Were the

dominant character present it would necessarily assert itself

so that the recessive factor would be completely masked. As

soon, however, as a dominant is introduced as one present in a

%
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67

breeding experiment various results may follow according to the
precise circumstances. The results are often as irritating as they
are informative, but these troubles have to be faced as part of the
task of the breeder, whether he be working for collecting or for
experimenting purposes, The wild stocks with which our breeding
experiments commence have almost always various dominant factors,
and may be either homozygous carrying two dominant factors or
heterozygous carrying a dominant factor and a recessive. The two
cases will be outwardly similar and it is only by breeding that the
two kinds can be sorted out.

Linkage is the next feature to attract our attention. Presumably
because the genes for two characters reside in the same chromosome
such characters are normally found together. Or it may be that,
supposedly because a particular character is in association with the
sex-chromosome, such character is inherited relative to sex. Infor-
mation on these points is valuable to the collecting breeder because
recessive sex linked characters are often much commoner in one sex
than in another. Hence special back-crossing may be necessary to
secure them in the sex in which they occur less freely. From a
scientific point of view the results are valuable. True, it cannot be
hoped to work out the hereditary features and chromosome make-up
of more than a very few insects in the same detail as has been done
with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. That insect has only
four chromosomes—an exceptionally small number. Fourteen and
upwards are usual with lepidoptera. Nevertheless, the accumulation
of observations will be valuable and it may lead to useful general-
izations more quickly than at first seems possible.

There are several other Mendelian features, but there is not time
to deal with these. Alongside the various queries that can be
classified as purely Mendelian there is the problem of the inheritance
of acquired characteristics. We all know that by usage of environ-
ment certain characters are acquired. It is familiar that among
human beings, for example, the constant demands made on certain
limbs and muscles by the work peculiar to different crafts bring
about abnormal developments which can be noticed in life and
which can be detected sometimes even in the skeleton. It is equally
familiar that in general these acquired characteristics are not
inherited. Various experiments have been made with a view to
discovering whether any inheritance or partial inheritance of
acquired characteristics can be traced. ‘These experiments have
on the whole been inconclusive and in one well known case the bona

68

fides of the experiment have been called in question. Animals have
been trained to do certain things and their descendants have been
watched to see if they learnt more easily. But factors such as the
gradual taming of the animals tend to vitiate such experiments.
Moreover, these experiments are concerned with actions rather than
structure. It may ultimately prove that the structural acquired
characters are inherited to a degree so minute that the inheritance
has been overlooked. If this be so it will probably not be in
organisms so small as insects that the process will first be detected.
However that may be the matter is worth watching because of its
obvious importance in connection with evolution.

2. I havesaid that Entomologists have made a large contribution
to the total store of knowledge of Mendelism. When I turn to
_ Mimicry I am tempted to say that they have made the chief con-
tribution. Certainly the subject has been studied by many
prominent entomologists with the utmost care, enthusiasm, and
Success. Immediately the subject is approached a confusion of
names is encountered, but this should not dismay anyone interested
in Natural History. Here, however, it is not the more usual case
of several names being applied to the same thing. It is the
reverse, for several things are often lumped under the same name
Owing to failure to use the distinctive terms propounded by the
Entomologists already referred to. Yet the use of the proper titles
is most helpful to fix in the mind ideas which the working naturalist
should always have before him ready for application to observed
facts. The simplest of these ideas is that of mere concealing
resemblance. No one who does any Natural History work in the
field is ever likely to lose sight of the wonderful efficiency of the
procryptic devices of insects, whether it be general procrypsis which
is the resemblance to the whole environment, or special procrypsis
which is the resemblance to some special item such as a seed or a
feather. Yet the most fascinating aspects of mimicry are not the
resemblance of insects to their inanimate surroundings but their
resemblance to each other. It is pleasing to recall that our
countryman Bates was one of the first, if not the first, to deal with
this form of mimicry.. So much so that his name is used to
describe the case where an insect not itself distasteful to birds,
lizards, ete., secures protection by an outward resemblance to other
insects which are distasteful or which are better left alone because
of the possession of a weapon such as a sting, or irritating hairs, or
an unpleasant exudation, or which are undesirable because of

ae

69

exceptional toughness. Further observations and investigations
followed on the suggestions made by Bates and led another worker,
this time a German, tu draw attention to another form of mimicry.
This mimicry, to which has been given the name Mullerian, occurs
where an insect, itself distasteful to enemies resembles another
which is also distasteful. The selective cause producing the two
things is, however, quite similar, being merely the attacks of
hungry enemies. In the first case there would be a tendency for a
form of an edible insect which slightly resembled a distasteful one
to have an advantage over another form. It might not secure
immunity from attack, but nevertheless the lessening of the danger
might easily be appreciable. It may well be that if a resemblance
is only sufficient to cause a second’s hesitation on the part of the
attacker it may yet be enough to secure the escape of the mimic.
In the second case, which is that of Mullerian mimicry, one of the
selective agents is thought to be the attacks of young birds learning
by experience to avoid insects of a certain pattern. If two or more
different species have the same pattern then the loss arising in the
cause of education of young birds would tend to be divided over all
the species having the pattern instead of being borne by one only.
It will be readily appreciated that these two kinds of mimicry
working together will bring about large associations of similar
insects all flying the same flag—some being genuine members of the
association in that they are distasteful—others more or less
impostors falsely carrying the label of inedibility and being what is
technically called pseudaposematic. Until it reached the point of
balance at which its very size defeated its purpose such an associa-
tion would grow by, as it were, drawing to itself other species,
particularly those numerically weaker.

While the field Naturalist in these islands has ample opportunities
of studying procrypsis and can never cease to marvel at the close
resemblance of larvae and insects to inanimate objects, he has not
nearly so much first hand acquaintance with the other forms of
mimicry. This is reflected in the writings on Batesian and
Mullerian mimicry where most of the examples dealt with are exotic
insects. The pioneer observations too seem to have been made over-
seas. Nevertheless there are in our fauna instances and indications
of these forms of mimicry. Though there are some among the
lepidoptera there are more among the other orders of insects. The
best known instance among our lepidoptera is, I suppose, that of
the clearwing moths. Even here the models are members of another

70

order ofinsects. Mostof us have heard the story of the entomologist
who explained to his friend the protection gained by a hornet clear-
wing moth from its resemblance toa wasp. ‘To his dismay a sparrow
swooped down and deavoured the moth. This may be explained on
the footing that the clearwings are Batesian mimics and therefore
really edible, and that a sparrow, especially a town sparrow, would
be too sophisticated to be deceived. A more serious reason for think-
ing the clearwings are Batesian mimics is that they are so much
less common than their models. This would be expected for the
reason that a too abundant Batesian mimic would endanger the
effectiveness of the warning pattern of the model. Predaceous
enemies would come to regard a trial as worth while. This would
be almost as disastrous to the model that would be rejected as to the
mimic that would be eaten.

To the general observer of nature in these islands, the best known
example of mimicry is that of certain flies to wasps and bees. It
seems to follow that this is Batesian mimicry because the protection
of the wasps and bees is not distastefulness but their stings. The
mimics lack the stings so that their bee and wasp make-up is
pseudaposematic. It should be remembered that the protection
secured by the flies is against birds and not against the bees and
wasps which they resemble. It was suggested that certain of these
flies needed the protection of a bee-like appearance because they
entered bees’ nests as enemies. It seems, however, that they are not
enemies of the bee community but rather friends who do scavenger-
ing work. In any case it is doubtful if these hymenoptera take
note of the general appearance of another insect. Jt is more likely
they are guided by scent. Fairly obvious examples of members of
the well known associations of warningly coloured insects are to be
found in this country, though perhaps the full significance of the
colours and behaviour would not have been so readily appreciated
were it not for the knowledge gained by the study of more numerous
and more striking examples overseas. Taeniocampa miniosa whose
larvae live in colonies on scrub oak in certain localities is an instance
which brings to mind some characteristics wide spread among warn-
ingly coloured insects. First there is the fact that they congregate
together, thus enhancing the effect of the warning colours. The
second feature is the wide difference between this larva and those of
the other members of the genus found in this country. These others
are concealingly coloured—mostly got up to resemble foliage, but
in one instance (munda) the resemblance is to a twig.

ih

71

Taeniocampa miniosa has, so to speak, abandoned the uniform of
its fellows and put on that of the group of which it has become a
member. Apparently here, as in most other cases, a price has to
be paid for advantages, for this species is, [ think, more heavily
parasitized than any of the others. Another character of insects
belonging to mimetic associations is that they are often sluggish.
They rely on their warning colours and make no effort to escape.
Thus at times one sees the large “ frog-hopper,”’ 7'riecphora vulnerata,
warningly coloured red and black, resting conspicuously on tall
grasses and other herbage. In the same way a colony of the large
red beetle, Chrysolena (Chrysomela) populi may be seen, the indivi-
duals blatantly obvious on the plants of dwarf sallow.

These insects, as I have said, belong to mimetic associations.
Whether they are models, or Batesian mimics, or Mullerian mimics
is difficult to ascertain or even infer in a country with a fauna so
comparatively sparse as ours. Probably in other parts of their
range their position in the scheme of things would be apparent.

Another hindrance to the study of mimetic problems in our own
country is the small size of these islands. ‘The most fascinating
feature of mimicry and the most arresting argument in favour of
its reality is the way models which vary in different parts of large
Jand areas are followed by correspondingly varying mimics.

It is natural to enquire to what extent the facts and theories of
mimicry can be explained by or reconciled with the inheritance
theories passing under the name of Mendelism. There is not time
to do more than to refer to one or two facts. In the first place
investigations have been made with some of the exotic species of
butterflies which have varying forms to mimic different models. It
has been shown that certain of the different forms segregate
in Mendelian ratios and it seems altogether probable that the
varying forms have in all cases been produced on Mendelian lines.
It is now better understood how in view of the interaction of
numerous factors quite small variations can be transmitted on
Mendelian lines. It is also fairly certain that by alteration of the
gene complex the lethal effects of certain characters can be lessened
or done away with. Moreover, there is evidence that in a similar
way a character can change from being recessive to being dominant.
In view of progress on these lines there is no longer so much
difficulty as before in interpreting mimicry on Mendelian lines,

8. Very recently a hypothesis has been put forward by another
countryman of ours, who is known to many of you, and to whom

72

some of you have listened in this room. I refer to Major Hingston
and to his theory of Colour Conflict. Whether the theory will be
developed and amplified and discussed until it becomes as well
known as the theory of Mimicry is for the future to decide. Mean-
while we should not neglect the ideas put forward from such a
quarter with the support of a powerful array of facts in many
branches of zoology. In his preface Major Hingston announces
that his idea contradicts Sexual Selection and modifies Natural
Selection. This, coming from an eminent naturalist, an enthusiastic
admirer—indeed a biographer—of Darwin, at once arouses our
curiosity. Here will be something novel. Not that criticism of
Darwin’s theories is novel—far from it—but here we may expect a
different type of criticism from that to which we have become all
too accustomed. The author describes his theory as that of Colour
Conflict. He pictures all animals, birds, insects, etc., as having two
chief emotions, the one fear and the other anger. By virtue of their
fear they possess colour, markings, patterns, etc., suitable for con-
cealment ; by virtue of their anger they have weapons for actual
fighting or bright colours for threat. He is at great pains to urge
that bright colours, conspicuous markings, tufts, and the like are
not adornments intended to please but threats to terrify. He regards
the concealing uniform as primary or fundamental, and the threat-
ening one as superimposed. Each particular species develops the
threatening side of its nature as far as circumstances permit, but
this development is continually kept in check by the fear of danger.
This fear is all the time holding back and checking the threat. The
two inward emotions are struggling for the mastery, and this inward
struggle is accompanied by an external manifestation, namely the
possession of a uniform which may be either concealing or threat-
ening according to the needs of the moment. The outward
appearances are governed by the struggling emotion within. Hence
the term, Colour Conflict. These ideas are exemplified by a con-
sideration of mammals, of birds, of reptiles and batrachians, and of
insects. Considerable stress is laid on the contention that much of
the fighting in certain species of animals, many species of birds, and
nearly all species of insects, is by way of threat and bluff. This
replaces—sometimes partly and sometimes wholly—the physical
rending and tearing of most mammals. It is called psychological
warfare.

Let us turn to a few examples to see more clearly what is meant.
Major Hingston chooses the lion as his first and primary example.

73

He points out the concealing nature of the general tawny colour of
the animal’s coat and goes on to point out that the lion has three
areas where this colour is replaced by brown or black. The three
areas are the mane, the tail tuft, and the tips of the ears. He says
that when the lion stalks its prey the areas of darker coloration
are kept out of view because the dominating emotion is fear—the
fear of being detected by its prey. In the final rush, when conceal-
ment can no longer be maintained, the threatening areas are made
prominent with a view to terrifying the victim and thus adding the
weight of fear to its already formidable weapons. This transforma-
tion is quickly effected by erecting the hair of the mane so as to
show the dark tips, by raising and lashing the tail to show the
terminal tufts, and by turning the ears to exhibit their dark patches.
Precisely the same threats are employed in fighting with other lions
as are employed in overwhelming prey.

He gives numerous examples of the threatening methods of other
animals in the course of which he puts forward the view that the
hairy coat of animals is primarily for the purpose of threat and only
in a secondary way for keeping the owners warm. In this
connection attention is drawn to the widespread use of the hairy
coat as a threat by means of the erection of bairs which are often
tipped with darker colour.

Turning to birds he is at pains to show that the bright patches,
crests, plumes, etc., are in positions corresponding to those of
similar markings, etc., inanimals. In showing how birds use these
markings, etc., for purposes of threat he maintains that their
fighting is to a great extent a matter of bravado, display, and gesture.
This accords with the contention that the function of feathers is
in a substantial measure that of threat. That this function is an
important and deep-seated one is evidenced not only by observations
of behaviour but also by the fact that the markings in the
threatening areas—such for example as certain markings on the
wings and tails of pigeons—are very persistent, tending to remain
unchanged when other features are modified by domestication or
other causes.

The power to use the covering of feathers for threatening or
concealing purposes according to the needs of the moment is
claimed to exist in birds as in mammals. It is pointed out that
many birds have crests which can at one time be depressed and
hidden and at another time be erected and conspicuous. Similarly
with wing and tail markings—especially the outer feathers of the

74

tail. Passing over what is said about reptiles and batrachians, let
us consider how the hypothesis works in regard to insects. More
than ever for insects and especially for butterflies is is necessary to
rely on the idea that bright colours are mostly for threat. The fact
that more often the bright colours of butterflies are on the upper
surface of the wings and therefore readily visible in flight is held to
be compatible with the use of the colours as weapons in a psycho-
logical warfare. That these bright colours on the upper surface of
the wings are often on the outer area where they would be most
visible is urged as additional evidence. It is remarked how butter-
flies have the habit of basking with slowly expanded wings and of
sailing in the air with wings outstretched. These are claimed to be
methods of using the bright intimidating colours of the upper
surfaces of the wings, the basking being particularly suitable for
the defence of territories or favoured spots. According to the
theory the eye spots so familiar in many species are purely threats.
Further, the possession of a uniform available at will for conceal-
ment or threat is readily established, for have not the wings of very
many species of butterflies bright conspicuous upper surfaces and
dull concealing undersides? Others have bright eye spots on the
under surfaces, but the wings are so held that these spots are
invisible when the insect is at rest but displayed when it is
disturbed.

It will be recollected that as part of the theory it is suggested
that the fundamental pattern of animals, birds, insects, etc., is @
concealing one and that the threatening coat is developed only as
circumstances permit, that is, in proportion as the fear of enemies
decreases owing to some special protection. That distasteful insects
are brightly coloured on both surfaces of the wings fits in with this
idea—though of course, the fact is capable of another very well-
known explanation.

If it is correct that the concealing colours are the more funda-
mental and at the same time correct that the undersurface is more
often used for concealment than the upper surface then it would
seem to follow that the patterns on the under surface would be more
useful for the purposes of grouping butterflies into genera. It is
claimed that in fact this is often the case; the affinities of one
species to another being more readily suggested by the underside
markings.

Turning to moths there are first the day-flying species whose
colourings seem to bear the same interpretation as do those of the

75

butterflies. It is not surprising that the second group, the nocturnal
species, do not offer so many instances which can be cited in support
of the theory. For one thing they are, as a class, of concealing dis-
position, and secondly there is the almost insuperable practical
difficulty of observing their habits during their period of activity.
We may know a great deal about the larval history of a nocturnal
moth, we may know its precise habitat, its time of emergence, its
feeding habits as an imago, but of its habits in rivalry with its
fellows or in evading its enemies we know very little. Nevertheless
colour conflict is said to be witnessed in some truly nocturnal moths
such as the common yellow underwing. When ai rest these moths
are inconspicuous to a degree, but in the act of making off when
disturbed they flash out a display of bright colours which is argued
to be a threat to enemies—not a prolonged threat but a temporary
disconcertment sufficient to facilitate escape.

In the case of caterpillars, the bright colours can readily be shown
to have an intimidating effect, and, seeing that caterpillars have no
sexual life it is easy to argue that these colours do not arise from
Sexual Selection. But it is more difficult to show, in the case of
such passive creatures, that there is any active threat or that the
colours are anything more than what is commonly called warning
coloration. The difference may seem one of words only, but for
the purposes of the theory it is far from being without significance.

If the bright colours of lepidoptera can be looked upon as being
for the purpose of threat against rivals among their own kind and
against outside enemies then it is not difficult to imagine that a
similar case can be made out for brightness in other orders of
insects, such as the wonderful colours of dragonflies, the lumines-
cence of certain beetles, or the vivid colours which certain grass-
hoppers and mantids display in the face of danger.

In developing the argument that much of the fighting among
animals themselves is by way of threat, attention is naturally drawn to
the fact that many animals have their tusks and horns developed to a
degree far beyond that of maximum mechanical efficiency. These
weapons are often so large as to ba difficult to use—apart from their
being heavy and cumbersome. Some animals possess weapons so
placed that it is impossible for them to be used physically. It is
suggested that for purposes of psychological warfare these extrava-
gant appendages are of great value, so much so that it is an
advantage to the species for them to develop in size until they
secure more by threat than they could by action. To entomologists

76

this is of interest because many exotic beetles and a few of our
native species possess weapons of this sort. It is said of our male
stag beetle that despite its larger horns it cannot nip one so
effectively as the less imposing female.

It remains to notice some further matters arising in the develop-
ment of the theory. The phenomenon of moulting—so familiar in
birds and animals, is explained as an instance of colour conflict.
The concealing colours of winter give place to the brighter colours
of spring, which are claimed to be useful for fighting—either as an
added terror if the fighting be physical, or part of the main armoury
if the fight be psychological. Another phenomenon very familiar
to entomologists, namely sexual dimorphism, is fitted into the
theory. It is urged that the males are usually the more brightly
coloured, or, if it is a case of light or dark coloured, the more darkly
coloured. These colours of the males are said to be more threaten-
ing and to be due to the fact that the males have greater hostility.
The reason for the greater hostility is said to be because in addition
to enemies outside they are concerned with rivalry against their
own kind. .

An attempt is made to explain certain geographical varieties (to
use the author’s own expression) and through them the arising of
new species. With great care and in exact deiail it is expounded
in regard to birds that these geographical varieties are made evident
by difference in just those markings, etc., which are of threat value,
and that these differences are more marked in the males than in
the females. Thesuggested reason is that differences of environment
enable the overriding hostile emotion to be developed in different
degrees. If it be in fact the hostile emotional content that varies,
then naturally the variation will be apparent mostly in the threat
marks and mostly too in the males.

Lastly it is suggested that the true explanation of melanism may
be found in the colour hypothesis. Jt has been put forward from
time to time that melanism is a direct result of moisture. This is
now questioned and the alternative suggestion is that moisture
increases the growth of vegetation, which in turn affords more
protection, thus allowing the hostile emotional content greater
freedom of development.

It will be evident that if the theory of colour conflict be accepted
it will, in a great many cases, no longer be necessary to look to
Sexual Selection for an explanation of bright colours and markings.
But it will be recalled that it was claimed for the theory that it

F

ie

77

contradicted Sexual Selection. This attitude is maintained
throughout in discussion, and, moreover, a small section is devoted
to marshalling objections to Darwin’s theory. However, there is so
much constructive work in the book that very little space is left for
destructive argument. That this is so is all to the good for | hold
that the more we ponder the various biological theories, Natural
Selection, Mendelism, Mimicry, Colour Conflict, etc., and especially
the more we try them out in the light of our own observations and
experiments, so much the more do we realize how they are inter-_
laced with one another, are interdependent, and are, in some
baffling but beautiful way, part of one great entity.

78

Mite Galls.
By M. Nisierr.— Read 8th March, 1984.

The family of Mites which are the cause of galls upon plants is
called Kriophyidae; this family is divided into two sub-families,
Eriophyinae and Phyllocoptinae, which are split up into a number
of genera: Hriophyes, Phyllocoptes, Monochetus, Kpitrimerus, etc.

These growths were noticed by naturalists and others very many
years ago, and there was much speculation and controversy as to
the cause of them. The botanists appear to have concluded that
they were of fungoid origin, and called them Erineum. Andrew
Murray was the first British observer to give serious attention to
these creatures, and in his work on Aptera, published in 1876, there
was included some very interesting and useful information about
the Phytopti, as he designated them.

Since that date they appear to have been sadly neglected by
British naturalists, although in recent years several lists of Mite
Galls have been published by British observers They have however,
been studied by a number of Continental naturalists: Dr. Nalepa of
Vienna studied this group closely and established numerous genera,
species, etc., aud has published the result of work in various
Continental publications.

The mites themselves are very small, varying from 310 long by
60 broad, to 90u long by 30p broad. They are cylindrical and
vermiform in shape, and as in all Arachnids the head and thorax
are not separated, but form what is termed a cephalothorax, and as
in all mites the abdomen is fused to the cephalothorax. The
head and thorax are covered on the dorsal surface by a shield-like
plate which has numerous markings upon its surface, these
markings are of considerable value in the identification of different
species. The head is pointed, giving the creature the appearance of
having a snout.

The maxillae are 3-jointed and are used as antennae. ‘The elon-
gated abdomen diminishes in size towards the tail and is ringed all
round, the number of rings varying from 40 to 95. In the
Eriophyinae the rings (or rather half rings) are nearly equal in
width upon both dorsal and ventral surfaces; but in the Phyllocop-
tinae the dorsal half-rings are distinctly broader than the ventral.
Several (usually seven) pairs of setae are present on the body and are
apparently organs of touch.

The tail is divided into two semicircular flaps, and it bears
at its extremity a pair of setae much longer than the others. The

79

mites have no special respiratory or circulatory organs, the exchange
of gases taking place through the body-wall; there is no heart, and
the fluid analogous to blood moves irregularly throughout the body.
There is no stomach, digestion taking place in the large intestine.
Salivary glands and Malphigian tubules are also wanting.

The skin is formed of a very thin colourless layer of chitin, beneath
which is a network of cells containing pigment. Thereare four legs
all exactly alike, they are five-jointed and are situated near the head ;
they usually have a number of small bristles upon them and
terminate in a small claw.

The colours of the inites are white, and orange-yellow to brownish-
yellow. The female lays large numbers of eggs, the membrane of
which is composed of chitin; they are either round, elliptical or ovoid.
The larvae are very similar in appearance to the parents, but are
smaller in size and have fewer setae, they moult at least twice, the
sex not being manifest until after the second moult. The nymphal
‘stage is characterized by the development of the sexual organs.

The adult mites spend the winter in buds of plants chiefly, or in
the earth. They are very sensitive to the action of light, and evade
sunlight which kills them. A number of species do not make galls,
but live in them as inquilines, or else prey upon the gall-causing
species. Ifa gall is cut open and examined through a magnifying
glass, it is usually possible to see the mites crawling about amongst
the hairs, and not infrequently the eggs may also be seen; but to
view them properly it is best to wash them out on to a glass slide
with a little water, when they can be examined under the microscope.
Many of the Kriophyid galls are quite conspicuous objects, while
others are very difficult to find, and when found are apt to cause
one to remark, can we call this a gall? This applies more particu-
larly to the bunches of axillary hairs in the angles of the leaf-veins
which are so designated, but as there is in these cases an increase in
either the numbers, or size of the hairs, or perhaps a change in the
form of the hairs due to the action of the mites, they must | feel,
be classed as plant-galls.

Iam afraid that I have not given this section of gall-causers
the attention they deserve, but must plead lack of time rather than
of inclination. The field covered by causers of plant galls is so
vast, and the problems in connection with them waiting to be
solved so many, that one is obliged to concentrate upon a small
section of the group, in the hopes of solving perhaps a few of the
many problems awaiting solution.

The mites affect many families of plants, chiefly attacking the
leaves, although both leaf and flower buds are also affected.

The leaf galls may consist simply of an increase of the number of
axillary hairs with no deformation of the leaf itself; there may be
an area of the leaf surface covered with a felt of fine hairs, with or
without deformation; another form is where the leaf is bulged or

80

puckered to such an extent that it is converted into a pouch;
sometimes the margin of the leaf is folded or rolled in its entirety,
or only a portion of the leaf edge may be involved, there is with
this type of gall frequently a considerable thickening of the part
attacked by the mites. The remaining type of leaf gall is a raised
pimple, or pustule, usually upon the upper surface of the leaf;
these may vary very much in size, shape and colour, they all have
an opening on the opposite side of the leaf, are hollow and contain
numerous hairs.

The leaf-bud galls take the form of buds swollen often to many
times their normal dimensions, which fail to expand and finally
perish. .

Flower-bud galls are somewhat similar, the buds becoming
swollen and failing to mature.

There are a few other types of mite-galls, but the majority fall
into one or other of the groups just mentioned. The number of
species of plants known in Britain to be galled by these Eriophyids
is about 190, and the number of species of mites affecting them is
about 170; there is one rather interesting point to be noted here:
all woody plants, that is trees and shrubs, are in nearly every case
affected by numerous species of mites, while herbaceous plants have
in the majority of cases only one, occasionally two, and rarely three
species attacking them.

Many species found in Britain have apparently a wide distribution,
they being recorded also from mid-EKurope, Portugal and Sweden.

I do not propose giving a list of the mite-galls found in Britain, or
attempting a detailed description of many of them, but will refer to
several which are very common objects of the countryside, and
which undoubtedly the majority of you have seen at some time or
other.

The specimens [ am showing are examples of many typical forms
which occur.

Probably the most familiar leaf-gall is that of Hriophyes macror-
rhynchus, Nal., which takes the form of small eruptions upon the
upper surface of the leaf, green at first, then turning to red; the
galls of this species occur upon the leaves of Maple (Acer campestre,
L.), and Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanns, L.), usually in considerable
numbers, and may be found from mid-May to quite late in the year.

Eriophyes macrochelus, Nal., is another species rather similar in
appearance but usually much larger in size, and frequently with
the colour of the gall running to purple; this may often be found
in the same situations, but I think more ‘frequently upon Maple
than upon Sycamore.

A variety of E.macrochelus, v. erinea, Trott., takes the form of a
whitish felt, which sometimes covers the whole of the underside of
a leaf, this again affects both trees, but I have found it comparatively
scarce upon Sycamore.

81

Eriophyes viburni, Nal., also causing a pustular type of gall may
frequently be found in some numbers upon the leaves of Viburnum
lantana, L., and more rarely upon those of Viburnum opulus, L.
I have found this species to be very local, having found it in
profusion upon J’. Jantana in certain localities, but in many others
where the plant occurs abundantly, I have been unable to find a
single gall; its occurrence upon V. opulus is even more localized,
as I have found it at only one locality although I have searched for
it upon this plant over a wide area for a number of years.

The Lime (Tilia spp.) is the host of quite a number of species of
Gall-mites, the one probably most frequently noticed is the ‘ Nail
Gall,” caused by Eriophyes tiliae, Pagn. Its popular name is
certainly applicable, as a leaf studded with these galls does look as
though it has a number of nails projecting from its surface. The
gall of this species is not at all uncommon, and where it occurs is
usually to be found in some numbers.

Hriophyes tiliae, Pagn., v. liosoma, Nal., causes quite a different
type of gall, which takes the form of a felting of the underside of the
leaf, with a yellowish pustule upon the upper surface, frequently
when the mites are plentiful, involving the whole of the leaf.

Iriophyes tiliarius, Can., attacks the flower-bracts of Lime,
causing a swelling of the edge sometimes involving the whole length,
and sometimes occurring at intervals along it; this species is usually
to be met with quite frequently, and sometimes the bract is so curled
that it envelopes the flower-stalk, but it does not appear to affect
the development of the flower.

Monochetus sulcatus, Nal., affects the leaves of Beech (Fagus
sylvatica, L.), causing them to fold into a peculiar fan-like arrange-
ment, a form of gall which I believe is unique.

Eriophyes yalii, Karp., a species which is to be found upon eight
species of Galium, causes the leaves to become contorted and
generally sickle-shaped; it may usually be found in fair numbers
upon the more common species of Galiwm, and more particularly
perhaps upon G. aparine, L., and G. sawatile, L.

Epitrimerus trilobus, Nal., attacks Elder (Sambucus nigra, L.),
causing a rolling of the leaf-edges with little hypertrophy, but the
leaves are usually much crinkled. This species shows a decided
preference for young leaves,

There are a number of Eriophyids aftecting leaf-buds and causing
what is commonly known as “ big bud.”

Eriophyes ribis, Nal., the cause of “ big bud” upon currant bushes
is most probably the most well-known, it being a pest of some
economic importance. The black currant appears to be the chief
sufferer, but it also attacks red and white currants and gooseberry.

Eriophyes rudis, Can., is to be found upon Birch (Betula, spp.),
the buds affected swelling to many times their normal size and when
fresh are covered with a white pubescence.

82

Eviophyes avellanae, Nal., is to be found upon Hazel (Corylus
avellana, L.). This species of mite causes both the buds and staminate
catkins to swell, and the galls are usually to be found in some
numbers where Hazel bushes occur.

Eriophyes psilapsis, Nal., is the cause of “big bud” upon Yew
(Taaus baccata, L.). This species does not occur very plentifully as a
rule, but a few specimens may generally be found where Yews grow.
It has been recorded at times as causing serious damage to Yew
hedges.

Of the species of mite causing galls on flowers, that of EHriophyes
triradiatus, Nal., is perhaps the most conspicuous; the gall is com-
posed of catkins greatly deformed, and when fresh is not unsightly,
but it is more frequently noticed when the plants are leafless, as an
ugly black mass, and where it is abundant in this state it is certainly
far from ornamental. It has been recorded in Britain as occurring
upon twelve species of Salia, but it occurs “I think” most frequently
upon the Crack Willow (Salia fragilis, L.). Several species of
Eriophyids have been associated with these galls by Continental
observers, but it is more than probable that all the galls of this type
found upon the various species of Salia are caused by one species
of Hriophyid.

Eriophyes fravint, Nal., upon the flowers of Ash (Fraainus eacelstor,
L.). which become swollen and distorted, is a gall which also
assumes a considerable size, and is not unlike a small cauliflower
in form.

Eriophyes origani, Nal., is to be found upon Marjoram (Origanum
vulyare, L.) ; the corolla, calyx and leaflets are all covered with a
mass of fine hairs, and when numerous the panicles form whitish
globular masses. This species, as do many others of this family
appears to be quite local in its occurrence: I have seen in some
localities large clumps of Marjoram without a single gall, whilst in
others it was difficult to find a plant not galled.

There are quite a number of species of plants whose flowers are
attacked by Kriophyids, resulting in Chloranthia (greening), varying
degrees of hypertrophy, and sometimes partial doubling of the
flowers.

I could continue indefinitely, describing various forms of galls
caused by Kriophyids, but will not tax your patience any longer,
trusting that these rather incomplete remarks have conveyed to you
at least some general idea of Mite Galls.

83

The Genus Taeniocampa.
Report oF a Discusston.—26th April, 1934.

Mr. C. G. M. de Worms opened the discussion by reading the
following note : —°

The J'aeniocampa form a group of the Noctuid moths, which
is familiar to ‘all collectors of the Macrolepidoptera and especially to
the beginner in this pursuit. The members of this genus are the
first Noctuids of the new season, their appearance always ushers in
.the spring months, and coincides with the blooming of the sallow,
on the blossoms of which they are readily obtainable.

As to the Classification of this group, Seitz has replaced the name
Taeniocampa by that of Monima. The genus comprises 20 species,
three of which are confined to $.E. Kurope and Asia Minor, seven to
Japan and Amur, and nine to lurope in general, including the
British Isles. The iast section comprises gothica, L., miniosa, Esp.,
stabilis, View., pulverulenta, Esp. (cruda, L.), populeti, Tr., incerta,
Hufn., opima, Hb., munda, Esp., and gracilis, F.

I will first deal with general characteristics of the group and
then with those of the individual species.

Tutt divides the nine species into three sections :—(1) munda,
incerta, opima, gracilis. (2) populeti, gothica, stabilis, pulverulenta
(cruda). (3) miniosa. This division is based upon anatomical
differences. The variation of colour of the imagines of this genus
is remarkable and each species has a form resembling its neighbour.

As to the anatomical features of the imago, the antenna of the g
is strongly pectinate except in incerta and opima, with 9 antennae
serrate.

With regard to the distribution of the nine species all except
three are very widely spread in the U.K. The three distinctly local
species are populeti, opima and miniosa. ‘These three are usually
fairly abundant where they are found.

As to times of appearance the first of the season are gothica,
incerta, munda, pulverulenta and stabilis, about mid March ; populeti
early April; miniosa end April; opima and gracilis late April.

The larvae of the group are similar in anatomy but very variable
in colour—all feed on trees, shrubs, or low plants.

The ova are somewhat flat and ribbed and are laid in clusters on
twigs. Those of opima are laid in a ring around a twig.

84

With regard to the individual species, 7. gothica has a very wide
distribution both in this country and abroad. Found throughout
Europe, Central Asia and Japan. In this country all over U.K.
Imago out mid March to mid May. Larva feeds on low plants
and foliage of trees.

Many (Tutt mentions seven) colour forms of this insect have been
described.* Probably the most well known is gothicina (in which
the black wedge-shaped mark is obliterated) found in Scotland and
N. England.

T. stabilis, another insect very common and of wide range. All
central Europe, Asia Minor and all over the Brit. Isles, though less
common in Scotland. Moth mid March to end of April. Larva
on many trees, chiefly oak. Six colour forms are described by Tutt
chiefly shades of grey, red and brown.

T. pulverulenta (cruda). The same distribution as stabilis in U.K.
and abroad. Larva same foodplants as stabilis. Moth mid March
to mid April. Tutt mentions six colour forms of this species.

T. populeti. Only central and northern Europe. Local in §.
England. Infrequent in Scotland. Imago throughout April;
larva feeds only on members of poplar family and lives between
spun-together leaves of foodplant. Six forms are described by Tutt
ranging from pale grey to black.

T. incerta. Very wide distribution over Europe and N. Asia.
Found everywhere in British Isles. Imago mid-March to mid-
April; larva on foliage of most trees and shrubs. Tutt
describes 16 forms varying through purple, grey, black and red.
Northern forms are very fine, red, brown or straw coloured.

T. opima, Found N. Kurope, Asia, very local in British Isles—
only Northern England and sparingly in south. Imago mid April
to mid May ; larva chiefly on Sallow. Seven forms described by
Tutt.

T. munda. Hurope and N. Asia, found in England, rare in
Scotland. Imago mid March to mid April: larva chiefly on oak.
Tutt describes four colour forms. Colour range, grey, straw and
red. The best known variety is immaculata, Stdgr., without any of
the usual ‘‘ twin spots ’’ on the subterminal.

T. miniosa, found in most parts of Europe and Asia Minor, less
common and very local in England; found in most southern
counties and northwards to Lancs. Imago last three weeks of April;
larvae feed gregariously on oak. Northern forms darker than
southern.

T. gracilis. Found throughout Europe and Japan and very
widely distributed in British Isles and Scotland. Imago end of
April to end of May ; larva chiefly on low plants and sallow. Great

* As well as several sub-varieties based on the development of the ‘‘ gothic-
mark,’’—Eps.

85

variety of forms including fawn, white, orange, pink, red, and dark
brown. Red forms in New Forest feed on Sweet Gale. Scotch
forms are pink, N. Kent are dark brown (marshes).

Mr. de Worms exhibited ova of 7’. incerta from Folkestone, young
larvae of the same species from Aviemore and young larvae of 7’.
munda and T. populeti from Byfleet.

Dr. EK. A. Cockayne contributed the following :—

‘‘ Superficially the Taeniocampa in the imaginal state appear to
form a compact genus, but an examination of the larvae shows that
this impression is incorrect. To illustrate this I] am showing full-
fed blown larvae of all the species except opima, the larva of which
is in the penultimate instar.

Gracilis has larvae of various shades of green, chestnut, or brown,
and in one form the surface above the spiracular line is nearly black.
Opima has similar green and brown forms and there is also
one of a deep purplish colour. In both species the darkening of
the green ground or the brown, black or purple coloration is due
to a similar arrangement of freckles, which form a fairly broad
continuous band above the wide and conspicuous lateral stripe.
These are the only two species, which show a close resemblance in
the larval state. The pale green form of gracilis is not unlike
incerta in some respects, but the latter has a continuous narrow
black line just above the lateral stripe, whereas in gracilis there
is a much broader band of black freckles on the thorax, especially on
the prothorax, and no black line at all on the abdominal somites. In
the box is a form of incerta, of which I have never seen a description.
From a female taken near Pulborough, Mr. A. J. Wightman reared
a brood of larvae and about half of them had small irregular black
marks arranged longitudinally all over the dorsal and ventral sur-
faces, even extending on to the prolegs and becoming confluent to
form continuous lines at the edges of the dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular stripes. These stripes were pure white, as were the
opaque freckles scattered over the skin between them. In a few
larvae the skin was so heavily freckled as to appear blackish green
dotted with pure white and pale blue-green. The head was green,
though in some larvae the setal plates were brownish. Stabilis
resembles the yellow-green form of incerta in having opaque yellow
freckles between the stripes, but the dorsal stripe is narrower, there
is no black line above the lateral stripe, and there is a conspicuous
transverse yellow stripe across the posterior part of the eighth
abdominal somite, which is lacking in incerta. Pulverulenta (cruda)
has three fairly distinct forms, the common one with whitish ground
and dark brown or blackish transverse bands, a chestnut form, and
a@ green one, which often has a longitudinal red mark in the lateral
stripe on the seventh and eighth abdominal and sometimes on the
other abdominal somites ; occasionally the red marks are present on

86

the thoracic somites as the specimen depicted in Wilson’s ” Larvae.
of the British Lepidoptera” (Pl. 36, fig 9a). All the forms have
many small spots on the head, but in the green ones these are
greenish and indistinct ; in the dark forms there is a narrow trans-
verse line on the posterior part of the eighth abdominal reminiscent
of that seen in stabilis. Gothica lacks the opaque yellow or white
dots of incerta and stabilis, being plain green with a broad white
lateral stripe, and its head is smaller. Munda with its ground
colour varying from red-brown to dark brown is different in
both colour and pattern from all the other Taeniocampa and has a
larger head than any of them. The larva in its last instar often
hides in cracks on the bark of tree-trunks and in possessing this
habit is unlike any of its congeners. Mudniosa also has a coloration
and pattern different from those of the other species. There are
two distinct forms, one with yellow stripes the other with deep
orange ones, and in both the extent of the black markings is very
variable. Miniosa also remains gregarious until a much later stage
than the other Taentiocampa. In the larval stage the species most
divergent from the rest appears to me to be populeti. Apart from
other differences its larva has a much thicker skin with very little
of the yellow pigment which is present in the skin of the green
forms of other species. It always has a large black mark on each
lateral lobe of the head, and the clypeus (front of Fracker) is largely
or wholly black, but the extent of black is variable. Sometimes
the lobes are black except for a narrow stripe on the side of each
and a narrow line where they meet in front, but a pale mark like
an inverted Y nearly always persists, the tail formed by the junction
of the lobes and the limbs by the epicranial sclerite, though some-
times even this sclerite is dark brown. The habit of making a house
between two leaves and lying with its body curved is peculiar to
populett.

The figures in Pierce’s “‘ Genitalia of the British Noctuidae” show
remarkable structural differences between the various members of
the genus and confirm the impression, gained from a study of the
larvae, that none of them are very closely related. I will take them
in the same order as the larvae and point out some of the chief
differences. In gracilis and opima there is a corona on the harpe,
which is absent in all their congeners, and I think this proves that
the similarity between their larvae is not merely superficial and that
they are more closely related to one another than to any other
member of the genus. Nevertheless there are important differences
between them. Opima has a protruding pollex clothed with small
spines towards its termination, and this is absent in gracilis. The
uncus in opima is broadened at the end while that of gracilis is
pointed. In incerta the juxta is deeply cleft and differently shaped
from that of any other species. Stabilis has a scobinated ampulla, a
structure which is smooth in all the others, and the uncus is tongue

87

shaped, laterally emarginate and apart from its different shape is
very much larger than that of other TJaentocampa. Gothica is
remarkably unlike the others. The harpe isa different shape and
from the upper part of the cucullus a short digitus arises; in the
others there is no digitus. The uncusis broad at the tip, almost
bifid, and is therefore unlike that of any of the other species, but
the greatest structural difference is in the juxta, which has two long
curved scobinated arms arising froma collar. Pulverulenta (cruda) has
a pointed uncus and unlike all the rest its juxta is peaked in the
centre instead of being depressed or cleft. Miniosa also has a pointed
uncus and only a small depression in the centre of its juxta, but the
harpe is produced into a hook at the anal angle and cannot be
matched in its general outline by any other species. Munda and
populeti both have a cucullus with projections on it, though their
number and size are different, but munda has a long arm arising
from the sacculus, which is absent in populeti. In addition to other
differences between these two species populeti has a vesica without
cornuti, and I believe it is the only ZVaeniocampa with a vesica of
this kind.

There are a few disconnected remarks, which [ should like to add.
No hybrids have been bred to my knowledge, but pairing of
gothica and stabilis have produced fertile eggs, and pairings between
other species have been observed. At Wye I once found a male
stabilis paired with a female pulverulenta (cruda), but no eggs were
laid.

The late Hon. N. C. Rothschild obtained several pure white
gracilis in Wood Walton Fen, and I found that the scales of two,
which he presented to the British Museum, were devoid of pigment,
thin, and curled up. A white gothica, probably with a similar
defect of the scales, was taken by Renton in Argyleshire.

There is a record of a gracilis with the forewings black except for
a pale border around the stigmata (Hveringham, “‘ Ent. Month. Mag.”
1924, p. 21). Mr.J.C.F. ‘Fryer once bred large numbers of gothica
for several generations starting with eggs from a single female and
from time to time obtained a few specimens with the hollow in the
gothic mark filled in with black scales to form a rectangle. HEggs
laid by a pair of this form or by a male or female of it crossed with
a normal gothica always proved infertile, so that it is a completely
infertile recessive.

IT am told that nearly all the larvae of gracilis found on bog
myrtle in the New Forest produce red or brown forms, though now
and then there is a dark grey one amongst them, and that normal
pale grey specimens are taken on sallows growing close to the bog
myrtle. The colour cannot be due to the food-plant, because larvae
are common on bog myrtle at Rannoch and produce normal grey
forms as well as the pink ab. rosea, Tutt.

Mr. Robert Adkin showed series of 7’. gothica from Shetland,
Orkney, Rannoch and other Scottish localities, Ireland, North Wales

88

and southern England; and 7’. incerta from Scottish localities,
Yorkshire and the New Forest. Referring to 7’. gothica he said that,
as Tutt pointed out long ago (“ Brit. Noct.” II. p. 150), the reddish
Scotch forms with the gothic mark obsolete, that we were wont to
call var. gothicina, were certainly not gothacina of Herrich-Schaeffer
but should, he thought, be known as sub-var. obsoleta-rufescens, Tutt.
Herrich-Schaeffer’s figures represent a dark slatey-grey form with a
fairly distinct rusty-red gothic mark. With regard to 17’. incerta, he
said that colour variation appeared to be much the same in both the
Scotch and South English specimens, but that in those from York-
shire the light forms appeared to be missing, their general tendency
being towards the darker shades.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited a box of Hymenopterous parasites of
the genus Jaeniocampa, with the following note.

The species of this genus are for the most part rather heavily
parasitized in this country.*

T’. opima, T. munda and to a less extent 7. pulverulenta are excep-
tions to the general rule, while stabilis is victimized by the greatest
number of species of parasites.

Most of these parasites are polyphagous, i.e., attack a more or less
wide range of hosts, while others, among which may be mentioned
Spudastica kriechbaumeri, Bdg. with its peculiar jumping cocoon,
and Meniscus murinus, Gr. appear to limit their attentions to larvae
of this genus, frequently causing a very heavy mortality.

Much work however remains to be done and records accumulated
before we can form an opinion upon the frequency of attack by any
parasite upon a particular host.

* See Morley and Rait Smith’s list in ‘‘ Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.’’ 19383.
But these numbers will no doubt have to be considerably increased. This list
also fails to indicate the frequency of attack by any parasite upon a particular
host.

Parasites of British spp. of Taeniocampa (Monima).

goth. jincert.| pop. | stab. | grae.| min. |mund,| pulv.
ICHNEUMONIDAE.

Coelichneumon derasus, Wesm. | +
Cratich. fugitivus, Gr. oo | +] +
13 ©6fabricator, ¥.
», nigritarius, Gr.
i earuscator, Li...
Ich. latrator, F.
Ctenich. castigator, F.
», melanocastaneus, Gr..
Probolus alticola, Gr...

Cryptus obscurus, Gr...

Pimpla brevicornis, Gr.

Glypta genalis, Moll. ..
Meniscus plantaria, Gr.

a murina, Gr. .. 7
Campoplex pugillator, L.
"i confusus, Fst.
“ ebeninus, Gr.

Spudastica kriechbaumeri, Bdg.
Meloboris crassicornis, Gr. ..
Angitia interrupta, Hlm.
Anilasta carbonaria, Ratz.
Anomalon cerinops, Gr.
Agrypon arquatum, Gr. ae

re anzium, Wesm.

2 flaveolatum, Gr. ..
Ophion undulatus, Gr.

vat, euteus, Ta. =e a

», minutus, Kriech.
Astiphromimus strenuus, Hlm.

BRACONIDAE.
Rhogas nigricornis, Wesm.

», circumscriptus, Nees...
Apanteles congestus, Nees...

a solitarius, Ratz.

- formosus, Wesm.

- ruficrus, Hal.
Microplitis vidua, Rthe.

ifs mediana, Rthe.

“2 mediator, Hal.

re tuberculifera, Wesm.

ue fumipennis, Ratz...

Macrocentrus abdominalis, F...
Zele testaceator, Curt.
Meteorus albiditarsus, Curt. ..
aa luridus, Rthe.
“i pulchricornis, Wesm.

i scutellator, Ruthe. ..
¢ fragilis, Wsm. Ses
CHALCIDAE.

Eulophus sp.

89
|

goth. jincert.| pop.

+++

stab. | grac.

-S
+ | +
—-
-L
+
--
“=
oe
~~
+
+
+
+ | +
+
—-
ok
—
a
16 | 7

min, |mund.

--

a

10 1

pulv.

90

Mr. C. N. Hawkins showed short series of Taenidcampa gothica, L. ;
T. incerta, Hufn.; 7. populeti, Tr.; T. stabilis, View.; T. gracilis,
F.; J. miniosa, F.; T. munda, Esp.; and T. pulverulenta, Esp.,
preserved specimens of their respective larvae and pupae, and a dead
piece of the old seed head of Hypericum with a few ova of 7’. gracilis
in situ, and said that the pupae are of the usual noctuid type with well
marked labial palpi. They are rather short and stout in build,
subterranean in habit, brown in colour and fairly substantial in
texture. In 7’. gothica, IT. incerta and T. yracilis the cremaster is
short and broad and the main armature consists of two short, strong
divergent spines situated at the outer posterior corners of the cre-
master. In gothica and incerta these spines are straight and sharp
pointed but in gracilis they tend to curve outwards into hooks.

In stabilis, miniosa and munda the cremaster is practically absent
but the main armature again consists of two short, strong, divergent,
sharp pointed spines. ‘l'hese spines are situated closer together at
their bases than in the first group and owing to the reduction of
the cremaster, appear to spring directly from the body of the pupa.
They may curve slightly at the tips.

In pulverulenta there is no obvious cremaster and the main
armature consists of a single spine, bifurcate almost to its base, or
perhaps of two strong, divergent curved spines joined together at
their bases.

In 7. populeti the pupa is slightly more slender, darker in colour,
with a short stout cremaster, tapering posteriorly almost to a point
and the main armature consists of two moderately strong and fairly

long spines which spring, close together, from the extreme posterior °

end of the cremaster, These spines converge for almost two thirds
of their length and then curve strongly outward into definite hooks.
The ends are blunt and slightly knobbed. All the pupae have the
abdominal segments covered with fine pitting which becomes stronger
towards the anterior margin of each segment, but the pupa of incerta
is remarkable in that it has a short, transverse cow of large and
deep pits near the anterior margin of each of the abdominal seg-
ments 4-7 inclusive on the dorsal surface. Unfortunately I have
no examples of the pupa of 7’. opima, Hb., so I cannot deal with
that species.*

Messrs. J. A. Downes, L. H. Ennis, B. J. MacNulty and A.
O’Farrell exhibited series of all British species of the genus 7'aenio-

* Since writing the above I have been fortunate enough to obtain two pupae
of T. opima; a ¢ through the kindness of Mr. Wm. Quibbell of Brampton,
who bred larvae ab ovo, anda ¢? from a larva found on Salix repens. In the
latter case I bred the moth, so both pupae are authentic. This pupa is very
like that of 7’. incerta but smoother and more polished ; it has similar rows of
deep pits on the anterior dorsal margins of abdominal segments 4-7 inclusive,
but the cremaster is shorter and less obvious and the cremastral spines are more
slender.—C.N.H.

91

campa to show the prevalence of ‘parallel variation,’ i.e, the
development of correspording forms in different species. Thus
stabilis frequently has the stigmata touching whereas other species
do not, but exceptional specimens of both pulverulenta and tncerta
(instabilis) showing this character are exhibited. Again several
species, e.g., opima, incerta, usually have the central shade well-
developed, and one or more specimens with this character are
exhibited in each series: and conversely in most species forms are
shown without this mark.

Among the mere striking variations are specimens of incerta
(instabilis) (a) with the creamy ground colour typical of gracilis,
(6) with pale pinkish-brown ground colour like that often found in
munda; also several specimens of munda with the dark spots along
the subterminal line red or brown instead of black: in all other
species the spots are red or brown normally.

Other members also contributed to the exhibit, and joined in the
discussion.

92

The Correction of a Careless Error.
By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.—Read 10th May, 1984.

Apamea (Luperina) testacea, Schiff. was first described and named
in the Vienna Verzeichniss of Schiffermuller in 1775, and first
figured by Hiibner in 1802. In 1852 Guenée, in Vol. I. of his
Noctuelles (Nat. Hist. V.) p. 182, described a very pale form of this
species, calling it var. A, but refrained from naming it.

In 1864 Doubleday, in the Hntomologist’s Annual for that year,
described and figured an insect. from North Wales, which he con-
sidered was a form of testacea, under the name of guenéei, in honour
of Guenée, who had already suggested that it was probably his var.
A. of testacea.

In 1889 South received a series of an insect from St. Anne’s-on-
Sea, Lancashire, which he considered to be a form of testacea, inter-
mediate between Doubleday’s guenéei and the continental species
nickerlii, Err. (Hnt. XXII. 271) and gave them the name var.
nickerlii. This was curious in view of the subsequent determination
that this series was a form of the good species nickerlit.

In 1891, Tutt, Ent. Record, II. 20-1, in discussing this Lancashire
form, endeavoured to show that it did not resemble nickerlii, but
was a simple form of testacea, and to which he subsequently gave the
name incerta.

In 1909, South, Hnt. XLII. 28, reported on a further set of
examples from the Lancashire locality. They were submitted to
Mr. I’. N. Pierce for examination of their genitalia. This proved
them to be the nickerlii, Freyer, and not testacea at all. As to the
specific status of Doubleday’s insect from N. Wales we know nothing,
but of Guenée’s var. A. we have Oberthur’s example.

In 1911 with the aid of the late Dr. Chapman, in much detail
and assisted by his preparations of the genitalia of the various
species and forms, including series of nickerlit, Frr., of continental
testacea, of var. A. of Guenée (teste Obthr.), of dumerilit, L. with
various local forms sent me by the kindness of the late M. Oberthur,
and series of the beautiful forms from Lancashire, I proved that
these last were a form of the continental nickerlii, Freyer, and not
of testacea, Schiff.

Now comes the strange action, for which I must must be held
responsible. We both failed to recognise the fact that we were not
dealing with the guenéet of Doubleday, nor-with a var. of testacea,

93

but with a hitherto unrecognised species for Great Britain, and
carelessly applied the name quenéei to the Lancashire form instead
of Tutt’s name incerta. South’s name of nickerlii for this Lancashire
insect was necessarily invalid.

It was only a few weeks ago when I was revising the pages of
Tutt’s British Noctuae for the Hntomologist’s Record, that to my
amazement, I found out my own error of nearly a quarter of a
century ago. Noone had found out my error, apparently no one even
followed the arguments, and presumably no one was interested in
the variation of the Noctuae.

Thus the name of the Lancashire insect is nickerlit, Kreyer, ssp.
incerta, Tutt (for which the name guenéei, Dbldy., had been used by
us in error),

All the material, upon which the result of the revision was
based, including a nickerlit from the late Dr. Nickerl’s collection,
were exhibited.

94

Some Races of Lasiocampa quercus, L.
By J. A. Downes.— Read 28th June, 19384.

In dealing with this species, it may useful at the outset to recall
a few details of its normal life-history.

The egg is dropped by the female while in flight, and not being
covered by any sticky secretion, falls to ground unhindered.
According to my experience it hatches after a period varying from
19 to 82 days, but usually after about 22 days. The young larva
usually moults twice in the autumn and then hibernates; but not
very completely since even in mid-winter it will come out on fine
days, and when in captivity is fairly active throughout. After
hibernation there are commonly three further moults and the imago
emerges about July. This brief outline does not apply to the more
northern forms of the species.

My chief object, however, is to separate and deseribe some of the
local races into which the species can be divided. By a “local
race”’ I mean a group of colonies inhabiting a certain area, the
individuals of which agree more or less among themselves but differ
from the form prevalent in another area. On account of the facts
of variation and evolution the extreme forms of one area will com-
monly resemble the normal forms of another, but to show that a
separate group or “race”’ really exists we have only to show that
the average of the specimens in the two areas are distinctly
different.

Here | shall deal with the variation of two stages only, namely
the larval and the adult. The larva shows notable racial variation
in all instars, but, since space forbids the description of each stage
in detail, I select two characteristic ones—the third (just before
hibernation) and the last. These two instars differ widely and some
general notes on their significant features follow.

In the third instar larva the head (except the clypeus and labrum)
is blue-black without any marking. The meso- and meta-thorax
and the first seven abdominal segments are all more or less similar
and are divided by transverse creases into 6 ‘subsegments.’ Any
or all of these sezments may have, dorsally, a transverse orange
band the middle part of which may be white. These white and
orange marks, being very constant in any given area, are important ;
but the spiracular line and associated markings, being everywhere
variable, are much less so.

;
.

95

In the last instar the larva still has a blue-black head, but, accord-
ing to race, with a greater or less amount of orange-brown mottling.
The body is now densly covered with hair, and though Bacot and
Warburg, in their racial investigations, found the colour of this hair
to be very important, in all the races I have dealt with it seems to
be very uniform. There is now little marking on the back since the
orange markings have entirely disappeared and the mid-dorsal white
areas are smaller; indeed if they were already small in the 38rd
instar they are now absent. ‘The development of these marks
furnishes an easy means of distinguishing the races to be described.

A similar outline of the significant variation of the imago is more
difficult to give, since this is so variable everywhere. Many
unreliable characters have consequently been used in the past, and
it is necessary to separate at the outset those that are everywhere
unstable or are merely dependent on the treatment of the early
stages, from those which are constant over considerable areas of the
insect’s range.

To take the ground-colour first. This, as is known, is, in
normal gquercus, a deep chestnut-brown in the male, and a sandy-
brown, more or less suffused with darker, in the female. It is not
regarded as an important racial character, because some experiments
mentioned by Tutt indicate that its variation is probably dependent
on the conditions to which the larva and pupa were subjected.
Using material from both Scotland and §. England it was shown
that a high temperature acting on the early stages produced a paler
and more red-tinted form (this red being most noticeable in the
female), while low temperature produced a darker form. Now in
nature we find a state of affairs consistent with these results. The
Scottish specimens are on the whole much darker than those from
S. England, which are also redder (but chiefly in the male) and have
no darker suffusion in the female. A very similar tint is found in
specimens from N. France, but in the south the female also assumes
the red tint referred to above. It should be noted that in spite of
this a particular race often does have a locally typical ground
colour, because it is confined to a small area over which the climate
is uniform.

Another character is the width of the yellow band on the wings.
This, again, cannot always be relied on, since in most localities, but
more noticeably in England than abroad, the yellow band may
spread outward towards the edge of the wing, or may be narrow and
have its outer border quite well defined.

We are therefore left with the following characters—the shape of
the yellow band on both wings (judged by its inner edge, since this is
always clearly defined) ; the presence or absence of a yellow patch
at the base of the forewing of the male, and the shape of the white
discal spot on the forewings. These I regard as the important
characters on which to found races. [It should be noted that band

96

characters are as definite in the female as in the male; they are
merely less noticeable in the female because the ground-colour
resembles that of the band.]

Considering the various races separately :

VaR. CALLUNAE :—It is sometimes thought that there are several
more or less unconnected races lumped together as var. callunae,
and certainly there are conspicuous differences among insects passing
as this form. This view, however, is shaken when it is recognised
that the characters that are commonly relied on (because they are
the most striking), namely the ground-colour and the width of the
yellow band, are also, as I have tried to show, the least important.
If one looks more closely, almost all the specimens from the N. of
Kingland are seen to agree in having the yellow band wavy and turned
outward at the hindmargin on the forewing, and bent in the middle
and turned outward (downward) at the anal angle on the hindwing.
There is usually a distinct yellow patch at the base of the forewing
of the male, and in a considerable proportion, about 40 %, of the
specimens, the discal spot is triangular or diamond-shaped. The
variation in the ground colour probably arises from the climatic
differences in its various habitats—there is considerable difference,
for example, between the conditions in the Yorkshire dales and the
Scottish Highlands. But usually, as would be expected, the ground
colour is dark brown in the male, while the female is sandy and
much suffused with darker brown. There isin Devon and Cornwall
however, a form that is identical with callunae in all essential points,
but which, in the female at least, is quite as pale as ‘ typical quercus ’
from say, Kent [And in consequence, it is not generally considered
that callunae does occur in the South-West]. I have seen larvae in
their third instar from the Lizard, from Salcombe (Devon) and
from the Lake District, and there are no apparent differences between
any of them. On a typical segment, say the 2nd abdominal, the
dorsal marks are present on, and increase in size from, subsegments
2 to 4, and there is also a small one on 5. That on 2 and the
central part of that on 8 are white—the rest orange. The general
effect is of a series of forwardly directed orange triangles with white
apices, down the back of the larva. The full grown larva (examined
from the Lizard, Salcombe, the Lake District, Perth, and Ballater) has
no trace of any dorsal marks and its head is blue-black with very
little red-brown mottling. In both stages the spiracular line is
usually poorly developed.

Thus the larva furnishes additional reasons for grouping the
form from §.W. England with that from Scotland in the race called
callunae. Judging purely by the imago, it seems that this race
occurs throughout Scotland, N. and W. England, Wales and Ireland.
Perhaps, as Tutt suggests, it occurs also in N. Germany and
Holland, but the evidence given consists merely in the fact that in
those regions the species has a two-year life-cycle, as callwnae has in

;
;
1

——_—==

97

Scotland. But callunae from Devon and Cornwall, like ‘ typical
quercus’ from Kent, has a one-year life-cycle as described at the
outset of this paper, and in either of these cases the life-cycle is
extended to two years in unfavourable circumstances. It seems then,
that the length of the life-cycle is of little importance here.

Tue Norra France rorm :—This will be considered before that
from §.E. England. I possess specimens from Chaumont
(Ardennes) and Tréboul (Ifinistére) and have seen others from Paris
and elsewhere. The ground colour is normally reddish-brown in
the male and sandy, without any darker suffusion, in the female;
but the colour of the Finistére specimens is very dark and unlike that
ofany other form. ([Itis apparently not due to climatic factors.] In
other ways the moths from the above localities resemble each other
clesely. The band on the forewings is comparatively straight, and
at each end has a peculiar hook, while on the hindwings the band
is not bent in the middle and does not turn down at the anal angle.
There is never any yellow basal patch on the forewings of the male,
and the discal spot is nearly always small and round.

The larva, unfortunately, I have seen only from Finistére, but it
is probably very similar in the other localities. In the third instar
the dorsal marks increase in size from subsegments 2 to 4, but are
successively smaller on 5 and 6. That on 2 is wholly white and the
rest are white in the middle but chiefly orange. The general effect
is a series of orange diamonds, with a white median line, all down
the back. In the full grown larva, although the orange has, of
course, disappeared, the white areas are almost as large as in the
younger stage. The head is so mottled with orange-brown that only
a small amount of the blue-black ground colour is left, and the
spiracular markings are usually well developed.

‘TyprcaL Quercus ’ :—'l'o return to the English forms, there is,
south-east of a line drawn from Dorset to the Humber, a form (or
forms) commonly called typical qguercws ; of which Bacot says ‘‘ They
are very variable in the imaginal and in the larval state. It seems
useless to lay down even the loosest rule.” But in spite of this
great range of variation the majority conform fairly closely to a
definite type. In this, the band on the forewings is fairly straight,
but turned slightly inwards at the hind margin, while on the hind-
wings the band is not bent in the middle or turned downwards at
the anal angle. ‘he discal spot is small and circular and there is
no yellow basal patch on the forewings of the male. The colour is
usually red-brown in the male, and sandy (without either dark
suffusion or red tint) in the female.

The pale dorsal marks of the larva in its 38rd instar are like those
of the N. France form in shape, but the white areas are somewhat
smaller and the orange ones correspondingly larger. The adult
larva retains the white dorsal marks on two or three subsegments,
and there is always some orange mottling on the head.

98

It will be seen that this form is very much nearer to the ‘N.
France form’ than to var. callunae, and, in fact, it very likely occurs
in France, as I have specimens from Croix (Nord) that probably
belong here.

The variation that occurs in §.E. England is either in the
direction of the N. France form, or of var. callunae. For instance
in some specimens the band of the forewings, instead of turning
inward simply, is hooked at the hind margin; and the full-grown
larva may have white marks on four or five subsegments, and an
almost entirely orange head. Such forms are indistinguishable
from those prevalent in N. France. Others however may have the
band going straight towards, or turning outwards at, the hind
margin of the forewing, while the discal spot is angular and a trace
of the yellow basal patch of the male is present. And the full-
grown larva may have only very small white dorsal marks and but
little orange mottling on the head. All these characters point of
course to var. callunae. In fact, this great variation is almost
certainly due to an infiltration of N. French stock from the south
and of callunae stock from the north, into 8... England.

VARS. VIBURNI AND MERIDIONALIS:—These two races, which in-
habit the south of France (Riviera), have been described by Tutt.
Except for the colour of the hair of the last instar larva, they are
almost identical in all stages. The imago is very like that from N.
France, but the female has the red tinge indicative of a warmer
climate.

The larva also comes close to the other J*rench forms in having
a completely orange-brown head when full grown, but if I follow
Tutt’s description correctly, it appears to have in all stages dorsal
marks as small as those of callunae. This is very curious and I
have no suggestions to offer concerning it, but all the other char-
acters point to a close alliance between the races from the north and
south of France, while as noted before, the former is quite close to’
typical quercis from $8. England.

To sum up briefly, there are two races of this species in Britain :
var. callunae—superficially very variable—in the north and west,
and typical quercus (which is much nearer to the French forms than
to callunae) in the south-east. Both French and callunae stock have
invaded the area occupied by the latter race. Throughout most of
northern France there is probably only one race, but as I have seen
the larvae from a single locality only, I am not quite certain about
this; neither do I know its exact range. It is therefore referred to
above simply as the ‘N. France form’ The two races known from
the south of France are very similar to each other and seem to be
connected with the N. France form.

Tutt, ‘‘ Natural History of British Lepidoptera,” Vol. 8, p. 34 et. seq.
Bacot. ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation,” 1896.
Bacot and Warburg, “‘ Ent. Rec.”’ 1901.

99

Aphomia gularis, Zell.
By 8. N. A. Jacops.—Read 12th July, 1934.

My attention was first drawn to this species by Mr. S. Wakely,
who took a male specimen in Finsbury in July, 1982, and who in
December of that year received a female specimen from Upper
Norwood. My interest was further stimulated by finding a fresh
male myself, sitting on the frame of an office window in Fen Court
the following July, 1988. So far the insect has been considered
rare in this country.

Some weeks after my capture of the male gularis, while walking
down [astcheap, I noticed a Phycitid moth, which was new to me,
in the window of a dried fruit sale-room and on going inside to
secure it, I found another specimen. ‘These were kindly identified
by Mr West as Myelots phoenicis, Durr., and the determination was
confirmed by Mr Tams. I mention them because they gave me
the idea that an exploration of some of the dried fruit warehouses
might produce some interesting material, and I was fortunate in
that I met with sympathetic interest in the next place I visited,
on showing the phoenicis, which was obviously different from the
usual /’phestia and Plodia, to which the members of the staff were
accustomed.

Further than this, the warehouse foreman was present, and seeing
the larger insect J was showing, told me that his warehouse was
full of moths “like young eagles” and had been each year for three
years. Seizing the bull by the horns, I accompanied him to the
warehouse, which was a basement and cellar, and although the
light was none too good, I was rewarded by three or four gularis
captured between a horny forefinger and thumb, useless as material,
but none the less interesting as it certainly looked as though I had
at least found a place where the insect was to be found with reason-
able certainty, even allowing for hyperbole in the statements of my
informant, both as regards size and numbers.

After this evening visit, I called at the warehouse almost daily,
armed with pillboxes, and daily I secured a bag of warehouse insects,
chiefly Mphestia elutella, Hb., Plodia interpunctella, Hb., with some
Tinea misella, Z., and T. granella, L., and one or two Myelois cera-
toneae, Z., and A. gularis.

I would here state that my first visit was during the third week
of July.

I noticed that the cobwebs in the window corners were full of
the desiccated remains of both ceratoneae and gularis, so that I

100

was rather behind the fair this year and would have to make an
earlier start in the next year.

About the beginning of August, some largish olive green larvae
began to appear walking restlessly over the walls and ceiling,
evidently looking for quarters in which they could pupate, and as
the season wore on their numbers increased until, in the latter part
of September, I was able to collect about fifty or sixty larvae daily.
After that the numbers declined rapidly until only a stray one or
two could be seen.

The larvae apparently came from bags of Spanish Almonds,
which had stood over from the previous Christmas trade, though
there were also large quantities of peanuts (which I was assured
harboured nothing with the possible exception of 7’. granella and an
occasional Hphestia larva), Barcelona nuts and walnuts, neither of
which seemed to produce anything. However, in conversation with
the foreman, I elicited the information that in his opinion the gularis
larvae first arrived in a consignment of walnuts from Naples, which
arrived in a wet condition. Brazil nuts, being scalded before export
in order to sterilise them (to prevent the repetition of the happen-
ings with rubber, when plants were exported and the Brazilian
trade spoilt), were certainly free from insects.

As the numbers of larvae began to abate, I noticed one day that
many of them found their way under some wooden electric light
casing that was not in use, both between the wood and the wall, and
also under the capping where this was sufficiently loose to permit
of the entrance of the larvae (and in this connection, I would state
that, like Henri Fabre’s nut weevil larvae, they seemed able to enter
an absurdly small aperture).

On removing the casing and capping, I found a very large number
of cocoons, and in one place where the capping had been loose, I
pulled out a mass, shaped to the wire channels, some ten inches
long by two inches wide by a quarter of an inch deep, of closely
packed cocoons, containing about two hundred larvae. The back
of the casing also, between it and the wall, produced a neat row of
cocoons placed vertically side by side, both top and bottom.

The larvae taken were given rolls of corrugated straw board for
pupation and they disappeared into these with remarkable rapidity,
spinning up almost at once. The larvae in the cocoon masses from
the electric light casing all left their homes on being disturbed, and
they too resorted to corrugated straw board rolls and as I understand
that larvae evicted from their cocoons are more likely to suffer from
disease, I placed these separately in the bottom of the airing cup-
board, where although they would be warm, they would not be
unduly hot owing to the constant flow of air under the door.

Moisture was supplied in the form of a slice of raw potato replaced »

as occasion demanded, and from these forced larvae, the first moths
appeared on the 20th March of this year. At first came all males,

101

but after a few weeks, females came too. Six of each sex were put
in a box in the hope of getting a pairing, but for a time they
absolutely refused to pair though the males persisted in their charac-
teristic wing-fannings and the females seemed restless.

Mr. L. T. Ford, to whom I had passed some larvae, succeeded in
forcing imagines somewhat before mine and he had secured a pairing,
so on recourse to him, I was informed that although he had not
been able to get them to pair in a box, they had done so when placed
in a gauze cage. My insects were accordingly accommodated in a
roomy gauze cage, and with the next spell of warm weather, I was
pleased to note two pairs in cdp. and I accordingly placed some
shelled almonds, walnut kernels and peanuts on the floor of the cage,
in the hope of getting fertile ova.

Amongst my gularis captures was a pair in cop, from which I
obtained a batch of fertile eggs, and although all the larvae died at
the point of spinning up, the larval-history can be reported.

The egg is horizonal-ovate usually drawn to a point at one end,
very thin shelled, whitish-grey, pitted all over and also finely
reticulated.

In captivity the eggs are laid for preference along the wrinkles in
the skin of an almond, and here it is interesting to note that, while
I have had occasional ova deposited on the floor and sides of the
cage, I have not yet seen any attached to either walnuts or to
peanuts, although, as mentioned later, its import into America is
said to have been in Chinese peanuts, and into this country with
walnuts.

The particular batch under observation was deposited on the 2nd
August and hatched on the 7th August, 19838, it being exceedingly
hot at the time. Other broods I have had have varied from a week
to three weeks in hatching, according to the ontside temperature.

The newly hatched larva is transparent ochreous-pink with amber
coloured plates, and in the second instar it is similar. On each
somite there are eight raised dots in two transverse lines of four, each
dot emitting a longish amber coloured hair.

In the third instar the pinkish colour persists but shows a
lightening between the somites; the head remains amber with dark
jaws, but the plates have become dark blackish brown.

In the fourth instar the pink colour still persists but the skin
begins to show somewhat dusky ; head and plates shining chestnut,
the face darkening to blackish at the jaws. The darkening of the
skin persists in the fifth instar, head and plates remaining the same,
but in the sixth, the colour has become a bluish-olive-green, and
the head and plates shining blackish-brown. At the ecdysis, the
colour reverts to the early pink, only becoming dark about two or
three hours after the completion of the change.

‘The larva is now mature and it seeks a convenient spot for
pupation. In the warehouse, as mentioned, the electric light casing

102

was a very favourite place, and it is interesting to note that they
had entered the vent holes in the porcelain fuse boxes so as to fill
all the inside space completely. They entered cracks in the wooden
partitioning, in fact, any confined space that came their way was
made to suit'their purpose. In captivity, the rolls of corrugated
straw board proved ideal.

Having selected its site for spinning, a fusiform cocoon is con-
structed of white silk; almost opaque, though somewhat loosely
spun, and mixed, especially at the outside end, to some extent, with
fragments of wood or other surrounding material. Having con-
structed the cocoon, the larva next purges itself, losing its dark
colour and becoming a pale yellowish green, with a green dorsal
line and head and plates light amber-brown.

For some time it remains in a semi-active state, and if the cocoon
be disturbed, or submitted to undue vibration the purged larva will
leave it and seek fresh quarters.

The actual brood of larvae I had under observation, whose num-
bers were depleted by specimens sent to the Imperial College of
Science (Stored Products Department), began to spin up on the 12th
November, but collected larvae spun up during the latter half of
October.

The winter months are spent mostly in the larval form, cocoons of
the forced larvae opened in February still contained the purged
larvae, though somewhat sluggish by now. The cocoons not sub-
jected to outside heat still contained larvae in late March, but those
opened in April contained the pupa.

The ways of the larva while feeding, seem to vary considerably ;
those, which I raised last year, declined to touch anything but
shelled almonds, and died of starvation rather than take either
walnuts (with which I am told they first came to the warehouse) or
peanuts (with which they are said to have entered the United
States from China).

This year | am supplying my larvae with green almond fruits as
well as the ripe kernels, and they seem to have a strong preference
for the latter.

Mr. Wakely informs me, however, that his larvae are behaving in
quite a different manner and bore energetically into any kind of nut
presented to them, even trying the slice of potato supplied for
moisture.

My this year’s larvae still preserve their attachment for almonds,
and so far are not willing to touch anything else.

The pupa is clear light amber, somewhat lighter on the ventral
surface, and with an olive tinge in the wing cases. Down the back,
from the collar, across the thorax, where it is less pronounced and
of the general colour of the pupa, and then again strongly and
unbroken along abdominal segments 1 to 4 and to the middle of 5
is a strong raised ridge, dark purple-brown shading into crimson on

1038

the base, and this ridge is continued on the fore part of the
remaining segments.

On the anal segment are two somewhat pronounced bosses on
opposite sides of the extremity, and underneath is a third, somewhat
less pronounced, forming roughly an equilateral triangle with the
other two.

The ridge mentioned above is apparently in the nature of a
suture, for on the emergence of the imago, the pupa skin splits
down the centre of this keel-like process, as far as it extends down
the fixed segments.

On emergence of the imago, the pupa is not extruded from the
cocoon at all, the moth forcing its way through an already prepared
exit, which, owing to the fusiform shape of the cocoon, efficiently
prevents the entrance of other insects.

On referring to the bibliography of this insect, I find that all the
authors have dealt at length with the description, but the habits
are totally ignored or else are dismissed in a word or two.

The first reference to the species is ‘‘ Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae,”’
XII. p. 74. Pl. 1, f.26 g, Pl. 2. f. 27, 9, from which plates the
insect is recognisable, but sadly lacking in colour, especially in the
case of the male, which is shown as sooty grey with the characteristic
buffish-orange mark. This description is dated 1877, and mentions
the locality as 2g, 29 from Japan in the Staudinger Museum.
The insect is here known as Melissoblaptes gularis, Zell.

The next reference is under the name Paralipsa modesta, Butl.,in
the ‘*‘ Annals & Magazine of Natural History,” 5th Series, IV. p. 455,
where the male is described ; this is dated 1879 and refers again to
the Staudinger specimens.

As Melissoblaptes tenebrosus, Butl., a female is figured in the
** Tjlustrations to Heterocera in the British Museum ”’ with descrip-
tion Pt. ILI, p. 78, pl. 60, f. 1 (1879). But here again the insect is
shown as being very dull and flat, though clearly recognisable.

“Romanoff Memoires,”’ VIII (1895) p. 474, pl. 43. f. 25, shows a °
somewhat dully coloured male under the name of Paralipsa modesta,
Ragonot. Here two males are mentioned from Japan in the British
Museum, also specimens from Shanghai, China, and P. yularis as
from Bhoutan, North India.

The final reference in the older works is in a paper read by Sir
George Hampson before the ‘“‘ Bombay Natural History Society ”’
in 1898, and published in that Society’s Journal for 1898 under the
title of ‘‘ The Moths of India.” There is a woodcut of the female
easily recognisable, and the species is known here as Melissublaptes
yularis, Zell., with the habitat cited as Japan and Sikkim.

In correspondence with Mr. Meyrick, it might here be said, he
pointed out, that his assertion in his handbook that Aphomia is
monotypic, was based on the exaggerated neuration of 4. sociella

104

male, and in a revision of the Pyrales, etc., he has altered his views,
but as sociella was the accepted type of Aphomia, he had previously
thought it better to leave it in a family to itself.

Later references to the species are to be found in the “‘ E.M.M.”
1922, Third Series, Vol. VIII, p. 191, where under date 19.vii.22,
Mr. F. Laing writes “I am indebted to Mr. Raymond Wadsworth,
Bourneville, for some specimens of a Galleriid moth, Aphomia gularis,
Zell., which seem likely to assume some economic importance.
They were bred about a year ago from a consignment of infested
walnuts imported direct from Marseilles. The larvae are said to
behave very much in the way of Hphestia Iiihniella, and to resemble
that species in appearance. The wood of the boxes, in which the
walnuts were packed, was bored by the larvae and cocoons built
in the holes so formed. The range of the species seems to be
eradually extending. Originally described in “ Horae Soc. Ent.
Rossicae”’ from Japan, it has been recorded from China, Viadi-
vostock, India, and recently (1919) from the United States where it
has done a certain amount of damage in stored peanuts.”

Again in the “‘E.M.M.” 1981, 8rd. Series, XVII. p. 59, there is a
note on the species by Mr. O. W. Richards, which reads as follows:
«“ Aphomia (Paralespis) gularis, Zell.—A London firm recently sent
to the department of Entomology some Algerian almonds badly
infested with larvae of this moth; an adult which emerged at the
end of January was kindly identified by Mr. W. H. T. Tams.
Zeller described the moth from Japan, and the first record from
Europe was by Joannis (‘‘ Bulletin de la Musée d’Hist. Nat.”, Paris,
1508, p. 277), who found itin France. More recently Le Marchand
(Bull. Soc. Ent. France,” 1928, p. 307) bas recorded it again from
the same country. In England the moth was first found by Mr. F.
Laing (“K.M.M.” LVII, 1922, p. 191) who bred it from walnuts
imported into London from Marseilles. There is also a specimen
in the British Museum collection presented by Mr. R. E. Wadsworth ;
this example came from Bourneville.”’

This last record does not tally quite faithfully with the reference
given as shown by the foregoing, but it clearly refers to the
Wadsworth specimens from Bourneville.

Mr Richards continues: ‘‘ The moth has become well established
in the Southern United States of America (California) whither it was
imported with Chinese peanuts (De Ong, “Journal of Economic
Entomology ” 1919. p. 407, and the same author notes that Micro-
bracon hebetor, Say (Habrobracon juglandis, Ashmead) occasionally
parasitizes the larva (De Ong, “ Journ. Ke. Ent.” 16. 19238, p. 550).
A. gularis is also widespread in the Orient, and some additional
information is given by Zacher (“ Die Vorratts-, Speicher- und
Material-schidlinge,”’ Berlin, 1927, p. 429). The larva appears to
eat most kinds of stored products including cereals, nuts, and
fruits.”

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105

Suggestions for the Study of the Micro-Lepidoptera.
By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Read 27th September, 1984.

What we understand at present as comprising the ‘“ Micros”
are the four large Groups, the Pyralidina, the Psychina, the Tortricina
and the Tineina.

The great drawback to the study of these smaller insects is the
almost complete absence of easily available figures by which an
approach to an identification can be made. There are figures, and
there are descriptions, but so scattered in the literature, that it is
almost like the search for a ‘‘ needle in a bundle of hay.” For
descriptions we have the much abbreviated paragraphs of Meyrick’s
book with its useful identification tables. But as these mites are
extremely prone to local variation, the tables are as often useless,
as they are useful. The members of our Society are particularly
fortunate, however, in having a practically complete collection of
the imagines of these Groups to consult. A collection, moreover,
which has been collated recently with the great collections of our
British Museum.

In this study one must remember that the students are few and
that humans make faulty observations which, unfortunately, have
the demerit of getting repeated adlib. Thus one should not take book
statements as absolutely correct, but run over the matter again and
verify before proceeding to base further research on those unverified
statements. Dates of appearance, periods of the different stages, de-
tails of oviposition, of pupation, of hibernation and of distribution
must be verified and particularly so the foodplants. Such records as
Tortrix viridana larvae in numbers on * Butcher’s Broom,” certainly
not its foodplant, and a tree-frequenting species of Coleophora on a
geranium are examples.

Let it be an axiom that Field work and Library work run
together.

The approach to a knowledge of the Micro-lepidoptera is different
from that of the Macro-lepidoptera. A knowledge of the species in
the latter is commenced as a general rule by the capture of the
imago, while with the former it has begun in the majority of cases
by observation of the depredations effected by the larvae on the

106

vegetation. Hence with a large number of the Nepticula, Coleophora,
Lithocolletis, Gracillaria, etc., it has been only by indications of
larval working that the species have been discovered. Thus of a
very considerable majority the life-history is more or less known.

Still there remains a fair number of species, including mostly very
local, rare and casual species and those which have been separated
in recent years by their genitalic structure, whose life-histories have
not yet been fully worked out.

Taking Meyrick’s ‘“ Revised Handbook of the British Lepidop-
tera’ as a basis, | have appended a List of all the species in the
four groups of which the larvae are unrecorded by him. At the
same time it must be noted, that many of those, of which the food-
plant has been ascertained, have never had their detailed life-histories
described.

Drscriptions.—‘‘ Ad hoc” descriptions are of very little use.
Every description should be comparative. We note the prominent
characters of a form new to us and involuntarily compare it with
those forms which it more or less resembles and which we already
know. Then why in giving a description for others to use, should
we omit the details of the differences, which had been so useful to usin
our search ? Similarities should be detailed as exactly as differences.
"Tis by the similarities that we gather species into the conventions
we call genera. ’Tis by the differences that we segregate individuals
into the lesser groups we call species, which are more or less identical
forms congenital in origin.

Lire-Historres.—What should be included in a Life-history ?
We have various examples. Tutt in his “ British Lepidoptera,”
followed the model of Scudder in his ‘‘ Butterflies of the Hastern
United States,” and gave an even more detailed and prolix account
of all the four stages, occupying many pages of print. (The study
of the sexual structures had hardly then begun and there was no
reference to them in Tutt’s writings.) On the other hand the Life-
histories in the works of Stainton and Meyrick, more than 50 years
apart, exhibit descriptions of quite the opposite character, most
meagre in the extreme; they give in the fewest possible words the
critical distinguishing characters of the typical form of the imagines
only, and possibly a food plant of the larva, with the month of
appearance. All this often described in less than a dozen lines of
print.

What is wanted is an adequate and useful account of each species
and of its variation, but not all possible anatomical and microscopical
details.

Ovum.— We want to know how, when and where the eggs are laid,
the length of the ovum stage, the number of ova laid, the compara-
tive description, the shape and size of the egg, and possibly the
changes of colour.

Larva.—The average date of hatching of the ova should be

107

recorded; a comparative description of the larva in each of its
stages ; the number of ecdyses; length of each period between the
changes; the usual, most acceptable food and any natural sub-
stitutes; if hibernating, when, where and for how long; date of
pupation ; approximate total length of larval stage; any special
habit of the larva such as mining, case-bearing, gall-making,
covering with excreta, cannibalism, resting position, web-making,
leaf-rolling and twisting, etc.; the number of broods in a year;
whether the larval period can be prolonged or shortened.

Note.—It must be remembered that similarity of larval habit will
produce a convergence of outer structure and appearance on the
larvae of quite distantly related species. [or instance, a leaf-mining
habit will produce a flattened shape of the whole body, a skin
mostly devoid of colour, few or no markings, chitinous plates on the
head and anal segment and often on the thoracic segments, more or
less atrophy of the usual abdominal claspers, almost complete
atrophy of skin appendages such as tubercles, warts, bristles, setae,
etc., which may be present in allied non-mining species.

Thus only in a very general way can the characters of many of
the larvae of Micro-lepidoptera be used for classificatory purposes.

Pura.—How, when and where pupation takes place; details of
the cocoon or pupal chamber; time larva remains in cocoon before
the change; average length of stage; approximate time of emer-
gence; can the emergence be delayed or accelerated ; general shape
of pupa and particular development of the pupal legs, antennae,
palpi, etc.

lmaco.—lIt seems scarcely necessary to dilate on this stage, but
perhaps we might mention a few special points—the preparation for
emergence, time and length of sexual union, and sexual attractive-
ness—; besides the usual comparative description of body and
appendages, size, shape, colour and other necessary characters which
are features of every adequate description.

Variation.— Besides the salient points in the variant description
it must be stated whether the varietal form is isolated or sporadic ;
attached to certain localities; attached to a peculiar foodplant; does
it form a small percentage in the colony?, a race; does it
predominate almost exclusively ina colony?, asubspecies; the cause
or suspected cause of such variation; is it subject to the phenomenon
of protective resemblance?; are any forms pathological?; the effects
of svarcity, abundance, or state, of the foodplant; etc., etc., and
where possible, the behaviour of each variation in breeding, ie.,
as dominant or recessive.

Nomenciature.—In the early days of this Society the famous
“Doubleday List’? was in use. Then in 1880 the late Richard
South compiled a list from the great continental catalogue of
Staudinger published in 1871. This has-remained in use untilalmost
the present time, for but few used Meyrick’s revision of 1896. The

108

new ‘ Revised ”’ edition of Meyrick is now the only comprehensive
work in the English language and one must perforce use it and
consequently use its nomenclature and arrangement, in spite of
various errors, deficiencies and personalities, to which some of us
have rather forcefully called attention. Not only that, but the
collection in the Society’s cabinet is now arranged in accord with
Meyrick’s book.

Many points have been omitted in these brief remarks, which
most workers will be able readily to supplement.

Appended is a List of species, taken from Meyrick’s ‘ Revised
Handbook,” of which the life-histories are very deficient, or unrecorded.

There is also a List of Books on the Microlepidoptera in our own
language and another List of those published on the Continent on
the same groups.

List oF Text Booxs on tHe MIcRO-LEPIDOPTERA IN THE
Enewuish LANGUAGE.

Wood (1839), ‘Index Entomologicus.” All figured, v. good. No
descriptions (referred to Stephen’s “ Illustrations’’).

Humphries and Westwood (1845), “ British Moths and _ their
Transformations,” Vol. II. All figured, mainly bad.

Stainton (1854), “Insecta Britannica. Tineina.’’ Good descrip-
tion of all. 10 plates, illustrating each genus.

Stainton (1857), ‘‘ Manual of British Butterflies and Moths,” Vol.
II. All briefly described, but few figured.

Wilkinson (1859), ‘‘ The British Tortrices.”” Good descriptions of
all. 4 plates, illustrating each family.

Stainton (1855-78), ‘‘ The Natural History of the Tineina,” Vols.
I.-XIII., each describing, and well illustrating in colour, 24
species. ;

Morris (1872), *‘ British Moths,” Vols. III. and IV. Extremely
meagre description and poorly coloured illustrations of all.
Leech (1886), ‘‘ British Pyralides.”” Very poor descriptions. Fairly

good figures of all.

Meyrick (1896), ‘‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Descriptions
of all. Very brief.

Tutt (1899, 1900, 1906), «A Natural History of the British Lepi-
doptera,”’ Vols. L, Il. and V. Very full accounts of the
Nepticulids, the Psychids, and about half the British Plumes.
Difficult to wade through. No figures.

Barrett (1904-7), ‘“‘ Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” Vols. IX.-XI.
Ad hoe descriptions and useful information on habits, occur-
rence and variation of all the Pyralides and Tortrices, with
coloured plates of all.

Meyrick (1928), ‘‘ Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera.” Very
abbreviated descriptions of all. No figures.

109

List or ContinentaL WorKS WHICH MAY BE CONSULTED FOR
THEIR FIGURES.

Hubner (1796-1830), “Sammlung europiiischer Schmetterlinge,”
Vols. VI., VII., VIII. and IX. Excellent coloured illustrations
of the majority of British species.

Duponchel (1831-42), ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Lepidoptéres,”’ Vols.
VIII(2)., EX., X., XI, and Sup. IV. With weak descriptions
but excellent figures of all in colour.

Fischer v. liéslerstamm (1834-43), ‘ Abbildungen-Microlepidop-
teren.”” With extremely fine illustrations of numerous species
in colour.

Herrich-Schaeffer (1848-56), ‘Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmetterlinge von uropa,” Vols. I[V.-Vl. A supplement to
Hubner’s work, with excellent coloured figures.

Milliére. (1859-74), ‘‘ Iconographie,”’ Vols. I-III. Many beautiful
illustration of Life-histories in part,

Heinemann. (1863-77), ‘“‘ Schmetterlinge Deutschland,” Vols. IL
and III. Iixcellent descriptions and tables only.

Spuler (1910), ‘‘Schmetterlinge Kuropas.” Numerous good figures
(Is a revised edition of Hoffmann).

CaTALOGUES WHICH MAY BE CoNSULTED FOR REFERENCES.

Staudinger (1901), ‘‘ Catalog der Lepidopt. Palaearct. aunen,” Part
II. An indispensable book of reference.
‘‘ Lepidopterorum Catalogus,” by various authors: incomplete.
Already issued—Part 6. Adelidae, Micropterygidae, Gracil-
lariidae.
Part 10. ‘Tortricidae.
Part 17. Pterophoridae, Orneodidae.
Part 19. Hyponomeutidae, Plutellidae, Am-
phitheridae.
Part 384. Psychidae.

List or Species OF THE MicrRo-LEPIDOPYERA WHOSE LiIFE-HISTORIES
ARE UNRECORDED.
(Compiled from Meyrick’s Revised Handbook.)

Pyratipina— Phycitidae. ? C. pascuellus, L.
? C. ericellus, Hb.
? ©. silvellus, Hb.
? C. craterellus, Scop.
? C. myellus, Lb.
C. margaritellus, Ib.
Crambidae. C. furcatellus, Zett.
C. latistrius, Llaw.
C. contaminellus, Hb.

Hypochalcia ahenella, Hb.
Heterographus oblitella, Zell.
Myelois cirrigella, Zinck.

M. phoenicis, Durr.

? Crambus hamellus, Thunb.
? C. uliginosellus, Zell.

110

©. poliellus, Treit.
C. lythargyrellus, Hb.
Platytes alpinella, Hb.

Pyraustidae.

Diasemia litterata, Scop.
D. ramburialis, Dup.
Margaronia unionalis, Hb.
Pyrausta flavalis, Zink.
Scoparia alpina, Stain,

S. pallida, Steph.

S. basistrigalis, Knaggs,
S. ambigualis, Treit,

S. ulmella, Knaggs.

Torrricina—Phaloniidae.

Phalonia luridana, Gregs.
Chlidonia subbaumanniana,
Wilk.

Cnephasia genitalana, Pierce.

Eucosmidae.

Kucosma obscurana, Steph.
Argyroploce schulziana, Fabr.
Hemimene aeratana, Pierce.
Pammene germarana, Hb.

Tinewwa—Gelechiidae.

Psamathocrita osseella, Stain.
Aristotelia unicolorella, Dup.
A. suffusella, Doug.

A. elongella, Hein.

A. servella, Zell.

A. lutulentella, Zell.

Gelechia mundella, Doug.

G. senectella, Zell.

G. desertella, Doug.

G. politella, Stain.

G. distinctella, Zell.

G. boreella, Doug.
Phthorimaea strelitziella, H.-S.
P. blandulella, Tutt.

P. maculiferella, Doug.

P. junctella, Doug.

Sophronia semicostella, Haw.

Blastobastdae.
Auximobasis normalis, Meyr.

Ocecophoridae.

Schiffermuelleria tripuncta,

Haw.
Borkhausenia subaquilea, Stain.
Depressaria pimpinellae, Zell.
D. hepatariella, Zell.

Heliodiniidae.
Pancalia latreillella, Curt.

Elachistidae.

Klachista kilmunella, Stain.
K. collitella, Dup.
EK. subalbidella, Schlag.

Hyponomeutidae.

Argyresthia semifusca, Haw.
Zelleria fasciapennella, Stain.

Coleophoridae,
Coleophora graminicolella,
Wocke.
C. squamosella, Stain.
_ Plutellidae.
Acrolepia betulella, Curt.

Lyonettidae.

Opostega spatulella, H.-S.

Tineidae.
Tinea confusella, H.-S.
T. albicomella, H.-S.
T. simplicella, H.-S.

Adelidae.

Nemophora schwarziella, Zell.
N. pilella, Fabr.

The Psychina are omitted.

111

The Micro=Lepidoptera.
By 8. N. A. Jacops.—Read 27th September, 1984.

In approaching the very large subject of the Micro-Lepidoptera, we
of the younger entomological generation must do so in all humility,
for although there was a distinct lull in the interest taken in these
insects during the past generation, the fathers of the elder members
of the present generation, and the grandfathers of the younger
members turned the greater part of the ground we are now working
in no uncertain manner, and what chiefly remains for us to do is
to co-ordinate and sift the work done by our elders, so that when
the opportunity offers, their observations, coupled with anything
we may have been able to add, may be collected into a publication
which may rank as a standard work and complete the task so well
begun by Mr. Stainton in his ‘‘ Natural History of the Tineina.”’

Seeing that the number of the endemic species considered as
‘“‘Micros”’ to-day is about 1382 out of our total of about 2147 species,
it is obvious that the whole cannot be taken into consideration in
one evening.

Meyrick mentions the census of species as Pyralidina 197 species,
Psychina 24, Tortricina 837, Tineina 680, Nepticulina 71 and
Micropterygina 19. To these may be added some species newly
added to the British list including Aphomina gularis, Zell., Phlyc-
taenia fulvaris, Hb., Coleophora vacciniella, H.-8., Nepticula decentella,
H.-S.

Of the Groups mentioned it is proposed to deal only with the
Tineina, Nepticulina and Micropterygina, choosing possibly the
easier course, as these are the satisfactory groups, while the Pyra-
lidina and Tortricina are still in a far from satisfactory state, and
much specialized work waits to be done before they are reduced to
a really fit state for amateur handling, since any systematic work
requires the attention of entomologists with free access to all exotic
species as well as the endemic species. In the Tineina, the larval
habits vary very considerably, and the majority may be said to feed
internally, either in seed-heads, stems, or in mined leaves. Many
more feed within a protective gallery of silk, frass and food particles,
while in the case of Goniodoma limoniella, Stain., a floret of the Sea
Lavender is used, and the large genus of Coleophora uses elaborate
cases, varying widely with the species, some of which are very
striking,

112

On the whole, the Tineina may claim recognition from mankind
as being of fair economic importance, for their small size is in many
cases compensated by numbers, and where their food is of use to
man, they incur his wrath in proportion to the damage they do.

The House Moths Endrosis lactella, Schiff., and Borkhausenia
pseudospretella. Sta., perhaps are the best known of the deleterious
species followed by the several indoor species of Tinea: pellionella,
L., biselliella, Hml., fuscipunctella, Haw., which specialize in animal
and vegetable textiles, and T'ricophaya tapetzella, L., which inhabits
stables and specializes in the flannel harness linings and coach
upholstry, with a special penchant for green baize such as gardener’s
aprons, and the less common J'inea misella, Zell., which attacks
vegetable fibres.

Linea granella, Li., when present, usually appears in large numbers,
doing considerable damage to grain and other vegetable food products,
but many outdoor species come under the notice of the farmer
and gardener; the Currant Clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis,
Clrck., the Black Currant Bud Moth, Lampronia capitella, Clrck., and
the Raspberry Moth, L. rubiella, Bjerk., and the thoroughly cosmo-
politan Plutella maculipennis, Curt., attacking Crucifers of all kinds.
Then we have Platyedra malvella, Hb., feeding, often plentifully,
in the seeds of Hollyhocks; and Sitctroga cerealella, Olvr., doing
considerable damage in stored cereals, the larvae clearing the entire
contents out of the selected grain.

Many of the families are quite harmless in their mode of life,
feeding in the spun shoots of low plants, or mining leaves, often
showing striking habits, such as the spirally twisted grass larval
habitat of Brachmia rufescens, Haw., where two grass blades are
drawn together and then twisted spirally the one about the other
and a cylindrical chamber formed, which is lined with silk, and
from which the larva goes out to feed,

The cases of Coleophora are worthy of a paper to themselves, so
varied are they, but the general principle is for the larva to construct
a case which contains the hinder parts of the larva, while it walks
on the six true legs (although usually 14- or 16-legged) carrying
the case vertically or dragging it behind according to species.
When feeding, the front end of the case is attached by means of silk to
the surface of the leaf or seed head, and thus protected, the larva
proceeds to burrow into its food. If on a leaf, it eats the flesh from
between the upper and lower skins, making an irregular blotch of a
size conveniently reached without removing the last segment from
the case.

These cases are usually made from the skins of devoured leaves,
seed poas, or silk mixed with frass and food particles, and the after
end has a valve-like opening so that while the larva may extrude
the anal segments for the purpose of defecation, no insect enemy is
able to enter by the back end of the case.

113

The feeding habit of Lithocolletis is again distinct and constant ;
the young larvae mine into the leaf, first separating the top (or
bottom according to species) skin of the leaf from the flesh (and
here it should be noted that each species is constant in its choice of
top or bottom), and proceeds to line the inside of the skin with silk,
systematically across and across from one end to the other of the
patch, which is usually oblong, though it is oval in some cases.
This silk contracts, puckering up the skin, and causing the fleshy
side of the chamber to arch away from the skin, forming a snug
retreat in which the larva passes its whole life, eventually pupating
within the mine; the summer broods merely being attached
by the cremastral hooks to the silk of the skin side of the mine, the
spring brood enclosed in a silken cocoon, usually closely woven and
fusiform. ‘There is one exception to this habit among the British
species, and that is L. messaniella, Zell., which, when feeding in
the leaves of the evergreen oak, deserts the leaf and pupates in a
more sheltered spot, for the leaves, being retained through the
winter, would be exposed to the rigours of the biting winds of
January and February, and while the silken cocoon could withstand
the ordinary winter cold on the ground, the bitter cold of a frost-
laden North-east wind must prove fatal to the pupa within.

Some of the species pupate in November, while others remain as
larvae in the cocoons through the winter, such as L. cerasicolella,
H.-S., which pupates only a short time before emergence.

Leucoptera, H.-8., (Cemiostuma, Zell.) species, including the well-
known L. laburnella, Heyd., hatch from the egg and form a short
serpentine mine, usually about half an inch long and thread-like,
and they then settle down to devouring the flesh between the skins
of the leaf spirally, that is, eating around and around their cavity
thus enlarging it as they go, and leaving a black spiral of frass
inside to mark their progress, but here the habit is not constant,
for Lithocolletis scopariella, Zell., feeds inside a broom twig. When
full fed, the larva leaves its leaf or twig, and forms a white fusiform
cocoon usualiy on the bark of the tree, and under a slight web of
white silk.

Cerostoma feeds under a slight web on the leaves of trees, etc., but
the cocoon, which is usually spun in concealment on the ground,
on fallen wood or under a stone, is of characteristic shape, being
somewhat like the “‘forage cap’’ of the Boer War.

Hyponomeuta is another interesting genus, the larvae of most
species feeding under a dense web in colonies, leaving their web as
the food is exhausted and making another. ‘They finally pupate
in a cluster of cocoons under the last web, and it is indeed remarkable
how the moths manage to leave the web, in nearly all cases
without being caught up and either crippled or at least rubbed, for
no prepared exit is apparent.

The Nepticula mine in two ways, the common way being a

114

serpentine mine between the skins of a leaf ending in a chamber
large enough to hold the mature larva, from which it escapes by
making a semi-circular cut at the forward end about where the
skin joins the flesh. The other form is an irregular blotch,
varying in extent according to the thickness of the leaf, and from
this the larva escapes, again through a semicircular marginal cut.
It is a curious point that, at any rate in captivity, these larvae,
although they feed singly in their mines, (though sometimes there
are two or more mines in a leaf), and are all but legless, are apt to
collect together and spin their cocoons in small colonies. The
cocoons are of dense silk, brownish, flat, and usually oyster-shaped.

Of the Micropterygina, the Hepialidae are as well-known in their
habits to those who have dealt with the Macro-Lepidoptera,
as to the Micro-Lepidopterists, whose property they really are. They
are closely related to the most primitive of the Lepidoptera, coming
just later than Micropterya and Eriocrania, which families possess
biting mouth-parts, and the imagines of which feed on pollen
grains. The larvae of Hriocrania usually live in large blotch
mines of irregular shape, while those of Micropterya feed on Liver-
worts in damp woodland.

The spectacular ‘‘ Longhorns”’ or Adelidae, live as larvae in a large
flat case of two dead leaf fragments, trimmed more or less oval at
the ends and attached by the edges, the larvae feeding on vegetable
rubbish in woodland.

It is good to note that there are many members of the younger
entomological generation, who are now paying attention to the
Micro-Lepidoptera, and when the ground ploughed by their seniors
has been harrowed, they will have learnt some of the painstaking
thoroughness of their elders, and will be fitted to carry on the work
which was of necessity left undone. ;

There are also, of course, constantly appearing new species to
our fauna owing to the more rapid method of transport, and although
intentional introduction is of course to be most rigorously discouraged,
new arrivals provide the entomologist with a good chance for
practising his powers of observation and deduction; exotic species
very often alter their habits when entering a new country, as
witness Blastobasis lignea, Wals., which in its native Australia is
something of a pest in dried skins, but here seems to be so far a
harmless feeder in outdoor rubbish.

ae

115

Notes on Micro-Lepidoptera.
By S. Waxety.—Read 27th September, 1984.

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited over a hundred species taken during the
current year and his Notes which follow refer to those of particular
interest.

Starting with Aphomia gularis, Zell.; Mr. Jacobs gave me a
liberal supply of larvae last autumn, which were mostly full-fed.
They pupated in pieces of cork and small rolls of corrugated paper,
and I noticed the cocoon was very tough. The first imago to emerge
was a male—on the 2nd of May, followed the next day by a female.
These paired the same evening, and ova were observed on the 6th.
The eges were laid in irregular batches, and were deposited in
crevices in cork as well as in the open. Larvae were first noticed
on 15th May, and they seemed to prefer shelled almonds at first,
but when larger were not so particular and attacked walnuts, brazils,
and peanuts with equal vigour. During July full-fed larvae were
observed burrowing into the cork, and the first emergence of this
brood was on the 8rd of August. At this date some of the larvae
were still not half grown, and up to the present (27th Sept.) less
than a dozen imagines have emerged. One pairing took place, ova
were laid, and young larvae were seen a few days ago.

To pass on to other species; the Pterophoridae (Plumes) are of great
interest. Having the good fortune to be in the Isle of Wight during
August, I was anxious to find imagines or larvae of some of the
local plumes to be found there. My first trip was to Freshwater
after Alucita spilodactylus, Curt., which occurs there among its food-
plant, Murrubium vulgare, L. This plant I found very local, but
empty pupa-cases were to be seen in numbers on the leaves. A
diligent search was rewarded by finding minute larvae in the heart
of the growing buds. As I had some plants growing at home, some
of these were taken, and the larvae were extracted and transferred
successfully. These should feed up next spring. In addition
several pupae were found and, more surprising still, full-fed
larvae. Two moths which emerged from these are shown.

Three specimens of the rare Pselnophorus brachydactyla, Tr., are
shown. This local insect occurs in Gloucestershire, these particular
ones being kindly sent me in the pupa state by Mr. T. Bainbrigge-

116

Fletcher. Some ova of the same species were sent to me later, laid
on leaves of the Wall Lettuce, Lactuca muralis, Coss., which is
rather a local plant around London. The ova were laid on the
undersides of the leaves, and I counted one hundred on a single
leaf. I don’t think these were all fertile, but the young larvae on
hatching, quickly defoliated my growing plants, and it was quite by
accident I found they would eat the leaves of Nipplewort (Lapsana
communis, L.), a very common plant around London. Ordinary
garden lettuce was also accepted by the young larvae, but I doubt if
the larvae would thrive on this for long. My larvae took up
positions for hibernation quite early in August, and I hope to see
them again next spring. They are barely a quarter of an inch long,
and are sheltering in dead leaves. Another local species, Pterophorus
carphodactyla, Hb., was searched for in the Isle of Wight. It is to
be found on Inula conyza, D.C. (Ploughman’s Spikenard), and
occurs on the southern slopes of the Downs stretching from Arreton
to Bembridge. I found very small larvae in the centre of crowns
of the first-year’s plants. The heart of a plant—from which next
year’s flower-spike would grow—withers and dies from the attack of
the larvae, but as this takes some time the larvae apparently feed
on happily under the dying crown. The plant seems to sprout
again in several places later, giving the larvae a chance to move its
quarters when the food gives out. Once the plant has flowered, if
dies. One root, with many crowns, some of which showed signs of
the presence of larvae, was taken home by a friend of mine, and he
was surprised to find a moth had emerged a few days later, and
within a fortnight seven specimens had emerged from this one root.
Several roots taken by myself have failed to produce a single imago,
and no doubt there is only a partial second emergence of this species
in late August and September. Both Dr. Blair and Mr. Jacobs
have also bred this moth during August, but these larvae were taken in
the flower-heads (gathered at Eynsford, Kent). The first emergence
isin June. The specimen shown was taken flying, after dark, on
the 19th of August.

Agdistis bennetii, Curt., occurs on the salterns among Statice
limonium, L. (Sea Lavender), and the young larvae may be taken
in scores by picking the flowers in August and shaking these over a
sheet of paper. My specimens came from Burnham-on-Crouch,
Essex, and Shalfleet, Isle of Wight.

Both Lozopera (Conchylis) francillana, Fb., and Lozopera diluct-
dana, St., were bred in numbers from stems of wild carrot and
parsnip respectively, the former stems producing a few specimens of
Phalonia zephyrana. These showy species are seldom seen and must
be of very retiring habits, as the two former, at any rate, occur in
great numbers. The dead stems were collected in the winter and
spring.

The specimens of Vortrix viburnana, Fb., are interesting inasmuch

117

as the four lower ones are the saltern form, which is much paler
than the normal type, of which one is also shown. I bred these
from larvae feeding on Artemesia maritima, L., and Statice limonium.

One specimen of Hvetria turionana, Hb., a local insect, was taken
at the Westerham Field Meeting, together with two specimens of
Roeslerstammia erxlebella, Fb., another species worthy of special
note.

A visit to some waste land at Klmers End on the 18th July,
provided me with aseries of Hucosma foenella, L., the “ Goose-neck ”’
Tortrix of Stainton, quite a good caricature of a goose’s head and
neck showing on the forewing. This was flying freely at dusk
around its foodplant, Artemisia vulgaris, L. Several other Species
were taken at the same time and place, namely Pterophorus septo-
dactyla, Tr. (lieniyianus, Gell.), Argyroploce striana, Schiff. and
Hemimene saturnana, Gn.—rather a surprise to take such a mixed
bag so near London.

T'wo very common species were bred from a bird’s nest given me
by Mr. T. R. Eagles, Hndrosis lactella, Schiff., and Borkhausenia
pseudospretella, Stain. They are both common house moths, and I
was hoping to get something better.

Larvae of Aryyresthia goedartella, L., were common in the spring
in the bark of birch trees. They congregate in colonies for
pupation, and the Woodpecker takes a toll of them and incidentally
gives away their whereabouts to the observant entomologist. At
Box Hill a ball of paper was found forced into a hole in a birch
tree. By chance a larva was observed on this, and upon extraction
the paper was found to be full of holes which the larvae had _ bored.
Several score of the moths—Aryyresthia goedartella—were bred from
this rather unusual find.

At the Bookham Field Meeting several oak leaves were found
containing small larvae which had mined the leaves in large
blotches—in some cases the whole area of the leaf was mined, the
larvae feeding under the top semi-transparent skin. Mr. R. Adkin
named the species by this typical habit of the larva—Acrocercops
brongniardella, Dbldy., a small series of which I bred.

A nice capture was Monopis weaverella, Scott, a species very near
Monopis rusticella, Hb., but distinguished by the white tornal mark.
This was taken at Selsdon, Surrey.

Tinea parasitella, Hb., and Tinea cloacella, Haw., were bred in
numbers from a dry woody fungus collected at various places. The
latter is very close to Tinea granella,L., in appearance, but 7’. granella
is a warehouse moth. This species feeds in the larval state on corn
grains of various kinds, and I found a colony recently in a bag of
bitter almonds at a grocer’sshop. Mr. Jacobs gave me some feeding
on ergot of rye, and these fed readily on peanuts, the soft shells of
which were much appreciated by the larvae for pupatingin. Some
years ago, I took this species in the Isle of Wight, together with

118

Monopis crocicapitella, Clem. The larvae in this case were feeding

on some printer’s old inking rollers, which were made of a mixture

of glue, black treacle, etc.

I have included a pair of the Clearwing, Synanthedon (Aegeria)
flaviventris, Stdgr., with the moths shown, and these were bred by
Mr. Jetiery, who found the sallow twigs with galls at Parkhurst
Forest in the Isle of Wight.

Two specimens of sallow stems with galls are exhibited, and the
larval workings can be plainly seen. This species is two years in
the larval state, and I understand all the English specimens are
taken every other year. This means that it will be no use taking
stems with galls this winter, as 1 believe the first-year larvae are
impossible to rear if the twig is cut. This fairly recent addition
to the British List of Lepidoptera is very local, but possibly it will
be found well distributed if properly searched for.

119

An Anal Comb in a Micro-Lepidopterous Larva.
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., A.M.—Read 27th September, 1984.

While trying to identify, for Mr. Hugh Cott, larvae taken from
the stomachs of frogs and toads, I found one with an anal comb.
This larva, discovered in the stomach of a toad captured at Possil,
near Glasgow, on 19th May, 1933, is 16°5mm. long and has a
complete ring of biordinal, alternate long and short, crochets on
each ventral proleg. I suspect it belongs to the Tortricina. The
comb lies above and behind the anus on the under surface of the
anal flap, and consists of eight rather thin-walled light brown
hollow tubes united to form a thin plate ; beyond the plate each
tube becomes narrower and continues as a solid black-brown pointed
spine, half as long as the hollow part. The spines diverge slightly
and the outer ones are the shortest. The comb, which lies with the
spines pointing backwards when at rest, is attached only at its base
and can be rotated so that the spines point vertically downwards and
finally forwards, in which position they are close to the anal open-
ing.

It is so similar to the well-known anal combs found in the larvae
of all Grypocera, that I think it must serve the same purpose. The
following notes are taken from Tutt’s “ British Butterflies.”—The
comb of Syrichtus (Pyrgus) (Hesperia) malvae, L., is *6 mm. long,
narrower at the base and spreading to the edges of the spines, each
of which seems to arise quite at the base, a rib running down the
comb from the base to each point. The comb of Adopoea (Thymelicus)
acteon, Rott.,is ‘4mm. xX *3 mm. and has twenty short teeth.”
The figure (Vol. I, Pl. xviii.) shows that it is very like the comb of
Carterocephalus palaemon, Pall., a drawing of which was also handed
round. ‘The two drawings are on the same scale, and since the full
grown larva of palaemon is 23:8 mm. long and the Microlepidopterous
larva is 18-5 mm. long the proportionate size of their combs is much
the same. I think the comb of palaemon consists of a series of
thick-walled hollow tubes, rather than solid rods as Tutt says they
are in malvae.

Frohawk (“ Natural History of the British Butterflies,” Vol. 2,
p. 187) gives a graphic description of the use of the comb of Ochlodes
venata, Bremer and Grey. (Augiades sylvanus, Ksp.). Just previous
to the ejectment of the excrement the larva crawls backwards along

120

its abode until its extremity is either ator slightly protruded beyond
the tube in which it lives, it then raises its anal segment, elevating
the flap or lobe, and evacuates the faeces, which remain adhering
to the anus. The comb is then brought down to the rim of the
orifice and remains so fixed for a moment or two, as if to obtain a
firm pressure with the tips of the tines, then, apparently with con-
siderable power, it is suddenly released; spring-like the comb flies
up with a violent jerk, casting the pellet with remarkable force in
an upward direction, when it falls to the ground at a distance of
two feet six inches to three feet away.

Jordan in a‘ Note on the larva of Somabrachys, Kirby ’ (“« Novitates
Zoologicae,”’ XVI, 1909, 16, 331) says that the position of the genus,
which is found in North Africa and Palestine, is doubtful though it
is usually placed in the Meyalopygidae. He goes on to say that in
examining this larva, which is like a Zygaenid, he found an organ

he had not previously found in any other kind of caterpillar, and

gives the following description of it.

‘On the upper wall of the anus, and ordinarily concealed from
view, there is a kind of fork or rake with three or four tines. This
rake is black-brown. It lies flat on the upper wall of the anus or
rather on the lower side of the broad lobe which covers the anus
from above, and its tines are directed backwards. All examined had
three or four tines, this variability being observed in specimens
found together. The tines are apparently always, practically of
equal length. They vary in shape inasmuch as some are pointed
and others truncate and dentate. The insect can so move the organ
that it is directed downward. We ascertained its use by observing
the living larva under a lens. When the faeces leave the anus the
rake is employed to push them outside and give them a final jerk,
which sends them rolling off the anal segment.” The figures show
that the tines are long, like those of the Microlepidopterous larva,
but the proximal part of the comb is shorter than in either of the
other types of comb.

Nore From J. C. F. Fryer.

We have used the anal comb in Lepidopterous larvae chiefly for
distinguishing Codling Moth larvae from those of foreign Tortricids
likely to be found in imported apples. The Codling Moth larva
has no comb, whereas that of Cydia molesta, for instance, has.

Up to the present those larvae of Meyrick’s subdivision Tortric-
idae, that I have examined, have not had combs, whereas those of
his division Hucosmidae are usually, but not invariably, provided
with combs. However I have not examined enough larvae yet to
say whether an absence of the comb is characteristic of the Tortricid
family of the Tortricina, but I propose to pay more attention to the
matter.

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121

Biological Notes on British Megaloptera.
By EH. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.—Read 10th October, 1934.

The Megaloptera are generally placed as the first sub-section of
the Neuroptera, but by many are considered sufficiently distinct to
constitute a separate Order; some authorities think that the two
super-families, Srarormea and Raearprorpea, into which the Megalop-
tera are divided, should constitute separate Orders.

In Britain the two super-families are each represented by a single
family : Sialoidea by the Sialidae, with two species, Sialis lutaria,
L., and S. fuliginosa, Pictet; and the Raphidioidea by Raphidia
with the four species Raphidia notata, Fabr., R. awanthostigma,
Schum., R. cognata, Ramb., and R. macuilicollis, Steph.

The life-history of Stalis lutaria, L., is well known. The adult
insects are very common in the neighbourhood of ponds and slow-
flowing streams, from the middle of April until July. Their flight
is very slow and laboured, their dark colour making them very
conspicuous in the bright sunshine. They seldom take long flights
and when disturbed will crawl around the plant or stone on which
they happen to be resting rather than fly away. Whenat rest their
wings are held roof-like over their backs and in this position look
much blacier than they really are. The head and mouth parts of
the adult are similar to those of the larva, being formed for a
carnivorous diet. I have never seen them feed; in captivity they
refuse all food offered but they take drops of water from the surface
of the plants in their cage. The life of the adult is very short,
lasting but a few days, the longest time during which I have
succeeded in keeping one alive was fifteen days; this was a male
that was quite fresh when caught.

The eggs are placed upon plants, stones, etc., near water and are
arranged in a single layer of about one to two hundred. The female
commences by placing the first row and then stepping backwards
for the next row, and so on, until the whole mass is finished; in
this way the eggs first deposited are covered by her body whilst the
others are being laid. The egg is a short cylinder, brown in colour,
placed with its long axis almost at right angles to the surface upon
which it is laid. The top of this cylinder is rounded and at its
centre is a white micropylar knob. Under a lens the surface of the
ege is seen to be granular and the white knob to be flask shaped.

In about fourteen days from laying the larva pushes off the top
of the egg and crawls out, drops to the ground and makes its way
to the water. Many of the egg clusters collected at the ponds will
fail to produce larvae but in their place parasitic Hymenoptera
emerge. These flies seem to do their work thoroughly, for every
ege in the batch seems to be stung. When the larvae reach the

122

water they swim about near the surface for the first few days and
then make their way down to the mud at the bottom; upon this
they crawl and occasionally burrow intoit. The larva is predaceous,
having a large head, powerful sharp-pointed mandibles, four-jointed
antennae and small eyes. Its body tapers from head to tail and
when full grown is just over one inch long. The legs are long,
well developed and end in a bifid claw. The abdomen consists of
nine segments and from the first to the seventh these carry lateral
tracheal gills in the form of five-jointed transparent setose filaments,
with a single tracheal tube through each. Attached to the last
abdominal segment is a long tapering tail, very similar to the lateral
filaments but unjointed, and with two tracheal tubes. In the water
these lateral filaments are carried curved upwards and slightly back:
wards. It has been suggested that they are used for swimming,
but this is doubtful; when these larvae do swim the undulatory move-
ment of the body seems to be sufficient for progression. When full-
grown the larva leaves the water and crawls away to asuitable place
for pupation; this is generally in damp earth or in decaying timber.
There it makes a cell and rests for a short time before the larval
skin is shed and the pupa disclosed. The pupa has the legs and
wings free, the body is curved with the ventral surface inwards, the
abdominal segments are provided with spines to keep the pupa free
from direct contact with the walls of the cell. After about three
weeks the pupa makes its way to the surface and there the skin
splits and the perfect insect emerges. At first the wings are glossy
but in a short time they become darkened and normal.

The life-history of Sialis fuliginosa is no doubt similar to that of
S. lutaria, but I have never been able to obiain larvae of this insect.
The flies are local, they do not occur at ponds but beside streams.
Mr. F. J. Killington in the “ Entomologist’ for 1982, gives a very
interesting account of the courtship and pairing of this insect. He
says that after they have separated, the female has attached to her
abdomen a spermatophore. If this also occurs in S. lutaria I
have so far failed to observe it, although I have seen them paired.

Stalis lutaria and S. fuliyinosa are very much alike in size and
colour. The most reliable characters for separating them are :—
(1) the number of cross veins from the sub-costa to the costa; in
S. lutaria there are eleven, whilst in S. fuliyinosa there are fifteen.
(2) The position of the cross vein from the radius to the subcosta;
in S. dutaria this meets the subcosta between the bases of the fourth
and fifth subcostal to costal cross veins, and in S. fuliyinosa between
the seventh and eighth. It must always be remembered that tbe
venation of these insects is somewhat variable, the cross viens quoted
are not absolutely constant. In the male of S. lutaria the sub-
genital plate is much longer than broad while in 8. fuliginosa it is
broader than long. In both species the female is much larger than
the male. S. lutaria is the first to appear, but their periods of flight
Overlap. |

in

125

Though the Raphidiidae, are usually placed in the Megaloptera,
they bear little resemblance to the Sialidae. The prothorax is
elongate, many times longer than broad, and is carried at an angle
with the rest of the body. ‘The head is much wider than the pro-
thorax, triangular in shape, widest in front and deflexed. ‘This
strange arrangement gives the insect a very snake-like appearance,
from which arises their popular name ‘ Snake-flies.’

The life-histories of our four species of Raphidia seem to be very
much alike. The eggs are deposited in May or June, in a cluster

under the bark of trees; the larvae emerge after about fourteen days,

make their way under the bark, feeding upon any small living
creatures that are to be found in such places, and are very active,
running backwards almost as quickly as forwards. When full
grown they often construct a cell in the bark in which to pupate.
Just before emergence the pupa, which has all its limbs free, becomes
active, makes its way to the outside of the bark and crawls about
until it finds a suitable place for emergence.

They all pass through the life-cycle from ova to adult in a single
year, but A. maculicollis pupates in the autumn (November) and
remains a pupa for six months, emerging in the spring; the other
three winter as resting larvae, pupate in the spring, and remain

as pupae for one month, before emerging.

Our largest species, Raphidia notata is fairly common, being found
in both pine and deciduous woods, in May and June. A few years
ago I took home alive a male and female of this species from Brent-
wood, and placed the female in a large cage with a piece of pine
bark. In this cage she remained resting during the day, but at
dusk became active, running and flying about. Whilst resting upon
the bark she was very difficult to see, her colour harmonizing with
that of the bark. After she had been in this cage three days, I
introduced the male in the evening, and immediately she began
calling. She raised her abdomen from the bark as far as_ possible,
standing as it were on the tip of her toes, she vibrated her abdomen
rapidly, and the ovipositor, which normally is continuous with the
body, was raised at right angles toit. In this position she remained
some few minutes, then the male, which was six inches away, turned —
in her direction and began to advance rapidly. When about two
inches away, the female, which had her tail towards the male,
suddenly turned, and ran to the male, their heads met and then she
returned to her original position and the male again advanced. He
travelled with his head well down to the bark and proceeded until
his head was under the thorax of the female, between her legs, then
he stopped and with a sudden upward turn of the abdomen united
with her. In this position they remained for over half an hour
before separating. Three days later the male was found dead at the
bottom of the cage. ‘The female spent each evening examining the
bark ; she thrust her long ovipositor into each crack and crevice,

124

many places were repéatedly examined, and when she died, seven
days after pairing, two batches of ova were found. They were close
together under a large scale of bark that was so close down as to
require a knife to raise it. In one batch there were forty six ova
and in the other thirty, making a total of seventy-six ova. These
ova were cylindrical, some 2°0 mm. in length and 0°'4 mm. in dia-
meter ; they were slightly curved longitudinally, the base rounded
and the upper part gradually reduced and at the apex of each was a
spherical knob. They were laid flat between the scales of bark.
The knob is pure white and the rest of the egg pale yellow. When
examined under a lens the surface is seen to be covered with a
fine mesh work that divides it into hexagonal cells, these cells are
largest around the knob. The ova of R. maculicollis ave similar in
shape, but only 1-2 mm. long and 0-2 mm. in diameter.

Some of the ova of f. notata were placed under a binocular
microscope so that the hatching could be observed. This took place
seven days after the death of the female. Two or three days before
hatching the young larva could be seen through the thin egg-shell,
the eyes and mouth parts being distinctly visible. The larva was
curled so that the head was bent down on the ventral surface of the
thorax, and the back of the head just below the knob. I looked for
an ege-burster, expecting to find one of similar type to those of the
Chrysopidae, but there was none. Some two or three hours before
hatching there was a pulsating movement, which seemed to be
centred in the prothorax, and at the same time the tail began to
come up from the bottom of the egg. This caused a swelling on
one side of the egg just below the knob. The swelling at last burst
and the larva pushed its prothorax out first through the vent, the
head and legs followed. ‘The larvae did not leave the egg shells for
some time but they did not eat them. Eventually they made their
way into the bark.

‘he larvae of Raphidia are all very much alike, the head is
parallel-sided, longer than wide, the prothorax the same size as the
head and covered with equally hard chitin, the meso- and meta-
thorax narrower and not covered with hard chitin. The abdomen
gradually widens to the third segment then diminishes to the tail.
The legs are pale coloured and each ends in a bifid claw. Full
grown larvae of R. notata are 12mm. long, of R. xanthostigma and
R. maculicollis 10‘1mm. long.

Raphidia notata and R. maculicollis are well distributed over the
country, but R. xanthostigma is more local, being found in Hastern
and Central England. AR. cognata is more rare, being found, so far,
only in Kastern England. The four species can be separated by an
examination of the wings: for details see W. J. Lucas, ‘‘ Proceed-
ings South London Entomological and Natural History Society,”
1927-28, pp. 84-41.

125

Some Lost Suburban Hunting Grounds.
By Roserr Apxin, F.R.E.S.— Read 13th Deeember, 1984.

Those of you who are familiar with the second volume of
Stainton’s ‘“* Manual” must have noticed the frequency with which
Lewisham is mentioned as a place where such and such a species
was to be found, and it will be a matter of wonder to many who
know the present-day Lewisham, how it could ever have been
capable of producing such species, at any rate within the memory
of living man.

I was born in Lewisham and spent the early part of my life there.
At first it had no railway ; that came when I was two or three years
old. As I first remember it, and indeed for quite a number of years
later, it was a long rambling country village, its High Street,
then known as ‘‘ The Village,” extended from where the North
Kent Railway now crosses it, for about a couple of miles, by
way of Ladywell and Catford to Southend. It was bordered
throughout the greater part of its length by a brook which emptied
itself into the river Ravensbourne near Lewisham Bridge, and in
many place along its banks grew stately elms. Farms abutted on
to it at frequent intervals, interspersed with little clusters of shops,
a stone yard, a couple of timber yards and a few private houses,
usually with large gardens. The surrounding country was inter-
sected by numerous lanes, generally bordered by thick hedges, and
a number of connecting footpaths.

My earliest collecting was done among these surroundings,
Burnt Ash Lane being a favourite hunting ground. The lower
portion, that nearest to Lee Green, was bordered by dense old
hedges of mixed growth and I don’t think that I have ever seen
Tortrices so abundant as they were about these hedges. I remember
that among them we used to get Pandemis corylana, Fab., quite
commonly; I see that I still have in my collection a couple of
specimens that were taken there. Further up the lane, the part
now known as Baring Road, the hedges were better trimmed but
afforded a good shelter for dusking. I cannot forget the numbers
of Cidaria fulvata, Férst., we used to get there; prized by us,
perhaps, more for its beauty than for its rarity. From this part a
footpath led to Hithergreen Lane and about half way along it, on
the left hand, was a small oak wood that was never prolific in

'

126

species but quite good enough to repay a look round on passing:
and on one’s right hand, overhanging a brook, were a few sallow
bushes that in their season could always be relied upon to produce
a good harvest of the commoner Taeniocampids. Then just opposite
the end of this footpath, in Hithergreen Lane, was a long, narrow
plantation, consisting largely of pine trees with mixed under-
growth, which produced a remarkably large and finely marked
race of Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L.; and it was one of the few places
where I have taken Ptychopoda trigeminata, Haw.

Another footpath connected these two lanes nearer their Lewisham
ends, and led past the celebrated ‘‘ Lee Pits,’ or, as we knew the
spot, the ‘‘ Sallow Swamp.” These ‘ Pits’’ consisted of a series of
three or four little hollows in a field, which, in winter, formed
shallow ponds, but in summer were often bone dry. They had a
fairly good growth of rush and sedge, and were surrounded by a
rather dense growth of bushes of whitethorn, rose, blackthorn,
sallow, and so forth, to say nothing of the numerous species of
flowering plants that grew there. It was a spot well known to the
collectors of the neighbourhood as a small entomological paradise,
but the best things I ever got out of it were a few Miltochrista
senex, Hub.

In the ‘“Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer,” which was
published during the years 1856 to 1861, appeared notices to the
effect that “‘ Mr. Stainton will be ‘at home’ as usual at 6 p.m. on
Wednesday next,’’ and on occasion such notices were varied as
follows: ‘‘ Mr. Stainton will not be ‘at home’ on Wednesday. Mr.
Stainton will proceed on that evening on a collecting expedition up
Burnt Ash Lane: he will be at the finger-post where the lane forks
at 6.80 p.m.—Incipients who are too shy or too afraid of intruding
to come to ‘ Mountsfield’ may perhaps pluck up courage enough to
meet one in alane. Incipients are requested not to come unprovided
with nets.” I was very young in those days, one of the incipients
in fact, and could never pluck up courage enough to join those
excursions, but I learned from some of my older friends who did, that
they provided very enjoyable outings and that the party worked over
exactly the routes that I have been describing to you,—Burnt Ash
Lane, the little oak wood, Hither Green Lane, Lee Pits, all receiving
attention, and often quite good bags were made. ‘The whole of that
district is now densely built over. Stainton’s estate, ‘‘ Mountsfield,”’
which was situated in George Lane which connected Hither Green
with Lewisham Village, is now a recreation ground, the house and
the ‘‘museum”’ building serving as refreshment rooms, etc., while
the adjoining estate, long years in the Desvignes family, is occupied
by a fever hospital. Many a mild winter’s evening have I spent
collecting Theria (Hybernia) rupicaprarta, Schiff., and such like
species from the hawthorn hedges that surrounded these estates, for

127

they were far and away the best hedges in the neighbourhood for
such things: now they are no more,

There were several other choice little collecting spots in the
Lewisham district in those far off days. Right on top of the Hilly
Fields were some old disused brick ponds. How long they had been
out of use when we used to collect there round about 1860 I cannot
say, but they were surrounded by ancient willow trees and a tangled
mass of undergrowth, while in them grew a goodly assortment of
reeds and rushes and other water plants. I have never seen the
Water Scorpion (Nepa cinerea, L.) and the Boatman (Notonecta
glauca, Li.) in such numbers as they were in those ponds; Water
Beetles, of several species, also were very common and there were
several species of Dragonflies. The surrounding herbage seemed to
have some special attraction for butterflies, for many of the commoner
species were to be found there in great numbers, among them I well
remember Maniola (Fpinephele) tithonus, L., of which a form with
extra spots on the forewings was not uncommon. Stainton gives
Lewisham as a locality for Acentropus niveus, Oliv. I have little
doubt that these ponds were the place where it occurred, for I doubt
if there was any other in the neighbourhood where its foodplant,
Potamogeton, grew. These ponds have long disappeared, the Hilly
Fields exist at the present day only in name and their site is now
covered by a small town of houses.

A footpath ran from Ladywell across the ‘‘Seven Fields” to
Catford, for the greater part of its length along side the river
Ravensbourne. There were many old willows, elms and so forth
on the banks of the river and they provided an excellent sugaring
ground. Ido not remember that we ever took any great rarities
there but such species as Calymnia affinis, L. and Calymnia diffinis,
L., were more common than I have ever met with them since. The
*« Seven Fields” are now the Lewisham Recreation Ground.

Over in the far corner of Blackheath was an old gravel pit. It
was well overgrown with grass and scattered bushes. It was here
that Tutt took the specimens of Crambus contaminellus, Hiib., that
led to the controversy that ended in the differentiation of Crambus
salinellus, Tutt, from that species. This pit coming under the
jurisdiction of the London County Council some years ago was soon
improved out of existence, at any rate so far as any entomological
collecting is concerned.

Kidbrook Lane was a footpath leading from Blackheath in the
direction of Eltham. It was much like the lanes about Lewisham
in that it had good hedge banks and numerous elms and other trees.
It was a favourite hunting ground of our old friend and fellow
member, the late “‘ Greenwich’? West. I believe he took several
good species of beetles there and not a few nice species of Lepidop-
tera. The lane has now disappeared, its place being taken by a
broad road densely built along.

9?

128

Shooter’s Hill Wood was a little further over in the same direction.
Although it had the reputation of being a good place for moths it
never appealed greatly to me, but I well remember an old cork-cutter
by the name of Dyball, whom I knew very well, showing me a box
full of what he called Buttons— Peronea cristana, Fab.—that he said
he had taken there. The wood, I believe, still exists, but what its
present condition may be I cannot say; I only know that buildings
have approached very close to it.

Greenwich Marshes extended for, perhaps, a couple of miles along
the banks of the River Thames. They were intersected in places
by dykes and were partly under cultivation but there was a good
deal of waste Jand. Along the banks of one particular dyke we
used to get all the Leucania straminea, Treits. we wanted, while
Calamia phragmitidis, Hub., and most of the other commoner marsh-
loving species were plentiful. On my last visit to this spot I found
it occupied by an explosives factory of some sort and was promptly
warned off. Further over towards the river was a large tract of
waste land where burdock (Arctim) grew in great quantity and its
stems yielded a splendid harvest of the pupae of Ochria ochracea,
Hib. (flarago, Esp.) On that land now stands the largest of the
South Metropolitan Gas Company’s Works; the burdocks are no
more.

A little further out, and just off the lower Woolwich Road, is the
old Charlton sand pit, where many good species of insects were said
to have been taken in the olden days. [I last visitedit in 1907 when
it and its surrounding woods appeared to have been little altered.
What may have happened since then I do not know.

There were two places in the Lewisham district where, in the
autumn, we were always pretty sure of getting two or three Litho-
phane (Xylina) semibrunnea, Haw. One was just off Blackheath on
the Charlton Road, the other right at the other end of the district
at Southend. Both were heavily ivy-covered, bigh walls surround-
ing old estates. Whether either of them still exists I know not, but
even if they do, I doubt if their surroundings would admit of semi-
brunnea still breeding there.

Lewisham is not the only place that has, as a collecting ground,
been ‘“‘ improved” off the face of the earth. In 1866 we discovered
Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead. It was a somewhat neglected place
with a broad drive right through it, bordered at frequent intervals
with well-grown trees, which afforded a fine site for sugaring. Ido
not know that we took any great rarities there, but of the commoner
Noctuae there were both quantity and variety; on more than one
occasion I see that a whole page of my diary is filled by their
enumeration. I once spent a whole night sugaring there and was
disgusted to find that after the first two or three rounds not a solitary
insect arrived at the sugar until just before daybreak and then only
one or two of the commonest. We walked to Charing Cross for the

129

7.45 a.m. train home; having refreshed ourselves on the way by a
good wash in a horse-trough on Haverstock Hill, much to the
annoyance of an early policeman. ‘The last occasion on which I
visited the neighbourhood was in 1927. I had been attending a
function in Hampstead and wished to pick up the road north. I
was told to cross the Heath, go on past the ‘Spaniards’? and I
should find a new road, Bishop’s Avenue, on my left. I had no
difficulty in finding the road, it took the course of the old “ ride”’
through the wood that I knew so well, but there was no wood left,
again houses and more houses where the wood once stood.

It was in 1868 that we first visited West Wickham Wood and
Shirley Heath; they were glorious collecting grounds in those days.
There was no Woodside Station then, but one could go to Beckenham
Junction and walk some three miles along a particularly dreary road,
especially at night, to the West Wickham end of the wood; or to
Norwood Junction whence the walk was a mile further but more
interesting, to the other end of the wood; and this latter route was,
therefore, the one most in favour. Leaving Norwood Junction, &
footpath led across a timber yard and then through fields on to the
Beckenham-Croydon Road, crossing which and proceeding up Stroud
Green Road, the second turning (I think it was) on the left, brought
one to Shirley Church, just beyond which one came to the Bishop’s
fence which bordered the lane right up to the entrance of the wood
on the left. Good collecting was to be had all the way along this
route, but the last time I was there, now some years ago, most of
it was built over. The Bishop’s fence was one of the few places
where Odontosia carmelita, Kisp., had occurred, and one was always
hopeful that it might again be found there, but although I never
missed the chance of thoroughly searching the fence, whenever
the opportunity offered, it did not fall to my lot to find carmelita ;
I did, however, get a number of quite nice species from the fence
at one time and another.

When it was possible, as sometimes happened on a Saturday, to
make a start soon after mid-day, the round would be from the
Station to the wood as I have already described. The remainder
of the afternoon would be spent in the wood, then, possibly round
about 6 o’clock, we would proceed down the lane to the “ Cricketers ”
-at Addington, where one could usually refresh the inner man to
advantage. A little further on. and on the opposite side of the road,
was an old lichen-covered fence where the larvae of Boarmia (Cleora)
lichenaria, Hufn., were quite common, and having spent half an
hour or so there, it was time to push on to Shirley Heath for the
rest of the evening, and usually a scramble for the last train home
again. At other times one might work only the wood or only the
heath according to the time at one’s disposal and the particular
species that one wished to get.

West Wickham Wood as I first knew it was, I think without

130

doubt, the most delightful collecting ground I ever entered. There
were patches of young birch, clumps of pine, stately beech, plenty
of oak and a generally mixed undergrowth. A public bridle path ran
right through it and, to cap the lot, there was one of the most
venomous old Keepers that I ever knew. It may be that I was
particularly unfortunate, for I had seen him only once or twice
when, while I was larva hunting one night, I very nearly trod on a
sitting pheasant; of course she went up like a rocket, making about
as much noise, and J slipped back onto the bridle path as quickly
and as quietly as possible, where he very soon found me. Of course
I was within my rights there, but he had heard it all and vowed
vengeance. Thereafter we could never pacify the old man, but we
found, quite by chance, that he had a weak spot, and by leaving a
sufficient number of cold gins for him at the “ pub” at Shirley, we
were pretty safe for the evening. Quite a number of decent species
were to be taken fairly regularly in the wood and occasionally some-
thing unexpected might fall to one’s lot, such as Dyschorista
(Orthosia) suspecta, Hub., a species which, I believe, is not often
met with in the South. I last saw West Wickham Wood on EHaster
Monday in 1907 and I derived little pleasure from my visit. A
large part of the bridle path has been fenced in and the small portion
of the wood still open, towards the Addington end, was over-run by
a crowd of picnickers and the like. Its present condition is better
known to many of you than it is to me, but I understand that a
large part has been converted into a golf course and that houses
have begun to be built along what was once the bridle path.

Shirley Heath, which by the way was also known as Addington
Hills, was a very different proposition. It was an elevated, slightly
undulating tract extending over many acres, completely covered
with heather and over the greater part of it hardly a bush to break
the monotony, but it was a wonderful place for the majority of the
heath-loving species. Hmaturga atomaria, L., Eupithecia nanata,
Hiib., Eupithecia goossensiata, Mab. (minutata, Dbld.) and Anarta
myrtilli, L., were all abundant; Dyscia fagaria, Thunb. (Scodiona
belgiaria, Hiib.), Pachyenemia hippocastanaria, Hub., and Agrotis
strigula, Thunb. (porphyrea, Hub.) were very common. Of Agrotis
agathina, Dup., a hundred or more larvae were often swept from the
heather of an evening, but it was very seldom that any imagines
resulted from them ; it was much better to collect a dozen or so by
searching the heather by the light of a lantern, when with careful
management one was pretty sure to breed a few moths. The last
time I visited the heath it was a barren waste; the trampling of
thousands of the little feet of Sunday School children, who had
held their treats there, had trampled most of the heather out of
existence ; so bare was the place that I doubt if any self-respecting
caterpillar could have maintained itself, and I fear it is still in much
the same state.

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Happily there still remain one or two of our old hunting grounds
near London. Wimbledon Common, judging from the frequent
exhibits that we see from that neighbourhood, for it is many years
since I last visited it, is no doubt well worthy of attention. Paul’s
Cray Common near Chislehurst has altered little and may still be
worth a visit; it was always a good spot for Tortrices and I have
no doubt that one may still gather a supply of Operophtera fagata,
Scharf. (Cheimatobia boreata, Hub.) from the birch bushes on a
November evening. Building has encroached largely in the
Riddlesdown neighbourhood, but I believe we may still replenish
our series of Thera juniperata, L., from the few juniper bushes that
still remain, if we visit them on a mild October night.

Coombe Wood, that happy hunting ground of a former genera-
tion ; Darenth Wood, well known in our own time and credited by
our forefathers with the production of many rare species that never
occurred within miles of it; and the more recently discovered
Chattenden Roughs renowned for Apatura iris, L., Nola albula,
Hiib., and many other local species not so many years ago, although
still in existence have all altered greatly during recent years, either
by the ‘‘ advance of civilisation” or by neglect, and are not now the
productive places that they used to be.

However deplorable the loss of so many of our old hunting
grounds may be, we have some compensations. The opening up of
new districts by the extension of the railway systems, the advent of
the motor-bus and the motor-car, enable us to reach many out-of-
the-way places that may, in all likelihood, yield rich harvests when
they come to be fully explored, and which, in this present day, are
far more easy of access than were many of those which we have lost,
when we first knew them.

132

Some Observations on the Trypetidae.
By M. Nisterr.—Read 10th January, 1935.

My attention was first directed to the family of flies known as
the Trypetidae by the fact, that a number of species are gall-causers,
and my chief interest being Cecidology, 1 wished to obtain some
information of this section of gall-causing insects. [soon realized
that there was very little literature published in English referring
to these flies, and still less touching upon their biology. A
considerable amount of work has been done by foreign dipterists in
connection with this family, but as I had not access to their works,
this fact was not of much use to me. Apparently the best thing to
do under the circumstances was to try and rear the insects myself,
and this I decided todo. As I have just mentioned, it was the gall-
causing T'rypetids in which I was interested, and my early attempts
to rear these were carried out in a more or less haphazard fashion ;
I collected portions of plants which were galled, placed these in
suitable receptacles and awaited results. In due course a number
of gall-causing Trypetids emerged, and in addition several species
which, as far as I knew had nothing whatever to do with gall
formation. This fact led me deeper into the matter, and the
outcome of it was, that I began to investigate the distribution of
the larvae in their various food-plants. There appear to be big
differences in time of duration of larval, pupal, and imaginal
states in different species, and also in different broods of a single
species; of the egg state 1 can say but little, not having had an
opportunity to investigate it. With the species whose larvae live
in flower-heads the eggs are deposited in, or on, the receptacle
in the flower, the larvae when hatched remaining in the situation
best suited to their mode of existence; in these species the female
fly has usually a very long ovipositor, although there are exceptions,
some species with larvae living in flowers of some size being
provided with remarkably short ones.

In the leaf-mining and fruit-feeding species the ovipositor is
usually short, as one would expect; of the species whose eggs are
deposited in the roots of plants I can say nothing, as I have not yet
had an opportunity to observe any of these fliés.

The larvae of a large number of our British Trypetidae live in the

133

flower-heads of plants of the Composite order, some are leaf-miners,
while others live in stems or roots; a few species in each location,
excepting the leaf-miners, causing the formation of galls. The
flower-head larvae feed upon the floral receptacle, florets, and the
seeds, and certain species construct a cocoon of pappus-hairs, in
which they eventually pupate. The larvae of some species actually
live inside the seeds, and these are a rather difficuls group. The
first of these larvae to come to my notice were those of Orellia
(T'rypeta) tussilaginis, Fab., in the flower-heads of Arctium majus, L.,
the larvae were entirely enclosed in the seeds, there was no sign of
any entrance hole, the seeds being to all appearance normal, except
that perhaps they were a little stouter than the uninhabited seeds.
When the fly was ready to emerge, it broke through the end of its
puparium and then apparently emerged through an opening in the
end of the seed. .

There appears to be a considerable difference of opinion as to
where the larvae of Urophora quadrifasciata, Mg., pass their lives.
Many continental entomologists have published statements to the
effect that the larvae cause the formation of a plurilocular gall.
Tavares states that in the Iberian Peninsula the larvae live in the
achenes, causing a gall similar to that caused by the Cynipid
Isocolus gaceae, Schr., and also mentions that in other parts of Kurope
the species is the cause of a plurilocular gall. I do not of course
know whether ‘Tavares had seen these, but I think it probable that
he quoted from the publications before mentioned. My own obser-
vation of this species do not agree with either of these statements.
The white larvae of U. quadrifasciata live in the achenes and also
pupate therein, but there is definitely no gall; the seed inhabited by
a larva appears to expand as the larva grows, and when approaching
maturity the anal extremity of the larva projects from the lower end
of the seed. I find that unless one can examine fresh flower-heads
containing the larvae or pupae, it is difficult to decide the exact
position they occupy; if you open dry, or old heads, the larvae or
pupae usually drop out, and as the thin skin of the achene has
practically disappeared, one is apt to draw wrong conclusions. |
have found the larvae of this species only in the flower-heads of
Centaurea nigra, L., but it has been recorded on the Continent from
those of C. cyanus, L., C. scabtosa, L., C. jacea, L., ete.

It will probably be found that quite a number of the Trypetids
whose foodplants have not yet been discovered have larvae which
pass their existence in the achenes. I have found several species of
plants with larvae in the seeds, which up to the present I have
failed to rear. I have not yet found out when the larvae enter the
seeds; they certainly cannot do so until the seeds have made some
definite growth. In tne case of O. tussilaginis to which I have just
referred, the seeds were hard and dry and the larva full grown when

184

I found them; they must live in g state of constant compression as
the larvae are decidedly larger than the seeds containing them.

There are probably some 80 odd species of 7'rypetidae occurring
in Britain. ‘Verrall’s List”’ gives 60, several of which are doubtful,
but I have based my assumption on the following grounds: There are
among Kuropean T'rypetidae, of which the foodplants appear to be
unknown, 14 species which may probably occur in Britain (a
number of these species have been taken); in addition, 5 species
whose larvae are stem-feeders, 4 root-feeders, 5 leaf-miners, 6 fruit-
feeders, and 48 of which the larvae live in flower-heads, all of which
feed upon species of plants indigenous to this country, and [ think
that we may safely assume that the flies of a very large percentage of
these are in all probability native species.

In addition to ‘ Verrall’s List” there have been published a
number of local lists of Trypetidae in the Transactions of local
societies, and in our entomological journals, but I feel sure they fall
short in every case of the number of species to be found in the
respective localities to which they refer, as is usually the case where
the workers are few.

Undoubtedly many species of 7Z'rypetidae are very local or have
periods of great scarcity. Asan instance J'ephritis (Oxyna) flavi-
pennis, Lw., may be cited. Verrall only came across the Aly twice
during 40 years collecting, but in 1904 and again in 1911, Mr. G.C.
Lamb found it abundant in a locality in Cornwall; it has also been
taken since in the west of England; my friend Mr. H. J. Burkill
found numerous empty galls caused by this species at Fetcham,
Surrey, in 1933, and I found several myself at Epsom in 1984 upon
the roots of its foodplant Achillea millefoltuwm, L.

Gonioglossum wiedemanni, Mg., a species of which the larvae live in
the berries of Bryonia dioica, L., I sought unsuccessfully over
considerable areas for several years, but in 1933 a hedgerow near
Banstead, Surrey, had a number of Bryony plants trailing over it,
with, I should estimate, quite one third of the fruits containing the
larvae of this species.

A species of which the foodplant is scarce or local one would
naturally expect to find confined to those localities where the foodplant
grows, but it appears that species which have numerous foodplants, or
one of wide and plentiful distribution, are frequently scarce or absent
in such localities.

It is quite an easy matter to gain a wrong impression of the dis-
tribution of a species by casual observation, and to obtain true facts
one must make a constant and systematic search. 1am of opinion
that a more correct estimate of the distribution of Zrypetidae can be
obtained by searching for the larvae than .by haphazard sweeping
with a net in the hope of taking the flies.

My discovery of Orellia (Irypeta) winthemi, Mg., a species

135

previously unrecorded for Britain, was made by collecting larvae
in the flower-heads of Carduus crispus, L.; these were taken on
Ranmore Common, Surrey, and a casual examination told me
that there were larvae in them which were unfamiliar to me,
The following year, 1933, some more larvae were found in flower-
heads of the same plant at Banstead ; both these groups of thistles
I had swept with a net on previous occasions, but had failed to
capture a fly of this species. I do not wish to suggest that it is not
advisable to try and capture the insects themselves, hut I consider
that both methods should be employed, and that particular notice
be taken of the plant or plants from which insects are swept. If
one is careful to sweep individual species of plants, the number of
insects captured is, as a rule, much less than can be obtained by
general sweeping, but I feel that the information so obtained is of
far more scientific value.

In my searches for the larvae of Trypetids I have noticed that
with some species, they are to be found chiefly upon isolated plants
scattered over a wide area: this is especially the case with Orellia
(Trypeta) ruficanda, Fab. (florescentiae, L.) in the flower-heads of
Cnicus palustis, L. On the other hand Sphenella marginata, Fall.,
of which the larvae feed in the flower-heads of several species of
Senecio, rather favours crowded groups of plants. These larvae I
have found in Ragwort, occasionally in scattered plants, but freely
where the plant grew thickly ; in Groundsel I have never found a
plant with larvae where the plants were scattered, but in two locali-
where I found a big patch of Groundsel plants crowded together,
over 70% of the flowers had larvae in them. With reference to the
first mentioned of these big patches, I visited the locality two years
afterwards and found that practically all the Groundsel had dis-
appeared, but that there were many plants of Ragwort growing there,
of these I examined about 100 flower-heads, and failed to find a
single larva of S. waryinata.

Mr. J. W. Saunt speaks of Urophora cardui, L., being very scarce
in Warwickshire; in Surrey, the galls caused by this species are to
be found almost everywhere where its host-plant Cnicus arvensis, L.,
occurs, and upon several wet commons they are always to be found
in considerable numbers. I have only met with the fly upon rare
occasions, which seems to have been the experience of Mr. A. H.
Hamm in the Oxford district.

Terellia (I'rypeta) serratulae, L., is a species of which I found but
very few larvae until 1934, when a comparatively few flower-heads
of Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop., and Carduus nutans, L., yielded a con-
siderable number of the flies.

Hamm speaks of taking Ceriocera (Trypeta) ceratocera, Hand.
(cornuta, F.) in nuinbers; I have had thousands of flower-heads of
Centaurea scabiosa, L., its host-plant, through my hands during the
past few years, and the larvae have only occurred twice, yielding a

136

total of 8 flies. Another species he mentions as being very plenti-
ful in his district is Tephritis vespertina, Lw.; although I have found
the larvae in considerable numbers, and have had many of the flies
emerge during July and August, I have failed to capture a single
specimen by sweeping its food-plant, Hypochoeris radicata, L., during
August and September in localities, where I had found the larvae
abundant.

Urophora quadrifasciata, Mg., is double-brooded, pupae found in
early July yielding the fly in mid-July; while from flower-heads
taken later in the year with larvae in them, the flies emerged in
June of the following year. I had bred comparatively few flies of
this species from some thousands of flower-heads of its host-plant ;
but in the spring of 1984 I had dozens emerge from quite a small
number of the heads. . I found the flies very plentiful in one
locality in the summer of 19838, but flower-heads collected here later,
yielded less than a dozen flies from several hundreds of the heads.

An interesting point which may be noted here (and which is
common to many species that are double-brooded), is the difference
in time taken by the two broods to reach maturity. The brood
over-wintering in the larval stage usually emerges during June,
having taken about 10 months to reach the final state, while the
following brood which emerges in July, can only take about a
month at the most to pass from egg to imago.

It is difficult to understand the reason why the larvae of some
species of a genus cause gall-formation, while others do not, or again
why some will encase themselves in a cocoon of pappus-hairs, while
others of the same genus live naked in the flower-heads.

The larvae seem to have the power to gnaw their way through
quite tough material; it is not at all an uncommon thing to find
the larvae of Chaetostomella (Trypeta) onotrophes, Lw., in the space
below the floral receptacle. It has been recorded that the larva of
at least one species, which is normally confined to the flower-head,
had been found in the stem of its food-plant, and so was recorded
as a stem-feeder. Iam of opinion that its occurrence there was
quite accidental; in all probability the larva had got below the
receptacle, and finding a hollow, or partly hollow stem beneath it,
worked its way down in search of a convenient place in which to
pupate.

The larvae of Orellia (Trypeta) colon, Mg., commence their
existence in the floral receptacle of Centairea scabiosa, L., gradually
eating it away until a cell is formed. When nearly full-fed they
apparently gnaw a hole through to the upper surface, and either
pupate there or return to the cell they have made in the substance
of the receptacle; in either position they finally pupate in a cocoon
formed of pappus-hairs. I find that this species is definitely
double-brooded, having bred flies in early August from larvae taken

137

in July, and again in June from larvae obtained in August and
September of the previous year.

When we consider that the larvae of the T'rypetidae are legless
maggots with no great powers of locomotion, the facts I have just
stated in reference to the larvae of O. colon seem almost incredible.
Leaf-mining and fruit-feeding larvae gnaw their way out so that
_ they may reach the earth to pupate therein, but in these cases there
is little material to remove. I believe that the stem- and root-
feeding larvae which pupate in the plant, usually leave the task of
providing an exit to the imago when it is ready to emerge. It has
been recorded however that the larva of at least one species prepares
the exit hole for the adult insect.

It will be found sometimes that two species living under almost
identical conditions have very different life-histories; as an instance
we may take V'ephritis hyoscyami, L., and Orellia winthemi, Mg., the
larvae of both these species live in the flower-heads of the thistle,
Carduus crispus, L., the larvae of the former species mature and
pupate during July and August, the flies emerging in the latter
month; while the larvae of the latter overwinter as larvae, pupating
some time in the late spring, the flies emerging during June.

The larvae of some species of Trypetids are confined to one host
plant, some affect perhaps two or three closely allied species, while
a few have quite a number of host-plants: C. onotrophes had 7 to
which I have added one more, t.e., Serratula tinctoria, L.; Trypeta
(Spilographa) zoé, Mg., has 6; Ensina sonchi, L., 10, in 6 of which
[ have found the larvae, while Trypanea (Urellia) stellata, Fuess.,
has 11.

The puparia vary considerably in form and colour, some being
smooth, with evenly rounded ends, others are more or less egg-
shaped and still smooth, while with some the segments are separated
by quite deep grooves giving a corrugated appearance. Colour is
also very variable, ranging from straw to yellow, from red-brown to
chocolate, while in a number of species the puparium is black.
Frequently the colour also changes soon after pupation, usually
within 24 hours.

With the species pupating in galls, flower-heads, etc., the process
of changing from an active larva to a puparium. is spread over a
considerable period of time, but with the species which leave their
foodplant the time is very short, the active larva being transformed
into a puparium often within a few hours following its exit.

The larvae of Trypetids are at times heavily parasitized by Chalcids
and Braconids, the latter insects confining themselves, as far as my
own observations show to a few species, while the former are
universal parasites of the family. There are at least three species
of Chalcids which attack the larvae of U. solstitialis, and in connec-
tion with one species there is a most interesting phenomenon :
Eurytoma curta, Wik., which is an endoparasite, causes premature

138

pupation of the solstitialis larva, it pupating in the autumn instead
of the following spring; my attention was drawn to this fact by
Mr. G. C. Varley, whose observations I am happy in being able to
confirm. ;

I have bred several species of Ichneumons also from the material
containing the Trypetid larvae, but have not yet been able to decide
definitely whether they emerged from Trypetid, or from unobserved
Lepidopterous larvae; in certain cases it is more than probable that
the Trypetid larva was the host.

The percentage of parasites I have bred at times from these larvae
has been very high and with certain species must be a very definite
check, larvae of 7’. z0é, which have occurred in my garden in mines
upon the leaves of Chrysanthemum maximum for some years past,
have been so heavily attacked by Chalcids that I have had very few
flies emerge from many dozens of the larvae, and in 1934 I was
unable to find a single mined leaf.

The larvae of the Trypetidae occurring in warmer climates than
ours are frequently pests of considerable economic importance, doing
very great damage to the fruits of orange, olive and cherry in
Kurope, and to numerous fruits in the Tropics. The only species
which is of any economic importance in Britain is Acidia heraclet,
L., the “ Celery Fly,” which mines the leaves of celery and parsnip.

Our few species of ‘fruit flies” attack only fruits of Wild-Rose,
Hawthorn, White Bryony and possibly Cherry. I donot think that
the ‘Asparagus Fly” Platyparea poeciloptera, Schr., occurs here,
but it does considerable damage to Asparagus on the Continent, the
larva boring in the stems. The remaining species of British
Trypetids are of no economic importance, but there is a possibility
that their parasites may be.

In North America two species of Rhagoletis attack cherries and one
Species apples, while the larva of a recently discovered species feeds
in the hull of walnuts. It was estimated that in 1915 Dacus oleae,
Ginl., caused damage in Italy to the olives, tothe extent of £8,000,000.
Dacus cureubitae, Coqu., attacks fruits of the melon family and also
tomatoes, and in Hawaii alone has done damage to the extent of
£1,000,000 yearly.

An interesting discovery was made some years ago when it was
found that the males of certain species of Jrypetidae were attracted
by the odours of certain oils, including citronella and kerosene.
I do not think that any experiments have been made in this
direction with our British species but it would certainly be interest-
ing to find out if any are so attracted.

In the Palaearctic Region there are 400 species of Trypetidae
known. Of these about 180 species are, as far as is at present
known, confined to Europe, while of the remainder some are only
found in Hastern Asia, and some are spread over the whole of the
‘Region. Some of our British species have a very wide range.

139

Trypeta artemisiae, Fab., occurs in Europe and also in Japan;
Terellia serratulae, L., in Europe, Persia and North Africa; Orellia
colon in Europe, N. Africa and Asia Minor; Orellia ruficauda in
Kurope and Central Asia; Tephritis bardanae, Schr., has been
recorded from Turkestan; Trypanea amoena, Frfld., from Europe,
N. Africa, Canary Islands and Asia. Certain species appear to be
confined to restricted areas, but this may be because other areas
have not been worked sufficiently, although the question of the
foodplant of the larva has undoubtedly considerable bearing upon
this.

I trust that these observations of mine upon the 7'rypetidae have
shown that a little careful observation will bring many interesting
facts to light; and that they have given some idea of the possibilities
of research still to be done in connection with the biology of this
interesting family of flies.

140

INDEX.

ee ee
PAGE PAGE
Aberrations (not named) of:—S. Asymmetrical, E. Bier: 8; 1B:
menthastri, 6; Agrotis sp., 9, selene 29
35; B. punctinalis, 10; X Attendance -' xin
hepatica, 10; D. carpophaga, Balance Sheet XVili-xix
16; B. euphrosyne, 19, 29, 47, Biological Notes on the British
49, 51, 52; T. populeti, 20; E. Megaloptera, E. LH. Bes . 12e
helveticaria, 20; L. quercus, Bird beakmarks .. 2.
23; L. camilla (sibilla), 25; A. Books, List of Text, on " Miero-
psi, 28; E.semele, 29, 55; D. lepidoptera : 108
galii (larva), 31; A. corticea, Breeding of Brithys crini 48
32; A. exclamationis, 32; L. Brood, of H. abruptaria .. «se
puncticollis (Col.), 35; P. fusci- Captures, The Season’s, R. C.
cornis (Col.), 35; C. rufilabris Crewdson, 2, 4, 47; at Effing-
(Col.), 35; O. luteolata, oe aes Oe ham, 7; at Chilworth, 12; at
marginepunctata, 37; Tortrices, Bookham, 17; at Broadwater
40; H. fasciana, 41; T. batis, Forest, 21; at Chalfont Road,
41; A. derasa (Larv.), 41; HK. 24; at S. Benfleet, 26; of A. iris
(M.) jurtina, 45, 49, 51; A. in Surrey, 28; at Eynsford, 33;
cydippe, 46; P. aegeria, 46; A. in the New Forest, 37; in
hyperantus, 47, 50; P. icarus, Dorset, 37; at Boxhill, 38; The
47, 49, 50, 52; P. coridon, Season’s, R. W. Attwood, 45;
a7. 32 UP somma, 475" N. The Season’s, Dr. A. G. Blair,
(E.) tages, 47; B. selene, 47, 46; H. A. Leeds, 49> Kev;
5L; N: i0,.4835 A. caia,. 48; J.N. Marcon, 49; A. M. Morley,
P. napi, 49; RB. betulae, 49; 50; L. W. Newman, 50; S. G.
A. aglaia, 49; P. megera, 49 ; Castle-Russell, 51; S. Wakely,
C. pamphilus, 49, 50; P. (A.) 53: C. G. M. de Worms, 52>
medon, 49; P. cvoridon, 49; in old suburban localities, R.
M. tithonus, 49; P. machaon, Adkin >,
51; D. paphia, 51; M. athalia, Case-bearing L. ant some “Tineina 112
51; E. cardamines, 51; A. Census of British Micro-Lep. .. 111
urticae, 52; R. betulae, ea Characteristics of ‘ypu ive
T. gracilis 87 quercus .. 97
Aberration in T. gracilis... 87 | Collections, Additions to. XV
Abundance of, Nests of i, of N. Colour Conflict, 7’. R. Eagles 71
pbhaeorrhoea, 9, 16; M. melo- Colour Variation in L. quereus.. 95
lontha (Col) 16 | Condition of ee 63 ;
Additions to the, Collections, 4 Finances xvii
Library, xv; Membership, Rive Corrections 11, 92
2, 4, 15, 25, 40, 55, 60 | Council, List of, 1935 i
American Car posinid : 1 | Damage to ei skins by Der-
Anal Comb in a Micro- Lepidop- mestes 42
terous Larva, Dr. E. Delayed emergence, in Lepidop-
Cockayne, 119; J.C. F. rie 120 tera, C. N. Hawkins, 32; of L.
Annual, Meeting, xiii, 62; Exhibi- pomonella : ag =< eG
tion, xiii, 45; Address, 7. RP. Description, General, of Gall-
Eagles 63 mites, M. Niblett, 78; L. of A.
Aphomia gularis, S. N. x. Jacobs 99 | gularis, 101; P. of A. gularis,

102; Suggested,
lepidoptera

Difference, in size of Phry; xe from
different hosts, 8; in methods
of breathing in Nepa and
Ranatra .

Differ entiation, of Ectobia: species,
a. 4a.) of P. pedaria and A.
hispidaria

of Micro-

Diptera, of Chilworth, “14; of
Kynsford

Discussion of the Genus Taenio-
campa 10,

Distribution of, P56: album, 30;
Taeniocampid species ..
Donations to the, Library, xv;
Collections
Double pupal
pavonia ..
Dwarf A. ypsilon, 50; N.
laris
Economic importance of Tineina
Exhibition, Annual :
Exotic Lepidoptera from Ecuador
Error, Correction of an, re ‘‘ A.
gueneei’”’ i.e., incerta, Tutt,
Hy. J. Turner 0s LL;
Fasciation of hazel catkins
Feeding habits of various Tineina
Fertility of brachypterous orthop-
tera, Re ..
Field Meetings 7, 12, 17, ‘21, 24,
26, 33,

Seamer. of S.

popu-

Flowerbud galls ..

Flowering of Euonymus japonicus,
1; Tussilago fragrans ..

French races of L. quercus,
Characteristics of :

Galls, Cynipid, ee 3, 4, 5 (List),
9, 11, 15, 18, 22, 32, 34, 36, 40,

60,

Gall Causers ; Bl

‘* Gall Mites,’’ M. Nabizes 5,

Generation, Alternate, of Andricus

Genital characteristics of Taenio-
campids.. : vs ne

Genus ‘Taeniocampa, The, A
Discussion, C. G. M. de Worms

** Gromwell ”’ seeds mined

Gynandromorph of, P. icarus, 48 ;
P. aegon, 50; H. elpenor

Habits of, H. malinellus and
H. padellus compared, 20;
Dragonfly nymphs, 41; L. of C.
vetusta, 44; L. corylifoliella,
55; i. of A. gularis, 100;
Feeding, of L. of Lithocolletids

141

PAGE

LOT

41

113

PAGE

Hibernation of, ‘‘ ruby-tail wasp,”’
7; bud-mites, 79; A. gularis..
History of A. gularis ,
Hybrid, Supposed, of EK. auran-
tiaria and E. aol
Immigrant, G. dirce, 2; ‘Tortoise
beetle, 5; M. costulis (Col.),

102
103

43; O. semiusta (Col.) 43
Inquilines in galls ae 3
Lantern : 5 45, 54
Larval characteristics of Taenio-

campa, Dr, HE. A. Cockayne 85
Life-history of, L. quercus, 94;

A. gularis, 103; 8S. lutaria

(Neur.), 121; 8S. fuliginosa

(Neur.), 122; Raphidia spp.,

123 ; various Trypetids .. 133
Light 12
List of, Officers and Council, 62;

Past Presidents. . il.
List of Micro species of Lepidop-

tera whose Life-histories are

unknown 2 108
Local Variation at Wimbledon Bae ac
Lost Suburban Hunting Grounds,

R. Adkin an 125
Localities : Benfleet, Sas 26:

Blackheath (Surrey), 13; Book-

ham, 17; Boxhill, 38; Broad-

water Forest, 21: Chalfont

Road, 24; Chilworth, St.

Martha’s, 12; Coombe Wood,

131; Dorset, 53; Effingham,

7; Eynsford, 33; Isle of Wight,

61; Lewisham, 125; Portugal,

19; Riddlesdown, 131; Shirley,

129; Westerham, 17; West

Wickham 129
Macropterous form ‘of M. “roeselii 35
Markings of L. quercus .. iy a
Megaloptera, Biological Notes on

british, HE. EH. Syms pes EE
Melanic A. hyperantus .. . d0
Melanie Forms 8, 10, 19, 29, 49,

50, 51, 53, 54
Members, New 2, 4, 15, 25, 40,
54, 55, 60
Mendelism, 1’. R. Hagles . 64
Micro-Lepidoptera, S. WN. ad.

Jacobs, 111; S. Wakely 2 2ELS
Mimicry, l. Rk. Eagles .. .. 6S
Mite Galls, 1. Niblett .. Gee
Mongrels of A. prunaria . 50
Nest of L. of, N. phaeorrhoea, 9,

16; H. malinellus te 20
New, A Trypetid, to Britain, 4:

A Tabanid, to Kent eo oe

142

PAGE

Note on L. of Z. a Cae E, A.
Cockayne

Nymphs of dragontiies, eee 3
Downes .. ».” 8,42,

Obituary, Mrs. M. L. Brook, 37,
64; Mr. G. Routledge, 60, 64;
Dr. F. A. Dixey ; 52,

Observations on the Trypetidae,
Some, M. Niblett : :

Occurrence, Present, of A. gularis

Orchids exhibited . bog

Ova, of P. griseo- variegata, i of
8. furcata (Dip.) ec

Oviposition of A. gularis..

Pairing, of R. phlaeas, 20 ; of p.
arcuosa, 31; Irregular, of
Taeniocampids ..

Parasites, at Benfleet, 27, vee of
r. gracilis, Table of

Past Presidents, List of ..

Pests of, apple-trees, 50; Ware-
bouses os a a.
Pines and heather, Captures
among Pi o3
Pond-edge collecting 13,
Predator on ‘‘ Death-watch
beetle’’ .. nM

Proliferous flower of Scabious

Pupal characteristics of Taenio-
campids.. oe

Pupation of A. gularis

Pyrenean Noctuids die

Race callunae, Characteristics of

Races, Some, of L. quercus, J. A.
Downes a

Report, of the Congress of the
$.E.U.S8.S., 2. Adkin and Dr.
Bull ‘

Resemblance, Protective

Rare and Local Species -—Bondia
fidelis, 1; P. xanthochloris, 1;
P. sericata, Le), surinamensis
(Col.), 7; S. unidentatus (Col.),
7; M. flavicornis (Col.), 7; E.
intricatus (Col.), 7; P. cur-
sitans (Col.), 7; H. peltigera,
10; E. quercifolia, 10, 33; C.
campestris (Col.), 13; A. iris,
at I. statices, 21 ; C. bicuspis,

aig: delicatulus (Sawfly), 22

a decentella, 263° DB. chaonia,
23: A. sylvata, 24; D. blomeri,
24; P. argentea (plant), 24; E.
smaragdaria, 26; A. lineola, 27;
P. viridissima (Orth.), 27; H.
chrysops (Neur.), 29; S. andre-
naeformis, 29; P. arcuosa, 30;
P. persuasoria, 32; A. albo-

29

56
11

PAGE

venosa (L.), 32; N. suberivora
(Col.), 35; L. carphodactyla
(Col.), 36; M. punctum-album,
41; H. convolvuli, 44; S.
lunata (Dip), 45; C. alchy-
mista, 47; X. zollikoferi, 47;
A. urticae. 47; B. crini, 48;
H. pinastri, 48; M. ocellaris,
48; Datura stramonium (plant),
50; A. xanthopsis (Cynip.), 51;
A. amenti (Cynip.), 51; A.
circulans (Cynip.), 51; L. albi-
puncta, 53, 55; ditto larvae,
60; N. centonalis, 55; C. am-
bigua, 55; G. azaleella, 55;
T. personella, 61; T. ruricolella
Sallows, Collecting as ous
Scarcity of, blackthorn feeding ea
127. Daren 23
Season, Notes on the Captures of
the, 1934, S. Wakely .. ;
Seasonal Notes, 4, 7, 9,11, 16, 20,
26, 30, 33,
Second brood of L. carphodactyla,
363;°D; natia:’ 2:
Similarity of L. of L. flexula and
C. margaritata ..
Siphon of Dragonfly nymphs, J. ‘
Downes .. :
Smallest Noctuid, The
Society’s Financial Position
Status of the Society ‘
Suggestions for the Study of the
Micro-lepidoptera, Hy.
Turner
Suburban,
Adkin ..
‘ Sweeping,” in April, 7;
14; inJune ...
Third brood of P. fuliginosa
Tinea species, S. Wakely :
Tineina, General remarks on the
Transparency of — of A.
imperator
Trypetid flies os ve 22,
Variation in, E. defoliaria, 3:
L. quercus, 23, 95; C. rectan-
gulata, 29; P. c-album, 50; L.
of L. quercus .. = oe

Old, Localities, R.

in May,

The Species in the following Lists
are not included in the Special
Index, except that any species
therein, to which some biological
observation is attached, is

indexed.
| Captures at Effingham, 7; St.
Martha’s, 12; Bookham, 17;

94

PAGE

Broadwater Forest, 21; Chal-
font Road, 24; S. Benfleet, 26;
Eynsford, 33; Box Hill, 28;
Aberrations of Tortricidae, 40;
Galls of Mites, 5; Parasites on
Taeniocampids, 80: Micro-
lepidoptera whose Life-histories
are incomplete, 109; The
Season’s Captures, by R. C. R.
Crewdson, 2. 4,47; Dr. G. V.
Bull, 37, 47; R. W. Attwood,
an Dr. K.G. Blair, 46; Dr.
H. King, 49; H. A. Leeds, 49;
Rev. J, N. Marcon, 49: A. M:
Morley, 50; S. G. Castle-
Russell, 51; S. Wakely, 53;

Dy. CC, G. M: de Worms, 53;
R. Adkin ~ ts
CoLEOPTERA.
Akis

Alosterna tabacicolor
Anthicus constrictus
Aromia moschata..
Asphidomorpha cincta
Athous villosus (rhombeus)
Attagenus pellio ti
Aulonium trisuleum
Blaps gages ‘
Bembidion ephippium
varium
Calandra granaria
Cassida
viridis a2 na -
Chaetocnema concinna .. 3,
Chrysolina populi
Cicindela sylvatica me
Clythra quadripunctata ..
Clytra quadrimaculata
Crioceris asparagi. .
Dermestes vulpinus
Ececoptogaster intricatus ..
Hydrophilus piceus
Lampyridae oe
Lema puncticollis..
Lycoperdina bovistae
Magdalis armiger ..
Malachius marginellus
Megadytes costalis
Melolontha
vulgaris .. ‘es
Metriona bicolor ..
Micromalus flavicornis
Molorchus minor ..
Mononychus punctum- -album
pseudacori=punctum-album ..
Mordella fasciata ..
Ochotyra semiusta

143

PAGE
Opilo mollis 4
Oryzaephilus surinamensis 7
mercator = surinamensis 7
Pediacus dermestoides 4
Pezostethus cursitans 7
Phyllotreta ; 37
Podagrica fuscicornis 35
Pogonochaerus hispidulus 11
hispidus .. 42
Pseudomesomphalia godeti 40
Ptinus tectus oe 4
Pyrochroa serraticornis .. 1
Rhagophthalmidae 43
Rhidocyllus conicus vs, ok
Scaphidium quadrimaculatum . 1
Scolytus ae : 42
destructor 20
Silvanus unidentatus vi
Strangalia nigra .. 22
Strategus titanus 2
Tritoma bipustulata 16
Xestobium rufovillosum .. 4

Lists 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 28,
34, 38, 46

DIPTERA.

aceris, Atrichosema 36
amoena, Trypanea 139
Anthomyiidae 14
artemisiae, Trypeta 139
bardanae, Tephritis 139
cardui, Urophora .. 135
ceratocera, Ceriocera ae ve
colon, Orellia 136,137, 139
confluens, Phaonia ‘ area: & |
corni, Oligotrophus 36
cornuta=ceratocera 135
curcubitae, Dacus.. 138
deleta, Helina 14
eluta, Urellia 42
flavipennis, Tephritis 134
florescentiae =ruficauda . 135
furcata, Stratiomys ..27, 31, 36
glaucopis, Tabanus 34
heraclei, Acidia . 138
hyoscyami, Tephritis 137
lunata, Stomorhina 45
melanogaster, Drosophila 67
marginata, Sphenella 135
oleae, Dacus 138
onotrophes, Chaetostomella 136, 137
Phryxe : 8
soutien: Platyparea .. <a ae
quadrifasciata, Urophora 133, 136
Rhagoletis .. wt «i» 88
ruficauda, Orellia.. 135, 139
ranunculi, Criorrhina 14
schineri, Agromyza 32

144

PAGE
serratulae, Terrellia 135, 139
solstitialis, Uropbora 137, 138
sonchi, Ensina .. “3 J. ten
stellata, Urellia .. A a eveares
stellata, Trypanea nee oe ee,
Stratiomys ig as on, ee
Syrphidae .. ig wn 14
Tachinidae : ei 14, 34
Trypetidae 60, 62, 132, 134, 187,
138, 139
tussilaginis, Orellia es 132, 133

vespertina, Tephritis .. «> Lop
vulgaris, Phryxe .. s See:
westermanni, Icterica .. 36, 42
wiedemanni, Gonioglossum 22, 134
winthemi, Trypeta (Orellia) 4,134, 137
zoe, Trypeta F —— JSi, Lao

Lists 14, 18, 22, 27, 34, 46
HYMENOPTERA.
aprilinus, Neuroterus... se es
areator, Hemiteles “ <i
Chalcididae an F -- 386
cultellator = leucospoides. . |
curta, Kurytoma .. e «= AOL
Cynipidae ois at, oe
delicatulus, Strombocerus. a. ae
Eulophinae : af i ou
fecundatrix, Aphilotrix <a too es
gigas, Sirex as e 31, 32
glutinosa, Cynips - rt es
hebetor, Microbracon .. .. 104
ignita, Chrysis .. - rae A |
jaceae, Isocolus .. a -. 133
juglandis = hebetor ae ~= 108
kriechbaumeri, Spudastica .. oS
leucospoides, Ibalia a Sis.
micans, Rhadinoceraea .. ee, ee
murinus, Meniscus ee oe. (eo
persuasoria, Rhyssa AF ‘oe
phalaenarum, Telenomus -< eo
pilosus, Andricus ., ys = a
rubi, Diastrophus. . «a 5; if
rufa, Formica ip xf on ee
sispes, Smicra .. ie 1s
Smicra ap a fo a
sylvaticum, Cimbex ie ae
testaceus, Opius .. ne Aig |
tozae, Cynips a es a oo
Lists an -. 18, 22,46, 88
LEPIDOPTERA.
abruptaria, Hemerophila 6,23, 38
affinis, Calymnia .. i te ee
aegeria, Pararge .. oe 10, 46
aegon, Plebeius .. is ee
Adelidae .. ‘ ae .. 114

advenaria, Cepphis. ee ARK

aceris, Acronicta .. Be cic ee
acteon, Adopoea, Thymelicus .. 119

agathina, Agrotis i .. ta0
aglaope (melpomone = ) Heli-
conius .. oe s

Agrotis . 9
albipuncta, Leucania 40, 48, 5, 60
albocrenata (corylata ab. a Eu.
phyia ..

albovenosa, Arsilonche 25 ih
albula, Nola A e 2s hak
alchymista, Catephria .. & Pe
ambigua, Caradrina ~ 55
andalusica (barrettii), Dianthoecia 25
andrenaeformis, Synanthedon 9, 29

Aphomia .. i ~~ 104
arcuosa, Petilampa «<s * a0 aE
argiolus, Lycaenopsis .. 20, 26
arion, Lycaena .. ws .. 30
ashworthii, Agrotis Be PS,
atomaria, Ematurga’ ~« dae
atrata, Odezia .. as ee
aurago, Ochria_... ba “eee
aurantiaria, Erannis ay Le
azaleella, Gracillaria .. .<-ee
barrettii=andalusica .. -< oe
batis, Thyatira .. ae - oe
belgiaria =fagaria. . aS o 338
bellargus (thetis), Polyommatus
20, 33, 46
bennetii, Agdistis cc apie
bergmanniana, Argyrotoxa .. 45
betulae, Ruralis .. nye 29, “ot
bicuspis, Cerura .. ae <2 oe
bifaciata, Perizoma i ss oe
bifida, Cerura ite ie 15, 30
bilunaria, Selenia ; 2-3, | a.
blancardella, Lithocolletis <s) e
blomeri, Discoloxia M4 i.
boreata,, Cheimatobia .. io Lat

brachydactyla, Pselnophora .. 115
brogniardella, Coriscium, Acro-

cercops .. - ya a 1 |
caducus, Menopsimus sia oe ere
caesia, Dianthoecia ae on
caja, Aretia : -. ae

c-album, Polygonia 12, 20, 26, 30,
44, 46

callunae (quercus var.), Lasio-
campa .. .23, 96, 98

camilla (sibilla), Limenitis 16, 25,
26, 30, 35
capitella, Lampronia .. .
cardui, Pyrameis, Vanessa abe 3
carmelita, Odontosia | ioe
carphodactyla, Leioptilus 36, 116

carpophaga, Dianthoecia 16, 43
cassinea, Brachionycha .. sae

PAGE
castigata, Eupithecia as 40
castrensis, Malacosoma, Clisio-
campa $5,239,
Cemiostoma = Leucoptera 113
centaureata, Eupithecia .. 23
centonalis, Roeselia, Nola 55
cerasicolella, Lithocolletis 113
ceratoniae, Myelois 99
cerealella, iliac 112
Cerostoma . 113
certata = cervinalis 20
cervinalis, Calocalpe - ani 20
chaonia, Drymonia 2). 23
chrysorrhoea=phaeorrhoea 16, 20
cinctaria, Boarmia ae OEE fe
citrago, Cirrhia vols, IG, 435
cloacella, Tinea Gl; 147
coerulata, “Ss agepaerts ae 21
Coleophora .105, 106, 111, 112
comma, Urbicola, " Augiades 47
complana, Lithosia :
concomitella, Lithocolletis 5d
confusalis, Nola os 25
consortaria = punctinalis..
conspersa, Dianthoecia 48
contaminellus, Crambus.. 127
convolvuli, Herse, Sphinx 44
conwayana, Argyrotoxa .. tae!
coridon, Polyommatus, Agriades
6, 30, 47
corticea, Agrotis . 9232, 5
corylana, Pandemis 40, 125
corylata, Euphyia.. af, OS
corylifoliella, Lithocolletis 55
cribrella, Myelophila 61
crini, Brithys 48
cristana, Peronea 128
croceago, Xantholeuca 20
crocicapitella, Monopis .. ids
cruda=pulverulenta 83, 84, 85,
87, 90
croceus, Colias 2030
cuculla, Lophopteryx 33, 36
cultraria, Drepana : ven Se
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis “46
decentella, Nepticula 20, 23, 111
dentina, Mamestra si iS
defoliaria, Erannis aye G
derasa, Abrostola .. a 6 tee
Dianthoecia : 25
diffinis, Calymnia 127
dilucidana, Lozopera g." 186
dirce, Gynaecia Z| ae
dumerilii, Apamea ee ae
elutella, Ephestia.. 40, 99
Ephestia .. as 99, 100
Eriocrania . bi ae
erxlebella, Roeslerstammia 117

Eucosmidae

euphrosyne, Brenthis 16, “19, 29,
Kupithecia.. ‘ 8,
exclamationis, Agrotis 32,
exiguata, Kupithecia 20,
exoleta, Calocampa 16,

fagaria, Dyscia ..

fagella, Chimabache

fagi, Stauropus

fasciana, Erastria, Hapalotis 21,
favicolor, Leucania

fidelis, Bondia

flavago = ochracea

flaviventris, Synanthedon’
flexula, Aventia

fluctuate, Xanthorhoé

foenella, Eucosma

fontis, Bomolocha

francillana, Lozopera
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia
fulvaria, Phlyctaenis

fulvata, Cidaria

fuscipennella, Tinea
fuscovenosa, Ptychopoda
fuscula = fasciana = aa
galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ..
galii, Deilephila

gemina, Apamea ..
geminipuncta, Nonagria

gilvago, Mellinia .. i
glabraria =jubata..

soedartella, Argyresthia ..
goossensiata, Kupithecia..
gothica, Taeniocampa 83, 84, 86,

87, 88,

gothicina (gothica f.), Taenio-
campa . 84, 88,
gracilis, Taeniocampa 83, 84,
85, 86, 87,

Gracillaria
granella, Tinea 61, 99, 100, 112,
graslini, Apamea .. : ae

erossulariata, Abraxas 23,
Grypocera .. ‘ a =
guensei, Apamea .. DS Lisga
gularis, Aphomia 6, 25, 26, 99,

100, 101, 103, 104, Pad,
halterata, Lobophora
hastata, Eulype
helveticaria, Eupithecia .
heparana, Pandemis
hepatica, Xylophasia
Hepialidae..
hethlandica (conspersa aN Dian-

thoecia
hippocastannria, Pacbycnema .
hispidaria, Apocheima q,
hyale, Colias Xe os 7

PAGE

hyperantus, a ecaae Aphan-
topus.. : 27, 47

Hyponomeuta 113

icarus, Polyommatus 20, 30, 47, 48
immaculata (munda ab.), Taenio-

campa .. aks vw. a4
immorata, Acidalia aes 30
impluviata = coerulata .. pect
incerta (nickerlii ssp.), Apamea 11

incerta, Taeniocampa 15, 20, 83,
84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93

innotata, Eupithecia i s 20
interpunctella, Plodia .. pela
interjectaria = fuscovenosa ia Ve
io, Nymphalis, Vanessa .. 48
iris, Apatura 16, 45, 60, 131
jubata, Cleora 10

juniperata, Thera..
jurtina, Maniola, Epinephele 29, 45

kuehniella, Ephestia de 4, 104
laburnella, Leucoptera ea dle
lactella, Endrosis .. 3) RS ERT
lacunana, Argyroploce .. 2 048
laevigata, Ptychopoda .. aig: RK
Lasiocampidae.. & viet LO
lata (betulae ab.), Ruralis Oe.
leucophearia, Erannis .. 2s: eat
Leucoptera. . 113
lichenaria, Boarmia 129
lienigianus = septodactyla 117
lignea, Blastobasis, 114
limoniella, Goniodoma reg! S|
lineola, Adopoea .. . én eoBT
Lithocolletis 106; 113
lubricipeda = lutea 5 23-0
lucina, Hamearis .. Si ie JES
lucina (vanillae ssp.), Dione we~ 48
lunaria, Selenia .. a ko. Mane
lutea, Diacrisia .. ‘ mee ||
luteolata, Opisthograptis ae ee
lychnitis, Cucullia ne oe aa

macularia, Pseudopantheria .. 33
maculipennis, Plutella ,
malinellus, Hyponomeuta “4 20

malvae, Hesperia, Syrichtus 119
malvella, Platyedra payee
margaritata, Campaea .. Toe,
marginepunctata, Acidalia a: |
maturna, Melitaea ste sin ee
medon, Aricia ie ae Jee
Megalopygidae ss a 120
melpomone, Heliconius .. na 48
menthastri, Spilosoma .. db ace
meridionalis (quercus f.), Lasio-
campa .. are ‘ao Oe
mesomella, Cybosia ni vee
messanielia, Lithocolletis 113
Micropterygidae(yx) 114

146

PAGE
miniosa, Taeniocampa 70, :6a,

84, 86, 88
minutata = goossensiata . ss: oe
misella, Tinea 99, 112
modesta=gularis .. .. 103
molesta, Cydia 120
Monima (Taeniocampa) . 83
munda, Taeniocampa 83, 84, 85,

87, 88, 90
myrtilli, Anarta .. ie 4, 130
nana=conspersa .. 48
nanata, ri aise .» 130
Nepticula .. .. L0G EE
nickerlii. Apamea.. 11, 92)ee
nigra, Aporophyla 6
nigrosericiata (rectangulata ab.),

Eupithecia 29
niveus, Acentropus P ce |
nubiferana (variegana ab. " Argy-

roploce 3 ne ‘. <a
nupta, Catocala .. oe “i
oblongata=centaureata .. ae |
obscura (defoliaria ab.), Erannis 3
obscurata (defoliaria ab.) Erannis 3
obsoleta-rufescens (gothica ab.),

Taeniocampa ve oa eee
ocellaris, Mellinia 48
ochracea, Ochria .. . 128
octogesima, Palimpsestis 15
opima, Taeniocampa 10, 23, 83,

84, 85, 86, 88, 90
padellus, Hyponomeuta - oe
palaemon, en ae 16, 119
pallens, Leucania.. ——
paphia, Argynnis, Dryas. 30
parasitella, Tinea.. os ee
pavonia, Saturnia.. Ke nT? 21, 33
pedaria, Phigalia .. Ps Ts
pellionella, Tinea : «+ 2
peltigera, Heliothis 10
personella, Tinea .. a «<s/Gk
phaeorrhoea, Nygmia 9, 20yeeee
phlaeas, Rumicia.. we 16, 20
phoenicis, Myelois 99
phragmitidis, Calamia 128
phryganella, Chimabache 3
pimpinellata, Kupithecia 43
piniaria, Bupalus .. sia?
pinastri, Sphinx, Hyloieus 28, 48
pisi, Hadena , 10, 16
plantaginis, Parasemia “« as
Plodia 99
plumbeolata, Eupithecia .. 20
polychloros, Eugonia, Nympbalis 20
polygrammata, Euphyia .. 15
pomonella, Laspeyresia .. 56
pomonella, Nepticula 55

populeti, Taeniocampa 20, 83, 84,
85, 86,
porphyrea =strigula na
prasina, Aplecta ae
pruni, Strymon, Thecla .. =
pseudospretella, § Borkhausenia
112,
psi, Acronicta
Pterophoridae
pulverulenta, Taeniocampa 83, 84,
85, 87, 88,
punctinalis, Boarmia
purpuralis, Zygaena
pusillata, Eupithecia
puta, Agrotis
pyrina, Zeuzera ih Me
quercifolia, Eutricha, Gastro-
pacha .. oe 10, 26, 31,
quercinaria, Ennomos
quercus, Lasiocampa 11, 23, 24,
94, 95, 96 OC,

15,

radiata=zatima .. ia

radiola (puta ab.), Agrotis

rectangulata, Chloroclystis

remissa (gemina ab.), Apamea ..

restricta-lineata (betulae ab.),
Ruralis, Thecla.. ‘ ae

rhamni, Gonepteryx

ripae, Agrotis

ruberata, Hydriomena

rubi, Macrothylacia

rubiella, Lampronia

rufata, Chesias ae :

rufescens (myrtilli ab.), Anarta.. :

rumina, Thais, Zerynthia

ruricolella, Tinea .. ;

rusticella, Monopis es

salinellus, Crambus

salmacis (medon=agestis,
Aricia ba AS

sanio, Diacrisia

saturnana, Hemimene

saucia, Agrotis

scopariella, Lithocolletis. .

segetum, Agrotis ..

selene, Brenthis

semele, Jumenis,

f.),

ne 6; 21,

Hipparchia
, 30,

semibrunnea, Lithophane
senex, Miltochrista
septodactyla, Pterophorus
sericata, Polyphaenis
sexalisata, Mysticoptera ..
sibilla=camilla .. Ae ee
smaragdaria, uchloris .. 26,
sociella, Aphomia 10, 103,
sohn-retheli, Apamea He

Somabrachys

22,

147

PAGE

PAGE
sororcula, Lithosia Bi 212 po
spilodactylus, Alucita vs ee
spinosae (betulae ab.), Ruralis,
Thecla .. 55
stabilis, Taeniocampa 83, 84, 85,

86, 88, 90
statices, Procris, Ino eee |
straminea, Leucania ar ee
striana, Argyroploce VET
strigula, Agrotis ahs id Ee
subaurantiaria (conwayana ab.),

Argyrotoxa Peni
suberivora, Nepticula 35
suffusa (psi ab.), Acronicta 28
subunicolor (betulae ab.), Ruralis,

Thecla ag on See
suspecta, Dyschorista 139
sylvanus, Augiades 119
sylvata, Abraxas .. vee
syringaria, Phalaena 15, 21
Taeniocampa 10, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90
tages, Nisoniades, Erynnis 47
tapetzella, Tricophaga Beery | Ie,
tardinosa (nickerlii var.), Apamea 11]
tenebrata, Heliaca 38
tenebrosus= gularis ov LOS
testacea, Apamea .. Ae
tetralunaria, Selenia 20;\5 on
tetraquetrana, Epiblema 31, 32
thetis=bellargus .. 20, 20
Tinea oa Rae 1 by
tipuliformis, Synanthedon a
tithonus, Maniola, Epinephele 27, 127
Tortricina, idae s | EYS Sia
trifolii, Zygaena Ae 10, 48
trigeminata, Ptychopoda.. 126
trabealis, Agrophila 24
turionana, Evetria FLY
typhae. Nonagria.. 31
umbra, Chariclea .. 35
uncana=uncula .. a pel:
uncula, Hydrelia, Erastria,

Kustrotia .30, 33, 41
unicolor bees datas ab.), upithe-

cia ; 20
unifasciata —bifaciata oa
unita-picata (urticae ab.), Aglais 53
urticae, Aglais an 47, 53
vacciniella, Coleophora .. omega Is |
vanillae, Dione 43
variegana, Argyroploce 40
venata=sylvanus.. i9
vetusta, Calocampa 44
viburnana, Tortrix ; 116
viburni (quercus /.), Lasioc ‘ampa 98
vigintipunctata, Hyponomeuta .. 26
viridana, Tortrix .. 105
w-album, Strymon, Thecli 12

weaverella, Monopis
xanthochloris, Polyphaenis
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia..
xylosteana, Cacoecia £
zatima (lutea f.), Diacrisia, Spilo-
soma ‘ S
zephyrana, Phalonia
zollikoferi. Xylophasia
zonaria, Nyssia

Lists 2, 7, 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 28,
33, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 49,
50, 51, 53,

MIrTEs.

avellanae, Eriophyes

cinerea, Trochosa

Epitrimerus

erinea (tristriatus ab. Me Eriophyes

erinea (macrochelus ab. ) Erio-
phyes- ..

Eriophyes (idae, ininae) ..

fraxini, Eriopyes ..

galii, Eriophyes

liosoma (tiliae var.), Eriopbyes ..

macrochelus, Eriophyes .

macrorrhynchus, Eriophyes

Monochetus .

origani, Kriophyes

Phyllocoptes (inae)

psilapsis, Eriophyes

ribis, Kriophyes

rudis, Eriophyes ..

suleatus, Monochetus

tiliae, Eriophyes Ae

tiliarius, Eriopbyes se me

trilobus, Epitrimerus.. a

tristriatus, Hriophyes

triradiatus, Eriophyes

viburni, Eriophyes:

Lists me

NEUROPTERA.
Chrysopidae - a
chrysops, Osmylus as te
cognata, Raphidia 121,
fuliginosa, Sialis .. 121,
lutaria, Sialis 121,

maculicollis, Raphidia 121, 122,

123,
notata, Raphidia 121, 122, 123,
Raphidia (iidae) 122,
Sialidae ss
eee Raphidia.. 121,
Lists 22, 34,

OponaTaA, PARANEUROPTERA.
cyathigerum, Enallagma

dryas, Lestes 27,

48

imperator, Anax ..

pratense, Brachytron 8
sanguineum, Sympetrum 28
virgo, Calopteryx .. 22
ORTHOPTERA.

campestris, Gryllus o. 20
diluta (roeselii var.), Metrioptera

27, 35
Ketobius iba. ee
egena, Empusa 8, 45
lapponica, Ectobius 5,
livida, Ectobius 5, 40
maculatus, Gomphocerus | os A
rhachis, Cnipsus .. 45
riparia, Labidura .. Tee
roeselii, Metrioptera 2(,, .a8
viridissima, Phasgonura. . uae
Lists 28

PLANTS.

anthropophora, Aceras 16
aparine, Galium .. 81
aquatica, Senecio 36
Arctium . 128
argentea, Potentilla io, me
arvensis, Cnicus .. . 238
avellana, Corylus.. 82
baccata, Taxus a ws)
barbata, Usnea .. oh oo, ee
Betula 81
bifolia, Habenaria 16
caucasica, Centaurea 25
campestris, Acer .. 80
comosa, Hippocrepis 6). eben
communis, Lapsana « be
conyza, Inula cot eae
crispus, Carduus .. 4. 23, Jas
cyanus, Centaurea - > ane
dioica, Bryonia 23, 134
excelsior, Fraxinus os) ee
foetidissimus, Iris. . 41
fragilis, Salix 82
fragrans, Tussilago 2
Galium ... as ex ok Sete
ilex, Quercus ws a «> oO
jacea, Centaurea .. .» lite
japonicus, Euonymus 1
lanceolatum, Cirsium os el
lanceolatus, Cnicus . 136
lantana, Viburnum jae
limonium, Statice . 16
Lithospermum en
majus, Arctium oils «ot dem
maritima, Artemisia ee eh,
maximum, Chrysanthemum me
millifolium, Achillea .. 134
muralis, Lactuca .. sok << dhe

muscifera, Ophrys
niger, Populus...
nigra, Centaurea ..
nigra, Sambucus ..
nigrum, Verbascum
nutans, Carduus .
opulus, Viburnum
palustris, Cnicus ..
petasites, Tussilago
Potamogeton
pseudacorus, Iris ..
pseudoplatanus, Acer
pumila, Iris :
purpurea, Orchis ..
radicata, Hypochoeris
robur, Quercus
Rubus

Salix en
saxatile, Galium ..
scabiosa, Centaurea
squarrosa = conyza
sylvatica, Fagus
telephium, Sedum
Tilia a i
tinctoria, Serratula

133, 135, 136
: -. 36
81

26

. BL

« EST

toza, Quercus
tremula, Populus ..
vulgaris, Artemisia
vulgaris, Marrubium
vulgare, Origanum

RHYNCOTA.

cinerea, Nepa
ferrugineus, Gastrodes
glauca, Notonecta..
laeta, Serenthia
linearis, Ranatra ..
nemoralis, Anthocoris
Nepa

Ranatra

Lists

- ide

Not CuassIFIED.
aspersa, Helix (Molluse)..
eygnea, Anodonta (Mollusc)
johnsonii, Taphrinia (Fungus) ..

Pholadidea (Mollusc)
Thalassema (Worm)

versicolor, Polystictus (Fungus)..

in y

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Proc. 8.L.E. & N.H.S., 1985.

Rospert ApKin. 1849-1935.

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E. I.
—+--4+—
OFFICERS & COUNCIL

1936-37.

President,
M. NIBLETT.

Mice-Presidents.
KE. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S. F. J. COULSON.

Council,
F. D. COOTE, F.R.E.S. Cc. G. M. pe WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
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Hon. Carator. Hon, Librarian.
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Hon, Editor.

H. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.,
‘¢ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.

Hon, Treasurer,
A. E. TONGE, F.B.E.S., ‘“‘ Aincroft,’? Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

Hon. Secretaries,

S. N. A. JACOBS (Corresponding), ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent.

H. G. DENViL (Minuting).

THE SOUTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the advancement and the diffusion of
Biological Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation
of Typical Collections. There isa Library for the use of Members. Meetings
of the Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each
month, from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms
are easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.

SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve Shillings and Siapence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
S. N. A. JACOBS, ‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

PAST PRESIDENTS

1872-4.. J. R. Wetman (dec.). 1903 .. E. Srep, F.L.S. (dec.)
1875-6.. A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1904 .. A. Sicu, F.E.S.
1877 .. J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec.). | 1905 .. H. Mary, B.Sc., F.E.S.

1878 .. J.T. Writs (dec.). 1906-7.. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.).
1879 .. R. Sranpen, F.E.S. (dec.). 1908-9.. A. Sicu, F.E.S.
1880 .. A. FicKkutn (dec.). 1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

1881 .. V. R. Perxins, F.E.S. (dec.).| 1912-13. A. E. Toner, F.E.S.

1882 .. T. R. Bruuups, F.E.S. (dec.). | 1914-15. B. H. Somrn, B.A., F.E.S.
1883 .. J. R. Weiuman (dec.). 1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F .E.S.
1884 .. W. West, L.D.S. (dec.). 1918-19. SrantEy Epwarps,F.L.S. ete.
1885 .. R. Sourn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1920-21. K. G. Buarr, B.Sc., F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Apxrn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E. J. Bonner, M.A.
1888-9.. T. R. Bruuups, F.E.S. (dec.).| 1923-4.. N. D. Riezy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1890 .. J. T. Carrineron, F.L.S. 1925-6.. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
(dec.) | 1927-8.. E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
1891 .. W. H. Tuewett, Px.C. (dec.) A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S,
1892 .. C. G. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec.) | 1929 .. H. W. ANDREWS, FE. Ss.
1893 .. J.J. Weir, F.L.S., etc. (dec.) | 1930 .. F. B. Carr, (dec. a
1894 .. E. Srep, F.L.S. (dec.) 1930 C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S.
1895... T.! W. Hain, F.E.S. 1931 K. G. Buarr, D.Sce., F.E.S.,
1896 .. R. Sourn, F.E.S. (dec.). F.Z.S.
1897 .. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1898 .. J. W. Torr, F.E.S. (dec.). 1933. .. CO. G. M. pE Worms, M.A.,
1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec.). Ph. D:, AsLG: F.C.8..
1900 .. W.J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.(dec.) F.R.E.S., M.B.0O.U.
1901 .. H.S. Fremuum, F.E.S.,ete. [19384 .. T. R. Eacuzs.
1902 .. F. Noap Criark. 1935 .. EH. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.

Chief subjects of Study :—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea; d..

tiot.) OF MEMBERS.

’

Diptera ; ec. ent, Economic Entomology ; ent, Entomology, General ; e, Exotic ;
hem, Hemiptera; hy, Hymenoptera; 1, Lepidoptera; mi, Microscopy; mo,
Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. phot, Nature Photography; 00, Oology; orn,
Ornithology ; orth, Orthoptera; p.(od), Paraneuroptera (Odonata) ; 7, Reptiles ;

t, Trichoptera.

SS edad:

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1886 Apxin, B. W., F.r.z.s., ‘ Highfield,’ Pembury, Tunbridge
Wells. J, orn.

1922 Apxin, J. H., Hon. Lanternist, Lamorran, Oak Lane,
Sevenoaks. J.

1901 Anvkxin, R. A., 1, Hartfield Court, Eastbourne. mo.

1928 Anperson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.

1907 Anprews, H. W., F.p.z.s., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham,
Bela. 9. -d.

1901 Armstrone, Capt. R. B., B.a., B.c. (Cantab), F.R.c.s., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., 65, Lee Road, Blackheath, 8.H.3. e, J.

1895 Asupy, S. R., r.r.z.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow. , l.

1934 Arxinson, J. L., Down’s Cottage, Northwood Road, Tankerton,
Kent. J.

1931 Avrrwoop, R. W., 86, Tannsfield Road, Sydenham, S.H.26.

1931 Battarn, F., 40, Albert Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

1896 Barnett, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. J.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, 8.H.15. 1.

1933 Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., F.R.e.s.. Monkshatch Cottage,
Compton, nr. Guildford. J.

1927 Bevwrit, E. C., r.z.z.s., 54, Brighton Road, Coulsdon,
Surrey. c.

1929 Bett, J. H., r.z.z.s., Dudswell Rise, Northechurch, Berkham-
sted, Herts.

1924 Bip, Miss F. E., “ Red Cottage,’ Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex. orn.

1911 Bram, K. G., v.sc., F.R.E.s., Council, ‘‘ Claremont,” 120,

Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. 1, ¢.

lV

YEAR oF
ELEcTION.

1926 Buiss, A., 4, Monahan Avenue, Purley. l.

1925
1934
1923

1935
19338
1936
1909

1936
1923
1927
1934

1930

1909
1927

1916

1922
1922
1899

1924
1922
1879
1915

1934
1935
1399
1907

1928
1919

1922

Buyru, 8. F. P., “‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. U.
Borrer, C. D., 1, Fleet Street, H.C.4.

Bouck, amin J. A., F.R.E.S., “ Springfield,” 5. Godstone,
Surrey. J.

Bowuss, T. J., 29, Montague Avenue, Sanderstead, Surrey.

Brett, G. A., ‘‘ Kishmed,”’ Wolsey Road, Esher, Surrey. ent.

Brizegei, R. H., 141, Burnt Oak Lane, Sidcup, Kent.

Brieut, P. M., r.r.z.s., “Nether Court,’ 60, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. 1.

Brirron, Eiverarp, 99, Cornwall Rd., Westbourne Pk., W 11.

Brockieuurst, W. S., “ Grove House,” Bedford. 1.

Brocxurssy, 8. H., “ Long Lodge,’’ Merton Park, S8.W.19. JU.

Bropit P., s.a., 59, Buckingham Street, Aylesbury, Bucks.
mite, l.

Brooxr, Miss W. M. A., c/o Dr. Brooke, 99, The Avenue,
Muswell Hill, N.10. ec, ent., b., marine life.

Bucxstonr, A. A. W.,90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell. J.

Butt, G. V., B.a., M.B., Council, “* White Gables,’’ Sandhurst,
Kent. 1.

Bunnett, E. J., m.a., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 28.
c, met.

Busuey, L. C., r.n.z.s., 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. c, het.

Canpuer, H., “‘ Broad Eaves,’ Ashtead, Surrey. J, orn, b.

Carr, Rev. F. MU. G.. MA. 2ae, Mos Yuan Widnes,
Taaes: l, n.

Cuapman, Miss L. M., “ Arolla,”” Waterlow Road, Reigate.

Cuexseman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E. 14%. 1.

Cuopz, W. (Life Member.)

Cockayne, E. A., a.M., D.M., F.R.C.P., F-R.E.S., 116, Westbourne
Terrace, W. 2. 1.

Cour, E.A.,

Couns, R. J., 69, Beechen Lane, Kingswood, Surrey.

Cotturup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.
l, ool, orn.

Coors, F. D., F.r.u.s., Council, 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam,
Surrey. J, b.

Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. J.

Cornisu, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
D.Hage. 72, 1c.

Coucuman, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,

Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. J.

ee ae

oe

a
a

7

_ YEAR or

ELEcTION.

1909 Coutson, F. J., Vice-President, ‘‘ Burnigill,”’ 24, Springfield

Avenue, Merton Park, S.W.20. ¢, hem.

1928 Court, T. N., ‘ Oakleigh,’ Market Rasen, Lincoln.

1911 Coxuzap, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11.
(Life Member.) c.

1935 Crasxe, E. S., “ Hillsborough,’ Gringer Hill, Maidenhead,
Berks.

(1934 Crasxe, J. C. B., 57, Cromwell Gardens, S.W.7.

1918 Craururp, Clifford, “‘ Denny,” Bishops Stortford. J.

1933 Crewopson, R. C. R., #.x.u.s., The Grange, Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. l.

- 1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, Bexley Heath. 1.

1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
BW.1G6:. &

1932 Crow, P. N., Orchard Cottage, Cookham Dean, Berkshire. .

1928 Curwen, Capt. B.S., 9, Lebanon Pk. Twickenham. l.

1927 Dansy, G. C., “Sheringham,” 31, Albion Road., Sutton,
Surrey. .

1925 Dannatt, Walter, F.R.E.s., F.z-s., 94, Gaibal Road, Lee,
pi. f, el.

1900 Day, F. H., ¥.r.u.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. J, c.

1933 Demutn, R. P., 7, Holland Park Avenue, W.11. 1.

1889\ Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.1.

neon, nit, b.

1930 Denvit, H. G., Hon. Minuting Secretary, 4, Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey. J, c.

1901 Dons, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, N.14. J.

1921 Dotron, H. L., 86, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. JU.

1936 Doupney, S. P., 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. © /.

1930 Downes, J. A., B.sc., 120, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20.
ent, l.

1930 Dupsrmer, B. J., B.a., Colonial Administrative Service,
Tanganyika; and 18, Church Lane, Merton Park, London,
S.W.17; and c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam. ent.

1927 Eacies, T. R., Hon. Treasurer, 82, Abbey Road, Enfield,
Middlesex. J, c.

1886 Enpwarps, &., F.L.s., F.z.S., F.R.E.S., (Hon. Member), 20, Spring
Grove, Harrogate. 1, el.

1933 Excoop, W. S., North Bank, Wisbech, Cambs.

1928 Exuis, H. Willoughby, r.r.x.s., ¥.z.s., M.B.o.U., Friary Hill,
Weybridge, Surrey , orn.

1932 Ennis, L. H., 16, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. J.

vi

YEAR OF

ELEcTION.

1935 Ensor, G. A., 7, Mount Nod Road, Streatham, S.W.16. |

1920 Farmer, J. B., 156, Loughborough Park, Brixton, 8.W.9. lL |

1924 Fassnipcr, Wm., m.a., F.R.E.S., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,

. Southampton. J, n, hem. Rl

1980 Ferrivr, W. J., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. J. a

1887 Fuercuer, W. H. B., m.a., F.x.z.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor, ©
Sussex. (Life Member.) 1. .

1926 Fiercuer, P. Bainbrigge, m.sc., a.t.c., F.R.E.s., 65, Compton q
Road, Wimbledon, 8.W.19. ¢, /.

1889 Forp, A., ‘South View,” 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne, —
Bournemouth, Hants. J, ¢. :

1920 Forp, L. T., ‘St. Michael’s,” Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. J.

1915 Foster, T. B., “Lenore,” 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. 1.

1907 Fountains, Miss M. H., r.n.x.s., “ The Studio,” 100a, Fellows
Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. 1.

1921 Frampton, Rev. R. EK. E., m.a., Innrams Corner, Crow- —
borough, Sussex. J.

19383 Fraser, Angus, Ranelagh, Gloucester Road, Tankerton,
Kent. c.

1886 Fremuin, Major H. §., m.r.c.s., L.R.c.P., F.R.E.S., ‘ Heavers,”
Ryarsh, Kent. 1.

1919 Frissy, G. E., F.z.u.s., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. h.

1912 Frosawk, F. W., F.R.x.s., m.B.0.u., ‘ Eissendene,’’ Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. J, orn.

1928 Gittes, W. S., F.RE.s., F.1.c., “The Cottage,” Bocking,
Braintree, Essex. . |

1980 Ginuiart, F. T., F.r.£.s., 25, Manor Road, Folkestone, Kent. J,

1929 Guiece, D. L., F.x.x.s., ‘ Birchstone,’”” Coombe Park, Kings-
ton, Surrey. J.

1936 Goopr, Frank, 275, Eastern Avenue, Ilford, lissex. J.

1985 Goovurrrs, F. D., Agricultural College, Long Sutton, Basing-
stoke. ec. ent.

1920 Goopman, A. de B., r.r.u.s., The Old Malt House, Shenley,
Church End, nr. Bletchley, Bucks. J.

1926 Gorvon, D. J., B.a., F.n.z.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
Rowe yt, ts

1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. Jl.

1918 Green, HK. E., F.Rz.s., ¥F.z.s., “ Ways End,” Camberley,
Surrey. hem.

1924 Greer, T., 3.p., ‘“ Milton,’ Sandholes, Dungannon, Co.

Tyrone. J.

;

vil
YEAR or
ELEcrTIon.
1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., r.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.

1932 Grirrin, F. J., a.u.a., 41, Queen’s Gate, S. Kensington, S.W.7.

1933

1911
1934

1884
1891
1903
1926

19338
1924

1927
1924

1929
1923
1920
1924

1931
1931

1927
1920
1927
1931
1934
1929
1933

ent.

Grocock, L. O., ‘* Brasted,”” 58, Sherwood Road, Addiscombe,
Croydon.

Grosvenor, T. H. L., Springvale, Linkfield Lane, Redhill. U.

Gunton, Major H. C., m.s., F.n.e.s., “ Rathgar,” Gerrards
‘Cross, Bucks. 1.

Hat, T. W., F.r.e.s., Woodgrange, Shire Lane, Chorley
Wood, Herts. J.

Hamm, A. H., a.u.s., F.R.E.S., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. J.

Harg, KE. J., r.n.z.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. 2. J.

Harmsworts, Sir H. A. B., F.r.u.s., 4, Kensington Palace
Gardens, W.8.

Harris, Chas. W., 7, Roseberry Gardens, Dartford. 1.

Harwoon, P., F.r.E.s., Westminster Bank, 292, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. J.

Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. J.

Hawkins, C. N., F.r.x.s., 23, Wilton Crescent, Wimbledon,
Baw.lo, f.

Hawtry, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., Sibton Church Farm, Yoxford,
Suffolk.

Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.n.u.s., F.Z.s., F.R.G.S., Estacion
Experimental, Concordia, l’.C.EK.R., Argentina. J. orn, c.

Hemmine, Capt. A. F., F.z.s., F.R.E.s., 18, Glebe Place, Chelsea,
aw. 4.

Henperson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. ec.

Herrmann, E. R., 29, Lebanon Park, Twickenham, J.

Hestop, I. R. P., m.a., F.R.E.S., 84, Henleaze Gardens, Westbury
on Trym, Bristol and Nigerian Administrative Service,
Obetim, Warri Province, vid Sapele, Southern Nigeria,
West Africa. 1.

Hewer, H. R., m.sc., p.1.c., Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.

Hopeson, 8. B., “ St. Philips,’’ Charles Street, Berkhamsted,
Herts.

Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., 5, East Sheen Lodge, Sheen Lane,
S.W.14.

Howarru, T. G., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell Hill, N.10. 7.

Hvueerns, H. C., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea. 7, ent.

Hueuss, A. W., ‘‘ Delamere,’ Buckingham Way, Walling-
fon, «2

Hurcuines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. J.

Vill

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1928
1914

1923

1924
1924
1927

1936
1925

1923

1938
1932

1936
1928
19338
1910
1925
1933
1935
1925

1927
1936

1922

1914

1934
1933

19382
1936

Jackson, EF’. W. J., “ The Pines,” Ashtead, Surrey.

Jackson, W. H., ‘“‘Pengama,” 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. 1. |

Jacoss, 8. N. A., Hon. Secretary, Ditchling, 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley. 1, el.

James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.1. .

JamEs, R., F.R.E.S., 14, Golden Lane, K.C.1.

Janson, O. J., F.R.E.s., Recorder, 18, Fairfax Road, Hornsey,
N.8. ent. :

Jarrett, J., 1, Highbury Close, New Malden; Surrey.

Jarvis, C. McK., 68, Clyfford Rd., West End Road, Ruislip,
Middlesex. .

JOHNSTONE, J. F., F.r.E.s., ‘‘ Courtlands,’” Clarence Parade,
Southsea. J.

Jones, H. G. C., 33, Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey. J.

Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., la, Pound
Farm Lane, Chichester, Sussex. c, orn.

Kennarb, D. E. G., B.Se., 8, Vanburgh Pk. Rd. West, S.H.8.
ent.

KertLewett, H. B. D., Miller Hospital, Greenwich, S.E.10.
and 15, St. Augustine’s Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. J.

Krywoop, K. P., Croft Cottage, Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey.
ent, orn.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Southwood,” The Drive, Sidcup, Kent. 1.

Kimmins, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. 1.

Kine, H., p.sc., F.R.s., Council, ‘ Amanita,’ 28, Hawthorne
Avenue, Northwick Park, Harrow. 1, orn.

Kirsy, Miss Kathleen, 8. L. F., 70, Dukes Avenue, Chiswick,
W.4.

Lasoucuerz, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.r.z.s., 15, Draycott Avenue,
S.W.3.

Lawson, H. B., F.x.e.s., Churchmead, Pirbright, Surrey. J.

Leaver, B. J., ‘‘Rosemerrin,” Bude, Cornwall. J. (Imp. Coll.

Science).
Lerecuman, C. B., “ Pansala,”” Roundabouts, Storrington,
Sussex. J.

Leeps, H. A., Wood Walton, near Sawtrey, Huntingdon. 1.

Line, H. V., ‘‘ Brookside,” St. Peters Road, Orpington.

Liescoms, C. G., Lieut., Somerset Light Infantry, Blackdown,
Surrey. 1.

Low, A. M., 6, Manor Gardens, Gunnersbury Pk., Acton.

Lowe, Carr. J. H. B., R.E. 69, Oakwood Court, W. 14. 1.

.

ae

ix

YEAR OF

f{£LECTION.

1931 MacNutry, B. J., Council, ‘* Rutland,’ 67, All Saints Road,
Sutton, Surrey. J.

1892 Mary, H., B.sc., F.R.E.s., F.z.s., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot., ec.

1889 Manssripex, W., F.R.x.s., “‘ Monreith,’” Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. J, c., etc.

19382 Marcon, Rev. J. N., 69, St. Thomas Road, West Tarring,
Worthing.

1930 Marss, D. G., l

1922 Masszx, A. M., p.sc., F.r.x.s., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. l.

1934 Mears, T., 97, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20.

1932 Metuows, W. T., m.z.£., Lu.B., Scatton, Thorpe Road, Peter-
borough.

1936 Mizporrow, G., 83, Hargwyne St., Stockwell, S.W.9. J.

1889 Moors, H., F.r.z.s., 9, Hoopwick Street, Deptford, S.E.8.
l, hem, d, el, e hym, ed, mi.

1930 Morury, A. McD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone.

1920 Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.s., Dept. Advisory Entom-
ology, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall,

Aberdeen. ec. ent.

1935 Mutter, Miss I. M., ‘“‘Appledore,”” Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.

19384 Muserave, A. J., 21, Loveday Road, W.13.

1923 Nasu, T. A. M., p.sc., pu.p., F.R.E.s., Tsetse Investigation,
Gadau, via Joss, N. Nigeria. .

1906 Newman, L. W., F.r.z.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. J.

1926 Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. 1.

1980 Nistetr, M., President, 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey.
galls.

1926 Nixon, G. E., 8.a., 3°, Kenway Road, Earl’s Court, S.W. Ay,l.

1936 Norron, Wallis, 8S. G., Norton House, Peaks Hill, Purley,
Surrey. ent.

1932 O’Farretu, A. F., 20, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, 8.W.19. J.

1984 Otiver, G. B., ‘“‘ Hazlemere,’ High Wycombe, Bucks. 1,

1935 Owen, A. H., 41, Coombe Road, Croydon, Surrey. J.

1911 Pace, H. E., r.n.x.s., 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, §.E.3. 1.

1927 Pavmer, D. S., “ North Lodge,” Esher.

1980 Pearman, Capt. A., Elm Cottage, Purley, Surrey. 1.

1908 Pennineton, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W.1. l.

1928 Perkins, J. F., v.n.z.s., 19, Courtfield Gardens, 8.W.5. h.

1983 Pryron, A. G., Holly Bank, Napleton Road, Ramsgate. 1.

19383 Pinuey, E. GC. S., 86, Wetherby Mansions, Karl’s Court

Square, S.W.5. ent.

YRAR OF
ELECTION.

1933
1933

1912
1927
1897

1924
1904

1922

1925

1887

1920

1936
1934

1908

1910

1911

1920

1890
1936

1932
1932

1936
1915

1936
1936

Pinnicer, K. B., 19, Endlebury Road, Chingford, 11.4. p, .

Pootss, 8S. W. P., “ Richmond,’’ Alderman’s Drive, Peter-
borough. J.

Poutton, Pror. Sir E. B., p.sc., M.a., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., F.R.E.8., ‘* Wykeham House,” Oxford. (Hon. Member.)

Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane, Rich-
mond, Surrey.

Prest, HK. KE. B., “Inwood,” Madeira Drive, West Byfleet,
Surrey. J.

Priest, C. G., 67, Portland Road, Holland Park, W.11. 1,

Prisxz, R. A. R., F.R.E.8., 186, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing,
W es 1Z,:#no,

Rair-SmirH, W., F.z.8., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., ‘* Hurstleigh,”
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. J.

Raurs, Miss E. M., F.x.u.s., 27, Shaftesbury Road, Ravens-
court Park, W.6.

Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Common, 8.W.4. orn.

Ricuarpson, A. W., F.k.E.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. Jl.

Ricuarpson, N. A., 68, Finchley Lane, Hendon, N.W. 4. J.

Ripgout, J. K., ‘“‘ Hodgsonites,” Charterhouse, Godalming,
Surrey.

Riwey, Capt. N. D., r.r.u.s., F.z.s., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20. 1.

Rosertson, G. §., m.v., ‘ Struan,” Storrington, near Pul-
borough, Sussex. .

Rosinson, Lady Mavp, F.r.e.s., Kirklington Hall, Newark.
Ln.

Roruscuitp, THe Rieut Hon. Lord, D.sc¢., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.Se,
F.R.E.S., Tring, Herts. 1, orn. (Life Member.)

Rowntres, J. H., ‘‘ Scalby Nabs,” Scarborough, Yorks. 1.

Royrrs, D. W., 2, Imperial Mansions, Dromells Rd., Claphaiu,
S.W.4.

Ruptanp, W. L., 211, Caversham Road, Reading.

Russet, A. G. B., m.y.o., F.R.E.s., Scarbank House, Swanage,
Dorset. .

Russtuu, J. A. P., Scarbank House, Swanage, Dorset. ent.

Russet, 8. G. Castle, Homestead, Crawley, Winchester,
Hants. J.

Sarp, G. J., 71, Sistova Road, S.W.12. 2.

Scores, Gowine E., “ Oakhurst,’ Oakwood Road, Crofton,
Orpington, Kent. J.

'
a;
.
a
'

Xl
YEAR OF
ELECTION.
1908 Sr. Ausyn, Capt. J. G., F.r.u.s., F.n.p.s., 14, Purley Knoll,

1927
1923

1933
1910

1898

1925
1921

1908
1927

1928

1934
1928
1924
1931

1936
1929

1934
1916

1922
1894
1913
1934
1925

1929
1931

1933

Purley.

Scorr, H., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. J.

SevastopuLo, D. G., F.r.us., (Life Member), c/o Ralli Bros.
Ltd., Caleutta. J.

Suarman, fF’. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough. 1.

Sazetpon, W. G., F.z.s., F.R.E.S., “West Watch,” Oxted,
Surrey, J.

Sicn, AuF., F.R.E.s., Coburg Court Hotel, Bayswater Road,
W.2. U.

Simmons, A.,42, Loughboro Road, W. Bridgford, Nottingham. J.

Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.u.c., u.v., D.sc., F.R.E.s., 172, High
Road, Salway Hill, Woodford Green. 1.

SperRING, C. W., 8, Hastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E.7. 1.

SranLeEy-SmitH, I’. §., F.r.z.s., Council, “Oaklands,” Brampton,
Huntingdon. J.

Stanuey-SuitH, Mrs. Maud, Council, ‘‘ Oaklands,” Brampton,
Huntingdon. Ul.

Stephens, J. A., 44, Mount Road, Chatham.

Stocken, H. KH. W., Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet, Surrey.

Srorzy, W. H., 398, High Drive, New Malden, Surrey. ent.

Stovin, G. H. T., m.x.c.s., ue.c.p., 42, Chalkwell Avenue,
Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

STREETER, Iixnest, Petworth, Sussex. .

Srupss, G. C., 31, Egremont Street, Ely, Cambs.

Surton, G. R., Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.

Syms, H. H., F.r.u.s., Vice-President, Hon. Librarian, 22,
Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, K.11. n, orth., p.(od.), t.

Tams, W. H. T., F.r.u.s., 5, Daisy Lane, Hurlingham,
Biiw Go Gh

TarpaT, Rey. J. lu., m.a., 1, Romsey Road, Winchester. 1,
ool,

TarcHe., L., F.R.z.s., Swanage, Dorset. 1.

‘Taytor, J. O., Lyndhurst, Grosvenor Road, Orpington. 1.

Taytor, J. S., M.a., F.R.E.S., Prickly Pear Laboratory, Graaffe
Reinett, C.P., Union of S.A. 1.

Teriey, J., ‘ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley.

Txomeson, J. A., Tan-y-Bryn School, St. Margarets Drive,
Llandudno, N. Wales. J.

THoreg, R. A., ‘‘ Homestead,” Forest Hill Road, Honor Oak,
8.1.28.

xii

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1926 Tomuinson, Miss Florence B., ‘‘ The Anchorage,” 51, Lodge

1935

1902

1934
1887

1889

1929

1911
1930

1880

1927
1920
1928
1928
1911
1911

1927
1934

1925

1932
1932
1927
1918
1921

1926
1927

Road, West Croydon. 1.

Tomexins, L. H., ‘* Clifton,’ 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey.

Tonez, A. E., F.n.e.s., Council, ‘Aincroft,’’ Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. J.

Tunstatu, H. G., 11, St. James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey.

Turner, H. J., r.r.u.s., F.k.a.8., Hon. Editor, ‘‘ Latemar,” 25,
West Drive, Cheam, Surrey. J, 8, e.l.

Warinwaient, C. J., F.R.E.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. J, d.

Warnwricut, J. Chas., 9, Priory Road. Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey.

Wake y, L. D., 15 Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, 8.W.19. 1.

Waxrxy, §., Council, 4, Auckland Road, Upper Norwood,
S:H19. 7.

Waker, Comm. J. J., M.a., F.L.s., F.R.E.S., ‘ Aorangi,’ Lonsdale |
Road, Summertown, Oxford. J, e.

Watxer, W. H., ‘* Ranworth,” Potters Bar. 1.

Warson, D., “‘ Proctors,’’ Southfleet, Kent. 1.

Warts, W. J., 42, Bramerton Road, Beckenham. ec.

Wetts, Clifford, ‘“‘ Dial House,’”’ Crowthorne, Berks. 1.

Wetts, H. O., York Gate, Cheam Road, Ewell. 1.

Wueerer, The Rev. G., M.a., F.Z.S., F-R.E.S., ‘¢ Ellesmere,’
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. J.

Waits, A. G., “ Hilltop,” Chaldon, Surrey.

Wuirexouse, Prof. H. Beckwith, m.B., m.s.tonp., 62, Hagley
Road, Birmingham.

Wiis, H. B., ux.p., F.r.n.s., “ Redmayes,’’ 79, Broad Lane,
Hampton-on-Thames, Middlesex. 1.

Witurmms, 8. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, E.4. 1.

Winpuam, W. S., 40, Wellesley Road., Chiswick, W.4.

Wirtine, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catford, S.E. 6.

Woon, H., ‘Albert Villa,’ Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. 1.

Woop, H. Worstey, F.R.z.s., 37, De Freville Avenue, Cam-
bridge. J.

Woorton, W.J.,F.2.H.s., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex. J.

DE Worms, C. G. M., Council, M.a., PH.D., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U.,
F.c.s., A.1.c., Milton Pk., Egham, Surrey. 1, orn.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

fern! OF THE COUNCIL FOR. 1935,

ao

The passing of our very good friend Mr. Robert Adkin has cast a
shadow over the year 1935 ; not only our Society, but most of the
entomological organizations of the South of England will have
cause for deep regret.

Mr. Adkin joined the Society in 1881, and bas been an active
member right up to the last, filling the chair on several occasions,
and it was only a matter of a few months between his last
attendance at one of the Society’s meetings and his death. He was
the author of very many published notes, especially on the micro-
Lepidoptera, and his notes and exhibits were always the source of
considerable interest at the meetings he attended.

Mr. Adkin’s death left a vacancy for a trustee, which bas been
filled by Mr. J. H. Adkin.

The Society has benefitted under Mr. Adkin’s will by his very fine
collection of some 1100 lantern slides, and also by the handsome
sum of £200.

The mixed extremes of weather made up, in some measure, for
the paucity, both in number and species, of insects to be seen
during the year, by their general effect of having caused a
considerable range of variation. The severe frost experienced in
May cut back the young foliage, so that there was often not
enough food for insects to permit of much satisfactory field work,
and the earlier field meetings did not meet with the hoped for
measure of success. Fortunately things mended somewhat as the
year wore on, and the later meetings, if not productive of much
in the way of quantity, at least gave rise to many interesting
observations.

There were twenty-two meetings and the Annual Exhibition;
thirteen papers were read by, Mr. M. Niblett, Mr. ht. Adkin, Mr.
W. H. '’. Tams, Mr. G. A. Brett, Dr. G. A. Metcalfe, Mr. H. R.
Hewer, M.Sc., D.I.C., Major H. C. Gunton, M.B., H. B. Williams,
LL.D., Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., Mr. F. J. Coulson, K. G. Blair,
D.Sc., and Mr. E. J. Bedford, F.P.S. Short papers were also read
by Mr. S. Wakely and Mr. J. A. Downes, on the evening allotted

AUG 10 1936

XlV

or that purpose, and it may be said that such an evening proved to
be a most succesful innovation.

The average attendance at meetings was forty-one.

The annual exhibition, which took place on the 24th October, was
thoroughly successful ; the attendance as recorded reached 256, and
there were probably some who did not sign the book. The revival
of old acquaintances and the making of new was a prominent feature
of this, the most sociable, of the Society’s meetings during the year.
The exhibits were many and varied, and although it is to be
regretted that the usual section of vivaria was absent, there were
very interesting exhibits, mostly Lepidoptera, although other orders
received a share of attention as did photographs, Lantern Slides’
and drawings. Judging from the material exhibited, lepidopterous
varieties seem to have been unusually plentiful, possibly, as men-
tioned before, the result of the varied weather conditions obtaining
during the year. The arrangement of the tables in smaller blocks
was further developed and the circulation of visitors was freer; the
catering and organization were both worthy of the Society’s
approbation.

There were eleven Field Meetings:—Kffingham, Box Hill,
Brentwood, Broadwater Forest, Forest Row, Bookham Common,
Thames Marshes, Leith Hill, Eynsford, and Byfleet, led by Messrs.
T. R. Eagles, J. A. Downes, B.Sc., C. G. M. de Worms, M.A.,
EK. KE. Syms, Dr. G. V. Bull, Dr. K. G. Blair, F. J. Coulson, C. N.
Hawkins, R. W. Attwood, and 8. N. A. Jacobs, and although these
meetings were not as productive as might have been hoped they
were consistently well attended. The leaders read interim reports
of their meetings, the full reports appearing in the Proceedings and
Transactions for the year.

The membership is now 256, consisting of 209 full members, 40
country members, 2 honorary members and 5 life members; there °
have been 18 elections, 2 resignations, 4 deaths, and 1 written off
for non payment of subscriptions.

The Finances of the Society still remain in a healthy condition,
and it is with regret that we have to announce that the Treasurer,
who has so successfully guided the Society’s finances for many
years, feels himself compelled to relinquish his office.

The year’s Balance Sheet, duly audited by Messrs. T. R. EKagles
and W. J. Watts, is still a cheerful document, and has been read to »

XV

you. It is to be hoped that members will keep it well in mind that
the Treasurer is an honorary official, and will save him unnecessary
work by remembering to pay their subscriptions when due, that is
1st January, thus obviating an undue amount of correspondence.

Material for exhibits may have been somewhat lacking during
part of the season, but this was certainly not the case with regard
to the care with which exhibits were prepared, and it is much to be
regretted that interesting notes were on many occasions lost
through the failure of many members to extend this care a little
further by putting their notes on paper for the use of the Editor.

The Society was represented at the fiftieth anniversary of the
Dublin Field Naturalists’ Association in Dublin by Miss W. M. A.
Brooke, whose report will appear in the year’s volume of Proceedings
and Transactions.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner represented the Society at the annual congress
of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.

The volume of Proceedings and Transactions for the season
1934/35 appeared later in the year than usual owing to the regrettable
illness and subsequent death of one of the assistant editors; it
consists of 149 + xx. pp., and contains papers of both general and
particular interest as also the reports of Field Meetings, and of the
various congresses.

The Curator reports that ‘‘ donations to the Society’s collections
were made by Mr. E. E. Syms, Diptera; Dr. K. G. Blair, Coleop-
tera; Mr. C. N. Hawkins, 2 Boletobia fuliyginaria; Mr. H. Worsley
Wood, 7 Bryophila impar; Dr. G. V. Bull, Hemiptera; also a
collection of microscope slides, principally of entomological
dissections, under the will of the late Mr. Rayward of Eastbourne.”

The Librarian reports: ‘‘ During the year there has been an
increase in the number of borrowers and also in the number of books
borrowed. A list of Standard Works not in the library has been
prepared.”

The following additions to the Library were recorded :—

Booxs.—Diptera of Patagonia and Chile, 2 pts. (Brit. Mus.) ;
Supp. to Tutt’s Br. Noctuae, H. J. Turner (the author) ; Naturalists
Library (Tonge) ; Argentine Hesperidae, K. J. Hayward (the author) ;
Argentine Nat. Campaign against the Locust; Generic Names
(B.M.); Ent. Beiheft Deut, Ent. Ins. Pt. I.

Xvi

Proceepines, Transactions, Reports, etc.—Bull. and Ann. Soc.
Ent. de France; Ann. Rept. of the Smithsonian Inst.; Bull. R.
Scuola d’Agric., Portici, Italy; Rept. U.S. Nat. Museum; Jrnl.
Com. and Foot. Pres. Socy ; London Naturalist; Trans. and Proc.
Socy. of Br. Entom.; Rept. Hastings and I. Sussex N. H. Socy.;
Proc. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Science Socy.; Proc. I. of W. Nat.
Hist. Socy.; Rept. of Conf. of Del. of Corres. Socs. to Br. Assn. ;
Essex Naturalist; Mem. Connect. Ac. Sci.; Trans. Leicester Lit.
and Phil. Socy.; Trans. Connect. Ac. Sci.; Proc. R. Irish Acad. ;
Karly Reports 8. L. Socy. (Champion).

Periopicats.—Entom.; Ii.M.M.; Entom. Rec.; Nat. Hist.: Can.
Ent.; Ent. News; Vasculum.; Revista Ent. Soc. Argentine; Folia
Zoologica, Riga; Acta. Mus. Zool. Athens.

Sreparates.—Irish Acad.; Chasa Inst. (Japan); Cat. Amer. Birds
(Chicago) ; U.S. Museum pamphlet ; Colorado Coll. Pubns.; Lord
Walsingham Papers (B.M.)

Pro, FREASURER'S. REPORT,. 1935.

Once again I am pleased to be able to report that the finances of
the Society are in a healthy state. It is standing firmly on its feet
and is able to meet its liabilities year by year.

Our outgoings for the past year amount to £195 12s. 6d., and our
income from all sources to £210 1s. 1ld., giving us a surplus of
£14 8s. 7d.—and as we invested £15 6s. Od. out of the balance
brought forward last year to the credit of suspense account, we are
well on the right side.

To take the items in detail as compared with last year our income
from Subscriptions is £9 up, and from refreshment fund donations
nearly £4 up, a record figure.

Entrance fees were 7/6 lower.

Donations to publication fund £1 higher.

I am sorry to have no item for sales of proceedings, but the
librarian informs me that this is because the people who bought
have not yet paid for their purchases.

The most important item of the year was the bequest made to us
under the will of the late Robert Adkin of £200 free of duty which
we have invested in 34% Conversion Loan.

On the other side of the ledger our expenses as compared with
last year are as follows—

Rent, Insurance, Income Tax and Attendance are of course the
same. Secretarial and Treasurer’s expenses about £1 higher, as is
also the item of catering.

We have bought an Addressograph machine for £2 5s. Od. to help
our Secretary to get through his heavy work, and we spent 30/- on
a wreath for Mr. Adkin.

Printing Proceedings was £23 lower, there being no half tone
blocks this time. In the past they have been given to the Society
as a donation.

We purchased fewer books than last year, and spent rather less
on binding, the difference in cost amounting to nearly £18,

The balance sheet shows an excess of assets over liabilities
amounting to £11938 5s. Od. and this would have been higher but

[Continued on p. xx.

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xx

for the method of valuing the invested capital of the Society at

current prices. Quotations for Government stocks were lower this —

year than last making a difference in the balance sheet figures of
£35. But after all this is only a paper difference as our investments
all stand at or about the purchase price.

I presume you would not wish me to bore you with the details —
of the statement of accounts here, but I will hand them to the —

Secretary so that any one can see them who wants to, and they will
in due course be published in the Society’s proceedings. They have
been audited by Messrs T. R. Eagles and W. J. Watts, to whom I
tender my sincere thanks for their trouble in doing so.

It is with great regret that I have come to the conclusion that the
time has now arrived for me to band over my duties to my successor.
For the past 17 years I have taken great pride and pleasure in keep-
ing the Society’s accounts and have seen it grow from a puny
weakling, needing a great deal of outside help, to a strong and
vigorous maturity.

Unfortunately a.p. in the form of physical limitations has turned
what used to be a pleasure into a severe burden. I therefore feel
compelled to resign and Mr. T. R. Eagles has been appointed by
your council to succeed me. I wish him every success in his new
office and hope that he will get as much pleasure out of it as I have
done. I also tender my sincere thanks to the Presidents, Officers,
Council and all the other members of the Society for their kindly
support and co-operation during my period of office.

XXl

Robert Adkin. 1849-1935.

In the passing of Robert Adkin the Society has lost a member,
who for more than half a century had been closely associated with
all its activities. He was born in Lewisham on 4th January, 1849,
and on 21st May, 1935, after several months of failing strength, he
faded away. Thus he had commenced his 87th year; and during
this long life he enjoyed the advantage of exceptionally good health.

From an early age he is stated to have taken a keen interest in
insect life and no doubt soon came under the influence of Stainton,
who lived not far distant from his early home. In the autumn of
1881 he joined this Society and almost from the first took the keenest
interest in its progress and welfare, and the position the Society now
holds is largely due to his efforts. We find that as early as 1883 he
became a member of the Council and records of his first exhibits
and early donations to the collections will be found in the Society’s
“ Proceedings”’ of that period.

Mr. Adkin was brought up to the business of a tobacco merchant
and became a partner in the well known firm, Adkin Bros. of
Aldgate, London, E.C., which had been founded by his family in the
early part of last century. In 1901 his firm entered into association
with the Imperial Tobacco Company and for many years previous to
his death he was a member of the Control Board of this great
concern, from the meetings of which he was never absent.

Quiet, modest and unassuming, with a quick grasp of matters
in which he took an interest, he soon gained the confidence of all
who came in contact with him, either in private life, or in business
connection.

For the greater part of his life he lived at Lewisham, and there
year by year he was accustomed to entertain the Officers of the
Society at a supper and conversazione, and a privilege it was to be
one of those who were present. His election to that select band of
eight eminent entomologists, the Kntomological Club, afforded
further opportunity to ask active members of the Society and others
to meet the Club members and friends at another conversazione. In
1915 he removed to Eastbourne, where he had bought the house of
the late Professor Huxley. There he continued to manifest the

Xxli

pleasure it gave him to have his entomological friends around him ;
but home accomodation soon proved too small and the meetings
were held in the Grand Hotel, and comprised lunch, a field ramble,
conversazione and supper.

For many years at frequent intervals Mr. Adkin was a member of
the Council of our Society and several times he held the office of
President, besides which for a number of years he was Hon. Treasurer,
and thus for the greater part of fifty years he was officially
guiding the destiny of the Society. Even the removal to Kastbourne
did not keep him from the meetings, for only pressing business
engagements taking him away from London could, even at his
advanced age, prevent him from joining us.

While living at Lewisham he identified himself with the Field
Meetings of the Society and was present at most of them from the
time of their adoption as a feature of the work of the Society.

He was a most frequent exhibitor at the ordinary meetings, and
often his exhibit served to demonstrate some new fact concerning a
common species, his remarks being always to the point and he never
failed to supply a concise but adequate note on the objects of his
exhibit. |

In Eastbourne Mr. Adkin identified himself at once with the small
local Natural History Socy., which in a short time came to feel the
spell of his influence. He became a councillor and finally Presi-
dent. Under the auspices of this Society he compiled, from
the records of its members and largely from his own observations
of many years, three small volumes on the Lepidoptera of Kast-
bourne illustrated by maps and a large number of plates. This was
the only serious publication he took in hand, but the many valuable
notes, recording his experiences and observations, which appeared
from time to time in our own publications and in the “ Entomolo-
gist ’’ (of which journal he became part proprietor on the death of
the former owner, Mr. R. South) are ample evidence, both of his
wide knowledge and of that thirst for first hand information, which
characterised his Entomological work.

Until he was unable to carry on in early 1935, Mr. Adkin took a
leading part in the work of preparing and editing the “ Proceedings”’
of our Society. His study of the proofs was most thorough, to
which the aid of his very valuable library of entomological
and general natural history books was most opportune. For
many years he had made himself largely responsible for the
provision of plates in the “‘ Proceedings,’ but his modesty withheld

XXxili

his generosity from being known to all but a few of our members.
Often when it seemed desirable that the Society should have addi-
tional equipment, which our funds did not allow, the desire was
quietly attained but with a request for no official acknowledgment.

In 1885 Mr. Adkin became a member of the then Entomological
Society of London, at that time housed in rather close quarters in
Chandos Street, near Oxford Circus. In course of time he was put
on the Council of this Society and was on occasion a Vice- President.
For years he was either on the Council or on one of its official
Committees. In arrangements for the removal of the Society to
permanent quarters at Queen’s Gate during the Treasurership of
Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Mr. Adkin took a leading part and strongly
supported the financial scheme to meet the large expense.
When the repayment of the debentures issued became due, he set an
example of cancelling his own share, which, with the support of
others, enabled the debt incurred to be liquidated within a much
shorter period. Nor did his material assistance to the Society end
here ; he knew that it was necessary for the more effective demon-
stration of exhibits, that a costly epidiascope should be supplied, and it
was donated with all necessary fittings without charge to the Society.
Much as the Fellows wished to make him their President as a
mark of their profound gratitude, his modesty repeatedly made him
refuse, in fact he even appeared annoyed that he was asked to be at
the head of this great Royal Entomological Society.

With the South Hastern Union of Scientific Societies he was
associated almost from the commencement. There is no doubt he
was influenced in this undertaking by his great friend the late G. T.
Porritt whose influence in the strong Yorkshire Naturalists Union
suggested a similar development for the new Southern Union. In
the first list of Members, issued in 1898, we find his name, and this
was succeeded the following year by his entering the Council. His
unobtrusive but modest practical and businesslike suggestions
invariably carried much weight in the early development of the
Union and eventually he became Treasurer, which office he held for 22
years. He was an advocate of the division into Sections and this
was Carried out, but it was not until 1922 that his particular desire,
a Zoological Section, was formed, at the Annual Congress at
Southampton. He saw that our Society was always represented at
the Annual Congresses of the Union.

He was one of the Vice-Presidents of the Ray Society for the
publication of valuable Natural History Memoirs, a member of the

XXIV

National Trust for the Preservation of areas of special beauty and
interest, a member of the Commons and Footpaths Preservation
Society, and quite recently he joined the ranks of the recently
formed Society for British Entomology.

During his whole life he was devoted to the study of Lepi-
doptera and, even during the last few years of his life, when
he felt unable to do continued and strenuous field work, he installed
a light trap and followed it up enthusiastically. He confined his
collecting to the British Lepidoptera, both Macro- and Micro-, many
species of which he had bred. His collection he has bequeathed to
the British Museum (Natural History), S. Kensington. To our
cabinets he made many contributions to fill gaps and to add useful
forms for reference. His Library was a remarkably complete one
from a British Lepidopterist’s view and contained also the most
valued works of continental origin useful for reference in his study
of our native lepidoptera. Nor was his library deficient in works
on other groups, where such works would be of practical use in the
preparation or correction of the ‘ Proceedings” of our Society,
always a matter of earnest solicitude with him. Useful works
were continually being added to the reference library of our Society,
and several hundred volumes not previously on their shelves have
been bequeathed to the Royal Entomological Society. The name of
Robert Adkin is enshrined in the annals of our Society for ever.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

— WOw

14th FEBRUARY, 1985.
Mr. I. E. Syms, F.R.E.S., Presipent, in the Chair.

Dr. EK. A. Cockayne exhibited a short series of Abraxas grossu-
lariata, Li. ab. lacticolor, Rayn. (sex-linked recessive) and the Q
variety (autosomal recessive), with notes. From various crosses
of these two strains Woodlock obtained three pairings, which
should have produced the double recessive. The first, in which one
in four females should have been a double recessive, gave 4 male
and 2 female yrussulariata, 8 male and 8 female Q, and 4 female
lacticolor, Tbe second, in which one female in eight should have
been a double recessive, gave 15 male and 3 female srossulariata,
7 male Q, and 5 female lacticolor. The third, in which one in four
females should have been a double recessive, gave 1 male grossu-
lariata, 1 female Q, and 2 female Jacticolor. One would expect the
double recessive to be much lighter than either lacticolor or Q, since
it lacks two genes for large spots. Possibly the double recessive is
delicate and none was bred.

For comparison with these two forms there are two very lightly
marked yrossulariata, a male and female, the former from a North
London larva; the spots are small and ill-defined, being formed of fine
transverse striae, and the ground colour is creamy as in lacticolor,
not white as in Q. It is unlikely to be a variant of lacticolor, since
a male was bred from a wild larva from London where lacticolor, if
it occurs at all, is very rare. This third form seems to be distinct
from both Q and lacticolor.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited four specimens of Lasiocampa quereus, L.
f. vallunae, Palmer, bred in 6 months from the date of oviposition.
The parent was a ? taken in the New Forest on 31st July, 1984.
Ova hatched 18th August, first cocoon spun 13th November, first
emergence 4th January, 1935, others on 11th, 15th and 20th
January.

Dr, K. G. Blair exhibited some larvae of Nacerda melanura, L.,
sent for determination by Mr. T. R. Goddard, curator of the Han-
cock Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The larvae were found in pitch-
pine piles which have been enclosed in brickwork and cement, since

2

January 1915, to a depth of 5 feet below floor level. The sender
suggests that the eggs or young larvae must have been in the piles
when they were driven twenty years ago. j

Mr. Bliss exhibited specimens of Spilosoma menthastri, Esp. Two
were slightly banded and one very heavily spotted.

The Secretary then read a Paper by Capt. K. J. Hayward (Argen-
tine) ‘Six Months Collecting along the Alto Parana, Argentine,”
and a number of excellent photographs of the wonderful Falls of
Iguazu, were passed round. (See Trans.)

oe Ae Foe
ly a il ag tac, EEL: IT

28th FEBRUARY, 1985.
The Presipent in tha Chair.

Mr. MecDonogh, D.Sc., 86, Elvaston Place, S.W.7, and Mr, A. V.
Hedges, Milton Ernest House, Milton Ernest, Beds. were elected —
members.

The President exhibited the Dipteron, Microdon mutabilis, L., of
which the larva lives in the nest of the ant Acanthomyops niger, L.

Mr. Dannatt exhibited the exotic Lepidoptera Danais dannatti,
Talb. and Delias ssp. levicki, Roth.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a box of Argentine Papilio species to —
illustrate the paper by Captain Hayward read on 14th February. i
Mr. W. H. 'T. Tams gave an Address with lantern slides, ‘“ An

Expedition to Fernando Po.”

14th MARCH, 1936.

EE — eee

The Presipent in the Chair.

Miss Kirby, of Chiswick, and Mr. L. H. Tomkins, of Worcester
Pk., were elected members.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a short bred series of Leucania albipuncta,
Fb., from ova laid by a female taken in September at Swanage,
showing both buff and red forms, and a full grown larva.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of species of Pieridae in

further illustration of Capt. Hayward’s recent paper.
_ Mr. Eagles exhibited small branches of poplar containing the
living larvae of the Coleopteron, Saperda carcharias, L. from
Formby, Lancs, where it was apparently very prevalent and
destructive.

3

Mr. Wakely exhibited specimens of Myelois neophanes, Dur. and
read the following note:—The complete life-history of this species is
unknown. Meyrick in his 1928 Handbook says: ‘‘ The late Dr.
David Sharp sent me some dark, smoky-grey larvae, with scattered
whitish hairs and dark fuscous head, feeding in September on
globular black fungus growing on stems of Ulex in the New Forest,
Hants, which may not improbably have been this species, but we
both failed to rear the imago.”

The particulars of two bred specimens recently given me are of
interest. The first, bred by Mr. E. J. Bunnett from the fungus
Daldinia concentrica, Grev.,is labelled ** From Daldinia, 5-x-17.” No
doubt this refers to the date the fungus was taken. The locality is
unfortunately unrecorded, but the fungus was definitely not growing
on gorse. I have to thank Mr. Bunnett for the two excellent photo-
graphs of this fungus which are being shown to-night. It is
undoubtedly the ‘“ globular black fungus” mentioned by Meyrick,
and is a striking species.

The second specimen came from Mr. T. R. Eagles, who found the
larva in a hollow birch twig at Byfleet, Surrey, on 29th July, 1933,
at one of the Field Meetings. It showed signs of being about to
pupate, and had evidently selected this hollow twig for the purpose.
The moth emerged the following year on 12th July. It seems
likely by these dates that this specimen was at least two years in
reaching maturity. Both the above are females.

The third specimen shown, a male, was beaten out of a fir tree at
Broadwater Forest, Sussex, on 19th June, 1982.

Two other species are also exhibited which have a superficial
resemblance to the insect under discussion. These are Salebria
betulae, Gze. and Salebria fusca, Haw. The latter is a larger insect,
and occurs among heather. Salebria betulae occurs among birch,
and Myelois neophanes is easily mistaken for this species. The
hindwings of M. neophanes, however, are much paler than in 8S,
betulae. The male antenna of this last species has a thickening at
the base, thereby differing from M. neophanes, The late Mr. J. H.
Durrant, of the British Museum, was responsible for placing M.
neophanes on the British List, and there is a short series in the
Banks’ Collection at South Kensington with a note stating they
were found among the preceding series. All three species are
very local in distribution. A full description of the larva and its
habits is a task still waiting to be accomplished.

Mr. Brett exhibited his series of Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg.,

4

which were the subject of his paper subsequently read, and also
specimens of the cages he used in his experiments.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited four examples of Polygonia c-album, L.
from Surrey and Sussex, each having a row of blue spots on the
upperside of the hindwings.

Mr. OC. W. Harris exhibited Cerura bicuspis, Bork. taken in
Broadwater Forest in June, 1984, and the dark form ab. nigrina,
Weym. of Limenitis camilla, Schiff. (sibilla, L.) taken at Forest Row
in July, 1934.

Mr, J. A. Downes summed up results of the breeding of Selenia
tetralunaria, Hufn. in 1938-4 as follow.

Summer Broop 193838.

BRED BY. Cockayne.| Hawkins. | Fletcher. Downes.
TIME OF EMERGENCE. Sep. Aug.-Sep. | June-July July
ConDITIONS OF ‘cool room’ |, eerie et
REARING. ‘closed box’ y Cas
APPEARANCE OF like spring brood near sum-| summer
SPECIMENS.

approximately. mer brood. | brood.

Assuming that late emergence (C. and H.) indicates long life-
history and cool conditions, as seems likely, 7.e. indicates spring-
brood conditions, the summer brood facies is chiefly due to immediate
environment and not to heredity.

Mr. Brett read a paper ‘‘ An Account of some preliminary Experi-
ments with Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg.” (See Trans.)

28th MARCH, 1935.
The PresipEent in the Chair.

The decease of Col. R. H. Rattray, a member since 1922, was
announced.

Mr. Collins, of Kingswood and Mr. Ensor, of London, 8.W.16,
were elected members.

Mr. Oliver exhibited a remarkable aberration of Strymon (T'hecla)
w-album, Knoch,. of a bronze buff colour, bred from one of five full
grown larvae beaten near High Wycombe in 1919.

Mr. Turner exhibited a further series of the Lepidoptera of the
Argentine, mainly Danaids, to illustrate Capt. Hayward’s paper.

Dr. Metcalf gave a Lecture on ‘‘ The Birds of Northern Ireland,”
illustrated with a large number of lantern slides.

5
llth APRIL, 1985.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Priske exhibited the gall-maker of the common “oak apple’’
gall, Teras terminalis, Mhl. and 2 Chalcid parasites, which had
appeared after two years.

He also showed several coloured mice and said that a g black
mouse, the offspring of two black mice, was paired with a ? red
mouse, the offspring of two red mice. Of the resulting offspring,
six in number, five were a very decided mixture but the sixth was
red like the mother.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited comparative series of Hyloicus
pinastri, L. from different localities.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a fine pair of Ornithoptera victoriae-
regis, Roths. from Bougainville, one of the larger islands in the
Solomon group; also a series of temperature forms of Nymphalis
antiopa, L. including f. hygiaea, Heydr., f. roedert, Stndf., f. artemis,
Fisch., f. epione, Fisch. and f. daubeti, Stndf.

Mr. O'Farrell exhibited a set of photographs of Natural History
objects and described his method of work as follows :—

* Sume notes on Photomicroyraphy with an ordinary bow camera.
The photographs which | am showing to-night are the results of
some experiments with an old camera and a small microscope.

“ Although I don’t suppose my methods will be of great interest to
expert photographers, I think perhaps a short description of them
may be of interest to people who, like myself, know very little of
scientific photography.

“The microscope is fastened by adjustable screws to a baseboard
consisting of a 4” plank, 86'’x8"’. The screws are necessarily
adjustable since otherwise the microscope would have to be perman-
ently fixed in position which is obviously undesirable. The direct
light from a 100 Watt pearl bulb is used. The lens of the camera
is applied to the eye piece of the microscope, light leakage being
checked by a tube of velvet fitting on to the eyepiece of the micro-
scope and glued to the front of the camera. The camera is screwed
to a wooden block sliding on rails: this block may be made hollow
and used as a receptacle for spare films, ete.

‘Using an ordinary roll-film camera, the chief difficulty is natur-
ally in focussing accurately. ‘he method which I have adopted is as
follows :—The microscope is focussed on a given slide in the
ordinary way: it is then placed in position on the baseboard and

6

the light switched on: a blurred image will be produced on a
ground glass screen at the back of the camera. This blurred image
is now Clearly focussed by manipulating the fine adjustment of the
microscope, the number of turns of the screw necessary to produce
a perfectly clear image on the screen being carefully noted. One
can now dispense with the screen altogether; the focussing can
always be done in the usual way and completed by giving the fine
adjustment an appropriate number of turns after the microscope is
in position. Since the number of turns necessary varies with the
objective used and with the length of draw-tube, a table should be
constructed, giving the number of turns of the screw necessary to
give a clear image for each objective at draw tube lengths of, say,
5,10, 15,25 cms. This table can then be referred to at any time:
the ground glass screen can be dispensed with altogether, and thus
one roll of film may be used to take photographs with several
different magnifications. The construction of the table is the only
troublesome part: the actual apparatus, given an old camera, costs
only about four shillings to construct.

«‘ Hxposures, incidentally, range from + sec. or even less with low
powers, to 20 secs. or more with high powers. The exposure
required varies, of course, with the type of light used: a 100-watt
pearl bulb seems to give the best results in the shortest time.”

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a short series of Aberdeen forms of Abraawas
grossulariata, L.

Mr. Eagles exhibited dark forms of Acronicta aceris, L. from
Dagenham, Essex, and a banded form of Metachrostis (Bryophila)
perla, Fb. from Littlehampton, Sussex.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited living larvae of Callimorpha quadri-
punctata, Pod. (hera, L.), from Dawlish, of Kuchloris smaragdaria,
Fb. taken last autumn at Benfleet, and of Leucania straminea, Tr.
from Oxshott in Aug. 19384.

Mr. Niblett exhibited the following bred examples of gall-making
Cynipidae—Andricus sieboldi, Htg. and galls on Quercus robur, L.,
emerged 38.111.85 ; Andricus glandulae, Schnk. and galls on Quercus
robur, L., emerged 23.111.35.

Dr. C. V. Bull exhibited a form of Vaeniocampa stabilis, View.
in which the orbicular and reniform stigmata were united.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited (1) Polygonia c-album, L., a series of
undersides showing variation in the “C” mark (C.G.V.O.y.d, etc.)
(2) A short series of Lycaena arion, L., with empty pupa cases, bred
from pupae found in ants’ nests in N. Cornwall,1920. (8) Varieties

|
;
‘
’
;
|
:
|
|

1

of Brenthis euphrosyne, L., from the Chilterns of Bucks. and Herts,
(1920-2) including russet toned undersides with leaden metallic
spotting, anda g with upper and under sides of a mahogany shade.

In remarks on the Season it was noted as abnormally early,
Taeniocampa gothica, L., T. incerta, Hin. (instabilis, Esp.), Pieris
rapae, L., P. c-album, L., Nymphalis polychloros, L., Aglais urticae,
L., Nymphalis io, L., etc. were reported and Lycaenopsis argtolus, L.,
had been bred.

sth APRIL, 19385.
Fietp Merringc—EFFincHam,
Leader.—Mr. T. R. Kacuss.

The first meeting of the year was as usual well attended, there
being 22 members and 8 visitors present. In the morning and
afternoon the weather was good and conditions for field work were
ideal. About tea-time, however, heavy rain set in and sallowing
was not attempted.

The general impression was that insects were not so plentiful in
the pine and heather area at Ockham as they had been the year
before. Nevertheless, when notes were compared it was found that
the number of species observed was not short of past years. Among
the Lepidopterous imagines were Lobophora carpinata, Bkh. ;
Brephos parthenias, L.; Gonepterya rhamni, L.; Nymphalis io, L.;
and Eriocrania purpurella, Haw. ‘The larvae included Diacrisia
sanio, L.; Lithosia deplana, Esp. ; Ellopia fasciaria, L. (prosapiaria,
L.); and Perconia strigillaria, Hb. The pine frequenting ladybirds,
Mysia oblonyoguttata, L., Myrrha 18-guttata, L., and Anatis ocellata,
L. (typical specimens and varieties) were in fair numbers,

Sallow catkins were gathered by some of the members and pro-
duced larvae of Xanthia fulvago, L.; Amathes circellaris, Hufn. ;
and IMuupithecia tenuiata, Hb.

Flood débris accumulated in a bend of a ditch on the Common
was found to harbour an abundance of beetles including Bembidion
biguttatum, F.; Acupalpus luridus, Dej.; Agonum viduum, Pz.;
Bythinus bulbifer, Rehb.; Scymnus haemorrhoidalis, Hbst.; and
many others.

A specimen of the beetle Opilo mollis, L., was found resting in a
hollow stick.

8

Search near a fox which had come to an untimely and unsporting 1

end yielded specimens of the beetle Necrophorus humator, Gz.

These were taken for the study of their parasites and associated
mites.

2ath APRIL, 19385.
The Presivent in the Chair.

Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs exhibited the larval cases, and living larvae,
of Tinea peilionella, Li feeding in feathers: that the enlargement of
the cases takes place at both ends was apparent.

Dr. EK. A. Cockayne exhibited a further series of forms of Abraaas
grossulartata, L.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited an example of phyllody in a branch
of sallow from Enfield, Middlesex; and also a brown form of the
beetle Cylindronotus laevioctostriatus, Géze. (Helops striatus, Frery.)
from Effingham.

Dr. H. B. Williams exhibited series of Hrannis defoliaria, Clrek.,
and of Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbrg., neither of the broods
exhibiting the depth of dark coloration shown in the strain of Mr.
Brett’s broods.

The President exhibited an example of the smaller field-cricket,
Nemobius sylvestris, ’b., a very local species in this country.

Mr. CG. N. Hawkins exhibited males of 2 melanic broods of
Erannis defoliaria, Clk., from Chingford, bred ab. ovo. The actual
numbers bred were 50 males and 13 females, all melanic. The male
parent was a very black specimen taken 23.xii.83 and the female
parents (2) were blacks bred from ova laid by a normal female taken
in cop. with a melanic male on 17.xii.82. ‘he latter pairing pro-
duced, besides the 2 black females mentioned, 4 non-melanic females
and 2 non-melanic males.

Mr. C. J. Coulson exhibited the beetles (l) Rybaais sanguinea, L.
ab. nigripennts, Gerh. taken at the Field Meeting, Bookham, 9th
June, 1934 (a black aberration: one specimen from amongst a large
number of the normal red form).

(2) Phyllobius pyri, L. one specimen ; possibly ab. vespertinus, Fb.,
taken from whin, Wimbledon Common, May 1927. Its peculiar
characters appear to be shortened antennae and legs. (Both deter-
mined by Dr. Blair).

es =

9

Also (3) representatives of species taken at the Effingham Meet-
ing, 13th April, 1935—particularly those taken in accumulated
debris (flood refuse) at the bend of a ditch.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited several aberrations of Aylais urticae,
L., to illustrate the difference between wild and bred examples of
the same aberrational forms.

Dr. H. R. Hewer, M.Sc., read a paper, ‘‘ New Evidence on the
Lamarckian Theory,” dealing with the results obtained in controlled
breeding experiments with rats and stick-insects.

9th MAY, 1930.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Niblett exhibited the Coleopteron Megatoma undata, Eir., bred
from a gall of Rhabdophagua salicis, on Salia cinerea, L., and from a
flower-head of Carduus crispus, L.: emerged 19.iv. and 5.v.36,
respectively.

Mr. Wakely exhibited larvae of Mellinia (Xanthia) gilvayo, Esp.
and of Strymon (Thecla) w-album, Knock. from wych elm near Croy-
don, with larvae of Acidalia imniorata, L. from ova.

The President exhibited the Hemipteron V'riecphora vulnerata,
Ger. from Surrey.

Major H. C. Gunton gave a lecture on Phenological Observations ;
illustrated by lantern slides.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a tabulated statement of dates of emer-
gence of various species of Lepidoptera.

llth MAY, 1935.
Fietp Merringc—Box Hutu.
Leader.—B. J. MacNutry.

The weather was bright and sunny, and the absence of wind made
the beating on the slopes of Box Hill more attractive than on many
occasions in the past.

Some eight or nine members assembled at Box Hill station at -
10.80 and after waiting for a few minutes, for any others who
might be arriving late, commenced operations.

During the morning the party worked the woods along the ridges

10

of Box Hill towards the top, where lunch was taken at one o’clock
by two members of the party, the rest having failed to appear.

After lunch the party made its way down into Juniper Valley in
twos and threes and were then joined by the main body of the
afternoon party.

The members were well spread out over the area, and it was thus
impossible to estimate the numbers present until tea time. The
party assembled in the Railway Arms for tea at 5.30, where we
found that the number had increased to 80: 26 members and 4
visitors.

Perhaps the capture, which aroused the most excitement, was a
perfect specimen of Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn. Other imagines
captured were Pieris brassicae, L., P. rapae, L., Huchloé cardamines,
L., Gonepteryx rhamni, L., Vanessa io, L., V. urticae, L., Erynnis
tages, L., Callophrys rubi, L., Hesperia malvae, L., and larvae of
Epinephele jurtina, Li. Ligdia adustata, Schiff., Anaitis efformata,
Gn., Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg., Xanthorhoé jluctuata, IJ..,
Euclidia glyphica, L. and larvae of Lithosia deplana, Esp. (depressa,
Esp.), Boarmia ribeata, Clrck. (abietaria, Schiff.), B. repandata, L.,
Eupithecta sobrinata, Hb. and Nola cucullatella, L. Dr. Blair
reported an ovum of Lophopterya camelina, L. on birch and larvae of
Pterophorus galactodactyla, Hb. on burdock, Arctium lappa, L. (minus,
Bernb.). Among the Micro-lepidoptera were Pyrausta purpuralis,
L., P. aurata, Scop., Ennychia (Pyrausta) cingulata, L., Phoxopterya
(Ancylis) comptana, Forst., and Cnephasia virgaureana, Tr.

Dr. Blair also reported the Coleoptera Cassida fastuosa, Schal.
and ova on Inula conyza, De., Cryptocephalus coryli, L. on birch, and
Longitarsus obliteratus, Rosh. (pulew, Schr.) on short herbage; the
Hemiptera Civius pilosus, Ol. and ab. albicincta, Germ. ; and For-
ficula auricularia, L., a peculiar 9 with no wings visible beyond
the elytra. On closer examination the wings appear to have been
nibbled off level with the elytra.

Mr. I. T. Grant furnished the following List of Coleoptera noted
by himself. Adalia obliterata, L., Coccinella 7-punctata, L., Halyzia
14-guttata, L., Telephorus haemorrhoidalis, Fb., Timarcha violaceo-
nigra, DeG., Chrysomela goettinyensis, L., Lochmaea crataeyi, Frst.,
Hermaeophaga mercurialis, Fb., Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh, Anaspis
rufilabris, Gyll., A. maculata, Foure., Rhynchites aequatus, L., Poly-
drosus micans, Fb., BP. cervinus, L., Phyllobius oblongus, L., P. urticae,
DeG., Orchestes qguercus, L., O. fagi, L., Anthonomus pedicularius,
L., Cistela luperus, Hbst., and var. ferruginea, Fb.

it
19th MAY, 1935.
Pietp Mrretinc—Caitworta St. Marrna’s.
I_eader.—Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms, F.R.E.S.

The Field Meetings in this locality in the two previous seasons
were held under ideal conditions of warmth and sunshine It was
too much to hope that the third occasion would be so propitiously
favoured. One of the most severe May frosts on record had just been
experienced, doing untold damage to insect and plant life.
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, some dozen members of the
Society decided to brave the elements. The party moved off about
midday from the station at Chilworth under a very threatening sky.
The route taken was by the spruce wood bordering the mill where
the first halt was made. Here a few Jhera variata, Schiff. and
Kupithecia tantillarta, Bdv. (pusillata, Hb.) were found at rest or
beaten from the spruce branches.

On leaving this spot rain began to fall and it soon became obvious
that it had set in for the rest of the day. However, most members
decided to ascend the slopes of St. Martha’s, by which time a deluge
was coming down and both beating and searching became almost
impossible. A sprinkling of half-grown larvae of Thecla w-album,
Knock. and Brachionycha sphinx, Hufn. (cassinea, Hb.) were obtained
by the more enthusiastic collectors, but most of the party found it
more prudent and congenial to take refuge in a small cattle shelter.
Owing to the relentless downpour the outing was curtailed and the
party made the most of a very welcome and excellent tea in the
Station hotel.

23rd MAY, 1935.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

The decease of Mr. R. Adkin, one of the oldest members of the
Society, was reported. (See Trans.)

Dr. Cockayne exhibited dark larvae of Philereme transversata,
Hufn. (Scotosia rhamnata, Schiff.) like that figured by Buckler,
taken at the Box Hill Field Meeting and a green larva for com-
parison. Also an aberration of Abraaas grossulariata, L., similar to
one figured by Newman in his British Moths.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited larvae of Mellinia (Xanthia) ocellaris,
Bork.

12

Mr. Priske exhibited long and varied series of British freshwater
shells.

Dr. Bull exhibited a short series of Taentocampa gothica, L. with
f. yothicina, H.-S. from Aviemore. He also communicated the
following dates of appearance for West Kent. Brenthis euphrosyne,
L., 6th May; Hemaris fuciformis, L., 10th May; B. selene, Schiff,
Hamearis lucina, L. and Rumicia phlaeas, L., 20th May.

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited larvae of Stenoptilia bipunctidactylus,
Haw., from Chilworth ; larvae of Alucita spilodactylus, Curt., from
the Isle of Wight, on Marrubium vulgare, L.; larvae of Tetchobia
(Psychoides) verhuellella, Stain. (Heyd.), from the same place, in the
fructification of ferns; and larvae of Owyptilia heterodactyla, Vill.
(tevcrii, Jord.) from Box Hill on Teucrium scorodonia, L.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the rare Diptera (Tachinids),
Echinomyia ferow, Panz., from North Kent and the Isle of Wight,
and Triaa alpina, Mg., from N. Kent.

Exhibition was made of various forms of Aquatic Life. The
water plants Utricularia intermedia, Hayne. (Lentibulariae) ; Riecio-
carpus natans, C., a Liverwort species; larva of a species of Ano-
pheles (Mosquito) found in the stagnant water hollows at the foot of
trees; and larvae of Stratiomys furcata, F. (Dip.)

Ist JUNE, 1935.
Fi«itp Mrretinc—Brenrwoop.
Leader.—Ki. KK. Syms, F.R.E.S.

The weather was unfortunately against us ai this Field Meeting,
yet it was a successful gathering. ‘The four members who travelled
down in the morning found everything saturated and, to make
things worse, the frost late in May had badly damaged most of the
young oak trees. ‘I'he rain continued up to lunch time, but after
that the sun came out and collecting became much more pleasant.
Mr. Wakely, who came down in the afternoon, on his way up from
the station visited a coppice, in which were a number of wych-elms,
and from these he obtained larvae of Strymon w-album, Knoch.
This capture he reported on his arrival and it was decided to visit
these trees after tea. Those who did were most successful, obtaining
as many larvae as they required. The members spent most of the
time searching for Lepidopterous larvae, and the following species

13

were reported to have been taken:—Strymon w-album, Knoch.,
Orgyia gonostigna, Fb., Hylophila bicolorana, Fuess., Lithosia com-
plana, L., Brachionycha sphinw, Hufn., Taeniocampa miniosa, Fb.,
Crocallis elinguarta, L., and Hupithecia dodoneata, Gn.

13th JUNE, 19385.
The Presipent in the Chair.

New Members :—Mr. E. S. Craske, of Maidenhead; Mr. F. D.
Goodliffe, M.A., of Long Sutton; Mr. J. Jarrett, of New Malden;
and Mr. A. H. Owen, of Croydon.

Mr. G. A. Brett exhibited larvae of Orgyia antiqua, L. with bifur-
cate tail tuft, from the I. Malling Research station, together with
ege-parasites, Telenomus dalmanni, Grav. (Scelionidae) with egg-
batches from which they had emerged.

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited larvae of Brephos notha, Hb. from Ongar,
of Strymon (Thecla) pruni, L., and of Pterophorus carphodactyla, Hb.

Mr. A. F. O’Farrell exhibited larvae of B. notha, of Monima
(Taeniocampa) miniosa, Fb., and of Fetropis (Tephrosia) consonaria,
Hb.

Mr. Priske exhibited a tulip-leaf having its two edges grown
together forming a hollow tube much resembling a Sarracenia pitcher
plant structure.

Dr. HK. A. Cockayne exhibited larva of Ptychopoda humiliata,
Hufn. and of Cerastis erythrocephala, Fb. both of German origin.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the Trypetids, (1) Xyphosia miliaria,
Schr., bred from flower heads of Cnicus palustris, L. (emerged
2.vi.85). (2) Rhagoletis alternata, Fal, Larvae feed in the fruits
of Rosa spp. These were bred from fruits of Rosa huyonis v.
platyacantha. This species has been recorded from 29 varieties of
Rose but not previously from R. hugonis. The larvae leave the
fruits in the autumn, drop to earth, where they pupate, the flies
emerging during June. Also the same species from fruits of Rosa
canina, L.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited larvae of the following species
of Lepidoptera.— Oconistis quadra, L. and Pachnobia rubricosa, Fb.,
from the New Forest; Poecilopsis lapponaria, Bdv., from Rannoch ;
Poecilocampa populi, L. and Trichiura crataegi, L., from Sussex ;
and Dasychira fascelina, L., from Forres.

14
6th JUNE, 1935.
Fietp Mretine—Broapwater Forest.
Leader.—G. V. Buuu, B.A., M.B.

This meeting was spoilt by heavy thunderstorms in the early
afternoon, but later the weather improved and a fair number of
interesting captures were recorded, including Palimpsestis (Polyploca)
fluctuosa, Hb., Ino statices, L., Hydriomena coerulata, Fb. (tmpluviata,
Hb.), Perinephele lancealis, Schiff. and Somatochlora metallica, Lind.
(Odon.).

The Macrolepidoptera taken in addition to those reported last
year were Brenthis euphrosyne, L., B. selene, Linn., Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., Pararge megera, L. and Coenonympha pamphilus, L.
Dasychira pudibunda, L., Macrothylacia rubi, L., Hipocrita jacobaeae,
L. and Drepana falcataria, L. Panolis griseovariegata, Goze.
(pintperda, Panz.), Heliaca tenebrata, Scop., Plusia gamma, L. and
Phytometra viridaria, Clrek. Acidalia floslactata, Haw. (remutata,
Hb.), Xanthorhoé montanata, Schiff., Huphyia corylata, Thnbg.,
Cabera pusaria, L., Pseudopanthera macularia, L. and Semiothisa
liturata, Clrek.

The Micros reported were Tortria ministrana, L., Capua favilla-
ceana, Hb., Phoxopterya upupana, Tr., Nemotois deyeerella, L. and
Pleurota bicostella, Clrek.

The Odonata were Culopteryx (Agrion) virgo, L. and Ayrion
(Coenagrion) puella, L.

The Diptera recorded were :—Tipula yigantea, Schrank., Volucella
bombylans, L., V. pellucens, L., Rhingia rostrata, L., Sicus ferrugineus,
L., Therioplectes tropicus, Mg., Haematopota pluvialis, L., Dioctria
oélandica, L., D. rufipes, Deg. and Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw.

Larvae of the following species were found :—Notvdonta drome-
darius, L., Poecilocampa populi, L., Taeniocampa stabilis, View.,
Myelois neophanes, Durr., Hvetria buoliana, Schiff., and Oayptilia
heterodactyla, Haw.

27th JUNE, 1935
The Presipent in the Chair.

Dr. Williams exhibited the British species of the genus Spilosoma
in illustration of his paper read subsequently.
Dr. Cockayne also exhibited series of the same species.

15

Mr. Coulson exhibited series of various small weevils and des-
cribed his method of identification in this section of the Coleoptera.
He also showed a collection of the various insects he captured during
the Benfleet Field Meeting.

Mr. Howarth exhibited a Sphinaw ligustri, L., with forewings
shorter and squarer than normal and basal stripe on hindwings
obscured; bred from a larva obtained at Box Hill; Brenthis selene,
Schiff., ab. nigricans—parvipunctata, Obthr., taken in Surrey; and
captured and bred specimens of Hemaris fuciformis, L., from Surrey,
the latter well exhibiting the scales which disappear during the first
flight.

Mr. Eagles exhibited the truffle-feeding beetle Liodes cinnamomea,
Pz., from Epping Forest.

Mr. H. Moore read the following note on a Mason-bee’s nest from
Malta:—My special purpose is to exhibit the pupal skin of a species
of Anthrax, a dipterous parasite, to show the frontal armour by
means of which it bores through the crust of the cells of a mason-bee.

The exhibit is somewhat belated, but it came about this way. I
was recently reading a paper on Diptera read to us by Mr. Andrews
just over 25 yearsago. Another quarter of a century before that, I
was receiving things from all round the Mediterranean, wherever duty
or courtesy required a Naval call. Fabre was merely a book name
then, but thanks to Rennie and J. G. Wood, I became interested in
Insect Architecture, and found a willing helper in a kinsman. Ina
box of stones sent to me with some bees’ cells in situ, one stone got
loose and the attached nest was broken in transit. Amongst the debris
I found a fly which had emerged, and also its undamaged pupal skin.
That chance reading reminded me of it, so I have resurrected it from
the limbo of a store box, believing it may still be a novelty to some,
even if thereby I divulge my own antiquity. To make matters clear,
I cannot do better than borrow a few particulars from Fabre, already
quoted by Mr. Andrews; not that the species is the same, for by the
wildest stretch of imagination mine could not be likened to a snow-
flake. _ Fabre says ‘“‘ The fly lays its eggs on the ground, the newly
hatched larva is a hair-like worm which enters the cell through
some minute crack or crevice in the masonry. ‘Then it completely
changes itsform . . . toagrub or maggot with a sucker-like
mouth, and absorbs the contents of the bee larva without injury to
its skin . . . when full fed it changes to a robust creature with
a well developed head, armed with strong spines, and the body
circled with rings of strong backward-pointing bristles. With its

16

armed head it breaks its way through the cement walls of the cell,
the bristles preventing it from slipping back in the tunnel it makes
for itself. Then comes the emergence of the perfect insect, making
the fifth from the egg state’”’"—egg, larva, prepupa, pupa, imago.
As I had some doubts as to the maker of the nest, I thought I had
better explore it further, thinking I might find a dead bee in one of
the cells, as several seemed to be intact, and there was only one
emergence hole. That was misleading; breaking through the side
of a cell had evidently proved easier than boring through the crust.
Inside one of the broken cells, I found a small metallic parasite like
those so often bred from certain galls, and I suggest it may have
been parasitic on the Anthraa. This would account for the two
small exit holes on the crust, which are not large enough for either
bee or fly.

The remaining cells were empty save one that contained frag-
ments of what, I feel satisfied, are the remains of a g Anthophora
bee, which appears also to be the conclusion I came to in the long
ago. The lining of the cells is easily removed and in several—
between the lining and cell wall—were numbers of what I take to be
puparia of one of the Phoridae, scavengers but not parasitic.

As in a fairly long membership I cannot remember a similar
exhibit, I hove no further excuse for my present venture is required.

Dr. H. B. Williams then read his paper ‘‘Some Random Notes
on the Spilosominae.” (See Trans.)

d0th JUNE, 1935.
Firtp Mrretinc—Jlorresr Row.
Leader.—S. N.. A. Jacoss.

With prospects of a fine day before them some twelve members
and visitors foregathered at various times during the morning on
this very beautiful corner of Ashdown Forest and settled down to
work the woods, damp spots, and open spaces.

The vegetation still bore the scars of the disastrous frost of May,
so that insects were delayed and Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.)
was only just appearing, two specimens only being noted.
Lepidoptera generally were scarce. Scythris yrandipennis, Haw., was
an insect new to our records of this district, although this was
due probably again to the lateness of the season.

1

>
1

17

_ Ova of Dicranura vinula, L., were found on the dwarf Aspens, but
larvae of Pygaera pigra, Hufn., were not forthcoming as in previous
years.

Several specimens of the sweet scented Lesser Butterfly Orchis,
Habenaria bifolia, R.Br., were found, and the Bog Asphodel,
Narthecium ossifragum, Huds., and Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia, L.
were also just beginning to bloom, and a patch of the Dodder,
Cuscuta epithymum, Murr., on heather was found.

Lunch was taken in the open and working of the district continued
until the party retired for tea in Forest Row, having spent an exceed-
ingly enjoyable, if not an over productive day.

6th JULY, 1985.
Fietp Mrretinc—Booxuam Common.
Leader.—C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.

Perfect weather favoured this meeting ; plenty of sunshine, a few
light clouds and a gentle breeze enabling the eleven members and
two visitors, who attended, to pursue their own particular lines of
observation and collecting under the best of conditions. Owing,
probably, to the greater rainfall this year, the general appearance
and state of the vegetation in the district were far superior to those
noted last year, but the date was, perhaps, rather ‘‘ between the
seasons ” for Lepidopterous larvae, though a fair number of species
were recorded.

Arrangements were made for both whole- and half-day parties
which met at the station after lunch. Tea was taken at Mrs.
Holland’s Farm on the Common, as usual, at about 5.80 p.m., after
which several of the party left for home while others remained for
a little further work in the evening. The district has been
frequently visited by the Society and reported upon before so that
it is unnecessary to give a full list of the species noted or taken. So
far as Lepidoptera are concerned, however, mention may be made
of the presence of comparatively large numbers of Aryynnis cydippe,
L. (adippe, L.) and Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.); of several
colonies of larvae of Nymphalis io, L.; of the taking of both
imagines and larvae of Calothysanis amata, L. (amataria, L.) and of
the capture of larvae of Notodonta trepida, Esp. (one full-fed in
penultimate stadium), Pheosia dictaeoides, Esp. (one), Pterostoma

18

palpina, L., Drymonia chaonia, Hb. (one), Drepana binaria, Hufn., — |

Ennomos erosaria, Bkh. and numbers of larvae and cocoons of

Sarrothripus revayana, Tr. (undulanus, Hb.).

Mr. J. R. Collins reported the following additional species ;—
Epinephele jurtina, Li., Coenonympha pamphilus, L., Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., Triphaena pronuba, L., Petilampa arcuosa, Haw.,
Crambus hortuellus, Hb., Scoparia dubitalis, Hb., S. ambiyualis, Tr.,
Tortrix viridana, L., and Hylophila bicolorana, Fues. (quercana,
Schiff.), and larvae of Dasychira pudibunda, L.

Several members noted large assemblages of a Hymenopteron
flying up and down, and settling upon, the trunks of certain oaks,
without any clue being obtained as to the reason for this curious
behaviour. Specimens of the Hymenopteron were taken for
identification. (Cf. Rep. Horsley Field Meeting 7.vii.28, and
Chalfont 27.vi.30.)

Mr. A. W. Attwood reported the capture of the following Micro-
lepidoptera—Tortrix loeflingiana, L., Aryyrotoxa bergmanniana, L.,
Pandemis heparana, Schiff., Cnephasia nubilana, Hb., Batodes
angustiorana, Haw., Ancylis achatana, Fb., Recurvaria leucatella,
Clrek., Cerostoma aylostella, L., Scoparia dubitalis, Hb., Chirocompa
(Oecophora) lunaris, Haw., Gracillaria alchimiella, Scop.; and
larvae of the following species of Macro-lepidoptera. Dicranura
(Cerura) vinula, L., Biston strataria, Hufn., Orgyia antiqua, L.,
Harmodia (Dianthoecia) carpophaya, Bork., H. capsincola, Hb., and
Eupithecia venosata, Fb.

Messrs F.. J. Coulson and T. R. Eagles added the following species
of Coleoptera to those which have already been recorded from this
locality. —Stomis pumicatus, Pz. Dromius quadrisignatus, Dj., beat-
ing oak boughs. HAHaliplus lineaticollis, Mm., common in pond.
Graptodytes lineatus, F., common in pond, Gyrophaena affinis, 8g.,
abundant in fungi. Agrilus angustulus, Ill., common on oaks.
Cantharis bicolor, Hb., notcommon. C. fulvicollis, F. var. flavilabris,
Fn. Malthinus flaveolus, Pk., common. JM. fasciatus, Ol., common.
Malthodes minimus, L., abundant. Phytodecta viminalis, L., on
sallow, fairly common. Crvepidodera transversa, Mm., amongst rush.
Anobium fulvicorne, St., beating oak; frequent. Chalcotdes aurata,
Mm., (with blue var.) commonly. C. aurea, Geoff., beating aspen.
Oryptocephalus labiatus, L., commonly on oak. Letopus nebulosa, L.,
frequent on oak. EHpuraea deleta, St. Rhynchites tomentosus, Gy.,
Coeliodes dryados, Gmel. Magdalis cerast, L. Orchestes avellanae,
Don. Dorytomus melanophthalma, Pk. D, taeniatus, F., abundant on

NGS Qa

en a

a a

19

sallow. Tanysphyrus lemnae, F.,on aquatic vegetation. Anthonomus
rubi, Hb., common. Abdera biflexuosa, Ct. Anaspis humeralis, F.,
abundantly. A. subtestacea, S., scarce. Lagria hirta, L.

Lith. JULY , 1935.
The Presipent in the Chair,

Mr. Coulson exhibited series of the various races and forms of
Diacrisia (Spilosoma) lutea, Li. (lubrictpeda, Esp.) in further illustra-
tion of Dr. Williams paper of the previous meeting. He dealt also
with the history of f. eboraci, Tugwl. and f. fasciata, Tugwl.

Dr. Blair exhibited an exotic Tortoise beetle from Brazil, found
in a fruiterer’s shop; Mesomphalia sextillata, Boh.; and also the
aphid gall of Pamphigus marsupialis, Couchet, on leaves of poplar,
Populus nigra, L.

Dr. Williams exhibited living larvae of Pararge aegeria, L., from
ova obtained in West Sussex.

Mr. Eagies exhibited a plant in flower of Astrantia major, L., the
food-plant of Depressaria astrantiae, Hein., recently announced in
the “‘ Entomologist’s Record,’’ May 1935, as occurring in the British
Isles: also larvae of Cosymbia punctaria, L., from Bookham.

Mr. Ennis exhibited the musk beetle Aromia moschata, L., from
Shepperton.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the 7'rypetidae (1) Orellia ruficauda, Fab.,
bred from flower-heads of Unicus pratensis, Willd. (Meadow Plume
Thistle), an unrecorded host-plant ; emerged June 1935. (2) Acidia
coynata, Wied., bred from leaf mines of T'ussilayo farfara, Li. (Colts-
foot) ; emerged June 19385, and (3) Urophora stylata, Fab., bred from
a gall in a flower-head of Cnicus arvensis, L.; emerged June 1935.

Mr. Wakely exhibited a bred series of Cepphis (H'pione) advrenaria,
Hb., from the New Forest.

The President exhibited an example of the cricket Gryllus cam-
pestris, Li, from the Isle of Wight.

Mr. Denvil exhibited larvae of Pterostoma palpina, L. of Drymonia
chaonia, Hb., of Notodonta trepida, Esp., and a female of Cochlidion
limacodes, Hufn. (testudo, Schiff.) from Bookham.

Dr. Bull reported attacks on Lepidoptera by various predators and
insects of other Orders, eg., (1) An Agrotis eaclamationis, L. by a
Carabus sp. (Col.), and (2) A Caradrina sp. by a red centipede.

He also communicated the following notes :—

20

A nigar In Wicken Fen, 257TH June.—The sugar patches were
crowded with Agrotis exclamationis, L. and A. segetum, Schiff., so
that it was very difficult to pick out the better insects, such as
Aplecta advena, Fb., Hadena adusta, Esp. The most plentiful
insect at the light sheet was Phraymatoecia castaneae, Ub. (arundinis,
Hb.), and a fair number of Meliana flammea, Curt.and Senta maritima,
Tausch. also appeared, with Acidalia immutata, L., Herminia eribralis,
Hb., and Leucania impudens, Hb. One L. obsoleta, Hb., was taken
and a few Bankia argentula, Hb. and Ustrotia wneula, Clrek. were
taken dusking.

Nortes on AviEMoRE IN LATE Aprit.—I spent the last week of April
at Aviemore with Mr. Mellows. The weather was cool with a fair
amount of sunshine. Taentocampa gothica, L., T. incerta, Hufn.,
and Nothopteryx (Lobophora) carpinata were abundant and in great
variety, a fair number of the form gothicina, H.-S., being secured.
Brephos parthenias, L., was flying in fresh condition; Polyploca
flavicornis, L., was found at rest, and Calostiyia multistrigaria, Haw.,
was taken at Sallow blossom. Only single specimens of Hndromis
versicolor, L., were seen before 26th and 27th April, when about 30
were netted or taken at rest. Three 9 2 were found ovipositing
by Mr. Mellows on the night of the 26th and I took a freshly
emerged 9? on the morning of 28th April. We took her up the hill
in the afternoon, but as the day was dull and cool she was sluggish
and only 5 § g cameup. The use of an electric torch seemed to
excite her, resulting in the speedy appearance of suitors on two
occasions. A fresh Asteroscopus nubeculosa, Esp., was taken on the
wing on 27th April. Lampropteryax suffumata, Schiff., was first seen
on 26th April, but was scarce and none of the dark form was noted.

Larvae of Aplecta tincta, Brahm., were abundant on the birches
and a few d. occulta, L., were found on bog myrtle. On a dull
afternoon at Culbin Sands a few larvae of Arctia catia, L., and Dasy-
chira fascelina, Li., and one of Lasiocampa quercus, L. f. callunae,
Palm. were captured.

It was reported that Acontia luctuosa, Esp., and Earias chlorana,
L., had been taken near Norwood Junstion.

14th JULY, 1935.
Fretp Mreserine—Sours Denriexr (TsHames Marsuss).
Leader.—R. W. Arrwoop.

Seven Members attended and a very pleasant day was spent in spite
of the intense heat. The recent drought had dried many of the

21

dykes, and although the insects were not so numerous as usual, the
drought had the effect of concentrating the water-loving insects in
the deeper dykes which still contained water. The party were chiefly
lepidopterists but Mr. O’Farrel worked for the Dragon-Flies and
Diptera. Unfortunately no Coleopterist was present.

The route for the morning was along the disused Railway Siding
on the mainland, to the Sea Walland Marshes. Pamphila (Adopoea)
lineola, Och. was abundant hereabouts and members who required a
series were soon satisfied. The larvae of Huchloris smaragdaria, Fb.
were found by searching the Sea-Wormwood growing along the Sea
Wall. They were very small but in fair numbers. The larvae of
the local Plume Moth, Agdistis bennetii, Curt. were quite common
on the Sea Lavender and they were easily obtained hy shaking the
plant over a net, very different from HF. smaragdaria which clings
_ tightly to the foodplant, and is best obtained by searching.

After lunch the party proceeded to the higher ground, working
the dykes on the way, and obtaining larvae and pupae of Nonayria
geminipuncta, Hatch. in the reed stems. It was along these dykes
that the Dragon-Flies Lestes dryas, Kirby, Sympetrum sanguinea,
Mull., Anax imperator, Leach, and Ischnura elegans, Lind. were
obtained. Lestes dryas was quite common. A female of Ischnura
eleyans was taken, in which the usual blue markings were a deep
orange shade. A male and female of the Dipteron, Stratiomys
furcata, Fb. were also taken here.

On the hill Welanargia galathea, L. were abundant and in splendid
condition, Hipparchia (Aphantopus) hyperantus, LL. was common but
E’pinephele tithonus, L. was just emerging and only two were seen.

It was curious that the local Grasshopper, Metrioptera roeselit,
Hagnb., which was so commom at the previous meeting was very
scurce this year and only two were seen, both immature ; possibly
the severe frost in May reduced their numbers.

A specimen of Acontia (EKustrotia) luctuosa, isp. was captured and
an interesting butterfly for the district, Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla,
L.) was seen flying alongside the wood on the crest of the hill.

Other larvae found included Palimpsestis or, Fb. and Pygaera
curtula, L.
Tea was taken at the Hoy Inn.

22

25th JULY, 1985.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited specimens of Telphusa alburnella, Dup. _
taken by Mr. A. Smith at Strensal, near York, and determined by ~
Mr. H. Stringer, British Museum. This species is a new addition
to the British List of Lepidoptera.

Dr. Bull exhibited a very varied series of Taentocampa incerta,
Hufn. taken by him at Aviemore in April of this year.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a short series of Calocalpe (HK ucosmia)
undulata, L. bred from ova laid bya 9 taken at Byfleet on 30th
June, 1934. The ova were laid from the 4th to 8th July, 1934, and q
hatched from 8th to 11th July. They were laid in aclosed chip- _
box and remained there until they hatched, so were, more or less,
kept in the dark, which may possibly have prevented the normal —
colour changes, though this seems unlikely. However this may be,
these ova were coloured pale creamy white when laid, with a furrow
down the upper side, and they showed no colour change whatever
prior to hatching, whereas Tonge in his paper ‘‘ Ova of British _
Lepidoptera” Part III. (“‘ Trans. 8.L. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc.”
1982-88, p. 16) describes the ova from specimens sent to him bya
correspondent as “pinkish brown.” It may be that the ova of this,
and other species, are more variable in colour than is generally
realized.

The series of imagines shown emerged from the 4th to the 10th
June, 1935.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited (1) a series of Dorcatuma serra, Mots.
(Col.), with specimens of the decayed wood from the trunk of an oak,
in which larvae were found. Also examples of Hymenoptera from
the same wood, probably parasites on the coleopterous larvae.
(2) A larva of Boarmia punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.) beaten
out during the Field Meeting at Bookham on 6th July. Allbutone ~
were parasitized. (8) A specimen of the Heteropteron Reduvius —
personatus, Li., a predator on other insects. It was taken in a house i
at Enfield.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the following Trypetidae :—Paroxyma
plantayinis, Hal., bred from flower-heads of Aster tripolium, Le
Emerged 8.vii.85. Tephritis vespertina, Lw., bred from flower-heads
of Hypochoeris radicata, L. 18.vii.85. Trypeta z0é, Mg., bred from
mined leaves of Chrysanthemum maximum, Bred 18.vii.85.

The President exhibited leaves of plum on the under surface of

sat, Sat

ee ee nae

23

which were numerous aphids, among which he had observed the
larva of a Syrphid browsing.

Mr. Coulson exhibited a further considerable number of insects he
had taken at Field Meetings during the year.

Mr. Attwood exhibited larvae aud pupae of Agdistis bennetit,
Curt., obtained from the Thames banks.

Miss E. Brooke exhibited the small “ porcelain’”’ crab, and the
“dog” barnacle, from the Irish coast.

Preliminary Reports of the Bookham and Benfleet Field Meetings
were presented by the respective leaders, Mr. C. N. Hawkins and Mr.
Attwood.

28th JULY, 1985.
Fietp Mretine.—DBox Hinu (arranged for Leith Hill).
Leader.—S. Wakely.

Owing to a bus strike affecting the Coldharbour service, the small
party which went to Dorking North decided to try Boxhill. The
weather was very fine, and the following species were taken: Limenitis
camilla, Li. (sibilla, L.) (several), Polyyonia c-album, L., Vanessa
atalanta, L. (larvae), V. cardui, L. (one larva on thistle). Aglais
urticae, Li. (larvae in great abundance on nettles), Satyrus semele, L.,
Pararyge aegerta, L., Urbicola (Pamphila) comma, L., Demas (Calocasia)
coryli, L. (larvae), Pyrausta nigrata, Scop., Catoptria (Lathronympha)
hypericana, Hb, (larvae swarming in seed-heads of Hypericum perfora-
tum, Li.) Argynnis aglaia, L. and Drepuna cultraria, Fb. were also
observed flying. Mr. H. Moore reported taking Leptophyes puncta-
tissima, Bosc. (common) one of the Locustidae; Halictus cylindricus,
Fb. (calceatus, Scop.), one of the bees; also two flies—Vvlucella -
inanis, L. and Myiatropa florea, L.

8th AUGUST, 1985.
The Presipent in the Chair.
Mr. F. J. Coulson exhibited two examples of Attayenus trifusciatus,
Fb. and two males and four females of A. piceus, Ol. var. megatoma,

Fb. taken in the City, the latter freely, by Mr. Wakely in Finsbury,
EK.C., both rare and local species (Col.). Also three examples of

24

Smicronyx jungermanniae, Reich, and two of S. reichi, Gyll. from an
old collection (Col.).

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited.—1l. A short series of Philereme
(Scotosia) transversata, Hufn. (rhamnata, Schiff.) bred from larvae
taken at the Box Hill Field Meeting on 11.v.1935. Six males and
six females were shown and attention was drawn to 2 males with
the cross lines absent on the outer-marginal areas and at the
shoulders giving the insects a very ‘“‘plain”’ and banded appearance.
Also to one very dark and one very brown female, and, in both
sexes to the absence or varying development of the cream coloured
subterminal line, etc.

2. Two preserved female larvae of the 2nd brood of Orgyia
(Notolophus) yonostiyma, F. bred ab. ovo from moths resulting from
larvae taken at the Brentwood Field Meeting on 1.vi.85. In one
larva all the smaller dorsal and the lateral tufts consisted of white
hairs, as usual, but in the other larva all these hairs are bright
golden. There was a golden haired female larva amongst those of
the parents so it is doubtless an inherited character, but I can give
no figures as most of the ova were given away. Amongst my larvae
the golden haired ones were in the proportion of one to five amongst
females. I did not notice it in the males but it may have occurred
as many had pupated before I made the count.

8. Full-fed 2nd brood larvae of /’tychopoda aversata, L., bred from
ova laid 8rd-4th July, 1985 by a female taken by Mr. P. Bainbrigge
Fletcher at Wimbledon.

4. Larvae of Huphyia cuculata, Hufn. found on Galinm mollugo
on 8.vili.385 in Surrey.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited a preserved larva of Calamia lutosa,
Hb. and read the following note :—

“Tutt quotes Gardner as saying that the presence of the larva of
Calamia lutosa may be readily detected, from the bleached appearance
of the plants which have been attacked, and Barrett also says that
it is betrayed by the blanching of the reed. Other authorities,
including a German one, say that it makes the whole reed turn
yellow. I have no doubt that this is true in some cases, for in early
August I found a very large yellow reed near Barton Staithe with
the bottom of the stem full of frass too large for any other larva,
but I think it is exceptional. Mr. H. Worsley Wood and I looked
for larvae at Wicken, where the moths had been fairly plentiful the
previous autumn, but we failed to find a single yellow reed.

“This year Mr. A. H. Sperring told me he had found a place

25

where small reeds were growing rather sparsely along a bank and
in a dry ditch below, and that he had seen the moths drying their
wings there in large numbers last September. The place appeared
to be a good one even for digging blindly. I joined him on 19th
July and we examined all the reeds without finding a single yellow
or bleached one. Three or four had a slight tinge of yellow, but
there was no sign of frass at their bases. The bank, which we had
thought the likeliest part, was clay, too dry and hard to dig up, so
we dug at the side and bottom of the ditch and found five main
roots full of fresh frass, but they had broken at the weak spot made
by the larva, and in each case it must have been in the part left
behind. It was hopeless to try to find the other end in mud more
than a foot deep. However after six hours work a larva, about half
the size of a full-grown one, came to the surface of the mud, having
no doubt been pulled part of the way out of a main root, which we
had broken. I think that where the reeds are very large the larvae
may feed at the base where a shoot springs from the main root and
so turn a whole reed yellow, but where the reeds are small there is
no room inside for so large a larva to feed, and only the main roots
are attacked. These give off rootlets at short intervals and even
when they are partly destroyed enough water is absorbed to keep the
reeds green. I agree with Gardner that the larva is very difficult
to obtain.”

Mr. Coote exhibited the ova of Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Pod.
(hera, Li.) from Devon.

7th AUGUST, 1935.
Fietp Meerincg—Iynsrorp.
Leader.—Dr. K. G. Bra:

The route followed was very much as last year, and though many
of the more interesting captures were repeated, little was added to
the list. Special attention was paid to the larvae of Letoptilus
carphodactyla, Hb. and it was ascertained that these fed for at least
a good part of their lives in the flower heads of Inula conyza, D.C.,
and did not merely enter them for pupation. The larvae of Lophop-
teryx cuculla, Esp. were scarcer and smaller than last year in spite
of the date being a week later. With Anaztis playiata, L. the closely
similar A. efformata, Guen. was taken in fair numbers.

26

Mr. Jacobs supplied the following list of Pyrales and Micro-
lepidoptera :—Phlyctaenia prunalis, Schiff., Mesographe forficalis, L.,
Crambus geniculeus, Haw., Pyrausta purpuralis, L., P. nigrata, Scop.,
P. aurata, Scop., Argyroploce betuletana, Haw., Lathronympha
(Catroptria) hypericana, Hb., Pandemis corylana, ¥., Kucosma nigro-
maculana, Haw., Laspeyresia compositella, Fb., Borkhausenta fusescens,
Haw., Pancalia leuwenhoekella, L., Stomopteryx taeniolella, Zell.,
Carcina quercana, Fb.

The morning party consisted of 8 only, but Mr. Coulson brought
the afternoon contingent to the testing range, sweiling our numbers
to the more respectable total of 9. Though rain threatened in the
morning it was not enough to interfere with collecting.

22nd AUGUST, 1935.
The PresipEentr in the Chair.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited a living nymph of Centrobus cornutus,
L. (Membracidae) comparing it with the mature insect; and leaves
of Salad Burnet (Poterium sanguisorba, L.) galled by the mite
Eriophyes sanquisorbae, Nal.; both these had been collected on the
occasion of the Kynsford Field Meeting.

He also showed a group photograph taken at the Congress of
British Entomology at Oxford in July.

Mr. A. Bliss exhibited grey-brown forms of Hyloicus pinastri, L.
from Dorset, and larvae of Mesoleuca albicillata, L.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited an unusual form of the larva of
Cucullia asteris, Schiff. The full grown larva was sent by Mr. A. J.
Wightman from Sussex. The ground colour of both head and body
is deep rose, matching with Ridgway’s Corinthian red; the former
is freckled with black while on the latter the dorsal stripe is deeper
yellow and rather narrower than usual and is bordered by a very
narrow but distinct black line on each side; the subdorsal line is
pale yellow and very narrow, being about half the usual width, and
is edged with black; the spiracular stripe is narrower than usual
and of the same deep yellow as the dorsal one and is edged above
with black ; above this is a narrow pale yellow line bordered above
by a very narrow black one, and above this again, running through
the ground colour, is a very thin black line, which is situated much
nearer to the spiracular stripe than usual, leaving a stripe of ground
colour of about half the normal width. ‘The ventral surface is

27

almost wholly of Corinthian red. On the last two somites the
dorsal and spiracular stripes only are present, the rest being
Corinthian red. The redness of the larva was very striking during
life and is quite well preserved in the blown larva.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited Phthorimaea operculella, Zell., a proscribed
pest of imported potatoes, from a sample from Valencia district.
The insect so far has not been able to survive our winter, but the
Ministry of Agriculture takes no chances.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited two bred examples of Sterrha (Ptychopoda)
humiliata, Hufn. of German origin; and Hadena nana, Huin.
(dentina, Hsp.) bred from Gloucestershire ova.

Mr. Eagles exhibited a brown form of the larva of Pheosta
tremula, Och. (dictaea, L.) from Bayford, Herts, and a flint fossil of
a sea-urchin, Littlehampton, Sussex.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the Homopteron Gargara genistae, Fab.
from broom at Mytchett; and the Coleopteron Cassida viridis, L.
(equestris, Fab.) from the Basingstoke Canal.

Mr. Pinhey exhibited aberrations of Argynnis adippe, Li. from the
New Forest ; two aberrations of Hipocrita jacobaeae, L. one yellow
and the other smoky, from Broughton, Hunts; a white aberration
of Adopoea flava, Brun. (thaumas, Hufn.) from Brockenhurst; and
other species,

8th SEPTEMBER 1935.
Fistp Mrretrinc—Byf.eert.
Leader.—F. J. Coutson.

The day throughout was warm and at times the sun was well in
evidence. Fifteen members and friends attended the meeting and
some interesting observations were made and many captures were
effected. The morning party of five worked the area by the canal
to the east of the bridge, beyond the houses. Most of their atten-
tion was devoted to beating oak, birch and aspen and a good bag of
lepidopterous larvae, beetles and bugs was made. In the afternoon
the early party proceeded to the area on the west side of the bridge
where other members of the party had already been working.

The species of Lepidoptera observed in the imaginal state were
Gonopteryx rhamni, L., Lyyris (Hustroma) testata, L., Sterrha (Ptycho-
poda) aversata, L., Rivula sericealis, Scop., Eucosma solandriana, L.

28

and Argyresthia goedartella, L. One specimen of Synanthedon (Sesia)
vespiformis, Lasp. was found in a spider’s web.

The lepidopterous larvae observed, or secured, were Smerinthus
populti, Li, Phalera bucephala, L., Dasychira pudibunda, L., Noto-
donta ziczac, L., Lophopteryx camelina, L., Leucoma (Porthesia) chry-
sorrhoea, Hsp. (similis, Fues.), Drepana binaria, Hufn. and D.
faleataria, L., Comibaena pustulata, Hufn., Cosymbia punctaria, L.,
C, pendularia, Cleek. and C. porata, L., Euclidia mi, Clrek., Halias
prasinana, Li. and Cochlidion (Apoda) limacodes, Hufn.

Coleoptera and Heteroptera were especially numerous on oak,
aspen, birch and sallow. Sweeping low plants was however
unproductive. The species taken throughout the day were Dromius
quadrimaculatus, L., Agonum assimile, Payk., Olibrus aeneus, Fb.,
Stilbus testaceus, Pz., Coccinella distincta, Fald., Simplocaria semt-
striata, F., Cryptocephalus parvulus, Miull., Lochmaea capraeae, L.,
Zeugophora subspinosa, Fb., Melasoma populi, L., Rhinoncus castor,
F., Balaninus rubidum, Gyll., Sitones hispidulus, Fb., Salpingus ater,
Pk. and Rhinosimus planirostris, Fb. The species of Heteroptera
secured were Troilus luridus, Fb., Pentatoma rufipes, L., Elasmostethus
griseus, Li, Ischnorhynchus resedae, Pz., Corizus maculatus, Fieb.,
Scolopostethus decoratus, Hah., Syromastes marginatus, L., Nabis aptera,
Fb. and N. lativentris, Boh., Calocoris infusus, H.-S., Triphleps nigra,
Wolff., Pilophorus perpleaus, Scott., were numerous on the leaves
of oak in company with the ant Formica rufa, L.

Garyara genistaec, Kb., a species of Homoptera and a cockroach,
Ectobius lapponica, L., were also taken.

12th SEPTEMBER, 1935.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited larvae of the following species :—Cerura
furcula, L.; Dasychira pudibunda, L.; Hadena (Polia) adusta, Esp. ;
Caradrina clavipalpis, Scop. (quadripunctata, Fb.) ; Biston betularia,
L.; Abraxas sylvata, Scop.; Peronea boscana, Fb. and Coleophora
Limostpennella, Dup; also a piece of cork into which a score of larvae
of Brephos notha, Hb. had burrowed for pupation.

He also exhibited imagines of the following Lepidoptera, bred
from larvae taken in the Isle of Wight last August :—Stauropus
fayi, L.; Notodonta ziezic, L.; Farias chlorana, lu.; Biston betularia,

29

L.; Calocalpe undulata, L.; Mysticoptera sewalata, Retz.; Hydrio-
mena ruberata, Frr., and Perizoma alchemillata, L. Two speci-
mens of Acidalia (Leptomeris) immorata, L. from Sussex were also
shown, both bred from ova.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the following larvae :—Lomaspilis
marginata, L.; Drepana binaria, Hufn.; and Cosymbia (Kphyra)
punctaria, L., from Byfleet. Pygaera curtula. L., and Pheosia
tremula, Clrk., from Bayford, Herts. Hemithea aestivaria, Hb.
(strigata, Mull.), and Ourapterya sambucaria, L. from Enfield. Also
parasitized ova of Macrothylacia rubi, L. from Byfleet.

Mr. F. J. Coulson exhibited the following Coleoptera and
Rhyncbhota :—

Coleoptera:—(1) Series of Murynebria complanata, L. from
Taunton, Devon, 22nd August, 1935. (2) Red forms of Cafius
wvantholonia, Gr. from Woolacombe, Devon, 27th August, 1935.

Rhynchota :—(3) Series of Metacanthus eleyans, Curt. from Ononis
spinosa, L., Taunton, 22nd August, 1935. (4) Three species from
garden, Merton Park: (a) Plagiognathus albipennis, Tall. from “ old
man,” July, 19385; (6) Dicyphus pallidicornis, Fieb. from foxglove,
August, 1935; (c) HMupteryx abrotani, Dgl. from ‘old man,” July,
1935.

Mr. L. H. Tompkins exhibited Nymphalis polychloros, L.; Rumicia
(Heodes) phiaeas, L. ab. schmidtii, Gerh. and larvae of Caradrina
clavipalpis, Scop. (quadripunctata, Fb.).

Mr. E. C. §. Pinhey exhibited a sprig apparently bearing flowers
of both ling and heath, the cause or actual nature of the occurrence
being so far unexplained.

Mr. R. W. Attwood exhibited larvae of Cochlidion (Apoda) lima-
codes, Hufn.; Drepana falcataria, L.; and Comibaena (EHuchloris)
pustulata, Hufn. from Byfleet, taken at the Field Meeting in Sep-
tember. And Euchloris smaragdaria, Fb., from Benfleet, taken at
the Field Meeting in July.

Mr. Eagles reported that numerous larvae of Polyyonia c-album,
L., had been found on a hop plant in a garden at Enfield, less than
10 miles from Charing Cross. He subsequently reported, with
regard to a sample of infected flour, that Miss Kirby suspects that
the mites therein are Z'yroylyphus farinae.

30
26th SEPTEMBER, 1985.
The Presrpent in the Chair.

Mr. Wakely exhibited an extremely fine melanic example of
Chiasmia clathrata, L. (the ab. nocturnata of Fuchs.) from the I. of
Wight.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited Orellia falcata, Scop. (Trrypetidae) bred
from larvae feeding in roots of Tragopogon pratensis, L. Flies
emerged 3rd week May to 3rd week June.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited eleven species of Coleoptera taken in
a brief search of a fallen beech trunk in Epping Forest in May 1935
including Pediacus dermestoides, Fb., (cf. ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,” May,
1935.)

Mr. H. W. Andrews also exhibited the scarce Dipteron Trypeta
falcata, Scop. from the Thames Marshes, Abbey Wood.

Mr. Wakely read a short paper on species of British Plume Moths
he had recently met with. (See Trans.)

Mr. Downes read a short paper on a special phase in the Biological
History of the Locust, Pachytylus (Locusta) migratorius, L.

10th OCTOBER, 1935.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited Cassida vittata, Vill., found near
Chiselhurst Common, .

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a specimen of the genus Zyyaena and
read the following note :—

In August Professor Heslop Harrison sent a Zsa for me to
identify without giving me any information about its origin. It
was a Z. achilleae, Ksp. with a smooth abdomen and pale forewings
like many continental ones. In reply to my question about locality
he wrote, ‘‘I have just returned from Raasay, where I found a single
cocoon with a dead pupa, which I extracted. The spots looked so
suspicious that I made a further journey to the point where I found
it and succeeded in taking two worn moths, one of which I sent to
you. At home I confirmed my-belief that it was Z. achilleae, but
wished to have your opinion. The locality was a heathery one with
some thyme and lotus. Later, at a place ten miles away in the
north of the island, I found an empty cocoon attached to heather.”

Also exhibited were two from Argyleshire, subsp. culedonica, Reiss.

ate

31

and three from Thuringia. The Raasay specimen is more like those
from Thuringia.

A fine series of Bryophila (Metachrostis) impar, Warr. from Cam-
bridge was shown by Mr. C.’N. Hawkins, who stated that they had
been sent by Mr. Worsley Wood for the Society’s Cabinet. Mr.
Hawkins also exhibited Sarrothripus revayana, Tr. and Eupithecia
pimpinellata, Hb. (denotata, Gn.).

Mr. KH. Niblett exhibited two gall-making species of Diptera—

TryPEeTIDAE.—Myopites longirostris, Liw. (frauenfeldi, Sch.) bred
from flower-heads of Inula crithmotdes, L. Emerged, 20.viii.85.

AntHomynpaE.—Chortophila (Kygeria) cinerea, Fall., bred from
flower-heads of Senecio jacobaea, L, Emerged 28.vi.35.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited portions of the fungus Daldinia
(Sphaeria) concentrica, Ces. and the Coleoptera, Diphyllus lunatus, Fb.
and Ditoma crenata, Fb. reared from it. (See “H.M.M.” LXXI.
64, 65)

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited series of Harmodia (Dianthoecia) nana,
Rott. (conspersa, Esp.), H. bicrwris, Hutn. (capsincola, Hb.), H. lepida,
Hsp. (carpophaya, Bork.) and Hupithecta venosata, Fb., bred from
larvae feeding in the seed-heads of Silene inflata, Sm. and Lychnis
alba, Mill. and taken at the Chalfont Road Field Meeting on 30th
June, 1934. It isinteresting to record that Harmodia nana emerged
in the largest numbers. The variation of H. lepida (carpophaga) is
very noticeable, some of the pale specimens being rather striking.

Also three bred specimens of Ayrophila (Fustrotia) trabealis, Scop.
(sulphuralis, Li.) from ova laid by a female taken by Dr. King in the
Breck District; and a very fine specimen of Acontia (Eustrotia)
luctuosa, Esp. taken at light at Upper Norwood, with the white
spots on hindwings appearing about half the size of those in a
normal specimen.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited Thesprotia graminis, Scudder, the slenderest
grass mantis found in Florida, described by Blatchley ag being
common throughout the winter at Dunedin in ‘‘ wire grass” and
other undergrowth in open pine woods, and frequently taken when
sweeping for beetles. Also Myrmeleon roseipennis, Burm., an
ornamented species of Ant-lion from Wyandotte, Indiana.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited the fungus Daldinia concentrica, containing
larvae of Myelois neophanes, Durr., from Broadwater Forest.

Dr. Bull exhibited a 2nd brood of Diacrisia lutea, L. (lubricipeda,
Hsp.), 1930, and the Homopteron Ledra aurita, L.; both species
from Kent.

82

Mr. Pinhey exhibited a “ praying mantis’ captured a few months
before flying in a garage in Lyndhurst, and an example of Prionus
coriarius, Li. (Col.) which flew to light, at Lyndhurst, 5.vili.35 ; also
a larva of the same taken in roots of a fallen fir-tree, at Lyndhurst,
19.i1x.35.

Mr. E. J. Bedford exhibited the photograph of a Catocala fraaint,
L., taken in Sussex, on 15th Sept.

Mr. Bunnett then exhibited a large number of lantern slides
illustrating micro objects of natural history.

24th OCTOBER, 1935.
THe AnnuaL EXHIBITION AND CONVERSAZIONE.
The Presipent, Mr. E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S., in the Chair.

A large number of members and their friends and numerous
visitors were present as usual at this annual reunion. The exhibits
were not so varied as customary; most of the exhibits were of
Lepidoptera, many of exceptional interest.

Mr. J. C. B. Craske exhibited a large number of aberrations of
British Lepidoptera including Hnodia hyperantus, L, with lanceolate
ocelli; a female Brenthis euphrosyne, L. with radiate hindwings ;
a Q Pontia daplidice, L. taken on the Brighton Downs on Ist
Sept. about 11.45 a.m., with a strong southerly wind blowing; a
g Huchloé cardamines, L. having light lemon apex to the forewings
instead of the normal orange; an Aricia agestis, Schiff. (medon,
Esp.) of the ab. allows, Hb. form from Bucks in 1934; a g
Rumicia (Heodes) phlaeas, L. with band on hindwing obsolete; and
another, a 2 with hindwings radiata, Tutt, form; a silver 2? form
of Auyiades (Ochlodes) venata, Brem. (sylvanus, Ksp.) from Barton
Hills, Beds. ; and others.

Miss Winifred M. A. Brookes exhibited a collection of her
drawings of Plant and Animal Life on the Seashore, and of natural
objects seen under a hand-glass.

Dr. K. A. Cockayne exhibited Ematurga atomaria, L. gf cream-
coloured with the lines chocolate brown and with no speckling or
terminal markings, Sussex 1985; and Lomaspilis marginata, L. ab.
pollutaria, Hb., Surrey, 1985.

Mr. Coote exhibited larvae and pupae of Pterophorus (Leioptilus)
carphodactyla, Hb. taken at the Field Meeting at Eynsford, Kent,
17th August. Imagines emerged 80.viii.85 to 15.ix.35.

33

? Mr. Clifford Craufurd, on behalf of Mr. N. T. Easton, exhibited
a number of aberrations of British Rhopalocera including Polygonia
c-album, L. deep chocolate form. Bred from a larva from the
Oxford district, amongst a number of typical specimens. 19.1x.33.

Aglais urticae, L.—(1) A bred female with ground colour straw
and pale dirty brick; blue lunules on forewings having bleached
appearance and those on hindwings pale mauve; the two spots
between veins 2 and 4 rectangular and smudgy. Bred froma larva
at Littlebourne, Kent. 18.x.24.

(2) A bred female var. polaris, Stdgr. from a larva at Littlebourne,
Kent. 26.viii.25.

(3) Female var. ichnusa-polaris. This specimen has character-
istics of both these well-known forms of V. urticae. The twin spots
between veins 2 and 4 are absent but a distinct black transverse
band links up the second costal spot and the black spot on the inner
margin as is found in var. polaris. Ground colour is normal. The
specimen was taken flying on the Downs near Lewes on 15.ix.32.
This specimen is unusually interesting as it shows a combination of
the southern latitude form ichnusa, Bon. and the northern latitude
form polaris in one and the same insect.

Brenthis selene, Schiff.—(1) With asymmetrical wing formation,
left half female and right half malein size and shape. Chiddingfold.
7.vi.30.

(2) With all the internal black spots except two absent from the
forewings. The six spots just inside the border crescents on the
forewings are joined thereto. Hindwings, internal markings typical
except that the six spots just inside crescents are joined thereto,
forming streaks. Taken in N. Sussex. 9.vi.80.

Heodes (Rumicia) phlaeas, L.—8rd brood, showing straw patches
as in v. schmidtii, Gerh. Taken at Wellfield, Co. Durham. 2.ix.28.

Aricia astrarche, Brgstr, (medon, Esp.).—Var. allous, Hb., extreme
form with angular wings and orange scales completely absent.
Taken at Hart, Co. Durham, 5.viii.28.

Polyommatus coridon, Pod.—(a) Var. cinnus, Hb. 2 underside,
semi-syngrapha on upperside. Royston, 1923. (b) 2 var. semi-
syngrapha, Tutt, dwarf form, ab. minor-semi-synyrapha. Royston,
1921.

P. bellargus, Rott.—With hindwings coming to a point and
colour paler than type; and others.

Mr. H. L. Dolton exhibited a small bred series of Acidalia
(Ptychopoda) aversata, L. from a dark banded ¢ taken at Reading.

34

All the larvae were fed on Knot Grass (Polygonum aviculare, L.).
Among the imagines are several much darker than the parent 9. '}|
Also seven typical g with no dark bands. .

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the more striking Coleoptera he had
taken during the season 1935.

Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited Comibaena pustulata, Hufn.
(bajularia, Schiff.), buff coloured forms and a typical specimen for
comparison, from mid-Sussex. Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn.
sooty form from mid-Sussex. Amathes helvola, L. (rufina, L.), a
form from mid-Sussex with the stigmata of an ochreous buff-colour
and very pronounced.

Mr. L. T. Ford exhibited Peronea cristana, Fb. A brood from a
2 ab. spadiceana, Haw. caught April, 1985, in the 1. of Wight.
Only 12 imagines were bred—38 cristalana, Don., 2 subfulvovittana,
Clark, 1 subcristalana, Steph., 4 spadiceana, Haw., and 2 profanana,
Fb. Also British examples of Coleophora erigerella, Ford, a new
species. (See “ Entomologist,” 1935, Vol. LX VIII. p. 114.)

Mr. J. O. T. Howard exhibited a series of Heliothis peltiyera,
Schiff., bred from larvae collected at Dungeness, 5.viii.1935.

Mr. J. R. P. Heslop exhibited British Rbhopalocera including
Nymphalis antiopa, L., Forest of Dean, 12.ix.21; Lycaena arion, L.,
Gloucestershire, 22.vi.27, and Cornwall, 22.vii.85; Colias hyale, L.,
Isle of Thanet, vili.83; and Apatura iris, L., vil.35.

Messrs. Russell James, Sen. and Jun., exhibited series of the
British race of Zygaena achilleae, Kisp., and the race of Z. filipendulae,
L., from the same Scotch locality; bred series of Cosmotriche potatoria,
L. and of Pachygastria trifolii, Esp.; numerous rare and local
species taken in 1935 including Drymonia chaonia, Hb., Leucania
albipuncta, Fb., Aporophyla australis, Bdy., Agrotis cinerea, Haw.,
Boletobia fuliginaria, L., Heliothis dipsacea, L., Brachionycha (Astero-
scopus) nubeculosa, Kisp., etc.; and two bred series of Heliothis peltigera,
Schiff., showing striking differences under quite different treatment
of the larvae.

Miss Kathlin Kirby exhibited an iron mantis by the celebrated
iron worker, Myochin, whose best known work is the eagle now in
the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited the following aberrations of British
Rhopalocera captured during 1935. Satyrus galathea, L., § upper-
side, markings entirely brightish-brown instead of black; 9 upper-
side, with left hindwing extensively black; ¢ underside, in 6th
division of forewings a well developed ocellated spot amid black

35

band. Euchloé cardamines, L., 3 upperside, forewings whitish
rayed through orange patch. Maniola jurtina, L., gynandromorph
with left forewing g other wings @. Rumicia phlaeas, L., go
upperside, ab. schmidtii, Gerh. Polyommatus coridon, Pod., g under-
sides, antico-dextro-diyitata (Courv.), left forewing slightly less marked,
but each forewing with I-nigrwm-semi-I-nigrum markings; and
another semi-bi-I-niyrum-posticocaeca, Coury. Polyommatus icarus,
Rott., g uppersides, (1) dark-leaden ground; (2) very-pale-mauve.
A gynandromorph, left wings entirely 3, right wings mainly g but
costae and next division of both wings partially female scaled; 3
undersides, two ab. radiata, Courv., 9 undersides, (1) an extreme
antico-radiata all seven streaks connecting with chevrons; (2) antico-
disco-elongata, Coury.; (8) dewtro-centri-juncta, Courv.; basal scaling
black and all circles and markings dingy where usually white.

Rev. J. N. Marcon exhibited a number of aberrations and forms
of British Rhopalocera including Maniola tithonus, L.— With albino
forewings and typical hindwings, Berks. Most curious insect,
albinism extends to the sexual mark, but in a less degree than to
the borders.

Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott.—6 unusual forms bred from
Dorset larvae, including one very fine underside, the hindwings
being divided as to colour, the outer half pearly white with a few
faint spots, the inner half entirely brick-red.

Brenthis euphrosyne, L.—1 male the forewings of which are
heavily blacked over leaving a patch of fulvous between the margins
and 2nd row of spots. Hindwings normal but slightly dusted with
black scales; Surrey. And other forms.

Polyommatus coridon, Poda.—(1) ¢. Primaries, considerable
blue scaling ; secondaries, complete absence of orange spots, which
are replaced by black.

(2) 2 underside showing an irregular tendency to diyitata form.

(3) g underside of a steel colour.

(4) g underside showing absence of spots in margin and ground
colour tending to white.

(5) g upperside, a fine slate form.

(6) gf upperside, ab. fowlert, South.

(7) g upperside, extremely fine ab. maryinata, Tutt. Black
extends beyond discal spot on primaries. On secondaries black
border is twice the usual width.

(8) g upperside, black border replaced by pearly grey.

Argynnis cydippe, Li. (adippe, L.).—1 very pale ground colour ¢.

36

3 banded forms (2 2,1 39) from N. Forest and Berks. [1 very fine
?, black markings coalesce and form almost a complete central
black portion on primaries. ]

Mr. A. M. Morley exhibited aberrant forms of numerous British
Lepidoptera including Polyommatus bellargus, Rott. ¢ —(1) L. h.-w.
melanic. (2) ¢ underside melanic, eyespots obsolescent. (83) ?
underside, practically white. (4) g underside, an emphasized ab.
digitata, Courv. Lithosia pallifrons, Zell. Light and dark males (see
“‘Knt. Record,” XLIV. p. 8). Phytometra viridaria, Clrck. with
broad purple bands. Ptychopoda dimidiata, Hufn., dark forms from
Romney Marsh. Metachrostis perla, Schiff. ab. suffusa, Tutt. Nonagria
(Archanara) sparganii, Esp. ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Lastocampa trifolit,
Ksp. ab. flava, Tutt, etc.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited Gall-causing Cynipidae including species
new to Science; and Diptera including Trypetidae, Anthomyiidae,
Cecidomyiidae, some species bred from unrecorded foodplants.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited captures in the field, 19385 :—

Melitaea athalia, Rott. Male with straw ground colour. Kent.

And from Bucks :—Aglais urticae, L. Male. Primaries: three
costal spots confluent, minus central spots and marginal blue spots.
Secondaries: uniformly blackish. (Probably from a larva which
had been turned down in a selected locality.)

Polygonia c-album, L. Male. Upperside ground colour of a deep
terra-cotta shade; and another with the three costal spots confluent
and carried around the outer margin to theinner margin. Second-
aries: mainly blackish.

Polyonmatus bellargus, Rott. Pale underside, spotting mostly
obsolete, bistre-brown ground colour extending to extreme border,
obliterating all normal white of the lunules.

Mr. J. F. Perkins exhibited the parasites of the Lepidoptera
Gonepteryx rhamni, L., Cosmotriche potatoria, L., Plutella maculi-
pennis, Curt, ete.

Mr. A. G, Peyton exhibited aberrations of British Lepidoptera
including a Maniola tithonus, L. in which the dark brown is
replaced by pale pinkish ochreous, a pale Drymonia trimacula,
Hsp., etc.

Mr. N. D. Riley exhibited examples of each of seven successive
broods of Lycaena dispar ssp. batavus, Holl. reared in Wood Walton
Fen, 1928-1984. Also two generations of a cross between L.
dispar ssp. rutilus, Wern., and L. dispar ssp. batavus.

Mr. A. G. B. Russell exhibited very fine melanic examples of

37

Stauropus fagi, L. from Sussex; Xylomiges conspicillaris, L. from
Somerset; melanic forms of Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn. and a
beautiful example of Triphaena pronuba, L. with black forewings,
from Argyll; numerous species from Swanage, including series of
Leucania albipuncta, L., examples of L, vitellina, L., Neuria reticu-
lata, Vill. and Metachrostis (Bryophila) muralis, Forst. (glandifera,
Hb.), several specimens of Dasypolia templi, Thnbrg., a species of
particular interest in this new and unexpected locality for it; other
Dorset insects include Agrotis vestigialis, Rott. ab. albidion, Ptron., A.
cinerea, Hb. ab. brunnea, Hb. and of especial interest were two
specimens of Acidalia rubiyinata, Hufn., taken at light at Swanage.
These are the first examples of the insect to be recorded for Dorset
and are, moreover, remarkable for their unusual size, being
appreciably larger than the form occurring in the Breck district,
with which this insect is generally associated.

Mr. 8. G. Castle-Russell exhibited the following aberrations of
British Rhopalocera. :—

Gonepteryx rhamni, L. A male with the tips of forewings marked
with red. Reading.

Maniola jurtina, L. Three bleached forms and a female with
abnormally large spots on forewings. New Jorest and Winchester.

Aphantopus hyperantus, L. Specimens with lanceolate markings,
one being extreme in size. New Forest.

Eumenis semele, L. Two males entirely spotless. I. of Wight.

Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.). An underside of var. niyrata,
Weym. New Forest.

Euchloé cardamines, L. A gynandromorphous female; underside
with red lines on forewings. Winchester. Bred.

Coenonympha pamphilus, L. A very pale form. Winchester.

Erynnis tayes, L. An unusually dark form. Winchester.

Polyommatus coridon, Poda, (1) A series of male and female
aberrational forms including two very pale blue males with a pale
female. Hampshire, I. of Wight.

(2) A female ab. striata, Tutt, and a female with suffused mark-
ings and minus spotting on underside.

(3) A female underside of obsuleta type with deep brown ground
colour.

(4) An exceptionally broad-bordered form of var. synyrapha, Ket.

(5) An underside of var. synyrapha suffused with white.

(6) Various forms of undersides with obsolete spotting. Hamp-
shire, I. of Wight.

38

P. bellargus, Rott. Upperside forms, three having pale yellow
spotting on borders instead of usual red. S. Hants. One streaked
and two obsoleta, Tutt, underside forms. N. Kent.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited specimens of Bactra scirpicolana, Pierce,
from Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, a species hitherto confused with
B. lanceolana, Hb. (see F. N. Pierce in “ Entomologist,” 1985, Vol.
LXXIIT. p. 148); a series of Telphusa alburnella, Dup., hitherto
unrecorded for the British Isles, taken at Strensal, Yorks, by A.
Smith; also a very fine melanic specimen of Chiasmia clathrata, L.
ab. nocturnata, Fuchs. (nigricans, Obthr.) taken on 20th August in
the Isle of Wight ; and a large number of specimens representative
of about 250 species taken during the past season.

Mr. H. O. Wells exhibited aberrations of British Rhopalocera
taken in Hertfordshire in 1935 including Polyommatus coridon, ab.
fowleri, South, also ab. obsoleta, Tutt, and ab. semt-obsoleta, Tutt;
and underside aberrations of P. icarus, Rott., and of Plebetus
aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.)

Rey. George Wheeler exhibited aberrations of Apaturids from the
Jura. Series of A. iris, L. ab. tole, Schiff. and transitions. A. tilia,
Hb., with series of transitions from ab. clytie, Hb. to ab. eos, Rossi ;
also ab. iliales, Mitis.

Mr. H. B. Williams, LL.D., exhibited a bred series of Abraxas
grossulartata, L., from the London district including among the
forms shown ab. awantha, Rayn.; Polyommatus bellargus, Rott. ab.
obsoleta, Tutt and P. coridon, Poda. with ab. inaequalis, Tutt, ab.
obsoleta, Tutt, ab. striata, Tutt, ab. irreqularis, Tutt, ete.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited selected series of British Macro-
lepidoptera taken during 1935 from localities spread over Scotland,
Lake District, Kent, Dorset, ete. Also a remarkable radiated aberra-
tion of Aryynnis aglaia, L., taken on the Sussex Downs in July;
and 4 male Drepana harpaqgula, Esp. (sicula, Hb.) taken at light in
Leigh Woods, Bristol.

Mr. 8. R. Ashby exhibited 2 cabinet drawers of British Carabidae
(Col.).

Rev. I. B. Ashby (the late) exhibited the Heodes (Chrysophanus)
forms he met with in July last in the Mont Dore district of France,
viz. hippothoé, L., eurydice, Rott. and chrysets, Hb.

Mr. R. W. Attwood exhibited many British species of Lepidoptera
including Orgyia gonostigma, Fb., Mellinia ocellaris, Bork., Characlea
umbra, Hufn., Huchloris snaragdaria, Fb. and Brephos notha, Hb.

Mr. T. L. Barnett exhibited a series of Coenonympha tullia, Mill.

Proc. S.L.E. @ N.A.8., 1935. Prate I.

ABERRATION OF ARGYNNIS AGLATA,

39

(tiphon, Rott.), form philovenus, Esp. from Witherslack and numerous
aberrative British Rhopalocera.

Dr. G. VY. Bull exhibited dark forms of Xylophasia monoglypha,
Hufn. and Kupithecia insigniata, Hb. (consiynata, Bork.) both from
Kent ; and other aberrations.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited numerous aberrations of
British Rhopalocera and ova of Thecla (Zephyrus) quercus, Li., and
larvae and pupae of Pieris napi, L. from 8rd brood female.

Mr. G. A. Cole, Mr. Peter Gow, Mr. C. N. Hawkins, Mr. C. E.S.
Hicks, Mr. H. G. Jones, Col. N. H. Kenham, Mr. H. B. Lawson,
Mr. Quibell and Mr. Clifford Wells exhibited their chief captures of
the season.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited some insects of economic importance.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited long series of selected bred aberra-
tions of Papilio machaon, Li. and of Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia,
Rott.; the latter from Co. Kerry. Also a considerable number of*
preserved larvae.

Mr. A. H. Peach and Mr. C. G. Priest exhibited some British
Lepidoptera, captures of the year.

Rev. A. Stiff exhibited Irish Polyommatus icarus, Rott. and other
Rhopalocera.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited exotic Lepidoptera recently received
from the upper stretches of the Amazon (Hcuador).

Mr. Dennis exhibited a frame of lantern slides of natural history
subjects.

Mr. KE. A. Baynes exhibited a bred series of Mrastria venustula,
Hb. from Essex, and various aberrations of Rhopalocera.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the yellow forms of Pieris napi, L. which
he had previously shown at the ordinary meetings of the Society.

Mr. N. Wykes exhibited Kast African Butterflies illustrative of
Mimicry.

Mr. G. White exhibited a case showing the life-history of
Hyloicus pinastri, i.

Mr. Jas. A. Stephens exhibited a few rare and local beetles
including Langelandia anophthalmus, Aub. taken at Chatham this
year.

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley-Smith exhibited a bred series of Mellinea
ocellavis, Bork., and Agrotis vestiyialis, Rott. and A. ripae, Hb.

Dr. KE. Scott exhibited a number of European species of Coeno-
nympha including C. hero, L. and C. oedippus, F.

F 40
14th NOVEMBER, 1933.
The PresipEent in the Chair.

Dr. Harold King exhibited a case of Mellinia ocellaris, Bork., bred
from catkins collected from felled black poplar trees in Suffolk in
April. Out of 100 larvae found in the catkins, 90 emerged as Mellinia
ocellaris, 4 as Amathes macilenta, Hb., and 2 as A. circellaris, Hufn.
About 18% of the M. ocellaris were var. intermedia, Hab.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited galls caused by the following species of
Coleoptera. Apion loti, Kirby, in seed pods of Lotus corniculatus, L.,
Miarus campanulae, L., in seed capsules of Campanula rotundifolia,
L., Gymnetron noctis, Herbst., in seed capsules of Linaria vulgariss
L., Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, Marsh., in roots of Alyssum saxa-
tile.

Dr. H. B. Williams exhibited 1. Abraxas yrossulariata, L. bred
1935, including dark forms from Hampton and N. London, ab.
axantha, Rayn. from Hampton, a partially rayed form from N.W.
London and a heterozygote varleyata, Porr. x type, quite typical.

2. Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellaryus, Rott. ab, obsoleta, Tutt, I. of
Wight, Aug. 1935. P. coridon, Poda., from I. of Wight, Aug. 1935,
including 2 2 ab. inaequalis, Tutt, left hindwing with bright blue
and greenish-blue streaks respectively, § ab. striata, Tutt, ab. obsoleta,
Tutt, ab. irregularis, Tutt, ete.

3. Xanthia fulvago, L., a varied series including ab.. flavescens,
Esp. bred from Esher larvae, 19385.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited Crambus contaminellus, Hb. and read the
following note :—Crambus contaminellus is a very local insect, which
used to be taken at Blackheath by the older collectors. The series
shown were all taken during this season at Upper Norwood, being
attracted by light to the house windows. The garden borders the
grounds of the Norwood Club, and it is of interest to record the
insect from a new locality. In August, 1931, I took four specimens
of the moth at Barnes Common, again in the London district. Deal
is given as another locality, and I understand the insect is still
taken there.

Dr. de Worms exhibited the larvae of Caradrina ambigua, Fb.

Mr. Coulson exhibited long series of British Rhynchophora (Col.)
to illustrate his Paper ‘‘ The British Rhynchophora.” (See Trans.)

Miss Brooke, the Society’s delegate to the Jubilee Meeting of the
Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, July, 1935, read a Report of the
Proceedings.

TS ee ee Oe ee.

——— ee

41

Report of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club
Jubilee Meeting, July, 1935.

By Miss W. M. A. Brooxe (The Society’s Delegate).
Read 9th January, 1986.

The Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club celebrated the Jubilee of their
foundation with day excursions and evening meetings, that proved
most delightful for all those privileged to take part in them.
Dublin, lying but a few miles from the sea and in close touch with
wild and beautiful mountain scenery, is a particularly fine centre for
Naturalists. The Club was most fortunate in the weather which
remained fine and hot, for some perhaps almost too hot; during the
whole of the festival.

The Hon. Secretary of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, Mr.
C. W. Allen, had been most kind and helpful in giving the delegates
information and advice as to the journey and the Dublin transport
services. Arrangements had been made for the accommodation of
lady delegates at Trinity Hall, the women’s part of Trinity College.
We were provided with every comfort by the warden, Miss
Cunningham, who made our stay a very happy one.

Some twenty delegates were entertained at Trinity Hall and as we
were representing societies scattered widely over Ireland, Scotland
and England we found a great deal of interesting matter to discuss
together.

At dinner on the 11th we were joined by many of the more
prominent members of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, who
escorted us later to the evening meeting. ‘This took the form of an
Exhibition of specimens of local Natural History, including an
interesting collection of rare plants from County Wicklow, and
an exhibit of the food of the Salmon.

Dr. Lloyd Praeger welcomed the Club’s guests and explained the
arrangements for the following day, after which we partook of tea
and refreshments.

Friday, 12th July being the chief day of the celebrations we all
enjoyed a whole day excursion by motor coach. Three alternative
outings were arranged :—to Glendalough in the Wicklow Mountains,
to the Valleys of the King’s River and the Upper Liffey, and to the
Boyne Valley. I decided to go to the Upper Liffey as being the
excursion with the greatest opening for nature study.

Our leader Mr. Farrington, a keen geologist, had taken the trouble

42

to supply each member of his party with a typed description of the
tour and a sketch map of the route. The coach carried us by a
gradual ascent up the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains to a
considerable height, when we left it and walked to the tep of Golden
Hill, from which we obtained a fine view of the surrounding district,
of the basin of the Liffey and of the shore deposits of the glacial
lake, that at one time occupied the valley. We descended the
further side of the hill, explored the river, and were again picked up
by our coach.

At Killough bog we made the longest break of the day, and here
the party divided, the geologists visiting the granite quarries at
Ballyknocken, while the botanists led by Mr. M. J. Gorman explored
the bog. Owing to the exceptionally dry summer this was not nearly
so wet as had been expected and we were able to cross it without
much difficulty. A considerable number of plants of Drosera
anglica, Huds., were found as well as the commoner Drosera
rotundifolia, L., though strange to say Pinguicula vulgaris, L., did
not seem to grow there. Plants of Utricularia vulgaris, L., were
extracted from a small stream. U. intermedia, Hayne., could not be
discovered, though it should have been present. We also found the
rare Andromeda polifolia, L., and Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. Orchis
maculata, Li., was very plentiful and so were many of the commoner
bog plants such as Hriophorum polystachion, L., and EF. vaginatum,
L. After lunch we proceeded up the King’s River valley, and most
of us walked down the hill to Lockstown bridge, passing Viola lutea,
Huds., growing on the banks. A feature that surprised English
botanists was the quantities of Orchis pyramidalis, L., that grew on
the hillsides; several other plants we regard as rare were quite
plentiful.

A little further on we again left the coach for a walk of some two
miles around the side of Slieve Corragh to see a narrow cutting
through which the glacial Jake bad drained. From a point above
and right on the edge of the gorge we obtained a unique and
wonderful view.

We saw but few butterflies in the course of the day and those
mostly Meadow Browns. Mr. ©. W. Allen took a dwarf female of
Sires gigas, L., and some bees, Andrena coitana, Kirb., A. dorsata, Kirb.,
Hylaeus communis, Nyl., and Nomada ruficornis, L.,

On this expedition to the Boyne Valley the dragonflies Calopteryx
virgo, L., Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., Enallagma cyathigerum,
Charp., Libellula quadrimaculata, L., and the butterflies Argynnis
aglaia, L., and Maniola jurtina, L., were reported.

:

43

The Jubilee Meeting took place at 8 p.m. in the rooms of the
Royal Irish Academy and was presided over by Dr. R. Lloyd
Praeger, the distinguished botanist, as acting president of the
Dublin Naturalists Field Club, the Club baving unfortunately lost
its president Miss Hileen Malone early in the year.

Dr. Praeger has been a member of the Club for forty years and
gave an account of its history since its commencement in 1885.
Dublin having so many learned societies the Field Club membership
has never been greater than the 200 it numbers to-day, yet it
established the “Irish Naturalists’ Journal,’ which has furnished a
most valuable record of the fauna, flora and geology of the country.

A number of delegates gave congratulatory addresses, in which
several from North Ireland made an appeal for closer union and
more combined meetings with the Belfast Club and other smaller
Clubs in the North.

On Saturday the 13th, which concluded the official programme,
there were three alternative morning excursions, the Zoological Gar-
dens with their famous lions, conducted by Dr. Praeger and Mr.
Mason; the National Museum; and the Botanic Gardens, led by
the Director, Mr. J. W. Besant.

I joined the party visiting the Museum and spent a most inter-
esting morning. Dr. P. O’Connor conducted us around the
Zoological department, where we spent most of the time in the Irish
section ; the most striking feature of which was the remains of the
Irish Deer dug from the peat bogs. In the Botanical department
we were shown some of Ireland’s rare plants.

In the afternoon the Club was taken by Dr. Praeger and Mr.
Farrington for a farewell excursion to Bray Head, but a few
delegates, who were anxious to do so, were invited to accompany
Mr. Hudson to the Malahide Ternery. The numbers were restricted
for fear of disturbing the young birds. Some seven or eight of us
visited the Ternery on an isthmus, only a short distance from the
City. The eges and young lay scattered over the sand, some simply
in scooped out depressions, others surrounded by a little dried grass.
Both eggs and young are so like the sand in colouring, that one is
in constant danger of treading on them, and we found several that
had been killed. The young crouch in any depression if not able to
run away in time. The parent birds wheeled threateningly over-
head, striking once at a delegate’s hat, but by lying down I was
able to sketch the little ones and to watch the old birds bring
them food.

44
28th NOVEMBER, 1985.
The Presipent in the Chair.

The following 8 new members were elected:—Messrs. G. Mil-
barrow, of Stockwell; J. A. P. Russell, of Swanage; D. W. Royffe,
of Clapham; G. J. Sard, of Balham; S. G. W. Norton, of Purley ;
K. Streeter, of Petworth; KE. Britton, of Westbourne Park; and
Capt. J. H. B. Lowe, London, W.14.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a short bred series of Ptychopoda eburnata,
Wocke. (contiguaria, Hb.) from Penmaenmawr, including several
rather dark forms, 2nd and 8rd generations.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins a varied series of Xanthia (Ochria) aurago,
Fb. from Sussex, bred from ova received from Mr. A. J. Wightman.

Mrs. Stanley Smith communicated a note on a curiously marked
pied blackbird in Huntingdon :—

A piebald blackbird is very often in our garden, and has been
about for weeks. He is a lovely black, and at first had a ruffle of
soft white feathers around his neck curling outwards, white each side
of his face and a white streak from his beak over his head and join-
ing the white ruffle at the back. That ruffle has now turned into
sleek white feathers lying close. Mrs. Smith also reported a Poly-
ommatus c-album on 27th Oct., in perfect condition on cotoneaster,
and that Hamearis lucina was still emerging.

12th DECEMBER, 1935.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Dr. Blair exhibited some elm leaves shewing series of holes, in
some cases parallel with the midrib, in others across it, and asked if
they could be recognized as the work of any particular insect, but
no definite opinion was obtained. It was, however, suggested that
the damage was due to faulty development of the buds.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the Noctuid Anua tirhaca, Cram. (tirrhaea,
auct.) a species found around the Mediterranean area and extending
to Asia Minor, India and China. It was closely allied to the species
under Catocala.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a short series Lewcania albipuncta, Fb.
bred under a fairly high temperature from ova laid by a Dungeness
@ taken last September, and drew attention to the variation
shown, the series comprising the typical form, ab. rufa, Tutt; ab.

45

suffusa, Tutt, and a form seemingly comprising the characters of
both rufa and suffusa. A note on the brood will appear in the
* Hntomologist’s Record ” in due course.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited series of bred forms of Colias croceus,
Frery., including ab. helice, Hb.; ab. pallida, Tutt, 2 , creamy white ;
ab. obsoleta, Tutt, with spots in margin obsolete; ab. chrysotheme,
Steph., orange yellow; all originating from a pallida form taken at
Folkestone in June 1985.

Dr. Blair read Notes on his visit to Spain for the 6th Entomo-
logical Congress in August and September.

Report of the Vith International Entomological Congress
at Madrid, 6th-12th Sept. 1935.

By Dr. K. G. Buair, F.R.E.S.—Read 12th December, 1985.

The Congress itself was preceded by a motor coach trip to the
Picos de Europa in the north of Spain, and followed by a trip
through southern Spain and to the Canary Islands. In this report
I propose to relate my own experiences, which included the pre-
convention trip, but not the later one.

Our party of 8, including Messrs. Main and Tams from this
Society, left Waterloo at 7.15 p.m. on 27th August, picking up Mr.
Riley at Southampton and arriving at St. Malo early next morning.
The weather through western France was wet and stormy. At
Bordeaux we joined the train from Paris, in which was another con-
tingent of various nationalities, and reached Irun, on the Spanish
frontier, that evening. Further arrivals next morning completed
the coach party and we set off, 29 in a long single-deck bus, in addi-
tion to the guide and bus crew, 32 in all. The party was composed
as follows :—138 British representatives, 4 Spanish, 2 each Dutch
and French, 2 Greek and one each German, Austrian, Pole and
Finn.

Leaving Irun at 8.380 a.m., we made short stops at San Sebastian
and Bilbao and reached Santander at 9 p.m. Next morning we
visited the old-world village of Santillana, and the neighbouring
caves of Altamira famous on account of the prehistoric drawings on
walls and roof. The cave with the pictures was rediscovered in
1868. For the convenience of visitors the floor has been deepened
and levelled, a portion of the original floor in the main chamber
being left as a central table upon which one can lie to observe the

46

figures above one’s head. The best of these are on the roof, which
is fairly smooth though somewhat uneven, advantage being taken
of the low elevations in the drawing of the figures. The rock
appears to be a softish kind of limestone, and is crossed by numerous
cracks but is dry with little water percolating. HEntomologically
it was a disappointment, no insects being discovered. The second
cave close by, found only in 1928, contains no drawings but is
wetter and in its deeper recesses has some beautiful stalagmitic
formations ; beetles have, I believe, been found in it, though rarely.

In the afternoon we were entertained to tea at the University of
Santander, formerly a royal summer palace, but now an international
university for summer courses for post-graduate students.

Next morning we left for the Picos, the road traversing the precipi-
tous limestone gorge of La Hermida with its wonderful scenery. We
arrived at Kspinama, near the head of one of the valleys running
up into the massif, as dusk was falling, and here the party divided,
a dozen of the more energetic continuing on ponies to the Refugio
de Aliva for the night, preliminary to the ascent next day. The
remainder, including myself, stopped at EKspinama, whence next
morning we had an interesting collecting trip on foot further up the
valley. Here butterflies were plentiful, including the Queen of Spain
Fritillary, some Coppers and Skippers new to me, while Clouded
Yellows and various Blues appeared more familiar. Beetles however
were few, though the climbing party obtained some good local
species near the summit. Next morning the climbers rejoined us
and we continued to Covadonga at the western end of the massif
and the next day went in small cars to Lake Knol. Unfortunately
the weather was poor, cold and misty with rain at times, and no
butterflies were seen but some beetles were obtained, mostly Cara-
bidae and Staphylinidae from under stones. A cave, from which
beetles are supposed to have been first obtained by Dr. David Sharp
some 50 years ago, was visited for beetles but none was found.

The next day was a long one, covering some 800 miles to Madrid.
Hitherto the country had been fresh and green, much greener than
we had left it in England, and in many features not very dissimilar
from the wilder parts of our own, but soon we left the mountains
and were on the Central Plain of Spain. lHverything here was
dried up and brown, the only grazing ground the wide, shallow,
dried-up river beds, and the whole country apparently desert,
recalling vividly to some of us, scenes of North Africa and Palestine ;
the villages being built of mud blocks of the same colour as the

47

earth, are almost invisible at a little distance. The appearance of
desert however was misleading, as harvest was just over and the
crops gathered in. ‘The whole plain in reality is very fertile and
almost completely under cultivation. Every village and farm had
its threshing floor of bare hard earth, the threshing being done in
some parts by striking small sheaves of corn on sloping frames,
but more usually by means of broad low sledges drawn round and
round over the corn by oxen, and the chaff winnowed out by tossing
the corn in the air. Unfortunately we had no opportunity of
watching one of these yards at work. With short halts at the old
cities of Leon and Valladolid we crossed the Sierra de Guadarrama
after midnight and at last saw below us the lights of Madrid in the
distance, with smaller groups of lights in between, and finally
reached our destination about 3.80 a.m. when we dispersed to our
several hotels and hostels,

Thursday, 5th Sept., was devoted to registering our arrival,
booking tickets for the various excursions and entertainments, and
collecting mail and literature issued in connection with the Congress,
followed by an informal reunion in the evening. Some 400 names
were listed, representing 30 countries, though probably not many
more than 800 were present. ‘The meetings were held in the
various buildings of the University situated in spacious grounds on
the hills to the north of the city, except on the 8th September when
they were held in the former Palace of lil Escorial.

On 6th September the Congress was opened by his Excellency
the President of the Republic, followed by an address by the President
of the Congress, the veteran Professor Ignacio Bolivar, and speeches
by numerous foreign delegates. ‘I'he afternoon was occupied with
an excursion to the former royal palace of Ei] Pardo.

The next few days were devoted to the meetings of the 10 sections
into which the business of the Congress was divided, and many
interesting papers were read. On the evening of the 7th there was
a reception by the President of the Republic at the Palacio Nacional.

On the 8th there was a general excursion to the Palace of EH]
Escorial, where the sectional meetings were held, and opportunity
was given for collecting in this classic locality. On the 9th, in
addition to the sectional meetings, there was a reception at the
University, when Honorary Degrees were conferred upon dis-
tinguished foreign entomologists and in the evening a reception by
the Mayor of Madrid.

The 10th was occupied hy a visit to the Alpine Biological Station

48

in the Sierra de Guadarrama, continuing to La Granja and Segovia,
with further opportunities of collecting. On the afternoon of the
11th there was an excursion to the ancient and picturesque old city
of Toledo, followed in the evening by a fiesta of Spanish Art. The
morning of the 12th brought the closing session with the announce-
ment that the next Congress would be held in Berlin. An excursion
to Aranjuez occupied the afternoon, while the final banquet was
given at the Ritz Hotel in the evening.

The next day the party broke up, the post-convention tour going
by way of Granada, the Sierra Nevada and Malaga to Cadiz, thence
to Gran Canaria and Teneriffe, returning to Madrid on Ist Oct. via
Seville and Cordoba. Other members went on to Lisbon for the
Zoological Congress immediately following, while the rest of us
dispersed to our several homes, all bringing away with us recollec-
tions of a most friendly and enjoyable meeting accompanied by
lavish hospitality and blessed with glorious weather.

9th JANUARY, 1986.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. R. H. Briegson, of Sidcup, was elected a member.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the Cynipid (gall-wasp) Zvrigonaspis
renum, Gir., an apterous species, bred from galls on the oak, Quercus
robur, Li. = 29.xii.85.

Mr. Collins exhibited a series of very remarkable aberrations of
Brenthis selene, Schiff. taken in Czechoslovakia.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited an example of Anarta myrtilli, L.
recently bred.

Mr. D. W. Royffe exhibited Lethocerus indicus, Stal, a large
species of ‘‘ water-bug”’ from the Indian region.

Dr. Bull reported observing a specimen of Phiyalia pedaria, Fb.
on the 29th December last.

Messrs. T, R. Eagles and M. F. Bliss also exhibited.

Miss L. Stephens gave an account of a collecting expedition up
country in South Africa, illustrating her address with a fine series
of lantern slides.

49

28rd JANUARY, 1936.
AnnuaL MEETING.
Mr. E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S., Presipent in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were agreed to and
signed.

The Report of the Treasurer, the Financial Statement, the Balance
Sheet and the Council’s Report for the past twelve months were
presented, read and approved.

The following is a List of Officers and Council who were declared
as elected to serve for the year 1936-7.

President.—M. Niblett. Vice Presidents.—E. EK. Syms, F.R.E.S.,
and F. J. Coulson. Hon. Treasurer.—T. R. Eagles. Hon.
Librarian.—E. EK. Syms, F.R.E.S. Hon. Editor of Proceedings.—
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Hon. Secretaries.—S. N. A.
Jacobs (Corresponding). H. G. Denvil (Minuting) Hon. Lanternist.
—J.H. Adkin. Council.—G. V. Bull, B.A., M.B.; Dr. K.G. Blair,
Pee. ; FF. D. Coote, F.R.E.8.; Dr. H. King, F.B.8.; Bad:
MacNulty ; F. Stanley-Smith; Mrs. M. Stanley-Smith ; A. E. Tonge,
F.R.E.S.; S. Wakely; Dr. C.G.M. de Worms, M.A., F.R.E.S.,
M.B.0.U. ete.

The President then read his Address, which was illustrated by
Lantern Slides, and vacated the Chair which was taken by the
President elect Mr. M. Niblett.

Votes of Thanks were then passed to the retiring President,
Officers, Council and Auditors for their services during the past
year.

Orpinary MEETING.
Mr. M. Nisuertr, Presipenr in the Chair.

Mr. Wallis Norton exhibited the dark heath form of Plebeius aegon,
Schiff. from the New Forest.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett reported that the larvae of a fungus gnat had
remained immersed in water for 10 days, at the end of which time
2 were still alive. It was noted that life was at a standstill with
many organisms during cold weather, and that possibly there may
have been a slight amount of food matter dissolved in the water.

50

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.

Read 23rd January, 1936
By EK. E. Syms, F.R.E.S., President.

ADIES and GENTLEMEN. The Report of the Treasurer
and the Council’s Report, which you have just heard read,
show that the Society still continues to fulfil the object for

which it was formed. The number of new members, the large
attendance at our meetings and excursions, and the number of
visitors at our Annual Exhibition are all evidence of the continued
usefulness of our Society. It is with regret that we part with our
Treasurer, who has asked to be relieved of his office after 17 years
of successful work. Iam sure you will join with me in congratu-
lating him on the financial progress that the Society has made
during his term of office, From the Treasurer’s report you will
have noticed that the Society has now reached a point, where the
members’ subscriptions and the expenditure nearly balance, the
admission of new members will therefore enable the Society to
increase its usefulness, and also assist in making the work of our
new ‘'reasurer light.

The Volume of Proceedings, published during the year, conveys,
better than by any other means, the varied interests of our members.
Iixcellent as these Proceedings are, they might be made more useful
by the addition of more detailed reports of the exhibits at our
meetings. That these reports are poor is not due to your Officers
but to those who, like myself, do not provide the Secretary with
written notes of their exhibits. Thus much original work that
necessitated hours of patient labour is lost, and others, who take up
the same work later, have to start again at the beginning. All
our members spend time trying to arrange their exhibit in such
a way that it may be seen at its best, so I ask that in future you
should think of the report of the exhibit in the same way and provide

51

the Secretary with written notes so that they may be incorporated in
the Proceedings. This is of particular importance this coming year
as you have just appointed a Minuting Secretary. In this connection
I should like to remind you that there are many members, whose only
link with the Society is the published Proceedings, and by enlarg-
ing and improving these Proceedings we may not only retain, but
increase the number of members.

During the past year the Society has lost by death one of its
oldest and most distinguished members, Robert Adkin. He was
born at Lewisham in 1849 and lived in that neighbourhood until
1915, when he went to live at Eastbourne, and there he died, after
an illness of a few months, on 21st May, 1935, at the age of 86 years.
By his death the Society has lost a good friend and benefactor, one
who, from the time of joining in 1882 until his death, took an
intense interest in all its activities. The members soon recognized
his ability, for in 1888 he was elected to the Council, becoming
President in 1886-7, again in 1897 and for a third time in 1906-7.
He was a most regular exhibitor at our meetings and during his
long association with us has published in our Proceedings some 53
papers. These deal with the Lepidoptera, his studies being confined
principally to British species. Of his many contributions to the
literature of entomology, his admirable account of the ‘‘ Butterflies
and Moths of Kastbourne”’ is perhaps the most important. This is
published in the “‘ Transactions of the Natural History Society of
Eastbourne.” For many years he represented our Society at the
Annual Congress of the South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies,
and also at the British Association. Under his will the Society has
received the sum of £200 and also his magnificent collection of
lantern slides.

Among those, not members of this Society, who have passed away
during the year, mention must be made of Arthur Leslie Rayward,
who died in October last in his 69th year. He was a member of
this Society from 1902 until 1929 when he resigned on going to live
at HKastbourne. He was an excellent microscopist, particularly
interested in the Lepidoptera and made many slides of the genitalia
of these insects. He left instructions that these slides and the
cabinet that contained them were to be offered to this Society. I
need hardly tell you that they were gladly accepted.

I will now ask you to rise for a few moments as a token of respect
to the memories of these colleagues.

I now turn to the special subject of my address.

52

Some notes ON THE Brotocy or CuRysopa SEPTEMPUNCTATA, WES.

For many years I have been observing the insects that live and
breed in my garden at Wanstead and have watched the life-history
of Chrysopa septempunctata. The greatest enemy of the gardener is,
without doubt, the green-fly. The damage done by each insect is
very small but the peculiar method of reproduction of these insects
enables them, under favourable conditions, to increase at such a rate
as to make this damageconsiderable. Many insects visit the garden
to feed upon these green-fly, or to oviposit near them, so that their
young larvae shall have an abundant supply of food around them
when they hatch. Among the Neuropterous family Chrysopidae,
Chrysopa septempunctata is a regular visitor, and feeds both as a
larva and imago on these green-flies. The Chrysopidae are so well
known that they have received three common names, being called
*‘ oreen lacewings,” ‘‘ golden eyes” and also “ stink flies.”” All these
names are very appropriate for the adults have beautiful green lace-
like wings, their eyes at dusk shine like spheres of gold, and when
handled they emit a particularly offensive odour.

The name septempunctata is given to this insect, because the head
has seven blackish spots, arranged, one between the bases of the
antennae, one below each antenna, a spot on each gena and astreak
on each side of the clypeus. These spots are sometimes very small
and occasionally the spots below the antennae are missing.

During the day the adult insects rest upon the under surface of
leaves, but at dusk they fly with a slow weak flight. Itis at dusk
that the eggs are laid, each being placed at the top of a short stalk,
which is generally attached to the under surfaceof aleaf, but occasion-
ally is on the bark. On one occasion I was successful in finding a
femaleat work ovipositing. She was resting on theunder surfaceof a
plum leaf, so without disturbing her, observation was kept and it
was seen that she first placed the tip of her abdomen against the
surface of the leaf and then a globule of transparent liquid exuded.
Then the abdomen was raised slowly and the fluid drawn out into a
thread, which hardened upon exposure to the air and immediately
became white. When this thread was about 8mm. long there was a
slight pause before the egg appeared. Without shifting her position
on the leaf the tip of the abdomen was again brought into contact
with the leaf at a short distance from the first spot and a second egg
deposited as before. This was repeated several times before she
changed her position; in all there were 24 ova. These ova are

Proc. S.L.E. &

8. 2985. Prater II.

Photo: FE. E. Syms.

is» (Ova.
2. Larva. 4. Pupa.

oo

Cocoon.

; Cae Byer «4 bes : uy 7 ye 7

Se Pe Bee ~ : ; -

5 mu
es .. 7 .

. 4 : bo i

‘a :

-
&

0 ee vv . rf
a & q ,
’ be. cae

g

Proc. S.Lelcd, N aS: 1930:

5. Hmerging.

6. After emergence.

“ie

ts

8.

Puate III.

8

Photo: HE. E. Syms.

Empty Skin.

Chrysopa septempunctata,

ee

53

generally found in batches, the number varying from 8 to 40. When
first deposited the stalk is white and the egg a pale green, with a
white buttonlike disk at the opposite end to the stalk. The eggs
are ovoid in shape, the long axis being continuous with the stalk.
The colour gradually changes and just before hatching the larva
can be seen through the egg shell. ‘The time between ovipositing
and hatching is to some extent dependent upon temperature, but
generally hatching takes place about the sixth day. The whole
batch does not hatch at the same time but the emergence is
spread over one or two days. The young larvae rest upon the
egg shell for some hours before they crawl down the stalk
and on to the leaf. One of the questions that will naturally
arise upon looking at the ova is, what purpose does the egg stalk
serve? The larva is very carnivorous, and it has been suggested
that the stalks help to keep the young larvae apart; but this is
questionable as in some of the other members of the family the eggs
have acommon foot stalk. Again, if the larvae are kept without food
they will climb the stalks and feed upon the unhatched ova. If the
Ova are examined just before hatching takes place, the larva can be
seen through the egg shell. The body is curled upon itself, so that
the head is deflexed on the ventral surface of the abdomen, and the
larva is enclosed in a nearly transparent skin. Between this skin
and the shell is an egg burster, situated just in front of the head
between the eyes. This egg burster is almost transparent and on its
outer edge has a large tooth and below this a number of smaller teeth ;
the large tooth 1s forced through the egg shell and the smaller teeth
enlarge the hole, acting like asaw. Immediately the shell is broken
the larva bursts this skin and forces its way out, leaving the skin and
egg burster partly in the shell. Most larvae remain on the egg shell
some hours before descending to the leaf in search of food. They will
feed upon any aphid that they find, even the woolly aphid of the
apple. The larva was described by Dr. Withycombe and can be easily
separated from others of the same family by means of the black
markings on the head, which consist of a central black patch with
two large patches on the sides of the head. ‘he larva moults three
times, besides the embryonic moult already described. The first
moult takes place about eight days after hatching and the second
in another eight days. The final moult in the Spring larvae takes
place within the cocoon a few days after its construction, but in
Autumn larvae it is delayed until the Spring.

When about to spin its cocoon the larva wanders about in search

54

of a suitable place, which may be under loose bark, in a crevice, or
in a foldedleaf. ‘There, the anus is used as a spinneret and is passed
over the back attaching threads to all surfaces with which it comes
in contact. After this loose thread work is done the cocoon proper
is formed. This is a dense closely woven structure very small for
the size of the larva. I have watched the beginning of the spinning
of the cocoon, in order to see if I could discover any pattern in the
spinning of the threads, but could find none. One of the reasons
for this close observation was that it has been said that the pupa
bites its way out of the cocoon, but if the cocoon is examined just
after the larva has pupated, a cap, similar to that pushed off by the
pupa, can easily be separated from the cocooon. [am of the opinion
that the larva prepares this cap before it pupates. When the time
of emergence comes the pupa pushes off the cap of the cocoon and
crawls to a suitable place and there the thorax of the pupa splits and
the imago crawls out. This takes place during the afternoon.

Puate LY.

a
re) So 10o Kr.
é Se

Del. K. J. Hayward.

EALT WITH IN THIS PAPER.
io Pt°. Aguirre is 1927 Km.)

Proc, S.L.E. & N.U.S., 1936.

Phare LY,

ENTRE RioS.

Del. K. J. Hayward.
Sxerca Map, 1LLusTRATING AR| DEALT WITH IN THIS PAPER.
(Norz :—The distance from Bs. Abs to Pt°. Aguirre is 1927 Km.)

a

55

Six Months Collecting along the Alto Parana, Argentina.
By Kenneto J, Haywarp, F.R.E.S.; F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.
Read 14th February, 1935,

In September, 1933, the “ Octava Expedicién Exploradora de la
Zonas Invernales de la Langosta” of which I had been appointed
Leader by the Argentine Ministry of Agriculture, having returned
to its base and rendered its reports, I once more found myself among
the ranks of the unemployed.

I had arranged to return to England for a visit after ten years in
this country, but after nearly twenty years of sub-tropical life I did
not fancy the idea of a winter there. To obtain temporary work was
out of the question owing to the present economic situation. I
therefore began to consider the question of an entomological
collecting trip to tide me over till the following April or May.
Even if I did not pay my way, I was likely to be less out of pocket
than if I stayed in the City, and should certainly have a more exciting
time of it. :

This course of action having been decided on, three things
remained to be done: to select the most advantageous route; to
arrange what advance sales of material I could, and to make my
preparations.

As quantity as well as quality was necessary if the trip were to be
financially successful, the Territory of Misiones was indicated. A
long outstanding invitation to revisit the haunts of the Chaco
Santafecino, where I spent the first five years of my life out here,
indicated a route via Santa Fé, and Resistencia in the Territory of
the Chaco.

The first plan considered was to collect for about a fortnight in
the Chaco Santafecino, where I could renew my acquaintance with
the wild, lake-studded area East of the Rio Paranamini, and the dense
riverine woodland of the west bank of the Parana. From here I
proposed to go via Resistencia to the town of Corrientes, and then
follow the railway down the West bank of the Parana, cross over
to the Rio Uruguay and follow this river up to Santo Thomé, where
an attempt would be made to ascend the Alto Uruguay as far as
San Javier, before going on to Posadas the Capital of Misiones.
From Posadas right up the Alto Parana to the Brazilian boundary
at Puerto Aguirre, stopping off at several points on the way. The
return journey was to include certain alternative stopping places,

56

and from Posadas the same route would be followed as far as Monte
Caseros, to give an opportunity of collecting along the Uruguay,
where the fauna is but little known, both in the spring and autumn.
A short stay in Concordia to collect again at a wild spot just out-
side the town, where in 1932 I had taken several species of Lepidop-
tera and Coleoptera new to science, including a fine Chiodes (Lep.
Hesp.), and had brought to light a Pamphilina previously not
known south of Mexico. Thence direct by boat or train to Buenos
Aires.

The great interest in this route lay in the exploration of the fauna
of the Alto Uruguay, which is practically unknown ; but after mature
consideration of the heavy expenses that would be incurred over the
circular route between Corrientes and Posadas and the fact that the
Alto Uruguay could only be ascended in a specially chartered launch
and only at very high river, owing to the numerous falls and rapids,
this part of the trip was modified and it was decided to follow the
Alto Parana direct from Corrientes to Posadas, stopping off at
certain points if considered advisable.

This latter route was adhered to with small variations on the
northward journey, but the return journey was made direct from
Posadas to Buenos Aires by river, owing to the aiready advanced
season,

It is perhaps interesting to note that, within three months of the
end of this trip I was to find myself travelling along the north bank
of the Alto Uruguay on other business, and with the opportunity for
spasmodic collecting between Apostoles and San Javiér, and only a
few weeks later was appointed to the Concordia Experimental
Station, which marches with the wild land above mentioned. My
opinion that the fauna of the Alto Uruguay will well repay careful
examination is, I think, borne out by the fact that, in an hour and a
half’s collecting in mid-winter in a wooded valley close to Concepcién
de la Sierra, | was able to take no less than 42 species of butterflies,
many of them abundant.

Certain private collectors in the Argentine and the Museo Argen-
tino de Ciencias Naturales, until recently known as the Museo
Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires, promised to purchase
material to certain monthly values, and further orders coming in
later from abroad, 1 saw my expenses assured provided I could
secure the necessary amount of material.

This fact caused my ideas to take definite shape, and I immediately
set about my preparations, proposing to get away about the 15th of
October and return on that same date in April. It is curious to
note that these dates would have been exactly adhered to in spite of
the necessity of continually altering my plans to fit circumstances
and travelling facilities, but for the fact that the 15th October fell
on a Sunday (the start being made the day following), although as
a matter of fact no special effort was made to do so.

57

The task of preparing was no easy matter as I was going alone,
nor had I any idea as to what facilities I should find in Misiones
for adding to my technical equipment and supplies, should these at
any time fail. Also the state of my finances required very careful
consideration of every item, sixpence must not be spent where
fivepence would suffice, and this fact must be borne in mind
throughout this account, for had such strict economy not been
necessary, more could have been achieved and the exploration
extended.

Having travelled very considerably on the byeways of this
country, I had learnt to realize that one of the most important
points to be taken into consideration, was the method of packing the
heavy luggage. For the previous Government trip, when we carried
a vast amount of impedimenta, I had evolved a very satisfactory
system. The bulk of the luggage was sent from point to point and
we only carried with us such material as we should require for the
section of the journey actually being undertaken and until we again
made contact with the heavy baggage. This latter was drawn on
daily before breaking camp and the actual day’s supply of necessities
packed in a couple of small cases, that were always at hand at a
minute’s notice. This method, apart from saving much worry and
a considerable amount of expense, enabled us to travel with far
greater freedom and with the minimum loss of time. Acting on
this principle, I packed all my immediate requirements in the
minimum space and forwarded the main supply from point to point.

A second vital point for my journey was to have the cases as far
as possible of uniform size, easily opened, easily handled, and small
enough to permit easy transport in a Ford car, by pack mules, in
small rowing boats or even in the primitive native ‘‘ piragua,” which
is simply a hollowed log.

Such a size case is found commercially in the kerosene box and
in the cases used for packing cooking oils. The latter were selected
and a hinged padlocked lid, strengthened as was the bottom with
two wooden battens, was added, and they were completed by the
addition of rope handles and a coat of grey paint, the total cost per
case running to about two shillings. These cases apart from con-
forming to size had the advantage of being cheap and could be
thrown away when empty, thus reducing the number of packages.

A suitcase for clothes and a large canvas bag for the hammock,
blankets and camp kit, completed the impedimenta.

Later, during many days of close confinement toa leaking wooden
hut where the windows were merely shuttered openings, I compiled
a list of the material carried and of the space required for packing
various types of insects. Had such a list been available before how
much time could have been saved. As it was, my calculations were
as nearly exact as they could be, and I only ran out of paper for
papering Lepidoptera and tins for packing the insects in. These

58

latter proved the most difficult thing to obtain anywhere, impossible
in Misiones.

By 16th October all was ready, the few last items had been collec-
ted, the heavy luggage despatched to Corrientes to await my arrival
and I had received papers from the Museo Argentino de Ciencias
Naturales giving my trip official status. I left that evening for
Santa Fé, where I had a small item of business to carry out which,
although it only took a few minutes, effectually prevented my
taking a through combination owing to the late hour of arrival of
the day train.

The following day proved to be abnormally hot, the temperature
going up to 91°5° F., the forerunner of a week of even higher
temperatures. My business finished, I strolled along the shores of
the big inlet from the Parana that borders the town, the laguna
Satubal. Here were many thousands of decaying fish, the victims
during September and October of some disease, which has never
been satisfactorily explained. The stench was unpleasant, but,
unequipped for collecting though I was, I persevered, as many small
Carabidae and Staphylinidae and other small beetles were to be
picked up. A very heavy wind suddenly blowing up, I took refuge
in the beautiful sunken rose garden that lies at the end of the fine
lake-front avenue and here collected a long series of rose-chafers
(Macrodactylus), but curiously enough they were frequenting only
the red roses, the white, yellow and pink varieties being completely
free of them. Papilio thoas, L. and some Tatochila and Euptychia
were the only butterflies on the wing, whilst a few moths were to be
found on the tree trunks along the avenue. The State Railway are
building a new bridge over this laguna a little to the North, and in
sinking the caissons for the piers, have cut through aten-foot stratum
of petrified bones at each pier. Unfortunately little attention
appears to be paid to this discovery and when I passed, the bones,
many tons of them, were lying in a heap with a “help yourself if
you like” sort of appearance. A close study of these remains,
many of them of vast size, would probably throw much light on the
pre-historic fauna of these regions.

At 11 p.m. I left for the North and at daybreak found myself
once more in the red quebracho area, where one sees huge stacks of
wood at every tiny station, train after train of logs for the tannin
factories, and where the one item of conversation is ‘‘ wood.”
Instead of the great sheets of surface water, lily-covered and with
their flocks of the multicoloured jacana and an occasional duck or
moorhen, there was an arid burnt up effect with many dead cattle
everywhere, the aftermath of the great drought soon to be broken.
All journeys, however interminable they may appear at the time,
eventually end, and in the early afternoon we reached Tartagal,
where many friends had come down to the station to see me, and
one or two to continue the journey to Villa Ana.

59

At Villa Ana my host met me and after the short run in to the
village along the Company’s track and a f3aw minutes rest, it
appeared as though I had never left the place, the five intervening
years forgotten. Only the unusual cleanliness of the village, the
grown-up children and the saplings now large trees denoted any
difference.

My stay in these parts had been calculated for a bare fortnight.
The hospitality of my friends caused it to expand into a month, but
I realized that it was not time lost as owing to the very late season,
caused by the previous cold winter and the following drought, a
somewhat later arrival in Misiones than at first planned would be
advantageous.

Whilst here, I was able to revisit most of the spots I had
frequented of old and found them remarkably little altered.

On the 20th I went to Villa Guillermina as the guest of the
Manager for five days, but was unable to collect as the first days
were taken up socially and on the Sunday torrential rains broke the
drought. One very pleasant afternoon was spent on a visit to
Puerto Piracuacito on the Rio Parana. My previous trip down this
line, which connects the Company’s factory with its port, had been
in search of duck, when the high river had caused much low-lying
land to be flooded and the duck in their countless thousands had
come in to feed. To-day the drought had caused almost all but the
very largest of the numerous pools and lagunas, that fringe the
river, to dry up, and only a few disconsolate jacana, a pair of grey
ibis and a flock of bandurria ibis (Molybdophanes caerulescens) greeted
the eye. In places the track was completely covered with long
stretches of pink and red dwarf verbenas, and the banks with purple
petunias and yellow iris. The curious belt of ceibo trees, that
extends from near Reconquista in the south till near Resistencia in
the north, was in full flower, a belt of blood-red trees.

The line that connects the village of Villa Ana with its port at
Puerto Ocampo, usually holds untold interest for the naturalist, for
after some twenty kilometres of forest track the remainder of the
run down to the Parana, crossing the small Amores and the larger
Paranamini and Pindé, is lowlying, covered with patches of tangled
forest and studded with many hundreds of lagunas, in some of
which the magnificent Victoria lilies flourish, both regia and the
pink erwziana, I looked forward to my first run over this line, but
again the drought had played havoc, only a few small burrowing-
owls gazed dreamily at us from their perches on the fence posts,
and in the now almost dried up swamp beyond the Amores a few
jacana and water hens sought their evening meal and a beautiful
Martin pescador kingfisher (Chloroceryle amazona) sat watching a
small pool of muddy water. Idid however get a glimpse of the
bird that is perhaps nearest to my heart, the water rail, as it ran
hurriedly to the shelter of some bushes.

60

Around Villa Ana itself I found everything completely dried up
and no vestige of water in any of the usually swampy areas. Even
after the first rain a fierce wind that blew most days, making
collecting no easy task, prevented much advance being made by the
vegetation. My favourite spots that I had so often collected over
had but the memories of better days to draw me to them. Occasion-
ally a solitary Catopstlia, or a few worn Phyciodes ithra, Hew., or the
ubiquitous Terias deva, Dbldy., skowed themselves; a few Hemiptera
fell into the beating tray, and a morning spent in a small open
glade collecting from ants’ nests produced some twenty myrmeco-
philous beetles or beetles with ant association.

However, the banks of the numerous railway tracks, that run out
into the forest, produced much good material, chiefly in the sweeping
net. These banks had the advantage of giving shelter to the insects
when the wind blew strongly, and it was only along them that I
ever got much material. Many fine Curculionidae of the rarer
‘coloured ’’ species were taken, as well as Hetlipus and Liwus. A
very long series of a Lampyrid new to the fauna as also a single
small Cerambycid, likewise not represented in our collections, were
found on searching tall weeds, and when I left the track one
morning for the adjacent forest I took the EKrotylid Brachysphaenus
decempunctatus, Dup., that I had not previously seen in these parts,
It was in this piece of forest that I noted the extreme localization
of certain beetles. In a small hollow covering an area of perhaps
twenty square yards, normally full of water, there were hundreds
of a small Chrysomelid whilst beyond this area not a single
specimen could be found, nor did I come across this species again
till I met it, under similar circumstances, far away in the north of
Misiones.

Once [ visited Puerto Ocampo for about an hour and was able to
collect in the thick creeper-covered forest that borders the river and
in the cane brakes. It was very early and few insects were on the
wing after a cold night, but 1 swept up a good series of two species
of Hispidae and some small Buprestidae. Mosquitos and a small
gnat, that is called ‘‘ gegéne’”’ locally, were very active and were the
first | had seen or felt on the trip.

I spent some four or five hours along the Rio Pindéd on two
separate days, and was delighted to still find traces of one of my old
camps. On the first occasion I kept close to the stream hoping to
see something of the wonderful birdlife that normally one finds
along that river, but the lateness of the season or the drought seemed
to have driven the birds away, for very few of my old favourites
showed up. The river was extremely low and without current,
merely a long string of shallow pools where great numbers of small
yacaré (Caiman sclerops) were sunning themselves on the floating
water-weeds, and plunged noisily into the stream as one approached.
It was a threatening morning and after about a couple of hours

61

torrential rain caused me to seek shelter, but some two hundred
insects had been collected and long series of water snails and other
molluscs, which had been specially asked for by the Argentine
Museum. On the second occasion better weather prevailed and a
slightly longer time was available for collecting. This time I col-
lected somewhat away from the stream where the vegetation did not
seem to have suffered so much from the drought, and, after sweeping
up some three hundred small beetles and Hemiptera, rounded off a
quite satisfactory trip by collecting several hundred fresh water
mussels and razor shells from the beach of a very shrunken laguna.
For the first time in my life I found the nest—if it deserves the
name of nest—of the dormilon, (Thermochalcis longirostris), a‘ goat-
sucker,” whose feathers were, and still are in some places, much
prized as being a very potent love charm. The keavily brown-
mottled pinkish-white eggs are laid on the bare ground without any
form of previous preparation, apparently two per clutch.

On the 80th, after a start at dawn, we rode all day through the
western forest, but although it was a magnificent calm sunny day
only Terias deva, Dbldy. a few worn Danais anda single T'atochila were
seen. But for the flushing of the huge Bragado duck or Oca de
Brasil (Alapochen jubata) in a wide “ picada’”’* and the finding of the
glossy purple eggs of the little tinamous (Nothura maculosa, ssp.) the
trip would have been uneventful.

There are very few of the larger animals left in these forests now
that they are being exploited, but I had the pleasure of seeing one
of the pretty little guasuncho deer at very close quarters one after-
noon, and was glad I was without a firearm and not tempted to shoot
it.

Social activities had prevented my collecting very seriously whilst
in Villa Ana, but in spite of this and the extremely bad season, (I
don’t suppose ten species of butterflies in total were seen during my
stay), I packed about 4500 insects before leaving.

On 16th November I finally tore myself away from my all too
pleasant surroundings and proceeded to Resistencia. For the first
time on this trip I began to notice the return to normal. The
lagunas were at last beginning to fill and bird life began once more
to take its place in the landscape.

A quick survey of the outskirts of Resistencia showed me that, in
order to collect one must go far out, and as the fauna differs little, if
at all, from that of the area I had just left, I decided to cross right
away to Corrientes of which I expected much. I therefore took the
ferry the afternoon of the day following my arrival in Resistencia
and in a couple of hours was installed in that capital town.

Corrientes, which is possibly the cleanest of the larger Provincial
towns that I know, though without the calm old-world charm of the

* Path or road cut through forest.

62

North-western towns, where the customs of Colonial days still peep
through, has a small riverside park which, like the street, is very
well lighted.

Here I repaired the first night and as a matter of fact on every
subsequent night, much very valuable material resulting. It was
curious to note the sudden and very abrupt changes in the insect
visitants to the lights, and to the enhanced effect of one single lamp,
whose frosted globe was slightly less opaque than the remaining
twenty or thirty. This lamp invariably yielded fifty per cent. of my
catch, though I could see no reason from a point of view of its
position.

The first night yielded four forms of Cicindelidae including
Phaeoxantha limata and a magnificent Ph. bucephala, also four forms
of Carabidae of the genus Galerita (ruficollis and gracilis and two
smaller insects) and a Brachynus. The surprise was a large Drilid-
like beetle that I did not have the opportunity to classify and a
medium sized Aphodiine was present in hundreds. The following
night was dull and threatening and one would have expected great
things at light, but apart from another of the Drilid-like beetle and
a large Carabid, there appeared to be nothing but crickets at the
lamps. On my way home I picked up one of the very few large
Belostomidae that I was able to find. The temperature of the next
day was still very high and the storm had not yet broken. The
lamps were besieged by a large Scarites and I also took a brown
Meloid, another Phaeoxantha and a small number of moths,
chiefly a Lasiocampid. On the 20th, the night following, only
three of the Scarites were seen and their place (as far as numbers
went) was not taken by any other insect. There were however
many beetles, notably numbers of a smallish black Curculionid,
a Lampyrid (Aspisoma sp.), six different species of Carabidae of
the Galerita type, two forms of Cicindelidae and the enormous
Belostomid Lethocerus annulipes, that made as much _ noise
rustling about amongst the vegetation of a flower bed as would
a snake. The only moth of note was a completely green Noctuid.
The nights of the 21st, 22nd, and 28rd, proved almost blank,
17 insects only were found in the park on the first named, mostly
Elateridae, the pending storm was about to break when I visited
the park on the 22nd, and only about a dozen insects were found
and my last night, that following a day of storm, produced some
score or so and nothing of note.

I had expected much from day collecting around Corrientes. I
was sadly disappointed. There remains only one spot, where really
good collecting is possible, and that is the woodland bordering the
river to the Kast of the town. Here the woods are almost untouched
virgin forest except for many brick burning places scattered along
the muddy flats below the high ground. In spite of the excessive
heat, I visited this area twice, but it proved a pure waste of time. I

63

have since had the opportunity of collecting here in midwinter with
very different results, and I believe it must be a paradise for
collectors in any normal summer.

There is an endless stretch of rough ground and woodland with
many lagunas in the low ground that separates the main bank from
what are undoubtedly islands in time of very high river. Flowers
there were in plenty, but on my first visit there I employed almost
every method known to collectors for seven hours and, if 1 remember
rightly, for there is no note in my diary, the total catch was 67!
Mosquitos swarmed and there were a few Papilio polydamas, L.
common Danaids, the commonest Theclas, and I caught a few of
the Pierid Appias drusilla, Cr. that I had last seen in La Rioja.
Dragging a stream I took a small Belostomid and a few Hydro-
philidae and on a sauce tree I found a large larva, but I forget into
what it eventually turned. Several pupae of a- Saturnia failed
eventually to produce anything and my only consolation was that I
was able to sate my hunger—for I had taken no food with me—with
handfuls of the delightful fruit of the small ‘‘fangarpiri,” and the
more acid fruit of the ‘“ ubajhay’’ which latter must however be
taken in small doses.

My second visit gave a similar result. JI spent some time on the
more open upper ground where several species of cactus were growing
and where I made the acquaintance of the “ huapuru,”’ a small tree
with dark chocolate coloured round fruit that grows in clusters from
the trunk and branches. Two different Papilios, a pair of Lycaenidae
and a few bees, wasps, flies and small beetles completed a very
unsatisfactory bag for four hours searching with the temperature
ranging over 100°. Many Catopsilia cipris, F. were on the wing.

The intervening days till the next boat sailed for Posadas were
spent exploring the surroundings in the hope that some more
favourable spot might be found, but everywhere the drought had
made itself felt, a fact I was to have brought to my attention right
up till the end of my trip. In view of the almost complete absence
of insects, I decided to cut out my proposed stays at Itati and
Ituzaing6, and proceed direct into Misiones.

On 24th November I embarked soon after six on the Mibanovitch
steamer “ Iouazu,” and after waiting till nearly ten oclock for the
combination with the southbound boat from Asuncidén and the
northbound boat from Buenos Aires for Paraguay, we commenced
the river passage to Posadas.

The river is still very wide but north of the steamer channel are
many islands, some Argentine and the majority Paraguayan with
the result one is sometimes passing through very narrow channels.
For the first time I saw the towering fronds of the “‘ tacuara ’’ cane
which at a distance appear like graceful ferns. Many butterflies could
be seen along the shore, chiefly Catopsilia and Pieridae, the darker
coloured species not showing up against the green background.

64

Hundreds of ‘‘ yacaré”’ lay basking on the sandspits, many of them
of goodly size. It is curious that but few are seen on the higher
stretches of the river after Posadas is left behind. The river wss
abnormally low and the deeper channel winds like a snake. Close
under one bank, we would suddenly swing right across to the far
side and a few minutes later be back in mid stream again. On some
of the islands monkeys were disporting themselves in the trees,
apparently the black ‘“ titi” (Nyctipithecus azarai) and the smaller
reddish ‘‘cay ” (Cebus sp.). We stopped for a few moments in front
of the villages of Paso de la Patria, Itati and Yahapé to drop mails
and passengers and during the night at Iba-ibaté. The lights of
the ship attracted few insects, a Belostoma, a green Noctuid and a
few specimens of Selenis suervides, Guen., are all that I have noted in
my diary.

Very early the following day we went alongside the splendid floating
stage at Ituzaingd and a few minutes afterwards commenced the
tortuous ascent of the rapids of Apipé, the steamer being assisted by
a powerful tug at the upper part. I ascended these rapids again in
July of this year in a less powerful steamer and with the river even
lower and we hitched on to a specially laid cable and pulled our-
selves up with its aid.

Above the falls the stretches of water are much broader and the
shore more distant and from the point of beauty and interest this
stage cannot be compared with the reach below Ituzaing6.

At dusk the Paraguayan town of Encarnacién became visible
straight ahead and as the sun set we swung round the bend on which
Posadas is built. The soft pink half-light of the setting sun on the
harbour of Posadas with its small river steamers and many launches,
flanked by the high “ barranca,”* with its many tiny whitewashed
wooden shanties nestling amongst luxuriant subtropical vegetation,
reminds one of certain Mediterranean scenes, nor was I ever tired of
watching the view over the harbour and the distant town of
Encarnacion at sundown, that one obtains from certain points along
the high ground on which Posadas stands.

The day after my arrival, a Sunday, I occupied in clearing off
correspondence, and later in exploring the pretty little town of
Posadas, where one encounters everywhere the deep red soil that
makes the Territory so fertile. Much wandering around during my
stay has indicated that, there was really only one.spot where good
collecting is possible, owing to the great extent of occupied land
that surrounds the town. By pure chance I stumbled on this place
the first time I went out, and I cannot regret the time spent there,
both at this period, on my return from the North and even on a more
recent opportunity in midwinter.

It is a piece of low ground covered with forest and backed by much

* Bank.

'

65

rough land with many flowering bushes that lies just east of the
port. Cattle graze there and it is a place for picnics, but much of it
is still too overgrown to have been spoilt.

My first visit almost ended disastrously with a touch of sunstroke,
but luckily aday’s rest put me alright again and I realized that I was
dealing with another type of climate from that to which I had been
accustomed in the drier regions of the North West.

It was a delight to see again crowds of butterflies of every sort
and to hear the continual low hum of insects. At least three species
of Catopsilia were on the wing, Papilio polydamas, L., P. perrhebus,
Bdv., P. thoas ssp. brasiliensis, R. & J., and two other species, many
Hesperiidae and Theclae, Dynamine maeon, Dnh., and D. coenus, F.,
at least three species of Phyciodes, Chlorippe burmeisteri, G. & S.,
and C. seraphina, Hb., Euptoieta hortensia, Blnch., which further
North is replaced by heyesia, Cr., Anaea morvus, Fb., many Terias deva,
Dbldy., Pierids chiefly T’atochila, clicking Ageronia and many others,
many of which, whilst well known to me, I had never yet seen in
nature. Along the river on flowering bushes I found not a few of
the less common beetles and Rutela linivla was abundant.

At night the lights of the Plaza and the street lamps yielded
surprisingly little and not a single Belostomid. Probably the now
nearly full moon accounted in no little way for this fact.

At seven on the 80th J embarked on the yacht-like ‘‘ Guayra,”
having decided to proceed direct to Puerto Bemberg and forego my
stops at the intermediate ports, partly on account of expense and
partly in view of the fact that, there appeared little likelihood of there
being any great difference in the fauna. I have always found that
collecting for a long period in any one place yields far better results
than the same period spread over many, and a more characteristic
collection of the fauna is possible. I was also somewhat scared by
the signs everywhere evident that few insects were to be expected
at least until the midsummer broods appeared, the spring emergences
having almost completely failed.

The journey upstream, stopping at many small ports to drop mails
and passengers for the small ‘‘ yerbales,” was a continual delight.
The river is now much narrower, probably never exceeding a
kilometre and becoming more confined as one advances North.
One notes the difference in the energy of two peoples. On the
Paraguayan side one sees only small clearings surrounding a
dilapidated rancho or two, where sufficient maize and mandioca has
been planted to carry the population over to the next crop, and
where the only sign of industry is the pile of logs cut up for firewood
for the river steamers. On the Argentine side every few kilometres
are small or large ‘ yerbales,’’ where the lea paraguayensis is
cultivated, from the dried and ground leaves of which the Argentine,
rich and poor alike, makes the national drink, mate,

Many fine streams flow into the river from either side, but one

66

does not appreciate them from the steamer. About noon we passed
near to the Sierras of Santa Ana, of no great height to one used to
the foothills of the Andes, but of great botanical interest from what
one could see from the river. It was on some high hills just past
San Ignacio, that I saw palms growing on the high slopes, trees I
had always associated with the desert, or with the level grass covered
savannahs, that one encounters in the North of Entre Rios, in certain
parts of the Chaco and in Formosa.

The cool breeze after a steaming day and the now full moon kept
me on deck till late, but we were without lights as I was the only
passenger and econumy was the order of the day, hence no insects
were taken, but a few were found early the next morning that had
been attracted by the clusters of high power lamps switched on from
time to time, when the boat hove to at the many small villages
during the night.

Thanks to the fact that no fog fell during the night (a somewhat
unusual occurrence on this river where a fog causes all navigation to
cease), and to the fact that no cargo had to be landed anywhere, the
trip proved all too rapid, and about eight the following morning 1
found myself on the beach at Puerto Bemberg. I did not know until
my arrival, that this was a private estate owned lock, stock and barrel
by a powerful firm in Buenos Aires, but I was welcomed by the
sub-manager who immediately saw to my comfort and then proceeded
to take me all around the “ yerbales’’ in his car before going to the
Office. The Manager, don Pablo Allain, assured me that I was ‘‘ en
su casa,” and the courtesy and assistance | received from him and
from his staff was far more than even the proverbial hospitality of
Misiones had led me to expect. J was treated throughout more as &
guest than as a wanderer, who had dropped in from the skies, and
to such an extent did they go that ] hesitated to thrust myself on
them a second time on my return journey.

The estate is one of the largest ‘‘yerbales” in the country
and already has some million and a half trees bearing, and I was
privileged to learn much about yerba culture and preparation and,
being interested in all that has to do with the agriculture of this
country, I took full advantage of this opportunity.

I quickly fell into a routine here that I maintained till the end of
my stay. As soon as the night mists had cleared off and the grasses
and vegetation begun to dry, which was generally about eight oclock
(sun time)* I commenced to collect, returning about eleven for lunch
and to prepare the morning’s catch. As soon as this was achieved
I again went out, returning at dusk and immediately preparing the
insects for transport. About nine p.m. I commenced collecting from
the powerful lamps placed in certain parts of the village and
continued till eleven or midnight when the power was cut off. As

* All times quoted in this paper have been reduced to sun time.

|
;
:
7
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67

this evening catch sometimesamounted to from three to four hundred
moths, an early rise was necessary to get them papered before it was
time to sally forth again, and this meant turning out not later than
five. It was sometimes possible to get to bed earlier if the night
proved unproductive, but generally speaking five hours was all the
sleep Icouldallow myself. The routine was sometimes altered when
all day excursions were made, or when storms or dullness rendered
collecting non-productive. At intervals an afternoon had to be taken
off to pack the insects for forwarding to Buenos Aires, as the intense
dampness of the climate made their drying out a difficulty, and there
was the constant menace of mould. Jam glad to say that throughout
the trip I lost not a single insect from this cause, nor was I molested
more than twice by the other great enemy of the travelling entomo-
logist, the ubiquitous ant. On the two occasions when they put in
an appearance | had left the morning’s catch unprepared whilst I took
a short rest, but in neither case was any damage done. Whilst the
days were generally excessively hot and very damp, (on occasions I
registered 95% relative humidity with the temperature over 100° F’.)
yet the nights were always cool, and on no occasion, save the few
days spent in Posadas, did I sleep without a blanket.

Puerto Bemberg is a delightful little village and, but for the sub-
tropical vegetation, one might almost imagine oneself in some English
hamlet. ‘I'he roads are magnificent and those through the village
made beautiful by having in many places extensive flower beds
alongside them where masses of zinnias and other flowers always
attracted quantities of Papilios, Pierids and many of the larger
Nymphalidae, to say nothing of the Hesperiids. When one thinks
that only eight years ago this place was impenetrable virgin forest,
it seems hardly believable. Practically nowhere in northern Misiones
does one find open land, at any rate on the Parana litoral. I had
always visualized forest clearing with much stump hauling. The
modus operandi adopted in Misiones is much simpler. After the
undergrowth has been cut down the valuable timber is cleared off
the ground, following which the remainder of the forest is felled
and left for several months to dry out. When ready for firing heavy
rain is awaited, after which whilst the ground is still damp and thus
not so liable to damage from severe carbonization, the tangled mass
is set alight. Naturally much of the smaller timber escapes
destruction. This is collected and with the unburnt branches which
are cut away from the trunks, burnt separately. ‘The trunks
are then more or less lined up end to end and the crop sown amongst
them and the stumps. If yerba is planted, such stumps as interfere
with the lines of trees are pulled out, but otherwise all is left to rot,
a process which occupies about six years, the rotting timber thus
returning to the soil as a fertilizer. Only very few of the harder
trees require more than this space of time to decay. The effect of
these standing stumps in pasture is somewhat curious, in the

68

distance resembling a distant view of a war cemetery. The rotting
stumps are a happy hunting ground for the coleopterist.

Collecting in the yerbales proved ineffective. Apart from stray
insects and quantities of Adelpha abia, Hew. (whose larva feeds on
the yerba as well as on other plants), and the beetles that attack the
yerba, little results. The yerba in its cultivated state is very prone
to many diseases and pests, and at the time I was at Bemberg the
population had been called in to collect by hand from the plants the
larvae of two Sphingids, an Auwtomeris and a Saturnia at so much
per kilo.

I was lucky in early discovering a long, somewhat overgrown
picada that led to a little clearing that formed a veritable suntrap,
having, in the valley below, a stream, whose banks were a crowded
mass of flowers and which widened out into a somewhat muddy flat
just before diving over a 20 foot fall, which heralded its disappearance
into the virgin forest. This stream was always more or less
sheltered and seldom failed to produce many insects, chiefly Lepi-
doptera, whilst on the muddy flats thousands of butterflies were
wont to make a carpet of colour, the yellows of the Papilios and
Catopsilias patterned with the golden brown of Megalura peleus,
Sulz., the green Victorina steneles, L., and many hundreds of the
brilliant blue Chlorippes, their females hardly distinguishable from
the Adelphas. Anartia roeselia, Esch., was always present, for it
loves the weeds of damp places, and little patches of Anaeas cliqued
together over some decaying morsel. Catagrammas, Phyciodes,
Dynamine, Pierids, Haematera pyramus, Fb., Callicores, Lycaenids,
Hesperiids, Dione and even an occasional Brassolid made up a
heterogeneous crowd that was almost a collection in itself. In the
picada were many Satyrids and on a dull day, when only these were
flying, I set out to see how many species there really were, Tayyetis
yphthima, Hb. and 7’. tripuncta, Weym., the beautiful golden eyed
Euptychia hygina, Btlr. and six other Euptychias, besides the
uncommonly marked brown and white E. hestone, Sulz. and
Pedaloides phanias, Hew. All were flying in a short stretch of some
two hundred yards or so!

At first I spent much time in this picada and by this stream
from which much good material was collected, including several
magnificent 7'hecla, more beautiful butterflies than two of which I
have yet to see. On one occasion on a roadside garden near the
entrance to this picada, I took no less than 10 of the 19
species of Papilio I took during my trip. It is perhaps hard to
imagine a flower-bed where Papilio rurik, Esch., the rare P.
scamander, Bdv., P. polystichtus, Btlr., P. thoas ssp. brastliensts,
R. & J. (immense specimens), P. pirithous, Bdv., P. androgeus, Or.,
P, laodocus, K'b., P. lamarchei, Stdgr., P. telesilaus, Fldr. and P. steno-
desmus, R. & J. were flying together with many Nymphalidae,
Catopsilias and Hesperiidae. In the picada itself a great number of

EEE EOE EEO ee eel ee ie ee

69

beetles were always to be found during the day, the smaller ones
generally by sweeping the rank herbage, but many of the better
species on the trunks of the trees. No less than four species of the
white-banded black F’rotilidae came from these trees, but it was not
for some time that I recognized that they were not all alike.
Also hereabouts I took a short series of a red-striped Naupactus new
to the fauna. ;

On the other side of the estate were extensive fruit plantations,
where citrus, pineapples, bananas and other fruits were growing in
quantities, and where many lesser known fruits had been planted
experimentally. Both here and in the yerbales a green cover-crop
of legumes had been planted to conserve as far as possible the
dampness of the soil, and by sweeping over this crop, the net a few
inches above the vegetation, many hundreds of small flies and
ichneumons and other hymenopterons were always to be caught.
A few kumquat (a small citrus fruit) were still in flower and
attracted many Syntomidae and Hesperiidae and at least two of the
latter new to our fauna were taken from one small tree. The
Syntomidae are so very alike when taken in the field that I was very
surprised on returning to Bs. Aires to find that I had in my
collection more than fifty species. Had I been asked J should have
put the number down at about a dozen. One must collect big
quantities of everything, if it is not possible to examine the material
immediately after capture, or there is always the likelihood that
many new or little known species will be overlooked.

The high banks of the Paranad would be an ideal collecting
ground, if more accessible, for they were then covered with flowers.
I three times collected there and was lucky to escape injury. On
the first occasion after some rather dangerous climbing I managed
to enter a little valley running back from the river which was full
of pink and yellow flowers. Once within it, however, I found myself
confined to the bed of the stream that discharged itself into the
bigger river, the banks being too precipitous and too tangled with
vegetation to enable me to move over them. Otherwise I could
have collected long series of interesting insects which were scarcer
elsewhere. I got out at last by another route, stumbling for the
last two hundred yards or so over a matted carpet of weeds and
bushes some three feet above the ground, plunging through every
few yards. I did not try this valley again but twice I followed the
bank up nearly to the outlet of the Rio Uruguayi and got much
good material, but the numerous hidden crevasses over which the
weeds had grown and the general, but usually hidden roughness of
the surface, caused falls to be frequent, and I decided it was too
risky when there was so much other ground to collect over.

Along the sandy beach, from about eleven o’clock onwards till the
late afternoon, huge patches of butterflies used to assemble, and
they could be attracted to any special spot by watering the ground

70

with salt or sugared water. Sometimes many thousands of butter-
flies forming different groups would be visible at the same time,
chiefly Catopsilia and Papilio with a sprinkling of many Nymphalidae
and Hespertidae. On certain days Dynamine, Catagramma hydaspes,
Dry. and Callicore candrena, Gdt. would be present in enormous
numbers. They sat with their proboscis dug into the damp sand,
discharging every minute or so a drop of liquidfrom theanus. Itis
to be noted that the tipplers were always males ; I failed ever to find
a female amongst them. Mostly they were very democratic, but the
Catopsilias used always to form themselves into groups, each
species congregated together, though often the specific groups would
be joined to form one patchwork coloured mass.

On 8rd December I saw my first Morphos, M. aega, Hb. and M.
achilles, L., and wasted much time trying to catch the latter, which
was soon to become almost a plague. I remember once in the
Nevado de Famatina in La Rioja similarly wasting time over
Enpiscada hymenea, Pritt., spending the whole morning catching
some half a dozen whilst early the following day I swept over 50
into the net at one sweep under an ancient walnut tree. On the
11th aega was fully out and I spent the morning in a picada some
15 km. from Puerto Bemberg catching a series. It was lucky I did
so as thereafter they quickly became worn and throughout my stay
were always very scarce. In this same picada I took two specimens
of Dismorphia nemesis, Latr., and the first specimens of the large
purple Brassolid Eviphanes reevest, Wstw., which though never there-
after very rare, was always to prove extremely hard to obtain in per-
fect condition.

In the village itself there was a large flowering tree, which was a
great attraction, amongst other insects, to many Hesperiidae, Synto-
midae, to Diniorphia melite, L., and a small race of D. thermesia, Gost.,
the blue and white Pericopid moth, Hstheme bicolor, Gr. and
thousands of the dark Lithosiid, Apistosia judas, Hb. Only when the
sun was shining were the flowers open, and I was surprised at the
length of time the tree continued to flower.

There was a considerable number of larvae to be found and at
first I tried to study them, but single handed as I was, I found I
really had no time to spare, and much as I wished to describe
them, it proved quite out of the question. On the citrus were two
eurious Limacodid larvae that I shall possibly be able to procure
this year for study, one apparently being the Phobetron coras, Hay.
that I described some years ago from citrus and which also (or
a very similar insect) feeds on Ilex parayuayensis, and on other wild
bushes.

On 10th December I paid a visit to the very beautiful Rio
Uruguayi at a point where, after running for some time over a wide
flat bed of rocks, it suddenly narrows to form a forty foot fall into
a deep circular basin with perpendicular walls, from which it rushes

‘a

71

down a deep gorge. It was an exceedingly warm day and a great
deal of energy was wasted climbing about the rocky sides of this
beautiful stream, where the vegetation, especially the ferns, was well
worth examining, but little insect life was to be found. A very long
narrow picada leads down to this point, in which a few beetles were
picked up and the Morpho aeya, Hb. was flying in quantities at
midday. There is a species of tree that drips continually, whatever
the dryness of the day, and under which there are generally many
insects that are undoubtedly attracted by the dampness. J mention
this in connection with this trip to the Uruguayi, since there were
a great number of these trees along this picada. What the scientific
reason for this continual rain of moisture drops is, I cannot say,
though it is probably quite a well known fact.

A curious spider came under observation whilst I was in Bemberg
and it was possible to study it for nearly three weeks. At sundown
it commenced to build a web and thereafter till near the dawn
collected the insects that entered the net, wrapping them up in its
silken threads till they resembled cocoons more than anything else,
and then removing them to the cranny in which it had its home.
The curious point about this spider to me was that, the web had
always disappeared by daylight. JI was never able to watch the
actual removal, but methods were adopted to guard against any
external interference with the web, yet it was there in the early
hours of the morning when I turned in after especially late nights
after moths, and always cleared away when I rose at daylight. It
is only to be presumed that the spider itself was responsible.
Possibly this is a known trait of certain spiders—about which
candidly I know very little,—but it struck me as strange. The
spiders were eventually collected and sent to the Argentine Museum,
where they are being at the moment studied.

A very fruitful hunting ground was a small damp corner of the
forest which adjoined the peach plantation, and where the water
from certain clear springs was collected in a series of covered tanks
to form the water supply of the village. Over one of the older
abandoned tanks, where the cover had been removed, many beautiful
dragon-flies were always to be found, and in the dark bamboo clumps
the Satyrids Taygetis yphthima, Hb. and T. tripuacta, Wym., and
the big black and white Tisiphone hercyna, Hb., that in Puerto
Aguirre was found daily on the tree trunks in the early morning.
There were also many Ageronia here, A. februa, Hb. and A. feronia,
L., that used to come and settle on my grey coat. The Ayeronia
amphinome, L. ssp. aegina, Fruh., which is normally common in
these parts, proved extremely rare and in total during my trip I
only saw nine or ten and all in ragged condition. The fruit

attracted many species of the Nymphalidae, especially Didonis

biblis, Fb., which was almost one of the commonest insects of
the trip and of which in Puerto Aguirre I took an aberration in

72

which the right hand side was abnormal having the red maculate
band pure white, the left hand normal. The rotting fruit was full
of many species of Nitidulidae and certain Staphylinidae were also
present. On some moss and lichen-covered palings here I found
about a dozen cases of a tiny Psychid that appears to be new to
science, the cases moss-covered so that only a very careful search
revealed them. A single specimen was later found some miles away
on a rotting tree.

I have said little about the night work. Dusking did not prove
very effective, especially as the open spots were full of the weed
‘“‘amor seco’! (Aster sp.) whose seeds clogged the net and
covered one’s clothes so that many hours in total were lost picking
them out one by one. Around the verandah of the Rest House
were several lights and in the village one or two powerful ones, and
nightly I visited these in rotation until there were no more moths
of interest to be taken or till the power was cut off and I slipped
into bed by candlelight. The enormous quantities of insects that
came to light can well be imagined when of moths alone on moon-
less nights I often took over 500 selected specimens, knowing that
if I took more I could never get them prepared for transport, for I
had to fold the papers as I needed. In Puerto Aguirre | taught some
children to fold them for me and they were delighted to earn the
1/8d. a thousand I paid them, probably they bad never handled a
whole peso of their own before. At the beginning the moonlight
reduced the catches very seriously and later I found that it was
hardly worth while visiting the lights around full moon time. But
with the feeling that there might be something I stuck to it though
with very poor results. At first the moth Melipotis fasciolaris was
a nuisance owing to its great numbers and when these started to
disappear a Hylesia sp. took their place, but being very sluggish did
not interfere so much with the collecting. Undoubtedly the prize
of this spell in Puerto Bemberg was an enormous Dysdaemonia sp.,
at least I suspect it to be of that genus. It is certainly new to the
Argentine fauna and so far has not been identified as any known
species. One of the prettiest moths, that came frequently to the
lamps, was the somewhat “ batis-like”’? Hugraphia splendens, that
well deserves its name. There were many Sphingids but I do not
think any will prove to be new, though I was told that one or two
were doubtful. A single specimen of the curious ‘“‘ windowed”
Carnegia basiret, Schs., rather intrigued me, and J took another large
moth that I have not yet been able to place in its family, it is so
totally different from any known Argentine moth and more reminis-
cent of certain rare African species. The giant Cossid, Hndowyla
aylotribus, H.-8., was a regular and punctual visitor to the village
lights, arriving always at a few minutes past eleven, never before.
How many varieties of moths were taken in Puerto Bemberg I shall
never know, but [ should think five hundred species would be a
conservative estimate, many of them new to science.

ee

73

Probably one of the most startling morning’s collecting was when,
after some hours of almost complete blank, I stumbled on a single
flowering bush of some Compositae that yielded no less than six
Hesperiidae new to our fauna amongst the hundreds that were
crowding every flower head.

On the 20th I was attacked by a touch of fever and had to take
things easy for a couple of days but I had the pleasure of taking my
first Prepona, and to my great surprise a Lucanid beetle, that I
somehow did not associate with the climate and vegetation of
Misiones.

On the 22nd I embarked on the ‘“‘ Guayra” for Puerto Aguirre,
in the neighbourhood of which I was to spend the next twelve weeks.

Puerto Aguirre itself is on the Rio Iguazu about a mile from its
junction with the Alto Parana and the steamers turn up into this
stream to land passengers for the falls, before proceeding to Foz de
Iguassu which is the first Brazilian port on the river, navigation
being possible as far as Puerto Mendez, after which the falls of
Guayra prevent further progress, The area is now a military
reserve with a small detachment of troops, from the Commandant
of which I received every courtesy and assistance. ‘The village
itself is perched on the top of a terribly steep barranca up which a
winding road leads to the flat top. There are possibly a dozen
families there, leading a hand to mouth existence and surprisingly
indolent even to the extent of. buying from the colonists, mainly
Germans, of the military colony of oz de Iguassu across the river,
the small amount of maize, mandioca and beans that form their
staple diet, and on which I too was to subsist during my stay. It is
at the mouth of the Iguazt that three countries meet, the Iguazu
dividing Argentina and Brazil and tbe Alto Parana these two
countries from Paraguay.

Several years ago the timber from this area was exploited and the
land then left to go its own way, with the result that a new forest
has sprung up of soft wood trees that have little commercial value.
This forest, where it existed, was more open and penetrable than the
virgin forest and proved better hunting ground, and the fact that
everywhere one found small picadas, albeit many of them very
overgrown, rendered movement more easy and enabled more ground
to be examined than would otherwise have been the case. ‘There is
a fine road cut directly through the forest, that leads to the Hotel
at the falls which lies exactly 20 km. from the port, and from this
road a branch runs to the now abandoned Puerto Iguazu where
there is a large open weed-grown space with remnants of the fruit
plantations that were sown, when the timber was being shipped
from here. Near Puerto Iguazu the road turns east and continues
for some forty kilometres into the centre where the wild yerba is
being worked, thereafter continuing as a mule track to the far side
of Misiones. These are the only roads, known as the Picada grande,

74

Picada Iguazu, and Picada al Centro respectively. The remainder
of the picadas are little more than narrow forest rides, many not
even being available for riding through. The barranca between the
village and the river, certain portions of the forest behind the
military encampment, the area around Puerto Iguazu and the
surroundings of the falls themselves have been cleared and there
are here and there small clearings where maize is being sown,
especially at Km. 1 of the Picada Iguazu and at the end of a small
branch road that runs parallel to this picada about half a kilometre
nearer the river. Otherwise all is forest.

The chief collecting grounds were these picadas, the barranca
above the river yielding little and being rather too much of a climb
in the humid heat that generally prevailed. Puerto Iguazu proved
disappointing in itself though the picada was rich in insects, and
the open ground other than that around the falls generally produced
very little. Jt was on the forest edge and in the rides themselves
that the insects were to be found.

The intense dampness of Misiones, especially the nightly mists
that thoroughly soak anything left outside, render efficient shelter
imperative and through the courtesy of the military authorities I
found myself installed in the end of what had, in the timber
working days, been the principal store, a long wooden building with
a small office partitioned off at one end in which I slung my
hammock and where I worked. After a few storms] found out how
to arrange my gear where the walls and roof did not leak, but the
disadvantage of unglazed windows and the fact that the partitions
did not reach the roof, thus causing a terrific draught when any
wind was blowing, was apt to try one’s temper almost to breaking
point at times, when sorting and packing insects.

Christmas day was celebrated by the catching of three species of
rare Castnia, two new to the fauna of the country and of the third
of which only a single specimen exists in Argentine collections; of
one of the former three specimens were taken.

My carbide lamp, from which I expected to reap a harvest, proved
defective and used to blow up with great regularity once a night so that
I eventually abandoned work with a sheet and collected from a light,
which the Jefe of the Government wireless station, that is situated in
Puerto Aguirre, kindly fixed up for me, the station having electric
light. However, throughout my stay the moths proved very elusive,
but many Pyralidae and “ micros” were taken except on bright
moonlight nights. I also saw in life for the first time the well known
lantern-fly, which many assure me they have seen with a light, very
small but still luminescent. Whether this is really the case I
cannot say. Another Fulgorid, nearly as big and much more
beautiful, used occasionally to turn up and the giant Myrmileonid
were taken for a few days towards the end of January. To show
the difference between night work here and at Bemberg, I don’t

75

think a total of more than 150 moths was ever reached, or if so only
on very rare occasions, forty or fifty being the more usual number.

At first the main hunting-ground proved to be a long patch of
a pink Composite that was growing alongside the Picada grande at
the third kilometre stone. Here Hesperiidae simply swarmed till
young hopping locusts came and ate away all the flowers. Day
after day I collected from this patch and many of the new Hesperiidae,
that I was able to take back, were the result of these excursions.
Papilios also frequented this patch and the walk to and fro yielded
a variety of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae, some new to the fauna,
thousands of Chlosyne saundersti, D. & H., recently emerged, and a long
series of a melanic form that will shortly be published as form
infuscata, mibi. On these same flowers a great numberof Brenthidae
could be found by careful search. It is amazing what a quantity of
species of this family exist in Misiones, in Puerto Aguirre alone I
took over twenty species and for the most part in fairly considerable
numbers. Whilst one of the most delightful sensations I know is
the light touch of the butterflies that alight on one’s face and hands
to drink the perspiration, the attentions of hundreds of tiny black
bees, small wasps and flies that literally smothered one whilst
collecting from this patch of flowers was somewhat the reverse.
Their occasional stings did not worry me for | am immune to the
stings of most insects, but they got in the way and into one’s eyes
and were a general nuisance.

Since leaving Bemberg I had been troubled by a small infection
above the knee that, whilst always inflamed and daily discharging a
tiny quantity of pus, did not appear ever to come to anything. In
fact it had the appearance and feel ofa small cist. About a week
later I found it was the larva of the fly Dermatobia hominis, Say., called
here the ‘“‘ura.”’ It must have placed its offspring there through a
tear in my breeches whilst, I suppose, I was in Bemberg. In
February I was again ‘‘ parasitized,” again on the upper part of the
leg, and although it is rather a repulsive occurrence | was glad to
have been able to study the insect at first hand. Most of the
Dermatobia utilize other small flies to carry their eggs for them and
this is supposed to happen also with hominis, but a very accurate
observer of nature, who has passed some thirty years in the fly belt,
Don Pablo Allain, the Administrador of Puerto Bemberg, assures
me that he and other observers in whom he has faith, have actually
seen the fly—which he knows from having bred it,—alight for a
split second on his hand, which after examination showed a
minute larva entering one of the pores. The larva itself grows to
be about an inch long and [ believe the full cycle of its larval life is
six months. It was too dangerous and too much of a nuisance to
allow mine to remain more than about a fortnight in my leg after
it was first recognized as such, for at first I mistook it for a small
poisoned sore. The fly attacks cattle principally and cattle bred in

76

the fly-belt seem more or less immune from its worst effects, but
suffer severely and the hides are greatly damaged. It rarely attacks
horses and mules, but dogs are severe sufferers as well as many of
the wild animals, even goats and sheep sometimes being attacked.
It is supposed to attack man rarely, but this is far from being
the case, as the natives are experts in taking out the worm and
do not have to resort to medical aid, cases seldom get reported. I
have personally seen Kuropeans working in the district with 8 and
11 respectively on their shoulders from working with a thin singlet.
The worm gives little trouble on the whole but every eight or ten
days the infection becomes more acute, the discharge of pus more
pronounced and less watery than usual. At intervals, that may be
of several hours or of several days, the insect appears to suck blood,
as one has the sensation for about one or two minutes of a small
bunch of needles being inserted and withdrawn many times in the
infected spot. I extracted my second specimen almost immediately
after this operation and found it full of blood. Generally they are
white when taken out. Two methods of removal are in vogue, the
oldest, that was known to the Indians long before Europeans arrived,
is to cover the tiny air vent that surmounts the swelling with nico-
tine, the larva becoming dazed and permitting itself to be squeezed
out some 24 hours or so after the nicotine has been applied. To
squeeze a larva out whilst it is alive is a hopeless proposition owing
to the nature of the tiny spines that ring it. The second way is to
put a lump of fat over the opening and the larva will force its way
up into it, presumably seeking air. I have never seen this method
tried but am assured that it is equally effective. This fly extends
from the north of the province of Corrientes in the Argentine
through Paraguay and Brazil as far as Mexico. ‘The Indians have
long known it as the maggot of a fly; Francis La Condamine in his
explorations of the Amazonian rivers round about 1780 was shown
it by them, but Azara later stated that it was the larva of a large
crepuscular and night-flying moth, a myth that still exists to a very
great extent to-day. The adult fly is very rarely seen and in all the
collections in Buenos Aires there is but a single ancient specimen.
I personally never got it, and an offer of a peso to anyone who could
bring me one resulted in about twenty species being handed in, every
one ‘‘ the real ura’ but mainly tabanids and large hairy flies of any
genus but Dermatobia. A man who had lived 45 years right in the
forests told me he had never yet seen one. Some proof that its
biology was known long before scientists discovered it, rests in the
name given it by one of the most ancient tribes of Indians now fast
disappearing, the Guayakis, who call it ‘‘ Mbert-achd,” which is
literally ‘‘ maggot of the fly.” J hope one day to return to the study
of this interesting insect.

‘here was a tree in the forest, whose real name I never quite dis-
covered, as most people had a different name for it, some in Spanish,

‘]

od

“tw 0001 Alama i ita ~ "Sez Jor 1) -339N
: pr4qesb oyo4d Suaiiod bun po>puy

Sigil ee aL ba
MZYND|
fo S\}P

; IN
rev 152205 ques P us f nA

a

“‘plvnhy Ey] * “yy 70d
"A WLVIg
"G86I “S°H'N P AT'S 904g

17

most in Guarani, whilst some gave it a Portuguese name, but during
the whole time I was in that area the sweet sap oozed out and was
a certain attraction for many Lepidoptera and beetles and not a few
other insects. There were two or three clumps of trees only, where
this exudation was apparent, and attempts to cause it artificially
met with no success. Hardly a day passed that I did not pay at
least one visit to these trees. There were generally many great
black moths in the early mornings and later the Morpho and
Prepona were the chief visitants, with the Aygeronia and certain
Brassolids. One set of trees had the sap low down where the
insects could be collected easily, but the best trees had the sap
exudation very high up so that I kept near them two long poles on
which to fix my net, the two poles lashed together giving me an
eighteen foot handle, somewhat unwieldy, but proving remarkably
effective. Here amongst other beetles I caught four specimens of
the rare Cetoniid, Inca clathratus, and several of the fine Elaterid,
Hemirrhipus lineatus, or a species very near, together with many
Cerambycidae and an uncommon Lampyrid. The enormous
Callipogon armillatus used to frequent cne of these trees, always
very high up, but with a thirty foot handle it was possible to
scrape them off the trunks and quite a nice series resulted. The
Prepona were possibly the most interesting insects that came to
this sap as amongst the four species taken from time to time were
half a dozen specimens of the rare P. pylene, Hew. ssp. proschion,
Fruh., which was another new addition to the Argentine fauna as
was the magnificent Opsiphanes quiteria, Cr. ssp. philon, Fruh.,
which was at first mistaken for a large specimen of O. invirae, Hb.
ssp. amplificatus, Stich., which is the common Opsiphanes here.
On one occasion I startled a large Caliyo beltrao, Ill., from one of
these patches, but a long search failed to put it up again. This
was the only Caliyo I saw, they are commoner on the eastern side
of Misiones amongst the forests of the arauco pines.

Crepusculars were not common; or possibly they were, but as
they generally frequent the dense tacuarals and other cane brakes,
they were difficult to come by. A single torn specimen of the
dark-loving Penetes pamphanis, Westw. turned up, but it is always
rare. In the evenings I used to visit a small open patch of
turf crossed by a small stream and where several picadas met.
Occasionally the beautiful Opsiphanes aorsa, Gdt. would be flying
here and on ohne occasion I watched a pair courting. They
flew around one another in a close circle, certainly not more
than six inches in diameter and without changing their position
in the glade, and were so engrossed that they allowed me to
capture them in my fingers. Collecting along these overgrown
picadas at night or at dusk was always somewhat of a risk as
in most cases there was a tiny footpath amongst the weeds
along which snakes found an easier path than through the

78

undergrowth, and on one such evening I stepped on a small
rattlesnake. The following day passing the same spot in the
bright sunlight I looked out for this reptile and was so engrossed in
searching the grasses at the side of the path that I narrowly missed
repeating my performance, this time a large Lachesis alternatus.
The greatest shock I experienced, however, was when, searching a
tall flowering bush for beetles, I found myself looking into the eyes
of some climbing snake that I had never previously seen. I saw
really few snakes on the whole, the largest a nine foot grass snake
that I met in short pasture at Puerto Bemberg, the smallest a
beautiful little coral of some species of Mlaps, that like myself was
searching for moths below a light. At the falls I saw a very fine
white marked black reptile (Spilotes pullatus) some six feet long ;
that was another whose acquaintance I had not previously made but
probably it was harmless. ;

On 9th January I got a fleeting glance at the white Morpho
argentinus, Fruh., that later proved much more common than usual.
It flies very high, up and down the rides, and at first I spent much
time trying to take a series of it, waiting patiently with a 12-foot
handle on my net till one passed, but later I found it very common
in the picada to Puerto Iguazt, where I several times took as many
as eight or ten in an hour or so, and on one afternoon found no less
than seven at dung on the road, six of which were perfect. It wasa
curious sight to see the compact masses of Anaea morvus, Fb., at dung,
sometimes other Anaea would be present. They formed compact
masses of fifty or sixty examples, crowded on fresh fallen dung,
wing to wing, so that one could literally pick them up by the
handful. On one occasion at the droppings of the jaguar for which
they seemed to have a special liking, I counted no less than 252,
whilst on the outskirts of the blue mass two Morpho achilles, L., were
unsuccessfully doing their utmost to get a look in. For this reason
the roads, over which any horse traftic passed, were always well
worth a visit, as apart from those species mentioned, many
Nymphalidae and the little blue Lasaia agesilaus Latr. ssp. narses,
Stdgr., were generally to be found feeding. Beetles were not
generally found under dung as this always disappeared during the
night, being I suppose carried away by scarabs.

On the tree trunks one could almost always find splendid
specimens of the Tiisiphone hercyna, Hb., and in the darker parts of the
forest Taygetis tripuncta Wym., and 7. yphthima, Hb., and what a
wonderful variety of underside colours and patterns this last species
has, varying from almost uni-colorous to heavily marked, from light
grey to the deepest of reddish browns. I was also lucky in finding
three pairs in all of the largest fly I have ever seen (a Pantoph-
thamid) I do not remember its name, the larva is woodboring, and
the females measured across the wings some 65 mm. (not 65 cm. as
one Buenos Aires paper is said to bave reported it). Cicadidae were

Proc. S.L.E. d N.H.S., 1935. Prare V1.

Photo: K. J. Hayward.

1. The main falls, Devil’s throat (garganta del diable) in centre; distance
about 500 yards from camera. Only the top half of the falls are visible.

2. Falls on the Argentine side, the San Martin Fall to the left.

79

also plentiful on trunks and were less difficult to catch than when
flying or on the small branches of trees and bushes.

As I have mentioned above, mosquitoes do not worry me much
except for the noise they make at night, in fact I often slept without
a net, but there were many species and I sometimes used to rest,
sitting on a fallen tree, and baring my arm, catch them as they
came to bite. Some idea of the vast numbers may be gathered from
the fact that one dull wettish day I thus trapped nine species in
about twenty minutes.

There were fallen trees, and where the bark had dried many insects
were always to be found beneath it, as also under stones, but in the
latter case unpleasant animals sometimes revealed themselves and
it behoved one to go warily.

For a few days “’hecia, especially the blue types, proved very
plentiful in the picadas behind the military encampment, and many
of the thirty two species that I took back to Buenos Aires came from
here. Syntomidae were generally common at flowers and latterly
great numbers of bees and wasps, but it may be added that most of
the flowering bushes, at least the most attractive, were very thorny,
and net bags were at a premium. Melvidae, for which I was
especially searching, were always rare with the exception of the very
common FEpicauta atomaria, and the black Lytta vidua which | never
found elsewhere than on bracken.

On 1st February I moved on to the Iguazu falls for five days,
most of which were spent exploring and photographing.

To describe the falls would take many pages and then be incom-
plete, nor is this the place for such a description. Probably they
are the most magnificent in the world, set as they are in the midst
of virgin forest where, as one looks down on them from the high
ground by the Hotel, one sees thousands of gray parrots and magni-
ficent Morphos mingling with the green trees and ferns and splashes
of colour where some plant is flowering. In all there are some
forty falls, distinct at low river, united in one great whole at time
of flood, stretching in a great curve for 2700 metres from the Brazi-
lian bank of the Iguazu to a point nearly a mile further down
on the Argentine side. At the main stream the falls are approxi-
mately 262 feet 9 inches in height for a width of some thousand
metres, the remainder of the falls dropping some half this height on
to a ledge, in some places only a few yards wide, in others a wide
plateau, from which ledge they again plunge down into the valley.
The maximum H.P. that could be generated has been calculated at
6,985,170 during time of flood with an average output for all condi-
tions of one and a quarter millions. May the day when these
glorious falls are harnessed be far distant. The five days I spent
prowling about amongst this wonder of nature will always remain
graven on my mind, and when I found myself once more in the quiet
of the Aguirre forests it was at first with the feeling of something
lost.

80

On the paths below the falls a few specimens of the Lymantriid,
Eloria moeonia, and many specimens of the beautiful Papilio nepha-
lion, Gdt., were to be found and I was able to photograph the tier-ed
nest of a small wasp, the specimens sent for identification being lost,
which measured but an inch or two under four feet long and some
two feet high. At night many moths came to the hotel lights and
I remained collecting till nearly two a.m. each night, rising again at
daybreak.

As February progressed, so did the number and variety of insects
increase, and a great number of larvae were to be found with but
little searching. Heavy and continuous rains fell again about the
middle of the month and one disastrous week failed to produce more
than 400 insects. I spent many of these wet days, when the rain
was not too heavy, fishing in the Iguazu. The Dorado fishing in
the Alto Paranda in certain seasons is magnificent, two friends in
Puerto Bemberg taking from one to seven fish every evening during
December till the river started to rise, fish of from five to nearly
forty pounds. Personally I had to content myself with the primitive
native tackle, but an occasional fish made a change from the eternal
mandioca, beans and maize that formed my staple diet. It was a
wonderful sight one day to see the hundreds of dorado jumping, ata
point where the clear waters of the Iguazi mingled with the brown
muddy waters of the Parana.

Towards the end of this month flocks of swallows assembled on
the tall wireless masts every morning, but in which direction they
were migrating I never noticed, presumably towards the warmer
north.

One of the prettiest walks was along the picada towards Puerto
Iguazu, turning off towards the centre. It was a longish walk and
before returning one had covered some twenty odd kilometres, but
there was a magnificent stream in the valley, reminiscent of Badge-
worthy water in Devon, and where there were always plenty of
insects, and where one morning I startled a tapir, the anta,
probably Vapirus americanus. About this time too, I had the
pleasure of twice meeting the so called “tigre,” the jaguar, Felis
onca of which the inhabitants were at the time going in mortal
dread as the one or two specimens present had commenced to raid
the isolated ranchos at night and carry off the dogs. On the whole
I saw few of the larger animals, once I caught a glimpse of the
‘¢oato montés ” or forest cat the Felis mitis, and occasionally one saw
a stray fox or one of the coatis.

On 10th March whilst searching for the whitish Rodinid
Diophthalma mathata, Hew. I saw my only specimen of the big
Dynastor darius, Fb. ssp. mardonius, Fruh. that always gives me a
thrill, why I do not know, unless it is because of some memory of
the happy days I spent in the Chaco Santafecino where I first came
across it.

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81.

A most amazing thing was the great hospitality of even the
poorest. One came frequently to small hard-won clearings where a
few melons and some maize were growing around a small rancho,
and as I generally stopped to ask permission to wander around I -
came to know most of the inhabitants. Rarely was I allowed to
pass on without stopping to partake of the hospitable maté, and one
old lady, a Paraguayan of nearly eighty years, always sent a boy out
to me complete with maté and kettle every time she saw me
working anywhere near her house, a somewhat embarrassing situa-
tion if one was in a hurry, as maté drinking wastes more time in
this country and Brazil than can be calculated. 1 was however to
find out on this trip the great value of this drink, as after a long
day in the damp heat, sweating continuously, I used to arrive back
really exhausted and fit for nothing. ‘Then I took to having a
maté as soon as [ got in and found what a great difference it made
to me.

During certain wet days I worked out a scale on which I could
evaluate the entomological worth of each day. December proved
85% perfect weather, which was all one could expect, but January
with rain faliing in greater or less quantity on 22 days and with
only 6 days that could be really considered 100% fine, fell to 42%
perfect, and February to 36%, rain falling on 22 days on six of
which no sort of collecting could be indulged in and with nine con-
secutive days on which the sun failed to appear, only three days
being fully sunshiny. March, with only six days interfered with by
rain, rose to 80% again, and with the enormously increased insect
life, once more picking up after the disastrous previous winter and
the drought, proved with the early days of April the best part of the
whole trip. ‘The round figures give some idea of the state of things
in January and February, for in three weeks collecting in Puerto
Bemberg in December nearly 10,000 insects were packed and 14,000
between March 18th and April 8th, whilst the months of January
and February scarcely reached 6,000 per month.

On the evening of 12th March, with the sun setting a brilliant
red, [dropped down stream once more to Bemberg in response to a
cordial invitation to visit my friends again.

I was amazed at the sudden change in the numbers of insects.
Where there had been few before there were now hundreds. Synto-
midae were plentiful everywhere and there were many Riodinidae
that I had never previously seen on the wing. ‘The small Dasytid
beetle (Astylus variegatus) was a veritable plague and you couldn’t
catch an insect from flowers without getting several of these in the
net at the same time, and although I must have examined
thousands I found no variation.

The figs were now ripe and attracting huge numbers of wasps
and flies and a few of the commoner Cerambycidae, Trachyderes
striatus and many others, and sweeping above the green cover crop
yielded small Diptera and ichneumons in enormous numbers.

92

Insects at light kept me busy nightly till the last minute and
many rare species were taken and series completed of those that had
proved scarce in the early summer. In all | was averaging some
500 insects a day, and ason some days this number was very reduced, I
was kept pretty busy on the whole getting the material into its
packing cases. There were numerous specimens of the Pertcopinae ;
Pericopis cruenta, Hb., to be found by day on certain flowering plants
and it was interesting to observe the action of this insect when held
between the fingers. It appears to have the power to exude a long
thin stream of bubbles of a bitter ochreous-yellow liquid from a point
just behind the prothorax, dorsally. It is amazing the length of
this stream, the emergence of which coincides with the pulsing of
the abdomen. Specimens were sent to Dr. Eltringham, who very
kindly examined the insect for any special gland, but such does not
seem to be present. Further observation is necessary to clear up
the method and reason for this action.

A Pyraustid moth, very similar to Margaronia hyalinata, swarmed
everywhere at light till the roof-boards under the verandah of the
rest-house just around the lights completely disappeared from view.
They were like a small army of aeroplanes about to take off.

On the 80th I tried to cut straight across through the forest
some two kilometres to the Rio Uruguayi. After nearly two hours
struggle, much of the time literally crawling, I did eventually reach
it, but I found my way back by a path. There is no fun in having
the clothes torn off one’s back with the temperature up in the skies
and practically without taking a single insect worth while.

About the end of the month numerous species of the transparent
Danaids were coming out, [tuna ilione, Cr., Mechanitis elisa, Guér. and
forms of M. nessaea, Hb., unidentified forms of Ceratina eupompe,
H.-G., Dircenna dero, Hb., the common Episcada hymenaea Prtw. and
the small Pierid-like Aeria olena, Wym., and it was possible to take
long series of all except the latter.

On 1st April it rained heavily all day, clearing up late in the
evening and I was surprised to find the walls of my house (which
were whitewashed) covered with the Pyraustid when I returned late
in the evening, although there was no light showing nor any moon
to shine on the wall.

A pupa of Pyrameis carye, Hb. was noted one day jerking itself back-
wards and forwards as it hung from a dried weed, though it did not
emerge till fully a week later. The same day I was pleased to take
a series of the first female Dynamine artemisia F., I had ever seen alive,
and in the mud at the side of a stream found hundreds of garapatas
(Boophilus microplus), which had apparently fallen from cattle that
had come to drink. I had not before seen them in like places
though they are common enough in the herbage in the “ garapata
zones.”

My trip had by now nearly run its course, and on the night of

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Photo: K. J. Hayward.

4. ‘*The Three Musqueteers,’’ seen from high ground on the Brazilian
side showing the forest setting of the Falls in general.

83

the 9th I commenced the journey down to Posadas which was not
reached till the morning of the 11th, as we stopped at many ports
to load yerba or fruit. Here I had one day which I spent in the
spot already mentioned, finding far fewer insects than on my way
up but certain beetles that I had not previously encountered. That
night I slept aboard the ‘‘Ituzaingé” and we left at about eight
the following morning for Corrientes, passing in daylight that part
of the river which on the trip up we had passed by night. It was
bitterly cold and very few yacaré were to be seen, though many
monkeys watched us from the tops of some dead trees on one of the
islands.

The following morning I transshipped at Corrientes to the
magnificent “Ciudad de Corrientes,” one of the finest riverboats
afloat, and after rather more than two days arrived once more 1n
Buenos Aires.

Financially the trip had not been a failure and in spite of the
adverse season and the prevailing wet weather in January and
February and the failure of night work in general at Puerto Aguirre
some 42,000* insects were collected of which about 15,500 were
Lepidoptera. The results as a whole will never be available, but it is
some indication of the value of the material to say that no less than
80 butterflies were added to the Breyer collection, the most complete
collection of Argentine Lepidoptera in existence, that were not
previously represented, most of them Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and
Hesperiidae and of which some 45 of the latter and 16 of the former
were new to the fauna, and probably nearly twenty of the Lycaenidae,
which are still not worked out. I have no idea of the number of
moths added to the country’s list, but judging by some 2,000 that I
prepared for Don Alberto Breyer immediately on my return, that
number will be very great.

Whether I shall ever again have such an opportunity I do not
know, as my work now lies along the path of economic entomology,
but whatever happens, I have a memory that cannot be taken away
of many happy months spent with nature in the magnificent
setting of the virgin forests of Misiones.

* Some 20,000 found a home in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales,
8,000 in the British Museum, the remainder in private collections in this country,
the United Kingdom and the States.

Nors :—On p. 65 line 4 from the bottom read [lea paraguariensis,
for I. paraguayensis.

Some Breeding Experiments with Hemerophila
abruptaria, Thunb.

By G. A. Brerr.—Read 14th March, 1935.

Tue EXPERIMENTS.

This series of experiments was started more or less by accident.

On 13th May, 1938, my brother, Mr. P. Brett, caught a pair of
H. abruptaria, Thunb. in coition on a fence at Cricklewood, London,
N.W.2. The female was of the normal form, and the male was the
melanic var. fuscata, Tutt, or brunneata, Tutt.

We kept the female for eggs, and she deposited 109, of which 68
hatched, and 15 larvae eventually pupated.

All the moths bred in the course of these experiments have come
from this original pair. No outside stock has been introduced at
any time.

The cages and methods used may be of some interest. The cages
are made from old photographic half-plates with the film cleaned
off, and stuck together along their long edges with the gummed strip
paper used in some shops for doing up parcels. The bottoms are
made of two pieces of three-ply wood nailed together and painted
or varnished. (A cellulose paint was found to be the best finish.)
One piece fits inside the glass, and the other is large enough for the
glass to stand on. There are two holes bored in the bottom, through
which the stalks of the food plant project. The whole cave is stood
on a jam pot full of water, so that the food plant keeps fresh.

Three different sorts of top have been used for the cages. One is
of perforated zinc, either bent over at the edges, or with wooden
edges, one of copper gauze with wooden edges, and one of muslin
on a wire frame. The last is the best, as it prevents the escape of
even first stage larvae, and is easy to make, besides being cheap and
strong. It is, however, rather light, and needs an elastic band
around the cage to prevent the risk of its being knocked off or
aisplaced.

‘These cages will satisfactorily accommodate about 30 full grown
larvae. Larger cages have also been used, made in the same way
from photographic whole plates, and these are very satisfactory.
Kach will accommodate about 70 full grown larvae.

When empty, these cages can be folded up and packed in a small
space, and so are easily portable.

Experiments have been carried out on two different lines. One
was to find out the effect, if any, of breeding the insects at different
degrees of humidity, and the other was genetic in character. The
humidity experiment will be dealt with first, as it is the simpler.

The method used was to divide each brood into three equal
sections. One of these was kept as dry as possible, one as wet as

85

possible, and the third was not controlled. The chief difficulty was
to keep the humidity anything like constant, especially in the dry
cages. It was fairly easy to keep up a high humidity in the wet
cages, but it was extremely difficult to keep the humidity down in
the dry cages. After several unsuccessful attempts, the following
method was adopted.

The tops of the cages were covered with Cellophane stuck down
with Durofix, and the bottoms were sealed with Plasticine, thus
making them airtight. In one corner of the wooden bottom a hole
was bored, through which was passed a glass tube with a ‘piece of
muslin over the end to prevent the larvae from escaping. In the
diagonally opposite corner some holes were pricked in the cellophane,
and a current of air was passed in through the tube and escaped
through the holes in the cellophane. For the wet cages the air was
first passed over wet pumice, and for the dry ones, over Calcium
Chloride. ‘The blowing apparatus is described and figured in the
Appendix.

This method worked fairly well. The humidity in the dry cages
was kept fairly well below normal, and that in the wet cages above
normal, but it did not stay anything like constant. The difference,
however, was sufficient to show up any possible changes in colour
due to the difference in humidity. It was not found possible to take
a reading in every cage every day, but fairly frequent readings were
taken, and the apparatus was examined daily to see that it was
working properly. Paper hygrometers were used for taking the
readings, and the results are given in Tablel. They can, | think, be
taken as a fair sample of the conditions in the cages. ‘he average
reading given is the average of the readings in the cage concerned
less the maximum and minimum.

The blowing apparatus was used for controlling humidity between
19th March and 7th August, 1934. Hygrometer readings were
taken between 28th March and 18th June. Before 28th March no
hygrometers were standardized, and after 18th June I was away
from College except for occasional days and did not have time to
take hygrometer readings, In my absence the lab. assistant, in
whose charge the cages were, renewed the Calcium Chloride, and fed
the larvae, but did not take readings.

On 7th August the cages were taken down to Sussex, and after
this date the humidity was not controlled. Thus the insects were
kept under controlled conditions of humidity from the date of
hatching until 7th August, and 112 moths out of a total of 187 had
emerged by that date.

The air was led through a tube to the cages, the junctions being
made with glass T pieces, and the several broods were arranged
along a bench in two rows of cages, each row consisting of alternate
wet and dry cages. By this means it was arranged that an equal
number of the larvae being kept dry and moist were nearer a

86

window, in the brighter light, the other half of each group being
farther from the window. In any one brood, one group of larvae
was kept entirely in the brighter light, and the other group in the
duller, but this was not considered to matter, as the sum of all the
broods was being taken for the result.

The uncontrolled sections of the broods were kept in cages with
the ordinary muslin tops, and were placed on either side of the rows
of controlled cages, alternately nearer to, and farther from the
window.

The result of this experiment is given in Table II. It will be
seen that the types did not vary in intensity of wing colour, but that
the melanics did. The latter were divisible into two distinct groups
(light and dark), with no intermediates. The ‘lights’ were very
much fewer in number than the ‘darks,’ and from their distribution
it is obvious that the intensity of wing colour is not in any way
correlated with the humidity at which they are reared. It will be
noted that of the 27 ‘ light’ melanics appearing, 20 were in various
sections of Brood F,6. It should also be mentioned that of these
27, 22 were females, the five males occurring three in the wet
section and one in the dry section of Brood F 6, and one in the dry
section of Brood F 14.

From these results it seems certain that the intensity of wing
colour was not affected by the relative humidity at which the insects
were reared, and it seems likely that the two forms of the melanic
are due to two different genetic factors.

GENETIC EXPERIMENTS.

Concurrently with these humidity experiments, various genetic
experiments were carried on. The pairings used for the humidity
experiments were of various types, and the breeding results are
shown in Table III. It will be seen that the ratios are more or
less consistent with the view that the factor for melanism is a
Mendelian dominant of some sort, but apparently not quite a simple
one. Two forms of the melanic have turned up. One is much
paler than the other, and occurs in smaller numbers, but as yet
insufficient numbers of it have appeared to determine what is its
genetic relation with the other forms. In the pale form the female
seems to be much commoner than the male, and all the pale moths
appeared towards the beginning of the emergences of the broods.

There are also probably two forms of the type. My bred
specimens are all similar, but my series of wild females divides into
two different forms with no intermediates between them, though
the series is not long enough to determine this point with certainty.
My series of wild males is even shorter.

These results are all, except for the F,, brood, taken from the
broods which were divided and kept at different humidities. The

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87

two forms of the melanic occurred in the wet, dry, and control cages
indiscriminately (see Table I1.).

Karlier work on this species has been done by Hamling (1)
Harris (2) and Onslow (3). The last quotes and interprets the
results of the former two in the light of his own experiments. He
also includes one brood by Porritt and one by Pearce in his tables.

Onslow considers that Hamling’s and Harris’s results indicate that
the factor for melanism, though a dominant, is not a simple Mende-
lian one. From his own experiments he concludes that this factor
is a simple Mendelian dominant, the melanic being constitutionally
stronger than the type and thus upsetting the normal Mendelian
ratios. He bases this conclusion on the results of his own Hetero-
zygous melanie x Type pairings (Nos. 5 and 6 in Table IV) :—

(a) In his first broods he had 79 melanics and 84 types (which
is very near the Mendelian expectation), as the sum of 10 broods and
a total number of 163 moths.

(5) His 2nd broods were diseased and his figures were only 87
melanics and 19 types, only a total of 56 moths for the sum of 12
broods.

He concludes from this that in the first broods his survival rate
was fairly high, and the types survived in equal number with the
melanics, but that in his second broods, where he had a very high
mortality, the greater constitutional strength of the melanics showed
itself.

I do not agree with him on this point, as his mortality appears
to be very high in both cases. Assuming that mortality should be
reckoned as a percentage of the eggs deposited, it is unfortunate
that he does not give the egg numbers of his broods, but probably
they were similar to those in the present series, where the average
egg number of 29 broods is 186, and the average number of fertile
eggs is 155. If we apply these figures to Onslow’s results we get
mortality rates from egg deposited to adult of 91-24%, and from
fertile egg to moth of 89°48%, for his first broods, and mortality
rates of 97:°5%, and 97% for his second broods. Admittedly the
second rate of mortality is higher than the first, but even the lower
rate is quite sufficient to show up any difference in constitutional
strength. The cause of the discrepancy in the ratios may be that
the melanism is due to more than one Mendelian factor.

In the present experiments, the rate of mortality in the seven
broods so far completed is 74:9% from egg deposited to adult, or
60°25% from fertile egg to adult. This is considerably better than
Onslow’s results, but I hope to improve it still further.

These experiments have given no evidence that the melanics vary
from the type in constitutional strength. Melanism does not show
in the larvae. A fair number of dead pupae have been opened;
most of them have been melanics, but that is only to be expected,
because more of the melanics than of the types have been bred.
There has also been a rather large number of deformities, and again,

88

these have more often than not been melanics. Melanic imagines
do not appear more active than types, nor do they pair or oviposit
more freely.

These experiments are being continued and at present no definite
conclusions can be drawn from the results. The breeding ratios
have not been by any means consistent, any more than those of
previous workers. Two quite distinct forms of the melanic have
been obtained ; the pale one did not appear until the F, generation,
and it has failed to appear in the F, generation. (It has reappeared
in F,.

fony I should like to say something about Melanism in general.
There seem to be three forms of variation, all of which cause a
darkening of colour and all of which go by the name of melanism.

In the first the variety is dominant to the type. HA. abruptariais
an example.

In the second it is recessive to type. Tephrosia bistortata is an
example.

In the third it is apparently not inherited on Mendelian lines at
all, and is represented according to Harrison, (4) by the genus
Oporabia.

Harrison (5) has demonstrated that the melanism in Tephrosia
crepuscularia 1s not really dominant to type at all, but epistatic. He
crossed the homozygous melanics of 7’. crepuscularia and T.
bistortata, and from this, in the F, generation, he obtained three
forms; which he calls ‘ crepuscularia greys’ (which are melanics),
non-melanic types, and ‘ bistortata blacks’ (also melanics). He
argues that in bistortata, where melanism is recessive to type the
factor for type must be absent altogether, so it must have come from
the crepuscularia, and, since his crepuscularia were homozygous for
melanism, the melanism must be not dominant, but epistatic to
type, and this seems perfectly sound. He also points out that all
dominant melanics are similar in that they appear to have
the typical markings under a dark mask, and that they are probably
all really epistatics. He says also that all recessive melanics appear
to be a replacement of the typical markings by an intense uniform
black.

It seems unreasonable to assume that these two different forms of
variation are genetically similar, or that their causes are similar.
The apparently non-Mendelian form of melanism shown by the
genus Uporabia is probably due to the interaction of a number of
Mendelian factors.

The experimental work on H. abruptaria has been carried out
since October 1983 at the Imperial College of Science, South Ken-
sington, and I must conclude by thanking those who have helped
me, particularly Professor Munro, M.A., D.Se., under whose general
direction the work has been done, Mr, H. R. Hewer, M.Sce., D.I1.C.,
who has given me much valuable advice and assistance, and Mr.
D. E. Kennard, B.Se., who prepared the slides for the lecture.

89

REFERENCES.
Of Hamling, T. H., ‘ Trans. City of London Ent. Soc.,” 1905,

PO) ) Harris, E., “ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” 1904, p. lxxii, and ibid,
19085, p. Ixiii.

(3) Onslow, H., “Jr. Genet.” Vol. XI, No. 3, 1921, p. 298.

(4) Harrison, J. W. H., ‘‘ Jr. Genet.,”’ Vol. X, 1920, p. 61.

(5) ————— ‘Genetica,’ ’s-Gravenhage, Vol. 14, 1932, pp.
151-159.

Tasie I.
Humidities at which the F’, broods were reared.

Cage. Max. Min. Av. Cage. Max. Min. Av.
2D 73 28 44°8 2W 98 67 86°35
3D 68 80°5 36462 3W 95 66 79°9
5D 71 33 52:2 5 W 97 75 85:4
6D 68 dd 55:2 6W 96 60 88°4
8D 59 21 41:1 8W 97 77 89°3

14D 75 25°5 =44°8 14W 98 73 90°0

N.B.—Cage 2D is the portion of brood F,2 reared at low humidity.
Cage 2W is the portion reared at high humidity, ete.

Tass II.

Distribution of ‘light’ and ‘dark’ melanics and types in the wet,
dry, and control cages of the F, generation.

WET. Dry. ConTROL.
Melanic. Type. Melanic. Type. Melanic. Type.
Brood. Light. Dark. Light. Dark. Light. Dark.
F',2 0 15 0 0 18 0 0 3 0
F,8 0 iin eo @ O96. ce ae
F 5 2 14 4 0 13 3 0 12 3
Peek ae OC 3) 80 O | F tena
F 8 0 9 0 1 9 0 0 9 0
14 Re 8 3 1 6 3 2 5 3
Totals 14 60 20 t 76 22 9 43 14
% 189 5 17°3

N.B.—The types did not vary.

90

Taste III,
Breeding results of F,, and F, broods.
m=factor for type. M=factor for melanism.
Female parent placed first.

Brood No. _ Pairing type. Melanic progeny. Type progeny.
F,38 mm X mm 1 37
(Expectation) 0 38
F, Mm x Mm 62 18
F5 29 2? 41 10
Total 103 28
(Expectation) 98°25 32°75
F414 Mm x mm 23 ee
(Expectation) 16 16
6 MM xmm 28 0 ft
(ixpectation) 28 0
F 2 MM x MMor Mm, or 36 0
I ,6 MM or MmxMM 77 0;
F,18 x 23 0
Total 136 0
(Expectation) 136 0
* This brood included 4 ‘light’ melanic females.
t 29 9 9 1 39 ” 9
H 29 9? 9? 20 29 9? 99
Tape LV.

Onslow’s figures.

No. of Numbers. Expectation.
Mating. Broods. Mel. Type. Mel. Type. Breeders.

(1)
mm xX mm 3 i 689 0 40 Hamling, 1904
Harris, 1905
Onslow, 1919
(2)
MM x MM or 8 92 0 92 0 Harris, 1905
MMxMm Porritt, 1905
Onslow, 1917

Prote SL Nees. 10s: Prare IX.

Pressure tubing

Bead

—Air

| WS Es
SSS 1

Ph
Ground
Surfaces

Floating
Valve

Wale7r—-»

Shol
Del. G. A. Brett.

Tur Biowinc APPARATUS.

91

Taste 1V.—Continued.

MmxMm 2 87 385 91:5 80:5 Hamling, 1904
Harris, 1905

Mm x mm 67 S850 koe.” Bl 71 Pearce, 1895
Hamling, 1904
Harris, 1905

(5)
Mmxmm 10 79 84 _ 81:5 81-°5 Onslow (1st series, 1919)

ain KO)
Mmxmm 12 37 19 28 28 Onslow (2nd series, 1920)

APPENDIX,

The blowing apparatus shown in the diagram and used in these
experiments was water driven, and was designed for a rather low
pressure supply, not more than the normal household pressure.
With this pressure it uses water at the rate of about 15 gallons an
hour. It works equally well on a higher pressure, where of course
it uses more water, and supplies more air. It has since been used
by other workers at the Imperial College to aérate tanks for aquatic
larvae. It supplied more than enough air for 20 2lb jam jars, all
containing water, connected up by a series of glass T pieces ending
in drawn out glass jets, one in each jar.

The necessary materials and connections are shown in the diagram.
The following points are essential :—

(a) Pressure tubing must be used for all connections between the
tap and the filter pump.

(5) The siphon outlet and the long vertical inlet tube must be at
least 2 in. in internal diameter.

(c) At least 2 ft. 6 in. of the vertical inlet tube must be above the
cork of the large receiver, to ensure an efficient airsupply. Greater
flexibility is obtained by having this tube in two pieces, the ends of
which meet inside a rubber connection just above the cork.

(d) The inner end of the siphon should be 2 in. above the bottom
of the receiver, to ensure that the valve always has a water cushion
if it should stick and afterwards fall, though the shot inside usually
prevent this.

(e) A litre CO, flask was used as a receiver, but any wide necked
jar of sufficient size would do, provided the neck is at least 2 in.
wide, and can be closed with an airtight bung, and that the jar is
at least 5 in. across inside, and at least 7 in. deep below the lower
surface of the bung when pushed home.

92

(f) To regulate the outflow of water from the siphon, a rubber
joint with a screw clip is inserted at any convenient point in it, and
so adjusted that the water level in the receiver has a slight tendency
to rise, and so prevent the escape of air in the wrong direction.
This rise is checked when necessary by the floating valve.

The blowing of this valve is a ticklish bit of glass work. A bulb
just small enough to go through the neck of the flask, and with
fairly thick walls is blown at one end of a piece of 2 in. glass tubing.
Enough shot are put in to make it float with rather more than half
its depth submerged. About two inches above the bulb the neck is
drawn out into a capillary about ;4, in. in diameter and 6 ins. long
when sealed at the end. ‘The seal must be wide enough to hold the
capillary away from the side of the air outlet tube, which has its
lower end splayed so that the tapering part of the valve neck can
be ground into it.

It may be found necessary to bend the inlet and siphon outlet
tubes slightly so that their lower ends are well clear of the floating
valve. In assembling the apparatus, great care is necessary to avoid
breaking the delicate valve.

Put sufficient water in the receiver to float the valve, and put this
in next. ‘Then put in the bung with its various tubes, passing the
valve stem up the air outlet. It is very easy to snap it at this
stage. Then adjust the height of the lower end of the air outlet so
that when the valve is just closing it the water in the receiver
covers the lower end of the siphon to a depth of 14 in. or more.

Notes on the Spilosominae.
By Harotp B. Witurams, LL.D., F.R.E.S.—Read 27th June, 1985.

The subfamily to which these notes are devoted is a very distinctive
group of the Arctiidae, and is represented in Britain by 5 species,
referable to 4 genera, Spilarctia, Spilosoma, Diaphora and Phragma-
tobia. It may be that the last mentioned genus will be considered to
belong to the Arctiinae.

I propose to-night to endeavour to clear up some of the confusion
which has accumulated about the specific identity and synonymy
and the varietal nomenclature of two species in this group, which I
will refer to for the moment by names which we all know, the “ Buff”’
and ‘“ White Ermines.”’

These two moths have been confused since the days of Linnaeus,
There can be no doubt that the moths described by Linnaeus in
1758 in “Syst. Nat.” 1, 505 (No. 47) (10th edn.) as Bombya
lubricipeda and lubricipeda g are the ‘‘ White” and “ Buff Ermines”
respectively. Lubricipeda is the specific name of the “ White
Ermine,” and lutea, Hufn. “ Berl. Mag.” II. p. 412 (1766) of the
‘Buff Ermine.”

Dr. M. Draudt, in the Supplement to Vol. 2 of Seitz (1934) p. 79,
adopts lutea for the ‘‘ Buff Ermine,” but retains menthastri (Esp.,
1786) for the ‘* White Ermine.” It would, no doubt, be very
convenient to drop the name lubricipeda altogether and avoid any
further confusion from the use of the name, but there can be no
scientific reason for this action. It is only because lubricipeda is
the prior name of the ‘‘ White Ermine,” that the name is not
available for the ‘‘ Buff Ermine,” though lubricipeda g is prior to
lutea by eight years. In these notes, therefore, lubricipeda means
the ** White Ermine ”’ and lutea the *‘ Buff Ermine.”

A tangle, closely associated with the confusion in the specific
names, which one may profitably examine for a few moments,
centres around the insect described by Curtis (“ Brit. Ent.’’ V. 92)
as Spilosoma walkerit and referred to by almost all subsequent
writers as ‘“ walkeri.”

The moth described by Curtis was taken by Sir Patrick Walker at
Edinburgh at the end of August, 1820, and is figured by Curtis,
Pl. 92. Curtis says it is closely allied to menthastri, and it would
no doubt have been treated as a form of that species, as it was by
Stephens in 1829 (Illus. Brit. Ent.”), but for the prevailing
tendency to regard as many forms as possible as distinct species,
e.g., Spilosoma urticae, Esp. and S. papyratia, Marsh.

94

I suppose it would be difficult in the whole history of entomology
to find plates more perfectly executed than those by which Curtis’
work is illustrated, and one might have supposed the description
and figure of walkerii to be so accurate that no subsequent error of
any sort would be possible. I say one might have supposed this.
Unfortunately entomological literature is so full of extravagant
errors, that one should perhaps regard the history of walkerii as
altogether typical.

Gross errors are associated both with the figure and with the
description, as well as with the spelling of the name. Dealing with
the figure first, this was copied in such a way as to be almost
unrecognisable by Humphreys and Westwood (‘ Brit. Moths,’’ pl.
18, fig. 14, 1860). It was copied “in black and white” in the
“ Entomologist ” (XX VII, 205, fig. 1). This is quite a good copy.
Curtis’ plate was published both in colour and in black and
white, and one would have supposed from the article in the
‘‘Kntomologist ” that South was aware of this fact. In South’s
‘‘ Moths of the British Isles,” I, pl. 78, fig. 5, there is, however, to
be found an alleged figure of “var. walkeri.” The draughtsman
has evidently worked from the black and white edition of Curtis and
has added a coloured body to black and white wings, producing a
nice picture of an insect which I do not think is known to exist.
Walkertt has buff forewings, like the vast majority of Edinburgh
lubricipeda.

Probably because walkerii has buff forewings Butler supposed it to
be a form of the “ Buff Ermine” (Spilarctia lutea). I can conceive
no other reason for this error. Butler, of course, was apt to leap
to ill-considered conclusions, but it is very difficult to understand
how anyone, with the original figure and description before him,
could possibly fall into this error, even if he had not access to the
original specimen, which is in the Stephens’ collection at the British
Museum, and which is undoubtedly a variety of the ‘“ White
Ermine.”

Butler’s association with the Museum has probably given his work
a higher standing with continental entomologists than in fact it
deserves, and it may be for this reason that Dr. M. Draudt, in the
‘Supplement ” to Seitz, Vol. II. (1934) has fallen into the same
error. Referring to the confusion among the forms caused by the
error in the specific names he says that walkert, (sic) Curt., is referred
to by many authors and also in the main Volume (p. 87) as a form
of “‘menthastri,” whilst actually it is a transition to zatima and
belongs to lutea.

Draudt again refers to “walkeri” in discussing “ S. menthastri,”
and says the form is now classified under Spilarctia lutea. He says
that the analogous group of forms of “ menthastri’’ would be godarti,
Obth. (=albiramis, Strd., ab. 3 Hamps.); maryinestriata, Mezger,
“ Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1927, p. 214. )

95

~ Oberthiir (‘ Ktudes,” VI, 326, pl. CXXII, fig. 1085-6) describes
and figures a streaked form of lubricipeda as godarti, and the figures
and description are clearly applicable to forms which occur both in
England and Scotland and which have for many years been
generally, but wrongly, known as walkeri. One of these insects is
admirably figured by Stephens (‘ Illus. Brit. Ent. Haustellata,”’
Vol. II., pl. 16, fig. 3.)

Oberthiir, in the same volume, describes and names the brown
form of lubricipeda from Scotland as brunnea, ignoring the fact
that it was named ochracea by Buchanan White many years
previously, and one is inclined to the view that he similarly over-
looked Curtis’ description of walkerii, but the forms figured as
godarti are quite distinct from walkerii and the name is a good one.

The well known dark form of Spilarctia lutea was described by
Haworth (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond.” I., p. 336) in 1812 as Bombyx
radiatus (= Spilosoma radiata, St. “Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust”’ II, p. 75)
and though it is generally accepted that the insect described as
Noctua zatima by Cramer in 1781 (‘ Pap. Exot.” IV, pl. ceclxxxi,
fig. F.) as a noctuid moth from Surinam, was in fact an example of
this species and variety, one cannot help feeling some doubt about
the accuracy of this identification.

This variety, with its long series of modifications, has never
again, so far as I am aware, been reported from Surinam. It was
undoubtedly known from Heligoland very many years ago, and still
occurs there. It is of peculiar interest to British entomologists from
its occurrence in the eastern counties of England, where it was
possibly at some time accidentally introduced from Heligoland,
directly or indirectly. It was, for very many years, bred in England
and most of our collections contain examples originating in this
way, but there are sufficient occurrences of the insect in a wild state,
both before and since this wholesale breeding, to justify the treat-
ment of the form as British, notwithstanding the somewhat unsatis-
factory documentation of the inbred strain. A certain amount of
confusion has existed because for some time the streaked form
of lutea occurring at York, where I believe it had a rather limited
distribution, was spoken of as radiata. This form was figured and
described by Tugwell as eboraci in the ‘‘ Entomologist,” XXVII, p.
205, fig. 2., where (fig. 4) another very distinct form is also described
as fasciata, and an excellent figure is given. I do not regard either
of these forms as having anything whatever to do with zatima or as
being an intermediate between zatima and the type, one of which
has been named intermedia by Staudinger. Unfortunately I do
not know which intermediate this is, though I have been accus-
tomed for many years to treat the forms I exhibit under that
name as being correctly named. ‘There are now, however, a
whole host of these forms and I have not yet been able to work
them out. It has been shown that the zatima series of forms

96
are due to the presence of a principal gene and a number of modify-

ing genes, and I think it unlikely that the names will be found to
correspond with the scientific facts.

The species dealt with in this article are :—
Spilarctia, Butler.
lutea, Huifn.
ab. zatima, Cram., radiata, St.
ab. intermedia, Std.
ab. eboraci, Tugwell.
ab. fasciata, Tugwell.

Spilosoma, St.
lubricipeda, Li. (1758).
menthastri, Esp. (1786).
ab. eatiord at, Curtis.
ab. godarti, Obth., albiramis, Strd.
ab. geasginetisiats. Mezger. $3
ab. ochracea, B, White, brunnea, Obth.

97

Notes on the Plume Moths.
By 8. Waxety.—Read 26th September, 1985.

The Pterophori, or Plume Moths, have always been of particular
interest to the micro-lepidopterist. In spite of this, there have been
several species added to the British List in comparatively recent
years.

The following notes on certain species which have recently come
my way will, [ hope, be found of interest.

Pterophorus carphodactyla, Hb., of which I am showing a series,
was first discovered to occur in England about thirty years ago,
some of the first specimens being taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight,
by Mr. L. B. Prout. ‘The larva feeds on Inula conyza, De. (Plough-
man’s Spikenard), and I found both larvae and pupae in fair
numbers at Kynsford, Kent, on the 9th of June, this year. The
larvae (and pupae) were discovered by searching the plants for
withered shoots. Upon a close examination of these, the larvae or
pupae were discovered well hidden among the fluffy, withered,
remains of the attacked shoots. Most were taken low down on the
crowns of the plants, but there were several exceptions where the
larvae were found at the top of shoots six or eight inches from the
ground. Owing to the difficulty of transplanting Inula conyza, itis
advisable to take the pupae of this brood, and these may be found
during the first fortnight in June. The moths emerged from 20th
to 26th June from my HKynsford batch.

The second brood larvae have usually been sought for and found
during August, feeding in a similar manner in the crowns of the
plants that would normally flower the following summer. Last
year, however, an interesting habit of the larva was discovered at a
field meeting of this Society at Eynsford, Kent. Mr. Andrews
found a lepidopterous larva embedded in a flower of Jnula conyza,
which Dr. Blair recognized as one of the Pterophori. A supply of
flower-heads was collected, and from these several specimens of P.
carphodactyla emerged. As the larvae may be found feeding in the
crowns of the low plants during August, it was at first thought that
the larvae had wandered off and selected the flowers as a suitable
spot in which to pupate. However, this August, I searched the
flower-heads of J. conyza in the Isle of Wight, and found the larvae
and pupae in such abundance that it is obvious that the larvae of
the second brood regularly feed in the flowers, and that only a few
odd ones occur in the crowns. As the flower-stalk develops, the
leaves on the lower part of the plant wither and dry up, so the only

98

edible parts of a plant with a flower-stem are the flowers or buds.
I observed that a larva extracted from a crown immediately entered
a flower when placed in a tin and given the opportunity. The
caterpillar feeds head downwards on the base of the petals or unripe
seeds, and reverses its position to pupate. A few loosened petals
slightly protruding beyond the others were the only clue to the
presence of a larva, but as many as half a dozen were found in one
spray of flowers. 1 bred about a score from a small bunch, and
several friends to whom I sent supplies reported breeding series
of the moth. A number of dead larvae were noted, and ichneumons
found as well. In spite of this, the perfect insect must have been
very common at the spot I visited. J found larvae of another
species of moth also feeding in the flowers of Inula conyza, but in
this instance the larva fed curled up among the seeds in a very
different manner from the Plume larva. One of these emerged,
and proved to be Aristotelia bifractella, Dgl. a species more commonly
found among Inula dysenterica, Grtn. Although Inula conyza grows
in such profusion at Box Hill, a long search has failed to turn up
P. carphodactyla in that locality, but it has been taken at Rochester
and Folkestone in Kent, and Mr. Fassnidge reports that he has
found it recently on the Downs near Winchester.

During August, 1934, I visited Freshwater Down in the Isle of
Wight and searched for Alucita spilodactylus, Curt., which was found
in all stages—pupae, full-fed larvae, one imago, and freshly-hatched
larvae. The foodplant is Marrubiun vulgare, L., or White
Horehound, and is very local. A very few plants were discovered
growing close to the edge of the high cliffs, and these were almost
dried up. The minute freshly-hatched larvae were extracted from
buds with a needle and placed on a growing plant. These larvae
fed very slowly, and in March were quite difficult to detect with the
naked eye, even though some were out of the buds then and resting
on the stem. Later, I observed two larger larvae and others still
very small. Although one tried unsuccessfully to pupate, 1 regret I
was unable to rear any of these, but the fact that my plant suffered
severely from the attacks of green-fly was no doubt the chief cause
of my larvae failing to feed up in a normal manner. Mr. T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher, to whom I sent a few shoots containing small
larvae, reported that he bred one moth on 12th July and that a larva
was still feeding on 17th August. This one eventually died, after
having been in the larval state for over twelve months. Specimens
of the moth are shown. |

Pselnophorus brachydactylus, Tr., is given in Meyrick’s ‘‘ Hand-
book” as “ very scarce.” Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher has discovered
this species near Stroud, Gloucestershire, and in some seasons the
larvae and ova are not uncommon on Lactuca muralis, Fresen.
(Wall Lettuce). I am indebted to him for larvae and ova, and the
specimens shown were bred from these. The moths emerge during

99

June, ova may be found in July, and the young larvae hibernate
among dead leaves from the beginning of August till the following
spring. I found that dead holly leaves make first-class hibernating
material for the larvae. Quite by accident I discovered that the
larvae will feed in confinement on Lapsana communis, L. (Nipple-
wort), a very common plant around London, and they will certainly
eat the garden lettuce, but this is not satisfactory as a foodplant,
and cannot be recommended. At Box Hill the Wall Lettuce is
locally very common, but I have failed to find the moth there.

Another species which I took this year for the first time is Oayp-
tilus heterodactyla, Vill., perhaps better known to the older collectors
as teucrii, Jord. Larvae of this Plume were taken at the Box Hill
Field Meeting of this Society on 11th May, and again on 16th June
at Broadwater Forest. The larva eats a hole into the stem of its
foodplant, Vewcriwn scorodonia, L. (Wood Sage), which causes the
affected part to droop in avery characteristic manner. An examina-
tion of these stems shows that the larva feeds on the wilted leaves,
but they match the colour of the foodplant and are not easy to see,
especially when small. This species suffers a great deal from the
attacks of parasites, and I failed to rear any imagines from the
larvae collected at Broadwater Forest. No doubt the healthy larvae
had pupated, only diseased or parasitized ones being left at this date
(16th June).

The larva of Stenoptilia zophodactylus, Dup., feeds on the seeds of
Erythraea centaurium, Pers. (Red Centaury)—or Centaurion wnbel-
latum as it is called now. Ihave bred it from seed-heads collected
at Kynsford, Kent, and Sandown, Isle of Wight. When rearing
this species the small larvae of a beetle are often noticed. I keep
my seed-heads in linen bags, examining them from time to time,
and as the beetle larvae require earth in which to pupate, mine have
always died but Dr. Blair succeeded in rearing some last year when
they proved to be Smicronya reichi, Gyll.

In conclusion, I should like to mention that there are 34 different
species of Pterophori recorded for Great Britain, several of which
are quite rare, with very local foodplants.

100

A Few Remarks upon British Rhynchophora.
By F. J. Coutson.—Read 14th November, 1935.

Coleoptera have been of such interest to me, a one-time Lepidop-
terist, that I regard that fact as sufficient grounds for encouraging
others to give attention to the Order. In my opinion the study of
Coleoptera has many advantages over that of Lepidoptera, as
collecting can be actively pursued throughout the year, the species
generally are widely distributed, their habits and habitat are very
varied, and abundant material can be secured for study during the
winter evenings. To deal with British Coleoptera as a whole would
be too lengthy a task for this evening, so the scope of my remarks
will be limited to the group Rhynchophora. I also propose to deal
with my subject from an insular point of view, and to arrange my
remarks to give practical aid to those who seek to observe in the
field the life-history of the different species.

Rhynchophora, or weevils, are characterized by the head extending
in front of the eyes in the form of a rostrum, the length of which
varies considerably. The British species are separated into three
main families. The first, Anthribidae, do not possess the scape, or
prolonged first joint of the antennae, which is possessed by the other
two families, the Curculionidae and Scolytidae. The elytra either
gover the whole of the abdomen, or leave the pygidium (the final
segment) or a little more, exposed. ‘The tarsi are four-jointed with
the penultimate joint bilobed.

The number of species of Rhynchophora that occur in Britain is
approximately 567, or nearly 16 per cent. of the total Coleoptera on
the British list. As regards my home county, Surrey, there are
records, to my knowledge, that 421 of these species have been taken.
I exhibit examples of such species as I possess and commend to
beginners that they put aside one specimen of each male and female
as determined, or short series and examples of the varietal forms,
in the numbered sequence of an up-to-date list, such as Beare’s 1980,
as a ready reference for comparison purposes, and thus build up
experience of the group to facilitate determination of their captures
in the field.

The determination of the sexes is not always an easy matter.
Apart from the genitalia, however, the individual species have
usually some characteristic upon which separation can be effected.
Thus in the genus Byctiscus a spine is present on the thorax in the
male. Generally speaking differences may be evident in the length
of the antennae, the shape or colour of the joints, or the position

101

_ of the antennae on the rostrum, the length or shape of the rostrum,
the presence of teeth on tibiae or hook at the apex in the male, or
the shape of the tibiae or the posterior portion of the elytra. This
latter characteristic is strongly developed in some of the Scolytidae.

In Rhynchophora, so far as the British Isles are concerned,
variation is not a strong feature. ‘The separation of those varietal
and aberrational forms that have been named is based upon the tint
or shape of the scales, or the pattern made by them, on peculiarities
of pubescence, ground colour, and the difference of the ground colour
of a part from the normal colouring. Usually the forms are co-
extensive with the type, but in some areas a particular aberrational
form may be predominant. In some instances the varietal form is
the usual if not the only form taken in this country. Such are
Otiorrhynchus morio, F. v. ebeninus, Gyll.; Otiorrhynchus arcticus, Ol.
v. blandus, Gyll.; Otiorrhynchus desertus, Rosh. v. muscorum, Bris. ;
Barynotus squamosus, Germ. v. schénherri, Zett.; Phytonomus
pastinaciae, Ross. v. tigrina, Boh. ; Ceuthorrhynchus roberti, Gyll. v.
alliariae, Bris.; Ceuthorrhynchus mélleri, Thom. v. rotundatus, Bris.

The genus Phyllobius exhibits a wide range in the colouring of
the scales. Cleonus piyer, Scop. has a form in the Oxford district
coloured like the sand of the locality. In the white-pebbled area of
Chesil Beach, Limobius miatus, Boh. has a whitish scaled form,
whilst on the Deal Sandhills a yellow scaled form is prevalent. On
the Donegal coast Cneorrhinus plagiatus, Schall., which normally is
greyish, produces a large white form. The specimens of Ceuthor-
rhynchus rugulosus, Hbst. and of C. melanostictus, Marsh., also Sitona
griseus, F'., taken in the same locality, vary a great deal.

‘he dissimilarity of the striped var. alternans, Steph., from the
typical ’hytonomus adspersus, F. is very striking, whilst the red-
thorax form ab. collaris, Rye, of Liosoma deflexum, Pz. is a strong
contrast to the normal form. Many colour forms occur in the
Byctiscus genus, and in Rhynchites aeneovirens, Mm. there is a blue
form, ab. fragariae, DeG. Ina form of Ceuthorrhynchus contractus,
Mm. the pale colour of the legs is the aberrational character, whilst
black-legged specimens of the normal red-legged Phyllobius pyri, L.
and Orchestes avellanae, Don. are of occasional occurrence.

In this connection it may be mentioned that occasional individual
specimens show a distortion of the striae of the elytra and that in
certain species possessing normally 7-jointed antennae specimens
occur with only 6 joints.

As the larvae are herbivorous the perfect insects are mainly
found associated with vegetation, and, as many are pests, they are
venerally soon in evidence when the collecting of Coleoptera is
commenced. Each portion of a plant is the pabulum of a varying
number of species in the larval state and there are few plants that
are not attacked. The genus Orchestes, the members of which in
the perfect state, owing to the strong development of their hind

102

femora, have jumping powers, are leaf miners. Stems of low plants
are tunnelled by the species of Apion, nuts and fruits have their
internal feeders (for example Balaninus species in nuts and acorns)
and roots of certain plants are subject to attacks by species of the
genera Otiorrhynchus, Ceuthorrhynchus, etc. The bark and solid
wood of trees are infested by a large number of species of Rhyncho-
phora many of which are of considerable economic importance
Owing to the depredations committed in woodlands.

The action of the larvae of many species feeding on low plants
causes fhe formation of galls, or swellings on the stem, bud, seedpod |
or roots. The following notes, which are not exhaustive. may be
useful to those who may be desirous of pursuing this interesting
subject. As regards the genus Apion, the larva of A. semvittatum,
Gyll. lives in swellings on the stems of Dog’s Mercury, A. minimum,
Hbst. has been found in a gall produced by the Sawfly Pontania on
species of Salix, stem swellings on broom are caused by A. immune,
Kby. and on the young shoots of furze by A. scutellare, Kby. A.
sanguineum, Deg. forms a gall on the roots of Rumea acetosella, L.;
A. frumentarium, Payk, and A. curtirostre, Germ. on the midrib or
petiole of the leaf, and A. affine, Kby. on the floral stems of Rumea
acetosa, L. A. laevicolle, Kby. forms a gall on Trifolinm repens and
A. vicinum, Kby. on Mentha and Nepeta, whilst A. gyllenhali, Kby.
has been reared from swellings of the leaf stalk of Vicia. A.
brunnipes, Boh. larvae live in a gall on the terminal bud of Filago,
and A. atomarium, Kby. makes ovoid red swellings on Thymus.

In the genus Gymnetron, G. reronicae, Germ, and villosulum, Gyll.
form galls on the ovary of the Water Speedwell; G. linariae, Pz. and
collmum, Gyll., gall the base of the stem and antirrhini, Pk. the
capsule of Linaria vulgaris, Mill.

The larvae of Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, Mm., occur in galls
at the base of the stem of various species of Cruciferae, C. hirtulus, ”
Germ., on Whitlow grass, whilst C. assimilis, Pk., causes tumours
on the roots of the Hedge Mustard.

On Campanula the action of the larvae of Miarus campanulae, L.,
causes a swelling of the capsule, while Mecinus pyraster, Hb. on
Plantago lanceolata, L., and Mecinus collaris, Germ. on Plantago
maritima, L., cause swellings of the floral axis. :

Tubercles are formed on the stems of Matthiola incana, R.Br. by
the action of the larvae of Baris laticollis, Mm. A swelling is pro-
duced on the stems of sallow by the feeding of Cryptorrhynchus
lapathi, L. larvae.

Balaninus villosus, F., has been reared from the galls of Cynips.

Abnormal buds of Pyrus or Rubus may denote the presence of the
larvae of Anthonomus species, ;

Apart from the gall-forming species, there is also ample scope in
Rhynchophora for rearing the perfect insects from the infested
flowers and pods of Leywminosae and other low plants. Thus the

103

larvae of Ceuthorrhynchus punctiger, Gyll., is found in the seedheads
of dandelion, of Apion pisi, F., and A. subulatum, Kirb., in pods of
Lathyrus. The larvae of Apion loti, Kby., T'ychius favicollis, Steph.,
and the rarity Pachytychius haematocephalus, Gyll., occur in pods of
Lotus. The seedpods of laburnum as well as the catkins of poplar,
are the pabulum of Dorytomus longimanus, Férst. The grubs of the
genus Apion will be much in evidence in this connection, as for
example, in cloverheads Apion nigritarse, Kby., in heads of Matricaria
Apion hookeri, Kby., and in seedheads of mallow Apion malvae, F.,
may be found. The recent discovery of the larvae of Smicrony«x
reichi, Gyll., shows how much information as to the life-history of
species of Coleoptera is yet to be ascertained by the investigation of
the earlier stages.

Some of the larvae of wood-boring species sufter from the attacks
of the larvae of certain species of Clavicornia, another section of the
Coleoptera. Thus Anloninm trisuleum, Geoff., is parasitic on certain
species of the genus Kecoptogaster, and Laemophloeus ater, Ol. on
Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, Mm. On the other hand the larvae of
Anthribus fasciatus, Forst., are parasitic on the Coccus of the
whitethorn, and Anthribus variegatus, Férst. on that of the pine.

Although very many species of Rhynchophora can be secured in
the perfect state by general sweeping or beating, an elementary
knowledge at least of the identity of plants is necessary for making
the acquaintance of the many desired species that are restricted in
their pabulum. The possibility of any particular species occurring
in a given locality of course depends upon the presence of its food-
plant, but the distribution of certain species is limited although the
foodplant may be widely spread. Some plants are very localized
and in consequence many species confined to them have necessarily
a restricted distribution.

The methods of collecting, generally speaking, come under the
following eight heads.

(a) Beating trees and shrubs. This method is most productive
at blossom time and when there is young foliage.

(b) Beating decayed trees and bushes, or faggot stacks, and sifting
broken sticks and other hedge bottom refuse, over the beating tray.

(c) Stripping bark of living or dead trees and the examination of
broken branches or twigs for woodboring species.

(2) Sweeping low plants, or preferably shaking the flowery
growths into the sweeping net.

(e) Sweeping aquatic plants with a water net for species of Bagous
and Hydronomus, Tanysphyrus lemnae, F. and many species of
Phytobius.

(f) Sifting vegetable refuse, weedheaps and haystack refuse
throughout the year and the examination of moss on stumps and
treetrunks during the winter. The heaps of weeds, left by the
hedgers after the banks have been trimmed, have afforded me many

104

good species. Flood rubbish left by rivers and brooks is also produc-
tive, at times, of good species that occur in the flooded locality.
Alophus triguttatns, F. and the rarity Lepyrus capucinus Schall. occur
under these conditions.

(7) Stone turning, especially on open spaces. Searching the
lower leaves of low plants, grubbing at the roots and pulling up
tufts of grass, in both wet and dry localities, for disintegration over
the beating tray, or a sheet of paper.

(4) The examination of stored grain, mill refuse and foodstores,
as butter beans and dried fruits, for Calandra and others.

As regards trees and shrubs, oak, birch, hawthorn and hazel,
when in leaf, harbour a very large number of species which can be
secured by beating. From aspens may be expected such species as
Byctiseus populi, L., Rhynchites tomentosus, Gyll., Dorytomus tortria,
L. and LD. dejeani, Fst.; from species of Pomaceae, Rhynchites
caeruleus, DG. and R. panaxillus, Germ., Anthenomus pomorum, L., A.
cinctus, Koll. and A. humeralis, Pz. ; and from Rosaceae members of
the genus Magdalis. On broom occur Apion fuscirostre, F. and A.
immune, KI., Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, Mm., Phyllobius maryina-
tus, Steph., T'ychins venustus, F. and 7. pusillus, Germ. and on
mountain ash, Anthonomaus conspersus, Desb.

The sallows and gorse are also productive. On the former occur
Apion minimum, Hbst., Rhamphus pulicarius, Hbst. and several of the
genus Orchestes and on the latter Apion striatum, Germ. and A.
scutellare, Kby., Polydrosus confluens, Steph. and Sitones regen-
steinensis, Hbst. and S. tibialis, Hbst. Coniferous trees suffer much
from the attacks of the pests Hylobius abietis, L. and Pissodes notatus,
F., while Orchestes alni, L. and Anthonomus inversus, Bed. occur on
elms and 0. fagi, L. as its name implies, on beech. Even the blos-
soms of the horse chestnut, it is recorded, are very attractive at
times to Anthribus fasciatus, Forst.

Sweeping under trees, especially after a high wind, is often pro-
ductive of species of Balaninus and certain Dorytomus, and at even-
tide wood-boring species occasionally turn up in the net.

Species attached to low-growing plants are occasionally found in
numbers on trees, as Apion craccae, L. which frequents Vicia cracca,
L. and Lathyrus pratensis, L. is sometimes found commonly on
oak, ash or lime, and, at times, Apion laeviyatum, Pk., is beaten out
of hedges. Orchestes pratensis, Germ. is another instance, whilst
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, F., a pest on strawberries, is found also on
loganberries and raspberries.

General sweeping in chalky and sandy places, in marshy spots,
and amongst low plants produces as a rule an abundance of speci-
mens and this may lead toa loss of interest in the commoner species.
It is therefore desirable that closer attention should be paid to parti:
cular plants occurring in the area worked, as this would ensure
more accurate information being obtained, both as regards the food:
plants of the commoner, and the isolation of the foodplants of the

105

rarer species. General sweeping, however, frequently reveals the
presence of unsuspected species in a locality. The perfect insects
of Rhynchophora are usually found associated with the foodplant
of the larvae, but much depends upon the time of the year as to the
species likely to be taken by sweeping. I give some instances of
particular low plants and their inhabitants which may be of interest.

On Lotus and the clovers occur a large number of species,
many Apion, Phytonomus trilineatus, Mm. and Tychius flavicollis,
Steph. On Vicia, Apion craccae, L., etc. On Ononis spinosa, L.,
Apion ononicola, Boh., A. ononis, Kby. and A. seniculum, Kby., and
on Eechium vulgare, L., Ceuthorrhynchus ygeographicus, Goez. and
C. euphorbiae, Bris. F'umaria harbours a number of good species,
£.g., Ceuthorrhynchus nigrinus, Mm. The thistles are productive
and on these occur Ceuthorrhynchus litura, F., C. trimaculatus, F,
and C. triangulum, Boh., species of Cleoninae, Rhinocyllus conicus,
Froehl., Tanymecus palliatus, F. and the very local Larinus planus,
F, and Centhorrhynchidius horridus, Pz. In their haunts, Apion
pallipes, Kby. and A. semivittatum, Gyll. and Ceuthorrhynchus
moguntiacus, Shulz. occur on Dog’s Mercury. Sisymbrium and the
various Cruciferous plants have many inhabitants, including
Ceuthorrhynchus pyrrhorhynchus, Mm., C. sulcicollis, Pk., C. erysima,
F., and C. contractus, Mm. On Matricaria and ox-eye daisy, occur
Apion stolidum, Germ. and A. confluens, Kby., and Ceuthorrhynchus
chrysanthemi, Germ. Four species of Apion can usually be shaken
out of Mallows, particularly on the coast. The Thyme frequenting
species of Apion are mostly taken by searching at the roots. The
yarrow is also productive, Verbascum and Scrophularia plants are
usually productive of the genus Cionus. In salt marshes Artemisia
maritima, L. has several species of interest, as Polydrosus chrysomela,
Ol. and Phyllobius artemesiae, Desbr.; Myrica gale, L. in the New
Forest is productive of Orchestes iota, F. Gymmnetron antirrhini, Pk.
and G. collinum, Gyll. are taken on Linaria vulyaris, Mill.

The fruits and seeds of Woodsage, Mentha, and Veronica, Melilot,
Frysimun sinapis, L. and Cruciferous plants generally are the
pabulum of a large number of Rhynchophora. Tven bracken when
swept may produce certain desired Apions.

General sweeping in marshy places, damp meadows, the vicinity
of ponds and streams, may produce Poophagus sisymbrii, F., Ceuthor-
rhynchus cochleariae, Gyll., C. melanarius, Steph. and C. melano-
stictus, Mm. sometimes in abundance, and species of Erirhinus and
Notaris. In growths of Carea during the evening Nanophyes
marmoratus, Gz., may possibly be swept. Ditch side vegetation
should be swept for certain Rhinoncus and Limnobaris species.
Downs and cliffsides are productive, especially at dusk, for 7’rachy-
phloeus, Apion and Ceuthorrhynchus,

Decaying trees and bushes, dead hedges and faggot twig stacks
should be beaten into the tray as these harbour many desiderata,

106

such as the Anthribidae and species of Magdalis. Tropideres
albirostris, Hb., has been taken on dead branches of oak and bramble.
Choragus sheppardi, Kby., is recorded as having been taken on dead
twigs and also settled on tree trunks near the roots. Dead gorse
produces Pityophthorus ramulorum, Perr. and Hylastinus obscurus,
Mm.; and decaying ivy, Rhyncolus lignarius, Mm. and Cissophagus
hederae, Schmidt.; Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, Mm., can be beaten
from broom at the fall of the year, with Acalles ptinoides, Gyll.
Hremotes ater, L., is taken on decaying elms, and on the sea shore
the groynes are tenanted by Codivsomus spadix, Hb. and Caulotrupts
aeneopiceus, Boh. In their haunts Rhinomacer attelaboides, F.,
and Magdalis phleymatica, Hb., are taken by shaking the loppings of
coniferous trees. ‘The gathering of sticks for internal feeders, as
twigs of fir for Pityoyenes bidentatus, Hb., is sometimes profitable,
whilst in November Xylocleptes bispinus, Df. in clematis stems, is
abundant. :

As regards woodboring species, oak, fir, pine, elm, ash and beech
are each very productive. Higher branches that have been broken
off by the wind often give a good haul. In this connection if a
suitable fir stump is available, it is a good plan to remove a large
area of the bark before eating your lunch and during the repast
several of the woodboring species as Pithyophthorus ramulorum, Perr.
and Ips acuminatus, Gyll. and other species may appear at intervals
on the moist surface of the stump. A half burnt standing birch on
one occasion yielded a good series of Xyleborus saxeseni, Ratz. and a
decayed branch of a living oak on another occasion a good series of
Xyloterus domesticum, L., simply by keeping my eye focussed for a
short period on an area of the bark. The sudden appearance of the
insects has always been a mystery tome. Many woodboring species
can also be obtained by sweeping beneath the trees to which they
are partial, ¢.g., Hylesinus frawini, Pz. under ash. The superficial
bark feeders'as Magdalis armigera, Gf. are often seen crawling over
the trunks but the deep seated feeders as Xyloteruws usually require
hard work to secure.

Sifting vegetable refuse when heated by the sun is productive of
species of Otiorrhynchus, Strophosomus, Caenopsis and L'rachyphloeus.
In haystack refuse occur Apion pubescens, Kby., and Phytonomus
niyrirostris, F., whilst cut grass and weed heaps in gardens produce
a variety of species. At the fall of the year Liosoma and Barypithes
species and Cionus pulchellus, Hb., harbour in moss. The rarities
Procas armillatus, F., and Orobites cyaneus, L., are mentioned as
taken under these conditions.

Searching at the roots of plants and disintegrating turf for the
root feeders and species that hide at the roots of plants is hard
work, but by this method many desiderata, found only exceptionally
under other conditions, are secured. Species of Otiorrhynchus,
Sitona, Baris, Caenopsis and Orthochaetes are more or less abundant.

amie

107

Baris lepidii, Germ. is taken at the roots of Barbarea; at the roots
of Lotus, Sitona waterhousei, Walt. and some species of Trachy-
phloeus; at the roots of Sisymbrium, Baris laticollis, Mm.; and of
Helianthemum, Trachyphloeus spinimanus, Germ.; Ceuthorrhynchus
quadridens, Pz. occurs at the roots of Cruciferae generally ; and
amongst those of heath Cleonus piger, Scop. and Conrocleonus
nebulosus, L., whilst at the roots of thyme occurs Ceuthorrhynchidius
rufulus, Dutt.

To those commencing the study of Coleoptera I would stress that
particular attention should be paid to the apparently commoner
species as I am confident that there are many species yet to be
recognized. In this connection much work has been done on the
genus Bayous, but the accurate determination of the species is, in
my opinion, still very difficult. It sometimes happens, particularly
when you are a tyru, that you meet with a species commonly in @
locality and neglect to take a series, contenting yourself merely with
a representative. When you have effected the determination it may
be years before you can secure your series even in the locality where
previously common. ‘The principle that should be adopted there-
fore, is to learn to distinguish, in the field, the closely allied species
and secure your series while you may. It is desirable that from
each locality visited, especially if far apart, at least a short series
even of the common species met with, should be taken for comparison.
The recent discovery of Cathormiocerus britannicus, Blr., which
closely resembles Cathormiocerus myrmecophilus, Seidl., and of
Phyllobius artemisiae, Desbr., which occurs on certain salt marshes
and closely resembles the abundant Phyllobius pyri, L., are cases
that I have in mind.

Every step should be taken to ensure that notes of the locality,
habitat and date of capture of the species taken should be accurately
and systematically made. Any specimens taken under unusual
conditions should receive careful examination.

It is best, in my opinion, to concentrate on a particular section
of Coleoptera until one is acquainted with all the species likely to
be found in the localities accessible.

By the methods of collecting Rbynchophora which I have men-
tioned, specimens of other groups will be taken. These can be put
aside, duly labelled with the details of capture, until time permits
or enthusiasm prompts the extention of your studies.

I have endeavoured to confine my remarks to such species as may
be of interest to the incipient Coleopterist, and in conclusion, I trust
that the remarks will encourage those hesitant to take up the study
of Coleoptera.

108

ADDENDUM To p. 39 (AnnuaL Exursirion).

A RemarxkaBtE ABERRATION OF ARGYNNIS aGLatA, L.— While
collecting on the South Downs on 22nd July, 1985, my attention
was attracted to a grassy slope, where I noticed plenty of butterflies
on the wing and in particular an unusual number of Argynnis aglaia.
It was not long before I observed a small group of this species
chasing an individual of very abnormal appearance. This insect
settled in front of me on a thistle and 1 quickly had my net over it.
It turned out to be the remarkable aberration here shown, but I was
much disappointed to find that the right side of the specimen was
so badly damaged. However, the extraordinary concentration of
the black spots into a band of striated markings together with the
fine rayed underside made this insect a most gratifying and
noteworthy capture. I have not so far been able to come across a
similar type of variety of this species in any collections with which
I am familar.—CuHaries pe Worms, Milton Park, Egham, Surrey.

[See Plate I. facing p. 388.]

eg

109

INDEX.

et) ee
PAGE | PAGE
Aberration in P. cristana 34 | Assembling, at Aviemore, 20;
Aberrations (unnamed) of, S. men- atdung .. 79
thastri, 2; P. c-album, 4, 6, 33, Attacks of a “fly, D. hominis on
36; S. w-album, 4; A. aceris, humans .. a -ig) umes
6; M. perla, 6; B. euphrosyne, Attendance at Meetings a ide
7, 35; BR. sanguinea, §; Balance Sheet XVili-xix

transversata (larva), 11; O.
antiqua (larva), 13; tulip leaf,
13; 8S. ligustri, 15; H.pinastri,
26; C. asteris (larva), 26; H.
jacobaeae, 27; A. flava
(thaumas, linea), 27; C. clath-
rata, 30; A. venata (sylvanus),
32; E.atomaria, 32; A. urticae,
gas ous “i. gelene 33; HH:
phlaeas, 33, 35; A. astrarche,
fo PF. bellargus, 33,°36, 38 ;
©. pustulata (bajularia), 34; A.
helvola (rufina), 34; S. gala-
thea, 34; EK. cardamines, 35;
M. jurtina, 35, 37; P. coridon,
aa,-ay s+. icarus, 385; M.
tithonus, 35, 36; E. aurinia,
35; A. cydippe (adippe), 35;
P. dimidiata, 36; M. athalia,
36; S. fagi, 37; T. pronuba,
37; G. rhamni, 37; E,semele,
37; A. aglaia, 38; Blackbird,
44; P.aegon .

Abnormal, i: of 0. gonostigma,
24; growth of heath and ling,
29; growth of tulip leaf, 13;
L. of C. asteris .. 2

Abundance of insects in " Argen-
tina é

Addendum to report of
Exhibition :

Additions to the, Collections, XV,
31,51; Library, xv; Member-

Any:

ship, as oe i* ate
Annual, Exhibition, xiv, 32;
Meeting, 49; ‘* Address SRY E.

Syms ‘ aN
Renttio life, ‘Exhibit of ..

Assemblages, of a Hymenopteron,

Curious, 17; butterflies on damp
sand ve = :

49

26
81

+108

Xiv

50
12

69

Beating foliage for Coleoptera .. 104
Breeding of various plume moths 97
‘* Breeding Experiments with H.
abruptaria,’’ G. d. Brett .. 84
Brood of L. albipuncta, Dr. EF. A.
Cockayne, 2; 8. tetralunaria, 4;
E. defoliaria, melanic, 8; C.
undulata, 22; P. transversata,
C. N. Hawkins, 24; C. croceus,

from an ab. pallida form -- 45
Cages used in breeding H. abrup-
taria . 84

Captures at By ield Meetings, ete.

7,9, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20;2aye.
27, 32

Catkins of poplar, Species of
insects bred from Ey! RA |
Caves of Altamira, etc. .. 45

Clearing, Novel Forest, in Argen-
tina 67

Collecting Coleoptera, Methods of 103
Collections, Additions to xv, 31, 61
Construction of blowing apparatus

for air pressure in cages 91
Control of humidity in breeding
cages... : 85

Council, List of, 1936 as se 248

Cover crop below fruit trees .. 69

‘* Crossing of strains of A. grossu-
lariata, Results of,’? Dr. H. A.

Cockayne : sia oe Oe
Danaids in Argentina sae 82
Delayed emergence of T. termin-

alis (Hym.) : 5

Description of, abnormal L: of,
O. gonostigma, C. N. Hawkins,
24; and of L. of C. asteris, Dr.
E. A. Cockayne, 26; Bis

on the R. Parana : 63
Destructiveness of L. of B. oat
charias in Lancs. fe we 2

PAGE

Donations and Additions to the,
Cabinets, B. impar, Worsley
Wood, xv, 31; Microscopic
slides, A. L. Rayward, xv, 51;
Diptera, EH. EH. Syms; Coleop-
tera, Dr. Blair; B. foliginaria,
C. N. Hawkins, xv; Library,
xv; Finances, R. Adkin

Drinking, Butterfly, in Argentine
Streams.

Drought in Argentina, Results of
a ;

Early appearances as i 12,

Errors, Gross, in figures, descrip.
tions and spelling re Spiloso-
minae ..

Feeding Habit of, ie. carphodue-
tyla, 25; C. lutosa

Field Meetings, Effingham, 7;
Box Hill, 9; Chilworth, 11;
Brentwood, 12; Broadwater
Forest, 14; Forest Row, 16;
Bookham Common, 17; Ben-
fleet, 20; Box Hill, 23; “ne
ford, 25; Byfleet

Finances of the Society ..

Foodplant of, M. cance 3;
D. astrantiae ..

Galls of, S. carcharias (0 »; 2;
T. terminalis (Hy.), 5; - A.
sieboldi (Hy.), 6; A. glandulae
(Hy.), 6; R. salicis (C.),9; X.
miliaria (D.), R. alternata (D),
13; P. marsupialis (Aphid.),
19; O. ruficauda, A. cognata,
and U. stylata (D.), 19; P.
plantaginis, TI’. vespertina and
TL. zoé (D.), 22; HE. sanguis-
orbae, 26; T’. faleata, 30; M.
longirostris and C. cinerea, 31;
Apion loti (C), 40; M. cam-
panulae (C.), 40; G. noctis(C.),
ee, oF pleurostigma (C2), 40%
T. renum :

Genetic Experiments in breeding
H. abruptaria

Gynandromorph of, M. jurtina,
35; P. icarus, 35; E. carda-
mines ..

Habits of L. of, P. carphodactyla,
97; A. spilodactylus, 98; P.
brachydactylus, 98; O. hetero-
dactyla, 99 ; S. zophodactylus,
99; a remarkable spider :

‘* Hints on the ae of the L.
of C. lutosa,’’? Dr. E. A. Cock-
ayne ;

Hospitality in S. America.

xvi,

51
82
58
48
94
24

27
50

19

48
86

37

71

24
81

110

PAGE

Impedimenta for an expedition ..
Lantern slides exhibited 2, 4, 9,
32, 48,
Larvae exhibited 8, 9, 11, 12, 13,
19, 24, 26, 28,
Late appearances . ioe
Life history of, M. neophanes, 3 5
C. septempunctata ;
Light, A. luctuosa at, 31; in
Argentina : 62,
List of, Officers and Council, i, 49\;
Past Presidents, ii; Members,
iii; forms of S. lutea and S.
lubricipeda, 96; authors of
papers, xiii; Field Meetings,
xiv ; abnormal appearances, 7;
captures at, Effingham, 13 Apl.,
7; Col. in flood debris, 7;
captures at Box Hill, 9; Chil-
worth, 11; Brentwood, 12;
Broadwater Forest, 14; Forest
Row, 16; Bookham Common,
17; Wicken Fen (Dr. Bull),
20; Aviemore (Dr. Bull), 20;
Benfleet, 20; Box Hill, 23;
Eynsford, 25; Byfleet, 27;
I. of Wight (S. Wakely), 28;
species bred from seed-heads of
S. inflata and L. alba, 31;
plants noted on the Upper
Liffey, 42 ; insects of the Upper
Liffey, 42: captures in Argen-
tina A : a
Localities :—Effingham, ce Box
Hill, 9; Chilworth, 11; Brent-
wood, 12: Broadwater Forest,
14; Forest Row, 16; Bookham
Common, 17; Wicken Fen, 20;
Aviemore, 20; Benfleet, 20;
Box Hill, 23; Eynsford, 25;
Byfleet, 27; I. of Wight, 28;
Upper Liffey, 42; Boyne Valley,
42; Bray Head, 43; N. Spain,
45; Picos de Europa, 46; Espi-
nama, 46; Alto Parana, Argen-
tina, 50; Villa Ana, 59; Cor-
rientes, 61; Misiones, 62;
Posadas, 64; Puerto Bemberg,
66; Puerto Aguirre, 72; Falls
of Iguazu
‘* Mason-bee, Nest ofa, HY,
Melanie C. clathrata
Melanism in H. abruptaria
Membership ,
Mice, Result in breeding ‘coloured
Mortality in merken H. abrup-
taria . -
Movement in pupa of P. carye 7

Moore

57
49

29°
44

52
82.

55

19
15
30
88
xiv

5

87
82

111

PAGE

New Members 2, 13, 44,

‘*Night, at Wicken Fen, 25th
June, A,” Dr. Bull, 20; work
in Argentina

Nomenclature tangle in " Spiloso-
minae

Notes on, ‘* Aviemore ‘in late
aoe” = Dr. «6Bull, 20; “A
Scotch Zygaena,’’ Dr. Cock-
ayne, 30; ‘* Biology of Chrysopa
septempunctata,’’ H. E. Syms,
52; ‘*Spilosominae,’”? H. B.
Wiams, OL.D.; 93; “The
Plume Moths,” S. Wakely

Obituary, 4, 11, 51; R. Adkin ..

Occurrence of C. contaminellus at
Norwood..

Orchids

Pest of potatoes

‘* Photographing natural objects,
A. F. O’Farrell.. : ;

Phyllody in sallow

Plans for an expedition ..

Predators, on Lepidoptera, 19 ; R.
personatus (Hem.) ;
rolongation of life under water

Rapid cs ae with L.
quercus ..

Rare and local species D. dannatti
and D. levicki, 2; M. neo-
phanes, 3; N. sylvestris (Orth.),
8; HK. ferox (D), T. alpina (D),
12; L. cinnamomea (C), 15;
M. roeselii (Orth.), 21; T.
alburnella, 22,38; A. trifascia-
tus and A. piceus v. megatoma
(C), 23; O. (T.) faleata (D), 30
B. (M.) impar, 31; L. of M.
neophanes, 31; P. daplidice,
32; H. peltigera, 34; N.
antiopa, 34; Z. achilleae, 34;
L. albipuncta, 34; B. fuligin-
aria, 34; H. dipsacea, 34; D.
chaonia, 34; D. templi, 37; A.
rubiginata, 37 ; B. scirpicolana,
a0; D. Harpagula, 38; E.
venustula, 39; L. anophthal-
mus, 39; C. contaminellus, 40;
bog plants, 42; T. eburnata
(contiguaria) .

Report of the Jubilee Meeting of
the Dublin Naturalists’ Field
Club, Miss W. M. A. Brooke
(Society’ sdelegate) ..

Re port of the VIth International
Entomological Congress at
Madrid, 6th-12th Sept., 1935,
Dr. K. G. Blair, 45; Council
for 1935... whe we ee

17,

48

72
93

Xxi

44

4]

PAGE

Resembling M. neophanes, ks igi
superficially

Retarded development, A case of
extreme, Dr. K. G. Blair

Rhynchophora, a Few Remarks
on British,” F. J. Coulson

Road-side collecting in Argentina

Searching for Coleoptera

Seasonal Notes

‘* Six Months Collecting alony the
Alto Parana, wimg J.
Hayward .

Species of C. on a fallen beech
trunk at Epping : iy

Status of the Society .. Vf

Summary of the Argentine Iixpe-
dition Results

Sweeping low herbage for Coleop-
tera

Temperature forms of N. antiopa

Ternery, Visit to Malahide, Miss
W. M. A. Brooke

Treasurer’s, Hon., Report, 1935,
A. E. Tonge a

Unusual, locality for D. ‘templi,
37; sizeof A.rubiginata ..

Variation in, P: ¢-album, 62 7an
albipuncta, 44; Rbynchophora

Weather experiences in S. Amer.

Weevils, General Characteristics
OL...

Wasps’ nest, a huge, in Argentina

Names of Genera and Species are
indexed only when attached to
some biologic information.
Names in Lists of captures are
not indexed.

COLEOPTERA.
abietis, L., Hylobius
adspersus, F., Phytonomus
aeneopiceus, Bh., Caulotrupis ..
aeneovirens, Mm., Rhynchites ..
affine, K., Apion ..
albirostris, Hb., Tropideres
alliarae, Br., var.
alni, L., Orchestes
alternans, Ste., var. ;
anophthalmus, ab. Langelandia
Anthonomus, Gm.
Anthribidae
Anthribus, Gf. .
antirrhini, Pk., Gymnetron 102,
Apion, Hb. 102, 103,
arcticus, Ol., Ceuthorrbynchus -
armigera, Gf., Magdalis ..
armillatus, F., Procas
artemisiae, Desbr.,

100,

Phyllobius
105,

.- 29:

37

101
81

. 100

80

at Ae
. 2OL

106
101

“« te
- 106
os eRe
«. S08
+ 22

39

. 102

106
100
105
105
101

- 106

106
107

PAGE
assimilis, Pk., Ceuthorrhynchus 102
ater, L., Eremotes oe
ater, Ol., Laemophloeus .. . 106
atomaria, Epicauta ia he
atomarium, K., Apion ays AD
attelaboides, F., Rhinomacer .. 106
avellanae, Do., Orchestes . 101
Bagous, Sn. 103, 107
Balaninus, Sm. 102, 104
Baris, Gm. ~- L106
Barypithes, Dv. Js S06
bidentatus, Hb., Pityogenes . 106
bispinus, Df. , Xylocleptes » 106
blandus, Gy., var. 101
britannica, BL., Cathormiocerus 107
brunnipes, Bh., Apion . 102
bucephala, Phaeoxantha. . 62
Byctiscus, Th. .. 100
Caenopsis, Bch. .. 2. 206
caeruleus, D.G., Rhyncbites . 104
Calandra, Cl. ae be ee
campanulae. L., Miarue . 40, 102
capucinus, Sl., Lepyrus ee -- 104 |
Carabidae .. os 38, 46
carcharias, Saperda say ea
Cerambycidae ‘ Pope
Ceuthorrhynchus, Gm. .. i102, 105
chrysanthemi, Gm., Ceuthor-
rhynchus <f 6 san, 2b
chrysomela, Ol., Polydrosus . 105
cinctus, Ks., Anthonomus . 104
cinnamomea, Liodes a
Cionus, Cl. - 105
clathratus, Inca Pies A |
Cleoninae .. . 105
cochleariae, Gy., ‘Ceuthorrhyn-
chus i 105
collaris, Gm., Mecinus ~- 102
collinum, Gy. .,Gymnetron 102, 105
complanata, Eurynebria .. ze
confiuens, K., Apion «» LOS
confluens, 8., Polydrosus . 104
conicus, Fl., Rhinocyllus - 105
conspersus, D.L., Anthonomus.. 104
contractus, Mm., Ceuthorrbyn-
chus : 101, 105
coriarius, Prionus ci ee
craccae, L., Apion 104, 105
crenata, Ditoma es!
Curculionidae =i ont tuo
curtirostre, Gm., Apion .. . 102
cyaneus, L., Orobites 106
decempunctatus, Brachysphaenus 60
deflexum, Pz., Liosoma .. cree i
dejeani, Fst., Dorytomus vo LOA
dermestoides, Pediacus ae ee
desertus, Rh., Otiorrhynchus .. 101
domesticum, L., Xyloterus . 106

112

PAGE
Dorytomus, S. 104
ebeninus, Gy., var. : is Oe
Kecoptogaster, Hb. ae oa: AOS
equestris= viridis, Cassida 27
Erirrhinus, Sr. : ~« 206
erysimi, F., Ceuthorrhynchus 105
euphorbiae, ‘Br. «Content 105
fagi, L., Orchestes -- 104
fasciatus, Fo., Anthribus- 103, 104
flavicollis, S., "Tychius 103, 105
fragariae. Gy., var. > Pato i |
fraxini, Pz., Hylesinus .. 106
frumentarius, Pz., Apion 102
fuscirostre, F., Apion 104
geographicus, Gz., Ceuthorrhyn-
chus ‘ ; 105
gracilis, Galerita .. 62
griseus, F., Sitona 101
gyllenhali, K., Apion 102
Gymnetron, Sr. sis 102
hederae, Sch., Cissophagus - 106
haematocephalus, Gy., Pachyty-
chius .. 103
hirtulus, Gm., Ceuthorrhynchus 102
hookeri, K., Apion 103
horridus, Pz., Ceuthorrbynchidius 105
humator, Necrophorus 8
humeratus, Pz., Anthonomus .. 104
Hydronomus, Sr. ie : «+ 108
immune, K., Apion 102, 104
inversus, Bd., Anthonomus 104
iota, F., Orchestes 105
jungermaniae, Smicronyx 24
Laemophloeus, Cs. 103
laevicolle, K., Apion 102
laevigatum, Pk. , Apion . 104
laevioctostriatus, Cylindronotus. . 8
lapathi, L., Cryptorrhynchus .. 102
laticollis, Mm.. Baris 102, 107
lemnae, F., Tanysphyrus 103
lepidii, Gm., Baris : 107
lignarius, Mm., Rhyncolus 106
limata, Phaeoxantha 62
Limnobaris, Bd. 105
Limnobius, Sr. ; 105
linariae, Pz., Gymnetron 102
lineatus, Hemirrhipus 5, aeulel
lineola, Rutela.. ae os, Ob
Liosoma, Ss. 106
litura, F., Ceuthorrhynchus 105
longimanus, Fo., Dorytomus 103
loti, K., Apion. un 40, 103
lunatus, Diphyllus -- 81
Magdalis, Gm. 104, 106
malvae, F., Apion eo 208
marginatus, Bay Phyllobius 104
marmoratus, Gz., Nanophyes 105
megatoma (piceus ab.), Attagenus 23

113

PAGE
melanarius, S., Ceuthorrhynchus 105
melanostictus, Mm,, Ceuthor-
rhynchus hu vs BOL, 105
‘melanura, Nacerda aS
minimum, Hb., Apion 102, 104
mixtus, Bh., Limobius 101
moguntiacus, Shz., Ceuthorrbyn-
chus 105
molleri, Th., Ceuthorthynchus. . 101
morio, fF. , Otiorrhynchus 20
moschata, Aromia ga 39
muscorum, Br., var. ‘ t= SURE
myrmecophilus, Sdl., Cathormio-
cords ... POT
nebulosus, L., Coniocleonus . 107
nigrinus, Mm., Ceuthorrhynchus 105
nigripennis (sanguinea var.),
Rybaxis .. cn wey
nigrirostris, F. , Phytonomus « 306. |
nigritarsis, K., "Apion .- 103 |
noctis, Gymnetron ~. 40
notatus, F., Pissodes .. 104
Notaris, S.. -- 105
obscurus, Mm. , Hylastinus . 106
ononicola, Beh. , Apion +o Ws
ononis, K., Apion. A ae KOS
Orchestes, Il. 101, 104
Orthochaetes as’ 106
Otiorrhynchus, Gm. 102, 106
palliatus, F., Tanymecus -- 105
pallipes, K., Apion a. 106
pastinaceae, Rs., Phytonomus .. 101
pauxillus, Gm., Rhynchites . 104
phlegmatica, Hb. , noni . 106
Phyllobius, Sr... ge ae
Phytobius, Sr. , s 108
piceus, Attagenus.. be St ee
piger, Sp., Cleonus 101, 107
pisi, F., Apion -» 103
plagiatus, Sl., Cneorrhinus 2 E02
planus, F., Larinus 105
pleurostigma, Mm. , Ceuthorrhyn-
chus a 40, 102
pomorum, L., Anthonomus - 104
populi, L., Byctiscus Ay Pe
pratensis, ‘Gm., Orchestes -. 104
ptinoides, Gy., Acalles . 106
pubescens, K., Apion ie’. FOG
pulchellus, Hb., Cionus .. + «106
pulicarius, Hb., Rhamphus~..._ 104
punctiger, Gy., aah ga 103
pusillus, Gm., Tychius 104
pyraster, Hb., Mecinus .. 102
pyri, L., Phyllobius LoS, 101, 107
pyrhorrhynchus, Mm., Ceuthor-
rhynchus | 105
quadridens, Pz. , Couthorrhynchus 107
ramulorum, Pe., Pityophthorus.. 106

PAGE
regensteinensis, Hb., Sitona 104
reichi, Gy., Smicronyx . 24, 103
rhododactylus, Mm., Phloeoph-

thorus i. (104, 106
roberti, Gy., Ceuthorrhynchus «2,
rotundatus, Br., var. on JUL
ruficollis, Galerita 62
rufulus, Dw., Ceuthorrhynchidius 107
rugulosus, Hb., epi i, 101
sanguinea, Rybaxis 8
sanguineum, D.G., Apion 102
saxeseni, Rz., Xyleborus 106
schonherri, Zt., var. os Se
Scolytidae .. os 100, 101
scutellare, K., Apion 102, 104
semivittatum, Gy., Apion 102, 105
seniculum, K., Apion os ite
serra, Dorcatoma .. “4! yp
sextillata, Mesomphalia .. 19
sheppardi, K., Choragus.. 106
sisymbrii, F., ee is 105
Sitona, Gm. 106
spadix, Hb., Codiosoma . 106
spinimanus, Gm., Trachyphloeus 107
squamosus, Gm., "Barynotus 101
Staphylinidae ~ 46
stolidum, Gm., Apion 105
striatum, K., Apion 104
striatus, Trachyderes 81
striatus =laevioctostriatus, Helops 8
Strophosomus, 8.. ee ~4) 206
subulatum, A... 103
sulcatus, F., Otiorrhynchus 104
sulcicollis, Ceuthorrhynehus 105
Tanysphyrus, Gm. ree ss 2038
tibialis, Hb., Sitona ae -. 104
tigrina, Bh., var. .. 2; SE
tomentosus, Gy., Rbynchites 104
tortrix, L., Dorytomus ; 104
triangulum, BA, Ceuthorrhyn-

chus : 105, 106, 107
trifasciatus, Attagenus ve ee
triguttatus, F., Alophus .. we SO
trilineatus, Mm., Phytonomus .. 105
trimaculatus, F., mr

chus ; 105
trisulcum, Gt., Aulonium os 108
undata, Megatoma ; 9
variegatus, Gf., Anthribus 103
variegatus, Astylus 81
venustus, F., Tychius. .. ee 104
veronicae, Gm. , Gymnetron 102
vespertinus (pyri var), Phyllobius 8
vicinum, K., Apion 102
vidua, Lytta a vin
villosulum, Gy., Gymnetron os 102
villosus, F., balaninus -» 102
viridis, Cassida 27

wvittata, Cassida .. so
waterhousei, Wa., Sitona
xantholoma, Cafius ie
xyloterus, Er. s

HEMIPTERA.
abrotana, Eupteryx —
albipennis, Plagiognathus
annulipes, Lethocerus
armillatus, Callipogon
aurita, Ledra
cornutus. Centrotus
elegans, Metacanthus
genistae, Gargara..
indicus, Lethocerus
marsupialis, Pamphigus
pallidicornis, Dicyphus ..
personatus, Reduvius..
vulnerata, Triecphora

DIPTERA.

alpina, Trisa

alternata, Rhagoletis
Anthomyiidae

Anthrax

Cecidomyiidae

cinerea, Chortophila
cognata, Acidia

ferox, Echinomyia :
frauenfeldi=longirostris
furcata, Stratiomys
hominis, Dermatobia
Jongirostris, Myopites
miliaria, Xyphosia
mutabilis, Microdon
plantaginis, Paroxyma
plicata, Orellia

ruficauda, Orellia..
salicis, Rhabdophaga ..
stylata, Urophora.. he
Try petidae 7
vespertina, Tephritis

z0é, Trypeta

HYMENOPTERA.
coitana, Andrena ..
communis, Hylaeus
Cynipidae .. .
dalmanni, Talenomius
dorsata, Andrena .
gigas, Sirex ‘
niger, Acanthomyops
renum, Trigonaspis
ruficornis, Nomada
glandulae, Andricus
sieboldii, Andricus
terminalis, Teras .. whe

27,

is,

PAGE
LEPIDOPTERA.
abia, Adelpha < 68
abruptaria, Hemerophila 8, 4, 8,

84, 88
aceris, Acronicta .. ek coe
achilleae, Zygaena 30, 34
achilles, Morpho ree : 70, 78
adippe (cydippe), Argynnis 27, 35
advenaria, Cepphis ox
aega, Morpho a 70, 7
aegeria, Pararge .. we sion, ae
aegon, Plebejus 38, 49
agesilaus, Papilio.. ope
agestis (medon), Aricia pte ee
aglaia, Argynnis .. 38, 42
albicillata, Mesoleuca i os ae
albidion (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis 37
albipuncta, Leucania 2, 34,37, 44
albiramis = godarti de 94, 96
alburnella, Telphusa a 22, 38
allous (agestis ab.), Aricia 32; fae
ambigua, Caradrina oo ae
amphinome, Ageronia Sisk ae
amplificatus —— ab.), Opsi-

phanes ie Pree
androgeus, Papilio oa
antiqua, Orgyia anes
antiopa, Nvymphalis 5, 34
aorsa, Opsipbanes is UE
Arctiidae (inae) 93
argus = aegon os oe
arion, Lycaena .. pe 6, 34
artemisia, Dynamine 82
asteris, Cucullia 26
astrarche = agestis 33
astrantiae, Depressaria 19
athalia, Melitaea . 36
atomaria, Ematurga 32
aUurago, Xanthia .. 44
aurinia, Kuphydryas, Melitaea 35, 39
australis, Aporophyla .. 34
aversata, Ptychopoda, Acidalia 24, 33
axanthe (grossulariata ab. ),
Abraxas .. as oe 38, 40
bajularia= pustulata 34
basirei, Carnegia .. aie <x ie
batavus (dispar ssp.), —
phanus .. va BE
bellargus, Polyommatus — 33, 36,
, 40
beltrao, Caligo .. er 77
bennetii, Agdistis .. 23
betulae, Salebria .. 3
biblis, Didonis 71
bicolor, Estheme .. 70
bicuspis, Cerura .. 4
bifractella, Aristotelia 98
bistortata, Ectropis, Tephrosia . 88

ae

115
PAGE PAGE
brachydactylus, Pselnophorus .. 98 | dispar, ig a acini 36
brunnea =ochraea : 95, 96 | Diaphora .. 93
brunnea (cinerea ab.), Agrotis .. 387 | drusilla, Appias .. de ia
brunneata =fuscata 84 | eburnata(contiguaria ), Ptycho-
burmeisteri, Chlorippe . 65 poda ae mg ae -. 44
c-album, Polygonia 4, 6, 29, 33, eboraci (lutea ab.), Diacrisia,
36, 42, 44 Spilosoma, Spilarctia ..17, 95, 96
caledonica (achilleae ssp.), elisa, Mechanitis .. ; in
Zygaena re .. 30 | eos (ilia f.), Apatura 38
callunae (quercus f.), Lasiocampa 1 | erigerella, Coleophora .. .. 34
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis 16, 37 | euphrosyne, Brenthis 6, 7, 32, ‘ae
candrena, Callicore on .. 70 | exclamationis, Agrotis .
cardamines, Euchloé ..32, 35, 37. | fagi, Stauropus . Me on, oe
carphodactyla, Leioptilus, Ptero- fasciata (lutea ab. ), Spilarctia,
phorus 2 35,32, 97, 98 Diacrisia $e ov LT, Sty ee
carye, Pyrameis eh .. 82 | fasciolaris, Melipotis wn te
cassinea =sphinx .. 11 | februa, Ageronia .. “ os)
Catocala ie 44 | feronia, Ageronia .. 71
chaonia, Drymonia 34 | filipendulae, Zygaena 34
chlorana, Harias .. 20 | flava, Adopoea 27
chrysotheme, Colias 45 | flava, (trifolii ab.), Zygaena 36
cinerea, Agrotis .. .. 84, 87 | flavescens (fulvago ab.), Xanthia 40
cinnus (coridon ab.), Polyomma- fowleri (coridon ab.), Polyomma-
tus aie as Sa, oe tus ‘ee se .. 385, 38
cipris, Catopsilia .. 63 | fraxini, Catocala .. 32
circellaris, Mellinia .. 40 | fuciformis, Hemaris ae
clathrata, Chiasmia 30, 38 | fuliginaria, Boletobia XV, 34
clavipalpis, Caradrina .. 29 | fulvago, Xanthia .. oo
clytie (ilia f.), Apatura 38 | fusca, Salebria Stee
eoenus, Dynamine 65 | fuscata (abruptaria ab.), Hemero-
consignata = insigniata 39 phil, .. e. %e 84
consortaria = punctinalis 22 | gilvago, Mellinia .. 9
conspicillaris, Xylomiges 37 | glandifera=muralis ni _< OF
contaminellus, Crambus.. 40 | godarti (albiramis) (lubricipeda
contiguaria=eburnata .. 44 ab.), Spilosoma. . ..94, 95, 96
coridon, Polyommatus 33, 35, 37, gonostigma, Orgyia ae 24, 38
38, 40 | grandipennis, Scythris .. 16
cristalana, Peronea : 34 | grossulariata, Abraxas 1, 6, 8, 11,
crepuscularia, Ectropis, Tephrosia 88 4,38, 40
croceus, Colias = .. 45 | harpagula (sicula), Drepana 38
cruenta, Pericopis 82 | hegesia, Kuptoieta : 65
cuculata, Kuphyia 24 | helice (croceus ab.), Colias 45
cydippe=adippe .. 35 | helvola (rufina), Amathes 34
dannatti, Danais .. 2 | Heodes=Chrysophanus .. 38
daplidice, Pontia .. 32 | hera=quadripunctaria ik
darius, Dynastor .. 60 | hereyna, Tisiphone 1, te
defoliaria, Erannis : 8 | hero, Coenonympha .
denotata=pimpinellata .. 31 | hesione, Euptoieta 68
dentina=nana 27 | Hesperiidae 83
dero, Dircenna si .. 82 | heterodactyla, Oxyptilus. . 99
deva, Terias ..60, 61, 65 | hortensia, Euptoieta 65
' dictaea=tremula .. .. 27 | humiliata, Sterrha 27
digitata ees ab. ), Poly- hyale, Colias 34
ommatus : .. 85 | hyalinata, Margaronia 82
digitata (coridon ab.), Poly- hydaspes, Catagramma .. 70
ommatus ve .. 35 | hygina, Euptychia .. oo
dimidiata, Ptychopoda 36 | hymenaea, Episcada 70, 82
dipsacea, Heliaca . 34

116

PAGE
hyperantus, Apbantopus, Enodia
32, 37
icarus, Polyommatus .35, 38, 39
ilia, Apatura 38
iliales (ilia ab.), Apatura.. eae
ilione, Ituna . 83
immorata, Acidalia eee eee
impar, Bryophila, Metachrostis
RV; , al
inaequalis (coridon ab.), Polyom-
meatus --.. : ate 38, 40
incerta, Taeniocampa ; oth a
insigniata (consignata), Eupi-
thecia ‘ oh eee
intermedia (ocellaris ab.), Xanthia 40
intermedia (lutea ai).), Spilosoma,
Spilarctia, Diacrisia .. 95, 96
invirae, Opsiphanes 77
iole (iris ab.), Apatura s 28
iris, Apatura aa - 34, 38
irregularis (coridon ab.), Polyom-
matus .. hice bee 38, 40
ithra, Phyciodes 60
jacobaeae, Hypocrita 27
judas, Apistosia ss oe ip tu
jurtina, Maniola .. s3BD, B1,. 422
lacticolor eae ab.), Ab-
raxas ; ae , 1
lamarckii, Papilio... ss, 68
lanceolana, Bactra i i es ene
laodamas, Papilio.. 68
levicki, Delias 2
ligustri, Sphinx . ei iC ake
lubricipeda = lutea 19, 31, 95, 96
lubricipeda, Spilosoma ..93, 95, 96
lucina, Hamearis . as, oh
lutea, Diacrisia, Spilarctia i,
31, 93, 95, 96
lutosa, Calamia 24
luctuosa, Acontia, Eustrotia 20,
al, al
Lycaenidae : 83
machaon, Papilio.. 39
macilenta, Mellinia 40
maculipennis, Plutella 36
maeon, Dynamine 05
marginata, Lomaspilis im. Se
marginestriata (lubricipeda ab.),
Spilosoma be 94, 96
mathata, Diophthalma “ess
medon =agestis 32
melete, Dismorphia : vidogeld
menthastri=lubricipeda, Spilo-
soma we aise key ee ee
meonia, Eloria .. or 60
microplus, Boopilus . »» B2
monoglypha, Xylophasia Ols,..30
morvus, Anaea .. a 65, 78

PAGE

muralis, Metachrostis, Bryophila
nana (dentina), Hadena..

napi, Pieris .

nemesis, Dismorphia 5
neophanes, Myelois ie 3,
nephalion, Papilio

nessaea, Mechanitis

nigricans = nocturnata ..
nigricans (selene ab.), Brenthis. .
nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis 4,
nigrata=nigrina (camilla ab.),

Limenitis
nocturnata (clathrata ab. hs Chias-
mia : Ne ; 30,

nota, Brephos ie

nubeculosa, Brachionycha, Aster-
oscopus ..

obsoleta (bellargus ‘ab. iy ‘Polyom-

matus .. é 38,
obsoleta (coridon “ab.), Polyom-
matus ..

obsoleta (croceus ab. ), Colias

obsoleta (sparganii ab.), Nonagria

ocellaris, Mellinia 11, 38, 39,

ochracea (lubricipeda ab. ) Spilo.
soma ;

oedippus, Coenonympha..

olena, Aeria

marginata (coridon ab.),
ommatus ° ais

Oporabia = Oporinia

operculella, Phthorimaea

pallida (croceus ab,), Colias

pallifrons, Lithosia a ar

pamphanis, Penetes

pamphilus, Coenonympha

papyratia, Spilosoma

pedaria, Phigalia ..

pellionella, Tinea ..

peltigera, Heliothis

Pericopinae

perla, Bryophila, Metachrostis 6,

perrhebus, Papilio

phanias, Pedaloides v0

philoxenus ares ia,
nympha. :

phlaeas, Heodes

Phragmatobia

pigra, Pygaera

pimpinellata (denotata
thecia

pinastri, Hyloicus. .

pirithous, Papilio ..

polaris (urticae ssp. ), Aglais

pollutaria (marginata ab.), Loma-
spilos .. oe

polydamas, Papilio. ee

Poly-

Conwe

29, 32,

) ee
. 5, 26,

63,

PAGE
polystichtus, Papilio ie SOR
potatoria, Cosmotriche 34, 36
profana (cristana ab.), Peronea.. 34
pronuba, Triphaena 37
Pterophori .. a7
punctaria, Cosymbia 19
punctinalis (consortaria), Boarmia 24
pusillata =tantillaria 11
pustulata (bajularia), Comibaena 34
pylene, Prepona “ 77
pyramus, Haematera ag -: 68
quadripunctaria (hera), Calli-

morpha .. 6, 25
quadripunctata = clavipalpis 29
quercus, Lasiocampa ap. 1
quercus, Strymon, Thecla 39
quiteria, Opsiphanes 77
radiata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus a
radiatus=zatima .. 95, 96
reevesi, EKriphanes oe. WO
reticulata, Neuria.. ’ 37
revayana, Sarrothripus .. me
rhamnata = transversata Eh, 24
rhamni, Gonepteryx 36, 37
Riodinidae e as 81, 83
ripae, Agrotis ius a ae
roeselia, Anartia .. 68
rubiginata, Acidalia an Od
rufa (albipuncta ab.), Leucania.. 44
rufina =helvola 34
rurik, Papilio is 68
rutilus (dispar ssp.), Chrysopbanus 36
saundersii, Chlosyne 15
scamander, Papilio ; 68
schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Heodes

29, 33, 35
scirpicolana, Bactra ae et eae
selene, Brenthis ..15, 33, 48
semele, Kumenis .. nae)
semiobsoleta (coridon ab. i Poly-
ommatus << oe
semisyngrapha (coridon ab. ), Poly-
ommatus as ac hee
seraphina, Chlorippe <i OB
sibilla=camilla .. ia £6
sicula = harpagula ae =), ae
smaragdaria, Euchloris .. 6, 38
spadiceana (cristana ab.), Peronea 34
sparganii, Nonagria a) @G
sphinx, Brachionycha 11
Spilarctia 93
spilodactylus, Alucita 98
Spilosoma .. 93
splendens, Eugraphia 72
stabilis, Taeniocampa
steneles, Victorina 68
stenodesmus, Papilio 68

PAGE
straminea, Leucania 6
striata (coridon ab.), Polyomma-
tus e Ms .37, 38, 40
subfulvovittana (cristana ab.),
Peronea .. +f, 25 -» oe
subcristalana pada ab.)
Peronea .. ‘ i< “Se
sueroildes, Selenis. . : ae |
suffusa (albipuncta ab.), Leucania 45
suffusa (perla ab.), Metachrostis,
Bryophila od -- 36
sulphuralis = trabealis 31
sylvanus = venata 32
syngrapha peas ab.), Polyom-
matus : -- BT
Syntomidae 81
tages, Erynnis : iy ee |
tantillaria (pusillata), Eupithecia 11
telesilaus, Papilio.. «+ G8
templi, Dasypolia.. 37
tetralunaria, Selenia 4
teucrii = heterodactyla 99
thaumas= flava 27
thermesia, Dismorphia a
thoas, Papilio ..58, 65, 68
tiphon = tullia oie on Oe
tirhaea, Anua +2)
tithonus, Maniola.. 35, 36
trabealis, Agrophila ; sd ee
transversata (rhamnata), Philer-
eme : ae yy LT,
tremula, Pheosia aa 27
trifolii, Pachygastria, Lasiocampa
34, 36
trigrammica, Grammesia i>,
trimacula, Drymonia : -. BO
tripuncta, Taygetis 68,72; 578
tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha 39
umbra, Chariclea . ; 38
undulata, Calocalpe ; 22
urticae, Aglais 9, "33, 36, 93
variata, Thera 11
varleyata (grossulariata ab. ), Ab-
raxas. Jn) 0
venata (sylvanus), Augiades,
Ochlodes s ss Oe
venustula, Erastria int ae
vestigialis, Agrotis | aig eee
victoriae-regis, Ornithoptera 5
vinula, Dicranura 17
viridaria, Phytometra 36
vitellina, Leucania 37
w- album, Strymon, Thecla 4, 3,
12
walkerii (lubricipeda ab.), Spilo.
soma, Diacrisia.. ..94, 95, 96
xylotribus, Eudoxyla ‘ ey
yphthima, Taygetis - 68, Tl, 7s

zatima
Diacrisia

zophodactylus, Stenoptilia

Zygaena .. 29

ODONATA.

cyathigerum, Enallagma
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma ..
quadrimaculata, Libellula
virgo, Calopteryx ..

ORTHOPTERA.
campestris, Gryllus
graminis, Thesprotia
lapponica, Ectobius
roeselii, Metrioptera
sylvestris, Nemobius

PLANTS.

alba, Rhynchospora
anglica, Drosera

arvensis, Cnicus
aviculare, Polygonum
bifolia, Habenaria a
canina, Rosa :
ecntaurium, Erythraea
cinerea, Salix
corniculatus, Lotus
communis, Lapsana
conyza, Inula

crispus, Carduus ..
crithmoides, Inula
dysenterica, Inula oe
epithymum, Cuscuta
farfara, Tussilago..
hugonis, Rosa ae ae
intermedia, Utricularia
jacobaea, Senecio

lutea, Viola ce an

(lutea ab.), Spilarctia,

12,

118

PAGE

maculata, Orchis ..
major, Astrantia .. Hy
maximum, Chrysanthemum
mollugo, Galium .. 3
muralis, Lactuea .. ate
natans, ‘Ricciocarpus a
nigra, Populus... A
ossifragum, Narthecium ..
palustris, Cnicus ..
paraguayensis, Ilex
polifolia, Andromeda
polystachion, Eriophorum
pratensis, Cnicus .. oe
pratense, Tragopogon ..
pyramidalis, Orchis
radicata, Hypochaeris
robur, Quercus
rotundifolia, Campanula. .
rotundifolia, Drosera
sanguisorba, Poterium
saxatile, Alyssum..
scorodonia, Teucrium
tripolium, Aster
umbellatum, Centaurion. .
vaginatum, Eriophorum
vulgare, Marrubium ne
vulgaris, Linaria ..
vulgaris, Utricularia

Not CuassIFIED.

concentrica, Daldinia (Fungus) 3, .

sanguisorbae, Eriophyes (Mite)..

farinae, Tyroglyphus (Mite)

roseopennis, Myrmeleon (Ant-lion)
septempunctata, pen (Lace-

wing)
Chrysopidae. (Neuroptera)
microplus, Boophilus

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HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E. 1.
EE eS ye SS

OFFICERS & COUNCIL

1937-38.

Prosivert,
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ice -Prestdents,

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Sov. ASE BY, F.B.E.S.

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T. R. EAGLES.

Hon, Becretaries,

S. N. A. JACOBS (Corresponding), ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent.

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THE SOUTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

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All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
S. N. A. JACOBS, ‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

PAST. ‘PRESIDENTS

1872-4.. J. R. Wetman (dec.). 1903 .. EH. Srup, F.L.S. (dec.)
1875-6.. A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec.). 1904 .. A: Sica, BEB
1877 .. J. P. Barrett, F.E.8. (dec.). | 1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc., FES:

1878 .. J. T. Wittiams (dec.). 1906-7.. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.).
1879 .. R. Sranpen, F.E.S. (dec.). 1908-9.. A. Sicu, F.E.S.
1880 .. A. Ficxin (dec.). 1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1881 .. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec.).| 1912-13. A. EK. Tones, F.E.S.
1882 .. T. R. Bruuvups, F.E.S. (dec.). | 1914-15. B. H. Surrn, B.A., F.E.S.
1883 .. J. R. Wetman (dec.). 1916-17. Hy. J. TURNER, F.K.S.
1884.2 W.. Wasr, 1sD:8. (dec). 1918-19. StantEY Epwarps,}F.L.S. etc.
1885 .. R. Sours, F.E.S. (dec.). 1920-21. K. G. Buarm, B-Se., Peis
1886-7.. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 .. E. J. Bunnert, M. A.
1888-9.. T. R. Bruuurs, F.H.S. (dec.).| 1923-4.. N. D. Riney, F.Z.8., F.E.S.
1890. .. J. T. Carrineton, F.L.S. | 1925-6.. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E 8.

(dec.) | 1927-8.. HE. A. Cockayne, D. M. ny
1891 .. W. H. Tuawett, Px.C. (dec.) A.M.,.F.R.C.P., Fae.
1892. .. C: G. Basenrr, F.H.S. (dee.),| 1929” .. H.W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. |
1893 .. J.J. Wem, F.L. S., etc. (dec.) | 1930 .. F. B. Carr, (dec.).
1894 .. EH. Srep, F.L.S. (dec.) 1930 .. C. N. Hawxins, F.E.S. |
1895 .. T. W. Hai, F.E.S8. (dec). | 1931 .. K. G. Buar, D.Se., Fee
1896 .. R. Sourn, F.E.S. (dec.). F.Z.8.
1897 .. R. Apxin, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932 .. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1898 .. J. W. Tort, F.H.S. (dec.). 1933 .. C. G. M. pz Worms, M.A-,
1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec.). Ph.D., A.LC:, Gs
1900 .. W.J.Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.(dec.) F.R.E.S. = M.B.0.U.
1901 .. H.S. Fremumn, F.E.S., etc. | 1934 .. T. R. Eacuss.
1902 .. F. Noap Cuarx. 1935 .. EH. HE. Syms, F.R.E.S.

1936... M. NISMETT,

ae

Pi). OF “MEMBERS:

Chief subjects of Study :—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea; d,
Diptera ; ec. ent, Economic Entomology ; ent, Entomology, General ; e, Exotic ;
hem, Hemiptera; hy, Hymenoptera; 1, Lepidoptera; mi, Microscopy; mo,
Mollusea; n, Neuroptera; nat. phot, Nature Photography; 00, Oology; orn,
Ornithology ; orth, Orthoptera; p.(od), Paraneuroptera (Odonata) ; 7, Reptiles ;
t, Trichoptera.

ara
YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1886 Apxin, B. W., F.n.z.s., ‘“‘ Highfield,’ Pembury, Tunbridge
Wells. 1, orn.

1922 Apxin, J. H., Council, Hon. Lanternist, “ Lamorran,”’ Oak
Lane, Sevenoaks. ll.

1901 Apxm, R. A., 1, ‘‘ Hartfield Court,’’ Eastbourne. mo.

1928 Anperson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.

1907 Anprews, H. W., F.r.z.s., Council, 6, Footscray Road,
Eltham, §.E.9. d.

1895 Asusy, S. R., r.z.u.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow. cc, l.

19384 Arxinson, J. L., “ Down’s Cottage,” 76, Northwood Road,
Tankerton, Kent. 1.

1931 Arrwoop, R. W., 36, Tannsfield Road, Sydenham, 8.1.26.

1936 Aveusr, V. E., 59, Hilleross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

1931 Baxuarn, F., 40, Albert Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

1987 Batuinerr, D. E., “The Cottage,” Canham Rd., Acton, W.3. J.

1896 Barnert, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. J.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, 8.H.15. 1.

1933 Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., F.r.e.s., ‘‘Monkshatch Cottage,”
Compton, nr. Guildford. /.

1927 Bepweit, EH. C., r.r.z.s., 54, Brighton Road, Coulsdon,
Surrey. 6.

1929 Bett, J. H., r.r.z.s., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkham-
sted, Herts.

1924 Burp, Miss F. K., ‘‘Red Cottage,’ Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Kssex. orn.

1911 Bua, K. G., p.sc., F.r.e.s., Council, ‘ Claremont,” 120,
Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, ¢.

iv

YEAR oF
ELEcrTIon.

1926 Briss, A., Council, 4, Monahan Avenue, Purley. 1.

1925
1934

1923

1935
1933

1936
1909

1936

1927
1934
1930

1936
1936
1909
1927
1915

1922
1899

1924
1936
1922
1936
1915

1934
1935
1899

1936
1907

Buytn, S. F. P., “ Cleeveland,” Chislehurst, Kent. 1.

Borrer, C. D., “The Old Manor House,” Cley-next-Sea,
Norfolk.

Bovcx, Baron J. A., ¥.n.x.s., “‘ Springfield,” S. Godstone,
Surrey. J.

Bowtes, T. J., 29, Montague Avenue, Sanderstead, Surrey.

Brerv, G. A., B.sc., a.R.c.8., ‘‘ Kishmet,” Wolsey Road, Esher,
Surrey. ent.

Briscet, R. H., 141, Burnt Oak Lane, Sidcup, Kent.

Brient, P. M., F.n.u.s., “Nether Court,” 60, Christehurch
Road, Bournemouth. 1.

Brirron, Everarp, c/o Department of Entomology, Natural
History Museum, Cromwell Road, 8.W.7.

Brocxuessy, §. H., ‘ Long Lodge,”’ Merton Park, 8.W.19. 1.

Bropig, P., 8.a., 46, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey. micro-l.

Brooks, Miss W. M. A., c/o Dr. Brooke, 99, The Avenue,
Muswell Hill, N.10. ec, ent., b., marine life.

Brown, Maxwetu, West Kent Hotel, Bickley, Kent. ent.

Buox, F. D., 49, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road, N.19. e.

Bucxstonr, A. A. W., 90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell. 1.

Butt, G. V., B.a., m.B., “* White Gables,’’ Sandhurst, Kent. J.

Bunnettr, E. J., m.a., “Llanstephan,” 11, Fearon Road,
Hastings, Sussex.

Bususy, L. C., F.n.z.s., Council, 11, Park Grove, Bromley,
Kent. ce, hem.

Carr, Rev. F. M. B., u.a., u.tH., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes,
Lanes. J, n.

Cuapman, Miss L. M., “ Arolla,’’? Waterlow Road, Reigate.

Cuartres, 8. A., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex. ent.

CurxrseEman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, §8.E. 12. 1.

Cuassey, KE. W., 141, Portnall Road., Maida Hill, W.9. ent.

Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 16, Westbourne
Street, W. 2. 1.

Cots, G., 8a, Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.8.

Cotuins, R. J., 69, Beechen Lane, Kingswood, Surrey.

Coutakup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, 8.E. 22.
1, 00, orn.

Cooprr, B. A., 61, Okehampton Road, London, N.W.10. ent.

Coors, F. D., F.r.x.s., Council, 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam,
Surrey. J, b.

YEAR oF
ELEcTION.

1923
1919

1922
1909

1928
1911

1937
1937
1935
1934
1918
1933

1920
1898

1932
1937

1927
1925
1900
1933
1889
1930
1901
1921
1936
1930

1930

Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. 1.
Cornisu, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
mrs. 1B; 0, ¢.
Coucuman, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. J.
Coutson, F. J., President, ‘‘Burnigill,’ 24, Springfield
Avenue, Merton Park, S.W.20. ¢, hem.

Court, T. H., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’ Market Rasen, Lincoln.

Coxuzap, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, HK. 11.
(Life Member.) c.

Cozens, A. B., ‘‘ Claremont,’’ Sunninghill, Ascot, Berks. ent.

Crasreer, B. H., “ Highfiela,” Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 1.

Oraske, EK. §., “ Hillsboro,’ Gringer Hill, Maidenhead, Berks.

Craske, J. C. B., F.n.£,s., 57, Cornwall Gardens, S.W.7.

CrauFurp, Clifford, ‘“‘ Denny,” Bishops Stortford. J.

Crewpson, R. C. R., F.x.u.s., The Grange, Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. J.

Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, Bexley Heath. 1.

Crow, EK. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
Sav lG. 6.

Crow, P. N., ‘‘ Heathcote,’’ Cookham Dean, Berkshire. J.

Curtis, A. E., ‘“‘ The Cottage,” IRfold LEstate, Loxwood,
Billingshurst, Sussex.

Dansy, G. C., ‘‘ Sheringham,” 31, Albion Road., Sutton,
Surrey. .

Dannatr, Walter, F.R.E.s., F.z.s., 94, Guibal Road, Lee,
Abas be

Day, F. H., ¥.n.u.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. J, ¢.

Demuta, R. P., 7, Holland Park Avenue, W.11. 1.

Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.1.
1, mi, b.

Denvit, H. G., Hon. Minuting Secretary, 4, Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey. J, ¢.

Dons, A. W., 85, The Mall, Southgate, N.14. 1.

Dotrton, H. L., 86, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. 1.

Doupnry, 8. P., ‘‘Thurne,” 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. J.

Downes, J. A., B.sc., 120, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20.
ent, 1.

Dupsrivex, B. J., 3B.a., Colonial Administrative Serviee,
Tanganyika, c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam ; and 18,
Church Lane, Merton Park, London, 8.W.17. ent.

vl

YEAR OF
Evecrion.

1927

1886

1933
1923

1937
1932
1935
1920
1924

1930
1936

1887

1926

1889

1920
1915
1907

1921

1938

1886

- 1912

1928

1930
1929

1936
1936

Kactes, T. R., Hon. Treasurer, 82, Abbey Road, Enfield,
Middlesex. J, c.

Epwarps, §., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.. (Hon. Member), 52, Cold
Bath Road, Harrogate, Yorks. 1, e l.

Exeoop, W. §., North Bank, Wisbech, Cambs.

Euus, H. Willoughby, r.r.u.s., F.z.s., M.B.o.U., Friary Hill,
Wartuidac: Surrey ¢, orn.

Emprry, B., F.R.5.s., St. Bur holaneors Vicarage, Dover, Kent.

mae L. H., 16, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, 8.W.20. 1.

Ensor, G. A., 7, Mount Nod Road, Streatham, S.W.16.

Farmer, J. B., 156, Loughborough Park, Brixton, 8.W.9. J.

Fassnipce, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.Ss., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,
Southampton. J, n, hem.

Frrrmr, W. J., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. 1.

Finnigan, W. J., 6, Shrublands Grove, Worcester Park, Surrey.
ent.

Fietcuer, W. H. B., m.a., ¥.z.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. (Life-Member.) 1.

Fiercuer, P. Bainbrigge, m.sc., a...c., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Winscombe,”
Copsem Drive, Esher, Surrey. , J.

Forp, A., “South View,” 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. J, ¢.

Forp, L. T., “St. Miehael’s,” Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. 1.

Fosrsr, T. B., ‘‘Downlands,” 24, York Rd., Selsdon, Surrey. J.

Fountaine, Miss M. E., r.r.x.s., “ The Studio,” 100a, Fellows
Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. 1.

Frampton, Rev. R. E. E., m.a., Innhams Corner, Crow-
borough, Sussex. 1.

Fraser, Angus, ‘ Ranelagh,’ Gloucester Road, Tankerton,
Kent. c.

Fremurn, Major H. S., .rg.c.s., L.R.c.P., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,”
Ryarsh, Kent. .

Frouawk, F. W., F.R.x.s., M.B.0.U., “ Kssendene,’ Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. J, orn.

Gittes, W. §., F.p.E.s., F.a.c., “The Cottage,” Bocking,
Braintree, Essex. 1.

Giuusatt, F. T., F.r.z.s., 25, Manor Road, lolkestone, Kent. J.

Gurce, D. L., F.r.x.s., ‘‘ Birchstone,’”’ Coombe Park, Kings-
ton, Surrey. J.

Goopgan, B. §., F.x.z.s., 81, West Street, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

Goonk, Frank, 275, Eastern Avenue, Ilford, Essex. J.

}

it

2)
i

vii

YEAR oF

ELEcTION.

1935 Gooputrre, F. D., Agricultural College, Long Sutton, Basing-
stoke. ec. ent.

1920 Goopman, A. de B., r.r.u.s., The Old Malt House, Shenley,
Church End, nr. Bletchley, Bucks. 1.

1926 Gorvon, D. J., .a., r.x.u.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
Ross. c., l.

1924 Granr, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. 1.

1924 Greer, T., g.e., “The Bungalow,” Sandholes, Dungannon,
Oo. Pyrone. 1.

1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., F.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.

1933 Grocock, L. O., ‘“‘ Brasted,’ 58, Sherwood Road, Addiscombe,
Croydon.

1911 Grosvenor, T. H. L., Springvale, Linkfield Lane, Redhill. 1.

1934 Gunton, Major H. C., m.s., F.z.e.s., ‘“ Rathgar,” Gerrards
Cross, Bucks. .

1891 Hamm, A. H., a.u.s., F.n.z.s., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. 1.

19038 Harz, EK. J.. r.x.u.s., 41, Avenue Gardens, Acton, W.3. 1.

1926 HarmswortH, Sir Hinvesrann A. B., F.R.5.s., 19, Princes
Gate, S. W.7.

1933 Harris, Chas. W., 7, Roseberry Gardens, Dartford. 1.

1936 Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, W.5. 1.

1924 Harwoop, P., ¥.z.z.s., Westminster Bank, 292, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. ll.

1927 Haweoon, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. 1.

1924 Hawkins, C. N., r.x.x.s., Council, 28, Wilton Crescent, Wim-
bledon, S.W.19. 1.

1929 Hawtey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., Sibton Church Farm, Yoxford,
Suffolk.

1928 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.x.u.s., F.z.s., F.R.G.s., Hstacion
Experimental, Concordia, I’.C.E.R., Argentina. J. orn, c.

19387 Haywarp, L. W., ‘“‘ Haslemere,’’ Summerhill Road, Dartford,

; Kent. ent. |

1986 Heners, A. V., F.R.e.s., ‘* Milton Ernest House,’ Milton
Ernest, Beds. 1.

1920 Hemuine, Capt. A. F., F.z.s., r.R.z.s., 18, Glebe Place, Chelsea,
Se we Be

1924 Henpverson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. ec.

1931 Herrmann, E. R.,

1931

Hesvop, I. R, P., m.a., F.n.u.s., 34, Henleaze Gardens, Westbury-
on-Trym, Bristol and Nigerian Administrative Service,
Obetim, Warri Province, vid Sapele, Southern Nigeria,
West Africa. J.

Vill

YEAR oF

ELEcTION.

1927 Hewer, H. R., m.sc., p.1.c., Royal College of Science, 8. Ken-
sington, 8.W. 7.

1920 Honeson, 8S. B., “ St. Philips,” Charles Street, Berkhamsted,
Herts.

1927 Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., “ Wedderburn House,’ Hampstead,
N.W.3.

1931 Howarrn, T. G., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell Hill, N.10.5

1984 Hueerins, H. C., F.n.x.s., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-
Sea. 1, ent.

1929 Hueuss, A. W., ‘‘ Delamere,’’ Buckingham Way, Walling-
ton. 4.

1933 Hurcuines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. J.

1928 Jackson, F. W. J., ‘“ The Pines,” Ashtead, Surrey.

1914 Jackson, W. H., ‘‘Pengama,” 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. J.

1923 Jacozs, S. N. A., Hon. Secretary, Ditchling, 54, Hayes Lane
Bromley. J, el.

1924 James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.1. 1.

1924 James, R., F.r.z.s., 14, Golden Lane, H.C.1. 1.

1936 James, W. H., 41, Carson Road, Dulwich, 8.E.21. 1.

1927 Janson, O. J., F.R.E.s., Recorder, 18, Fairfax Road, Hornsey,
N.8. ent.

1936 Jarrett, J., 9, Lytton Gardens, Wallington, Surrey.

1925 Jarvis, C. McK., 68, Clyfford Rd., West End Road, Ruislip,

19238

1933
1936

1928
19338
1910
1925
19338

1935
1925

1927

Middlesex. c¢. (?)

JoHNsIYoNE, J. F., F.n.k.s., ‘‘ Courtlands,’’ Clarence Parade,
Southsea. J.

Jonss, H. G. C., “‘Shere,’’ 33, Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey. J.

KenwarD, D. Ii. G., B.sc., 8, Vanburgh Pk. Rd. West, 8.E.3.
ent.

KrtTrLEWELL, Dr. H. B. D., ‘ Homefield,’ The Common,
Cranleigh, Surrey. J,

Krywoop, K. P., “Croft Cottage,’ Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey.
ent, orn.

Kipner, A. B., ‘Southwood,’ The Drive, Sidcup, Kent. J.

Kimmins, D. E., 2, Avington Grove, Penge, S.. 20. 1.

Kine, H., p.sc., F.z.s., “ Amanita,’ 28, Hawthorne Avenue,
Northwick Park, Harrow. J, orn.

Kirsy, Miss Kathleen, §. L. F.,

Ve ane Lt.-Col. F. A., F.r.u.s., 15, Draycott Avenue,

Lawson, H. B.,¥.r.e.s., “ Churchmead,” Pirbright, Surrey. J.

a

1X
YEAR OF
ELEcTION.
1922 Lezcuman, C. B., “ Pansala,’’ Roundabouts, Storrington,

1914
1934
1933
1936
1931

1892

1889

1982

1930

1922

1934
1932

1936
1889

1930
1920

1937

1935
1934
1906
1930

1926
1936

1932
1934
1935
1911

Sussex. J,
Lereps, H. A., Wood Walton, near Sawtrey, Huntingdon. 1.
Ling, H. V., ‘* Brookside,” St. Peters Road, Orpington.
Liescomps, C. G., Linur,. “ Mumfords,” Batheaston, Bath.
Lows, Carr. J. H. B., R.E. 69, Oakwood Court, W. 14. 1.

MacNutrty, B. J., Council, “ Rutland,’ 67, All Saints Road,
Sutton, Surrey. J.

Main, H., B.sc., F.R.E.s., F.z.S., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. J, nat. phot., e.

Manssripce, W., F.R.u.s., ‘“‘ Monreith,” Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. J, ¢., ete.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside Road,
Kastbourne. l.

Marsa, D. G., “ Brackla,’’ 31, The Crossways. Sutton, Surrey.
l

Masszg, A. M., p.sc., F.R.E.S., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. J.

Mears, T., 97, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.\W.20.

Me tiows, W. T., M.B.E., LL.B., Scatton, Thorpe Road, Peter-
borough.

Mixzorrow, G., 83, Hargwyne St., Stockwell, S.W.9. J.

Moorr, H., r.r.z.s., 9, Hoopwick Street, Deptford, $.E.8.
Ll, hem, d, el, e hym, e d, ii.

Mortury, A. McD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone.

Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entom-
ology, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischall
College, Aberdeen. ec. ent.

Morrmer, D. A., 89, Stobhill Villas, Morpeth, Northumber-
land. hym.

Mutter, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’’ Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.

Museravg, A. J., 21, Loveday Road, W.13.

Newman, L. W., P.r.x.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. .

Nisxetr, M., Vice-President, 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey.
galls.

Nixon, G. E., B.a., 3?, Kenway Road, Earl’s Court, S.W.5. hu,l.

Norton, Wallis, 8. G., Norton House, Peaks Hill, Purley,
Surrey. ent.

O’Farre x, A. F., 20, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, S8.W.19. J.

Oxiver, G. B., “ Hazlemere,” High Wycombe, Bucks. 1.

Owen, A. H., 41, Coombe Road, Croydon, Surrey. 1.

Pace, H. E., F.r.z.s., 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, §.E.8. J.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1927 Patmer, D. §., “ North Lodge,” Esher.

1908 Pennineron, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W.1. 1.
1928 Perkins, J. F., ¥.r.u.s., 19, Courtfield Gardens, §8.W.5. A.
1983 Pryvon, A. G., “Holly Bank,” 6, Napleton Road, Ramsgate. J.

1933
1933
19338
1912
1927

1924
1904

1922

1925

1920

1936
1934

1908

1910

1911

1920

1936

1932
1932

1936
1915

Pinuey, E. C. G., 70, Tisbury Road, Hove. ent.

Piynicer, EK. B., 19, Endlebury Road, Chingford, E.4. p, l.

Pootrs, S. W. P., “ Richmond,’ Alderman’s Drive, Peter-
borough. J.

Povtron, Pror. Sir H. B., d.so., -wix., F.BS:; Fic85 Fee
F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ‘© Wykeham House,” Oxford. (Hon. Member.)

Prart, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane, Rich-
mond, Surrey.

Priest, C. G., 67, Portland Road, Holland Park, W.11. 1.

Prisks, R. A. R., F.n.£.s., 186, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing,
W.8:.—l,mo. :

Rait-Smito, W., ¥F.z.S., F.R.E.S., ¥F.R.H.S., ‘ Hurstleigh,”
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. 1.

Raurs, Miss I. M., r.r.e.s., 27, Shaftesbury Road, Ravens-
court Park, W.6.

Ricuarpson, A. W., F.R.E.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. 1.

Ricuarpson, N. A., 68, Finchley Lane, Hendon, N.W. 4. 1.

Rivgout, J. K., ‘“‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming,
Surrey. (Life Member.)

Rixey, Capt. N. D., r.x.u.s., r.z.s., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20. 1.

Rozertson, G. §., m.p., ‘ Struan,” Storrington, near Pul-
borough, Sussex. .

Roginson, Lady Maun, F.r.x.s., Kirklington Hall, Newark.
L,

Rotuscuitp, Tue Ricut Hon. Lorp, D.sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F-Z.Sey
F.R.E.S., Tring, Herts. J, orn. (Life Member.)

Royrre, D. W., 2, Imperial Mansions, Bromells Rd., Clapham,
oe ae

Rupianp, W. L., 211, Caversham Road, Reading.

Russet, A. G. B., m.y.o., F.R.E.s., Scarbank House, Swanage,
Dorset. 1.

Russetu, J. A. P., Scarbank House, Swanage, Dorset. ent.
Russett, §. G. Casrie, “ Springetts,’ Seaview Road,
Higheliffe-on-Sea, Hants. .

1936 Sarp, G. J., 71, Sistova Road, S.W.12. 1.

xi

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1936
1908

1927
1923

19338
1910

1898

1921

1908
1927

1928

1934
1936

1924
1931

1936
1929
1934
1916

1922
1913
1934
1925

1929
1931

1935

Scopzs, Gowine E., “Oakhurst,” Oakwood Road, Crofton,
Orpington, Kent. J.

Sr. Ausyy, Capt. J. G., v.n.e.s., F.R.P.S., 14, Purley Knoll,
Purley.

Scott, E., m.z., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. 1.

Szvastroputo, D. G., r.r.e.s. (Life Member), c/o Ralli Bros.
Ltd., Calcutta. 1.

Suarman, fF. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough. J.

Saetpon, W. G., F.z.s., F.R.E.S., ‘West Watch,” Oxted,
Surrey. .

Sicu, Aur., F.R.u.s., Coburg Court Hotel, Bayswater Road,
Wesel.

Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.M.c., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.E.8., 172, High
Road, Salway Hill, Woodford Green. l.

Sperrine, O. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, 8.E. 7. 1.

Sranuey-Suira, F. S., r.r.z.s., Vice-President, “Oaklands,”
Brampton, Huntingdon. J.

Srantey-Smrru, Mrs. Maud, ‘‘ Oaklands,” Brampton, Hunting-
ones (2;

Srmpuens, J. A., 44, Mount Road, Chatham.

Sriganp, Miss B., 175, Gloucester Place, London, N.W.1:
hortic. ent.

Srorry, W. H., 398, High Drive, New Malden, Surrey. ent.

Srovin, G. H. T., m.r.cs., u.e.c.p., ‘ Sevenhurst,” 42,
Chalkwell Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

SrreEeter, Ernest, Petworth, Sussex. .

Srusss, G. C., 31, Egremont Street, Ely, Cambs.

Surton, G. R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.

Syms, E. E., r.res., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands
Avenue, Wanstead, E.11. 2, orth., p.(od.), t.

Tams, W. H. T., F.z.u.s., 5, Daisy Lane, Hurlingham,
= Oa eee ©

TatcHEeLL, L., F.R.E.s., Swanage, Dorset. .

Taytor, J. O., Lyndhurst, Grosvenor Road, Orpington. J.

Taytor, J. S., m.a., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 45, Graafie Reinett,
C:P. Dnion:o1 5A:

Terry, J., “ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley.

Tuomeson, J. A., F.R.¥.S.. Tan-y-Bryn School, St. Margarets
Drive, Llandudno, N. Wales. 1.

Tompxins, L. H., “ Clifton,” 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey. |

Xil
YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1902 Toner, A. E., F.r.z.s., Council, ‘Aincroft,” Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. J.

1934 Tunstaty, H. G., 11, St. James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey.

1887 Turner, H. J., F.z.u.8., F.R.H.S., Hon. Hditor, ‘‘ Latemar,” 25,
West Drive, Cheam, Surrey. J, d, e.l.

1889 Warnweient, C. J., F.R.z.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. J, d.

1929 Watnwrieut, J. Chas., 9, Priory Road. Hook Road, Surbiton,

: Surrey.

1911 Waxety, Sir Leonarp D., k.c.1.£., c.B., 7, Parkside Gardens,
Wimbledon, 8.W.19. 1.

1930 Waxety, §., Council, 4, Auckland Road, Upper Norwood,
ead ve ae a

1880 Watxer, Comm. J. J., m.a., F.L.s., F.R.E.S., ‘ Aorangi,’’ Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. J, ¢.

19386 Warrier, R. E., 147, Friern Road, London, 8.1.22. 1.

1920 Warson, D., “ Proctors,’’ Southfleet, Kent. J.

1928 Warts, W. J., 42, Bramerton Road, Beckenham. ec.

1928 Wetts, Clifford, “‘ Dial House,” Crowthorne, Berks. 1.

1911 Wetts, H. O., York Gate, Cheam Road, Ewell. 1.

1911 Wueever, The Rev. G., m.a., F.z.S., F.R.E.S., ‘* Hllesmere,’
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. J.

1927 Wauirs, A. G., “ Hilltop,” Chaldon, Surrey.

1934 Wuirexouss, Prof. Sir H. Beckwith, x.8.., M.B., M.S.LOND.,
F.R.C.S., F.R.K.S., 62, Hagley Road, Birmingham.

1925 Wits, H. B., ux.p., r.r.x.s., “ Redmayes,’’ 79, Broad Lane,
Hampton-on-Thames, Middlesex. 1.

1932 Wittiams, 8. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, E.4. 1.

1927 Wirvine, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 28.

1918 Woop, H., “Albert Villa,’ Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. 1.

1926 Woorrton, W.J.,¥.2.4.s., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex. 1.

1927 pe Worms, C. G. M., m.a., PH.D., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., F.C.8.,
a.1.c., Milton Pk., Egham, Surrey. 1, orn.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. See. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

ey

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1936.
EN

Speaking generally, the present season, owing to its wetness and
the coldness of the summer may be called a poor one from the point
of view of field work, but the Society’s field workers seem to have
carried on energetically, with undiminished numbers, and were
rewarded with one or two very interesting captures.

There were the usual twenty-two meetings and the Annual
Exhibition ; four papers were read by :—J. A. Downes, B.Se. (2), F.
Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S., and 8. N. A. Jacobs. Short papers were
contributed by HK. A. Cockayne, A.M.. D.M,, F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.,
C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S., A. F. O’Farrell, and S. Wakely. The
average attendance was 40°5.

The standard of exhibits has been good and the notes supplied by
the exhibitors have this year added considerably to the value of the
exhibits ; it is hoped that this habit of careful recording will grow
on all members, remembering always that the more such notes are
received, the greater will be the value of the Society’s annual
publication. The thanks of the Society are due to those gentlemen
whose careful preparation of exhibits has done much to add to the
interest of meetings.

The Annual Exhibition took place on the 22nd October, and there
was the usual good attendance, 248 members and visitors signing
the attendance book. Although, as is to be expected, Lepidoptera
predominated amongst the exhibits, practically all Orders received
some attention, and many were well represented; there were
living exhibits, also a section of drawings and photographs of
flowers, insect life, and fishes. The social side of this meeting was
as successful as usual, and it was good to see so many of our country
members coming up for this occasion to renew old acquaintances and
make new ones.

Twelve fleld meetings were held at, Effingham (T. R. Eagles) ;
East Horsley (C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D.) ; Tiloate Forest
(T. R. Eagles); Broadwater Forest (G. V. Bull, B.A., M.B.);
Warley Common (EK. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.); Cutt Mill (F. Stanley-
Smith, F,R.E.S.); Chalfont Road (K. G. Blair, D.Se., F.R.E.S.) ;
Benfleet and Thames Marshes (R. W. Attwood); Epsom (M. Niblett) ;

AUG 27 1937

Ziv:

Gomshall (F. D. Coote. F.R.E.S.); Blackheath, Chilworth (F. J.
Coulson) ; and Byfleet (F.J. Coulson). A meeting was also arranged
for Box Hill, but as this coincided with a Southern Railway excursion
to the New Forest, it was agreed to drop this meeting in order that
members might take advantage of this chance of visiting
Brockenhurst.

You will have noted from the Treasurer’s Report, which has just
been read to you, that the Society’s financial position is very satis-
factory, but it is again brought to the notice of members that
payment of subscriptions as near as possible to the 1st of January
of the year in question will save the treasurer, who is, after
all, an honorary official, a considerable amount of unnecessary
correspondence.

The membership of the Society is now 254, consisting of 211 full
members, 86 Country members, 2 honorary members, and 5 life
members; there have been fifteen resignations, one death, and
twenty-one elections. Report has also come to hand of the death of
Mr. D. J. Rice some years ago.

The Society was represented at the Annual Congress of the South-
Hastern Union of Scientific Societies by Mr. Hy. J. Turner and
and Dr. G. V. Bull, and their report will be included in the volume
of Proceedings and Transactions for 1936-37.

The volume of Proceedings and Transactions for the season 19385-
86 appeared in July and consists of 118+xxiv pp. + 10 plates,
which, besides publishing the papers read during the year, includes
also a long account, read in part by Mr. Turner, of a six months
collecting tour of the Argentine republic, by Captain Hayward. It
has been, as usual, weil reviewed in the entomological publications,
and our thanks are due to those gentlemen whose generosity has
enabled us to include so many plates.

The Curator reports that donations to the Society’s collections
include the collection of Hymenoptera made by our late member
Mr. G. EH. Frisby of Gravesend, and presented by his widow. The
series of Fossores is almost complete and contains many rare
species ; this collection will shortly be available to members for
study. Mr. H. W. Andrews presented two boxes of Diptera while
other donations were received from Dr. K. G. Blair. Dr. G. VY. Bull,
Dr. N. H. Joy, and Messrs. G. A. Brett, R. J. Collins, G. B. Oliver,
and 8. Wakely.

The Librarian reports that during the season there has been an
increase in the number of borrowers, and also of the books taken

XV

out on loan. The library has been increased through the usual
methods of purchase, exchange and donation, and periodicals have
been bound.

The following additions to the Library were recorded :—

Booxs.—‘‘ Sketches from Nature in Northern Ireland” (Miss
Brooke) ; Guide to the Collection in the Horniman Museum ;
‘“ Hunting Insects in the South Seas” (Mrs. Stanley-Smith) ;
“ Clothes Moths and House-Moths’”’ (Brit. Museum).

Periopicats.—Iintom.; Ii.M.M.; Ent. Rec.; Nat. Hist.; Vascu-
lum; Ent. News.; Argentine Revista.

Proceepines, ETc.—Bull. and Ann. Soc, lint. de France; Ann.
Rept. Smithsonian Inst.; Proc. Coventry N.H.S.; Rep. N. India
Expedition ; Trans. Wisconsin Acad.; Rep. U.S. Nat. Museum ;
Jurl. Essex Naturalist; Jnr]. Com. and Footpaths Pres. Society ;
Jurl. Socy. British Entom.; Bull. Lloyd Lib. and Museum; Proe.
Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia; Trans. Norfolk and Suffolk Nat. Socy. ;
Proc. I: O. Wight Nat. H. Scy.; Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.; Revue
d’Entomologie de l’U.R.S.S.; Jnrl. London N.H.S.; Jnrl. Zool. Riga;
Jnr. Zool. Upsala; Jnrl. O’hara Inst.; Mems. Connecticut Acad. of
Arts and Science; Trans. and Proc. Perthshire Soc. of Nat. Sc. ;
Bull. Zool. Lab. Portici; Essex Nat.; Trans. Leicester Lit. and
Phil. Soc.; Jnrl. Univ. Lib. Sweden; Trans. and Jnr]. Eastbourne
N.H.S.; Jnr]. Shanghai Sci. Inst.; Trans. Hereford N.H.S.; Ent.
Beihefte Berlin ; Hertford N.H.S.and Field Club.; Bull. Biologique
et Medicin.

Separares.—Changes in fauna and flora in past 50 yrs. (Sep. Linn.
Scy. Dr. Blair); U.S. Nat. Museum; Vienna N.H.S; Field
Museum ; Chicago N.H.S.

HON. TREASURER’S REPORT, 1936.

I present to-night my first report as your Treasurer. I hope I
have done my work well, for no one could have had a better start.
My predecessor’s work gave me a clear record of the past and an
excellent model for the future.

The accounts are drawn up in the same formas in the past. You
will see from them that our position is as sound as ever.

In round figures our income has been £212 and our expenditure
£20 less at £192. This £20 is reflected in the Balance Sheet where
you will find our balances add up to £74 9s. 5d. against £54 10s. 1d.
last year. Thus we have more lying at the Bank, but I regard this ~
as purely a temporary matter following, as it does, a year of excep-
tionally reduced expenditure.

Examining the items in detail it will be noticed that the collection
of current subscriptions has produced slightly more than last year,
the payments in advance are about the same, but the arrears
collected are £14 less. Had I been able to keep up to last year’s
figure of arrears there would have been hardly any collectable items
left.

This time we have a full year’s income from the further £200,
the bequest of the late Mr. Robert Adkin, invested in 84% Conversion
Loan. Thus the dividends are £5 up at £22 Qs. 1d.

Owing no doubt to the fact that we did not this year bring it so much
to the notice of our visitors, the Refreshment Fund produced £8 less.
The amount was £15 14s. 6d. Our bill for catering was £21 10s.
exactly the same as last year, so that the General Fund had to find
£6. The other revenue expenditure making up, with the catering, a
total of £92 15s. 10d. was much as before. This is because the
main item is our rent of £50 which does not vary.

The grant to the Publications Fund was £62 which is £13 less
than last year. The Library Fund also required less—only £5
against £11 last year.

Entrance Fees £2 10s. go to the Suspense Account. Their total
is 15/- more than last year—a small matter from a monetary
point of view but a welcome sign of progress.

Our annual volume cost £77 5s. 5d. to print. This is £15 less
than before and, as the income of the fund from War Loan,

XVli

Donations, etc., totals about the same as last year, the call on the
Revenue Account is, as I have already mentioned, less by £13. I
take the opportunity of thanking those who are in the habit of
making a donation to the Publications Fund when paying their
annual subscription.

You will notice a new Fund this year, It is the Illustrations
Fund and arises from a donation of £20. I cannot tell you who
gave this handsome gift for I do not know. But I am sure you are
all very grateful to so generous a friend. After paying for the blocks
and for the printing of the illustrations there was £5 5s. 6d. left over
as a start towards finding the sum necessary for next year’s
illustrations.

The Balance Sheet total is about £5 more than last year. Our
funds in cash are £20° up, but this is offset to the extent of £15 by
a fall in the value of our Investments.

Mr. F. D. Coote on behalf of the Council and Mr. G. R. Sutton
on behalf of the other members audited the accounts on 23rd
January. They were kind enough to come to Enfield for the
purpose. I am very grateful to them for their courtesy in so doing
and for their patience in going through the figures.

The accounts will be printed in due course when you will be able
to examine them at your leisure. They are here for inspection to-
night and I shall be happy to answer any questions so far as I can.

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

a+ ——

13th FEBRUARY, 1986.
Mr. M. Nistert, Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr. A. J. Musgrave exhibited a varied selection of insects collected
in Brazil, during the summer of 1985. The locality was around
Bello Horizonte, Minas, ‘‘Tbe Brazilian Highlands.’ The
Collection included Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among
the last were Danais erippus, Cr., Archonias wniplaga, Fruh., Adelpha
abia, Hew., Eunica margarita, Gdt., ete. |

Mr. Turner exhibited eleven specimens of Pieridae from Ecuador,
representing nine genera. Callitaera aurora, Wstw. and C. pireta,
Cr., two diaphanous species; Haetera pieta, L. another transparent
species, shaded delicately with brown; Pieris cinerea, Hew. a smaller
species, black with but little white or yellowish white on both sides ;
two species of 7'erias, a world wide genus of smaller yellow butter-
flies with slight marginal black markings only on the upperside;
Daptonoura lycimnia, Cr., a pointed fore-wing species, white with
black margins, larger than the last, and with bright yellow on the
underside of the lower wings; Hesperocharis nera, Hew., a somewhat
similarly shaped insect of a bright yellow with black apex of fore-
wing and underside of hindwings beautifully streaked with black
along the veining; Leptophobia eleone, D. and H. another bright
yellow and black butterfly with the black so arranged on the fore-
wing as to allow the yellow to have the sbape of a cottage loaf,
underside wholly light yellow; Charonias eurytele, Hew., a remark-
able species, shape, colour and markings like a small Heliconius or
Ithomia on upper and undersides of both wings, of which Danaine
Species it is a mimic; and Catasticta sisamnus, Fb.,a smaller Pierid,
black, with a wide white band across both wings and a row of
white submarginal dots, representative of a genus of numerous quite
distinctive species occurring in the Americas.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the Sharp Sea Rush, Juncus acutus, L.

A large number of Lantern-slides were shown by Messrs. Doudeney,
De Muth, and Hughes depicting collecting grounds in various parts
of the country, many of them views taken in the Shetlands. This
was followed by a selection of the slides bequeathed to the Society by
the late Robert Adkin.

AUC 27 1937

2

27th FEBRUARY, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited a number of cases made by Caddis-fly larvae,
some taken in a state of nature and others made in captivity, the
materials used being matchsticks, silk, coal-dust, etc.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited hibernating larvae of Limenitis camilla,
Lin. (sibilla, Lin.) in their hibernacula, and a photograph of the
sleeves, in which they have been so far carried through the winter.

Mr. A. J. Musgrave exhibited a Humming-bird and nest, from
Brazil, near Bello Horizonte, Minas. The bird was caught by the
exhibitor placing his hand over bird and nest.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited some leeches which were found in a
garden at Norwood. He stated that they were often seen when
digging. An enquiry was made as to their scientific name, and Mr.
J. A. Downes was able to state that it was Trocheta subviridis,
Dutroch., a species with subterranean habits.

Mr. Wakely also exhibited two species of coleopterous larvae
found in a workshop at Bunhill Row, Finsbury. These were taken
under old cork lino and among dirt and rubbish, and proved
to be Attagenus piceus, Ol. (var. megatoma, Fab.) and Anthrenocerus
australis, Hope. The latter had not hitherto been recorded in Great
Britain (“ E.M.M.” LXII. 1986, p. 174), but the exhibitor reported
that they occurred regularly at the spot where these larvae were
found.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited a series of Gonodontis (Odontopera)
bidentata, Clrek., part of a brood bred from a female taken at
Rannoch in 1914 by W. S. Brocklehurst. Ground colour the tint
of straw with strongly marked transverse lines. The light specimens
heavily speckled with dark brown strigae in the marginal area,
more lightly speckled in the basal area, with the central area almost
clear. In the darker ones, which form the majority, the brown
strigae almost conceal the ground colonr and give a mottled appear-
ance, but here and there the speckling is much less, leaving irregular
patches distributed asymmetrically.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited 12 species of Catasticta, a genus of
Pierine butterflies peculiar to the Americas. There are about 70
species described and many figured in Vol. V. of Seitz ‘“‘ American
Rhopalocera.’’ ‘The males are said to have the peculiar habit of
settling in the sunshine on water-washed stones on the banks
of the mountain streams, and drinking so greedily that the water

|
:

er

3

comes out again in drops at short intervals. They are often
washed off the stones by the water, which appears not to harm them,
for they immediately emerge from the water and settle again on the
stones. ‘lhey are distributed in the mountains of the west from
Mexico to 8S. Brazil.

He also exhibited a box of Danaids of the plewippus group, and
pointed out that a species with a ‘‘ white bana”? was described
under the name plexippus by Linnaeus, who expressly stated that
this white band character was similar to that in the species chrysippus,
L. (See “Systema Naturae,” p. 47, 1758.) The insect now going
under the name plewxippus is definitely not white banded. Linnaeus
gave the locality for his insect as America. Hvidently the label was
misplaced. We may assume that Linnaeus was sufficiently intel-
ligent to recognize a white band when he sawit. The insect named
plexippus is undoubtedly the Indian and Kastern species, which in
its various forms, has the chrysippus-like white band. The American
insect is D. archippus, Fab. The fact that no Danaid with ‘ white
band ”’ is found on the American continent should convince any one,
that the immovable label view must be an error.

Kirby in his “‘ Synonymic Catalogue”’ uses the name pleaippus for
the Indo-Malay species, with white band like chrysippus. Moore of
the India Museum was in agreement for he marked his copy of
Kirby (now in Mr. Turner’s library) with the Indian plexippus as the
type of Danaus. Waterhouse and Lyell in their work on Australian
Butterflies, Colonel Bingham in his ‘‘ Fauna of British India,” and
Major Evans in his recent work on the Butterflies of the same region
are all agreed with this view. Finally we come to the Seitz works.
Frubstorfer, who arranged the Indo-Malay Rhopalocera of Seitz, says
that Linnaeus ‘ erroneously transferred its locality to America.”’ In
the corresponding American volume of Seitz, Haensch uses the name
archippus, Fb. for the American Danaid without a white band,

Mr. J. A. Downes then read a paper entitled ‘‘ Insect Metamor-
phosis.”” (See Trans.)

12th MARCH, 1936.
The Presripenr in the Chair.

Messrs. 8. P. Doudeney of Purley; B. J. Leader of Bude, Cornwall;
N. A. Richardson of Hendon; and D. E. G. Kennard of Vanburgh
Park Road West, were elected Members.

4

Dr. Joy exhibited a box containing examples of three-quarters
(approx.) of the species of British Fleas.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a very large race of the Hesperiid,
Adopoea flava, Brn. (linea, Schiff.) (thawmas, Hufn.) from Macedonia,
medium sized specimens from Catalonia, with the more normal
sized forms from Cassel (Germany) and Les Bossons, Chamounix,
to which the name sylvestris, Poda, was being attached. Poda
specifically described his species as having on the forewing a “ linea
lanceolata,” which description could not apply to flava (linea) but —
obviously referred to one of the two species now known as sylvanus,
Ksp. and comma, Linn., probably to the former as Dr. L. G. Higgins
suggested (‘‘ Ent. Record,” XLVI. p. 44, 1934). Attention was
called to the very large size of the Macedonian race.

The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition of
Lantern-slides.

Mr. Bunnett showed the Life-histories of Dicranura vinula, L.,
Lycaenopsis argtolus, Li., Chrysopa flava, Scop., Chrysopa flavifrons,
Brau., and of a species of Syrphid (Dip.).

A large selection of the late Mr. R. Adkin’s slides, illustrating many
varieties of Lepidoptera with normal forms for comparison, were
then thrown on the screen.

26th MARCH, 1936.
_The Presipentr in the Chair.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited the following Plant Galls from §8.E.
France :—Contarinia ilicis, Kieff. (Cecidomyiid) on leaves of Quercus
ilex, L.; Tephritis conura, Lw. (Trypetid) in flower-heads of Cnicus
oleracewm, Scop. and Aphid sp. on twigs of Rhus sp.

Mr. A. J. Musgrave exhibited a false-scorpion, one of the Chelonethi,
from Penn Woods, Bucks.

Dr. Bull exhibited a large coleopterous larva which was thought
to be that of Lucanus cervus, L.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a store-box filled with many forms
of the Noctuid species (or group of species) known as Euaoa (Agrotis)
tritici, L. with the form (or separate species) aquilina, Schiff., saying
that it was many years since a series of it had been shown at the
Society, and asking if any member had taken it of recent years. He
pointed out that the variation was so extreme that a large number
of names had been given to its forms, that scarcely two authors

5

agreed as to the application of these names, a good proportion of
them were now considered as good species by Corti-Draudt in Seitz’
work, and it seemed to be practically impossible satisfactorily to
classify theseforms. As regards specific discrimination I’, N. Pierce
has shown that in the genus Agrotis there are practically no appreci-
able specific differences in the genitalia. The series exhibited as
aquilina and tritici were exactly as named by the previous owners,
and were undoubtedly gloriously mixed indicating the prevailing
ignorance of these two forms or species. He remarked on the striking
parallelism between the forms of tritici taken in the Isle of Lewis
and those trom Aberdeen, some of them being very beautiful. The
noticeable similarity of most specimens taken at Montrose was
referred to. The little Irish specimens from Down, Kerry,
Donegal, etc. appeared to fourm quite a local race.

Mr. ‘Turner also exhibited a cactus plant of the genus Opuntia and
stated that the Cacti were indigenous to the Americas, and were
inhabitants mainly of hot, dry and arid areas. Some species had
been taken to similar areas of the old world and Australasia where
they had established themselves with such phenomenal energy, that
vast areas had become covered with an impenetrable growth and
rendered economically useless. It was impossible to destroy this
growth by normal means, but a somewhat small moth has been dis-
covered, whose larvae feed upon the green leaf-like stems. ‘This
moth, of which a series was exhibited, sent by our fellow member Mr.
J. Sneyd Taylor, from 8. Africa, is known as Cactublastis cactorum,
and is now being bred by him (Mr. Sneyd Taylor) on behalf of the
S. African authorities, and distributed to those areas where the
cactus is prevalent. ‘he plants are reduced to empty shells by the
larvae, and can then readily be burnt. Similar work is also being
done in Australia and New Zealand, where also the cactus has
become dominant over very large areas.

Mr. Stanley Smith read a paper on the rearing of Mellinia
ocellaris, Bork. (See Trans.)

9th APRIL, 1936.

Mr. F. J. Coutson, Vice-Presmpent, in the Chair.

Mr. E. G. Scopes, of Orpington, was elected a member.

Mr. D. W. Royffe exhibited specimens of the following S. Indian
Coleoptera :—Oryctes rhinoceros, L., Prionomma atrata, — ., Sterno-
cera sternicornis, L., and S. chrysis, tS

6

Mr. Wallis Norton exhibited a seed-pod of Datura stramonium, L.
(Thorn-apple) and said that according to the Rev. C. A. Johns this
plant is neither indigenous nor truly naturalized. It belongs to the
Natural Order Solanaceae (Nightshade Tribe), and occurs on waste
ground. Rare. FI. June-July. Annual.

This specimen was found on some waste ground on the drive
down to the Municipal Car Park at Croydon. The plant was then
much withered and only a few seed pods remained thereon. October,
1935.

Capt. W. Crocker exhibited an aberration of Maniola jurtina, L.
in which there was no apical spot above on the forewing and below
only a small elongate spot.

Mr. Eagles exhibited larvae of 7'riphaena fimbria, L. bred ab. ovo.

Mr. A. W. Dennis showed lantern slides of the ova of several species
of Syrphus (Dip.) and of egg-shells of Strymon (Thecla) w-album,
Knoch.

A further selection of the slides of the late Mr. R. Adkin, was
shown.

llth APRIL, 1986.
Fretp Mexrtinc.— EFFInGHaM,
Leader.— Mr. T. R. Eacuss.

April 11th was Easter Saturday so that many members, who
regularly attend Field Meetings, were away. Moreover the weather
was unusually cold, the coldest Easter for 35 years. Thus it was
not surprising that the attendance (12 members and one visitor)
was smaller than in recent years.

A shower of wintry rain greeted the party on arrival at the pine
wood and later there was a snow shower. Conditions were, however,
not rendered impossible, and the following species of Lepidoptera
were observed, mostly in association with the Scots’ pine and
heather :—

Larvae of Laspeyria flexula, Schiff. ; Thera obeliscata, Hb. ; Ellopia
fasciaria, L. (prosapiaria, L.) and Perconia strigillaria, Hb.

Imagines of Boarmia crepuscularia, Hb.; Pachycnemia hippocas-
tanaria, Hb.: Sarrothripus revayana, Tr.; Dichonia (Xylocampa)
areola, Esp.; Peronea ferrugana, Schiff. ; and Gonepterya rhamni, L.

The usual pine-tree ladybirds were found in rather smaller

7

numbers than in the past. A series of the beetle Dryocoetes villosus,
F’. was taken from a pine stump and small fallen boughs of pine
contained larvae, which proved to be those of Hrnobius mollis, L.
and Ips laricis, F.

Members devoting themselves entirely to searching for Coleoptera
reported as follows :—

In drift by ditch, Anchomenus ruficornis, Goez. ; Paederus litoralis,
Gr. ; and Bembidion biguttatum, F.

In moss on stumps, Lathrobium terminatwn, Gr. ; Xantholinus
linearis, Ol. ; Conopalpus testaceus, Ol.

In fungi on birch, Bolitobius trinotatus, Er.

Under pine bark, Phloeopora testacea, Mn.

Under decaying vegetation, Agonwm fuliginosum, Pz. ; Pterostichus
nigrita, F.; P. diligens, St.; and P. minor, Gy.

By beating, Pogonochaerus hispidus, L.

They also reported the following Hemiptera, Gastrodes ferrugineus,
L. ; Ischnorhynchus resedae, Pz.; and Ledra aurita, L. (a nymph).

After tea the sallows were visited, but very few insects were seen.
Catkins were gathered by several members and, in addition to the
usual Xanthia larvae contained an abundance of Fupithecia
tenuiata, Hb. larvae.

23rd APRIL, 1986.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Dr. Bull exhibited the Noctuid Cosmophila sabulifera, Gn. form
bipuncta, Warr., taken at sugar, Goudhurst, Kent, in Sept. 1935. It
is a native of N. Africa, Japan, Malay, etc. Other species of the
genus are distributed around the globe.

Mr. Coote showed very varied series of Triphaena fimbria, L. and
of Maniola jurtina, L. together with a dwarf example of Lycaena
arion, L.

Mr. Hagles exhibited a fungus found on ling at Ockham, and said
to be Thelephora laciniata, Pers., a species found in fir woods on
stumps and on the ground, running up the stems of heather, etc.

Mr. Goodliffe exhibited a series of the grasshopper, Stenobothrus
parallelus, Zett., and called attention to the considerable variation in
colour among the specimens.

Mr. Stevens exhibited further species of Coleoptera from the
Chatham district of Kent including Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L.,
Helops coeruleus, L., and Cissophagus hederae, Schm.

8

Mr. Tomkins exhibited hibernated larvae of Callimorpha quadri-
punctaria, Pod. (hera, L.) from its old British locality, Dawlish.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited extreme aberrations of the Noctuids,
Agrotis cursoria, Bork., A. ewclamationis, L., A. nigricans, L., A.
cinerea, Hb. and Taeniocampa stabilis, View. and read a short
paper ‘“‘A Contribution to the Genetics of Monima incerta, Hufn.”
(See Trans.)

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited the hibernated larvae of Ptychopoda
aversata, Li. from Wimbledon, and some bred specimens of Hrannis
(Hybernia) defoliaria, Clrk., and read the following notes on his
exhibit.

1. The hibernated larvae of Ptychopoda aversata, L. are from ova
laid 8rd-4th July, 1935. These larvae hibernated in a large flower
potin the garden. The pot contained a dead plant of Polygonum and
some growing grass and was covered with leno. After hibernation
the larvae nibbled the dead stems of the Polygonum, ate some of
the grass, and then Privet buds and finally took to Crataegus on
which they became nearly full-grown. Most of the larvae from
these ova pupated and the imagines emerged in Sept. last as a
2nd brood.

2. The Frannis (Hybernia) defoliaria, Clerk. are offspring of a
pairing between a male ab. obscura, Dahlstrém, from Wimbledon,
and a black female from one of the all-melanic broods of Chingford
origin, the males of which were exhibited on 25.iv.1935.

The specimens shown comprise 3 non-melanic males of the form
ab. progressiva, Haverkampf; 8 melanic ab. obscura, and 3 melanic
ab. progressiva.

In connection with the latter exhibit, Mr. Hawkins read a short
paper ‘‘ Breeding Experiments with Hrannis defoliaria, Cleek,”
dealing with some points in the breeding and genetics of the
species. (See Trans.)

14th MAY, 1986.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

The President exhibited some South African Plant Galls.

1. Tryprtipar.—Oedaspis maraisi, Mro. on stems of Othonna
pallens. Afreutreta discoidalis, Bez. on stems of Vernonia aniso-
chaetoides. Spathulina pertnyueyt, Bez. on twigs of Hlytropappus
rhinocerotis. Acanthiophilus hemimelas, Bez. on twigs of Brachylaena

9

rotundata. Trypanea lignoptera, Mro.on twigs of Berkleya magalies-
montana. Parafreutreta conferta, Bez. on stems of Senecio angulatus.

2. Leprpoprera.—Gelechia bletrias, Meyr. on stems of Solanum
tncanum,

Dr. Bull reported the following species of Lepidoptera as having
been observed in West Kent during the week-end 8th May to 12th
May. Drymonia chaonia, Hb., Notodonta ziczac, L., N. trepida, Esp.,
Pheosia tremula, Cl., Lophopterya camelina, L., Pterostoma palpina,
L., Cerura (Dicranura) vinula, L., Lithosia sororcula, Hufn.,
Pseudopanthera macularia, L., Lomaspilis marginata, L. and Lobo-
phora halterata, Hufn. (hewapterata, Schiff.). Brephos notha, Hb.
was still flying and fresh specimens of Monima (Taeniocampa)
stabilis, View. and M. (T.) gothica, L. were taken at light.

He then read the following note.

“T found a pupa of Pieris rapae, L. on the wall of my house at the
beginning of April; it broke and several larvae fell out of the tail
end. I put the rest of the pupa, packed tight with larvae, in a tin
for observation. After a fortnight or so the other larvae emerged.
They ‘‘ rested” for another fortnight and then began to excrete,
shrinking and then showing a black head and outlines of wing
cases till in a week or so they were quite black. The first insect
emerged about 5 days after.” (Chalcid parasites Pteronomus
puparum, L.—K.G.B.)

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited :—Polydrosus salsicola, Fairm. and var.
insquamosus, Kverts. from N. Devon, only recently recognised in the
British fauna; (2) Corioxenos antestiae, Blr. a new genus and species
of Strepsiptera parasitic upon the Pentatomid bug Antestia
lineaticollis, Stal. in Tanganyika. The material was collected by
Mr. T. W. Kirkpatrick, F.R.E.S., who is much to be congratulated
upon his success in securing all stages of the parasite, a most unusual
occurrence in this group of parasites. (see ‘“‘ Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc.”
V, ser. B, pt. 6, 1936); and (8) insects of various orders collected at
Aviemore in June, 1934 and 1935, including :—(Coleoptera) Carabus
glabratus, Payk., Gyrinus minutus, F., Triplaw russicus, L., Dendro-
phayus crenatus, Payk., T'richius fasciatus, L., Hlater niyrinus, Hbst.,
Pogonochaerus fasciculatus, DeG., Zeugophora turneri, Pow., Xylita
laevigata, Ste., Hremotes ater, li., Magdalis duplicatus, Germ.
(Diptera) Tabanus sudeticus, Zett., T. cordiyer, Mg., Therioplectes
luridus, Fln., Xylophagus cinctus, DeG., Laphria flava, L., Rhadiurgus
variabilis, Zett., Atheria ibis, F., Chrysotoaum arcuatum, L., Sericomyia
lappona, L., Xylota florum, F., and Cephenomyia auribarbis, L.
(Hymenoptera) Bombus lapponicus, L., Chrysis osmiae, Thoms.,

10

Spilocryptus saturniae, Boie., and Ephialtes tuberculatus, Fourc., a
parasite of the weevil Hylobius abietis, L. (Lepidoptera) Bupalus
piniaria, L., the g with the typical white ground colour usual in
the north but with three forms of the ? ; a dingy orange form
approaching that of our southern counties, an almost uniformly
blackish form, apparently ab. fuscantaria, Krulik., and the typical
northern form with the central area only slightly vellower than in
the male; also a pair of the southern form, ab. flavescens, B. White,
for comparison.

Mr. Attwood exhibited—

1. Cast skin of an Adder from Benfleet, Essex. The skin was
found between two stems of a Briar which had evidently been used
for rubbing against to ease off the skin. He reported having found
other skins at different times in similar positions.

2. Regurgitated pellet of Little Owl containing a large number
of Coleopterous elytra from Benfleet, Essex.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited a set of typical reference specimens
of Diptera (Tachinids and Acalypterates) which he was placing in
the Society’s cabinet, and also a photograph of a chameleon in the
act of taking food (Palestine, 1518).

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited the shells of the British Molluses
Helix aspersa, Mull., H. nemoralis, L. and H. hortensis, Mull., from
Littlehampton.

He then read the following note on the food of Blaps (Col.).

“‘T should like to offer a few notes arising out of an exhibitat the
last meeting. One of our members brought up a beetle Sphodrus,
which I said fed on Blaps. I dont think there is any doubt of this,
but what Blaps feeds on IJ am doubtful. It has been said that it
feeds on the deposits of rats. Prof. A. EK. Boycott speaking on land
molluscs says—‘‘ What they will feed on and what they do feed on
are two different things.”

‘‘T live at Ealing and when we came there the part we moved to
was an entirely new one, the house itself had only been built about
a year and a lot of the land at the end of my road, which goes into
the main Oxford road, has only been built on since the war. A
hedge at the bottom of my garden was part of the boundary of Lee’s
Nursery now built over. The nursery came from Hammersmith
and the name is enshrined in Thackeray’s ‘‘ Vanity Fair.” Flowers
were brought from Mr. Lee’s nursery «t Hammersmith. After
being at this house a very few years, living things began to appear
in the house. I found at different times female cockroaches walking

11

about with their protruding egg cases. Two kinds of house spiders
appeared including the long legged Tegenaria, Walck., and the yellow
slug Limax flavus, L., came out at night. My dog was barking so
persistently one night that I had to go and see what was the matter
and I found a fine specimen of the slug crawling about on the wall.
Then Blaps appeared and I have found some half dozen at a time
crawling on the kitchen floor at night. Were there sufficient rats in
the foundations of this house to provide food for Blaps? And what
did the Limax feed upon? Taylor in his Monograph, says that
this is a voracious species, but he says, “In a state of nature, it is
said to restrict itself to fungi and lichens.” ‘It is said,” so that we
do not know. It would be interesting to know what these two
species could find to feed upon in the basement of a house, also
whence they came.”

Mr. Priske also exhibited the shell of Clausilia biplicata, Monk.,
and read the following note :—

“‘T am exhibiting the shell Clausilia biplicata from Mortlake. I
exhibited this some time ago and no doubt through my not providing
a proper note, our Transactions said the shell was to be found on moss
and on tree trunks. Of the two localities that I know, one is an
old chalk pit in Essex, and the other at Mortlake is an old dry bank
with very little cover. The animal seems very hardy, I have seen
it active with frost on the ground, and also in some of the hottest
and dryest weather of the last few summers. Prof. A. E. Boycott
in a paper on the habitats of land molluscs in Britain, gives biplicata
in a list of species that ‘‘are certainly nearly always in calcareous
places and I do not know of their having been found in habitats
which, on being tested, proved to be non-caleareous.”’ It is interesting
to find that the shell is still found in the Mortlake locality.”

Mr. Ashby showed a small collection of British Hemiptera taken
by Dr. Joy and now presented to the Society’s Cabinet.

Mr. Hutchins showed a specimen of the Early Spider Orchis,
Orphrys aranifera, Huds. from Kent.

Mr. Coulson exhibited a large series of Coccinella 10-punctata, L.,
and of C. bipunctata, L., to show the extreme variation of the elytral
markings of the two species, and illustrated his remarks by a series
of diagrams. He also showed examples of Euplectus sanguineus,
Den., and Cephennium thoracicum, Mill. (Col.) from Wimbledon
Common.

Mr. Craufurd exhibited a banana-skin upon which ova had been
laid; but the identity of the ova was not determined.

12

Mr. Turner exhibited three forms of the Cactus Opuntia
microdasys, Lem. with areoles (spine-clusters) white, red and yellow
respectively.

16th MAY, 1936.
Fietp Meeting—East Horstey.
Leader.—Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms.

As a contrast to the meeting held at the corresponding season in
1935, glorious weather with brilliant sunshine greeted the small
party, which assembled during the morning at Kast Horsley Station.
These favourable conditions were maintained till the end of the day,
when the numbers were augmented to just over twenty members,
two of whom, Messrs. Mellowes and Pooles, had travelled from
Peterborough to attend the gathering. The Sheepleas had not been
visited by the Society for many years and there was some speculation
whether this locality still harboured many of its former choice and
local insects, However expectations were soon fulfilled, as shortly
after entering the Sheepleas by the church footpath the ‘“‘ Duke of
Burgundy’ Hamearis (Nemeobius) lucina, L., the desideratum of
many visitors, made its appearance in fair numbers, though
the females were not yet in evidence. Callophrys rubi, L., was also
well on the wing as also were Pyrgus (Hesperia) malvae, L., and
Erynnis (Nisontades) tayes, L, On the slopes of the Downs among
the beech trees Drepana cultraria, Fb. was flying very freely about
midday. Good series were obtained by several collectors, who were
agile enough to net them when a gust of wind brought them low.
During the afternoon a few of the party made their way to Netley
Heath, which provided some quite profitable collecting. Hwpithecia
tantillaria, Bdv. (pusillata, Hb.) was swarming in a large spruce
plantation, which also yielded a few Thera variata, Schiff., and
plenty of Hectropis consonaria, Hb. Other species found on tree
trunks included #. crepuscularia, Hb., EH. punctulata, Schiff.,
Cosymbia pendularia, Clrek. and C, punctaria, L. A good many
spring larvae were secured by searching and beating, among which
were boarmia roboraria, Schiff., Philereme transversata, Hufn.
(rhamnata, Schiff.), and Nola cucullatella, L. A small group of
mullein plants were found to be smothered with ova of Cueullia
verbasci, L., laid singly here and there on the underside of the leaves.

18

Other species of Macrolepidoptera seen during the day were Pieris
brassicae, L., P. rapae, L., P. napi, L., Kuchloé cardamines, L.,
Argynnis euphrosyne, L. (two), Hipocrita jacobaeae, L., Hmaturga
atomaria, L., Chiasmia clathrata, L, and Bapta bimaculata, Schiff.
A varied and interesting amount of material in other Orders, in
particular Coleoptera, was also obtained. A very welcome and
liberal tea was provided at the Wellington Inn, East Horsley, and
the gathering broke up about 7 p.m. after a very enjoyable and
successful day.

24th MAY, 1986.
Fietp Mertinc.—Tiueate Forest.
Leader.—Mr. T. R. Eacuzs.

Rainless days were none too frequent in the summer of 1936 and
thus members, who attended the first meeting of recent years on
this historic collecting ground, considered themselves fortunate in
that one fell to their lot. The pedestrians took the path through the
woods from Three Bridges to the Cinder Bank Bridge and returned
by the same route. The motorists went vid Crawley and Pease
Pottage to the same spot. Fourteen members and three visitors
attended.

Near the Cinder Bank Bridge there is some rather open ground
where a number of butterflies were observed, including Argynnis
euphrosyne, L. and some interesting varieties of Frynnis tages, L. and
Pyrgus (Hesperia) (Syrichtus) malvae, L. Several species of moths
were Observed such as Bapta bimaculata, Fb., Gonospilera (Euclidia)
mi, Ol.; Acronicta leporina, L.; Boarmia punetinalis, Scop.
(consortaria, Hb.). On the birches in this area many larvae were
found, among them MHipparchus papilionaria, L.; Polyploca
flavicornis, Li. ; Brephos parthenias, L., etc.

On the walk through the woods a plantation of spruce attracted
attention. It was found to harbour the moths HK upithecia tantillaria,
Bdy. (pusillata, Hb.); Semiothisa liturata, Clrek.; and Thera
obeliscata, Hb. The first named was induced to fly in numbers by
tapping the tree trunks or by touching the higher foliage with long
poles. Thera variata, Schiff. was not found. Nearer Three
Bridges Euchloé cardamines, L. was plentiful and eggs were found
freely on Barbarea vulgaris, Br. (Hedge Mustard).

Oak stumps along the drive contained the early stages of

14

Synanthedon (Aegeria) vespiformis, L, By taking pupae and full fed
larvae the moths were subsequently obtained with less difficulty
than usual. A larva of Laspeyria flecula, Schiff. was beaten close by.

Of micro-lepidoptera the following were noted: Ancylis uncana,
Hiibn. ; Laspeyresta perlepidana, Haw.; Cnephasia incertana, Treits. ;
Salebria betulae, Gdze.; Oxyptilus heterodactyla, Vill.; and Phlyctaenia
prunalis, Schiff. The first two were imagines, the remainder larvae.

Many species of Coleoptera were found; the most notable being
Rhizophagus aeneus, Richt. This insect was under bark on the stump
of a recently felled sweet-chestnut tree. The wood was still in a
sappy condition, and several other species were there, including
Xyleborus dispar, F. and Librodor quadriguttatus, F. The “ tiger
beetle,’ Cicindela campestris, L. was seen near the Cinder Bank
Bridge. The recently recognized Polydrosus pilosus, Gredl. was
beaten in the above spruce plantation.

28th MAY, 1986.
The Presivent in the Chair.

Miss Beatrice Stigant, 175, Gloucester Place, N.W.1, was elected
a member.

Mr. A. O'Farrell exhibited a gynandromorph of Hudia (Saturnia)
pavonia, Li. and said “It has the appearance of a normal @ at first
sight. The antennae bear long hairs, quite like the normal ¢
antenna, though not quite so plumose in appearance. The genitalia
are decidedly mixed. On the right hindwing are two orange streaks,
both on vein 6 (presumably vestiges of g coloration). This and
two normal specimens, g and 2, were all bred from stock sent me
from Wicken Fen by Mr. J. H. Stutter.”

Mr. §. Ashby exhibited the local Coleopteron Rhizophagus
parallelocollis, Gyll., from Chorley Wood, Herts, taken 11.v.36.

Dr. IX. A. Cockayne exhibited preserved larvae of Xantiia, Och.
and allied species and made remarks on their characteristics.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited (1) Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus, L. @
darker than the usual Southern form, bred from Cornish ? crossed
witha Kent J. (2) Anasymmetrical Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne,
L. (8) A miniature Harmodia (Dianthoecia) lepida, Esp. (carpophaga
Bork.) the size of Miana strigilis, Clerck. (4) A melanic form of
Boarmia punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.) bred from Bookham
larvae. (5) Living larvae of Jtame wauaria, L. (6) Parasites,
Apanteles sp., bred from Abraxas yrossulariata, L,

15

He reported the following dates of appearance: B. euphrosyne,
L. 15.v.86; B. selene, Schiff., 20.v.86: Hylotcus pinastri, L., 24.v.36 ;
Palimpsestis or, Fb., 25.v.86; and on 25.v.86 at Hod Hill, Dorset,
Euphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott. and fourteen other species of
Rhopalocera.

Mr. Hutchings exhibited the following British Orchids,
Habenaria bifolia, R.Br., Orchis purpurea, Huds., Ophrys muscifera,
Huds., Neottia nidus-avis, Rich., of Kentish origin except the last.

There was a short discussion on the genus Xanthia.

6th JUNE, 1936.
Fietp Merrtinc.—WarwLey Common.
Leader.—E. EK. Syms, F.R.E.S.

The visitors to Warley Common were favoured this year with
excellent weather ; 12 members and friends attended. During the
morning most of them spent the time beating the trees, and from the
remarks made at the tea-table, seemed to have secured a fair
number of Lepidopterous larvae, but nothing new was added to the
lists already published for the district. Karly in the afternoon it was
discovered that Hrastria venustula, Hb. was resting upon the bracken
stems and that by walking among them they were easily disturbed,
they flew a short distance and came to rest upon another stem. If
they were missed the first time they were soon put to flight again and
capture was easy. Many of these insects were in perfect condition,
apparently having emerged that day. Several members were
successful in obtaining ova of this insect. Larvae of Polyploca
ridens, Fb. and Drymonia chaonia, Hb. were added to the list of
Macros.

Mr. Wakely reported taking the following imagines: Eucosma
penkleriana, Fisch., Phalonia nana, Haw., Lobesia permiatana, Hb.
and Velphusa triparella, Zell.

Dr. K. G. Blair reported the following species of Coleoptera :
Xylodrepa 4-pustulata, L., Megatoma undata, L., Athous hirtus, Hbst.,
Podabrus alpinus, Payk., Stenochorus meridianus, Panz., Balaninus
glandium, Marsh., and B. villosus, Fb.

16
llth JUNE, 1936.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

The special subject of the evening’s meeting was an exhibit of
living larvae. ‘To this the following members contributed: Messrs.
Bliss, Hawkins, Tompkins, O’Farrell, Eagles, Howard, and Grant.

Mr. Coulson exhibited the Coleoptera which he took at the Horsley
Field Meeting on 16th May.

Mr. Stevens exhibited the rare Coleopteron Langelandia anoph-
thalma, Aub. from the Chatham area.

Dr. Bull remarked upon finding ants devouring a specimen of
Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L.

Mr. Eagles exhibited living larvae of Malacosoma neustria, L.,
Polyploca ridens, Fb., Euchloé cardamines, L. and Xylomiges
conspicillaris, L.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a very beautiful Theclid received
recently from near Bafios, Ecuador. The Theclids of S. America
comprise a very large assemblage of small and medium sized species,
most strikingly marked and coloured, which it has, hitherto, been
found impossible to subdivide on satisfactory characters. The
species shown was Jhecla coronata, Hew. g and @ of the most
brilliant blue with 2 long tails on each hindwing.

He also showed, from the same area, a species of Colias taken at
an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 ft. The species, C. dimera,
Dbldy. and Hew., was sexually dimorphic. Only males had been
sent and in these the fore-wings were bright orange and the hind-
wings clear yellow. Among those sent were two C. lesbia, Fb. a
Species native of the Argentine, to which country it was usually
considered to be almost exclusively confined. So far he had been
unable to find a previous record of it so far north as Ecuador.

Then he exhibited living larvae of Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff.
feeding on garden jasmine at Cheam, all were very dark black brown
but one, which was grey. The marking is in no way clear except
on the lighter specimen. Buckler figures five, only one of which is
dark brown but not a black brown. The light stripe on the under-
side was mostly poorly represented. Also a coloured photograph of
the larva of the large S. American Bombycid Facles imperialis, Dry.
with a 3 imago of the same species.

On behalf of Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited
larvae from Germany, of Aplasta ononaria, Fuess. and pointed out
how unlike they are to any other British Geometrid larva. They are

Se

17

short (about 4 inch long), stout larvae with strong segmentation,
considerably flattened dorso-ventrally, having long curved, white or
white and black setae and a fairly dense clothing of short knobbed
white secondary hairs. Under a strong lens the skin is seen to be
covered with a number of fine, black spots (or ? points). The broad-
est part of the body is the 4th abdominal segment and they taper
gradually thence in both directions.

They are various shades of olive green in colour and drop off the
foodplant rather readily if alarmed.

Mr. Hawkins also showed larvae of Lithosia lurideola, Zinck. bred
ab ovo and said “The parent was taken by Dr. E. A. Cockayne at
Kynsford, Kent, on 13th July, 1935, and the ova hatched on 21st
July, 1935. So far as I have been able to observe, these larvae have
undergone 13 ecdyses but I suspect there have been others not noted.
They have been difficult to deal with and are very subject to disease.
The chief diet has been sallow in the autumn and bramble in the
spring. Old or fairly old leaves of bramble seem best in the spring.
Young sallow was readily eaten but proved fatal in most cases.”

He finally exhibited an Ichneumonid Hyper-parasite, Mesochorus
fulgurans, Curt. per Casinaria vidua, Grav. of Abraxas grossulariata,
L. which he said had been bred that day from a Wimbledon larva
and which he had observed to have the habit, when alarmed, of
suddenly opening its wings to their fullest extent, pressing them
flat on the surface upon which the insect is standing, and raising
the abdomen at an angle of 45° or thereabouts to the resting surface.
This attitude is taken up almost in a flash and after remaining thus
for a short time (which varies) it returns in like manner to the
normal position with the wings closed over the back.

Mr. H. B. Williams exhibited living larvae of Huchloé cardamines,
L., full fed, from ova taken in Sussex, 16.v.1936; Gonepteryx
rhamni, L., Wisley, Surrey ; Maniola jurtina, L., with pupa, West
Sussex ; Pararge aegeria, in first instar; Arctia caia, L.; Ophiussa
(Toxocampa) pastinum, Tr.; Catocala nupta, L. in first instar, and
Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff.

Mr. O’Farrell exhibited larvae of Poecilopsis lapponaria, Bdv.,
Endromis versicolor, L. (Aviemore from wild ¢ @ in April), and
Polyploca ridens, Fb., Psiluwra monacha, L., and Oenistis quadra, L.
beaten at Whitsun, 1936, in the New Forest.

18

14th JUNE, 1936.
Fietp Mrrtinc.—BroapwatTER Forest.
Leader.— Dr. G. VY. Bout.

The Field Meeting at Broadwater Forest was held a week earlier
than usual and was well attended. Thirty three (33) species of
Macrolepidoptera were taken; the most interesting being a heavily
blotched variety of Brenthis selene, Schiff., Acronicta leporina, L.
Thera firmata, Hb. (for the first time at this meeting), Hydriomena
caerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.), and Semiothisa notata, lu. Most of
the species noted on previous occasions were also taken. Among
the Microlepidoptera Myelois neophanes, Durr., Argyrotowa bergman-
niana, L., Telphusa proximella, Hb., Ocnerostoma piniariella, Z. and
Coleophora troglodytella, Dup. were eaptured, the first and last of
these in the larval stage, the former on Daldinia concentrica, a fungus
on burnt birch trees, and the latter on Inula dysenterica, Gaert. The
rare Alder Fly, O. fuliginosus, Pict. was also a pleasing discovery. A
good many larvae were beaten including Polyploca flavicornis, L.,
Lastocampa quercus, L., Brephos parthenias, L. and Demas corylt, L.

The Coleoptera reported included the following: Dacne bipustulata,
Thbg., Agrilus angustulus, Ill, Hlater sangwinolentus, Schr.,
Microcara testacea, L., Saperda populnea, L., Cryptocephalus coryli,
L., C. parvulus, Mill., Chrysomela yoettingensis, L., Luperus longicornis,
F., Galerucella viburni, Payk., and G. lineola, F., Orchestes rusci,
Hb.

Young stems of bracken, mined and contorted by the larvae of
Paltodora cytisella, Curt. were noted plentiful in one spot, but
attempts to rear the moth proved unsuccessful.

21st JUNE, 1986.
Fietp Meetinc.—Curr Mitt.
Leader.—F. Stantey Smita, F.R.E.S.

This was a special event, as it was the first occasion, at any rate
in recent years, on which the Society has had the pleasure of being
entertained by a fellow-collector. The invitation of H. O. Holford,
Esq., F.R.E.S., of Elstead, Surrey, led us to break ground new to the
Society, and our host’s garden and paddock proved not the least
interesting part of it.

19

The weather prospects were certainly not bright, which was the
more unfortunate as it had been necessary to book attendance in
advance. After a night of tropical thunderstorms and with more
thunder in the forecast, sunny intervals brightened a day that proved
mostly dull and sultry, but no rain fell until the return journey was
begun in the evening.

Hight members assembled at Guildford Station at 11.80a.m. and
proceeded by private omnibus via the Hog’s Back and Seale to Cutt
Mill cross roads. One unfortunate but enthusiastic member missed
the train, and walked by road from Godalming to the ponds, so
joining the main party when assembling en route for tea. Two
others motored to the rendezvous, so getting in a longer day on the
ground,

For the field work it was considered best simply to cover the

‘promising terrain in the immediate vicinity of the ponds. This was
sandy and boggy, covered with bracken or heather, with oaks and
small birches, and old birch stumps and logs which proved attractive
to the coleopterists. There was also a wet meadow on the fringe of
the ground covered.

A young oak tree was noted with the trunk split throughout and, »
in fact, stripped of bark, slabs of which were scattered around. It
had evidently been struck in the previous night’s storm. The foliage
however was unharmed, and an investigation of the insect life upon
it showed its vigour unimpaired.

Numbers of larvae of Sarrothripus revayana, Scop., were obtained,
the smallest oak saplings with the most frost-bitten leaves yielding
the largest numbers. Other interesting larvae from the oaks were
Drymonia chaonia and Ennomos erosaria. The birches yielded a few
Drepana falcataria and Polyploca flavicornis. In the wet meadow
the heads of Spiraea ulmaria were infested with larvae of 7'aeniocampa
gracilis, whilst Plastenis subtusa were found in the spun willow tips.
Among lepidoptera in the perfect state Diacrisia sannio, Ino statices,
Hydrelia uncula, Aplecta tincta, Cybosta mesomella and Synanthedon
spheciformis were taken. Among the Coleoptera, a very elusive species
—Tomoxia biyuttata, Gyll.—provided some excitement for those
attempting to collect them and a good deal of amusement for those
looking on.

At about 4.80 the party reassembled and proceeded by road and
footpath to ‘‘ Klstead Lodge”’ where lashings of welcome tea were
hospitably provided by Mr. Holford. Afterwards our host showed
us around his gardens and grounds, where various objects of interest

20

were found, and the discovery made that his asparagus beds were
infested with the asparagus beetle, Orioceris asparagi, L., eggs, larvae
and adults all being present. (Plate I.) Our well-meant efforts
unfortunately did not clear the beds of the pest.

At 7.15 Dr. Blair moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Holford for his
hospitality, and the party then returned by the same omnibus to
Guildford Station via Shackleford and the new Guildford bye-pass.

As no list from this ground has been recorded previously in our
Proceedings, contrary to our usual practice the following compre-
hensive list has been compiled from reports of members who
attended :—

LeripoprEera :—(Imagines) Diacrisia sannio, L., Cybosia mesomella,

L., Aplecta tineta, Brk., Plusia gamma, L., Hydrelia uncula, Clrek.,
Rivula sericealis, Se., Ino statices, L., Synanthedon spheciformis, Schiff.,
Narycia melanella, Hw., Aristotelia tenebrella, Hb., Elachista
kilmunella, Stt. (Pupae), Pammene regiana, Zell. (Larvae), Drymonia
chaonia, Hb., Polyploca flavicornis, li, P. ridens, Fb., Drepana
faleataria, L., Demas coryli, L., Sarrothripus revayana, Se., Panolis
griseo-variegata, GO6ze., Taentocampa gracilis, Fb., T. miniosa, Fb.
Plastenis subtusa, Fb., E'upithecia abbreviata, Steph., 1. dodoneata,
Gn., Hnnomos erosaria, Schiff., Biston strataria, Hufn., Peronea
shepherdana, Steph., Tinea cortieella, Curt.

Oponata :— Calopteryx virgo, L., Ischnura elegans, Lind., Enallagma
cyathigerum, Charp.

ConnortEera :—Melandrya caraboides, L., Tomowia biguttata, Gyll.,
Crioceris asparagi, L., Synharmonia conglobata L., Dacne bipustulata,
Fb., Porcinolus murinus, Fb., Prosternon holosericeus, Fb., Cantharis
rufa, Lin., Rhagonycha liynosa, Miull., Malachius bipustulatus, L.
Leiopus nebulosus, L., Luperus flavipes, L., Lochmaea capreae, L.,
Mycterus curculionides, Fb., Phyllobius pyrt, L., Cryptocephalus
parvulus, Mull., C. labiatus, L., Ditoma crenata, Fb., Dasytes aerosus,
Kies.

Orraoptera :— Ectobius lapponica, L.

25th JUNE, 1986.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. A. Bliss exhibited a pupa of Apatura iris, L., of which the
larva was beaten out last month on the Sussex border.
Mr. Wallis-Norton exhibited aberrations of Hesperia (Syrichtus)

wine hie. i. | ae

21

malvae, L., with ab. taras Meig. and Brenthis selene, Schiff. with
typical examples for comparison.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited larvae of Brephos notha, Hb. and of
Pygaera curtula, L. from Hoddesdon, Herts.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited the Coleoptera, Clythra quadrt-
punetata, L. from Oxted, and leptura cerambyciformis, Schr. from
Chiddingfold.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of the Papilio (Ornithoptera)
wvalmoxts, Hew. from Bitys, Ja River, Cameroons, W. Africa, of which
he understood that the female had not yet been discovered. The
males are of a beautiful dull blue with black veining and margins
and measure about 6 ins. in expanse. He also called attention to
an exhibit on 23rd April last by Dr. Bull of a Noctuid of the genus
Cosmophila and exhibited several species of the same genus, U.
aurayoides, Gn., C. fulvida, Gn., and C. (Anomis) erosa, Hb. from
Africa and India, Indo-Malay, and Central America respectively.
Also he exhibited an intensely black Huploea species from New
Guinea, ’. martini, Nicé.; and larvae of Xylina semibrunnea, Haw.
on ash: from Sussex. He then read an extract from a letter just
received from Ecuador commenting on the T'hecla coronata, Hew.
exhibited at the last meeting, and remarking on the proportion of
the sexes in the butterflies, and in this connection he showed an
example of the scintillating Morpho, . sulskowskyi, Koll. ssp. strene,
Niep. from the above locality and of which only 5 9?s had been
captured to about 250 gs.

A short discussion took place on the proportion of the sexes in
insects.

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited large and small specimens of the
shells of the Mollusc, Helia aspersa, Mull. and of the Coleoptera
Geotrupes typhaeus, L. and G. spiniger, Marsh. and read the following
note :—‘‘I found a very dwarf specimen of Helix aspersa, Mull.
which gave me the idea of a small exhibit. I have put by its side a
large form from Eastbourne and I have put for comparison two
corresponding forms of the beetles Geotrupes typhaeus, L. and G.
spiniger, Marsh. Itis not easy to say what causes these differences in
size. The small shell may have been caused by some disease or
parasite—in the beetles it may have been due to insufficient food—it
would be interesting to know if dwarf races could be obtained from
these animals. Such differences in size of course may be found in all
living things.

‘In dogs we have such races as say a mastiff and a Cairn terrier.

22

We find tall and dwarf races in man. Without wishing to trespass
upon the domain of the physician or the physiologist I would point
out that in ourselves, as in the shell, we have dwarfism and giantism
—in our case supposed to be caused by aberrations of the pituitary
sland. Some authorities like Sir Arthur Keith think that the duct-
less glands such as this and the thyroid have been factors in the
evolution of race.”

Short Interim Reports of Field Meetings were made by the various
leaders.

28th JUNE, 1986.
Firtp Mrretinc—New Forest.
Leader.—S. Wake ty.

According to the syllabus, Box Hill was to have been the rendezvous
for this date. Owing to the Southern Railway running a very con-
venient excursion to the New Forest, it was unanimously decided
to change the fixture to this historic collecting ground. The main
party went from Waterloo to Brockenhurst, where they were met by
several members staying in the locality in addition to one visitor
from the Isle of Wight. After proceeding together across Balmer
Lawn, the party split up, Denny enclosure, Stubby Copse, and the
railway bank being explored. The weather was perfect, and the
large Fritillaries were soon observed, together with the White
Admiral gliding around the trees with its characteristic graceful
flight. One fine Hornet was also seen but not captured.

The following is a list of insects reported as taken :

Leripoprera.—Imagines: Aryynnis paphia, Linn., A. adippe,
Linn., A. aglaia, Linn., A. euphrosyne, luinn., A. selene, Schiff,
Limentis camilla, L., (sibilla, Linn.), Pararge aegeria, Linn., Maniola
(Epinephele) jurtina, L., (janira, Linn.), Coenonympha pamphilus,
Linn., Plebetus (Lycaena) aryus, L. (aegon, Schiff.), Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., Gonepteryax rhamni, Linn., Ochlodes (Pamphila) venata,
B. & G. (sylvanus, Esp.), Pyrgus (Hesperia) malvae, Linn., Cybosia
mesomella, Linn., Diacrisia sannio, Linn. (russula, Linn.), Gonospileira
(Euclidia}) mi, Clerck., Hrastria fasciana, Linn., Ptychopoda subseri-
ceata, Haw., P. aversata, Linn., Chiasmia (Semiothisa) clathrata,
Linn., Perconia (Crocata) strigillaria, Hiibn., Zygaena trifolii, Esp.
Larvae: Sarrothripus revayana, Scop., Polyploca flavicornis, Linn.,

a ee ee eee ee ee

23

_P. ridens, Fabr., Evetria buoliana, Schiff., Hucosma immundana,
Fisch. v. Rosl.

Dieptera.—Tabanidae: T'abanus sudeticus, Zeller, T. bromius, L.,
T. maculicornis, Zell., Therioplectes tropicus, L., T. solstitialis, Mg.,
T. distinguendus, Verr., Chrysops caecutiens, L., C. quadratus, Mg.,
Chrysozona pluvialis, L.

In Coleoptera nothing of particular note was recorded.

4th JULY, 1986.
Fietp Meretinc—Cuatront Roavp.
Leader.—Dr. K. G. Buair.

The insects specially sought for were Discolowia blomeri, Curt. and
Abraxas sylvata, Scop., but of these the former was not seen, unless
represented by certain small Geometrae that flew off from the tree
trunks on approach, while the latter was present in very limited
numbers. ‘Their fresh condition suggested that in this late season
we were a little too early. Amongst other captures a very fine
bleached specimen of Maniola jurtina, L. fell to Mr. Wakely, while
Cosymbia trilinearia, Borkh., Campaea margaritata, L., Lathronympha
hypericana, Hb. and Telphusa vulgella, Hb. were also taken.
Larvae included Dianthoecia bicruris, Hin., (capsincola, Hb.,) Cucullia
verbasci, L., Huroptula badiata, Hb., Valocalpe cervinalis (certata, Hb.)
and Coleophora limosipennella, Dup. Of Coleoptera the best captures
were Malachius marginellus, Ol. and Amalus haemorrhous, Herbst.
Some cocoons of Cionus scrophulariae, L. produced nothing but a
lusty brood of Chalcid parasites, determined by Dr. Ferriére as
Entedon euphorion, Walk., of which F, cioni, Thoms.* is probably
only avariety. Larvae of Hypera polyyoni, L. were found on Silene
inflata, Sm.

Only five members were present. ‘Tea was very welcome at a
cottage near Latimer.

* The typical form of this species, also determined by Dr. Ferriére, was
bred by me from cocoons of Cionus thapsus, F. taken on the Box Hill Field
Meeting, 1931.—K.G.B.

8th JULY, 1936.
The PresipEn’ in the Chair.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited leaves of Lombardy Poplar mined by larvae
of Phyllocnistis saliyna, Zell., showing larvae feeding and the slight

24

curling of the leaf edge where the cocoon is spun. The mine
consists of a separation of the epidermis from the parenchyma
‘without much sign of feeding and no frass. The larva feeds
on front and back of leaf impartially. The pupa has a curious
‘caudal armature consisting of two lamellate projections pointing
rearwards from the sides of the anal segment. —

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited living larvae of Papilio machaon, L. in
3 stages, from Wicken Fen, 28th June, and a living Cassidid
beetle, Aspidomorpha delitescens, Wse., sent by Mr. J. G. Williams
from Dowa, Nyassaland, on 6th June.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited Coleoptera taken at the Field Meeting
at Cutt Mill, Surrey, including Crioceris asparagi, L. ; Tomowia bigut-
tatus, Gyll. and Melandrya caraboides, L. He also exhibited imagines
of the moth Scardia boleti, Fb. reared in abundance from an
Ascomycete fungus growing on oak; larvae of Hrastria venustula, Hb.
from ova laid by a @ taken on Warley Common by Mr. 8. Wakely,
and pointed out that the caterpillar has a humped appearance due
to the first four sezments being higher and wider than the others ;
larvae of H'nnomos erosaria, Schiff., taken during the Field Meeting
at Cutt Mill, from a tree which had been struck by lightning, and
being reared to see if any abnormality in the imago is noticeable.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited four specimens (2 males and 2
females) of Cepphis advenarta, Hb. bred ab ovo in May last, and
said :—‘‘ Both parents were the offspring of a female taken by Mr,
8. Wakely in the New Forest in 1984. Mr. Wakely obtained the
pairing and very kindly gave me some of the resultant ova. He
states that both parents and the female grandparent were normal,
the male grandparent is unknown. These four examples are strongly
banded and rather dark. They are probably referable to ab. fasciata,
Schwnens. Other specimens which I bred were about normal and
the facts suggest that the form now shown is a recessive. I tried
to get a pairing of the variety but failed. Four captured normal
specimens from Limpsfield are also shown for comparison.”

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited a short series of Agrotis ripae, Hb. from
Sandwich with specimens from Norfolk, Devon and Lancashire for
comparison; also the Caddis-fly Phryganea grandis L.; and a 9
Cosmotriche potatoria, L. hatched on the morning of 5th July in a
10” x 10" x 14" cage with perforated zine sides. He said “I killed
her in the afternoon and at 11 p.m.a 3 came quietly in, not dashing
all over the place as when coming to light, but seeking purposefully
for something.”

25

Mr. Howard exhibited imagines of Macrothylacia rubi, L. and of
Chloroclystis rectanyulata, L. together with a life-history of Aegeria
(Trochilium) apiformis, Clrek.

Dr. Bull then communicated the following short report on the
Oxford Congress of the 8.E. Union of Scientific Societies in July at
which he was the Society’s representative.

‘“On the afternoon of July 2nd the Zoological section of the
Conference visited Cothill, the botanists and ornithologists being in
the majority; both were apparently satisfied with the outing and 81
different birds were noted chiefly by their songs. The weather was
showery and Lepidoptera were not abundant. Callimorpha dominula,
L. was seen and one specimen of Joxvocampa pastinum, Tr. was taken
and one of Phalaena syringaria, Li. : 18 species in all being listed.
A specimen of the Dipteron, Isopogon brevirostris, Mg. was secured,
its captor having hitherto only taken it north of the Tweed.

‘‘ In the evening an informal reception was held by Dr. and Mrs.
Carpenter and we were entertained at intervals by the Bodley Singers,
a male quartette.

‘The morning of July 38rd was taken up by short lectures on the
aims of the Bureau of Animal Population and the British Trust for
Ornithology, ‘‘ Bird Ringing and Bird Migration,” by the Rt. Hon.
the Earl of Mansfield and, ‘‘ Wild Life at the Farne Islands,” and a
film of the Grey Seal by T. Russell Goddard, F.L.S.

“In the afternoon there were excursions to Godstow and Wytham
Woods and a trip through some of the Cotswold villages. The
latter was accompanied by Mr. Baker who at intervals explained the
chief features of interest.

‘Tn the evening a lecture was given on Ruwenzori and the Moun-
tains of the Moon by Dr. I’. W. Edwards of the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.).

“ The morning of July 4th the annual business meeting was held,
the balance sheet showed a debit balance of some £38 10s. Od., and
there was a good deal of unprofitable discussion as to the best means
of increasing the income of the Union. The meeting closed with
votes of thanks to the University idges chibi and all who had helped
to make the Conference a success.’

26
12th JULY, 1936.
Fietp Meetinc—SoutH BenFxert, Essex.

Leader.—R. W. Atrwoop.

Seven members attended, and in spite of the curtailment of the
afternoon collecting due to rain, managed to secure a considerable
number of insects.

Thanks to the good offices of Mr. Wallis-Norton, who came by
car, it was possible for some of the members to include a trip to the
locality where Melitaea athalia, Rott. occurs. They were more
abundant than usual but rather worn. Owing to their numbers,
however, it was possible to select a good series. The females were
in much better condition than the males, which tends to support
the opinion of the local collectors that the main emergence of the
female is at least a week later than the male. A fully grown larva
was found. Unfortunately this area is scheduled for building
purposes and in spite of great efforts to preserve it, it seems as
though the builders will have their way.

Several local Entomologists are, therefore, endeavouring to estab-
lish a colony of this butterfly elsewhere in the hope of preserving
the species in Hssex.

The remainder of the party had in the meantime proceeded to
the sea wall. Adopoea lineola, Ochs., were not so abundant as usual,
but possibly the strong breeze prevented them from flying freely.
Ova and larvae of Euchloris smaragdaria, Fb. were found on sea
wormwood, but the larvae were very small. The larvae and pupae
of the Plume Moth, Agdistis bennetii, Curt. were taken on the sea
lavender and imagos of the Tineid, Goniodoma limoniella, Stt. were
also seen. Satyrus (Melanaryia) yalathea, L. and Aphantopus hyper-
antus, Li. were common and in very fine condition but Maniola
(Hpinephele) tithonus, L. were only just emerging.

‘I'he beetles were not specially worked for, but aspecimen of Baris
scolopacea, Germ. was taken on the sea wall and it is interesting to
record that Mr. Wakely bred aspecimen from a larva found feeding
in the stem of Atriplex littoralis, L. gathered in the same locality,
The larva of one of the Cassida beetles was also found feeding on
Atriplex portulacoides, L.

On the athalia ground a number of egg cases of the beetle,
Attelabus nitens, Scop. (curculionides, F.), were noted on the leaves of
the Spanish chestnut. The leaves were eaten through to the mid-
rib and the tips of the leaves were then folded over. The wilted

27

ends of the leaves make the egg cases of the beetles very conspicuous.
The beetle was also seen but was very timid and fell directly the
leaves were touched.

The grasshopper, Metrioptera rveseliit, Hagnb., was captured, but
no specimens of the winged form were noted. Conocephalus dorsalis,
Latr. was also taken.

The wind made it difficult to capture the Dragon Flies of which
a number were seen, including the local species Lestes dryas, Kby.

Owing to the threatening aspect of the weather the party was not
able to work the rough slopes of the hill-side, and it was deemed
advisable to get nearer shelter.

The following is a list of the other insects noted :—

Lepipoptera.—Xylophasia lithoaylea, Fb., Polia (Melanchra) serena,
Fb., Calostigia (Eustrotia) viridaria, Fb., Ptychopoda fuscovenosa, G6z.,
Eupithecia subnotata, Hb., Anyerona prinaria, L., Aylais (Vanessa)
urticae, L., Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.), Heodes (Chrysophanus)
phlaeas, L., Adopoea thaumas, Hutn., Augiades sylvanus, Lsp.=
venata, Phalonia hybridella, Hb., Hucosma citrana, Hb., Hucosma
brunnichiana, Frél., Hucosma foenella, L. (pupa), Hemimene petiverella,

L., Coleophora conspicuella, Zell.

23rd JULY, 1936.
Mr. E. I. Syms. F.R.E.S., Vicz-Presipent, in the Chair.

Dr. Blair exhibited living larvae of Dipteryyia scabriuscula, L. bred
ab ovo, from Hendon. .

Mr. Bunnett exhibited photographs showing the life-history of
the beetle Crioceris asparagi, L. from material obtained at Cutt Mill.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited a series of Eupithecia dodoneata, Gn.,
bred from larvae taken at the Bookham Iield Meeting in 1935, also
cocoons of the Neuropteron Conwentzia psociformis, Cur. He also
showed the form of Hupatoriwn cannabinumn, L. with white flowers.

Mr. Wallis-Norton exhibited larvae of Muchloris smaragdaria, Fb.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a mayfly he had kept alive for 13 days,
and a Dipteron from Broadwater lIforest said to be a parasite on
various species of Ichneumon.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited :—

1. On behalf of Mr. S. Wakely, who was unable to be present,
two nearly full-fed larvae of Monodes (Erastria) venustula, Hb. bred
from eggs laid by a female taken at the Warley Common Field

28

Meeting on 6th June. (For foodplants used by Mr. Wakely in
rearing these larvae, reference should be made to his note in ‘“ The
Kintomologist,’ Vol. LXX., Jan., 1987, p. 15.)

2. Two young larvae (about % inch long) of Mimas tiliae, L.
beaten from two separate Birch trees at Box Hill yesterday, and
said :—‘‘ Both trees were small ones, situated on the open hill-side
and there were no Lime or Elm trees near. In the first case I also
found the empty egg shell laid on the underside of a Birch leaf near
where I beat the larva. (See also the note by Mr. Hawkins in the
Proceedings for 24th Sept. post.) Tutt in his “British Lepidoptera”
quotes Dollman as an authority for this species being found on
Birch and I understand another member of this Society has also
beaten it from Birch but I think the occurrence is sufficiently rare
to make it worth recording. At any rate I have beaten thousands
of Birches, in many places, without ever coming across such a case
before.”’

Mr Eagles reported that from an ovum fouud on a birch in his
garden he had reared an example of Mimas tilia, L. Elm and
lime were in the garden and a number of elms in the road near by.

Mr. T. G, Howarth reported that four years ago at Muswell Hill
he found a full grown larva of Mimas tiliae, L. feeding on birch and
two years ago at Oxshott, Surrey, found two more on one birch
tree. One was in its last instar and the other about half grown.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited a specimen of the extremely local
Hemipteron Cicadetta montana, Scop. taken on June 20th in a
wood near Chiddingfold, Surrey. In the monograph published by
the Ray Society it is said to be confined to the New Forest, where
it is local, apart from a single specimen taken in a wood near
Haslemere by the late C. G. Barrett.

Mr. Attwood exhibited cocoons of a Cionus beetle on Figwort,
which bear a striking semblance to the seed pods of the foodplant,
from the Chalfont Rd. Field Meeting in July. Also leaves of
Spanish chestnut folded by the beetle Attelabus nitens, Scop.
(curculionides, L.), from the Benfleet Field Meeting in July.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited short series of Dovitis apollinus, Hbst.
and read the following note.

‘‘A few weeks ago I received a specimen of Doritis apollinus, Hbst.
from Mesopotamia taken in March last. On comparing it with others
I found that it was the lightest example I had and probably was of
the form apollinaris, Stdgr. (pallidior, Splr.) The genus Doritis is
monotypical and closely related to the genus Parnassius of which

|

Le ee

29

apollo, L. is the typical species. D. apollinus occurs in Asia Minor,
Syria, Mesopotamia, etc. In the series are f. amasina, Stgr. distin-
guished by the large discoidal on the hindwing; f. bellargus, Stgr.
especially distinguished by strong and intensified colouring.”

Also in the box were two examples of Colias ladakensis, Fldr.
taken in the Himalayan region at about 1800 ft. elevation. Mr.
Turner said he was indebted to Commander J. J. Walker for these
two examples. |

Mr. Dennis, on behalf of Mr. Turner, exhibited examples of an
Orobanche, subsequently identified as O. which grew up
every year under a bush of Duddleia ylobosa.,

Mr. Jacobs exhibited imago and cocoons of Yponomeuta viyinti-
punctatus, Retz. and asked for suggestions as to how the larval skin
was left well outside the fusiform cocoon, which is drawn to a point
both anteriorly and posteriorly so as to defy admission from either
end.

Mr. EK. P. Wiltshire exhibited various species of Heterocera includ-
ing Cosmia (Xanthia) ocellaris, Bork. f£. palleago, Hb. from Syria, with
Amathes lastiflora, n. sp. and Cucullia scrophulariae, Cap. from Europe.

Mr. Coote exhibited a full grown larva, the ova and a dead @ of
Lymantria monacha, L.

Mr. Attwood then communicated a preliminary report of the
Field Meeting held at Benfleet on 12th July, 1936.

Mr. Priske gave details of a snail, Helia aspersa, Miull., which
had lived 9 months in a closed tin box.

25th JULY, 1936.
Fietp Merertinc.—ASHtTEap and Epsom Commons.
Leader.—M. Nisuettr

Ashtead Woods were first worked in the morning in bright sun-
shine, but heavy showers soon made the vegetation very wet; the
rain ceasing, members of the party carried on and after lunch
proceeded in the direction of Epsom across the common. Rain
eventually put a stop to operations, but a number of insects were
seen or taken as the following list shows. Six members were present.

Lepipoptera :—Limenitis camilla, L., Argynnis adippe, L., A.
paphia, L., Adopoea flava, Brn. (linea, Schiff.) (thawmas, Hufn.),
Maniola tithonus, L., M. jurtina, L. (a light form), Aphantopus

30

hyperantus L., Apamea secalis, L. (didyma, Ksp.), Endotricha flammealis,
Schiff., Synaphe angustalis, Schiff., Crambus pratellus, L., Platuptilia
pallidactyla, Haw. (bertramt, Rossl.), Carcina quercana, Fb., Telphusa
luculella, Hb., Chirocompa lunaris, Haw.

Diptera :—Xyphosia miliaria, Schn., Orellia ruficauda, Fb., (and
larvae), O. tussilaginis, Fb., Ensina sonchi, L.

Homoptera :— Philaenus lineatus, L., Tettigonia viridis, L., Megoph-
thalmus scanicus, Fall.

Heteroptera :—Myrmus miriformis, Fall., Metacanthus elegans,
Burm.

Cotroprera :—Malthinus fasciatus, Ol., Crepidodera transversa,
Marsh., Anaspis subtestacea, Steph., Coeliodes erythroleucus, Gmel.,
C. rubicundus, Hbst., Ceuthorhynchus litura, Fb., Orchestes avellanae,
Don., O. rusci, Hbst., O. stigma, Germ.

Prant Garis :—(Cynipidae): Neuroterus lenticularis, Oli., N.
numismatis, Oli., N. fumtpennis, Htg., Andricus curvator, Htg., A.
solitarius, May., A. fecundatrix, Hte., A. ostreus, Htg., Rhodites rosae,
Htg., R. eglanteriae, Htg., Liposthenus latreillet, Kieff. (Trypetidae):
Urophora cardui, Li. (Cecidomyidae): Rhabdophaga salicis, Schrnk.,
Hartigiola annulipes, Hart., Trotterta umbelliferarum, Hart., Jaapiella
veronicae, Vallot., Iteomyia major, Kief., Schizomyia galiorum, Kief.,
Oligotrophus bursarius, Bremi. (Eriophyidae): Eriophyes similis,
Nal., H. goniothorav, Nal. (Anthomyidae): Anthomyia signata, Briske.

9th AUGUST, 1936.
Fietp Mrertinc—Gomsaatu, SuRREY.
Leader.—F. D. Coore.

Hight members and one visitor met at Gomshall in the morning
for this meeting. The weather, for a change, was sunny, though
later in the day becoming sultry and not conducive to strenuous
work. On the way from Gomshall Station the party worked the
marshy common south of the main road for a short time and then
proceeded by a rough lane, bordered by broad and high hedges of
mixed bushes and creepers to Hackhurst Down. Part of the hill
side belongs to the National Trust and is dotted with Juniper bushes,
the corner near Gomshall Station being thickly carpeted with flowers.
Here Lysandra (Polyommatus) coridon, Pod., was very plentiful and
in excellent condition. Hesperia comma, L., were fairly numerous

31

and mostly freshly emerged. Other butterflies observed either singly
or only a few were Gonepterya rhamni, L., Aglais urticae, L., Poly-
gonia c-album, L., Aricia agestis, Schiff. (medon, Hufn.), Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., Humenis semele, L., Pararge
aegeria, L., Maniola tithonus, L., Aphantopus hyperantus, L., and
Chrysophanus (Heodes) phlaeas, LL. Maniola jurtina, L., was of course
abundant, several light forms being observed. One member reported
having seen Vanessa cardui, L. A few Ortholitha (Xanthorhoé)
bipunctaria, L. and Zygaena filipendulae, L. were seen.

Mr. F. J. Coulson has furnished a list of Coleoptera and
Rhynchota taken by him.

In addition to the usual Chalk flora, Campanula glomerata, L.,
and Gentiana campestris, L. were abundant in the flowery corner
mentioned above and Phytenma orbiculare, L. was beginning to flower.

After working Hackhurst Down, members climbed the hill to the
Drove between Ranmore and Netley Heath, but captures there were
rather few.

A very enjoyable tea was served in the attractive garden of the
Bournside Tea Gardens, in Gomshall.

Conzoprera:—(1) Waste ground adjacent to roadway by Gomshall.
Stenus bimaculatus, Gyll., S. speculator, Lac., S. flavipes, Steph., and
S. tarsalis, Ljun., Lema puncticollis, Curt., Phaedon cochleariae, F.,
Pria dulcamarae, Scop., Crepidodera transversa, Marsh., and C,
ferruginea, Scop.

(2) In lane (including chalk pit at the end of the lane.) Phyto-
nomus variabilis, Hbst. and P. trilineatus, Marsh, Sitona hispidulus,
F., and S, lineatus, L., Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, Marsh, and C.
rugulosus, Hrbst. sweeping in lane; Trechus quadristriatus, Schrnk.,
Corticaria crenulata, Gyll., Astenus angustatus, Pk. and Stenus picipes,
Steph., in dried grass heap; sweeping in the chalk pit, etc., Apron
seniculum, Kirb., A. simile, Kirb., A. waltoni, Steph. and A. loti, Kirb.

(8) A. General sweeping on the downs—Hackhurst Common,
Cryptocephalus bilineatus, L. (with var. armeniacus, Fald.), and
CO. fulvus, Goez., Aphthona atrovirens, Frst., Chaetocnema hortensis,
Fourc., Orchestes pratensis, Germ., Micrelus ericae, Gyll., Sphaero-
derma rubidum, Graells., Bradycellus verbasci, Duft., ('yrtonotus
aulica, Panz. and numerous other species.

B. Beating oak in wood. Scymnus auritus, Thnb. on Hyper-
icum; Chrysolina hyperici, Forst, was abundant; a well marked
aberration of Strangalia maculata, Pod. occurred on the brambles in
a ride in the wood and here also Rhinoncus castor, F. and Cassida
flaveola, Thnb- were swept.

32

Raynonora :— Homoptera :—Tettigonia viridis, L., several forms
of Philaenus spumarius, L., Philaenus campestris, Fall., Conomelus
limbatus, Fb. were frequent, and Agallia venosa, Fall. and many
others of the Homoptera also occurred.

Heteroptera :—Monanthia cardui, L. occurred in abundance on
thistle; Stenotus binotatus, Fb., Calocoris roseomaculatus, de G.,
Myrmus miriformis, Fall., Pithanus maerkeli, H.-8., and Capsus ruber,
L. were common: many other species were observed.

Hymenoptera :—On Hackhurst Down—ants of the species
Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl. were in numbers

13th AUGUST, 1936.
Mr. F. J. Couznson, Vice-Presipent, in the Chair.

It was announced that Mr. A. E. Tonge, the Treasurer of the
Society for many years, had presented to the Society the collection
of lantern slides made by the late Dr. T. A. Chapman.

Dr. de Worms exhibited the larvas of Papilio machaon, L. and
of Harias chlorana, L. from the Norfolk Broads and larvae of Moma
(Diphthera) alpinum, Osb. (orion, Esp.), and Harmodia (Dianthoecia)
albimacula, Bork. from Kent; larvae of Cucullia lychnitis, Rmbr.
from Bucks, etc.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited some very fine photos of the larva of
Stauropus fagi, L. taken at different stages of its development.

Mr. Eagles exhibited larvae of Plagodis dolabraria, Li. from
Epping.

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited the following :—(1) A specimen of the
dragonfly Ayrion pulchellum, Lind. near the base of the left fore-
wing of which was attached a midge, Pterobosca paludis, Macfie
(1936 “ Proc. R. Ent. Soe.” 5, p. 62). A number of dragonflies that
were attacked in this way were taken in Wicken Fen on the occasion
of the visit of the Congress of the Society for British Kntomology
on 28th June last. (See also Cowley, ‘‘ Entom.” 1936, p. 150.)

(2) Leptosia fasciata, Mg., a rare Tachinid fly, from Longdown,
near Princes Risborough, taken on 8rd August. (‘“Hnt. Mo. Mag.”
1913.) .

(8) The Chalcid Entedon euphorion, Walk. bred by Mr. Harry
Moore from cocoons of the weevil Cionus scrophulariae, L., collected
at the Field Meeting at Chalfont Road on 4th July. This is of
interest as being the first occasion this species has been associated

33

with any host, although F. cioni, Thoms., bred by me from C. thapsus,
F. from Box Hill, is considered by Dr. Ch. Ferriére, to whom I am
indebted for the determinations, to be only a variety of the same
gpecies.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited a very beautiful example of the green
form of the larvae of Humorpha (Chaerocampa) elpenor, L. from
Sussex, and of Colocasia (Demas) coryli, L. from Aviemore, also a
large Tabanid fly U'abanus sudeticus, Zett. g found on a post at
Aviemore at night.

Mr. Howard exhibited forms of British Geometers including a
melanic form of Thera obeliscata, Hb. with all markings obsolescent.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Ennis, examples of the
highly spotted form of the larvae of Amorpha populi, L.

Mr. Coulson exhibited Coleoptera taken in the Shetlands by Miss
Kirby including Lesteva monticola, Kies., Athous subfuscus, Steph.
and Apion reyi, Desbr.

Mr. Coote gave a preliminary report of the recent Field Meeting
at Gomshall and Hackhurst Downs.

27th AUGUST, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs exhibited the flower-heads of Alopecurus
myosuroides, Huds. (Slender Foxtail or Black grass) bearing the
bodies of several small Syrphid flies, Ditchling, Sussex, 18.viii.36,
and said :—‘‘ This plant was on the borderland of a mangold
field, and stood under an oak tree. There were about six flower
spikes, each of them bearing at least six of these flies. The
specimens shown were carried away in the buttonhole of my jacket
and some of the flies had become detached before a suitable box was
available.

“There was, as far as I could see, no ‘‘ honeydew” in any great
quantity to attract the flies to the grass heads, and an explanation
of their presence would be welcome.”’

(They were probably victims of an entomophagous fungus.—
K.G.B.)

Mr. Priske exhibited a series of aberrations of the garden snail
Helia aspersa, Mull.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the Nymphalid Colaenis julia, Fb. ssp.
delila, Fb., an American butterfly with distribution ranging from

34

Texas to Paraguay, taken alive in a fruiterer’s shop in Rotherhithe.
Probably it was imported with bananas from Jamaica. Also the
seed-heads of Malva moschata, L., var. albiflora from West Hanning-
field, Essex.

Mr. Syms exhibited a specimen of the British Bee, Osmia bicolor,
Schr. taken from a snail’s shell. This is unusual at this time of the
year as the larva as arule rests until the spring before pupation
takes place.

Mr. Coulson exhibited Coleoptera that he had taken during the
Field Meeting at Gomshall.

Mr. Stevens exhibited numerous species of Coleoptera from the
Chatham district.

Mr. Attwood exhibited the beetle Cassida rubiginosa, Mill. bred
from larvae found on a Plume Thistle, Carduus (Cnicus) sp. at
Benfleet.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited specimens of Synanthedon (Aegeria)
vespiformis, Linn. (Laspy.), bred from larvae taken at the Tilgate
Forest Meeting ; S. (Aegeria) flaviventris, Stdgr. and Alispa anqustella,
Hb. bred from larvae taken last summer in the Isle of Wight; also
a female specimen of Pachythelia villosella, Och. with empty pupa
and larval case, which was found in Dorset in the spring by Dr. Bull.
A larva of Acosmetia caliginosa, Hb. was also shown, taken in the
Isle of Wight during the previous week.

Dr. Bull exhibited Cosmotriche potatoria, L., 2 @ bred from
Kentish localities during the last few years, showing a considerable
amount of variation. |

He then read notes on his recent visit to Scotland.—“I spent the
last ten days of July and the first few days of August collecting in
Scotland with Messrs. Hughes, Crewdson, Mellows and Pooles,
members of this Society. The weather was wet and cloudy with
little sunshine and some very cold days. With a few exceptions
Lepidoptera were not abundant, and the record number of insects
on a sugar patch was 7. At Rannoch in Black Wood, Calostigia
(Malenydris) didymata, L. was abundant with a fair number of Lygris
(Eustroma) populata, L. and Entephria caesiata, Schiff. but few were
disturbed by tapping tree trunks and overhanging foliage. Krebia
aethiops, Esp. (blandina, F.) was late in emerging and less than a
dozen females had been taken when I left Rannoch on 81st July. At
sugar the commonest insect was Noctua bata, Fb. as also at Aviemore,
closely followed by Xylophasta monoglypha, Hufn., and Triphaena
pronuba, L. Of the rarer insects 8 or 4 of N. sobrina, Gn., Mamestra

35

furva, Hb., aad Phytometra (Plusia) festucae, L. were taken. Of larvae
fair numbers of Palimpsestis or, Fb., P. ocularis, L. (octogesima, Hb.),
and Acronicta menyanthidis, View. were secured. At Aviemore
conditions were similar, a few more N. sobrina, and M. furva,
also Triphaena comes, Hb. and N. castanea, Esp. were taken
as well as some very dark Ayrotis nigricans, L. and very small N.
festiva, Hb. var. conflua, Tr. Larva beating was productive, large
numbers of P. flavicornis, L., Notodonta dromedarius, L., Demas coryli,
L. and Endromis versicolor, L., some 50 of the last species being
taken in a small area by 4 of us near Loch Morlich. One small birch
produced about 24 full fed larvae of Lycia (Biston) hirtaria, Clrek.,
and many Geometrid larvae including Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn,
were found. At dusk Stilbia anomala, Haw. was flying and a few
Carsia paludata, Thnb. were taken in the sunshine. Larvae of P.
flavicornis, and of some Geometers were badly infected with parasites.
_ Mr. Tompkins exhibited specimens of Callimorpha quadripunctaria,
Poda, bred from larvae taken at Dawlish.
Various members gave their experiences of the present season.

30th AUGUST, 1936.
Fietp Mrrtinc—BuackHEATH AND F'artey Hrata.
Leader.—F. J. Counson.

A total of eleven members attended the meeting. The sunshine
lasted throughout and an enjoyable time was spent on the heathlands
and in the firwoods in the forenoon, and, in the afternoon, amongst
the more varied growth in the southern portion of Blackheath and
on Farley Heath.

As regards Lepidoptera few imagines were seen. Phytometra
(Plusia) gamma, L. was frequent and Lygris (Cidaria) testata, L.,
Plebejus (Lycaena) argus, Li. (aegon, Schiff.), Coenonympha pamphilus,
L., Eumenis (Satyrus) semele, L. and Chrysophanus phlaeas, L. were
occasionally seen on the wing. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, Hb.
occurred amongst the heather and E'vetria (Enarmonia) pinicolana,
Dbldy. amongst the coniferous trees. One Colias croceus, Frery.,
(edusa, Fab.), was observed. Crambus hamellus, Thnbg. were flying
over the heather in the late afternoon and good series were secured.
One specimen of Selebria fusca, Haw. was also secured and a pupa
beaten from Scotch fir produced Thera obeliscata, Hb.

36

The lepidopterous larvae taken were not advanced. The following
were secured: Biston (Pachys) betularia, L., Thera obeliscata, Hb. and
Ellopia fasciaria, L. (prosapiaria, L.), from the fir trees, Agrotis
porphyrea, Hb. (striyula, Thnbg.), Scoliopterya libatrix, Li. and
Anarta myrtilli, L. from the heather, and Phaeosia dictaeoides, Esp.
and Acronicta leporina, L. from birches. Larvae of Myelotis neophanes,
Drrnt. were also obtained.

Coleoptera were not numerous. In the puff-balls, which abounded
in the firwood, Cryptophayus lycoperdi, Scop. were numerous as
were also Bolitobius trinotatus, Kr., in decayed fungi. Laemophloeus
ater, Ol. occurred wit! Litargus conneaus, Geoff. and D. liunatus, F.
in a species of Daldinia fungus on the yorse stems. Beating firs
produced Salpingus castaneus, Panz., Hawochomus quadripustulatus,
L., Anaitis ocellata, L., Myrrha 18-guttata, L., Mysia oblongoguttata,
L. and Dromius quadrinotatus, Panz. not infrequently. On the
. heath occurred Chilocorus bipustulatus, L. Balaninus rubidus, Gyll.
was occasionally beaten from birch and on this tree Strophosomus
lateralis, Payk. occurred as commonly as on heather. Cicindela
sylvatica, L., were rather scarce flying by the firwood. By sweeping
the heather Cassida nobilis, L. and Coccinella 1l-punctata, L. were
secured, and at the roots of the heather Metabletus foveatus, Geoff.
were fairly common.

With regard to Heteroptera sweeping produced Acompocoris
pygmaeus, Fall., Tetraphleps vittata, Fieb. and Orthotylus ericetorum,
Fall., the last in abundance. Piezodorus lituratus, F., occurred on
the furze, Gastrodes ferrugineus, L. on the firs and Llasmostethus
griseus, Li. on theoaks, commonly. Styynocoris pedestris, Fall., were
numerous at the roots of heather. Pilophorus clavatus, L., Phytocoris
varipes, Boh. and Calocoris infusus, H.-S., were secured by general
sweeping.

The only Homopteron that occurred in numbers was Ulopa
reticulata, F., on the heaths. The harmony of the markings of this
insect with the sweepings from the heather is very striking.

Fair numbers of the Orthopteron, Platycleis brachyptera, L., were
observed.

Amongst Hymenoptera, Cerceris arenaria, L., were frequent, but
none were observed with prey. Vespa germanica, F. was secured but
this insect did not occur very commonly. Apis mellifera, L. and
A. ligustica, Spin. were in abundance, the latter especially.

Sedum telephium, L., was seen by the roadside and three weeks
later one of the members present at the meeting observed that it
was tenanted by larvae of Hyponomeuta vigintipunctata, Retz.

37

l0th SEPTEMBER, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Niblett exhibited stems of Hieractum umbellatum, L. (Hawk-
weed), galled by larvae of the Gall-Wasp Aulacidea hieracti, Bouché,
obtained by Mr. S. Wakely from Chilworth, 80.viii.36.

Dr. de Worms gave a short account of his recent trip to Aviemore
in search of autumn larvae. He reported having found considerable
abundance of many species including those of Notodonta dromedarius,
L., Palimpsestis duplaris, Ju., Polia (Mamestra) contiqua, Vill., Gono-
dontis bidentata, Clrck., etc. In the Chilterns Lophopterya cuculla,
Esp. was obtainable. But generally he had found the late summer
season wherever he had been to be very poor indeed; Lysandra
(Polyommatus) bellargus; Rott. made a very poor appearance, and
Colias croceus, Fourc. was scarce.

Dr. Bull exhibited larvae of Aplecta (Eurois) occulta, L. froma ova
laid at the end of July.

Mr. S. Wakely exhibited the following :—(1) A bred series of
Myelois neophanes, Durr., from Broadwater Forest, Sussex, together
with larvae, feeding on the fungus Daldinia growing on burnt gorse
from Chilworth, Surrey. Specimens of the fungus found on birch
were shown for comparison with those growing on burnt gorse.
(2) Larvae and imagines of Aristotelia stipella, Hb. from Norwood.
(3) Larvae of Ptychopoda subsericeata, Haw. (New Forest) and P.
fuscovenosa, Gtze. (Norwood). (4) Larvae of Lycaenopsis argiolus,
L. (pink spotted form) from Cowes, Isle of Wight. (5) Larvae of
two beetles—Anthrenocerus australis, Hope, and Attagenus piceus, Ol.
(v. meyatoma, Fb.)—and series of the imagines from Finsbury, the
former species having been added recently to the List of British
Coleoptera.

Mr. T. R. Eagles read the following note on Sparrows attacking
Plusia gamma, L.—‘* Towards the end of August, 1986, the moth,
Plusia gamma, L., was noticed to be abundant at a long row of pale
blue catmint growing in one of the public gardens at Littlehampton,
Sussex. The moths were flying from blossom to blossom, but were
keeping to the lower parts, and were thus not conspicuous. They
seemed to be preyed on systematically by the sparrows, for, although
we did no more than take a passing glance at the catmint on our
treks to and from the beach, we nevertheless on four occasions saw
a moth caught and eaten. When the sparrow had finished its meal
and had flown away we went to the spot and identified the wings.

38

‘* The sparrow’s method of hunting was to fly slowly along the row
of catmint and, on finding a moth, to hover for a time a few feet
above the plants before flying down to secure its prey.

“‘ At the same flowers I took, in full sunshine, a fine male of the
Agrotid moth A. vestigialis, Hufn.-Rott.

Mr. R. J. Collins exhibited the following Lepidoptera from Shetland
and the Orkney Isles, taken in June, and read the following note.

SHETLAND :—Fupitiecia satyrata, Hb. rv. curzoni, Gregs.—These
were quite common on the heather-covered hills. Unfortunately
their habit of creeping into the heart of the heather for shelter
caused them to be rubbed. Hence the small number obtained.
They appeared to fly at all times of the day.

Pertzoma albulata, Schiff.—Several forms. Abundant. South
(Moths, II. p. 208) states that it “is to be seen on the wing, often in
large numbers, in the late afternoon about sundown.” ‘“ Large
numbers” is certainly correct! But they swarmed during midday
near Lerwick, keeping however to their small patch of herbage,
which was generally an allotment that had been allowed to go wild.

Heptalus fusconebulosa, de G. (velleda, Hb.)—Quite common after
sunset, 1n the village (or town) of Scalioway.

Tortria politana, Hw., Phalonia cnicana, Dbldy. and Pyrausta
cespitalis, Schiff. were caught close to Scalloway, probably common.

During our stay we saw but could not catch, one Vanessa (Pyramets)
atalanta, Li. and several brown butterflies which I think were
Coenonympha tullia, Mull. (tiphon, Rott.) ; Plusia gamma, L. was
met with on our way back to Lerwick but as our killing bottle was
packed away, the two I obtained beat themselves into shreds in a few
moments. It seemed to me, however, that they were decidedly paler
than those taken here in the south. But this is a matter which must
wait for our next visit. Actually I think we were a little too early.

Orkney :—We spent only two days here and one of those was dull.
However, all three ‘‘ whites’? were common, Pieris brassicae, L.,
especially so; C. tullia was common on the hills at the back of
Stromness as was also HE. satyrata from a patch of heather.
Aanthorhoé montanata, Schiff. and Cidaria ocellata, L. were caught
amongst the rough herbage close to the town. V.(P.) cardui, L. was
seen.

Mr. L. T. Ford exhibited the life-history of Mellisoblaptes
bipunctatus, Geller, including male and female imagines, pupa cases
and cocoon, a preserved larva, two of the curious ‘sand tubes ”
containing cocoons, the larval sand-tubes and an example of the

39

surface tunnel, and gave a short account of the same. [See “ Ent.
Record and Jr. of Var.’’ XLVIII. 98, Sept. 1936].

A considerable amount of information on recent experiences in
the field was given by numerous members.

12th SEPTEMBER, 1936.
Fiesty Meetingc—Byr ert.
Leader.—F. J. Counson.

Considering the weather conditions, the meeting was well
attended, eleven members being present. During the forenoon
three members worked the mixed wooded area towards Weybridge,
but, owing to the fine showers the result was poor. In the after-
noon the area by the canal towards Woking was covered. Heavy
showers occurred in the earlier portion of the afternoon but,
in spite of the conditions, many interesting observations were made.
The weather, however, improved in the late afternoon and a good
bag especially of lepidopterous larvae resulted from beating birch,
oak, sallow and alder.

As regards Lepidoptera, Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, L., Gonepterya
rhamni, L., Orgyia antiqua, L., and Lygris testata, L. were observed
on the wing. Thera obeliscata, Hb. was beaten commonly and
Trigonophora (Phloygophora) meticulosa, L. and Cosmia (Xanthia)
fulvago, Li. were taken at rest on foliage. Pupae of Aglais (Vanessa)
urticae, Li. were found spun up.

Beating birch was very productive, larvae of Hipparchus (Geometra)
papilionaria, L., Palimpsestes duplaris, L., Drepana lacertinaria, L.,
and D. falcataria, L., Lophopteryx camelina, L., Acronicta leporina, L.,
Notodonta dromedarius, L., Dasychiva pudibunda, L., and Hylophila
prasinana, Li. being secured. The last species occurred also
commonly on oak and spun up soon after. From sallows Notodonta
ziczac, L. and Calocalpe (EKucosmia) undulata, L. were beaten, and
Cosymbia (Ephyra) punctaria, L. and Biston (Pachys) betularia, L.
from oak. Hydriomena coerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.) were
numerous on alder along the canal bank and Amorpha (Smerinthus)
populi, L. was taken on aspen. Thera obeliscata, Hb. and Macro-
thylacia rubi, L. were also secured.

Coleopterous species were not numerous, Dromius quadrimaculatus,
L., occurred on the oaks and Lochmaea suturalis, Th. with Haochomus

40

guadripustulatus, L., amongst heather. Litargus connexus, Geoff.,
Diphyllus lunatus, F. and Ontholestes tessellatus, Fre. were also
taken.

With regard to Heteroptera, Pantilus tunicatus, F. and Nabis
apterus, F. were both frequently beaten. Ischnorhynchus resedae,
Panz. occurred rather commonly on the oaks and Dictyonota
strichnocera, Fieb. was taken from gorse. Triphleps majuscula, Reut.
was swept not infrequently. Idiocerus populi, L. on aspen, and the
green form of Psylla alni, L. on the alders were the only Homoptera
noticed.

By the canal banks “ Touch-me-not,’’ Impatiens fulva, Nutt. and
the Skullcap, Scutellaria galericulata, L. were in flower.

24th SEPTEMBER, 1936.
The PresipEent in the Chair.

Mr. B. A. Cooper, 61, Okehampton Rd., N.W.18; Mr. M. Brown,
West Kent Hotel, Bickley; and Mr. H. James, 41, Carron Rd.,
Dulwich, 8.E.21, were elected members.

Mr. O’Farrell exhibited a number of British species of the Odonata
(dragonflies) with the nymph skins, in illustration of his paper.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited living larvae of Coleophora erigerella, Ford.
in seed heads of Erigeron acre, L. from North Kent. This species
was first described by Mr. Ford in the ‘“ Entomologist” for 1985.
Also a watercolour drawing of the larval cases in siti on the seed-
heads ; and larva of Loaostege palealis, Schiff. from North Kent.

Mr. Stephens exhibited local species of Coleoptera from the
Chatham district including Poophagus sisymbrii, Fb., P. nasturtit,
Germ. and Staphylinus stercorarius, Ol.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a bred series of Xanthia fulvago, Lin.
from Scotland including ab. flavescens, Esp. and ab. obsoleta, Tutt.

Mr. Syms exhibited living British grasshoppers.

Dr. de Worms exhibited larvae of E'upithecia extensaria, Frr. from
Norfolk and larvae of Cucullia absinthii, Lin. from Dorset.

Dr. Blair exhibited a tropical American “ tortoise” beetle Pseudo-
mesomphalia, sp. (?) found in a grape fruit at South Norwood.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited larvae of Eupithecia centaureata, Schiff.
(oblongata, Thnbg.) some being without markings, but with a stripe
along the back. He reported that he had again found larvae of
Mimas tiliae, Linn. on birch, this time on Wimbledon Common.

a ES eee

PbS EA

41

A small lime had been growing nearby during the previous year but
bad been blown down, the stump only remaining.

Mr. O’Farrell read a short paper, “‘A Short Introduction to
British Dragonflies.” (See Trans.)

Mr. S. Wakely read a short paper, “The Isle of Wight as a Col-
lecting Ground for the Entomologist.”” (See Trans.)

8th OCTOBER, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited some larvae of Coleophora virgaureae,
Stain. from Chilworth, Surrey. Also bred series of Anaitis plagiata,
L. (Boxhill), and Anaitis efformata, Gn. (Selsdon) for comparison.

Mr. F. J. Coulson exhibited three specimens of Anthrenocerus
australis, Hope, bred from larvae obtained by Mr. Wakely at Finsbury.

This species is identical with the insect exhibited as A. trifasciatus
on 8th August, 1985. The larvae were found subsequently and the
resultant beetles were determined by Dr. Blair as Anthrenocerus
australis, Hope, an Australian species. (vide ‘‘E.M.M.” Vol. LXXII.
p- 174.)

Mr. Dennis exhibited a set of lantern slides of British parasitic
plants mainly of the genus Orobanche, and subsequently one of the
many series of slides bequeathed to the Society by the late Mr. R.
Adkin.

Mr. F. J. Coulson also presented the Report of the Field Meeting
held at Byfleet on 12th September, 1936.

2nd OCTOBER, 19386.
ANNUAL EXHIRITION AND CONVERSAZIONE.

This was the usual successful gathering of old friends, members
and visitors, especially attracting those who live too far away to be
regular at the fortnightly meetings. Exhibits were, perhaps, not
quite so numerous as in recent years, but were exceedingly interest-
ing, nevertheless, fine aberrations and rare and local species taken or
bred during the past year being by no means few.

Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited the British Coleoptera comprising
species of Donacia and Lema, with the weevils of the genera
Otiorrhynchus, Polydrosus and Phyllobius.

42

' Mr. R. W. Attwood exhibited the more notable Lepidoptera taken
by him in 1936 including Euphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott.,
Melitaea athalia, Rott., Vanessa cardui, L., Ruralis (Thecla) betulae,
L., Leptidea sinapis, L., Adopoea lineola, Ochs., Pergesa (Theretra)
porcellus, Li, Hylophila bicolorana, Fues., Ipimorpha (Plastenis)
retusa, L., Hrastria venustula, Hb., Angerona prunaria, L., Abraxas
sylvata, Scop., ete.

Mr. J. L. Atkinson exhibited Leptidea (Leucophasia) sinapis, L.,
1st and 2nd brood from Dunsfold, Surrey, 1986, and Monima
(T'aeniocampa) miniosa, Fb. bred from larvae taken at Brentwood
Field Meeting, June, 1985.

Mr. P. B. M. Allan, M.A., F.S.A., exhibited a series of the local
Agrotid, Agrotis ravida, Schiff. (obscura, Brahm.) from Bishop’s
Stortford. in which neighbourhood he said it has been taken in some
numbers of late years.

Mr. L. C. Bushby exhibited the following living insects, etc.
Larvae of the ‘Citrus Papilio” (Papilio demoleus, L.), Crested
Mantids (immature) (HKmpusa eyina, L.), Hornets (queens) (Vespa
crabro, L.), Cerambycid Beetle (Saperda carcharias, L.), Hunting
Beetles (Anthia venator, Duf.), Scorpions (Scorpio maurus, Duf.).

Dr. G. V. Bull, exhibited series of Abraxas yrossulariata, L.,
from Herts and N. London, and of Boarmia ruboraria, Schiff., Herts,
Kent and N. E. Sussex.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series of—

1. Colias croceus, Frery.—Living larvae, pupae and imagines,
Dorking, Surrey.

2. Pieris napi, L.—Variable series of spring, summer and autumn
broods. Bred, Surrey.

3. Polygonia c-album, L.—Variable series of summer and autumn
broods bred and captured, Surrey and Sussex.

Mr. H. G. C. Jones exhibited the Lepidoptera taken by him in the
Canary Islands in June, 1936.

Mr. G. A. Cole exhibited a male specimen of Satyrus (Melanargia)
galathea, L., with blurred grey markings, from Dorset ; a male speci-
men of Sideridis (Leucania) l-album, L., taken at ivy bloom in
Devonshire ; bred series of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, L., from London
and Xantholeuca (Oporina) croceago, Fb., from Herefordshire ;
caught specimens of Orrhodia (Dasycampa) rubiginea, Fb., Noctua
(Agrotis) castanea, Esp. and the var. neglecta, Hb., Chloridea (Helio-
this) dipsacea, Li., Drymonia trimacula, Esp.; and some examples of
dark forms of Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg., from North London.

—_—a

43

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited water colours, by Miss Gallwey, of
Porritt’s types of Abraaas grossulariata, L. ab. mixta, ab. odersfeltia ,
ab. albovarleyata, ab. aureofasciata, ab. melanapicata, all of which
were described and named by the late Mr. Porritt. Also bred British
examples of Catocala frawint, L., Sideridis(Leucania) vitellina, Hb.
and Sideridis (Leucania) albipuncta, Fb.

Mr. J. C. Danby exhibited 4 Maniola tithonus, L., 2 ¢ 2 2, one
male pale markings (near St Ives, Hunts), 1 @ in which black
markings are replaced by very pale fawn except apical spot which
is darker, and 1 typical (Totland Bay).

9 Maniola jurtina, L., 8 9 6 @, taken wild in 1986 in various
localities, one 3 with bright fulvous markings, four ? with pale
markings.

19 Coenonympha pamphilus, L., taken wild, 1936, various
localities, 10 g 9 9 showing varying coloration and markings.

11 Coenonympha pamphilus, L., including 3 having black dots
inside margin on hindwings. 1 with black dot on left hindwing
only. 1 with small ringed spot below apical spot on underside of
upper wings and a small black dot inside margin of upper side of
lower wings. 4 with pale markings. 1 with dark hindwings,
and 1 with dark borders and dark colouring.

Also Triphaena fimbria, L., bred from pupa (Sutton) with right
hindwing having a circular hole about ;3,'’ in diameter in black
band just inside orange border which is intact.

Mr. 8. P. Doudney exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera from
various Scotch and linglish localities including :—

Aviemore.— Noctua sobrina, Gn., Synyrapha ( Plusia) interrogationis,
L., Carsia paludata, Thnbg. r. imbutata, Hb.,:Perizoma blandiata,
Schiff.

Perthshire.—Acronicta menyanthidis, View., Itame fulvaria, Vill.
(6runneata, Thnbg.).

Dorking.—Zygaena trifolii, Esp. (confluent).

N. Forest.—Hemaris tityus, L. (bombyliformis, Hw.).

Kent Marshes.—Harmodia {Dianthoecia) lepida, Isp. (carpo-
phaga, Bork.), Huxoa (Agrotis) cinerea, Hb,, Sideridis (Leucania)
albipuncta, Fb.

Wye Valley.—Leptidia sinapis, L. ab. ganarew, Frowh. (with
yellow apical blotch to fore-wing.), Minoa murinata, Scop. (euphor-
biata, Schiff.).

K. Sussex.—Drymonia chaonia, Hb., Notodonta trepida, Esp.,
Polyploca ridens, Fab., Cucullia asteris, Schiff.

44

Wicken Fen.—Phraymatoecia castaneae, Hb. (arundinis, Fab.),
Banksia (Erastria) argentula, Hb., Aplecta advena, Fb., Sideridis
obsoleta, Hb.

Mr. R. C. RB. Crewdson exhibited series of Cosmia paleacea, Msp.,
Noctua depuncta, L., Plusia bractea, Fb., from Forres, Morayshire.
Boarmia repandata, L., including ab. conversaria, Hb., from Kinloch-
ewe, Rossshire. Gnophos (Dasydia) myrtillata, Thnbg., Itame
(Lhamnonoma) fulvaria, Vill. (brunneata, Thnbg.), from Rannoch,
Perth. Zygaena exulans, Hoch., from Braemar, Aberdeen.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited a selection of Macro-Lepidoptera
reared or taken by him in 1936,—and on behalf of Mr. KE. A. Bowles
var. alba (?)=ab. ganarew, Frwk. (?) of Polygonia c-album, L., taken
in the garden of Myddelton House, Enfield, in August last.

Mr. W. 8. Gilles exhibited various species bred during the season
1936 and a selection of the Lepidoptera obtained during some years
past in the Island of Skye and of which an account appeared in the
“« Hintomologist’s Record ”’ in Sept., 1936, p .94.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited the following bred British Hetero-
cera :—Catocala frawini, L., Sideridis (Leucania) vitellina, Hb.,
Chloridea peltigera, Schiff., Palimpsestis fluctuosa, Hb., Euphyia
cuculata, Hufn., Abraxas grossulariata, L., Boarmia roboraria, Schiff.

Mr. J. O. T Howard exhibited short series of the following
Lepidoptera taken or bred in 1986:—Pachetra fulminea, Fb.
(leucophaea, View.), Palimpsestis fluctuosa, Hb., Nonagria gemini-
puncta, Hatch., Sideridis (Leucania) albtpuncta, L., Orrhodia rubiginea,
Fb., Orthonama obstipata, Fb. (Percnoptilota fluviata, Hb.), and
aberrations of Lasiocampa trifolii, Esp. (5 g without bands), Har-
modta (Dianthoecia) lepida, Th. (carpophaga, Bork.), HEupithecia
abbreviata, Steph. (melanic), Biston betularia, L. (2 intermediate
3), Biston strataria, Hufn. (suffused 3).

Messrs. Russell James, Sen. and Jun., exhibited series of Cosmo-
triche potatoria, L., and of Lasiocampa (Pachygastria) trifolii, Esp.
Also specimens captured and bred 1985-6 of Plusia chryson, Esp.,
Parascotia (Boletobia) fuliginaria, L., Thera variata, Schiff., Odontosia
carmelita, Ksp., Orrhodia rubiginea, Fb., Xantholeuca (Oporina)
' eroceago, Fb., Hupithecta extensaria, Frr., Euphyia (Anticlea) cuculata,
Hufn., (sinwata, Hb.). One spot vars. of Mimas tiliae, L. Two
series of Chloridea (Heliothis) peltigera, Schiff., showing effect of
temperature on pupae.

A long series of Scottish Zygaena achilleae, Esp., and local race of
Z. filipendulae, Li. from the same locality.

45

Dr. Harold King, F.R.S., exhibited a bred series of Xylomyyes
conspicillaris, L. from Taunton and a series of Lampropteryx (Cidaria)
otregiata, Metclf. from S Devon.

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited 103 specimens of 18 species of British
Rhopalocera, captured during 1936 including Colias croceus, Frery.,
ab. helice, Hb., Maniola tithonus, L., 2 upperside with very large apical
spots, and 96 named aberrationally from his manuscript awaiting
publication,* amongst them being:—Manitola jurtina, L., 3
upperside, partimtransformis. Huchloé cardamines, L., 3 uppersides,
antiparvilunulata, and lutescens (paler orange). Aricia ayestis, Schiff.,
gS upperside, pallidula-transformis. Lysandra coridon, Poda, 3
uppersides, viridescens, ultracaeruleo, lavendula; 2 uppersides, radio,
infrasemisyngrapha, semisyngrapha, syngrapha, postimpar, postcaeruleo-
maculae, roystonensis, brunnescens-transformis; 2 undersides, fulvescens,
grisea, transformis, postcaeca. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., 3 under-
sides, wltradiscreta, I-nigrum-semiarcuata; 9Q uppersides, opposita,
radtosa, postdecrescens: 2 undersides, postcaeca, antiradiata; (anti is
abbreviated from antico and post from postico).

Colonel S. H. Kershaw exhibited many minor aberrations of
Aglais urticae, L., bred or caught in Bedfordshire in 1936.

Mr. R. J. Leader exhibited aberrations of British Butterflies.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited species of Ant-lion, Myrmelionidae.

The Rey. J. N. Marcon exhibited the following Lepidoptera :—
1. All taken or bred during 1936.

Pieris napi, L. Albino @, markings showing faintly. Bred
March. Donegal strain.

Euchloé cardamines, L. g colour form. § var. quadripuncta,
Wms. @ black markings replaced by grey.

Argynnis euphrosyne, L. 2 banded forms 2 and 1 golden ¢.

Aryynnis selene, Schiff. Heavily blacked primaries leaving row of
small spots on margin and small central area fulyous. ?.

Aphantopus hyperantus, L. 3 ab. lanceolata, Shipp. New Forest.
38.

Melitaea athalia, Rott. 5 unusual forms.

Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.). 1 ab. semi-nigrina, Tutt. New
Forest.

Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, L. var. polaris, Stg. |

Plebejus (Lycaena) argus, L. (aegon, Schiff.). 1 striated 9,1 9
with extra wide border.

* These are not names but descriptive terms.—EpiTL. Com.

46

2. Mostly caught by other collectors at different times.

Maniola (Epinephele) tithonus, L. 6 specimens showing a wide
range of colour development. One is especially noteworthy as
having a pearly-grey border in place of the usual black. Though
the fulvous remains as usual, the insect presents a striking picture.
This is undoubtedly a development towards the famous “ Ludgers-
hall” specimen.

Colias croceus, Foure. (edusa, Fab.). 3 92 with markings obso-
lete, and 1 remarkable gynandrous specimen having undoubtedly a
male body and with the male sexual mark, yet having some of the
orange spots of the female in the border and on a background which
careful examination shows to be deeper than the surrounding
“male” black.

Polyommatus (Lycaena) icarus, Rott. 6 illustrating different
degrees of striation.

Aricia (Lycaena) agestis, Schiff. (astrarche, Bergst.). 2 slightly
striated, 1 obsolete spotting and 1 remarkable specimen devoid
entirely of spots in the margin or otherwise, save for faint discals on
the forewings alone, the ground-colour being a beautiful creamy-
white.

Lysandra (Lycaena) bellarqus, Rott. 7 males showing variation
of colour.

Argynnis selene, Schiff. 1 silver-white male, 1 underside male
with a band of black spots in both primaries and secondaries, 1
female with heavy black border entirely obscuring marginal fulvous
colour, and 1 female banded on the forewings and largely melanic
on the hindwings.

On behalf of Mr. S. A. Chartres, the Rev. J. N. Marcon
exhibited :—

Argynnis adippe, L.—A remarkable specimen of fawn colour with
markings on all four wings largely obsolete. 1910.

Ditto. 1936. Underside.—The fulvous colour replaced by brick-
red. A handsome insect.

Argynnis paphia, L. A fine melanic male very darkly marked,
captured New Forest, 1918.

Argynnis euphrosyne, Li. Two fine banded forms, 1934 and 1986
respectively. 1 3 very pale straw colour. 1 ¢, 1986, very pale
fulvous, markings on forewings largely absent, hindwing ditto apart
from marginal spots joined in pairs.

Mr. M. Niblett exhibited some South African Galls caused by
Trypetidae, Cecidomytidae and Lepidoptera; and also various British
Galls and Gall-causing Insects, Cynipidae and Cecidomyjtidae.

47

Mr. A. M. Morley exhibited the following British Lepidoptera
taken or bred during 1936.

1. Papilio machaon, L. 2 of Continental form, one of two taken
by small boys at Dymchurch, 24.vii.86. A third was taken near
Folkestone 29.viii.36.

2. Maniola tithonus, L. 3 Dorset. Left apical spot very small.

3. Plebejus argus, L. (aegon, Schiff.). 2 Dover. Basal part of
all forewings blue.

4. Lysandra (Polyommatus) coridon, Poda. 2? 2 Sussex. Two
unevenly marked with blue, one that looks like a coridon-icarus
hybrid, one var. fowleri, South, one with grey hindwings and one
var. fuscofimbriata, Tutt.

5. Hyloicus (Sphinz) pinastri, L. 8 bred from Dorset larvae, 3
typical, two ° 2 mouse-coloured.

6. Agrotis (Hueretagrotis) agathina, Dup. 12 bred from 16 larvae
found in Weald of Kent.

7. Abraxas grossulariata, L. @ heavily marked, 3 var. dohrni,
Koenig. (Jacticolor, Raynor.) bred from Folkestone larvae.

8. Hama furva, Hb. Three taken at Folkestone.

9. Angerona prunaria, L. 9 different forms bred from larvae
found on heather. Weald of Kent.

Mr. 8. G. Wallis Norton exhibited a somewhat unusual top-and
underside aberration of Argynnis selene, Schiff., taken at Broadwater
Forest this year.

Three underside vars. of Polyommatus (Lycaena) icarus, taken at
Newquay this year. (melanotowa, Pin-M., costa-juncta, Tutt, and
icarinus, Scharf.)

A modification of var. polaris, Stdgr. of Aglais (Vanessa) urticae,
L., taken at Purley, Surrey, this year.

A melanic var. of Plebejus (Lycaena) aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.) male
taken at Beaulieu Heath last summer.

Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited Argynnis paphia, L. 2? underside.
coloration of secondaries being of a deep olive brown; Melitaea
athalia, Rott., a living imago which had emerged on 19th Oct. from
ovum of July, 1985. An instance of natural delayed development.

Melitaea cinwia, LL. Wild and bred aberrations from Isle of Wight.

Melitaea athalia, Rott. Wild and bred aberrations from Kent :—
Undersides in each section showing an extension of the centre
creamy-white bar of the secondaries; and another pair, both under
normal size, with underside of primaries strongly rayed (as in ab.
eos, Haw.), the secondaries heavily marked with black, red-brown

48

and chocolate, and a lessening of the dark cream band. A specimen
approaching ab. eos, and a damaged bred female of the straw-coloured
form.

A bred series of Satyrus galathea, L. ab. The pearly white form, —
upper and undersides of both sexes.

On behalf of Col. L. Wood, Mr. G. B. Oliver exhibited wild captures
of 19386. M.jurtina, L., @ Albino, Wilts. M. athalia, Rott., 3
an extreme aberration. Upper side almost all black excepting small
submarginal spot of the normal ground shade: underside,
primaries with broad black lines between the nervures, secondaries,
dark brownish blotch at the base, strikingly pale transverse band,
outer portion heavily marked with deep brown, Kent. Ayglais wrticae,
L., a specimen without the usual first costal spot on primaries.
Wilts. Lysandra (Polyommatus) bellargus, Rott., gynandromorph.
Right side ¢, left side brown form of @. Wilts. Chrysophanus
(Heodes) phlaeas, L., abs. alba, Tutt, radiata, Tutt, and obsoleta, Tutt.
Wilts.

Mr. S. W. P. Pooles exhibited a series of Poecilopsis (Nyssia)
lapponaria, Bdy. and varieties of-British Macro Lepidoptera taken
by him during 1936.

Mr. C. O. Ridley exhibited a specimen of Pyrausta (Botys) nubilalis,
Hb. taken on 21.vi.386 on Glynde Down, Lewes.

Mr. A. G. B. Russell exhibited a selection of insects taken in the
past year in Dorset, including an example of Plusia ni, Htbn., which
he netted on the night of 23rd August at flowers of Veronica in his
grounds at Swanage (W.P.C.* cites only two previous captures of
this rare immigrant in Dorset, in 1885 and 1888); a specimen of
Senta maritima, Tausch, from Studland (only two previous records
cited by W. P. C:* for Dorset, in 1909 and 1983, single specimens
and in the same locality) ; two examples of Nonagria sparganii, Esp.
also from Studland ; one of Meliana fammea, Curt. from the Ware-
ham district (a single previous record cited by W.P.C.* for Dorset, in
1929) ; one of Caradrina bondii, Knaggs, from Charmouth; four of
Sideridis (Aletia) albipuncta, Fabr., including a dark greyish form ;
one of S. (A.) vitellina, Hubn., and a fine form of S. (A.) conigera, the
forewings very bright red with the triangular white spot at the lower
end of the reniform exceptionally large, and dark hindwings; the
last three from Swanage. Other insects from Swanage include a
specimen of Ptychopoda degeneraria, Hubn., taken in his light trap
by his son J. A. P. Russell on 17th September (a new locality for an
insect almost exclusively confined to the Isle of Portland and of

49

especial interest too as representing a second brood which is of
rare occurrence in this country) ; one of Rhyacia (Agrotis) lucernea,
Linn. (W.P.C.* cites only a single previous capture at Swanage,

by Sir Christopher Lighton, circa 1845); two notable examples of
@ rare melanic form of Luperina testacea, Hiibn.; a melanic form of
Eupithecia subfulvata, Haw. and one of Phigalia (Apocheima) pedaria,
Fabr. (stated by W.P.C. to be the first example of this form to be
taken in Dorset); a remarkable form of Crocallis (Gonodontis)
elinguaria, Linn. heavily marked and powdered with black, and two
specimens of Lowostege palealis, Schiff. Among insects from other
Dorset localities were melanic forms of Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. and
Plusia chrysitis, Linn., a series of six Huphyia (Hydriomena) rubidata,
Schiff., and of Orthonama (Hydriomena) obstipata, Fabr. (fluviata,
Hiib.), of twelve Phraymatoecia castaneae, Hiibn., three Trichiura
(Friogaster) crataegi, Linn. and a specimen of FHustrotia uncula,
Clerck.

Mr. S. G. Castle Russell exhibited the following aberrations either
bred or taken by himself.

Limenitis camilla, Linn, 1 male ab. nigrina, Weym. 1 female
ab. semi-nigrina, Frwh.

Aphantopus hyperantus, Linn. 1 3 var. lanceolata, Shipp. 1 2
ditto with extraordinary large spots.

Argynnis paphia, Linn. 1 3 ab.confluens,Spul. 1 2 var. valesina,
Esp.ab. nigrizina, Frwh., entirely black and spotless.

8 2 abs. of Maniola jurtina, Linn, Devon and Winchester. 1
upperside ab. and 1 underside ab. of Huphydryas aurinia, Rott.,
Wilts. 1 ab. Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, Linn., Winchester. °

Argynnis selene, Schiff. 1 upperside ab., Winchester.

Argynnis euphrosyne, Linn. 1 upperside ab. and 1 underside ab.,
Winchester.

Polyommatus (Lycaena) icarus, Rott. One gynandromorph, upper
and underside. Left wings ?. Right wings 9, Winchester. One
underside ab. striata, Tutt., extreme form ¢, Winchester. One
underside @ ab. striata, Tutt, Winchester. One upperside ?,
Winchester.

On behalf of W. S. Pitt, Esq., Mr. 8. G. Castle-Russell exhibited
photographs of tropical fish.

Dr. E. Scott exhibited species of the genus Melitaea from Portugal.

Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited series of Hpia (Dianthoecia) irregu-

* W. Parkinson Curtis. List of the Lepidoptera of Dorset. ‘‘ Transactions
of the Society for British Entomology,’’ Vol. I. Part 2, 1934.

50

laris, Hufn., both bred and captured at dusk. Varied series of Ochria
aurago, Fb., bred from Sussex, 1899. Varied series, generally dark,
of Mellinia gilvago, Esp. bred from Huntingdon larvae, with ab.
intermedia, Hub. and ab. gilvescens, Wood., forms of Mellinia ocellaris,
Bork., for comparison. Series of wild caught Aygrotis agathina,
Dup., Studland. An obsolete Aricia (Lycaena) agestis, Schiff.
(astrarche, Brgstr.). Extreme forms of Harmodia (Dianthoecia)
lepida, Esp. (carpophaga, Bork.), Huxoa (Agrotis) exclamationis, L.,
and Noctua wanthoyrapha, Schiff.

Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited many species of Lepidoptera taken during
the current season, including the following: Cryptoblabes gnidiella,
Milliere, bred from a larva feeding on the rind of orange. An
unknown species of 7'eneina bred from a banana-feeding larva ; this
moth was sent to Mr. E. Meyrick, who said it answered the
description of no species known to science, and he subsequently
named it Opogona antistacta. Telphusa alburnella, Dup., a species
new to Britain discovered a few years ago by Mr. A. Smith at
Strensal, Yorks. Monodes venustula, Hiibn. (Warley, Essex) ;
Ptychopoda rusticata, Fabr. (N.W. Kent); Hupithecia tantillaria,
Bdv. (pusillata, Fabr.) (Tilgate Forest, Sussex) ; Thera (Hydriomena)
vartata, Schiff. (Chilworth, Surrey); Perizoma alchemillata, Linn.
(bred, Appleford, Isle of Wight); Brephos notha, Hubn. (bred, Ongar,
Essex); Alispa angustella, Hiibn. (bred, Combley Down, I.W.);
Hypochalcia ahenella, Hiibn. (Norwood, Surrey) ; Salebria betulae,
Goze (bred, Tilgate Forest); 8. fusca, Haw. (Chilworth) ; Myelois
neophanes, Durr. (bred, Broadwater Forest, Sussex): Crambus
hamellus, Thunb. (Chilworth) ; C. contaminellus, Hibn. (Norwood) ;
Pyrausta asinalis, Hibn. (Ventnor, I.W.); Pterophorus tephradactyla,
Hubn. (bred, Dunsfold, Surrey); Stenoptilia zophodactylus, Dup.
(bred, Whippingham, I.W.); Phulonia gilvicomana, Zell. (bred,
Surrey); Peronea comariana, Zell. (bred, Appleford, I.W.); P.
shepherdana, Steph. (bred, Cutt Mill, Surrey); P. boscana, Fabr.
(bred, Osborne, I.W.); Evetria purdeyi, Durr. (Gurnard, I.W.);
Polychrosis fuligana, Haw. (Ashtead, Surrey) ; Hemimene flavidorsana,
Knaggs (Norwood); Aristotelia stipella, Haw. (bred, Norwood) ;
Gelechia difjinis, Haw. (Chilworth); TZ'elephila schmidiella, Heyd.
(Boxhill, Surrey) ; Depressaria angelicella, Hubn.and D. conterminella,
Zell. (bred, Dunsfold, Surrey) ; Synanthedon (Aegeria) vespiformis,
Linn. (Tilgate Forest); S. (A.) flaviventris, Staud. (bred, Parkhurst
Forest, 1.W.); Hupista conspicuella, Zell. (Benfleet, Essex); £.
troglodytella, Dup. (bred, Boxhill, Surrey); Orthotaelia sparganella,

51

Thunb. (bred, Appleford, I.W.) ; Monopis crocicapitella, Clem.
(Newport I.W.).

Mr, 8. N, A. Jacobs exhibited the type specimen of the Tineid
moth since named by Meyrick, Metarsiora horrealis, Meyr.
constituting a new genus as well as a new species.

Dr. Harold B, Williams exhibited :—Satyrus galathea, L., g and
@ with central black mark extended to margin, Dorset, August,
1936. Polyommatus (Ayriades) coridon, Poda: g ab. fowleri, South,
Dorset; 3 ab. pallida, Tutt, I. of Wight; 3 2 ab. inaequalis, Tutt,
I. of Wight; ¢ ab. dewtro-striata, Tutt; light and heavily spotted
undersides, all in Aug. 1986; 9? ab. roystonensis, Pick., Royston,
Aug. 1986. Lolyommatus icarus, Rott. ab. costajuncta, Tutt, Ports-
mouth, Aug. 19386. Abraxas grossulariata, L. ab., Hampton,
Middlesex, 1936.

Mr. H. Wells exhibited captures in the field, 19386. Series of
Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, including a female obsoleta,
Tutt, a remarkable aberration, from Hertfordshire; also series of
Brenthis euphrosyne, L., from the Wye Valley; and a pure ab.
obsoleta, Tutt, of Aphantopus hyperantus, L., from Horsley.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited—

(A) A selection of British Lepidoptera taken and bred during 1936
including series of :—
(1) Lophopteryx cuculla, Hsp. (bred ex Bucks).
(2) Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Pod. (hera, L.), (South Devon).
(3) Lithosia pallifrons, Zell. (pygmaeola, Dbldy.), (Hast Kent).
(4) Endrosa irrorella, Hb. (Cotswolds).
(5) Acronicta psi, L. (Rannoch),
(6) Hurots occulta, L. (Rannoch).
(7) Mamestra contigua, Vill. (Rannoch).
(8) Dianthoecia andalusica, Stdgr. var. barrettiit, Dbldy. (bred ex
Cornwall).
(9) Hama (Aplecta) adusta, Esp. melanic forms (Rannoch).

(10) Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn. melanic forms (Rannoch).

(11) Leucania putrescens, Hb. (South Devon).

(12) Lithomia solidaginis, Hb, (Aviemore).

(13) Acidalia ornata, Scop. (Cotswolds).

(14) Entephria (Larentia) caesiata, Schiff. (Rannoch).

(15) Philereme (Scotosia) transversata, Hufn. (rhamnata, Schiff.),
(bred ex Kent).

(16) Boarmia repandata, L. (Rannoch).

(17) Ltame (Lhamnonoma) fulvaria, Vill. (brunneata, Thnbg.),
(Rannoch).

52

(18) Zygaena exulans, Hoch. (Braemar).

(19) Ino cognata, H.-8. (Cotswolds).

(B) Coenonympha tullia, Mull. (tiphon, Rott.), comparative series
taken from four localities:—Whitchurch, Witherslack,
Carlisle and Rannoch.

(C) Erebia epiphron, Knoch., series taken at Rannoch.

(D) Lysandra (Polyommatus, Lycaena) bellarqus, Rott. Blue forms
of the female including f. ceronus, Esp. and two spotless
undersides (Cotswolds).

Lysandra coridon, Poda, male f. fowlert, South, females semi-
syngrapha, Tutt, undersides costajuncta, Tutt, confluens, Tutt,
etc., obsolescent forms from Kent, Sussex, Herts and Dorset.

Polyommatus (Lycaena) icarus, Rott. Large and very blue
forms of the female from Cotswolds and Rannoch.

Cupido minimus, Fues., obsolescent underside.

Mr. N. G. Wykes exhibited forms of British Lycaenidae. Varieties
of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda. All taken in summer of
1936, including 2 3 plumbescens, Tutt (one v. dark, one slate), 1 9
plumbescens, Tutt, 3 and @ fowleri, South, g and 9 obsoleta, Tutt,
? extreme glomerata, Tutt.

_ Mr. Clifford Wells exhibited varieties of British Butterflies,

including several gynandrous Plebeius aegon, Schiff.=argus, L.

12th NOVEMBER, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. T. D. Buck, 49 Elthorne Rd., Holloway Rd., N.7, and Mr. V.
K. August, 59, Hillcross Avenue, Morden, Surrey, were elected
members.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited specimens of the heather beetle,
Lochmaea suturalis, Th., récently reported in the press as doing
extensive damage to grouse moors; also the allied species L. capreae,
L. and L. crataegi, Forst.

Mr. Doudney exhibited an example of Daphnis (Deilephila) nerii,
L. bred from a larva taken at Monte Carlo.

Mr. Jacobs exhibited a sample of the corrugated cardboard, which
he used in warehouses to catch lepidopterous larvae.

Dr. EH. A. Cockayne exhibited a short series of Phytometra (Plusia)
chrysitis, L., and read the followiug note.—“ At Forres I found ten
eggs of P. chrysitis, L., laid on the underside of leaves of Galeopsis

53

tetrahit, L. On one leaf there were two eggs, but only one on each
of the others. The first eight eggs hatched on 10th August, and
the ecdyses of the two larvae which grew fastest were as follows—
first 18th August, second 16th August, third 18th August and fourth
21st August. They spun cocoons on 25th and 26th August
respectively, having taken only fifteen and sixteen days to reach full
growth. The imagines emerged on 18th and 14th September
respectively. The remainder grew more slowly and one remained
at the hibernating stage.”

Mr. Crewdson exhibited the lepidoptera he showed at the
Exhibition and gave notes on the various species.

Members made observations on the various exhibits at the Annual
Exhibition and Mr. Stephens remarked on the loss of scent in a
musk plant kept by a friend.

Mr. J. A. Stephens exhibited the following Coleoptera :—

1. Teretrius picipes, F. Very rare; taken on a dead ash tree at
Waterslade, Chatham, on 8.vii.86. A few have been taken at Shirley,
Forest Hill, Camberwell, Peckham. At Upper Norwood, this species
was not so rare 50 years ago as now. It is usually taken under
bark, sometimes on the wing or on walls.

2. Monotoma brevicollis, Aubé. rare; taken in haystack refuse.
Chatham. 12.x.36.

8. M. sub-4-foveolata, Aubé, also in haystack refuse, which was
taken from a warehouse from hay, which had just come from
Redhill, Surrey ; this is also rare.

4. Pseudopsis sulcata, L. Rare. From hay refuse; 6.xi.36.

5. Triplaw aenea, Schall. Rare, taken at Cobham Wood in
fungi on stump of hazel, 17.x.36.

6. Lhalycra sericea, Sturm. Rare. Under bark, Cobham Wood
5.vill.36.

7. Diphyllus lunatus, F. as a rule rare.

8. Triphyllus suturalis, F. not common. ‘Two or three of
each were taken same day as Jeretrius picipes, on same tree.

9. Mycetophagus prceus, F. taken in fungi on ash tree in Cobham
Park. This was the only other beetle found in a very large piece of
fungus the same day as No. 6.

54

26th NOVEMBER, 1936.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr. Eagles exhibited the “elm beetles,” Kccoptogaster scolytus,
Fb. and E. multistriatus, Marsh., the former of which is said to aid
the spread of the fungus disease of elms. Also Aulonium trisuleum,
Geoff., a predator on the larvae of the weevils.

Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited three examples of Polia chi, L.
from East Aberdeenshire: typical P. chi, ab. olivacea, St. and an
intermediate form having something of the suffused appearance of
ab. olivacea, but with a coloration nearer typical chi.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited Furois (Aplecta) occulta, L. bred on 1st
October from ova laid in July by a female captured at Rannoch.
Also two examples of Maniola jurtina, L. showing injury by birds
(beak marks).

Dr. K. G. Blair exhibited the aethalioid form of a Mycetozoon,
Reticularia lycoperdon, Bull., received from Miss Lister. The
specimen contained a compact group of cocoons of the Mycetophilid
fly, Epicypta testata, Edw. from which the parasites Xenotoma
fallax, Kieff. (Belytidae) and Aperileptus sp. (Ichnewmonidae) had
since emerged.

A series of lantern slides from the collection of the late R. Adkin
was exhibited, chiefly those depicting main groups of the micro-
lepidoptera.

10th DECEMBER, 1936.
The PrestpEent in the Chair.

The new members elected were:—W. H. A. Harris, 48,
Corringway, W.5.; B. 8. Goodban, 81, West Street, Ewell, Surrey ;
HK. W. Classey, 141, Portnall Road, Maida Hill, W.9.; S. A. Chartres,
9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex; W. J. Finnigan, 6, Shrubland
Grove, Worcester Park; R. E. Warrier, 147, Friern Road, §.E.22.

Dr. G. V. Bull reported having noted an example of Phigalia
pedaria, Fb. on 8rd December.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, on behalf of Mr. A. J. Wightman, exhibited a
very varied series of Rhyacia (Agrotis) ripae, Hb. from Sussex, and
said that Mr. Wightman considered the ground colour as always
white although obscured at times very considerably by dark
markings. The examples shown were graded from a pure white

55

with only traces of obscure markings to examples with well-
distributed and varied markings.

Mr. Bliss exhibited an example of the S. American cockroach,
Panchlora cubensis, Sauss., found among bananas from Brazil.

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited a series of varieties of the Molluse
Helix aspersa, Mill., from near Brighton.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited a photograph of the Saturniid moth
Actias selene, Hb., from India, exhibiting aberrant neuration.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited a number of Jeaves mined by the
larvae of the Nepticulidae in illustration of the paper subsequently
read by him.

Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited the larvae of the narcissus-fly,
Merodon equestris, L., and bulbs which had been damaged by them ;
also the wood-wasp, Sirea noctilio, L. in its chamber in a piece of
solid wood; and a very large specimen of the fungus Pholiota
spectabilis, Fr.

Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the following rare and local
Diptera.

Argyramoeba anthrax, Schk., taken by Mr. P. A. H. Muschamp
at Woodhouse, Leicester, in 1982; Lophosia fasciata, Mg., from a
glass porch at Crowborough; Ocyptera interrupta, Mg., from the
New Forest.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a gynandromorph of Polygonia
c-album, L. from Surrey ; also a series of Colias croceus, Frery. of
Dorking origin, bred and captured, and read the following notes.—

Colias croceus:—Bred from ova obtained from a typical female
taken at Dorking, Surrey, August, 1936.

The larvae were placed in ordinary cages kept in a glass house
and were fed on lucerne and red clover during the first and second
instars, after which they were given red clover only. About half
the larvae fed up fairly quickly and the first of these underwent
pupation on 2nd October, the butterfly emerging on 18th October,
and all had assumed the butterfly state by the 28th of the month.
The less precocious larvae were each night, from 6th October,
placed in a warm room and shortly commenced to spin up; the
first butterfly emerging on 29th October, the last on 6th December.
The same amount of variation appears in the males of both the
early and late emergences, i.e., the ground colour varies from very
pale yellow to the typical colours, while the marginal bands vary
from black to brownish, the latter colour being due to numerous
yellow scales interspersed among the black. The ground colour of

56

the females does not vary to the same extent as does that of the
males and the marginal bands are deep black in all specimens.
The yellow spotting in these bands varies to the extent that in the
specimens of the early emergence it is very slight indeed, while in
those that emerged later it is fairly prominent but not so pronounced,
however, as in typical specimens. The undersides of the hind
wings of both sexes of the sixty specimens which were bred
have the smaller discal spot either wanting or very much reduced
in size.

Mr. 8. N, A. Jacobs read a translation of a paper on the Nepti-
culidae by Herr Klimisch (Vienna) published in the Belgian Magazine
‘‘ Lambillionea’”’ in 1936. (See Trans.)

14th JANUARY, 1987.
Mr. M. Nistert, Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr. Priest exhibited HKndromis (Dimorpha) versicolor, L. bred from
pupa on 6th December, 1936.

Mr. F. T. Grant exhibited the following Coleoptera :—

Leptura scutellata, Fb. bred in June, 1986, from a pupa taken
from a rotten log in August, 1935; and the following rare or local
species all taken at whitethorn blossom from 23rd May to 1st June,
1936, in the New Forest :—Anaglyptus (Clytus) mysticus, L., given
by Fowler as “local” ; Molorchus minor, L., “ very rare,” Fowler;
Grammoptera variegata, Germ. (analis, Pnz.); G. ustulata, Schall.
(praeusta, Fab.), both ‘ rare,” Fowler.; Tetrops praeusta, L.,
“local,” Fowler; Leptura scutellata, Fb., “rare,” Fowler; and
Orsodacna lineola, Pnz.. ‘‘ rare,’’ Fowler.

Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited a very pale Aglais urticae, L. bred from
W. Kent, the pale colour possibly due to a scale defect.

Mr. T. KR. Eagles exhibited the flower-heads of the clover,
Trifolium stellatum, L., from the neighbourhood of Shoreham-on-
Sea; and the ‘oyster’ fungus, Plewrotus ostreatus, Jacq. on which
species Mr. Donisthorpe had taken 10 species of Coleoptera.

Mr. Musgrave exhibited the Mecopteron, Boreus hyemalis, L.,
2 2, a wingless species, from Penn, Bucks, 7.xi.86, where it was
emerging in large numbers. This appears to be a locality hitherto
not recorded for it.

Mr. J. A. Downes then read a paper, “Fossil Insects.” (See
Trans.)

57

28th JANUARY, 1937.
AnnuaL MEETING.
Mr. M. Nisrert, Presipent, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and passed.

The Report of the Treasurer, the Financial Statement, the Balance
Sheet and the Council’s Report for the past year were presented,
read and approved.

The Officers and Council for the ensuing twelve months, 1937-8,
were declared elected as follow:

President.—F. J. Coulson. Vice Presidents—M. Niblett, F.
Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S. Hon. Treasurer.—T. R. Eagles. Hon.
Librarian.—E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. Hon. Curator.—S. R. Ashby,
F.R.E.S. Hon. Editor of Proceedings.—H. J. Turner, F.R.1.5.,
F.R.H.S. Hon. Secretary —sS. N. A. Jacobs. Hon. Minuting
Secretary H. G. Denvil. Hon. Lanternist—J. H. Adkin.
Council.— F. D. Coote, F.R.E.8., K. G. Blair, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.,
A. E. Tonge, F.R.1.8., 8. Wakely, B. J. MacNulty, C. N. Hawkins,
F.R.E.S., A. Bliss, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S., J. H. Adkin, L. C.
Bushby, F.R.E.S.

The President then read the Annual Address and vacated the
chair. The new President, Mr. F. J. Coulson, then took the chair
and Votes of Thanks were passed to the retiring President, Officers,
Council and Auditors for their services during the year 1936-7.

Orpinary MEETING.
Mr, F. J. Counson, Presipenr, in the Chair.

Mr. B. H. Crabtree. F.R.E.S. of Alderley Edge, Cheshire, was
elected a member.

Mr. Hawkins exhibited a short series of the dark form of Huroits
(Aplecta) occulta, L. and two preserved larvae, all of Rannoch origin
and read the following note :—‘‘ This short series, consisting of
eleven specimens and the two larvae, were reared during November
and December last from 20 quite small larvae very kindly given to
me during the Autumn by Dr. Bull, who had taken a female of this
form at Rannoch towards the end of July and obtained ova. As I
understand that other Members, who also tried to rear this species
from the same source, met with considerable difficulty and had a

58

good many failures, the following note may be of interest for some
future occasion. I am told also that specimens of this species,
when bred ab ovo, are usually rather small, whereas these appear to
be quite up to the average size of captured ones, five of the largest
expanding 21 inches or more and others not much less. As to food,
I found that the most satisfactory diet, so long as it was obtainable
in reasonably good condition, was a mixture of Birch and Primrose
leaves. A few larvae died but the rest continued healthy although
they fed and grew very slowly. One or two outstripped the others
and there were two or three laggards which, after a time, appeared
to cease feeding altogether and wanted to hibernate. When the
Birch became too bad, through the approach of winter, to be worth
giving as food, I changed the larvae completely on to a diet
of Dock (advised by Dr. Cockayne) and began to force them
at a temperature of from 65° to 70° F. For this purpose they
were placed in a large flat tin with a thin layer of potting peat at
the bottom, then a few Birch twigs, and the Dock leaves (fresh
every, or nearly every, day) laid over all. The tin was kept tightly
closed, except when open for cleaning, etc., and was placed in a
suitably warm situation with a recording thermometer near by.
The advantage of the peat in the bottom was that it absorbed
surplus moisture, helped to keep the larvae clean, and could be
cleared out, thrown away, and renewed with ease, thus getting rid
of all frass, etc., without any difficulty. The larvae, except one or
two, which refused to be forced and died, now began to feed and
grow very fast and by the end of October the most forward ones
became full-fed and prepared for pupation. As each reached this
stage it was removed to another, deeper tin nearly filled with the
peat, and while still being kept warm, was left to pupate. None of
the larvae made any cocoon, and all pupated in little smoothed
hollows on the surface of the peat. One or two buried themselves
but came up again. When the pupae were fully coloured (dark
brown) and hardened, they were removed to an emergence cage and
the temperature raised somewhat to about 75° F. A light sprinkling
with water was given at intervals, usually in the evening, and
emergence duly commenced on the 22nd November. The last
specimen appeared on 8rd December. The moths usually emerged
late at night, after 11 p.m., or in the early hours of the morning,
but one came out in the early afternoon.

«The larvae were of two forms, one dull and indistinctly marked,
the other with strong black shield-shaped marks all along the

59

dorsum and a distinct whitish medio-dorsal line. Of the larvae
which became full-fed there were but three of the dull form, the
others being well-marked. A preserved specimen of each form is
shown and they have kept their colours well.”

Mr. Turner exhibited male and female specimens of both Morpho
aega, Hb. and M. portis, Hb., two brilliant species of Lepidoptera
from S. Brazil. The male of the former is, perhaps, the most.
brilliantly coloured insect known, while the female is of sombre
hue both above and below. In the latter species the female is only
slightly less brilliant blue than the male, and the underside pattern
includes a series of silvery stripes and large eyespots. Both species
are said to be locally common; WM. aega frequents forest paths on
the lower slopes of elevated ground, while M. portis frequents
ground adjacent to running water in the bamboo forests.

60

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

South London Entomological and Aatural History
Society.

Read 28th January, 1936.
By M. Nrswerr, President,

ADIES and GENTLEMEN. You have just heard the
reports of your Council and Officers and I feel sure you will
agree that the Society is in a satisfactory condition. Our

membership has shown a small but steady increase during the past
few years and it should be the endeavour of all members to swell
the numbers. Attendances at our meetings have shown but little
change, but I am sure that many members who rarely attend the
meetings would find much to interest them if they came more often.

We have had, in addition to the very interesting papers read, a
large number of exhibits, the value of some of which have been
sensibly lowered owing to their owners not handing to the Secretary
a note detailing their exhibit; it is impossible for the Secretary to
make a complete list of exhibits without seriously retarding their
circulation. This matter has been raised many times, but I wish
to make this a personal appeal to each member to make a point of
seeing that his exhibit is adequately labelled, and to hand in a
note giving particulars of it. [might add that new members are
not the chief offenders in this matter. A society such as ours
depends very largely for its success upon the individual efforts of
its members and it is hardly fair to expect a few of the members to
provide all the exhibits, papers, notes, etc., which give us such
interesting entertainment. I should like to see more members
bringing forward exhibits, notes, etc., as their contribution to the
well-being of the Society in which we all have so great an interest.

Many members are I believe under the impression that unless an
exhibit is rare, or abnormal, it is not worth showing. This is an
entirely mistaken idea, as a quite common object, if accompanied
by a note of some interesting observation made in connexion with

61

it, may be of considerable value, and no naturalist worthy of the
name can study the creatures in which he is interested without
observing many things which others would like to hear about, so I
ask those who have been diffident in the past to let us hear some of
their experiences in the field of Nature Study.

Our late member Mr. G. E. Frisby of Gravesend, who passed
away on May 6th last at the age of 72, joined the Society in 1919.
He had been prevented from attending our meetings of late years
owing to severe rheumatism ; he was a keen hymenopterist, and his
valuable collection of Hymenoptera has now come into the possession
of the Society.

I would ask you to stand for a few moments as a token of respect.

Having dealt with matters concerning the Society in general it
now remains for me to give the remainder of my Address, which I
may call “‘ Some Observations on Plant-galls caused by Gall- Wasps
(Cynipidae).”

I am afraid it contains little of interest to the majority of members
present, but as it is the only subject of which I can speak from
personal observations I trust you will excuse my choice.

Some OBSERVATIONS ON PLANT-GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS
(CynIpPrIpak).

I propose giving a summary of some of my observations on galls
caused by Gall-wasps (Cynipidae), being notes of their occurrence,
with some reference to the insects; except when otherwise stated
the localities referred to are all in the county of Surrey.

I have since 1923 made 276 excursions in search of plant galls in
general, and have been able to make some observations of Cynipid
galls in most instances. These excursions have varied from a short
walk of a mile or two, to whole day trips when any distance up to
twenty miles or so was covered. I have succeeded in breeding from
the galls, but not without some difficulty, 54 species out of the 80
odd species supposed to occur in Britain. I will deal first with
those whose activities cause galls on plants other than oak (Quercus).

Of the genus Rhodites, which is confined to various species of
roses, the gall of R. rosae, L., “ robin’s pin-cushion,” is usually to
be found in abundance wherever wild roses grow; the same may be
said of its relative Rhodites eglanteriae, Htg. ‘‘ the smooth pea,’’ but
the ‘‘spiked pea gall”’ caused by R. nervosus, Curt. is often very

62

difficult to find. I should say it is not quite so widespread as the
other two and if the many galls I have gathered are fair samples of
the whole, then it is not surprising the gall is frequently very scarce.
I have kept the galls under varying conditions but the results were
invariably the same, its inquiline Periclistus caninae, Htg. emerged
in some numbers, also as a rule a number of Chalcids, but R.
nervosus always failed to come out. In June 1984 from a gall, one
of a number collected in September 1983, a specimen of A. nervosus
emerged and again in May 1935, two specimens emerged from galls
of the previous year. In June 1935 I bred several specimens of the
Ichneumon Orthopelma luteolator, Gray. from nervosus galls; this
species usually emerges freely from the galls of R. rosae, but this
was my first experience of its inhabiting the “ pea’”’ galls.

It is not an uncommon thing to find very young galls caused by
one or other of the Rhodites species upon the leaves at the end of
the summer, often too late for them to have any chance of arriving
at maturity, as it is not usual for Cynipids to hold over their egg-
laying for any length of time after emergence it would almost
suggest a second brood ; this of course is not the case, it is due to
the very late emergence of some of the gall-wasps. I have had R.
rosae emerge in July, and specimens of R. mayri, Schl. emerge in
August.

Diastrophus rubi, Bouché is the cause of swellings upon the stems
of Brambles (Rubus spp.). I have only found this gall twice myself,
although I have searched acres of brambles for it. The first gall I
found at Toft, a few miles from Cambridge, was about two inches in
length, and from it there emerged over 70 Chalcids, the other galls
I found yielded nothing. I had a few specimens sent me from
various localities in Surrey and Middlesex, but these were old galls.
From a batch of galls sent me by a friend from Cambridge the Cynipid
emerged freely in MayandJune. Aylax papaveris, Per. which affects
the seed-capsules of the common red poppy (Papaver rhoeas, L.), 1
searched for without success until August 1928, when in a field near
Newhaven, Sussex, where the plant was abundant, there were
hundreds of seed-capsules galled; from those I took the gall-wasp
emerged in the following May.

Liposthenes latretilet, Kieff., which causes more or less globular
swellings on the leaves of Ground-ivy (Nepeta hederacea, Trev.) is,
as far as my own observations go, very local. This gall has been
rather scarce during the past few years, but in 1986 occurred in
several localities in some numbers.

63

The galls of the genus Isocolus, which are confined to the Knap-
weeds (Centaurea spp.), do not as a rule occur in profusion. Lsocolus
scabiosae, Gir. at the stem-base of C. scabiosa, L. is at times locally
plentiful, but the colonies are usually widely scattered. I. royenhoferi,
Watch., which causes a swelling of the involucral bracts of the same
plant is much more abundant, but as it cannot be seen unless the
flower-head is pulled to pieces, is no doubt frequently overlooked. I
have usually found at least a few in most localities, where its host
plant occurs. Isocolus jaceae, Schr. is undoubtedly a very scarce
insect; the larvae live in the achenes of Centaurea nigra, L. and C.
scabiosa which they cause to swell considerably. From some
thousands of flower-heads of the former plant I have bred 11
specimens of this Cynipid, these emerging in June and July, while
C. scabiosa heads to the number of many hundreds have yielded one
gall.

The genus Aulacidea contains several species, whose galls occur
as a rule in fair numbers, but are usually rather local in their
occurrence. A. hypochoeridis, Kieff. which causes swelling of the
stems of the Long-rooted Cat’s Har (Hypochoeris radicata, L.), I
have found in a number of localities in Surrey, but, considering the
wide distribution of the host plant, these are comparatively few.
The galled plants I find are usually in a compact group, and
although the host plant may cover quite a large area it is rare to
find the galled plants scattered. The insect I have found rather
difficult to breed out and like all this group, the larvae ave usually
rather heavily parasitized by Chalcids. A. hieracii, Bouché, I have
not had the good fortune to find myself, but numerous galls of this
species have come into my hands through the good offices of several
kind friends. The gall varies considerably in size and occurs upon
the stems of several species of Hawkweeds (Hieracium). This species
is undoubtedly local. I have carefully searched several areas where
the host plant grows, without success. The gall-wasp emerges
during May and June.

A. piggoti, Kieff., the galls of which occur at the stem-base of
Goat’s-beard (Z'ragopogon pratense, L.), appears to be not uncommon.
I have usually found at least a few galls in most places where the
host plant grows, but like all galls that occur low down on the stem, or
upon the roots, it is necessary to search closely for them. The
insects from these galls I have had emerge in June and July.

Phanacis centaureae, Forst. which occurs in the stems of Centaurea
nigra and C. scabiosa is not visible externally, at least I have never

64

found anything to indicate its presence; I have found the gall in
several localities and should say that it is rather plentiful where it
occurs. My method of collecting the galls is to split stems of the
host plant, and if there is any indication of the gall in the stems so
split I gather a number from adjacent plants. As a large proportion
of the stems so gathered have yielded quite a number of the Cynipid
I naturally conclude it is fairly plentiful in that locality. The
insects emerge in May and June.

Xestophanes brevitarsis, Thoms. and X. potentillae, Vill. are usually
to be found in fair numbers where their host plants occur, the
former on the roots or stem-bases of Potentilla erecta, Hampe.
(Tormentil), occurring as far as my experience goes much more
freely than the latter species does, upon the root-stock and runners
of Potentilla reptans, L. (Creeping Cingefoil). Both species emerge
in May and June.

Taking next the Cynipid galls which are confined to the oak
(Quercus), I shall refer to some of the more uncommon species,
and also make some reference to fluctuations in occurrence, which
have come to my notice.

Andricus callidoma, Gir. a bud gall of which, although never
plentiful, one generally saw a few galls during the season, appears
to have vanished from all the localities where I used to find it.

Andricus ostreus, Gir., “ The Oyster Gall,” a species which had
been abundant for many years was scarce in the autumn of 1934,
although in 1983 it was very plentiful as was its alternate generation
A. furunculus, Bey., in the spring of that year; in 1935 it was very
difficult to find any of the galls, but I was pleased to note that in
1936, although far from being abundant, it occurred in fair numbers
in a number of localities.

Andricus glandulae, Schnk., I had found occurring in a few
localities in considerable numbers for some years; in 1988 a very
close search resulted in the discovery of a few galls; in 1984 and
1935 I was unable to find any after an intensive search, but in 19386
about a dozen galls were observed during two hours close searching,
so it would appear that it is recovering.

Andricus xanthopsis, Schlt. which I found in some numbers in a
wood near Croydon in 1980 I failed to find again until 1986.

Andricus amenti, Gir. another catkin gall which I found in the
same wood appeared to be gradually drifting across a section of the
wood ; this caused me to wonder what would happen when the edge
of the wood was reached, as there are no oak trees beyond. I was

65

unable to find any of the galls in 1986 although the catkins were
very plentiful. I am waiting with some interest to see what results
next spring will yield.

Andricus solitarius, Fone. galls I have never found as a rule in any
great numbers, It is as its name indicates “solitary.” One has to
search over a fairly wide area to find any number of the galls. I
have collected what galls I could find over a period of about nine
years but failed to breed out the gall-wasp, all I have had emerge
being parasites or inquilines. During 1986 I was fortunate in
finding this gall rather more plentiful than usual, I collected 46 in
all, and from 26th July to 4th September insects emerged freely,
comprising 43 inquiline Synergi and 8 Chalcids. I had almost given
up hope when on September 20th I found a specimen of A. solitarius
had emerged. I am apparently not the only person who has had
difficulty in breeding this insect, as it appears that Mayr failed to
get it, and that out of 199 galls Schlechtendal only managed to get
four of the gall-wasps.

All the species of the genus Neuroterus appear to persist with but
little change. I have noticed periods of local scarcity, but this has
usually been balanced by a plentiful supply in other places. The
spangle-galls occur as a rule upon the underside of the leaves, and
one can usually tell if a leaf has galls upon it by the appearance of
the upper surface, as at every point opposite to where a gall is
attached there is a more or less circular patch of the epidermis very |
much lighter in colour than the rest of the leaf, some chemical action
induced by the Cynipid larva apparently affecting the chlorophyll.
Another feature in connection with the spangle-galls is the fact that,
after they have fallen from the leaves in the autumn and lain
dormant during the winter they swell appreciably early in the new
year, during which period the larva matures and pupates, the perfect
insect emerging from early March to the end of May according to
the species.

Neuroterus aprilinus, Gir. which occurs in a bud is a rather
difficult gall to find before the insect has emerged, being hidden by
the bud-scales and maturing very rapidly. I have found the galls
with the insect still in them from 22nd April to 5th May, and the
empty galls from 10th to 22nd May. Upon one occasion I gathered
a number of twigs with larvae in the buds on 2nd April, kept them
in water, and succeeded in getting the gall and insect to mature, a
few specimens of aprilinus emerging on 24th April.

I have found these galls on both Quercus robur, L. and Q. sessili-
flora, Salb. in fair numbers as a rule. The localities where they

66

were found were widely separated, and I am of the opinion that this
species is not at all uncommon, but is frequently missed, owing to
the short period that is in evidence. After the insect has emerged,
the thin soft walls of the gall rapidly decay or shrivel up. Thereis
often only one cell in the gall, but I have found a fair number with
two or three cells. As regards the galls of the genus Diplolepis,
there appear to be definite periods of scarcity and abundance, this
has been perhaps most apparent with D. quercus-folii, L. I found
the galls of this species fairly plentiful in 1928, a few in 1929,
plentiful in 1980 the peak year, fairly plentiful in 1931, but in
1932, -33, -84, -85, I failed to discover a single gall in any of the
dozen or so localities in Surrey, where I had previously found it,
but in 1986 it turned up again in considerable numbers in several
localities.

Diplolepis disticha, Htg. Icould usually find the galls of this
species in fair numbers in several localities. Prolonged search in the
autumn of 1933, -84, and -35 failed to disclose a single specimen of
the gall, but in 1936 I found a few specimens in its usual habitat.

D. divisa, Htg. and D. longiventris, Htg. I have never found in
abundance, but in most localities one generally came across at least
a few specimens. I failed to find a single gall of either species from
1933-85, but in 1986 the latter species was quite plentiful.

Hartig experienced these cycles of scarcity and abundance, as he
records in 1838 D. divisa was so rare that he was unable to discover
a single specimen, but in 1840 it occurred in such immense numbers,
that he collected 28,000 galls from which he bred about 10,000 of
the Cynipid, and that in 1841 and 1842 the galls were quite as
abundant.

The gall of Trigonaspis renum, Gir. I have found to be rather
local in its occurrence, but usually plentiful where it does occur. It
is very late in making its appearance upon the leaves but matures
rapidly. I succeeded in breeding 6 specimens of this apterous
species on 29th December, 1985, from galls collected in October,
1934. I had had numerous galls of this species each year for nine
years, the only other insect emerging was an inquiline in April of
1934, from a gall of the previous year. Adler stated that this species
remained in the larval state for two or three years. I now have
galls collected in 1938 with living larvae still in them.

It is very difficult to arrive at a satisfactory reason for the rise
and fall in the occurrence of different species of Cynipid galls;
parasitism undoubtedly is one factor, but of several species, which
have shown a marked decline in numbers or which IJ have failed to

go eae.

67

find at all over protracted periods, numbers of galls I took immedi-
ately before the decline yielded a remarkably high percentage of the
Cynipid gall causers. Again certain galls which are always heavily
infested by either inquilines or parasites persist year after year in
the localities where they occur, not always in great numbers, but
regular search seldom fails to disclose a fair quantity; but 1 have
observed many instances where colonies have been exterminated by
the action of parasites.

Some of the oak frequenting species remain in the larval stage
for two or three years, others which normally complete their life-
cycle within 12 months sometimes lie over for another year; this
might cause a seasonal scarcity, but the species that have shown the
greatest fluctuations have been those whose life-cycle is completed
in about 6 months.

I do not think that low temperature has very much effect upon
the Cynipidae in general, as many species emerge in mid-winter and
proceed to oviposit. After the very severe frost in the spring of 1935,
I certainly found numerous specimens of Neuroterus baccarum, Le
dead upon badly frost-bitten oak leaves and in their galls, but these
were in all probability insects just emerged, or on the point of
emerging, when their powers of resistance would naturally be at
their lowest. That they were not all destroyed was proved by the
fact that in the following autumn, galls of the alternate generation,
N. lenticularis, Oliv., were, although not perhaps quite so plentiful
as usual, well in evidence.

There is but little doubt that the Cynipidae are in a state of
evolution. We have the non-oak galling species with no alternating
generations and whose galls are of very simple structure, and with
the exception of those affecting the Rose without inquiline Synergi.
In the Rhodites group the males are certainly noticeably absent and
many of the females are undoubtedly parthenogenetic. The rose-
galls give support to the inquiline genus Periclistus whose larvae do
definitely cause an enlargement of the galls they inhabit.

Then follow the Cynipidae of the oak, with their inquiline
brethren, whose presence is frequently the cause of these galls not
reaching their full size. The oak Cynipidae have alternating
generations of sexual and agamic forms and their galls are often
very complex in their structure. In this group there are many
species which have only a single known generation, in which the
male is unknown, the parthenogenetic females carrying on the race.
In this group there are also sexual generations, with as far as is
known at present no alternate agamic generation. There are also

68

several families of the Cynipidae, which are entirely parasitic upon
other insects, and have no connexion with gall causing at all.

One does not expect such sluggish insects, as the Cynipidae are
generally considered to be, to migrate from one area to another, but
several instances have come to my notice where a colony of these
insects have disappeared from one location and appeared in another
some distance away. This was particularly noticeable with Trigo-
naspis renum, Gir. In asmall wood I found the galls of renwm to
occur quite plentifully in the autumn for several years in succession,
and the galls of its alternate generation, 7’. megaptera, Panz., in the
spring. I then failed to find the renum galls in their usual location,
but eventually found a small number at one end of the wood where
I had never previously found any. The following year I failed to
find either megaptera or renum galls in the wood; twelve months
after, while searching a small patch of scrub oak about a mile
distant from the wood just referred to, I found renum galls in
abundance; this scrub oak I had had under close observation for
some years, and am quite satisfied that no renwm galls had occurred
there during that period. Taking into consideration the locality
and the situation of the oaks, I can come to no other conclusion but
that the insects had migrated, presumably in the megaptera stage as
it seems hardly possible that renum, which is an apterous species,
could have covered the intervening distance. I was rather surprised
to find these renwm galls upon small scrub oak, as I was under the
impression that the alternate megaptera galls were confined to the
adventitious buds occurring upon the trunks of well grown trees, but
have since discovered that they may be found at the base of stems
of oaks only a few years old.

In conclusion, I would like to point out that there is still plenty
of scope for research work in connexion with this group of inter-
esting insects and their galls, there being many points concerning
their biology awaiting solution.

I have only one more duty to perform before I vacate the chair
and that is to welcome our new President, Mr. F. J. Coulson. He
needs no introduction to the majority of you, but for the benefit of
new members I would like to point out that he is a coleopterist of
great merit. If he has the same co-operation and goodwill of
Officers and Members (as I feel sure he will have) as I have received,
he will look back upon his term of office with as great an amount of
pleasure as I do on mine.

a

69

The Metamorphosis of Insects.
By J. A. Downus, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.—Read 27th January, 1936.

I am going to begin this paper by saying a few words about the
change of external form in a growing insect; although I mean to
deal chiefly with the lesser known internal changes.

An insect moults more or less frequently during its existence—
that is, the old protective cuticle separates from the living cell layer,
or hypodermis, which then proceeds to produce a new cuticle.
When this is formed the old one, which has meanwhile been
clinging around the insect, is split, and the insect walks ont of it.
But frequently the new cuticle is found to have developed in quite
different form and consistency from the old, and this is the
immediate cause of the change of appearance and external growth
of an insect.

The primary divisions of the class Insecta are based on the degree
of change undergone during growth. Thus

(a) Apteryyota. No notable change: never attain to winged
stage. (Silver-fish, Springtail, Collembola, etc.)

(6) Exopterygota. At each moult the wings and external genitalia
become better developed, but usually there are no other important
external changes. That is to say the young, or ‘nymphs’ as they
are usually called, grow gradually towards the adult form without
any large jumps: This group includes Bugs, Grasshoppers, Stone-
flies, etc.

(c) Endopterygota. These hatch as a young form called a larva,
usually not very like the nymphs of the Exopterygotes nor like the
adults they are to become. The larva moults, usually several times,
without any great change of form and then a further moult, which
produces a very great change, occurs. This stage is quiescent and
is called a pupa. The pupa then eventually moults, producing an
imago, which is again of very different form. ‘This group includes
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, etc.

In this group the larva and adult are, as I have said, very unlike.
The most universal difference is that the developing wings of the
larva cannot be seen, as they are pushed into small internal folds of
skin which are covered by the outer cuticle. (It will be remembered
that in the Exopterygotes the wing rudiments are always external
and obvious, as in the corresponding imago.) Usually there are
also other differences from the imago, e.y., a lepidopterous larva has
biting mouthparts while an adult has sucking ones; it has prolegs on
the abdomen; it has the cuticle of the thorax and abdomen quite
soft, and body generally roughly circular in cross-section.

Now the condition in the Hxopterygotes, i.e, the gradual and

70

direct growth of young to adult, is quite certainly the primitive one
in winged insects. The theoretical background to endopterygote
metamorphosis is that the evolution of the young and of the adult has
occurred along two diverging lines, instead of always in the same
direction. That is, the young have become adapted to one mode of
life and have developed the necessary structures, while the adults
have become specialised in a quite different way. This divergence
in structure and habits must be bridged somehow, and this is the
function of the pupal stage. There is obviously a great physical
difficulty in changing the configuration and build of the body, while
retaining the organs sufficiently well developed for the animal to
lead an active life, and so the pupal, or ‘making over’ stage, is
almost necessarily quiescent.

So much for the external changes and importance of metamor-
phosis in insects. I will now say something about the less generally
understood internal changes. Most people are acquainted with
the pupa of a higher insect such as a moth or housefly; and this
on being opened reveals a superficially formless mass, at least in
its earlier stages. But the changes taking place can be understood
if we start from a more primitive form and bear in mind the
general significance of metamorphosis as mentioned above.

In the Exopterygotes the internal changes are parallel with the
external ones. The young are hatched in a condition generally like
the adult, and the various systems of organs simply grow towards
adult size, without any essential change of form. A _ certain
proportion of the cells are replaced during growth by new ones, and
such replacement usually takes place while the animal is preparing
to moult, but the dying off and replacement of cells is never
sufficiently intensive to bring about a sudden structural change.

The internal changes of Kndopterygotes are also roughly parallel
to the more important external ones; in the larva there is a system
of organs remaining constant in form and not developing towards
the adult condition ; then a sudden change in the pupa, when these
organs are largely broken down and a more or less different imaginal
set built up from the remains.

The degree to which these organs are broken down, and the
method by which this result is attained, vary from Order to Order
and are an expression, as also is the intensity of external change, of
the degree of divergence in evolution between the larva and the
adult.

But it should be remembered that, great as are the changes that
occur at pupation, they are not a completely new event, without
origin or parallel. As I have said, in the insects with incomplete
metamorphosis there is a slight wearing out and replacement of
cells at each moult, producing a gradual growth, and the change
that take place on pupation in the higher insects is merely an
intensification of this process, to compensate, so to speak, for the
opposite tendency during larval life.

71

I will now describe some of the changes taking place in various
insects to show their increase in complexity and their relationships
to each other.

The Hemimetabola, those insects showing incomplete metamor-
phosis, need not be dealt with in further detail. Occasional
replacement of cells in all tissues, producing a slight and gradual
change of form, occurs throughout life; the tissues as a whole
persisting from young to adult.

The simplest case which is known in detail among other insects
is that of the Chrysomelid beetle Galerucella ulmi. The changes
take place in the larva that is resting before pupation and during
the pupal period. The outer, cuticle-secreting layer of cells, z.e., the
external ectoderm, is found to persist from the larva to the adult,
but part of the nucleus and part of the cytoplasm of each cell
separates from the major portion, dies, and is carried away as waste
matter by certain wandering cells called amoebocytes. MacBride
interprets this process as a rejuvenation of the ectoderm cells. The
mouth and anal regions of the gut also behave in this way, but
the middle region, which is formed in the embryo in a quite different
way and is of endodermal origin, is completely broken down and
rebuilt from a mass of cells lying, in the larva, at each end of this
region. The destroyed larval tissue is again carried away by
amoebocy tes.

Most of the muscles and the malpighian tubules undergo a
similar complete breakdown and removal by amoebocytes, but the
adult tissues are in this case built up from certain cells that were
scattered throughout the larval tissue, instead of from a cluster of
cells at one endofit. Such acluster of undifferentiated cells, which
during the pupal stage differentiate to form a functional tissue, is
called an imaginal disc.

The most extreme changes known in insects take place in the
flies of the Musca-Calliphora group, and in the Chalcids (parasitic
Hymenoptera). In Musca almost every system of organs is destroyed,
except the central nervous system, and new ones are built up from
imaginal discs.

The outer cell-layer—ectoderm—is destroyed almost all over the
body, and is rebuilt in the thorax by six imaginal discs corresponding
in position to each of the thoracic legs of the adult. These masses
of cells are not very near the body-wall, but lie among the internal
organs and are connected to the body wall only by long strings of
cells. At pupation these strings shorten and the imaginal disc
comes towards the surface of the body, where it forms the rudiment
of the leg ; parts grow upwards and downwards to reform the body-
wall. A similar proceeding takes place in the abdomen but the dises
are not so large there as they have only to reform the body wall
and not to construct legs.

The gut is completely destroyed also, instead of partly persisting

Ve

and partly being reconstructed as in Galerucella. At each end of
the mid-gut are large imaginal discs, which replace the portions
before and behind them, and also contribute to building the mid-
gut itself. This latter, however, is chiefly reformed from many
smaller discs scattered along its length.
Muscles and malpighian tubules are completely destroyed; and as
in Galerucella replaced by cells scattered through their substance.
In most of these organs the breaking down of tissues is accom-
plished by the amoebocytes previously mentioned. These engulf
and carry away portions of the larval tissue until practically
none remains.
Other organs, such as the tracheal system and the salivary glands,
are also destroyed and replaced in Musca during the pupal period,
but the ventral nervous system seems to survive almost unchanged
—this is the only tissue in these extreme cases that persists as such
from larva to adult.
Most other insects that undergo ‘complete metamorphosis’ show
internal changes intermediate in intensity between those just
described. We may sum these up by saying that in Galerucella
the ectoderm, as a whole, persists from the larva to the adult.
the muscles partly survive, and partly are destroyed and rebuilt.
the gut has its middle or endodermal part completely replaced, and
its fore and hind ends survive.

while in Musca,

the ectoderm is wholly replaced, and some new regions such as legs
are built up.

the muscles and gut are also wholly replaced, the only persisting
tissue being the central nervous system.

Probably Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera are as a whole inter-
mediate between these two types, while Coleoptera and Neuroptera
are more like Galerucella, or may have even less change.

The process of building up the new tissues during the pupal
stage is somewhat similar to that taking place in an embryo. The
imaginal discs are composed of undifferentiated cells, that is, cells
of no particular character (such as gland, or muscle, or nerve-cells)
and when the time comes they arrange themselves in the form the
new organ is to take and then differentiate and become specialized
for their particular function.

The energy, necessary for these changes, is derived, of course,
from the food taken in by the larva, but more immediately from the
material stored in the fat body and from the products of the break-
down of the larval tissues. This activity produces acertain amount
of waste matter, and this is voided as the drop of fluid—the
meconium—which insects expel soon after emerging from the
pupa: this fluid consists largely of uric acid.

73

Cosmia (Xanthia, Mellinia) ocellaris, Brkh.
By F. Srantey-Smitu, F.R.E.S.—Read 26th March, 1986.

InrRopuction.

Last year [1935] my wife, our near neighbour Mr. Quibell and
myself attempted to discover for ourselves the wild life-history in
this country of Cosmia ocellaris, Brkh., the Pale Lemon Sallow. We
failed, but these notes, showing how far we got, have been put
together in the hope that they may be of some help to anyone
working in the same direction.

The preliminary information has been compiled from the sources
quoted to assist members who have not got the books mentioned on
their shelves. Lack of the larger standard works explains the
obvious omissions.

NomENcLATURE.

Worsley Wood in ‘“‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.” April 1915, discusses the
nomenclature and concludes that it should be Xanthia ocellaris,
Borkhausen. South uses the name Jellinia ocellaris, making it
congeneric with yilvayo only in the British list; but he does not give
authority for his names.

Seitz ‘‘ Palaearctic Noctuae”’ Vol. III. p. 155 (for which the group
was I believe written up by Warren) uses the name Cosmia ocellaris,
Bkh., so I suppose for the present we must regard that as
authoritative.

Description.

Imago. The only difficulty (in this country at any rate) is to
distinguish this species from C. gilvago, Esp. Wood says that the
outline is no guide as many light forms of gilvayo are as sharply
angled as any ocellaris. The best distinctive characters in ocellaris
are the pale nervures and the light reniform dot—but even the latter
is not always present. Wood mentions a short fine discoidal line
in the hind-wings of vars. intermedia and gilvescens, saying it is
frequently indistinct in non-British specimens. It is difficult to
find in many of owr British ones.

Larva. The following are three independent descriptions of the
larvae. We are unable to say definitely to which instars they
relate, as we were breeding so many together we found it impossible
to note the changes. When about + inch long ours were generally
brown in colour like those of gilvago or Amathes circellaris, Hufn.,
moderately deeply segmented and tapering towards head and tail.

74

A thin white medio-dorsal line is contained in a band of somewhat
darker brown than the ground colour, with a narrow white side line.
The narrow white spiracular line has above it a broader dark brown
line. The ventral surface is a lighter ochreous brown. The head
is ochreous brown with two black marks on top. The first seement
is about the same colour as the head.

When 2" long the larvae still taper slightly at both ends and are
deeply segmented. The general colour is grey brown above, and
transparent greyish underneath. There is an interrupted narrow
white medio-dorsal line, except on the last three segments, edged on
both sides by a broader dark brown line, getting darker on the last
three segments, where it is broken into almost black blotches on
either side. There is a wavy white spiracular line in continuous
crescents. The head is light brown with two black spots behind.

When about 1” long, the larvae are generally cylindrical, tapering
slightly towards the head, whichissmall. The general colour is now
darker than before, a dark olive brown, shading somewhat to greenish
towards the head, and slightly mottled all over. There are traces
of an interrupted white medio-dorsal line in a broader interrupted
dark brown line, broadest on the penultimate segment. There is a
faint brown dotted line on each side. The spiracular line is darker
brown containing black spiracles, with a wavy cream coloured line
below it. The underside is a greenish-grey, the head is light
brown and notched on top, with slizhtly darker brown spots. The
first segment is black, broken by two white cross lines.

The full-grown larva is about 2” in length.

The larva constructs a thick silken cocoon coated with the material
in which it pupates. It is said to rest in the cocoon for a period
before changing to pupa.

Pupa. Mr. Hawkins has supplied the following note on the pupa.
He says :—‘“‘ I have dehisced pupae of this species bred from larvae
received from both Mr. Worsley Wood and Mr. Stanley-Smith.
The pupa is very like that of C. gilvago and, as in nearly all members
of the ‘‘Sallow” group, is thin in texture and easily distorted
during emergence of the imago. So far as my experience goes
however, the pupa of ocellaris is decidedly larger than that of gilvago,
is rather more reddish in tint and slightly stronger in texture. In
both species the cremastral armature consists of two short, moderately
strong, usually convergent spines, curved ventrad. The cremaster
itself in gilvago is knob-like and strongly sculptured with ridges
and irregular network ; in ocedlaris it is rather broader in proportion
and varies somewhat in shape, ey., in my pupae bred from Mr.
Worsley Wood’s larvae it is nearly as knob-like as in yilvago but in
those bred from Mr. Stanley-Smith’s larvae it appears to be shorter
and to form less of an excrescence at the end of the pupa. Moreover
in my pupae of ocellaris from Mr. Worsley Wood’s larvae the two
cremastral spines are more definitely blunt and knobbed than in

75

those from Mr. Stanley-Smith’s larvae ; though in both cases they do
not taper so much as in yilvago where they appear almost pointed.”

VARIATION.

According to Worsley Wood’s article, the varieties of the typical
form are

ab. lineago, Gn., dark grey,

ab. palleago, Hb., pale, without any red,

ab. carneago, Warren, pink,
while the gilvago-like forms are

ab. intermedia, Habich, with the reddish grey ground typical of
ocellaris, and the speckled fringes of gilvayo (which neither ocellaris
nor ab. lineago have), and

ab. gilvescens, Worsley Wood, with a pale buff ground.

He says that ova from wild caught typical ocellaris bred true to
type, while ova from ab. intermedia produced 50 : 50 ab. intermedia
and typical ocellaris, except in 1910 when a few ab. gilvescens were
produced ; he thinks 3: 3: 1, ocellaris : ab. intermedia : ab. gilvescens.

Foop Puan.

Again quoting from Worsley Wood’s notes, the pabulum in the
Thames Valley was the male hybrid Populus serotina, which Johns
says is an introduced species; the Black Italian poplar, a cross
between our Populus nigra, L. and the American Black Poplar, P.
deltoidea. Other food plants in captivity he gives as common
elm, ? sallow and aspen, apple, plum, red currant and raspberry ;
but he says there is no definite evidence in the wild state of them
feeding here on anything but poplar. He says Treitschke gathered
wild larvae on Artemisia campestris, L. and other low plants at
Darmstadt.

Our own experience we will give in the course of our notes on
breeding, but I might mention here that none of us tried Artemisia.

Britisu History.

The imago was first known in this country in 1893 when three
were captured in the Thames Valley. The rare captures in
subsequent years down to 1907 are quoted in South, and it is now
interesting to note that the localities of these early captures included
not only the Thames Valley, but North Kent and Suffolk.
Incidentally South said that the larva had not been detected in this
country.

Tutt, in his ‘“‘ Hints’ does not quote the source of his notes. In
Vol. II. he says that the insect has been taken at sugar and light in
many localities in September, from which one might think it was
almost as common as say Monima (Taeniocampa) stabilis, View.
Another note says it occurs pretty regularly in a locality not far
from Wilmington in Kent, mixed with M. gilvago and Tiliacea
citrago, L.

76

It is now fairly generally known that it occurs on the old Black
Poplars in a district of West Suffolk, and that it has been fairly
plentiful there in the last few years.

Our OWN INVESTIGATION.

Soon after we had started our investigation, I asked one of our
leading authorities how to find larvae of C. ocellaris in the wild, and
was told that if one could gather catkins from the top of poplars in the
known locality we should find them, but of course that was impossible.
On 4th April 19385 we went to the Suffolk locality where we had
taken imagines at sugar the previous autumn on Populus nigra, to
gather fallen catkins. As we entered the district we could see we
were too early, as the catkins were only just bursting their sheaths.
When we arrived on our ground, to our horror we found most of ‘‘our’”’
trees had been felled, and we thought our investigation was frustrated
at the outset. The trunks of the grand old trees, about 70-80 feet
high, had been removed, but the tops and branches, left where they
had fallen, continued to live, and were just exposing their catkins.
After our first dismay, we realised that we had struck a wonderful
opportunity of searching the topmost branches of mature poplars,
where, according to report, the eggs were most likely to be laid.
We searched in vain the buds, twigs, and particularly in the axils
for eggs or traces of shells. Nevertheless we cut large numbers of
flower-bearing twigs from the tops and sides of most of the felled
trees to take home. Before leaving we explored the neighbourhood,
and to our relief found a long avenue of standing poplars. We
learnt later that other collectors also discovered the felled trees,
grasped the opportunity, and eventually considerable numbers of
ocellaris were bred from this source last year.

At first we kept the twigs in boot boxes, and on 10th April Mr.
Quibell found three larvae of sorts on his catkins, and transferred
them to glass topped tins. We then stood up all our twigs in wet
sand in a bath (which they filled) to promote the growth of the
catkins. On 22nd April mould was getting very bad, so we started
searching for larvae. We had found four or five on the catkins
before my wife discovered that the larvae were concealed in the
otherwise empty sheaths, which, squeezed at the ends between
finger and thumb, opened to expose the inhabitants. On 24th
April my wife and I spent five hours finishing the search of our
bath, by which time we had found perhaps one hundred Noctuid
larvae of the Yanthia type, a few Operophtera (Cheimatobia) brumata,
L., Oporinia (Oporabia) dilutata, Schiff., and another Geometer not
identified, as well as hundreds of ‘‘ grubs,”’ the last mostly down in
the damp sand. Mr. Wakely bred some of these “grubs” and
later got them identified as the Coleopteron, Dorytomus longimanus,
Forst. We put the debris back in boot boxes, and fuund at least
another score of larvae therein subsequently.

<t ie

77

The larvae we divided, sleeving thirty on our own very juvenile
black poplar, putting batches with Lombardy poplar leaves in
muslin covered tins, and enclosing others on sprays of Lombardy
poplar in glass cylinders, giving all batches what catkins and
sheaths we could. We noted that under these conditions they still
hid by day in the sheaths, but fed on poplar catkins and leaves by
night.

You will understand that although we had hopes by this time of
the identity of the larvae, we were still by no means sure. From
this stage we worked in two ways, in captivity experimenting with
food plants in the hope of getting clues to the whereabouts of the
wild larvae, and using our field observations to assist in feeding the
captive larvae.

On 28th April we ran over to the locality in daytime, actually
going to the new found avenue on this occasion. All catkins had
fallen from the trees but no leaf buds had yet broken. Despite the
general appearance of bareness of the ground, closer observation
showed a fair supply of grass and low growing plants, including
dandelion, dock, chick-weed, some forget-me-not, plantain, groundsel,
rose-bay willow-herb, stinging-nettle, white dead-nettle, burdock
and ground-ivy, as well as plenty of privet. We searched on and
under the low plants in vain, but the three of us in an hour found
nine ocellaris larvae concealed in the sheaths attached to fallen
catkins, thereby definitely proving that some of the larvae do fall
about the same time as, and probably with, the catkins or sheaths.
Others were found in the sheaths and on catkins attached to a felled
tree, including one in the first instar, a dirty white with black head
and black thoracic plate.

At home we tried the larvae on dandelion, dock, groundsel, chick-
weed, white and red dead nettle. There were traces of eating on
the dandelion, but certainly no enthusiasm was shown for any of
the plants, and, when we put in fresh poplar leaves the low plants
were entirely ignored. About this time we noticed that the larvae
sleeved out on poplar were backward compared with those being
fed indoors, so we brought them in. By this time the glass topped
tins were being replaced by breeding cylinders. As the staple diet,
we used Lombardy Poplar sprigs throughout.

On 25th May after nearly three weeks of very cold weather with
strong northerly or easterly winds, during which vegetation moved
but slowly, and with severe night frost on 16th and 17th May,
which killed most of the young leaves on oak, ash, etc., we worked
on our original site from 9.80 p.m. till midnight. This time we
discovered “our” larvae on the ground, either between layers of
last years dead and matted poplar leaves, of which there was a thick
carpet, or between the leaves and the earth. There were no dried
catkins close to the larvae; there were small sprigs of ground ivy, a
small vetch, and a fine goose-grass close to some of them, with very

78

few blades of grass. It looked as if the ground-ivy might have been
slightly eaten. One larva was undoubtedly curled up between leaves
and not feeding, about 4" in length, light brown in colour and with
dark coloured food in its first half. This raised the question
whether it had been feeding on the dead leaves. There were low
privet bushes near, but we could not detect any signs of eating
thereon. We searched the poplar trunks, searched and beat the low
poplar boughs, now carrying a few young leaves, searched and beat
the privet, and my wife in particular crawled about for an hour or
more examining the low-growing plants, but all in vain. Beating
birches and hawthorns was equally useless. Two of the larvae found
that night were segregated and eventually produced ocellaris
imagines.

In the cages the larvae fed by night only, working down into the
pupato by day. It was generally an hour or more after dark before
they came up to feed. Particularly as they approached the full-fed
stage they did not all feed every night. If possible, they remained
concealed even when feeding, and dived to cover away from light.
We tried the larvae found on 25th May with dead poplar leaves,
but they starved for three days; then we offered fresh poplar leaves,
which they soon attacked. We put low growing plants, to wit,
narrow-leaved plantain, sorrel, dock, and dandelion in some cages as
well as poplar sprigs, but the low plants were untouched three days
after. On 29th May it suddenly occurred to one of us to try privet,
and we found they ate that freely, in fact they were quite indis-
criminate between that and poplar. Mr. Quibell fed some for a
week on dandelion alone, but they still chose poplar when they had
a chance.

On 2nd June we went to the avenue site again, beat the poplars,
got nothing but Calymnia trapezina, L. and O. dilutata, and searched
and beat the privet in vain. By this time our visible captive larvae
were dwindling in numbers, so evidently they were going down prior
to pupation, and it was useless to continue the search any longer in
the wild.

My wife sorted through our own cages in August and counted 140
cocoons, produced from 146 larvae. We then had to take them
away with us in the caravan, but, despite the jolting, well over 100
imagines of Cosmia ocellaris emerged between 14th August and 13th
September. Mr. Fryer told us they were very different in this
respect from Ochria aurago, Fb. pupae, which travelled badly. The
only other insects bred out were a few Amathes macilenta, Hb.
including the var. obsoleta, Tutt, Dyschorista suspecta, Hb. and
Plastenis subtusa, Fab.

Conctusion.
So ended for the season our attempt at discovering the complete
natural habits of theselarvae. We have since discussed the problem

q
7
a
:
;
;

79

with many collectors, and to us, in the light of their feeding habits
in captivity, we think the most likely theory is that those that
survive in the wild desert the catkins before they drop and bore into
the high leaf buds. Against this is the fact that in the early stages
they seemed rather to prefer catkins to leaves, so long as the former
could be supplied. One theory is that the larvae fall with the
catkins, and then climb back to feed on the topmost leaves: we
reject this for want of evidence, and on the score of impracticability,
since the catkins are mostly blown down to some distance from the
tree. ‘The theory that they resort to low growing plants we were
unable to confirm, despite the fact that one or two of the larvae
found on the ground on 25th May were about three partsfed. It is
moreover noticeable that the wild imagines are generally smaller
than bred ones.

CoLLEcTING.

As is commonly known, the imagines are attracted to sugar on
the poplar leaves, but not on the trunks. In 19384, late in the
evening, when sugar was ceasing to call we noticed some sitting on
the yellowing leaves of the trees. On 21st September, 1935, about
a week after a gale, we went to the ground to get females for eggs.
At first fair numbers attended the sugared leaves, but by 9 p.m.
sugar was practically deserted. Thanks to the tip from Messrs.
Mellows we then found them in scores on the decaying (? ferment-
ing) leaves on fallen poplar branches. Other lepidoptera, e.g.,
Noctua glareosa, Esp., Ochria aurago, Fb., and Phlogophora meticulosa,
L., were on the same leaves. There were none on similarly
situated oak leaves. One had only to plant a lamp in a fallen
poplar branch, to get as many ocellaris as one could want.

From that night’s work we selected females for ovipositing ;
stimulating them with whisky, rum, or sherry, on sugar. One or
two laid a few eggs in chip boxes: one about a score in a breeding
cylinder ; several failed; and the last one, sleeved out on a young
poplar for the second time, with catkin bearing twigs tied on, just
laid in time for the eggs to be shown at our last Annual Exhibition.

80

A Contribution to the Genetics of Monima (Taeniocampa)
incerta, Hufn.

By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P.—Read 28rd April, 1936.

In 1934 Mr. P. Bainbrigge Fletcher took a very pretty female of
Monima incerta at Chiddingfold. The eggs were divided, and Mr.
C. N. Hawkins and I each had a third. The female had a pale
silvery grey ground colour with a few darker grey strigae, while the
transverse band, submarginal marks. and posterior halves of the
stigmata were red. The hind wings were grey. The F1 generation
was separable into dark and light forms, but not so clearly as I
could have wished. I bred 86 dark, 35 light, and 38 intermediate
specimens.

The dark ones were much suffused with rich reddish brown and
had the transverse band, submarginal marks, and posterior halves
of the stigmata darker, but there were grey scales especially along
the costa and inner border, in the anterior halves of the stigmata,
and in the marginal area. The light ones fell into two main groups,
about equal in numbers. Some had the same silvery ground as
the female parent, with the markings similar, buta little darker and
browner. They resembled Barrett’s fig. 1g, Pl. 211, but the
markings were reddish instead of blackish brown.

Others had some light red scales mixed with the grey ones in the
eround colour and the markings and strigae were paler and redder.
Two had a smoother and darker grey ground and one of the doubtful
ones also had a smooth appearance, and a medium red-brown ground,

Assuming that dark is dominant to light, I paired two of the light
ones. ‘The female was like its mother, but had a few red seales in
the ground colour, and the male had a good many red scales mixed
with the grey and the markings were rather stronger and darker red. |
I expected to get a brood showing both parent forms wlthout any
dark ones.

The batch of eggs was small and the larvae did badly, so that I
only got 23 pupae, and from these only 12 moths emerged, but the
forms obtained were unexpected. There were 4 males, one crippled,
with the ground colour entirely pale red and the markings darker
red, the forewings resembling Barrett’s fig. 1b, Pl. 211 (? ab.
subcarnea, Warren). The hindwings in three of these were pale
reddish owing to an admixture of pale red instead of grey scales.
Another male was much darker red with grey hind-wings. Another
was darker than either parent with reddish brown ground colour,
and was like one of the intermediates of the Fl generation. Three

81

were similar to the male parent, but with fewer red scales in the
ground colour and less heavily marked. Three more were not
unlike them, but looked darker owing to the strigae on the ground
colour being more numerous ; two of these had a good many red
scales mixed with the grey ones in the ground colour, whilst the
third had scarcely any.

The result agrees with the expectation that dark is dominant to
light, but the interesting fact, which stands out, is the appearance
in the brood of very red moths, unlike any of the F1 generation.
It seems probable that pale red is recessive to pale grey ground, but
the ratio of red to grey is too high. If those in the F1 generation
with an admixture of pale red scales in the ground colour are
heterozygous for pale red, the male parent is clearly one of them,
and it is possible that the female parent is a poor example of the
same form. If this is so, we should expect in the F2 generation
one pure grey, two with some admixture of pale red scales, and one
pure red. Actually the proportion of red moths is too high, for
there are six showing more red than grey and six showing more
grey than red. It is also difficult to account for the appearance of
a moth darker than either parent. Although the results are most
inconclusive, so few breeding experiments have been undertaken
with Noctuae, that I venture to bring them to your notice.

82

Some Notes on the Breeding and Genetics of
Erannis (Hybernia) defoliaria, Clerk.

By C. N. Hawxis, F.R.E.S.— Read 23rd April, 19386.

The following brief notes are, unfortunately, very incomplete, and
were it not for the fact that little work appears to have been done
on this species, I should hesitate to publish them. The breeding
was begun as the result of finding a melanic male in cép. with a
non-melanic female at Chingford on 17th December, 1932, and I
am afraid it was carried out at first in a rather haphazard fashion,
more out of idle curiosity to see what would turn up, than for any
other reason, though later special pairings were obtained and more
care was taken.

During the season 1933-34 I had three objects in view :—to
devise a satisfactory method of keeping the pupae (one of the greatest
difficulties with this species); to obtain, if possible, an all-melanic
strain ; and to produce some good, bred, melanic specimens for my
collection: while during last season (1934-35) breeding was done
solely with a view to producing a certain form of melanic of which
really good specimens turn up very rarely in the wild state. The
form in question is obviously a melanic ab. obscura, Dahlstrém, but
has the whole of the forewings, outside the normal blackish or deep
brown outer cross-bands of that aberration, a clear cream colour
entirely free from melanism, and there is a fair amount of white
scaling scattered throughout the melanic area. During the course
of some 9 or 10 seasons’ search in various parts of Epping Forest
I, personally, have come across but two specimens of the form, and
of these one only is a really fine example. :

Melanic ab. obscura are, of course, of frequent occurrence, but they
are usually more or less affected all over by the melanism. The
modification which has the melanism restricted as mentioned above,
seems to be definitely rare.

From what has already been written it will be realised that during
the first two seasons no attention was paid to the pattern underlying
the melanism. Indeed without prolonged preliminary interbreeding
to isolate the various melanic and non-melanic forms as pure strains
no amount of attention can be of much value since it appears
impossible to distinguish the females corresponding to the male
forms. The females, so far as I can see at present, are simply
melanic or non-melanic, and beyond that one eannot go. It is true
that last season I bred with a view to producing a particular
melanic form, but that was because the results already obtained
showed that I had melanic obscura in my strain, and I hoped to be
lucky enough to pick a corresponding female from which to breed.

As already stated, I began with a pair taken at Chingford on 17th

ys

83

December, 1932, the female being non-melanic and the male
melanic. Unfortunately, although I am convinced that male was
duly labelled and put aside for reference, no trace of it can be found
now, so I fear it must have been carelessly either thrown or given
away. My only note about it is that it was ‘ melanic’ and I have
no clear recollection as to its underlying pattern, though I think it
was one of the plainer forms and not a very black one at that.

At any rate ova were obtained and a considerable number of
pupae reared. ‘The larvae were allowed to pupate in a large flower
pot of earth and were left undisturbed to await emergence, the earth
being well damped at frequent intervals to prevent the pupae drying
up. The result was extremely disappointing and consisted of 2
melanic females, 4 non-melanic females, and 2 non-melanic males
(1 ab. holmgrenit, Lampa., and 1 ab. obscuwrata, Stdgr.), all the
remaining pupae died.

The two melanic females emerged on the 18th and 23rd December,
1938, respectively, and on this latter date I paid another visit to
Chingford, where I took, amongst others, a very black male which
has however chequered cilia to the forewings and faint traces of
underlying cross bands.

This male was paired with both the bred melanic females, and a
considerable number of ova obtained. The ova of the two females
were not kept separate. From these ova 70 male and 18 female
pupae were eventually bred, and as the results for the previous year
had been so poor, it seemed advisable to try a different method of
dealing with them. ‘The larvae had pupated in ordinary potting
peat contained in a large biscuit tin and on this occasion, so soon as
it seemed likely that all had changed, they were turned out,
removed from the peat, and placed in a 34 inch glass topped metal
box where they nearly covered the bottom. In this they were kept
shut up without any added moisture, in a cool room until late
October, when they were again placed in peat in a large flower pot
already partially filled with sandy earth and welldamped. The pot
was covered with leno and stood in a saucer of water and the surface
of the peat was sprayed at intervals. The pot was kept in a covered
shed in the garden where it would be subjected to more or less
natural temperatures.

The first imagines, 2 males, came out on the 28th November and
emergences continued until the 15th December, when the last male
appeared.

Of females, the first emerged on the 2nd and the last on the 12th
December. The greatest number of individuals to emerge on any
one day, was 8 males and 1 female on the 6th December, but 5 or
6 came out on several days. The total number of imagines bred
this time was 50 males and 13 females and all were melanic. Of
the males 8 only were more or less severely crippled, the rest being
perfectly developed.

84

Amongst the perfect males 27 had chequered cilia and most of
these showed distinct traces of the underlying obscura form in the
paler marginal areas and scattered white scaling in the central
portions of the forewings, but one is so black as to entirely obscure
all traces of pattern except in the fringes: the remaining 15 had
the cilia plain, or at the most with faint traces of one or two chequer
markings only, and these are much more brown in tone without any
white scaling and no clear indication of cross bands on the forewings.
These are probably melanic ab. holmyreni and/or melanic ab.
obscurata. .

I have no note about the pattern of the cripples, which were, un-
fortunately, thrown away. As there was obviously an ab. obscura
strain in the brood an attempt was now made to breed the rare pale
outer-area form referred to before, and for this purpose a good, pale
obscura example of the male was obtained on the 8th December,
1934, at Wimbledon Common, which was paired with one of the 18
bred melanic females. It was, of course, a pure gamble since, as
has already been said, it appears impossible to distinguish the
females of one form from those of another whether in the melanic
or non-melanic groups. This pairing produced just over 400 ova
which were divided about equally between Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Dr.
H. B. Williams, Mr. H. Worsley Wood and myself. Unfortunately
owing to the eggs hatching earlier than Dr. Williams expected and
before his food plants were ready, he lost the whole of his batch.
However as I had been more fortunate in having food available in
time I passed over to him a further lot of 60 young larvae and late
ova retaining some 40 only for myself which should have been
sufficient for my purpose if I was on the right track.

Whether however it was because the food-plants were very heavily
infested with Aphids or from some other cause, I cannot say, but,
in the event, I obtained but 15 pupae from my lot of ova. These
were treated in the same way as had proved so successful the previous
year and from them, during late November and December, 11
imagines were bred, 9 males and 2 females. 6 males and 1 female
were melanic and 8 males and 1 female non-melanic. The non-
melanic males are of the form progressiva, Haverkampf, but with
slightly chequered cilia to the forewings and more or less distinct
traces of a dark band beyond the discal spot on the hind wings.
The melanic males, judging from the presence of darker cross bands
on the fore-wings of all, the brownish tint of three of them, and
the presence of some white scaling on the central area of the fore
wings in the other three, are equally divided between melanic
progressiva and melanic obscura, and all have chequered cilia to the
fore wings. For some reason the percentage of perfect specimens
was not nearly so good on this occasion, and 4 of the melanic males:
and one of the non-melanics were more or less crippled through
failure to expand properly. Curiously enough the crippling seemed

85

to affect the progressiva form chiefly, since among the melanics it
was that form which was worse developed, while the only imperfect
melanic obscura was very slightly influenced.

Although none of the melanics was of the extreme pale-outer-area
form desired yet one of the melanic obscura definitely approached it,
and possibly if the melanic female of this brood (assuming it to
have corresponded to the melanie obscura males) could have been
paired with an ab. obscura male and the strain carried on for yet a
further generation the wanted form might have turned up, but this,
unfortunately, could not be done owing to lack of a suitable male
at the right time. From an examination of my four dead pupae
(all males) of this brood it appeared that 2 would have produced
melanics and i a non-melanic while the fourth had not developed.
Pattern was not distinguishable. For some reason, all those who
had ova or larvae of this brood had poor results from them.

Dr. Cockayne bred a single non-melanic female but no males, and
subsequently found 6 dead pupae. On examining the latter I
found that four contained well developed non-melanic females, one
a fairly well developed non-melanic male (form indistinguishable)
and one an undeveloped female. Dr. Williams bred 8 melanic and
2 non-melanic females, and no males. In addition he had 7 dead
pupae which I found to contain 5 melanic and 2 non-melanic
females. Mr. Worsley Wood bred 5 crippled melanic males (one of
the ab. obscura form and 4 of the progressiva form) but no females
and he informs me that he had a number of dried up pupae which
he opened without being able to get any indication of form, and
that all were males. The actual known results of the 1984 pairing
between the bred melanic female and the caught ab. vbscura male
were :—4 melanic ab. obscura males, 7 melanic ab. progressiva males,
2 melanic male pupae (form indistinguishable)=18 melanic males ;
14 melanic females; 3 non-melanic ab. progressiva males, 2 non-
melanic male pupae (form indistinguishable) = 5 non-melanic
male; and 10 non-melanic females. Total, 27 melanics and 15 non-
melanics. This was a very disappointing result from over 400 ova
and obviously the mortality in the brood, from one cause or another,
was far too high to allow any conclusions to be drawn. The
appearance of the ab. progressiva form at this stage however is
interesting and suggests that it may be a combination of ab. obscura,
Dahistrom, and either ab. holmgrent, Lampa, or ab. obscurata, Staud.
In the circumstances it seems best merely to record the above facts
without discussion in the hope that when further work has been
done on this species they may fall into place and assist in
disentangling what is undoubtedly a complicated and somewhat
difficult subject.

86

A Short Introduction to the British Dragonflies.
By A. F. O’Farreti.—Read 24th September, 1936.

This paper is really no more than a series of collected notes on
the British Odonata, but I hope it may serve as some kind of
introduction to the Order.

I do not propose to say much about Classification. That which
I use I have taken from Tillyard’s work on ‘The Biology of Dragon-
flies.” I have passed round an exhibit containing most of the
common species likely to be met with in the South of England, and
this will show the way in which the Order is divided up far better
than any description of mine. Perhaps, however, I had better give
some account of the distinction between the Sub-orders, of which
there are two, Anisoptera and Zygoptera. The Anisoptera are for
the most part much larger and more stoutly built than the
Zygoptera, and normally rest with the wings spread out, whereas
the Zygoptera fold their wings over the back. The Anisoptera have
large eyes set close together, but the Zygoptera have smaller eyes
set far apart. Male Anisoptera have only three anal appendages
and the penis is jointed, whereas in Zygoptera there are four
appendages and the penis is unjointed. The larvae of the two Sub-
orders differ greatly, since the Anisopterid larva breathes by means
of rectal gills, the anus being closed by an anal pyramid consisting
of two pointed cerci and a shorter medio-dorsal process. Zygopterid
larvae, on the other hand, breathe through caudal gills, which are
three large plates projecting from the end of the abdomen. I have
passed round a photograph of part of the caudal gill of a Zygopterid
larva, showing the many branched tracheae by means of which
respiration is effected. (See Plate I.)

Both suborders possess a very curious form of copulatory
apparatus in the male, though it 1s less developed in the Zygoptera.
No satisfactory analogy for this development has been found in any
other Arthropoda. I will not attempt to describe it fully, but it is
essentially as follows:—The genital pore opens on the ninth
segment as might be expected, but the rest of the copulatory
apparatus is situated on the segments at the anterior end of the
abdomen. The whole sternite of the second segment, and part of
the third, form this apparatus, which consists chiefly of a vesicle in
which sperms received from the genital aperture are stored, together
with a penis through which they are ejected when pairing takes
place. The whole apparatus lies in a special groove on the ventral
surface of the abdomen and this can be clearly seen even in dry
specimens. This peculiar arrangement is responsible for the
curious attitude adopted during pairing, when the tip of the

A a = f “*

.
=

1 ge ws

ee

i
,
7
wit

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m
*
.
%
q
ae

agehe: | Me, era

= ye = 5 : : lle ey
LF Ry EN yl ee Be -——~ ee ey eee ee rae ete ed a =
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249 ey

Proc. S.L.E. d N.H.S., 19386. Puate I.

Ill. IY.

Photo A, F. O'Farrell.

Puatt I,

Mandible of nymph of Anaa imperator, Leach (a fairly
typical Aeshnid nymph), Xx 380 approx.

Maxillae of the same

9

Labial palpus of same

>?

Part of Labium of nymph of Pyrrhosoma nymphula,
Sulz. (a fairly typical Zygopterid nymph). .

Vill.

IX.

Puate II.

Part of caudal lamella of nymph of Krythromma
naias, Hans. (a Zygopterid) showing the many
branched tracheae forming a gill.

Anisopterides: Aeshnidae: Aeshninae.

Brachytron pratense, Mull. ¢ (above) and ?: a bred
pair with exuviae of the nymphs from which
they emerged. 4 approx.

Anisopterides: Libellulidae.

(Top) Corduliinae. Somatochlora metallica, Van der

L. $, with nymph skin.

(Bottom) Libellulinae. Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn.
g with nymph skin.

Zygopterides. Calopteryyidae. Calopteryyinae.

Calopterya virgo, Linn. g (above) and 92, with
nymph. x4 approx.

Proc. S.L.E. d N.H.S., 1986. Puate II

Y. VI.

VIII. IX.

Photo, A, F, O'Farrell.

87

abdomen of the female is applied to the ventral side of the second
segment of the male’s abdomen.

The eggs are, as a rule, rather small, and a large number are
laid. All the Zygoptera, and the subfamily Aeshninae of the Anis-
optera, have well developed ovipositors, which they use to insert the
eggs into the leaves or stems of aquatic plants. The usual method
is to make a small incision in which a few eggs are laid: the insect
then moves a short distance and repeats the process until the leaf
or stem contains several such groups of eggs. The Aeshninae
usually lay more regularly than the Zygoptera. Agrion and allied
genera sometimes oviposit under the surface of the water, and I
have heard of females being found with the abdomen covered with
mud. The Anisoptera, apart from the Aeshninae, have poorly
developed ovipositors and usually lay their eggs at random.
Females of Libellula and similar genera fly low over the water
rhythmically striking the surface with a sharp flicking action of the
abdomen. At each flick a mass of eggs is washed off the tip of the
abdomen and sinks to the bottom, when the eggs separate as the
gelatinous matter surrounding them dissolves. I once caught a
female Libellula depressa, L. engaged in ovipositing, and the flicking
movement of. the abdomen was continued for several seconds,
during which a fair number of eggs were laid in masses on my hand
and in a small tube of water, which I hastened to provide. Unfor-
tunately, I must add that the eggs did not hatch. Another peculiar
feature of this Order is the occurrence of what is known as the
pronymph stage. There emerges from the egg, not a free larva,
but a creature whose legs are folded back and whose mouthparts are
often not functional, the whole animal being enclosed in a sheath of
chitin and having an appearance suggestive of a small pupa. This
is the pronymph. ‘The stage lasts in some species for only a few
seconds, in others it may extend to a few minutes, but it is always
very short. An interesting case was that of the Zygopteron Lestes
viridis, Lind., not a British species, though it has been taken in
Britain. Oviposition was made on the underside of a sallow branch,
the pronymph emerging by wriggling the abdomen. Having
emerged, it fell on to the bank of the pond near which the tree was
growing, and at once began to jump actively about by means of
sharp movements of its abdomen, and continued until finally it fell
into the water.

The second instar, which emerges from the pronymph, is usually
a minute, transparent, long-legged replica of the later stages of
larval life. The newly-hatched larva, however, has usually a more
primitive breathing system, and the mouth parts are proportionately
much weaker than in the full grown nymph. Growth occupies a
longish period, varying from one to five years with the species and
the conditions under which it lives. There are several ecdyses, and
in due course the external wing rudiments appear. Eventually the

88

nymph becomes sluggish and crawls up a convenient reed stem or
other support where the emergence of the imago occurs.

All the Dragonflies are carnivorous throughout their life. Both
larvae and imagines have well developed mandibles and maxillae
with sharp teeth. Ihave passed round photographs of the mandible,
maxilla, and labial palpus of the nymph of Anaaw imperator, Leach.
The labium of the nymph is developed into a long jointed apparatus,
which folds back between the legs. The palpi are developed into
movable lobes, armed with strong curved hooks and worked by
powerful muscles, as is shown in the photographs of Zygopterid
labia which I have passed round. The prey is seized by shooting
out the labium and grasping it with the palpi; it is then pulled
back to the mouth and dealt with by chewing with the mandibles
and maxillae, the labium still being used to hold it. I had a large
nymph of Anaw imperator, which disposed of a dozen large tadpoles
in this way in rapid succession, taking about four hours over the
process. Incidentally the labium is important in assisting identi-
fication, as it varies considerably in different species.

There are, however, four very distinct types of nymph associated
with different families, which can easily be recognized. The typical
Aeshnid nymph is long but not slender, sometimes rather short-
legged; the labium is armed with hooked palpi and is flat and
circular at the distal end. The habits vary. Anaa imperator,
specimens of which I am exhibiting, is a very fast swimmer and
will often pursue active prey suchas tadpoles. Brachytron pratensis,
Mill. and species of the genus deshna are more sluggish, lying on
the bottom in wait for any small living creature to come near.
Cordulegaster annulata, Latr. lives in a burrow in the mud, out of
which it rushes to seize its prey. Gomphus vulgatissina, a rare
species, has, I am told, similar habits. The nymphs of the Libellulidae
are of a different type. They are short and stoutly built, often very
long-legged, and the labium is very characteristic, the palpi being
usually more or less triangular, with saw edges and a sharp hooked
point at the distal end; further the distal end of the labium as a
whole is very like a miniature ladle, the ventral part being scooped
out into a hollow. The nymphs of this family are mostly rather
sluggish bottom dwellers, though they can swim well if necessary.
Orthetrum cancellata, L., however, lives quite deep in the clay mud
of old brick pits. I should mention that all these Anisopterid larvae
which swim do so by the violent expulsion of the water from the
rectum, and some of them attain surprising speeds.

The Zygopterid nymphs also fall into two types. The two species
of Calopterya probably represent a rather primitive type, and are
very curious insects. They are long and slender in body, and have
enormously long legs. ‘They live in fairly rapid streams, strolling
about on their legs in a leisurely way, looking as if they were on
stilts. The labium of these nymphs is divided down tbe middle and

89

very curiously shaped, but unfortunately I have not got a photograph
of it. I have no personal acquaintance with the Lestid nymphs,
and there seems to be some confusion about the British species.
The rest of the Zygoptera, the family Agrionidae, are much less
grotesque in appearance than the Calopteryw nymphs. ‘The caudal
appendages are more or less equal in length, whereas in Calopterya
the median one is shorter. Further differences between these types
are not easy to describe briefly, but I hope will be clear from the
specimens exhibited.

The last stage of the metamorphosis, the emergence of the imago,
seems to be essentially similar in all the British species. A day or
two before it, the nymph seems to feed with even more than normal
voracity ; then it becomes sluggish and shows an inclination to rest
near the surface of the water, finally crawling up the stem of a

“convenient water-plant and taking up a position where it can get
a firm hold on its support. The cuticle then splits across the head
around the eyes, and a second split appears at right angles to the
first, running back mid-dorsally as far as the attachments of the
wings. Through this slit the imago pushes out its thorax by a
process of humping the body, and thus withdraws the wings from
the nymphal cuticle. Then with a tremendous effort it frees the
head and legs. This leaves it exhausted and it hangs out of the
cuticle supported only by the abdomen. When the legs have
become hardened enough to enable it to grasp the head of the
nymphal cuticle it pulls itself up until the abdomen is free. It then
clings to the old cuticle during the process of expansion and harden-
ing of the wings and abdomen, after which it flies away, leaving the
cast cuticle still clinging to its support. Some of these cast
nymphal skins are in my exhibit.

The imago is not fully developed at this stage, being still in what
is known as the “teneral’’ condition. Wings and abdomen are
still rather soft and easily injured, and there is an iridescent sheen
on the wings, while bright colours have not yet put in an appearance
on the abdomen and thorax. The insect often shows a tendency to
keep away from its usual haunts near the water during this period.
The transition from the teneral condition to full maturity is
gradual. In some species if may only take a day or two, but in the
Sympetrini it seems to occupy weeks. Frequently a teneral male
assumes a coloration like a dull form of the mature female.
Teneral specimens are useless for the cabinet, as both sexes tend to
shrivel up on drying. It is probably during the teneral period that
most of the imaginal mortality occurs. The span of imaginal life
is usually considerable, extending in the case of some Anisoptera to
two or three months. Some foreign species are known to hibernate,
but one seldom sees a dragonfly later than early October in England,
though one has plenty to do collecting nymphs during the winter
and early spring.

90

The Isle of Wight as a Collecting Ground
for Lepidoptera.

By 8. Waxety.—Read 24th September, 1936.

The Isle of Wight has been noted for years as a collecting ground
for the entomologist, and I am showing to-night a box of Lepidoptera
taken in the Island during the last twelve months. A few details
of some of the more interesting species may be of interest. The two
specimens of Synanthedon (Aegeria) flaviventris, Stdgr. were bred from
sallow stems cut last August, the moths emerging in July. This
Species is not uncommon at one or two spots, but as I only got two
moths out of ascore of stemsit is presumably hard to rear. Perhaps
they were taken too early, and no doubt February or March would
be better months to collect the galled stems.

The specimen of Calostigia (Xanthorhoé) olivata, Schiff. was taken
at Ventnor, being tapped out of a hedgerow in the evening.
Records of this species for the Island are few. For some years I
have known that madder (Rubia pereyrina, L.) grows in abundance
at various localities in the Island, and as Botys (Vyrausta) asinalis,
Hb. occurs among this and has been recorded from Ventnor, I
decided to search for it. The madder was soon found in quantity
growing near the cliff to the west of the town, and by beating this
one evening, 17th August, a friend and myself netted five specimens.
This locality is given for the species by Stainton in the ‘ Manual,”
but I do not think it has been recorded here for some years.
Alispa anyustella, Hb. was bred from spindle berries collected the
previous August, the moths emerging in May and June. This was
of particular interest as an addition to the Island list.

Acalla (Peronea) boscana, Fb. may be taken commonly in the
Island during August in the larval state. This year it was in
numbers on the main road at East Cowes near Osborne House.
The larva spins two leaves of elm together and feeds in the pocket
thus formed, the discoloured leaves being a clue to the whereabouts
of the larvae. As the moths have only just emerged, I have shown
a few bred last year. Another Peronea was found in the larval
state in spun leaves of the marsh cinquefoil (/otentilla comarum,
Nestl.). The locality was Appleford Wilderness—a very. wild and
little frequented spot near Rookley—and the moths shown proved to
be dcalla (Peronea) comariana, Zell., another species hitherto
unrecorded for the Island. At the same place were taken imagines
of Choreutis myllerana, Fb., the larva of which feeds on the local

91

scull-cap (Scutellaria galericulata, L.); and pupae of Orthotaelia
sparganella, Thnbg., in deformed and eaten shoots of Sparganium.

The series of Stomopteryx anthyllidella, Hb. were taken in a chalk
pit at Upper Ventnor, where they were literally in thousands among
the kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria, L.). Larvae and pupae were
also found among the flower-heads and between joined and folded
leaves.

A particularly interesting find was Evetria purdeyi, Durnt., among
some young pines at Gurnard, near Egypt Point. This species has
been previously taken at Freshwater. Meyrick states in his
“ Handbook’’: ‘“ Kent and Isle of Wight, local; not known else-
where, but presumably imported. Attached to Pinus sylvestris, L.,
or P. austriaca.” The young pines, from which I netted the
specimens shown, were far too green for P. sylvestris, and the needles
showed none of the drooping characteristics of FP. austriaca. It
would be interesting to know what species or variety of Pinus this
really is, the noticeable features being the vivid green of the foliage
and the even way the needles stood out in every direction.

The small series of Cemiostoma (Leucoptera) scitella, Zell., were
bred from hawthorn leaves, the larvae making large brown blotches,
which are rather disfiguring. It was very common.

While the Island has been collected over pretty thoroughly near
the larger towns during the holiday season, I am inclined to think
there are plenty of good insects to be turned up, especially off the
beaten track and by workers during the late autumn and early
spring.

92

Some Remarks on the Genus Nepticula, Z.
By JOSEF KLIMESCH (‘Lambillionea,’’ pp. 62-70 ; 87-96; 116-122. 1935).
Translated by S. N. A. Jacoss.— Read 10th December, 1936.
Published with the consent of the Author and of the Editor of ‘‘ Lambillionea.”’

The Genus Nepticula, Z., which belongs to the most primitive
group of the Lepidoptera, commands our special interest by reason
of the monophagy of its larvae and their habit of living within
mines; these peculiarities demonstrating the still primitive state of
their evolution.

The larvae of the Central European species live, with one single
exception, in feeding tunnels within the leaves of plants, the conduits
being called mines (Hyponomes) ; these mines are made in the
substance of the parenchyma of the plants, whose epidermis remains
intact, thus separating the mine from the open air.

To explain matters, I think it would be as well to mention the
various layers composing a leaf :

(a) A ‘‘ superior epidermis’ devoid of chlorophyll, and often
in its turn covered with a special protective layer, the
‘‘cuticle’”’;

(5) below this epidermis there are one or two layers of cells
containing chlorophyll, called on account of the arrangement
of the cells, the ‘‘ palisade parenchyma.”’

(c) then come cells showing between them fairly large spaces,
which is known as the ‘“‘ lacunal parenchyma,” and then
finally there is

(d) another layer of cells forming the “ inferior epidermis.”

Further, there often exist in leaves bunches of vessels, long tubular
structures whose fabric is composed of hard woody cells,
(sclerenchyma).

The larvae of the genus Nepticula live usually in mines on the
upper surface of leaves, and this is because they feed on the
chlorophyll-bearing cells of the palisade parenchyma, and seen
against the light the mines appear pale green. In the case of mines
on the under side of the leaf, a phenomenon which is far from
common (N. trimaculella, Hw., on Populus nigra, L., always mines
the under side), the mine is invisible from the upper surface, but
with a light coming through the leaf, they show up as before with
a paler colour. JN. tiliae, Frey. most often begins its mine on the
under surface of the leaf, and for that reason it is scarcely possible
to see it from the upper surface. It is only when, having reached

ror, S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1936. Peare It

Reproduced with consent of the Author and of the Editor of ** Lambillionea.”’

Mines oF NEPTICULIDS,

Seem Serer te

93

a more advanced stage of growth and changing its ways, it attacks
the two layers containing chlorophyll, that the mine, when the
palisade parenchyma is eaten, shows clear as glass on both sides.
As a general rule the position of the mine in the leaf is constant.

The disposition of the mine, that is the horizontal extent of the
mine, is very important in the determination of the species ; one
distinguishes mines as ‘‘ Ophionomes,” more or less wide mines
running round the leaf in a varying direction (Figs. 1 and 2) ; spiral
mines, ‘‘ Heliconomes,” in which the beginning is wound in coils
continuing as an ordinary gallery (Fig. 3). Hmplacement mines,
‘‘ Stizmatonomes,” extend irregularly in all directions, thus forming
a sort of blotch, while some species start with a tunnel mine
developing later into a blotch and these are known as “ Ophistigma-
tonomes”’ (lig. 5), (N. rubivora, Wek. and N. playicolella, Stt.).

‘he egg is deposited, sometimes on the upper, sometimes on the
lower surface of the leaf. Under a low power magnification the egg
may be seen as a dark shining spot, indicating the commencement
of amine. The eggs which I have examined are hemispherical in
shape. with a smooth shell without marking. They seem to be
attached very strongly by the female to the epidermis of the leaf, so
that even on old mines, the empty eggshell is still to be found
attached to the leaf. At the time of hatching, the larva leaves the
egg at the point of contact with the leaf, and penetrates immediately
into the leaf; the shell of the egg is not eaten and makes an effective
seal to the entrance to the mine.

The development of the feeding mine is important in the deter-
mination of the species; some of them follow the margin of the
leaf, some run along the principal nervures of the leaf, which they
eventually cross to continue the mine in a similar manner along the
next parallel nervure. Many start with a tunnel mine only to feed
later in a blotch. In the case of some species it is the habit,
especially during the first days, to keep the space resulting from the
taking of food restricted to as narrow a space as possible. In such
mines as are restricted to the area between two nervures in the leaf,
the turns are very close, so that often one turn is on top of the
following one, that is, the mine is formed to fold like an intestine
(Fig. 4). It is always to be noticed that the young larva avoids as
much as possible crossing the larger nervures of the leaf, only the
-adult larva, whose jaws are better developed, can cross such obstacles
as these nervures made up of bunches of vessels composed of the
cells of the sclerenchyma. One sometimes meets, especially in
species peculiar to poplar and sallow, larvae which start mining at
the beginning of the chief nervure of the petiole ; these are the larvae
of N. hannoverella, Glitz. (Populus nigra); N. turbidella, Zell. (P.
alba, L.), and N. intimella, Zell. (Salia capraea, L.). In this case
the larvae live at first on the parenchyma filling the petiole and
nervures, and then on the palisade parenchyma of the leaf, which
constitutes a richer diet.

94

The length and width of the mine depend both on the species
under consideration and also on the consistency of the food matter.
In the case of the thicker leaves, of course bearing in mind the
species under consideration, conduit mines are considerably shorter
than those in thinner leaves, in fact, in this latter case it is obvious
that the larva will have to traverse a longer road in order to be able
to take the same amount of food as its relative mining in a thicker
leaf.

Not only are the shape and development of the mine of great
importance in determining the species, but also the way in which
the frass is disposed of must be considered. In the case of N. sub-
bimaculella, Haw., which mines the leaves of oak, in the first place
as a tenuous conduit, and then as a blotch, it is stated that a partial
evacuation of the frass accumulated on one side of the blotch is
effected by a curved cut made in the under surface of the mine. In
all other species the frass remains in the mine; in the case of the
conduit mines, it is left in a line, whose width differs with the
species, sometimes filling the whole mine, in all species down the
centre, with the exception of those species previously mentioned
which mine in the petiole of Populus and Salia, which deposit the
frass in two rows as soon as the mine has left the petiole and
entered the leaf. The frass is never left in two lines of fine
points along the two sides of the mine, leaving the middle free; in
such case it is a dipterous mine.

The manner of disposing of the frass is, in almost all species,
constant throughout the mine; some, for example N. tiliae, Frey.,
vary, forming sometimes a thin line, and sometimes entirely filling
the mine, these two methods of procedure have been found together
in this species, a fact which brought Dr. Hering of Berlin to
suppose that we were really dealing with two distinct species.

The relatively short duration of the mining period is explained by
the fact that the larvae find in the interior of the leaves a more
nourishing food than those feeding in the open, which latter have to
take, in addition to the interior of the leaf, a considerable quantity
of hard tissues which are of no use to them for body development,
as for example the bundles of woody cells ; on the other hand, a life
passed in a space closed in on all sides, such as a mine, can produce
raised temperatures which tend to more rapid growth. It is,
however, to be noted that the larvae of Nepticula, which are in other
respects very delicate and sensitive, can stand temperatures down to
—4° C. without suffering any harm, as ] have been able to observe
on several occasions in the case of N. ruficapitella, Haw., which
mines, late in October, in the leaves of the oak.

Generally speaking, the larval period of the first generation which
mines at the beginning of summer (end May to July) is shorter
than that of their congeners living at the end of the summer, which
is easy to understand for the larvae feeding between May and July

95

find the vegetable tissues more delicate than in the period August
to October; the hardening of the veins of the leaves is also more
advanced. The species mining in the leaves have a shorter period of
life than those mining in the petioles of Populus and of Salix. In
the latter case I have observed life periods of three or four weeks ; the
larvae in summer mines live about five to fourteen days, and it is
said that an even shorter period has been observed.

The body colour of Nepticula larvae is often a very important
matter in the determination of species, as also is the colour of the
chitinous portions such as the head and plates. The usual colours
are pale, but one finds also a magnificent honey yellow, and emerald
green. The ordinary elements of an external design, as are usual in
the external feeding larvae, are absent, but the nervous system is
always to be seen more or less clearly, usually in a darker green.

When the larvae of Nepticula are examined by the aid of a micro-
scope, we ate immediately struck by the principal characteristics
which distinguish them from those feeding in the open; flattening
of the body, almost entire disappearance of the legs, strong develop-
ment of the projection of the segments, and horizontal position of
the head. It is evident that owing to the completely different
manner of life in a mine, the shape of the body and the method of
eating have to be quite different from those of other larvae. In the
mine the larva can only move forward in a horizontal position,
following the same direction for feeding.

At the time of pupation, the larva leaves the mine by way of the
upper side of the leaf by means of a semi-circular cut in the
epidermis, and drops on a thread to the ground, where it sets about
spinning its cocoon under the leaves or amongst the particles of
earth. I have never noted any discoloration of the larva prior to
pupation as is frequently the case with larvae feeding in the open.
Amongst our Central European species there are only three which
pupate in the mine; N. weaweri, Stt., on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, L.,
N. septembrella, Stt., on Hypericum spp., and N. agrimoniae, Fry., on
Agrimonia eupatorium, Li. In the case of N. weawert, the larva takes
care to prepare in advance a means of exit against the time when it
is ready to turn into a moth, and to this end it makes in the mine
(a blotch mine) a tube leading to a spot where it will then be able to
leave the leaf, instinct dictating this precaution against the dessica-
tion of the leaf and its consequent shrinking, which would otherwise
bar the egress to a moth, born without means for forcing itself
through the hard layers to liberty.

The cocoon of the pupa varies in form with the different species,
but still more in the matter of colour, so that it can equally well
take its place along with the characters of the mine and the larva in
the determination of the species. The cocoons of those species
which pupate principally in the ground (N. atricollis, Sit., N.
angulifasciella, Stt., N. rubivora, Wek. and N. arcuatella, H.-S.) are

96

greenish black to black. Other colours met with are white and
yellowish, but the dominating colour is brown in various shades
from pale to dark. The texture of the cocoon also differs with the
species ; some are smooth (N. marginicolella, Stt.), others rough (N.
floslactella, Haw.), and in the case of this latter it is easy to note the
threads of the wrapping, and one can follow them very easily in the
case of N. sericopeza, Zell., whose cocoons may readily be found on
the bark of the food plant (Acer psendoplatanus, L.), a rare exception
in the case of Nepticula, which, as has already been stated, usually
make their cocoons on or just in the ground.

Most often the cocoons are a little arched, becoming flat, and
are from circular to oval usually with a flattened margin. At the
larger end of the cocoon is found a large horizontal slit out of which
at the moment of hatching, the pupa forces itself to quite half its
length.

‘he pupae are very delicate with thin skin, and somewhat
flattened. The sheaths of the legs are joined together very loosely
so that the different parts of the body of the complete insect may be
easily seen. On the back of the pupa are brushes placed in rows
which serve to push the pupa half out of the cocoon on the emergence
of the imago.

Emergence most often takes place during the morning or
the early afternoon, more rarely in the evening ; the method varies
with the species.

In nature one can observe these little moths most easily towards
evening, when they appear to set about their reproductive mission,
walking about rapidly on the leaves of their food plants, or on the
trunks of trees; at least it is thus that I have on many occasions
taken paired specimens of many species.

The larvae of Nepticula are frequently attacked by hymenopterous
parasites, and owing to their transparency, it is easy to recognise
the parasitised individuals, by the presence of a foreign body, a little
darker, in the neighbourhood of the vessels.

Ordinarily parasitised larvae prepare a cocoon, continuing to
observe the dictates of their instinct, but in the case of species which
leave the mine for pupation, the cocoon is sometimes made in the
mine.

Birds, probably tits, seem to be classed among the enemies of
Nepticula larvae, and this assertion 1s based on having often found
mines despoiled of their occupant and exhibiting ahole. Sometimes
one finds dead and colourless larvae, which have been emptied, and
in this case it is possible to see on the leaf where the larva is found
a little shining spot. At this place is a little red spider (Allotrombium
sp.), which has sucked the larva, It has sucked the viscous matter
from the body, some of which has dried on the leaf leaving its mark.

The determination of Nepticula imagines taken in the field presents
in most cases, serious difficulties. Very few species exhibit

97

macroscopic features which are sufficiently characteristic to permit
of determination on thesealone. With anumber of them, the colour
of the hairs on the head, and of the scales of the collar form a good
criterion for distinction, but these are characteristics which are very
easily lost owing to the well-known liveliness of these little moths,
and the result is that the species in question cannot be recognised by
& macroscopic examination with any degree of accuracy.

Breeding gives entirely different results ; as I have shown in the
former part of this study the larvae form in the leaves constant and
very characteristic mines and thanks to the disposition of these
mines, to the colour of the larva and to the knowledge of its food
plant, one can almost immediately in all cases determine the species.
This is why the various broods (I will give ample instructions on
the subject of breeding) should be marked in some distinctive
manner (numbering is strongly recommended) repeating this with
the mine and the imago. On the other hand a notebook should be
kept, under the same distinguishing marks, mentioning the food
plant, the day and place where the mine was found, the colour of
the larva and of its head, notes of all of which data should be
carefully taken.

The rearing of Nepticulids is far from presenting the difficulties
which one would imagine by reason of their smallness; the fact
that the larvae in the course of their larval existence do not leave
the leaf which they mine, so that this leaf suffices for their feeding
needs, dispenses with one of the greatest cares of breeding larvae
which feed in the open, which often takes aconsiderable time. The
difficulty in the beginning is to find the correct degree of humidity
required during the mining period of the larvae as well as during the
period of repose in the cocoon; it is a matter of keeping the leaf in
a state of freshness up to the moment when the larva, having
reached its full size, leaves the leaf, and this end is gained by
utilising small closed glass receptacles whose bottom is covered with
slightly damp earth. It is then indispensable that an adequate
supply of moisture be maintained in these vessels for wintering
the cocoons, in which the larvae often do not pupate until
after hibernation ; it must not be forgotten that these tiny creatures
will perish quickly in a dry place, and that nature provides them,
often at the end of the winter, with much humidity. The amount
of moisture necessary varies with the species, a matter that I will
take up again later.

Where and when should one seek mines with reasonable hopes of
success? The best places are on the edges of forests where there
are numerous bushes and small trees ; some species prefer the shady
and somewhat damp places (such as N. arcuatella, H.-S.,on Fragaria,
and often N. rubivora, Wek. on Rubus caesius, L.). The beginner
should commence his search on bushes, where the mines are more
easily discovered and their quest there is less fatiguing than among

98

the low plants. He will find almost at once empty mines whose
conduits, filled with frass, have become darker by reason of their
age; soon, however, he will succeed in distinguishing occupied
mines from the old ones. It must be pointed out, however, that some
species are very difficult to find, such as the mines of NV. basiguttella,
Hein., on oak, and those of N. aceris, Frey. on Acer campestris, L.
and A. platanoides, L., and the reason for this is that the colour of
the droppings, filling the whole of the mine, is almost the same as
that of the green of the leaf surrounding it; here the pale green
larva when mature, shows up more clearly than the line, of fresh
frass.

It is on leafy trees that it is easiest to discover the various mines
in which the line of frass is to be noticed in a dark line, ranging
from brown to black, down in the middle of the mine or else filling
it completely. In the same way, the blotch mines (N. playicolella,
Stt. on Prunus spinosa, L., N. aryentipedella, Zell., on Betula, N.
atricollis, Stt., on Pyrus malus, L.) are usually easily distinguishable
by reason of their size. It is recommended, that in order to find
occupied mines as easily as possible when seeking the more delicate
species and mines that are not apparent in full daylight, the searcher
lie on his back under the bushes. In this way one may successfully
obtain mines, for example, of N. tiliae, Frey., which, being commenced
on the under side of the leaf, do not strike the eye when examining
the upper side of the leaf.

With some species the mining of the larvae produces a partial
discoloration of the leaves which should strike the attention of the
novice; there are, moreover, mines of certain species which one
must seek towards the end of the autumn in the leaves of Populus
and Salix (N. argyropeza, Gell., N. turbidella, Zell., N. intimelia,
Zell.) ; with these the mined places strike the eye at a distance by
reason of their green colour in the middle of a leaf turned yellow or
red by reason of the influence of autumn.

A close inspection shows that the mine passes from the petiole
into the leaf; it is established that in the species named above the
female deposits her eggs on the petiole. The manner in which the
frass is disposed of is interesting; deposition takes place at the
sides in two lines so that there remains a clear space in the middle
(Fig. 6) and it is by way of this space that the larva withdraws into
the petiole where it hides during the day in the young stage. This
is why these mines seem to be all unoccupied, but in the evening the
larva is found feeding in the leaf. However, this only appears to
be the case when leaves are attached to the branch; I have found,
at any rate in fallen leaves, adult larvae mining during the day and
I have been able to observe that they do not retire into the petiole ;
this is why they do not, towards the end of their labours, make a
double line of frass, but leave the droppings irregularly spread over
the middle of the mine.

99

The phenomenon where the part of the leaf occupied by the larva
remains green finds a plausible explanation in notes furnished by
the Swedish observer, Trigardh. He gives it as his opinion that
the larva occupies in the petiole a portion of the canals which serve
to circulate the vital substances of the plant (hydrate of carbon,
etc.), the result being that these substances remain in the leaf, and
the chlorophyll necessary to feed the larva is maintained.

Some larvae mining in the summer and autumn produce less
striking modifications in the colour of the leaves; I will quote JN.
prunetorumn, Stt., on various species of Prunus, and N. acetosae, Stt.,
on Lumex. The part surrounding the spirals made by these larvae
in their early stage is reddish and it is that which makes them
easily visible. Similarly for V. marginicolella, Stt., on Ulmus
suberusa, Khrh., I have observed a yellowish discoloration where the
mine commenced. These yellow spots show up before the beginning
of the mine appears; this I have been able to prove on leaves put
by for observation in which after a time mines have developed.
The beginning of the mine shows superficially as a black spot; it
is, in point of fact, formed by several close turns of the mine filled
with dark frass. A close examination will show that it certainly is
so in NV. marginicolella, Stt., but anyhow the yellow spots which I
have noticed on the leaves of Ulmus subervsa are a good indication
for seeking mines.

A feeble reddish discoloration may also call attention to the
beginning of the round mine of NV. rubivora, Wek., on Rubus caesius,
L., and the same applies to the autumnal mines of N. myrtillella,
Stt., on Vaccinium myrtillus, L.

The mines of the species feeding on-low plants are in general
more difficult to discover than those on bushes and trees. In the
first place this difficulty arises from the low position one must adopt
for this quest, and in the second place the larvae mining these
plants very often show a preference for the lower leaves close to the
ground and covered by the upper leaves. Certain species prefer the
upper leaves in the better light, often fully exposed to the burning
rays of the sun (NV. helianthemella, H.-S., N. thuringiaca, Mart., N.
fruticosella, Mull-Rtz.). However, in general the mining larvae prefer
shade, and this is especially the case with N. yei, Wek., on Geum
urbanum, L., which is best sought for in damp woods. Also N,
serella, Stt., and N. occultella, Hein., on Potentilla tormentilla, Sibth.,
which like places in woods covered with moss, and JN. bollii, Frey.,
on Rubus fruticosus, L. should be sought in the deep shade of the
wood.

The majority of Nepticulids are double-brooded and the larvae
should be sought from the end of May until July, and again from
the end of July until October; however, this question of generations
is far from being settled in the case of all species. Some of them
(notably, and in the first place, those living on Sorbus aucuparia,

100

Guertn.: NV. nylandriella, Tngstr., N. sorbi, Stt., N. aucuparia, Frey.),
have, contrary to older assertions, only one generation, in June and
July ; in others one finds larvae in August giving imagines during
the month of September (N. freyella, Heyd., N. yei, Wek., N. tiliae,
Frey., NV. marginicolella, Stt.). Perhaps here it is a question of a
third generation, but i is a difficult matter to judge in any satis-
factory manner ; in fact in the case of most of the species one can
find occupied mines and imagines from July until September.

The species previously mentioned, which mine at the end of the
autumn in the petioles and then in the leaves of diverse species of
Populus and Salia, have, without doubt, only one generation, and it
is the same with species living on mountains and high places such
as NV. dryadella, Hofm. on Dryas octopetala, L.

In almost all cases the pupae or mature larvae hibernate in their
cocoons; there are, however, two cases where the larva hibernates
in the mine, only commencing to mine properly in the spring; N.
bollii, Frey. on Rubus fruticosus, L., and N. pretiosa, Hein. on Geum
rivale, L. It is probable that NV. weaveri, Stt. hibernates in the egg,
for one finds the young mines from the end of April until the
beginning of May. The biology of N. sericopeza, Gett., is not yet
known; the larva mines in the autumn in the wings of the seed
vessels of Acer pseudoplatanus, L.; it hibernates in the larval form.
In the spring when the buds of the food plant open, the larva climbs
towards the top of the tree and makes remarkable cocoons from
pink to brown in colour, rounded in form, and placed in cracks and
fissures.

It must be kept in mind that it is difficult to indicate any special
time for seeking occupied mines with any certainty of success; the
time of life of the larvae, which develop very quickly, depends very
much more than in the case of other lepidoptera on climatic con-
ditions, together with which must be considered local conditions
(altitude, etc.), which also play their part. I would consequently
advise those who have not acquired practical experience to limit
themselves for a start to visiting the same ground as often as
possible at short intervals, having in view the securing of rare species.
The reason is that often in less than a week the larvae of one
generation can have completed their evolution and there only
remain empty mines. Notwithstanding the most careful notes and
observations of mines, both empty and full, there will be surprises
in store in the course of years.

The preferable method to follow for the beginner, the best way to
become familiar with the ways of the Nepticulids, is then to breed
them, commencing by collecting living larvae in the autumn
(September and October). It is in fact at this time, when other
lepidopterous duties are coming to theirend, when one can best find
the necessary time to give undivided attention to this most interest-
ing subject of Nepticula mines. The number of mines to be found

101

¥

ui

; is also much greater in autumn than in spring, the time for those

of the first generation.

- The best way for transporting the collected mines is in airtight
tin boxes, and one should take special care to keep the various
plants separate. On returning home, the collector should carefully
examine the mines if he has not already done so while out collecting,
and separate them according to species; if it so happen that in
species appearing identical there nevertheless seems to be a differ-
ence, no matter how slight, in the form of the mines, he should take
care to treat them separately and make a special note of the differ-
ences in the notebook which I have previously recommended.

For breeding I make use of flat-bottomed glass tubes usually 40 x
80 or 40x 100mm., but certain species (NV. argyropeza, Zell., N.
turbidella, Zell., etc.) allow the use of a larger vessel, such as an
ordinary jam jar. However, I do not make use of such vessels in

the ordinary way because firstly of the difficulty experienced in

regulating the moisture, and secondly the difficulty in observing
the progress of the brood, more especially when it is a matter of a
species with which I am not thoroughly familiar. It is permissible
to use the larger jars when it is a matter of large broods of common
species, although I discourage mass breeding ; it isin fact an almost
certain source of mould, because the larvae are in different stages of
growth. In seeking a suitable place for pupation the larvae seem
to be inclined to spin up where there is mould, and according to my
observations they always perish when they do this.

The bottom of the small glass vessel is covered with a bed of
slightly damp earth, about one or two centimetres deep is a convenient
quantity, and frequently on this I place well-cleaned and finely-
chopped moss. The choice of the earth is very important and when
I have neglected this point I have had some sad experiences. One
must in no case make use of hard clayey soil as the moisture
transforms it into a solid block. The larvae of the species that for
the most part pupate on or in the soil, prefer a soil composed of
loose particles which the moisture does not unite; it is in fact
between these particles that many species make their cocoons.

The mines, segregated according to species, are cut from the leaf
with a pair of scissors in such a way that the larvae will still have
some uneaten leaf to ensure a food supply. With a little experience
one will easily be able to judge how much to leave, bearing in mind
the state of development of the larva in question. That done, one
places them vertically in the slightly damp soil in the vessel, the
upper surface of the leaf being placed outwards, and the number of
ten mines is a figure which should not be exceeded. ‘The vessel is
then closed by a tight-fitting cork and placed in a quiet place not
too much exposed to the light. This last recommendation is of
importance, for if the light is too strong it causes a condensation
around the bottom part of the vessel, which will prove a danger to

102

the larvae which Lave left the mines and are wandering over the
earth and inside of the glass in search of a place for pupation, and
can easily drown themselves or at least stick to the glass. Some
species seem to be sensitive to too strong light at the time for
pupation. It was for this reason that in the beginning I was never
able to get pupae of N. arcuatella, H.-S.; after abandoning the
mine the larvae wandered aimlessly about the vessel and eventually
died. Since I have placed the broods of areuatella, the larvae being
fully grown, in deep shade, they pupate as well as I could wish, and
it is the same in the case of other larvae of the groups with black
heads and black cocoons (N. angulifasciella, Stt., N. atricollis, Stt.,
N. rubivora, Wek.) which enter a little way into the soil.

It stands to reason that the corks should be removed from time
to time (it is best to do so daily) for a short time to ensure ventilation.
In most cases the collected larvae will have completed their
development after a stay of four or five days at the most, and during
this time the leaf will easily remain fresh in the glass vessels whose |
use I have advised. In larger vessels the leaves being farther from
the damp soil begin to wither after a very short time, and it is for
this reason that I advise the use of the smaller vessels.

For the construction of their cocoons the various species choose
different situations in the glass vessel in which they are raised.
The majority pupate on the surface of the earth between the particles.
The species which seek as smooth and dry a place as possible for
pupation are more difficult; they wander such a long time about
the inside of the glass that they sometimes fix their cocoon half to
the cork and half to the glass and at other times they spin up in
the little cracks or holes in the cork if they fail to pupate in the
angle between two raised nervures of the leaf (N. ulmtfoliae, 5 Ne
ulmicola, , N. ulmivora, Hein., N. marginicolella, Stt.). One
must not, however, suppose that in nature the cocoons are placed
thus on growing leaves; it must be borne in mind that conditions
in captivity are very different. In the batches where many pieces
of leaf containing larvae are placed side by side certain species (N.
aceris, Frey., N. floslactella, Haw., N. microtheriella, Wing.) form
their cocoon between these leaves. Others again prefer the inner
surface of the glass (NV. anomalella, Géze.). This last species has
also the fatal habit of placing its cocoons one on another so that
it is not uncommon to come across five or six thus united, with the
result that there are always some imagines which have not room to
develop and thus die.

When all the mines have been abandoned, after having taken full
notes about them, the leaves may be dried and placed in a sort of
herbarium (a herbarium of mines). By removing them immediately
the pieces of leaf containing the mines are still fresh and it is thus
easy to distinguish and recognise the characteristic details of the
species in question. This keeping of the mines resulting from

sii

103

breeding is most interesting and is of great service in identifying the
resultant imagines.

The larvae collected in autumn will in almost all cases only
produce moths the following spring, so that it is most necessary to
hibernate the vessels containing the cocoons. The glass vessels are
left open and are placed in a spot exposed to the winter cold such
as in an open shed or in a summer house. During the winter it is
necessary to damp the earth at the bottom according to whether the
surrounding air is warmer or damper; this is done with the aid of
a pipette. This practice should be increased towards the end of the
winter, especially for the species whose habit it is to emerge in May-
June (NV. atricollis, Stt., N. arcuatella, H.-8., N. rubivora, Wek., N.
angulifasciella, Stt.). On visiting the broods one will, alas, find
that here and there the cocoons have been attacked by a thick,
chalky, powdery mould. When the cocoons so attacked are affixed
to the inside of the glass one can see white radiating lines similar
to the frost flowers one sees on windows in winter, and they can thus
become a danger to the neighbouring cocoons; I have noted this
phenomenon equally whether the broods have been kept dry or
damp. This chalky mould has no connection with the mould that
forms on elm leaves, which according to my experience has no
deleterious effect on the neighbouring cocoons. This chalky mould
has its origin in dead larvae and pupae from which the mycelium
arises and spreads in all directions, so it is obviously necessary to
remove these cocoons and destroy them at once.

Some entomologists make a point of forcing their broods, that is
to say hastening the development of the insects by placing them
before their time in a heated place. I would, however, discourage
this practice in the majority of cases, for it is my experience that
only a few species will permit of such treatment without danger.
Among these I will mention N. fragariella, Hein’, and N. get, Wek.
One may add WN. playicolella, Stt., N. floslactella, Haw., N. prune-
torum, Stt., N. splendidissimella, H.-S., N. aurella, Fb., N. argenti-
pedella, Zell., and N. lonicerarum, Frey. The aforementioned species
of the N. angulifasciella-rubivora group, react very badly to being
placed in a heated room at once. ‘The best way is to leave them
until April, keeping the surrounding temperature as natural as
possible, and one will then have the pleasure of seeing the moths
emerging from May until the beginning of June. Among the species
mentioned the last named are usually considered difficult, but it is
my opinion that this is only on account of the fact that too little
notice is taken of their peculiarities.

One can, in March, place the majority of Nepticula broods in a
warm room. ‘The tubes, which have remained open through the
winter, should now be closed to prevent the escape of the moths on
their hatching. This closing may be effected in two ways; when
the tops of the glass vessels are ground, small squares of glass can

104

be used; otherwise one can use tissue paper held in place by a
rubber band. In a heated room it is necessary to renew the moisture
fairly often ; each time two or three drops of water introduced with
the aid of a pipette should suffice. After five to eight days, N.
Jragariella and N. get will already start to appear, but more time is
necessary for the other species, say from three to six weeks. One
should inspect the vessels as often as possible as the imagines are
exceedingly active and soon rub off their scales. This is another
reason for my discouraging the raising of large numbers in one
vessel; one not only gets rubbed insects, but they are also very
difficult to capture when there are several of them in the breeding
vessel. In order to avoid exciting the insects the breeding vessels
must be kept from the light, and I give this advice especially to
those who have only a short time during the day for supervising the
breeding and capturing the insects and setting them.

In capturing the insects for killing this should be done close to
a small closed window, for an insect trying to escape will always fly
towards the light of day, which means towards the window glass,
where they may easily be forced into the killing bottle by means of
an adroit puff.

For killing the imagines, I make use of a test tube 95x 20mm.,
which I arrange as follows; in the tight-fitting cork I make a hole
in which | place a wad of cotton-wool, which is moistened with a
drop of acetic ether for preference, but one must be careful not to
put too much as the superfluous ether can easily wet the cork and
inside of the the tube, thus causing the insects tostick. ‘To prevent
the fogging of the glass I use several layers of white blotting paper,
well rammed down, in the bottom of the tube, which also absorbs
the meconium evacuated in the death agonies. I only leave the
insects in the bottle long enough to stupefy them, say about
thirty seconds; if the insect remains too long in the bottle, the
wings fold over the back and the benumbed legs stretch out in front
and in this position it is almost impossible to pin and set the
specimens.

For pinning the insects, I use a block of soft peat about 6 x 9c.m.
covered with soft horse hide, the rough side outwards; this is
preferable to the pads of felt usually used. The stupefied moths
have their wings invariably placed in a roof-like position over the
back, which is the usual resting position. ‘They are pinned with
the pins known as “ minuties,”’ the point being previously dipped in
a clear solution of nicotine (chemically pure). This pinning is a
most delicate operation and calls for the greatest care. for a badly
pinned insect may prove an absolute failure in setting. advise the
student not to strain his eyes, and to make use of a low-power
magnifying glass (2 or 8 diameters) which will give the best results.

Above all others I prefer the stainless minuties made by Krupp;
they are very stiff and have a good point although they are possibly

c=) ete eee

105

a little too large for the smallest species (N. nylandriella, Tengstr.,
and N. microtheriella. Wing.,) for which species I use the black
enamelled minuties known as “ideals.’’ At the time of buying one
should make sure that the enamelling and points are both of the
finest quality, as it frequently happens that they remain rough and
the points are not strong, so that the point bends when placed in
the groove of the setting board. Prudence is always advisable.

I take the pin in the fingers and pierce the insect through the
thorax in the usual manner, but care must be taken that it is
directed correctly, as to place the pin a second time is an exceed-
ingly difficult matter and probably means the loss of the specimen.

I have completely given up the use of Potassium Cyanide for
killing the moths, for while only a feeble stupefaction is obtained
this is coupled with a rigour which is most unfavourable for good
setting. 1 make a point of setting the insects on the spot; later on
they are never so supple; it is only when stupefied that they
respond to the slightest puff. One need not fear the insects coming
to life on the setting-board, the poisoned pin kills the most slightly
stupefied insects.

The insect thus pinned is seized with pointed forceps and placed
on the setting-board. For Nepticulids I use only short setting-
boards four or five centimetres long with a groove from three-
quarters to one and half millimetres wide. The setting is done more
readily than on the thirty centimetre boards usually used. ‘These
little boards, on which one can set two or three insects, are fixed in
a groove in a board about 17 x18 centimetres, so that while setting
the hand in use is comfortably placed, a great advantage in
performing this task. The groove should have sharp edges so that
the bases of the wings should be supported and should not be
concave.

For braces I use ordinary tissue paper, which, on account of its
suppleness, is preferable to the parchment paper usually used, which
has the fault of very often damaging the long fringes of the wings.
This brace should be as narrow as possible and should be placed
right at the base of the wings, and kept in position by a fine but stiff
pin. ‘lhe wings are put in suitable position by means of a No. 000
pin acting on the lower side of the wings, the point of the pin thus
never comes in contact with the surface of the wing. For covering
I also use tissue paper, and by using this method the insects show
no trace of being handled when they are removed from the board,
which can be done after five or six days, and they are of superior
quality in all respects.

The setting-boards (it is as well to have at least ten of each size)
are shut up in a wooden box whose bottom is strewn with napthaline.
In taking the insects from the board, the pointed forceps above
mentioned will be best. As for the insects which, owing to their
smallness, cannot be put directly into the collection, they can be

106

mounted on blocks of Polyporus betulinus, which is perfectly white ;
as an alternative one can use sunflower pith, but this is not to be
recommended as sunflower pith is hygroscopic and easily rusts steel
pins, and further the blocks are so porous as to work loose on the
pins that should be supporting them.

Owing to the fact that the cocoons, as already mentioned, often
constitute a means for distinction between species, they are usually
placed on the blocks with the insects, and from an aesthetic point of
view, it is necessary that the pith blocks should be cut as narrow
and as small as possible so that the insects stand out better.

Here we have the insect duly mounted and it now only remains
to label it with the index figure of the brood from which it came
and the data label, mentioning on the upper surface the date and
locality, and on the under surface the food plant and the name of
the species ; thus prepared, it only remains to put it in the collection.

An indispensable part of a collection of Nepticulids is the herbarium
of mines which I have already mentioned, in this way all the mines
from which imagines have been reared may be preserved as also
those mines found empty, for of these one can in the majority of
cases determine the species which has made them. It is also
important to state in the case of the empty mines the locality of
collection and the date. I also advise mentioning whether the mines
found were all empty or whether the empty mines were taken in
company with occupied mines, which information will be of great
Service in subsequent search for the species in question.

Unfortunately there is no complete work on the Nepticulids. The
literature published in recent years is dispersed amongst the various
entomological papers. Professor Hering, Curator of the Natural
History Museum of Berlin, the authority on mines, has furnished
the greater part of modern literature concerning lepidopterous
miners, by means of a number of important works and synoptical
essays. I specially advise beginners to read ‘‘ Oekologie blatt-
minierender Insektenlarven”’ published by Dr. Hering (Gebriider
Borntraeger’s edition, Berlin, 1926) ; it is this work which contains
i hadnt indications contained in the first part of this present
study.

I must also mention amongst the best works those of Petersen
(‘‘ Stett. Ent. Ztschr.,” 1930), of Miller Rutz (‘ Plusieurs contribu-
tions faunistiques & la faune de Suisse ’’), of Schutze (‘Les papillons
du genre Nepticula, Z.,”’ Bautzen, 1900), of Toll (Kilka slow o
krajowych gatunkach rodzaju Nepticula, Zell.’’ Lwow 1982), as well
as the papers of H. Skala in the various entomological papers on
the Nepticula species of Upper Austria. In France the late Abbé
J. de Joannis and M. §. le Marchand have also produced some
serious contributions to the study of these little moths.

The beginner should not be discouraged by the fact that the
reference literature is very widely dispersed, and in part, difficult to

107

get, for almost every museum will have the most important and
best-known works on the Microlepidoptera. He can make his own
notes, both biological and diagnostic.

The beginner should get in touch as soon as possible with the
specialists, of which the number is very limited at present; the
exchange of ideas with experimental collectors is of great value as
it allows the beginner to keep up with new biological discoveries
which are unfortunately not published, and can thus be put on their
guard against certain errors which cannot otherwise be avoided. It
is interesting to keep all personal observations and letters from other
amateurs, filing them according to species and thus making a
reference library.

There should still be much to add to the field of activity open to
the collectors of Nepticula. The novice will realise rapidly, after
having overcome the initial difficulties, how great ure the possibilities
for spreading his activities over such interesting ground; much
remains to be discovered both biologically and systematically. In
comparison with those who are attached to the Macro-Lepidoptera
those who study the Nepticulina are very few, but how great will be
their value when, thanks to new co-operation, they are able to
collaborate with others interested.

If this little work inspires some new specialists, it is with this
wish that I finish, hoping that I have been able to interest the
entomologists who have done me the honour of reading my paper.

[For N. weawert read N. weaveri, Stt.]

108

Fossil Insects.
By J. A. Downns, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.—Read 14th January, 1987.

Fossil insects, when compared with most other kinds of fossils, are
really very rare, and when found, are usually incomplete. This is
due largely to the nature of chitin, which although very resistant in
some ways, usually perishes slowly through the long continued
action of water during the process of fossilization. It survives only
in fine-grained sediments which give rise to the rocks we know
as clays and shales, and in certain limestones. The wings are
usually much more resistant than other parts, and, except under very
favourable conditions, they are the only parts that remain and even
they are frequently very fragmentary. These facts have led to the
study of wings, and in particular of wing variation, becoming very
important in working out the evolution of insects. Fortunately
wing venation seems to be, on the whole, a very good guide to the
relationships of insects, since it has not apparently varied so rapidly
that features common to two related groups have been quickly lost.

The oldest known fossils that are certainly insects are in the upper
part of the Carboniferous system. These strata, in this part of the
world at least, are usually composed of bands of coal alternating
with bands of sandstone or shale. In some of these shales, which
are thought to have been formed of silt deposited in the large lakes
of the coal-forests, insect wings, and in some cases, more complete
insect remains, have been found. ‘he most famous insect bearing
bed of this type occurs at Commentry in France, but others are found
in England among the Durham coalfields. Some similar fossils
have also been found in North America. A remarkable fact which
has given rise to much speculation, is that the insects of the coal
measures are nearly all very large, much larger than the average of
present-day insects, ranging in size up to the gigantic Meganeura,
over two feet across the wings. ‘This may be simply because the
insects existing then were all large forms, or it may be because the
rock was unsuitable for preserving any more delicate animals: so
far as | know the question has never been settled.

There are, of course, many more recent deposits that include
insects of major importance for the study of the course of insect
evolution. In the next geological system, the Permian, insects are
found in its lower beds in Kansas, U.S.A., and R. J. Tillyard has
described many interesting forms from the Upper Permian of New
South Wales. They are also known from the Archangel district in

Ph) = ear

109

Russia. Triassic insects are best known from Tillyard’s work on
those found in Queensland. All these Permian and Triassic insects
are comparatively recent discoveries; twenty years ago hardly
anything was known of the insects of these periods.

England has made a considerable contribution to the insects of
the next system, the Jurassic. ‘These insects are in the Lower Lias
beds of the Gloucester and Worcester region, which are in places
composed of a limestone or limy mudstone thought to have been
laid down near the shore of a shallow sea, into which insect remains
had been carried by the rivers coming from the surrounding land.

A large number of still more recent deposits also contain insects,
but these will not be mentioned here as we are chiefly concerned
with the older beds, which contain insects that help us to connect
the groups existing to-day, whereas after the Jurassic, no further
extinctions of major groups (Orders) seem to have occurred, and
most, very probably all, of the existing ones had already appeared.
In fact, quite a large number of Jurassic insects are easily referable
to existing families.

Before discussing the change in the composition of the insect-
fauna during the various periods, we must recall the main outlines
of the classification of winged insects, in order to estimate the im-
portance of the various groups dealt with. Classificatory importance
is a measure of the amount of change undergone since the groups
in question diverged from a common stock, and this is, of course,
on the average, a measure of the time which has elapsed since the
groups separated.

According to modern ideas, it seems that the primary division of
winged insects is into the two groups known as ‘ non-wing-flexing ’
and ‘ wing-flexing’ insects. ‘'I'hese are separated by the character
of the mechanism for moving the wing. The non-wing-flexing
forms are characterized by having fewer axillary sclerites and hence
@ more direct action of the thoracic muscles on the wings; and they
are unable to fold their wings longitudinally down the body, as, say,
a cockroach or wasp or moth are able to do, but must keep their
wings perpendicular to the long axis, either flat out as is usual in
anisopterid dragonflies, or folded together above the insect as in the
case of some zygopterids. These insects are represented to-day by
two Orders only, the dragonflies (Odonata) and mayflies (Ephemer-
optera). These two Orders also differ from all other insects in that
their young forms are nymphs which are, however, highly modified
and divergent from the primitive form in being well adapted for an
aquatic life, though their adults are aerial. They each have, in
addition —but in this they do not resemble each other—one other
remarkable character found nowhere else in the Insecta. The
dragonflies have additional copulatory apparatus on the sternum of
the second abdominal segment of the male, while the mayflies pass
through two fully-winged stages, the sub-imago and the imago.

110

The wing-flexing insects have a larger number of axillary sclerites
and the wings are moved by the thoracic muscles indirectly, through
these sclerites operating on one another. There isalso an additional
wing-position possible—folded down the long-axis of the body. ‘To
this group belong all present-day insects, except the two Orders just
mentioned. ‘lhey are themselves divided into two groups; the
exopterygotes, whose young are known as nymphs, that is, immature
insects, which more or less resemble the adult and which grow
directly towards it; and the endopterygotes, whose young are larvae,
very unlike the adult and adopted for a totally different mode of life,
whose growth towards the adult condition is confined to the resting
pupal stage. [xopterygotes include such orders as Orthoptera,
Plecoptera, Isoptera, and Hemiptera; while typical endopterygotes
are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, and Lepidoptera. The
endopterygotes comprise at least three separate lines of evolution,
typified by

(1) Hymenoptera

(2) Coleoptera

(8) The Panorpoid complex. The Mecoptera form the basal
member of this group of Orders, and lead on the one hand to Diptera
and Aphaniptera, and on the other to Trichoptera and Lepidoptera.

In the Carboniferous epoch very few winged insects resembling
present day forms existed. Jiven the mayflies and dragonfles did
not occur as such, but were represented by more or less ancestral
(and now long extinct) orders known respectively as the
Protephemeroptera and the Protodonata. Of other insects, the
Orthoptera, including cockroach-like forms, were the only repres-
entatives of the exopterygotes, and no endopterygote insects of that
age have yet been found. On the other hand, besides the two already
mentioned a number of other Orders now extinct were living. The
Protorthoptera seem to have been related to, and to connect, the
Orthoptera and the Plecoptera, and hence presumably were
exopterygotes. The Megasecoptera were large non-wing-flexing
insects which had long cerci and well developed ovipositors (in some
forms at least); their wings were narrow at the base and with
simple venation without the excessive branching characteristic of
most primitive insects. The Palaeodictyoptera were another most
interesting group of non-wing-flexing forms. In general facies
they resembled, perhaps, the modern Orthoptera, but have the very
remarkable additional character of expansions on each side of the
pronotum smaller than, but almost certainly similar to, the true
wings, which occur in a similar position on the meso- and metathorax
of all winged insects. These expansions seem to have agreed with
true wings in having a venation, and their presence suggests that
wings originated from a series of similar flaps, one on each thoracic
segment and possibly on some abdominal segments also, but that

Th

on only two of these segments have they developed beyond the
rudimentary stage.

We may sum up the Carboniferous insect fauna as follows. It
contained the extraordinary Palaeodictyoptera, which, in having
prothoracic wing rudiments must be regarded as more primitive than
any other insects, recent or fossil. It contained a rather large
number of other non-wing-flexing forms, e.y., Protephemeroptera,
Protodonata, and Megasecoptera, and primitive exopterygotes of an
orthopterous type were also numerous. But no endopterygotes,
insects with a ‘complete metamorphosis,’ are yet known from this
system.

In the Permian most of the Orders just mentioned survived, and
in addition forms placed in Odonata and Ephemeroptera have been
found, so that non-wing-flexing forms are still well represented.
But among the wing-flexing forms, many new Orders have appeared.
In the exopterygotes, Orthoptera are again common and bugs of the
sub-order homoptera are well-known, while it is certain that a
number of other related Orders will later be discovered. The endop-
terygotes, of many types but in rather small numbers, also appear :
Coleoptera and Neuroptera (Plannipennia) are found, and a number
of forms near the common stem of the Panorpid complex, e.y.,
Mecoptera, Paramecoptera and Protomecoptera, also occur, but none
of the higher Panorpids have yet appeared.

Almost all the non-wing-flexing forms, except the two orders
which survive to the present day, are extinct by the Trias. In this
period several other present-day orders, not previously known, are
found. Heteroptera occur for the first time, but are still much
rarer than Homoptera, the probability being that the latter are the
older group. ‘The Homoptera themselves are sufficiently well-
developed to include forms referable to the present-day family
Civiidae. The Coleoptera and the Neuroptera are equally highly
developed. ‘I'he Mecoptera now include a great number of families,
some again being identical with existing ones, while another
Panorpid o:der, the Paratrichoptera, has made its appearance. This
order, together with the closely related one known as Protodiptera,
the connecting links between the Mecoptera and the Diptera, were
apparently short lived. The extreme form of these groups resembled
the lower Diptera very closely except for the one fact that they had
two similar pairs of wings, instead of having the hind wings
reduced to halteres. In view of this close resemblance, it is difficult
not to believe that the latter change took place very suddenly.

After the Jurassic period no more orders, so far as 1s known,
became extinct, and nearly all the existing ones that might be
expected as fossils have been found, so that the record, so far as
concerns the present diseussion, is complete. Two of the Orders not
hitherto found are the termites and the earwigs, and as these seem
to be structually primitive, their absence is curious. A third exception

112

is the order Lepidoptera; in this connection it may be noted both
as larvae and as adults, nearly all Lepidoptera, except most of the
Homoneura (Hepialidae, Micropterygidae) are dependent on
flowering plants, and did not develop until these were to be found.
Consequently the only Lepidoptera then existing were the Homo-
neura, which were, perhaps, as they are to-day, rather uncommon
and usually minute. Ordinary Lepidoptera are frequently found in
much more recent deposits.

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Proce. S.L.E. d N.H.S., 1936. Prats IV.

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Photo. E, J. Bunnett,

Criocreris asparact, L.

Notes on the occurrence of Crioceris asparagi, L. in the
gardens at Elstead Lodge, near Godalming, in July, 1936.

By E. J. Bunnerr, M.A.

On the occasion of the Field Meeting at Cutt Mill on 21st June,
1936, the gardens at Klstead Lodge, Godalming, were visited at the
invitation of Mr. H. O. Holford, when the party had the pleasure of
seeing the Asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi, Li.) in all its stages.

It was then suggested that here was a good opportunity of
making a photographic record of the life-history of this beetle for
the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

For this purpose a few ova, some larvae and one or two beetles
were sent to me, but as more and fresher material was desirable, I
wrote for a further supply to Mr. Holford, who kindly sent me on
the 3rd July, fresh branches of asparagus on which I found several
batches of ova and about a score of healthy larvae.

A few days later some of these pupated, and after another week
or two, the beetles began to appear, thus completing the life cycle
of this beautiful insect.

EXxpnanation oF Prats LY.

1. Ova of Crioceris asparaqgi x 2.
2. - bp eae
3. Larvae ‘. a oe.
4. Pupae i i CG.
5. Imago bs e so.

INDEX.

a ep

PAGE

Aberrations (unnamed) of, M. jur-
tina, 6, 23, 43, 48; B. piniaria,
10; L. quereus, 14; B. euphro-
syne, 14, 46; D. lepida (carpo-
phaga), 14; Eupatorium canna-
binum, 27; L. of E. elpenor,
55: D.. of A. populi,fss: 8:
galathea, 42, 48, 51; M. tithon-
us, 43, 46; C. pamphilus, 43;
T. fimbria, 43; L. sinapis, 43 ;
P. c-album, 44; P. napi, 45; EH.
cardamines, 45; A. selene, 45,
46; P. aegon (argus), 45; C.
croceus, 46; A. agestis (astrar-
che), 46,47; A. adippe, 46; L.
coridon, 47; A. paphia, 47; M.
athalia, 47, 48; S. conigera,
48; C. elinguaria, 49; Actias

selene, 55; A. urticae.. 56
Abnormal development of the bee

O. bicolor 34
Abundance of S. anthyllidella in

I. of W. 91
Additions to ‘the, Collections, xiv ;

Library, xv; Membership ee
Annual, Exhibition, 41; oe

57; Address oo UO
Ants attacking B. euphrosyne 16
Apterygota 69
Assemblies of dead ‘flies on grass

spikes .. 33
Assembly by C. potatoria 9 atter

death i ; 24
Attendance at Meetings ve 60
Balance Sheet xviii, xix
Beak Marks .. O4
Birch, M. tiliae feeding on 28, 40
Broods, Two, of L. sinapis .. 42
Broods of, G. bidentata, 2; L.

lurideola, 17; C. advenaria,

24; M. neophanes, 37; P.

chrysitis, 52; P. croceus, 55;

E. occulta, 57; C. ocellaris,

77; M. incerta, 80; HE. (H.)

defoliaria . 82
Cactus scourge in S. Africa, The

Control of the, Hy. J. Turner’ 5

PAGE

Caddis-fly cases ..
Captures at Field Meetings, Lists

2

of (see end of Index)
Collections, Additions tothe 10, 32
Cocoon of H. virgintipunctatus,

Curious .. a aa ee
Collecting C. ocellaris .. 79
Conditions under which fossil

insects exist . . 108
Copulatory organs in dragonflies 86
**Cosmia ocellaris,’’ F. Stanley-

Smith .. a ree
Council, List of, 1937 57
Cynipid-galls is)
Damage, to grouse moors by

Lochmaea, 52; by elm beetles 54
Description af i. of A. ononaria,

17; L. of E. venustula, 24; C.

ocellaris, 73; L. of C. oe

14; PF; of O. ocellaris .. iv ae
Development of Nepticulid mines 93
Dimorphism in sexes 59
Distinction between the Anisop-

tera and Zygoptera (Odonata) 86
Distribution of gall-causers 68
Divisions of the class Insecta,

Primary, 69; of winged insects 109
Donations, to Collections, Diptera,

H. W. Andrews, 10; lantern

slides from A. E. Tonge, the

collection of the late Dr. Chap-

man é 32
*¢ Dragon- flies, A Short Introdue-

tion to the British,’”’ as Ge

O’ Farrell 86
Drawings of Porritt’s types of abs.

of A. grossulariata ae w« 43
Dwarf, L. arion 7
Kariy dates, of appearance, a 15,

54; for Nepticulid mines 95
limergence, of dragonflies, Method

of, 89; of Nepticulids .. 96
Endopterygota i 69
Kxopterygota bi : 69
Exotic Coleoptera shown 5
External changes in insect meta-

morphosis sos ee

115

PAGE

Field Meetings, Effingham, 6; E.
Horsley, 12; Tilgate Forest,

13; Warley Common, 15;
Broadwater forest, 18; Cutt
Mill, 18; New Forest, 22;

Chalfont Road, 23; S. Benfleet,
26; Ashtead and Epsom Com-
mon, 29; Gomshall, 30; Black-
heath and Farleyheath, ik
Byfleet ‘
Finances of the Society fame
Food of, Little Owl, 10; Blaps 10;
L. lurideola, 17; M. tilae, 28,
40 ; C. ocellaris, 75 ; dragonflies
‘‘ Fossil Insects,’’ J. A. Downes
Frass deposition in Nepticulid
mines.
Galls exhibited, Plant 4, 8, 37, 46,
Gall development, Conditions of
** Genetics of M. (T.) incerta, A
Contribution to the,’’ Dr. H. A.

Cockayne a
Genus Catasticta, ‘The, Hy. F.
Turner, 2; Danaida, Hy. J.

Turner, 3, 4; Cosmophila, 21;
Doritis

Gynandromorph, S. pavonia, 14;
C. edusa, 46; L. bellargus, 48;
P- icarus, 49; P. aegon (argus),
52; P.c-album.. dis Li

Habit, of Ichneumon imago,
Curious, 17; L. of P. saligna..

H. aspersa (snail) nine months in
a closed box

Hibernated larvae exhibited, C.
quadripunctaria, 8 ; P. aversata

History of C. ocellaris, British .

‘** Imaginal dises,’’ Duty of é

Immigrants, Stray 7, 33, 40,

Internal Changes in insect meta-
morphosis

Investigation of the Life- history
of C. ocellaris .

‘Isle of Wight as a Collecting-
ground for ricoh ih S.
Wakely as

Knapweed galls ..

Lantern slides shown 1, 4, 6, Al,

Late emergence of, E. ‘aethiops,
34; M. athalia. ss

Leech, Subterranean at Norwood

Living larvae shown 6, 8, 16, 17,

20, 21, 24, 27, 32, 37, 40,

** Life-history of M. bipunctatus,’’
L, T. Ford ee

List of Exhibits at the Exhibi-
tion :—Lep.: R. W. Attwood,
42; A. A. Ww. Buckstone, 42:

19

xvii

88
108
94

61
67

80

28

PAGE

G. A. Cole, 42; J. C. Danby,
43; S. P. Doudney, 43; R. C.
Crewdson, 44; C. N. Hawkins,
44; Russell James, 44; H. A.
Leeds, 45; Rev. J. Marcon,
45; S. A. Chartres, 46; A. M.
Morley, 47; 8S. G. Wallis
Norton, 47; G. B. Oliver, 47;
C. L. Wood, 48; C. O. Ridley,
48; A. G. B. Russell, 48; 8. G.
Castle Russell, 49; F. Stanley
Smith, 49; S. Wakely, 50;
H. B. Williams, 51; H. Wells,
oA Dr. C. G. M. de Worms,
; G. N. Wykes ae

fine of Officers and Council, i, 57;
Past Presidents, ii; Members

Localities :—Africa, South, 8;
Ashtead, 29; Aviemore, 9, 34,
37, 43; Brazil, 1; Broadwater
Forest, 18; Benfleet, S., 26;
Blackheath, Chilworth, 35 ; By-
fleet, 39; Cutt Mill, 18; Chal-
font Road, 23; Effingham, 6;
Epsom, 29; Gomshall, 30;
Horsley, E., 12; Isle of Wight,
90; Kent, W., 9, 15, 43; New
Forest, 22; Orkney, 38; Ran-
noch, 34; 8S. America, 1; Scot-
land, 34, 43, 44; Shetland, 38;
Tilgate Forest, 13 ; bien:
Common, 15; Wicken

Melanie, E. defoliaria, 8, 82, 85 ;
B: punctinalis (consortaria), 14;
L. of B. rhomboidaria, 16; T.
obeliscata, 33; A. paphia, 46;
L. testacea, 49; P. pedaria, 49;
C. elinguaria, 49; A. ypsiion,
49; P. chrysitis, 49; H. adusta,
ey 38 monoglypha

af Midges attached to dragonflies,”
Dr, Blair ar

Mines of, P. cytisella, 1s: P.
saligna, 23; Nepticula sps.

Mimicry (S. America)

Membership

‘* Metamorphosis of ‘Insects, The,”
J. A. Downes

New members 3, 5, 14, 40, 52, 54,

New species to Britain, Recently,
exhibited 2, 9, 37, 50,

Nomenclature of D. plexippus (so
called), 3; A. flava (linea), 4;
C. ocellaris

‘*Nepticula, Some Remarks on
the Genus,’’ J. Klimesch (trans.
and read by S. N. A. Jacobs)..

52

ili

di

116

PAGE

‘‘Notes on the Breeding and
Genetics of E. (H.) defoliaria,”’
C. N. Hawkins ..

Nymphs of dragonflies, Types « of

Oak galls ..

Officers and Council, 1937- 8 ‘

Orchids shown 13, 15,

Oviposition by, wa lg 87 ;
Nepticula :

Parasites, Chaleid | in Pieris. 9;
Chalcids in C. scrophulariae
(Col.) 23, 32; on Diptera, 54;
of galls, 67; of Nepticulids

Pellets of Little Owl a iv

‘¢Plant-galls caused by Gall
wasps, Some observations on,”’
M. Niblett ie

Pronymphal stage in dragonfly
development

Pupation of Nepticula

Rare and Local Species—Datura
stramonium, 6; S. leucophthal-
mus, 73 i. caeruleus, Y fie £5
hederae, 7; C. biplicata, 11;
P. pilosus, 13; R. parallelo-
collis, 14; E. venustula, 15;
L. anophthalma, 16; C. fuli-
ginosa (alder fly), 18; S. revay-
ana, 19: A. iris, 20; °P.. zal-
moxis, 21; D. blomeri, 23; M.
athalia, 26; A. lineola, 26; IE.
smaragdaria, 26; B. scolopacea,
26; Metrioptera roeselii (Orth.),
27; L. dryas, 27; C. montana
(Hem.), 28; D. apollinus, 28;
C. ladakensis, 29; C. ocellaris,
29; A. lastiflora (n.sp.), 29;
C. scrophulariae, 29; L. fasci-
ata (Dip.), 32; 8. vespiformis,
34; S. flaviventris, 34; P.
villosella, 34; A. caliginosa,
34; KE. versicolor, 35; C. ham-
ellus, 35; M. neophanes, 37;
A. australis, 37, 41; A. piceus,
37; C. tullia (tiphon), 38; M.
bipunctatus, 38; C. erigella,
40; A. ravida (obscura), 42;
P. chryson, 44; C. peltigera,
44; Z. achilleae, 44; X. con-
Spicillaris, 45; L. otregiata, 45 ;
P. machaon, 47; A. agathina,
47,50; P. lapponaria, 48; P.
nabilalis, 46 PL ni, Se or,
degeneraria 48; A. vitellina,
48; S. albipuncta, 48; N. spar-
ganii, 48; R. lucernea, 49; BE.
irregularis, 49; C. gnidella,
50; O. antistacta, 50; T. albur-

82
88
64
57
4]

93

96
10
61

87
95

PAGE

nella, 50; P. rusticata, 50; M.
horrealis, 51; D. andalusica,
51's. sb. pallifrons, 517-2:
picipes, 53 ; M. sub-4-foveolata,
53; P. sulcata, 53; T. aenea,
53; T. sericea, 53; D. lunatus,
53; T. suturalis, 53 ; M. piceus,
53; A. anthrax, 55; L. fasci-
ata, 55; O. interrupta, 55; A.
mysticus, 56; M. minor, 56;
G. variegator, 56; G. ustulata,
56; T. praeusta, 56; L. scutel-
lata, 56; O. lineola, 56; Boreus
hyemalis, 56; HE. purdeyi ..

Races of A. flava (linea), Hy. J.
Turner

Rapid development of Nepticulid
larvae ..

Resting habit of E. "venustula, E.
E. Syms ..

Report of the Zoological Section of
the S.E. Union of Sci. Boe
Dr. G. ¥. Bull.

Rose-galls .. :

Sallow collecting .. :

Second brood of P. degeneraria ..

Sexes, of P. sul eO reat Dispro-
portion of the ..

Size, Differences of,
etce., R. R. Priske P “

Sparrows attucking P. gamma, T.
R. Eagles oat és

Status of the Society

Teneral condition
dragonflies ‘

Treasurer’s Report 1936, za R.
Eagles

Variation, in a brood of G. bi
dentata, Dr. Cockayne, 2;

A. tritici, Hy. J. Turner, 4: C.
10-punctata and C. bipunctata,
11; in O. microdasys, 12; in
Cepphis advenaria, C. N. Haw-
kins, 24; R, ripae, 54; C.
croceus, 55; M. aega, 59; C.
ocellaris, 75; M. (T.) incerta,
80; E. (H.) defoliaria.. a

Wing-flexing and non-wing-flexing
insects .. nee «. 309;

Names of Genera and Species are
indexed only when attached to
some biologic information.
Names in Lists of captures are
not indexed

in " ingects,

xiii,
( Bice in

CoLEOPTERA.
aenea, Triplax ..
anephthalma, Langelandia

xvii

. xvii

82
111

53
16

117

PAGE

asparagi, Criocera
australis, Anthrenocerus.. 2,
biguttatus, Tomoxia 2
bipunctata, Coccinella
Blaps :

brevicollis, Monotoma
caraboides, Melandrya
carcharias, Saperda
Cassida

cerambyciformis, Leptare
Cionus ‘
coeruleus, Helops..
curculionides = nitens,

10,

Attelabus
26,

decempunctata, Coccinella

delitescens, Aspidomorpha

Donacia ws

hederae, Cissophagus :

insquamosus ona v. ‘)s Poly.
drosus : ‘

laricis, Ips

Lema

leucophthalmus, Sphodrus

longimanus, Dorytomus ..

lunatus, Diphyllus ; ae

megatoma (piceus v.), Attagenus

mollis, Ernobius ..

monticola, Lesteva ‘

multistriatus, Eecoptogaster

nasturtii, Poophagus . ae

nitens (curculionides) Attelabus

Otiorrhynchus..

parallelocollis, Rhizophagus

Phyllobius .. ; oy

piceus, Attagenus _ ie ts 2,

piceus, Mycetophagus

picipes, Teretrius ..

Polydrosus ;

Pseudomesomphalia

quadripunctata, Clythra..

reyi, Apion “f

rubiginosa, Cassida

salcicola, Polydrosus

sanguineus, Euplectus

scolopacea, Baris .. :

scolytus, Eecoptogaster ..

scrophulariae, Cionus

scutellata, Leptura

sericea. Thalycra ..

sisymbrii, Poophagus

spiniger, Geotrupes

stercorarius, Staphylinns

subfuscus, Athous ‘

sub-4-foveolata, Monotoma

sulcata, Pseudopsis

suturalis, Lochmaea

22, 24, 27, 113

41
24
ll
Lt
53
24
42
26
21
28

suturalis, Triphyllus = “se
thoracicum, Cephennium

trifaciatus, Anthrenocerus (error)
trisuleum, Aulonium ve
typhaeus, Geotrupes

ulmi, Galerucella.. Ti,
venator, Anthia .. afd se
villosus, Dryocoetes ae oe

DIPTERA.

anthrax, Argyramoeba ..
Cecidomyiidae

equestris, Merodon as a
fasciata, Lophosia so s
fasciata, Leptosia

interrupta, Ocyptera

Musca :

sudeticus, Tabanus

testata, Epicypta a

Trypetidae os

HYMENOPTERA.

amenti, Andricus .. a
Aperileptus

aprilinus, Neuroterus

arenaria, Cerceris..

Aulacidae ..

bascarum, Neuroterus ald
bicolor, Osmia 2 aa ata
brevirostris, Isopogon
brevitarsis, Xestophanes
callidoma, Andricus an
caninae, Periclystus
centaureae, Phanacis ..
cioni, Entedon

crabro, Vespa

Cynipidae ..

Diplolepis .. a
disticha, Diplolepis Be Ss
divisi, Diplolepis .. “¢
eclanteriae, Rhodites
euphorion, Entedon
fallax, Xenotoma ..
fulgurans, Mesochorus
furunculus, Andricus
germanica, Vespa..
glandulae, Andricus
hieracii, Aulacidea ‘
hypochoeridis, Aulacidea.
Isocolus ;
jaceae, Isocolus

latreillei, Liposthenes
lenticularis, Neuroterus ..
ligustica, Apis...
longiventris, Diplolepis
luteolator, Orthopelma -
mayri, Rhodites .. oe es
megaptera, Trigonaspis ..

37,

PAGE
mellifera, Apis .. i a9! eee
nervosus, Rhodites 61, 62
Neuroterus.. 5.4 TOD
noctilio, Sirex 65
ostreus, Andricus .. 64
papaveris, Aylax .. 62
Periclistus .. : 67
piggoti, Aulacidea a 63
potentillae, Xestophanes 64

puparum, Pteronomus .. Aryl ae.

quercus-folii, Diplolepis .. wos Oe
renum, Trigonaspis G6,. 68
Rhodites 61, 62
rogenhoferi, Isocolus eee
rosae, Rhodites 61, 62
rubi, Diastrophus.. Py er
scabrinodis, Myrmica 32
solitarius, Andricus 65
vidua, Casinaria .. 17
xanthopsis, Andricus 94
LEPIDOPTERA.
abruptaria, Hemerophila 42
absinthii, Cucullia sv 49
aceris, Nepticula .. 98, 102
acetosae, Nepticula rome
acupariae, Nepticula 100
adippe, Argynnis .. 46
advena, Aplecta 44
advenaria, Cepphis 24
aega, Morpho : wz aa,
aegon=argus, Plebeius .. 45, 47
agathina, Agrotis, Euretagrotis 47

agrimoniae, Nepticula oP
Agrotis 7 oe = Te

alba, Nepticula 93
eats ganarew, ‘(Polygoniac- album
-) 44
li (phlaeas ab. i‘ Heodes Ru-
micia . ‘ 48
albimacula, Harmodia, Pires:
thoecia 32
albipuncta, Sideridis, Leucania,
Aletia Ag 43, 48
albovaleyata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas . ‘ re ea > |
albulata, Perizoma_ 38
alburnella, Telphusa 50
alpium, Moma my de Be
amasina (apollinus f.), Doritis .. 29
angulifasciella, ee ie 95, 102, 103
angustella, Alispa.. 90
anomatella, Nepticula 102
anthyllidella, Stomopteryx 91
**antistacta, Opogona 50
apiformis, Aegeria (Trochilium, ) 25
apollinaris (apollinus, f.), Doritis
28, 29

apollinus, Doritis oy 28,
apollo, Parnassius aw
aquilina, Euxoa, Agrotis. . 4,
archippus, Danais

arcuatella, Nepticula 95, "97, 102,

argentipedella, Nepticula 98,
argentula, Banksia, Erastria

argiolus, Lycaenopsis és
argus=aegon, Plebius 45,
argyropeza, Nepticula 98,

arion, Lycaena
arundinis = castaneae, Phragma-
toecia a
asinalis, Botys, Pyrausta
asteris, Cucullia :
astrarche = agestis
atalanta, Vanessa. . a we
athalia, Melitaea .. 26, 45, 47,
atricollis, Nepticula 90, 98, 102,
aurago, Ochria, Xanthia.. 78,
auragoides, Cosmophila ..
aurella, Nepticula :
aureofasciata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas . : ‘a
aurora, Callitaera
aversata, Ptychopoda
basiguttella, Nepticula . oe
bellargus (apollinus f.), Doritis ..
bellargus (thetis), Polyommatus,
Lysandra «ad hg ae
bennetii, Agdistis re -
bidentata, Gonodontis .. 2.
bipuncta (sabulifera v.), Cosmo-
phila _..
bipunctatus, Mellisoblaptes
blandiats, Perizoma
bloomeri, Discoloria
boleti, Scardia
bollii, Nepticula
bombyliformis=tityus ..
bondii, Caradrina, Tapinostola ..
bractea, Plusia ne
brassicae, Pieris
brumata, Operophtera
brunneata = fulvaria
cactorum, Cactoblastis
c-album, Polygonia
caliginosa, Acosmetia a
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis 2,
cardamines, Euchloé « AGS aT
cardui, Vanessa .. sts a
carneago (ocellaris ab.), Xanthia,
Cosmia .. 6 a
carpophaga = lepida 14,
castanea, Noctua, Agrotis ae
castaneae, Sans A a
Catasticta oe ‘ a
centaureata, Eupithecia .

99,

43,
ec)

PAGE
cespitalis, Pyrausta “e oe ee
chaonia, Drymonia a 15, 48
chi, Polia .. ‘ of, Date
chlorana, Earias .. 32
chrysippus, Danais 3
chrysitis, Phytometra, Plusia 52
cinerea, Agrotis, Euxoa .. 8, 43
cinerea, Pieris 1
cinxia, Melitaea .. 47
circellaris, Amathes 73
citrago, Tiliacea, Xantbia 75
enicana, Phalonia 38
Colias : 16
comarina, Acalla, Peronea 90
comma, Urbicola, Pamphila 4
cor.igera, Sideridis, Aletia 43
consortaria = punctinalis ine
conspicillaris, Xylomiges 16, 45
contigua, Polia .. ee
conversaria (repandata ab. ), Boar-
mia 44
coridon, Polyommatus, Lysandra 47
coronata, Thecla .. 16, (21
coryli, Colocasia, Demas 33
Cosmophila 3g ae ays!
costa-juncta (icarus ab.), Polyom-
matus .. 4 47
croceago, Xantholeuca , 42
croceus, Colias 37, 42, 45, 46 55
cuculla, Lophopteryx 37
cultraria, Drepana 12
cursoria, Agrotis .. is 8
curtula, Pygaera .. it el ee
curzoni (satyrata 7.), ac ge 38
cytisella, Palsodora 18
Danais ? 3
defoliaria, Erannis, Hybernia 8, 82
degeneraria, Ptychopoda 48
delila (julia ssp.), Colaenis 33
demoleon, Papilio 42
depuncta, Nc ctua a
dilutata, Oporina . 76,0 9S
dimera, Colias 16
dipsacea. Chloridea 42
dodoneata, Eupithecia ei
dehrni (giossulariata ab.), Abraxas 47
dolabraria, Plagodes : 32
dominula, Callimorpha .. 25
Doritis : 28
dromedarius, Notodonta.. 37
dryadella, Nepticula 100
duplaris, Palimpsestis 37
efformata, Anaitis.. 4]
eleone, Leptophobia 1
elinguaria, Crocallis 49
elpenor, Eumorpha 33
erigerella, Coleophora 40
erosa, Cosmophila de 21

PAGE
erosaria, Ennomos oi oo Same
euphorbiata=murinata .. ae
euphrosyne, Brenthis ..14,16, 46
eurytele, Charonias Af eae ER
exclamationis, Agrotis .. a
extensaria, Eupithecia .. <0) a0
exulans, Zygaena 44
fagi, Stauropus os on oe
fasciata (advenaria ab.), Cepphis 24
filipendulae, Zygaena ae, ae
fimbria, Triphaena 6,7, 43
flammea, Meliana.. ‘ 48
flava (linea) (thaumas), Adopoea 4
flavescens (fulvago ab.), Xanthia 40
flavescens (piniaria ab,), Bupalus 10
flaviventris, Synanthedon 34, 90
floslactella, Nepticula 96, 102, 103
fowleri (coridon ab.), Polyom-

matus, Lysandra es:
fragariella, Nepticula .. 104
fraxini, Catocala .. .. 43
freyella, Nepticula 100, 103
fruticosella, Nepticula se Og
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia spas
fulvago, Xanthia .. ; fae) a
fulvaria, Itame 43, 44
fulvida, Cosmophila a
furva, Hama, Mamestra . .. 47
fuscantaria (piniaria ab.), Bupalus 10
fuscofimbriata (coridon ab.), Poly-
ommatus, Lysandra irs |
fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus 38
fuscovenosa, Ptychopoda wie ST
galathea, Melanargia, Satyrus
26, 42,48, 51
- gamma, Plusia .. Ny 37, 38
ganarew (c-album ab.), Polygonia 74
ganarew (sinapls ab.), Leptidea.. 43
gei, Nepticula 99, 100, 103, 104
vilvago, Mellinea, Xanthia Te, ~ We
gilvescens (ocellaris al.), Cosmia,
Xanthia .. tous, te
elareosa, Noctua .. vat! 0 8
gnidiella, Cryptoblabes sali ae
gothica, Taeniocampa, Monima 9
grossulariata, Abraxas 17, 42, 43, 47
hamellus, Crambus ie oe Oe
hanoverella, Nepticula .. 93
helianthemella, Nepticula 99
helice (croceus ab.), Colias 45
Heliconius ee Petey!
hera= quadripunctaria ‘4 8, 38
holmgreni (defoliaria ab.), Eran-
nis, Hybernia .82, 84, 85
**horrealis, Metarsiora a Vee
hyperantus, Aphantopus.. 26, 45
icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyom-
matus .. - = ree |

120

PAGE
icarus, Polyommatus .46, 47, 49
imbutata (paludata r.), Carsia .. 43
imperialis, Eacles aS 16
incerta, Monima, Taeniocampa 8, 80
intermedia (ocellaris ab.), Cosmia,
Xanthia . 7 ae fa, io
interrogationis, Syngrapha, Polia 43
intimella, Nepticula es 93, 98
iris, Apatura ore 20
Ithomia 1
julia, Colaenis 4 ssl ed
jurtina, Maniola .. 6, 7, 43, 48
lacticolor = dohrni : Sat, Mae
ladakensis, Colias 29
l-album, Sideridis, Leucania 42
lanceolata age ab.), =e
antopus .. 45
lapponaria, Nyssia, Poecilopsis . . 48
**lastiflora, Amathes : 29
lepida (carpophaga), Harmodia,
Dianthoecia .. - 14, 43
lesbia, Colias “n ea 16
limoniella, Goniodoma .. 26
linea = flava =thaumas, Adopoea. 4
lineago (ocellaris ab.), Cosmia,
Xanthia . oF “6 75
lineola, Adopoea a 26
lonicerarum, Nepticula .. 103
lucernea, Agrotis, ate 49
lucina, Hamearis . 12
lurideola, Lithosia 17
lychnitis, Cucullia 32
lycimnia, Daptonoura .. font lage.
machaon, Papilio ..24, ~ 47
macilenta, Amathes 78
malvae, Hesperia .. 21
marginicolella, Nepticula 96, 99,

100, 102
maritima, Senta .. won <a
martimi, Enploea . 21
melanapicata (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . 43
melanotoxa (icarus ab.), Polyom-

matus . 47
menyanthidis, Acronicta.. 43
meticulosa, Phlogophora.. ie
microtheriella, Nepticula 102, 105
miniosa, Monima, Taeniocampa 42
mixta (grossulariataab.), Abraxas 43
monacha, Lymantria 29
montanata, Xanthorhoé .. ca “ee
murinata (euphorbiata), Minoa.. 43
myllerana, Choreutis 90
myrtillata, Gnophos 44
myrtillella, Nepticula ieoLwe
napi, Pieris - 42, 45
neglecta (castanea ab.), Noctua.. 42
neophanes, Myelois oy as Oe

’ PAGE

Nepticula (ides) 55, 56, 92, 100,
102, 103, 117
A

nera, Hesperocharis

neustria, Malacosoma .. >
ni, Plusia aes . . ae
nigricans, Agrotis.. ae oie ee
notha, Brephos .. ve 9, “BE
nubilalis, Pyrausta te ‘ae
nylandriella, Nepticula 100, 105
obeliscata, Thera .. Za sa ene
oblongata=centaureata .. .. 40
obscura=ravida .. Py sp ee

obscura (defoliaria ab.), Erannis,
Hybernia 8, 82, 84, 85
obscurata (defoliaria ab.), Eran-
nis, Hybernia .. 82, 84
obsoleta, Sideridis, Leueania
obsoleta (fulvago ab.), Xanthia ..
obsoleta (macilentaab.),Amathes 78
obsoltea (phlaeas ab.), Heodes,
Rumicia . 48
ocellaris, Xanthia, Cosmia 5, 29,

13, 74, 16, 77, 78; ee
ocellata, Cidaria .. e eet
occulta, Aplecta, Eurois ..37, 54, 57
occultella, Nepticula =e se dren
odersfeltia (grossulariata ab,), Ab-

raxas : a2 43

olivacea (chi ab.), Polia oe 54
olivata, Calostigia, Xanthorhoé.. 90
ononaria, Aplasta - ae
orion = alpium rs 32
otregiata, Cidaria, Lampropteryx 45
paleacea, Cosmia . : 44
palealis, Loxostege a 40, 49
palleago (ocellaris f.), Cosmia,
Xanthia .. ae P 29, 75
paludata (imbutata), Carsia .. 43
pamphilus, Coenonympha 2
paphia, Argynnis.. ne 46, 47
Parnassius : is ov Mee
pastinum, Toxocampa is Seon
pavonia, Saturnia ‘3 mre
pedaria, Phigalia .. ae Re
Peronea .. io) ae
phlaeas, Heodes, Rumicia. me
Pieridae .. a i = Suen
pieta, Haetera .. a
pinastri, Hyloicus, Sphinx oa ae
piniaria, Bupalus.. ve ae
pireta, Caliitaera .. als «et
plagiata, Anaitis .. : 41
plagicolella, Nepticula oa 98, 103
plexippus, Danais.. . ae
polaris (urticae f.), Aglais 45, 47
politana, Tortrix .. ei on, OS
populi, Amorpha .. SS oe aD

portis, Morpho .. te .¥ Nee

+1, A

121
PAGE PAGE
potatoria, Cosmotriche 24, 34 | suspecta, Dyschorista 78
pretiosa, Nepticula .. 100 | sylvanus (venata), Adopoea 4
progressiva (defoliaria ab.), Eran- sylvata, Abraxas .. 23
nis, Hybernia . 8,84, 85 | sylvestris, Adopoea=A. flava 4
prunaria, Angerona .. 47 | syringaria, Phalaena 25
prunetorum, Nepticula 99, 103 | tantillaria (pusillata), Eupithecia 13
punctinalis (consortaria),Boarmia 14 | tenuiata, ore ee
purdeyi, Evetria ss 91 | Terias 1
pusillata = tantillaria .. 13] testacea, Luperina 49
quadripunctaria (hera), Callimor- thaumas=linea = flava 4
pne, |» ae 8, 35 | thuringiaca, Nepticula . 99
quercus, Lasiocampa os .. 14 | tiliae, Mimas : 28, 40
radiata (phlaeas ab.), Pe tiliae, Nepticula 92, 94, 98, 100
Rumicia . : : .. 48 | tiphon=tullia 38
rapae, Pieris 9 | tithonus, Maniola, Epinephele
ravida (obscura), Agrotis.. 42 26, 43, 45, 46, 47
rectangularia, Chloroclystis 25 | tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris 43
repandata, Boarmia 44 | trapezina, Calymnia ie:
rhomboidaria, Boarmia .. .. 16] trepida, Notodonta 43
ridens, Polyploca . ..15, 16, 43 | trifolii, Lasiocampa 44
ripae, Agrotis .. 24, 54 | trifolii, Zygaena .. 43
roboraria, Boarmia .. 42 | trimacula, Drymonia 42
rubi, Macrothylacia 25 | trimaculella, Nepticula .. xo
rubiginea, Orrhodia ‘ .. 42 | tritici, Euxoa, Agrotis .. rR
rubivora, Nepticula 93, 95,97, tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha .. 38
98, 102, 103 | turbidella, Nepticula , 93, 98, LOL
ruficapitella, Nepticula .. 93 | ulmicola, Nepticula «2s 3Q2
sabulifera, Cosmophila 7 | ulmifoliae, Nepticula 102
saligna, Phyllocnistis 23 | ulmivora, Nepticula .. 102
satyrata, Eupithecia .. 88] urticae, Aglais 45, 47, ts 56
scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia 27 | velleda=fusconebulosa 38
scitella, Cemiostoma, Leucoptera 91 | venata=sylvanus 4
scrophulariae, Cucullia .. .. 29 | venustula, Erastria, Monodes 15,
selene, Actias 55 , ae
selene, Brenthis, Argynnis 45, 46, 47 | versicolor, Endromis 35, 56
semibrunnea, Xylina 21 | vespiformis, Synanthedon 14, 34
seminigrina (camilla ab.), Limen- vestigialis, Agrotis 38
itis ae 45 | vigintipunctatus, Yponomeuta 29, 36
septembrella, Nepticula . 95 | villosella, Pachythelia os) Soe
serella, Nepticula.. .. 99 | virgaureae, Coleophora 41
sericopeza, Nepticula 96, 100 | vitellina, Sideridis, Leucania 43, 48
sisamnus, Calasticta a 1 | w- album, Strymon, Thecla 6
sibilla=camilla .. b's 2, 45 | wauaria, Itame as sc) ae
sinapis, Leptidea .. ; 42, 43 | weaveri, Nepticula 95, 100
sirene (sulkowskyi ssp.), Morpho 21 | weaweri=weaveri . er er.
smaragdaria, Euchloris .. 26, 27 | Xanthia .. 7,86
sobrina, Noctua 43 | ypsilon, Agrotis =ipsilon 49
sorbi, Nepticula Us 100 | zalmoxis, Papilio.. 21
sparganella, Orthotaelia .. 91
sparganii, Nonagria 48 Mouse.
splendidissimella, Nepticula 103 | aspersa, Helix py |) Pat oe
stabilis, Taeniocampa, Monima biplicata, Clausilia rn i
8,9, 75 | flavus, Limax ph!
stipella, Aristotelia .. 87 | hortensis, Helix — 10
subfulvata, Eupithecia 49 | nemoralis, Helix .. ee 10
subsericeata, Ptychopoda 37
subtusa, Plastenis 78
sulkowskyi, Morpho 21

PAGE
OponaTa.
Aeshna (inae) <5 Avs 87, §&8
Agrion (idae) a : 87, 89
annulata, Cordulegaster . .< ) SS
Calopteryx ze 88, 89
cancellata, Orthetrum Sis Oe
depressa, Libellula et cs
dryas, Lestes i is eo |
imperator, Anax .. as oe
Libellula (idae) .. Ne 87, 88
pratensis, Brachytron .. ny ee
pulchellum, Agrion $5 te. ee
viridis, Lestes ap ae es |
vulgatissima, Gomphus .. -. 68
ORTHOPTERA.
brachyptera, Platycleis .. ne S86
cubensis, Panchlora mn +e ee
dorsalis, Conocephalus .. Al ee
egina, Empusa .. oe ara
lapponica, Ectobius bs et) BO
parallelus, Stenobothrus.. ie |
roeselii, Metrioptera K. ewer
RuyncHora.

lineaticollis, Antestia .. ieee
montana, Cicadetta, ei aw Se

reticulata, Ulopa .. a a

PranrTs.

acre, Hrigeron.. ma os 40
acutus, Juncus... Se we 1
albiflora (moschata ab.), Malva.. 34
aranifera, Orphrys “> ies |
Artemisia az : oe aie cae
ancuparia, Sorbus ie pakiven
austriaca, Pinus .. + el oe.
Betula _ a coe
betulinus, Polyporus cP Ay 206
bifolia, Habrosyne - ie
caesius, Rubus... 97, 98
cannabinum, Eupatorium sige, Gab

capraea, Salig’s ei hs el te
campestris, Gentiana .. cin honk
campestris, Artemisia .. vat ee
campestris, Acer .. i Bate
Carduus... 7 .. ae ee
Centaurea .. ae ge Orbe
Cnicus Se sh ae ae
comarum, Potentilla “e oi (90
Crataegus — : set ee
deltoides, Populus i sal ae
erecta, Potentilla ie s. 9: Gee
eupatorium, See Ee oo) OB
Fragariae .. : oF a6 Oe
fruticosus, Rubus | i: 99, 100
fulva, Impatiens sf si -- 40
galericulata, Scutellaria .. 40,- 91

PAGE
globosa, Buddleia .. Se ~s) ee
glomerata, Campanula .. ee |
hederacea, ama ee «5 2
Hieracium . 14 owt So
Hypericum ‘ oe ae
littoralis, Atriplex. afl os ae
malus, Pyrus ar aa oa ee
microdasys, Opuntia .. ePre |
moschata, Malva .. bs Pd
muscifera, Ophrys Si «| Ap
myosuroides, Alopecuroides .. 33
myrtillus, Vaccinium .. Bt
nidus-avis, Neottia cP oe
nigra, Centaurea .. oa oe
nigra, Populus 75, 76, 92
octopetala (Dryas) wa 1. 100
Opuntia .. ot ioe
orbiculare, Phyteuma 38 ~< Pa
Orobanche . te a) BO ae
perigrina, Rubia .. ate i ae
Pinus by : a i Re
platanoides, Acer . ot a ee
Polygonum 8
Populus 94, 95, 98, 100

portulacoidis, Atriplex .. w« ee
pratense, Tragopogon .. PREM
Pranua +. = ae
pseudoplatanus, Acer -. 96, 100
purpurea, Orchis .. es av le
Quercus... sk 61, 64
radicata, Hypochoeris as i. +) aoe
reptans, Potentilla bows ~~ 6A

rhoeas, Papaver .. ee ~» he
rivale, Geum ee ae .. 100
robur, Quercus... oe -« CB
FODOG acs oe a Pe
Rumiex te he 99
Salix 94, "95, 98, 100
scabiosa, Centaurea “ 63
serotina, Populus . ue Ae ak |
sessiliflora, Quercus” es ee
spinosa, Prunus .. ee -. OB
stellatum, Trifolium ae <2) ae
stramonium, Datura on aad.
suberosa, Ulmus .. a a
sylvestris, Pinus .. a <r
telepbium, Sedum by ii! 36
tetrabit, Galeopsis a5 2 Oe
tormentilla, Potentilla .. oo ae
umbellatum, Hieracium .. Ppreac- |
urbanum, Geum .. e ss e
vitis-idaea, Vaccinium .. ae
vulgaris, Barbaréa a aw

vulneraria, Anthyllis he :. 2a

Funet.
Daldinia .. a os) OE
laciniata, Thelephora a is

ostreatus, Pleurotus
spectabile, Pholiota

Nor C.LassIriep.
**antestia, Curioxenus ea ts 8
tera)
hiemalis, Boreus (Mecoptera)
fuliginosus, C. (Alderfly)..
grandis, Phryganea (Caddisfly) ..
lycoperdon, Reticularia (Myceto-
zZoa) ,
maurus, Scorpio (Scor pion)
Myrmelionidae (Ant-lions)
paludis, Pterobosca (Midge)

psociformis, Conwentzia (Neurop-

tera)
subviridis, Trocheta (Leech)
Tegenaria (Spider)

123

Lists or LEPIDOPTERA, ETC., CAPTURED.

Ashtead and Epsom, 25.vi. and
Col., Rhyn., Dip. and Galls ..

Benfleet, S., 12.vii., and Col. 26,

Blackheath and Farley, 30.viii.,
and Col. and Rhyn.

Broadwater Forest,
Col. aA

Byfleet, 12.ix., and Col. and Rhyn.

11.vi., and

Chalfont Road, 4.vii., and Col.

Cutt Mill, 21.vi. , and larvae, and
Col. and DABW igs 19,

Effingham, 1l.iv., and Col. and
yi

Gomshall, 9.viii., and Col. and
Rhyn., Pints. :

Horsley, 16.v. ;

Kent, W., 8-12.v. ee

New Forest, 28.vi., and Dip.

Rannoch and Aviemore, Vii.-viii.
34, and Hym. vi. d

Tilgate Forest, 24.v., 13, ‘and Col.

Warley Common, 6. vi. ., and Col.

29
27

30
18

39
23

iW at Ale
i y i) A
ws 7
Ten Vaan var

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ot we price 36 each;
, Pp ioe 2/6; NBD bros 2j-;

“1919, price ass

1918,

1868. 9 ee

“1892. fe price B/-:
1896, price 2/6;
‘Part 2, price 2-5 nie
Part 2, ‘price 2-5 aes

1901, price a= 5
1904, price 2/-3
_ 1907, ‘price g/6:
1910, price 4/6:
price 4/-;

ee price 5/-. §: - 1916, price 3/6;

- 1918, ‘price: Aas ay
1922, ayes, 10/65, ae

Cine. tie 5/-5

“1037, price 12/6;

1919, price 5/-;

1938, price 06. aS a;
1930, prise ae tae 1982, and)

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on ‘ a canna to th es
rt, d bay Gibse® ae 4
Notes on Shetland and the Orkneys, R ;
Annual Exhibition and Conversagione
Annual Meeting... 4. Ss ie
Annual Address, ‘‘Some Observations on Pl
(Cynipidae) ”” Hs ae te wr
TRANSACTIONS
«The icnmbne ot eae, Me 7. A nica
‘« Cosmia (Xanthia, Mellinia) ocellaris,"’ F. 8
‘A Contribution fo the Genetics of Monima Fanon
Ei. A, Cockayne, D. Moy BIR.O.P. i.) a .
‘‘ Some Notes on the Breeding and Genetics of Erannis (Hyb
aria,’’ C. N. Hawkins; F-R.E.S8. .: . :
A Short Introduction to the British Dragonflies,” A.
(Plates I. TI.) es y ahh
“The I. of Wight as a Collectiny- erauug for Lepidoptera,”
‘Some Remarks on the Genus Nepticula,’’ Josef Klimeseh, (Pla
‘t Fossil Ingects,’’ J. A. Downes, B.Sc, F.R:E.S, - a ?
‘Notes on the Occurrence of C. agparagi (Col,) at Elstead,”’ E. J. Bu
ae (Plate IV.) éo se 6.0 Avg ® e922 des Wao aly tale iN
naex ee ee ee ‘© ee” eo oe is Ce eee

MEETINGS OF THE ‘SOCIE
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRID!

ay

1937-1938. 7 fae oe

1987 :—July 22nd; August) 12th, 26th ; September §
October 14th, 28th; November 11th, 25th ; December 9th.

1988:—January 13th, 27th; February 10th, 24th;
24th; April 14th, 28th; May 12th, 26th; pee an #8
28th.

LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 pm., OHAIR TAKEN AT 7

are requested to be good enough to hand to the § ‘
Meeting, & note in writing of the generic and specific
specimens exhibited, togéther with the mames of t
which such specimens were obtained, and any rei
which the exhibitors have to make. In the absence of
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for ¢
connestion with his report of such exhibits, or for th
any reference thereto in the Proceedings. | ha

~ pry: fee a
bbb b46O666000045446060606660066-

Aa - Deeg ee ney 7
OF 6 C445 6O64 0448 FO+%

eboeseueses

‘a
bee

“y

Proceedings and Transactions

OF

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological and Natural History Society

1937-38.

WITH EIGHT PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE. SOCIETY'S ROOMS,
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

PRICE TEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.

Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath.
June 1938.

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the advancement and the diffusion of Biological
Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Col-
lections. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the Members
are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month, from Seven to
Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society’s Rooms are easy of access from
all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites the co-operation of all
Naturalists, especially those who are willing to further the objects of the Society
by reading Papers and exhibiting Specimens.

. SUBSCRIPTION.

Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
S. N. A. JACOBS, ‘ Ditchling,’” 54, Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1904 A. SICH, F.E.S.

1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S.

1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.) 1908-9 A SICH, F.E.S.

{879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1910-11 W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.

1880 <A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E:S.

1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1914-15 B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S.

1@82 T. R. BILLuPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.). 1920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S.

1885 R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A.

1866-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1923-4 N. D.. REY, F:Z.S.. FE
1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M.,
1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). F.R:C.P.; bE
1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.

1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1939 FF. B. CARR (dec.).

1894 EE. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). 1930 C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). 1931 K. G. BLAIR, D.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
1896 R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
1898 J. W. TuTT, F.E.S. (dec.). A.I.C., F.C.S., EF. BEeae
1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.) M.B.0O.U.

1900 W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES.

1901 H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 1935 E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.

1902 FF. NOAD CLARK. 1936 M. NIBLETT.

1903. E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. COULSON.

ili

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study :—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea; d,
Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology, General; e,
Exotic ; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera; /, Lepidoptera ; mi, Micro-
scopy; mo, Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. phot, Nature Photography ;
00, Oology; orn, Ornithology; orth, Orthoptera; od, Odonata; r, Rep-
tiles; t, Trichoptera.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1937
1886

1922

1928
1907

1895
1934
1931
1936
1931
1937
1896
1887
1933
1927
1938
1929
1911
1926
1925

1934
1935

Apams, R. W., 16, Kenton Gardens, Kenton, Middlesex. l.

ADKIN, B. W., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Highfield,’?’ Pembury, Tunbridge Wells.
l, orn.

Apkin, J. H., Council, Hon. Lanternist, ‘‘ Lamorran,’’ Oak Lane,
Sevenoaks. l.

AnvERSON, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.

ANDREWS, H. W., F.R.E.8., Council, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham,
S.E.9. d.

Asusy, S. R., F.n.z.8., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Headstone,
Harrow. ¢, l.

Atkinson, J. L., ‘‘ Down’s Cottage,’’ 76, Northwood Road, Tan-
kerton, Kent. I.

Attwoop, R. W., Council, 36, Tannsfield Road, Sydenham,
S.E.26. l.

August, V. E., 59, Hillcross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

Batitarp, F., 40, Albert Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

BauinceER, D. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’? Canham Road, Acton, W.3. l.

Barnett, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1.

Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E.15. l.

Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., F.z.8.s., ‘‘ Monkshatch Cottage,’ Comp-
ton, near Guildford. 1.

BEepwELL, HK. C., F.R.z.8., 54, Brighton Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
c, hem.

Berrne, B. P., 4, Toberner Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, Eire.
micro-l,

Bet, J. H., F.R.£.8s., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkhamsted,
Herts.

Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Claremont,’’ 120, Sunningfields
Road, Hendon, N.W.4. n, c.

Buss, A., Council, 4, Monahan Avenue, Purley. l.

BuiytH, S. F. P., ‘‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. l.

Borrer, C. D. ‘‘ The Old Manor House,’’ Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk.

Bowtss, T. J., 77 Harborough Road, Streatham, S.W.16. l.

NOV = 4 1939

Vv

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1933
1935

1936
1909

1936

1934
1930

1936
1936
1938

1909
1927

1938
1938
1922

1937
1899

1924
1936
1922
1936
1915

1934
1935
1899

1936
1907
1923
1919

1922

Brett, G. A., B.sc., A.R.c.8., Council, 2 Old Claygate Lane, Hinch-
ley Wood, Esher, Surrey. ent.

Brett, Mrs S. L. F., 2, Old Claygate Lane, Hinchley Wood, Esher,
Surrey. biology,

Briecet, R, H., 141, Burnt Oak Lane, Sidcup, Kent.

.Brigut, P. M., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ Nether Court,’’ 60, Christchurch Road,

Bournemouth. l.

Britton, EverarD, c/o Department of Entomology, Natural His-
tory Museum, Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

Broptr, P., B.A., 46, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, Surrey. micro-l,

Brooke, Miss W. M. A., c/o Dr Brooke, 99, The Avenue, Muswell
Hill, N.10. ec. ent, b, marine life.

Brown, Maxwe.u, West Kent Hotel, Bickley, Kent. ent.

Buck, F. D., 49, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road, N.19. c.

Buckiry, W., F.B.E.S., M.1.G48 E., 5, Westfield Road, Cheadle
Hulme, Cheshire. l.

Bucxstone, A. A. W., 90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell. 1.

Buu, G. V., B.A., M.B., Council, ‘‘ White Gables,’’ Sandhurst,
Kent. l.

Burton, R. J., L.D.8., F.B.C.8.(ENG.), ‘‘ Newlands,’’ 212, Golders
Green Road, N.W.11. ll.

Burton, Miss Marearet, ‘‘ Newlands,’’ 212, Golders Green Road,
N.W.11. biology.

Busupry, L. C., ¥F.r.£.8., Council, 33c Regents Park Road, N.W.1.
c, hem.

Carpew, Col. P. A., 214, Thornton Hill, Wimbledon, S.W.19. 1.

Carr, Rev. F. M. B., M.A., u.tH., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes, Lancs.
Ln,

CHAPMAN, Miss L. M., ‘‘ Arolla,’’ Waterlow Road, Reigate.

Cuartres, 8. A., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex. ent.

CHeEESEMAN, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E.,12. 1.

Ciassry, E. W., 141, Portnall Road, Maida Hill, W.9. ent.

CockaYNnE, E. A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., 16, Westbourne Street,
Ween iW.

Cote, G., 8a, Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.3. l. ?

Couns, R. J., ‘‘ Appledore,’’ Kingswood, Surrey. 1.

Cotturup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E.22. l,
00, orn.

Cooven, B. A., 61, Okehampton Road, London, N.W.10. ent.

Coots, F. D. ee s., 32, Wickham heat Cieaint Surrey. 1, b.

Cork, 30. Fis 1d; Redadiale Street, Chelsea, S.W.3.. L.

Corntsn, G. Be 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E.18. L, c.

Coucnman, L. E., c/o Mrs A, Couchman, May Cottage, Brook-
lane, Bromley, Kent. — 1.

YEAR OF

ELEcTION,

1909 Covtson, F. J., Vice-President, ‘‘ Burnigill,’’ 24, Springfield
Avenue, Merton Park, S.W.20. c, hem.

1928 Court, T. H., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’? Market Rasen, Lincoln.

1937 Cozens, A. B., ‘‘ Claremont,’’? Sunninghill, Ascot, Berks. ent.

1937 Cranrrer, B. H., ‘‘ Highfield,’’ Alderley Edge, Cheshire. l.

1935 Onraske, E. S., ‘“‘ Hillsboro,’’ Gringer Hill, Maidenhead, Berks.

1934 Crasxkr, J. C. B., F.n.£.8., 57, Cornwall Gardens, S.W.7.

19387 CrasKe, R. M., 124, Lower Belgrave Street, S.W.1. ent.

1918 CravruRrD, Cuirrorp, ‘‘ Denny,’’ Bishops Stortford. l.

1933 CrEwpson, R. C. R., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ The Grange,’’ Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. l.

1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, Bexley Heath. l.

1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Rd., S.W.16. l.

1932 Crow, P. N., ‘‘ Heathcote,’ Bigfrith, Cookham Dean, Berk-
shire. l.

19387 Curtis, A. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood, Billings-
hurst, Sussex.

1927 Dansy, G. C., ‘‘ Sheringham,’”’ 31, Albion Road, Sutton, Sur-
rey. l.

1925 Danwnatt, WALTER, F.R.E.8., F.Z.S., 94, Guibal Road, Lee, 8.E.12.
lel.

1938 Davies, O. C., 33, Hopton Road, Streatham, S.W.16. l.

1900 Day, F. H., F.n.8.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. 1, c.

1937 Dera, JAMEs, 18, Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent. l.

1933 Demutu, R. P., 7, Holland Park Avenue, W.11. l.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.1. 1, m1, b.

1930 Dernvir, H. G., Hon. Minuting Secretary, 4, Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey. I, c.

1901 Dons, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, N.14. l.

1921 Dotton, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. l.

1936 Dovnpney, S. P., ‘‘ Thurne,’’ 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. I.

1930 Downss, J. A., B.sc., 120, Pepys Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. ent, l.

1930 Dupsriver, B. J., B.A., Colonial Administrative Service, Tangan-
yika, c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam; and 13, Church
Lane, Merton Park, London, S.W.17. ent.

1927 Eacties, T. R., Hon, Treasurer, 32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middle-
sex. [-¢,

1937 Easton, N. T., ‘‘ Akuna,’’ Holyhead Road, Menai Bridge, Angle-
sey. l.

1933 Encoov, W. S., North Bank, Wisbech, Cambs.

1923 Eziis, H. WILLovuensy, F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U., Friary Hill, Wey-
bridge, Surrey. c, orn.

1937 Emery, B., F.r.£.s., St Bartholomew’s Vicarage, Dover, Kent. 1.

1932 Ennis, L. H., 16, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. 1.

1935 Ensor, G. A., 7, Mount Nod Road, Streatham, S.W.16.

1920 Farmer, J. B., 156, Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.W.9. 1.

vi

YEAR OF

ELEcTION,

1924 FassnipcE, WM., M.A., F.R.E.S., 4, Bassett Crescent West, South-
ampton. l, n, hem.

1930 Ferrier, W. J., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. l.

1936 Finnican, W. J., 6, Shrublands Grove, Worcester Park, Surrey.
ent.

1887 Frercuer, W. H. B., M.a., F.R.E.8., Aldwick Manor, Bognor Regis,
Sussex. (Life Member.) 1.

1926 FLEeTcHEeR, P. BAINBRIGGE, M.S8C., A.I.C., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Winscombe,”’’
Copsem Drive, Esher, Surrey. c, l.

1889 Forp, A., ‘“‘ South View,’’ 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. l, ¢,

1920 Forv, L. T., ‘‘ St Michael’s,’? Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. I.

1915 Foster, T. B., ‘‘ Downlands,’’ 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1.

1907 Founranz, Miss M. E., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ The Studio,’’ 1004, Fellows

Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. l. |

1921 Frampton, Rev. R. E. E., m.a., ‘‘ Innhams Corner,’’ Crow-
borough, Sussex. l.

1933 Fraser, ANous, ‘‘ Ranelagh,’’ Gloucester Rd., Tankerton, Kent. c.

1886 Fremitn, Major H. S., M.R.c.8., L.R.0.P., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,”

Ryarsh, Kent. 1.

1912 Frowawk, F. W., F.R.5£.8., M.B.0.U., ‘‘ Essendene,’’ Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. 1, orn.

1928 Gites, W. S., F.R.E.8., F.1.c., ‘‘ The Cottage,’ Bocking, Brain-
tree, Essex. l.

1930 GiuiatTt, F. T., r.r.z.8s., 25, Manor Road, Folkestone, Kent. 1.

1929 Guzee, D. L., F.R.£.8., ‘“‘ Birchstone,’? Coombe Park, Kingston,
Surrey. l.

1936 Goopsan, B. S., F.R.E.s., 81, West Street, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

1936 Goonr, FranK, 275, Eastern Avenue, Ilford, Essex. 1.

1935 Goopiirre, F. D., Lord Wandsworth Agricultural College, Long
Sutton, Basingstoke. ec. ent.

1926 Gorpon, D. J., B.A., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Craigellachie House,’ Strathpef-
fer, Ross. , l.

1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. I.

1924 Greer, T., 3.p., ‘‘ The Bungalow,’’ Sandholes, Dungannon, Co.
Tyrone. l.

1926 Grey, Mrs Ottve, F.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.

19383 Grocock, L. O., ‘‘ Brasted,’? 53, Sherwood Road, Addiscombe,
Croydon.

1934 Gunton, Major H. C., m.n., F.n.5.8., ‘‘ Rathgar,’’ Gerrards Cross,
Bucks. 1.

1891 Hamm, A. H., a.t.s., F.R.E.8., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. lI.

1903 Hare, E. J., r.n.£.s., 41, Avenue Gardens, Acton, W.3. I.

1926 SS ee Sir Hripesranp A. B., F.R.E.s., 19, Princes Gate,

.W.7.
1933 Harris, Cuas. W., 7, Roseberry Gardens, Dartford. l.

vii

YEAR OF
ELEcTION.

1937

1936
1924

1927
1924

1929

1923

1937

1936

1920

1924
1931

1927

1937

1920

1937
1937

1927

1931
1934

1929
1933
1928
1914

1923

1924
1924

Harris, H. G., M.D., B.sc. (DURHAM), 5, Archer’s Road, Southamp-
ton. lf.

Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, W.5. l.

Harwoop, P., F.z.8.8., Westminster Bank, 292, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. 1.

Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. l.

Hawkins, C. N., F.R.£.8., Council, 23, Wilton Crescent, Wimble-
don, S.W.19. 1.

Haw1iey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., p.s.o., Sibton Church Farm, Yoxford,
Suffolk.

Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8., F.R.G.8., Estacion Experi-
mental, Concordia, F.C.E.R., Argentina. l, orn, c.

Haywarp, L. W., ‘‘ Westoe,’’ 31, Bower Mount Road, Maid-
stone, Kent. ent.

Hepes, A. V., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Milton Ernest House,’’ Milton Ernest,
Beds. l.

Hemuine, Capt. A. F., c.M.c., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., 18, Glebe Place,
Chelsea, S.W.3. l.

Henverson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. c.

Hestop, I. R. P., M.a., F.n.£.8., 34, Henleaze Gardens, Westbury-
on-Trym, Bristol and Nigerian Administrative Service, Obe-
tim, Warri Province, vid Sapele, Southern Nigeria, West
Africa. l.

Hewer, H. R., M.sc., p.1.c., Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W.7.

Hick, E. Pentianp, ‘‘ Holmwood,’”’ Parkhurst Road, Bexley,
Kent. l.

Hoveson, S. B., ‘‘ St Philips,’’ 22, Charles Street, Berkhamsted,
Herts.

Hoxrorp, H. O., ‘‘ Elstead Lodge,’’ Godalming, Surrey. 1.

Hore, Dr Joun, ‘‘ Marisholm,’’ Moseley Road, Cheadle Hulme,
Cheshire. 1.

Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., ‘‘ Wedderburn House,’? Hampstead,
N.W.3.

Howarra, T. G., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell Hill, N.10. 1.

Hvueeins, H. C., F.R.8.s., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea.
lL, ent.

Hvuaeues, A. W., ‘‘ Delamere,’’ Buckingham Way, Wallington. 1.

Hurtcnines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. I.

Jackson, F. W. J., ‘‘ The Pines,’’? Ashtead, Surrey.

Jackson, W. H., ‘‘ Pengama,’’ 14, Woodcote Valley Road, Pur-

ley. l,

Jacoss, 8. N. A., Hon. Secretury, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley. 1, e/.

James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.1. 1.

JAMES, R., F.R.E.8., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.1, 1,

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1936
1927

1925

James, W. H., 41, Carson Road, Dulwich, 8.E.21. l.

JANSON, O. J., F.R.E.8., Recorder, 13, Fairfax Road, Hornsey,
N.8. ent.

Jarvis, C. McK., 68, Clyfford Road, West End Road, Ruislip,
Middlesex. c.

JOHNSTONE, J. F., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Courtlands,’’ Clarence Parade,
Southsea. l.

Jones, H. G. C., ‘‘ Shere,’’ 33, Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey. I.

Kennarp, D, E. G., B.sc., 3, Vanburgh Park Road West, S.E.3.
ent,

Kxrttewett, Dr H. B. D., ‘‘ Homefield,’”’ The Common, Cran-
leigh, Surrey. 1.

Krywoop, K. P., ‘‘ Croft Cottage,’’ Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey.
ent, orn.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Southwood,’’ The Drive, Sidcup, Kent. l.

Kiuuins, D. E., 2, Avington Grove, Penge, S.E.,20. lL.

Kine, H., p.sc., F.R.s., ‘‘ Amanita,’? 28, Hawthorne Avenue,
Northwick Park, Harrow. l, orn.

LasoucHere, Lt.-Col. F. A., r.n.£.8., 15, Draycott Avenue, S.W.3.

Lawson, H. B., F.R.z.s., ‘‘ Churchmead,”’ Pirbright, Surrey. l.

Leecuman, C. B., ‘‘ Pansala,’’ Roundabouts, Storrington, Sus-
sex. l.

Lerps, H. A., Wood Walton, near Sawtrey, Huntingdon. lI.

Ling, H. V., ‘‘ Brookside,’’ St Peter’s Road, Orpington.

Lipscoms, Lieut. C. G., ‘‘ Mumfords,’’ Batheaston, Bath.

Lowe, Capt. J. H. B., R.A. and R.E.. Mess, Wana, Waziristan,
India. l.

MacNutty, B. J., ‘‘ Rutland,’’ 67 All Saints Road, Sutton, Sur-
rey. l.

Main, H., B.8c., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot, c.

ManssripGk, W., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Monreith,’’? Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. l, c, ete.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside Road, East-
bourne. l.

Marsg, D. G., ‘‘ Brackla,” 31, The Crossways, Sutton, Surrey. l.

Massre, A. M., p.sc., F.R.E.S., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. l.

MeEttows, W. T., M.B.E., LL.B., ‘‘ Scatton,’’ Thorpe Road, Peter- _
borough.

MizorRow, G., 83, Hargwyne Street, Stockwell, S.W.9. 1.

Moors, H., F.R.£.8., 9 Hoopwick Street, Deptford, S.E.8. 1, hem,
de,l, ehym, ed, mi.

Mortry, A. McD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone.

ix

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1920

1937

1937
1935
1934
1906
1930
1936

1932

1934
1911
1908
1928
1933
1933
1933
1938

1933

Mortson, G. D., 8.8c., PH.D., F.R.E.8., Dept. Advisory Entomo-
logy, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College,
Aberdeen. ec, ent.

Mortimer, D. A., ‘‘ The Mount,’’ Dixon’s Green, Dudley, Worcs.
hym.

Mowsray, M. J., 80, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, E.11. ent.

Muutrr, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’’ Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.

Muscrave, A. J., 21, Loveday Road, W.13.

Newman, L. W., F.R.£.8., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. l.

Nisiett, M., Council, 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

Norton, 8S. G. Wats, ‘‘ Norton House,’ Peaks Hill, Purley,
Surrey. (life Member.) ent.

O’Farrett, A. F., Council, 20, Crescent Rd., Wimbledon, S.W.19.
od, cr, ent.

Ouiver, G. B., ‘‘ Hazlemere,’’ High Wycombe, Bucks. 1.

Pace, H. E., F.x.£.8., 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, 8.E.3. 1.

PennineTon, F., 47, ‘‘ Apsley House,’’ Finchley Road, N.W.8. I.

Perkins, J. F., F.r.£.8., 19, Courtfield Gardens, S.W.5. h.

Peyton, A. G., 29, Grove Road, Ramsgate. l.

Pinuey, E. C. G., 70, Tisbury Road, Hove. ent.

Pinnicer, E. B., 19, Endlebury Road, Chingford, E.4. od, I.

Pottarp, F. W., ‘‘ Ampney,’’ St John’s Avenue, Brentwood, Es-
sex. entom, c.

Pootes, S. W. P., ‘‘ Richmond,’’ Alderman’s Drive, Peter-
borough. lJ.

Pouuton, Prof. Sir E. B., D.sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8., F.Z.S.,
F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Wykeham House,” Oxford. (Hon. Member.)

| Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane, Richmond,

Surrey.
Priest, C. G., 67, Portland Road, Holland Park, W.11. lL.
Priske, R. A. R., F.R.£.8., 136, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing, W.5.
1, mo.
Rart-SmitTH, W., F.z.8., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., ‘‘ Hurstleigh,’’ Link-
field Lane, Redhill, Surrey. J.
RicHarpson, A. W., F.R.E.S., 28, Avenue Road, Southall, Middle-
Box. f.
Ricwarpson, N. A., 68, Finchley Lane, Hendon, N.W.4. l.
Ripgovut, J. K., ‘‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming, Sur-
rey. (Life Member.)
Ritey, Capt. N. D., F.R.£.8., F.z.8., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20. 1.
Rosertson, G. S., m.v., ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. l.
Rosinson, Lady Mavp, F.R.8.8s., Kirklington Hall, Newark. 1, n.
Royrrr, D. W., 2, Imperial Mansions, Bromells Road, Clapham,
S.W.4. U.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.
1932 Rupwanp, W. L., 211, Caversham Road, Reading.
1932 Rvussrut, A. G. B., M.v.o., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Scarbank House,”’ Swanage,
Dorset. l.
1936 Rvussett, J. A. P., ‘‘ Scarbank House,’’ Swanage, Dorset. ent.
1915 Russety, S. G. Castix, ‘‘ Springetts,’’ Seaview Road, Highcliffe-
on-Sea, Hants. l.
1936 Sarp, G. J., 35, Culverden Road, Balham, 8.W.12. 1.
1936 Scoprrs, Gowine E., ‘‘ Oakhurst,’’? Oakwood Road, Crofton, Orp-
ington, Kent. l.
1908 Sr Auspyn, Capt. J. G., F.R.E.S., F.R.P.S., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley.
1927 Scott, E., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. l.
1923 Sgevastoputo, D. G., F.R.E.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Ltd., Calcutta.
(life Member.) l.
19383 SHarman, F. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough. l.
1910 Suepon, W. G., F.z.8., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ West Watch,’’ Oxted, Surrey, I.
1898 Sicu, ALF., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Coburg Court Hotel,’? Bayswater Road,
W.2. 1.
1921 Smart, Major H. D., R.4.M.c., M.D., D.8C., F.R.E.8., 172, High
Road, Salway Hill, Woodford Green. l.
1908 Sperrine, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, 8.E.7. 1.
1927 Sranrtey-SoirH, F. S., F.n.z.8., President, ‘‘ Hatch House,” Pil-
grim’s Hatch, near Brentwood, Essex. l.
1928 Sranney-SmitH, Mrs Mavp, ‘‘ Hatch House,’’ Pilgrim’s Hatch,
near Brentwood, Essex. l.
1937 Srepaty, H. P. P., ‘‘ Cherry Cottage,’’ Prestwood, Great Missen-
den, Bucks. ent.
1934 SrernHens, J. A., 44, Mount Road, Chatham.
1936 Sticanp, Miss B., 175, Gloucester Place, London, N.W.1. hortic.
ent.
1938 Srrruinc, D. H., 91, Calbourne Road, Balham, S.W.12. 1.
1924 Srorpy, W. H., 3, Highlands Road, Reigate, Surrey. ent.
1931 Stovin, G. H. T., m.R.c.s., L.R.c.p., ‘‘ Sevenhurst,’’ 42, Chalk-
well Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.
1936 Srreeter, Ernest, Petworth, Sussex. l.
1929 Stunss, G. C., Government Survey Office, Kuala Lumpur, Feder-
ated States of Malay.
1934 Surron, G. R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
1916 Syms, E. E., F.R.z.8s., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead, H.11. 1, orth, od, t.
1922 Tams, W. H. T., F.n.£.8., 5, Daisy Lane, Hurlingham, S.W.6. 1.
1913 TarcHe ty, L., F.R.E.8., Swanage, Dorset. l.
1934 Taytor, J. O., ‘“‘ Lyndhurst,’’ Grosvenor Road, Orpington. 1.
1925 Taytor, J. S., M.a., F.R.E.8., P.O. Box 45, Graaffe Reinett, C.P.,
Union of S.A. l.
1929 Trttry, J., ‘‘ White Cottage,’’ Silverlea Gardens, Horley.
1931 THompson, J. A., F.R.E.8., Rhos School, Colwyn Bay, N. Wales. 1.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1935 Tompkins, L. H., ‘“ Clifton,’ 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey.

1902 Tonez, A. E., F.R.5.s., ‘‘ Aincroft,’?’ Grammar School Hill, Rei-
gate. l.

1937 Tones, A. E., F.R.£.s., ‘‘ Ashville,’ Trafford Road, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. l.

1934 Tounstatt, H. G., 11, St James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey.

1887 Turner, H. J., F.R.E.8., F.R.H.S., Hon. Editor, ‘‘ Latemar,”’ 25,
West Drive, Cheam, Surrey. (Hon. Member.) l, b, el.

1937 Vans, F. T., 2, Tattenham Grove, Epsom Downs, Surrey. l.

1889 WainwricutT, C. J., F.R.E.8., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. 1, d.

1929 WartnwricHt, J. Cuas., 9, Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey.

1911 Wakety, Sir Leonarp D., K.c.1.8., c.B., 7, Parkside Gardens, Wim-
bledon, S.W.19. l.

1930 Waxety, S., 4, Auckland Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E.19. l.

1880 Watxer, Comm. J. J., M.A., F.L.S8., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Aorangi,’’? Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. l, c.

19386 Warrier, R. E., 147, Friern Road, London, S.E.22. I.

1920 Warson, D., ‘‘ Crossways,’? Hightown, Ringwood, Hants. 1.

1928 Warts, W. J., 42, Bramerton Road, Beckenham. c.

1928 Wetts, Cuirrorp, ‘‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. l.

1911 Wetts, H. O., ‘‘ York Gate,’’ Cheam Road, Ewell. 1.

1937 Wett1, A., ‘‘ Roswyn,’”’ 141, Perry Vale, Forest Hill, S.E.23.

1911 Wueerrer, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Ellesmere,” Grat-
wicke Road, Worthing. l.

1927 Wurrr, A. G., ‘“‘ Hilltop,’’ Chaldon, Surrey.

1934 WuuireHouse, Prof. Sir H. BecKwiTH, M.B., M.S.LOND., F.R.C.8.,
F.R.E.S., 62, Hagley Road, Birmingham, 16. l.

"1925 Writs, H. B., Lu.p., F.R.E.8., Vice-President, ‘‘ Croft Point,”
Bramley, Surrey.

1932 Wriuiams, S. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, E.4. l.

1927 Wirtine, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Forest Hill, S.E.23.

1918 Woon, H., ‘‘ Albert Villa,’’ Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. lI.

1926 WoorTton, W. J., F.R.H.s., ‘‘ Wannock Gardens,’’ Polegate, Sus-
sex. l,

1927. Baron pp Worms, C. M. G., M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., F.C.S.,

A.I.c., ‘‘ Milton Park,’’ Egham, Surrey. 1, orn.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors
in, additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and
descriptions.

REPORT OF THE CGUNCIL; FOR, 1937,

The inclement weather which prevailed up to the middle of May
prevented leaf-growth, turned sallowing grounds into quagmires, put
back collecting generally, and was a bad opening to what may be con-
sidered quite a successful entomological year, for, in spite of early
disappointments, the good numbers attending field meetings showed
maintained, or even growing interest in field work.

The membership of the Society shows an increase of two over the
previous year’s figure, being 256, made up of 205 full members, 46
country members, three life members, and two honorary members; there
were five deaths, six resignations, and six struck off for non-payment
of subscriptions, while 19 new members were elected.

There were the usual twenty-two ordinary meetings and the Annual
Exhibition, and there were also seventeen field meetings, all reasonably
well attended, and it is to be noted that the innovation of extending
the usual twelve or thirteen meetings to seventeen was justified in the
support given to them by members; moreover, there were few meetings
from which members went home disappointed.

The Field Meetings were held at Effingham, Bookham, Westerham,
Oxshott and Claygate, Chilworth, the Isle of Wight, Broadwater Forest,
Ashtead Woods, Cutt Mill, Box Hill, Forest Row, Seal Chart, Benfleet
and Thames Marshes, Byfleet, Eynsford, Box Hill again, and Wester-
ham again. They were led by Messrs Attwood, Bull, Coote, Coulson,
Eagles, Hawkins, Jacobs, Niblett, Stanley-Smith, and Wakely, and
the thanks of the Society are due to those members who made the ar-
rangements for these meetings, thus contributing in no small measure
to their success, and also especially to Mr Holford for the hospitality |
again extended to members attending the Cutt Mill meeting,

The visit to the Isle of Wight, in conjunction with the Southern
Railway day excursion, was a particularly fruitful meeting, and one
which, it is hoped, will be repeated.

Papers were read by Messrs Andrews, Bliss, Blair, Cockayne, Coul-
son, Huggins, MacNulty, Main, Williams, Wakely, and Dr Bull, all
of whom have merited the Society’s thanks for the time and trouble
taken in the preparation of these papers.

The Annual Exhibition was as successful as ever, and the attend-
ance of 264 members and friends, as shown by the attendance book,
was the highest number so far recorded. The alteration in the struc-
ture of the hall, with the cutting off of a considearble part of the space
formerly available, caused some congestion, and it is feared that there
may have been some members and visitors who in consequence could
ee = all the exhibits. Endeavours will be made to overcome this

ificulty as far as possible in future. ;

xiii

The quality of exhibits was excellent and the scope as wide as ever,
ranging as it did from botanical drawings and some very beautiful
originals used in the production of Messrs Bright and Leeds’ book
on A. coridon, to living Reptilia. Lepidoptera, as might be ex-
pected, predominated, but other orders were well represented.

The members and visitors who contributed so largely to the success
of the evening by making exhibits should be accorded the Society’s
warmest thanks.

The annual volume of ‘‘ Proceedings and Transactions ’’ was published
in July and consists of 123 + xix pp., with four plates, and has been
favourably reviewed in the various entomological periodicals; it con-
tains several useful papers besides a full account of the Society’s doings
for the season.

The action of those members who provided the blocks permitting of
the inclusion of the plates, and also the kindness of Mons. F. Darenne-
Meyers, Editor of the Belgian paper ‘‘ Lambillionea,”’ in lending a line
block, cannot be too highly commended. ‘The hearty thanks of the
Society are due to these gentlemen for their generosity and assistance.

Exhibits have been numerous and of good quality, and the many
notes furnished testify to the growth of the habit, so long urged on
members, that they should supply adequate notes with their exhibits
in a form suitable for publication. Although much improved, there is
still room for improvement in this respect, and it is earnestly hoped
that members exhibiting will supply the Minuting Secretary not with a
bare list of names, but with a concise written note of their communica-
tions at the time of exhibiting. This matter of adequate description
applies more especially to the Annual Exhibition, where the Minuting
Secretary cannot be expected to go round all the exhibits taking notes
necessary for completing the published report. A glance at previous
volumes of the Proceedings will give exhibitors an idea of the kind
of note required, though there is always room for improvement. Mem-
bers should, however, bear in mind that the cost of printing consti-
tutes a large item in the Society’s expenditure, and that while it is
one of the objects of the Society to produce this written record of in-
teresting exhibits and observations, there is no space for ‘‘ padding,’’
and concise reports of general interest are the matter most required
by the Editorial Committee. It must also be borne in mind that be-
cause a particular exhibit may not have received much space in the
Proceedings, it does not mean that that exhibit lacked interest, but
rather that that interest was temporary, valuable to add interest at
the meeting though possibly previously covered in notes written else-
where.

This year marks the completion by our good friend and editor, Mr
Henry J. Turner, of 50 years with the Society, and he will, we feel sure,
have the good wishes of all members on this notable occasion. To show
their appreciation of his long and distinguished service to the Society,
the Officers and Council have decided to confer on Mr Turner an

Xiv

Honorary Membership of the Society (under bye-law No. 8), and they
feel sure you will all agree that he has fully merited the distinction.

The Librarian reports that during the year the growth of the library
has continued, there having been an increase in the number of volumes
added and also in the number of books borrowed by our members.

The Curator reports that donations to the Society’s collections dur-
ing the past year include ninety-five specimens covering twenty-five
species of Palaearctic Butterflies from the trustees of the British
Museum (Natural History).

Other donations were received from Dr K. G. Blair, Dr G. V. Bull,
Messrs J. T. Atkinson, E, J. Collins, F. J. Grant, S. N. A. Jacobs,
and H. G. Tunstall.

HON. TREASURER’S REPORT, 1937.

My report this year will have to be somewhat longer than usual.
This is because the form of the accounts has been altered.

In February last the Council instructed me to draw up a revised
form of account for 1936 for their consideration. Mr F. Stanley-Smith
helped me greatly in the task of re-arranging the figures, Mr Hawkins
put me right on a question of the Rules, and Mr Syms kindly asked his
nephew, a qualified accountant, to put the figures in approved form.
They were then submitted to the Council and considered at two meet-
ings.

The resulting 1936 account is published for your information, but
does not supersede the audited account already published. I shall, in
this report, connect the figures in the revised 1936 account with those
in the 1936 audited account published last year. The 1937 account
will, of course, connect with the revised 1936 account and thus the con-
tinuity of the Society’s accounts will be maintained.

The first thing perhaps to comment on when comparing the new
19386 accounts with the audited one is that the investments figure at
£982 6s ld instead of at £1118 10s 7d. This is because they are now
put in at cost instead of at market value. A note of their market
value will be published each year and I trust it will always exceed
the cost. On the left-hand side of the Balance Sheet will be found
the Capital Fund, £987 5s 4d. There is a Capital Account showing
how this is got at, but the balance with which this Account opens,
namely, £986 5s 4d, requires explanation. It is an item which I
built up from the Suspense Account in the old ledger. Mr Syms
kindly found this book for me. The Society’s investments have all
been purchased out of sums carried to a Suspense Account in accord-
ance with Rule 10 (e) and 10 (f). This account was opened in 1893.
For many years it was fed only by Entrance Fees and Life Members’
Fees. By 1919 it had crept up to £57 17s 6d. The year 1920 was
marked by a record number of Entrance Fees and the making of the
first investment. Two National War Bonds of £30 were bought for
£57 19s 2d. In 1921 the Society received a generous bequest of cabi-
nets, books, etc. All who use the library will have reason to be grate-
ful to the memory of W. J. Ashdown. Duplicate books were sold, also
cabinets which the Society could not then accommodate. The various
lots produced a total of £77 2s 1d. It would seem, moreover, that this
bequest enabled the Society to part with sundry items (cabinets, etc.)
it had previously acquired, for about this time sales of such produced
£24 11s.

In 1922 £40 of National War Bonds were bought for £41 10s 10d.
NOV = 4 1939

xvi

In 1924 there came to the Society a most handsome gift of £300
from the Misses KE. F. and L. M. Chapman, in memory of their brother,
the illustrious Dr Chapman. The money was “ to be invested and the
income devoted to cost of publications.’? It was put into 5% War
Loan, the leading Trustee Stock of those days. As you all know,
this became later the 33°94 War Loan, and as such you will find it in
present-day Balance Sheets.

Encouraged by this good fortune the Society in Kori” 1924 invested
in a further £30 of National War Bonds. Towards the end of 1924
came the Lachlan Gibb bequest of £200, with which £250 of 33% Con-
version Loan was bought early in 1925. A further £40 of this security
was bought in 1926.

The National War Bonds of face value £130 matured in 1929 and
were converted successively into Treasury Bonds and 4% Consols.
Their face value in the last-named security became £154 14s, in which
form they will be recognised in the latest Balance Sheets.

~ Major Lile in 1931 left us £50 which, after paying legacy duty,
yielded £44 13s 3d. At the time there was some £30 in hand waiting
investment. In order to be able to invest a round sum of £100 a
transfer of £30 was made from the General Fund. With the £100 a
purchase of £101 15s 3d of 34% Conversion Loan was made, bringing
the total holding up to a ‘face value of £391 15s 3d.

In 1935 we received Mr Robert Adkin’s bequest of £200. This was
slightly supplemented to enable us to make our latest investment of
£200 of 33% Conversion Loan. Our holding was thus brought up to
£591 15s 3d, at which figure it stands to-day.

A-summary of the Suspense Account from 1893 to 31st December
1935 is published as a matter of interest. You will see it ends with a
balance of £3 19s 3d, which you will find in the Suspense Account at
31/12/’35 as initiated in the 1935/’36 Proceedings.

Continuing our examination of the revised Balance Sheet of 1935
the item of £36 18s Balance at 3lst December 1935 calls for an explana-
tion, It is reconciled with the amount of £47 18s, the balance of
Revenue Account, by deducting £16 for subscriptions paid in advance
during 1935 and adding £5 for the estimated value of subscriptions due
but unpaid at 3lst December 1935.

The description ‘‘ Income and Expenditure Account’’ is used in-
stead of Revenue Account. Perhaps the first thing that strikes one
is to ask why the new method of drawing up the Account should result
in the subscriptions of the year being shown at a slightly higher figure.
The explanation lies in the treatment of subscriptions paid in advance.
In the new method these are not brought into Revenue Account but
are held in the Balance Sheet among the liabilities. Thus to recon-
cile the new figure with the old it is necessary to deduct the sum of
£14 17s 6d received in advance in 1936 and to add the £16 received
in advance in 1935. In the old Account there was £2 7s 3d for Income
Tax. This is divided into 2s 11d, which you will find deducted. from

Xvll

the deposit interest because it refers to that interest, and £2 4s 4d
which you will find deducted from the £10 10s War Loan interest in
the Publication Fund. It is considered more correct to charge the
Publication Fund with its own Income Tax but it makes no ultimate
difference to the Revenue Account, because the Revenue Account (or
the Income and Expenditure Account, as it is now called) has to make
a greater grant to the Publication Fund. This leads to the task of
reconciling the grants in the old Account with the corresponding figures
in the new. To the £62 in the old Account must be added the £2 4s 4d
Income Tax just referred to and a sum of £3 10s Postage of Publica-
tions.

The next Account in the new form is headed Capital Account and
is the successor to the Suspense Account in the old form. The balance
with which this Account opens has already been explained. The trans-
fer of £1 10s from the Capital Account to the Library Fund corres-
ponds to the grant of £5 from the old Revenue Account. The amount
is £3 10s less because the Library Fund has been relieved of the £3 10s
Postage of Proceedings.

What has just been said explains the difference between the present
and former figures of the Library Fund.

The changes in the figures of the Publications Fund have also been
explained above, because they are that the Publications Fund is made
to bear the Income Tax on the interest arising from its Endowment.
It has also been made to bear the cost of distributing the Proceed-
ings. And as stated before it has had to have in consequence a larger
grant from the Income and Expenditure Account.

You will no doubt be glad to hear that one of the Funds, the Illus-
trations, survives without alteration,

I hope that the new form of Accounts will be helpful to you. I
realize that it will be when you have the figures and report before
you in print that you will be able to criticise them and [I shall be
happy at any time to give all explanations in my power and to note
suggestions for consideration next year. Perhaps to-night some mem-
bers would like to study the figures.

I now turn from the special matters arising out of the change in
the style of the Accounts and proceed to comment on the 1937 Accounts
and to compare the results shown with those of 1936. In doing this
I must take the 1936 Accounts as revised.

Looking at the assets in the Balance Sheet you will see there is a
small depreciation in the value of our investments. Goverment stocks
have fallen slightly during the year and our securities are worth £41
less than last time. Our Current Account Balance at the Bank is up
by £26, more than half of this increase being due to the additional £14
standing to the credit of the Illustrations Fund.

The Income and Expenditure Account shows that we are still pay-
ing our way despite the fact that we had to face a demand of £7 9s 11d
for back Income Tax. By an oversight the income from the £154 4s

xviii

of 4% Consols had been omitted from the returns. When this was dis-
covered we were called upon to pay for six years. You may be sur-
prised to know that our income from investments is liable to Income
Tax, but such is the fact. Otherwise the Income and Expenditure
Account is much the same as last year. The Subscription Account is
almost the same, a mere 10s more than last year. Donations towards
the Exhibition Expenses (the Refreshment Fund) produced some 50s
more, but on the other side the bill was 21s more. I do not resent
the increase in this bill because it arises from an increased attendance.
The transfer to the Publications Fund is £67, almost exactly the same
as last year.

Turning to the Capital Account we find an item of £8 8s Life Mem-
bers’ Composition. The rules prescribe that such receipts must be
used for Capital purposes. Entrance fees are slightly up, a healthy
sign. From Capital an amount of £7 is transferred to the Library
Fund. Last year the corresponding figure was only 30s. The increase
is because we have spent more money this year on new books.

This year’s Publication Fund figures differ from last year’s in
fractions only. By a coincidence the cost of printing the volume
was almost exactly the same as last year. There is a slight increase in
the donations to this Fund; I thank the givers and hope their example
will be followed by others.

Again we have to thank a generous but anonymous friend for a
donation of £20 to the Illustrations Fund. There is £18 16s 7d to the
credit of this Fund.

Mr F. D. Coote, on behalf of the Council, and Mr G. R. Sutton,
on behalf of other members, were appointed auditors. They were kind
enough to promise to come to Enfield for the audit. Unfortunately,
two of my children were taken ill with an infectious complaint. It
was considered safer to postpone the audit, but this will be done before
the Accounts are printed.

I hope you will then carefully examine the Accounts at your leisure.
They are here for inspection to-night, and I shall be happy to answer
any questions so far as I can.

Before I close I want to draw your attention to the form of Bankers
Order at the end of the current Proceedings. This is a very simple
form to fill up. It saves postage and trouble, both to the members
and to the Society. There is no real commitment, because the order

can be revoked as easily as it is given and the amount being small
does not materially affect one’s Banking Account.

Note.—The Accounts were audited by Mr F. D. Coote and Mr G. R.
Sutton on February 19th, 1938.

xXIx

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

llth FEBRUARY 1937.
Mr F. J. Coutson, Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr Priske exhibited a series of the Mollusc shell, Helix arbustorum,
L., from various localities together with specimens from the same places,
and coloured drawings of Helix itala, for comparison. He also showed
a series of colour aberrations of the Coleopteron, Donacia sericea, L.

Mr A. Bliss exhibited a specimen of the Neuropteron, Ascalaphus
coccajus, Schiff., from the neighbourhood of Geneva. The Ascalaphidae
are closely related to the ‘‘ Ant-lions’’ (Myrmeleonidae), from which
they differ in the possession of long knobbed antennae. In appearance
and in flight they somewhat resemble the Dragonflies, but have a very
different life-history.

Mr S. R. Ashby exhibited a collection of Mutillid Hymenoptera from
many parts of the world and said that the species were attached to
different species of Bees.

Mr M. Niblett exhibited a collection of the puparia of Trypetid Flies
(Dip.) and read the following Notes :—‘‘ Totally enclosed puparia, 1.e.,
in hard galls or cocoons, are all light-coloured, except Tephritis hyos-
cyami and T. bardanae, which are black and are cemented together in
a solid mass with seeds and pappus hairs. Puparia in achenes are
also light in colour. Orellia tussilaginis in seeds of Burdock is a large
insect for the space it occupies, but the larva produces no appreciable
swelling of the seed containing it. Urophora quadrifasciata larva causes
the walls of the seed to distend, in fact it outgrows its shelter. When
full fed it is only partially enclosed and the puparia may be found loose
in the dry flower-heads of its host-plant, Black Knapweed. These larvae
must turn round in the seeds as the imago appears to emerge through
the hole made by the larva in entering the seed.

Orellia falcata larvae are root-feeders on Goat’s-beard, but work up
to the lower part of the stem to pupate; their puparia are also light-
coloured. Two gall causers have puparia which are brown or black, but
here the galls are more or less loose in texture. They are Sphenella
marginata in swollen flower-heads of Groundsel and Ragwort, and
Noeéta pupillata in Hawkweeds. The larvae of the latter are dark grey,
but one light-coloured larva gave a white puparium. The puparia ot
the species pupating in the earth vary in colour. Phagocarpus permun-
dus is white, while Gonitoglossum wiedemanni changes from deep yellow
to brown within 24 hours. Those lying loose in flower heads also vary
in colour, ight brown predominating. Cocoons formed of pappus hairs
by the larvae vary from very slight as in Orellia winthemi to very dense
ones as those of 0. colon and O. ruficauda.

NOV =4 1938

2

The Puparia of Trypetidae exhibited were:—Urophora stylata, Fab.,
U. solstitialis, L., U. quadrifasciata, Mg., Myopites longirostris, Lw.,
Sphenella marginata, Fal., Noeéta pupillata, Fal., Gonioglossum wiede-
manni, Mg., Phagocarpus permundus, Har., Acidia cognata, Wied.,
Trypeta zoé, Mg., Rhagoletis alternata, Fal., Orellia tussilaginis, Fab.,
O. falcata, Scop., O. colon, Mg., O. ruficauda, F., O. winthemi, Mg.,
Ceriocera ceratocera, Hend., Paroxyna plantaginis, Hal., Chaestomella
onotrophes, Lw., Xyphosia miliaria, Schr., Ensina sonchi, L., Tephritis
bardanae, Schr., T. hyoscyami, L., Terellia serratulae, L., T. longicauda,
|

Mr Hawkins showed a cast in flint of the fossil Echinoderm, Echino-
corys vulgaris, Breynius, found on Wimbledon Common, near the so-
called Ceesar’s Camp, in 1934. He said it was an Upper Cretaceous
genus and a White Chalk species.

Mr C. J. Coulson exhibited :—(1) Box of Homoptera, Families Cer-
copidae, Membracidae and in part Jassidae, including named forms of
Philaenus spumarius, L., and selected forms connecting the plain and
mottled forms. Also the black form of Philaenus lineatus, L. (2) Box of
Coleoptera, Families Scydmaenidae, Clavigeridae and Pselaphidae. (8)
Series of Lathrobium elongatum, Gr., a local species from Bookham Com-
mon, Ist February 1937. It occurs under bark of half-submerged
branches in swampy tracts.

Mr H. W. Andrews exhibited the following species of Diptera :—
Trypeta vectensis, Collin., a species new to science, from Cranmore,
I. of Wight, subsequently bred from seed-heads of Serratula tinctoria,
L. (Saw-wort), from the same locality ; Urophora spoliata, Hal., a species
of Trypetid which had been “ lost ’’ since 1839, bred from the same seed-
heads; and Platyparea poeciloptera, Schr., ‘‘ The Asparagus Fly,’’
found in 8. Herts in 1935 infesting asparagus beds. An addition to the
British list.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited a tick, Hyalomma syriacwm, Koch, taken
from a tortoise; and the Orthopteron, Hcetobius lapponica, Fb., taken
on the occasion of the Field Meeting at Cutt Mill, 21.vi.36.

Dr G. V. Bull recorded the parasite Apanteles fraternus, Rein.,
from Sterrha ochrata, Scop. (ochrearia, Hb.).

25th FEBRUARY 1937.
The PrReEsIpENT in the Chair,

Mr Eagles exhibited a larva and imagines of the beetle, Melasis
buprestoides, L., the latter in their winter resting position in tunnels
bored in the wood of hornbeam; and also larvae and imagines of the
beetle, Hndomychus coccineus, L.

Mr Stanley Smith exhibited an aberration of Vanessa (Aglais)
urticae, L., and a gynandromorph of Polygonia c-album, L., both on
behalf of a visitor, Mr W. Quibell. R. underside 2°. L. underside 3.

‘ee fin

, ‘ oa Aon i? A ‘

PARTICULARS OF A VAR. OF V. URTICAE
taken at Brampton, Huntingdon, on the 4th October 1936,
by W. Quibell.

Forewings are of the usual reddish orange ground colour
without yellow patches, two spots missing on each wing.
All spots on fore costa joined to form a more or less black
patch. Outer fringes and borders, except veins or radia-
tions, are of a creamy tint dusted with brown. No blue
crescents.

Hindwings slightly darker than normal, fringes cream,
lilac coloured crescents.

oo. Te TemvorLam (EIvIDY) VSSaNnwy..

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3

Dr E. A. Cockayne read notes on the curious developments in the
name of the British species of Procris:—For many years we were accus-
tomed to call our British species globulariae, Hb., and only recently
have followed Jordan, who in Seitz said he thought our species should
be called cognata, H-S. Alberti, ‘‘ Int. Ent. Zeitschr.,”’ 1937, L. 513,
now tells us that we were right all the time and that our species really
is globulariae, Hb. He also says that the species we now call globu-
lariae is really notata, Zell., while globulariae, var. subsolana (Jordan
in Seitz) is the species originally named by Rambur from Spanish speci-
mens, and should be called cognata, Rmb. Cognata, H-S., is a synonym
and should be dropped. In Britain there appears to be only one of
these three species—globulariae, Hb. All the Sussex specimens ex-
amined and those from the Cotswolds, where it was recently redis-
covered by Professor T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, are alike. In Germany
notata, as we are told we must now call it, was thought to be the com-
mon species, but globulariae has been found to have a wide distribution
and to be the commoner. Often both are found flying together. Alberti
says that, to his surprise, the third species, cognata, Rmb., has re-
cently been found in Central Germany and the Rhineland.

In our paper in ‘‘ Ent. Record,’’ 1932, xliv, 17, Mr Hawkins and I
pointed out that three different larvae have been figured, all mining
in Centaurea, Scabiosa, or Globularia or in more than one of them,
and suggested that there were three distinct species of Procris with
this habit. Alberti has now proved that our surmise was correct, though
not by examining the genitalia of Moths bred from the two kinds of
green larva, as we suggested. There are, therefore, in Germany, if
Alberti’s nomenclature is correct : —

(1) globulariae, Hb. Valve with upper and lower portions of nearly
equal length, and with a long thin process arising from the base.
Oedaeagus thick and without spines. Larva brown.

(2) notata, Zell, Valve with upper portion only slightly longer than
lower, and without basal process. Oedaeagus very thin with a
bulbous expansion at base, and with a chitinous thread running its
whole length. The larva first described by Schmidt, and figured
by Freyer, Kirby, Hoffmann and Spuler, probably belongs to this
species. Grey or green with yellow dorsal line, dorsal black spots
triangular and uniting across midline. Tubercles red.

(3) cognata, Rmb. Upper portion of valve much longer than lower,
with no basal process. Oedaeagus thick with three large and one
small spine, one large one near distal end. The larva figured by
Buckler probably belongs to this species. Green, with no yellow
dorsal line; dorsal spots rounded and not meeting across mid-
line. Tubercles blue-green or green.*

“In our summary we are made to say, by a printer’s error, with red tubercles,
when it is obvious from the context that without red tubercles is
intended.

4

Following on Mr Bliss’s exhibit at the last meeting Mr Turner
showed some Myrmeleonidae, Ascalaphidae, etc., including:—l.
Myrmeleon formicarius, L., ¢ and @ from Europe and a S. African
species sent by our fellow member, Mr J. Sneyd Taylor from Barbar-
ton. All the species in this family have short antennae and the larvae
make pitfalls in sand and often progress backwards. 2. Species of
Ascalaphus, which have extremely long antennae, knobbed at the end,
and in their larval habits neither make pitfalls nor progress backwards.
The species shown were A. italicus, Fb.; A. meridionalis, Charp.; A.
longicornis, L.; and A. coccajus, Schiff., or A. barbarus, L., all of which
come from the lands bordering on the northern shores of the
Mediterranean. 3. The curiously shaped Nemoptera lusitanica, Leach,
in which the head is ‘‘ more or less produced and beak-lke,’’ the
antennae filiform, and hind-wings of a peculiar ‘‘ elongate and strap-
like shape.’’ Spain.

Mr Grocock, in presenting the Society, on behalf of the Croydon
Natural History Society, with a copy of the first portion of ‘‘ The Atlas
of Croydon,’’ which was in course of compilation and publication, de-
scribed the object of his Society in undertaking the project.

A paper entitled ‘‘ Changes in the Insect Fauna of Gt. Britain in
the past hundred years,’’ by Dr K. G. Blair, was, in the absence of
the author, read by Mr Eagles. A rather extended discussion took
place, many members taking part. (See Trans.)

llth MARCH 1937.
The PreEsIDENT in the Chair.

Messrs A. B. Cozens, of Ascot, Berks; D. E. Ballinger, Acton, W.3;
and A. E. Curtis, Billingshurst, Sussex, were elected Members.

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited specimens of Xylomiges conspicillaris,
L., including its form melaleuca, View.

Mr Grant exhibited a beetle found by workmen at the docks. It
was suggested it might be related to the genus Melolontha.

Mr Eagles exhibited larvae of the elm bark beetle, Scolytus
destructor, Ol., and of the predator, Aulonium trisuleum, Geoff., from
Broxbourne, Herts.

Mr Huggins exhibited four almost completely white specimens of
Scoparia dubitalis, Hb.; an extreme banded form of Leucania
favicolor, Barr.; examples of Scopula fulvalis, Hb., Ephestia semi-
rufa, Stain., and Gymnancyla canella, Hb.; a Pyralis lienigialis, Zell.,
from Bourton-on-the-Water; the Psychid Pachythelia villosella, Ochs.,
and its case; and the salt-marsh form rubescana, Const., of Catoptria
aspidiscana, Hb., discovered by himself in Kent some years ago.

Mr Huggins then read a short paper on Pachythelia villosella, Ochs.,
and a discussion ensued. (See Trans.)

5

25th MARCH 1937.
The PReEsIDENT in the Chair.

Mr M. Niblett exhibited the following species of Trypetidae (Dip.):
—Euribia solstitialis, L., HE. cuspidata, Meig., E. jaceana, Her., and
Ceriocera (Trypeta) microceras, Her., and the gall of Trypanea dumosa,
Mro., in flower-heads of Hlytropappus rhinocerotis, from South Africa.

Dr Cockayne exhibited two examples of Parasemia plantaginis, L.,
2 with white ground colour to the hind wings, a form of the female of
which he could find no previous record.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited pupal tunnels of Brephos notha, Hb.

Mr Attwood exhibited the swellings (galls) of Aspen stems caused
hy the feeding of the larvae of the Coleopteron, Saperda populnea, L.,
from Benfleet, Essex.

Mr R. J. Musgrave exhibited Trypoxylon figulus, L. (?), a species
of Hymenoptera, Superfamily Sphecoidea, Family Trypoxylonidae bred
in the laboratory, S. Kensington, 23.11.37. Its nests were divided into
cells, and spiders are used as food (teste Dr O. W. Richards).

Mr Downes exhibited a flower of the Green Hellebore, Helleborus
viridis, L., from Surrey.

Mr Dennis showed a series of beautiful lantern slides of British
trees at different seasons, depicting flowers, fruit, and winter state.

8th APRIL 1937.
The PREsIDENT in the Chair.

Mr Bernard P. Embry, St Bartholomew’s Vicarage, Dover, Kent,
was elected a country member.

Mr S. Wakely exhibited a specimen of Opogona antistacta, Meyrick,
a moth new to science, bred from a larva found in a bunch of bananas,
feeding in a slight tubular web on the surface of the fruit. The species
has only recently been described.

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited examples of Monima (Taeniocampa)
gothica, L., with its obsolete form, gothicina, H.-S., in which the usual
black ‘‘ gothic’? mark is more of the ground colour.

Mr A. Bliss exhibited a cabinet drawer containing Lepidoptera
taken during a fortnight in the Haute Savoie about the beginning of
June, in illustration of the short paper he read later in the evening.

Dr Bull exhibited the living larva of Brenthis euphrosyne, L., from
EK. Sussex.

Mr H. Main exhibited living specimens of the tortoise beetle, Cassida
rubiginosa, Miill., which he had successfully kept through hibernation.
Also a drawing and a photograph of the ‘‘ false scorpion,’’ Chelifer
latreillit1, Leach, and cells used in his observations on this species.

Mr K. Niblett exhibited galls on leaves of Ground-Ivy caused by the
Cynipid, Liposthenes latreillei, Kief., which emerged, 24.ii1.37; also
Chalcid parasites. The galls were found at the Society’s Field Meeting
at Epsom, July 1936.

6

Mr G. A. Brett exhibited a cage made from photographic half-plates
stuck together with gum-strip paper in such a way that they hinge.
The cage can thus be taken to pieces and folded into a small space for
packing, and is therefore useful for taking away. When set up the
foodstuff is pushed through the holes in the bottom and the cage is
stood on a jar full of water. The tops can be made either of muslin
on a wire frame, or of perforated zinc. This latter can either have
the edges bent over, or be fixed to a wooden frame, but for packing
the wooden frame is far better.

These cages were described in his paper on H. abruptaria. (‘ Proc.
S.L. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc.,’’ 1935-36, p. 84.)

Mr Wallis Norton exhibited a motorist’s ‘‘ grease gun ’’ which he
had adapted for use when “ sugaring.”’ ;

Mr F. J. Coulson exhibited an aberration of the Noctuid,
Amphipyra pyramidea, L., taken at Chingford in August 1905, in which
the light external edging of the elbowed line is broadened into a clear
broad band.

Mr R. W. Attwood exhibited the larval nest of Nygmia (Euproctis)
phaeorrhoea, Haw. (Brown Tail), from Canvey Island, Essex, together
with the larvae and pupae of the beetle, Anthrenus musaeorum, L.,
found in a store box containing chiefly ‘‘ Burnet’”’ and ‘‘ Cinnabar ”’
moths, which were untouched. He said: ‘‘ The few sober-coloured noctuid
moths in the box were all damaged. Out of curiosity I put the larvae
with the damaged moths in this box and put a Burnet moth with them.
This was in June 1936. The larvae are now pupating, but though the
moths have been in the box since June, the Burnet moth still appears
to be untouched.”’

Mr Hugh Main made a few remarks on the ‘“‘ false-scorpion,’’
Chelifer latreillii, Leach.

Mr A. Bliss read a short paper on ‘‘ Collecting in the Haute
Savoie.’’ (See Trans.)

22nd APRII. 1937.
The Presiprent in the Chair.

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited a hitherto unrecorded aberration of
Amphopyra pyramidea, L. Aberration. ¢. Brampton, Hunts. Bred
September Ist, 1925, Raynor. Thorax paler than usual owing to
increase of pale scales. The ground colour of the forewings as far out
as the sagittate marks, which lie just internal to the subterminal line,
is very pale ochreous brown. The light transverse lines are lost in the
ground colour. The antemedian line is represented by three blackish-
brown dots, the postmedian by a row of blackish dots, and the orbicular
by a black dot. The discoidal spot and the dark streak running out
from it to the postmedian is of the usual black-brown colour and is most
conspicuous. Though its ground colour is much lighter it bears a
resemblance to A. monolitha, Guen., ab. strigata, Warren, figured in
Seitz, 38 b.

velihas

Proc.

me. & N.S. , 1937-8. Prate IT.

Photo. A.

ABERRATIONS OF AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA, L.

W. Dennis.

7

He also exhibited Miana versicolor, Bkh., and said: —Heydemann
in 1932 showed that versicolor is a species distinct from both strigilis,
Clrek., and latruncula, Schiff. The median area is reddish brown,
sometimes almost claret coloured, the two pale yellowish stigmata stand
out very clearly and as a rule have a white and a thin black outer edge.
Neither of the other species have any red tint in the median area; in
strigilis the stigmata are of the same colour as the ground and are
never paler, and in latruncula they never have a white line round them.

Wolff gives good figures of the imagines and genitalia of all three
species. The genitalia of versicolor are more like those of strigilis than
latruncula, but show many minor differences. The difference most
easily recognised is in the oedaeagus, which in versicolor has only two
spines, whereas in both the others it has three.

J. W. Heslop Harrison records the capture of three specimens of
versicolor in the Inner Hebrides in 1935-36, so that it is likely to be
discovered in other parts of Scotland and probably in England too.

‘‘ Harrison: The Natural History of the Isle of Raasay and the
adjacent Islands of South Rona, Scalpay, Fladday, and Longay.”’
‘Proc. Univ. Durham Philosoph. Soc.,’’ X., 313. Wolff: ‘* Ent.
Meddel,’’ 1935, XIX., H. 5 and 6.

Mr M. Niblett exhibited the Cynipid Callirhytis glandium, Gir.,
bred from galled acorns of the Turkey Oak, Quercus cerris, L., after
being nearly eight years in the larval state.

Mr D. W. Royffe exhibited living specimens of Carabus nemoralis,
Miill., from High Wycombe, Bucks.

Mr Stephens exhibited the following Coleoptera from the Chatham
district :—Pentarthrum huttoni, Woll., January 1, 1937, silk stockings;
Olophrum piceum, Gyll., March, 1937, plentiful, dried grass; Scaphi-
dema metallicum, Fb., March 29, 1937 (4 taken), rare, oak twigs, dead ;
Tetratoma ancora, Fb., April 5, 1937 (9 taken), very rare, rubbish cut-
tings; Alphitophagus 4-pustulatus, Stph., March 4, 1937 (14 taken),
plentiful, considered rare, hedge cuttings; Neuraphes sparshalli, Den.,
March 26, 1937, rare (2), moss; Inosoma oblongulum, Boh., April 12,
1937, rare (1), from Dog Violet; Homaloplia ruricola, Fb., our rarest
Lamellicorn, June 26, 1936, on potato haulm; Antherophagus silaceus,
Hrbst, the larva of which lives in Bombus nests.

Mr A. Bliss exhibited larvae of Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata,
L.

Mr Wallis Norton exhibited some Lepidoptera, which had _ been
killed with petrol, and made some remarks on the process.

Mr R. W. Attwood exhibited a pupa of Nonagria geminipuncta,
Hatch., in a reed stem, from South Benfleet, Essex.

The President exhibited a large number of elytra of Coleoptera
obtained from pellets of the Little Owl. Many of them had been
identified.

Dr C. G. M. de Worms exhibited a remarkable aberration of
Cidaria (Entephria) caesiata, Schiff., taken by Mr A. Mackworth-Praed

8

in N.E. Perthshire (2500 ft.), 15th August, 1936. This was _ subse-
quently identified by Dr Cockayne as ab. paradoxa, Lange, described in
Tris, 1921, vol. XXXV., p. 165, figs. 1-3. It is the first example to be
recorded in this country. It was described from three specimens taken
near Freiburg (Germany). See ‘‘ Entomologist,’’? LXX. (1937), p. 196,
and plt. IV., fig. 8, ‘‘ Iris,’ XXXV., 1921, p. 165, figs. 1-5.

Mr Coulson then read ‘‘ Remarks on the British Clavicornia
(Col.),’? which he illustrated with a large number of specimens, (See
Trans.)

13th MAY 1937.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr Niblett exhibited the following gall wasps:—Diplolepis taschen-
bergi, Schlt., and its gall on oak, with the alternate generation D. quer-
cusfolia, Linn., and its gall; D. similis, Adlr., and its gall on oak with
its alternate generation D. longiventris, Htg., and its gall; also Pon-
tania pedunculi, Schn., and its gall on oak.

Mr Dennis exhibited a gall on sallow, caused by the Dipteron, Rhab-
dophaga rosaria, Lw. (Cecid.).

Mr Hawkins exhibited a bushy gall on heather and also stems of
heather from which the bark had been eaten (presumably by some insect)
in such a way as to kill the portion of the plant above the ring.

Mr Eagles exhibited the larvae of a species of Thysanoptera found
on decaying wood.

27th MAY 1937.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr H. W. Andrews exhibited a specimen of the very rare British
Dipteron, Volucella zonaria, Poda, from a box of Diptera taken by the
late Curator, Mr W. West, and probably of British origin. V. inanis,
L., a more common species, was also shown. The larvae of both are
found in the nests of the Common Wasp.

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited an aberration of Hemerophila abrup-
taria, Thnbg., very dark blackish brown with a very small amount of
light marking, a form of either ab. brunneata, Tutt, or of ab. fuscata,
Tutt.

Dr EK. A. Cockayne read a short paper dealing with the variation
occurring in Gonodontis bidentata, Clerck, and exhibited a long series
with many striking aberrations and racial forms. Other members also
brought up their series, and a short discussion ensued. (See Trans.)

Mr Wallis Norton exhibited a yellow form of Pieris napi, L., from
Ireland.

Dr C. G. M. de Worms reported on a recent visit to Scotland.

On behalf of Dr Robertson, Mr S. Wakely exhibited:—(a) A re-
markable aberration of Epione repandaria, Hiifn. (apiciaria, Schiff.),

9

in which the dark border ran into the costa in a similar manner to
that of H. vespertaria, Fb. (parallellaria, Schiff.). This specimen had
been recorded as a Sussex example of the latter moth some years ago.
(b) A pale specimen of Anaitis (Eucestis) plugiata, L., with markings
indistinct. (c) A specimen of Cosmia (Orthosia) lutea, Strom. (flavago,
Fb.), v. flavescens, Esp., with the reniform stigma hardly discernible.
All taken in Sussex.

Mr Wakely also exhibited larvae of Endrosa (Setina) irrorella, Clrek.,
taken on Freshwater Down at Whitsun.

Mr Eagles exhibited parasites from cocoons found on a larva of
Thera obeliscata, Hb., and young larvae of Panolis piniperda, Panz.,
from Oxshott.

Mr Harris exhibited larvae of Thecla pruni, L.

Mr C. N. Hawkins reported Vanessa cardui, L., from Eastbourne.

10th JUNE 1937.
The PresipEnT in the Chair.

The deaths of two members were reported—Mr James H. Rowntree,
of Scarborough, and Mr H. W. Walker, of Potters Bar.

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited larvae of Aglais urticae, L., and of
Amathes lychnidis, Schiff. (pistacina, Fb.).

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited a series of colour sports of Helianthe-
mum between red and yellow varieties.

Mr Wallis Norton exhibited larvae of Huchloris smaragdaria, Fb.,
from Benfleet.

Dr Blair exhibited living larvae of Parurge aegeria, L., and of
Ortholitha bipunctaria, Schiff.

Mr Ensor exhibited ova of Dasychira pudibunda, L.

Mr D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited a box of Indian lepidopterous larvae
and pupae and demonstrated how opalescent colouring could be pre-
served by the use of corrosive sublimate solution in alcohol, diluted with
its own bulk of water.

Rhopalocera :—Chilasa clytia, L., mature and immature larva and
pupa; Papilio polytes, L., f. romulus, Cr., pupa; Papilio demoleus, L.,
pupa; Pieris canidia, Sparr., f. indica, Evans, three pupae; Terias
blanda, Bsd., f. silhetana, Wall., larva; Terias hecabe, L., larva;
Danais limniace, Cr., f. mutina, Fruhs., larva and pupa; Euploea
core, Cr., two pupae in corrosive sublimate solution; Euthalia garuda,
Mre., f. suddhodana, Fruhs., pupa; Pyrameis indica, Hbst., larva;
Vanessa cashmirensis, Koll., f. aesis, Fruhs., two larvae and pupae;
Lampides boeticus, L., larva and pupa; Pratapa deva, Mre., f. lila,
Mre., pupa; Suastus gremius, F., larva.

Heterocera :—Aganais ficus, F., larva; Argina argus, Koll., larva;
Iymantria ampla, Wlk., larva; Perina nuda, F., pupa; Porthesia scin-
tillans, Wlk., larva; Theretra oldenlandiae, F., immature larva and

10

pupa; Rhyncholaba acteus, Cr., immature larva and pupa; Parasa
lepida, Cr., two cocoons; Thyatira batis, L., two larvae; Sphetta
apicalis, Wlk., larva; Polytela gloriosae, F., two larvae; Prodenia
litura, F2, larva; Chloridea obsoleta, F., ten larvae; Capotena trun-
cata, Wlk., cocoon; Ophiusa coronata, F., larva and pupa; Percmia
ductaria, WI1k., een and two pupae.

MrT. He Eagles exhibited parasitized ova of pga antiqua, L.,
and larvae of Thera firmata, Hb.; Lygris testata, L.; Biston strodaritt
Hufn.; and Amathes helvola, L. Craufina, Ei);

Mr Jacobs exhibited larvae of the local Phycitid moth, Nephopteryzx
genistella, Dup., together with an imago of the species. The larvae
live in the very close growths of furze on the cliff slopes, spinning the
shoots together in a loose web-mass within which they lve in more
closely woven silken tubes, in which, more strongly reinforced with silk,
they pupate. The best method of taking the larvae is to cut off the
large shoot containing the web, low down on the branch, and then to
pull it to pieces over a cloth so that the larvae cannot escape by drop-
ping out of the bottom ends of their tubes. In cutting the branch, it
is necessary to exercise extreme care to cause no undue vibration, or
the larvae will drop into the bush from their tubes and be lost. Any
number of larvae from one to four or five may be found in one web.

The Curator, Mr S. R. Ashby, exhibited the following species of
Palaearctic Rhopalocera which had been presented by the British
Museum to the Society from the collection of the late Rev. E. Ashby.
Parnassius mnemosyne, L., r. dinianus, Fruh.; Pieris ergane, Hb.;
Euchloé belemia, Esp., f. glauce, Hb.; HE. belia, Cr., f. ausonia, Hb.,
and f. stmplonia, Frr.; HK. rondoui, Obthr.; E. tagis, Hb., f. bellizina,
Bdv., and f. isularis, Stdgr.; EHrebia scipto, Bdv.; E. gavarnica,
Obthr.; HE. epistygne, Hb.; EH. duponcheli, Obthr.; Satyrus hermione,
L.; S. fidia, L.; Pararge roxelana, Cr.; P. megera, L., f. tigelius, Bon. ;
Argynnis laodice, Pall.; Callophrys avis, Chap.; Thecla (Zephyrus)
quercus, L.; YT.(Z.) betulae, L.; Chrysophanus thersamon, Esp.; C.
dispar, L., f. rutilus, Wernb., and f. radiata, Obthr.; C. hippothoé, L.,
f. confluens, Gerh.; C. amphidamas, Esp.; Lycaena donzelui, Bdv.; L.
admetus, Esp.; L. dolus, Hb.; L, damone, Ev.

24th JUNE 1937.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited the beetle Nacerda (Anoncodes) melanura,
L., taken in Drury Lane, and the ‘‘ Rose Chafer ”’ beetles, Cetonia
aurata, L., from Loughton, Essex. Also larvae of the moths
Coenotephria derivata, Schiff., and Harophila badiata, Schiff., bred
from larvae found on rose at Hoddesdon.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited the blue form of the 92 of the South
Brazilian Morpho aega, Hb., of which he had previously exhibited the
brilliant ¢ and the sombre brown 9°.

11

Mr R. W. Attwood exhibited the large sawfly, Sirex gigas, L.,
found settled on a bunch of carrots in a shop at Wallingford, Berks,
17.vi.37 ; also a portion of a web taken from a small crab apple bush,
Ashtead, Surrey, 12.vi.37; this bush was covered with the web, and
contained hundreds of black and white pupae with a few parasitic
cocoons. The imagines began to emerge 23.vi.37. This species was
subsequently determined as Scythropia crataegella, L.

Mr Priest reported Vanessa cardui, L., from the Isle of Wight,
31.v.37.

Dr K. G. Blair exhibited a living larva of Psilura monacha, L., and
drew attention to a pair of glands (?) on each of the first four
abdominal segments in addition to the large median gland on the
sixth and seventh segments; also a blown larva of Leucoma salicis, L.,
showing a pair of slender processes (glands?) on the first two
abdominal segments (Klemensiewicz, 1882). He also exhibited speci-
mens of the midge, Atrichopogon meloésugans, Kieff., found in South
Devon sucking the blood of Meloé beetles (a new record for Britain).
and read a note on midges sucking the blood of other insects.

Mr W. H. A. Harris exhibited the following species and read notes
upon his exhibit: —Ectropis punctulata, Schiff. (Tephronia punctularia,
Hb.), a rather curious banded form from Brentwood and a typical
specimen for comparison. d Selenia bilunaria, Esp., taken on the wing
at the Effingham Field Meeting, the right hind wing being undeveloped,
but no sign of this was apparent in the flight. A short series of Bapta
distinctata, H.-S. (Aleucis pictaria, Curt.), from Effingham and the
New Forest—it will be seen that in all cases the markings are more
pronounced in those from the New Forest, as against a general grey-
ness in the Effingham form. A @ Colias croceus, Fourc., bred from a
2 also shown, which was naturally rather damaged, having flown about
in the breeding cage. The pupa of the former was attached to the
cage by a silk girdle, as is usual, but for some reason or other this was
broken. The deformed right antennae and the pale central spot on
the middle of the right hind wing might have been a consequence of
the pupa having been suspended head downwards.

8th JULY 1937.
Mr F. Stanztey-SmitrH, F.R.E.S., Vice-Presipent, in the Chair.

Mr S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited imagines of Hyponomeuta rorellus,
Hb., from Beccles, Suffolk, presented by the British Museum for the
Society’s collection. This insect has of recent years multiplied to such
an extent as to constitute something of a pest on the Saliz alba, L.
Also specimens of Cosmopteryxr eximia, Hw., from Bexley, for the
Society’s collection.

Mr Attwood exhibited a leaf of honeysuckle showing the curious
manner in which the larva of Hemaris fuciformis, L., had attacked it,

12

Dr K. G. Blair exhibited a pupa of Pararge aegeria, L., in which
the colour pattern of the imago could be seen partly developed. The
main constituents of this were a number of black spots, which, except
for the intensely black eye-spot, at first sight appeared to have no rela-
tion to the mature pattern; but the pale areas between them could be
seen in parts to have a pinkish hue, and these pinkish spots corres-
ponded with the pale spots of the adult. It then became evident that
the black spots, by enlargement and coalescence, would combine to form
the dark background of the wing of the adult. This suggests that the
primitive pattern in the evolution of this species may have been one
of dark spots on a pale ground, and it would be interesting to know
if there is any allied species in which such a pattern persists.

Mr H. W. Andrews exhibited series of two species of Trypetidae (Dip.)
viz.. Euribia spoliata, Hal., and Trypeta (Orellia) vectensis, Collin,
bred in July 1937 from seed-heads taken in 1935 and from which a series
of each species had already been bred in 1936, and pointed out, how
advantageous it was to a species to be able to delay emergence or”
development during an unfavourable season.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited larvae of Notodonta ziczac, L., reared
from ova found on sallow at Hoddesdon, Herts. About a dozen ova
were found on one small sallow bush scarcely two feet high. Also larvae
of the common pug, Eupithecia vulgata, Haw.

Dr Bull exhibited a curious object on an aspen leaf, very beautifully
anchored down by innumerable threads arranged radiating from the
top. It was suggested that it was probably a spider’s egg cocoon.

The Chairman announced that he understod that four examples of
the very rare Aplasta ononaria, Fuessl., had been taken in Kent.

Reports of the Field Meetings were then read by the leaders :—
Bookham Common, 17.iv.; Westerham, 8.v.; Abrook and Esher
Commons, 15.v.; Isle of Wight, 30.v.; Ashtead, 12.vi.; Forest Row, 4.vii.

22nd JULY, 1937.
The PREsIDENT in the Chair.

The death of Mr R. A. Adkin, the only son of the late Mr Robert
Adkin, was announced.

Mr Sevastopulo exhibited insects embedded in a semi-fossil gum
(resin) from E. Africa, and wings of Lepidoptera mounted under cello-
phane, and pointed out that such would be of great use to collectors
abroad to identify captured specimens.

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited a short series of Boarmia rhomboidaria,
Schiff., including the Scotch form, haggarti, Williams, a remarkable
light race which occurs on the Ayrshire coast.

Mr F. D. Coote exhibited ova of Melitaea athalia, Rott., from a
2 captured at Hadleigh Wood during the Field Meeting on 10th July.
Also very large oak leaves from the Field Meeting at Seal Chart, on

13

which, it was pointed out, were examples of very young button galls
caused by one of the gall-wasps. He also showed a breeding-cage made
from old used photo plates, adapted from Mr Brett’s model, shown
some time ago.

Mr R. J. Collins gave the following report of his holiday in June
1937 : —

As last year, Miss Muller and I again visited the Shetland Islands.
Unfortunately the glorious weather of our last visit was not repeated,
and we experienced rain, cold and gales, all which, of course, consider-
ably curtailed our collecting.

During the voyage the ship called in for a few hours at Stromness,
on the Orkneys, and we went ashore from about 10.30 p.m. to midnight.
During this time we took one typical Cidaria ocellata, L., five Cidaria
montanata, Schiff., which show a graduation of the central bar from
a dark brown to ab. albicans, Strand, and one C. munitata, Hb.

At the Shetlands the weather, as TIT have said, precluded much
collecting. However, we took six (. albulata, Schiff., and a dozen
Eupithecia satyrata, Hb., f. curzoni, Gregs., and several specimens of
Eudoria (Scoparia) frequentella, Stt. The bee, Bombus smithianus,
White, which I brought back last year appeared to be interesting, so
I obtained a dozen this time. The two LHepialus humuli, L. were
taken at rest; but the greatest slice of luck (I can describe it in no
other way) was when, at 10.5 p.m. (s.t.) I discovered a paired ¢ and 9
H. fusconebulosa, D.G. (velleda, Hb.). I removed the dg, and from
then until 10.30 p.m., in spite of a cold misty rain, I obtained fifty-six
3 ¢ which answered the call of the one crippled 9°.

A few larvae of Simaethis pariana, Clrck., that we obtained from
nettle obligingly spun up the next day, and font emerged on the 19th
July, one being a cripple.

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited : —

(1) A larva of Drymonia trimacula, Esp., and pointed out how it
differed from the larva of D. chaonia, Hb., particularly in colour,
in the absence of a white or cream-coloured medio-dorsal line and in
the presence of a crimson upper edge to the spiracular stripe.

(2) Larvae of Anagoga (Numeria) pulveraria, L., bred ab ovo. Ova
laid 29/30.v.1937. Hatched 7.vi.387. Larvae began to go down for
pupation 18.vi1.37.

(3) A series of 17 unselected specimens of Thera obeliscata, Hb.,
bred from wild larvae collected at.Ockham Common in April 1937. Of
these 3 were almost entirely dull brown with just a faint trace of a
central chestnut-coloured band and shoulder patch, while the remain-
ing 14 were all more or less well-marked specimens with good cross-
bands and lines, though both bands and ground-colour varied (inde-
pendently) from pale brown or grey-brown to dark brown.

(4) A specimen of Anarta myrtilli, L., taken at Ockham Common on
30.iv.1937 having a complete white band extending from the costa to
the inner margin of each fore wing and including the white discal spot,

14

Another less extreme specimen taken at Oxshott on 3.v.37, in which
the band stops short of the, inner margin. A normal specimen for
comparison. ; ;

Mr Coulson exhibited an example of the heath form of Gnophos
obscurata, Schiff., and a series of Otiorrhyncus ovatus, L. (Col.), re-
ceived from Mr B. W. Adkin. A nursery near Reading was said to
have suffered severely from the attacks of this pest, which the owners
had endeavoured to check by burning all rubbish, etc. Finally the
nursery had been completely cleared in the attempt to exterminate the
beetles.

Mr A. Bliss exhibited the larvae of Ennomos quercinaria, Huf.,
from Forest Row.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited larvae of Choerocampa (Metopsilus)
(Theretra) porcellus, L., and galls on Galiwm caused by Cecidomyiu
galu, Lw. (Dip.) = (Perrisia gala, Lw.).

Mr Hugh Main exhibited some living specimens he had recently
brought back from a visit to Canada and the United States. In Toronto
he obtained some Hellgrammites, the larvae of Corydalis cornutus, L.,
whose life-history is very similar to that of our Sialis. They were being
sold to fishermen for bait for Bass. A Jerusalem Cricket, Stenopel-
matus pictus, found in Yosemite Valley, was a very curious-looking
insect. It is an active tunneller underground and from the quaint
appearance of its head at the entrance to its shaft it gets its common
names ‘‘ Baby-face ’’ and ‘‘ Infant of the Earth.’’ He also showed a
Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus mactans, L., with its egg-cocoon,
from Sacramento. This spider is found in outbuildings such as
stables, sheds, etc., and its bite is stated to he very dangerous, and
often fatal to man.

Dr G. V. Bull exhibited the results of an experiment on the inbreed-
ing of Diacrisia (Spilosoma) lutea, Hufn. (lubricipeda, L.). The stock
died out after four inbred generations. Half of the 4th generation
wera more or less crippled though of average size. Pairings resulted
but most of the ova were laid loose instead of adherent to the box,
and though the ova changed colour slightly no larvae hatched.

Mr Ensor exhibited specimens of Anobiwm striatum, Ol. (domesti-
cum, Frery.) (Col.).

12th AUGUST 1937.
The Preswwent in the Chair.

Mr Dennis exhibited a photograph of the ova of Melitaea athalia,
L., from a batch obtained by Mr Coote.

Mr Eagles exhibited the full-grown larva of Choerocampa (Theretra)
(Metopsilus) porcellus, L., and larvae of Calostigia pectmitaria, Knoch,
and of Ptychopoda seriata, Schrnk, (virgularia, Hb.) (incanata,
Schiff.).

Dr C. M. G. de Worms made remarks on his recent collecting trip.

wb. «cc N.AS., 1937-8: Puate III.

Photo. A. W. Dennis.
OVA OF MELITAEA ATHALIA, ROTT.

15

Mr H. W. Andrews exhibited the Diptera, Pachygaster atra, Panz.,
and P. leachii, Curt., taken in N. Kent.

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited bred examples of Acronicta alm, L.,
and A. ligustri, Fb.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited a few species of Rhopalocera just re-
cently received from his correspondent near Bafios on the Eastern slopes
of the Andes in Ecuador. They included seven species of Hesperiidae
or Grypocera, as the modern systematists name this major group. He
pointed out that the Neotropical Region was very rich in species of this
group, especially so the Southern half.

Mr G. A. Brett exhibited ova and a cocoon of Cossus cossus, Fb.,
made by a full-grown larva found last autumn. The larva pupated in
soil and the imago emerged on 6.vii.37. It was not killed until two
days later, and in that time it laid about 90 ova, of course not fertile.
A few of these were on the surface of the soil, but they were mostly
about 34 inch below the surface. Presumably they were deposited there
by means of the long ovipositor. They were mostly laid in small bunches
containing from 3 to about 12 ova.

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited a brown form of the larva of Colliz
sparsata, Hb., and said that out of more than fifty larvae of Collix
sparsata beaten from Lysimachia vulgaris, L., at the field meeting at
Byfleet two became brown in the last instar, and Mr C. N. Hawkins
tells me that one of his also turned brown. This form is not mentioned
by Buckler, Barrett, South, Newman, or Wilson, nor do any of these
authors record Surrey as a locality. There is, however, a Surrey record
in one of the periodicals. In the living larva the green blood and
intestinal contents show through the pale brown skin of the brown
form. The head is slightly darker brown than in the green form; the
legs are pale pinkish brown. The whole of the dorsal surface is pale
brown with the usual lines of a darker tint, and there is a still darker
brown stripe, widest at the middle of each somite, situated just above
the white spiracular stripe. The whole of the ventral surface is uni-
formly pale pinkish brown. The outer aspect of the first pair of pro-
legs is dark pink, but the anal prolegs are green.

26th AUGUST 1937.
The PrestpENT in the Chair.

Dr Cockayne exhibited a form of Scopula (Acidalia) ternata, Schrnk.
(fumata, Steph.), with strongly marked lines; also Semiothisa notata,
L., both from Kinlochewe.

Mr Coote exhibited larvae of Melitaea athalia, Rott., from the Had-
leigh Wood area, Essex.

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited an extremely pale specimen of Smerin-
thus ocellatus, L.

16

Mr Attwood exhibited a gynandromorphic specimen of Boarmia punc-
tinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.), taken at the Society’s Field Meeting
at Ashtead on 12th June. Right wing o, left wing @.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited forms of Rhyacia = Epipsilia (Agrotis)
hyperborea, Zett. (1) An extremely dark example of the Shetland race.
(2) An extremely light form of the Rannoch race.

Mr D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited Indian examples of the following
British species of Heterocera:—Herse convolvuli, L., and ssp. orien-
talis, Btlr., Deilephila nerii, L., Celerio lineata, F. (livornica, Esp.),
Pergesa elpenor, L. (macromera, Btlr.), Hippotion celerio, L., Habro-
syne derasa, L. (indica, Moore), Thyatira batis, L., Utetheisa pulchella,
L., Euxoa segetum, Schiff., Rhyacia ypsilon, Rott., Rhyacia c-nigrum,
L., Rhyacia putris, L., Sideridis unipuncta, Haw., Chloridea obsoleta,
F. (armigera, Hb.), Tarache lucida, Hufn., Hypena proboscidalis, L.,
Rhodometra sacraria, L., Euphyia silaceata, Schiff., Dysstroma citrata,
L., Abraxas sylvata, Scop. (leopardina, Koll.). In some cases the Indian
form is of a distinct sub-species.

Dr K. G. Blair exhibited two species of N. American Hemiptera that
have recently established themselves in this country on Rhododendrons,
viz.:—Stephanitis rhododendri, Horv., a Tingid first noticed at Fulham
(Distant, Zoologist, 1910, p. 395) and now fairly widely distributed in
Surrey. According to Champion (‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’’ 1916) it is found
abundantly on mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and Rhododendron
maximum in the Atlantic States and westward to Ohio; and Grapho-
cephala coccinea, Forst., a Jassid, of which the first British mention is
by China, ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’’ 1935, p. 277. This was found by Mr L.
Barton at Chobham, where it is still abundant and whence it has spread
to Weybridge. It also is distributed over the eastern half of the United
States, where it feeds on a great variety of weeds and grasses and also
numerous shrubs and trees. With us it appears so far to have confined
its attacks to rhododendrons.

Also a batch of eggs of the Buff-tip Moth, on an oak leaf from his
garden at Hendon, that was remarkable for the regular way in which
the eggs were spaced instead of being close together as usual. The eggs
had all been parasitised by the Scelionid, Telenomus punctatissimus,
Ratz., of which the flies emerged in August. Trichogramma vitripennis,
Walk., a Chalcid parasite of the same species of eggs, was also shown.
It was suggested that the spacing of the eggs was due to their having
been laid on a leaf before it was fully expanded.

Mr S. Wakely exhibited about fifty species of Lepidoptera taken at
Field Meetings during the current season, including :—Tinea arcella,
Fabr. (Westerham); OUecophora geoffrella, L. (Broadwater Forest); Py-
rausta verbascalis, Schiff., Oryptilus parvidactyla, Haw., Pempelia dilu-
tella, Hiibn., Cedestis gysseleniella, Dup., and Coleophora lixella, Zell.
(Boxhill); Hypena costistrigalis, Steph., Ancylis siculana, Hiibn., and
Batrachedra pinicolella, Dup. (Ashdown Forest); Phalonia vectisana,
Westw., and Eucosma citrana, Hiibn. (Benfleet); Crambus uliginosellus,

17

Zell., Evergestis straminalis, Hiibn., and Choreutis myllerana, Fabr.
(Byfleet). A species of Lepisma, taken at Finsbury, was also shown, and
it was suggested it was an introduced species. This was subsequently
identified as the ‘“‘ fire-brat,’’ Thermobia furnorum, L.

Mr Ensor exhibited an example of the larva of Dasychira pudibunda,
L., which was of very dark coloration with no red tail tuft; also a
natural assemblage on a single leaf of 25 pupae of a Coccinellid.

Mr Hawkins exhibited an example of the red form of the larva of
Sphine ligustri, L., resembling the figure in Buckler’s ‘‘ Larvae ’’ but
more extreme. It was from Oxfordshire, and was found on privet by
Mr Lewis Rudland.

Mr Harris exhibited a specimen of the rare local Homopteron (Rhyn-
chota) Ledra aurita, L., from Chiddingfold.

It was reported that Colias croceus, Frery., was plentiful at Folke-
stone; that Polyommatus bellargus, Rott., was scarce in June and that
it had not appeared as a second brood in the early part of August; that
Crambus hamellus, Thunb., was plentiful on Blackheath, Chilworth,
where it was discovered last autumn; that Polygonia c-album, L., had
appeared in Brixton; and that Vanessa cardui, L., was fairly common
in a few localities.

Mr August exhibited a larva of Sciona (Scoria) lineata, Scop. (deal-
bata, L.), from Sussex.

Preliminary reports of the Field Meetings held at Benfleet, Byfleet
and Seal Chart were communicated by the respective leaders.

9th SEPTEMBER 1937.
The PresiDENT in the Chair.

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited a large number of Irish Lepidoptera
with English representatives for comparison to illustrate his paper sub-
sequently read.

Dr Cockayne exhibited a larva of Mamestra albicolon, Hb.

Mr Eagles exhibited a larva of Hadena (Mamestra) trifolii, Rott.,
and of Hupithecia subnotata, Hb., found abundantly on Chenopodium
growing on rough ground. Also the egg capsule of Blatta orientalis, L.

Mr Jacobs exhibited the Dipteron, Sepsis punctum, Fb., taken in
Ashdown Forest at Forest Row. These insects, as is their habit, were
in a dense swarm so that the vegetation over a rough circle some six
- feet in diameter was black with them. This was on the 29th August.

Mr S. Wakely exhibited a specimen of Myelois ceratoniae, Zeller,
bred on 29th June 1937 from a larva found feeding in a Spanish orange,
this species usually being found among imported dried dates, or cera-
tonia beans. Also a specimen of Stigmella (Nepticula) suberivora, Stain-
ton, bred on 2nd September 1937 from mined leaves of Quercus ilex,
gathered at Freshwater. Isle of Wight, during August. This species
had been considered as single-brooded, the imagines occurring in May.
On behalf of Mr W. L. Rudland, larvae of Hyponomeuta vigintipunc-

18

tata, Retz., from Mapledurham, Oxfordshire; and on behalf of Mr G.
H. Cornish a larva of the local Bedellia somnulentella, Zeller, from
Plumstead, Kent.

23rd SEPTEMBER 1937.
The PresipENT in the Chair.

Mr Coote exhibited a larva of Atolmis (Gnophria) rubricollis, L.,
feeding on an alga growing on a dead pine twig in the New Forest.

Mr EK. W. Classey exhibited the larvae of Sterrha (Ptychopoda)
degeneraria, Hb., from Portland, and of S. (P.) aversata, L., from
Surrey, and pointed out the differences between the larvae of these two
closely related species.

Mr Musgrave exhibited larvae and adults of the Dipteron Tipula
sp. ? (probably flavolineata, Mg.) from rotting timber in a wood near
Ellesborough, Bucks.

Mr H. Moore exhibited a larva of Crambus parallellus, taken at
Kynsford, 15.viii.387, and noted that the larva was still alive without
feeding, though greatly reduced in bulk; it was not, however, making
any attempt at pupation.

Mr S. Wakely exhibited larvae and cases of Coleophora therinella,
Tngstr., feeding on field thistles, from Norwood; of Coleophora pari-
pennella, Zell., found by Mr G. H. Cornish at Plumstead.

Mr Attwood exhibited larvae of EKuchloris smaragdaria, Fb., from S.
Benfleet ; of Anarta (Melanchra) myrtilli, L., from Westerham, of Noto-
donta dromedarius, L., from N. Benfleet, and Lophopteryxr carmelita,
L., from Epping Forest.

Dr Bull exhibited larvae of Gonodontis bidentata, Clrck., and of a
Eupithecia sp., also the remains of larvae of N. dromedarius, L., con-
taining a parasite in the tail. The parasite, he said, seems to enter
at the head, suck the body dry, and pupate at the tail. Also the lady-
bird, Halyzia 16-guttata, L., bred from Aviemore.

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited larvae of Pygaera curtula, L., from
Horndean, Hants., 10.ix.37.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited the Hairy Porcelain Crab, Porcellana
platycheles, Leach., and the fossil Mollusca, Pholas dactylus, L., and
Striatella arctica, L., from chalk blocks at Broadstairs.

Dr Bull read a short paper, ‘‘ A Week at Aviemore in September.”’
(See Trans.)

14th OCTOBER 1937.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The President exhibited a specimen of the weevil, Acalyptus carpini,
Hbst. (rufipennis, Gyll.), taken by sweeping in a swampy spot by the
ponds on Bookham Common, 28.ix.37. No previous record of this
species in Surrey exists.

19

Dr Cockayne exhibited (a) a number of imagines of Leucania vitel-
lina, Hb., from 8. Devon, with others from Dungeness. He drew at-
tention to the redder colour of the former, and stated that in his ex-
perience the red form had always occurred in Devon. He suggested
that this indicated that the species must be maintained in this country
by breeding. (b) Four forms of Agrotis saucia, Hb., and noted the fact
that the colour near the costa was always matched by that of the
patagia and tegulae.

Mr F. D. Coote exhibited Mamestra contigua, Vill., from Byfleet,
Surrey, and said ‘‘ From miscellaneous larvae taken at the Field Meet-
ing at Byfleet on the 12th September last year, I bred on the 14th June
this year one Mamestra contigua. At the end of last month at Byfleet
I beat from birch a larva of the same insect nearly full fed. There is
no record in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ of the occurrence of this moth
at Byfleet, so there is one more to add to the large list of the Lepidop-
tera of that locality.’’

Mr S. G. Wallis Norton exhibited (1) Catocala fraxini, L., taken at
‘‘sugar’”’ near Ashford, Kent, 12th September 1937. (2) Cidaria cit-
rata, L. (vmmanata, Haw.), Scotch forms, taken during August at Elie,
Fifeshire, with typical form for comparison. And (3) Aricia (Lycaena)
agestis, Hb. (medon, Esp.) (astrarche, Brgstr.), somewhat aberrant forms
taken at Folkestone in early September 1937.

Dr K. G. Blair exhibited living examples in different stages of
growth of the stick insect, Carausius (Dixippus) morosus, Brunn., and
remarked on various points in their life-history.

Mr S. W. C. Williams exhibited larvae of Demas coryli, L., from
Epping Forest.

Dr Bull exhibited Hymenopterous parasites bred from the ova of
Amorpha populi, L., given him by Col. Mosse of Tunbridge Wells. They
were subsequently identified by Mr Nixon as a Telenomus sp.

A series of lantern slides from the collection of the late Robert Adkin
were then shown.

28th OCTOBER 1937.
ANNUAL EXHIBITION AND CONVERSAZIONE.

Mr C, ID. Anderson exhibited a few Lepidoptera from Inverness.

Mr S. R. Ashby exhibited series of various genera of the British
Coleoptera in the Families Chrysomelidae and Lariidae.

Mr J. L. Atkinson exhibited Xanthia fulvago, L., and X. lutea,
Strom. (flavago, Fb.), bred from Kent, 1937.

Mr R. W. Attwood exhibited some of the Lepidoptera he had taken
at the Field Meetings of the Society during the year, including Lithosia
griseola, Hb., Hylophila bicolorana, Fuessl., Acronicta leporina, L.,
Brachionycha sphinz, Hufn., Mamestra contigua, Vill., Erastria (Hapa-
lotis) pygarga, Hufn. (fasciana, L.), Orgyia gonostigma, Fb., Euchloris

20

smaragdaria, Fb., Bapta distinctata, H.-S. (Aleucis pictaria, Curt.),
Aspitates gilvaria, Schiff., and others.

Mr T. L. Barnett exhibited a varied series of Plebeius aegon, Schiff.
=argus, L., from Kent; a bred series of Ectropis (Tephrosia) bistortata,
Goze, Surrey, April 1937; and a second brood of Parasemia plantaginis,
L., bred from ova, Kirkstone Pass, September-October 1937.

Mr E. S. A. Baynes exhibited the specimen of Catocala nupta, L.,
ab. brunnescens, Warr., taken at Esher, August 1935, and recorded
‘‘ Entomologist,’? LXIX, 48, 1936.

Mr S. F. P. Blyth exhibited short series of the following species
from Contrexeville in the Ardennes Mts.:—Limenitis popult, L., Meli-
taea maturna, L., Coenonympha hero, L., and one example of Chryso-
phanus rutilus, Wer., taken on the extreme north-west of their area of
distribution in Europe.

Mr Percy M. Bright exhibited two cabinet drawers of various forms
of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, as described and illustrated
in a ‘‘ Monograph ’’ on this species, by himself and H. A. Leeds, and
now in the press. They were labelled with descriptive terms, suggested
as substitutes for inappropriate, non-informative names and for long
descriptions. [Published in April 1938. ]

Mr F. D. Buck exhibited living ¢ and @ examples of the water-
beetle, Dytiscus punctulatus, Fb., in a small tank of water.

Mr A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited the following series of Lepi-
doptera :—Polygonia c-album, L.—Three very dark, and one very pale
with metallic sheen; bred, Surrey, September 1937. Five undersides
with abnormal number of green scales; bred, Surrey, September 1937.
One very dark upperside, ditto underside, and one extremely pale un-
derside ; captured, Ashtead, July 1937. Three with row of blue spots
on hind wings, Ashtead. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina, L. (janira, L.),
bleached form, I. of Wight, 1937; Epirrhoé alternata, Mill. (Xantho-
rhoé sociata, Bork.), a specimen with cross lines absent, Fetcham, May
1937, and Polyploca flavicornis, Haw., from many localities in Surrey,
Wales and Scotland.

Dr G. V. Bull exhibited series of typical ‘‘ intermediate,’’ i.e., ab.
insulana, Th.-Mg., and the black form, ab. carbonaria, Jord., of Biston
betularia, L., from Herts. and Kent; various butterflies injured by
birds; an Ant, Formica rufa, L., and its prey, the Dipteron, Scato-
phaga stercoraria, L., taken at light on the sheet at night; and speci-
mens of the second generation of Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg., bred
from a North London melanic 9, all uniformly darker than the ordin-
ary forms.

Capt. A. Egerton-Collier exhibited a 2 of Aphantopus hyperantus,
L., showing extreme colour variation. The specimen, taken 30.viii.37,
at Strensall, Yorks, is above and below, of a uniform ochreous.

Mr S. A. Chartres exhibited varieties of British Rhopalocera taken
at Royston, etc., including an aberration of Polyommatus bellargus,
Rott., a ° in which the left hindwing had a white edge.

21

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited two ¢¢ of Ematurga atomaria, L.,
with no dark speckling, similar to one shown by him at the Annual
Exhibition in 1935; two white males of Boarmia repandata, L., ab.
conversaria, Hb., Ross-shire ; Leucania vitellina, Hb., from South Devon,
including deep red forms.

Mr G. A. Cole exhibited :—Selected specimens of Lepidoptera bred
and captured during the 1937 season. Butterflies:—A few P. (L.)
coridon, Poda, including var. syngrapha, H.-S., and semi-syngrapha,
Tutt, and a few P. (L.) bellargus, Rott. Moths:—A selection of ‘‘ Pro-
minents,’’ including Lophopteryx carmelita, Esp., and L. cuculla, Esp.
Short series of Leucania turca, L., from Hants; Cirrhoedia xcerampelina,
Hb., from Bucks, and bred specimens of Pachnobia leucographa, Hb.,
from Herefordshire, and some melanic examples of Kctropis bistortata,
Goze, including an extraordinary varleyata-like ab.

Mr B. H. Crabtree exhibited :—Nymphalis io, L.—Bred by W. Aus-
ten, Folkestone, 1906. Intense black extending along costa and hind
margin of left forewing, virtually eliminating the eyespot. Argyn-
nis adippe, L. (cydippe, L.)—Intensely suffused with black, Lewes, 1922.
Argynnis aglaia, L., ab. molybdena Newnham—Usual black spots re-
placed with leaden ones. F. W. Newnham, Church Stretton, 1917.
Aricia agestis, Schiff. (medon, Hufn.)—Fine underside, very white
ground colour with well-defined marginal red spots. A. E. Tonge, Roys-
ton, 1927.

Mr R. C. R. Crewdson exhibited many of his recent captures, in-
cluding :—Crymodes exulis, Lef.—Seven specimens taken in the Ran-
noch district, Perthshire, in July and August 1937. Xylomania (Xylo-
moges) conspicillaris, L.—Some specimens bred from a Q taken in
Somerset in May 1937. Triphaena comes, Hb.—About 60 specimens in-
cluding a large number of the curtisii, Newm. form, bred from a 9
taken near Forres, Morayshire, in August 1936. Diacrisia lubricipeda,
L. (Spilosoma menthastri, Esp.)—A dark cream-coloured example from
Ham Street, Kent, a specimen with the forewings almost free from
spots from the same locality, and a 2 with cream-coloured forewings
from Kinlochewe, Ross-shire. Trichiura crataegi, L.—Some dark ex-
amples from Rannoch. Cualocasia cervinalis, Scop. (Eucosmia certata,
Hb.) and Coenotephria (Anticlea) berberata, Schiff. Boarmia repan-
data, L.—Series from Kinlochewe, Ross-shire, including many conver-
saria, Hb. forms—some dark examples bred from larvae taken at Kin-
lochewe, Ross-shire. Chesias rufata, Fb.—Some specimens from near
Forres, Morayshire.

Mr J. C. B. Craske exhibited a large number of aberrations of the
‘‘ Blues ”’ and ‘‘ Browns,’’ with a series of Aglais urticae, L., selected
from 6000 bred from larvae, Co. Cork, There were included Heodes
phlaeas, L., with orange band on hindwing absent; Plebeius argus, L. =
aegon, Schiff., with bleached markings; Maniola tithonus, L., sym-
metrically coloured with cream on all four wings; another with streaked
spots below the apical one.

22

Mr S. P. Doudney exhibited collections of Lepidoptera taken in the
New Forest, Kent, Wales, and Scotland.

Mr H. G. Denvil exhibited the following living reptiles :—Two speci-
mens of the Dice or Tessellated Snake (Natrix tessellatus, Laur.).
Young specimens of the Elegant Terrapin (Chrysemys elegans, Wied.)
and Spanish Terrapin (Clemmys leprosa, Schweig) and the Carolina Box
Tortoise (Terrapene carolina, L.). .

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited a selection of Coleoptera of economic im-
portance and of popular interest, including preserved examples of the
Colorado beetle.

Mr H. M. Edelsten exhibited the specimen of Diacrisia lubricipeda,
L. (in part) (menthastri, Esp.), ‘‘ white ermine ’’ (see ‘“‘ Ent.,’? LXX,
1937, 203, plt. IV, fig. 6); also Polyploca (Asphalia) diluta, Fb. ab., from
Mid Sussex. ‘‘ The basal area of the forewing is reddish grey; the first
band brownish black; the usual greyish central area silver grey. The
outer band is not quite so dark as the inner and merges into the outer
area of the wing which is of a greyish fuscous. The hindwings are
greyish fuscous except the basal area which is whitish grey.”

Mr Bernard Embry exhibited the following Lepidoptera :—From
East Kent—Aphantopus hyperantus, L., ab. arete, Mill., Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., ab. subobsoleta, Tutt, Heodes phlaeas, L., having a
bleached left forewing; Nola albula, Hb. (albulalis, Hb.) which does not
appear to have been recorded from Kent since 1902; Noctua stigmatica,
Hb., Leucania vitellina, Hb., ab. pallida, Warr.-Seitz, Caradrina exigua,
Hb.,Ematurga atomaria, L., gynandromorph, left side d, right side Q ;
Pionea margaritalis, Schiff. (extimalis, Scop.), Stenia punctalis, Schiff.,
Salebria obductella, F., Collix sparsata, Fues. From Ashdown Forest—
Noctua ditrapezium, Bkh., Synanthedon spheciformis, Schiff. From
W. Suffolk—Cosmia (Mellinia) ocellaris, Bkh. From Huntingdonshire—
Cymatophora ocularis, Gn. (octogessima, Hb.), having forewings of a
chocolate-brown colour and hindwings darker than those in normal speci-
mens; there is a similar specimen in the Banks’ Collection at the British
Museum (N.H.); Tapinostola concolor, Gn. (extrema, Hb.), T. hell-
mann, Ev., larger and darker than Wicken specimens; Huphyia (Anti-
clea) rubidata, Schiff.

Mr F. W. Frohawk exhibited five Gonepteryx rhamni, L.—¢ rose-
pink margins, captured; ¢ heavily clouded with crimson and pearly-
pink, captured; ¢@ bred by F.W.F., margined with black; 9 under-
side ochreous-buff. One Colias croceus, Frcry., ab. pallida-obsoleta, Tutt
—Captured by F.W.F. Two Aglais urticae, L.—9@ pale-buff, and 9? ab.
nigra, Tutt (extreme form), both captured, one by Capt. E. B. Purefoy
(nigra). Two Polygonia c-album, L. abs. Three Limenitis camilla, L.
(sibilla, L.). Two semi-nigrina, Tutt, captured by Miss Frohawk, and
nigrina, Weym., captured by F.W.F. Two Vanessa cardui, L., cap-
tured by F.W.F.— 9, centre of hindwings with markings missing; ¢ with
large extra white spot. One Maniola jurtina, L., captured by Miss
Frohawk, extreme white form. Two Pararge aegeria, L., true, with

Prot. Sth LEN A Ss, 1 93ie3. Pirate VI.

ABERRATIONS OF DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA, L.

Exhibited at the Annual Exhibition in October by Dr J. Hope.
(but not recorded in the text)

23

amber-orange spots, captured by F.W.F. Two Lycaena arion, abs.
obsoleta, Tutt, dd. One Coenonympha pamphilus, L., right side (un-
der) obsoleta, Tutt, captured by F.W.F.

Mr R. L. E. Ford exhibited preserved larvae of British Lepidoptera.

Mr S. W. Gadge exhibited the following items relating to the Hive
Bee :—Wingless drone bee taken off brood comb in hive. Drone bees
from a laying worker; these are smaller than normal drones. Drone
comb built on hive division board, showing cells with vertical and
pointed sides. Wasp nest built on brood combs in a beehive. Models
of Ancient Greek coins with impressions of bees. Models of English
Tokens with impressions of hives and bees. Photographs illustrating :—
Work of the leaf-cutting bee on Laburnum leaves. Bees’ nest from a
wood, top view. Bees’ nest from a wood, side view. Both views show
unusual formation of combs. Syrian bear robbing a beehive. Nest of
Great Titmouse in an occupied beehive. Nest of wasp two feet wide,
taken from inside a house roof at Worcester Park. Meeting place for
wasps where food is consumed. Wasp nest from the ground, it con-
tains a stone, cricket ball size. An Abyssinian Secret.

Mr F. T. Grant exhibited the British species of Cicindela (Col.).

Dr H. G. Harris exhibited Lepidoptera from Sestrieres and the
Baths of Valdieri in N. Italy, including aberrations of Adopoea lineola,
Ochs., from Sestrieres, and albinistic and melanistic forms of Maniola
jurtina, L., British.

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited :—(1) A preserved example of the very
rare extreme red form of the larva of Sphinz ligustri, L. This larva was
sent to me alive on 2lst August last by Mr W. Lewis Rudland, who in-
formed me that he found it on Privet at Ipsden, Oxfordshire. When
received it was in its last stadium, though far from full-grown, but as
it had travelled badly and was very wet, it was preserved at once for
safety’s sake and in consequence is rather small. Tutt, in his ‘‘ British
Lepidoptera,’’ Vol. IV, pp. 315, 316, records several examples ap-
proaching this in colour, and Buckler (‘‘ Larvae,’’ II, pl. XXII, fig. 2)
has figured one of the lighter red forms. (2) A 2 specimen of Ematurga
atomaria, L., cream coloured with the lines chocolate brown and with
no dark speckling or terminal markings, Sussex, 1937. A o¢ of this
form was shown by Dr Cockayne at the Annual Exhibition in 1935
(cf. ‘*.8.L.E. and N.H. Soc. Proc. and Trans.,’’ 1935-36, p. 32) and
two dd were shown by him this year, but this is believed to be the
only known 9 of the form.

Dr J. Hope exhibited varieties of Pieris nami, L., and of Argynnis
paphia, L., including Pieris napi, L., black variety taken by A. Swift
of Nelson, 24th June 1926; reported ‘‘ Ento.,’’ Vol. LX, p. 11; an albino
form; a gynandromorph, right side 9, left side ¢; two banded forms
of ab. citronea. Argynnis paphia, L., gynandromorph taken by Dr Nash,
New Forest, 1922, reported ‘‘ Ento.,’’ Vol. LV, p. 238, left side ¢, right
side 2, ab. valezina, Esp.; ab. valezina, Esp., extraordinary underside.

24

Mr G. E. Hyde exhibited an aberration of Gonepteryx rhamni, L.,
showing ¢ and @ colouring on all four wings; and a cabinet drawer of
aberrations of Heodes phlaeas, L.

Mr F. W. J. Jackson exhibited underside aberrations of Polyom-
matus coridon, Poda, from Bembridge, I. of W.

Mr W. H. James exhibited aberrations of British Rhopalocera.

Mr Russell James, Sen., and Mr R. James, Jun., exhibited a series
of captures at light in Epping Forest during 1937, including Biston
betularia, L. (typical, ‘‘intermediate’’ and black); Stawropus fagi, L., all
dark; dark Boarmia roboraria, Schiff., and others; also a box contain-
ing one night’s captures at light at Balcombe in June 1937, including
Palimpsestis (Cymatophora) fiuctuosa, Hb., S. fagt, B. roboraria, Acro-
nicta leporina, L., Drymonia trimacula, Esp., Cochlidion lmacodes,
Hufn. (testudo, Schiff.), and others.

Col. S. H. Kershaw exhibited aberrations of P. coridon, Poda, and
of M. jurtina, L.

Dr H. King showed spring and autumn broods, including bred speci-
mens, of Cidaria otregiata, Metcalf, from S.E. Devon, and from the
same locality, Cleora jubata, Thnbg., Percnoptilota obstipata, Fb. (fluvi-
ata, Hb.) and Nonagria sparganiu, Esp., from Surrey, a series of bred
Thera variatu, Schiff., from spruce, and a series of bred Cucullia absin-
thu, L., from N. Cornwall larvae.

Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell exhibited species of Lepidoptera taken and
bred in 1937, including red New Forest forms of Monima (Taeniocampa)
gracilis, Fb.; series of Agrotis cinerea, Hb., taken at light; series of
Dianthoecia conspersa, Esp., bred from Land’s End pupae with dark
examples, and others with the normal white marking replaced with
yellow; series of D. andalusica, Stdgr. (barrett, Dbdy.); Crymodes
assimilis, Dbldy., from Rannoch area; bred Callimorpha dominula, L.,
including one with fore-wings entirely black except two small white
dots and two with smoky hind-wings; and others.

Col. F. A. Labouchere exhibited a fine series of Irish @ forms of
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., from Galway.

Mr H. B. Lawson exhibited a cabinet drawer of British Moths.

Dr A. R. Lisney exhibited two specimens of Hydrilla pallustris, Hb..,
both males taken at Wicken Fen, 4.vi. and 11.vi.1935; and a small series
of Mnesipatris filicivora, Myr., a recently discovered and very local
species of moth from Co. Dublin (‘‘ Ent.,’’ 194, 1987).

Mr Hugh Main exhibited some living spiders and scorpions, includ-
ing examples of the dangerous ‘‘ black widow ”’ spider and young.

Mr H. A. Leeds exhibited 42 specimens of 13 species of British
Rhopalocera, captured during 1937, amongst them being the following,
for which Bright and Leeds’ descriptive terms (not names) are used :—
Mantola jurtina, L., ¢ upperside, lacticolor-transformis, Aricia agestis,
Schiff. ; undersides, transiens, antidiscoelongata, castanea,
semialbescens. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., ¢ upperside, caeruleo-

na

latimargo; dg underside, postdecrescens. Polyommatus (Lysandra)

25

coridon, Poda, dG uppersides, viridescens, caeruleo-infralavendula,
ultraviridescens-ultralavendula-metallica; dG undersides, alba, Con-
fluentiae (I-nigrum-arcuata-basijuncta), antijuncta. Polyommatus
(Lysandra) bellargus, Rott., @Q uppersides, sinis-costatransformis,
virgatus, ultralutescens. MZeodes phlaeas, L., 3 upperside, auroradiata.
Strymon pruni, L., gd underside, lutescens. Hamearis lucina, L., Jd
underside, antidex-transformis,

Rev. J. N. Marcon exhibited a very large number of aberrations
of British Lepidoptera captured during 1936-7.

Mr H. Moore exhibited some large exotic Lepidoptera, Thysania
sps., Erebus sps., and Nyctalemon sps.

Mr A. M. Morley exhibited a large number of British Lepidoptera,
and also a few moths from Contrexeville in the Vosges.

(1) Rannoch, 16.v.—2.vi.1927, including Erebia epiphron, Knoch,
Coenonympha tullia, Miill. (davus, Fb.), Aplecta occulta, L., bred, light
and dark forms, Ithyacia (Noctua) sobrina, Gn., bred, etc.

(2) Contrexeville, Vosges, including Zygaena achilleae, Esp.,
Iithosia pallifrons, Zell., Acidalia immorata, L., Aplasta ononaria,
Fuess., and others.

(3) Also Rhyacia (Agrotis) ashworthiu, Dbldy., bred from N. Wales
larvae, 1937; Cucullia gnaphalti, Hb., bred from larvae, Weald of Kent,
August 1936; Aplasta ononaria, Fuess., Folkestone Warren, 26th June-
Ist July 1937; Adopoea thaumas, Hufn. (linea, Schiff.) (flava, Brun.).

Lieut.-Colonel A. H. E. Mosse exhibited forms of Argynnis paphia,
L., and Brenthis selene, Schiff., from Frant; and Vanessa urticae, L.,
and Mimas tiliae, L., from Tunbridge Wells; also a bred example of
Daphnis nerit, Linn., from Western India.

Mr C. G. Priest exhibited British Lepidoptera captured and bred
from the Isle of Wight in 1937.

Mr L. W. Newman exhibited long series of Abraxas grossulariata,
L., including abs. dorhnii, Kong. (lacticolor, Rayn.), varleyata, Porritt,
exquiseta, Rayn., hazeliensis, Rayn., nigrocretacea, Rayn., etc. Full
fed larvae of Arctia caja, L., which had been fed entirely on garden
Arabis. Living specimens of Hamearis lucina, L., which emerged 27th
October under normal conditions, not forced.

Mr S. G. Wallis Norton exhibited Catocala fraxini, L., 3, taken
September 1937, near Ashford, Kent. Pieris napi, L., var. flava, Tutt,
taken May 1937, Wyre Forest, Worcestershire.

Mr G. B. Oliver exhibited EHuphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott.
Short series from an inbred Dorset strain:—Dark suffused; black
banded and light banded forms. Melitaea cinxia, L., a wild, lightly
marked ¢ and heavily spotted 9 :—A short series from wild larvae,
showing variation from open banded to suffused forms, and a pair of
undersides strongly marked with black on the hindwings. Melitaea
athalia, Rott., ¢, wild, Kent, inner half of forewings clouded with
black. Argynnis paphia, L., wild g with heavy transverse inner band
on underwings: ab. valezina, Esp.; specimens bred from both type and

26
ab. valezina ova. Argynnis cydippe, L. (advppe, L.), a richly marked
underside ¢. Aricia agestis, Hb. (medon, Esp.), ¢ taken on Bucks
Chilterns; black unmarked forewings and lightly marked hind wings;
closely approaching var. salmacis, St. Also a series of British taken
cuckoos’ eggs with those of foster-parents selected to show variation

of shades—brown, red, grey, olive and buff, with markings speckled,
blotched or marbled.

Mr S. G. Castle Russell exhibited :—

Maniola jurtina, Schrank, an aberration blotched with white.

Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, Linn. A remarkable and very
beautiful underside aberration, the silver basal spots being elongated
into broad silver lunules. West Surrey.

Euphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott. Three colour aberrations.

Inmenitis camilla, Linn. (sibilla, L.). Two examples of ab.
obliterata, Shipp. New Forest.

Aphantopus hyperantus Linn. A multi-spotted example. Also an
extreme example of homoeosis—underside—two-thirds of the wing area
having the colour and structure of the upperside; taken by Mrs P.
Nagle, Ringwood, 1934.

Pieris rapae, Linn. An example of ab. fasciata, Tutt. Highcliffe.

Euchloé cardamines, Linn. An example of ab. dispila, Raynor, and
two richly marked undersides.

Aricia agestis, Schiff. (medon, Esp.) A male with the orange spots
on borders replaced by white. Winchester.

P. (L.) coridon, Poda. Examples of under and upper side aberra-
tions including ab. cinnameus (?), male and female. Ab. fowleri, Sth.,
and ab. obsoleta, Tutt, etc. Also 2 males: a rare blue form and one
of French grey colour. Hants, Wilts and Sussex.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott. An example with costajuncta and basi-
juncta, and one with obsoleta-partim-radiata, on the underside
respectively. Weymouth.

All of the above with one exception were taken, or bred, by the
exhibitor.

Mr E. E. Syms exhibited larvae, pupae and adults (macropterous)
of the Mecopteron Boreus hiemalis, L.

Mr A. G. B. Russell and Mr J. A. P. Russell exhibited a selection
of insects taken in the past year, including series of the following
species: —C. brevilinea, Fenn., and Pelosia muscerda, Hufn., from
County Norfolk; Lithosia pallifrons, Zell. (lutarella, Linn.), from
Counties Kent and Norfolk; Leucania l-album, Linn., and LD. vitellina,
Hiibn., from County Devon; Endrosa (Setina) irrorella, Linn., and
Procris globulariae, Hiibn., from County Gloucester; Coscinia cribrum,
Linn., and Nonagria sparganii, Esp., from County Dorset (the latter
a finely marked local form); Isturgia (Fidonia) carbonaria, Clerck, from
County Perth; Sterrha ochrata, Scop., from County Kent; and five
Drepana harpagula, Esp., from the Leigh Woods. Examples were also
shown of Celaena haworthii, Curt., from County Norfolk, side by side

27

with specimens of an insect that is apparently to be regarded as a
distinctive local race of the same species, from County Dorset. Other
insects included a large and well marked specimen of Tapinostola fluxa,
Hb. (hellmanni, Ev.) (of a form that would be more readily paralleled
among Continental than among British examples), from County Dorset,
a species new to the County, as well as examples of DL. albipuncta,
Fabr., from County Dorset; Coenotephria berberata, Schiff., from
County Suffolk; Ptychopoda dilutaria, Hiibn., from County Somerset ;
and Anarta melanopa, Thunb., from Co. Perth. Interesting variations
were also included of Phlogophora meticulosa, Linn., the prevailing
tint of the fore wings being a dark green, with very dark hind wings;
Mamestra dentina, Esp., a melanie form; Diacrisia lubricipeda, L.
(menthastri, Esp.), an example in which the usual black dots on the
fore wings were reduced to a minimum; Mellinia gilvago, Esp., an
orange form with heavy banding of black blots, of a type seldom occur-
ring in this country, all from Swanage, the last named species being
only once previously recorded for County Dorset (in 1907); and Epunda
lichenea, Hiibn., a very black @ from Portland.

Mr D. C. Sevastopulo exhibited a series of the Satyrid butterfly
Melanitis leda, L., and its subsp. ismene, Cr., to show the individual
variation of the nominotypical dry season form and the seasonal varia-
tion between it and the wet season generation determinata, Btlr.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited numerous examples of the extreme
forms, natural and produced, of Abrazas grossulariata, Ix

Messrs R. F. Warrior and J. Deal exhibited Polyommatus coridon,
Poda. A series of aberrations, upper and under side, illustrating the
range of variation in the Swanage district of Dorset, 1937. The under-
sides show varying degrees of obsolescence up to corydonis, Bergs., and
lucretia, Gasc. The uppers range towards fowleri, South, on the one
hand and sub-suffusa, Tutt, on the other. There are several minor
forms. Polyommatus icarus, Rott. A gynandromorph, R. side 9°, L.
side ¢. Brown form, few blue scales. Thoracic hairs on L. side defin-
itely blue. Dorking district, Ranmore slopes, 20.viii.35. Series show-
ing variation in blue coloration of females in same brood. Bred 1937.

Mr N. Watkins exhibited varieties of British Lepidoptera taken in
1937.

Mr H. D. Wells exhibited a gynandromorph specimen of P. (L.)
coridon, Poda, taken at Royston, 5th August, 1937. R. wings d, L.
wings @.

A series of ab. semisyngrapha, Tutt, and some ab. semi-obsoleta,
Tutt, including a fine 2 with whitish hindwings; also an Argynnis
paphia, L., with heavy black markings, and two Polygonia c-album,
L., with a triangle for the usual ‘‘ comma ’’ mark, from the Wye
Valley.

Mr S. Wakely exhibited nearly 300 different species of Lepidoptera
captured and bred during the present season, including :—Myelois
ceratoniae, Zeller (bred from larva feeding in Spanish orange);

28

Laspeyresia molesta, Busch. (bred from larva feeding in Italian peach) ;
and Nepticula suberivora, Stainton (bred on September 2nd from mined
leaf of Evergreen Oak from Freshwater, I.W.). Also: Nudaria
mundana, L. (bred, Stroud, Glos.); Setina trrorella, Clrck. (bred,
Freshwater, I.W.); Karias chlorana, L. (bred, Norwood, London);
Acronicta ligustri, Fb. (bred, Godshill, I.W.); Erastria (Monodes)
venustula, Hb. (bred, Brentwood, Essex); Leptomeris marginepunctata,
Goze (bred, Sandown, I.W.); Salebria formosa, Hw. (bred, Plumstead,
Kent); Myelois neophanes, Durr. (bred, Broadwater Forest, Sussex,
and Chilworth, Surrey); Crambus uliginésellus, Z. (Byfleet, Surrey) ;
C. contaminellus, Hb. (Norwood); C. selasellus, Hb. (Benfleet, Essex) ;
Pyrausta verbascalis, Schiff. (Boxhill, Surrey, and Byfleet); Stenia
punctalis, Schiff. (Freshwater); Evergestis straminalis, Hb. (Byfleet) ;
Adaina microdactyla, Hb. (bred, Sandown); Alucita spilodactyla, Curt.
(bred, Freshwater); Pselnophorus brachydactylus, Tr. (bred, Stroud) ;
Pterophorus lienigianus, Zell. (bred, Plumstead, Kent); Phalonia gilvi-
comana, Z. (bred, Surrey); Peronea comariana, Zell. (bred, Rookley,
I.W.); P. boscana, Fb. (bred, Osborne, I.W.); Evetria purdeyi, Durr.
(Gurnard, I.W.); Hemimene sequana, Hb. (bred, Gurnard); Metzneria
littorella, Dgl. (bred, Ventnor); Gelechia lentiginosella, Zell. (bred,
Gurnard); Batrachedra pinicolella, Dup. (Ashdown Forest, Sussex) ;
Chamaesphecia (Aegeria) ichneumoniformis, Fb. (Freshwater); De-
pressaria nanatella, Stain. (bred, Stroud); Stathmopoda pedella,
L. (Bromley, Kent); Coleophora albicosta, Hw. (St George’s Down,
I.W.); C. artemisicolella, Brnd. (bred, Plumstead, Kent); Stigmella
decentella, H.-S. (Norwood); Tinea arcella, Fb. (bred, Westerham,
Kent); Tetchobia verhuellella, Stain. (bred, Stroud).

Dr H. B. Williams exhibited series of Lepidoptera from Scotland,
1937 : —

(1) Series of Humenis semele, L., from Morayshire, with a normal
English pair for comparison, including a ¢ with extra spots, and 9? 9
with clear yellow band on outer half of forewings, and lighter scaling
on fuscous basal portion of forewings.

(2) Lygris populata, L., series, unselected, from Grantown, with
dark forms.

(3) Thera juniperata, L., bred, Aviemore, with melanic forms and
band variations.

Dr C. M. G. de Worms exhibited a number of local and uncommon
British Lepidoptera from various localities taken or bred during 1937,
including series of Argynnis euphrosyne, L., Rannoch; Erebia aethiops,
Esp., Lake District; Coenonympha pamphilus, L., Aviemore; Plebeius
aegon, Schiff., North Wales, with blue forms of the female; and
aberrant forms of Apatura iris, L. (one male and two females bred from
wild larvae beaten in late May); Hyloicus pinastri, L. (three examples
found at rest in Suffolk in early July); Drepana harpagula, Esp.
(sicula, Hb.) (five males taken at light near Bristol in June); Spilosoma
lubricipeda, L. (menthastri, Esp.) (two sparsely spotted females taken

68

29

in Tilgate Forest); Dianthoecia conspersa, Esp. (dark example bred
from Scotland); Leucania l-album, L., and L. vitellina, Hb. (series
taken in South Devon in September); Zygaena lonicerae, Esp. (two
yellow forms taken in Gloucestershire).

Mr S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited larvae of Mnesipatris filicivora, Meyr.
(1937), feeding in leaves of Aspidium filix-mas, Sw. (male fern), together
with a drawing illustrating the feeding habits of the larva, first in the
spores and then mining into the leaf; and also an enlarged profile view of
the larva. It is to be noted that these larvae are extremely voracious,
and they remove all the green flesh from each leaf mined, and then
pass on to another leaf. Some of the larvae seem to have spun an
oval cell in the mine for hibernation, while others pupated in cocoons
composed of white silk covered with the brown spores and frass. Moths
emerged, the first on 5th January 1938, and continued to emerge in
twos and threes per day up to the time of writing (25.11.38), warm days
producing more than the colder days. The larvae were received from
Mr Bryan Beirne, of Monkstown, County Dublin, whose report of the
species appeared in the ‘‘ Entomologist ’’ for 1937, together with Mr
Meyrick’s original description of the species.

llth NOVEMBER 1937.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr Royffe exhibited vipers from the New Forest and several snakes
from S. India preserved in spirit.

Mr Denvil exhibited two living specimens of the Dice Snake,
Tropidonotus tessellatus, with several cast skins of the same; also the
common viper, Pelias berus.

Dr Cockayne exhibited a short series of Parascotia fuliginaria, L.,
including a very pale aberration with grey ground colour and increase
in the pale yellow markings. It was bred, Surrey, July 1937.

Mr McNulty exhibited a number of snakes preserved in spirit and
read a short paper on ‘‘ Snakes ’’; a considerable discussion ensued.

25th NOVEMBER 1937.
The PreEsipENT in the Chair.

The following were elected members:—Col. P. A. Cardew, of
Wimbledon; Dr J. Hope, of Cheadlehulme, Cheshire; Messrs R. W.
Adams, of Kenton; N. T. Easton, of Kensington; Dr H. G. Harris, of
Southampton; H. O. Holford, of Godalming; A. A. Lisney, of Leicester ;
M. J. Mowbray, of Wanstead; A. E. Tonge, of Alderley Edge; and F.
T. Vallins, of Epsom Downs.

Mr Doudney exhibited a bred series of Pachygastria trifoli, Esp.,
from larvae taken at Dungeness with examples from Formby for com-
parison; also a number of species of Lepidoptera taken at Aviemore,

30

Dr E. A. Cockayne exhibited a number of preserved larvae of
Noctuidae.

Mr Wallis Norton exhibited Lepidoptera from N. India and ex-
plained his method of relaxing for setting specimens when received in
papers. |

Mr Stephens exhibited the following species of Coleoptera, mostly
from the Chatham area:—Quedius longicornis, Kr.; Acidota crenata,
Fb.; Prognatha quadricornis, Kby., Hadham; Bathyscia wollastoni,
Jan.; Amphicyllis globus, Fb., in hay refuse; Scaphisoma boleti, Pz.,
fungi in September; Triplax lacordatrei, Crtch., fungi in September;
Necrobia ruficollis, Fb., from a dead bird; Opilo mollis, Linn.; Dascillus
cervinus, Linn., from a spindle tree; Hylotrupes bajulus, Linn.; Cassida
nobilis, L.; Rhinosimus ruficollis, L., under bark; Heledona agaricola,
Hbst., in fungus, September.

Lantern slides were shown by Mr E. E. Syms and Mr Finnigan, and
afterwards a selection of slides from the Robert Adkin bequest.

9th DECEMBER, 1937.
The PREsIpDENT in the Chair.

Mr A. W. Roswyn, 141 Perry Vale, Forest Hill, S.E.23, was elected
a member.

Proposed by Mr Attwood and seconded by Dr Cockayne that Mr
Sutton be asked to act as auditor on behalf of the general body of
members.

Mr H. W. Andrews exhibited specimens of the scarce Dipteron
Myopites bloti, Breb., belonging to the Trypetidae, from Yarmouth in
the Isle of Wight.

Mr D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited a collection of moths taken at light
at Darjeeling and read the following note :—

‘‘This exhibit shows an average May evening’s catch at light be-
tween dusk and 11 p.m. (the species shown are those actually recorded
in my diary for the 30th May 1935) and illustrates the fact that Indian
moths are not markedly larger or more brilliant in colour than English.

‘The method of collecting employed was to leave an electric light
burning in a room with whitewashed walls and to catch from time to
time the moths attracted. One of the features of collecting with light
in the Himalayas is the large number of single specimens taken; during
a month’s collecting in May and early June I took roughly three hun-
dred species and of these more than half were represented by single
examples. Figures of the nightly catches for three evenings in August
1934 are also interesting: on the 9th 31 species were taken, on the 10th
61, of which 10 only had appeared on the previous evening, and on the
llth 51 species were caught, of which 35 had not been seen before.

Mr Wallis Norton described his method of relaxing and setting
‘‘ papered ”’ insects,

31

‘‘T have to thank Mr Sevastopulo for making the method I have
previously described rather easier, in that I now make up a relaxing
tin of half an inch of sand, moistened to a state of saturation with
methylated spirits and water, on top of which I place a platform made
of perforated zinc, on the underside of which, touching the sand, are
five corks. These corks are about one inch thick and are placed one in
each corner and one in the middle and held in position with drawing-
pins. Upon this platform the insects are placed and left for 48 hours.

This period may be more than sufficient for completely relaxing some
of the smaller insects. I had none to experiment with, but with the
larger ones I found that although the antennae and sometimes the head
could be moved without breaking away, the main nervures joining the
wings to the body were still too stiff to move without the danger of
breaking.

I then apply, by means of a camel-hair brush, a small amount of
amyl-acetate to the underside where the wings join the body and then
a bead of ‘‘ Durofix,” no larger than a pin’s head and subsequently
wash this in with a little more amyl-acetate.

About ten minutes later the insect will be fit to set and even if that
ominous crack is heard when the setting needle is pressing the wing
downwards there need be no fear that the wing has broken away from
the body. The pressure of the setting needle should be made as near
to the body as possible.

Having secured the wings roughly in position with paper strip, leave
for a few minutes longer until the solution has worked well in and then
it will be found that the wings can be placed in the desired position with
comparative ease. The insect will be ready for removing from the set-
ting board in about 24 hours.

I have performed two tests, as follows :—

(1) I have taken an insect which has been off the setting board for
24 hours and placed it back in the relaxing box for 48 hours. The sole
result was that the wings were inclined to cockle up a little but their
position in relation to the body did not change.

(2) I deliberately set an insect badly, put it back in the relaxing
box for 48 hours and then back on to the setting board and was unable
to set the wings, but having once more applied a little amyl-acetate and
leaving for about a quarter of an hour I was able to move the wings
into the required position.

General Information.

I would advise the use of a setting board rather larger than the one
you would normally use for any particular insect in order that there be
plenty of space between the body of the insect and both the edge and
the base of the groove. This will eliminate any danger of the insect
sticking to the board.

To ensure the antennae not breaking away and to facilitate moving
the head, should it have dried in an undesirable position, apply a drop
of amyl-acetate, without Durofix, and set almost immediately.

32

After the insect has been removed from the setting board I would
advise a small bead of Durofix being applied where the pin emerges.
This will prevent the insect swivelling on the pin at some later date.

Some extremely interesting and instructive cinematograph films were
shown by Dr Hewer depicting chromosome division, cell-multiplication,
life-history, etc., of the Amoeba, Earth Worm, Marine Worms and a
Sea Urchin. Dr Hewer accompanied the films with appropriate re-
marks explaining and drawing attention to the more important points
illustrated.

13th JANUARY 1938.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr J. Deal, 18 Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent, was elected a
member.

Mr R. Collins exhibited an unusual form of Boarmia (Ectropis) bis-
tortata, Goze, second brood taken at light at Kingswood, Surrey. Thorax
and first two segments of abdomen very dark; forewings generally grey-
ish brown, most markings slightly darker giving a fuzzy, semi-suppressed
impression, especially the sub-basal and median lines; subterminal line
wide, lighter and irregular, edged externally with an interrupted darker
line which in its turn gives place to a fine light coloured line; hindwings
‘as forewings. The veins and interneural spots of the typical form show
clear and dark. (See plate).

Mr E. E. Syms gave an account of his study of the Life-history of
the Wood Cricket, Nemobius sylvestris, Fab., illustrating his remarks
with lantern slides. (See Trans.)

Mr S. Wakely exhibited a series of the very local Micro-lepidopteron,
Metzneria littorella, Douglas, from the Isle of Wight, and read a short
paper on its habits and occurrence. (See Trans.)

27th JANUARY 1938.
ANNUAL MEETING.
Mr F. J. Coutson, PRESIDENT, in the Chair.

The Reports of the Treasurer and Council and the Balance Sheet
were read and adopted.

The following is the List of Officers and Council declared by the
President as elected for the year 1938:

President—F. S. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S. Vice-Presidents—F. J.
Coulson and H. B. Williams, LL.D., F.R.E.S. Hon. Treasurer—T. R.
Eagles. Hon. Inbrarian—K. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. Hon. Curator—S. R.
Ashby, F.R.E.S. Hon. Editor of Proceedings—Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S.,
F.R.H.S. Hon. Secretaries—S, N. A. Jacobs (Corresponding) and H.
G. Denvil (Minuting). Hon. Lanternist—J. H. Adkin. Cowncil—C. H.
Hawkins, F.R.E.S., A. Bliss, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S., J. H. Adkin,

Proc. S.L.E. & N.ILS., 1937-8. Prate LV.

Photo. R. J. Collins.

BOARMIA (ETROPIS) BISTORTATA, GOZE ab.

33

L. C. Bushby, F.R.E.S., M. Niblett, A. F. O’Farrell, R. Attwood, G. A.
Brett, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., G. V. Bull, B.A., M.B.

It was announced that in view of his having completed the 50th year
of his membership of the Society, and of his long and distinguished ser-
vices, both to the Society as one of its Officers for many years, and to
Entomology in general, the Council had conferred upon Mr Hy. J.
Turner the Honorary Membership of the Society, and an Illuminated
Address of Congratulation was subsequently presented to him on behalf
of the Officers, Council and other Members by the President, Mr F. J.
Coulson, who said:

I am honoured by having to perform a very pleasant duty. Mr
Turner as you know joined the Society in 1887 and has therefore been
a member for a period of 50 years. In itself this is truly a remarkable
achievement, but it is coupled with the fact that during that period he
has been more than an ordinary member, as he has taken an active part
in conducting the affairs of the Society during the greater part. He
was the Hon. Librarian from 1893 to 1896 when he became the Report
Secretary. In 1915 Mr Turner became Vice-President and in the sub-
sequent two years, 1916 and 1917, he occupied the Presidential chair.
In 1916 he combined the duties of Report Secretary and _ those
of Hon. Editor of the Proceedings, which, as you know, he at present
holds. During practically the whole of his membership therefore the
Society has benefitted not only by his constructive work but, as his
great knowledge of scientific matters has been placed freely at our dis-
posal, the Proceedings have been maintained at the highest level. We
owe a debt of gratitude to Mr Turner, but we also are grateful to Mrs
Turner and thank her for her care and willingness that has enabled Mr
Turner to give so much time to the Society’s affairs.

As a token of our appreciation of the work he has performed for the
Society and in commemoration of the fact that he has been a member
for so long a period I have, on behalf of the Society, great pleasure in
asking him to accept this autograph book inscribed with the names of
the members.

This announcement and the presentation having been received with
acclamation, Mr Turner briefly replied on behalf of himself and of Mrs
Turner, and expressed his appreciation of the kindly consideration of
members at all times and of the pleasure it had always been to be of
service to the Society.

The President read the Annual Address (See Trans.) and the new
President, Mr F. S. Stanley-Smith, then took the chair.

Votes of Thanks were passed to the retiring President, Officers and
Council for their services during the past years.

ORDINARY MEETING.
Mr F. S. Stanitey-SmitH, PRESIDENT, in the Chair.

Dr Cockayne exhibited illustrations of the larvae of the American
Papilio, P. rudkini, the representative of the British P. machaon, L.,

34

and said that the variation in colour and marking was quite parallel
with the variation in the larvae of the British species, of which he also
showed several preserved examples for comparison.

Dr Williams exhibited the aberration salicis, Curt., of Acronicta
rumicis, L.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited three males and one female of the large
Brazilian Bombycid moth, Eacles imperialis, Drury, with a coloured
photograph of the beautiful larvae, sent to him by a correspondent
some years ago.

He also exhibited a hitherto unrecorded form of Leucania impura,
Hb., from Paignton, Devon, sent to him by Capt. Parsons. Above the
outer half of the long whitish vitta along the disc of the forewing there
is developed in the partial fold a jet black line. Most examples of this
species have no differentiation in the usual marking in this position,
but a few have a slight brownish darkening and very occasionally a
specimen occurs with a very few black scales. Another similar form,
but not so strongly marked, from Esher was shown. It is proposed to
name it nigrolinea, nov. ab. He called attention to the well-marked
ab. punctilinea, Tutt, from Rainham (Burrows collection) with a per-
fect row of submarginal dots, a form said to be ‘‘ rare’ by Tutt.

Capt. Parsons sent, in the same box, an extremely dark form of
Omphaloscelis lunosa, Haw. This very variable species easily divides
into two groups. In the one the forewings are conspicuously lined by
the light coloured veins, in the other the veining is very inconspicuous.
Tutt, in ‘ British Noctuae,’’? II, 169, includes an extreme form as
‘‘ Blackish-grey, with pale nervures,’’ var. agrotoides, Gn. (also ex-
hibited). The form shown is very dark reddish, almost blackish, without
the conspicuous veining, and is still further melanic in that the hind-
wings are completely smoky, a feature hitherto not recorded of this
species. Another feature is the suppression of the generally conspicu-
ously light marginal band on the forewings of all the darker specimens.
This form may well be named intensa, nov. ab.

Mr T. R. Eagles exhibited the bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea, with
flower heads. Bamboo plants flower after long intervals and often die
immediately afterwards.

35

REPORT OF FIELD MEETINGS.

10th APRIL 1937.
FIELD MEETING—EFFINGHAM.
Leader: Mr T. R. Eactes.

Thirteen members and one visitor attended. The weather was not
bright or particularly warm, but there was no rain. In the afternoon
a visit was made to the pines at Ockham Common. The lepidopterous
larvae beaten were mainly Thera obeliscata, Hb., but there were also
Thera firmata, Hb., and Ellopia prosapiaria, L. Imagines of Panolis
griseo-variegata, Goze, were taken, some by searching the pine trunks
and others fell into the beating trays. Brephos parthenias, L., was
observed flying near the birches and Xylocampa areola, Esp., was rest-
ing low down on the pine trunks. The interesting and not too well
known larva of areola was successfully reared from eggs laid by one of
the moths. Sarrothripus revayana, Tr. (the usual dark form), Tephrosia
bistortata, Gr., the Gracillariid, Orniz avellanella, Staint., and the beau-
tiful little Micropterygid, Hriocrania purpurella, L., were seen.

Specimens of all the usual pine lady-birds were observed (Anatis
ocellata, L.; Mysia oblongoguttata, L.; Aphidecta obliterata, L.; Chilo-
corus bipustulatus, L., and Exochomus quadripustulatus, L.). The large
pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, L., was noticed; no doubt many would
have been found if special search had been made. Balaninus rubidus,
Gyll., was also found in the beating tray. Several specimens of the
Longicorn beetle, Pogonochaerus hispidus, L., were beaten from the
holly bushes on the walk back to tea.

All the party stayed on for sallowing. The long spell of wet weather
had made some of the bushes inaccessible to those without gumboots.
Nevertheless some Taeniocampids were taken, including T. gracilis, Fb.,
and T. munda, Esp. Selenia bilunaria, Esp., and Eariophila badiata,
Schiff., were flying freely. But the most pleasing discovery was Bapta
distintaria, H.-S. (Aleucis pictaria, Curt.). This insect was in good
numbers on the sloe bushes and a few were on the wing.

17th APRIL 1937.
FIELD MEETING—BOOKHAM COMMON.
Leader: C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.

This meeting was arranged to take advantage of the last opportunity
for sallowing and general evening work before ‘‘ Summer Time ’’ began
on the following day. As it happened, however, it was completely spoilt
by the weather. A prolonged period of heavy rain right up to the very

36

morning had rendered most of the Common and woods a veritable
morass, indeed much of the lower-lying portion of the ground was,
literally, under water and although conditions improved somewhat dur-
ing the afternoon, rain came on again in the evening and all this, com-
bined with a decidedly cool N.W. wind and the fact that such Sallows
as remained in good flower had had most of their attractiveness washed
completely out of them, rendered conditions practically hopeless for
collecting or observations of any sort. In spite of all the disadvantages,
nine members put in an appearance but, beyond a certain amount of
exploring over the higher portion of the woods on both sides of the
Cobham Road, little serious work was attempted or, indeed, possible.
A very good tea was much enjoyed at the Mark Oak Gate Tea Rooms ad-
joining the Common, after which most of the party dispersed to their
homes and drier conditions. A few stayed on to try their luck in the even-
ing, but, I fear, without much success. One or two Sallows in sheltered
places in the woods harboured a few moths, mostly of the genus Monima
(Taeniocampa) and there were a few Blackthorn bushes well out which
also produced a few insects. The list of captures included the following
species : —

LepPipopTEeRA :—Sarrothripus revayana, Scop., Pachnobia rubricosa,
Fb., Monima pulverulenta, Esp. (cruda, Tr.), M. gothica, L., M. munda,
F., Earophila badiata, Schiff., Eupithecia castigata, Hb., Selenia bilun-
aria, Esp., Calostigia multistrigaria, Haw. (Larvar)—Hylophila bicolor-
ana, Fuessl., Opisthograptis luteolata, L., Boarmia repandata, L.,
Hemithia aestivaria, Hb. (strigata, Miill.), and Crocallis elinguaria, L.

CoLeoPTERA :—Bryaxis sanguinea, L., Adalia 10-punctata, L., Pogo-
nochaerus hispidulus, Pill., Chalcoides awrata, Marsh., Otiorrhynchus
singularis, L.

8th MAY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—WESTERHAM.
Leaders: Mr F. D. Coots, F.R.E.S., and Mr S. N. A. Jacoss.

This meeting was on the whole most disappointing ; a cold north wind
was blowing and vegetation was backward, but none the less some eight
members attended and worked the district pretty thoroughly. Certain
common species were taken in reasonable numbers, and Sesiid larvae
were taken from birch and sweet chestnut stumps, while the alder trees
along the side of the road in Westerham, where it borders the lake,
provided larvae in plenty of Tinea arcella, Fb., which were mining
just under the bark of the dead wood, their galleries showing up, slightly
raised, and made more conspicuous by the white frass appearing more
or less continuously along the gallery.

Tea was taken at Pitt’s Cottage, and the party dispersed to deal
with the material collected.

The captures included the following :—

37

LepiporTera :—(Imagines) Cosymbia punctaria, L., Gonodontis biden-
tata, Clrek., Boarmia punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.), Gymnos-
celis (Eupithecia) pumilata, Hb., Eupithecia castigata, Hb., Aristotelia
ericinella, Dup.

(Larvae) Oporinia autumnata, Bork., Campaea (Metrocampa) mar-
garitata, L., Agrotis (Graphiphora) agathina, Dup., Noctua c-nigrum,
L., Amathes helvola, L., Lygris testata, L., Synanthedon (Sesia) culict-
formis, L. (birch), S. (S.) vespiformis, L. (cynipiformis, Esp.) (asilifor-
mis, Rott.) (sweet chestnut. Imagines subsequently bred).

CoLrortrra :—LRhynchites cavifrons, Gyll., R. betulae, L., Stropho-
somus melanogrammus, Forst., Polydrosus mollis, Stroem, P. tereti-
collis, De G., P. cervinus, L., Phyllobius argentatus, L.

15th MAY 1937.

FIELD MEETING—ABROOK AND ESHER COMMONS.
Leader: Mr F. J. Covunson.

The weather was cold and there was little sunshine the whole day
but as eleven members attended the meeting their efforts resulted in
a good bag in spite of the conditions. The morning was spent on A-
brook Common and in the afternoon the party scattered over Esher
Common. In the evening a few members spent a short time on the
heath near the station, where the usual Coleoptera were swept from the
heather.

The morning party gave considerable attention to beating oak, birch,
and hawthorn for lepidopterous larvae. The result was fair, the fol-
lowing larvae being taken in moderate number: Oporinia dilutata,
Schiff., Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata, L., Hemithea aestivaria,
Hb. (strigata, Miill.), Crocallis elinguaria, L., Colotois (Himera) pen-
naria, L., and Miselia oxyacanthae, L. Hipparchus (Geometra) papi-
lionaria, L., and Hylophila bicolorana, Fuessl., were also taken. From
coniferous trees were beaten Ellopia prosapiaria, L. (fasciaria, L.),
Thera obeliscata, Hb., and T'. firmata, Hb., and both pupae and larvae
of Bupalus pimaria, L. The terminal shoots of sallow, tenanted by
larvae of Plastenis retusa, L., were collected on Esher Common later
in the day. Few imagines were taken or observed, Cosymbia punctaria,
L., Eupithecia nanata, Hb., and Semiothisa litwrata, Clrck., only be-
ing reported.

As regards Coleoptera, Salpingus castaneus, Panz., Mysia oblongo-
guttata, L., Hylobius abietis, L., and Scymnus suturalis, Thnb., were
beaten from Coniferae. From stumps the following were extracted :—
Elater balteatus, L., Leistus spinibarbis, F., and Litargus connezrus,
Geoff., together with the bug, Aradus depressus, Fab. Diphyllus luna-
tus, Fb., was present in the fungus Daldinia concentrica, Ces., on birch
trunks. The usual common species, as Prosternon holosericeus, Ol.,
were present on hawthorns in fair numbers. Ithagium bifasciatum, Fb.,
Leistus ferrugineus, L., Dromius 4-notatus, Panz., Dacne bipustulata,
Thunb., and Coeliodes ruber, Marsh. were also taken.

38

Specimens of a caddis fly, Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Oliv., were taken
by one member of the party.

22nd MAY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—CHILWORTH.
Leader: Mr A. F. O’FarreE tu.

Early morning sunshine tempted seven members (not, however, in-
cluding the official leader) to assemble at Chilworth station at 11.45 a.m.,
by which time, under a lowering sky, squalls of rain were sweeping a
thoroughly saturated countryside. The sturdy seven, undaunted by the
weather, made for the spruce wood at the foot of St Martha’s Hill,
where several Thera variata, Schiff., Eupithecia tantillaria Bdv. (pusil-
lata, Hb.), were seen, and LH. lariciata, Frr., were present but very rest-
less because of the rain; most of them low down among the undergrowth.
Three members of the party vanished at this stage, but the remaining
four struggled up the hill, beating oak and wych elm under very tire-
some conditions, gusty wind and heavy rain combining to make the
beating trays weigh a good ‘“ half-hundredweight.’’ Little success was
met with before lunch, which was partaken of under the dripping
branches of a spruce tree near the hill-top. Among the spruce and
larch around this spot the above species were in some number again.
Beating was resumed with rather better success and the larvae met with
among others were Thecla w-album, Knoch, Hylophila bicolorana, Fues.,
Brachionycha sphinx, Hufn., Mellinia gilvago, Esp., and Laspeyria
flecula, Schiff., and an imago of Cosymbia punctaria, L. After wander-
ing around the back of the hill, which was rather more sheltered from
the rain, the party adjourned to the ‘‘ Percy Arms ”’ for tea, where the
three ‘“‘ deserters’ had already arrived. The whole party were thus
able to return home together, having had a not entirely unsuccessful
day. The other species observed included :—Imagines of Xanthorhoé
fluctuata, L., Nemophora swammerdammella, L., and Adela viridella, L.
Larvae of Amphipyra pyramidea, L., Amathes circellaris, Hufn., Calym-
nia trapezina, L., Phigalia pedaria, Fb., Colotois pennaria, L., Oporinia
dilutata, Schiff., Hrannis defoliaria, Clrck., Operophtera brumata, L.,
O. fagata, Scharf. (boreata, Hb.), ete.

30th MAY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—ISLE OF WIGHT.
Leader: Mr S. WakeEty.
The Isle of Wight is rather beyond the range of the usual Field Meet-
ing, but about ten members met at Waterloo for this trip.

After travelling to Portsmouth by one of the Southern Railway’s new
electric trains the party had a pleasant trip by steamer to Ryde, and
then caught a train to Brading, which was reached about mid-day.

39

First the marsh was visited on the way to the cliffs to the east of
Sandown. Larvae found on Epilobium were a mixed lot, and subse-
quently produced imagines of Cacoecia podana, Scop., Tortrix costana,
Fab., and Argyroploce lacunana, Dup.

Approaching the top of the cliffs, the larval cases of Coleophora tro-
glodytella, Dup., were noticed swarming on Inula dysenterica, Gaertn.,
and imagines of Glyphipteryz fischeriella, Zell., occurred in abundance
on various flowers and grasses. Melitaea cinzia, L., was soon seen fly-
ing on the broken ground of Redcliff, but it was found that, owing to
the rough nature of the ground, they were not easy to capture as they
flew briskly among the great masses of Anthyllis vulneraria, L. (Kidney
Vetch), which grow there, and no large ‘‘ bag’’ was taken. Cupido
minimus, Fuessl., was also on the wing, but scarce. Both Vanessa ata-
lanta, L., and V. cardui, L., were noted, together with Plusia gamma, L.
Aspitates (Crocota) ochrearia, Ross., was fairly common, and single
specimens of Ptychopoda subsericeata, Haw., and Leptomeris margine-
punctata, Goze, were captured. The webs of the local Nephopteryx
genistella, Dup., were not uncommon on gorse, but it was a slow and
painful job to extract the larvae from their thorny retreat. The local
Plume, Adaina microdactyla, Hiibn., was found just coming out in a
clump of Hupatorium cannabinum, L., at Limpet Run, and a few were
bred later from old stems gathered at this spot.

Mr H. G. Jeffery, who lives in the Island and is well known to several
of the members, joined the party on the cliffs. He reported the capture
of a series of a local beetle—Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliarum, Gyll., by
sweeping plants of Lycopsis arvensis, L., which were growing in pro-
fusion at one spot. A pair of Sheld-duck, Tadorna cornuta, Gmel.,
were seen by him to fly into the rabbit warren at the top of Lower
Greensand Cliffs about 200 feet from the shore, and it is likely they were
nesting there. Silene nutans, L., the Nottingham Catchfly, was ob-
served growing in clumps at the top of Redcliff.

The most noteworthy record of the day was the Field Cricket (Gryllus
campestris, L.), which was located by Mr E. E. Syms, who made a special
journey on his own to Newchurch in search of it. He reported a colony
‘‘in full song ’’ on the Downs, and secured two males by digging them
out. It is gratifying to know that this now rare cricket is still to be
found in the Island.

After tea at Sandown the party caught a train to Ryde, arriving
back at Waterloo about 9.30 after quite a memorable day.

6th JUNE 1937.
FIELD MEETING—BROADWATER FOREST.
Leader: Dr G. V. Buty, B.A., M.B.

The Annual Field Day of the Society at Broadwater Forest was well
attended and the weather was fine. Lepidoptera were less numerous
than usual. Only 23 species of Macro-lepidoptera were recorded, of

40

which the most noteworthy were Pheosia tremula, Cl. (dictaea, L.),
Palimpsestis fluctuosa, Hb., and Aplecta tincta, Brahm. Semitothisa
notata, L., Hydriomena coerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.), and Erastria
pygarga, Hufn. (fasciana, L.), were also taken.

Of Microlepidoptera Roeslerstammia erzlebella, Fb., Phalonia nana,
Hw. (extraordinarily abundant), Ozxyptilus tetradactyla, L. (larvae),
Phtheocroa maculasana, Haw., Oecophora geoffrella, L., Borkhausenia
flavifrontella, Hb., Lamproma luzella, Hb.

And Larvae of Salebria betulae, Géze, of Acalla aspersana, Hb., and
of Cosmotriche potatoria, L.

Of Nevroptera, Osmylus chrysops, Hag., and Sialis fuliginosa, Pict.

Of Diptera, Tipula gigantea, Schrnk., and Sericomyia lappona, L.

Of Hymenoptera, Tenthredo chloris, , and Pezomachus instabilis, .
Fst., from a cocoon on a grass stem. ;

Of Coleoptera, Abdera flexuosa, Payk., in hard fungus on birch stems.
Lochmaea crataegi, Forst., Galerucella lineola, Fb, and ova plentiful
on alder. Deporaiis betulae, L., on alder and beech as well as on birch.
Melasis buprestoides, L., in dead birch. Hister cadaverinus, Hoff.,
Anatis ocellata, L., Mysia oblongoguttata, L.; the last two species be-
ing more commonly reported from Surrey.

Of Trichoptera, Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Oliv.

12th JUNE 1937.
FIELD MEETING—ASHTEAD.
Leader: Mr R. W. Atrwoop.

Although the weather was splendid only five members attended, but
the party, though small, managed to secure a good variety of species.

The Epsom Common area was not worked as we heard it was flooded
and very muddy, so confined our attention to the Ashtead Woods. There
are some magnificent Oak trees here, and a number of very old trees
that have been neglected and are in that state of decay which appears
ideal as hunting grounds for the coleopterist and workers in the other —
orders

Heodes (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, L., Hesperia malvae, L., Erynnis
(Nisoniades) tages, L., and Pamphila sylvanus, Esp. [=Ochlodes venata,
Br. & Gry. of the R.E.S. List] were just emerging and in beauti-
ful condition. Several Argynnis euphrosyne, L., were taken along
the pathway by the enclosed Wood, but were rather worn. Boarmia
punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.), was fairly common, some eight
specimens being secured, among them a gynandromorph, but unfortun-
ately not in the best condition. One antenna is simple and the other
ciliated. Hrastria pygarga, Hufn. (fasciana, L.), was taken during the
afternoon, but occurred more frequently in the evening when six were
captured and several missed. A female Plagodis dolabraria, L., was
found on an oak trunk.

41

Larva beating produced, among others, Lymantria monacha, L.,
Hydriomena furcata, Thnbg. (sordidata, Fb.), Brephos parthenias, L.,
Phaeosia (Notodonta) dictaeoides, Esp., P. tremula, L., and Lopho-
pteryx (Odontosia) camelina, L.

A small bush which appeared to be a Crab Apple but whose leaves
were too much eaten to be identified, was covered with a web contain-
ing hundreds of small black and white micro-lepidopterous pupae which
proved to be Scythropia crutaegella, L. Although the bush at Ashtead
was not so densely covered as the hawthorn figured in our Proceedings
for 1931 it was still very noticeable.

Some of the Oak trees were badly infested by Tortrix viridana, L.,
of which the imagos were very abundant. A large number of blackish
robber flies were preying on them and carrying the victims clasped be-
tween their legs. The moths were carried upside down, head foremost
and clasped across the wings by the legs of the fly. The green of the
viridana as it was being carried made the fly very conspicuous. Mr H.
W. Andrews has identified the fly as Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw.

Several Dragonflies, Libellula depressa, L., were seen, both male and
female, but the nearest permanent pond suitable for breeding was some
half-mile away.

Snake Flies, Scorpion Flies and Wood-wasps were taken, and the
red and black bug, Triecphora sanguinolenta, Geoff., was seen in fair
numbers. It might be useful to record that during the winter of 1935
Mr S. Wakely found a mass of brown frothy matter like Cuckoo-spit
in the fork of a Dock root at Ashtead. The froth contained a small
grub which was passed on to Mr E. E. Syms, who bred it through, and
it proved to be this insect. The amount of frothy matter produced by
such a small grub was astonishing.

20th JUNE 1937.
FIELD MEETING—CUTT MILL.
Leader: Mr F. Sranuey-SmitH, F.R.E.S.

The Society was again fortunate in receiving an invitation to tea
from our friend Mr Holford, F.R.E.S., of Elstead, and this enabled a
second visit to be paid to the interesting but somewhat inaccessible
country around the Cutt Mill Ponds.

Twelve members, with three visitors, accepted the invitation, but
owing to the wet morning in London, only ten put in an appearance at
Guildford Station. The weather, however, proved kind to the venturers,
with weak sunshine most of the afternoon.

The party proceeded by private omnibus up on to the Hog’s Back,
then down through the village of Puttenham to the cross roads at Cutt
Mill, where the ’bus was sent on to Elstead to wait till the evening. The
party then started to work along the side of the smaller pond, but
gradually dispersed, so that the various types of country were all

42

sampled during the day. On the whole the work was not so productive
as last year, but a few species new to our record for the locality were
captured or observed, and these are listed at the end of this report.

By 4.30 p.m. the party reassembled at the cross-roads, and walked
by lane and the riverside path to Elstead to be received by Mr Holford
and to enjoy a most welcome tea. Afterwards our host’s gardens were
explored. Our Secretary and his wife turned up at tea-time, and he
seemed to make more captures in the paddock in half an hour than the
rest of the party had made all day.

At 7.15 Mr Eagles moved a vote of thanks to Mr Holford, who re-
plied that he derived great pleasure, as well as instruction, from meet-
ing members, and hoped he would do so another year. The party then
returned in the ’bus, via Shackleford, and the Guildford by-pass, to
Guildford Station in time for the 8 o’clock trains.

List of species, taken or observed, other than those recorded last year :

LEPIDOPTERA :—(IMAGINES)—Argynnis selene, Schiff., Plebejus argus,
L. (aegon, Schiff.), Ochlodes venata, Br. & Gry. (Augiades sylvanus,
Esp.), ssp. septentrionalis, Verity, Erastria pygarga, Hufn. (fasciana,
L.), Lomaspilis marginata, L., Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata, L.,
Semiothisa liturata, Clrck., Ematurga atomaria, L., Bupalus piniaria,
L., Perconia strigillaria, Hb., Cedestis farinatella, Dup., C. gysseliniella,
Dup., Argyresthia ephippella, Fb., A. cornella, Fb., Elachista luticomel-
la, Z., Glyphipteryx thrasonella, Scop. (Larvar)—Euchloé cardamines,
L., Notodonta ziczac, L., Drepana lacertinaria, L., Scoliopteryz libatriz,
L., Brephos parthenias, L.

CoLEopTERA :—Balaninus glandiwm, Marsh.

Oponata :—Ischnura elegans, Lind., Aeshna sp.

Birds heard included the Blackcap, Whitethroat, Sedge Warbler,
Greenfinch, and Red-backed Shrike.

26th JUNE 1937.
FIELD MEETING—BOXHILL.
Leader: Mr F. D. Coors, F.R.E.S.

The attendance at this meeting was much smaller than usual, con-
sisting of 7 members and 2 visitors.

The morning party went from Boxhill Station by the field path
across the meadows to Mickleham. Larvae of Euchloé cardamines, L.,
were noted, nearly full fed, and one example of Perizoma flavofasciata,
Thun. (=decolorata, Hb.) was taken. From Mickleham members pro-
ceeded to the Juniper valley, via Headley Lane, confining activities to
the lower part of the valley until returning to the Railway Hotel for
tea. Afterwards a few members visited Ranmore Common, where they
found young larvae of Hemaris fuciformis, L., on Honeysuckle. (Messrs
Attwood and Ennis furnish the following note in regard to this larva—

‘“It is easy to find when you know what to look for. The leaves are

43

eaten in little circular holes on each side of the midrib and the larva
lies along the latter on the underside. Isolated bushes of Honeysuckle
are most favoured.’’) Butterflies were scarce, though Juniper valley
was very productive, as usual, with the ‘‘ micros.’’

In addition to the Lepidoptera usually common at this time of year
the following, besides those named above, were noted :—IMAGINES—
Harmodia (Dianthecia) lepida, Esp. (carpophaga, Bkh.) (Boxhill Station),
Prothymnia viridaria, Cl. (=aenea, Hb.), Plusia chrysitis, L., Toxocampa
pastinum, Tr., Cidaria fulvata, Forst. (Ranmore Common), Zygaena tri-
folu, L., Leptomeris ornata, Scop., Pempelia ornatella, Schiff., Pyrausta
verbascalis, Schiff., Scoparia basistrigalis, Knaggs, Oxyptilus parvidac-
tylus, Haw., Alucita tetradactyla, L., Marasmarcha phaeodactyla, Hb.,
Stenoptilia pterodactyla, L., Pandemis ribeana, Hb., Chlidonia sub-
baumanniana, Wilk., Phalonia tessarana, Tr., Cedestis gysseleniella,
Dup., Coleophora lizxella, Zell. (LARvAr)—Sphinz ligustri, L., Smerin-
thus ocellatus, L., Cucullia verbasci, L., Lophopteryx camelina, Li. (Ran-
more), Lobophora viretata, Hb., Panolis griseo-variegata, Géze (pini-
perda, Panz.), Hurhodope suavella, Zinck.

The following notes and list in relation to other orders have been
received : —

Dierera:—A large Tachinid observed attacking a larva of Cimbex
sylvarum, F. (Hymenoptera) which was found to have two Tachinid
eggs on it. (Phorocera assimilis, Fall., teste C. J. Wainwright).

OrtHopTerA :—EKctobius lividus, Fb. (Cockroach), a colony, young and
mature under old newspaper. Leptophyes pwnctatissima, Bosc.

CoLeopTERA :—Cionus hortulanus, Marsh, on Verbascum nigrum.
Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis, L., and Oedemera lurida, Marsh, on
Hawkweed flowers, Longitarsus exoletus, L., on Echium vulgare, Smic-
ronyx reichi, Gyll. Cussida fastwosa, Schall., eggs and larvae on Inula
conyza. Lina populi, L., larvae swarming on young aspens.

Mr Attwood adds Byturus tomentosus (Coleoptera) and Panorpa
communis (Mecoptera, Scorpion-fly).

4th JULY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—FOREST ROW.
Leaders: Mr S. Waxkety and Mr S. N. A. JAcoss.

Following an exceedingly hot Saturday this Sunday dawned cold
and cloudy, but none the less some ten members, with guests, went to
Forest Row by different routes and with varying success, but as the
day drew on, although there was no appreciable breaking up of the
clouds, it became warmer, and where the trees afforded shelter from
the wind, collecting was pleasant and productive.

It was remarked that Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.), was not seen
in its usual haunts and Diacrisia sannio, L. (russula, L.), was not in evi-
dence, but it may be that the wind kept these insects down. A colony of

44

Plebeius aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.) was found at rest on the vegetation,
and larvae of Dicranura vinula, L., and Cerura bifida, Hb., were found
on the small aspen bushes, in various stages of growth.

Larvae of Ancylis siculana, Hb., were found on the buckthorn in
some numbers, but mostly nearly full fed.

It was noted that, although not uncommon, Tortriz viridana, L.,
had not, this year, done any notable damage to the oak foliage in this
locality, and was almost equalled in numbers by T. loeflingiana, L.,
which showed a marked range of variety, from very light to very dark
ground with heavy marking. One specimen of T. viburnana, Fb., in
very fine condition was taken.

The bog asphodel, Narthecium ossifragum, Huds., was in full bloom
in the wetter places and made a very fine show; there were also patches
of cotton grass (Hriophorum sp.) and sundew (Drosera sp.), but this
last-named plant was certainly not so common as it had been in previous
years.

One point that thrust itself forward was that in their wish to im-
prove the grazing the local owners of grazing rights had burnt off the
heather in parts, but had not troubled to get rid of the bracken, which
has increased its area very noticeably and, if not taken in hand, will
constitute a worse menace to the grazing than the heather ever was.

Among other species taken or noticed were :—

LEpIpoPpTEeRA :—(IMAGINES)—A phantopus hyperantus, L., Lithocodia
(Erastria) pygarga, Hufn. (fasciana, L.), Miana (Oligia) strigilis, L.,
Semiothisa notata, L., Cosymbia linearia, Hb. (trilinearia, Brk.), Eucos-
ma corticana, Hb., Argyrotoxa bergmanniana, L., Gypsonoma dealbana,
Frél., Evetria buoliana, Schiff., Cedestis gysseleniella, Dup., C. farina-
tella, Dup., Argyresthia goedartella, L., A. brockeella, Hb., Crambus
pascuellus, L., Ocnerostoma piniarielia, Zell., Borkhausenia unitella,
Hb., and Gracillaria elongella, L.

(LaRvaE)—Gonepteryx rhamni, L., Dicranura vinula, L., Pygaera
pigra, Hufn., Panolis piniperda, Panz., Orgyia antiqua, L., Biston stra-
taria, Hufn., Gonoptera libatria, L.

(Ova)—Dicranura vinula, L.

10th JULY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—SEAL CHART.
Leader: Mr F. D. Coors, F.R.E.S.

Nine members and two visitors attended this meeting. Very few
insects were noted on the wing, the day being showery with strong
wind at times. A main road with considerable traffic cuts off the smaller
part of the Chart. The dominant trees are small oaks and birches, with
small clumps of aspen, beech and buckthorn. The undergrowth is mainly
brake fern with a few small patches of heather and bilberry and occa-
sionally cow-wheat,

45

Cotzoprera:—Mr Attwood took Elater balteatus, L., and Dr Blair
the Longicorn, Leiopus nebulosus, L., together with Deporaiis mega-
cephalus, Germ., which he states was one of the specialities of Darenth
Wood in its more palmy days.

Dr Blair also furnishes the following notes :—

HyMEnopTrRa:—The sawfly, Pteronidea virescens, Htg., and the
Braconid, Microdus rufipes, Nees, for which Darenth Wood is the only
British locality given by Marshall.

NeEvroptTeRA :—Chrysopa ventralis, Curt., was the best of the genus.

Diptera :—Dvoctria baumhaueri, Mg., and Myiotopa florea, L.

. Other members confined their attentions mainly to Lepidoptera, of
which a fairly considerable variety of species was found in the larval
stage, but only single or few specimens of each. The abundance of the
wood ant probably accounted for the small numbers. A list of the
insects taken or noted is appended. Of the following interesting species
the larvae were met with: Drymonia trepida, Esp., D. chaonia,
Hiibn., Acronicta leporina, L., Palimpsestis or, F., Ennomos erosaria,
Borkh., and EF. alniaria, L.

An enjoyable tea was served at the Crown Hotel in Seal village.

The locality was quite new to those present and well worth further
exploring.

Hylophila bicolorana, Fuessl., H. prasinana, L., Sarrothripus revay-
ana, Scop. (undulana, Hb.), Acronicta leporina, L., Monima incerta,
Hufn., M. stabilis, View., M. gothica, L., Erastria pygarga, Hufn. (fas-
ciana, L.), Orgyia antiqua, L., Dasychira pudibunda, L., Ptychopoda
aversata, L., Hemithea aestivaria, Hb. (strigata, Miill.), Mysticoptera
sexalata, Retz., Hydriomena furcata, Thnbg. (sordidata, Fb.), Euphyia
silaceata, Hb., Semiothisa notata, L., Ectropis punctulata, Schiff., Bis-
ton strataria, Hufn., 2. betularia, L., Cabera pusaria, L., Campaea mar-
garitata, L., Plagodis dolabraria, L., Ennomos alniaria, L., E. erosaria,
Borkh., Palimpsestis or, Fb., Drymonia (Notodonta) trepida, Esp., D.
chaonia, Hb., Pterostoma palpina, L., Lophopteryx (Odontosia) came-
lina, L., Dicranura vinula, L., Phalera bucephala, L., Drepana ful-
cataria, L., Hepialus hectus, L., H. lupulinus, L., Maniola jurtina, L.,
Aphantopus hyperantus, L., Heodes phlaeas, lu., Gonepteryx rhamni,
L., Augiades sylvanus, Esp. = Ochlodes venata, Brm. & Gry., of the
R.E.S. List.

The following species have since been identified :—Carcina quercana,
Fb., Argyresthia goedartella, L., and Batodes angustiorana, Haw,

18th JULY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—SOUTH BENFLEET, ESSEX.
Leader: Mr R. W. Atrwoopn.

_ Thirteen members and two visitors attended. The weather was dull
with bursts of sunshine.

46

A few of the party proceeded to Hadleigh and in spite of the short
time spent there managed to acquire a considerable number of species
among which were Thecla quercus, L., Maniola (Epinephele) tithonus,
L., Aphantopus hyperantus, L., Cybosia mesomella, L., and Multochrista
miniata, Frst. Melitaea athalia, Rott., was nearly over and very worn
but it was possible to select a few in fair condition. The Ant, Formica
rufa, l.., was very abundant and a Tabanid Fly was rather troublesome
to some of the members.

The visit here was short and a return was made to the rest of the
party who had gone through the disused railway siding to the sea wall.
Here Pamphila lineola, Ochs., was plentiful with a sprinkling of Satyrus
(Melanargia) galathea, L., and Pamphila sylvanus, Esp. = Ochlodes
venata, Brm. & Gry., of the R.E.S. List.

The Micro-lepidoptera were abundant hereabouts and on the sea
marshes and a number of local species were taken. The larvae of
Euchloris smaragdaria, Fb., were taken on the Sea Wormwood but
were very small.

After lunch several of the members worked the rough hillside and
reported that Satyrus galathea, A. hyperantus and E. tithonus were
plentiful and in good condition. Vanessa c-album, L., and Thecla w-
album, Knoch, were also taken.

The Dragonflies noted were Lestes dryas, Krby., Anax imperator,
Leach, ZL. sponsa, Hans., Ischnura elegans, Lind., Inbellula depressa,
L., Sympetrum scoticum, Don., and Sympetrum sanguineum, Miill., and
what appeared to be Orthetrum coerulescens, F., was seen.

The Grasshoppers appeared to be less plentiful than usual and more
backward for the time of the year as they were mostly immature. The
local species, Metrioptera roeselii, Hagn., and Conocephalus dorsalis,
Latr., were taken and Phasgonura viridissima, L., was seen; a yellow
form of Chorthippus elegans, Charp., was mature.

Mines of Lithocolletis quercifoliella, Zell., many of the larvae being
parasitised by an Encyrtid, and larvae of the ‘ Palisade’’ Sawfly,
Lygaeonematus compressicornis, F., were found on Aspen at Hadleigh.
At South Benfleet the beetle, Leptura livida, F., was taken, and galls
of Mecinus collaris, Germ., on flower stalks of Plantago maritima.
Only one beetle was obtained from two or three dozen galls, the larvae
having been mostly parasitised by a Chalcid, Micromelus pyrrhogaster,
Wilkr., of which the solitary black pupa was in the galls. The flies from
these are not due out until next year.

Among Diptera were Chilosia intonsa, Lw., Chrysotoxum bicinctum,
L., C. cautum, Harr., Nemotelus uliginosus, L., and Cerorys pictus, Mg.

The London Natural History Society were holding a Field Meeting
at Benfleet at the same time and it was interesting to compare notes
with their members. Tea was taken in the Hoy Inn.

In addition to those mentioned above, the following species of Lepi-
doptera not included in previous reports from this locality, were noted ;
Maniola jurtina, L., Coenonympha pamphilus, L., Polygonia c-album,

47

L., Gonepteryx rhamni, L., Amorpha populi, L. (larvae), Dicranura
vinula, L. (larvae), Cosmotriche (Odonestis) potatoria, L. (ova), Nygmia
(Euproctis) phaeorrhoea, Haw., Drepana falcataria, L. (larvae), Sarro-
thripus revayana, Scop. (cocoon), Acronicta psi, L., Metachrostis (Bryo-
phila) perla, Fab., Sideridis (Aletia) comma, L., Pseudoterpna pruinata,
Hufn., Acidalia immutata, L., Chiasma clathrata, L., Evergestis (En-
dotricha) flammealis, Schiff., Loxostege (Spilodes) palealis, Schiff., Hemt-
mene questionana, Z., Eucosma aemulana, Schlig., Phalonia dubitana,
Hb., P. affinitana, Doug., P. vectisana, Westw., Euxanthis angustana,
Hb., E. zoegana, L., Lozopera beatricella, Wals., and Metzneria lapella,
L.

24th JULY 1937.
FIELD MEETING—BYFLEET.
Leader: Mr C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E:S.

Once again a visit to this well-known locality proved extremely in-
teresting and, as it was favoured by fine and warm weather, it was also
most enjoyable. Eleven members and one visitor attended and a num-
ber of noteworthy captures and observations were made. The usual
route was followed, towards Weybridge in the morning and towards
Woking in the afternoon. In the morning it was found that much of
the marsh-land adjoining the canal, which used to be easily workable
and often productive, was now very much overgrown with a dense tangle
of more than head-high birch, aspen, sallow, etc., so that most of the
collecting in this direction was, perforce, confined to the canal bank
and a few small clearings. Nevertheless it was along this stretch that,
thanks to Dr Cockayne, the most interesting Lepidopterous discovery,
or re-discovery, was made. It had been noted on previous occasions,
that the Great Yellow Loosestrife, Lysimachia vulgaris, L., grew freely
in places here, and, knowing that Collix sparsata, Fr., a very local
Geometrid moth whose larva feeds upon it, had been recorded for Sur-
rey (though this is not mentioned in ‘‘ South ’”’ nor in any other of the
usual books of reference) he had always considered Byfleet a very likely
locality. Previous efforts to obtain the species there, however, had
invariably failed to produce it, but on this occasion he was soon re-
warded by beating out some larvae from plants growing on the canal
bank, and subsequently he, and several other members, obtained a con-
siderable number of them. The larvae were of all sizes, from very small
to full-grown, and there were plentiful signs of eating on plants which
produced no, or only one or two, larvae so that it seems probable that
a good many had already pupated.

The Society has visited Byfleet on several occasions in recent years at
about this date without coming across this species, but possibly it is
having an exceptionally good year or the season for it this year coin-
cided better with the date of the meeting.

Other interesting Lepidoptera taken included several larvae of Dry-
monia trimacula, Esp. (which also seems to be having a good year), two

48

larvae of Stauropus fagi, L. (both from oak), and a young larva of
Gastropacha quercifolia, L.

One member obtained a number of examples of the Fish-Louse,
Argulus foliaceus, L., from minnows in the canal.

A very oeicowme rn was taken at the ‘‘ Green Tea Rooms” near
‘Byfleet Station at about 6 o’clock, after which members dispersed to
their respective homes.

Full lists of the species reported as having been taken or observed

are appended :—

Dr Blair, Canal side :—

LEepipopTErRA:—Smerinthus ocellatus, L., larvae on small sallow over-
hanging the water, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora) or, F¥., on aspen, Chloro-
clysta miata, L., larva on hazel, Endotricha flammealis, Schiff. A
cocoon of Malacosoma neustria, L., spun in an aspen leaf contained two
Tachinid puparia beside the shrivelled larva.

CoLEopTERA :—Donacia bicolora, Zsch., D. simplex, F., D. semicup-
rea, Pz., D. marginata, Hoppe, and D. cinerea, Hbst. The local Phyl-
lobrotica quadrimaculata, L., on skulleap, Phytodecta rufipes, De G., on
aspen, Orchestes stigma, Gace , and Nanophyes lythri, F., on the purple
loosestrife.

Ovonata:—Aeshna grandis L., was the most prominent species,
though Somatochlora metallica, eae was taken and Ischnura elegans,
Lind., was plentiful.

erential: :—The only Caddisflies noted were Mystacides nigra,
L., and Oecetis lacustris, Pict.

NEUROPTERA :—Sisyra fuscata, F., of which the larvae live in the
freshwater sponge.

Hymenoptera : —Poecilosoma luteolum, Kl., and its larva were swept
from the great yellow loosestrife as well as the larvae of Athalia scutel-
lariae, Linn., on skullcap.

DirterRA:—Included Dexia rustica, F., swept from the waterside
vegetation, and Loxocera albiseta, Schrk.

The Heath :—

LepipopTera :—Plebejus argus, L. (aegon, Schiff.), Anarta myrtilli,
L., Lygris (Eustroma) testata, L., Crambus pascuellus, L., and a bunch
of ova of Macrothylacia rubi, L., which had produced the usual para-
sites.

CoLrorTERA:—The best capture was a single specimen of Balaninus
cerasorum, Hbst., from birch; Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Scop. was in its
usual fungus.

Oponata:—Orthetrum coerulescens, F., 1 9 captured, and a Q of
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., was also seen.

OrrHorTeRA:—WMetrioptera brachyptera, L., was just becoming
mature among the heather.

HyMEnopTera :—A sandy mound of only a few yards in extent pro-
duced quite an interesting assemblage of Hymenoptera. The most con-

49

spicuous was Cerceris arenaria, L., the females of which were bringing
large weevils, mainly Otiorrhynchus singularis, L., to their burrows, but
C. rybyensis, L., was also present as well as Saropoda bimaculata, Pz.,
Crabro scutellatus, Schev., one of which was almost without the usual
yellow markings on the abdomen, Mimesu bicolor, F., Diodontus
minutus, F., and a single ¢ of Myrmosa melanocephala, F. The Tachi-
nid, Metopia leucocephala, Rossi, was an interested looker-on.

Diptera :—Over the heather Micropalpus vulpinus, Fln., was not
uncommon, and Sericomyia borealis, Fln., Xylota sylvarum, L., and X.
segnis, L., were also taken.

Mr Ashby reported the following additional species.:—

CoLEoPtTERA :—Synharmonia conglobata, L., Ditoma crenata, F., Sil-
vanus unidentatus, F., Galerucella lineola, F., Sitona crinitus, Hb.,
Orchestes avellanae, Do., Nanophyes marmoratus, Gz.

Mr Wakely reported :—

LepipopterRA:—Xanthoecia (Gortyna, Ochria) flavago, Schiff. (och-
racea, Hb.), larva in thistle stem, Hvergestes straminalis, Hb., Crambus
uliginosellus, Zell., Pyrausta verbascalis, Schiff., Eucosma solandriana,
L., Ancylis siculana, Hb., Choreutis myllerana, F. (larvae on Skullcap,
Scutellaria galericulata) and Tinea corticella, Curt.

He adds:—‘‘ The (@. uliginosellus was new to me; it was swarming
among heather (wet place) but thinking it was something else, only took
three.’’ ;

Mr Attwood reported :—

LeprporTeRaA:—Pararge megera, L., Maniola tithonus, L., M. jur-
tina, L., Aphantopus hyperantus, L., Heodes (Chrysophanus) phlaeas,
L., Pieris brassicae, L., P. rapae, L., Adopoea sylvestris, Poda (=Pam-
phila thawmas, Hufn.), Pygaera pigra, Hufn., Phytometra (Plusia)
gamma, L., Gonospileia (Euclidia) mi, Clerck, Chilo phragmitellus, Hb.,
Carcina quercana, Fb., Cataclysta lemnata, L., and Hydrocampa nym-
pheata, L.

The Leader also noted, or received notes of :—Nymphalis 10, L. (seen),
Limenitis camilla, L. (stbilla, L.) (seen), Pergesa (Chaerocampa) elpenor,
L. (very small larvae on Galium), Cerura furcula, L. (larvae), Acronicta
leporina, L. (larva), Lithosia griseola, Hb. (numbers of imagines, but
with one doubtful exception seen, no examples of the yellow var. stra-
mineola, Dbld.), Rivulus sericealis, Scop. (imagines) and Cosymbia (Zono-
soma) punctaria, L. (larvae).

15th AUGUST 1937.
FIELD MEETING—EYNSFORD.
Leader: Mr S. N. A. JAcoss.

About one dozen members met at Eynsford station about 11 o’clock.
and set off along the Shoreham road, taking the footpath at the top of

50

the Railway cutting where this was passable. ‘‘ Blues ’’ and the ‘‘ Small
Copper ’’ were present in numbers sunning themselves on the side of
the cutting, and Blastobasis lignea, Wals., was disturbed from the Yew
trees.

. The party proceeded to the second bridge, and then climbed the hill,
by which time it was well past mid-day, and a halt was called for lunch.
After lunch it was the intention to take the path through the woods on
the hill-top making the circuit to the gun-testing range, and
thus back to Eynsford for tea. Part of the members, however, mistook
the path and continued towards Shoreham, but as they seem to have
made quite a good bag, no harm was done.

The big Asilid fly, Astlus crabroniformis, L., was in evidence, and
on the hillside, the ‘‘ Silver Spotted Skipper ’’ was plentiful, and B.
lignea, Wals., was taken in these woods at rest on tree trunks. These were
somewhat worn, and the absence of Yew in the immediate vicinity
argues that these specimens had sheltered there, probably having been
driven some distance by wind. The species is reasonably common in
the yew trees above the old gun-testing range, across the valley, but
the yew trees do not appear on the west side of the valley.

Captures reported were according to the attached lists.

CoLEopTERA :—Cryptocephalus pusillus, Fb., Chaetocnema concinna,
Marsh., Psylliodes cuprea, Koch, Strophosomus capitatus, De G., Phyl-
lotreta vittula, Rdt., Cassida rubiginosa, Miill., Sphaeroderma rubi-
dum, Grls., Coccinella 11-punctata, L., Malthinus fasciatus, Ol., Aleo-
chara curtula, Gze., Abax ater, Vill., Amara communis, Pz., Salpingus
castaneus, Pz., Bradycellus verbasci, Dft., Staphylinus ater, Gr., Oxy-
telus inustus, Gr., Ophonus pubescens, Ml., Pterostichus vulgaris, L.,
Calathus fuscipes, Gz., Agonum dorsalis, Pp., Demetrias atricapillus,
L., Dromius linearis, Ol., Adalia 10-punctata, L., Coccinella 7-punctata,
L., Calvia 14-guttata, L., Thea 22-punctata, L., Rhizobius litura, F.,
Onthophagus ovatus, L., Cryptocephalus labiatus, L., Sermyla halensis,
L., Phyllotreta undulata, Kt., Psylliodes chalcomera, Il., Apion nigri-
tarse, K., A. pisi, Fb., A. flavipes, Pk., A. hookeri, K., A. onopordi,
Krby., A. aestivum, Gm., A. carduorum, K., Strophosomus melanogram-
mus, Fo., Anthonomus rubi, Hb., Ceuthorhynchus pollinarius, Fo., Or-
chestes rusci, Hb., Phyllotreta nigripes, Fb., P. consobrina, Ct., Longi-
tarsus gracilis, Kt., Galerucella viburni, Pk., on Viburnum; Orchestes
avellanae, Don, on oak; Aphidecta obliterata, L., with black legeed
variety, on spruce; Ochina ptinoides, Marsh, by beating old ivy on bush;
Scymnus capitatus, F., on oak; Harpalus latus, L., at roots of Lotus cor-
aaa ; Aphthona venustula, from Euphorbia, and Liparus coronatus,

Oze.

Heteroprera :—Malacocoris chlorizans, Fall., Phylus coryli, L.,
var. avellanae, H.S., Derephysia foliacea, Fall., Triphleps niger, Wolff.,
Myrmus miriformis, Fall.

Homortera :—Agallia venosa, Fall., Eupeliz cuspidatus, Fb., Batra-
comorphus lanio, L.

51

27th AUGUST 1937.
FIELD MEETING—BOXHILL.
Leader: Mr S. WakELy.

No doubt the holiday season caused the attendance at this meeting
to be less in number than it would otherwise have been, yet about a
dozen members had an enjoyable day’s collecting in fine weather. Mr
Coote took charge of the morning party, and Juniper Valley and sur-
rounding slopes were well explored. The larvae of Hylophila prasinana,
L., were particularly common on beech, together with Cosymbia (Leuco-
phalmia) linearia, Hb.; Colocasia coryli, L., larvae were more scarce
than usual in this locality.

After lunch, the party worked their way to the top of the hill, even-
tually descending by the slippery path to the stepping-stones over the
River Mole, which some of the party negotiated with difficulty. Tea
was partaken of at the Railway Hotel, after which some of the members
returned to the southern slopes of Boxhill and were successful in finding
Polyommatus (Lycaena) bellargus, Rott. Some fine plants of Soapwort
(Saponaria officinalis, L.) which were in full bloom on a bank near the
station were much admired, and a number of plants of the balsam, Im-
patiens noli-me-tangere, L., were also seen nearby. The curious and
rather startling manner in which the seed-pods burst open when touched
was commented on.

Mr Attwood reported the two Orchids, Listera ovata, Br. (The Tway-
blade) and Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. (Lady’s Tresses).

A list of other species recorded is as follows :—-

OrtrHopTeRA:—Meconema thalassina, De Geer, Leptophyes puncta-
tissima, Bosc., Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Thnbg.

CoLrorTeRA :—Galerucella viburni, Pk., Paederus riparius, L., Poly-
drosus pterygomalis, Sch., Haltica oleracea, L., Pyropterus affinis, Pk.,
Longitarsus luridus, Scop., Hermaeophaga mercurialis, F., Timarcha
coriaria, Laich., Platystethus arenarius, Frery., Apion nigritarse, Kirb.,
Cassida rubiginosa, Miill., Aphidecta obliterata, L., Calvia 14-guttata,
L., Anatis ocellata, L., Byturus aestivus, L.

LEPIDOPTERA :—(Imagines)—Humenis (Satyrus) semele, L., Polyom-
matus icarus, Rott., Pamphila [Hesperia ?] comma, L., Plusia gamma,
L., Sarrothripus revayana, Tr., Xanthorhoé designata, Hufn., Anaitis
plagiata, L., A. efformata, Gn., Aspitates gilvaria, Schiff., EHucosma
solandriana, L., Lathronympha hypericana, Hb., Gracillaria semifascia,
Hw.

(Larvae)—Atolmis (Gnophria) rubricollis, L., Acronicta ligustri, Fb.,
Dasychira pudibunda, L., Leucophthalmia punctaria, L., Biston betu-
larius, L., Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata, L., Drepana lacertin-
aria, L., D. falcataria, L.

Hemiptera :—Palomena prasina, L., Ledra aurita, L., Elasmostethus
griseus, L.

52

12th SEPTEMBER 1937.
FIELD MEETING—WESTERHAM.
Leader: Mr 8S. N. A. Jacoss.

There was quite a good attendance at this meeting and the party
split up to work the various parts of Limpsfield Chart. The collection
of autumn Lepidopterous larvae was the major consideration of the
meeting, but there were members who also busied themselves with Coleop-
tera, Hymenoptera, and other orders.

Larvae of Myelois neophanes, Durr., were sought and found in the
fungus, Daldinia concentrica, growing on dead birch trees, and a
good selection of the usual autumnal Lepidopterous larvae fell to the
lot of most beaters.

Tea was taken at Pitt’s Cottage by some twelve members and the
party dissolved, some going back for evening work, while others took
their several ways home after an enjoyable day in this very beautiful
piece of woodland.

There were no outstanding captures to report, though larvae were
reasonably plentiful. :

53

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS
OF THE
South London Entomological and Natural
History Society.
Read 27th January 1938
By F. J. Counson, President.

ADIES ann GENTLEMEN,—The Report of the Treasurer and the
Council’s Report which have just been read indicate that the Society
still maintains the high standard of previous years and continues to
progress in achievement and usefulness in the sphere of the activities
which occasioned its formation in 1872. The value of the increasing
membership is enhanced by the accession of enthusiasts paying atten-
tion to the lesser known orders. The financial position of the Society
is, as you have heard, very satisfactory. The ordinary meetings have
been well attended and the exhibits made have been both interesting
and varied. The record attendance of members and visitors at the
Annual Exhibition shows that the value of this function is well recog-
nised. A number of exceptionally interesting papers on varied sub-
jects have been read during the past year and a film presented by Dr
Hewer was a revelation not only as regards the subject matter but as
to the possibilities of scientific presentment by this means. The dis-
cussions at the meetings proved of great interest and I trust that mem-
bers both collectively and individually will continue to appreciate fully
the value of development in this direction.

The opportunities for observations and collecting at the numerous
field meetings held during the past year and the detailed reports in
this connection will enhance the value of the Proceedings, and it is
desirable that with this object in view members will ensure adequate
details are given when exhibits are made.

Full advantage of the facilities afforded by the library of the Society
was taken by the members during the year, and it is hoped that the
shelves may be enriched at a future date by works consequent upon their
special studies.

It is regretted that during the past year the Society has lost by
death one Life member and four Ordinary members. The first, the
Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, joined the Society in 1920 and during
his membership has on many occasions exhibited at our Annual Meet-
ings selections from his wonderful collection of Lepidoptera.

Of the four members, Mr T. W. Hall joined the Society as a
Lepidopterist in 1884, was President in 1895, and for many years held
the post of Treasurer to the Society. Mr R. A. Adkin, whose speciality

54

was Mollusca, joined the Society in 1901 but was not a frequent visitor
to the meetings during recent years owing to illness. Mr J. H.
Rowntree, of Scarborough, who was a member since 1890, and Mr J. H.
Walker, since 1927, were both devoted to the study of Lepidoptera,

Two members of the Society have been honoured by His Majesty
during my term of office, Prof. Sir H. Beckwith Whitehouse and Capt.
A. F. Hemming, C.M.G,

This concludes my introductory remarks and I now turn to the
main part of my address, which deals with a study of the secondary
sexual characters of British Coleoptera.

A STUDY OF THE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS
IN BRITISH COLEOPTERA.

In the study of British Coleoptera a feature of great interest to
the advanced student and a source of difficulty to the tyro is met in
the sexual structural differences. Some of these are very striking and
the sexes are widely different in appearance. In a large number of
instances, however, they are of a minor character and in many the
difference between the sexes, apart from the genitalia, can be appre-
ciated only by close comparison. The parts affected differ in individual
species, but in some genera the sexual differences are confined to the
same part.

The examination of the genitalia for the determination of closely
allied species has received much attention and it is not proposed to deal
with this specialised section, but to direct attention to the differences
apart from the genitalia. The presence of these points of difference not
only enables the sexes of individual species in collections to be selected
with exactitude, but, apart from the aid in connection with the separa-
tion of the males of closely allied species, gives valuable assistance for
the accurate isolation of the females. The investigation of these char-
acters is therefore of practical importance as it enhances the utility of
the collection made by minimising possible errors in the determination
of species. In addition, the study is one of great interest. It is by the
close examination of the specimens secured that we advance our know-
ledge for use in the field and ensure accurate records being made.

The structural differences between the species of a genus and the
characters upon which the separation of the genera is determined does
not come within the scope of this study. I exhibit the material upon
which my remarks are based and have drawn attention to particular
features.

The examination of the under surface is a tedious process as it in-
volves usually the removal of the specimen from the card, but it is desir-
able that the under surface of both sexes should be shown in one’s series.

There are species of Coleoptera which present so wide a difference of
structure between the sexes that the sexes appear to be specifically dis-
tinct. These dimorphic forms upon analysis show no feature distinct

55

from the minor differences in many other sexually differing species.
Ptinus fur, L., the well-known pest on furs and skins, differs in the
sexes both in colour and shape, as well as in the colour pattern, length
of antennae and in some other respects. The slender frame of male Lagria
hirta, L., is a wide contrast to the bulky appearance of the females.
Differences in colouring in some species, as in Dascillus cervinus, L.,
Denticollis lineare, L., and Osphya bipunctata, L., tend superficially to
confuse the determination. The difference of the shape of the thoraces
of the sexes in Athous longicollis, Ol., and the rarity of the female is
liable with the tyro to cause the representative series in the collection
to be masculine and the feminine examples to be included under an-
other species which it superficially resembles, Athous villosus, Fourc.
But the widest divergences in the sexes occur in Lampyris noctiluca, L.,
and Drilus flavescens, Geof., in which the females are wingless.

Slight differences of general shape in the sexes, although not a strong
feature, are sometimes an aid to determination. In the oval species
of Ptenidiuwm and Olibrus a slight difference is evident upon comparison,
but no great reliance can be placed on this distinction. The relative
breadth of some species as Cteniopus flavus, L., Sericus brunneus, L.,
and Omophlus rufitarsis, Leske, in respect of which the males are nar-
rower, and in the Gyrinidae the relative length are of great utility in
the determination. The more parallel shape of the elytra in the males
of some others, as Rhagonycha species and Psilotrix cyaneus, Ol., is
also valuable. The females in these cases have the elytra more dilated
towards the anal portion. A combination of this feature with a greater
convexity of the anal end will aid to the separation of many females in
the species of the subdivision Rhynchophora. The proportionate width
of the head to the thorax is sometimes reliable. The comparative size
of the entire insect is unreliable in many instances as an aid to the
determination, but of great assistance in others.

The examination of the mouth parts reveals in many species struc-
tural differences between the sexes. The large mandibles of the male
of Lucanus cervus, L., and Dorcus parallelopipedus, L., are well known.
In Gnathocerus cornutus, L., the mandibles of the male are each pro-
duced into a tooth, whilst in Sitagonum quadricorne, Kirb., there is a
curved tooth on each mandible of the male. Points of difference in the
clypeus occur. Micropeplus fulvus, Er., and M. staphylinoides, Marsh,
have the clypeus pointed in the males and in varying degrees the male
clypeus is sinuate in certain species of Cis, as C. nitidus, Herbst, and
C. lineotocribratus, Mel. Differences in the colour of the clypeus is the
means of separation in Philhydrus frontalis, Er. The rare LIimezylon
navale, L., affords a good instance of peculiar masculine maxillary palpi.
In the head the presence of tubercles, pointed or blunt teeth, or horns,
long or short, curved or straight or comparatively raised margins indi-
cate in certain species the masculine examples. The males of Aphodius
have the middle tubercles on the forehead normally larger than the
females but the degree of the development of the tubercles differs con-

56

siderably in individuals. Bledius furcatus, Ol., B. spectabilis, Kr., and
tricornis, Herbst, have pointed tubercles well developed near the eyes in
the males, and several other members of the Bledius genus have repre-
sentative tubercles in the same position. A raised transverse margin in
the front of the eyes occurs in males of Onthophagus ovatus, L. Teeth
on-both sides of the forehead occur in males of Platystethus cornutus,
Grav., and alutaceus, Thoms., and also in the two species of Ennearth-
ron and their near relative, Rhopalodontus fronticornis, Pz. Long
teeth also exist on the forehead of the male of Anthophagus alpinus, F..,
and blunt teeth on the front of the head of Cis bidentatus, Ol.

In Onthophagus genus the males have a long curved horn at the back
of the head and Batrisodes adnexus, Hmp., a thin bent horn. In the rare
Copris lunaris, L., the horns are a feature of both sexes, but that of the
male is relatively longer. The rare Odontaeus armiger, Scop., has also
long horns on the head of the male whilst in Sinodendron cylindricum,
L., the vertex of the head is produced.

The relative convexity of the eyes of the sexes and their compara-
tive size are often a useful guide. In Antherophagus the males have
less convex eyes, and in the genera Oxytelus and Mualthodes the eyes are
larger in the masculine sex.

As regards the rostrum, the apical half of that of the males of Apion
nigritarse, Kirb., and A. rufirostre, F., is yellow, and red in Balanobius
pyrrhocerus, L. In the Apion genus generally that of the male is broader
and shorter than that of the female. Puncturation of the part of the
rostrum in front of the point of the insertion of the antennae will dis-
tinguish the male of Cionus hortulanus, Geof., but the allied C. thapsi,
F., has this character in both sexes.

In many species the head of the male is broader and larger than that
of the female—broader in Laemophloeus, most of the Gabrius species
and in Philonthus, larger in Agaricophagus and Haploderus and both
broader and eee in Oxytelus.

The formation of the antennae in Coleoptera, as in Lepidoptera, is an
important factor in the differentiation of the sexes. In Anoncodes
melanura, L., twelve joints are present in the male and eleven in the
female. Antennae are often pectinate in the male sex, as in Drilus
flavescens, Geof., Metoecus puradoxus, L., and Ptilinus pectinicornis, L.
The female antennae of the latter are serrate. In Gonodera ceramboides,
L., both sexes have serrate antennae but the individual serrations are
longer in the male. Whether the antenna is a scent organ, or a wire-
less aerial, or not, a definite purpose undoubtedly is served by the varia-
tions which evidence the sex, and it is reasonable to suppose that the
other differences that characterise the sexes have a purpose, although
the purpose may not be definitely ascertained. The relative lengths of
the antennal joints determine the antennal lengths both in species and
the sexes, but in a fair number of instances the antennae are longer
in the masculine sex than in the feminine. This occurs in the species

CGonodera lupurus, Herbst, and G. murinus, L., Omaphlus rufitarsis,

57

Leske, Sitaris muralis, Forst., in the Laemophloeus genus and in the
Lycidae. On the other hand the female antennae of Platystomus al-
binus, L., are longer than that of the male.

Individual joints of the antennae present many characteristic fea-
tures. The club lamellae are longer in the male of Serica brunnea, L.,
the last joint very elongate in Lagria hirta, L., and joint 11 longer in
the Bryocharis genus. The enlarged joint 10 in the male Callicerus ob-
scurus, Gr., the elongate masculine and quadrate feminine joint 10 in
Bryazis longicornis, Leach, and the quadrate masculine and transverse
feminine joint 10 of Semiris rigidicornis, Er., serve to separate the
sexes. Joint 5 is enlarged in the male of Tychius niger, Pk., joint 4 in
Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh, and joints 4 and 5 dilated in the males
of certain other species of Phyllotreta, whilst joints 6 and 7 are com-
pressed in males of Jfeloé species. In Hylophilus pygmaeus, De G..,
joints 6 to 10 are elongate in the male, thereby extending the antennal
length. Joint 9 of the masculine Euconnus denticornis, Miill., has a
tooth on the underside and joint 2 of masculine Bythinus curtisi, Leach,
possesses a small tubercle on the inner side, which in Bythinus macro-
palpus, Curt., male, has a sharp edge. In the genus Helodes the mas-
culine antennae are thicker than those of the female, and pubescent.
These are but a few of the many aids to the differentiation of the sexes
which the antennae present.

As in the head, the thorax in many cases gives assistance for the
determination of the sexes by the presence of teeth, horns or spines.
Two teeth are present on the front margin of the thorax of Ennearthron
cornutum, Gyll., and Rhopalodontus fronticornis, Pz., and, on each
side in front, Rhynchites betulae, F., and R. populi, L., a long spine.
In Bledius spectabilis, Kr., B. furcatus, Ol., and B. wnicornis, Germ.,
long teeth occur on the frontal portion of the thorax and in Ceratophyus
typhoeus, L., and Odontaeus armiger, Scop., long horns are present,

Other assistance is also afforded by the thoraces. In Serica brunnea,
L., the front angles are sharper in the female. The frontal margin in
the male of Aphodius foetens, F., has a depression. The relative
elongation of the thorax gives a clue to the sexes of Obriuwm canthari-
num, L., and Gracilia minuta, L. In Silis ruficollis, F., the thorax is
strongly emarginate before the hind angles in the male. The female
Stenostola ferrea, Schr., alone possesses patches of white pubescence on
the thorax. Colour differences, usually a bad guide in Coleoptera, oc-
cur in the sexes of Mordellistena abdominalis, F., Crytocephalus coryli,
L., and Leptura melanura, L.

Compared with the thorax the elytra, apart from the general shape
as an aid to differentiation, have few distinctive masculine features. In
the female elytra of Anthobium minutum, F., and A. torquatum, Marsh,
Thanatophilus dispar, Herbst, T. sinuatus, F., and Pterostichus an-
thracinus, Ill., the sutural angle is produced. Certain species of Bolito-
chara have a raised keel parallel to the suture in the males. Pachygluta
ruficollis, Er., has a raised prominence on each elytron near the suture

58

in the male and Sipalia circellaris, Gr., a tubercle on each near the
scutellum. The rare Brachida notha, Heer, has also a tubercle on each
male elytron near the sutural angle.

The individual segments of the abdomen both as regards the upper
and lower surfaces possess in numerous instances valuable secondary
sexual characters. The facility for examination given by the exposed
segments as in the Subdivision Brachelytra, has resulted in a fund of
information being accumulated. In the Atheta group particularly ac-
curate determination of these small species in a large number of in-
stances can be assured by reliance on these characters. The main char-
acters on the upper surface are the presence of tubercles, keels, depres-
sions on certain segments, and emarginations or sinuations of the last
(or anal) segment. But the sexual differences on the under surface of
the last segments, particularly the final, are invaluable for the purpose
of sexual determination.

Tubercles may be present in male specimens on the upper surface of
most of the segments but the last segment is usually that upon which
granulations are most numerous. Thus in Jiogluta longiuscula, Gr.,
and Semiris rigidicornis, Er., there is a tubercle on the first segment.
Thectura cuspidata, Er., has a tubercle on each side of segments 2 and
3. Homalota plana, Gyll., has one tubercle on segment 5 but on many
of the small Brachelytrids segments 5 and the last bear numerous tuber-
cles or granulations.

A longitudinal keel occurs on segment 5 of the male abdomen in
Pachygluta ruficollis, Er., the rare Leptusa angusta, Aub., and in cer-
tain species of Bolitocharu. The common Leptusa haemorrhoidalis,
Heer, possesses, however, one small tubercle on that segment. A fovea,
or depression, occurs on segment 3 of Myrmoecia plicata, Er., angular
in shape, whilst in Brachygluta helferi, Sch., a U-shaped impression
occurs near the hind margin of segment 1.

The presence of emarginations on the upper surface of the last seg-
ment is of immense value for the determination of sex in such genera as
Tachinus, Gyrophaena, etc., and many small Brachelytrid genera, and
the differences observable as regards the anal plate of the under surface
are of equal importance. The last ventral segment in the genera Ilybius
and Agabus possesses many features upon which the separation can be
effected and generally speaking the examination of the under side char-
acters, although more arduous, would well repay the labour spent. In
one genus, Anaspis, the peculiar male appendages beneath the abdomen
are invaluable in the separation of the closely related species.

The limbs of male Coleoptera in numerous cases possess reliable
characters by which the sex can be determined and as they are easily
examined a fund of information is available. In certain Choleva species
the trochanters have features which enable not only the sexes to be de-
termined but enable closely allied species to be accurately separated.
The strongly thickened legs of male Bibloporus bicolor, Den., and Bythi-
nus puncticollis, Den., are very striking to the eye, although the species

i

]
{
:
‘

ee ee)

59

in question are small. In numerous widely separated species the hind
femur in the male sex is dilated, e.g., Rhynchites betulae, L., Stenus
juno, F., Megarthrus denticollis, Beck., Cyrtusa pauzilla, Schm., Nec-
rodes litturalis, L., Oedemera nobilis, Scop., and Euplectus piceus, Mots.
Sharp teeth are present in the male on the femora in many cases and
when teeth are possessed by both sexes, those of the female are often
smaller in comparison or less in number. Hydrobius strigosus, Sch., and
Cyrtusa minuta, Ahr., possess one tooth on each femur, whilst two are
possessed by Colenis immunda, Stm. In Donacia crassipes, F., and D.
versicolora, Brahm, the male possesses two as against one possessed by
the female. Usually the teeth are placed in the centre but often they
are situated at the apex. In other species lobes on the hind femora
afford a means of distinction. The front femur is not of equal import-
ance, but in Stenichnus pusillus, Mill., and S. scutellaris, Miill., an an-
gled condition at the apex will distinguish the male sex.

Masculine characters on the tibiae may be present on any of the
three and they take forms which may be described as teeth or spurs,
excavations, bends, emarginations or even angled conditions. A tooth
is present on the front tibia of the males in Tychius meliloti, Steph., T.
tibialis, Boh., and T. pusillus, Germ. In Bibloporus bicolor, Ol., and
Megarthrus hemipterus, Ill., there is a strong tooth on the middle tibia,
whilst in Megarthrus denticollis, Beck., there is a strong tooth at the
apex, and in Stenus binotatus, Ljun., there is a small tooth on the hind
tibia. In Euplectus punctatus, Muls., there is a spur at the apex of
the middle tibia.

An angled condition is present on the front tibia of the male of
Dorytomus tremulae, F. In Strophosomus fuber, Hbst., the hind tibia
is strongly excavate at the apex, whilst in Stenus ater, Mann., it is
emarginate on the inner side just before the apex. A bent condition
of the tibiae, usually the hind, is the characteristic of the males of many
species. The front tibiae in Strophosomus curvipes, Thoms., and Phy-
tonomus punctatus, F., are strongly bent. The hind tibiae are slightly
sinuate in the males of Megarthrus depressus, Pk., and strongly bent
in Hydrobius perrisi, Fair., certain Liodes as L. calcarata and in many
other cases. The strongly bent hind tibia species are frequently very
convex in form. A slightly bent condition of the front tibiae is found
in Apion radiolus, Marsh, and Philonthus splendens, F. A thickening
of the hind tibia occurs in Proteinus limbatus, Maek.

The tarsi are of great importance as a means of the determination
of sex. In Philonthus, apart from the Gabrius Section, Quedius, Necro-
phorus, etc., the masculine tarsi have each joint much enlarged as com-
pared with the feminine. Jn many genera of the Geodephaga, as Har-
palus and Calathus, and in Phytophaga, as in Lochmaea, a similar con-
dition occurs, but in certain water beetles is met the most extreme con-
dition in this respect. Valuable work in connection with the separation
of species has been done in the genera Haltica and Longitarsus by in-
vestigation of the comparative differences between the sexes as regards

60

the joints of the tarsi. The shapes of the individual joints in the sexes
are also of great assistance in the sexual determination. The number
of joints in the sexes as in Laemophlaeus, Pediacus, etc., are often dis-
similar. In fact, the joints of the tarsi are a very interesting subject
for study.

The length of the front legs of the male in Dorytomus longimanus,
Forst., and Lucanus cervus, L., is a striking feature and numerous other
differences of the limbs exist which will afford ample means for the
purpose we have in view.

In conclusion, I may say that the question arises as to the reason
for the presence of the secondary sexual characters. What advantage
do the males possessing the particular character have from the posses-
sion? What is the reason for the difference of colour in a part, the
possession of a tooth on a limb, or any other particular differentiating
character? Have they any effect on the proportionate number of the
sexes and are they a contributing cause to the scarcity of the masculine
examples in certain species as in Otiorrhynchus singularis, L.? What-
ever the causes of, or reasons for, the differences, it is our part to record
in literature any fresh differences observed. I consider it should be the
aim of present and future coleopterists to determine by investigation of
the habits of coleopterous species the reasons for the existence of the
distinctive secondary sexual characters.

61

CHANGES IN THE INSECT POPULATION OF BRITAIN DURING
THE LAST 100 YEARS.

By Dr K, G. Buarr, F.R.E.S.—Read 25th February 1937.

In the course of a short paper it is obviously impossible to deal
adequately with such a vast host as the insect population of Britain,
and my remarks, therefore, will be almost limited to two orders, the
Lepidoptera and the Coleoptera, the two orders in regard to which we
possess the most ample data as to their distribution both past and
present. The cases considered seem to fall into two main groups. The
first comprises those species which are strictly local in their habits and
which are readily exterminated in any particular locality by the dis-
turbance of the ecological conditions pertaining to such locality; the
second, those with a more general distribution throughout the country.
In this latter group one might expect cases of extermination to be not
only much rarer but also much more gradual in operation. Probably
the two most spectacular instances of insects becoming extinct in
Britain within the period under consideration are those of the ‘‘ Large
Copper ” Butterfly and the ‘ Black-veined White,’ cases which fall
one in each of the two groups mentioned. The ‘‘ Large Copper ”’ was
formerly plentiful in parts of the fen districts but entirely disappeared
within the course of a few years about the middle of the last century,
whereas the ‘‘ Black-veined White,’’ at one time of fairly general dis-
tribution over the southern part of the country, became gradually re-
stricted to a few favoured localities, lingering on in parts of Kent until
within the last few years.

It will be sufficiently obvious that we must disregard cases of spor-
adic or casual appearance, in the past or present, that fail to repeat
themselves; we cannot for example lament the extinction of ‘‘ Albin’s
Hampstead Eye,” Cynthia hampstediensis, Steph. (an Australian insect),
Precis vellida, F., ssp. calybe, Godt., or ‘‘ the Scarce Swallow-tail,”’
Papilio podalirius, L., or claim the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexip-
pus, L., as more frequent in Britain than was formerly the case, but
must confine our attention to species that though perhaps local are, or
were, on a permanent footing as natives of the country.

To consider first certain specialised districts. Mention has already
been made of the ‘‘ Large Copper,’’ formerly inhabiting the fen dis-
tricts. From the same district and about the same time disappeared
other well-known Lepidoptera, e.g., the Gipsy Moth, Iymantria dispar,
L., the ‘‘ Rosy Marsh Moth,’’ Noctua subrosea, Steph., and somewhat
later, about 1880, the ‘‘ Reed Tussock,’’ Laelia coenosa, Hb., while yet
more recently, within the present century, the ‘‘ Marsh Dagger,’’ Acro-
nicta strigosa, F., and the ‘‘ Orache Moth,” Trachea atriplicis, L., seem
to have gone the same way. Not only the butterflies and moths but

62

many of the fen beetles have become very much scarcer than formerly
and in some cases have not been taken at all for many years. Thus
Omer Cooper and Tottenham, in dealing with the Carabidae in ‘‘ The
Natural History of Wicken Fen ’’ (1928), enumerate 29 species in this
family alone that they consider have definitely decreased since 1854, the
date of Dawson’s ‘‘ Geodephaga Britannica,’’ and 26 of these they con-
sider to be now definitely extinct in the area and some of them probably
in Britain. It is significant that many of these disappearances closely
followed the improvement of the drainage system in the fens. Yet that
the one was the direct consequence of the other is not fully established,
since the foodplant in certain cases, such as the Great Water Dock, the
foodplant of the Large Copper, still remains in adequate quantities,
and other local species inhabiting the same area, as for example the
Swallow-tail Butterfly, still survive in fair numbers. Indeed, in the
case of the Large Copper this butterfly is said to have disappeared from
Whittlesey Mere in 1845, the last specimens having been taken in Holme
or Yaxley Fens in 1847 or 1848, three years before Whittlesey Mere was
drained. Omer Cooper (‘‘ V.C.H. Hunts,’’ 1926) suggests that its ex-
tinction may have been brought about by the collecting of larvae by
local people, or by the burning of the Mere, its only breeding locality,
a few years before it was drained. The disappearance has also been
attributed variously to too persistent collecting and to the attacks of
parasites or of some epidemic disease, but in default of definite data
this is little more than guesswork. In the case of the beetles the cessa-
tion of the custom of regularly cutting the sedge is generally held to be
mainly responsible for the falling off in the numbers of certain species.
In former times cutting was done annually and the sedge used for
thatching; this custom resulted in the periodical opening up of the
ground to air and sunshine, at the same time providing suitable hiber-
nacula for certain of the species; but with the replacement of thatch by
galvanised iron, slate, etc., sedge-cutting ceased to pay for itself and
has been gradually abandoned, with the result that the ground has
been very largely overgrown with carr, i.e., a shrubby growth of buck-
thorn, sallow, etc., smothering out the low-growing plants.

Another area, formerly the home of many local species of beetles,
now completely destroyed from the faunistic point of view, is the marshy
ground bordering the River Thames in the neighbourhood of Hammer-
smith and Battersea, now overwhelmed beneath bricks and mortar. One
need only glance through the pages of Fowler’s ‘‘ Coleoptera of the
British Isles’? to appreciate the loss that this means to the British
fauna, particularly among the Carabidae and Staphylinidae. A similar
fate has to some extent befallen the Isle of Sheppey, and Commander
Walker in his recent ‘‘ Annotated List of the Coleoptera of the Isle
of Sheppey ’’ (1932) notes many species that have now disappeared,
some from their only known British habitat.

At numerous other places along the coast the development of coastal
resorts, e.g., Bournemouth, Torquay, Paignton, and many others has

63

‘‘ improved ”’ many local beetles off the face of the land. But not only
is the encroachment of the towns responsible; from many a quiet
secluded bay arises the same tale of woe. Mr J. H. Keys of Plymouth,
a veteran coleopterist with a collecting experience fully covering the
last 50 years, sends me a long list of beetles that have disappeared from
the coves of S. Devon and East Cornwall. Much of this devastation he
attributes to the same cause that exacts such heavy toll of the sea-birds’
lives, waste oil from ships rendering the beaches no longer habitable.
Further serious damage he attributes to the advent of motor cars. No
matter how secluded it may be, no bay or cove is free from the motor
parties, which, parking their cars as near as they can get, troop down
to the sands, rush about and churn up the loose sand above normal tide
marks, and so make life no longer tenable for denizens of this belt of
the shore, a belt with a highly characteristic fauna of its own. One
cove, formerly a locality for many good beetles, has been taken over by
the Government for the Air Force and the public excluded, a fate which
might have saved it from the motor pest, but on his last visit Mr Keys
found many “ evil-looking trickles of water, which meant extermina-
tion for the insect population.’’ At Tregantle, the only known British
locality for Psammobius porcicollis, Ill., the Government have made a
rifle-range and exercise ground, and ‘‘ the chine is dug up, dug up, and
again dug up. So that place is gone.’’ Motor-oil and drainage from
the tar-mac roads, and very possibly dust blown from such roads, have
also been noted as inimical to insect life in streams, ponds and ditches.

In many cases, however, the disappearance of an insect from its
former haunts is not to be so readily accounted for. In Gilbert White’s
time the Field Cricket was common in the vicinity of Selborne, but
seems to have now vanished from the chalk downs of the mainland,
though still maintaining a somewhat precarious existence in the Isle
of Wight. Its relative the Mole-cricket appears also to be very much
rarer than was formerly the case, a result partly due perhaps in this
case to improvements in drainage.

Instances of insects of more general distribution that have become
scarce or disappeared within the same period are naturally not nearly
so numerous as those of more localised habitat, since if exterminated
in one spot by, for example, the encroachment of building, there are
plenty of other colonies near or far to maintain the race. Besides
the Black-veined White before mentioned we may recall the case of the
Mazarine Blue, Cyaniris semiargus, Rott., formerly to be found in many
localities in the southern half of England, but of which the last record
appears to be from Kent in 1874. The Glanville Fritillary, Melitaea
cinzia, L., now confined to the Isle of Wight, and at one time approach-
ing extinction even there, was formerly much more widely distributed
in the country; and doubtless many other cases will be recalled. The
ease of the sawfly, Athalia rosae, L., is interesting, as this species is
mentioned by Curtis as a pest on various cruciferous crops, but sub-

64

sequently declined in numbers, finally becoming extinct in Britain about
the beginning of the present century (Benson, 1935).

Though many of these insects have no doubt disappeared for good
from our native fauna, there yet remains a hope that some of them at
least will again be found, either as the result of fresh immigrants from
the Continent establishing themselves or, perhaps more probably, hav-
ing been with us all the time in hitherto undiscovered colonies. Among
the larger Lepidoptera such cases are rare, but in the Coleoptera
numerous cases have occurred within the last few years. Among these
may be mentioned the weevil, Procas armillatus, F., rediscovered a few
years ago in some numbers in one of its old localities near Brighton
after an apparent absence of well over 50 years; Acalyptus rufipennis,
Gyll., found again in the neighbourhood of Oxford by Commander
Walker; Dryocoetes autographus, Ratz., found in numbers near Scar-
borough in 1869 and apparently not again until recently by Mr Hig-
nett in profusion near Oswestry, and, lastly, the researches of Mr
Donisthorpe in a classic locality, Windsor Forest, have demonstrated
that many species still exist there though there had been no record of
them, in some cases, for over a century.

The little dragonfly, Ischnura pwmilio, Charp., formerly not uncom-
mon in some of the swampy bogs of the New Forest seemed to disap-
pear about 1907 and was thought to have gone, but has again been found
within the last year or two.

The ‘‘ Comma ’’ Butterfly would until recently have ranked among
our disappearing species. Formerly common and widely distributed,
it became at one time almost confined to the Wye Valley, but in the
last dozen years or so it has again extended its range until it is now
not only to be found but is actually common over most of the southern
part of the country. The gorgeous ‘‘ White Admiral ’’ and the “ Silver-
washed Fritillary,’’ after a marked decline have also again extended
their range as well as increased in numbers within the last few years,
and I believe the same thing, though to a less marked extent, may be
said of the ‘‘ Purple Emperor,’ the ‘‘ Wood White ’’ and the ‘ Large
Tortoiseshell.’’

Turning now to the other side of the account, let us see what insects
have either been added to the British list or have become distinctly
more numerous than in former times. Every year sees a number of
insects of various orders added to the British list, but many of these are
merely recognised for the first time as distinct from some well known
form with which they have hitherto been confused. Such cases, of
course, do not now concern us. But there yet remain many undoubted
accessions to the British fauna. A striking instance is that of
the Golden Chrysoptera (Plusia) moneta, Fab. First recorded as
British in 1890, when it was taken at Emsworth, Sussex, near Dover,
Tunbridge Wells, Waltham Cross, and Reading, it spread rapidly over

the country until it is now only too plentiful as a pest of Larkspurs and
Monkshood.

65

Many species, particularly among the smaller moths and the beetles,
have been introduced to our lists in the guise of warehouse or domestic
pests. Conspicuous among the latter is Ptinus tectus, Boield., one of
the ‘‘ spider-beetles,’’ first recorded as British in 1904 and now only
too plentiful and widely distributed. Hylotrupes bajulus, L., formerly
one of our rare Longicorns, is now becoming a pest in softwood timbers
used in building construction. Other species of the same group, for-
merly practically confined to the Scottish pine woods, have now spread
to the pine woods of the south, e.g., Asemum striatum, L., and Crio-
cephalus rusticus, L., while their near relatives, C. polonicus, Mots.,
and Tetromum gabrieli, Weise, have appeared and spread in the south,
having probably been introduced with continental timber. The weevil,
Pissodes notatus, F., and certain Scolytidae are also to be numbered
among the northerners that have come south in search of a fortune.
The case of Cis bilamellatus, Wood, is rather puzzling. First described
in 1884, it was long considered a local rarity though occurring in num-
bers when found, but is now far from uncommon in the south-eastern
counties. It is difficult to believe that it can have been for so long
overlooked, and yet its source of origin is hitherto unexplained. The
fine Buprestid, Melanophila acuminata, De G., first found by Mr Cham-
pion in 1909, and occurring in some numbers on freshly burnt pines
near Woking and in the New Forest, can hardly have been overlooked
if present much before that time.

There are also certain curious cases of exotic beetles having become
established in a wild state. Among these may be noted the fern-feeding
weevil, Syagrius intrudens, Waterh., described in 1903 by Mr Water-
house on examples from Dublin, where they are still to be found both
in greenhouses and in the open. A few years ago the same species
turned up at Horsham, Sussex, yet although it belongs to a genus ex-
clusively Australian in distribution it appears to be as yet unknown in
Australia as an endemic species. The Australian Saprosites mendaz,
Blbn., well established at Arundel, will also be recalled. The Japanese
Staphylinid beetle, Philonthus rectangulus, Shp., has within the last
year or two been taken in several widely scattered localities in England
as well as in Italy, France, Germany and North America; the pretty
little Anthicus tobias, Mars., known from Turkey, Mesopotamia and
India, was found a year or two ago by Mr Bedwell in an orchard in
Kent, about the same time by Mr Britten near Manchester, and has
now appeared in North London; it has also been recorded from Holland
and Germany. Some of these cases are from rubbish dumps which har-
bour various other aliens such as the ‘‘ House Cricket,’’ the domestic
Cockroach and the Earwig, Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas, insects that,
except in such conditions, are not usually found out of doors in this
country. The North American leaf-hopper, Graphocephala coccinea,
Forst., recently reported from rhododendrons in Surrey, appears to
have established itself and to be spreading, as has the N. American
Tingid, Stephanitis rhododendri, Horv., on the same plant.

66

Reference has already been made to the disappearance of many
beetles from the fen districts, but here again there is something to be
said on the other side also. In the paper quoted, Omer Cooper and
Tottenham list 20 species of Carabidae as definitely commoner than in
the middle of the last century, and of these 10 are not mentioned by the
old collectors and are presumed to have since colonised the area.

Many insects, though much more frequently taken now than was
formerly the case, owe their apparent increase not to any definite in-
crease in population but to the fact that the details of their economy
are now better known. Among the Lepidoptera the clearwing, Synan-
thredon (Sesia) andraeniformis, Lasp., may be cited, as well as the re-
cently discovered S. flaviventris, Stgr., and among the beetles many of
the regular inhabitants of the nests of moles and other small mammals;
formerly many of these were among the rarest of the rare, but are now
readily to be found in their special habitats. The discovery by Mr
Donisthorpe of the ant, Zasius brunneus, Latr., in Windsor Forest was
followed by that of a number of species of beetles living in its nests or
runs that until then were either unknown in this country or had only
been very rarely taken.

Another curious case of an insect spreading rapidly over the country
is that of the makers of the bullet-gall of the oak, Cynips kollari, Htg.
This gall was first discovered in Britain in Devonshire in 1834, and 20
years later had spread to Somersetshire and Gloucestershire. In 1858
Mr F. Smith of the British Museum procured a lot of the galls from
Devonshire and distributed them in different localities around London
for the purpose of observation, thus materially assisting in their spread
throughout England, until it has become one of our commonest and
most widely spread galls. Though so common the life-cycle of the causa-
tive insect yet remains very incompletely known. It has been asserted
that the gall of the alternate generation is that known as Andricus cir-
culans, Mayr., a bud-gall that in this country appears to be confined to
the Turkey oak, Quercus cerris, L. Mention may also be made of an-
other gall, due, however, not to an insect but to a mite, Eriophyes tri-
radiatus, Nal., that causes the moss-like growths on the twigs of
willow trees. This seems to have appeared in North London about the
beginning of the present century and has since spread considerably.
Both these galls form very conspicuous growths that could not have been
previously overlooked, yet their country of origin and mode of entry
remain a mystery.

Among the sawflies Benson (1) mentions Phymatocera aterrima,
Klug, on the Solomon’s Seal, Polygonatum sp., as a possible alien.
Whether this be so or not it certainly appears to have become very
much commoner and more widely distributed within recent years.

A note on a curious case of one insect supplanting another is sent
me by Mr J. H. Keys. The weevil, Barypithes pyrenaeus, Seidl., was
first noticed by him in Cornwall in 1880, and is now found not rarely
in faggots, by sweeping, and in grass traps, yet is not represented in

67

the older collections of the county such as those of J. J. Reading and
the Rev. T. A. Marshall. Oddly enough, it appears to have replaced
B. brunnipes, Ol., which was formerly not uncommon in the district but
has not been seen for many years.

Thus we see that though the losses to our insect fauna have been
considerable and due to a variety of causes, partly to the improvements
in drainage, partly to the encroachments of building, and in the case
of maritime species to floating oil brought in by the sea, to the over-
running of their restricted haunts by motor-borne trippers, and occa-
sionally, as in the case of the beetles, Chlaenius schranki, Duft., Drypta
dentata, Ross., and perhaps others, to the destruction of their haunts
by coast erosion or by land-slides, and probably also to other causes as
yet not ascertained, yet we have to set off against these losses a shorter
but by no means inconsiderable list of gains; but the irony of it is that
these so-called gains are to no small extent pests that everyone but the
collector would very much sooner be without.

In some cases of variable rarity among insects we may be able to
trace a more or less regular tide of ebb and flow, possibly connected
with the long period weather cycles of which we hear a good deal these
days; or possibly several favourable seasons of prosperity and increase
may be followed by an unfavourable season or two; or their very pros-
perity may bring about a corresponding increase in the biological con-
trolling factors, such as parasites or disease, so reducing the species to
a very low level, during which it may pass for some seasons unnoticed
or may even be brought to a temporary or permanent extinction in this
country (1).

Before we can hope to reach any definite conclusions on these points
it will be obvious that we must have a very much more extensive series
of records, records covering not only long periods of time in definite
localities, but also widely distributed over the country, and records
particularly not only of the occasional appearance of rarities, but of
the varying numbers from year to year of many of our commoner species.
For this purpose collaboration between a large number of observers is
essential. Much labour is no doubt already expended in the conscien-
tious compilation of such records by observers all over the country, but
little of it ever sees publication, and on the death of the observer his
records are lost and his labour wasted. It seems to me that much of
this loss might be avoided if these records were handed over or be-
queathed to the various Natural History Societies so as to be available
for reference by students of a future generation.

PAPERS TO BE CONSULTED.
1. Benson, R. B., 1935. ‘‘ The Alien element in the British Sawfly
Fauna.’’ Ann. Appl. Biol., 22: 754-768.
2. Donisthorpe, H. 1920. ‘‘ Distribution of British Beetles. Some
Notes on recent extensions of Range.’’ The Vasculum, 6: 32-37;
65-72.

68

A FEW NOTES ON PACHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA, OCHS.
By H. G. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.—Read 11th March 1937.

During the past few years, at odd times, I have tried to find out a
little about this large and curious Psychid, whose cases I have fre-
quently found in Hampshire and Dorset.

The full-sized case, when fixed for emergence, is familiar to most
collectors who have been in the insect’s restricted habitat, which is,
roughly, the southern portions of Hampshire and Dorset. Nearly every
such collector must occasionally, in the course of collecting on the
heaths, have noticed the big caddis-like case; it is strongly attached by
a tough piece of silk, and to detach it safely requires careful scraping
with a sharp pen-knife. The case is composed outwardly of twigs,
usually portions of heather stems, though occasionally strong grass
stems or pieces of bracken enter into its composition. It varies from
1; to nearly 2 inches long and is of about the thickness of a lead pencil;
the twigs are arranged longitudinally and regularly and are very
strongly attached to the thick inner case of tough silk.

The case appears usually to be fixed for emergence in April, the
exact date, of course, depending to a certain extent on the progress of
the season. It occurs most frequently from between one to two feet
from the ground, though this is subject to exceptions; I once found it
as high as three feet six inches from the ground, and several times only
a few inches from the surface of the soil.

I have more than once been informed that the male cases are fixed
on a lower level than the female, and are thus more difficult to find.
This does not coincide with my experience, and appears to me only a
casual theory to account for the disparity in numbers between the
sexes bred. JI opened with great care several low cases, all of which
proved to be female, whilst a case I opened, found over two feet from
the ground last June, proved to be male.

The full-grown larva appears to travel some distance at times in
search of a suitable place to hang up, and, in spite of its heavy burden
and the fact that it crawls with the six true legs only, it is quite a fast
mover; in fact, it is surprising how lively its movements can be. I
have several times found it in burnt-out places, where the larva could
not have survived; in 1933 I found several on charred fir stumps in
Dorset where the whole ground had been completely burnt out for 80
yards around in the previous autumn and the young grass was only
beginning to spring in one or two places at the time of my visit. I
think from this that the full-fed larvae must have crawled in the spring
about 80 yards from the nearest unburnt heather to the trees.

The larva will fix its case to anything wooden so far as I can See ;
I have found it on trunks of fir, beech, and hawthorn, and also on

<i on Sall

69

wooden palings, gate-posts, heather and gorse bushes, occasionally at
the end of the twigs of these latter. It appears to dislike other sub-
stances, however, as I have only once found it on brick-work and never
on stone, though concrete posts are not uncommon as wire supports on
some of the heaths.

The caterpillar appears to live for two years, but does most of its
growing, so far as I can see, between April and June in its second year.
The egg is, of course, laid in the case by the apterous female, and the
newly-hatched larvae are curious looking little creatures, as when they
first emerge from the case they are covered with fine gossamer threads.
Almost immediately, however, they construct minute caddis-like cases
with small pieces of fine heather-twigs or grass-stems. I fancy they
spin these cases themselves from the fineness of the texture, but have
sometimes wondered if part of the lining of the parental case is con-
sumed, as, if it is opened after their departure, it will be found entirely
filled with a mass of spun up silky substance in which the old case
seems to be mingled. I also believe that the dried-up remains of the
parent are consumed by the young larvae, as no trace of her appears in
the case, although I think she sometimes falls out. It must be re-
membered that, in captivity, several of the Psychids are practically
omnivorous, and will eat dry dead insects as well as vegetable rubbish
and fresh food.

I have never found these small larvae wild, but in captivity they
usually appear to hibernate, or partially hibernate, at about the size
of a large Fumea casta case. I think, however, that hibernation is
incomplete, as on a warm day they usually can be seen pottering about
and nibbling, and have increased in size by the spring (when they sur-
vive). The greater part of mine die in the winter, however, probably
from insufficiency of suitable food. In spring till about June their
growth is very rapid, by mid-June they are nearly full-sized and after
this they feed in a very fitful way till the autumn.

They have also, in the wild, what is, from a collector’s point of
view, a rather annoying habit of attaching themselves to a heather
stem for a few days and then cutting loose and feeding again. The
large female case, if found in early June when thus fixed, gives hopes
that it 1s a pupated example of the slightly smaller male case, and
after a period of anxious watching for the emergence of that lively
insect the caterpillar dashes the collector’s hopes by cutting loose and
feeding again.

The larva is quite an orthodox looking creature when removed from
its case, being mottled greenish-grey and hairy with a general facies
which reminds me somewhat of a Lithosiid. It appears to be fairly
agile, as when it attaches the case to a post it turns right round inside
it before pupation so as to be able to make an unobstructed opening for
emergence.

Pupation usually takes place about the end of April. The male is a
reddish-yellow tough-shelled pupa, which pushes its way out of the case

70

so that one-third to one-half is free at emergence; the female pupa is
much more fragile, and if the case be opened just after emergence,
which takes place inside, the pupai skin will be found crushed down like
a flattened concertina at the bottom. I think the female insect cracks
the pupal shell with the chitinous plate on her head, and wriggles up
the case crushing the shell behind her.

There seems to be some divergence of opinion about the time at which
the male emerges. Usually, of course, it does not emerge, as 19 cases
in every 20 appear to be female, but in my slight experience the male
emerges about 6.30 a.m. summer-time and remains perfectly quiet till
about 8 o'clock p.m. Then he begins to move about, and must, of
course, be killed at once if required as a cabinet specimen, as he be-
gins to smash himself to bits almost at once, and the thinly-scaled
blackish wings show the slightest scratch. I have also been informed
that he emerges late at night, I do not know on what grounds, and
Mr J. C. F. Fryer has had him emerge at 11 a.m.

The male can sometimes be seen flying furiously in the sunlight. I
rather think this is when he has been disturbed, but of course he may
be a normal sunlight flyer like certain Bombyces whose females fly at
night. My reason for suggesting this comparison is that the female
usually calls in the late evening, hence I think that copulation takes
place then, although I have not witnessed it. I do not know at what
hour she emerges, but I have seen her calling as early as 8 p.m. (sum-
mer-time) and as late as 11, but the main call appears to take place
from 9 to 10.

The female when calling extrudes the anterior portion, one-third, of
her fat white naked body from the case and remains so for perhaps an
hour. She appears, as far as I can judge, to call for tl ee or four nights
in succession if not fertilised. She is, of course, absolutely devoid of all
external organs except the ovipositor; no trace of wings, legs, or an-
tennae are to be seen. She is just a fat white cylincer with a brown
chitinous plate (on the function of which I have already hazarded an
opinion) on the upper surface where the head should be, and a well-
developed ovipositor. She is, however, much more muscular than one
would suppose from her helpless appearance; two that fell out of their
cases managed to progress some distance round a flat tin box in which
I placed them.

The abdomen of the male is capable of enormous extension, and of
course becomes much attenuated when extended, and I have no doubt
that to effect copulation, which must take place within the case, the
male abdomen is extended right past the length of the female body
remaining in the case at calling time (roughly two-thirds) to effect the
pairing. It is obviously impossible for the female to project any further
from the case without running a grave risk of toppling out and being
lost, as the case always hangs with a slight downward tendency, and
it is equally impossible for the large-thoraxed male to get inside at all.
The late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows had a theory that the male irrigated the

71

whole interior of the case and thus fertilised the female, but a careful
examination of the extensibility of the body of the newly-killed male,
combined with a knowledge of the method of fertilisation of some of
the North American Psychids, lead me to a different and less unusual
conclusion.

There is one further point of interest about this remarkable insect.
In my experience about one case in twenty produces a male in this
country, but the late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows informed me that cases
found by Dr Chapman in Southern Europe produced about one male in
four. P. villosella is obviously at the extreme limit of its northern range
with us, being confined to two southern counties, and Mr Burrows sug-
gested to me that he thought that the lack of heat in this country
might cause the lack of male development, and that the species might
be on the road to an unisexual species, as parthenogenetic races are
known in other species of the group.

I have, however, as yet been able to trace no proved case of partheno-
genesis in villosella. Some years back a number of larvae emerged from
female cases collected early in the season, before emergence time, and
I put this down to parthenogenesis. Last year, however, I carefully
segregated a number of unemerged female cases, and although the
females emerged and called in due time, in no case did larvae result. I
am, therefore, convinced that in my former case, where a large num-
ber of pupae were together, a male emerged and fertilised some females
and escaped and that the emerged pupa was overlooked.

72

A HOLIDAY IN THE HAUTE SAVOIE,
By A. Briss—Read 8th April 1937.

When I was a small boy I suppose that the two insects which I looked
upon almost with veneration were the ‘‘ Camberwell Beauty ’’ and the
‘‘ Clifden Nonpareil.’’ But in spite of the fact that, in recent years,
large numbers of the former have been released by Messrs Jones and
others, I have never seen a specimen flying in England. As: for the
latter, Catocela fraxini, L., I have been equally unsuccessful; neverthe-
less J am hoping to obtain from one of our members, who exhibited this
species at our last Annual Meeting, the recipe for the sugaring mixture
which he uses, since I presume that it is more potent than my own.

There were other butterflies whose names used to thrill me as, no
doubt, they have done many other small boys. Some of these have
come my way, others have not, and probably never will.

If, however, one takes a trip to the Continent, within 24 hours of
leaving London country can be reached where, in a comparatively small
area, butterflies which either appear only in extremely limited locali-
ties or are now completely extinct in the British Isles, may be seen
quite commonly.

In the spring of 1930 I started with my wife for a fortnight in the
Haute Savoie. We left London in the last week of May on what was
not primarily intended to be an entomological holiday. Nevertheless I
took a net with me and returned with the few specimens which you
have seen this evening. In addition I made a few observations of the
flora and fauna of the district visited. We travelled via Newhaven-
Dieppe to our destination, La Roche sur Furon.

The train journey lies, for the most part, through flattish country
which gradually becomes more mountainous as one approaches the
Swiss border. After passing Aix, which is beautifully situated beside
a large and picturesque lake surrounded by mountains, we proceeded
through thickly wooded gorges via Annecy to La Roche.

La Roche itself is on a plateau 2000 feet high and about 12 miles
from Geneva. Within a few miles we had a fine view of the Savoy Alps
rising to over 5000 feet and in the distance the snow-covered peaks of
the Mont Blanc range were dimly visible.

The country near at hand is beautifully wooded and lilies of the
valley were growing in profusion, whilst in the meadows were wild
columbines and brightly coloured vetches. In the more marshy locali-
ties masses of the beautiful yellow trollius made a wonderful sight. I
also noticed several of the wild orchis which grow in this country, in-
cluding the frog, fly and butterfly. The beautiful little Gentiana verna

grows on the higher slopes, as does G, acaulis, though I did not actually
see the latter.

73

As regards the lepidoptera, I must confess to a certain thrill on
seeing Nymphalis antiopa, L., tor the first time flying in its wild state.
Those I saw were, of course, only hibernated ones, but, when on the
wing, their somewhat worn condition was hardly noticeable. Cartero-
cephalus palaemon, Pall. (paniscus, Fb.) was observed sparingly and
a form of Satyrid akin to Hrebia aethiops, Esp., was quite common.
Polyommatus (Cyaniris) semiargus, Rott. (acis, Schiff.) was quite
plentiful in the open country and had a habit of sitting on patches of
moisture in the roads together with large numbers of the common
Hespervidae, also P. icarus, Rott., and Cupido mimimus, Fuessl. Seve-
ral species of fritillaries occurred in the woods, amongst others Brenthis
euphroysene, L., B. selene, Schiff., B. dia, L., Melitaea cinxw, L.,
M. athalia, Rott., and the beautiful M. didyma, Esp. Aporia crataegi,
L., was very common in the meadows. A few Papilio machaon, L.,
were seen, both in the meadows, and sparingly at higher altitudes.
The other Swallowtail, P. podalirius, L., was a lovely sight sailing
gracefully along the banks in the lanes and also in the woodland glades,
and was much commoner than P. machaon.

I noticed Colias hyale, L., flying at about 5000 feet, where there
were masses of very large white anemones growing. Colias croceus,
Foure., was seen, though not in any great numbers, and Leptidea
sinapis, I.., was in evidence in the shadier parts of the wooded country.

On the rocky parts of the gorges and mountains the pink Saponaria
grew in large quantities together with a form of yellow genista, and,
in places, wild laburnum.

There were signs in the meadows of a kind of lily, not yet in
flower, but which would probably be so in a few weeks’ time. Pos-
sibly this was the St Bruno lily.

By the banks of a river towards Geneva I took a specimen of an
insect allied to the ant-lions; it had a peculiar buzzing flight and looked
very beautiful with its gauzy wings shining in the sunlight.

Amongst other insects I noticed Polygonia c-album, L., also the
continental form of Pararge aegeria, L., a very bright Lycaenid akin
to Polyommatus bellargus, Rott., a specimen of which I have shown
to-night, but have not named, and the Copper, Heodes doris, Hufn.

In the woods, nests of larvae of a gregarious species of moth were
abundant on pines.

The town of La Roche is most picturesque and is situated on the
river Furon. On market days, which are held once a week, one can
spend a most instructive day visiting the various stalls and vendors.
Many small farmers come in from outlying districts with small cheeses,
the making of which is a big local industry.

From a walking point of view, if I were visiting this district again,
I should probably choose St Pierre Laurent, which is a few miles
nearer Annecy and situated right at the foot of the mountains.

The weather, apart from local thunderstorms which occur suddenly
and rather frequently, is pleasantly warm at this time of year (May,

74

June). I suppose the chance of rain is rather more than elsewhere,
as is usual in mountainous districts, but, nevertheless, we enjoyed a
large proportion of sunny days and owing to the clear atmosphere the
sun can be extremely hot at times.

Should anyone wish for a holiday amongst delightful surroundings,
I can confidently recommend this district. Hotels are cheap or rather
were, for the exchange was then about 120 to the £1. The natives are
most hospitable and charming people and I found their local wine, if
a little sour, quite palatable mixed with ‘‘ lemonade.’

75

REMARKS UPON BRITISH CLAVICORNIA.,
By F. J. Courson—Read 22nd April 1937.

I must commence my remarks by stating that my sole object is to
draw attention to points that aid the incipient coleopterist in the
field in the systematic observation and the collection of the individuals
of this group of beetles.

The group of families of Coleoptera known as Clavicornia is the
second largest on the British List and comprises approximately 746
species, which is about 20.5% of the Coleopterous species occurring in
the British Isles. The group can best be regarded as a heterogeneous
assemblage of families which cannot scientificially be included in any
of the other big groups. The name given to it is based on one character
of the perfect insect and suggests that all the species are characterised
by clubbed antennae and that all species possessing this character should
be included. In neither case is this strictly a fact. The antennal club
in the majority of the species is characterised by a variable number of
the terminal joints being abruptly enlarged, but, in several families
there is only a gradual thickening of the antennae towards the apex,
a feature which occurs in many species of the section Heteromera. The
usual number of joints affected is three, but two-jointed clubs in cer-
tain genera and in others four- or five-jointed clubs also occur. These
general terms would include four families, e.g., Cisidae, Lyctidae, etc.,
now included in the Teredilia. A recent author has even placed the
Clavigeridae and the Pselaphidae in the Brachelytra, which group they
superficially resemble in the uncovered terminal segments of the
abdomen. It will be seen, therefore, that scientifically the classification
of this section is not ideal, and, until all the facts relating to the
earlier stages have been ascertained and considered in conjunction with
the knowledge accumulated as regards the perfect insect, the exact
relationship of the twenty-four families of this section to families of
the other sections will not be definitely determined.

Apart from the club, the structure of the different species, par-
ticularly as regards the legs and the basal joints of the antennae, is
very diverse. The general shape of the species is usually oval or oblong
with a variable degree of convexity. The habits and the habitat are
very varied and the collection of the individual species, in Clavicornia,
requires close attention to the exact circumstances of their occurrence.
A considerable number are very local or rare, but on the other hand
many are extremely abundant. Many are of economic importance as
they are associated with commercial products. In this connection
various cosmopolitan species of Coleoptera have figured on the British
List as of doubtful occurrence until investigation based on the know-
ledge of allied species has settled that the species have become accli-

76

matised and occur under conditions other than those in which they were
introduced. Broadly speaking, the Clavicornia are associated with the
decaying of vegetable and animal matter, but living plants and living
matter are the pabulum of many. The individual species of these
‘“‘ decaying matter ’’ beetles are usually found in profusion, but many,
owing possibly to a lack of knowledge of certain particular circum-
stances of their life-history, are only taken very occasionally. When
the earlier stages of Coleopterous species receive greater attention, pro-
bably many species now regarded as scarce in Britain may prove to be
obtainable in numbers locally. The capture of an isolated example in
the field of any species previously unknown to the collector should there-
fore always be the starting point and not the finishing point in the
investigation of its habits and habitat, particularly as many species
are found associated with their larvae. All points that may aid in the
investigation of the life-history of individual species should be noted
at the time, as owing to their rarity, only with the combination of
favourable circumstances will certain species again be met with.

The larvae of certain true fungicolous species can often be observed
together with the perfect insect, and the rearing of these species is a
matter of little difficulty if the infested fungus is taken home in bags.
The species of Polyporus, for instance, are prolific in larvae and easily
handled. Glass jars or tubes are useful for rearing the fungicolous
Enicmus. The black fungus on ash branches is productive of Diphyllus
lunatus, F., Litargus connexus, Geof., and Mycetophagus atomarius,
F., Laemophloeus ater, Ol., and Cryptophagus ruficornis, Ste., occur
in this fungus in the perfect state and these may be expected in the
larval state. The best method of securing Cryptophagus lycoperdt,
Herbst, and Pocadius ferrugineus, F., is by rearing the larvae found
in the infested puffballs. The larvae of Endomychus coccineus, L.,
which feeds on Auricularia, can usually be found in the colonies of the
mature insect. The various species of Ziodes and Thalycra fervida, Ol.,
are presumed to feed upon the underground truffles, but the early
stages of these species do not appear to have been much investigated.

The fungicolous beetles have doubtless been bred in numbers by
coleopterists, but the descriptions of larvae and details of the larval
habits of individual species available in literature are very meagre.
Coleopterists have mainly devoted their attention to the collecting of
the perfect insects and to the determination of species and to this
charge I personally plead guilty. It is desirable that when larvae are
reared a description together with a sketch should be made in order
that information may be accumulated to provide material for a com-
prehensive work on the earlier stages of Coleoptera species.

There are few instances of living plants being attacked by members
of the Clavicornia. Byturus tomentosus, F., however, is a pest on

raspberry plants, and some species of Meligethes are injurious to Cruci-
ferous flowers.

77

Subcoccinella is regarded as feeding on living foliage and in the
ease of Brachypterolus pulicarius, L., the seed pods of Linaria are the
pabulum of the larvae. Numerous species are, however, found in the
perfect state on the foliage and under the bark of various trees.

In this group there are many instances in which the larvae are
predatory on both the larvae and the mature insects of other Coleop-
tera. In many cases these are rare insects in collections owing pre-
sumably to the fact that extensive rearing of the hosts is not pursued,
as the latter are often common. Thus larvae of Auloniwm are
predacious upon the larvae of Eccoptogaster, The Laemophloeus
are all regarded as predatory, e.g., DL. clematidis, Er., probably
feeds upon Xylocleptes dispinus, Dufts., larvae in Clematis vitalba.
Teretrius is predacious on Lyctus species, none of which are common
insects. Occasionally the perfect insect of the predator can be found
in the galleries of their hosts. Rhizophagus depressus, F., in the per-
fect state at least, attack and destroy Hylesinus larvae, and Saprinus
virescens, Payk., is reputed to feed upon the phytophagous larvae of
Phaedon cochleariae, F., on watercress. The majority of the Coccin-
ellidae are well known as destroyers of the various species of Aphides
and a species of Scymnus, possibly capitatus, F., feeds upon Phylloxera
on oak leaves. Ablattaria laevigata, F., in the perfect state feed upon
snails and can be found on the sandhills of the coast on marram grass
thus engaged, whilst Xylodrepa 4-punctata, L., subsists on lepidop-
terous larvae, particularly on the oak. :

In the case of Clavicornia which feed upon dead carcases, the stage
of decomposition determines the attractiveness to the various species.
The flat woodlouse-like larvae of Silpha and Oeceoptoma thoracicum,
L., and the Nitidula larvae, which are characterised by the two anal
spines, can usually be found in most carcases of animals and birds in
the countryside. Necrophorus and certain Hister larvae may be found
in similar situations. The larvae of the Dermestidae, well known owing
to the damage done to biscuit stores, contain species having a carni-
vorous habit. Anthrenus larvae, besides damaging the dried specimens
in cabinets, also cause damage to various fabrics. Ctesias serra, F., a
member of this family not often seen in the perfect state, is easily reared
from the larva, which occurs beneath the bark of oak and birch.
Symbiotes latus, Reitt., occurs also under these conditions. Adhering
to the under-surface of stones in rapidly flowing streams the scale-like
larvae of Helmis can be found, but these, together with larvae of Hetero-
cerus, which form miniature mole-runs in muddy shores, require special
opportunity both for observation of their habits and the rearing of the
larvae to the perfect state. There are, however, numerous larvae which
can be reared, described, and portrayed without special facilities, and
it would be as well if further material in this connection could be
gathered.

In the perfect state many species of Clavicorns are found under very
interesting conditions, as, for instance, in association with small

78

mammals, birds, and insects. Nemadus colonoides, Kra., for example,
occurs in squirrels’ nests, and Antherophagus species and Leptinus
testaceus, Miill., in proximity with the habitations of field mice. Nests,
according to the species of the bird by which made, as owls, starlings,
etc., are favoured by many good species, as Abraeus globosus, Hoff.,
Neuraphes rubicundus, Le., ete. As regards insects, the association
of certain Clavicornia with ants has been well investigated. Humble
bees’ nests are frequented by many species, as Cryptophagus populi,
Payk., Leptinus testaceus, Miill., Antherophagus species, Epuraea
depressa, Il., etc. It follows, therefore, that old birds’ nests, small
mammals’ habitations, and nests of Vespa and Bombus should be ex-
plored when observed, or, in the case of underground hymenopterous
nests, noted until a suitable time for investigation occurs.

Carcases of birds and animals iying about the countryside, or of
seabirds along the shores, usually have numerous coleopterous visitors.
The burying beetles Necrophorus, the Histers (which occur also in cow-
dung) and Sciodrepa fumatus, Spence, are but a few which can be
secured under these conditions. Putrid fungi should also be examined.
One species of Necrophorus at least is not averse to a meal off decayed
fungi. In this connection it is a good plan to collect a small heap of
hard or soft fungi in a suitable spot for frequent examination,

Accumulations of decayed vegetation, heaps of twigs or bark, cut
grass, dead leaves, especially from damp bottoms of hedges, and hay-
stacks and vegetable refuse generally are usually prolific in species of
Clavicornia, in addition to Brachelytra, and in each type of accumu-
lation certain species predominate. Scaphidium 4-maculatum, Ol., under
small heaps of bark in woods; Euplectus sanguineus, Den., in cut grass
heaps; Cephennium thoracicum, Miill., in dead leaves; Monotoma species
in haystack refuse, are but isolated instances. In vegetable refuse and
dead leaves many species as Atomaria pusilla, Payk., A. atricapilla,
Ste., etc., and Typhaea stercorea, L., may occur in abundance. In
fact, on a hot day the steaming heaps of decaying vegetable sub-
stances are teeming with Coleoptera, and careful sifting and selection
will add many desired species of Clavicornia besides an abundance of
the commoner.

In this connection a sequestered corner of a garden, or a wild un-
cultivated spot, in the vicinity of your residence is useful for the accumu-
lation of a few heaps of decaying vegetation, as weeds, cut grass, etc.,
in which the various species can breed, and frequent examination by
sifting at all seasons and times of the day will yield a good harvest of
commoner species, as Catops fuscus, Panz., and an occasional prize un-
suspected as occurring in the locality. This method could be extended
by accumulating bones for Nitidula, etec., orange peel for Epuraea, or
beetroot and carrion if available. My method of examining cut grass
for the minute species is to make lanes in the material after a small
quantity has been sifted on a large plate. Ptenidium, Euplectus,
Ptilium and Trichopteryx species after a while are seen walking in the

79

lanes. Grass roots or moss from the base of trees often yield many
species and the disintegration of turfs from mossy banks over a sheet
of paper should be pursued as often as possible. On sandhills moss
growing about the roots of marram grass is the haunt of many species.
Samples of finely sifted refuse for examination should be brought home
in small linen bags from localities visited.

As many good species occur in granaries and flour mills, any refuse
from the mill available in the vicinity should be carefully sifted. Such
species as Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Steph., and L. minutus, Ol., are
usually abundant, but several species of Cryptophagus, Aglenus brun-
neus, Gyll., Mycaetaea hirta, Mar., and others may be taken. Cellars
are frequented by certain species.

A fair proportion of Clavicornia frequent the bark of trees, both
standing and felled. The sap on stumps of recently felled trees is at-
tractive to Hpuraea wunicolor, Ol., Glischrochilus species, and many
others, and later, when fungoid growth appears, such species as Myceto-
phagus 4-pustulatus, L., and Scaphisoma agaricinum, L., can usually
be seen. Injuries to the bark of standing trees, particularly owing to
internal feeders such as the Goat Moth, often yield good results upon
examination. An afternoon is sometimes well spent by overhauling a
wood pile or beating faggot stacks in woods. When bark has been re-
moved and the moderate sized species required selected, careful examin-
ation after a short interval may reveal the smaller Bibloporus bicolor,
Den., Huplectus piceus, Mots., Stenichnus exilis, Er., or Ptinella tenella,
Er., which are frequently overlooked, walking in the burrows made by
the woodboring larvae of other species. The mould in hollow beeches
and in decayed decumbent trees is well worthy of attention as well in
this connection.

Although the flowering bushes are visited by many and the sweeping
net is required for others, searching is the keynote as regards the
Clavicornia.

This group of beetles contains by far the largest number of named
aberrations and the greater proportion of these are included in the
Coccinellidae. Many colour variations or the intensity of the ground
colour, whether wholly or in part, have been named. Many species,
particularly those found under bark, as Cerylon, have a lighter or red-
dish form, which I regard as immature. Some of these lighter coloured
forms, as for instance, Rhizophagus bipustulatus, F., ab. gyllenhali,
Thom., and Reichenbachia impressa, Panz., ab. wnicolor, Coll., have
been named. Variation in the Coccinellidae is due to the extension of
one of the contrasting colours at the expense of the other. In the
spotted forms the situation, apart from the number of the spots, is also
a basis for the naming of forms. The naming of aberrations by authors
dealing with this family has been carried to the extreme, with the re-
sult that the correct designation of a particular aberration is a matter
of difficulty. Two distinct methods by the earlier and the more recent

80

coleopterists have been adopted as regards the spotted forms of Coccinel-
la 10-punctata, L., and a duplication of nomenclature has resulted in
many instances.

Species such as Mycetophagus multipunctatus, F., or Omosita colon,
L., owing to the inconstancy of the pattern, have received little atten-
tion. In Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus, L., the lighter blotches on the
darker ground colour are sometimes united by a bar of the former
colour and the size and number of the spots vary as well, which is the
basis of the other described forms.

In some cases the presence of a darkened suture or marginal border
is the aberrational character. In other species the variation in size has
led to the diminutive forms and the larger than normal being distin-
guished as named varieties. |

In Cateretes rufilabris, Lat., there are two distinct colour forms and
Bryazis sanguinea, Rb., ab. nigripennis, Gerh., is an instance of the
normal red of the elytra being replaced by black.

One point in connection with Coleoptera in which I am particularly
interested is the morphism in the sexes apart from the genitalia, and
the Clavicornia exhibit many examples of species showing a wide diver-
gency in the structure of the sexes.

The bandy tibiae of the male Liodes cinnamomea, Panz., of Bythinus
validus, Aub., and of Choleva agilis, Ill., the abnormal thick legs of
Bibloporus bicolor, Den., and the curved legs of many Hpuraea species are
striking instances. As in male Thectura cuspidata, Er., a member of the
Brachelytra, the female of Bibloplectus minutissimus, Aub., bears a spine
on the anal segment. The characters of the sexes in Choleva and Colon
have received much attention by systematists. A notch in a segment as
in Brachygluta haematica, Leach, the conformation of the basal joints
of the antennae as in Cateretes pedicularius, L., etc., the general shape
in Ptenidium, the thick posterior femora of Necrodes littoralis, L., the
antennal differences of Anthrenus and the length and shape of the an-
tennal joints, as in Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Steph., and L. minutus,
Ol., are but a few of the differences upon which the separation of the
sexes can be made, and it would enhance the value of a collection if in
each species the proper division of the sexes were shown.

81

VARIATION IN GONODONTIS BIDENTATA, CLERCK.
By Dr E. A. Cockayne, F.R.E.S.—Read 27th May 1937.

Gonodontis bidentata is a moth which appeals but little to the or-
dinary collector, and it has received less attention than it deserves from
those entomologists who classify and name the various aberrations and
races.

The following notes are by no means complete, but I have attempted
to give an account of the variation of pattern, of the transverse lines
and speckling, of the ground colour, and of the shape of the wings. In
the typical form the ground colour is grey-brown, the ante- and post-
median lines are well developed, and the discoidal spot in both fore- and
hindwing is encircled with black. Sexual dimorphism is slight; the
colour of the female tends to be lighter than that of the corresponding
form of the male, and the tooth-like projections on the forewings are
longer.

PatTERN.—The median area varies independently of the rest of the
wing. In one form it is red-brown, though the rest of the wing is of
the usual grey-brown colour, and in some specimens of ab. nigra, Prout,
it remains pale, contrasting strongly with the black terminal and basal
parts of the forewing. In another form the median area is darker than
the rest of the wing, forming a band, as in one figured by Doering (‘‘ Int.
Ent. Zeitschr.,’’ 1932, 25, fig. 4). I have not seen a British specimen
with so dark a central band, but Barrett says that in some of the darker
specimens from the North and Midlands the median area is darkened
more than the other parts of the wing, and figures one from Yorkshire
(Pl. 289, fig. 1 g). I have one from Aberdeen with the median area dark
and another from Manchester with dark pigment spreading inwards from
both transverse lines and running across along the nervures.

On the other hand specimens from Northumberland may have the
median area paler than the rest of the wing, but the finest examples
with the basal and terminal areas darkened occur in the race which is
found over the greater part of Scotland. One of these from Moray is
figured by Barrett (Pl. 289, fig. 1 d) and I have a similar specimen from
the I. of Lewis. The formation of a dark median band and darkening
of the basal and terminal areas with a light median band are both com-
mon forms of variation in Geometridae. The former, for example, oc-
curs in Boarmia repundata, L., ab. conversaria, Hb., and the latter in
a continental form of Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff., figured by Milliére,
in Cleora lichenaria, Hufn., ab. chretieni, Lhomme, and in Ectropis
consonaria, Hb.

TRANSVERSE LINES AND SPECKLING.—In specimens from Scotland, par-
ticularly those from the Highlands and the Hebrides, the lines are often
very thick and the terminal area appears dark owing to the presence of
numerous dark striae and a dark subterminal stripe. The ground colour
may be very light or of the usual colour. W. S. Brocklehurst bred a

82

large and interesting brood from a female taken at Rannoch in 1914.
All the moths had a very light ground, varying from pale ochreous to
bone colour; some of the males had the lines very dark and thick and
the terminal area much darkened; many others of both sexes had the
wings so covered with dark striae that the markings and ground colour
were almost hidden, but here and there on any part of the fore or
hindwings the striae were sparse or absent, exposing the pale ground
and giving the insects a mosaic appearance.

In the I. of Lewis there is a form in which the lines are narrow but
the terminal area is dark except for a pale stripe distal to the post-
median. One of these is figured by Bowater (‘‘ Journal of Genetics,”’
1914, 3, Pl. 27, fig. 29). I have one with very similar markings, but
the ground colour is straw-coloured and the lines and terminal band are
pale red-brown. Barrett figures a specimen from Yorkshire which re-
sembles the Hebridean form; the ground is whitish and the markings
brown (PI. 289, fig. 1 e), so that this form evidently occurs as an aber-
ration elsewhere.

Apart from the Scottish race there is some variation in the position
and clearness of the transverse lines.

Ab. defasciata, Hannemann. (‘‘ Int. Ent. Zeitschr.,’’ 1917, 11, 62).
In this the postmedian line is represented only by white. Male, Grunau.

Ab. defasciata, Kiefer. (‘‘ Krancher’s Jahrbuch,’’ 1916, 25, 136).
Is a synonym, though the specimen was also ab. edentula, Krulik.

Ab. trapezoides, Schille. (‘‘ Polski Pismo Ent.,’’ 1924, 3, 18). The
forewings are a darker grey-brown than the type, the ante- and post-
median lines are black, far apart, and from nervure 2 run parallel to
reach the inner margin instead of converging.

Barrett mentions a specimen in which the lines meet in the middle
of the wing, so that there is no median band, and end in a large costal
blotch. In another the lines are black and almost meet near the inner
margin as in Crocallis elinguaria, L., ab. signatipennis, New. and G.S.

Very rarely all the markings may be absent as in a unicolorous yel-
low-brown specimen in the Mitford collection.

Grounp CoLtour.—Variation in the ground colour is considerable. It
may be greyish white with little speckling and with the lines indistinct,
as in the one figured by Bowater (‘‘ Journal of Genetics,’’ 1914, fig. 26)
from the Isle of Wight. Similar specimens were obtained by pairing a
brother and sister of this, but five other pairings of the kind only pro-
duced infertile eggs. The ground may be a clear straw colour like that
of Crocallis elinguaria, as in three from Cheltenham in the Adkin col-
lection. All these pale forms are uncommon.

Ab. ochrea, Derenne. (‘‘ Lambillionea,’’ 1927, 27, 49). Ochrea, notis
typicis. In the I. of Lewis specimens occur with the ground pale straw
colour and almost without speckling, but with the lines narrow and dis-
tinct. Perhaps these may be assigned to ab. ochrea.

Ab. hafneri, Wagner. (‘‘ Z. Ost. ent. Ver.,’’ 1918, 3, 45, figs.). This
is much darker than the type with the black lines obscured, but with the

83

white lines very distinct, though broken and present only on the ner-
vures. This form is not uncommon in Yorkshire and elsewhere in the
North of England, and the few I have bred from larvae beaten near
Methlick, East Aberdeenshire, all approach this form closely.

From the I. of Lewis I have a very dark brown male and female
with all the markings obscured and without white lines, and, according
to Barrett, Porritt had a similar one from Yorkshire.

Barrett says that sometimes the ground colour is ferruginous and
figures a pale one from Surrey (PI. 289, fig. 1 c), as does Bowater (PI. 27,
fig. 31). I have a similar one from Co, Cork, so that it appears to be
widely distributed, though not common. The finest red one I have seen
came from the I. of Lewis. It is a male, almost unicolorous, of a rich
dark rufous tint.

Ab. nigra, Prout. (‘‘ Ent. Record,’”’ 1901, xiii, 336) = ab. surtur,
Bang-Haas. (‘‘ Iris,’’ 1907, xx, 84). All the wings are deep blackish
brown, almost black, with the markings either just visible or completely
obscured. The antennae, legs and abdomen are black, but the thorax
is light coloured. .The form is not uncommon in parts of Yorkshire and
Lancashire, and Bowater (‘‘ Journal of Genetics,’’ 1914, 3, figs. 34-37)
has proved that it is either dominant or epistatic to the type. One bred
by Bowater is much lighter than the others, but is probably pathological
and due to deficiency of pigment. Bowater has also bred a beautiful
form of nigra with most of the median area smooth bright, rufous, dark
red-brown, or pale brown with red-brown nervures, and gives figures of
two of them (Pl. 27, fis. 38, 39). He tells me that he has never bred a
male, and it may prove to be a sex-linked recessive. This is worthy of a
name and I propose to call it ab. mediorufa, ab. nov., and take as the
type the specimen shown in fig. 38.

VARIATION IN OvuTILINE.—There is one variation in the outline of the
wings, ab. edentula, Krulik (ab. edentata, Rbl.), which lacks the smaller
teeth on the distal margin of the forewings. I have not seen the form
from this country, but I have a narrow winged specimen lacking all the
teeth and with the postmedian of the forewing and the transverse lines
of the hindwing almost touching the discoidal spot. It came from
Yorkshire and is probably pathological.

DEFICIENCY oF ScaLes.—A form occurs not uncommonly in Yorkshire,
both in the typical form and in ab. nigra, and more rarely near Read-
ing, in which the interneural spaces in the middle of the forewings and
in the greater part of the hindwings are so thinly scaled that they are
semitransparent. The fringes are normal and the condition is sym-
metrical. Several have appeared in the same brood, and it is probably
determined genetically, like a similar form of Ephestia kuehniella, Z.

GYNANDROMORPHISM.—This is very rare in bidentata. Bowater bred
one with the left antenna and part of the left side of the thorax and
wings male and the rest female. The remainder of the brood of twenty
were normal.

84

MIDGES ATTACKING OTHER INSECTS,
By Dr K. G. Bratr, F.R.E.S.—Read 24th June 1937.

On April 29th last in South Devon (see ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’’ 1937, p.
143) I noticed some small black flies sitting upon and moderately firmly
attached to Meloé beetles (both M.. proscarabaeus, L., and M. violaceus,
Marsh). When one of these was brushed off a drop of yellow fluid exuded
from the spot, The spot in question was situated on the thinner mem-
brane to the side of one of the dorsal shields of the abdomen, but the
flies were also observed on the thinner membrane between the segments
of the beetle and at the joints of the underside and legs, though not
upon the harder parts. There was no question but that they were suck-
ing at an actual puncture and not merely drinking the fluid so readily
liberated by these Oil-beetles. I then tethered some of the beetles in
order to have them handy for observation, and returning to them some
thirty to forty minutes later found abundant further midges, not only
sitting upon them, but others coming to the attack and yet others sit-
ting quietly upon neighbouring grass-blades, their bodies distended with
the yellow fluid of the Oil-beetles.

Of course, all these midges were females; so search was then made
on any flowers around for males of the same species. On the daisies and
hawkweeds that alone this small patch of turf afforded, numerous small
flies were found, but no male Chironomids; however, a clump of wood-
sage a little further off had swarms of small black male Chironomids
that I hoped might be the desired species.

The midges from the Meloé were later identified by Dr F. W. Ed-
wards as Atrichopogon meloésugans, Kieffer (1922), a species originally
described from Algeria, where they were attacking another species of
Meloé, and not previously recorded from this country. A closely related
species, A. rostratus, Winn., has been noted attacking M. proscarabaeus
in Denmark (Hansen, 1921). Unfortunately the males from the wood-
spurge proved to belong to quite another group.

This adds one more to the records of insects of various orders being
attacked by midges, all belonging to the Ceratopogoninae. Thus Ptero-
bosca paludis, Macfie (‘‘ Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’’ B. 1936, p. 68) is
found in Wicken Fen attached to the wings of various species of Dragon-
flies (one was exhibited here by me last year). This was the first record
of the genus being found in Europe, though other species, also attacking
Dragonflies, were known from New Guinea and from Assam. Forcipo-
mya eques, Joh., is similarly found on the wings of Chrysopa spp., first
recorded in Britain in 1932 (Edwards, ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’’ p. 114),
though previously the same habit had been noted for this species in N.
America and Finland. Another species of this genus, F. papilionivora,
EKdw., is recorded as sucking the wings of Pieris brassicae, L., in Wales,

85

while what may have been the same species is noted by Kryger (1914)
on Cidaria didymata, L., in Denmark. F. pallida, Winn., is recorded
by Edwards and Bainbrigge Fletcher (‘‘ Entom.,’’ 1936, p. 192) at-
tacking larvae of Opisthograptis luteolata, L., at night.

How long the midge remains attached to its victim no doubt varies
with the host. Thus in the case of Meloé, with an abundant supply of
fluid, the midges left in a distended condition after little more than
half an hour, or perhaps less (unfortunately no precise details were
noted), whereas with the relatively poor supply to be obtained from
the wingveins of an Agrionid they remained attached, if I remember
rightly, at least over night.

Though such records are as yet too few for certainty they at least
_afford indications that each genus or species of midge that acquires
this habit limits its victims to a particular order of insects. It will
be noted that most of these discoveries have been made of quite recent
years, and it is hoped that all entomologists will be on the alert for
further instances of the sort, and make a point of securing at least the
parasite, and preferably the host also, and submitting both for identi-
fication ‘and record.

A WEEK IN SEPTEMBER AT AVIEMORE,
By G. V. Butt, B.A., M.B.—Read 23rd September 1937.

I spent the second week of September collecting at Aviemore with
Messrs Mellows and Pooles. We made an encouraging start the first
two nights, taking 31 species of Lepidoptera at sugar on 7th September.
After this the weather became progressively worse, with a strong N.E.
or N.W. wind blowing. Conditions improved on the 11th, and we took
27 species altogether, 22 at sugar and 5 at light. Lamps were given
up as almost useless after 16th September.

The commonest species at sugar were Chloantha (Calocampa) solida-
ginis, Hb., past its best, Hydroecia nictitans, Bork., Amathes litura,
L., and A. helvola, L., this latter being smaller than the southern form
and occasionally heavily bordered with black in the forewings. Towards
the end of the week Calocampa vetusta, Hb., became common, but no
C. exoleta, L., were taken. The party took about a dozen Epunda nigra,
Haw., but only three LH. lutulenta, Bork., were secured. Amathes maci-
lenta, Haw., and the pale ab. flavescens, Esp., of Xanthia fulvago, L..,
were taken; the latter was much worn and the females could not be
induced to oviposit. Cidaria citrata, L., (¢mmanata, Haw.) was plen-
tiful on the wing, at rest, and on sugar in great variety. The best cap-
ture of the week was a Riyacia (Noctua) depuncta, L., unfortunately
rather worn. On one night Dryobotodes (Hadena) protea, Bork., was
plentiful in a nearby wood, but on the next two nights was scarce and
absent.

Of larvae the most abundant were those of Drepana lacertinaria, L.,
Pheosia dictaeoides, Esp., and Notodonta dromedarius, L., this last
being very heavily parasitised. A few Colocasia (Demas) coryli, L.,
Lophopteryzx camelina, L., and Pheosia tremula, Clrck., were also taken
as well as small Aplecta tincta, Brahm., and Noctuids including Mames-
tra contigua, Vill. Geometers were numerous on birch, pine and larch,
including Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn., Biston betularia, L., Gonodontis
bidentata, Clrck., and some Eupithecia on pine and larch.

The following completes the list of species taken: Polyploca duplaris,
L., Agrotis nigricans, L., Noctua glareosa, Esp., N. castanea, Esp., N.
c-nigrum, L., N. dahli, Hb., N. canthographa, Schiff., Triphaena comes,
Hb., T. pronuba, L., Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn., (polyodon, L.),
Apamea secalis, Bjerk., Polia chi, L., Agriopis aprilina, L., Phlogophora
meticulosa, L., Amphipyra tragopoginis, L., Cosmia paleacea, Esp.,
Dyschorista iners, Tr. (Orthosia suspecta, Hb.), Cerastis (Orrhodia) vac-
cinit, L., Scopelosoma satellitia, L., Chesias legatella, Schiff. (spartiata,
Hbst.), Cidaria testata, L., C. populata, L., C. siterata, Hufn., C.
miata, L., Thera cognata, Thnbg., Operophtera autumnata, Bork., Ente-
phria (Lygris) caesiata, Schiff., Eupithecia sobrinata, Hb. No butter-
flies were seen.

METZNERIA LITTORELLA, DOUGLAS.
By S. Waxety—Read 13th January 1938.

This very local species shares with Melitaea cinzia, L., the distinc-
tion of being found, as far as Great Britain is concerned, only in the
Isle of Wight. It is, however, even more local than the*‘‘ Glanville
Fritillary,’’ and as far as is known at present is confined to a mile or
two of coast-line near Ventnor.

The earliest record of Jetzneria littorella in this country was the
taking of several specimens by S. Stevens in April, 1848.1 Although
sought for by several entomologists at various times, it was not until
fifty years later that Lord Walsingham succeeded in re-discovering it in
the old locality.2, He reported it as occurring ‘‘ plentifully from May
6th to 29th (and perhaps later).’’ It was apparently known at that
time that Plantago coronopus, L. (Buck’s-horn Plantain), was the food-
plant of the larvae, as bunches of the seed-heads were collected in Janu-
ary by E. Bankes which produced moths from 17th June to 25th July.?

It will be noted that the moths were captured by S. Stevens in April
and by Lord Walsingham in May, yet when bred they did not commence
to emerge until the middle of June. No doubt the early dates of the
moths taken wild is explained by the fact that the locality is noted for
its mild climate and catches a maximum amount of sunshine, as well
as being sheltered from northerly and westerly winds.

I have seen no recent records of the taking of Metzneria littorella,
but I know of several friends who bred numbers of the moths last June
and July from Plantago coronopus seed-heads. My series shown to-
night were bred from a batch of stems sent to me by H. G. Jeffery, of
Newport, Isle of Wight. These were collected near Ventnor, and were
found beaten down among the other herbage by the wind.and rain and
often caked with chalky mud which had been splashed about by the
winter gales. It certainly looked rather unpromising material, and I
examined several dozen stems before finding a larva. This raised my
hopes, however, but I need have had no apprehension as the moths even-
tually came out in such embarrassing numbers that I could not spare
the time to set them all, even after passing on a lot of the stems to a
friend. I was warned that there were some beetle larvae present, evi-
dently preying on the lepidopterous larvae, and one of these which I
subsequently bred was determined by Mr Jeffery as Psilothrix cyaneus,
Ol., a showy green species not infrequently found on flowers in suitable
situations in June, and having a predacious larva.

17.M.M., xxxvii, p. 149.
2E.M.M., XXXVi, Pp. 127.
3E.M.M., xxxvii, p. 121.

88

The food-plant of Metzneria littorella—Plantago coronopus—is widely
distributed and common in the Isle of Wight. It is not confined to the
sea coast, however, and the root shown came from the Shirley Hills, near
Croydon, where I have known the plant to grow for some years on a
garden bank by the roadside. In my opinion this is the plant really
meant when Plantayo muritima, L., is given as the food-plant of larvae
of Melitaea cinxia. J have seen the larvae of M. cinxia swarming on it
at Ventnor. One of the old writers gave Plantago maritima as food-
plant for M. cinzia larvae years ago, and this seems to have been copied
by many subsequent writers. My contention is strengthened by the
fact that P. coronopus is rarely mentioned in this direction, and al-
though Vlantago maritima is common enough in the Island, especially
on the northern coast, J have never seen it growing on the slopes where
M. cinzia is at home,

To return to my subject, my first specimens of the moth emerged on
13th June, and they continued to emerge for about six weeks. By the
14th of July I had about 80 specimens on my setting-boards, and de-
cided to set no more, but J noticed several more moths emerged after
this date. The larvae feed among the seeds in September and October,
retiring into the central stem for pupation, which does not take place
until March or April.

Early records give Cheshire (Birkenhead) and Ireland as localities
for Metzneria littorella, but subsequent investigation did not support
the Cheshire claim, and nothing is known of any Irish examples.

In 1854, specimens were taken on the Continent and named quin-
quepunctella, Herrich-Schiffer, but the name littorella, Douglas, ante-
dates this by four years. Stainton called attention to the fact that
these species were identical in 1869.4

On the Continent the species is recorded from Corsica, Sicily, Italy,
Austria, etc. .

I should not be surprised if this moth were found to occur at other
places in the Island, especially along the less-frequented coastline from
Niton to Freshwater.

There are four other species in this genus occurring in Great Britain,
viz.: Metzneria carlinella, Stain., on Carlina vulgaris, L.; M. lappella,
L., on Arctium lappa, L.; M. metzneriella, Stain., on Centaurea nigra,
L., and Serratula tinctoria, L.; and M, neuroptella, Zell., on Carduus
acaulis, L., and Centaurea nigra.

In conclusion, I should like to express my thanks to Mr T. Bain-
brigge Fletcher for the list of references to this species with which he
furnished me; and also to Mr Jeffery for the generous supply of Plantago
stems which enabled me to have the pleasure of rearing such an in-
teresting and local insect.

4Tineina of Southern Europe, pp. 243, 244.

BQO

Proc. 8. be Oe NALS Agee

PROS 1, 223.8 hs SUnis= ds -AL oP

1. THE WOOD CRICKET, NEMOBIUS SYLVESTRIS, FAB.
Cage.
2. Male, 8.5 mm. 3. Female, 10 mm.
4. Ovum, 1.6 mm.

Prater V.

V. Dennis.

89

NOTES ON NEMOBIUS SYLVESTRIS, FABR.
By E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.—Read 13th January 1938.

In a book recently published on the ‘‘ British Grasshoppers and their
Allies,” by Dr Malcolm Burr, the author mentions in the preface that,
** Relatively little is known of their life histories.’’ My remarks to-
night are offered as a contribution to our knowledge of the life-history
of the Wood-cricket, Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr., of which, so far as I am
aware, a complete account has never been published.

In this country Nemobius sylvestris is a very local insect, but where
it does occur it is abundant. Hampshire seems to be the only county in
which it is found. In the New Forest it occurs in all suitable places
and in the Isle of Wight in all the large woods. In August 1935 I found
it very common at Borthwood, just outside Sandown, in Parkhurst
Forest, and also in Hampstead Wood. Its natural habitat is among
the dead leaves at the base of the bushes that grow along the ridings
in the woods. It requires looking for, even in those places where it is
common, and will not be found unless carefully sought. The best way
to find it is to look for a suitable place, sit down and gently disturb the
leaves. Then these crickets will come to the surface, rest a few moments
upon a leaf and then crawl or hop away. Catching them with the hand
often injures them, but if a glass tube is placed over them whilst they
are on a leaf they can be secured without damage.

To keep these insects in captivity I have found a glass tank 8 in. x
6 in.X 6 in., with an inch of sand placed at the bottom covered by two
inches of dead leaves to be very useful. Under these conditions the
crickets will live in a healthy condition for long periods. In such a cage
I placed three pairs taken in the New Forest on July 27th, and the
males were seen alive up to November 6th, after which the cage was
taken indoors, and the last female was seen alive on December 29th, but
was found dead on January 4th. Feeding the crickets is a simple mat-
ter, for I found they took readily to sliced raw potato, both nymphs and
adults feeding upon it. If placed in a cage without the leaves they live
only a few weeks. What they feed upon in a state of nature I do not
know, but in captivity they take a varied diet, including raw meat,
dead insects, and all kinds of vegetable matter.

The female of N. sylvestris is a small dark brown insect with a body
10.0 mm. long and an exerted ovipositor of 7.0 mm. The body is covered
with long scattered hairs. Wings are absent and the elytra abbreviated.
A tympanum is situated on the outer surface of the anterior tibiae. The
posterior tibiae have long, slender, movable spines, and the first joint
of the tarsi is smooth above. These last two characters separate these
insects from the other Gryllidae. The male is a little smaller, its elytra
more developed and overlapping, the right over the left. When stridu-

90

lating the elytra are slightly raised and drawn across one another. The
sound produced is not very loud; I cannot hear it at more than two
yards. It is said that in some of the American species the stridulation
is much more rapid during courtship than at other times, but I have
not noticed any difference in our NV. sylvestris.

On one occasion I noticed on one of my insects a white sphere about
1.5 mm. in diameter. This I at first thought was a spermatheca on a
female but on closer inspection I found the insect to be a male with the
sexual organs exposed. On looking up the lterature of the subject I
found that Fulton had described this in an American species. He also
described their mating, and points out that the female feeds upon the
spine that is on the inner surface of the posterior tibiae. No such
spine is found in our N, sylvestris.

I first obtained ova of this cricket in August 1922 and asked the late
W. J. Lucas if he could tell me when I might expect them to hatch. He
replied that the ova had never been described but he thought they would
hatch in about a month. I gave him some ova and he described them
in the ‘‘ Entomologist ’’ for 1923. I kept the ova for some time but as
they did not hatch I concluded that they were infertile and threw them
away. During the next few years I frequently obtained ova but they
never hatched. Then one year I forgot all about them and in the fol-
lowing June I saw young nymphs in the cage. Since then J have, each
year, been able to obtain the young by keeping the ova until the follow-
ing May or June. This proves that the eggs are laid in August and
September and do not hatch until May or June. The young nymphs
seen during the autumn are from the ova of the year previous. Full
development of the insect, ova to ova, is two years. The ova are de-
posited in the earth just below the surface, in an upright position.
They are creamy white in colour, cylindrical with hemispherical ends,
one end being slightly more pointed than the other. They vary in
length from 1.75 mm. to 2.0 mm., the diameter being 0.6 mm. The long
axis is somewhat curved. The surface of the egg looks smooth but when
examined with a lens is seen to be finely reticulated.

' ‘
. ;

<a Noah tt

a.» ot) aL

od LG

The true Oxlip is one of the most local of plants, but is
very abundant where it occurs. It is found only on the
high ground where the counties of Essex, Cambridge, Suf-
folk and Hertford meet. Its main distribution is to the
East of Cambridge where it forms an irregularly crescent-
shaped area about forty miles long, narrowest in the middle
where it is about five miles wide. A smaller area to the
West of Cambridge is about ten miles long by five miles
broad.

Within the Oxlip areas no primroses are to be found,
but at the border line the two species hybridize freely. For
some unexplained reason the primrose is gradually encroach-
ing upon the Oxlip, so that some woods which formerly con-
tained Oxlips only, are now fully occupied by primroses.

The Oxlip differs from the Cowslip in having the corolla
funnel-shaped and drooping, not saucer-shaped and erect,
in being without the darker centre, and the throat being
without the folds which are characteristic of both Primrose
and Cowslip.

Wherever Cowslips occur together hybrids are fairly
frequently found and are commonly called Oxlips, but they
are easily distinguished from the true Oxlip by having the
darker centre and folded throat common to both parents.
They are very variable, some being nearer to one parent
than to the other.

A. W. DENNIs.

Puate VII.

Photo. A. W. Dennis.
THE TRUE OXLIP.

PoC: fb. & N.S... 1937-8. Puate VIII.

Photo. A. W. Dennis.

HYBRID (PRIMROSE X COWSLIP) FREQUENTLY MISTAKEN FOR THE
TRUE OXLIP.

91

INDEX.

PAGE
Aberrations (unnamed) of, A. (V.)
urticae, 2, 22; P. c-album, 2, 2,
27; S. dubitalis, 4; L. favicolor,
4; P. plantaginis, 5; A. pyrami-
dea, 6; H. abruptaria, 8; P. napi,
8, 23; E. repandaria (apiciaria),
8; E. punctulata, 11; D. chaonia,
13; T. obeliscata, 13; A. myrtilli,
18: C. sparsata (larva), 15; S.
ocellatus, 15; E. hyperborea, 16;
D. pudibunda, 17; S. _ ligustri
(Eary.),.17, 23: L. vitellina, 19, 21;
M. jurtina, 20, 22, 24; E. alternata
(sociata), 20: A. hyperantus, 20, 26;
P. bellargus, 20, 24; E. atomaria,
Dito. Bb. repandata, 21: > N; 10,
21; A. agestis (medon), 21, 24, 26;
E. bistortata, 21, 32; D. lubrici-
peda (menthastri), 21, 22, 27: H.
phlaeas, 21, 22, 24; M. tithonus,
Wee aiwutd..1e; C. oCcularis, 22;
Go ruamni, “82 24: V. cardul, 22;
T. (M.) gracilis, 24; D. conspersa,
94; C. dominula, 24; P. icarus,
Pec. . COriaon, 24, 26,727; S:
pruni, 24; H. lucina, 24; E. auri-
nia, 25, 26; M. cinxia, 25; M. atha-
lia, 25; A. paphia, 25; B. euphro-
Syne, 26; C. haworthii, 26; T.
Hix. Bi: MM: gilvaro, 27; “EB.
semele, 28; P. fuliginaria, 29; L.

IMUM, S42 OF WUIMOSA. .2....ccc0ceess 34
Aberration in the Clavicornia, ......... 719
PSC EOMUPUSS a coeesocee Re acacenee de axeweveue oe XV, XViii
Additions to the, Collections, Xiv,

lpr NemULP ties catdics esau estas teeowdsanssoes 64
Annual, Exhibition, 19, 53: Meeting,

Pm MEMEO Cea ad cclhassedaacsotesctocsex cues 53
Assembling, with Q H. fusconebu-

losa (velleda), R. J. Collins, 18;

Ciea ser PUNLCcl Tein (1199: ); > cocacteeechzeccb~s 17
Attendance at, Meetings, xii; Field

WEES UTC 9 ea Oe et ANA RE eRe aa eae xii
Balance Sheet, for 1936, xix-xxii; for

MOST Simhe teen eee EN at od XXiii-xxv
Bee-keeping exhibit, S. W. Gadge, 28
Breeding of N. sylvestris, ............... 90
Brood, 2nd, of, S. suberivora, 17; B.

Plantaginis, 20: H. abruptaria,

20; C. otregiata, 24; H. lucina (?), 25

Cage, A novel breeding-cage,
Captures, at Field Meetings shown,
16, 19, 27; at Aviemore in Septem-
ber,
Causes of disappearance of species, ...
““Changes in the Insect Population
of Britain during the last 100
years,” Dr K..G. Blair, PF oR-HaS-
Characters of the Clavicornia (Col.),
Characters of secondary sexual im-
portance in Coleoptera, 54 (geni-
talia, 54; structure, 54: shape, 55;
mouth parts, 55; head, 56; eyes,
56; antennae, 56; thorax, 57; ely-
tra, 57; abdomen, 58: limbs, 58),
Coleoptera shown, ................. Ds Ania
Collecting, larvae of N. genistella,
Ses Ay NaCoUs:
Classification and Structure of the
Clavicornia,
** Clavicornia, Remarks on the Brit-
ish,” FF. J, Covisanr,
Council, Officers and Committee, in-
side cover, and
Delayed emergence
HW ANGTEWS sake eee
Description of, genital structure in
British species of Procris, 3; ab.
of A. pyramidea, 6; larva ab. of
C. sparsata, Dr E. A. Cockayne,
15; ab. of E. bistortata,
Descriptive Terms of Lepidoptera, .
Development, Pupal, of P. aegeria,
Dr? K..G. BUG Axe nko
Differentiation of Miana versicolor,
Dimorphic female of M. aega,
Diptera exhibited, 1, 5, 8, 12, 15, 18,
Donations, xiv, 10 (Continental
Rhopalocera) aye ee
Feeding habits and food of the Clavi-
cornia,
Field Meetings,

eee ee ee eee Cee e eee eer eee eee ee ee eee eee ree

See weet eee wena tt ten eee eeee
eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eee eee ees
Peewee eee ett eae

in Trypetidae,

Stee ewe eee eeee

4,

Seem ater een eee wer ese e tee eeeseeeeesees

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee)

‘* Firebrat,”’
IP OSSUESt SIO Moe treet ose estate cette
Galls exhibited, ............ 1s eat Peat ofa |
Glands in larva of P. monacha,
Gynandromorph of, P. c-album, 2; P.

punctinalis (consortaria), 16, 40:

E. atomaria, 22; P. napi, 23: A.

eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee

61
75

92

PAGE
paphia, 23; P. icarus, 27; P. cori-
GETS 2 osc ca cease converters scusenexestacnnet raeess= 7

Habits of, Trypetidae, M. Niblett, 1;
the larvae of C. sparsata, 47; lar-
vae of P. villosella, 68; N. sylves-

REIS a fe ee eectes ia catateeeeee aces cae eeseea teens ame 89
‘Haute Savoie, A Holiday in the,”

ay 211 ee reece tne erm ed, F 72
Hibernation of, ‘‘ tortoise beetle,’’ 5;

Pie VillOSCIT As Siaacse ceecren sae nss acc epees 69
History Of M. TitlOrela,, occ. cawine scapes 87
Inbreeding of D. lutea (lubricipeda),

DRG VY BU xo scscntostianceesneett ated 14
Indian Lepidoptera, showing opales-

cence in pupae, List of, ............... 9

Indian forms of British species of
Lepidoptera, D. G. Sevastopulo, 16
Investments,
Lantern-slides shown, .............. Gee Bers
Larvae shown, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19
Life-history of M. filicivora, S. N. A.
Jacovs,
Light, at Balcombe in June and list
of captures, 24: at Darjeeling, D.
CE ESE UGSCODUNO, oh ces cotiaestn aeaase ee 30
Lists of captures at Field Meetings,
35, 36, 37, 88, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 44,
A540, 48. bey O2
List of Officers and Council, 32 (1938);
Past Presidents, ii; Members, ... iii

List of exhibits at the Ann. Exhibi-
tion: ©:-D. Anderson, 195. S:_B:
Ashby, 19: J. L. Atkinson, 19; R.
W. Attwood, 19: T. L. Barnett, 20;
Be So Au tBaynes, 20: S.. -RicR:
Blyth: 20: Po M.) Bright, 20;,E; BD:
Buck, 20: A. A. W. Buekstone, 20;
Dr G. V. Bull, 20; Capt. A. E. Col-
lier, 20; S. Aca Chartres, 20;° Dr E:
A. Cockayme: 212 sGa AS (Coles 72k:
B. H. Crabtree, 21: R. C. R. Crewd-
Son, 21; J..C: B. Craske 2: Ss: 2
Houdney,;, 223; HG. Denvil,22: -L:
R. Eagles, 22: H. M. Edelsten, 22;
B. Embry, 22; F. W. Frohawk, 22;
Re Le Be Ford, (23:5 $. W. Gadge;
QS oh. TE. Grant, 23: DreliGeebar-
ris. 23:3 (C. N. Hawkins) 232 Dri:
Hope, 23: G. E. Hyde, 24; FE. W.
J. Jackson, 24; W. H. James, 24:
R. James (Sen. and Jun.), 24: Col.
S. H. Kershaw, 24; Dr H. King,
24; Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, 24;
Col. F. A. Labouchere, 24: H. B.
Lawson, 24; Dr A. R. Lisney, 24;
H. Main, 24; H. A. Leeds, 24; Rev.
J. R. Marcon, 2%; H. Moore, 2:
A. M. Morley, 25; Lt.-Col. A. H.

PAGE
BK. Mosse, 25; C. G. Priest, 23-319.
W. Newman, %; S. G. Wells, 25;
S. G. W. Norton; 25; G. B. Oliver:
25; S. G. Castle-Russell, 26; E. E.
Syms, 26; A. G. Bs Russelly and
J. A. P. Russell, 26; D. G. Sevas-
topulo, 27; H: J. Turner, Cis one
F. Warrier and J. Deal, 27; N.
Watkins, 27; BH. D: Wells; 27:3:
Wakely, 27: Dr H. B. Williams,
28; Dr C. M. G. de Worms, 28; S.
NA. JaCODS... \csccpoeseccusasngeae see eee 29
Local and Rare Species shown or re-
corded in 1937 :—M. versicolor, 7;
S. metallicum (C.), 7; T. ancora
(C.),..73._N... sparshalli (Cl. ite
oblongulum (C.), 7: H. ruricola
(C.), 7; C. caesiata, ab. paradoxa,
7; V. zonaria (D.), 8; N. genistella,
10; N. melanura (C.), 10; A. meloé-
sugans (midge), 11; A. ononaria,
12; B. smithianus (Hym.), 13; L.
aurita (Hem.), 17; S. lineata (deal-
bata), 17; S. ceratoniae, 17, 27; B.
somnulentella, 18: A. rubricollis,
18: A. carpini (rufipennis), 18; M.
contigua, 19; C. fraxini, 19; N. al-
bula, 22; C. jubata, 24; H. pallus-
tris, 24; M. filicivora, 24, 29335.
hiemalis (Mecop.), 26 P. globul-
ariae, 26: N. suberivora, 28; M.
blottii (D.), 30; M. littorella, 32;
B. distinctaria (pictaria), 35: C. as-
perifoliarum (C.), 39: G. campes-
tris (Orth.), 39; D. megacephalus
(C.), 45: M. roeselii (Orth.), 46: P.
viridissima (Orth.), 46; C. spar-
sata, 47: M. Neopnanes:ic..- wean 52

Local influence on species, 61 (ad-
vance of bricks and inortar, 62:
coastal changes, $2: draining of
marsh land, 62), ..c2\).0.0....aeeee 61

Localities (field meetings marked *) :

*Abrook Common and Esher, 37;
*Ashtead, 40: Aviemore, 86:
*Bookham Common, 35; *Boxhill,
42, 51: *Broadwater Forest, 39;
*Byfleet, 47; Canada and U.S.A.,
14: Chatham, 7, 30: *Chilworth,
38: *Cutt Mill, 41: *Effingham,
3; *Eynsford, 48; *Forest Row,
43: Haute Savoie, 72: India, 8;
*Isle of Wight, 38: *Seal Chart,
44; Shetland, 13; *South Benfleet,
45; *Westerham, 36, 52.

Lycaenids to illustrate the applica-
tion of ‘descriptive terms”
showil, Ht Al EeGeds) eee ere 24

PAGE
Melanic, E. bistortata, 21; C. ocularis,
eee AMINEL TY hc tac: cceanwcckeasSoaweanes wae ae 23
“Metzneria littorella, Douglas,” S.
DUI SAT. SOL FC Ree ee eee ene Ee 87
WHGi! Cl S008 0 he xii

“ Midges attacking other Insects,’’

Pires UP LOAT. - cic dcucvssccccecdecees 11, 84
PUENTE cE 2h voc qeiu xocuahesvovcnseeneces 1
Mipsale con G. THAMMNI, .....0.....csccecvessees 24
SUSIE EDMRSIEA f os542 ace esas ossccwruedssernen¥ in eragoe 1
New Members, ................ 4, 5, 29, 30, 32
New (recently) species shown, ...... See AL
Nomenclature, Curious developments

in the, of British species of Pro-

ering tA. COCKOYUME®: ice .<secasedes 3
*“ Notes on Pachythelia villosella,

Ochs. A. few.” Hi.G. Muggins,

TP lt. NESE sie a ROO i Aa a 68
‘* Notes on Nemobius sylvestris, Fb.,’’

OS TIIS,. PH Ses wa aciescuaassdeses 89
SEIT MIM EVE Coto cleans .csiascessciw de usaieds ape ie PA Rao
Opalescent Colouring, Preservation

ieee tae, SCOUSLOPULO. -...2;:c2cseecknees 9
Ovinosiion Of, “C. cossus, 15; PB.

PERSP NDNA heh Soa cuvwswivd guise ac ee cas doris 16
Paine Gt P> Villosella,. 23. -.50,0sctesesecee 70
Pests, A. musaeorum (Col.), the

Museum, 6; O. ovatus (Col.), the

Nursery, 14; SS. rhododendri

(Hem.) and G. coccinea (Hem.),

Cie TNOMOGEMOTOM, © .ooccccsasoccscesvseoene 16
Presentation of Illuminated Address

PRACT REA ters MU UIVOE odes tuachaaecanosess 33
Pimacrom Ol CP. “ViulloOsellla, ......:2-<sesesnce 69
Puparia of Trypetid Flies (Dip.),

Notes on, M. Niblett, ......... 1, 2 (list)
Records, A Plea for more records of

MUD MATMUETTANNGS Oe eat snes oo cossp wns ceseueacneows 67

Reptiles exhibited, H. G. Denvil, 22, 29
Reports of, the Council, xii; Trea-
surer, xv: Annual Exhibition, xii;

LETTE i 2) 2 0 oe ee xii
Revision of Balance Sheets, ...... Xv, Xvi
Rhopalocera, List of continental,

from the Ashby collection, ......... 10
ROMANO Aa SOW IN) odes ace Sonccaccubeecs wae 2
** Robber-flies ’’’ (N. cyanurus) prey-

Ten ESATO OTe GOR aC i 2 a a 41
Ph Ns ul) noe ee ee ee 17
“September at Aviemore, A week

Tabs ee OT Gee Vic DILLE «TPA | oo teks 86
Setting papered Lepidoptera, A

Method of Relaxing and, Wallis

OMB oh cs Soba: Ns Gol Oh ae atten 3 31
“Study of the Secondary Sexual

Characters in British Coleoptera,

A,” F. J. Coulson (Ann. Address), 54
P sugar’ at Aviemore, chico dc 86

93

PAGE

Web of social larvae of S. cratae-
PAA cic. eee ioe eee 11, “4

List of Captures at :—

Abrook Common and Esher, 15.v,
ELD, GOL,’ wid dahiedecn ace deeeeee rere eee 37

Ashtead. 12.vii. epi; .keccet vase eee 40

Benfleet, S., 18.vii, Lep., Odon., ...... 46

Bookham, 417.iv; Lep., Col, 2../..2:: 35, 36

Box Hill, 26.vi, Lep., Col., 43; 27.viii,
ROP: COlss + -xscccisttiuddebscen 1b chee eee d1

Broadwater Forest, 6.vi, Lep., Col., 40

Byfleet, 24.vii, Lep., Col., Odon., 48;
(DID. 5° EY MMs, «fhe clase Feeesee eee 49

Chilworth, 227, hep: swiss we eee 38

Cutt: MALL. Q0:Vi,:» Lips sececceceees oe eueeeeee 42

Effingham, -10:iv, Lep:) Col. 2.222. 35

Bynstord,15.vii, Col., Rhyn:, see 50

Forest Row, 4.vVii, LeD., .......0.«s.. 43, 44

Isle’-of Wight, 30.v,. Lp, ic.ukiaser 39

Seal Chart, 10.vii, Lep., Col., Hym., 4

Westerham, 8.v, Lép., COl., ........t..2.. 37

Aviemore, 745-2041, WUeps, 0no eee 86

La Roche, Savoie, v.vi.30, Lep., ........ w2

SPECIES INDEX.

Names of Genera and Species are
indexed only when attached to
some biologic information. Names
in Lists of captures and exhibits
are not indexed.

COLEOPTERA.

acaricola,, HeledORay icc: cise. cheleaeln 30

ANGOLA SPELT ATOM Aa 1c. ccede eae eee |

asperifoliarum, Ceuthorrhynchus 39

AlTALA; COIOMI Ae cnJes<s. carck owe ee ee 10

bajnlus,,, Hylotrames) ioc hee 30

boleti, .Scaphisonia, <-:..s..1cne ee. 30

buprestoides, Melasts) .iisc2..ckte ee 2

carpini (rufipennis), Acalyptus ......... 18

Cervinus, Dascillws:..... ss see 30

Collaris;.MiCCIMUS Ab ccecessccs nee eee 46

ceoccineus, Endomyechus) <.ci-ee.- ee 2

crenata, Acidota,4.1404ke eee 30

domesticum = striatum ....................- 14

destructor, SColyiaes |‘ iuci. cee 4

elongatum, Lathrobiimn acc7622:.se 2

Zlandium, Balamimus ....c..<.ccciackeecmes 42

Slohus, wAMpDIG YIU. ... seacko. ee eee 30

lonsicornis; QUedINS ace cee 30

huttoni, Pentarihiwum) :-.ciace ae |

lacaordairel,. Trimlem icin daiecieec dele 30

livida; Jhepiunra,, @..<<. dircice Se cencraaeeee eee 46

melanura, Nacerdes, Anoncodes ...... 10

MGIC’. GR. <5... : emetic cape 11

PAGE
MVGOLOLOUMLIA 1) <.ccccevectesvace eesese as ceesscennamsse 4
metallicum. Scaphidema ...........2.c055 7
MOI]]IS, OPilO .......cecc0c. | cseeeeneseseseasersce 30
musacorum, ANTHTENUS?® .2..2...csiscccenenpe 6
MEMOTAIS sOCATADUS ks. -ssascesectecndasccencan’ df
MODIMIS: (CASSIOA. 4 Aikecsc. saves stessueoneccadesees 30
OblOnewlUM, LIOSGMAA <.2.2.0.ccessecesqucsees 7
Ovatus, OtIOTTNYNCUS .....2.....cccesteeneecs 14
HiceumM, OLOPDPUM oicsc see ssceciceecseaveeant |
NOPUMMeA. SAPCI OA \...c.nc.iesecstaseee-=baueee 3
Munctulatus, DyiiSCUsS, <.......<ess.<02b ese 26
quadricornis, Prognatha ........ Repetie vas 30
4-pustulatus, Alphitophagus .............. 7
PUDIPINGSAs CASSIS. ciasinv- snccpesacsnonacegenn 5
MULCOLIS. INGCPODIA: <n. 5. sce seedes en sew ees save 30
MUCOUS, RNIMGSIOIUS fms. vepenscssawencs css 30
TUMDENMIS == CALPE 1. <sseiseccesesecesausaes 18
muricola, Homalopiliai 2% ....csss. verse scares #|
AG-OUNitataAs SELLY 21a) coches. teccaseswedes<csea 18
SEMICCAL SOMA CIOA is. 3 oi. tendon cece usauas cee teees A
silaceus, Antherophagus ................08+ 7
Sparsnalli, NeCurapbes, <..-cccvss<s.0csssvcuess a
SUELALIIN “ATION UUM . . .5..csseccscevawstexe=see 14
ROMMEHTOSUS.® SVUUTUS,. .sesesccecces.nendcssases 43
EEUSTMICUTA, ATILOMIIIIN cicscessmmecvencwecss oves 4
WIOMASLONL sAby SCL) c.ccoccsesanesecbecssvues 30

DIPTERA.

ie Pe ACLU VOMISLOE: cscs csacetecccosteest sss e=te 15
bardanac: RepOritis. cis20.5c.-seesescee.nstesee 1
HAMMAM L LOGLELA, .s-astsceresspoasecesees 45
DICMETUM CHPYSOLOKUIMM 2. .sc.ccceuessccs 46
FOG SOME VOPNUCS, «..cb.cccsccdsccseuer soeccsseees 30
COLO BOTEMIAGK... ..cscsecsccavosrenceeseseecseosed 1
CLAMLONMITONMIS ASUUS: 02,22 -0vecssecuscenaats> 50
CVAMIMITUS, NSOTAMUS ii. sk eencatonts tees 41
PACA aAcn OVCUIG, “asc. ascuchartestesssrcaees senses 1
HMaAvVOliNedtal CEU UIA: ib.2c...schesercsers. 17, 218
HONG Ay IVA ODR. sciscccucpaessteses ts cues ee 45
galii, Cecidomyia, Perrisia ..;............ 14
PUCANLOA:, DU DUIA .ciccckcaveccssdedetavencomeeses 40
DVOSCVANLIS DEP PUGS at -tstcuscracauseck cbenes af
(MANIC w ViOUTECECILAN t;. ¢-ecc tee esters ste ueccees 8
HMCONS AL s CHU OSTA sxc i-Siecee ees e ses censaeceseeed 46
LAPPOMA, <SCTVUCOMIVIA: scccceeccereesswesee sees 40
leachit,»Pachy@aster: .ti0h. setae seetdcctsoce 15
Mareinata,’ Sphenella, .. 2... secctce 1
meloésugans, Atrichopogon .............. 11
permundus, Phagocarpus ................:. 1
PICLUS, sCCLORYS: heater aioe 46
poeccilopiera;, Platyparea © #..ii..cdvaee Q
UTC EUIN SEDSIS! le. 2222 Reece eoseeemeee 17
Dupilata:- Noeéta . nee hi ee. eieee 1
quadrifasciata, Urophora .................. 1
rosaria,, Rhabdophaga ..c...d...cescsescecened 8
Pismoaida. ‘ORGIIA. ...ccis.fs less cstssdesaseses 1
SPOLatay” BULA. ce .o.Aeea aces cec strewn aloe esneees 12
stercoraria, Scatophaga. ...............c.s00: 20

94

-

PAGE
TPYPCtidae™, pee eee oe eee ee =
tussilaginis? (Orellid’ .2.....224a eee 1
uliginosus, Nemotelus ....................005 46
vectensis, Trypeta, Orellia ............ 2, 42
wiedemanni, Gonioglossum. ............... 1
winthemi, Orellia ..... a en a
7onaria,. VOLUCEIIS - s...<cc3si. eee 8

List of Trypetid puparia exhibited

by Mr M. Niblett... 2ctinse. cesses 2
List of Trypetids exhibited by Mr M.
INEDICUG | uc.dceistsss-.ces.cetblaaeeeee eee 5
FOSSILS.
arctica, -Striavella. (22-22 scco eee 78
dactylus, -Pholas. ic ss. os cacesee eee 18
platycheles; Porcellana <:.....0.%...ccseece 18
vulgaris, BCHIMOCOPYS. .2.0-%..cscesbeee ee 2
HYMENOPTERA.
chioris, Tenthredo: ....<....02-..esdsessssesbace 40
compressicornis, Lygaeonematus ...... 46
figulus, Try POR yIOM .) ..ccceseseece ere 5
fraternus. “A Danteles 2... saccccceces peeee eee 2
PIAS. -SIVOR, oc. covnsvevo-cueeens sess e tatee ee 11
glandium, CallirDytis ...:.:..<:-<s:««oee rt
instabilis, \PezOMachuSs: ........cesaesseeae 40
latreillei, Liposthenes .........:0:..cessecse= 5
longiventris, Diplolepis ..................... 8
pedunculi, POntGANIAY ..<.,-s..s0ecooneaeeeeee 8
punctatissimus, Telenomus ............... 16
quercifolia, Diplolepis) ....c.5-.;-:-cesseseee 8
TUfa4 MOLMNIGCA: sc, .tscxtseetpecacs hose este eeneae 20
SIMMS. DiplOlEpis cc..dceccdcsncoscesssoeeeeeee 8
SmIthianus:BOMDUS: 3. .csccs.catsesdsseeeeee 13
syivarum, GClmbex ccc. cosceespee eee 43
taschenbergi, Diplolepis .................... 8
MW GLETLONIUIS: .2 soos os asccdactes tenia aeeees 16, 18
TVYDOKYVIOMIGAC:. .4:200.sscece ones 5
vitripennis, Trichogramma ............... 16
LEPIDOPTERA.
abruptaria, Hemerophila ......... 658) 720
absinthil, ‘Cuculllia ....2:5......cce-eseeeeee 24
adippe = cydippe, Argynnis ...... OI 2G
nega; “MOLrpDO, ...c5.csseesee550 20k tee 10
aemeriay, /PALALTLE [iivacctececn-cseeenee 9: AZ eae
aecon = argus, Plebejus <.-22i..3 21
agestis =medon =astrarche, Aricia 19,
21, 26
agplaia, ATE YNMIS * iii. cecclseces weeee- eee 21
agrotoides (lunosa ab.), Omphalo-
SCCLIS: sc itaci tases cocsde cote ete neee eee 34
albicans (montanata ab.), Cidaria ... 13
albicolon, Mamestra .............0csessccssosses 17
albula (albulalis),. Nola <ic:352.ce 22
albulata, "CRAATIA: Zi Aciesesccseeeseeeeeeehe 13
alni, ACPONICtA, (.cc3leccccsttete ot eee sence 15

PAGE
alternata (sociata), Epirrhoé ............. 20
andalusica (barrettii), Dianthoecia ... 24
STE SETI COP VID | oo ccscalcccsucvesh oot vancecdbuite 10
BUTIStACtA, OPO LONG 000. .cscecveneeseseeoccder 5
apiciaria=repandaria, Epione ...... B09
argus=aegon, Plebejus ...................6 Q1
RAST RU EIEIO DOUA © og caccccceccesicecacec@ncus¥eceses 23
Sspigiscana. Catoptria ........cccccecccovscevs 4
SSS TCEYIMOGES. ........c0cesccdscssonescs 24
athalia, Melitaea ......... 12, 14, 15,25; 46
Aioitaria, BMAaturga ...........00. QO, 22, 23
aurinia, Melitaea, Euphydryas ... 2, 26
aversata, Sterrha, Ptychopoda ......... 18
eee Ae RT OPIINIU _ cavecdescsvcrsoosevecsse 10
barrettii (andalusica ssp.), Dian-
PREP ANEMONE AC Mento) 2 detuniee tee sddaavessacenace Q4
bellargus, Polyommatus ...... iy Pe Dn)
berberata, Coenotephria, Anticlea ... 21
SULA DTA ESUOU <5 2... .cssccesscessecse= 20, 24
bidentata, Gonodontis .............. 85°16; St
PPPOE OLOTIIA J .c.c0ececeasecsdccseeteoacee 11
Mipunctarias ‘Ortholitha | .....0.2.6...000cece5 9
bistortata, Ectropis, Tephrosia, Boar-
ENS 2S sie Ie Relea anne OP ea aes 5 NGS
brunneata (abruptaria ab.), Hemero-
EMRO MAM ac BPG. banc ue saccades coeasneeses 8
brunnescens (nupta ab.), Catocala .... 20
caesiata, Cidaria, Entephria ............. 7
Calbum, Polyzonia -.....i.cc000<06 i MY (eb | ame |
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis ......... 2.2) 045)
CATE MALIN ATI CYA... idscccceccssgessesesese 4
carhonaria (betularia ab.), Biston . 20
CALGAMVIMES) BUCHIOC 6 iic..02.cceecescosecesess 26
CALOUMaWAMICSSA, sc066..ciedensens OF Ada Nd G He
carmelita, Lophopteryx ............... 18, 2
Rrebes ete ENING Li eect Sc occ kycatublesceciwasavesccnsts 69
Beravomiae: NEVGlOIS: 3. gil. sceecccctceceens ily fee 0-9}
Teal ea COL VLIMNALIGS sos ocac. cess cosseeecs case 21
cervinalis (certata), Calocasia ........... Dal
AO, WY WOMIA, © scscieck scd..oscuveceesass 13
UML A ALE OLIS 2c. c.00c-+ocecdsersevecele-ceteuca Q4
cinnamomea (coridon ab.), Polyom-
CUTS) Ad a8 see PEE Bim 26
So ES 2) 0 ct 2%, 39
citrata (immanata), Cidaria ............. 19
citronea (napi ab.), Pieris .................. 23
BORIC te dE TOGCTISA (8:2 S050 0k. disesSs ve Sond oe 3
GOMES eT ACTI A! Fo S655 262.5 cde sitabaeeadaees 21
consortaria = punctinalis ................ 16
conversaria (repandata ab.), Boarmia 21
conspersa, Dianthoecia ................ 24, 29
Conspietllavisy My lLOMISES oiesececscct Ay 24
CONCIEUA, MAMESENA iAsiscc..cdcovacaxtedenss 19
coridon, Polyommatus 20, 21, 24, 26, 27
BOSAISs ACOSSUS, : socévil cs iuoneebdatavomteen te daeks ade 15
corydonis (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 27
BOL GA VDCWIAS. 5.3105. <c.sas die holeetaeh seek 19
crataegella, Scythropia ............... fe

eee ee ee eee eee ee Tee eee)

crataegi, Trichiura
croceus, Colias
cuculla, Lophopteryx
curtisii (comes f.), Triphaena ............
curtula, Pygaera
curzoni (satyrata f.), Eupithecia
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis
dealbata = lineata

eee ee Cee eee eee eee errr

eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eres)

ere ee ee eee eee eee eee ce ee ree

defasciata (bidentata ab.), Gonodon-
BAS! © ssn os dfs cbdonnn aces toes neo ee

degeneraria, Sterrha, Ptychopoda .
derivata, Coenotephria
determinata (leda f.), Melanitis .........
diluta, Polyploca, Asphalia
despila (cardamines ab.), Euchloé .
distinctata (pictaria), Bapta, Aleucis
dominula, Callimorpha
dromedarius, Notodonta
dubitalis, Scoparia
edentata (bidentata ab.), Gonodontis
82,

ee hee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee re

eee eee eee eee eee eC e ee ee eee

epiphron, Erebia
euphrosyne, Brenthis
exigua, Caradrina
eximia, Cosmopteryx
exulis, Crymodes
fagi, Stauropus
fasciata (rapae ab.), Pieris
favicolor, Leucania
filicivora, Mnesipatris
firmata, Thera
flava (napi ab.), Pieris
flavago = lutea, Xanthia
flavescens (lutea ab.), Xanthia
flavicornis, Polyploca
fluviata = obstipata
fluxa (hellmanni), Tapinostola
fowleri (coridon ab.), Polyommatus

26,

eee ROC TCS e ee eee eee eee rere es
eee eee eee eee eee cere ee)
eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee)
teem e ewer e eee e eee e tt teen aeseees
ee ee ee

errr reer eee eee eee eee eee ee

eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ery
Rate ee ee ewe ee eee enee
ween e wens

eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee
errr ee eee ee eee eee rere

ween eens

fraxini, Catocala
frequentella, Eudoria, Scoparia
fuciformis, Hemaris
fuliginaria, Parascotia
fulvalis, Scopula
fumata = ternata, Scopula, Acidalia
fuscata (abruptaria a@b.), Hemerophila
fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus
geminipuncta, Nonagria
genistella, Nephropteryx
gilvago, Mellinia
slobulariae, Procris .. ets 5 ee
gothica, Taeniocampa, Monima
gothicina (gothica f.), Taeniocampa,

BEOMIIA LS <, atasecccis aude nled hed Hs saaecee
hafneri (bidentata ab.), Gonodontis ..
haggarti (rhomboidaria f.), Boarmia
hamellus, Crambus

errr eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee ee ee

Sette eee rete tee wees

eee eee eee eee ee ree

eee ee eee eee eee eee eee Tee ee ee ee

ee eeeeee

eee ew eee eee een enna

15
8
13
y
10
27

82
12

PAGE
harpacula, Drepana .7...5.1.ee.cc.cee. 26, 28
HAWwOLrthil, ‘CelaeWasics....c<seccwewa wes ereee 26
hellmanni = filuxa, Tapinostola 22, 27
helvola (rufina), Amathes ................. 10
WETO, COCROMYMPDA «2... cccice oases eneckies’ 20
Hesperiidae = Grypocera ................. 15
Jey bing he Uh Memes & Ee) Oc) Vhs i aacegenee re so soc oener ee roc 13
hyperantus, Aphantopus .............. 20, 26
hyperborea, Rhyacia, Agrotis, Epi-
STV. Sy, .sekestet adc eaeumenes eck eneesaleee 16
JeArUS, POLYOMMUAIUIS 22..--cesaccseccs PRA
AMMAN Atay ==" PaALA, ithe koe ects accede 19
AUN ECLIANIS:: \HAGIES 2 ikeccosccsees <csescaces tenes 34
HMpUra, WRUCAANA s.2.5.d.cccses.edeveeeeeseasne 34
incanata = seriata, Ptychopoda ...... 14
insulana (betularia @b.), Biston ........ 20
intensa (lunosa ab.), Omphaloscelis ... 34
fo, Nymphalis, WAMESSA: ti. Je. .uneetec 0s. 21
BETS SP AT) ATU 5 st veac coccacd eneacanthnecaswearee eee 28
TELOTCV A) UEP OSA) -scsdse.wedves ocevespseuee ees 9
ismene (leda ssp.), Melanitis ............ Q7
ATMA =) UML, .. .. ccnceuvextceces + <aseeesseee 20
mabata (elabraria), ‘CleOTa icscc....ccteee 24
HIDEO L Gd. pMMGVA, ccscvececeewsscsnae. eonen dere 28
jurtina, Epinephele, Maniola 20, 22,
938: 26
Aaa. POU CANT. ice. os ss. etov messes 29
atric wl a eT AN 3 222.2. c seek secc stew cee cass 7
REG ay SMV AMEGIS: 05 bsiease .iocadstae. eve stGeeeae a7
leucocrapha, Pachnobia .....~-+sccsceces vAt
HeEWENeS:, VEPOUMGR. © 2 A.cccss mocowteswortudeeee Q7
MERITS TALIS | SPV TALS! Saceiscs sueenw ee scuddpsees 4
hienea, Blastobasis<..;.3.aceieG ys Aas ee 50
MU MSER DT. SOM: Sb 55.c2, scenes ee cetec cs Ay 5
MOUSE, ACTORIRGA -«.o.ch cee doceeecyeewneeasbeas 15
lineata (dealbata), Sciona, Scoria . 17
AATMICOLA § AGO POCA cis deed eoecnde ation ek baews 23
Nittorella, MeStCZMNeVIA § .osc.iccccccccccceee. oe; ST
Iubricipeda’ =/Wutea, .f...c.ctc.:.0es sere 14
lubricipeda (menthastri), Diacrisia
ay I 7-5 |
AAUCU AS “AIM APES) A. gscc J eaedo nase emetic 25
lucretia (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 27
HuNneSa, ‘OmphalOsScelis® csecc..ees-oeeeescee 34
hitarella. “= palliGrons) .::d2scccsecc ceca ees 26
lutea (flavago), Cosmia, Orthosia ...... 9
lutea (lubricipeda in part), Diacrisia,
SPLIGSOMIAE asthe eect eee tent 14
lvchnidis (pistacina), Amathes ......... 9
mMachaon, Papilio: 3.52.5c wecekwaledeeeenees 33
margaritata, Campaea, Metrocampa 7
Maia, ANelHtAe At escheat. ce oecmeonesoeeeses 20
mediorufa (bidentata ab.), Gonodon-
HAS) PPD ec alcatel. Seek neous acaee ee eee 83
AMO GOR «== A POSEIS © se sanciawicdl gene <aaiceiveocodeee Mee 21
melaleuca (conspicillaris f.), Xylo-
LLIN 24 oh edo SO ACE OR AN | Oe SJ SR 4
menthastri = lubricipeda ... 21, 22, 27

96

meticulosa, Phlogophora
molesta, “LaSpeyresia) 04 2i0d eee
molybdena (aglaia ab.), Argynnis ...
monacha, Psmura, ...u.0kise. eee
monolitha, Amphipyra
montanata, Cidaria
Wunitata,: CiGaria ...c..cs.scceeeees eee
myrtilli, Anarta, Melanchra
MAT SPTBVIS! \ ioc cnkecnesqscecedeebee ere
neophames, Mye@lois. .....4..cccscedaese.
nigra (bidentata ab.), Gonodontis 81,
nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis .......
nigrolinea (impura ab.), Leucania ...
INOCTUTGBE: 32.02. sib .c 0 eee eee
notata, ProcCis).... Scclcc cesar. eee
notata, Semiothisa
notha, Brephos
nupta, Catocala
obeliscata,\ TERA. 2)... eect ecee 5 eee
obliterata (camilla ab.), Limenitis ...
obscurata,; GnoOphoOS 3..ic002- eee
obsoleta (arion ab.), Lycaena
obsoleta (coridon ab.), Polyommatus

obsoleta (pamphilus ab.), Coenonym-
pha

obstipata (fluviata), Percnoptilota ....
occulta, Aplecta
ocellata, Cidaria
ocellatus, Smerinthus
ochrata (ochrearia), Sterrha
ochrea (bidentata ab.), Gonodontis .
ochrearia ochrata
ocularis (octogesima),
ononaria, Aplasta
otregiata, Cidaria
pallida (vitellina ab.), Leucania
pallida-obsoleta (croceus ab.), Colias
pallifrons (lutarella), Lithosia ... 2,
pallustris, Hiydrilla -..02:-.cc. cee
pamphilus, Coenonympha
paphia, Argynnis
paradoxa (caesiata ab.), Cidaria
parallellaria vespertaria
parallellus, Crambus
pariana, Simaethis
paripennella, Coleophora
pectinitaria, Calostigia
phaeorrhoea, Nygmia, Euproctis
phlaeas, Heodes
pictaria distinctaria, Aleucis
pinastri, Hyloicus
piniperda = flammea, Panolis
pistacina lychnidis
plagiata, Anaitis
plantaginis, Parasemia
populata, Lygris
populi, Amorpha
populi, Limenitis

SR eee eee eee ewe nee

eee eee eee eee eee eee re eee re
Pere ee Ce eee errr eee Seer ree reer ee

eee e eee eee eee ee eee ee eer eee)

OPP eee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee)

eee eee eee CeCe OCC CCE e reece

Perce eeCeee Cree reer rerer eres
ere rere Terre reer rrr.
eee e eee ween

en ee

Cymatophora

eee e ween eneee
Peete ewe eee e reese eee e tee
Peewee were neeeeeeeeaene
Ree wenn e enw wwatee
Ae eee eee ween eee eenee
ee eeee
eee eee ewww weet eee eee eeeeee

A eee eee meee e weet eee eee sees
weer anes

Pewee cere ee eee ne eee anes
Poe Pee EEEE OC eCCOSCO CCC eS ECE)
ee eee eee wen eene
Reet e were eee eee e tt Mewes eeee

eee eee eee PCC e eee eee)

PAGE
porcellus, Theretra, Metopsilus,
POP EMGATOD A. 9 nn nasesincscncceneavasnaingees’r 14
8 2 ns en a 3
Pee eMec a. StYMOD ...2..ccacicacecaees 9
Ducpunada, DasycChira ...:.....:..c0<0. - ae ly
pulveraria, Anagoga, Numeria ......... 13
punctilinea (impura ab.), Leucania .. 34
punctinalis (consortaria), Boarmia ... 16
punectulata (-laria), Ectropis, Teph-
MEI aoe cncc csc cceethbadesalcccdneoeadacnse 1a
DpyEamiaed, AMPNIPYLA ......00...cecccccese 6
PST CIMALIA, FEANOMOS. 3.....0000cscceceeseee 14
EMPRESS PG cow oraces mokeb es havc eouan ack Snes 26
repandaria (apiciaria), Epione ......... 8
Maths STSOALTILA So. sc5s0soccc0cscscicecenes Q1
PEA OOM EC DUEL YR scoccceccseessccesees 22, 24
ENOMHOmMaltaA, BOATMIA z.........0scccc-c00e 12
BIGCVE ATE EO ATIONVA (<< ccccccassacecccececucesss 24
POL SUIS LEY POMOMECICA. ....c0.cececcocesecess AF
rubescana (aspidiscana f.), Catoptria 4
rubricollis, Atolmis, Gnophria ......... 18
RES hol 1222 4 ON ea 33
MEUM ANAM CSTNE SUAS) oc. cscccsscavscnvecsdaesssecesesacs 2Q1
Peete ra) eC RV OLA. oF ccc.cc.sesnseesscececsdeacss 10
PUPUEIST PA CTOMNUCUA, .c60sse.cccisaccicnsdecereuss 34
PSs OME YSOPUATIUS! 2.002.000. seeceaaeee oe 20
ea elise MUL CUMMEA fo. 52.5... 5 concen vccelee ceuetedse 11
salicis (rumicis f.), Acronicta ............ 34
salmacis (agestis ab.), Aricia ............ 26
Sel Vikich icles EE NPUROILOCUAl | coaedescscccess ess senewes 13
AURA PN ECHOES! 5. accede wei ccbsdeceseoveaceesaccs 19
semele, Eumenis, Hipparchia ............ 28
seminigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis 22
BOMMINIM BY DINESBEA) Leh. cceclates does esccecscons 4
semisyngrapha (coridon ab.), Pol-
MNONNN UALS FcassotccsoceaRercccccisoncucise Die ap |
seriata (virgularia, incanaria), Pty-
CULCTIYOG yg Se Se i ar Ee ee oe ne a 14
STO ble eee Ces Fac ul | eee pe ee DRA PAS
SitartarGatia. GUCHIONA: ....<2c0..c.d0e 9, 18
PR DIIEDUAPMAER TEV CIA: 5 <occstaseceadebssucssseutecss 25
sociata = alternata, Xanthorrhoé ... 20
somnulentella, Bedellia ..................... 18
Bereesiels COOUEERS 2) sccskperscssessovsaseeecs (5 Peery
PRU ULI AL OES I SEOUN 2 cs stdccessut har scewisicavewess 10
strigata (monolitha ab.), Amphipyra_ 6
Pies vrana. OMSTA ....5c..ss.ccc.cee0ess 7
suberivora, Stigmella, Nepticula 17, 28
SuUbDMOtata, HUPITMEClA .......0.c23.ccses suse 17
subobsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyomma-
WLS WMP Note eivaas fas ses sates slices cdoanene ns 22
subsolana (globulariae v.), Procris ... 3
subsuffusa (coridon ab.), Polyomma-
UCTS Wah ets ge eek Prasad ae, eae Q7
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyomma-
MLS ie a A askin e tease Mes co oa te teteceteeevses 21
ternata (firmata), Scopula, Acidalia 15
“OE SID ed Ba 2a le Boe 10

97

PAGE
therinella, Coleophora :.c..:50...ccesstebdace 18
tiphon (dawus) = tullia -4..2:8.....<diehas 25
tithonus, Maniola, Epinephele ......... 21
trapezoides (bidentata ab.), Gonodon-

OB i okencci deh OR Si eee 82
trifolii, Hadena, Mamestra ............... 17
trifokti, Pachysastria’ sca eee 29
timacwia, Drymoniaze 2s {eee 13
tullia (davus, tiphon), Coenonympha 25
wurea; LeuCania 2.72.62. xhacle ae 21
urtieae:. Agliais. coo aN Jeans |
valezina (paphia f.), Argynnis ...... 23,, 2
Nariata. THerd) ...:.2. 6. ee ee 24
velleda = fusconebulosa, Hepialus ... 13
versicolor, Miana, Olicial ie. } 7 x
WESPEFtarid; . HDIONG: 2-5 tn vee ee oe 8, 9
vigintipunctata, Hyponomeuta ......... 17
villosella; Pachythelia: 2... 4, 68
ViTeiwlaria. = “SCTIAta i200. see ee 14
WUT ATA, WOR GR. sce pate an ee Ui Ue
vitellina, Leucania ............ 5 AS ps Be
Vuleatas Eup itheGla vers... sere ee 12
MEramMpeuna: GCire~noegia s2.2-.... ee 21
ZIC7ZACs HNOLOGOMLA I ves sa eee ee 12

NEUROPTERA (Planipennia).
Ascalaphidae,.us (AS.) dint .2t2 te 1 aa
barbarus, Ascalaphus (AS.) ................ 4
ehrysops, Osmylus:(Hem.)s. ..22c ba 40
communis, Panorpa (Mecopteron) .... 43
coccajus,;, Ascalaphts (Aste 2 4..0)....... 14
cornutus, Corydalis. (Sigh 26152260 14
formicarius, Myrmeleon (Myr.) ........ 4
fuliginosa,, -Sialiss(Siac) oes eee 40
fuscata, “Sisyra. (Hen: ) ies. 2 eee 48
hiematlis; Boreus: (Pan.)) 224.2 26
italieus; Ascalaphus. (As.)) 2. 4
longicornis, Ascalaphus (AS.) ..........-. 4
lusitanica, Nemoptera (Nem.) ............ 4
meridionalis, Ascalaphus (AS.) ......... 4
Myrmeleonidae (Myf.) .........s.s....- ee
Sialis: (Siaz)s,s:siccseeaussteceteren eee eae 14
ventralis,. Chrysopa> (CbhTry.)) sseeccesse ee 45

ODONATA.
depressa.. Foibelluday <2)yec.2. cee 41
elegans. IschOura ~niicncccce ese 42, 48
erTandis: ACSW) svcscyse.cccaek secon 48
metallica, -Somatochilora, <...:..ses 48
ORTHOPTERA.
brachyptera, Metrioptera .................. 48
CAMPEsStris; GIVES) <<-.sacscey ces .tee ose 39
dorsalis; Conocephalus: ¢:...3.2...i...-ee 46
elegans, Chorthippus) iccs4.ceeee 46
lapponica, ECtODEUS <2. Jcc.0<cnesuss eee 2
lividas, -HetobnisS: -..:2.ccihs cts ereeae eee 43

PAGE
maculatus, Myrmeleotettix ............... 51
morosus, Carausius, Dixippus ......... 19
Orientalis; “Blatlal vse... seesecdesouesseoseceeaes ibe
pictus, Stenopelmatis «.. 0.0050. .25sese.. 14
punctatissimus, Leptophyes ......... 43, 51
TOCSELII. - MEURIODUCTAI eS «c ccsns cose oecase=o odes 46
SMIVESULIS, INCMLODLUS Ht ast.a.c.¢.0reeee se 32, 89
CHAlaSsimia.. IMeCCONECMIA: Sikes: 2. sce tees one 51
Viridissima! PhasGOnurdad: 2....5ik.:622.c0e 46

REPTILES.
berus, Pelias ...... Soe SIN VER Sam TBD * 29
carolimal: “PEStudO) © ..ctceasveors ccc veancenseceecee 20
elegans: "CHEYSODLYS: %\.s.-....c,00ccccenssoezes 22
leprosal) (ClEMMyS a.ice oes se eewesse os cet en 22
tessellatus, Tropidonotus ............. B25 eo
RHYNCHOTA.
LUNA ea MGCL occatelecedenceccededussscceseoes 17; 52
DELCO me eetetoen aires acta davaks Ovewvaccmemeres 2
coccinea, Graphocephala .................. 16
PrISCuUS “HIASMOSTCtOUS J o.ci-ceccssccceeesee 51
SESSION EN oe eon > - SERS ex SR Or ae 2
Meas. HPNMAeNUIS-<. :s0d.cacahscesesscesneee S
PECSMUGPS CUMAR ae si Saccccnckaa te ope eas cenecwete 2
Prastnia. POlSMCWAs .iscsscscnscesvedesssedonecs 5
rhnododendri, “Stephanitis. ...2.<.ccc:<h< 16
sanguinolenta, Triecphora ................ 41
SPUMIAMIIS He NTLACIIIS Se.cieszceccc< eee aceees 2
TRICHOPTERA.

Mies teen WE NACHOS « access cy .scencuneckispaceerose 48
MAGUSUPISS: (OCREUISHS tice cede eeoter eee 48
pellucidus, Glyphotaelius ................. 40

PLANTS.

alba, Sa@lix. occcsspaceocecers seenseeee meee pare

aurea, Phyllostachys... :.:......c-<se.sse-eeeaee
autumnalis, Spiranthes ..............c.s«0-«
CCONCAUTEA 2) csccdecce seed ote ee

CELPPiS; ‘QUELCUS. f2cc.hicccsedeeset eee
Chenopodium, 0. 32.0 6scscc-2-4 nese eee
concentrica, Daldinia (fungus) .........
COrenopus, —Planiago. wie. ee
filix=mas, ASDIGIWM ..:.0.:-:..cseseeenteeeeeee
Globwlartan | 2...) jccnecscesadsceenese see
HeliantThemwm 9 ...iccncsceceseeee see eee

DIOR, “QUERCUS eisscec.cd.ccnencen nee
latifolia, Kalmia~ <.....-2.:scciscsccae eee
maritima, Planta@oy ...-.c- ese oeee eee 88
maximum, Rhododendron ................. 16
noli-me-tangere, Impatiens ............... 51 oF
nutans, ‘SUCHE 2.2... s.saxs<rns-0 tenn 39
officinalis, Saponarin. ‘..:.:....:200eee st
ossifragum, Narthecium. ..........:..ss0 Aho
OVata, “LiSt@Uas yx c cts. «cccnt avs senate eee 51
SCADIOSA: —s...isccvececdeqse noasscs cess coeeemene eee 3 .
tinctoria, Serratwula .c-:.:.:-s--c.seeeeeee 2
Viridis; HelleboruS: 3.6... :..c...cessteee see 5

NOT CLASSIFIED.

arbustorum, Helix (Mollusc) ............. 1
cornuta, Tadoma (AVeS) ......:..sccdessusee 39
foliaceus, Argulus (fish-louse) ............ 47
furnorum, Thermobia (fire-brat) ........ 17
itala,;. Helix (Molluse) 2.....2.scseeeeeeoeees 1
latreillei, Chelifer (false scorpion) 5, 6
mactans, Latrodectus (spider) ........... 14

syriacum, Hyalomma (tick) .........:..0. 2s

“UOIPVIYSIBOY IOF IOINSvVeL], “UOF{ SY} OF pouINyor oq OF,

‘PS Set

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paond aq 0} ‘aouadaig pun shuypyg aayany fo wns ay? ‘Ra.ing “typo ‘YUDG LaqSUuysa Yay? OF
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SUSE oe Se a ed a ce aaa 8 “ap ede Pr

‘TA'S AOGINA NOGNOT
‘SHHANVHO VINUAPIH

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3894, 1806,

1903, 1904,

4912, y 1913, ©
1091, 1922,

1080, 1931,

1896,
1905,
1914,
‘£1928,
1932,

1897,
1906,
1915,
1924,
1938,

1898,
1907,
1916,
1925,
1934,

1899,
1908,
1917,
1926,
1935,

1900,.
1909,
1918,
1927,
and

ie Abateoct of Pesctedaigs

ae 1886, 1887, 1888-9 (1 Vol,), 1890-91 (1 Vol,), 1892-3 (1 es ),

1901,
1910,
1919,
1928,
1936.

1902,
1911,
1920,
1929,

i Are still in petat and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, pri¢e 1/6; 1887, price 2/6; 1888-9 and 1890-91, price 3/6 each;

1892-3, price

1899, price.
1902, price
1905, _ price
1908, price
‘TOU, “price
1914, price
i917, . price
1920, . price
1923, price
1926,.- price
1929, price
1934, price
1936, price

N.B.—MEMBERS are allowed a discount of one-third off the

3/-; 1894, price 2/6; 1895, price 2/-;
1897, Part 1, price 2/-;

1896, price 2/6;

Part 2, price. 2/-; 1898, Part 1, price 1/-;
Part 2, price 2/-;

1900,
1903,
1906,
1909,
1912,
1915,
1918,
1921,
1924,
1927,
1930,
1935,

price
price
price
price
price
price
price
price
price
price
price

price

1901,
1904,
1907,
1910,
1913,
1916,
1919,
1922,
1995,
1998,
1931,
1983,

prices;‘and some years at half-price,

price

price

price
price
price
price
price
price
price

price

1932,

price

above

3 List Of Meine .
Report of the Coun iC
Hon. Treasurer’s. ‘Report
. Statement of ‘Accounts. Va:
ABSTRACT ‘OF PROCEEDINGS — ea
Annual Exhfbition ana. Sonera ins
Annual Meeting © see is ‘3
_ REPORT OF: FIELD “MEETINGS - Se te
Annual Address + me - ‘Study. of the: ‘Secondary. Sexual |
Coleoptera, Pees aa ve a ‘ oe on +
: TRANSACTIONS - eG oe ee cer
“* Changes‘ in the Insect - Population of Botan
‘ : Dr Ke: G: Biair FRES.- re ames Vays
© Few Notes on Pachythelia Villosella, Ochs., a a
~ & Holiday in the Haute Savoie,” A, Bliss Seine:
“ Remarks: upon British Clavicornia,” A sth & ‘ea Peon oyy
“Variation in Gonodontis ‘bidentata, Clerk,” Dr & A; ¢
Midge’. attacking other Insects,* Dr K. G. Blair, FR-E.S,
“A Week in September at. Aviemore, Nee: Bull, BA,, ; M.B
“Métzneria Jittorella, Douglas,” » S$. Wakely ~ ee oy

“Notes on Nentobius sylvestris, Far.” % Ee E.. ‘Syms, PRE
Index

sek 8h

ay eae P era: Ma Ptr

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. —
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, SE.
: =. 9938-1939,

ber 8th; 22nd; October 13th, 27th (Annual Bxhib
24th ; December 8th. see 5

1939: -—January 19th, 26th (Annnal Nite. Febrve +

March 9th, 23rd: April 13th, 27th; sme coe 2OtH ni
July 13th, orth.

LIBRARY wigs es at 6. 30 p.m. CHAIR TAKEN e

Mempens axhitihing specimens at the Meetings ae
requested te be good enough to hand to the. Secretary, at the M
a note in writing of the generic and specific salons of all f
exhibited, together with the names os é : C
specimens were obtained, and: any remarks thereon 1 wh ich the ex
have. to make. “Inthe Siiecs: of such o ‘Bote in writing the Seo
cannot he responsible for any errors in connection with his rep.

\,

, ot for the omission’ of any reference:

palatal by z. Binels & ge

$853 ta.

" ¥

. mgt

088 01267 1848