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Attention is drawn to the Treasurer’s
Report where the burden on the Society’s
Funds of the inevitable increase in the
cost of paper and printing is explained.
Donations, large or small will be welcomed,
and will be treated as confidential by the
Treasurer.

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2

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS
OF

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

1943-44.

WITH FOUR PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS:
THE CHAPTER HOUSE, ST THOMAS’ STREET, SOUTHWARK, S.E.1.

Printed by T. Buncl: & Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath.
1944,

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

THE CHAPTER HOUSE, ST THOMAS’ STREET, SOUTHWARK, S.E.1.

The Society has for its object the advancement and the diffusion of Biological
Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Col-
lections. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the Members
are held every month at the above address. Field Meetings are held throughout
the summer. The Society’s Rooms are easy of access from all parts of London,
and the Council cordially invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading Papers
and exhibiting Specimens

SUBSCRIPTION.

Full Members Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, Country Members Five
Shillings and Sixpence, with an Entrance Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence
in each case.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S., ‘Hatch House,” Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essex.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1910-11 W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.
1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).
1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1914-145 B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S.
1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). 1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
18£0 A. FICKLIN (dec.). (dec.).
1881 VY. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S.
1882 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A.
1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1923-4. N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.). 1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
1885 R. SOuTH, F.E.S. (dec.). (dec.).
1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M.,
‘1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.
1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). 1930 FF. B. CARR (dec.).
1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1930 C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1931 K. G. BLAIR, D.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
1894 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).
1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
1896 R. SOuTH, F.E.S. (dec.). A.I.C., E.C:S., F.R.E.S.,
1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). M.B.0.U.
1898 J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES.
1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1935 E, E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.
1900 W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NI-LetT.
1904 H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 1937 F. J. COULSON.
1902 F. NOAD CLARK (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
1903 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
1904 A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M.,
1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.
1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1941 F. D. Coors, F.R.E.S
1908-9 <A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.). ommvA D4 2S. WAKELY.
1943 Bia Si (LDS: aT
MN Ae Pa r {¢/ fj et /
TENS 4 \? tok
> Wd) ow TS y/Ja\
' ; “i 4 ~ 4 -
i, a J ‘ pe $ At §
NaN "e
Q

LIST OF MEMBERS:
(Revised to 11th March 1944.)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea;
d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology, General;
e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera; |, Lepi-
doptera; mi, Microscopy; mo, Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. phot,
Nature Photography; 00, Oology; orn, Ornithology; orth, Orthoptera ;
od, Odonata; 7, Reptiles; ¢, Trichoptera.

A.F.=Serving with the Armed Forces.

SS ee keane

HONORARY MEMBERS.

DATE OF DATE OF
ELECTION. JOINING.

10.1.1935. 12.5.1887. Turner, Hy. J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Hon.

Editor), ‘‘Latemar,’”’ 25, West Drive,
Cheam, Surrey.

14.8.1941. 4.2.1886. Fremun, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,’’ Ryarsh, Kent.

10.1.1942. 10.1.1924. Crapman, Miss L. M., ‘‘ Arolla,’’ Waterlow Road,

Reigate, Surrey.

8.7.1943. 25.1.1912. Fronawk, F. W., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U., ‘‘ Essen-

dine,’’ Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey.

LIFE, FULL, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.
1937 Apams, R. W., 16, Kenton Gardens, Kenton, Middlesex. 1. A.F.
1886 Avxtn, B. W., F.R.E.8., ‘“‘ Highfield’? Pembury, Tunbridge Wells,
- Kent. 1, orn.
1922 Avxin, J. H., Hon. Lanternist, ‘‘ Lamorran,” Oak Lane, Seven-
oaks, Kent. l.
1943 Aten, DonaLp, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., 698, Warwick Road,
Solihull, Warwickshire. hym.
1907 Anptews, H. W., F.R.z.8., Council, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham,
London, S.E.9. d.
12895 Asupsy, S. R., r.n.£.8., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Headstone,
Harrow, Middlesex. c, I.
1934 Arxinson, J. L., ‘‘ Down’s Cottage,’’ 76, Northwood Road, Tan-
kerton, Kent. l.
1936 Avcust, V. E., 59, Hillcross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

iv

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1939
1937
1942

1896
1933

1943
1938

1929
1942

1911
1942
1926
1941

1925
1934

1935
1933

1935
1940
1930
1939
1943
1938
1936
1909

1927

Baker, D. B., F.R.E.8., 17, Florence Park, Bristol, 6, Glos. 1, ¢.
A.F.

Batuincer, D. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Canham Road, Acton, Lon-
don, W.3. JU, A.F.

BANNER, JOHN V., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., B.A.M.C., ‘‘ Wykehurst,”’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton, 6. J. A.F.

Barnett, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1

Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., v.n.z.s., ‘‘ Monkshatch Cottage,’’? Comp-
ton, near Guildford, Surrey. l.

Becuer, Lt.-Col. L. E., ‘‘ Newstead,’’ Charterhouse Road, Godal-
ming, Surrey. l.

BerrneE, B. P., PH.D., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., 4, Tobernea Terrace, Monks-
town, Co. Dublin, Hire. micro-l.

Bett, J. H., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkhamsted, Herts.

Bett, P. J., 3.a., F.u.8., Dudswell Rise, Berkhamsted, Herts.
ent. AL.

Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.8., 11, Durrington Park Road, Wimble-
don, London, 8.W.20. n, c.

Buiest, T., ‘‘ Homestead,’’ Higham Lane, Tonbridge, Kent. l.

Buss, A., 4, Monahan Avenue, Purley, Surrey. l.

Buoop, B. N., u.B.c.s.1., 25, Spencer Gardens, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. hym. | .

BuytH, S. F. P., ‘‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. l.

Borrer, C. D., ‘‘ The Old Manor House,’”’ Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk.
ent,

Bowtss, T. J. ;

Brett, G. A., B.8C., A.R.C.8., D.I.c., Seale-Hayne Agricultural
College, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. ent.

Brett, Mrs Karuteen §. L. F., Torridge, 22, Keyberry Road,
Newton Abbot, S. Devon. biology.

Britren, H., M.M., F.R.H.S., F.INST.P.A., ‘‘ Newholme,’’ 21, Toller’s
Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. ent (Chalcididae).

Brooke, Miss W. M. A., 300, Philip Lane, London, N.15 ec. ent,
b, marine life.

Brown, A. G., L.D.S., R.C.8.ENG., 17, The Vale, Golders Green,
London, N.W.11. Ul. A.F.

Brown, S. C. S., u.D.8., B.C.S.ENG., H.D.D.EDIN., 142, Richmond
Park Road, Bournemouth, Hants. micro-l, hym.

Brown, Capt. S. HaMILTon, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG., 203, Golders Green
Road, London, N.W.11. 1. A.F.

Buck, F. D., 49, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road, London, N.19.

63 ALP.

Bucxstone, A. A. W., 90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell,
Surrey. l.

Buy, G. V., B.A., M.B., ‘‘ White Gables,’’ Sandhurst, Kent. l.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1938 Burton, Miss Marca, L.D.S., R.c.S.ENG., ‘“‘ Newlands,’ 212,

Golders Green Road, London, N.W.11. biology.

1938 Burron, R. J., u.p.s., R.c.S.ENG., Vice-President, ‘‘ Newlands,”
212, Golders Green Road, London, N.W.11. l.

1922 Bususy, L. C., F.n.£.s., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s
Park, London, N.W.8. ¢, hem.

1937 Carpew, Col. P. A., Council, 21a, Thornton Hill, Wimbledon,
London, §.W.19. 1.

1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., u.rH., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes, Lancs.

ts hn.

19386 CHartres, S. A., F.R.E.8., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex.
ent.

1922 Curreseman, C. J., 26, Lyndhurst Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs. l.

1936 Crassny, E. W., ¥F.R.E.S., R.A.M.C., 117, Sutton Lane, Hounslow,
Mdx. Il. A.F.

1943 Coates, R. J., 6, Malvern Road, Surbiton, Surrey. ent.

1915 Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.R.O.P., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Merstone,’’ Tring,
Herts. l, g.

1934 Corn, G. A., M.A., F.c.A., Ronkswood Hospital, Newtown Road,
Worcester. 1.

1935 Corzins, R. J., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Appledore,”? Mugswell, Chipstead, Sur-
rey. l.

1899 CottHrup, C. W., ‘‘ Dehra Doon,’’ Tite Hill, Englefield Green,
Surrey. 1, 00, orn.

1938. Conner, G. M., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.8., 33, Grove Avenue,
Sutton, Surrey. 1. A.F.

1936 Cooper, B. A., B.s8c., A.R.c.8., Dept. of Agriculture, The Univer-
sity, Leeds, 2. ent. (Life Member.)

1907 Coorr, F. D., F.r.5.s., Council, 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam,
Surrey l, b.

1923 Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, London, §.W.3. 1.

1919 CornisH, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
London, §.E.18. 1, ¢.

1922 Covucuman, L. E., c/o Mrs A. Couchman, 82, Newbury Road,
Bromley, Kent. 1.

1909 Covuzson, F. J., ‘‘ Burnigill,’’ 24, Springfield Avenue, Merton
Park, London, S.W.20. c, hem.

1918 Court, T. H., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’? Market Rasen, Lincoln.

19438 Cousins, Rospert J., A.C.P., M.R.S.T., F.R.E.8., F.R.S.A., F.Z.S.,
“‘ Lane End,’ Westmill, Buntingford, Herts. mo, ec.

1937 CrasTrer, B. H., ¥.n.5.s., ‘‘Highfield,’’ Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 1.

1934 Crasxe, J. C. B., F.R.5.s., 33, Hinchley Drive, Hinchley Wood,
Esher, Surrey. 1.

1937 CrasKE, Capt. R. M., R.A., Beech Hill, Morchard Bishop, Credi-

ton, Devon, ent, A.F,

vi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1918 Craururp, Ciirrorp, ‘‘ Denny,’’ Bishops Stortford, Herts. l.

19383 Crewopson, R. C. R., F.R.5.8., ‘‘ The Grange,’’? Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. 1,

1920 Crocker, Capt. W., 55, Townley Road, Bexleyheath, Kent. l.

1932 Crow, P. N., ‘‘ Heathcote,’ Bigfrith, Cookham Dean, Berk-

1937

1927

1938

1940
1900
1938
1933
1889
1930
1901
1921
1939

1936
1930

1927
1943
1937
1941
1933
1937
1932
1935

1920
1924

1930

shire. 1. A.F.

Curtis, A. E., ‘“‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood, Billings-
hurst, Sussex. J.

Dansy, G. C., ‘‘ Sheringham,’ 31, Albion Road, Sutton,
Surrey. l.

Davirs, O. C., 33, Hopton Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16. lL.
A.F.

Davis, G. A., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. c. A.F.

Day, F. H., F.R.z.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. 1, c.

Drat, James, 18, Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent. 1.

DemutH, Lieut. R. P., R.N.v.R., c/o Lloyds Bank, West South-
bourne, Bournemouth. J. A.F.

Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, London, S.W.1.
I, mt, b, nat. phot.

Denvit, H. G., 4, Warwick Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. 1, c. A.F.

Dops, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, London, N.14. J.

Doron, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. /.

Dovustepay, B. S., F.R.E.s., Monks Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks.
Chalcidoidea.

Dovupney, S. P., ‘‘ Thurne,’”’ 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. 1.

Duvsrivcr, B. J., B.A., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

Kactss, T. R., Hon. Treasurer, 32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middle-
BOX is se2

Eastmure, D. F., ‘‘ Granta,’ 48, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill,
London, N.10. 1. |

Easton, N. T., p.F.H., F.R.E.8., 214, Worcester Road, Droitwich
Spa, Worcestershire. 1, e, nat. phot.

Epwarps, Rev. Canon T. G., M.A., F.z.8., Couneil, Holy Trinity
Vicarage, Tulse Hill, London, S.W.2. .

Exeoop, W. S., m.a., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. l.

Emusry, B., F.R.E.s., 23, Mill Drove, Uckfield, Sussex. 1. A.F.

Ennis, L. H., c/o ‘‘ Bandora,’’ Portmore Park Road, Weybridge,
Surrey. J. A.F.

Ensor, G. A., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’’ Knoll Road, Dorking, Surrey. 1
and hym.

Farmer, J. B., ‘‘ Ashleigh,’’ Beatrice Road, Oxted, Surrey. l, c.

FassNIDGE, WM., M.A., F.R.E.S., 13, Commercial Road, Parkstone,
Dorset. 1, iv, hem.

FERRIER, W. J., F.R.E.S., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
lL, A.F.

vii

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1936 Frnnican, W. J., 87, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. ent, g.
phot.

1943 Forp, E. B., m.a., p.sc., The University Museum, Oxford. 1.

1920 Forp, L. T., Council, ‘‘ St Michaels,’ 70, Park Hill Road, Bex-
ley, Kent. .

1941 Forp, R. L. E., r.z.u.s., F.z.s., ‘‘ Durfold,’”’ 34, Park Hill Road,
Bexley, Kent. ent.

1939 Forster, H. W., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. ec.

1915 Foster, T. B., ‘‘ Downlands,’’ 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. I.

1933 Fraser, ANeus, The Palace, Cuddesdon, Oxford. c.

1943 Fraser, G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool. ent.

1943 Fraser, Mrs G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
ent.

1930 GituiaT, F. T., 3.A., F.R.E.8., Two Brewers Inn, Chipperfield,
Herts. I.

1929 Gurce, D. L., F.R.u.8., ‘‘ Birchstone,’? Coombe Park, Kingston,
Surrey. l.

1936 GoopsBan, B. S., 90, Tolearne Drive, Pinner, Middlesex. I.

19385 Goopurre, F. D., M.A., F.R.E.S., Lord Wandsworth Agricultural
College, Long Sutton, Basingstoke. ec. ent.

1942 Goopson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. 1.

1926 Gorpon, D. J., B.A., F.R.E.8., 24, Coulson Street, London, §.W.3.
atl

1936 Gowrnc-Scorzs, E., ‘‘ Oakhurst,’’ Oakwood Road, Crofton, Or-
pington, Kent. J. A.F.

1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend, Kent. 1, c.

1926 Grey, Mrs Ottvs, F.z.s., 66, Barrington Court, Pages’ Hill, Lon-
don, N.10. ent.

1891 Hamm, A. H., M.A., A.u.S., F.R.E.S., 22, Southfield Road, Oxford. I.

1944 Hammonp, H. E., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham, 27. J) and ent.

1943 Harps, ©. H., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, §.E.18. I.

1902 Harz, E. J., r.n.£.s., Harrow Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. l.

1943 Harper, Lieut.-Comr. G. W., R.N., Bramblewood, Bushby Avenue,
Rustington, Sussex. 1. A.F.

19386 Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, London, W.5. 1.

1924 Harwoop, P., F.R.e.8., Granish Cottage, Aviemore, N.B. l, c.

1927 Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, Jondon,
Sr Wee. th

1924 Hawegrns, C. N., F.rn.z.s., Hon. Secretary (Minuting), 23, Wilton
Crescent, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. 1, g.

1929 Hawtey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., p.s.o., ‘‘ Amber Cottage,’’ Boden-
ham, near Salisbury, Wilts. l.

1943 Haynes, H., 6, Nelson Road, Salisbury, Wilts. 1.

1938

Haynes, R. F., ‘‘ The Sanctuary,’’ Burney Road, West Humble,
Dorking, Surrey. 1. A.F.

Vili

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1923 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.8., Estacion Ex-

1935
1920

1924
1931

1927
1937
1943
1927
1931
1934

1929
1939

1938
1933
1928
1940
1923
1924
1936
1928

1942
1925

1938

perimental Agricola, Casilla Correo 71, Tucuman, Argentina,
1, orn, cs
Henvers, A. V., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ Ballovale,’? Santon, Isle of Man. lI.
Hemming, Capt. A. F., c.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., c/o Ministry
of Home Security, Whitehall, London, S.W.1, l.
Henverson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. c.

Hestop, I. R. P., m.a., F.R.E.8., c/o Messrs Griffiths and
McAlister, 10, Warwick Street, Regent Street, London,
Wal 13

’ Hewer, H. R., m.sc., p.1.c., Ministry of Food, Imperial Hotel,

Colwyn Bay,'N. Wales (Mark envelope Personal).

Hick, HE. Prentuanp, F.R.z.8., ‘‘ Athol House,’’? Fulford Road,
Scarborough, Yorks. 1. A.F.

Hottrsong, Comr. L. H. T., 0.8.£., R.N., 74, Kensington Court,
Kensington, London, W.8.

Howarp, Flt. Lieut. J. O. T., m.a., R.A.F.v.R., c/o Barclays
Bank Ltd., 161, New Bond Street, London, W.1. 1. A.F.

HowartH, T. G., 3.E.M., F.R.E.8., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell
Hill} Gondon, N:10.. 1. HAF.

Huecins, H. C., F.R.z.8., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea,
Essex. 1, ent.

Hueues, Arno~p W., Lower Farm, Quainton, Bucks. I.

Huts, L. G., F.c.8., ¥.R.M.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Rax,’? Chidham, near
Chichester, Sussex. ent.

Humpureys, J. A., Woodlands Cottage, London Lane, Wynes-
wold, Loughborough, Leicester. 1.

Hurcuines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. J.

Jackson, F. W. J., ‘‘ The Pines,’’ Ashtead, Surrey.

Jackson, Capt. Recinaup A., F.R.E.S., R.N., Vice-President, ‘‘ The
Hermitage,’ Bishops Waltham, Hants, and the Junior
Jnited Services Club, London, S.W.1. ent, 1. A.F.

Jacoss, S. N. A., President, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent. 1, e l.

James, A. R., ‘‘ Braemar,’’ Morgan Crescent, Theydon Bois,
Essex. l.

James, Bdr. W. H., No. 2055171, 390/27 S/L. Bty., R.A., M.E.F.
Ly Ack.

Janson, O. J., ¥F.R.E.8., Recorder, 13, Fairfax Road, Hornsey,

. London, N.8. ent.

Jaques, J. M., 12, Coulsdon Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. l.
Jarvis, C. McK., 68, Clyfford Road, West End Road, Ruislip,
Middlesex. c.
Jarvis, F. V. L., B.sc

by 1.0 ALE.

Sik

21, Shirley Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1923

1943

1928.

1910
1925

1933

JoHNSTONE, J. F., ¥.n.5.8., ‘‘ Courtlands,’’ Clarence Parade,
Southsea, Hants. 1.

Kersaaw, Col. S. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. l.

KerrLtewELL, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.O.S8., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Homefield,’? The Common, Cranleigh, Surrey. g, l.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Starfell,’’ Southdown Road, Seaford, Sussex. l.

Kimnins, D. E., R.4.F., 3, Avington Grove, Penge, London,
S.H.20. Un. - AF. ;

Kine, H., p.sc., r.z.8., ‘‘ Gavarnie,’’ Wise Lane, Mill Hill, Lon-
don, N.W.7. 1, orn.

LasoucHere, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.z.u.8., 15, Draycott Avenue, Lon-
don, S.W.3.

Last, H. R., 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey. c, l.

Lawson, H. B., F.n.z.8., ‘‘ Churchmead,’’ Pirbright, Surrey. 1.

Leeps, H. A., Wood Walton, near Sawtrey, Huntingdon. lI.

Tans, H. V., 11, Priory Avenue, Petts Wood, Orpington, Kent. I.

Lipscoms, Major C. G., Misterton, Somerset. J. A.F.

Lisney, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S., The Red House, Narborough,
Leicester. 1,

Lioyp, Major C. T., p.sc., PH.D., 25, Belmont Avenue, New Mal-
den, Surrey. l.

Lowr, Major J. H. B., n.5., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s &

__ King’s Branch, 6, Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. 1. A.F.

MacNutry, B. J., ‘‘ Rutland,’’ 67, All Saints Road, Sutton, Sur-
rey. SlspeALP:

Main, H., B.SC., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot, c.

MANSBRIDGE, W., M.SC., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Monreith,’’ Derby Road,
Formby, Liverpool, Lancs. lI, ¢, etc.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside Roaa,
Eastbourne, Sussex. l.

MarsuH, Duptery G., ‘‘ Russells Farm House,’’ St George’s Lane,
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. l.

Masseg, A. M., p.sc., F.R.E.s., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. l.

Marruews, J. K., M.A., Greystoke, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
l, b, orn.

Metitows, W. T., M.B.E., Lu.B., ‘‘ The Vineyard,” Minster
Precincts, Peterborough, Northants. 1.

Marrcatre, Percy, c.vi0., B-D.1), A:B.c.A., 70, Madrid Road,
Barnes, London, §.W.13. 1.

Mitton, P. W., 23, Woodstock Road, Carshalton, Surrey. c, ent.

Minnion, W. E., 57, Lloyd Court, Pinner, Middlesex. 4. A.I’.

Moors, H., F.x.8.8., 9 Hoopwick Street, Deptford, London, S.E.8,
l, hem, d, el, ehym, ed, mi,

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1920 Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.8., Dept. Advisory Entomo-
logy. N. of Scotland Agriculturai College. Marischal College.
Aberdeen, N.B. ec. ent.

19380 Morey, A. MeD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone, Kent.

1937 Morrmer, D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. hym.
A.F.

1940 Mortimer, Mrs D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. ent.

1937 Mowsray, M. J., 80, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, London,
K.11. ent. A. F.

1935 Mutter, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’?’ Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.
ent.

1984 Muserave, A. J., B.SC., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.8., c/o Barclays Bank Lid.,
41, Broadway, London, W.13. ent. A.F.

1906 Newman, L. W., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. 1.

1930 Nistetrt, M., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

1988 Opp, D. A., 11, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. l.

1932 O’Farreit, A. F., B.sc., A.B.C.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Oaklands,’’ Old Post
Office Road, Crawley, Sussex. od, cr, ent.

1934 Ortver, G. B., Harefield Road, Luton, Beds. l.

1943 Ourver, G. H. B., 152, Amersham Road, High Wycombe,
Bucks. l.

1911 Pacr, H. E., ¥.n.z.8., 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London,
S.E.3. 1.

1942 Parritt, R. W., 11, Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. .

1940 Payne, L. G., 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

1940 Payne, R. M., c/o 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

1940 Prnaam-Cruinton, Epwarp C., r.a., Trebles Holford, Bishops
Lydeard, near Taunton, Somerset. |. A.F.

1928 Prrxins, J. F., B.sc., F.R.E.8., 42, Wordsworth Road, Harpenden,
Herts. hym.

1933 Pryron, A. G., 299, Grove Road, Ramsgate, Kent. .

1944 Proxarp, Jamus N., PH.D., M.A., F.R.S.E., 36, Storey’s Way, Cam-
bridge. l, g.

1948 Prrman, C. M. R., ‘‘ Malvern,’’ Southampton Road, Clarendon,
Salama Wilts. l, orn. b, ete.

1924 Priest, C. G., 5, Kengal Road, Paddington, London, W.10. lh

1903 ange. R. A. R., F.R.E.8., 37, Holway Road, Taunton, Somerset.
1, mo.

1922 Rair-Smiru, W., F.Z.S., F.B.E.S., F.R.H.8S., ‘‘ Hurstleigh,”’ Link-
field Lane, Redhill, Surrey. J.

1942 Ricwarpson, AUSTIN, F.R.E.8., Beaudesert Park, Minchinhamp-
ton, Glos. l.

1920 RicHarpson, A. W., r.R.E.8., 28, Avenue Road, Southall, Middle-
sex. l.

1936 RicHarpson, N. A., 20, Bletchley Road, Bletchley, Bucks. 1, A.F.

X1

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1934 Ruipeour, J. K., ‘‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming, Sur-
rey. ent. (Infe Member.)

1908 Riey, Capt. N. D., r.z.u.s., F.z.8., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.20. l.

1939 Rupron, C., M.A., J.P., F.R.E.S., Council, ‘‘ Red Lodge,’’ Cold Ash,
Newbury, Berks. l.

1910 Rosertson, G. S., m.v., ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. l.

1911 Roxstnson, Lady Mavps, F.R.£.s., ‘‘ Flat 15,’ 2, Mansfield Street,

London, W.1. 1, n.

1942 Rocue, P. J. L., M.R.c.8., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 8, Lansdowne Road,
Bedford. c, hem.

1935 Royrre, D. W., 99, Hughenden Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.
e, ent. AF.

1932 Rupuanp, W. L., F.R.E.8., 211, Caversham Rd., Reading, Berks. 1.

1932 Russert, A. G. B., M.v.o., F.R.E.s., Lancaster Herald, ‘‘ Windy
Walls,’’ Gatehouse of Fleet, S.W. Scotland. l.

1915 Russet, S. G. Castrez, ‘‘ Springetts,’’ Seaview Road, Highcliffe-
on-Sea, Hants. 1.

1908 Sr Ausyn, Capt J. G., F.n.u.8., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley, Surrey.

1927 Scort, Col. E., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. 1. A.F.

1923 Servastoputo, D. G., F.R.E.8., c/o Ralli Bros., Ltd., Calcutta.
(Life Member.) l.

1933 SHarman, F. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough, Northants. l.

1938 Swerrin, W. R., A.L.s., F.z.8., South London Botanical Institute,
328, Norwood Road, Herne Hill, London, §8.H.24 vu, l.

1939 Srvirer SmirH, P., F.R.u.s., ‘‘ Squirrels,’ Little Aston Park,
Streetly, Staffs. 1.

1921 Smarr, Major H. D., m.c., M.D., B.8., F.R.E.8., 26, Snakes Lane,
Woodford Green, Essex. I.

1941 SmirH, Lieut. Fok. Wm., R.N.v.R., ‘‘ High Mains,’’ Closeburn,
Dumfries. 1, hym. A.F.

19389 Smirn, S. Gorpon, F.L.s., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Estyn,’’? Boughton, Chester.
ent.

1938 Swett, B. B., ‘‘ Woodsome,’’ Bromborough, Cheshire. |. A.F.

1941 Sparrow, R. W., Council, 134, Regents Park Road, London,

. Nise.

1943 SpreapBury, W. H., 35, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey.

1938 Srarrorp, A. E., ‘‘ Corydonis,’”’ 83, Colborne Way, Worcester
Park, Surrey. l.

1927 Sranuey-SmirH, F., F.n.z.8s., Hon. Secretary (Corresponding),
‘¢ Hatch House,’’ Pilgrim’s Hatch, near Brentwood, Essex. I.

1928 Srantey-SmrrnH, Mrs Maun, Cowncil, ‘‘ Hatch House,’’ Pilgrim’s
Hatch, near Brentwood, Essex. I.

1937 Srepatu, H. P. P., ‘‘ Cherry Cottage,’’? Prestwood, Great Missen-

den, Bucks, ent,

xil

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1940 Srset, W. O., 16, Upsdell Avenue, Palmers Green, London, N.13. c.

19385 SrepHens, J. A., F.R.E.8., 44, Mount Road, Chatham, Kent. c.

1938 Sreriine, D. H., 36, Estella Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. |. A.F.

1942 Sripsron, Eng. Capt. S. T., r.p.£.s., R.N., 1, Palace House, Bays-
water Road, London, W.2, and ‘‘ Ashe,’’ Ashburton, Devon.

LAL

1936 Srieant, Miss B., 22, Brock Street Bath, Somerset. hortic. ent.

1924. Storry, W. H., c/o Barclays Bank, High Street, Shoreditch,

. London, E.l. ent. A.F.
1931 Srovin, G. H. T., M.R.c.8., U.R.c.P., 36, Wymondley Road, Hit-
chin, Herts.

1929 Srusss, G. C.

1989 Summers, E. J., 7, Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey. c, hem.

1934 Surron, GresHam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
bakes

1943 Swann, E. L., 282, Wootton Road, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. c.

1916 Syms, E. E., F.r.n.8., F.z.8., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands
Avenue, Wanstead, London, E.11. n, orth, od, ft.

1942 Tarsor, M. J. R., c/o The Foreign Office, S.W.1. ‘‘ By Angora
Bag.’’ 1.

1922 Tams, W. H. T., F.R.E.s., 20, Ranelagh Avenue, Fulham, Lon-
don, S.W.6. l.

1913. Tarcnett, L. S., F.R.u.s., ‘‘ Rockleigh Cottage,’? Swanage, Dor-
set. l.

1941 Taytor, H. G. W., 11, Granville Road, Sidcup, Kent. c.

1934 Taytor, J. O., 176, Petts Wood Road, Petts Wood, Kent. I.

1925 Taytor, J. SNEYD, M.A., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 45, Graaff-Reinet, Cape
Province, Union of S.A. l.

1938 Tetuey, J., ‘‘ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley, Surrey.

ent,

19385 Tompxins, F. H., ‘‘ Clifton,’’ 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey. ent.

1937 Toner, A. E., ¥.R.z.8., ‘ Ashville,’ Trafford Road, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. l.

1934 Tunsratt, H. G., 11, St James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

1940, Turner, A. D., 19, Wychwood Close, Canon’s Park, Middlesex.
ent.

1943 Turner, J. Fincnam, 17, Litchfield Avenue, Morden, Surrey. J,
hym.

1943 Vesry-FirzcERALD, BRIAN, F.R.E.S., F.L.S., M.B.0.U., Red Rise,
Burley, near Ringwood, Hants. ent, orn.

1889 Wainwricut, C. J., F.R.8.8., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. l, d.

1929 Warinwricut, J. Cuas., 9, Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton,

Surrey. l.

Xili

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1911 Waxety, Sir Leonarr D., K.c.1.£., 0.B., 8, Cottenham Park Road,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. 1.

1930 Waxety, S., Council, 17, Warminster Road, S. Norwood, Lon-
don, S.E.25. 1.

1985 Wauuts-Norron, Capt. S. G., R.A.s.c., Roche Court, Fareham,
Hants. (Life Member). ent. A.F.

1944 Watton, AntHony M., 275, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, London,
S.H.21, and Hertford College, Oxford. l.

1936 Warrier, R. E., ‘‘ Birchwood,’’ Birchwood Park Avenue, Swan-

ley, Kent. l.

1939 Warkins, Lieut. N. A., M.A., F.R.E.S., B.N.V.R., Belcombe Court,
Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. 1. A.F.

1920 Warson, D., ‘ Crossways,’’ Hightown, Ringwood, Hants. 1.

1928 Wetus, Ciirrorp, ‘‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. I.

1911 Wetts, H. O., ‘‘ Linden House Hotel,’’ 9 College Road, Epsom,
Surrey. l.

19387 Wert, A., F.R.E.S., ‘“‘ Foxbush,’’? Tillingdown Lane, Caterham,

Surrey. l.

1911 Wauerrer, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’ Grat-
wicke Road, Worthing. Sussex. l.

1927 Waiter, A. Granvittez, ‘ Hilltop,’’ Chaldon, Surrey.

1925 WiiuaMs H. B., u.p., r.r.b.s., ‘ Croft Point,’? Bramley, Sur-
EGY. iil.

1932 Wiua1aMms, S. W. C., Council, 17, Beresford Road, Chingford,

: London, E.4. 1, g.

1938 Wits, J. R., ‘‘ Vine Cottage,’? West Horsley, Surrey. 1. A.F.

1918 Woop, H., ‘‘ Albert Villa,’’ Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. l.

1926 Woorron, W. J., ‘‘ Wannock Gardens,’’ Polegate, Sussex. l.

1927 Worms, The Baron DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., F.C.8.,

A.1.c., 12, Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury, Wilts. 1, orn.

Members will greatly oblige by informing either of the Hon. Secre-
taries of any errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above
addresses and descriptions. [g, genetics added. ]

XLV

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1943.

The close of its 72nd year finds the Society still in an active and
reasonably prosperous condition despite the war, with its restriction on
many of our normal forms of activity.

As compared with 259 a year before, at 3lst December our numbers
amounted to the record figure of 268, made up of 4 Honorary, 4 Life,
199 Full and 61 Country members. During the year there were 8 deaths,
and 5 members resigned, while 22 new members were admitted. Your
Council nominated Mr F. W. Frohawk as an Honorary Member in July,
and Mr W. C. Sheldon in November, both in recognition of their eminent
services to entomology in the past. 49 members are known to be serv-
ing with the Armed Forces. Your Council regrets that during the year
Mr W. H. Storey was taken a prisoner of war by the Japanese. No
other casualties have been reported.

In addition to the Hxhibition and Annual Meetings, 11 Ordinary
meetings have been held, at which papers have been read by Messrs
Sparrow and Rippon, Captain Jackson, Messrs Niblett, Syms and
Jarvis, and Dr Kettlewell. The average attendance was 33. The lantern
Was in use on three occasions.

The Annual Exhibition in October was again highly successful. The
provision of light refreshments was an improvement which enabled visi-
tors to complete their inspection of the exhibits in comfort, and the
assistance of the lady waitresses was much appreciated. The recorded
attendance was 185.

Field Meetings were held during the season at Bookham, (2), Chip-
stead, Horsley, Scratch Wood, Oxshott, Ashtead (3), Boxhill and Effing-
ham, finishing with a fungus foray led by Messrs Spreadbury and
Finnigan at Ashtead.

In order to improve and augment the library more rapidly, your Coun-
cil resolved that a definite sum should be transferred to the Library
Fund at the beginning of each year, to be at the disposal of the
Librarian. For 1943 this transfer was fixed at 1/- for each subscribing
member.

Our relations with the Chapter House authorities continue to be most
friendly ; the services of Mr Frampton, the head Verger of the Cathe-
dral, and his assistants in making tea for us at the Exhibition were very
much appreciated.

The Proceedings and Transactions for 1942/43 were published in two
parts, Part I consisting of a paper by Dr Kettlewell, with 2 coloured
and 3 black-and-white plates.

During the year Mr H. A. Leeds completed and handed over to the
Society his manuscript in. duplicate, describing the varieties of the three
British Satyrids, Maniola tithonus, M. iurtina, and Coenonympha pam-

xV

philus, which he presented last year. It is regretted that exigencies of
the time prevent publication at present.

The Curator completed his ‘‘ labours of Sisyphus ’’ by re-arranging
the last of the typical collections; he is to be congratulated on the splen-
did result of his systematic work extended over many years. The Society
benefits greatly from the ease with which any required insect can now
be traced.

Our former member, Mr E. Ernest Green, has very kindly presented
to the Society his collection of British Tortricidae. Their embodiment
in our collection will cause our Curator to restart his labours.

The Curator reports that insects have also been presented to the
Society during the year by Messrs R. J. Burton, Dennis, Denvil, Grant
and Kimmins. The thanks of the Society are hereby accorded to the
donors.

The Librarian reports that there has been a large increase in the
number of books borrowed during the year. Many of our Country mem-
bers have taken advantage of the Council’s offer to send books byi post.

During the year the card index of bound books has been revised and
brought up to date. .

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 1943-1944.

Donations.—By Mr H. W. Andrews:—A Separate of his paper in
Entomologist’s Record, ‘‘ British Dipterological Literature.’ By Mr
R. J. Collins: —Kane’s Handbook of European Butterflies, 1885; Stain-
ton’s Insecta Britannica, Vol. iii, Lepidoptera, Tineina, 1854. By Mr
A. W. Dennis:—Merrin’s Lepidopterist’s Calendar; and Episodes of
Insect Life,’’ by Acheta Domestica, 1867 (Revised by Rev. J. G. Wood).
By Capt. K. J. Hayward (of Argentina):—A number of Economic
Separates. By Mr G. D. Morrison:—A number of Separates dealing
mainly with the Honey-bee on Farm Pests. By Mr M. Niblett:—A
Separate (2 copies) of his paper in The Entomologist, ‘‘ The Species of
Rhodites causing Pea-Galls on Rosa.’’ By Mr W. H. Spreadbury :—
Moggeridge’s Harvesting Ants amd Spiders, and Curtis’s British Beetles.
Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1941.

By Purchase or Exchange.—Wingate’s List of Durham Diptera,
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, Vol. ii, 1906 (new series), with 7 plates. Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists Soc. Trans., Vol. xv, Pt. iv, January 1943. South Eastern
Naturalist and Antiquary, being Proc. and Trans. of the §.E.U.S.S.
for 1942. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. Proc., 1942. Wis-
consin Academy of Science Trans., Vol. xxxiv, 1942. Ent. Soc. Brit.
Columbia Proc., Vol. 43. The Wood Pigeon Bulletin, January and April
1943. The Entomologist, 1943. Hntomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 1943.
Entomological News, 1942-43. Entomologist’s Record, 1943. Lloydia,
December 1942 and March 1943. Hssex Naturalist, 1942 to 1943. Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Sec. B., 1942 to 1943.

XV1

HON. TREASURER’S REPORT, 1943.

This year the outstanding feature of the accounts on the expendi-
ture side is the large amount we have spent on our annua! publication.
The total cost of the two parts was no less than £183 4s 6d, of which
£125 18s appears against the Publication Fund and £57 6s 6d against
the Illustrations Fund. Such a heavy outlay was made possible by the
receipt of three large donations. Dr Kettlewell contributed £15 to-
wards the cost of the Panaxia dominula plates. For the eighth succes-
sive year an anonymous friend gave us £20 for the Illustrations Fund.
The third of this year’s large donations came at a moment of acute
anxiety for your Council when it seemed we should have to curtail
severely Part II of the 1942/43 Proceedings and Transactions. It was
at this critical juncture that a member, who wishes to remain anony-
mous, came to me with a donation of £50. In Part II yow will find a
detailed report of the Annual Exhibition of October 1942. This was,
by courtesy of the Editors, reprinted from the Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation. Mr Hy. J. Turner generously bore the cost.
Nor is this all, for there are many who have given donations to the Publi-
cations Fund and to the Subscriptions Account. To all these staunch
friends the heartiest thanks of the Society are due. I hope there will
be an increase in the number of those who make a small addition to their
annual subscription to help the Publication Fund and the Subscription
Account.

Despite all this the great effort the Society has made in 1943 has
obliged us to draw on the accumulated surplus of past years to the
extent of £9 4s 7d.

Once again I thank the members for their kindly help to me as
Treasurer.

During the year an improved form of Bankers’ Order was prepared
and distributed by our Corresponding Secretary. I am pleased to say
there has been a gratifying increase in the number of members using
this most convenient method of payment.

BALANCE SHEET.

Our investments are unchanged. Their market value at 3lst Decem-
ber 1943 was £1200, Our cash resources were about £20 less than a
year ago.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

The subscription income at £129 3s was up by £5 and the grant to
the Publication Fund at £62 was £8 less. This gain of £13 is offset by
two new items of expenditure, namely, £3 11s 9d for Advertising and
-£10 transferred to the Library Fund. Postages and stationery are up
and investment income is reduced. because of increased: Income Tax.

xvii

The final result is, as already stated, an excess of expenditure over in-
come of £9 4s 7d.
CAPITAL ACCOUNT.

The receipts from Entrance Fees were £2 12s 6d. This isthe largest
amount since 1938: a very encouraging sign.

LIBRARY FUND,

A grant of £10 was made to this Fund to enable the Librarian to
improve the Library as opportunity arises. Very little was spent in
the year, and there was at the end £13 16s 1d in hand.

PUBLICATION FUND.

Here you will find the heavily increased, charge for printing the Pro-
ceedings and Transactions. The amount is £125 18s. On the other
side you will find £52 9s received from generous donors. This £125 18s
does not include anything for the Plates. The whole cost of these, that
is to say the making of the blocks and the printing from them, is charged
to the Illustrations Fund.

.
ILLUSTRATIONS FUND.

This benefited by an anonymous donation of £20 and by a contribu-
tion of £15 from Dr Kettlewell. The blocks and printing cost £57 6s
6d, bringing the balance in hand down to £22 11s 5d.

Thus we have had a year of great activity and correspondingly heavy
expense._Bearing in mind what has been done, we have, I feel sure
you wil! agree, much to be thankful for.

War conditions delayed the appearance of Part II, with the result
that I have only very recently received the bills and closed the accounts.
There has not been time to arrange the audit, but Messrs Coulson and
S. W. OC. Williams have kindly promised to carry it out shortly.

T. R. Hacues.

Note.—The accounts were subsequently examined and found correct.

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

138th FEBRUARY 1943.
The Presipent, Mr R. J. Burton, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., in the Chair.

The following appointments by the new Council of further Officers
and of Committees of the Society for the current year, were announced :

Assistant Secretary: Indoor Meetings—Mr E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.

Assistant Secretary: Field Meetings—Mr F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editor—Mr C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.

Recorder of Attendance—Mr O. J. Janson, F.R.E.S.

Lanternist—Mr J. H. Adkin.

Committees: Publication—Messrs Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. ;
O. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.; Dr K. G. Blair, F.R.E.S.

Iibrary—The President (Mr R. J. Burton, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.),

and Messrs S. Wakely; E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.; S. R. Ashby,
F.R.E.S.; F. J. Coulson; F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S.; and F. Stanley
Smith, F.R.E.S.

Capt. W. Crocker exhibited a specimen of Brenthis selene, Schiff.,
taken in N. Devon last year, which appeared to have lead-coloured spots
on the underside of all wings. This is probably due to defective scaling.

Mr R. W. Sparrow showed a drawer of Microlepidoptera and sketches
of larvae and read a paper, ‘‘ Beginner’s Notes on Microlepidoptera.”’

Dr G. V. Buty read the following ‘‘ Sandhurst Notes for 1942 ”’ :—
“The season was again late and cold. The first capture of the year was a
larva of Arctia villica, L., crawling over the snow on 8th February. My
Sallow did not show yellow catkins till lst April, and the first Taenio-
campids were Orthosia (Taeniocampa) stabilis, Schiff.; incerta, Hufn..,
and gothica, L., on 6th April. Huchloé cardamines, L., appeared on
12th April, and Pieris rapae, L., on 16th April. All ‘‘ Whites ’’ were
fairly plentiful, but Polyommatus icarus, Rott. (19th May), and Lycaena
(Heodes) phlaeas, L. (15th May), were scarce. This year Erynnis (Hes-
peria) tages, L., was out before Pyrgus (Hesperia) malvae, L., which is
quite unusual. Brenthis ewphrosyne, L., was seen on 16th May—well
up to date. No moths were taken on garden sugar till 3rd July when
one Apatele (Acronicta) psi, L., was noted. Immigrants were scarce in
the neighbourhood. No Vanessa (Pyrameis) cardui, L., or Colias croceus,
Fourc., appeared, and no Acherontia (Manduca) atropos, L., were re-
ported from local potato crops as in 1941.”’

13th MARCH 1943.
Mr S. WakxeEty, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Messrs Charles Martin Roy Pitman, of ‘‘ Malvern,’’ Southampton
Road, Clarendon, Salisbury, Wilts, and John Fincham Turner, of 17
Lichfield Avenue, Morden, Surrey, were declared elected Members.

2

Canon Epwarps exhibited the following varieties of British Lepidop-
tera from the Burnt Wood district of N. Staffs.:—Peridroma porphyrea,
Schiff. (saucia, Hb.), var. margaritosa, Haworth; the grey form of Pano-
lis flammea, Schiff. (piniperda, Panz.); Hrannis leucophearia, Schiff.,
var. marmorinaria, Esp.; and an extreme sub-roseata, Woodforde, form
of Cosymbia pendularia, Clerck.

The Baron DE Worms exhibited ova of Oria musculosa, Hb., and
said that Dr Hobby reports that some which he has are just hatching.

Mr H. R. Lasr showed larvae of the Coleopteron, Endomychus coc-
cinews, Linn., from Banstead, taken on 21.11.43, and Mr Syms reported
that they were common in Epping Forest, but that some 300-400 larvae
produced three beetles only. .Mr Hugh Main had a similar result, the
mortality being due to a Chalcid parasite (Endomychobius endomychi,
Walk.).

Mr C. Rippon then showed a fine series of Lantern Slides, in colour,
of various Entomological subjects, living imagines, larvae, etc., in
natural conditions. A hearty vote of thanks was proposed from the
Chair and carried by acclamation.

10th APRIL 1943. 7
The Presipent in the Chair.

The death of Mr L. O. Grocock on the 3rd instant was announced,
also that of a well-known non-member, Mr F. N. Pierce, who died very
recently:

Mr F. T. Granr exhibited a Coleopteron new to the South of Eng-
land, Otiorrhynchus porcatus, Hbst., taken on a stone (burr) of a rockery
in his garden at Gravesend on 12th April 1942, and read the following
note on its previous recorded distribution :—‘‘ Donisthorpe in his Anno-
tated List of the Additions to the British Coleopterous Fauna says it
has been taken in Meath and Dublin, Ireland, and Oxford in England .
only. Dr Joy says very local, Oxford, Durham, and Ireland.”

Mr Eactes exhibited the lichen, Peltigera canina, Willd., said to be
a foodplant of the larva of Comacla senex, Hb.; also larvae of Lasio-
campa quercus, L., from the Lancashire sandhills, and Pammene argy-
rama, Htib., from Epping.

Mr Sparrow exhibited the Microlepidopteron, Mompha subbistrigella,
Haw., and young larvae and larval houses of Plusia moneta, Fab.

Mr J. Fincnam Turner exhibited several species of Spring Insects
from various localities, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.

Mr J. A. SrepuHens exhibited the following rare or local Coleoptera,
mostly taken at Chatham or Cobham within the last few months :—
Quedius scitus, Gr., taken at Cobham Park on 16.ix.42; Lathrobiwm
elongatum, L., var. fraudulentum, Gang., taken at Chatham in straw,
13.xi.42; Huplectus punctatus, Muls., taken at Much-Hadham, Herts.,
under bark of dead Poplar tree, 14.ix.42, confined to the Midlands and
North; Cryptophagus ruficornis, Steph., taken in rotten boughs of dead

3

Ash in Cobham Park, 19.vi.42 (note habitat); Geotrupes typhaeus, L.,
taken in Cobham Park in fresh horse manure, 23.x.42, in plenty (note
habitat); Diodes calcarata, Er., taken in leaves, Chatham, 4.ii.43; Oro-
bitis cyoneus, L., taken in leaves, Chatham, 17.11.43 and 24.111.43 (local,
never abundant); Ceuthorhynchus picitarsis, Gyll., taken at Chatham
on 18.viii.42, on Horse Radish; Phytobius quadrinodosus, Gyll. (denti-
collis, Gyll.), taken in straw at Chatham on 17.11.43. Some discussion
followed as to habits and localities for some of Mr Stephens’s species in
which Messrs Coulson, Syms, Wakely and others took part.

Mr Syms remarked on the egg-laying of Blaps mucronata, Lat., and
enquired for information as to the food of the young larvae. Mr
Stephens suggested grains of corn, etc.

A note from Dr G. V. Butt was then read, giving some records of
first observations in his locality for this year, viz.:—Huchloé carda-
mines, L., 3rd April, the earliest for 10 years; Pieris rapae, L., 5th
April, earliest since 19388; and the plant ‘‘ Jack-by-the-Hedge ’’ (Sisym-
brium officinale, Scop.) in bloom on 4th April.

Mr Hy. J. Turner reported finding a specimen of Gonodontis biden-
tata, Cl., on 2nd April this year.

—————

13th MAY 19438.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death of Mr Alfred Sich, F.R.E.S., on the 27th April last was
announced. He was in his 85th year and had been a member of this
Society for some 45 years.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of British and Continental
specimens of the Agrotid moth, Anaplectoides (=Hurois) prasina, Schiff.,
and drew attention to the great variation in the extent of the dark mark-
ings and to the extremely fugitive nature of the green coloration, and
suggested that our British form should be known as subsp. mixta, Haw.

Col. P. A. Carprw exhibited insects taken on Wimbledon Common
in recent years, including Tethea duplaris, L.; Achlya flavicornis, L.;
Parastichtis suspecta, Hb.; and minor aberrations of Mesoleuca albicil-
lata, L., Boarmia roboraria, Schiff., and B. punctinalis, Scop. (=con-
sortaria, Hb.).

Mr T. R. Eacuus exhibited (1) a gall on Juniper caused by the fungus
Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme, DC., and (2) the Cabbage-root Fly,
Hylemyia brassicae, L.

Mr V. E. Aveust showed larvae of Comibaena pustulata, Hufn.,
found on oak in N.W. Sussex, and drew attention to the way in which
the larva covers itself with pieces of leaf as camouflage.

Mr C. N. Hawes exhibited two specimens of the Coleopteron Rhizo-
phagus parallelocollis, Gyll., taken at Wimbledon on 16.iv.1943, flying
in evening sunshine in his garden. He mentioned that this beetle is
often associated with dead bodies, being frequently found in grave-
yards and similar places, but that it has also been recorded from rotting

4

seed potatoes, etc. Recent accounts of its habits and habitats may be
found in the #.M.M. at the following places :—42, 1906, p. 256; 43, 1907,
p. 3; 44, 1908, p. 40; and notably in an article by Dr K. G. Blair, 58,
1922,-p. 80; -

A note from Dr G. V. Bury was read reporting that he had bred two
male specimens of Minucia lunaris, Schiff., on 14th and 27th April this
year from three larvae he had beaten from Oak near his home at the
end of July last year. The third larva was parasitized. This is believed
to be the first record of this larva in Britain. Dr Bull also reported
Brenthis euphrosyne, L., on 27th April, the earliest date in 15 years he
had been at Sandhurst.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., read the following note on ‘‘ Delayed
Emergence of Acosmetia caliginosa, Hb.’’: ‘‘In early June 1941 I secured
ova from wild females of Acosmetia caliginosa, from South Hampshire,
the larvae feeding up readily and pupating early in August. The resul-
tant imagines from these pupae appeared at the beginning of June 1942,
the females emerging two or three days before the males. I had some
Craniophora (Acronicta) ligustri, Schiff., in the same cage last Autumn,
and am now watching for their emergence. On Monday, 10th May, I
found a female caliginosa newly emerged, and a second came out on 11th
May. I anticipate a good many more will emerge as I was disappointed
at the small number IJ bred last year. I have not heard of this species
lying over before, and I wonder whether, if this is a normal occurrence,
it is an explanation of the remarkable discrepancy in the dates between
the time of emergence in South Hampshire and the dates given in the
text book referred to by Baron de Worms in his note published on page
211 of the September Entomologist for 1941. He points out that the
date in the text books for this insect is July, whereas we get it at the
very beginning of June. It seems possible to me, therefore, that the
early insects may have been two years in the pupal stage, and that the
insect may also occur in July after only one year in pupa.”’

Mr C. Rippon then read his very interesting paper on ‘‘ The Rearing
of Lepidoptera.’’ (See Trans.)

10th JUNE 1943.
The PrEsIpENT in the Chair.

The death of a former member, Mr H. Worsley Wood, at Cambridge
in the early part of last month, was announced.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., exhibited an empty cocoon of Apoda
avellana, L. (=Inmacodes. testudo, Schiff.) and drew attention to the
method of escape of the imago by lifting a kind of ‘‘lid’’ at the end
of the cocoon. He also reported a considerable immigration of Celerio
livornica, Esp., recently.

Dr K. G. Buair, at the request of Mr T. R. Eagles, exhibited the An-
thomyiid fly Hylephila obtusa, Zett., observed by Mr Kagles shadowing
the bee Andrena fulva, Schrk., in his garden at Enfield. The fly was not

5

actually seen to enter the burrows of the bee but would settle on the
ground close by. Collin (1921, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, p. 316) also
reports that the females were in numbers ‘‘round the burrows of Andrena
fulva, at Primrose Hill.’’ The allied species, H. personata, Coll., has
been observed to enter the burrows of A. labialis, Kby., presumably for
the purpose of depositing its eggs. With these were exhibited various
species of Tachinid flies that behave in a very similar manner with re-
gard to other ground-nesting Hymenoptera, including Muiltogram:na
punctata, Mg., once found plentifully in the nests of Colletes daviesana,
Smith (stored with pollen); Metopia leucocephala, Rossi, found with
Ammophila sabulosu, L., at Oxshott (prey, Noctuid caterpillars), and
with Crabro peltarius, Schrk., in Cumberland (prey, Diptera); Setulia
grisea, Mg., with Cerceris arenaria, L., at Woking (prey, Otiorrhynchus
weevils) and Sphecapata conica, Fall., with Crossocerus anxius, Wesm.
(prey recorded as small Empidae) at Aviemore. Of these, Metopia leuco-
cephala has been observed to pounce upon a booty-laden female of the
wasp outside her burrow and lay an egg upon the booty and so secure
access for her progeny to the nest. The Tachinidae are a parasitic group
of Diptera, but whether the larvae in these cases would feed upon the
still living but paralyzed victims of the wasp and starve out the wasp
larva or whether the wasp larva itself is the prey of the Dipteron is not
evident. From the diversity of the provender stored by these Hymenop-
tera one would expect that it is the larva of the latter that forms the
prey of these closely allied parasites. The Anthomyiidae, on the other
hand, are in the main feeders upon rotting vegetable and animal matter
and in the case of Hylephila feed probably upon the pollen mass stored
up by the bee for its own offspring and thus play the part of veritable
cuckoos. Dr Blair also exhibited the solitary wasp, Odynerus (Ancistro-
cerus) pictus, Curt., reared from the cells formed in the holes of the
cribbage-board exhibited at the meeting last September; six wasps had
so far emerged, all males.

Major H. S. Fremrin exhibited specimens of the mudd ‘* Herb Paris,’
Paris quadrifolia, L., from a locality in Kent where, he said, it grew in
profusion. One of the examples shown was of the normal four-leaved
form but the other had six leaves.

Mr T. R. Hacres exhibited larvae of Amphipyra tragopoginis, L.;
the hygroscopic seeds of the plant Erodiwm gruinum, Soland.; a female of
the large Ichneumon, Rhyssa persuasoria, L., taken at Scratch Wood
Field Meeting, and imagines of the Narcissus-bulb fly, Merodon eques-
ts, i.

Mr H. R. Last exhibited the following Coleoptera :—(1) Chrysomela
fastuosa, Scop., swept from Dead-nettle in Leicestershire, and said that
ova were laid 29th April onwards, white in colour, cigar-shaped, the sur-
face fairly evenly reticulate. Approximately 1.5 mm. long by .5 mm.
diameter. Laid singly in horizontal position on surface of leaf. 12th
May, larvae commenced hatching. Fed on Dead-nettle. 6th June,
larvae entered the earth for pupation. (2) Hndomychus coccineus, L..,

6

and reported that the larvae exhibited on 13th March last turned to pale
pink pupae on 2nd May. On 20th May the beetles emerged but no
pupal skins were found. (8) Anoncodes melanura, L., and said ‘‘ We
have heard a lot about these beetles from time to time. I found these
four specimens around the Tower Hill district of the City on Monday,
7th June—one on the wing. I saw quite half-a-dozen more that had
been trodden upon.’’ [See #.M.M., 72 (1936), pp. 15, 41.]

The Baron pE Worms exhibited a full-fed larva and a cocoon of
Parascotia fuliginaria, L., obtained in the Chobham district of Surrey,
and drew attention to the way in which the cocoon is hung like a ham-
mock by threads at each end. He also showed ova of Celerio liwwornica,
Esp., obtained from a specimen taken near Salisbury on 30th May 1943.

A note from Dr G. V. Butz was read, reporting, on the authority of
Col. Kershaw, that an immigration of Celerio livornica, Esp., and Helio-
this dipsacea, L., had occurred at Crackington Haven on 29th May.
Col. Kershaw also reported swarms of Vanessa cardui, L., and Plusia
gamma, L., and 20 Macroglossum stellatarum, L.

Mr M. Nistert reported a plant of Goat’s Beard, Tragopogon, per-
haps porrifolius, L., with purple flowers; all other plants in the neigh-
bourhood had yellow flowers as usual.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., then read a most interesting paper
‘* Notes on the Sesiidae.’’ (See Trans.) After some discussion, a hearty
vote of thanks was moved from the chair and carried by acclamation.

8th JULY 1943.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death of Mr A. Ford of Bournemouth on 30th May last was
announced. Jt was also announced that Mr F. W. Frohawk had been
nominated by the Council as an Honorary Member of the Society in
recognition of his great services to Entomology, in accordance with
Bye-Law 8.

The following new Members were declared elected to the Society :—
Messrs Robert John Cousins, A.C.P., M.R.S.T., F.Z.S., of Lane End,
Westmill, Buntingford, Herts.; Denis Frank Eastmure, of ‘‘ Granta,”’
43 Muswell Road, Muswell Hill, N.10; and Eric Lister Swann, of 282
Wootton Road, Kings Lynn, Norfolk.

Mr M. Nistert exhibited Galls, Gall-wasps, and Parasites of Rhodites
rosae, L., R. eglanteriae, Htg., R. spinosissimae, Gir., R. mayri, Schl.,
and R. dispar, Niblett, in connection with his paper subsequently read.

Mr W. J. Finnican exhibited the cocoon of Cerura furcula, L. (Sallow
Kitten), formed by a larva obtained at the recent Oxshott Field Meet-
ing, and larvae of C. bifida, Hb. (Poplar Kitten), also obtained at the
same meeting.

Mr S. Wakxety exhibited larvae of Celerio livornica, Esp., bred from
ova obtained by Lt.-Col. W. G. B. Hawley, D.S.0O., of Salisbury, and
remarked that they were feeding on Dock, the small-flowering Tree

7

Fuchsia, and Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis veitchii, Hort.). He also
showed a larva (nearly full fed) of Stawropus fagi, L., bred from ova
obtained by Mr R. W. Parfit from a moth taken at the Horsley Field
Meeting. This larva was one of several reared on Apple leaves and was
very pale in colour.

Mr T. R. Eacres exhibited: (A) The following viviparous grasses : —
(1) Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv., (2) Festuca ovina, L., and (3) Un-
determined species from Briancon. (B) Inflorescence of the Rose Plan-
tain, the Plantago rosea-exotica of Gerard’s Herbal. It is a variety of
Plantago lanceolata, L. (C) Galls on the Common Elm caused by the
Aphid, Schizoneura lanugmosa, Hartig.

Col. P. A. CarpEw exhibited Lepidoptera taken at Rannoch between
24th June and Ist July 1943, including forms of Erebia epiphron, Knoch,
ab. scotica, Cooke, Coenonympha tullia, Miiller (scotica), Aricia agestis,
Schiff., ab. artaxerxes, Fab. (one minor aberration, with white streaks
running from the discal spot towards the margin), and Psodos coracina,
Esp. He also showed a specimen of the ‘‘ Deer Fly,’’Cephenomyia auri-
barbis, Mg.

Mr V. E. Aveust exhibited larvae of Anaitis plagiata, L., from N.W.
Sussex, feeding on St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforata, L.).

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited the nest of a Pompilid Wasp in a section
of old stem of Angelica, found at Ashtead on 14th June last. The nest
consisted of six cells separated by loose wads of moss, withered grass and
other fibrous material; the lowest cell of the series, exposed at the
break of the stem, may not have been actually the first one of the com-
plete series. When found each cell contained a single brown spider,
thought to be Clubiona holosericea, Walc., each with a white sausage-
shaped egg of the Pompilid attached. When next looked at a fort-
night later the last larva, apparently fully grown, had fallen out of
the broken cell at the end but was then replaced and held in by cotton
wool and eventually spun its cocoon. The next three cells each contained
a white cocoon of the Pompilid; in the fifth, from which the spider had
been removed for determination purposes, although replaced without
damage, no Pompilid had developed; in the sixth (uppermost) cell the
larva was then engaged in spinning. The final closing wad was much
longer than the others, about 3 in. long, and of different composition,
consisting largely of bits of pith apparently gnawed off from the inside
of the stem, and nodules of clay of about the same size, but included
such odd fragments as bits of a Lepidopterous pupa, Depressaria hera-
chana, Deg., that the wasp had probably found in the stem, and the cast
skins of a Sawfly larva and a Grasshopper nymph. This material on
drying became loose and fell out. Two very similar nests found by him
some years ago in old Thistle stems produced a species of wasp then
new to Britain (see R. C. L. Perkins, Ent. Mo. Mag., 53, 1917, p. 10).
In these, so far as he could remember, the cocoons were brown and rather
larger, but the present cocoons after a winter’s exposure may also turn
brown. He also showed series of the various inhabitants of the galls of

8

Rhodites rosae, in connection with Mr Niblett’s paper, and read notes
on them. (See Trans.)

Mr Nisterr then read his paper, ‘‘ The Cynipid genus Rhodites ”’
(See Trans.), and after some discussion, a hearty vote of thanks was
moved from the Chair, and carried by acclamation.

12th AUGUST 1943.
The PresipEnT in the Chair.

Tt was announced with deep regret that Prof. Sir H. Beckwith White-
house, President of the British Medical Association and famous Birming-
ham gynaecologist, died suddenly on the 28th July last. He had been a
member of our Society since 1935 and was keenly interested in the
British Lepidoptera.

Tt was also announced that our Publication Fund had received an
anonymous gift of £50, which had relieved the Council from the necessity
of cutting down the size of the Proceedings for 1942-3. A very hearty
vote of thanks to this generous donor was moved from the Chair and
carried by acclamation.

The following were declared members of the Society :—Richard John
Coates, of 6 Malvern Road, Surbiton, Surrey; Philip Walter Milton, of
23 Woodstock Road, Carshalton, Surrey, and Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald,
F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Editor of The Field, of Red Rise, Burley, near Ring-
wood, Hants.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited a selection from two broods of Aglais urti-
cae, L., one from Wimbledon bred this year showing melanic tendencies,
the middle costal spot being united by black scaling with the dorsal, and
the two small spots in 3 and 4 also enlarged. These were part of a brood
reared in full daylight close to a window with a North aspect. Another
brood from the same nettle-bed was reared in darkness in a large tin
box, but the resulting insects were all normal. The melanic tendency is
thus inherent in the brood and quite independent of the conditions of
light in which they are reared. The second brood, from the Chalfont
district some years ago, was more normal, but two individuals showed a
peculiar flat appearance, the orange colour being unusually uniform
throughout, the usual yellow areas between the costal blotches, and out-
side the dorsal blotch, also those towards the costa of the hind wings,
being scarcely indicated. |

Mr S. Waxety exhibited a cocoon found by Mr Ashby between some
books in Pinner in September 1942, and the moth which emerged there-
from in June last and which proved to be Laspeyresia pomonella, L.
(Apple Codlin Moth). i

Mr T. R. Eactes exhibited Corms of Crocus speciosus, Bieberstein ;
Crocus laevigatus, Bory de St Vincent, and Crocus tomasinianus, Her-
bert, showing different types of tunic. He also showed Biarum tenuwi-
folium, Heldr., an arum from Greece which attracts flies, etc., by means
of a nauseous odour.

S35 1B lhe

PLATE A.

W. H. T, Tams.

Photo.

9

Mr W. H. A. Harris exhibited larvae of Anaplectoides (Eurois)
prasina, Schiff., reared from eggs obtained from a female taken at sugar
in Bucks.

Mr M. Nistert exhibited the gall of Aulacidea hieracui, Br., on
Hieracvum murorum, L.

Mr E. E. Syms then gave a lecture on ‘“‘ Our Library ’’ and after
some discussion a hearty vote of thanks was moved from the Chair and
carried by acclamation.

9th SEPTEMBER, 1943.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Lt.-Col. L. E. Becher, of ‘‘ Newstead,’’? Charterhouse Road, Godal-
ming, Surrey, was declared elected a member.

The PresipENT exhibited a living imago of Celerio livornica, Esp.,
bred from an ovum obtained by Lt.-Col. Hawley from a moth taken near
Salisbury, 25th June. The newly hatched larva received per Mr Eagles,
fed on Dock, Polygonum baldshuanicum (??) and Antirrhinwm; much
preferred the last. 25th July, pupated. 9th September, emerged. He
also exhibited a number of living specimens of the Tree Bug, Gastrodes
abietis, Linn., beaten from Spruce at Blyburgh Wood, Suffolk, on 29th
August.

Mr Coors exhibited another specimen of C. livornica, bred 2.ix.1943,
from an ovum obtained from the same source and mentioned that his
larva ate Sallow as well as Dock. He also showed, on behalf of Mr Good-
ban, larvae of Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott., from Devon, pro-
bably beginning to hibernate.

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited the beetle, Platycis minutus, F., a reputedly
local species maturing in August-September. It was found in some
numbers under Beech bark in Norbury Park Wood, Surrey, on 29th
August 1943. He also exhibited two alien grasses, Panicum sanguinale,
Linn., and Setaria verticillata, Beauv., which. occur spasmodically in
the Southern Counties. He said that the former, known as the “ Fin-
gered Grass,”’ is an annual which has propagated itself all too freely in
his garden since he introduced it from the Pas de Calais in 1934, and
that the latter has the bristles of the awn reflexed, and the spikelets,
especially the lower ones, appear verticillate, or whorled.

Mr T. R. Eacurs and Mr C. N. Hawxrns exhibited living larvae of a
number of British Heterocera.

Mr ©. N. Hawxrns exhibited a very abnormal growth of Sallow,
Salix atrocimerea, Brot. = cinerea, Auct. (non Linn.), from his garden
at Wimbledon, probably caused by a mite, Hriophyes sp., attacking the
bud of a twig. (See Plate A.) His best thanks are due to Mr W. H. T.
Tams for taking the photographs

Capt. Jackson, R.N., exhibited larvae of Craniophora ligustri,
Schiff.

10

Mr R. W. Sparrow exhibited a number of Heterocerous larvae oR
Perthshire and other localities.

Mr J. Draw reported that he had seen a pairing between a female
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., and a male P. (Lysandra) coridon, Poda,
at Shoreham, Kent, on 28th July last. He induced the female to lay
her ova on Horseshoe Vetch and Trefoil but by the following Saturday,
3lst July, the female died. After examining the foodplants he managed
to find four ova but they proved to be infertile.

9th OCTOBER 1943.

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES, ABERRATIONS,
RARITIES, &c.

Exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society at their Rooms on 9th October 1943.

(Owing to the necessity for economizing in space it is regretted that it
has been impossible to publish notes for all exhibitors in full.)

Mr B. W. Apx1n.—Five examples of Apatura iris, L. (1) Female
with extra markings on hindwings; bred, New Forest, 1912. (2) Male
var. tole, Schiff., taken at Etchingham by Percy Eley, 19.vii.1880, (8)
Female var. semi-iole, Frohawk; bred, Northampton, by E. A. Rogers,
1906. And on behalf of Mr A. J. Wightman, (4) Female with buff-tinted
bands, and (5) Female var. iole, bred Sussex, 1943.

Mr S. R. Asuspy.—The Atlas Moth, Attacus atlas, L., from India.

Capt. E. S. A. Baynes.—Dark form of Apatele alm, L., bred from
Herefordshire larva, and varieties of Chiasma clathrata, L., from near
Salisbury, ene ab. nocturnata, Fuchs.

Mr E. J. Breprorp.—A series a water-colour drawings of ‘Baia
Orchids, and a water-colour drawing and two photographs showing
upper and undersides of a variety of Argynnis cydippe (adippe, L.).

Dr K. G. Blair.—The Rose galls produced by the British species of
Rhodites, together with a number of inquilines and parasites reared
from arare. ‘(See Trans. Paper read 8.vii.1943.)

Mr H. Brirren.—Some British Orchids, including vatenies. hybrids,
and curious specimens; also some Australian Orchids with local names.

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstrone.—The following varieties of British Lepidop-
tera :—Pieris rapae, lu., buff-coloured female with lower spot on disc of
forewings absent; Ewell, Surrey, April 1943. Pararge megera, L.,
female, spot on right forewing missing; Fetcham, Surrey, August 1943.
Maniola jurtina, L., female, spots on forewings represented by small
black lines; Fetcham, September 1943. Polygonia c-album, L., female
underside, comma-mark represented by small white line; bred from Book-
ham, Surrey, ova June 1943. Aricia agestis, Schiff. (astrarche, Hufn.),
_ two male undersides, ground colour darker than in type, black spots
reduced in size and colour of reddish-orange spots replaced by dark
brown, uppersides entirely black; Fetcham, September 1943. Colias

ll

croceus, Fourc., females, one with narrow forewings, one with black
suffusion covering basal area of forewings and nearly reaching centre
spot, one bright orange specimen and an ab. helice, Hb.; all captured,
Fetcham, August 1943. Living larvae, pupae and imago of Arctia vil-
lica, L., 2nd brood, bred from Dorking ova. Living larvae of C. croceus
bred from Fetcham ova. And on behalf of Mr G. H. Strickland, Aglais
urticae, L., with black hindwings and black costal spots of forewings
united; Ohessington, Surrey, 21.ix.1948, and Limenitis camilla, L.
(sibilla, L.), ab. nigrina, Weym., Bookham, July 1942.

Dr G. V. Butu.—Two specimens of the rare immigrant Lepidopteron,
Minucia lumaris, Schiff., bred 14th and 27th April 1943 from larvae taken
July 1942 in Kent, and a parasite from a third larva taken at the same
time (cf. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1948, Proceedings (C), 8: 19, 24 and 36,
and Entomologist, 76, p. 114, June 1948). Catocala electa, View.—the
third recorded specimen taken in this country, captured by D. Moles-
worth at Hoddesdon, 15th September 1927'(cf. Entomologist, 1928, 1xi,
pp. 1389 and 285, and our Proceedings, 1928-9, p. 71). Celerio livornica,
Esp., bred from ova sent from S. Wilts. by Col. Hawley; and Moma
alpium, Osh. (orion, Esp.), bred Ist September 1943.

Col. P. A. Carpew.—Series of Hrebia epiphron, Knoch, from (a)
Langdale Pikes, Cumberland, (b) Ben Lawers, Perthshire, and (c) Ran-
noch, to show the similarity between (a) and (b) and the possibility that
the Rannoch form may be peculiar to that locality.

Mr S. A. CuHarrres.—Aberrations of Lysandra coridon, Poda; E.
Sussex in 1943 and previous years.

Dr E. A. Cockayne.—Series of Sterrha aversata, L., ab. amoenata,
Fuchs; Bupalus piniaria, L., ab. funebris, Cockayne, and one crippled
male, ? ab. nigricarius, Backh.; also living larvae of Psodos coracina,
Esp., bred from eggs sent July 1943 from Rannoch by Mr R. C. R. Crewd-
son, and water-colour sketches of the larvae. These larvae were fed
throughout on Crowberry, Hmpetrum nigrum, L.

Mr F. D. Cootz.—L. camilla, ab. nigrina, Ashtead Wood, Surrey,
17.vi.1943.

Mr B. H. Crastren.—Selected series of Arctia caja, L., bred from
larvae found in lanes near Carrington Moss, 1943; A. urticae, ab. nigra,
Tutt; Brenthis selene, Schiff., with basal black spots absent; Euphy-
dryas aurimia, Rott. (artemis, Hb.); upper and undersides of a singu-
larly red form, from Enniskillen, bred by Mr F. B. Cross; Melitaea
athalia, Rott.; A. agestis, ab. caeca, (a) underside with very white
ground colour, (b) underside with usual red spots on border dark choco-
late-brown; Pieris brassicae, L., of a yellow-ochreous colour; and M.
jurtina, a female with very large spots on forewings. And on behalf
of Mr A. E. Tonge, the following Lepidoptera, all much darker than
the typical forms, bred from larvae taken on the Heaths in the Man-
chester district: —Pheosia gnoma, Fab. (dictaeoides, Brahm.), Noto-
donta dromedarius, L., Lophopteryx capucina, L. (camelina, L.), and
Apatele (Acronicta) leporina, L.

12

Mr J. C. B. Craske.—Brenthis euphrosyne, L., series of aberrations,
Surrey, 1943, including 3 cream forms, 2 males with forewing markings
enlarged and banded, 1 male with central area of hindwing black and
sub-marginal spots joined to margin, 1 female with rayed hindwings,
etc.; B. selene, Surrey, 1943: 6 dark forms with central area of
forewings suffused with dark scales, 1 female with cream ground colour,
and 1 with pale ground colour and costal spots joined into a bar; H.
auwrima bred from N. Cornwall larvae, 1943: 4 males and 2 females with
white spots forming central band on forewings, 1 pale ochreous female
and 1 female with dark markings on hindwing absent. Nymphalis io,
L., bred from Surrey larvae, 1948: 2 males with spots on hindwings
reduced in size and smoky-pearl band around eye spots increased in size,
and 1 male with spots below ocelli on forewings absent. A. urticae,
captured, Surrey, August 1943; male with forewing costal spots almost
joined, marginal lunules absent and marginal band suffused, hindwings
suffused black over 2/3rds of wing, marginal lunules small, underside
with black ground colour and light sub-marginal band absent. P. c-
album, July 1943; 1 male with forewing margins suffused towards cen-
tral area and hindwing markings suffused, marginal lunules absent; 1
male (damaged by bird ?) similar to ab. figured on p. 177, Frohawk,
British Butterflies; 1 female, var. hutchinsoni, Robs., bred 9th Septem-
ber 1943, in second brood. FP. megera, 1943; 1 male with forewing
ground colour pale ochreous and 1 female with hindwings pale ochreous.
Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas, L., 1942-3, a number of named aberrations.
M. jurtina, series of male and female aberrations showing symmetrical
white markings on fore and hindwings, also 1 female underside with
dark basal area extended over light sub-marginal band on hindwing (all
1943). M. tithonus, L., 4 females with abnormal extra spots below apical
spots and 1 female with cream ground colour.

Mr A. W. Dennis.—Photographs illustrating the cultivation of the
Fullers’ Teasel (Dipsacus fullonwm, Eng. Bot.) in Essex, and the differ-
ences between it and the wild Teasel (D. sylvestris, L.). Also Brake
Fern (Pteris aquilina, L.) gathered in Westminster, where it is coloniz-
ing suitable places in the bombed areas.

Mr T. R. Eacurs.—Foliage of Rhus cotinus, L., and R. cotinoides,
Nutt. ; seeds of Crinum and belladonna lilies; seed pods of Akebia quin-
ata, Decne, and of Wisteria, and the Yellow-fruited Yew (Taxus baccata,,
L., var. lutea, Endl.).

Mr N. T. Easton.—Eumenis semele, L., ssp. thyone, J. A. Thomp-
son; 2 males, 2 females and an underside of this dwarf race peculiar to
the carboniferous limestone district near Llandudno, N. Wales, and a
pair of the normal form from Prestatyn, N. Wales, for comparison.
P. megera, a female with double ocellus and 4 extra apical spots on the
underside, the double ocellus and three apical spots appearing on the
upperside also, Conway Valley, N. Wales, 20.vi.1941. Argynnis paphia,
L., a male, Droitwich, 4.vii.1943, with albinistic patches of pale prim-
rose on all four wings, those on forewings between the subcostal and

13

lower radial nervules covering the upper radial, those on the hind-
wings between median nervules 3 and 4 of South’s fig. 9 in his Butter-
flies of the British Isles. Plebejus argus, L., ssp. caernensis, Thompson
[‘‘Plebejus argus, L., a new subspecies,’’ J. A. Thompson. No date or
place of publication (1937). See Zool. Rec., 1937]. 6 of each sex taken
in a restricted locality in N. Caernarvonshire, N. Wales, in June 1941
and 1942, and a pair of typical argus for comparison. This subspecies
is very much smaller than typical argus, the male varying between 16
and 22 mm. and the female between 15 and 20 mm. when fully expanded.
The black border of the male is greatly reduced, in some specimens
almost absent, whilst the majority of females are very strongly suffused
with purple-blue. Caernensis occurs at a considerable elevation on
certain limestone cliffs near the sea, and its time of emergence is much
earlier than typical argus, often as early as the second week in June,
and it never flies with the typical form, being confined to totally differ-
ent surroundings and conditions. Laothoé populi, L., a female, bred
1.vii.1942, showing olive-green bands on a pale silver-grey background.
Several similar specimens were bred by the exhibitor during 1940-1942;
a female, bred Droitwich, 24.vi.1942, combining the last-mentioned form
with the well-known pink form, showing alternate bands of pink and
olive-grey on the forewings, giving a rainbow effect; a gynandromorph,
bred 4.vi.1943, from a Droitwich male assembled to a female from a
1939 Suffolk strain. The sexual division about a longitudinal axis is
perfect, affecting antennae, wing size and coloration, and genital organs,
right side ¢, left 9. A similar example with sexes reversed was bred
from the same stock in 1941. Panazxia dominula, L., typical and bred
aberrations :—ocellata, Ktlwl., male, Hants, May 1943; crocea, Schultz,
2nd brood, 26.1x.1943; medio-nigra, Cckne., 3 examples, May 1948; on
extreme medio-nigra, heterozygous both for bimacula, Cckne., and for
the form with ‘‘ pin-point’”’ or no basals, male from Oxford larva,
16.vi.1942; bimacula, 2nd brood male, homozygous recessive; a specinien
with extremely large forewing markings, dusted with orange scales, and
confluent to form bands, hindwings of normal colour but with the black
markings reduced to ‘‘ pin-points’’ and encircled with yellow, believed
to be an unique expression of the ab. illustris, Ktlwl., gene-complex,
Hants, 14.vi.1942; illustris, with blue-black forewings, heavily marked
with white spots confluent to form bands and dusted with orange scales,
hindwings of the pale tomato-pink characteristic of ab. illustris, are
lightly marked with black encircled with yellow, 2 males, 1 female, May
and June 1943, ex Hants strain; Callimorpha jacobaeae, L., two females
bred from E. Berkshire larvae, 1937, showing confluence of scarlet costal
bar with apical spot and enlargement and elongation of scarlet spot at
inner angle of the forewings; S. aversata, caught, Droitwich, 10.vii.1943,
a female showing asymmetry in the markings and banding of the fore-
wings; Xanthorhoé montanata, Schiff., caught, Droitwich, 27.v.1943, a
male with forewing band reduced to spots extending from costal margin
to discal only, other markings extremely light and indistinct.

14

Canon T. G. Epwarps.—C. croceus, ab. helice, 4 specimens faintly
tinged with yellow, and one bred variety from egg laid by helice female,
S. Wales; Euchloé cardamines, L., 4 specimens of the small form, Dove-
dale, 1932; M. athalia, S. Cornwall, July 1942; B. (A.) selene, with par-
tial absence of spots, S. Cornwall, July 1942; Pyrgus malvae, L., var.
taras, Meig., 4 specimens, S. Cornwall, various dates; Hyloicus pinastri,
L., bred series, 6th-9th June 1943; Amathes castanea, Esp., a series
showing ground-colour variation, at sugar, Burnt Woods, Staffs, 1932;
Antitype xanthomista, Hb., var. nigrocincta, Tr., at sugar in N. Corn-
wall, 1936; Cosymbia pendularia, Clerck, ab. decoraria, Newm. (=sub-
roseata, Wdfd.), Burnt Woods, Staffs, 1933; Lampropteryx otregiata,
Metclf., taken at light, S. Cornwall, 1937.

Mr W. J. Frnnican.—Lantern slides and larvae of L. capucina (came-
lina), pink form, and Demas coryli, L.

Mr E. B. Forv.—Erebia aethiops, Esp., probably the only existing
Cumberland specimen, compared with specimens from Scotland, West-
morland, and from an extinct Yorkshire race. Polyommatus icarus,
Rott., examples from the uninhabited island of Tean, Isles of Scilly.
In this race the females are of a remarkable silvery-blue. Also speci-
mens showing the method of marking used in estimating the absolute
numbers of a wild population of Butterflies, first worked out on this
island.

Mr L. T. Forp.—Larvae of Nepticula betulicola, Stainton, feeding
in leaves of Birch. These larvae are found only on leaves close to the
ground.

Mr H. W. Forster.—A selection of less common beetles from Epping
Forest, 1909-1948, including Calosoma inquisitor, L., Conosomus bipunc-
tatus, Gr., Bryocharis cingulata, Mann., B. inclinans, Gr., Quedius
ventralis, Arag., Aulonium trisulewm, Geoff., Epuraea guttata, Ol., E.
fuscicollis, Steph., EZ. angustula, Sturm, Rhizophagus nitidulus, F., R.
picipes, Ol., Pediacus dermestoides, F., Apnodius zenkeri, Germ., Athous
rhombeus, Ol., Megapenthes lugens, Redt., Prionocyphon serricornis,
Miill., Rhagonycha translucida, Kryn., Prionus coriarius, L., Grammop-
tera variegata, Germ., Pogonochaerus hispidulus, Piller, Pseudocistela
ceramboides, L., Tetratoma desmaresti, Latr., T. ancora, F., Phloeotrya
rufipes, Gyll., and Asclera coerulea, L.

Mr F. W. FrowawK.—JN. io, 4 specimens with abnormal ground
colouring ranging from pale smoky-brown to deep purplish-brown simi-
lar to the ground colour of N. antiopa, L.

Mr F. T. Grant.—A selection of Coleoptera taken in Cobham Park,
near Gravesend, during 1948, including 1 Stenostola ferrea, Sk. (new to
the local list), beaten from Hazel; 2 Conopalpus testaceus, Ol., 1 var.
vigorsi, S., beating Whitethorn bushes under Oak tree; 1 Podabrus
alpinus, Pk. (new to the local list), beating May blossom; 7 Anaglyptus
mysticus, L.., beating May blossom; 10 Cryptocephalus coryli, L., beat-
ing May blossom and Hazel bushes; 5 Tillus elongatus, L., crawling on
fallen and decayed Hornbeams at parts infested with beetle, Ptilinus

15

pectinicornis, L.; also living larvae of Pyrochroa coccinea, L., and P.
serraticornis, Sp.

Lieutenant-Commander G. W. Harrer, R.N.—A. paphia, a female
aberration, near Arundel, 3.vii.1943; B. ‘A.) ewphrosyne, aberrations,
(a) upper surface buff, lower surface with all rust colouring missing,
(b) upper surface with confluent basal black markings, both specimens,
21.v.1948, near Petworth in same locality; M. athaha, typical speci-
mens, 12.vi.1943, in Sussex; L. coridon, ab. fowleri, South, 13.viii.1943,
near Shoreham; C. croceus, ab. pallida, Tutt, two specimens, 22.viii
and 4.ix.1943 respectively, in Sussex; C. livornica, 8.ix.1943, Rusting-
ton, Sussex.

Mr W. H. A. Harris.—A. caja, three varieties, which occurred
whilst breeding from forward larvae during 1943, (a) all wings dark
brown except for a few cream hair-lines on forewings and a patch of
orange near body on right hindwing, slightly deformed, (b) normal fore-
wings, hindwings with all outer spots united to form a, broad blue band,
(c) hindwings with blue spots much extended and joined; Dasychira
pudibunda, L., some very small 2nd brood specimens from Bucks, ova
laid 27.v.1943, larvae fed on Hop; EH. semele, extremely large female,
Hants, 1943; Aphantopus hyperantus, L., two ab. lanceolata, Shipp,
Bucks, July 1948; Brenthis (A.) euphrosyne, variety from Bucks, May
1943, forewings lightly marked with black dusting except for two large
central spots, hindwings with basal two-thirds black and lanceolate mark-
ings reaching to the margins; A. paphia, ab. confluens, Splr., male,
Hants, July 1941; Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Rott., a female
underside with very dark ground colour, and an extreme variety male
underside—fringes, continuous grey streak, forewings with junules all
merged into one continuous marking, and marginal spots joined trans-
versely, two, three and two, in a zigzag form, hindwings with lunules
joined into a red streak and some spots joined transversely to form bars
also in a zigzag formation; Papilio machaon, L., all wings thinly scaled,
light in colour and of a greasy appearance, bred from wild ova, Wicken
Fen.

Mr C. N. Hawxrtns.—(1) A melanic female of Xanthorhoé fluctuata,
L., taken in his garden at Wimbledon on 4.ix.1942, together with the
small brood reared from her ova. The captured female laid 19 ova, of
which 18 hatched; 4 larvae died or failed to pupate properly, 2 pupae
died and 12 moths emerged during May, June and July 1943. Of these,
7 (8 females and 4 males) were melanic and 5 (3 females and 2 males)
were normal. All attempts to carry on the strain failed; black x black
and normal x normal (twice) gave ova but all proved infertile. This
melanic form is probably a dominant, but, unfortunately, no proof could
be obtained as the male parent of the brood was, of course, unknown.
(2) an ab. costovata, Haw., of the same species, fairly extreme, taken
in the same locality on 30.vii.1943; this was a male. (3) an unusual
aberration of Huxoa nigricans, L., bred from a pupa dug up in the same
locality on 19.vi.1943. This specimen emerged on 2.viii.1943 and has

16

the head, thorax and forewings almost entirely sooty brown, the stig-
mata faintly outlined in black, the reniform, filled in with white except
a ¢mall portion at the inner edge, and a streak across the lower end
where a vein crosses it, white basal, antemedial, postmedial and subter-
minal lines and two (with traces of a third just below the costa) white
or whitish longitudinal streaks joining the basal and antemedial lines
and tending to extend beyond these two lines, both basad and outward
to the claviform and reniform stigmata respectively. (4) a male speci-
men of Boarmia repandata, L., with buff ground colour and all-buff
underside, Ashtead, on 26.vi.1943; and various other Lepidoptera.

Mr H. Haynes.—P. (I.) coridon, a long series of forms chiefly from
the Salisbury district, including obsoleta, Tutt, caeca, Courv.,
syngrapha, Kefrstn., males with striata, Tutt, forewings, and one
gynandromorph; Hybrid L. coridon and L. bellargus (=polonus, Zell.),
a fine example, Salisbury district, June 1943; L. bellargus, a long, series
from the same district including abs. parvipuncta, Reb., obsoleta, and
striata; Pieris napi, L., heavily marked forms from Northern Scotland
and examples of well-marked ab. citronea, Frohawk, including two
albinos of this ferm; P. dominula, a series bred from the Salisbury
‘district, including abs. conjuncta and diluta, Ktlwl.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N.—A large number of British Lepidoptera,
including ‘a) P. napi, a brownish female with very yellow underside;
(b) #. cardamines, a male underside with an extended patch of canary
colour below the costa; (c) M. tithonus, a male without white centres
to the ocelli on the forewings; (d) M. athalia, a series from EH. Kent,
including a male caught on 2nd June, the remainder bred from larvae
collected on same date; (e) Cupido minimus, Fuess., an underside with
hindwings unspotted; (f) Acontia luctwosa, Schiff., and Emmelia tra-
tealis, Scop., examples from the Breck district freshly emerged on 29th
June 1943, an exceptionally late date; (g) Orthosia stabilis, Schiff., a
male showing symmetrical patches on forewings, probably due to defec-
tive scaling, but giving the appearance of grease, taken wild; (h) a box
showing examples of ‘‘ Clear-wings ”’ bred during 1943, including
Sphecia bembeciformis, Hufn. (crabroniformis, Lewin), Aegeria spheci-
formis, Schiff., A. andrenaeformis, Lasp., and A. vespiformis, L., the
exhibitor pointing out that the female andrenaeformis is distinguishable
by the brighter yellow bands and a whitish patch under the abdomen,
and that the vespiformis showed considerable variation in the yellow
banding of the scales.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss exhibited his very beautiful drawings in water-
colour of the 49 species of British Lithocolletis, proposed for a plate
in our Proceedings.

Col. S. H. Kersuaw.—l. cardamines, two male var. luteus, Fro-
hawk, and one female with male luteus colouring on wing tips on under-
side; P. icarus, gynandromorph from Isle of Man, and two striated ditto
from Bedfordshire; LZ. coridon, male var. marginata, Tutt; P. c-album,
with pale reddish drab ground colour and very heavy black markings,

17

central spots joined as in ab. polaris, Stdgr., of A. urticae; P. megera,
3 females with black centre-bands; Argynnis aglaia, L., a radiated black
male from the Jsle of Man; Heodes phlaeas, a number of named forms
including one with the blue splashes of ab. coeruleopuncta, Stdgr., re-
placed by fiery red; P. malvae, var. taras; L. bellargus (adonis, Schiff.),
a slate-grey male, and other species and varieties of Lepidoptera.

Dr H. B. D. Kerriteweti.—C. livornica, (a) 23.viii.1943, Cranleigh,
Surrey, (b) bred 381.viii.1943, ex larva on Dock, Cranleigh, (c) two bred
September 1931, ex larvae on Bedstraw, Dungeness, (d) preserved larva,
ex Bedstraw, Dungeness; A. villica, ab. radiata, Spul., a series of 10
specimens assembled 1943 at Cranleigh; A. caja, a series of 36. bred by
Mr Sharman, showing modifications of abs. petribergensis and decrescens,
Ckne.; Parasemia plantaginis, L., series of aberrations bred 1938-1942 ;
P. dominula, series bred 1943 from wild larvae, including abs. albomar-
ginata, Kettwl., brunnescens, Kett., crocea, Schultz, juncta, Ckne., etc.,
and series of broods bred in 1943 at (a) 70° F. and! (b) normal outdoor
temperatures, with controls showing differences in phenotypes; and
other species.

Mr D. E. Kimmins.—Two specimens of the new British Plecopteron,
Protonemura montana, Kim., from Hayeswater Gill, Westmorland, 1700
ft., 8.1x.1943, and generously presented by the describer to the Society.
[For original description see Journ. Soc. Brit. Ent., 2: pp. 89-93
(1941).]

Mr H. A. Lreps.—Aberrations of six species of British Rhopalocera,
including P. icarus, A. agestis, L. phlaeas and a very large number of
coloured drawings of forms of L. coridon, all designated’ in accordance
with the Bright and Leeds Monograph.

Rev. J. N. Marcon.—Aberrations of British Rhopalocera taken hy
himself during 1943, including B. (A.) euphrosyne, female with dark
basal areas (hindwings) and confluent marginal spots; B, (A.) selene,
male, broadly banded; A. cydippe (adippe), female charlotta, Haw.,
form, male, the hindwing marking being confluent and another male
banded and blotched; H. awrinia, temale underside, cream-handed, red-
brick basal area; P. icarus, female ab. flavescens, Tutt, and male under-
side with slightly radiated forewings, hindwings with cream rays, lar-
gely obsolete spotting and chevrons with red lunules prominent; P. (L.)
coridon, males, (a) nigrescens suffusa, Tutt, with one streak of normal
colouring on left hindwing, (b) ultra fowleri, South, (c) underside ab.
coronetta, Tutt; and other exhibits not taken by himself, including
Heodes phlaeas, male, extreme radiata, Courv., under and upper-
side; P. argus (aegon, Schiff.) male, extreme sagittata, Courv.; P.
icarus, ab. alba, Tutt, a large male with some spots tending to radiate,
and handsome white margins; L. bellargus, male, whitish underside with
digitata, Courv., markings; LZ. cvuridon, ab. lacticolor, Tutt, female; A.
paphia, male, with unusually heavy and extended androconial mark-
ings on forewings and obsolescent spotting on hindwings, and extreme
form; B. ewphresyne female underside with long silver streaks, extend-

18

ing to discoidal, forewings heavily blacked, extreme form; B. selene,
male, forewings margine-extensa, hindwings with fulvous rays, suffused
by marginal spots running into large central black area.

Mr P. Mercarr.—A number of light and very fine dark-banded and
dark outer-margined varieties of Griposia (Agriopis) aprilina, li., from
Somersetshire, selected from some 3000 specimens bred from dug pupae
over a number of years.

Mr P. W. Mitron.—British Freshwater Mollusca, including Unio
pictorum, L., Anodonta cygnea, L., Sphaerium rivicola, Leach, Dreis-
sensia polymorpha, Pallas, Viviparus viviparus, L., all from Kingston-
on-Thames; Theodorus fluviatilis, L.; and Physa fontinalis, L., from
the Wandle, Carshalton, and a number of others from Epsom Common.

Mr A. M. Mortry.—L. coridon, L. bellargus, P. icarus, and A. ages-
tis, a number of named forms from Folkestone and Wilts, all but one
1943; Acherontia atropos, L., one Margate, 7.x.1942, and one Hythe,
8.x.1942; Zygaena trifolu, Esp., with small spots on forewings and broad
border on hindwings, Folkestone, 1943; Diacrisia sannio, L., with cen-
tral spots on hindwings joined by a bar to base, Folkestone, 1943;
Abraxas grossulariata, L., with heavily marked forewings, Folkestone,
1943, and X. fluctuata, var. neapolisata, Mill., Folkestone, 1943.

Mr L. H. Newman.—M. tithonus, Tavistock district, July 1948, some
with almost black hindwings, others very heavily spotted on the upper
wings in both sexes, one pale grey male and another albino form.

Messrs G. B. and G. H. Oriver.—C. croceus, long series showing wide
variation in normal colour specimens and in vars. helice and pallida;
B. (A.) euphrosyne, B. (A.) selene, and E. aurinia, various aberrational
forms; Coenonympha pamphilus, L., a series illustrating extreme range
of upperside shades from very pale to as darkly coloured as a normal
Witherslack C. tullia, Miiller (davus, Fab.), male, and some underside
variations; A. hyperantus, var. lanceolata, a pair, Bucks; Pararge
aegeria, L., a male with extra dark forewings and black hindwings, and
another male with markings generally blurred and all eyespots blind,
Bucks.

Mr A. RicHarpson.—A large number of British Lepidoptera taken
or bred during 1948, including C. livornica, two, Beaudesert Park, Min-
chinhampton, Glos, and one bred (the first to emerge of 17 pupae) and
9 preserved larvae; Hemaris fuciformis, L., Glos; Gastropacha querci-
folia, L., New Forest; Catocala sponsa, L., New Forest; Craniophora
ligustri, Schiff., including one melanic var., bred Rannoch; Orthosia
(Taenocampa) gracilis, Schiff., 6 dark red vars., bred Somerset ; Panolis
flammea, Schiff. (piniperda, Panz.), including 7 of the green variety,
bred, Aviemore; Hnargia paleacea, Esp., 18 of the dark orange form,
Aviemore; Rhyacia simulans, Hufn., 70 specimens, Glos, on Valerian
flowers, where in one garden it was the commonest of the Agrotidae;
Hypena obsitalis, Hb., the 4th (?) recorded British specimen, Cornwall;
Leucania unipuncta, Haw., one, Cornwall; L. vitellina, Hb., four, Corn-
wall; Cryphia (Bryophila) muralis, Forst., ab. impar, Warren, nine,

19

bred Glos; Eupithecia irriguata, Hb., seven, bred New Forest; P. cora-
cina, also 2 larvae not previously known in full-grown stage, and 1
bred parasite, Aviemore; Ematurga atomaria, L., gynandromorph, left
side ¢, right side 9, Aviemore or Rannoch; B. euphrosyne, heavily
marked, including three very fine banded abs. and two with pale patches,
Glos; A. hyperantus, ab. lanceolata, one, Glos; and many other species.
Most of the species also included preserved larvae.

Mr A. J. Rosr.—Rhopalocera taken at Hyéres during lst week in
April 1909 in sudden fine, bright, spell after some weeks of damp and
cold: —Gonepteryx cleopatra, L., P. machaon, P. podalirius, L., N.
antiopa, Zerynthia polyxena, Schiff., Z. medesicaste, Illi., Euchloé eu-
phenoides, Staud., E. belia, L., Pontia daplidice, L., Argynnis lathonia,
L., P. c-album, Melitaea cinxia, L., Tomares (Thestor) ballus, Fab.,
Philotes (Scolitantides) baton, Bergstr., Cyaniris cyllarus, Rott., Lycae-
nopsis argiolus, L., Callophrys rubi, L., and P. malvae, etc.

Mr A. G. B. Russetz, M.V.O., Lancaster Herald.—Dysstroma trun-
cata, Hufn., and D. citrata, L. (immanata, Haw.), series from the
counties of Dorset, Kirkcudbright, Perth, Moray and Inverness for
comparison, including a number of specimens believed to be of the
form or species taken at Aviemore from 15th-22nd June and 1st-4th
July 1943, which it has been suggested is a Highland form of D. con-
cinnata, Steph.; Epirrhoé alternata, Mill. (sociata, Bork.), from the
counties of Dorset, Kirkcudbright and Inverness for comparison in view
of a suggestion, which has been made, that the Scottish specimens with
their blacker markings may prove to be a distinct species; X. montan-
ata, two almost wholly cream-coloured specimens with vestiges only of
the central band and marginal markings, Dorset; X. fluctuata, three
specimens of the dark grey Highland form from counties Perth and
Inverness; Calostigia olivata, Schiff., a series of a dark banded form
from the Rannoch area; C. clathrata, ab. nocturnata, two specimens
taken in the Salisbury area, 1943; Thera obeliscata, Hb., large Avie-
more race; Ortholitha scotica, Cockayne, a diminutive male from Avie-
more.

Mr L. A. E. Sasine.—P. megera, a banded female; C. crocews, var.
helice, a pure white specimen with hindwing spots very small and very
pale; M. jurtina, an almost white male, a white male rayed with normal
colour, a male with symmetrical white areas on all wings, a female simi-
lar to normal male and with the fulvous bands obsolete, a pale female with
all wings mottled and streaked with darker; P. icarus, a heterochroic
halved male; A. urticae, a male with rayed hindwings, a male with large
blue spots and red area on hindwings much reduced, a male with costal
black blotches coalescing ; B. selene, a smoky female; and B. euphrosyne,
a female with broad black central band. ‘

Mr P. Srvirer SmirH.—Heodes (L.) phlaeas, series of bred spring
brood specimens, including three with aberrant neuration and curious
‘“eye-spots’’ of red and black on the posterior edge of the hindwing under-
sides, and others which had been subjected to heat while pupae, causing

20

them to emerge as characteristic. summer brood specimens (var. initia,
Tutt), suffused dark and with heavier spotting, and bred and caught
summer brood specimens for comparison; ab. alba, Tutt, ¢ and 2 from
Burbage Wood, Leicestershire, and Ditchling, Sussex; ab. berviniensis,
Siv. Sm. [Entom., 65, p. 241 (1932)], the unique type; and a halved
gynandromorph found among some specimens from the G. Machin col-
lection, and the 4-colour blocks and proof sheets of the P. dominula
plates in our last volume of Proceedings; etc.

Mr R. W. Srarrow.—Microlepidoptera taken 1941-1943, including
Plutella dalella, Staint., beaten from heather, Rannoch; Depressaria
umbellana, Steph., frequent on Tunbridge Wells Common, larvae on
Furze, spinning terminal shoots together; and Tortrix paleana, Hb.,
common in May and June this year in larval form feeding on leaves of
Centawrea near the Warren, Folkestone.

Mr A. H. Sperrine.—Lygris testata, L., banded form from Exmoor;
Hybrid Smerinthus ocellatus, L., male x DL. populi female = Smerinthus
hybr. hybridus, Steph.; and P. napi, bred from wild Donegal female.

Mr W. H. Spreapspury.—Photographs of Fungi.

Mr J. A. StepHENs.—Some rare Coleoptera mostly from Kent. (a)
From Cobham Park:—Quedius scitus, Gr., from old tree mould,
16.ix.1942; Anisotoma orbicularis, Hb., from decaying Hornbeam,
22.viii.1942; Dacne humeralis, F., and D. rufifrons, F., in fungi,
30.1x.1943; Ctesias serra, F., from a standing dead Ash tree, 5.vi.1942,
the first specimen taken in this district (J. J. Walker says ‘‘ the larva
is often met with but never have I taken the perfect insect ’’); Athous
rhombeus, Ol., from decayed Hornbeam, 28.vi.1938 and 14.v1i.1943;
Cryptocephalus coryli, L., from Hawthorn blossom, 18.v.19438. (b) From
Chatham or Walderstude:—Soronia grisea, L., by beating Ash trees,
20.v111.1943; Chrysomela goettingensis, L., and C. hyperici, Fo., by
sweeping, 20.iv.1943. (c) From other localities: —Zixus paraplecticus,
L., New Hythe, banks of Medway, on wild Parsnip, 31.vii.1942, and
Pogonus luridipennis, Gm., Severn beach near Avonmouth, under sea-
weed, 27.v.1943, not found in the London district.

Mr S. Waxety.—A number of species of British Lepidoptera taken
during the current season, including H. pinastri (bred from Dorset ova) ;
C. livornica (bred from Salisbury ova); Setina irrorella, L. (Mickleham) ;
Parascotia fuliginaria, L. (bred from Berkshire larvae); Philereme vetu-
lata, Schiff. (Bexley, Kent); Discoloxia blomeri, Curt. (Stroud, Glos) ;
Eupithecia pimpinellata, Hb. (bred from Riddlesdown larvae); Dioryc-
tria abietella, Fab. (Ockham, Surrey); Scoparia basistrigalis, Knaggs
(Boxhill); Psammotis hyalinalis, Hb. (Mickleham); Pyrausta nubilalis,
Hb. (bred, Benfleet, Essex); Cynaeda dentalis, Schiff. (bred from pupae
found at Betchworth, Surrey); Trichoptilus paludum, Zell. (bred, Berk-
shire); Alucita baliodactyla, Zell. (bred, Chipstead, Surrey); Phalonia
rutilana, Hb. (Surrey); Phtheochroa sodaliana, Haw. (bred, Riddles-
down); Huxanthis aeneana, Hb. (bred, Benfleet); Laspeyresia awrana,
Fab. (bred, Coulsdon, Surrey); ZL. strobilella, L. (bred, Mickleham); Re-

21

curvaria leucatella, Clerck (bred, Norwood); Gelechia rhombella, Schiff.
(bred, Norwood); Stomopteryx vorticella, Scop. (bred, Berks); Blasto--
dacna stephensi, Staint. (South London); Mompha epilobiella, Roem.
(bred, Effingham, Surrey); M. decorella, Steph. (bred, Mickleham) ;
Blastobasis lignea, Wals. (Norwood); Depressaria douglasella, Staint.
(bred, Horsley, Surrey); Eupistra conspicuella, Zell. (bred, Benfleet) ;
Lithocolletis scabiosella, Doug. (bred, Addington, Surrey); L. compar-
ella, Zell. (bred, S. London); Epermenia profugella, Staint. (bred, Rid-
dlesdown); Scardia boleti, Ochs. (bred, Betchworth and Norwood); and
Micropteryx mansuetella, Zell. (Bexley, Kent).

Mr B. W. Weppeti.—A. caja, an extreme variety bred from a pupa
sent from Selkirk, Scotland, July 1936, and six Plusia bractea, Schiff.,
bred May 1939 from ova laid by a female caught August 1938 in Selkirk.

Mr H. O. Wetus.—A series of varieties of P. (L.) coridon, including
a very fine ab. obsoleta and a female with male markings, also some fine
varieties of M. jurtina and C. pamphilus, all caught in 1943 within two
miles of Epsom.

Mr A. Wettit.—Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnbg., a series showing
the usual S. London form, and the summer and subsequent spring broods
from a melanic pair, and four sketches illustrating the hibernating atti-
tude of Lithophane semibrunnea, Haw.

Baron vE Worms.—Series of a large number of British Lepidoptera
taken or bred during 1943, including A. paphia, a heavily marked male
and a female with heavy border, New Forest; B. (A.) selene, (a) male
with forewing markings glomerate, (b) female with base of hindwings
very black, S.E. Hants, (c) male with confluent markings on hindwings
and barred margin of forewings on which the normal band is absent,
approximating to f. marphisu, Spingberg, New Forest area, 23rd May,
1943; DL. coridon, several named male forms, and a very rare male aber-
ration having the forewings spotless (caeca) and the hindwings radiata
on a chalky ground, Salisbury, 7.vii.1943, an extremely early date, also
an example of f. syngrapha, Kef., from Salisbury, and a female with
part of one hindwing having male coloration; DL. bellargus, a male with
sealing defective, giving a deep purple coloration (Salisbury, June
1943), a female with underside digitata and parvipuncta forms; A.
agestis (astrarche, Bergst.), obsolescent underside forms from Win-
chester; P. icarus, juncta forms of female undersides and obsolescent
male; A. iris, male bred from Surrey and a female bred from Salisbury
district ; MW. jurtina, a pale female (Salisbury) ; C. livornica, a dark male,
Salisbury, 9.vi.1948; Achlya. flavicornis, L., form without cross bands,
Surrey; 7. obeliscata, melanic form from Surrey; QO. scotica, a very
dark male from Aviemore; O. bipunctaria, Schiff., female with dark
band on white ground, Salisbury; Cidaria corylata, Thnbg., f. albo-
crenata, Curtis, from Aviemore; (. clathrata, f. nocturnata, Salisbury ;
Z. trifolii, confluent forms from Salisbury; Catocala promissa, Schiff.,
male, bred from Salisbury area; Drepana falcataria, L., pale form from
Aviemore, and OQ. gracilis, a very dark red example bred from the New

22

Forest. And, on behalf of Lt.-Col. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, examples
of the newly-discovered race of Carterocephalus palaemon, Pall., from
Western Scotland, including an extreme aberration with black fore-
wings, and specimens of the Southern race for comparison.

Exhibits were also made by Major H. S. Fremtirn, Lt.-Col. W. G. B.
Hawtey, Messrs H. Marin and C. G. Prisst.

13th NOVEMBER 1943.
The Presipent in the Chair.

It was announced that Mr W. G. Sheldon, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., had
been nominated by the Council under Bye-Law 8 as an Honorary Mem-
ber of the Society, in recognition of his great services to Entomology
and to this Society. :

The following donations to the Society’s collections were also an-
nounced :—By Mr E. E. Green, five boxes of British Tortricidae ; and by
Mr D. E. Kimmins, the describer, two specimens of the new British
Plecopteron, Protonemwra montana, Kim.

Mr S. Waxety exhibited: (a) a small metallic green fly, Microchrysa
polita, L., with two Chelifers (probably Chernes nodosus, Schr.), which
were observed attached to its legs, found at Norwood; (b) a bug, Nabis
apterus, F., male, found attacking an Ichneumonid, Pimpla inquisitor,
Scop., female, taken in a curled Aspen leaf at Darenth Wood, Kent;
and (c) a larva of the Narcissus-bulb fly, Merodon equestris, L., in situ,
from Norwood. The insects were identified by Dr K. G. Blair.

Dr G. V. Butt exhibited specimens of Perizoma bifaciata, Haw., ab.
unifasciata, Haw., bred in 1943, and a parasite bred from the larvae ~
in 1941. He also reported seeing Colias croceus, Fourc., on 9th Novem-
ber.

Mr M. Nisterr exhibited Galls of Andricus fecundatrix, Htg. (Cyni-
pidae) and the following insects bred from them :—(a) Gali-wasps, A.
fecundatriz and A. trilineatus, Htg.; (b) Inquilines, Synergus pomifor-
mis, Fonc., S. vulgaris, Htg., and S. evanescens, Mayr. He also showed
acorns of Quercus robur, L., and Quercus sessiliflora, Salb., and insects
bred from them :—S. evanescens, Mayr. Alternating generations. Gall
and Gall-wasps of Andricus radicis, Fab. Galls of A. trilineatus induced
by sleeved A. radicis on leaves of Quercus robur and Gall-wasps bred
from them.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited a book from Sierra Leone, badly damaged
by the borings of an Anobiid beetle, probably Calymmoderus bibliothe-
carum, Poey. The damage was mainly in the thick card-board of the
covers, but parts of the letterpress were also riddled.

Mr T. R. Eacuns exhibited a batch of Lepidopterous ova found on
the skin of a bought imported (?) apple. They appeared to be Lasio-
campid and it was suggested they might be an unusual batch of Malo-
cosoma neustria, L. He also exhibited, on behalf of Mr O. J. Janson,
leaves, etc., of the Parrot-pod Plant (Asclepias incarnata, Linn.), also

28

known as Swamp Milk Weed or Silk Weed. A native of N. America,
introduced here in 1710. Height 4 to 5 ft., flowers flesh colour, having
a delicious scent, numerous in corymbose umbels (Robinson, ‘‘ Hardy
Flowers’’) and various other Asclepiadaceae (Swallow-worts) from a gar-
den at St Albans (Mrs Lawrence, September-October 1943). In a note
accompanying the exhibit Mr Janson said the Asclepiadaceae comprise
about 150 genera and nearly 1000 species (Hemsley). A. incarnata is
near the better known A. tuberosa, L. (Butterfly Weed or Pleurisy
Root) and may be only a subspecies or variety of it. A. tuberosa is used
as a remedy in cases of pleurisy, pneumonia and catarrh; A. cwrassa-
vica, Linn., as an emetic purgative, cathartic, and for the fine fibres from
the stems used in textile fabrics, etc. (Lindley). Little is known as to
uses of the other species.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss reported that a female Cosmolyce boeticus, L.,
was captured on 24th October last seated on a Lupin pod at Ditchling,
Sussex, by Major Armstrong, who gave it to a friend to try for eggs.

Mr ©. McK. Jarvis then read a most interesting paper on “ Sir
Joseph Banks,”’ illustrated with a number of Lantern slides, etc. (See
Trams.)

A hearty vote of thanks was moved from the Chair and carried by
aeclamation.

llth DECEMBER 1943.
The PresipENt in the Chair.

The deaths of the following members were announced:—Mr H.
Willoughby Ellis, on 15th October last; Prof. Sir Edward B. Poulton,
D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc., on 20th
November last at the age of 87 (a special note was read on! the attain-
ments of this distinguished Entomologist); and Mr Edmund Sidney
Craske, on 4th December.

The following new members were declared elected: —Messrs Donald
Allen, F.R.G.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., of 698 Warwick Road, Solihull,
Warwickshire; E. B. Ford, D.Sc., M.A., of The University Museum,
Oxford; G. de C. Fraser, of Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool ;
Mrs Sibyl C. Fraser, also of Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool ;
Lt.-Commander G. W. Harper, R.N., of Bramblewood, Bushby Avenue,
Rustington, Sussex; Commander L. H. T. Hollebone, R.N., of 74 Ken-
sington Court, Kensington, W.8; Col. S. H. Kershaw., D.S.O., of
Alderman’s Place. Aspley Heath, Bletchley, Bucks; Messrs J. K.
Mathews, M.A. Cantab., of Greystoke, Freshfield, near Liverpool; and
G. H. B. Oliver, of 152 Amersham Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.

Mr F. V. L. Jarvis exhibited two specimens of Heodes (Lucaena)
phlaeas, L. (male and female), which emerged on 10th October last,
whose pupae were kept at frost temperature (about 32° F.) from the
period when the wing cells began to be laid down. Temperature was
gradually raised to produce emergence, Both these specimens (repre-

24

sentative of a hatch) showed marked diminution of black spotting and
great clarity of copper ground colour. He also showed two specimens
of the same species (both females and also representative of a small
batch), whose pupae were kept throughout at an average temperature of
85° F. Pupal stage lasted 5 days, and all specimens showed greatly in-
creased black spotting and reduction of copper scales. This batch was
from ova deposited in October 1942, so that both instances belong to the
last brood of the year.

Mr B. A. Ccorer exhibited the following Heterocera from various
Yorkshire localities: —(a) Sidemia zollikofert, Frr., taken at sugar,
Kirkstall, Leeds, 27.viii1.1939, by A. Kennedy; (b) Agrotis sp., which Mr
W. H. T. Tams has, so far, been unable to determine, very pale ex-
ample, takem at sugar, Sandburn, 1900, by A. Smith (? W. Hasett on
label); (c) Xanthorhoé montanata, Schiff., dark form, Kirkstall, Leeds,
specimen taken June 1942 by A. Kennedy; and (d) Lampropteryz suf-
fumata, Schiff., ab. porrittii, Robs. & G., 29.iv.1933, Bishop’s Wood,
Selby, by A. Smith.

Mr J. Frycnwam Turner exhibited a very fine aberration of H. (L.)
phlaeas taken on a Thistle head at Lulworth Cove in August 1939. (See
Plate T.)

Mr H. R. Lasr exhibited the following Coleoptera :—Quedius plan-
cus, Er. (kraatzii, Bris.), a very local species, first found at Chidding-
fold, Surrey, by Donisthorpe in 1889. He took iti again in 1910, but,
so far as records show, it was not found again until 1937, when Mr Last
took a single specimen at Bow, Devon. Last September Mr Last took
two females and one male in the same locality. It comes in Fowler’s
Section IV, subgenus Sauridus, Steph., next to Quedius scintillans,
Grav., which it resembles in having the two setigerous punctures on the
forehead between the eyes, but, besides being larger, it has longer
antennae, with all joints elongate. Mycetophagus quadripustulatus,
L., ab. antemacularis, Torre: He took a single specimen of this aber-
ration on fungus on the condemned elms in Windsor Park on 25th Sep-
tember. In this form the two apicaf spots on the elytra are wanting.
Donisthorpe recorded this aberration in the Hntomologist’s Record in
1928 and told Mr Last he had to examine enormous numbers before he
found the aberration. Mr Last said he also took an intermediate ex-
ample, almost antemacularis, on 22nd May at Cheam but with a tiny
apical dot on the left elytron.

Mr E. E. Syms exhibited an early pamphlet on ‘‘ Bugs ’’ dated 1736
and printed for Alexander Cruden at the ‘‘ Bible & Anchor ’’ under
the Royal Exchange.

Dr H. B. D. Kerrnewet then read his two important papers :—
(a) ‘* Temperature Effects on Pigmentation of Heliothis peltigera,
Schiff., with reference to Pupal Reactions ’’ (see Trans.) and (b) ‘f A
Manifestation of the Mendelian Law, at a given temperature only, in a
brood of Panaxia dominula, L.’’ (See Trans.). After some very interest-
ing remarks by Mr F. V. L. Jarvis as to the influence of aestivation as

25

opposed to hibernation, on the inheritance of certain characters, and
further discussion, a very hearty vote of thanks was moved from the
Chair and carried by acclamation.

8th JANUARY 1944.
The Prestpent in the Chair.

The death of Mr W. G. Sheldon, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., on 27th December
last, was announced, also that of a distinguished non-member, Mr L. B.
Prout, on 31st December.

It was declared that Mr Harold Edward Hammond, of 16 Elton
Grove, Birmingham, 27, had been elected a member.

Some very fine Lantern Slides were shown by the following :—Mr C.
Rippon (Hibernating and other larvae, and imagines, to show assimila-
tion to surroundings); Mr W. H. Spreadbury (Botanical); Mr W. J.
Finnigan (Botanical, larvae, etc.); Mr J. Fincham Turner (Bats); and
Mr E. E. Syms, on behalf of Mr J. de C. Fraser (Cerura vinula, L.,
larvae in various stages and aspects, and a resting imago). A hearty
vote of thanks was moved from the Chair and carried by acclamation.
Mr §S. N. A. Jacozss exhibited the Tortricid moth Ancylis comptana,
Frél., a very common species on British down-land, together with a
handsome form of this species from the United States, A. comptana, ssp.
floridana, Zell., from Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Mr A. W. Bucxstone exhibited series of Pieris napi, L., to show the
result of a breeding experiment with larvae fed on Hedge-Garlic and
Horseradish respectively, and read the following note:—South says at
page 40, ‘‘ It has been stated that caterpillars fed upon Hedge-Garlic and
Horseradish produce light butterflies and that those reared on Mignon-
ette and Watercress produce dark butterflies.’’ By dark butterflies I
assume that what are meant are those having the black markings more
pronounced than is usual. I have been told however by several lepidop-
terists that their experience is that larvae fed upon Hedge-Garlic pro-
duce more heavily marked butterflies than those reared on Horseradish.
I have bred napi a number of times but have always fed the larvae upon
Horseradish and have certainly obtained a considerable percentage, on
one occasion over 50 per cent. faintly marked insects, a few of which are
exhibited herewith. In May 1942 I obtained about 200 eggs from a but-
terfly of the spring form resulting in 190 larvae, of which half were
sleeved on Horseradish and half on Hedge-Garlick. During the follow-
ing July 50 of the Garlic-fed ones emerged as butterflies and 41 of those
that were fed on Horseradish, 38 of the Garlic-fed and 44 Horseradish-
fed going over the winter as pupae. In the following spring 30 of each °
lot of winter pupae emerged, the remainder having died. It will be seen
by the series of specimens here exhibited that, generally speaking, the
Garlic-fed specimens have the black markings distinctly more pro-
nounced than have those that were fed on Horseradish.

26

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited a number of Coleoptera obtained in July
last at Dyffryn, N. Wales, by immersing a dead sheep in water, but
pointed out that in using this method of dealing with carcases very great
care must always be taken to ensure that no risk is run of contaminat-
ing water which might conceivably be used for drinking or domestic
purposes. The species shown were Necrodes littoralis, L., Onthophagus
fracticornis, Pk., Thanatophilus sinuatus, F., T. rugosus, L., and Sap-
runus semistriatus, Scrib. (mtidulus, Pk.).

Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N., reported that he had found Aegeria
andrenaeformis, Lasp., rather more plentiful than usual about Christmas
time. For the first time he found a first-year larva. This had been feed-
ing in a circle just underneath the bark (thus eventually forming the
‘‘cap ’’) and had just bored through the stem and entered the pith. It
was at the end of December, about 3 mm. in length. He also found
what appeared to be another first-year larva, but left the mine untouched
for further observation. Other larvae were found about one-third to
half grown, and this suggests that the insect may remain three years in
its early stages. He also took the opportunity of reminding members
that this is the year for A. flaviventris, Stdgr. In S. Hampshire this
species is decidedly local, occurring in particular areas. The mines have
already suffered from the Tits’ attention.

22nd JANUARY 1944.
Mr S. N. A. Jacoss, President, in the Chair.

Messrs James Nichol Pickard, Ph.D., M.A., F.R.S.H., of 36 Storey’s
Way, Cambridge, and Anthony Michael Walton, of 275 Croxted Road,
West Dulwich, S.E.21, and Hertford College, Oxford, were declared
elected members.

The Baron DE Worms formally handed over the very comprehensive
and well-arranged collection of British Tortricidae made by our former
member, Mr EK. Ernest Green of Camberley, and presented by the col-
lector to the Society as announced at the meeting on 13th November last.
He proposed a vote of thanks to Mr Green for his generous gift. This
was seconded by the President and carried with acclamation.

Mr J. O. Taytor exhibited 21 blown larvae of Lepidoptera, which he
offered to the Society. They were accepted and thanks expressed from
the Chair.

Mr T. R. Hacuirs exhibited (a) a cut stem and several compound
thorns of Gleditschia triacantha, , a native of Japan, and drew
attention to the structure of the thorns, and (b) a flower of Psammanthe
peruviana, a native of Peru, and drew attention to the way the anthers
were carried.

27

22nd JANUARY 1944.
ANNUAL MEETING.

Mr R. J. Burton, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., President, in the Chair, and
subsequently Mr S. N. A. Jacozss, the new President, in the Chair
(for the Ordinary Meeting which took place).

Reports of the Council and Treasurer, with the Balance-Sheet, were
read and adopted. A hearty vote of thanks to the generous donors to
the funds during 19438 was pr erage from the Chair, and carried with
acclamation.

The following is a List of those members declared elected for Officers
and Council during the ensuing twelve months :—President—Stanley N.
A. Jacobs. Vice-Presidents--R. J. Burton, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., and
Capt. Reginald A. Jackson, R.N., F.R.E.S. Treaswrer—T. R. Eagles.
Secreturies—C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S. (Minuting); F. Stanley Smith,
F.R.E.S. (Corresponding). Editor of Proceedings—Hy. J. Turner,
F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Curator—S. R. Ashby, F.R.E.S. Librarian—
E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. Council—F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S.; Canon T. G.
Edwards, M.A., F.Z.S.; S. W. C. Wiliams; L. T. Ford; C. Rippon,
M.A., J.P., F.R.E.S.; S. Wakely; Mrs F. Stanley Smith; Col, P. A.
Cardew; H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.; and R. W. Sparrow.

The President then read his Address.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

It is very gratifying to note from the Report of the Council, which

you have just received. that, in spite of the unsettled times, the Society
continues to flourish, and has reached a record as regards membership,
the previous best year being in 1928 with a membership of 265. How-
ever, it must not be overlooked that our present number of 268 con-
tains all our active service members, many of whom are naturally pre-
eluded from pursuing their hobby at present.
_ Ivis also gratifying to notice from the Librarian’s Report that many
more books have been borrowed from the Library during the year, which
must recompense him in some measure for all the time and trouble he
devotes to this cause.

The twelve Field Meetings were, on the whole, well attended in view
of the difficulties of the times, and proved welk worth the while of those
who were sble to be present. The value of these meetings lies not so
much in the actual captures and observations as in the opportunities
they afford for members to get together and compare their methods
actually in practice, and to exchange knowledge on the spot.

Death has laid rather a heavier hand than usual on our Society this
year, and we have to mourn the loss of eight good members : —

Mr L. O. Grocock, a member of the Society since 1934, whose chief
interest lay in Botany, passed away in April.

Mr Alfred Sick, F.R.E.S., whose interest in the Microlepidoptera is
so well known, was a member of this Society for 45 years, having joined

28

in 1898, and occupied the Presidential Chair in 1904. He also died in
April.

Mr A. Ford, an even older member, whose connection with the
Society dates back for 54 years to 1889, and whose interest lay in both
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, passed away in May.

Sir H. Beckwith Whitehouse, K.T., M.B., M.S., F.R.C.S., the.
famous gynaecologist and President of the British Medical Association,
‘who had been nominated for a second year as such, died in July. In
spite of the heavy calls on his time for his medical services, he found
' occasion to take a keen interest in Entomology, and became a member
of this Society in 1935.

Mr H. Willoughby Ellis, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., a inember since
1923 and particularly keen on Ornithology and Coleoptera, passed away
in November.

Sir Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.,
F.R.E.S., a great upholder of Darwinism, particularly in the realm of
National Selection. He served as President of the Linnean Society, of
the International Entomological Congress at Oxford in 1912, and of the
British Association in 1937. In 1933 he was elected Honorary Life
President of The (now The Royal) Entomological Society of London, of
which also he had been President on three previous occasions. He was
elected an Honorary Member of this Society so far back as 1912. He
died in November last.

Mr W. G. SHetpon, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., who had been a member of
this Society for 33 years and had only just been made an Honorary
Member, whose interest was chiefly centred in Entomology, was taken
from us in December, as also was

Mr E. S. Craske, a comparatively recent member who joined the
Society in 1935, and whose interest also lay in the Lepidoptera.

As a tribute to the memory of these lost friends, I ask you to stand
for a few moments.

May the example of these old friends, who have passed on, serve
as a stimulus and encouragement not only to our 22 new members,
amongst whom we look for their successors in the future, but to all our
members who are already set on the road to the acquirement of more
knowledge of our interesting studies.

I have been considerably exercised during the time since you did me
the honour of choosing such a tyro as myself to fill this Presidential
Chair as to what subject. I could talk about to-day. I prefer to try to
speak on something I know a little about, and as the only thing I can
think of in this line is my collecting experience in North Devon, I pro-
pose to entitle my talk

‘“ COMMENCING A COLLECTION IN NORTH DEVON.”
It was in the year 1929 that my son, then a schoolboy, got the craze
that he would like to collect butterflies, so I presented him with the neces-
sary outfit and gave him what help I could. But it was not long before

29

his craze went the way of most schoolboy crazes and ceased to exist,
not, however, before father had got bitten by the collecting bug, from
which he has not yet recovered. At first it was a case of finding various
suitable spots within collecting distance of Ilfracombe and learning the
ropes, and it was not until 1932 that I really got started on proper lines
and began to keep proper records and to label all my captures. This was
entirely due to my good fortune in making the acquaintance of two keen
entomologists, Dr Elliston Wright, of Braunton, and Mr Mervyn Palmer,
who had just come to reside in Ilfracombe after many years’ collecting
in this country and abroad. The former, although not strictly speaking
a collector, gave invaluable help with regard to the habits and habitats
of local insects, and the latter gave his help in the management of a
collection and stressed the need for notes and labels. About that time
Mr Palmer, with one or two others, were in the process of founding the
Ilfracombe Museum, of which he is still the Curator, and of which he
has made a wonderful success, and he roped me in to help with the losal
collection of Lepidoptera. There were at that time two lists of local
Lepidoptera to work on, i.e., Dr Elliston Wright’s on those of the
Braunton area, 1932, and Dr G. B. Longstaff’s on those of Mortehoe,
1907, which between them recorded 454 species. The records now in
the Museum contain the names of 502 species, but the district covered
by these is much wider and include some very rare visitors, such as the
Lycaena dorilis, Hufn., taken by Mr Latter in 1887, and the Papilio
podalirius, L., at Woolacombe in 1901, now in the Rothschild Collection
at Tring, both of which probably came off ships passing up the channel.
I think it speaks well for the completeness of the two lists J have men-
tioned that only 48 further records have been added in the past eleven
years. I propose, firstly, to take some of our favourite collecting grounds
and deal with anything of interest they bring to my memory.

There was a derelict house at Eggesford, originally the property of
the Portsmouth family, which during the last war had been denuded of
its woods and partly demolished for its scrap metal and other useful
material. The woods had been largely replanted in what was, I believe,
the first afforestation scheme to be started after that war. It was a
favourite picnicking place with us, as there were many gorgeous Rhodo-
dendron and Azalea bushes in the spring and fine blackberries in the
autumn; and the children loved to play here and explore the old house.
You can imagine our delight when one day we discovered Leptidia sina-
pis, L., flying along one of the rides between the young trees; it was
never in great numbers and nearly always in the same ride, but we saw
it every year up to the time I left N. Devon. One wonders whether it
had survived from the old woods or had established itself since from
another locality, where it was reputed to occur, about two miles away
along the main road. We never found it there although we visited the
place once or twice in the hope of finding Melitaea athalia, Rott., which
was also reputed to be there. Again we were disappointed, although
Mr Palmer was more fortunate and did obtain a specimen, when he was

30

there one day alone. When I first met Mr Palmer in the autumn of
1932 he gave me a number of Huphydryas aurinia, Rott., which he had
found in large numbers in a single field at Warnscombe Farm just out-
side Ilfracombe in the previous May. I visited the site the following
April to search for larvae, but found none, neither was the insect seen .
there again, but one was taken at Knowl near Braunton. The following
year there were none at either place, but they turned up at Halsinger
Bog. This behaviour was rather annoying from the collector’s point of
view as [ did not discover their new habitats until they were too worn
to be of any use. The next year they had disappeared again and I
have been unable to find them since, but I have no doubt they are still
present somewhere around Ilfracombe. One wonders exactly when they
migrate and why. Do they go as a body at the end of their season? or
do the females only seek a new locality in which to deposit their eggs?
Halsinger was another favourite spot for picnicking; here was the only
Aspen wood I know of in the district, where we used to collect the larvae
of Orthosia populeti, Fabr., but never succeeded in bringing them
through. Here also Callophrys rubi, L., occurs in numbers; in 1942 and
1943 they were reported as being in thousands. Mr Palmer has reported
an interesting observation on these; one day at Halsinger he observed
a number of them ‘“‘ mobbing’’ a Gonepteryx rhammi, L., like small
birds sometimes mob a cuckoo or hawk; one wonders what the reason
could be.

Having learnt a little more about Aspens and Aspen feeders through
our South London Field Meetings, I paid a visit to this wood and Hal-
singer Bog when I was in Ilfracombe last September and found to my
horror that it was all cut down and Halsinger Down and even the bog
was ploughed up.

Dr Wright has recorded in his little book several interesting plants
which used to occur here and I very much fear these must have dis-
appeared as well.

This calls to my mind another entomological tragedy, which occurred
before the war. The old road from Ilfracombe to Combe Martin began
to fall into the sea and a new one had to be cut further inland. What
was left of the old road was reasonably safe for foot traffic but soon be-
came wild and more or less overgrown, and here, in August 1934, we
discovered Lygephila craccae, Schiff. There was a very large clump of
wood Vetch, where we found the larvae in the following June, and in
July obtained a couple of females, which yielded some 500 ova; these
were scattered about the floor of the cage quite loose and none was laid
on the food plant. Moths bred from these emerged on 22nd July 1936,
but on visiting the locality at that time we were horrified to find that
the whole clump of wood Vetch had been buried under a heap of
builder’s rubble and there were no craccae seen that year, nor have I
heard of any being seen by anyone else. The books give Wood Sage as
being a favourite flower at which to take craccae, but it was always
over and we found them on other flowers such as Hemp Agrimony and

at

Golden Rod. We never saw one at sugar, in fact sugar along that bit
of road was never very successful.

This reminds me of another place on the other side of the valley, an
old bridge crossing the old road from Hele to Berrynarbor and reputed
to be haunted by the ghost of a monk; perhaps we may have added to
the legend with our lights and waving nets. In 1932 this was covered
with masses of Ivy blossom which one night provided us with marvellous
hunting. Thirteen different species, including Aporophyla nigra, Haw.,
Griposia aprilina, L., and Omphaloscelis lwnosa, Haw. Light also pro-
duced good results here at other times, including Notodonta anceps,
Goeze (trepida, Esp.), Drymonia dodonea, Schiff. (trimacula, Esp.),
Colocasia coryli, L., and two Hilema sororcula, Hufn., in 1935, a new
record for the district. This reminds me of certain other footmen; we
have a record of Lithosia quadra, L., which is suspect. In July
1933 Mr Palmer, my son, and I motored down to the New Forest
for a few days’ camping and collecting with certain success. We reached
home by mid-day on our return and put Mr Palmer and his bag-
gage down at the Museum. The next morning on going down to the
Museum Mr Palmer found a quadra sitting on the door. Problem, was
it a stowaway? We did not take one in the Forest, but saw one and
missed it. Was it this specimen, and did we get it after all?

Each year I searched the Cliffs at Braunton for larvae of Hilema
camiola, Hb., which Dr Wright had taken there, but I never had any
success. Probably conditions were not just suitable: I believe sun, fol-
lowing a shower is the ideal. JI shall always remember my introduction
to Miltochrista mimata, Forst., in August 1982, when they came to
light in clouds on Braunton Burrows, but being very raw, I ignored
them as being some form of Micro and only took a couple, because they
were so beautiful. It took quite a long time before I completed my
series. It has struck me that many of the Footmen seem to approach
light very gingerly. These miniata would not come right up to the
light, but had to be caught some way down the lane. My sororcula sud-
denly appeared sitting on the lamp, I never saw them come. Some
Atolmis rubricollis, L., we took at Arlington one night were found sit-
ting on a wall near the light and did not come right up to it. We have
noticed this with many other species, which we had to go and fetch in-
stead of waiting at the lights; thus, speaking from memory I can re-
call Deilephila elpenor, L., Actebia praecox, L., Nonagria typhae,
Thnbg., Rhizedra lutosa, Hb., the last also a new record for the Burrows.

And this brings me to our most delightful hunting ground, Braunton
Burrows; the wonderful evenings we spent there will never be forgot-
ten. The sound of the Plover, the drumming of the Snipe, the Grass-
hopper Warbler in the distance, the Bats hovering overhead, and Moths
innumerable: we often recorded 20 different species in one night. And
it was nearly always all ours, no gamekeepers, no inquisitive boys, no
policemen, friendly or otherwise, and no courting couples, who in other
parts probably cursed us far more than we cursed them, and only once

32

did we meet any fellow collector, a member of this Society, Mr G. Cole,
who had the great good fortune to add that rare visitor, Apamea zolli-
koferi, Freyer, to the Braunton list in September 1934. I heard from
him three years later that he had also added Mythimna turca, L., and
Semiothisa alternaria, Hb., to Dr Wright’s list, in 1935. Dr Wright’s
list is so complete that I do not think I can add anything to it except
to mention in passing the few additions that came our way since it was
published. There were only two that we found in any numbers, i.e.,
Ectypa glyphica, L., and Mysticoptera sexalisata, Hb.; four others were
only a single specimen of each, i.e., Antitype chi, L., R. lutosa, Calo-
calpe cervinalis, Scop. (certata, Hb.), and Aegeria formicaeformis, Esp.,
although I can see no reason why they should not be established there.
We also saw Hepialus sylvina, L., in some numbers not far away at
Saunton in August 1936.

I think perhaps I might here intersperse a few rambling reminis-
cences of the Burrows. That night of 30th May 1935 when we had six
Sphine ligustri, L., sitting around our sheet at the same time and simi-
lar numbers of Smerinthus ocellata, L., and Laothoé populi, L., large
numbers of Notodonta ziczac, L., Pheosia tremula, Clerck, and Ptero-
stoma palpina, Clerck, also came along. Tremula is interesting as Dr
Wright makes a note in his list ‘‘ not recently.’’ They were there all
right again this night. Other insects that came to light that night were
Rusina umbratica, Goeze (tenebrosa, Hb.), Dasychira pudibunda, L.,
Procus fasciuncula, Haw., Biston betularia, L., Callimorpha jacobaeae,
L., Phalera bucephala, L., Anagoga pulveraria, L., Calostigia didymata,
L., Euphyia ocellata, Hufn., Hupithecia centaureata, Schiff. (oblongata,
Thnbg.), Semothisa notata, L., Dysstroma truncata, Hufn., Xantho-
rhoé montanata, Schiff., and X. ferrugata, Clerck. Sugar was not very
productive, only Caradrina morpheus, Hufn., Hadena w-latimum, Hufn.
(genistae, Bkh.), and Agrotis puta, Hb., turning up, the last interesting
as appearing so early in May when we usually expected it in August.
Whilst on sugaring, I might remark that in North Devon there are very
few trees suitable for sugar and the greater part must be done by other
means. Posts, foliage, rags hung on bushes and brown paper pinned on
telegraph poles have all proved successful. My chi was on brown paper.
As a lover of trees I prefer these methods as all traces can be removed
and no ugly stains are left on the tree trunks. Another warm night in
June we observed assembling taking place at the top of a big willow
tree and were interested to know what the insects were. Numbers of
fair-sized moths were dancing up and down, in and out, all over the top
of the tree; my son eventually volunteered to climb up and try with my
long handled net to get one; finally, by throwing the net at one of the
insects he managed to procure it and we were able to rescue the net
before the moth could escape on reaching the ground. We were sur-
prised to find that they were Hepialus humuli, L., as we were under
the impression that these paired near the ground and that the white
of the male actually attracted the females to them in contradistinction

33

to the methods of pairing by other species, in which we were obviously
mistaken.

The abundance or otherwise of various insects is a problem on which
it is very difficult to express an opinion from a few years’ collecting. As
a beginner, one is apt to label as common certain insects of which one
takes a large number in any one year, only to find on looking back
through one’s records, that it has never been seen since, but this kind
of experience is quite likely due to there being only a short period of
emergence and a short life on the wing, and one’s time of collecting
does not quite coincide with the time of emergence. I remember one
night on the Burrows in a miserable drizzle, which drove us home, it
positively rained (in addition to the wet sort) the Salterns form of
Hydraecia oculea, L. (nictitans, Dup.) named paludis, Tutt, which came
to our headlights when we stopped for a moment. We took a few, but
it was so wet, we decided to leave them for another time, and have
never seen any since.

Talking of ‘‘ raining ’’ insects, there was another night, when jaco-
baeae came to the lights in hundreds, but there were very few other
insects. That year was, as one would expect, remarkable for jacobaeae
larvae which swarmed all over the place much to the displeasure of
pienickers, who naturally objected to having them mixed up with the
tea. In fact the numbers were so great that they completely destroyed
one large patch of ragwort, the flowers of which we used to work, to such
an extent that it completely disappeared the following year, but has
re-seeded itself since, to the old quantity. But there were very few
imagines about following this glut of larvae, largely due, I think, to
parasites as many of those I collected were parasitized, but also, I
think, in part to partial starvation which weakened them for passing
the winter.

Then on the other hand there were some insects which were extremely
local. Dr Wright mentions the Nonagria geminipuncta, Haw., which
bred in an extremely small area of reeds near where the Black-headed
Gulls used to nest every year, and we used to take Hustrotia uncula,
Clerck, fairly regularly in another small area of sandy marsh not more
than 100 yards long. We used to kick these out together with a large
micro from which they were almost indistinguishable when on the wing,
so we had to net both and it usually worked out at about 20 micros to
each uncula.

Now, of course, I must refer to the special sand-hill insects which
turn up on the Burrows. The really common ones which came in num-
bers to sugar every year were Agrotis vestigialis, Hufn., and Huzroa
tritici, L., A. puta, Euxoa cursoria, Hufn., Peridroma porphyria, Schiff.
(saucia, Hb.), Heliophobus albicolor, Hb., and Craniophora ligustri,
Schiff., turned up regularly most years, but not in large numbers.
Others, such as Agrotis cinerea, Schiff., A. lwnigera, Steph., A. ripae,
Hb., and Actobia praecox, L., only rarely.

34

Of course you will have realized that I have made no reference to the
insects, which turn up commonly everywhere, such as our old friends
Apamea monoglypha, Hufn., Amathes xanthographa, Schiff., and Agro-
tis exclamationis, L. One night in June 1935 we counted no less than
80 of the two latter on two small patches of sugar; one could not see the
sugar for moths. j

Very early in our collecting career we discovered the uselessness of
trying on a moonlight night but I am not satisfied in my own mind
whether this is due to the light or to the weather which so often seems
clear and cold at night with the full moon, and how often the weather
changes with the moonless nights, and becomes wet and stormy and far
from comfortable for collecting.

Talking of years of plenty, one remembers the Colias croceus, Fourc.,
on the Burrows in 1929 in a meadow near the Pill, when I saw the
largest number I have ever seen, nearly all males, and no var. helice,
Hb., were noticed amongst them. And in 1938, the atropos and con-
volvult year; incidentally this year seems to have been an outstanding
year for many insects. One Acherontia atropos, L., was taken in May
on the Capstone in Ilfracombe, in poor condition, but between Ist Sep-
tember and 8th October 30 specimens were recorded from the district,
either bred from larvae or pupae obtained from the potato diggers, or
taken as imagines. The bred ones were all forced by being kept in
damp warm spots according to the facilities at the disposal of their
owners; most were brought through in a bakehouse! Between the
same dates nine Herse convolvuli, L., were recorded from Bicclescombe
Park, Ilfracombe, flying over clumps of Nicotiana. I fear some of these
clumps suffered somewhat at our hands, but I hope the gardener was not
too cross about it in the mornings. A few have been recorded most
years since, but no larvae have been found except that recorded before
this by Dr Wright. It was rather interesting to note that in this year
of abundance there was a marked scarcity of Phlogophora meticulosa,
L., which in previous years had been most abundant especially at ivy-
blossom. There was also another interesting capture this year, a per-
fectly fresh Lygephila pastinum, Treit., at ivy-bloom, on 15th October,
I should imagine almost a record late emergence. Another late appear-
ance this same year was a Hypena proboscidalis, L., on 29th September,
rather a small specimen and the only one I have found so late in the
year.

Dealing with the other Hawk Moths, of the commoner ones I think
Mimas tiliae, L., was least frequently seen, anyhow in Infracombe;
elpenor, ocellata, populi and ligustri were comparatively common and
came to light more or less freely. Deilephila porcellus, L., was occasion-
ally taken over flowers of Viper’s Bugloss on the Burrows, but we never
had one come to light. Macroglossum stellatarum, L., probably visited
us as frequently as in other parts of the country, and one year Mr
Palmer watched a female ovipositing on bedstraw and bred the larvae
m the Museum. Qne Celerio livornica, Esp., was taken in Ilfracombe

35

by Mr Kingsley Trebble in June 1931, and Dr Wright recorded four in
the same year, but, much to my surprise, I did not hear of any having
been seen there this year in spite of their prevalence in other parts of
the country. There is one record of Daphnis nerii, L., taken by Capt.
G. K. Hibbert, of Berrynarbor, in September 1909. Whilst on the
rarer insects, the Utetheisa. pulchella, L., recorded by Dr Wright in
Braunton in 1929 is worthy of note. I have a specimen, which came
from an old collection made in the district, but, unfortunately, it was
unlabelled. The presumption is that it was local. I seem to have
drifted naturally away from the Burrows, so will let my memory turn
now to the Spreacombe district, which is a delightful wild area around
Spreacombe House, about four miles out of Ilfracombe on the Braunton
Road. It is reached by a real Devonshire lane bordered by thick masses
of ferns and foxgloves. This was a favourite Easter haunt of ours when
we could always be sure of seeing G. rhamni, accompanied by Nymphalis
io, L., and Aglais urticae, L. Here also we found Thecla quercus, L.,
each year but not in any great numbers and the trees were too high to
reach them or to beat for larvae, a very tantalizing position for us. I
did try tying a broomstick to my net handle and standing up in my car
to see whether I could reach them, but it didn’t work very well.

Then in an orchard up through the woods we could always obtain
the earlier skippers, Pyrgus malvae, L., and Hrynnis tages, L., and
occasionally the small fritillaries, B. (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L., and
B. selene, Schiff.

Along; this lane we also used to find the larvae of Gortyna flavago,
Schiff. (ochracea, Hb.) in July, as also in certain other places around
Ilfracombe. They are easy to find, as in N. Devon they feed inside
the stems of foxgloves, so that if one sees a foxglove with its head sadly
drooping and looking very sick it will almost certainly contain one of
the larvae. If the stems are cut off below the ground, the hollow open-
ings stopped up with cotton wool, and the end stood in a little water,
the larvae will continue to feed and finally pupate inside the stem and
emerge a fortnight or so later. There is no difficulty in inducing them
to enter a fresh stem if necessary if a sufficient space is first) bored out
at the base, the larva put in and the opening packed with cotton wool
and placed in water. In fact, I usually gave them fresh stems for pre-
ference, as I was sure then they would have enough food. About six
inches of stem is enough.

Continuing the walk up Spreacombe Lane, past an old derelict iron
mine, one could cut across country to Heathercombe at the western end
of Woolacombe Sands; here could be obtained Plebejus argus, L., and
Argynnis cydippe, L., and in the lane leading down to the beach Aphan,-
topus hyperantus, L., was quite common. A walk back to Woolacombe,
either along the sands or the road, past the Golf Links, brings one to
tea and a ’bus back to Ilfracombe.

Of the Fritillaries not so far mentioned, Argynnis paphia, L., occurs
in the Wunter’s Inn district and at Wembworthy (a favourite trip of

36

ours but not quite N. Devon) and A. aglaia, L., also at Hunter’s Inn,
Braunton Burrows, and other localities sometimes in fair numbers.

The mention of Hunter’s Inn reminds me of Easter 1930, when the
place was strewn with the larvae of Arctia villica, L. I packed all I could
into what match-boxes our party possessed as I had no collecting appli-
ances and, being very fresh, did not know what they were and con-
sequently what they ate. After trying a number of plants, I found they
took to Stonecrop, a lot of which grows at Hunter’s Inn, and I raised
them successfully on this.

It might here be of interest to mention that Satyrus galathea, L.,
oceurs in the district, but only in a few very small colonies as far as we
were able to discover, more in the direction of Barnstaple on the Muddi-
ford road and not in the Braunton direction, but there was a large
colony at Wembworthy. Vanessa cardut, L., used to turn up in waves
most springs and used to breed on the thistles around Mullacott Cross
just out of Ilfracombe. One wondered why one could usually find the
larvae here in preference to other parts; it seems almost as though the
butterflies returned, like the swallows, to their original breeding
grounds ; maybe, though, there was something in the surroundings which
was just right and attracted fresh visitors each year. The Muddiford
and Arlington areas towards Barnstaple gave us different hunting; it
was more wooded but it was only possible to work with lights from the
sides of the roads, as we were not able to get access to tha woods. The
best insects to turn up here were:—ruwbricollis as mentioned earlier,
anceps (trepida), Lophopteryx capucina, LL. (camelina, L.), Tethea
duplaris, L., Drepana falcataria, L. (faleula, Schiff.), Bena prasinana,
L., Hipparchus papilionaria, L., Mesoleuca albicillata, L., Cleora
lichenaria, Hufn., C. jubata, Thnbg., €. ribeata Clerck. (abietaria, Hb.),
Ectropis extersaria, Hb. (liridata, Bkh.), Semiothisa iturata, Clerck.,
and Angerona prunaria, L. (a semi-banded form occasionally turning
up).

Another place where good hunting was sometimes to be had was a
small group of trees between Woody Bay and Lynton, which gave the
best sugaring we were able to obtain. Woody Bay itself was impossible,
as the owner would not permit any cars nor any strangers to stop on
the roads in what he claimed as his property. Here we used to obtain
Asphalia diluta, Schiff., Lampra fimbriata, Schreber (fimbria, L.), and
Amphipyra tragopoginis, Clerck., and one year a colony of the Jarvae of
Orthosia miniosa, Schiff., with which we were rather pleased.

Many visits were paid to the Torrs Walks at Ilfracombe in the hopes
of finding some of the rarer larvae or insects such as Hadena andalusica,
Stdgr. (ssp. barrett, Dbldy.) or Antitype xanthomista, Hb., but with-
out success. It was not until I returned to Ilfracombe on a visit since
that I obtained pupae of barretti and that was on the other side of the
town near Hele. Possibly the situation here is warmer than on the Torrs
Walks, although tha amount of Sea Campion is infinitely less, or I may
just have been unlucky. Another larva we especially sought was Cucullia

37

absinthii, Clerck., which was known to occur locally. There were only
two places we knew of where Wormwood was to be found, one near Lee
and another at Trentishoe; these we visited for several years. The
Trentishoe lot was usually cut down before any larvae could have be-
come full grown, so probably they never obtained a footing here. Al-
though we had no success with absinthii, I found one larva which proved
interesting at Lee feeding on the Wormwood and that was of Plusia
gamma, L., but this was, I should think, an abnormal foodplant, as it
produced quite a small imago in September. I have bred this insect
once only since and this emerged in October from a pupa found on Braun-
ton Burrows, although the usual crowds of immigrants turn up most
years.

Another larva I always hoped to obtain was that of Leucania putres-
cens, Hb., but as this necessitated searching in November in the Groyde
area, and, since [ learnt of its habitat, there was a succession of very
cold Novembers, I never got over there before leaving the district. Dr
Wright told me they were to be found on a certain fine grass after dark
and would not pupate until the late spring, although they would not
feed after December or January. We tried most years to attract the
imagines with light, but had no success.

I do not think this paper would be complete without some reference
to our trips to N. Cornwall after Maculinea arion, L., not so much be-
cause of any great success obtained, but because of the most enjoyable
day’s outing it gave us. It was always the last Saturday in June that
we selected for this trip, and the weather was always perfect. We used
to motor down to the neighbourhood of Millhook, of which there are at
least three different spellings on the signposts in the neighbourhood.
Probably some of you who have been there know the spot with the
quaint noticeboard, ‘‘ Anyone catching flies on this ground will be
hiable.’’ Liable to what was not specified, and if we had had any paint
I think we should have added ‘‘ liable to catch large blues!’’ It was
never possible to get down before middle day which possibly accounted
for the fact that we never saw more than two on any one occasion,
although only once we drew a complete blank. One time we were directed
to the valley in which they were supposed to be preserved and walked
right through it without a sign of one, but on returning to the old place
obtained a couple. A picnic lunch alfresco and later a cream tea at
the inn on the main road and the trip home in the evenings made very
memorable days.

I should now like to switch from localities to one or two remarks on
various observations and captures, which interested me whilst in N.
Devon. The life-history of Lasiocampa quercus, L., var. callunae, Pal-
mer, has puzzled me a little. If one finds the larvae in the spring they
will either spin up by the middle of June and emerge the same year
after about a month in the pupal stage, or they will spin up in July
or August and go through until the following July (one emerged in May).
One spring I found two larvae, one quite small, before it had lost its

38

reddish markings, and another much larger one. The small one grew
very slowly and went through another winter before spinning up, the
other spun up and emerged the same year. I wondered whether those
larvae which spun up early and emerged the same year had actually
spent two winters as a larva, but as I left N. Devon about the time this
idea occurred to me, I have had no opportunity of following the matter
further, and I only had experience of 10 larvae, 6 of which emerged the
same year and 4 spent the winter as pupae, sex making no difference.

Then there was that exciting time in 1933, when I saw my first Poly-
gonia c-album, L. This was in a friend’s garden at Topsham, S. Devon,
in September, feeding on rotten apples. I obtained two and saw two
others. The following May they had reached N. Devon and on the first
of this month I took a worn specimen in the Bray Valley, this was in-
teresting in so far that, although I missed it three times, it kept return-
ing to exactly the same damp spot of road about every ten minutes un-
til captured. On 21st July they were plentiful in the same garden at
Topsham, and are now quite common in Ilfracombe and can be found
sitting on the ivy outside the Museum door. Larvae of Vanessa ata-
lanta, L., have also been taken feeding on Pellitory-of-the-wall quite
close to this same door. One year I planted out a brood of Cerura vinula,
L., on a small poplar in the garden, and was interested to notice that.
when quite small and black they seemed to make no effort to hide them-
selves but lay quite openly on the upper surface of the leaves, but the
numbers got visibly less, and by the time they were full grown only three
could be seen, search how we would; finally, these were devoured by
sparrows. Had I not seen them myself I should not have credited that
these birds could have managed such a large insect, but they made such
a fuss and a quarrel about it that I went out to see what it was all
about and caught them in the act. It was no tragedy from the collec-
tor’s point of view as we had already bred one generation and taken
what we wanted.

I have only heard of one larva of Stauropus fagi, L., being found in
Ilfracombe, but as there is not much beech about, this may account for
it. It pupated all right but never emerged. There was also a larva
of Apatele alu, L., brought into the Museum a couple of years ago
feeding on rose. This also pupated and then was devoured by some
undiscovered parasite, much to the Curator’s annoyance. Dr Wright
gave me two of these moths, which he had taken in 1933 near Braunton.

Now it is time that I closed and I do so with the hope that sath have
not found my rambling reminiscences too long nor too boring, and that
to those of you, who do not know the Ilfracombe district, I may have
said something to encourage you to pay it a visit and see whether you
can add some fresh records to the local list. If you should find anything ©
of interest, Mr Palmer at the Museum would be only too delighted to
have news of it.

Mr Stanley N. A. Jacobs, the President elect, was then inducted to
the Chair, After thanking the Society for the honour they had con-

39

ferred upon him, Mr Jacobs proposed a vote of thanks to Mr Burton
for his Address and for his services to the Society throughout the past
year and asked permission for the Address to be printed in the forth-
coming Proceedings. Mr Burton replied and assented to the request.

A vote of thanks was then proposed, by the retiring President, to
the other Officers and Council, with special references to the Treasurer,
Secretaries, Editor, Curator and Librarian. This was seconded by Mr
W. J. Finnigan and carried by acclamation. Mr Eagles replied on
behalf of the recipients.

40

REARING OF LEPIDOPTERA.
By C. Rippon.
Read 13th May 1948.

I feel it is rather presumptuous of me to talk about the rearing of
Lepidoptera to a body of experienced entomologists. That I am actu-
ally doing so is due to the persuasive ability of the programme secretary,
to which I succumbed in a weak moment. I am, however, somewhat
encouraged by the complimentary references made by Mr Littlewood
recently in The Entomolegist regarding some articles on the rearing of
larvae, which I wrote for that periodical over twenty years ago. If
there be anyone here who happens to have read those articles I fear
he may find me repeating some of the points then made. I quite
appreciate that any devices I may describe for successful rearing may
be nothing new, though I may have originally devised them out of my
own inner consciousness. I find, however, that I am always learning
something fresh from other collectors, so it is possible that some of my
devices may be helpful to some of the members present.

I do not propose to attempt to deal with rearing in detail, for any-
thing approaching a comprehensive treatment of the subject would be
impossible in the time at my disposal this evening; I intend, therefore,
to confine my remarks to just a few points which are most likely to be
of interest. It may be noted that I frequently use expressions such as
majority of, many, some, most, etc. I use these qualifying adjectives
advisedly, for generalizations are dangerous, and treatment which is
essential to success with one species may be absolutely disastrous to
another. I will give just one example. For the majority of burying
larvae slightly damp pupating material is essential, for if it is quite
dry they roll about on the surface and ultimately perish. Now with
Cucullia lychnitis, Ramb., the opposite is the case; if the material is at
all damp the lychnitis may go down and even form their cocoons, but
the greater portion will never turn to pupae, while if the larvae are
given absolutely dry material, like silver sand, over 90% will be quite
all right. It all points to the fact that the habits of the different species
and their usual habitats in nature require to be studied to get really
successful results, and my definition of the word successful is the ob-
taining of at least 70% of perfect insects of full size.

The methods of obtaining ova, larvae and pupae from the wild are
known to all field workers, but I have met several collectors who find
it dificult to induce females to deposit their ova. For the majority of
Heterocera I have found a good sized chip box most useful with a hole
made in the lid to take a small piece of sponge, moistened with syrup,
which can be damped from time to time, without opening the box, and
another hole in the centre of the bottom, through which can be pushed

4)

the stem of a small sprig of the food plant bearing one or two small
leaves; the box can then be stood upon a wide-mouthed bottle or jar
so that the end of the stem is in water. A bit of dry sponge or bark can
be introduced into the box for those species which deposit their ova in
interstices. I attach great importance to a portion of the food plant
being present in the laying box as many insects seem to have the faculty
of recognizing their right food plant and will only lay on or near it.
Some females deposit ova within an hour or so of pairing, but some of
the Noctuae especially are a long time thinking about it. Tilacea
awrago, Schiff., is very slow. I have known a female of that species
wait over a fortnight or three weeks before laying. An additional re-
finement, in using the chip box, is to place a collar of paper around the
inside walls of the box so that an insect which will lay on the sides will
place her ova on the paper, which can afterwards be removed, making
the ova more easy to handle for hatching and possibly saving the destruc-
tion of the box. Of those which have come my way, only oné species
has so far defied my efforts to obtain ova, and that is Dicycla oo, Linn. ;
I have had at one time as many as six females kept for laying and be-
ing given every sort of inducement I could think of, from screwed-up
tissue paper to creviced oak bark, but not a single egg could I obtain,
though I kept them alive for some threé weeks. For this and other
reasons I think this species would well repay some further research into
its early stages.

Before leaving the subject of ova, it would be well to point out a
rather interesting fact, viz., that the last lot of ova laid are apt to pro-
duce weak larvae. There is no doubt that in many more species than
is usually thought pairing of the same female takes place more than
once, I have known a female of Tethea ocularis, Linn. (Palimpsestis
octogesima, Hb.) pair three times, laying a batch of ova after each
pairing, all batches producing healthy larvae, while ova from this species
laid after only one pairing, I have found distinctly scrappy in hatching,
except for those first laid.

As to the treatment of newly-hatched larvae, I at one time favoured
a glass-topped metal box, but a few years ago I got hold of a sample
of very fine muslin and a small bag made of that is a distinct advance
on the metal box, as the stem of the food plant can be put in water and
the foliage kept fresh, so that there is no need to interfere with the
newly-hatched larvae until they have changed their first skin, or in
some cases their second. I do not propose to go into details about differ-
ent kinds of cages for larvae, beyond saying that there is a great advan-
tage in having a large number of different sorts and sizes so that the
most suitable in capacity and type can be used for the particular species
to be reared. For instance, bush and tree feeding larvae mostly do best
in tall, light airy cages, while low feeders should have shallow cages
which need not have any glass in their construction unless required for
inspection. Glass cylinder cages are generally the most suitable for the
larvae of very small species, as also glass-topped metal boxes. Then

42

sleeves both for indoors and outdoors are almost indispensible, and here,
I should like to emphasize their value for indoors, as I do not think
they are so generally used in that way. As to the number of larvae
which can safely be reared in a certain sized cage, that again depends
on the species, whether they habitually live in community, use 2 or 3
leaves for habitats, or are generally found singly and are of a fleshy,
soft description. Anyway, for the best percentage pupae results not
more than 30 to 40 larvae should, in their last instar, be kept in the
same receptacle, whatever the size of the larvae or cage. Overcrowding
is undoubtedly disastrous, but exactly why it is difficult to say; it is not
entirely a matter of air, as proved by the ease with which a few larvae
even of fair size can be reared successfully in a tightly fitting metal
box. The food question is perhaps the biggest of all, and the most
important, for nearly every species needs special treatment in this
matter. The only generalization which can be made is that the majority-
of larvae do best when given the youngest growth in their very early
stages, more mature as they get older and the most mature in their
last instar, for instance, a flower- and seed-eating species starts with the
flowers, goes on to the young green seeds, and finishes on hard, nearly
ripe seeds; the same with leaf eaters—to give Apatele (Acronicta) aceris,
Linn., young leaves in their last instar would be fatal. In this connec-
tion it may be pointed out that it is most important for all young larvae,
and especially for those just hatched, that the food should touch the
top of the receptacle in which they are contained, for nearly all young
larvae travel upwards, which in nature would bring them te the end
of the branch where the youngest foliage is. It is often to be noticed
in woods that certain trees have their foliage much eaten, while others
of the same kind are hardly touched. Food should not be picked from
an uneaten tree, and it sometimes contributes to success to use foliage
from the same tree or plant throughout the rearing of a particular
batch of larvae. J fancy a good deal remains to be discovered as to the
real food plants of many species, for in some cases the food plants
generally accepted are undoubtedly merely substitutes, hence the diffi-
culty in rearing. When looking up an authority for food plant it is to
me like ‘‘ a red rag to a bull ”’ to see the words knotgrass or low plants.
Why the authority cannot say plainly he does not know the right food
beats me. Almost worse even than that is when the wrong food plant
is given, because the ipse dixit of some previous writer has been re-
peated without corroboration. In this connection I had quite a game
many years ago with Xanthorhoé quadrifasiata, Clerck (=Coremia quad-
rifasciaria, Linn.) which I wanted particularly to breed, as about the
only way to get males. All the authorities I consulted (it was before
the issue of Newman & Leeds excellent work) either gave plants which
quadrifasciaria would not look at or took refuge in stating low plants.
I carefully studied the spot, where the moth was most numerous and
then, by trial and error of the most likely things growing there, dis-
covered their partiality for violet. On this plant I successfully hiber-

43

nated and bred the insect, but there was one snag, the imagines were
small. Thinking it was highly probable that the larvae changed over to
something more succulent in the spring, I tried further experiments
and found that after hibernation they revelled in chickweed, and the
resulting imagines were if anything a bit larger than in nature; so all
was well. If those interested in rearing larvae would carry out some-
what similar investigations, whenever they can, a great deal of useful
information would be acquired as to the different things certain species
will eat and on which particular one or combination they do best; also
some light might be thrown on the reasons for the rarity of certain
species.

Temperature undoubtedly has considerable influence on successful
rearing. Much better results will be obtained with spring feeding larvae
if an even temperature can be maintained night and day; not a high
temperature, but something about 60°. Very cold nights in late spring
probably kill numbers of larvae, or so reduce their vitality that they
never come to maturity. Nearly all living things have difficulty in re-
covering from a serious set-back when young, and there is no reason
to suppose that Lepidoptera are any exception.

Hibernation is a department of rearing on which it would be easy to
compile a pretty lengthy dissertation, but a brief reference here must
suffice. After trying all sorts of schemes for getting different species
through the winter, I have come to the conclusion that with many a
very simple treatment is best. On one occasion I took a lot of trouble
to providea certain batch of larvae with growing food plant, etc., but
accidentally left one lot in a muslin sleeve with nothing but the
withered leaves from their last food supply. Every one in that sleeve
came through against only about 40% of those so carefully treated. A
great many do, however, need something to nibble occasionally during
the winter. Damp with its tendency to mould is far and away the
greatest stumbling block to success. For those larvae which hibernate
sitting on twigs, a handful of ‘‘ wood wool ’”’ is very useful, forming a
dry perch with no fear of mould.

The treatment of pupae is always a debatable question, but person-
ally I have found it much the best, wherever possible, to remove pupae
from their cocoons whether above or below ground, especially the latter.
Those which do not emerge for some months are then put with a little
moss, to prevent too much rolling about, into a silk lined glass-topped
metal box and kept in an outdoor temperature in the dark. Of course,
there are a number of species whose pupae must be kept in situ. In-
cluded in this category are all those with very hard cocoons, such as
Cerura (Dicranura) vinula, Linn., and the Lasiocampas; all which
pupate in stems or wood, such as Apatele (Acronicta) alni, Linn., and
the Aegertidae (Sesiidae); and all which rest, i.e., do not pupate till
just before emergence, such as the Xanthias. To disturb any of these
classes after the larvae have finished feeding is generally fatal. About
a fortnight before emergence is expected the pupae can be placed in

44

trays lined with dry moss with a covering of the latter and placed in
the emerging box. My emerging boxes are fitted with a false bottom of
perforated zinc, below which is a zinc drawer filled with sand which is
kept thoroughly wet during emergence periods. In this way a damp
atmosphere is maintained in the box without the pupae coming into
contact with anything wet. This damp atmosphere I have found the
best preventative of breeding cripples. As to removing pupae from
their cocoons, some contend that to take out such things as Arctia caja,
Linn., from their cocoons is asking for trouble. All I can say is that
with a recent batch of caja out of 104 pupae so removed I had 103 emer-
gencies, all perfect specimens except two. Had I left the pupae in
their cocoons, several spun one on top of the other, I doubt if more than
about 2/3rds would have got out at all, let alone the number which
would have been hopeless cripples.

Mr Littlewood’s exhaustive articles on rearing, which appeared in
The Entomologist in 1941, interested me very much. J thought them
excellent and agreed with nearly everything he wrote. I fear, how-
ever, that some of the methods he advocated, good though they may be,
are too elaborate for the average busy man to find time to carry out.
There was, though, one point he made concerning pupae, on which I
slightly differ and that was that he deprecates any covering for the
pupae before emergence, on the ground that in nature they have no
weight above them. My contention is that a layer of moss over the
pupae is most desirable as it takes the place of the earth above the
buried pupae and the silk around the above-ground pupae, so giving
the insect something to push through and thus prevent the empty pupa
case sticking to the moth and spoiling it as a specimen. The moss cover-
ing should, of course, not be pressed down or be very thick, so uneuey | is
no real weight on the pupae.

Ichneumons, as every one knows, are the bug-bear of the entomo-
logist, who tries to rear larvae collected wild, but it is unwise for any-
one to run away with the idea that if he rears from the egg his broods
are necessarily safe. Two or three years ago I had reared from ova two
batches which promised interesting results. Everything had gone well
and [ had a nice lot of pupae, but not a single moth emerged. A Chal-
cid, Pteromalus puwparum, being small enough to get through perforated
zinc, had got amongst the pupae and destroyed the lot.

In conclusion, I should like to lay stress on the great, importance of
periodic sterilization of everything (except, of course, the food) with
which the larvae are likely to come into contact: cages, boxes, pupating
material, moss, everything. The best thing to use is boiling water,
only do not leave the moss in it too long or it will get cooked. A good
scalding is sufficient.

45

NOTES ON THE SESIIDAE.
By Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., F.R.E.S.
Read 10th June 1943.

The family with which I am to deal this evening is perhaps the most
neglected of any, and when I found that I was far from alone in my
ignorance of many of the species I came to the conclusion that something
must be done about it.

Few writers have much to say about the best methods of obtaining
Clear-wings; little is to be gleaned about them from the entomological
magazines, and some of the observations in Tutt’s Practical Hints are
definitely misleading. For a year or two prior to the war I had turned
up all the notes I could, but they had not led to much success in the
field. Then one day I was in Southampton, when a collector showed me
some Aegeria spheciformis, Schiff., that were then emerging. Clear-
wings were well represented in his collection, and as many of them were
from my own neighbourhood, I felt that I must give up reading and rely
on my own efforts, although I am much indebted to our member, Mr
Fassnidge, for many useful hints regarding how to find the larvae.

I do not know why it is, but to me there is always a thrill in getting
Clear-wings, perhaps because for so long I was so woefully ignorant of
them.

The object of this paper is to touch upon the subject of collecting and
to give such hints as I can concerning methods of procedure.

There are then three methods of obtaining the Sesiidae for one’s
collection : —

(a) Visits to Messrs Glendining, or to Covent Garden, probably
the quickest and cheapest method but one that does not ap-
peal to all.

(b) Collecting the imagines in the field—practicable and profit-
able for some species, but giving little hope in many cases.

(c) Finding the larvae or pupae and breeding the perfect insect.

In my opinion, this last method is by far the most satisfactory in the
majority of cases, though not always practicable.

I will deal later with each species in turn, but it may be useful to
describe now the tools required by the Sesiid hunter, and I am convinced
of the soundness of these recommendations by the fact that a well-known
and very able collector came over to me last year and produced from his
car almost an exact replica of my own set of tools. These consist of the
following articles: —A pruning saw, with two blades, one normal and
one of the cross-cut type; a pair of heavy secateurs, a stout chisel and
hammer, and a small garden fork or trowel—preferably the latter. Here
I would stress the advantage of keeping the saw and trowel sharp—few

46

who have not tried it can realize the fatigue of using a blunt saw on a
stump close to the ground, with one’s body in the most uncomfortable
position possible. Here also I would advise Sesia hunters to leave their
spaniels at home—when busy over a stump the affectionate animal, which
either comes to love you or to roll on the object of your attention, is
never a real help, however charming as a companion at other times.
Now, being armed to the teeth and without a dog, let us consider the
various species, fifteen only occurring in this country out of over 100 in
the Palaearctic region.

In view of the fact that only a few years ago Mr Fassnidge intro-
duced Aegeria flawiventris, Stdgr., to the British list, it may be that one
or two more are waiting here in obscurity for their discoverer. In this
connection I would call attention to the remarks of Mr Turner in the
Entomologist’s Record for 1926, p. 115, when he besought collectors to
keep their eyes open for other species, such as Bembecia hylaeiformis,
Lasp., which feeds in Raspberry.

To turn then to the question of collecting, the first two species to be
dealt with are the large Hornet Clear-wings, Sesia apiformis, Clerck,
which feeds on Poplar, and Sphecia bembeciformis, Hb. (=crabronifor-
mis, Lewin), more commonly found in Sallows and Willows.

S. apiformis feeds chiefly in the roots of Poplar and is difficult to
obtain as a larva—it is chiefly an Eastern county species, and the imago
is to be found on sunny mornings on the leaves and stems of large
Poplars. Some interesting notes concerning full-fed larvae under Poplar
bark by Dr Cockayne are contained in the Entomologist’s Record for
1933.

S. bembeciformis, Hb., is much easier to obtain and should be searched
for when woods are being cut. The mines are easily seen in the cut stems,
and if a larva is present it will cover up its exit hole in a fepy days
with a plaiting of straw-like material, as in the example exhibited. The
larvae are generally in the part of the stem which has been cut off,
and when the end of a mine is found, which has been sealed over, the
stem should be cut off about a foot above. If the larva is in the stump,
it will seal off the top of the gallery, when the stump itself must be sawn
off as low as may be. Kept in, damp sand, exit upwards, the moths
emerge in June about the 12th-L5th.

The next species we come to—Sciapteron tabaniformis, Rott.—is a
great rarity, and I have no first-hand knowledge of it. From the fact,
however, that it feeds on Poplar, has been found at Portsmouth, and was
beaten out of a Black Poplar recently in Co. Durham, I wonder if
it is really so rare as we believe? The larvae, feeding in Poplar, are
difficult to obtain, but as Aegeria andrenaeformis, Lasp., until its life-
history was discovered, was held to be one of our rarest species, may not
the same apply in this case?

Aegeria scoliaeformis, Bork. I had hoped to obtain first-hand
knowledge of this species at Aviemore this year, but I was not success-
ful. The larva feeds in the thick bark of large Birch trees, tunnelling

47

more or less vertically. When a working is found, it should be possible
with a saw and chisel to remove the working more or less complete. The
usual method of collecting is to obtain imagines, drying their wings in
the morning sunshine—rather a chancy business.

The next two species to be dealt with are somewhat similar in their
mode of life.

Aegeria spheciformis, Schiff., feeds on Alder and is 2 years in growth.
The larvae may feed in quite large trees, in the shoots from Alder stumps
which have been cut down, and in little stumpy bushes growing in
marshes.

If the latter can be found, the presence of the larva, is clearly indi-
cated by the sawdust-like frass to be found very low down near the base.
of the stem of the bush—there can be no doubt if it is a first or second
year larva by the size of the frass, but a close search is necessary, clear-
ing away the grass, etc., from the stems. When found, saw off at ground
level and keep the stump in damp sand. Larvae in shoots from stumps
are much harder to find—they leave no trace outside and: the only tech-
nique I know is to bend down each shoot in turn. If one contains a
larva it may break off. Books say that you should look for the exit
hole—a slow and rather hopeless task. The best times to get the larvae
are at the end of March and early in April when they are feeding. The
males assemble well to a calling female.

Aegeria andrenaeformis, Lasp. Until the life-history was made
known in 1906 this was esteemed a great rarity. Now, however, it can
be obtained readily in the stems of Viburnum lantana, the Wayfaring
Tree. Search from November onwards till March, or until the leaves
come out. The mines may be low down in the main stem, higher up or
in quite small branches. Capped mines are the hardest to find, but
many of those uncapped contain larvae. If the hole is black in the
latter case, it is an old one, but if brown or reddish it probably contains
a larva. Cut off 4 ins. below the hole, and 8 ins. above and place in
damp sand. If tenanted the larva will block the uncapped entrance
with frass in about a fortnight after being warmed up indoors. This
is an easy species to breed but very subject to Ichneumons, The imago
is seldom seen.

Aegeria tipuliformis, Clerck. This is perhaps the commonest of any
Sesia and occurs in most town gardens amongst Currant bushes. The
best way to get the larvae is to search for their frass in April when they
are feeding, to avoid needless damage to the bushes. The larvae are
usually near those parts pruned the year before.

Aegeria vespiformis, Linn. The larva lives between the bark and the
trunk of Oak stumps. Females lay their eggs in trees cut last Winter ;
larvae will feed in the Autumn, pupate next April. Also feeds in Haw-
thorn, Elm, Birch and Poplar. Frass may be found in affected trees in
the Autumn, but does not show much in the Spring, although traces
may be seen. To obtain larvae prise off the bark with a chisel and
hammer, and the larvae or cocoons will be exposed. The larvae are

48

easy to rear, feed up, pupate and emerge in glass-topped tin boxes.
April is a good month to collect the larvae. The dark brown cocoon
is found very close to the top of the stump.

Since writing the above I have seen the females commonly flying
around Oak stumps in the afternoon sun. The moth, looks just like a
wasp; hovers near and suddenly settles low down on the shady side of
the stump, evidently preparatory to egg laying.

Aegeria myopaeformis, Borkh. it savours of impertinence for me to
talk of this Sesia to a London Society, for the larva is much of a Cock-
ney. Besides Apple and Pear, this larva lives under the living bark
on Hawthorn and has been taken in Regent’s Park. It is not an easy
larva to rear as one does not like to cut down one’s own trees, and it
is not always possible to persuade one’s friends that drastic measures
are necessary to save their trees. Frass indicates affected trunks or
branches which may be sawn off, or possibly sleeved.

Aegeria culiciformis, Linn. This is one of the commonest of the South-
ern Clear wings, but one of the hardest to rear if taken too early as a
larva. Tutt says that the quantities of frass thrown out indicate the pres-
ence of larva, but I regard this as most misleading. The only indica-
tion of larvae being present are round holes between the bark and the
wood of the Birch stumps, or capped holes like beetle borings in the
solid wood. I discovered this one day in April when I was searching a
wood. No frass and no larvae did I see, but looking at a stump on
which my wife was sitting I found a pupa case protruding from the
solid wood which put me wise. To take the larvae or pupae it is best,
if possible, to saw off the whole stump. If not, saw through the bark
and a little into the wood, four inches down, then with the chisel and
hammer cut down into the solid wood and so cut out a wedge-shaped
block containing the pupa. From the fact that these larvae are full-fed
in the Autumn and do not pupate till the Spring, they are the most
easily damaged, and the hardest to rear if taken too early, being very
liable to mould. Colonel Nurse, writing in the Entomologist many years
ago, made special mention of this difficulty.

Like vespiformis, culiciformis, L., 1s a one-year larva living in Birch
stumps a year old. That is to say, the moths this year lay their eggs
in the stumps of Birches cut down last winter. It is reported that culici-
formis also mines growing Birch shoots, in this case pupating above the
exit hole, as does andrenaeformis. JI have never found such larvae. I
have never seen culiciformis on the wing, but it has been reported that
it is to be seen similarly to vespiformis already referred to. In the case
of culiciformis, however, the female must seek out the new stumps of
trees recently felled, so that in searching for it the breeding ground
must be left and a move made to the ground recently cleared of timber.

Aegeria formicaeformis, Esp. I have no first-hand knowledge of this
species, which is often taken in the perfect state flying around Osier
beds. The larva is said to feed in old Osier stumps under the bark, and
also in the shoots. Last year I sent some mines, which I had found in

49

young two-year-old shoots of Sallow, to Mr Fassnidge, who replied that
they might be either this species or an unusual form of the mine of
flaviventris. They turned out to be the latter species, but this shows the
type of mine which they do form at times.

We now come to 3 Sesia which are root-feeders, but which may per-
haps be obtained more easily in the perfect state.

Dipsosphecia scopigera, Scop., or ichnewmoniformis, Schiff., as we
used to know it, feeds on Lotus corniculatus, but the imago is usually
to be found by sweeping grass in its haunts on downs, cliffs and chalk pits.
_ Aegeria muscaeformis, Esp., lives in the Sea Thrift, but the moth
can be seen hovering over Thyme on sunny days in its rocky haunts.
The larva is to be found in poor small plants growing very near the sea;
affected plants showing a red patch of frass.

Aegeria chrysidiformis, Esp., I have never taken in the larval stage,
but it is to be obtained by digging up Dock or Sorrel roots, the mines
being easily seen when present. Poor stunted plants are the most likely.
Always re-plant untenanted roots—they will be likely to be selected by
the females for next year’s brood. The larvae are said to be easily
reared by planting the affected roots in their own soil and keeping them
watered. The moth itself is to be seen fairly frequently in its chosen
quarters in the Warren at Folkestone, but falls of cliff frequently cause
damage to its feeding grounds.

Lastly, we come to the latest addition to fe. British List, Aegeria
flaviventris, Stdgr., discovered by our member Mr W. Fassnidge. The
gall in the twigs of Sallow is well known to members of this Society,
who obtain it in the even years at their field meetings in April. The
larva favours old sallows, but is also to be obtained in shoots from
stumps recently cut down. The gall is somewhat like that formed by the
beetle Saperda populnea, Linn., but the latter can always be distin-
guished by its horse-shoe mark, whilst flaviventris make a slight cutting
almost all around the stem. Tenanted galls can be determined by the
frass ejected, as the larvae wake up on being brought indoors. They
should be obtained as early as possible for Tits are very liable to peck
out the galls. When obtained, the shoots should be kept in damp sand.

This brings us to the end of the British species, but I feel I must
add a word of warning. Because we see a lovely Sesia under the glass
in its cage, we have not got it safe until it is in the bottle. Actually,
the smaller species nearly all jump backwards when alarmed—thus, to
box a specimen put your box behind him and he will jump backwards
into it with quite a ‘‘ plop ’’!

I am afraid now that I have already taken up too much of your time,
but I can only plead my interest in this charming family, and add how
grateful I shall be for advice concerning methods of searching, breeding
and localities from those who have their ‘‘ pets’’ amongst the species
dealt with. To those who have far more knowledge than I possess, I
would say that they would have been spared the infliction of this paper
had they only diffused their knowledge far more widely!

50

THE CYNIPID GENUS RHODITES. (HYMEN.)
By M. Nristert.
Read 8th July 1943.

There is some question as to the name Rhodites being the correct one
for the genus under discussion. Linneaus in 1758 described an insect
which he called Cynips rosae; Fourcroy in 1785 described what was ap-
parently the same insect under the name of Diplolepis rosae. T. Hartig
in 1840 gave Rhodites as the generic name, which has been used for the
genus up to recent times. In 1917 Rohwer and Fagan apparently de-
cided that Diplolepis was the correct name; their decision was accepted
by some American students of this group, but as in the bulk of the liter-
ature in the Kastern Hemisphere the name Rhodites is in general use,
I propose to retain it in this paper.

The insects are to be found in both hemispheres and the described
European species comprise, R. rosae, Lin., R. eglanteriae, Htg., R.
rosarum, Gir., R. spinosissimae, Gir., R. centifoliae, Htg., R. mayri,
Schlet., R. nervosus, Curt., and R. kiefferi, Lois. These insects are
responsible for galls, which occur chiefly on the leaves, but may at times
be found upon other parts of the plant. A great many species and

‘varieties of the genus Rosa have been recorded as their host-plants, but
I know of no instance where a cultivated variety has been affected ;
several attempts I have made to induce ovipositing on garden roses
have proved abortive. The percentage of males to females is as a rule
very low, so parthenogenetic reproduction must feature largely in the
biology of these insects. I have bred quite a number of the insects, but
have not yet found a male. Certain cases have occurred where the
supposed male Rhodites has turned out to be the male of an inquiline
affecting the gall. Frequently, from a considerable number of the galls
no gall-wasps will emerge; this is often due to the larvae being starved
owing to the presence in the galls of the larvae of the aforesaid inquilines,
or through them being devoured by the parasitic larvae of Chalcids,
or Ichneumons. Also there is a considerable mortality among the gall-
wasps themselves in the galls; they reach maturity, but for some reason
fail to emerge. I recently bred 2200 insects from 3300 rose galls, of
which only 121 were gall-wasps, the remainder being either inquilines
or parasites. The galls may be found from early July to October, al-
though those of R. rosae and R. mayri may sometimes be found after
all the insects have emerged, still attached to the branches in the sum-
mer of the following year. In their earlier stages their consistency is
rather soft and sappy, but as time goes on they become harder, finally
having quite a woody texture. The colour is at first green, but ex-
posure to sunlight causes chemical changes in the outer zone which takes
on a reddish tinge; this often disappears, the gall finally becoming more
or less brown in colour. Galls in positions where little or no sunlight

51

reaches are usually pale in colour, being whitish or yellowish green.
Galls containing inquiline larvae are frequently enlarged and distorted.
This is not easily discernable where the galls are normally irregular in
shape, but in those which have a fairly regular outline such as the ‘‘ pea
galls,’’ it is very noticeable. If the inquiline larvae are attacked at an
early stage by parasites this enlargement does not take place. The galls
of R. rosae, R. mayri, and R. spinosissimae are plurilocular, while those
of the other species are unilocular. The latter, however, when infested
by inquiline larvae become plurilocular; instead of having a rather
large larval chamber surrounded by a thin outer wall, they consist of a
series of cells separated from each other by cellular tissue each contain-
ing a larva. The galls vary very much in size. In the plurilocular type
size depends largely on the number of gall-wasp larvae inhabiting them,
but in the normally unilocular the number of inquiline larvae is usually
the determining factor. The latter are not infrequently from 7 to 10
mm. in diameter when so infected, whereas what we may call normal
galls are from 4 to 5 mm.

The majority of the insects emerge in the 2nd year, but a few Chal-
cids may emerge in August and September of the lst. These are gener-
ally females and presumably hibernate, attacking the larvae in the fresh
galls in the following year. One thing came to my notice: when examin-
ing pea-galls after the emergences had finished, I had a number of galls
7 to 8 mm. in diameter, and these when opened disclosed that they had
only a single larva, presumably that of the gall-wasp, which had perished
at a very early stage. As the activities of the larvae are responsible for
the growth of the gall, what could have caused these galls to reach the
proportions they did with no living larvae in them to supply the neces-
stary stimulus? Many galls examined dead had fully matured
gall-wasps in them; it has been suggested that if the galls are gathered
too early there is likely to be a heavy mortality among the gall-wasps.
There may be something in this. I have had a higher percentage of
emergences of the gall-wasp from late collected galls, although some
collected early have at times given a substantial yield. Late collecting
presents difficulties, however, as it is not always possible to get to
localities we should like to at specified times, and we are loath to pass
over specimens when they are available; also where the galls are of a
type which drop when approaching maturity we may lose them alto-
gether if the gathering of them is left too late.

Having dealt with this group in general terms, we will now consider
the individual species.

Rhodites rosae, l.—The gall of this species is the well-known ‘‘ Bede-
guar,’’ or ‘‘ Robin’s Pin-cushion.’’ It has been recorded from many
species and varieties of roses: I have it recorded on Rosa canina, L.,
from 50 localities in Surrey, also from Sussex, Middlesex, Kent, Hamp-
shire, Isle of Wight, Yorkshire and Wiltshire; additional hosts have been
R. rubiginosa, R. micrantha, and R. arvensis, in various Surrey stations.
During the past few years I have searched arvensis rather closely for

52

this gall, but have observed very few, although adjoining plants of
canina were often quite heavily galled. The usual position where these
galls occur on the plant is the leaf, but they may be found enveloping
the fruit if occurring on the sepals. Many have the appearance of
springing from the bark of a branch which they frequently envelop,
but if close examination is made it usually will be found that it is a
leaf, which forms the foundation. Several I have found at ground level
on young plants were apparently growing directly from the stem, but
here again I feel certain they originated from a leaf.

I have had as a rule a fair number of gall-wasps emerge from galls
kept, these coming out in May and June, and there was also one emer- |
gence in July. The inquiline Periclistus brandti, Ratz., the Ichneumon
Orthopelma luteolator, Gr., and several species of Chalcids have also
emerged in some numbers. The galls vary considerably in size, ranging
from 10 mm. to 60 mm. across.

R. mayri, Schlt. The gall of this species is, as far as records of it
show, very rarely met with. Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison recorded it
from Durham in 1916 on R. mollisima, v. cuspidatoides, Crep.; it was
next found at Shoreham, Kent, in 1928, on R. canina, and again in the
two following years on camina, rubiginosa, and micrantha; in 1932 it was
found at Eynsford, Kent, on the two last named species. I have no
further records until 1942 when my son brought me a few galls, which
he had found on a Rosa sp. near Wrotham, Kent.

The few gall-wasps I bred all emerged in June excepting one speci-
men, which emerged early in August, an exceptionally late date for a
Rhodites. The gall is usually plurilocular and is covered with many
fine spines which disappear when the gall is old and weather-worn. The
same species of Chalcids that attack R. rosae, and the inquiline Periclis-
tus brandti, may be bred from the galls of R. mayri.

R. spinosissimae, Gir. In this country the gall of this species is con-
fined chiefly to the ‘‘ Burnet Rose ’’ (Rosa spinosissima), and occurs in
the coastal districts this Rose favours; it has been found at Barnes
Common, Surrey, for many years, and although the spinosissima bushes
there have suffered from the trampling of many feet, from fire, and
more recently by the introduction of allotments, I was agreeably sur-
prised to find in the summer of 1942 that they still survived and sup-
ported the gall. This was the only locality near London where the gall
was known to occur, but in 1941 my friend, Mr J. Ross, found a few
galls in Epping Forest, Essex, on Rosa canina and R. rwbiginosa, from
which he succeeded in breeding the gall-wasp in May. I have had it
emerge in June.

The gall occurs upon the leaves and petioles. It is often plurilocular
and very irregular in shape, the size depending upon the number of
larvae contained in it. Chalcids take a heavy toll of the larvae and
many inquiline larvae frequently inhabit the galls. Periclistus caninae,
Htg., has generally been considered to be the species, but the inquilines
! have bred were submitted to Mr R. B. Benson, M.A., F.R.E.S., who

53

informed me that they were an unrecorded British species, Periclistus
spinosissimae, described in Holland by Dettmer.

R. eglanteriae, Htg. This apparently is a very rare species in this
country. There are a few specimens in the British Museum and Mr J.
Ross bred a small series in May and June 1942 from galls collected by
him from Rosa canina and R. rubiginosa in Epping Forest in 1941. I
have up to the present bred none from the thousands of galls presumed
to be those of this species that I have collected.

The gall is round, smooth, and normally 4-5 mm. in diameter. It is
not unlike a pea in shape, hence the name ‘‘ Smooth Pea-gall.’”” This
pea-gall has been recorded as occurring on many species of roses, but
recent investigations leave considerable doubt as to whether they were
the galls of this species at all. The larvae are attacked by Chalcids and
Ichneumons, while numbers of inquiline larvae often inhabit the galls.

R. rosarum, Gir. This insect is the cause of another pea-gall, but
instead of the surface being smooth all over as in the last species, it is
adorned with a number of spiny projections, which have caused the
name ‘‘ Spiked Pea-gall’’ to be applied to it. These galls have been
recorded from many species of roses. I have considerable doubt as to
whether the insect occurs in Britain although there are many records
of the spiked gall.

R. nervosus, Curt. Under the name Cynips nervosa, Curtis gave in
1838 a description of an insect he captured at Dover in July. Cameron
considered this to be the synonym of Rhodites rosarum, Gir. Continen-
tal writers either ignore it or state that it was probably a specimen of
R. eglanteriae. Curtis’s material either does not now exist or, if it
does, is probably at Melbourne, Australia.

R. kiefferi, Lois. In 1912 Loiselle described an insect which he stated
inhabited galls similar to those of R. eglanteriae on Rosa centifolia, L.,
but was near to R. rosaruwm in appearance. The galls from which Lois-
elle’s insects were bred were spineless pea-galls found on Rosa arvensis
at Liseux, Northern France. This species has not yet been found in
Britain.

R. centifoliae, Htg. This is another species not yet recorded for
Britain. It is generally recorded on the Continent as causing smooth
pea-galls on Rosa centifolia, L., but Ross and Hedicke give as additional
host plants R. canina and R. corvifolia.

Not being satisfied with what I had read about the insects causing
these pea-galls, I collected with the assistance of several friends in 1941
over 3000 smooth and spiked galls, from which I bred in 1942 121 gall-
wasps. None of these proved to be R. eglanteriae, but an insect which
did not agree entirely with the published descriptions of any of the
other species held responsible for the production of the pea-galls. The
most curious and interesting factor was, that the insects bred from both
spiked and smooth galls were in all respects similar. I could find no
material difference and have proposed for them the name Rhodites
dispar,

54

REFERENCES. I

Cameron, P. (1893). British Phytophagous Hymenoptera, iv.

Riedel, M. (1910). Gallen und Gallwespen.

Dalla Torre, K. W., and Kieffer, J. J. (1910). Das Tierreich, Cynipidae.

Kieffer, J. J. (4897). Monographie des Cynipides d'Europe et d Algérie.

Ross, H., and Hedicke, H. (1927). Die Pflanzengallen, Mittel und Nordeuropas.

Loiselle (1912). La Feuille des jeunes Naturalistes.

Curtis, J. (1838). British Entomology.

Niblett, M. (1943). ‘‘ The Species of Rhodites causing Pea-galls on Rosa.” The
Entomologist, January and February.

Benson, R. B. (1943). ‘‘ Periclistus spinosissimae, Dettmer, an unrecorded British
Cynipid (Hym., Cynipoides).”” Ent. Mon. Mag., May.

55

A NOTE ON THE ECONOMY OF THE ROSE BEDEGUAR GALL,
RHODITES ROSAE, L.

By K. G. Buarr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.
Read 8th July 1943.

That a considerable number of species of inquilines and parasites
maybe bred from these galls is a familiar fact, but so far as I know
little attempt has been made to ascertain the relative frequency of
these or to determine the actual role played by each in the gall, and it
is in the hope of enlisting help in procuring data upon these points that
these preliminary and very incomplete results of my own breeding are
communicated to the Society.

Cameron, 1892, Mon. Brit. Phyt. Hym., Vol. iv, gives the following
list, compiled from Continental authors:—Ineuianes: Periclistus,
Synergus, 1 sp. each. Parasires: Ichneumonidae: Porizon, Hemiteles,
1 sp. each; Chalcididae: Torymus 5 spp., Hupelmus 2 spp., Oligosthenus
1 sp., Pteromalus 4 spp., and Eurytoma 4 spp. Connold, 1909,. Plant
Galls of Great Britain, gives a very much shorter list, consisting of the
same two species of inquilines and 5 parasites, the latter being the
same two Ichneumons and 3 species of Jorymus. How Connold arrives
at this list I fail to understand. Cameron certainly includes several
species not recorded from Britain, but Connold’s list is not merely an
expurgated edition of Cameron’s, with these non-British species omitted,
neither can it have been compiled from his own rearings, as several of
the commonest are omitted, while he retains some that must be regarded
as at least doubtful. I give below a list of all the species reared by me
in the course of some thirty years, with such provisional evidence as I
have been able to obtain in the last two years of the part played by
each one in the gall.

A few words on the methods by which this evidence is obtained will
make matters clearer. One obviously cannot open a gall and note its
contents, shut it up again and examine it later at intervals; but one
can, at least during spring and early summer, when the larvae of most
of the species are full fed and lying awaiting pupation, open each cell
of the gall and remove the contained larvae. These larvae may then
be sorted into their different species and kept under observation, and
in due time the great majority of them will pupate and produce the flies.
The method of storage I adopt is to place a larva in a narrow-guage
glass tube, 1 in. outside measurement, followed by a wad of cottonwool ;
then another larva and another wad, and so on until my tube is full of
cells each with a single larva. The full tubes, numbered and with con-
tents listed, are then stored in a glass jar in the bottom of which is a
little water to keep the atmosphere in the jar saturated and prevent
desiccation of the larvae in the tubes. It is astonishing what a high
percentage of the larvae arrive at maturity; even partly grown ecto-

56

parasitic larvae attached to their host will complete their development
without further trouble. ° !
The gall is composed as a rule of two types of cell, that of the

Rhodites, which is usually larger, round and but little fused with neigh-
bouring cells, while the Periclistus cell is smaller and frequently fused
with its neighbours into a mass of more or less irregularly shaped cells;
one is thus usually able to say whether a parasitic larva is in a Rhodites
cell or a Periclistus cell. I have usually worked with small numbers of
the galls, most often isolating single galls for recording purposes, though
sometimes keeping two or three small galls gathered at the same time
together. By so doing, though no doubt one misses a good deal, one
does acquire some knowledge of what species are likely to occur to-
gether in a gall. Thus until 1941 I had never reared a Rhodites male,
when I had two from one gall from the Carlisle district; one species of
Ichneumonid recorded by both Cameron and Connold I have never yet
found, nor have I found any species of Hupelmus. Yet I have, I think,
reared all the species that can be said to be commonly found in the
gall and of most of them I have some evidence as to the part they play
in its economy, though as yet this evidence is too scanty to be sure that
their efforts are confined to the part here assigned to them.

CYNIPIDAE

Rhodites rosae, L., the gall-maker. The female is at once recogniz-
able by the red and black abdomen, the ventral sheath of which is
ploughshare-shaped and produced into a long point. The ¢ lacks the
red on the abdomen but the neuration agrees with that of the 9 and
differs from that of the next genus in having the basal abscissa of the
radial nervure elbowed in the middle, forming an angle re-entrant to
the radial cell. This sex is apparently rare and I have only once met
with it myself. Others working with larger numbers of the galls (Callan,
1940, Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., A: 21-26) rear only one 3 to about every
hundred females.

Periclistus brandti, Htg. An abundant inquiline, present in nearly
every gall analysed; smaller on the average than the Rhodites, with
body uniformly deep brown, almost black, the legs and antennae paler ;
the basal abscissa of the radius is straight. The cells occupied by it
often form a compact plurilocular mass of thick-walled cells.

Synergus ruficornis, Hart., given as an inquiline of this gall by both
Cameron and Connold, was not included among the British species of
Cameron’s Monograph, 1892, but was first recorded as British by Mor-
ley, 1931, Entom., 64, 250. My single record is from a gall from Beer,
S. Devon, but its identity has only recently been recognised, by Mr
Benson, and I unfortunately have not kept full details of the gall,
tk ough it produced flies of six species.

ICHNEUMONIDAE.

Orthopelma luteolator, Ratz. (Hemiteles of many authors). An
abundant internal parasite of the Rhodites, occurring in nearly every

57

gall analysed, but itself subject both as a prepupa and pupa to para-
sitism by the Chalcid Habrocytus bedeguaris. The larva leaves the
empty skin of the host in the autumn, but does not pupate till spring.

[Porizon harpurus, Grav., recorded by Cameron and Connold, and
said by Walker, 1872, Entom., 6, 43, to be one of the chief agents con-
trolling this gall I have never found. Morley, 1904, Brit. Ich. 5, was
also unable to obtain confirmation of the record by breeding from this
host, although he says the species is not uncommon in the country.
Walker, loc. cit., makes no mention of Orthopelma and the question
arises whether the Porizon can have been replaced by the Orthopelma
between 1872 and 1904, or does it replace it in some districts, or was
Walker merely repeating old records without checking the determina-
tion ? ]

CHALCIDIDAE,

Torymus bedeguaris, L. This brilliant metallic green and golden
Chalcid, of which the @ has an ovipositor about as long as the whole
body, I have found in the majority of galls analysed, where it appears
to be a parasite only of the Rhodites. Cameron, 1892, records five
species of Torymus from this gall, and Connold three; also Walker, 1847,
Zool., 5, 1661, records rearing three species of Callimome (=Torymus)
from these galls, of which this was one, but Cameron subsequently, 1901,
*‘ Revision of the British Toryminae,’’? Hntom., 34, 273, gives this gall
as host only for 7. bedeguaris, which is said to occur rarely. I have
hitherto failed to obtain more than one species of Torymus from them.

Oligosthenus stigma, F. A black Chalcid with smoky wings with a
large black stigma, the 2 with an ovipositor rather shorter than that
of T. bedeguaris, is stated by Walker, 1872, to be, with Porizon harpurus,
one of the chief controls of the galls in this country. It is perhaps
somewhat local, as until two years ago I had never met with it, but
it is common enough in galls from Oxshott and Ashtead. It appears to
attack mainly Periclistus, but some of the females are so big as to sug-
gest that it must at least occasionally attack Rhodites also; furthermore
I have found the larvae in what I believe to be Rhodites cells.

Eurytoma rosae, Nees. A black species with clear wings, the 2 with
an ovipositor scarcely exserted, and the ¢ with peculiar antennae, each
joint of the flagellum being stalked and with outstanding hairs. Four
species of the genus are recorded by Cameron, 1892, as having been bred
from this gall and all are found in Morley’s Catalogue of the British
Chalcididae, 1910. I have hitherto been able to recognise but one
species, and that but rarely found, and have not yet discovered its
larvae in the galls, though on one occasion I found a fresh adult 2 in a
mass of Periclistus cells which subsequently produced numbers of Oligos-
thenus and Habrocytus besides the Periclistus. This gall already had a
number of old exit holes when found, which caused me at first to take
it for an old vacated gall. This same species of Hurytoma infests the
pea-galls of Rhodites eglanteriae, Htg., in which it has a very rapid

58

development, attaining maturity and leaving the galls as soon as they
are ripe, towards the end of August. This rapid development it achieves
at the expense of the growing larvae of Periclistus, the Hurytoma larva
biting its way from one Periclistus cell to another and devouring the
occupant. That its behaviour is much the same in the gall of Rh. rosae
is evidenced by the old holes in the gall above mentioned, by which no
doubt the main hatch of the Hurytoma had escaped the previous autumn,
a few belated individuals at most passing the winter in the gall. Fur-
ther, a re-examination of this gall revealed several instances of direct
passage from one Periclistus cell to another, passage that could have
been effected by the Hurytoma larva only in the late summer before the
gall tissues had become woody. It would appear therefore that the
Eurytoma is a direct predator upon the Periclistus rather than a para-
site.

Walker, 1847, records EH. plumata (=aterrima, Schrank, of Morley’s
Catalogue), a species not cited by Cameron as having been reared from
this gall.

Habrocytus bedeguaris, Thoms. Cameron, 1892, gives 4 species of
Pteromalus as parasitic in this gall, but none of them appear in Mor-
ley’s Catalogue, unless this species be synonymous with one of them. My
determination is from the British Collection in the Natural History
Museum (det. C. Ferriére), where it is the only Pteromaline bred from
this host. Unlike most of the inhabitants of the gall, it does not spend
the winter as a full-grown larva, but I have found even young larvae
as late as June attacking the pupae of Orthopelma. JI have also found
full-grown larvae and pupae in both Rhodites and Periclistus cells with-
out identifiable remains of the host and suspect that it may attack
larvae and pupae of many of its fellow lodgers; I have even found a
small larvae, presumably of this species, attacking a pupa of its own
species, while pupae with remains of another of the same species in the
same cell are not uncommonly found. The question thus arises of how
and when its egg is introduced into the cell of the host. Presumably,
unless the egg has lain dormant all winter and spring, it must be in-
troduced by a hibernated female when the host larvae are full grown.
At this time of the year the gall tissue is hard and woody, and the
Habrocytus has no long boring ovipositor as have many of these para-
sites, so how she contrives to introduce her egg into the cell remains for
me a mystery. The fly is blackish bronze with a purple abdomen,
pointed in the 2 but without exserted ovipositor; the short radial vein
branching from beyond the middle of the costa is as long as the pre-
ceding section of the vein lying along the costa.

[Eupelmus degeeri, Dalm., recorded by Cameron, 1892, as reared
from this gall, I have never bred. Specimens in the Natural History
Museum are noted as having been reared from wheat stubble, and I
have taken the apterous hopping adult among low herbage on the sand-
hills near the sea in North Devon, in the Isle of Wight, and at Benfleet,
Essex; apparently a very unlikely species to be parasitic in this gall.]

59

BETHYLIDAE

Bethylus cephalotes, Foerst. A single specimen reared some years
ago was probably an accidental intruder in the gall, its normal host be-
ing micro-lepidopterous larvae.

COLEOPTERA.

Balaninus villosus, F. This weevil is more usually reared from the
oak apple, the gall of Biorhiza terminalis, but on one occasion I had
five larvae emerge from a Rhodites rosae gall from Frome. The larva
feeds on the gall tissue while still fresh, probably including the young
larvae of the Hymenoptera, and emerges when full grown to pupate in
the earth, so is absent from spring gatherings of the galls.

These remarks will, perhaps, be enough to show how much still re-
mains to be done in the elucidation of the economy of this gall, which
lends itself well to analysis in this manner. That it is so much more
easy to deal with than other galls with numerous and varied inhabitants,
such as those of the oak, Cynips kollari and Biorhiza terminalis, is due
I think mainly to the fact that all the species concerned emerge at about
the same time and within a relatively short period, instead of some flies
emerging in the autumn of the year of origin, while others wait until
the following year or even longer. In the Rhodites gall larvae removed
from their cells in May have not an unduly long time to wait, with
increased risk of desiccation or mould, before completing their meta-
morphoses, so that the chances of rearing them after removal are un-
usually good. I feel sure that detailed investigation of these galls on
the lines indicated will repay the labour bestowed upon them much
more generously than merely rearing the flies from large numbers of the
galls, though work of this type is still required before we have an ade-
quate knowledge of the distribution of the several species concerned.

60

SiR JOSEPH BANKS, Bt., K.B. (NATURALIST), 1743-1820.
(With Portrait.)
By C. MacKercunize Jarvis.
Read 18th November 1943.

It is impossible to review the events of the period covered by the
late 18th and early 19th centuries without encountering the influence
of Sir Joseph Banks, whether the approach be artistic or scientific, agri-
cultural or political. Whilst it would be an inaccuracy to describe him
as a personality well known in the modern world, it is surely a truism to
declare Sir Joseph’s services for the advancement of, science as well as
his influence in the cause of the Empire and the welfare of mankind
_to be worthy of the fullest recognition.

Joseph Banks was born in London on the 13th of February 1743 of
wealthy parents, and was the only son of William Banks of Revesby
Abbey, near Horncastle, Lincolnshire. Banks, who possessed the un-
usual distinction of claiming both Harrow (1752-56) and Eton (1756-60)
as his old schools, entered Christ Church, Oxford, as a Gentleman Com-
moner in December 1760. Although not really a scholar, and very fond
of an outdoor life, he was, before reaching Oxford, already interested
in Botany, and must have been disappointed to find that his favourite
subject was not at that time recognized at the University. True, there
was a Professor of Botany, Dr Humphrey Sibthorp, but it is said that
he delivered one botanical lecture only in thirty-five years! How
characteristic of the maturer Banks that he should seek and obtain
permission to ‘‘ import,’ largely at his own expense, a lecturer in
Botany, to be supported by himself and, his fellow students. It is re-
corded that he rode to Cambridge, and, with the aid of Prof. Martyn,
selected Israel Lyons, a clever young man skilled in Botany and
Mathematics.

The Squire of Revesby died early in 1761 and one vear after leaving
Oxford, with an honorary degree, in December 1763, Joseph found him-
self possessed of a fine estate and a large income, variously quoted as
£6000 and £30,000 per annum. Whatever the amount, it was certainly
sufficient to enable him to act as a generous patron of Science, and to
amass one of the largest privately-owned herbaria and _ scientific
libraries known.

Banks’ social position provided his entrée into scientific circles, and
his desire to contribute something original doubtless prompted his first
foreign expedition, In 1766 H.M.S. Niger was commissioned as a
fishery protection vessel, and was commanded by his Oxford friend, Lt.
Phipps (later Lord Mulgrave). Banks obtained permission to join her
as a botanist, and left Plymouth on 22nd April for Newfoundland and
Labrador. He returned via Lisbon in November of the same year,
arriving in England in the following January, with a fine collection of

roc. S.L.B. & N.H

PLATE B.

Sih. JOSEPH BANKS, BART PRS

61

dried plants and other material from hitherto unexplored regions. The
B.M. foreign herbarium contained, until recently, a large number of
Banksian specimens from the Newfoundland area, including a series
of the little Iinnaea borealis, L., which, years before, had charmed
Linnaeus and had been chosen by him as his special emblem. Accord-
ing to Weld, the first specimens of caoutchouc to reach England were
obtained by Banks in Lisbon. Banks had been admitted to the Fellow-
ship of the Royal Society in May 1766, at the early age of 23, and upon
his return made his first appearance there on 15th February 1767, pro-
bably without giving a thought to the manner in which he might be
destined to serve the Society in the future.

After a year spent mainly in “ botanizing ’’ and fishing in various
parts of the country, an opportunity arose, which was both to make his
name famous and to secure for him the life-long patronage and friend-
ship of King George III. The Royal Society was desirous of obtaining
accurate data concerning the Transit of Venus of 1769, and discussions
which had proceeded since the summer of 1766 resulted in a memorial
to the King, petitioning for financial and material support.

To his lasting credit King George III granted the petition of the
Society, and on the 24th March 1768 the President, the Earl of Morton,
was able to announce that he had received from the Treasury the re-
quired sum of £4000. For the Southern hemisphere, the observations
were to be made on the island first named King George’s Island, and
later known by the native name of Otaheite (now Tahiti). The Admiralty
placed at the disposal of the Royal Society H.M.S. Endeavour, a barque
of 370 tons, under the command of Lt. James Cook.

Naturally, news of the expedition came to the ears of Banks, whose
approach to the Council resulted. in the following memorandum to the
Admiralty, quoted by Weld: ‘‘ The Council have appointed Mr Charles
Green and Captain Cook, who is the Commander of the vessel, to be
their observers; besides whom, Joseph Banks, Esq., Fellow of this
Society, a gentleman of large fortune, who is well versed in natural
history, being desirous of undertaking the same voyage, the Council
very earnestly request their Lordships, that in regard to Mr Banks’
great personal merit, and for the advancement of useful knowledge, he
also, together with his suite, being seven persons more (that is eight
in all), together with their baggage, be received on board of the ship in
command of Captain Cook.’’ Official consent being forthcoming, Banks
proceeded to make his arrangements for the long and hazardous voyage
on an ample scale, his suite including Dr Carl Solander, F.R.S., a dis-
tinguished Swedish botanist and pupil of Linnaeus, whose writings he
did much to make known in this country, three artists, two English and
two Negro servants. The following letter from the botanist John Ellis,
F.R.S., to Professor Linnaeus at Upsala is not without interest :—

‘¢ T must now inform you that Joseph Banks, Esq., a gentleman of
£6000 per annum estate, has prevailed on your pupil, Dr Solander, to
accompany him in the ship that carries the English astronomers to the

62

new-discovered country in the South Sea, where they are to collect all
the natural curiosities of the place; and, after the astronomers have
finished their observations on the Transit of Venus, they are to proceed
under the direction of Mr Banks, by order of the Lords of the Admiralty,
on further discoveries of the great Southern Continent . . . Solander
assured me this expedition would cost Mr Banks ten thousand pounds.
All this is owing to you and your writings.”’

The Endeavour left Plymouth on the 26th August 1768 and, after
touching Madeira, reached Rio on the 13th of November. Here, un-
fortunately, they experienced trouble with the Authorities, and were
not allowed to land, although some of the company, including Banks,
contrived to do so, the spoils including some 300 plants. They pro-
ceeded to Tierra del Fuego, where, after landing a small expedition to
explore the hinterland, they were overwhelmed by the intense cold and
lost the two negro servants. But for Banks, Solander would alsa have
lost his life.

Arriving at Tahiti on 13th April 1769 they established a most friendly
contact with the natives, who, it is recorded, were greatly impressed by
Banks’ personality. A fort and observatory were erected in prepara-
tion for the Transit, which they duly recorded on 3rd June. After
leaving Tahiti, Cook sailed for New Zealand, and then, after preparing
accurate charts of the main islands of the group, proceeded on his
famous journey to Australia, resulting in the discovery of New South
Wales and Botany Bay, so named by Cook on account of the enormous
quantity of plants collected here by Banks and Solander. The story of
the ship’s narrow escape from loss after striking the coral reef on the
East Coast of Australia and the scourge of fever and dysentery, to
which Cook and Banks almost succumbed, is told in the many editions
of Cook’s Voyages, which originally appeared under the editorship of
Hawksworth, who drew extensively on Banks’ journal, and made the
following neenqmiecameré. —

‘‘ In the papers, which were communicated to me by Mr Banks, I
found a great variety of incidents, which had not come under the notice
of Capt. Cook... ”’

Rumours of the loss of the entire expedition were current in Eng-
land during the latter part of 1770 and the early months of 1771, and
are quoted by various writers of the period, The arrival of the
Endeavour on 12th July was the cause of great rejoicing and universal
excitement. Banks and Solander were received by the King at Kew,
and with this interview began a long and intimate friendship, valuable
alike to science and to the Empire.

The adventurers returned with an enormous quantity of material,
the botanical part of which was, according to Hooker, for the most part
already described and needed little attention to render it ready for
printing. Banks had some 700 copper platey of his Novae engraved,
and from his correspondence it is clear that he intended publication.
The mass of material and plates were stored by the Trustees of the

63

British Museum after Banks’ death until 1900-05, when the three volumes
of Illustrations cf Australian Plants appeared as a tardy recognition of
their illustrious benefactor.

The successful conclusion of the expedition strengthened Banks’ rela-
tions with Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, who invited
Banks to participate in a second voyage with Cook, then under con-
sideration. Banks’ pians for the second voyage were well advanced
when official obstruction, ascribed by Sir John Barrow to the personal
enmity of Sir Hugh Palliser, Controller of the Navy, finally assumed
such proportions that he felt compelled to retire from the new expedi-
tion and with him went the staff of scientists and draughtsmen, en-
gaged at his own expense for the voyage. Instead, in 1772 we find him
journeying to the Western Isles of Scotland and to Iceland, thus anti-
cipating Dr Johnson and others, who later deemed it fashionable to
journey forth ‘‘ in search of Scotland ’”?! In Iceland, Banks’ party
ascended Mount Hecla (5096 ft.), and, according to Suttor, ‘‘ were the
first to complete the difficult. ascent to the summit.”’

As was to he expected, they returned to England with numerous
botanical specimens and a large number of Icelandic manuscripts, now
in the British Museum. Unfortunately, Banks’ journal of their jour-
neys has not been published, although Tennant made use of his Scot-
tish observations and detailed surveys of Staffa. Dr von Troil, after-
wards Archbishop of Upsala, who accompanied Banks to Iceland, made
use of Banks’ notes to some extent in his account.

In 1777 Banks settled at 32 Soho Square, which remained his Town
House for the remainder of his life and was the scene of many gather-
ings of students and men of note. In 1779 he married Dorothea,
daughter of William Hugessen of Provender in Kent, and in March
1781 was honoured with a Baronetcy. Banks’ house has been described
as a vast museum and library in the charge of Dr Solander, who ac-
companied Banks on his travels and to him had proved almost indispens-
able.

Daniel Carl Solander was born at Pitea on the Gulf of Bothnia in
N. Sweden in 1733. He was a favourite pupil of Linnaeus at Upsala
and came to England in July 1760 upon his recommendation. Solander
was attached to the staff of the British Museum and was elected F.R.S.
in 1764. He met Banks in 1767 perhaps at the Royal Society, upon
the occasion of the latter’s first appearance there. Solander appears
to have retained his Museum appointment after his return from the
Pacific, and Maiden states that he was Keeper of the Printed Books
in 1773. He lived with Banks at Soho Square as “ Librarian ’’ until
his early death in 1782, and of him it has been said that few foreigners
were more acceptable.

The shock caused to Banks’ circle by the sudden death of Solander
must have been considerable, and has been cited as the cause of Sir
Joseph’s failure to publish his projected work on the Flora of Australasia.
Solander was succeeded by another Swedish savant, Dr Jonas Dryander,

64

a more active man than his genial predecessor, and a compiler of the
monumental catalogue-of Banks’ library.

Among the regular visiters to Soho Square were the distinguished
naturalists J. C, Fabricius (1745-1807) and C. P. Thunberg (1743-1828).
Both were pupils of Linnaeus and achieved eminence as entomologists.
Fabricius was entrusted with the care and arrangement of Banks’ in-
sects, and the cabinets, now at South Kensington, contain types de-
scribed by him. Thunberg, who contributed to Banks’ herbarium plants
collected at the Cape and Far East, succeeded the younger Linnaeus
as Professor of Botany at Upsala in 1788.

In 1778 Sir John Pringle, M.D., President of the Royal Society,
resigned the chair and Banks’ name was among those considered eligible
for candidature for the highest office in the Society, to which he was
unanimously elected on 7th December 1778. Banks’ services to the
Royal Society during his unique tenure of office—he served for 42 years—
cannot be over-estimated; he made no secret of the fact that of the —
many honours which fell to him none gave him greater pleasure than
his Presidency. ’

Sir Joseph’s association with the Royal Gardens at Kew began in
1772, when he succeeded Lord Bute (a horticulturalist of great repute)
as Hon. Director, an office he retained for the remainder of his days.
Banks conceived the idea of despatching collectors to remote parts of
the world in search of plants new to Europe, and his name will always
be associated with a celebrated incident in English Naval history—the
mutiny of H.M.S. Bounty, arising out of his first attempt to introduce
the Tahitian breadfruit tree into the West Indies.

Sir Joseph had encountered the breadfruit during his visit to Tahiti
with Cook early in 1769. In his own words, ‘‘ Breadfruit (Artecarpus
incisa) grow on a tree that is the size of a middling oak. The leaves
are approximately a foot and a half long, deeply sinuate like those of
a fig tree, which they resemble in consistence and colour, and in the
exuding of a milky-white juice when broken. The fruit is about the
size of a child’s head, with reticulated surface not unlike a truffle, and
a very small core. The edible portion lies between the skin and the core,
is white as show and has a consistency somewhat like that of new bread.
This is divided into three or four parts and then roasted. The taste is
insipid with slight sweetness, resembling the crumb of white bread mixed
with Jerusalem Artichoke.’’ The native name for the raw fruit is
‘* Ooroo ’’ and when prepared for storage in the form of a sort of paste,
“« Mahie.”’

Breadfruit formed the basic food of the Tahitians, who also em-
ployed the inner bark of the tree to weave into cloth. Banks was, alive
to the economic importance of the plant, and was soon an ardent sup-
porter of a plan to introduce the breadfruit into the West Indies, to-
gether with other important plants not represented in the Colony. An
early attempt was made with seeds collected in Tahiti and shipped in

65

sealed bottles. The seeds failed to germinate and Banks concluded that
access to fresh air might have saved them.

By 1787 the authorities in Jamaica had become insistent that is
proposals of leading contemporary botanists should be given effect. In
point of fact, the British Expedition, although planned in 1787, did
not sail before November of that year, and the British experiment was,
therefore, forestalled by the French attempt, in the course of which
a cargo of breadfruit, cinnamon, etc., was landed at Martinique in 1788.

It was finally decided to commission the Bounty for the purpose,
and on Banks’ recommendation the command was given to Lt. Bligh,
who had sailed with Cook as Master on H.M.S. Resolution. At the
instance of Lord Sydney of the Admiralty, Banks drew up the following
instructions for the use of the gardener, Nelson : —

** As the sole object of the Government in chartering this vessel in
our service, at a very considerable expense, is to furnish the West Indian
Islands with the bread-fruit and other valuable productions of the East,
the Master and crew of her must not think it a grievance to give up
the best part of her accommodations for that purpose. The difficulty
of carrying plants by sea is very great; a small sprinkling of salt water,
or the salt dew which fills the air even in a moderate gale, will inevit-
ably destroy them if not immediately washed off with fresh water. It
is necessary therefore that the cabin be appropriated to the sole pur-
pose of making a kind of greenhouse, and the key of it given to the
custody of the gardener; and that in case of cold weather when going
around the Cape a stove be provided, by which it may be kept in a
temperature, equal to that of the intertropical countries.’’

‘‘ The fittest vessels for containing the plants that can easily be
obtained I conceive to be casks, sawed down to a proper height, and
properly pierced in their bottoms to let the water have a proper pas-
sage; in both which articles the gardener’s directions must be followed.
Of such half-tubs properly secured to the floor as near to each other as
they can stand, a considerable number may find room in the cabin, each
of which will hold several plants; and these I consider as a stock, which
cannot be damaged or destroyed, but by some extraordinary misfortune.
As these tubs, which will be very heavy, must be frequently brought on
deck for the benefit of the sun, the crew must assist in’ moving them, as
indeed they must assist the gardener on all occasions, in which he stands
in need of their help. Beside these, must be provided tubs so deep that
the tops of the plants will not reach to their edges, these must be lashed
all around the Quarter Deck, along the Boom, and in every place where
room can possibly be found for them, and for each a cover of canvas
must be made to fit it; which covers it will be the duty of the gardener
to put on and take off as he judges fitting; and no one else must inter-
fere with him in so doing on any account whatever.’’

“ As the plants will frequently want to be washed from the salt
dampness, which the sea air will deposit upon them, beside allowance
of water a considerable provision must be made for that purpose; but,

66

as the vessel will have no cargo whatever buti the plants on board, there
will be abundant room for water casks, of which she must be supplied
with as large a quantity as possible, that the gardener may never be
refused the quantity of water he may have occasion to demand.”

‘“ No Dogs, Cats, Monkeys, Parrots, Goats or indeed any animals
whatever must be allowed on board, except Hogs and Fowls for the Com-
pany’s use, 1nd they must be carefulky confined to their coops. Every
precaution must be taken to prevent or destroy the Rats, as often as
convenient, A boat with green boughs should be laid alongside with a
gangway of green boughs laid from the hold to her, and a drum kept
going below in the vessel for one or more nights; and as poison will
constantly be used to destroy them and cockroaches, the crew must not
complain if some of them, wha may die in the ceiling, make an un-
pleasant simell(!)’’

“‘ As it is likely that the easterly winds will prevail to the south
of the Line from the month of March to that of September, it is hoped
that the vessel will be fitted out with as much despatch as is convenient,
with a view of her not losing a year, which will be the case if she misses
the first monsoon. Her first destination will be New Zealand, where
she is to take on board two tubs of flax plants. From thence she is to
proceed to the Society Isles, where she must stay till the gardener has
produced a full stock of breadfruit trees, and if Otaheite, which will
probably be visited first, should not supply a sufficient number of such
as are of proper age for transplanting, she must proceed to Imao,
Maitea, Huaheine, Ulietea, and Bolabola, and stay till enough are pro-
cured. She is next to proceed toward the Endeavour Straits, which
separate New Holland from New Guinea; and if she wants water in her
passage she may put inte the Friendly Isles in making the Straits,
which lie in Lat. 10° 40’. The Master must not be surprised if he falls
in with a reef. He may be assured that with a little attention he may
explore a passage through it. In these Straits he must find some har-
bour in which he may fill water, which there cannot be any difficulty in
performing. From thence to Prince’s Island in the Straits of Sunda
will be the best run; and if water should be wanted in the passage, it
may be procured at Java, where the Endeavour watered. At Prince’s
Island the gardener will have some trees to get on board, which may
make it necessary to spend some time there. From thence to the Isle
of France will be an easy run, and from thence around the Cape, at
which place the ship must not touch unless there is absolute necessity.
They must proceed to St Helena, where she will receive orders from
England pointing out the places in the West Indies at which she is to
touch and deliver cargo.”’

The foregoing remarks give some idea of the thoroughness displayed
by Banks in the organization of foreign expeditions. Bligh sailed in
November 1787 and reached Tahiti safely. The task of collecting the
plants occupied some five months, during which time the crew enjoyed
an excess of liberty among the easy-going natives and were most reluc-

67

tant to leave. The mutiny took place a few weeks after sailing, and,
as is well known, Bligh and a few survivors of the loyal members of the
crew reached England after sailing across the Pacific in an open boat.
The initial failure was very disappointing to Banks, whose faith in
Bligh was such that he was entrusted with a second expedition in 1791,
which achieved its mission. .

The publication of Hortus Kewensis was effected with considerable
assistance from Sir Joseph, and Solander, Dryander and Robert Brown,
his botanist-librarians, successively contributed to it.

Banks appears as a star radiating the light of 18th century science
and progress. His record is one of unbounded public spirit and dis-
interested service in the advancement of knowledge and improvement
of economic conditions. It is said that he was regarded abroad as the
greatest Englishman of his day and perhaps deservedly, since he was
one of the very few public figures who did succeed in envisaging the
‘* other man’s ” point of view. He lived through the period of the
American War of Independence, the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars, and yet his was a world in which science stood aloof
from strife and politics. He contrived to maintain contact with
scientists in France and on several occasions secured the release of enemy
nationals who fell into our hands. His attitude towards captured
scientific collections is well known; in every case his representations to
the Crown secured the release of the property, which in the case of
Jussieu and La Billiardiére rivalled his own in importance.

The extent of the collections originally at Soho Square is not gener-
ally appreciated. Apart from his personal accumulations of British and
foreign botanical material, Banks acquired by purcnase nearly every
famous herbarium offered for sale during his active years, including
those of :—

Tournefort (1656-1708) and Vaillant (1669-1722).
Hermann (1640-1695), containing material used by Linnaeus for his
Flora Zeylanica.
Clifford (1685-1760), containing types and material of Linnaeus’ most
famous work, Hortus Cliffortianus.
Clayton (1686-1773), containing material of Gronovius’ Flora Virginica.
Upon the death of Linnaeus in 1778 Sir Joseph undertook to pur-
chase the library and collections from the family, but, as it was decided
to retain these for the use of the son, the offer was refused. The younger
Linnaeus died in 1783 and, remembering the earlier offer from England,
the executors gave Banks the option of purchase. It so happened that
the letter arrived at a time when James EH. Smith, a young medical
student, very interested in natural history, was breakfasting at Soho
Square. Banks passed the letter to him with the recommendation that
he should purchase, and with his father’s assistance he did so. His
subsequent founding of the Linnean Society of London in March 1788,
of which Banks was elected an honorary member, is too well known to
require more than passing reference,

68

To follow Sir Joseph Banks through his busy years of office is out-
side the scope of the present paper. He served on Royal Commissions
and many comnuttees and took part in organizing foreign exploration
on a considerable scale. A member of many societies, including those
of Antiquaries, Arts, and the Dilettanti, he contrived to attend the
meetings regularly, in spite of his being conened to a chair during the
last fifteen years of his life.

Sir Joseph Banks died at his Heston house, ‘‘ Spring Grove,” a few
weeks after the Council of the Royal Society had declined to accept his
resignation, a tribute which gave him intense satisfaction. The sub-
sequent history of the collections and library is well known. Subject
to the life interest of his botanist-librarian, R. Brown, they were be-
queathed to the care of the British Museum, where the botanical col-
lections formed what was known for many years as the Banksian Depart-
ment. According to a contemporary inventory, the collections were
contained in 67 cabinets and comprised 23,400 species, excluding the
special collections. It is no secret that parts of the Herbarium sus-
tained damage in September 1940. Members may be interested in a
report of the Keeper, Dr Ramsbottom, of the germination of certain
seeds, which had been in the department for many years. These were
of Genus Nelwmbium from the Sloan Collection, probably 240 years old,
and Albizzia from the Banks Collection brought from China in 1793,
seedlings from which, were exhibited to the Linnean Society recently.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. Hawksworth. Ldn., 1773, 3 vols.
Resa till Island. Von Troil. Upsala, 1777.

Tour of Highlands. Pennant. Ldn., 1778.

Cat. Bibl. Banks. Dryander. Ldn., 1796-1801, 5 vols.

Correspondence of Linnaeus. Sir J. E. Smith. Ldn., 1821, 2 vols.

Memoirs and Correspondence of J. E. Smith. P. Smith. Ldn., 1832, 2 vols.

Hist. of Royal Society. Weld. Ldn., 1848, 2 vols.

Sketches of Royal Society Sir J. Barrow. Ldn., 1849.

Journal of Sir J. Banks. Sir J. Hooker. Ldn., 1896.

Hist. of Socy. of the Dilettanti. Cusp. Ldn., 1898.

Linnean Specimens presd. to Sir J. Banks. B.D. Jackson. Proc. Linn. Soc., 1902-3.
Hist. of the Collection in B.M. (N.H.). 1904, 2 vols.

Illustrations of Australian Plants. Sir J. Banks (B.M.). Ldn., 1905, 3 vols.

Sir J. Banks (Dictiony. Nat. Biog.). B. D. Jackson.

Banks—Father of Australia. J. Maiden. Sydney, 1909.

Life of Sir J. Banks. E. Smith. Ldn., 1911.

PLATE |. Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1943-4.

ACTUAL SIZE

EXP." yg EXO as

Temperature experiments on the pupae of H. peltigera (see text).

69

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON THE PUPAE OF
(1) HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA, SCHIFF., AND (2) PANAXIA
DOMINULA, LINN.

WITH THE MANIFESTATION OF THE MENDELIAN LAW
AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE ONLY.

(With 2 Coloured Plates.)
By H. B. D. Kertiewet., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S.
Read 11th December 1943.

I wish, first of all, to make perfectly clear the significance and defini-
tion of the meaning of these Temperature experiments. For the most
part Temperature experiments can be divided into two types—the one
is confined to experiments in which very high or very low temperatures
are used and are of the nature of ‘‘ shock ’’ treatment. The other,
which is the type to which I intend to refer in this paper, limits itself
entirely to the use of normal temperatures properly controlled, as found
within the normal limits of the range of outdoor temperatures in this
country.

‘‘ Shock ’? temperatures tend to alter the normal pattern of the
wings probably due to gross disturbance of the normal mechanism of
pattern production, and they involve an extremely high mortality rate,
in the region of 90%, and similar results can be obtained by other shock
treatment such as electric shocks, X-ray application or mechanical shock
due to dropping the pupa at the appropriate time. There is absolutely
no evidence that any inherited factor plays a part in this.

On the other hand, the reactions of pupae to a constant, uniform,
but normal temperature, whilst producing no shock, nevertheless sub-
jects them to a condition of which the organism has no experience so
that the genes which normally come into play in rotation in laying down
the normal pattern in a normal and variable environment, are disturbed
in relation to one another, with the result that areas of wing, which are
normally flooded with pigment at a given period under natural varying
conditions, find themselves at a different stage of development and un-
able to receive their normal pigment.

It is this variation in co-ordination between pigment deposit and
stage of development of the scales of the wings which result in such
phenomena as seasonal differences, summer and autumn forms, etc., and
is merely the manifestation of the result of varying conditions on a
sensitive gene-complex.

(1) TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON THE PUPAE OF
HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA, SCHIFF.
For the purpose of clearness this paper will be divided into two
separate portions ;—

70

A. Ultimate effects on pigmentation of imagines of H. peltigera.
B. Pupal reactions.

These are a natural sequence to the result of experimenting with heat
and cold on the pupae.

A. PIGMENTATION EFFECTS.

Since 1928, when larvae of this species were found commonly for the
first time on the south-east coast of England feeding on Senecio viscosus
and Convolvulus soldanella, large numbers have been bred to the perfect
state by many collectors, and under various conditions. Most of them
have found a remarkable degree of variation in colour, which prompted
a spate of papers on the subject in the following years.

In 1930 Dr EH. A. Cockayne (1) wrote a full account of his results,
and in conclusion stated ‘‘ I have therefore very little doubt that light
ground colour and reduced markings were the direct result of heat ap-
plied to the pupae, and since the two very dark ones developed during
the coldest period in 1929 I have little doubt their dark colour was the
result of cold applied to the pupae.’’

In 1931 I recorded (2) my own results and observations, which ap-
peared to conflict with Dr Cockayne’s conclusions. I attempted to
tabulate the various factors which could possibly be responsible for the
production of light or dark forms of peltigera. These included temper-
ature, duration of pupal period, humidity, etc. I stated that I had bred
uniformly darkish examples from a batch of pupae which I had forced,
the pupae having first been kept in varying temperatures, and sub-
sequently in heat, the whole period taking about 48 days in all. I there-
fore challenged Dr Cockayne’s conclusions (previously stated) and as-
-serted that, as the only difference in the method of forcing was one of
humidity, ‘‘ wet ’’ heat was responsible for my dark ones and ‘‘ dry ”’
heat for his pale ones.

Later in 1931, A. J. Wightman (8) stated his views on his forcing
of peltigera pupae. He allowed 10 days for the larvae to pupate, then
dug them up, and after a further period of 10 days, ‘‘ to allow the
pupae to get hardened,’’ he commenced forcing in dry heat by means
of an oil lamp placed near them, to give a temperature of approximately
100° F. For the most part he produced medium-dark and dark exam-
ples, and he therefore pointed out that it in no way upheld the sugges-
tions [ had put forward earlier, on ‘‘ wet’’ and ‘‘ dry’ heat producing
dark or pale forms respectively.

In 1933 W. G. Wynn (4) experimented with dry heat on pupae which
had been left to pupate for a period of a month. He obtained precisely
the opposite effect to that which he had found in 1931 when he obtained
pale examples. On this occasion he bred a varied assortment, but for
the most part they were medium-dark.

At this point we were all so confused by the apparently conflicting
results and views expressed that correspondence for the most part came
to an end, leaving us very much where we started.

71

In 1932 I commenced a series of controlled experiments on the pupae
of the species, in an attempt to take us a step further. These results
were not published at the time because of the ever present and natural
urge ‘‘ to reach final conclusions.’’ These experiments are, in fact, far
from complete, but on reviewing my notes recently I considered them
worthy of report, if only to refute my own theory, previously advanced,
of ‘‘ wet’ and ‘“‘ dry ’’ heat.

Thanks to the kindness of Dr Garrod of St Bartholemew’s Hospital,
I had at my disposal reliable incubators, cool storage, etc., which offered
the optimum conditions for experimenting.

The hundreds of pupae sacrificed on the altar of heat and cold all
came from Dungeness larvae, which, unless stated otherwise, were
always used within 24 hours of actual pupation. It is fundamentally
important to note this. To ensure this, each larva was kept separately
in a chipette box so that observation of pupal time was assured. This,
of course, resulted in a high mortality rate.

Throughout the experiments (unless stated otherwise) the following
temperatures were used, which varied to within three or four degrees:

Heat, 30° C. (=86° F.).
Cold, 6° C. (=42.8° F.).

EXPERIMENT 1 (as figured).
~One dozen pupae were placed on dry cotton wool in a glass-topped
tin box and put into heat. These produced 100% pale buff imagines
with no marked development of markings or submarginal band. Simi-
larly, the hindwings were white, with the black outer band in which the
white mark near the margin showed up very clearly.

EXPERIMENT 2.

A repeat of Experiment 1, but the pupae were lying on cotton wool
saturated with water, which was kept sprinkled from time to time so as
to be kept constantly wet. They produced 100% pale buff examples
indistinguishable from those of Experiment 1.

These two experiments, therefore, exploded the theory of ‘‘ wet ’’ and
‘dry ’’? heat put forward by me a year earlier.

EXPERIMENT 3.

Had as its object to find out if cold, by its direct effect, would pro-
duce dark examples. It will be noted that the temperatures used in
this experiment follow very closely the normal day and night tempera-
tures to which pupae must be subjected in a state of nature late in the
season.

Thirteen pupae were given alternate periods of heat and cold, in the
proportion in hours of 20 to 4 respectively. They hatched in precisely
the same number of hours of heat as those of Experiments 1 and 2. They
were 100% pale buff specimens indistinguishable from those in Experi-
ments 1 and 2,

72

That cold, as such, does not directly affect the colour of the resulting
imagines is further borne out by the next experiment.

EXPERIMENT 4 (figured).

Of 60 pupae from larvae which pupated late in the year (in October),
and which were placed in the cold, the majority showed no inclination
to hatch. These were kept in the cool for four months, at times the
temperature being just above freezing. Twenty of these were then
placed in heat (in this case approximately 100° F.). They produced
imagines of extremely light colour, of both ground colour and pattern
(including the reniform).

It can therefore be stated that neither humidity nor cold applied to
the pupae produces any direct effect on the ultimate pigmentation of
the imago. All these individuals show a uniformly pale ground colour
with no accentuation of pattern. It would appear as if the actual speed
of metamorphosis within the pupa prevents the maturing, or laying
down, of the pigments to any great degree.

I wish here to make certain generalized statements about the pupal
state. The life of every pupa can be divided into two phases: first a
period of rest, when the anatomy of the pupa (with the exception of the
nervous, circulatory, and respiratory systems) is in a state of disor-
ganisation (following histolysis), and the second phase, which is con-
stituted by the reorganisation of the imago from these broken-down
larval tissues. The first phase may vary from a very short time to a
length of time, measurable in years, during which the pupa is in a
dormant state. The second phase is a “‘ period of activity.’’- I can find
no record of there being any attempt to differentiate these two phases,
and as it appears to me tobe all-important to be able to refer to them
specifically in this paper I suggest the names of ‘‘ passiphase’”’ and
“¢ actiphase ’’ be used respectively. The passiphase, then, is a period
of inactivity which may be of great length; the actiphase, on the other
hand, when once commenced must inevitably continue to its final con-
clusion with the development of the fully-formed imago, which, in the
case of H. peltigera, must hatch immediately. In some species this is
not the case (as in Eriogaster lamestris, L., and Brachionycha nubecu-
losa, Esp.), and a fully-formed imago, having completed the actiphase,
remains dormant for a long period of time within the pupal shell. The
actiphase, then, covers a comparatively short period, is progressive, and
cannot be delayed beyond a certain time or death will take place. In
peltigera, temperature effects during the passiphase in regard to ulti-
mate pigmentation are nil. It is therefore with the actiphase part of
the pupal state that I now wish to deal. It can be shown that when this
phase is prolonged to the limit compatible with the life of the insect
the darkest peltigera are produced. The pigment has had time to
mature, and has been laid down to its maximum,

73

EXPERIMENT 5 (figured).

Twenty fresh pupae were placed in the heat for 24 hours with the
object of stimulating the commencement of the actiphase. They were
then taken out and placed in the cold. A certain number continued to
develop very slowly, and after four to six weeks it appeared that some
of the survivors were nearly ready for hatching. However, they ap-
peared too weak to complete this, so the remainder were put into heat
and in a short time five hatched, which were by far the darkest peltigera
I have ever seen. All are very dark. Two (Nos. 1 and 2) have both
hindwings and abdomen uniform grey-black, forewings dark chocolate-
brown, with darker brown markings showing indistinctly on top of this.

I now attempted to take the subject a step further by investigating
in which part of the actiphase the pigment was actually laid down.

It will be appreciated that there is no outward visible sign of the
change over from passiphase to actiphase. I therefore tried to find out
the earliest definite sign of the commencement of the actiphase. Pupal
colour, trans-illumination, etc., all failed to help, and eventually I was
driven to accept the earliest definite sign as being the commencement
of the darkening of the pupal eye-area.

Furthermore, at higher temperatures with fresh pupae the. passi-
phase is practically eliminated, so that one may consider the commence-
ment of actiphase and the introduction of the fresh pupae into heat as
coinciding. By doing this it was therefore possible to get a unit of
comparison for the temperature, 86° F. From the commencement of
actiphase (= C) to the time of hatching (=H) it took an average of 8}
days (200 hours) of heat. All imagines (with one exception, No. 5,
Exp. 1, vide infra) in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 hatched in this time.

There is a remarkable uniformity in this with certain gross excep-
tions, hereafter to be discussed (under B, Pupal Reactions). At this
temperature a darkening of the eye-mark (EH) appears on an average
on the 5th day (117 hours). This can be shown thus:

At 86° F. CH = 82 days (200 hours).
CE = 5 days (117 hours).
EH = 33 days ( 83 hours).

My first experiments, then, were to try to find out whether the pig-
ment was laid down before or after the appearance of the eye-mark
(i.e. in CE or EH).

EXPERIMENT 6 (figured).

I attempted to prolong the EH period of the actiphase for as long as
possible.

Thirty fresh pupae were put into heat and left there until the eye-
mark was developed. They were then taken out and placed in cold. The
earliest hatched in 13 days (No. 1), and the last in 29 days (No. 5). These
insects are a graded series, the darkest being those which took the longest
time to hatch, which are definitely darker than those which took the
shortest time, but by no means could they be considered really dark

74

peltigera. The darkest are a uniform dull brown-buff, conspicuous for
the fact that all the normal markings (sub-marginal band, etc.) are in-
distinct and lost, submerged in the slight degree of darkening of the
ground colour.

It will appear then that, firstly, there is no darkening of the normal
markings of the forewings during the EH period. Secondly, there is
only a small degree of general darkening of the ground colour laid down
during this period. Conversely, it was suggestive that the darkening
of the normal pattern would be entirely laid down during the earlier CE
period. To test this out I attempted to prolong the CE period to its
maximum.

EXPERIMENT 7 (figured).

It will be shown later that during a succession of broods there appear
to be certain pupae which have an inability to pass into the dormant
state but must enter upon the actiphase regardless of a moderately low
temperature.

From a number of such pupae placed in cold, 10 were picked out on
the appearance of the eye-mark. They had been in the cold then from
the commencement. The CE period was approximately 3 weeks.

Four of these pupae, showing very faint eye-marks, were put in heat,
and all hatched in between five to six days (8 figured, Nos. 1, 2, 3). All
the normal markings are greatly darkened and stand out on a normal
pale buff ground colour. The sub-marginal band is dark and the scallop-
ing internally stands out in striking relief against the pale ground colour.

The remainder of these pupae were kept in cold until the eye-marks
were fully developed. When put in heat they hatched in 3 days, pro-
ducing individuals with increased dark markings on a mahogany-red
ground colour, quite unlike the ground colour of those individuals which
were taken out of cold at the earliest sign of E: (Nos. 4 and 5).

The following points can therefore be elicited :

The degree of darkening of the normal pattern is decided at an early
stage, before the earliest signs of the appearance of the pupal eye-marks.

The maximum degree of ground colour pigment is laid down at ap-
proximately the same time that the eye-marks are developing, and to a
‘lesser degree after they are fully present.

The following formulae can be postulated, using the two temperatures
(42.8° and 86° F.):

Pattern. Ground Colour.
Exp. 1, 2, 3: CH 82 days. Pale buff. Pale.
Exp. 5. CH 35 days. Dark. Very dark.
Exp. 6. CK 5 days.
i SEEN WGRIE cs Pale. Dull brown-buff.
Exp. 7. CE 21 days. :
Te ee Dark. Pale.
CE 30 approx
EH 3 ae \ Dark. Mahogany-red.

75

Lastly, there remain to be done a large number of experiments for
those temperatures between 42.8” and 86° F.

It will be appreciated that, as always, this particular range of tem-
perature is the most difficult to keep accurately because the normal daily
temperatures vary both above and below the particular degree wanted.
Both heat and refrigeration may therefore be needed to either increase
or lower the temperature to the desired figure. I have myself tried out
two temperatures within this range, namely, 54° F. and 70° F. In each
case my technique was to introduce pupae into a large thermos container
in an atmosphere where the temperature was at the desired figure. The
temperature within the thermos remained remarkably constant.

EXPERIMENT 8.

Half-a-dozen pupae were introduced into a thermos at 54° F., fol-
lowing 53 hours of heat (86° F.) to stimulate the commencement of acti-
phase. E appeared in approximately 13 days, and hatching took place
in 24 days. The only non-crippled insect was a dark example of a beauti-
ful ruddy-brown ground colour, and with normal markings not particu-
larly well-marked. All the cripples were obviously dark individuals.

EXPERIMENT 9 (figured).

Pupae were introduced into a thermos at 70° F. E was reached in
6 days, and imagines appeared in 17-20 days. They are all insects with
intermediate light ground colour, but with very well developed markings.

It would be unwise to draw conclusions from these incomplete experi-
ments, but it does suggest that the laying down of the pigment, both of
the pattern and the ground colour, may not be entirely a matter of
length of time, but that the actual temperature itself may also play a
part, and that the pigmentation of the pattern may be laid down at a
higher temperature (=70° F.) than that of the ground colour.

In view of these findings we will now analyse the original results of
my own and others investigations, results which appeared so conflicting.

There is a common error, allowing for discrepancies, running through
all our original experiments. It was our failure to recognize that pupal
changes had already taken place in much of the material we eventually
subjected to heat, and, secondly, our inability to realize that the degree
of pigmentation may be decided at a comparatively early stage of pupal
life, approximately the middle third of the actiphase.

My own, Wightman’s, and Wynn’s pupae were 30, 10 and 20 (ap-
proximately) days old (allowing for time for the larvae to pupate) before
being given heat. It must also be pointed out that the difference in
temperature between air-heat and that of 3 or 4 inches underground is
considerable. Pupae dug up and left for 10 days (such as Wightman’s)
are subjected to great fluctuations of normal day and night temperatures,
and the actiphase will have been well on the way before he commenced
experimenting. Similarly, Dr Cockayne’s 1929 examples were merely the
expression of the varying temperatures they had experienced during in-

76

dividual actiphase, so that those which hatched in ‘‘ a heat wave ’’ had
had their colour decided days or weeks previously. If this fact is under-
stood and guarded against, results will be found remarkably constant.

SUMMARY.

The pupal period can be divided into two parts, the passiphase and
the actiphase.

Temperature effects during the passiphase have no effect on subse-
quent pigmentation of imagines (in H. peltigera).

Temperature during the actiphase is indirectly (and possibly directly)
responsible for the degree of pigmentation laid down. It is the dura-
tion of the actiphase which is mainly responsible.

Pigment is laid down in two separate periods of the actiphase. The
earlier one, which occurs before the appearance of the pupal eye-mark,
is limited to the normal brown pattern of the wings, and the later one,
which coincides with the darkening of the eye-mark and continues to
some degree afterwards, is limited to the ground colour. These two
periods are distinct, though there may be an overlap which takes place
during the early appearance of the eye-mark. No amount of subsequent
heat or cold can alter the colour when once a given period is passed.

Finally, there remains for us to review these conclusions in the light
of Genetics.

In the experiments here demonstrated, it can be assumed for sim-
plicity that the internal genetic formula of each individual is the same
as regards colour and pattern. That is to say that each insect would
produce the same form under identical treatment. It is the ENVIRONMENT
WHICH HAS BEEN VARIED. The light forms, the dark forms, and the
banded forms merely represent the minimum and maximum expressions
of pigment deposit as the result of variation in the timing of the flooding
of the wings with pigment and the readiness of the scales to incorporate
it. They are the expressions of the same gene-complex which controls
this, under a varying environment.

te there is no reason to believe that the actual pigment of the ground
colour and the pigment of the markings differs chemically, it is most
probably the state of readiness of the scales themselves to receive the pig-
ment which decides the colour, the scales in the normal bands and pat-
tern being ready to receive this pigment at an earlier period than the
scales of the rest of the wing responsible for the ground colour. At
higher temperatures neither is ready to receive any pigment.

B. PUPAL REACTIONS.

During the course of investigations into the effects of temperature
on the imagines of H. peltigera, certain interesting observations were
made on the reactions of the pupae.

In general the fresh pupae reacted extraordinarily uniformly to the
moderate temperature used. As has already been stated, however, there
appeared from time to time certain gross exceptions. It was found that

77

approximately 1% would fail to respond to heat at 86° F., and would
show no signs of onset of the actiphase even after all the others had
hatched. These individuals appeared refractory to normal heat, and
in spite of it remained dormant in the passiphase. In Experiment 1
there was one such pupa. All the rest had hatched in an average of 8}
days (200 hours), yet this pupa remained inactive and showing no sign
of the eye-mark at the end of 14 days at this temperature. It was there-
fore transferred to cold for 21 days before being returned to heat. It
then reacted in precisely the same way as the others had done, hatching
within 200 hours and producing a similar pale buff imago (No. 5). It
would therefore appear that this pupa had an inhibitor to heat which
was satisfied by a short period of cold, after which it acted normally.
I suggest that the presence of this inhibitor may be due to an inherited
factor.

I wish now to turn to other pupal reactions. During a rapid suc-
cession of broods in the summer months there appears to be a tendency
to rapid metamorphosis, and there is some evidence that in some pupae
this urge to hatch is independent of temperature effect. In Experi-
ments 4 and 7 certain pupae, which had been placed in cold, failed to
face a dormant state but passed slowly into the actiphase in spite of
the moderately low temperature, and subsequently hatched. It would
appear as if these pupae were unable to remain in the passiphase, and
that the machinery for undertaking hibernation was absent. It is to be
assumed that there must be some factor present enabling the other pupae
to hibernate. This also may well be an inherited factor.

It now appears possible to designate sents formulae for various
groups of pupae of this species:

“FH” represents presence of Hibernating Factor.

‘th’? represents absence of this factor.

‘‘T”? represents Direct Temperature (Heat) Control (=Absence of In-
hibitor).

“+”? represents presence of Inhibiting Factor to Heat.

The majority of the pupae have the formula ‘‘TH.’’ They will respond
to moderate heat; nevertheless, they are capable of undertaking hiber-
nation in the absence of heat. ‘‘tH’’ represents those insects which are re-
fractory to heat and are not stimulated to undertake the actiphase by it
(Experiment 2). ‘‘Th’’ represents those pupae which are unable to go
into hibernation, and must therefore develop into imagines or die.

It would appear that the valency of ‘‘H’’ varies markedly in the in-
dividual both as regards the duration and the degree of cold necessary
to satisfy it. Earlier on it is little developed and easily satisfied. When
once the hibernating stage has been undertaken and several months
have passed, the pupal reactions to moderate heat are entirely different
and far from uniform.

In Experiment 4 the high temperature of 100° F. was used on pupae
which had been in hibernation for 5 months. It is true they all hatched,
but they took much longer than summer pupae to commence the acti-

78

phase and in hatching. This is even better seen in more moderate tem-
peratures as in Dr Cockayne’s 1929 insects, from larvae collected in the
autumn of 1928. Of 23 pupae which survived the winter 4 of the re-
sulting imagines did not hatch until September. and October (the 22nd)
the following year, having ‘‘ successfully resisted the extremely hot
weather of 14th-21st July.’’

It would appear, then, that after wintering the formula of pupae
is ‘‘th’’? for moderate temperatures, and that the date of hatching is
decided by the time taken for the ‘‘H’’ factor to become ‘‘h’’, and that
during this time the pupa is unaffected by moderate heat.

F,. V. L. Jarvis has shown (5) that the effect of continued heat on
pupae of P. brassicae, which were of a hibernating strain, was to in-
crease the time of hibernation up to 2 years, and ultimate death. He
explained this by assuming that heat stimulated the production of ‘‘H’’,
and that those cells in the body of the pupa which produced the sub-
stance only cease to function (or atrophy) after a period of cold. It ap-
pears that a similar state may exist in some peltigera. This is certainly
a great provision o: nature to ensure the survival of certain individuals
for the following year no matter what are the weather conditions.

It is common knowledge that the progeny of later broods in certain
seasons frequently come to nothing due to sudden changes in weather
conditions.

It will be very interesting to see if this theory can be applied to those
peltigera which come from the West of England. Here in Devon and
Cornwall this insect appears to be indigenous, recurring each year re-
gularly quite unlike its Kentish confreres. They differ also in other
respects. There is no evidence of the same degree of multi-broodedness ;
the larvae feed practically entirely on Ononis; the imagines come regu-
larly to sugar, whereas the Kentish ones do not, even though sugaring
is regularly undertaken on the spot where it is known to occur in thou-
sands. Furthermore, I believe I am able to recognize these Western
peltigera in collections. The forewings are a golden-yellow quite un-
like any bred by me from Kent; the outer margin of the forewings ap-
pears more rounded, and they probably have a different origin. There
is evidence that our Kentish ones are the progeny of immigrants from
Southern Germany. These Devon ones may have arisen originally from
Western European peltigera but are now indigenous.

I should expect to find in these a much higher percentage of pupae
refractory to heat (=tH) so that the majority are adapted for a twelve-
month life history, though there is evidence that in some seasons it is at
least double-brooded. This provision would obviously adapt the species
much more satisfactorily for a resident, because more pupae would be
encouraged to undertake hibernation quite unaffected by extrinsic tem-
perature conditions (=T).

In Kent and Eastern England this would be of little help as the pupae
appear to be unable to withstand the winter here anyway, so that these
pupae would be merely wasted. The repopulation of this species in

PLATE Il. Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1943-4.

ACTUAL SIZE

The effect of a constant temperature (70° F.) on the pupae of a particular strain
of P. dominula (For explanation see text).

79

Eastern England is therefore from fresh immigrants from Southern
Europe, where multi-broodedness is the rule, and where a high pro-
portion of pupae with a temperature inhibiting factor (t) would be a
disadvantage.

Summary oN PUPAE.

The pupae of Kentish peltigera fall into four groups representing a
combination of the presence or absence of two factors which may be in-
herited, and by which the duration of the pupal state is decided. The
two factors are:

1. An inhibitor to heat (=t).
2. An ability to undertake hibernation (=H).

The majority of fresh Kentish pupae are capable of hibernating, yet
will respond rapidly to heat (=TH).

A small minority are refractory to heat unless first satisfied by a
short period of cold (=tH).

A proportion are unable to pass into hiber nation and cannot survive
a winter (=Th).

It appears that after a long period of cold (=hibernation) pupae re-
act differently on subsequent application of moderate heat (=th).

It would appear that there is a balance between the degree of heat
and the valency of the hibernating factor in deciding the duration of the
pupal period in the pupae that have once undertaken hibernation.

REFERENCES.
(4) E. A. Boe waite! Ent. Rec., xlii, 1930.
(2) H. B. D. Kettlewell. Ent. Rec., xliii, 1931.
(3) A. J. Wightman. Ent. Rec., xliii, 1931.
(4) W. ani Wynn. Ent. Ree., Vol. 45-46, 1933-34.
(5) F. V. L. Jarvis. Proceedings of S. Lond. Ent. and N.H. Soc., 1941-42, Pt. I.

(2) TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE PUPAE OF
PANAXTA DOMINULA, LINN.

In the spring of 1943 I decided to take samples of larvae from known
broods of P. dominula, with the twofold purpose, firstly, of discovering,
in advance of the main hatching, the results of the previous year’s pair-
ings, and, if possible, to force. through a second generation in the year,
and, secondly, of seeing if any differences were noticeable between those
bred at a constant warm temperature and those (in the main brood)
bred at varying out-of-door conditions.

The method employed was as follows: In early March approximately
20 larvae, which were just coming out of hibernation, were taken from
each brood. These were placed in a temperature of 70° F. (varying +
or — 5°). They fed up rapidly, and pupated at the end of the month
and produced imagines in April. With the exception of one brood which
showed certain gross changes hereafter to be described, the following
minor variability was noted: There is a definite tendency at 70° F.

80

for all dominula of normal pattern to have a reduction of the size of the
forewing spots, in particular the subapical blotch is narrowed and hooked
internally. The apical spots are small or partly absent.

In those broods which contained the ab. medionigra strain the ex-
pression of this gene appeared to be much accentuated at this tempera-
ture in particular in regard to the hindwing pattern.

Of 13 insects bred at 70° F., 3 showed complete joining of the black
band of the hindwing from the costal spot to the inner angle. A fur-
ther 6 had the costal spot joined to the central spot of the hindwing,
to make a ‘‘ dagger-shaped’’ mark. 4 showed no marked increase of
markings.

On the other hand, of a series of 61 from the same brood, but bred at
varying out-of-door temperatures, none had the complete band and only
14 had the costal and central spots joined. I am unable to state any
constant differences of the forewing spots due to temperature.

The results of one brood are worthy of recording in detail: The
parents, both from wild Deal larvae in 1942, were bred out of doors
and were both normal for the factor to be discussed (Nos. 7 and 8). Ac-
tually the 3 was referable to ab. crocea and the 2 was asymmetrical,
with the subapical blotch, of one forewing only, merged into the apical
group of spots.

23 insects were bred at 70° F. Of these, 6 were normal dominula
(as No. 5), 5 were of an entirely new form with the forewings practically
all black (glossy blue or glossy green) and with only the remains of the
spot at the inner angle present, along with minute traces of the lower
end of the subapical blotch. The hindwings showed a great increase of
all the black markings (as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4). The remaining 12 were inter-
mediate between this latter form and normal dominula, varying from
individuals with only the upper basal spot split into two to those with
extensive breaking up of all normal spots present with a definite ten-
dency for the basal spots to be represented by small horizontal streak
(as Nos. 9-16). ;

It therefore appeared that the brood segregated into a simple Men-
delian ratio 1:2:1 at 70° F., with a variable heterozygote.

Twenty insects of the same brood were later bred in a conservatory
facing West with temperatures varying from 45° F. to 80° F. All were
normal domimula (as No. 6).

The new homozygous recessive form in some respects resembles ab.
paucimacula, Schultz, but in the absence of further evidence must not
be accepted as this. Furthermore, certain of the heterozygotes show a
likeness to ab. diluta, which I described and figured in these Transac-
tions for 1942, only the hindwings are not so pink.

It appears then that we have here a gene-complex which is able to
express itself only in an abnormal environment, in this case the abnor-
mality being the absence of temperatures lower than 70° F., or alter-
natively the speed of the metamorphosis produced a condition whereby
the flooding of the wings with pigment took place before the wing scales

81

were ready to receive, or reject, it in such situations respectively as
would produce the normal pattern. I think this is the first case of this
type of heredity to be proved in the Lepidoptera, although it has been
demonstrated on many occasions in other orders of life.

Collins in 1927 found an albino strain of barley. It was a simple
recessive and controlled by the action of a single factor, but the albino
type was only able to express itself when the plants grew at a tempera-
ture below 6.5° C., whilst above 18° C. they developed the full amount
of chlorophyll and could not be distinguished from normal plants.

_A similar gene temperature control has been demonstrated in the
Amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi, also in Siamese cats and Himalayan
rabbits. We shall expect to find it in many more instances in the Lepi-
doptera and even at present one has suspected it in certain other cases:
I. camilla, ab. nigrina, and A. paphia, ab. melaina, but so far with no
experimental proof.

Finat Summary or Conciusions.

There remains for me to review the results of experimenting with
these two widely separate species under consideration in regard to tem-
perature. In H. peltigera it has been demonstrated that a particular
temperature during a critical period decides the ground colour and
depth of pattern of the wings, the temperature acting on a normal uni-
form gene-complex. In P. dominula the same point is taken a step
farther because the particular characteristic, increased pigment de-
posit, can only manifest itself in the presence of a particular gene acting
in an abnormal environment which is recessive to the typical dominula
which are the homozygous dominants of the brood and retain their
normal pattern in both environments.

Once again the concept of Professor Goodrich has been clearly. shown
that ‘‘ no single part or character is completely ‘ acquired’ or due to
inheritance alone. Every character is the product both of the factors
of inheritance and of environment and can only be reproduced when
both are present.’’

CORRECTIONS.

p. 14, line 17 from bottom, read Pediacus.

p. 16, lines 12 and 13 from bottom, read andrenaeformis.
p. 19, line 4 from bottom, read Heodes phlaeas, L.

p. 22, line 22 from bottom, read bifa(s)ciata.

p. 26, line 10 from top, read andrenaeformis.

p. 47, line 7 from top, read spheciformis.

p. 49, line 10 from top, read Esp. in place of View.

83

INDEX.

PAGE
Abnormal; pairing, 10; Salix, ......... 9
Accounts, Statement of ............ XVili-xx
Annual; Exhibition, 10; Meeting, ..... 27

‘Banks, Bt., K.-B., Sir Joseph ’’ (Na-

turalist), 1743-1820, by C. McK.
TIT EUG. © (3c be go eR 60
Blocks and proof-sheets exhibited ... 20
Book bored by beetles, ..................... 22
British Tortricidae, E. E. Green Coll., 26
Council, Report of the ..................... Xiv
Council and Officers for 1944-45, ...... 27
Delayed emergence, .............:::ecseeeeeees 4
Donations, xvi, 8, 22; to Library, ...... XV
PRSSULOM A SDD... cscsusurscoscescetsessvseenssece 19
Early appearances, .............ee ile By,
Early pamphlet on ‘“ bugs,” ............ 24
Exhibits; Drawings of British or-
chids, 10; Lepidopterous larvae,
41; Lithocolletis spp., 16; P. cori-
PIGUET OUINS css cc cesscasccvseeesvcsstnecetss 17
GYMANGPOMOLPH on... eee eee eee wees 19, 20
Honorary Member — W. G. Sheldon, 22
PERV T GL Sie se cs hey Esa ice dhe aed 16, 19, 20
Hyéres, Rhopalocera from, ............... 19
MPP AUS Sn ccccacactcnsi teseses ootsghecedbsenows 6
Mantern Slides, ............sccccssesesees D4 aA 225)

Larvae exhibited, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14

Lithocolletis, British spp., ................ 16
‘* Lepidoptera, Rearing of,’ by C
THUTETROV Go ote ncaa ES RE Se PE ts OA op BA ee 40
Library, Additions to, ................cc.c06 XV
‘Library, Our,’ by E. E. Syms, ...... 9
MarSt Of, IMeMIDeUS, like ccsisias.scescesecssee eee lii
New Members, .......... 1, 6, 8, 9, 28, 25, 26
“North Devon, Commencing a Col-
lection in,” by R. J. Burton, ...... 28
Obituaries, ............ 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 23, 2%, 27
Mrenias:) BRitisSh, °...0255.ecaks-.ce lie 10
Photographs exhibited; Fungi, ......... 20
Presentations, xv; E. E. Green Coll.
British Tortrices, xv; 22, 26;
Blown Larvae of Lepidoptera, ... 26
President’s AQAIeSS, ...........c.cceeeeee eres 27
“ Rhodites, The Cynipid genus,’ by
MURINE LED. acl. soos csenitabavsa pone 50
““Rhodites rosae, L., A note on the
Economy of the Rose Bedeguar
wall’ by KK. Gu Blatne.:. 2ikentees: 55
RUMCUILUES Ey WNOUCS 5 Gritvesccteescdvessscnsadvsie 1
“ Seslidae, Notes on the,’ by Capt.
META SMU CLCHSON,, gab veceteacatte.scstpenbadens 45

Sorin ies sabe Gisxonis) | Medes assospeeeeocenercocriceenchqec
‘Temperature Experiments on the
pupae of (1) Heliothis peltigera,
Schiff., and (2) Panaxia dominula,

Linn.,’” by H. B. D. Kettlewell, ... 69
Treasurer, Report of Hon, ............ xvl
SPECIES INDEX.

Names of Genera and Species are
indexed only when attached to
some biologic information. Names
in Lists of captures and exhibits
are not indexed.

COLEOPTERA.

Anaglyptus MySticUs ...........c.ceeeeeeee 14

Anisotoma orbicularis ..................00 20

Amoncodes melanura .........ceeceeeeeenenee 6

Aphodius ZeNKETI ............sccecseeeneeeeeres 14

ASCIERA (COCTUWIC AD ssccsinccs vaoteee ectcmesences 14

Athous rhombeusS ............0.:sceceeeeeee 14, 20

AUTON GLISWUCUIMN Vic... c-ceesmsevdssecmees 14

Balaninus VillOSUS ..........cce cece seceeeeeees 59

Bla@ps) MW CTOMAGA Wis. sieecccscnsseteencecoesens 3

Bryocharis cingulata ...........cceeeeeeeeee 14
ANN CUIMATIS 9) Gap asters neem cen atenecnesat 14

CalosoMa iNQUISIFOL .........-.ceeecec eee eneee 14

Calymmoderus bibliothecarum ........ 22

Ceuthorrhynchus picitarsis ............. 3

Chrysomela fastuOsSa .........ceceeeeeeeeeeee 5
POCUINPENSIS) Voice ccueavencnce eaecsesn 20
MVP OCLICI Medi ccnccsecn cies caksocmuaeeaeettaeree 20

Conopalpus testaceus ...........ccceceeneeees 14

Conosomus bipunctatus ...........ccseeeeee 14

Cryptocephalus coryli ................. 14, 20

Cryptophagus ruficornis .................. 2

GUESIAST SERV. oon iicilisecscccaesopecscotsereseeor sts 20

Dalene, WWMeETALIS eicccecc.cscacesesscnaccenvesee 20
PUNETONS 1". Sasha sehocdeecwe caer se sscare ae ones 20°

Endomychus coccineus .................0 Pee 5)

Epuraea angustula ............cccccceceeecees 14
UU AU a ctteteessocescecnteescsscwcusserepensce 14

Euplectus punctatus .............cccee eee 2

Geotrupes tyPNaeus ............ccecececeeeeees 3

Grammoptera. variegata ................0 14

Lathrobium elongatum var. ............ 2

iodes calcamatay \.ccisuus.ieest vemovcseneenss 3

Lixus paraplecticus ................ccccceeee es 20

Megapenthes lUGeMS ..........cccseceeeeeeees 14

PAGE

Mycetophagus quadripustulatus var. 24
Necrodes littoralis .............c eee 26
Onthophagus fracticornis ................. 26
OLOHUUUSCVAMCUS) Foeeecgesccerecscne seco veer 3
Otiorrhynchus porcatus .................. Q
Pediacus dermestoidesS ...............:00000 14
Phloecotrya LuUfiPeS ...........cccceeeeeeeeeeees 14
Phytobius quadrinodosus .................. 3
Platycis .MINUTUS ...............s.cspeeeeeeneee 9
Podabrus, AlPIMUWUS ceeceewsecescce seers acces 14
Pogonochaerus hispidulus ............... 14
Pogonus luridipennis .............:...::.e00 20
Prionocyphon serricornis ................ 14
PriONuUS COTIATIUS ........... ce ceeeeeeeeeeee ees 414
Pseudocistela ceramboides ............:.. 14
Pyrochroa COCCINEA ..........:.ccecceeeee eee 415
SERRA tI COGIMNUS| ale eee he neeeeen ese ea 15
Quedius PlaNcus ..............c cece eeeeeee eee Q4
SCUMMUMNATIS, | uk osseaonsencnse eed eeaecets 24
SYGTHITUESH BRR aeteaecebedocedondadseccbaudsosHonss 2, 20
VTC AIMS ee esc caderscameccate aes neeeetic ce seas 14
Rhagonycha translucida .................. 14
Rhizophagus nitidulus .................... 14
parallelocollis — ......eeeeeecseeee eee eee es 3
TONENOES) — Goousedonosscddonoddbdssenocsoccuancodee 14
Saprinus semistriatus ....................66 26
SOLomiay PTUSCay waeeeeeeescceeeescessewteaes ct 20
CMVOSWONE), AMELEEE, Sacocosdeododstocesonebooucuos 14
TNetravonray (AN COLAN eases te eseeertiecs st sence 14
GESINNAT ESET Mraceecceesee se scec eect cect: 14
Thanatophilus Yrugosus ................-. 26
SHMUACUS eee steers tenn ete ceeneseseecenceen 26
Tillus eClONGatus .......... ec eceeeeeee eee eens 14

DIPTERA.
auribarbis, Cephenomyia ...............00 7
brassicae, Hylemyia ..........-.cceeeeeeeee es 3
Gonica, Sphecapaita, c..tc-cscsssceskseassen eee 5
equestris, Merodon ..............ssceeeeee 5,, 22
STISCAs WSCLUITA. cic scnseeeumouseneeeeesscesoscedsene 5
leucocephala, Metopia .............:.:1e0e 5
obtusa, Hylephila ....................csssscen 4
personata, Hylephila ......................5 5
polita, Microchrysa ............seeeeeeeeeeee 22
punctata, Miltogramma ................00+ i)
HEMIPTERA.
abietis, GaStrodeS .............c.csereececeeeees 9
apterus:, INabis: \.. sticcrsceseeasssesencce eae 22
lanuginosa, Schizoneura ................... 7
HYMENOPTERA.

bedeguaris, Habrocytus ................ 58
bedeguaris, TOryMus ...........ccccceees eee 57
brandti, Periclistus ......................00. 56
centifoliae, Rhodites ................cccceeee 53
cephalotes, Bethylus ..................00- 59
degeeri, Eupelmus ...........ccccccccccceeeees 58

84 ¥
"
PAGE
Gispar, Rhodites ...............cccccssceeseceeee 53
eglanteriae, Rhodites ................... 53, 57
endomychi, Endomychobius ............ 2
evanescens, SYNEPLUS ..........cescseceeeeee 32
fecundatrix, AMndricus ...................08 22
harpurus; Porizony eeceeessee nee ee 57
hieracii, Aulacidea .............c.cceeeeeeeees 9
kiefferi, RDOGiteS .......c.c0..cescseeseconrevne 53
luteolator, Orthopelma. ..................... 56
mayri, IRHOdites: v....scseeanse feo eee 52
MEPVOSUS, RNOAITES ........... ce ceeee eee een eens 53
persuasoria, RAYSS@ ........... ce ceeeee scene 5
DilctWs, OGyMEEWS siececescsesceeseecnseeeeeeee 5
Diumiatal, HulrytOmlan sec.cssessseeseeeeeeeeeee 58
pomiformis, SyMergus .............ceceeee ee 22
POMP WS po hacer secs decoction eens i)
Padiciss VAMGPCUS) \ees.eseseseeeeae se teenetese 22
lev oKaYshiesse GV/Uo. Baseobducoodduocodmeemaeabt 6, 10, 50
TOSAC, BULYtOMA .............cccecceeeeeceeeeee 57
TOSASy MMOGITES) Fes ece peer seeee eee 8, 51, 55
Trosarwume RHOUUCS Heese eee see eeeeeee 53
LURCOMMISS Sy MELSUS! eer sce cose sseeteeene 56
spinosissimae, Rhodites .................... 52)
stigma, Oligosthenus ............cceeccceees 57
trilineatus, AMmdricus .................. Pere 2072?
vulgaris) Symergus (0. eae 22
LEPIDOPTERA.
-abietella, Dioryctria ..........ccccececeeeee 20
abruptaria, Hemerophila ................. AA
ae@eria, PAarargGe .........cccccssescsesseseeeeee 18
aeneana, Euxanthis .............cccccccecceeee 20
ACthLOMS, | ETEDIA |e enececeseeee esha eee eet 14
BSE AIGE ANEICIEY, Gaepadodoccosadns 7, 10, 11, 24
N@TOTIS, SDs - ceccccdeccas.dacecsden ons oan e eee 24
albicillata, Mesoleuca ...........cc..00c00 3
alni, Apatele-. .c.cciccenscenee eee 10
alpium, Moma) ...<fc..ceesseeeseeree cess 11°
alternata, Epirrhoé .............:.ccccseeee 19
amoenata, S. aversata V@?. ............... 41
andrenaeformis, Aegeria. ......... 16, 26, 47
apiformis, ‘S@Sia) si.icccse..cosessesseeneeeerenee 146
aprilina, GYIPOSIA -..........c.ccscasessesenere 18
areus, MPlebejus! ee ste 413, 17
athalia, Melitaea ............... 11, 14, 15, 16
atlas, -AttacuS! <2... iehacdeecne eee 10
atomaria, Ematurga .....c..-cccseceeeenees 19
atropos, Acherontia ..........c.cceeeceeeeee 18
AUTAgo, “WiUWLCeA | 5 ..2h..50.5es.careentomee corms 41
aurana, LaSP@yTesia .........ccccceeeseeceees 20
aurinia, Euphydryas ......... 9, 11, 12, 17
avellana, APOdA 2... cccceeeeeeeee eee eees 4
aversata, Sterrha ...............cccceeeee 11, 18
baliodactyla, Alucita ...........ccccceeeeeee 20
basistrigalis, Scoparia .................6 20
hellargus, Polyommatus ... 15, 16, 17, 21
bembeciformis, Sesia ..............cccee 46
betulicola, Nepticula ..............eee 14

|

‘ PAGE
Dhifa(s)ciata, [PETUNIA carence tok enircascennnes 22
SURG. -(CLETETTCTEE Vie ae eee 6
bipunctaria, Ortholitha .............0.. 21
MHIOMETI, DiSCOlOXIA ...cc.c.cce..eessseeeceeess 20
MHOCLICUS, COSMO]YCE .........0c0eccsesceeeete ee 23
MOORES MRO COT CHA! cS. c.esdesccsescecssaeeececcssers 21
MUA CUCAM MP UUSIA lh ceiscsdescenssntencssessnoecsers 21
MMS AC! PUCTIS: Jo... ..ctecoecsstecsesseoseess 11
GAernmensis, PL ATTUS SSP. ........c.0feeece 13
e-album), Poly@onia ...............06 10; 12, 16
PAN APMPAMIC DLA ceca cennSeteneieacsecees MARS de al
caliginosa, Acosmetia ..................0- 4
GAMA, WAMMEMIGIS: .........0.ce.esccceese scene 14
capucina, LophopteryxX ................ 41, 14
cardamines, Euchloé ..................... 14, 16
castamea, Amathes: ........cc0..ccccccceeecens 14
chrysidiformis, Aegeria ................. 49
clathrata, Chiasma .................. 10, 19, 21
comparella, Lithocolletis .................. 21
BOMMTANA, AMGCHVIIS .....c..s.cecccceceeceeeeees 3)
concinnata, Dysstroma .................... 19
-conspicuella, Eupistra ..................0. 21
MOUACIMG.. SOMOS: v.ce..cccecsnestsecseeecse 41, 19
coridon, Lysandra ... 10, 11 ,15, 16, 17, 2t
Boryiatas CUGATIO fe..cc.c.sessesvsdecssseess 21
MOU PCTIVAS lines .cssssnsscbeseesesceesancears 14
croceus, Colias ......... 41, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22
CUlICiformis, ACLETIA .......cicccceceeeescees 48
Cydippe, ATGYMMIS ..............ceccecceee 10, 17
EDU Yay 22 22 hn res 8 ee eee 20
mecorella, Mommpha .............cccecceceseees 21
BIST ALS he OMMAVCTA, boi soaccdecus doeceassscccrsnc 20
dominula, Panaxia ...... 18, 16, 17, 79-81
dougilasella, Depressaria .................. 24
dromedarius, Notodonta .................. 41
UNM AUS HY MROTIVC AS she nlkeh am cnenpuanes se cacncay 3
BRU OALOCALA, \ .cesscssescecsewesisescesczsaes 11
epilobiella, Mompha ....................0006+ val
EW OMUCOMS PLEDIA, i.ccccscscccsencdesncesnces 7, 14
euphrosyne, Brenthis ... 12, 15, 17, 18, 19
PAPI SUAUELODUS: <5. ccuehucs.sasevesesescecesedess 7
SCOALA TED ANA, c..1cs.sceceserseceesen. 241
MilaAMMeA, PANOlIS .........ccccccccceesseeeeceee 18
LAVARO, GOPEVAA!- 2... ceccusececsiocevosransaee 35
Mavicornis, ACHIYa ...........0.cecsecee ai, Dal
flaviventris, ACZeEVia ........... cece es 46, 49
floridana, A. comptana ssp. ............ 25
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé ............ 15, 18, 19
_formicaeformis, Aegeria .............00... 48
fuliginaria, Parascotia ............0.. 6, 20
PMACIIS, OLtWOSLAq .......s00:00sceeenesensves 18, 24
MAMLOMA, PNACOSIA § .........ccccdscsccscuscoeenes 41
frossulariata,. ADTAXAS .............cc0ceee 18
Hyalinalis, Psammotis ...............:..0.- 20
hyperantus, Aphantopus ......... 15, 18, 19
icarus, Polyommatus 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21
Mealy? ©, MUTALIS. WD. .c..csccseccnvccuscesers 18
BOMOINIVIUUOIN ATES) 5.5. .cscsnatevecnsoesevedesase ees
AUS) GUAM cet vioacht suiiesenetsevecesndeee 10, 21

PAGE
irriguata, Eupithecia ...............s00s00 19
AMM OMe WANs SUMAN. iasuseey orca edoucctschedecet 20
jacobaeae, Callimorpha .................. 13
jurtina, Maniola ............ 105) td 12% A'S e ou
Ven omimany PAM AGELOT is ibadcaw does tenteaneceane cae 11
leucatella, Recurvaria ................0.0.-- 21
WON, BIASTODASIS —...co.cseccscmcneececederes 21
WP USiEL, \CramiOpWOas veeccc.s.ssecr-kesess 9, 18
livornica, Celerio ... 6, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21
Ue iOS ACO te es Pts 16
MUTANTS, MING ene sneecesnesctemeca seston eral
ICM IGIS] GUC UMMA meses nsceeceesueteueeeeoel 4)
MACHO ME AUTOM wereqeae se tesekaneeeseh sae 15
TOW UEV EU RSV ar: OUTS noe Bes mennur ek an saee nas 14, 17
mansuetella, Micropteryx ................ 21
MeMera; PAValWe oo idectcusm gece 10) 12) Awe 19
TPO AW OWI (OXI) ONG KO) Sasncy sn nse sy saonesneas-be 16
montanata, Xanthorhoé ........... 13, 19, 24
TUM ASR ya eee netain ene oe aseenes os 18
muscaeformis, ACSeTia .........0.....c0.ee. 4Y
MUS GUILO Sasa Oa eee seecan artes eae ee cers reseeeee Q
myopaeformis, Aegeria ...........ccceeees 48
ONY O) peal STEM AY Koh AAs ee eran nA HEaRice Sbaodeheanas 1G 25
neustria, Malacosoma. ...........00c0..ce0ee 22
MUS TAC AMS, VEUXKODs poecce me scasecetaneenernecste® 15
Dubulalis; "PytawStal seensssysseeeceeesseesecee 20
obeliscata: THETA <S.aviecmssccmceeros sous 19, 21
OUSUEALIS. Sey CM ay vcecec-eeeeseceeaeeecee acces 18
Ocularish “PEthiGar ps. karst ae ooemecceeatcr 4A
Olivaitay \Calostiotany 2 ccecsiecu swe snes reaeenee 19
OO CCleaner Sein 5 Bie EATEN Saat eeale ae AL
otregiata, Lampropteryx ................- 14
palaemon, Carterocephalus .............. 22
Dalealceas HMA realy se sece saeewebeee secon 18
DALCAMAR TO TCDIUXG: UA enuaduaseeeucre nce oeere ete 20
pamphilus, Caenonympha ................ 18
paludum, Trichoptilus ..................... 20
paphia, Argynnis ............... ae Cales sik oil
peltigera, Heliothis .................00.. 69-79
pendularia, CosymDbia) 22s. ccc.cns.csss os 14
phlaeas, Heodes ............ nas by (on ents 2
pimpinellata, Eupithecia .................. 20
DIMAStr VAWIOICMS etic ecettess este 14, 20
pimiaria, Bimpalus’ 2....hccc.ieccctietone. 141
lattes CATA SsbA Ss sks cdots estes toeeeth 7
plantaginis, Parasemia ...................- 17
pomonella, Laspeyresia .................0055 8
DOP WIE eA OTMOG Se. avesecs-sarecteen teers arene 13
prasina, Anaplectoides ..................... oO
profugella, Epermenia ..................... 21
DLOMIUISSAs (CatOCalay cs:.5. css. ucceensedecwseenes 21
pudibunda, Dasychira ...................65 15
DUNCLinalIS| VB OANA years sd wesscee eee 3
pustulata, Comibaena ..................0605 3
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoé ............. 42
QUEL CUSS VaSIOGAMMNDA Weeesdsscsese seareneens 37
AUD Aes VO TIG erties nas dsc can tanh aoa 10
NepPaAnGdapar BOALMMA a we.s.cceeaeoctecteeds 16
rhombella, Gelechia ..............0...0ceeecess QI

PAGE
Toboraria, BOALMIA ........ ce eeee 3
yutilana, PHALOMIA .......... cece eeen ee eee es 20
SANNIO, DiIACViSia ............sceeeeeee rere eee es 18
scabiosella, Lithocolletis .................. 241
scoliaeformis, ACSeCTIA .......:.ccceeeee cece 46
scopigera, Dipsosphecia .............:++- 49
scotica, Ortholitha .............c eres 19, 21
selene, Brenthis 1, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21
semele, EUMeDIS ............::eeceeeeeeeee , 12, 15
semibrunnea, Lithophane ..............-. Pal
Simulans, RNYVACIA .........ceeeeee eee eeee tees 18
sodaliana, Phtheochroa ....................- 20
spheciformis, Ae@geria ........... eee 47
Stabilis, Orthosia ............:cccceeneeeeeee 16
stephensi, Blastodacna .................... 241
strobilella, Laspeyresia ..................5 20
subbistrigella, Mompha. ................... 2
suffumata, LampropteryxX ................ Q4
suspecta, Parastichtis ..............:..0-06 3
UUGRTIGUIB), LURVSTAISS gustensdadoneeuouennhodonodebotiods 20
thyone, E. semele SSP. .......:.:cccee eee 12
tipuliformis, ACQeTia ........... cesses 4T
tithonus, Maniola ...................- 12, 16, 18
trabealis, Emmelia .............ccceee 16
tragopoginis, Amphipyra ................. 5
trifOlii, ZYPACMA 2.0... cece eee ee 18, 21
truncata, Dysstroma ................:..08 19
tullia, Caenonympha ................ 7, 18
umbellana, Depressaria ...............2-000 20
unipuncta, Leucania ...........: eee 18
urticae, Aglais ............ ce 8, 11, 12, 19
vespiformis, ACSeria ...........ceceeseeeeeeee 47
vetulata, Philereme ................0..0:000 20
NAUNIVORY, VNU BEY, cose sndgeooddnauocteos 1, 11, 17, 36
vitellina, Leucania ............ceceeceeeeeee 18
vorticella, Stomopteryx ..............:00000 21

xanthomista, Antitype
zollikoferi, Sidemia

PLANTS.
aquilina, Pteris
Asclepiadaceae

baccata, Taxus
caespitosa, Deschampsia
canina, Peltigera

clavariaeforme, Gymnosporangium ..

cotinus, Rhus
Crinum, seeds
Crocus spp.
Dipsacus spp.
gruinum, Erodium
incarnata, Asclepias
officinale, Sisymbrium
ovina, Festuca
peruviana, Psammanthe
porrifolius, Tragopogon
quadrifolia, Paris
quinata, Akebia
roseo-exotica, Plantago
sanguinale, Panicum
tenuifolium, Biarum
triacantha, Gleditschia
verticillata, Setaria
Wisteria

Chelifers
Eriophyes
Mollusca

eee e eee e rene nene

‘atrocinerea, Salix

tence entree eens

One ene rama are renaceeensteseene

Correction.—1942-3, Pt. II, p. 27, line 8 from the top: transfer
‘« QCallimorpha (Hypocrita) jacobaeae, L.—A dark smoky specimen, Dork-
ing, 1942,’’ to follow ‘‘ through black area,’ line 11, before ‘‘ Arctia.”

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ah

Proc. S.L.H. & N.H.S., 1944-45. PLATE I.

S. R. ASHBY, F.R.E.S.

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS
OF

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

1944-45,

WITH FIVE PLATES.

And numerous Text Figures.

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS :
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.1.

Printed by T, Buncle & Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath.
1945.

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

THE CHAPTER HOUSE, ST THOMAS'S STREET, LONDON, S.E.1.

The Society has for its objects the advancement and diffusion of Biological
Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Col-
lections. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the Members
are held twice every month at the above address. Field Meetings are held through-
out the summer. The Society’s Rooms are easy of access from all parts of London,
and the Council cordialiy invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading Papers
and exhibiting Specimens

SUBSCRIPTION.

Full Members Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, Country Members Seven
Shillings and Sixpence, with an Entrance Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence
in each case.

All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Corresponding Secretary,
Capt. F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Hatch House,’ Pilgrims’ Hatch,
Brentwood, Essex.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1912-18 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).
1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1914-15 B. H. SmirH, B.A., F.E.S.
1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). (dec.).
1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S.
1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E, J. BUNNETT, M.A.
1882 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1925-6 T. H. LL. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.). (dec.).
1885 R. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.B.C.P.,
1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). F.E.S.
1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.
1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1930 F. B. CARR (dec.).
1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). 1930. Capt. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1932 T.H.L.GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).
1894 E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.
1896 R. SOuTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES.
1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1935 E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.
1898 J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLETT.
1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1937 F. F. COULSON.
1900 W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
1901 H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
1902 F. NOAD CLARK (dec.). 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
1903 E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S.
1904 A. SIcH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1941 F. D. COoTE, F.R.E.S.
1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 1942 S. WAKELY.
1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E. S. ppc ). 1943 R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.
1908-9 A. SICH. F.E.S. (de Nt A iN INO 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS.
1910-11 W. J. Kavac#yene) WAN INS |
f aw “O 7; fl
{ Y
Ww ee
1

tek ig

ill

EST’ OF ‘NENIBERS.
(Revised to 27th June 1945.)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; c, Coleoptera; cr, Crustacea;

d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology, General ;

e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera; 1, Lepi-

doptera; mi, Microscopy; mo, Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. hist,

Natural History; nat. phot, Nature Photography; od, Odonata; oo,

Oology ; orn, Ornithology ; orth, Orthoptera; r, Reptiles; ¢, Trichoptera.
A.F.=Serving with the Armed Forces.

re te

HONORARY MEMBERS.

DATE OF DATE OF d
ELECTION. JOINING.

ORT 1935) 2 5887.0 Turner, Hy!) 5" F RIS,’ PRES (Hon:
" Infe President), ‘‘ Latemar,’’? 25, West
Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
14.8.1941. 4.2.1886. Fremim, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
« F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,’? Ryarsh, Kent.
10.1.1942. 10.1.1924. CHapman, Miss L. M., ‘‘ Arolla,’’? Waterlow Road,
: Reigate, Surrey.
8.7.1948. 25.1.1912. Fronawk, F. W., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U., ‘‘ Essen-
dine,’’ Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey.

LIFE, FULL, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1937 Apams, R. W., 16, Kenton Gardens, Kenton, Middlesex. 1.

1886 Apxin, B. W., F.R.£.s., ‘‘ Highfield,’? Pembury, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent. 1, orn.

1922 Apxin, J. H., Hon. Lanternist, ‘‘ Lamorran,’’ Oak Lane, Seven-
oaks, Kent. l.

1943 ALEN, DoNALD, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., 698, Warwick Road,
Solihull, Warwickshire. hym.

1907 Anprews, H. W., F.R.5.8., Council, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham,
London, S.E.9. d.

1934 Arxinson, J. L., ‘‘ Down’s Cottage,’’ 76, Northwood Road, Tan-
kerton, Kent. l.

1936 Aveust, V. E., 59, Hilleross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

1939 Baxer, D. B., F.R.z.s., 21, Quarry Park Road, Cheam, Surrey.
hwo Agi

1937 Baxuincer, D. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Canham Road, Acton, Lon-
don, W.3. 1, A.F.

iv

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1942 Banner, JOHN V., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C., ‘‘ Wykehurst,’”’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton, 6. 1. A.F.

1896 Barnett, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1

1933 Baynes, Capt. E. S. A., ¥.p.u.s., ‘‘ Monkshatch Cottage,’’ Comp-
ton, near Guildford, Surrey. l.

1943 Brcuer, Lt.-Col. L. E., ‘‘ Newstead,’’? Charterhouse Road, Godal-
ming, Surrey. l.

1944 Beprorp, E. J., F.R.P.S., 11, St John’s Terrace, Lewes, Sussex.
nat. hist.

1938 Berrrne, B. P., PH.D., F.R.E.8., F.L.8., 4, Tobernea Terrace, Monks-
town, Co. Dublin, Eire. muicro-l.

1929 Brit, J. H., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkhamsted, Herts.

1942 Brut, P. J., 3.4., F.u.s., Dudswell Rise, Berkhamsted, Herts.
ent. A.F.

1911 Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Pentwyn,’’? Afton Road, Fresh-
water, I.W. ent.

1945 Buaspate, Purr, ‘‘ Brooklyn,’’ The Ash, Wombwell, Yorks.
ent. A..F.

1942 Burst, T., ‘‘ Homestead,’’? Higham Lane, Tonbridge, Kent. 1.

1926 Briss, A., 9, Monahan Avenue, Purley, Surrey. J.

1941 Buoop, B. N., u.R.c.8.1., 25, Spencer Gardens, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. hym. '

1925 Buryru, S. F. P., ‘‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. 1.

1934 Borrer, C. D., ‘‘ The Old Manor House,’’ Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk.
ent,

1944 Bowpern, S. R. B.s8c., A.R.C.8., A.B.1.C., 33, South View, Letch-
worth, Herts. l.

1933 Brerr, G. A., B.sc., A.R.C.S8., D.I.c., The Guildhall, Linton, Cambs.
ent.

1935 Brerrt, Mrs Katuieen S. L. F., The Guildhall, Linton, Cambs.
biology.

1940 Brirren, H., M.M., F.R.H.S., F.INST.P.A., ‘‘ Newholme,”’ 21, Toller’s
Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. ent (Chalcididae).

1930 Brooke, Miss W. M. A., 300, Philip Lane, London, N.15 ec. ent,
b, marine life.

1939 Brown, A. G., L.D.8., B.c.8.ENG., 17, The Vale, Golders Green,
London, N.W.11. Ul. A.F.

1943 Brown, S. C. S., L.D.s., R.C.S.ENG., H.D.D.EDIN., 142, Richmond
Park Road, Bournemouth, Hants. micro-l, hym.

19388 Brown, Capt. S. HaMiItTon, L.D.s., R.c.s.ENG., 203, Golders Green
Road, London, N.W.11. 1. A.F.

1936 Buck, F. D., 49, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road, London, N.19.

c. A.F.

1909 Bucxstonge, A. A. W., 90, Pams Way, Kingston Road, Ewell,
Surrey. l.

1927 Buu, G. V., B.A., M.B., ‘‘ White Gables,’’ Sandhurst, Kent. l.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1944
1944

1938

Burns, B. S., 1, Jamaica Villas, Stoke Road, Gosport, Hants. l.

Burrows, D. §S., 33, Brookehowse Road, Bellingham, London,
S.E.6. 1.

Burton, Miss MarGARET, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG., Army Dental Service,
Greencot, Seaward Avenue, Barton-on-Sea, Hants. biology.
A.F.

Burton, R. J., 1.p.s., R.C.8.ENG., Council, Greencot, Seaward
Avenue, Barton-on-Sea, Hants. I.

Busupy, L. C., F.R.£.8., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s
Park, London, N.W.8. c, hem.

Carvew, Col. P. A., Council, 21a, Thornton Hiil, Wimbledon,
London, §.W.19. 1.

Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., u.TH., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes, Lancs.
in.

CHartson, S., 112, Manchester Road, Tyldesley, Manchester.
I, ent, g.

Cnuartres, S. A., F.R.E.8., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex.
ent.

CureseMan, C. J., 26, Lyndhurst Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs. l.

CrarK, Miss M. J., 1, Anne Boleyn’s Walk, Cheam, Surrey. l.

Crassey, BH. W., F.R.E.8., R.A.M.c., 117, Sutton Lane, Hounslow,
Mid.) le AP.

CoaTEs, R. J., 6, Malvern Road, Surbiton, Surrey. ent.

Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Merstone,’”’ Tring,
Herts. lL, g.

Couz, G. A., M.A., F.c.A., Ronkswood Hospital, Newtown Road,
Worcester. l.

Corns, R. J., F.R.E.8s., 29, Poplar Avenue, Leatherhead, Sur-
rey fl.

Cottnrup, C. W., ‘‘ Dehra Doon,’’ Tite Hill, Englefield Green,
Surrey. 1, 00, orn.

Conver, G. M., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.8., 33, Grove Avenue,
Sutton, Surrey. l. A.F.

Cooper, B. A., B.8c., A.R.c.8., Dept. of Agriculture, The Univer-
sity, Leeds, 2. ent. (Iife Member.)

Cootr, F. D., F.R.£.s., 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
Una t

Corset, A. STBVEN, D.SC., PH.D. (LOND.), F.R.1.C., 59, Alexandra
Road, Reading, Berks. ent.

Corr. C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, London, §.W.3. I.

CornisH, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
London, S.E.18. J, c.

CovcuMaNn, L. E., F.R.E.8., c/o Mrs A. Couchman, 82, Newbury
Road, Bromley, Kent. /.

vi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1909 Counson, F. J., Hon. Curator, ‘ Burnigill,’”’ 24, Springfield
Avenue, Merton Park, London, 8.W.20. c, hem.

1918 Court, T. H., ¥.r.z.s., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’ Market Rasen, Lincoln.

1943 Cousins, Roperr J., A.C.P., M.R.S.T., F.R.E.S., F.R.S.A., F.Z.S.,
High Street, Ashcott, near Bridgwater, Somerset. mo, ¢.

1937 Crasrreg, B. H., ¥.R.z.8., ‘“Highfield,’’ Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 1.

1934 Crasxe, J. ©. B., F.n.£.8., 33, Hinchley Drive, Hinchley Wood,
Esher, Surrey. l.

1937 CrasKE, Capt. R. M., R.A., Beech Hill, Morchard Bishop, Credi-
ton, Devon. ent. A.F.

1918 Craururp, Cuirrorp, ‘‘ Denny,’ Bishops Stortford, Herts. l.

1933 Crewpson, R. C. R., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ The Grange,’’ Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. 1,

1920 Crocker, Capt. W., 55, Townley Road, Bexleyheath, Kent. lI.

1932 Crow, P. N., ‘‘ Heathcote,’’ Bigfrith, Cookham Dean, Berk-
shire. JU.

1937 Curtis, A. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood, Billings-
hurst, Sussex. l.

1927 Dansy, G. C., ‘‘ Sheringham,’ 31, Albion Road, Sutton,
Surrey. 1.

1940 Davis, G. A., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. c. A.F.

1900 Day, F. H., F.n.z.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. 1, c.

1938 Dray, James, 18, Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent. l.

1933. Dremuru, Lieut. R. P., R.N.v.R., c/o Lloyds Bank, West South-
bourne, Bournemouth. |. A.F.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, London, S.W.1.
I, mi, b, nat. phot.

1930 Denvit, H. G., 4, Warwick Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. I, c. A.F.

1901 Dops, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, London, N.14. Ll.

1921 Doron, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. l.

1939 Dovstepay, B. S., F.r.E.s., Monks Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks.
Chalcidoidea.

19386 Dovupney, S. P., ‘‘ Thurne,”’ 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. I.

1930 Duvsriper, B. J., B.a., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

1927 Hacrirs, T. R., Hon. Editor of Proceedings, 32, Abbey Road, En-
field, Middlesex. J, c.

1943 Kasrmure, D. F., ‘‘ Granta,’’? 48, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill,
London, N.10. J. A.F.

1937 Easton, N. T., v.¥.u., 1.R.E.8., 25, Lambolle Road, London,
N.W.3. 1, 9, nat. phot.

1941 Kpwarps, Rev. Canon T. G., m.a., F.z.8., Holy Trinity Vicar-
age, Tulse Hill, London, S.W.2. 1.

1933 Excoop, W. S., m.A., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. l.

1937 Empry, B., F.R.E.s., 23, Mill Drove, Uckfield, Sussex. 1. A.F.

vil

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1932

1935
1920
1924

1930
1936
1943
1920
1941
1939
1915
1933
1943
1943
1930
1929

1936
1935

1942
1926

1936

1924
1926

1945
1891
1944
1943

1902
1943

1936

Ennis, L. H., c/o ‘‘ Bandora,’’ Portmore Park Road, Weybridge,
Surrey. 1. A.F.

Ensor, G. A. “‘Oakleigh,’’? Knoll Road, Dorking, Surrey. 1, hym.

Farmer, J. B., ‘‘ Ashleigh,’’ Beatrice Road, Oxted, Surrey. l, c.

FassNipGE, WM., M.A., F.R.E.S., 4, Bassett Crescent West, South-
ampton. l, n, hem.

Ferrier, W. J., F.R.£.8., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
LAK.

Finnigan, W. J., Council, 87, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
ent, nat, phot.

Forp, EK. B., M.a., p.sc., The University Museum, Orford. ent, g.

Forp, L. T., Vice-President, ‘‘ St Michaels,’ 70, Park Hill
Road, Bexley, Kent. l.

Forp, R. L. E., r.n..s., F.z.8., ‘* Durfold,’’ 34, Park Hill Road,
Bexley, Kent. ent.

Forster, H. W., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. c.

Foster, T. B,, ‘‘ Downlands,’”’ 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1.

Fraser, ANGus, The Palace, Cuddesdon, Oxford. c.

Fraser, G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool. ent.

Fraser, Mrs G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
ent.

Guat, F. T., 3.A., F.R.E.8s., Two Brewers Inn, Chipperfield,
Herts. l.

Guiree, D. L., F.R.5.8., ‘‘ Birchstone,’? Coombe Park, Kingston,
Surrey. l.

Goopsan, B. S., 81, West Street, Ewell (Epsom), Surrey. 1. A.F.

Goopuirre, F. D., M.A., F.R.E.8., Lord Wandsworth Agricultural
College, Long Sutton, Basingstoke. ec. ent.

Goopson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. l.

Gorpon, D. J., B.a., F.R.E.S., Table Office, House of Commons,
London, 8.W.1. , l.

Gowrne-Scorzs, E., ‘‘ Oakhurst,’? Oakwood Road, Crofton, Or-
pington, Kent. 1. A.F.

Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend, Kent. I, c.

Grey, Mrs Otive, F.z.s., 66, Barrington Court, Pages’ Hill, Lon-
don, N.10. ent.

Hamerton, J. L., 11, Linkway, London, S.W.20. 1, od.

Hamo, A. H., M.A., A.L.S., F.R.E.8., 22, Southfield Road, Oxford. l.

Hammonp, H. E., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham, 27. l, ent.

Harps, C. H., F.n.£.8., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, London,
S.E.18. .

Hare, BE. J., F.R.e.8., Harrow Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. l.

Harrer, Lieut.-Comr. G. W., R.N., Bramblewood, Bushby Avenue,
Rustington, Sussex. 1. A.F.

Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, London, W.5. I.

vill

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1924 Harwoop, P., r.n.z.s., Laurel Bank, Aviemore, Inverness-shire,
N.B. 1, ¢.

1927 Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, London,
S.W.2. l.

1924 Hawkins, Capt. C. N., r.n.u.s., Hon. Secretary (Minuting), 23,
Wilton Crescent, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. 1, g.

1929 Hawuey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., v.s.o., ‘‘ Amber Cottage,’’ Boden-
ham, near Salisbury, Wilts. l.

1943 Haynes, H., 6, Nelson Road, Salisbury, Wilts. l.

1938 Haynes, R. F., ‘‘ The Sanctuary,’’ Burney Road, West Humble,
Dorking, Surrey. l. A.F.

1923 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.8., Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo, 205, Tucuman, Republica Argentina.
I, orn, ¢.

1935 Hepers, A. V., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ballovale,’’ Santon, Isle of Man. Ll.

1920 Hemmine, Capt. A. F., c.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., c/o Ministry
of Fuel and Power, Dean Stanley Street, London, S.W.1. 1.

1924 Henperson, J. L., Hon. Treasurer, 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley,
Surrey. 6.

1931 Hesnop, I. R. P., m.a.; F.R.E.8., c/o Messrs Griffiths and
McAlister, 10, Warwick Street, Regent Street, London,
Welk dl

1937 Hick, E. Prenruann, F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Athol House,’’ Fulford Road,
Scarborough, Yorks. l. A.F.

1944 Huircnins, Capt. P. E. N., B.sc., Sicklebank, Horam, Sussex.
ent.

1944 Hopeson, S. B., 5, Charles Street, Berkhamstead, Herts. I.

1943 HonuEsonr, Comr. L. H. T., 0.B.£., r.N., 74, Kensington Court,
Kensington, London, W.8. A.F.

1945 Howarp, A. P., 19, Limes Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. ent.

1927. Howarp, Sq: Ldr. J..O: T:,, wA:) BAe RY (c/omBarcayes
Bank, Ltd., 161, New Bond Street, London, W.1. l. A.F.

1931 Howarrn, T. G., 3.u.M., F.R.E.S., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell
Hill, London, N.10. J. A.F. (Prisoner of War.)

1934 Hueerns, H. C., F.R.5.s., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea,
Essex. 1, ent.

1929 Hvueues, Arnotp W., Lower Farm, Quainton, Bucks. 1.

1939 Huis, L. G., F.c.8., F.R.M.S., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Rax,’’ Chidham, near
Chichester, Sussex. ent.

1938 Humpureys, J. A., The Caravan, Ballyhilly, Turnberry, By
Girvan, Ayrshire. l.

1933 Hurtcnines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. l.

1928 Jackson, F. W. J., ‘‘ The Pines,’’ Ashtead, Surrey.

1940 Jackson, Capt. Reernatp A., R.N., F.R.E.S., President, ‘‘ The

Hermitage,’’ Bishops Waltham, Hants, and the Junior
Jnited Services Club, London, S.W.1. ent, 1. A.F.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1923

1924

1936
1928

1942
1925

1938

1943

1928

1910

1925

1933

1944

Jacoss, 8S. N. A., Vice-President, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent. 1, e l.

James, A. R., ‘‘ Braemar,’’ Morgan Crescent, Theydon Bois,
Essex. J.

James, W. H. |. A.F.

Janson, O. J., F.R.E.S., Recorder, 15, Kingshill Crescent, St
Albans, Herts. ent.

JaquEs, J. M., 12, Coulsdon Road, Coulsdon, Surrey, l.

Jarvis, C. MacKecunig, r.t.s., 68, Clyfford Road, West End
Road, Ruislip, Middlesex. c.

Jarvis, F. V. L., 3.sc., 21, Shirley Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.
Reg Al 2.

Kersuaw, Col. §. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. l.

KETTLEWELL, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., Council, ‘‘ Homefield,’’ The Common, Cranleigh,
Surrey. gq, l.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Starfell,’’ Southdown Road, Seaford, Sussex. 1.

Kiuuins, D. E., r.4.F., 3, Avington Grove, Penge, London,
S202 ene? ALE

Kine, H., p.sc., r..8., ‘‘ Gavarnie,’’? Wise Lane, Mill Hill, Lon-
don, N.W.7. 1, orn.

Kuorr, G. §., F.z.8S., F.R.E.8., 8, Knutsford Road, Wilmslow,
Cheshire. ent.

LasoucwerE, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.R.E.s., 15, Draycott Avenue, Sloane
Square, London, S.W.3.

Lane, R. M., 4.c.a., 9, Tabor Gardens, Cheam, Surrey. I.

Last, H. R., Council, 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey. ¢, l.

Lawson, H. B., ¥.R.£.8., ‘‘ Churchmead,’’ Pirbright, Surrey. 1.

Leeps, H. A., Wood Walton, Huntingdon. I.

Tine, H. V., 11, Priory Avenue, Petts Wood, Orpington, Kent. I.

Lipscoms, Major C. G., Misterton, Somerset. 1. A.F.

Lisnny, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S., The Red House, Narborough,
Leicester. 1,

Luoyp, Major C. T-, p.sc., PH.D., 25, Belmont Avenue, New Mal-
den, Surrey. l.

Lowe, Major J. H. B., r.£., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s &
King’s Branch, 6, Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. 1. A.F.
MacNutry, B. J., ‘‘ Rutland,’’ 67, All Saints Road, Sutton, Sur-

rey. 1. A.F.

Main, H., B.sc., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot, c.

MANSBRIDGE, W., M.sc., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Monreith,’? Derby Road,
Formby, Liverpool, Lancs. 1, ¢.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside, Eastbourne,
Sussex. 1.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1930 Marsn, Capt. Dupury G., Gara-Tor, Pigeon Lane, Eddington,
Nr. Herne Bay, Kent. 1. A.F.

1922 Masser, A. M., v.sc., F.R.E.8., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. l..

1943 Marrnews, J. K., m.a., Greystoke, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
I, b, orn.

1932 Mrttows, W. T., M.B.E., Lu.B., ‘‘ The Vineyard,” Minster
Precincts, Peterborough, Northants. l.

1942 Mertcatre, Percy, c.v.0., B.D.I., A.R.c.4., 70, Madrid Road,
Barnes, London, S.W.13. I.

1943 Mutton, P. W., 23, Woodstock Road, Carshalton, Surrey. c, ent.

19388 Minnion, W. E., 57, Lloyd Court, Pinner, Middlesex. J. A.I’.

1944 Moopy, Norman H., 119, Southampton Road, Ringwood, Hants.
ent, orn.

1945 Moorr, Joun W., F.R.5.8S., Middleton Dene, 151, Middleton Hall
Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. e, rhopalocera.

1889 Moors, H., F.r.k.s., 9 Hoopwick Street, Deptford, London, S.E.8.
l, hem, d, el, ehym, ed, mi.

1920 Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entomo-
logy. N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College.
Aberdeen, N.B. ec. ent.

1930 Mortipy, A. McD., 0.3.£., M.A., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone,
Kent.

1937 Morrimer, D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. hym.
A.F.

1940 Mortimer, Mrs D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. ent.

1937 Mownray, M. J., 80, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, London,
E.ll. ent. A.F.

1935 Muuurr, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’’ Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.
ent, ;

1945 Murray, Eev. D. P., The Priory, Wellington Street, Leicester. 1.

1934 Muserave, A. J., B.sc., A.R.C.8., F.R.E.S., 21 Loveday Road, Lon-
don, W.13. ent.

1906 Newman, L. W., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. 1.

1945 Newton, J. L., M.R.c.s., L.R.c.p., Alconbury Hill, Huntingdon.
[,. 0.

1930 Nuistetr, M., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

1938 Opp, D. A., 11, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. 1.

1932 O’Farrett, A. F., B.SC., A.R.C.8., F.R.E.S., Chyngton, Steyning
Road, Rottingdean, Sussex. od, cr, ent.

1934 Oniver, G. B., Harefield Road, Luton, Beds. 1.

1943 Otiver, G. H. B., “ Corydon,’? Amersham Road, Hazlemere,
High Wycombe, Bucks. 1.

1942 Parrirr, R. W., 1, Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. 1.

1940 Payne, L. G., 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

1940 Payne, R. M., c/o 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

xi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1940 Prrnam-Cumton, Epwarp C., r.a., Trebles Holford, Bishops
Lydeard, near Taunton, Somerset. 1. A.F.

1928 Prrxrys, J. F., B.sc., r.R.5.8., 42, Wordsworth Road, Harpenden,
Herts. hym.

1944 Prrry, K. M. P., 21, Cornwall Road, Cheam, Surrey. ¢.

1983 Pryton, A. G., 29, Grove Road, Ramsgate, Kent. I.

1944 Proxarp, James N., PH.D., M.A., F.R.S.E., Craufurd, Mill Lane,
Sawston, Cambs. J, g.

19383 Prnnicer, HE. B., r.r.£.s., Dalezarth, 5, Endlebury Road, Ching-
ford, London, E.4. od, n. l.

1943 Prrman, C. M. R., ‘‘ Malvern,’’ Southampton Road, Clarendon,
Salisbury, Wilts. 1, orn. b, etc.

1924 Priest, C. G., 5, Kensal Road, Paddington, London, W.10. l.

1922 Rarr-SmirH, W., ¥F.z.8., F.R.E.S., ¥.R.H.8., ‘‘ Hurstleigh,’’ Link-
field Lane, Redhill, Surrey. 1.

1942 RicHarpson, AUSTIN, M.A., F.R.E.S., Beaudesert Park, Muinchin-
hampton, Glos. 1.

1920 RuicHarpson, A. W., F.R.E.8., 28, Avenue Road, Southall, Middle-
sex. hym. -

1936 RuicHarpson, N. A., 20, Bletchley Road, Bletchley, Bucks. /. A.F.

1934 Riveovur, J. K., ‘‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming, Sur-
rey. ent. (Infe Member.)

1945 Ruiey, J. A., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. 1, od.

1908 River, Capt. N. D., ¥.n.u.8., F.z.8., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.20. I.

1910 Roserrson, G. S., m.p., ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. 1.

1942 Roonsz, P. J. L., M.R.c.S., L.B.C.P., F.R.E.S., c/o D.M.S., Lagos,
Nigeria. c, hem.

19385 Royrrr, D. W., 99, Hughenden Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.
6, ent AF.

1932 Rupianp, W. L., F.R.E.8., 211, Caversham Rd., Reading, Berks. 1.

1932 Russeny, A. G. B., c.v.o., F.R.E.8., Lancaster Herald, ‘‘ Scar-
bank,’’ Swanage, Dorset. I.

1915 Russext, S. G. Castrx, ‘‘ Springetts,’’ Seaview Road, Highcliffe-
on-Sea, Hants. I.

1908 Sr Ausyn, Capt J. G., F.n.5.8., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley, Surrey.

1927 Scorr, Col. E., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. 1. A.F.

1923 Sevasroputo, D. G., F.R.z.8., c/o Ralli Bros., Ltd., Calcutta.
(Life Member.) 1.

1933 SHarman, IF’. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough, Northants. l.

1938 SnHeErrin, W. R., A.L.s., F.z.8., South London Botanical Institute,
323, Norwood Road, Herne Hill, London, S.F.24 ec, l.

1939 Srvirer SmirH, P., F.R.E.8., c/o 66, Stirling Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham, 16, l,

Xi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1921 Smart, Major H. DovetLas, M.C., M.D., B.S., F.R.B.S., Roselands,
West Barnham, Bognor Regis, Sussex. l.

1941 Smirn, Lieut. FpK. Wm., R.N.v.B., ‘‘ High Mains,’’ Closeburn,
Dumfries. 1, hym. A.F.

1939 SmirH, S. Gorpon, F.L.s., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Estyn,’’? Boughton, Chester.
ent.

19388 Snety, B. B., F.R.e.s., ‘‘ Woodsome,’’ Bromborough, Cheshire.
(Pues al aa

1941 Sparrow, R. W., M.INnsT.R.A., Council, 134, Regents Park Road,
London, N.3. UL.

1943 Spreapbury, W. H., 35, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey.

1938 Srarrorp, A. E., ‘‘ Corydonis,’’ 83, Colborne Way, Worcester
Park, Surrey. l.

1927 Srantey-SmirH, F., F.r.z.s., Hon. Secretary (Corresponding),
“‘ Hatch House,”’ Pilgrim’s Hatch, near Brentwood, Hssex. l.

1928 Sranutey-SmirH, Mrs Mavp, ‘‘ Hatch House,” Pilgrim’s Hatch,
near Brentwood, Essex. 1.

1937 Stepan, H, P. P., ‘“‘ Cherry Cottage,’’? Prestwood, Great Missen-
den, Bucks. ent.

1940 Sreezt, W. O., 16, Upsdell Avenue, Palmers Green, London, N.13. ec.

1935 STEPHENS, J. A., F.R.E.S., 44, Mount Road, Chatham, Kent. c.

1938 Srertine, D. H., 36, Estella Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. |. A.F.

1942 Sripston, Eng. Capt. S. T., R.N., F.R.E.8., 1, Palace House, Bays-
water Road, London, W.2, and ‘‘ Ashe,’’ Ashburton, Devon.
tL Ade!

1986 Sricant, Miss B., Oldlands, Passfield, Bordon, Hants. hortic. ent.

1924 Srorry, W. H., c/o Barclays Bank, High Street, Shoreditch,
London, H.1. ent. A.F. (Prisoner of War.)

1931 Srovin, G. H. T., M.R.c.8., L.R.c.P., 36, Wymondley Road, Hit-
chin, Herts. j

1929 Srusss, G. C.

1939 Summers, KE. J., 7, Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey. c, hem.

1934 Surron, Gresuam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
Dves

1945 Surron, R., 20, Ongar Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. 1.

1943 Swann, E. L., 282, Wootton Road, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. c.
1916 Syms, E. E., r.r.e.s., F.z.s.. Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands
Avenue, Wanstead, London, E.11. 1, orth, od, t.

1942 Taxsot, M. J. R., c/o The Foreign Office, S.W.1. ‘‘ By Angora
Bag.’ 1.

1913 Tarcnety, L. S., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Rockleigh Cottage,’? Swanage, Dor-
set. l.

1941 Taytor, H. G. W., 11, Granville Road, Sidcup, Kent. c.

1934 Taytor, J. O., 64, Great Thrift, Petts Wood, Kent. 1.

1925 Taytor, J. SNEYD, M.A., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 23, Fort Beaufort, Cape-

Province, Union of S.A. 1.

Xlil

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1944

1938
1931
1935
1937

1934
1940

1944
1943
1944
1889
1929
1911
1930
1935
1944
1936
1939
1920
1928
1911
1937
1911

1927
1945

TretscH, Sgt. Taro. M., 33593443, H.Q. Command, H.Q. Det.,
Eng. Section, E.T.0.U.S.A., A.P.0.887, c/o U.S. Army. ¢
(elateroidea). A...

Tretiry, J., ‘‘ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley, Surrey.
ent,

THomrson, J. ANTONY, F.R.E.S., Bishopswood, Prestatyn, N.
Wales. l.

Tompkins, F. H., ‘‘ Clifton,’’ 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey. ent.

Tones, A. E., ¥.n.£.8., ‘‘ Ashville,’’ Trafford Road, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. l.

Tunstatt, H. G., 11, St James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. l.

Turner, A. D., 19, Wychwood Close, Canon’s Park, Middlesex.
ent,

Turner, H. J., 33, Pine Avenue, W. Southbourne, Nr. Bourne-
mouth, Hants. l.

TurNeR, J. Fincuam, 17, Litchfield Avenue, Morden, Surrey. 1
hym.

WAINWRIGHT, CHARLES, B.SC., F.R.1I.C., 216, St Bernards Road,
Olton, Warwickshire. 1.

WaINWRIGHT, Co“BRAN J., F.R.E.S., 11, Surrey Road, Bourne-
mouth, Hants. l, d.

Wainwnricut, J. Cuas., 9, Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey. l.

WakeELy, Sir Leonarp D., x.c.1.8., 0.B., Council, 37, Marryat Road,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. l.

Waxery, S., Council, 17, Warminster Road, S. Norwood, London,
S.H.25. 1.

Watiis-Norton, Capt. S. G., p.a.s.c., 50, Christchurch Road,
Winchester, Hants. (Life Member.) ent. A.F.

Watton, AntHoNY M., F.R.8.8., 275, Croxted Road, West Dulwich,
London, S.E.21, and Hertford College, Oxford. l.

Warrier, R. E., ‘ Birchwood,’’ Birchwood Park Avenue, Swan-
ley, Kent. l.

Warxins, Lieut. N. A., M.A., F.R.E.S., R.N.V.R., Belcombe Court,
Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. 1. A.F.

Warson, D., ‘‘ Crossways,’’ Hightown, Ringwood, Hants. I.

Wetts, Crirrorp, ‘‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. I.

Wetts, H. O., ‘‘ Linden House Hotel,’’ 9 College Road, Epsom,
Surrey. l.

Wert, A., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Foxbush,’’ Tillingdown Lane, Caterham,
Surrey. l.

Wuerrer, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’’ Grat-
wicke Road, Worthing. Sussex. l.

Wauirr, A. GRANVILLE, F.c.A., ‘‘ Hilltop,’’? Chaldon, Surrey.

Wiis, E. F., F.r.n.s., Little Pasture, Brentwood, Essex. /.

p)

1925
1932
1938
1926
1927

1945
1944

xiv

Wiuuiams H. B., w.p., F.R.5.8., ‘‘ Croft Point,’’ Bramley, Sur-
rey. l, g.

Wiurams, S. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, London,
E.4. 1, g.

Wuuts, J. R., ‘‘ Vine Cottage,’’ West Horsley, Surrey. 1. A.F.

Wootton, W. J., ‘‘ Wannock Gardens,’’? Polegate, Sussex. l.

Worms, The Baron DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., T.R..S., M.B.O.U.,
Council, Milton Park, Egham, Surrey. 1, orn.

Wvxkes, N. G., Carter House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. 1.

Yeuestas, H. R., B.a., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street, London,
K.C.4. L.

Members will greatly oblige by informing either of the Hon. Secre-
taries of any errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above
addresses and descriptions.

xV

COUNCIL'S REPORT FOR 1944.

'

At the close of another war year your Council is happy to report
that membership has increased; interest in meetings has been sus-
tained ; the standard of the publication has been fully maintained. We
have been fortunate in that the property of the Society and the rooms
we occupy lhave escaped damage by enemy action.

- Membership at 3lst December 1944 numbered 280, a new high re-
cord, made up of 4 Honorary, 4 Life, 204 Full and 68 Country Mem-
bers, but this includes 49 serving with the Armed Forces, who are ex-
cused from paying subscriptions, so we are out of touch with many of
them and can but hope that they retain their interest in the Society.
During the year 1 member was killed in action, the deaths of 6 mem-
bers were recorded, 1 resigned, 13 new members were admitted and 2
were re-instated.

Your Council particularly wishes to mention the grievous loss suf-
fered by the Society during the year by the death of Mr Sidney R.
Ashby, its highly-esteemed Hon. Curator. He joined the Society in
1895; in 1908 ke was appointed assistant to Mr W. West, who had been
Honorary Curator from the formation of the Society in 1872; in 192]
he succeeded to the Curatorship. The benefit of this long continuity of
service by two such men has been of inestimable valua to the Society.
During his administration Mr Ashby completely reorganised and re-
arranged the whole of our now extensive collections, finishing only last
year. In appointing Mr F. J. Coulson in his stead, your Council feels
sure that his zeal and his extensive knowledge of all orders of insects
will enable him to fill the big gap thus created. Another loss from your
Council during the year arose from the death of Mr itippon, a valued
Ordinary Member of Council and a benefactor to the Society This
vacancy was filled for the remainder of the year by the appointment
of The Baron de Worms.

At the end of the year your Council was regretfully obliged to accept
the resignation, due to failing eyesight, of our eminent Honorary Editor
‘of Proceedings, Mr Henry J. Turner. Mr Turner, who joined the Society
in 1887, became Report Secretary in 1893, and except for a break that
was probably little more than nominal when he was President in 1916
and 1917, continued in that office till 1935. In 1918 he added the re-
sponsibilities of Editor to his other duties. During his regime he raised
the standard of our Proceedings and Transactions to a ‘evel which has
earned us recognition as one of the leading entomological societies of
this country. Mr Turner was made an Honorary Member in 1935 and
on completing 50 years’ membership he was presented with an album
containing as far as possible the signatures of all members. In fur-
ther recognition of his pre-eminent services to the Society your Council
have now elected him as our first Honorary Life President. Beyond

XV1

that, the best tribute we can pay him is to resolve to maintain the high
standard in our Proceedings that he has established. In his letter of
resignation, Mr Turner says: ‘‘ It has been one of the pleasures of my
life to belong to the Society, to ‘have retained membership until I have
seen a third generation take the reins, and to see so many members
become enthusiastic in the carrying on of the Society.’ Mr Turner,
who has turned 88 years of age, long since retired from his professional
duties; we wish him every happiness for the future.

Our cordial relations with the Cathedral Chapter have been drawn
still closer by personal contact with the new Provost, the Very Reverend
C. K. N. Bardsley, following his institution after a long interregnum.
The new gas heaters installed in our meeting room at our request have
made conditions much more comfortable for our winter meetings.

We must remind members of their continued indebtedness to Prof.
Hale Carpenter and the Hope Department of Entomology at Oxford for
their care and custody of the ‘‘ Bright Collection.’’

At the 11 ordinary meetings during the year papers by Rev. Canon
Edwards, Messrs W. H. Spreadbury and M. Niblett, Col. P. A. Cardew,
Messrs F. D. Coote, R. W. Sparrow, H. A. Leeds, S. Wakely and E. E.
Syms were read. The average attendance was 27. The lantern was in
use on 3 occasions.

Your Council feels that the annual Exhibition held in October can
again be considered hhighly successful. If the exhibits were not quite so
numerous as last year, this can well be understood in view of the limi-
tations on our individual collecting activities; while several members
who usually have large exhibits were prevented by illness from being
there, The recorded attendance at 192 was slightly higher than last
year. Refreshments provided by the Society were served by lady mem-
bers and friends, to whom our thanks have been conveyed.

To obtain a fuller knowledge of the fauna and flora of Ashtead
Woods, it had been intended to have a Field Meeting there once a month
during the season. The flying bomb menace in midsummer and bad
weather since June interfered somewhat with this programme as well
as with other Field Meetings. A few were abandoned; attendance at
others was very small. Besides the Ashtead meetings others. were held
at Bookham, Oxshott, Effingham and Wisley (2), Horsley, and Box-
hill (2).

Sets of our lantern slides have been lent on two occasions. The Coun-
cil would like to see more extensive use made of our very comprehensive
series of slides of lepidoptera in all stages, and invites applications from
members for the loan of slides or sets.

A project which your Council has had in mind is to stage an exhibi-
tion of apparatus and demonstration of entomological methods for the
benefit of schools. It is hoped it may be possible to arrange this dur-
ing the coming Haster holidays. ;

The Proceedings and. Transactions for 1943/44, published in one part
on 4th July 1944, consisted of xx plus 86 pages with 2 coloured and 2

XvVil

black-and-white plates. Your Council plans in future to bring out each
year at least one paper dealing with the British species of a genus or
group of the micro-lepidoptera, illustrated by a coloured plate. When
the whole or a substantial part of the sub-order has been covered, it
is hoped to collect and publish the papers in book form. Mr §. N. A.
Jacobs’ paper read in 1942 on the genus Lithocolletis is being published
this year, as is tha paper read in November by Mr S. Wakely on the
genus Mompha, each being illustrated by a coloured plate drawn by
Mr Jacobs. Extra copies of the plates are being stored for the republi-
cation. Further ‘‘ micro ’’? papers have been promised by the same
experts and also by Mr L. T. Ford, Mr §. C. Scarsdale Brown, and other
authorities. The Treasurer is building up a fund to meet the heavy
cost of the plates, which worthy objective we commend to the generosity
of all members. Work is also being done on the preparation of an
index of food plants for the micro-lepidoptera on the lines of Scorer’s
Log Book for the Macros. Mr J. Antony Thompson is working on Pieris
napi and promises a paper thereon.*

Generous gifts to our funds during the year are specified in the
Treasurer’s report. Your Council would have wished, on behalf of the
Society, publicly to have expressed its gratitude to the individual
donors, but as they prefer to remain anonymous all we can do is to
convey our thanks here and, privately, through the Treasurer. The late
Mr Rippon presented an opaque lantern screen on rollers. It has been
mounted in the meeting room. Mr R. J. Collins presented 10 aherra-
tions of Geometridae (Lep.) and Mr H. W. Andrews a box of Diptera.
Other insects were given by various members. The thanks of the
Society have been suitably expressed to the donors.

The Librarian reports that this year some 125 volumes have been
issued to members, of which number 47 were sent by post. This is a
considerable increase on the number issued last year. Binding during
the year has again been restricted so that our expenditure on this item
after the war will need to be considerable.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 1944-45,

Donations —By Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.: Common Insect Pests of
Stored Food Products; Ince; The Bed-Bug. By Mr R. J. Collins:
Guenée’s Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Lepidoptéres, Vols. 9 and 10.
By Mr A. W. Dennis: G. Bentham’s Handbook of British Flora, 2 Vols. ;
T. Moore’s British Ferns and their Allies; Lord Avebury’s Notes on the
History of British Flowering Plants; Oliver’s Lessons in Elementary
Botany; E. W. Swanton’s British Plant Galls; W. E. Sharpe’s Common
Beetles of our Countryside; J. W. Tutt’s British Butterflies; E. F.
Dalgleish’s Marvels of Plant Life: C. Cooke’s Rusts, Smuts, Mildews
and Moulds; G. 8. Lefevre’s English Commons and Forests. By Capt.

*Members working on particular insects or subjects are requested to advise one
of the secretaries so that it may be made generally known and serve to focus
developments. Lists will be published from time to time.

Xvi y
Hayward of the Argentine: 4 separates. By Mr D. G. Sevastopulo: 13
separates of his papers on The Foodplants of Indian Lepidoptera. By
Mr W. H. Spreadbury: T. A. Coward’s British Birds, 3 Vols. By the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society: Reports from 1916 to
1939, inclusive. By Mr A. W. Mansbridge: Pierce’s Genitalia of the
Noctwidae (Females); Pierce and Metcalfe’s Genitalia of the Tineid
Families of British Lemdoptera and The Genitalia of the Pyrales,
Deltoids and Plumes; Pierce and Beirne’s Gentalia of the British
Rhopalocera and Large Moths.

By Purchase or Hxchange.—British Association for Advancement of
Science, Vol. 3, No. 9. British Museum Nat. Hist.: Insects of Medical
Importance. Trans. Soc. for British Entomology, Vol. 8, Parts 6 and 7.
Trans. Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc.: ‘‘ Birds of Lakeland.’’? Trans. Connectt-
cut Acad. Arts and Sciences, July 1944, in 4 Parts, i.e., ‘‘ Control of
Cedar Apple Rust,’’ by R. P. Marshall; ‘‘ Spiders of Amber,’’ by Alex.
Petrunkevitch; ‘‘ Digestive Enzymes of Spiders,’’ by G. I. Pickford,
and ‘‘ Problems of Biogeochemistry.’’ Hntomological News, 1944. Hnto-
mologist, 1944. Hntomologist’s Monthly Mag., 1944. Entomologist’s Ie-
cord, 1944. Hssex Naturalist, Vol. 27, Parts 8 and 9. Report of Husle-
mere Hducational Musewm. Proc. of Royal Irish Academy, Nos. 49B,
12, 18, 14, and 15. Proc. of Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. Soc., 1943. An-
nual Report Lancashire and Cheshire Ent. Soc., 1940-1943 (1 Vol.).
Lloydia, 1944. London Naturalist and Bird Report, 1943. Natural
History (New York), 1940-1944. Report of Smithsonian. Institute, 1942
and 1943. South-Hastern Naturalist, 1943. Trans. and Proc. Torquay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1942-3. Natural History, U.S.A., 1944.

Xx1xX

HON. TREASURER’S REPORT, 1944.

I am glad to be able to make an encouraging report. Not only
did we pay our way in 1944, but. in addition we were able to make pro-
vision for anticipated heavy expenses in the near future. The Council’s
report, which you will be hearing soon, paints an alluring picture of
future activities. It would be a great pity were such valuable work
hampered by lack of funds. If the staunchness of subscribing mem-
bers and the generosity of benefactors, as seen. in the past year, is a
portent for the future, there should be no risk of this, for we have heen
able to raise our Special Funds from a total of £39 4s 1d to £104 8s 9d.

On every side [ have found that ready and practical support which
is so heartening to a Treasurer. When I addressed you a year ago I
asked for an increase in the number of those making a small addition
to their subscription to help the Publication Fund. There was an im-
mediate response from among those who heard me. When later my
report was received by others who cannot attend our meetings more con-
tributions arrived. Several of our serving members made donations of
their subscriptions. For the ninth year the same anonymous friend
has given us £20 for the Illustrations Fund. You will remember that
in 1943, at a moment of crisis, a member came to me with a donation
of £50. Again in 1944 he made the same most generous donation.
From a third anonymous source I have received ten guineas toward the
cost of the forthcoming paper on the Jathocolletis moths. To Dr Kettle-
well we are indebted for sharing with the Society the cost of the two
coloured plates in the 1943-44 Proceedings and Transactions. This
recital of widespread and generous support should fill us all with con-
fidence.

I want to offer my personal thanks to al} members for their con-
tinued kindness and helpfulness.

BALANCE SHEET.

Our investments are unchanged; their market value is very slightly
up. Our cash resources are more than last year, reflecting the increase
in the Special Funds. All these (Library, Publication and Illustrations)
have been increased. Moreover, there appears es a new item in the
Balance Sheet the Suspense Account of £10 10s Od for the Lithocolletis
paper.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

The subscription income was £141 15s 6d. This is some £12 more
than last year and is due partly to increase in membership, but mainly
to the collection of arrears. We must not expect a similar jump next
year. The White Elephant Sale suggested by Mr Spreadbury pro-
duced £9 15s 6d. For the benefit of those who were not able to attend

xX

I will explain that those who had surplus books, apparatus, etc., gave
them to the Society for sale to members. The items on the expendi-
ture side do not call for comment, except perhaps the increase in cost
of insurance due to the Council having decided to augment the cover—
see footnote to Balance Sheet.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT.

The income from Entrance Fees is again good, thongh not quite so
good as in 1943.

LIBRARY FUND.

This has been strengthened and the closing balance is £21 15s 6d.
The Librarian expects to have to meet heavy demands as soon as the
war is over.

PUBLICATION FUND.

Both Donations at £68 10s 6d and Sales of Proceedings at £8 8s ld
show an increase. The cost of printing and posting Proceedings and
Transactions is less than in 1943, owing partly to the economy effected
by having one issue instead of two parts. The balance at the end of the
year of £50 2s Od represents the major part of the ‘‘ build up ”’ for the
future to which the Council’s report will refer.

ILLUSTRATIONS FUND.

Here is the second part of the ‘‘ build up,’’ for the balance at the
end of the year is increased to £32 11s 3d. This has been achieved by
adding to the £20 anonymous donation another £20 from Income and
Expenditure Account. The Society’s share of the cost of the two
Coloured Plates was £25. The uncoloured plates cost £5 0s 2d.

- Our thanks are due to Messrs S. W. C. Williams and R. M. Lang,
A.C.A., for kindly auditing the accounts.

xxi

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XXiV

WORKERS AND SUBJECTS.

A first list of Workers and Subjects as mentioned in the Council’s

1944 Report follows.

As therein explained, the object of publication is

to focus the work of all members, so as to achieve much greater results

than can be reached by single members working independently.

Any

member doing work on, having unrecorded information concerning, or
knowing of out-of-the-way records relating to, the species or subject
mentioned should communicate with the key worker.

Key Worker.
S. R. Bowden,
33 South View,
Letchworth, Herts.

S. C. Scarsdale Brown,
142 Richmond Park Road,
Bournemouth, Hants.

F. D. Coote,
82 Wickham Avenue,
Cheam, Surrey.

N. T. Easton,
2 Lambolle Road,
London, N.W.3.

L. T. Ford

Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell,
Homefield, The Avenue,
Cranleigh, Surrey.

P. Siviter Smith,
c/o 66 Stirling Road,

Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16.

J. Antony Thompson,
Bishopswood, Prestatyn.

Order.
Lep.

Micro-Lep

All

Lep.

Micro-Lep.

Lep.

Lep.

Lep.

: Subject.
Burnets of North Hertfordshire.

The genus Gracilaria, Haw.

Fauna and Flora of Ashtead
Wood and Common.

Panaxia dominula, L.

Food plants of all species.

Arctia caja, L.
Arctia villica, L.
Panaxia dominula, L.

Lycaena phiaeas, L., primarily,
and the genus Lycaena
(Chrysophanus) (Coppers)
more generally.

Pieris napi.

SIDNEY R. ASHBY, F.R.E.S.
1864-1944.

By C. MacKecaniz Jarvis, F.L.S.

The passing of our dearly esteemed curator at his house at Harrow on
18th September 1944, within a few days of a severe heart attack, took
from us one of the oldest members of this Society and severed a link with
19th century entomology.

Sidney Robert Ashby was born in Paddington, London, in May 1864,
and from his early years exhibited that undoubted trait of the born
collector, the desire to seek out and assemble, whether the medium be
specimens or data. Living in London he had, as a boy, little opportunity
to collect from nature and so contented himself with such things as
minerals and shells, although the London museums which he frequented
provided him with more than an ordinary knowledge of natural history.

After a few years in a solicitor’s office he entered the service of the
Post Office Telegraph Department in 1883 and about the same period de-
veloped a taste for long-distance cycling, which during the succeeding
decade took him as far afield as Ben Nevis and the Isle of Bute. Ashby
had not been long in the Post Office before joining, as a Volunteer, a
Signal Coy. of the Royal Engineers, then formed largely of G.P.O. men.
One of his treasured possessions was a box of old photographs which he
discussed with the writer a few weeks before his death. We debated the
performance of the ‘‘ Helios’’ of his days and the modern radio equip-
ment issued to the Home Guard, and laughed at the young Ashby perched
on top of a horse-drawn signal waggon!

In 1880, at the age of 16, S.R.A. decided to commence collecting
British insects, and in a diary ruled in a manner which displayed con-
siderable foresight and some knowledge of the Orders, recorded his first
capture, the Lepidopteron, Orthosia stabilis, View. In subsequent years,
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were recorded in steadily increasing num-
bers, but it was not until after his encounter with W. West in 1894 that
entomology received his undivided attention.

It is impossible to review S. R. Ashby’s activities without reference
to ‘‘ my old friend West,’’ a founder member and curator of this Society
from 1872 to 1920. William West of Greenwich (not to be confused with
W. West, L.D.S., his contemporary) was born at Rotherhithe in 1836.
His entomological activities began in §.E. London in the early ‘‘ fifties ’’
and the first of his records we have relate to coleoptera taken in 1856.
None can fail to regard with admiration and respect his attainments as
a field entomologist. His memorial is surely the volume Woolwich Sur-
veys (South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1909) containing his
lists of the Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera known to him from
that district. We must remember, too, his interesting paper on ‘‘ Lepi-
doptera of S.E. London ’’ (Entom. Record, 1906, page 140 et seq.) in

XXV1

which he draws upon his collecting experiences during more than 50 years.
He died at Harringay on 20th July 1920 and was buried in Greenwich
Cemetery, Shooters Hill, in the midst of what had been his collecting
grounds.

Sidney Ashby was elected a member of this Society in 1895 and for
many years prior to West’s decease had assisted in the development of
the Society’s reference collections, thus becoming his natural successor.

During Ashby’s tenure the collections have been expanded consider-
ably, largely as a result of the Ashdown and Lister bequests, and probably
few of his friends realise just how much of his time his charges claimed.

Retirement from the Post Office in 1924 enabled him to devote all his
energies to the cause of entomology, and for the ‘‘ South London ’’ he
worked unstintingly.

Ashby was primarily a Coleopterist and studied the British Fauna
throughout his 64 active collecting years. In earlier days, from 1880 to
about 1910, he took Lepidoptera also and built up a representative col-
lection, but found that the time required for attending to his breeding
cages prejudiced the study of other orders. Preferring to break new
ground, he took up the study of Hemiptera under the expert guidance
of West, and at the same time paid attention in the field to several of the
lesser known orders as well.

In addition to his extensive British collections, he amassed some 150
store boxes of foreign Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and ‘‘ Other Orders,”’’
all of which he carefully arranged and for the most part named. Perhaps
it was his early training in the solicitor’s office which caused him to de-
velop his elaborate system of colour coding and indexing by which his
specimens were recorded. The card index relating to his favourite Order,
British Coleoptera, is particularly comprehensive, and gives full details
of capture and references to the relevant literature. The following
résumé should assist future workers in locating certain groups of the
West and Ashby collections :—

W. West Collection of British Coleoptera contained in its original
36-drawer cabinet constructed by W.W. Many of the insects
were collected in S.E. London on grounds long since built upon.
This passes into the possession of Mr T. Barnett of Selsdon, an
old friend of W.W. and S.R.A.

W. West British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, also Ashby-West British
Hymenoptera and Diptera. In all some 36 boxes have been ac-
quired by our librarian, Mr BH. EH. Syms.

Ashby British Coleoptera and Lepidoptera contained in two 40-
drawer Brady cabinets, also Ashby British Hemiptera and mis-
cellaneous ‘‘ other Orders ’’ with the relevant card-indexes, and
unworked material together with a selection of the foreign
Coleoptera, will be retained by the present writer.

Foreign Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, etc., contained in some 120
store boxes will be dispersed.

XXV11

Note:—W. West British Hemiptera-Homoptera, some 3500 speci-
mens, were presented to the British Museum in November 1919
by the collector.

Having always lived in the London district with access to good
libraries, Ashby kept few books. He was undoubtedly a field entomolo-
gist at heart and felt no urge to write for publication, although in earlier
years he had corresponded widely with entomologists interested in
Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

_Methodical to an extraordinary degree, his passion for cataloguing
everything connected with insects (and much besides) is reflected in the
contents of some fifty loose leaf binders. Correspondence which he had
preserved for years in neatly docketed bundles, was available for instant
reference, and the contents reveal some interesting entomological pro-
blems of 40 years ago.

Ashby’s circle of acquaintances was widened by his election to the
(Royal) Entomological Society of London in 1907 and he was seldom
avoidably absent from a meeting. In 1944 he was appointed to the
Council of that Society, which office he held at the time of his death. For
years he was a familiar figure at the annual ‘‘ Verrall Suppers ’’ of the
Entomological Club and looked forward to this reunion with distant
friends.

The writer well remembers his introduction to our late curator in
1924 through the medium of that delightful old-world personality, the
late Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., then General Secretary of this
Society. Ashby was, as usual, presiding over his beloved cabinets in the
Board Room at Hibernia Chambers, for so many years our home, and his
portly figure was, even then, crowned with white hair and of course
adorned with those characteristic moustaches! There was something
very warm about the welcome he extended to all newcomers, and by his
smile and ever approachable manner he won the regard of many. The
‘South London ’’ has been referred to as ‘‘ that excellent training
ground for young entomologists,’’ and surely no higher tribute could be
paid.

In bringing this memoir to a close, it is the wish of the writer to
acknowledge his own debt of gratitude to one under whose tutelage he
embarked upon a study of British Coleoptera and from whom he received
much generous encouragement.

43 Pa fr
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Proc. S.L.K. & N.AS., 1944-45. : PLATE II.

Photo. and blocks lent by P. Siviter Smith.

HEODES (LYCAENA) PHLAEAS L.
Natural size and x 2.

A very fine aberration taken on a Thistle head at Lulworth Cove in August 1939
by J. Fincham Turner, and exhibited by him at our meeting on 11th December
1943 (see Proceedings, 1948-44, p. 24).

/

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

INDOOR MEETINGS.

12th FEBRUARY 1944.
The President, Mr Srantey N. A. Jacoss, in the Chair.

It was announced that the Society had received a second gift of £50
to the Publication Fund from the same anonymous donor as last year,
and a gift of £10 10s 0d from another anonymous donor, the latter sum
a contribution to the cost of Mr Jacobs’ paper on the Lithocolletis species
when ready; also the promise of another gift of £20 to the Illustrations
Fund by the same anonymous donor who has been giving that sum year
after year. A very hearty votes of thanks to these exceedingly generous
donors was moved from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

Mr C. N. Hawe1ns, on behalf of Mr R. J. Cotzins, exhibited the fol-
lowing 10 varieties of British Geometridae which the latter was present-
ing to the Society’s collections: —Cosymbia annulata, Schulze, ab. b1-
obsoleta, Riding; C. pendularia, Clerck, ab. decoraria, Newm.; C. pen-
dularia, ab. subroseata, Woodf.; Sterrha muricata, Hufn., ab. totarubra,
Lamb. ; Eupithecia nanata, Hb., ab. mediofaciata, Dietze (nigrofasciata,
Dietze) ; Xanthorhoe fluctuata, L., ab.; and X. montanata, Schiff., 4 abs.
from Orkney, Shetland, and Hire.

The Rey. Canon Epwarps exhibited, in connection with his paper
subsequently read, two preserved full-grown larvae of the Pine Proces-
sionary Moth, Thawmetopoea pinivora, Treit., and drew attention to the
eversible red tubercles with urticating hairs.

Mr S. Waxety exhibited four specimens, sent to him by one of our
members, Mr S. C. Scarsdale Brown of Bournemouth, of Plutella incar-
natella, Steudel, and read the following note :—‘‘ This species was placed
on the British list on the strength of one specimen taken by Dr Jenkinson
at Elgin in 1913. Mr P. Harwood, of Aviemore, Inverness-shire, has re-
discovered this extremely local moth occurring in some numbers near his
horie. The species may be beaten out of Pine, Juniper, etc., from Sep-
tember to December, but the foodplant of the larvae is still a mystery.
It is reputed to feed on Sisymbriwm austriacum and §S. alliaria
The well-known Plutella maculipennis, Curtis, is an allied species.

Mr S. R. Assy exhibited two Central American Theclids, Thecla
tuneta, Hew., and 7. regalis, Cram.

The Rev. Canon Epwarps then read his interesting paper on ‘‘ Gre-
garious Larvae ’’ (see T'rans.) and showed lantern slides in illustration of
his remarks. After some discussion and questions, to which Canon
Edwards replied, a very hearty vote of thanks was moved from the Chair
and carried by acclamation.

2

llth MARCH 1944.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death in December last of Mr W. Buckley of 5 Westfield Road,
Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire, was announced.

Messrs Stanley B. Hodgson, of 5 Charles Street, Berkhamsted, Herts.,
and Herbert Ramon Yglesias, of 55 Rusholme Road, Putney Hill, S.W.15,
and 4 College Hill, London, E.C.4, were declared elected Members.

The PresipDENnt exhibited several living specimens of the Ptinid beetle,
Trigonogenius globulus, Sol., from the Victoria Docks, and said it was
a recent introduction, feeding on both vegetable and insect refuse in
warehouses.

Mr S. Waxety exhibited specimens of Scardia boleti, Fabr., from
Betchworth, Surrey, and Parascotia fuliginaria, L., from Berkshire, two
species with fungivorous larvae; also a piece of the fungus from which
the former were bred, and hibernating larvae of the latter.

Letters were read from Bdr. W. H. James, R.A., with the M.E.F.,
and from Mr H. E. Hammonp, of Birmingham, the latter drawing atten-
tion to a beetle, Aleochara bilineata, Gyll., which is reported to devour
both larvae and pupae of the Cabbage-root fly (Chortophila) and said
that full details were published in the Journal of Econ. Biology, Vol. 10,
1-27, 2 pl., 1915, and a résumé in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1916, pp. 161-3.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury then gave a most interesting talk on ‘‘ Mush-
rooms and Toadstools ’’ (see Trans.) profusely illustrated with very fine
lantern slides. After some discussion and questions, to which Mr
Spreadbury replied, a very hearty vote of thanks was moved from the
Chair and carried by acclamation.

8th APRIL 1944.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Messrs Sydney Roskruge Bowden, A.R.C.S., B.Sc., A.I.C., of 33
South View, Letchworth, Herts.; Kenneth Maurice Pitfield Perry, of 21
Cornwall Road, Cheam, Surrey, and Charles Wainwright, B.Sc., F.1.C.,
of 216 St Bernards Road, Olton, Warwickshire, were declared elected
Members.

Mr H. W. Anprews exhibited 5 bred specimens of Chilosia albipila,
Mg. (Dipt. Syrphidae), also specimens of C. grossa, Mg., UC. chrysocoma,
Mg., and (@. illustrata, Harr. He also showed living larvae and pupae of
Oxyna parietina, L. (Dipt. Trypetidae), in stems of Artemisia vulgaris,
L.

Mr S. Waxety exhibited larval mines of Nepticula suberivora, Staint.,
in leaves of Quercus ilex (Evergreen Oak) sent to him by Mr S. C. Scars-
dale Brown of Bournemouth. Attention was drawn to the cocoons, which
were spun up in the paper wrapped round the leaves. Imagines bred in
previous years were also shown.

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited an almost perfect male specimen of
Acherontia atropos, L., found dead in a road at Leytonstone, London, E.,

3

by a Mr Arthur Dungey, on 22nd October 1948, after an air raid; and
mentioned that the specimen was still soft and able to be set without
relaxing when it was given to him on 26th October.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited the larvae of two species of Sawflies (Fam.
Cephidae), viz.—1, Hartigia linearis, Schrk., in dead stems of Agrimony,
Agrimonia eupatoria, L., from Bookham Common, sent by Mr H. J.
Burkhill. The larvae moved up and down in the long semi-transparent
cocoons; one of them had repaired the cocoon from which it had been
extracted for determination. 2, Janus femoratus, Curt., in galls formed
as thickenings in Oak twigs on Wimbledon Common. One of the galls
showed the characteristic cap of dead twig at the tip of the gall. The
swelling was mainly of living tissue with the larval cavity at the apex,
but in both cases exhibited this was occupied by the cocoon of an Ichneu-
monid parasite, presumably Pimpla inanis, Schrk. The shrivelled empty
skin of the host larva was plastered on the outside of the cocoon. He also
showed pieces of dead Oak branches with larval burrows of the Kucnemid
Coleopteron, Melasis buprestoides, L., from Wimbledon Common.

Mr Sparrow exhibited a larva of Aegeria vespiformis, L., on
Oak, from Ashtead ; imago of Coleophora paripennella, Zell., from Bram-
ble at Ashtead last year ; and larva of Hucosma pflugiana, Haw., in Thistle
stems from Scratch Wood. :

Mr T. R. Eaeues exhibited a few larvae of common British Lepidop-
tera.

Mr Hy. J. Turner reported that larvae of Macrothylacia rubi, L.,
were now appearing after hibernation and preparing to spin up.

lith MAY 1944.

_A Vice-President, Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., and subsequently the
PRESIDENT, in the Chair.

It was announced that Mr J. F. Johnstone, F.R.E.S., of Southsea,
a member since 1923, died early in February last.

It was also announced that Mr C. Rippon had presented to the Society
a new opaque screen for the lantern. A very hearty vote of thanks was
moved from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

Mr George Sidney Kloet, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., of ‘‘ Vanessa,’ 8 Knuts-
ford Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, was declared elected a Member.

Mr H. W. Anprews exhibited specimens of a number of species of
British Diptera which he subsequently presented to the Society’s collec-
tions and for which a very hearty vote of thanks was recorded.

Capt. R. A. Jackson exhibited young larvae of the moth Poecilopsis
lapponaria, Bdv., 18 days old, feeding on Birch, and bred from ova laid
by females obtained at Struan in April.

Mr T. R. Eactes exhibited branches of a Chinese rose, Rosa omeiensis,
Rolfe, var. pteracantha, (Franch) Rehd., and called attention to the
curious winged thorns.

4

Mr M. Nisterr exhibited a piece of very hard, blackish substance
found in the heart of a large Beech tree. It was considered too light to
be metallic and it was suggested it might be some form of carbon pro-
duced in the tree by lightening.

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited two queens of the Hornet, Vespa crabro, L.,
which were taken on April 16th in the pine woods between Virginia Water
and Sunningdale. The exact site was in the frass of a hollow Birch tree
which had cracked at the base and fallen. The tree measured 45 feet
in length with a basal girth of 42 inches. The interior hollow extended
for at least 7 feet and it is possible that in life the tree had been used as
a nesting site by Hornets. The Hornets exhibited were under about 6
inches of frass and 2 feet from the base of the tree.

Mr E. E. Syms exhibited nests of various Bees formed in some of the
special observation cages he had put out in his garden. Y

Mr H. Last exhibited specimens of Cossonus parallelepipedus, Hbst.,
taken from the condemned Elms in Windsor Park as larvae and pupae
in September 1943. They were only to be found right inside the trunk
where the wood was soft and decayed.

Mr W. O. Sree exhibited the Saw Fly, Trichiosoma lucorum, L.,
found at Welwyn Garden City on 29.iv.1944, which he thought to be a
very early date.

Mr J. A. SrepHens exhibited a card cutting apparatus for making
mounts for Coleoptera.

Mr C. N. Hawking exhibited further examples of abnormal growth
of the Salix atrocinerea, Brot., from his garden at Wimbledon and re-
ferred to the previous example which he showed on 9th September last.
He stated that these further specimens had enabled Mr Laing of the
British Museum (Natural History) to identify the cause as the Mite,
Phytoptus (Hriophyes) triradiatus, Nalepa.

8th JUNE 1944.
The PrestmpENnT in the Chair.

The recent death of Mr H. Wood of ‘ Albert Villa,’? Kennington,
near Ashford, Kent, a member since 1918, was announced.

Mr John Forsyth Johnstone, of Courtlands Hotel, Clarence Parade,
Southsea, Hants, was declared elected a Member.

Mr M. Nisrert exhibited some South African galls in connection with
his paper subsequently read.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited examples of Panthera unciaria, Guen.,
from Sao Paulo, Brazil, taken in August, and another specimen (? same
species) from the same place in February.

Dr K. G. Buatr exhibited an Ichneumon-fly, Ctenichnewmon castiga-
tor, Fab., reared from a pupa of the Lepidopteron Gortyna flavago,
Schiff., found in a dead Thistle stem at Ashtead on 20th April last.
The parasite emerged on 5th June. The empty pupa-shell was choked
with the hairs and scales of the moth, which had been practically ready

5

to emerge when it succumbed to the ravages of the parasite, presumably
last August or September. He also showed full-grown living larvae of
the Stag Beetle, Zwcanus cervus, L., from the stump of a young Sycamore
tree in his garden at Wimbledon which was cut down about five years
ago. As the adult beetles had then been about for a week or two it was
considered doubtful whether these would produce beetles this summer.
Adult beetles were, however, seen to emerge from beneath the same stump
a few days later, while second stage larvae were also found, which sug-
gests that broods of three years were present.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury exhibited a specimen of the Blood-veined Dock,
Rumex sanguineus, L., grown in a garden where the plant seeds freely
and springs up self-sown every year. The original seedling came from a
Sussex wood, and it was suggested at the time that the plant was prob-
ably not the true R. sanguineus. However, the specimen shown is the
fifth generation and the plants come true every year. There is no indica-
tion of hybridisation in spite of the near presence of wild specimens of
R. viridis, Sibth. (a similar plant but with green veins) and R. obtusi-
folius, L. He also exhibited galls in Common Reed and said that the
gall is in the arrested shoot and is caused by the fly, Lipara lucens, Meig.,
of which one specimen, which emerged on 6.vi.1944, was shown, together
with specimens of its Hymenopterous parasite, Pteromalus liparae, Gir.

Mr T. R. Eacuzs exhibited larvae of Lymantria monacha, L.; Pheosia
gnoma, Fabr., and Orthosia mimosa, Schiff. Also a pair of the beetle,
Prionus coriarvus, L. These are reported in the press to be damaging
telegraph posts. Dr Blair remarked that he also had seen the report
but doubted that the culprit responsible had been correctly identified.
Prionus larva feeds on the large roots, mainly of Beech and Oak, though
it has been reported from conifers, and it is not at all likely that it
would oviposit on timber from which the bark had been removed, and
even if it did the creosote would probably be fatal to the larvae. He
recalled that in North Italy he had seen a line of telegraph posts heavily
damaged by beetle borings and actually found adults of Hylotrupes
bajulus, L., on the infected poles (which, however, had not been creo-
soted). This species is known in this country as a pest of roofing timbers
of coniferous woods and may have been responsible for the damage to the
telegraph posts in the present instance.

Mr E. E. Syms exhibited photographs of the larvae and pupae of
Trichoptilus paludum, Zell.

Mr E. J. Summers exhibited a specimen of the rare beetle, Necro-
phorus interruptus, Steph., taken by him on the underside of a dead
Starling in his garden on 27.vii.1943.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., read the following interesting note on the
recovery of an apparently moribund larva of Apatura iris, L.:—‘‘ The
larva was beaten on May 25th, half grown, but apparently crippled, and
unable to grip the leaves. My wife said it was about to change its skin,
but it seemed flaccid, and I doubted it. This was at 5.30. At 7.30 I
found that it had just changed, but with no silk pad it could not quite

6

clear its anal segments. Luckily I had caught it in the act. The old
skin was still moist, and I was able to draw it off backwards, very gently,
with a setting needle. I felt very pleased. At 8.30 all seemed well. At
9.30 I looked again, and found poor iris very weak, and apparently bleed-
ing ‘ behind its ears.’ At 10.0 it turned over on its side and lay as one
dead, with no movement at all. Next morning it was just the same, quite
lifeless, and I almost threw it away. At 5 p.m. it showed some signs of
life, and was able to move its head, so I stood it up on its feet. At 7 p.m.
it was just the same, but at 8 p.m. it started to crawl and was much bet-
ter. At bedtime it had moved well up a Sallow stem, but did not eat,
nor had it done so at 2 a.m. next morning. At 7 a.m., however, I was
delighted to see some frass and that it had eaten half a leaf. Now it
seems quite well, eats heartily and stands in no need of any laxative.
TFrohawk says that after moulting iris rests for 18 hours before feeding,
but this was a case of a larva, apparently lifeless for 18 hours, and not
feeding for 32 hours.’’

The PresIpENT reported taking an example of Aegeria chrysidiformis,
Esp., at Whitstable in Kent a few days ago.

Mr Nistetr then read his interesting and instructive paper o1 ‘‘ South
African Galls ’’ (see Trans.) and reviewed the present state of knowledge
on the subject. A hearty vote of thanks was moved from the chair and
carried by acclamation.

13th JULY 1944.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The Rev. Canon T. G. Epwarps exhibited two larvae of Hemaris
fuciformis, L., from Ashtead, one full-grown and one in first instar.

Mr R. J. Burton exhibited a large cluster of Chrysopid eggs, and
suggested that the dense arrangement of these long-stalked eggs might
serve as a protection against predators. :

Mr J. A. SrepHens exhibited a number of rare and other species of
Coleoptera taken in Cobham Park, etc., recently, including Phymatodes
testaceus, L., beaten from Maple, 29.vi.1944; Leptura livida, F., beaten
from flowering Chestnut tree, 13.vi1.1944; Athous villosws, Geof., taken
out of rotten Hornbeam, 15.v1.1944 (rarely seen, though the larva is
abundant) ; Hlater balteatus, L., beaten from Oak, 6.vii.1944 (first record
for district); Tillus elongatus, L., beaten from Ash, 6.vi1.1944; Abdera
biflexuosa, Ct., and Conopalpus testaceus, Ol., both beaten from Oak,
21.vi.1944; also Ptinus sexpunctatus, Pz., and other species from various
localities.

Major Fremiin exhibited an Ant Lion from East Africa, and an un-
named Hemipteron Homopteron from Ryarsh, Kent.

Mr T. R. Eactes exhibited the green and brown forms of the larvae
of Cosymbia punctaria, L.

The Secretary, Mr F. Srantey-Smiru, on behalf of Dr G. V. Butn,
then read the following series of notes, dated 10th July 1944, entitled

7

‘‘ Spring Notes from Sandhurst ’’: ‘‘ The first Sallow catkin in my gar-
den showed on 25th February, and the first moth was beaten from the
tree on 19th March. Brephos parthenias, L., was seen on the wing on
24th March. Moths were not abundant on the Sallows but all the com-
mon Taeniocampids appeared in small numbers except Monima (Taenio-
campa) populi, Fb. (populeti, Hb.), which I have never taken in my
immediate neighbourhood. Huchloé cardamines, L., was seen on 9th
April; Pieris rapae, L., on 18th April, and Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., on
23rd April. Argynnis euphrosyne, L., appeared on 1st May, well before
its average date. Both this insect and A. selene, Schiff., were less abun-
dant than in 1943. The nights of June, with 3 or 4 exceptions, were all
cold and most of the insects usually seen on my Valerian were absent.
Plusia gamma, L., appeared on 4th June, and after that from one to
three were present on odd nights. Deilephila elpenor, L., came on three
or four occasions; Leucania comma, L., one only, though usually in some
numbers. No Triphaena pronuba, L., Agrotis exclamationis, L., Abros-
tola tripartita, Hufn., Plusia chrysites, L., nor P. cota, L., were seen.
The Oaks and young Chestnut and Ash trees, which were badly cut by
the frost some eight weeks ago, seem to have recovered completely.’’

10th AUGUST 1944.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., F.R.E.S., one of the Vice-Presidents, in the
= Chair.

Mr Dennis S. Burrows, of 33 Brookehowse Road, Bellingham, Lon-
don, S.E.6, and Set. Theo. M. Telsch, 33593443, of H.Q. Command, H.Q.
Det. Eng. Section, E.T.0.U.S.A., A.P.O. 887, c/o U.S. Army, were de-
clared elected Members.

Mr I’. D. Coors exhibited an adult of the Hemipteron, Ledra aurita,
Lin., taken at Ashtead on 5th August.

Mr T. R. Eaaztes exhibited sprays of Ivy buds with ova and young
larvae of Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., a species which has been very abun-
dant lately. He also showed larvae of Tethea ocularis, Guen. (octoges-
sima, Hb.).

Capt. Jackson exhibited a defective pupa of Apatura iris, L., which
resulted from the revived larva of which he gave an account on 8th June
last; and reported that Oria musculosa, Hb., was extremely plentiful
this year in the Salisbury district, where, when wheat was being cut on
4th August, the moths, mostly females rather worn, were flying out in all
directions. One field where this occurred had lain fallow the previous
year, and another had been under clover. He also reported thut a num-
ber of varieties of Lysandra coridon, Poda, had been taken at Salisbury,
and that he had seen one or two from St Catherine’s Hill at Winchester,
where varieties are usually rare. He mentioned that the late Dr Hodg-
son, in a paper read in 1909, drew the inference that. a cold, dull sum-
mer led to increased variation, and Capt. Jackson suggested that, in

8

view of the condition prevailing since early June, a good year for
varieties should be in prospect.

Col. P. A. CarpEw then gave a short account of some of his best cap-
tures, entitled ‘‘ My Red-Letter Days,”’ and Mr F. D. Coore read a short
paper on ‘‘ Ashtead.’’ A hearty vote of thanks to these two gentlemen
was proposed from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

14th SEPTEMBER, 1944.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The Presipent exhibited a cross-pairing of male Hofmennophila
(Borkhausenia) pseudospretella, Staint., with female Hphestia elutella,
Hb., from Central Granary, Millwall Dock.

Mr L. Lasr exhibited two specimens of the locally common Heteromer-
ous beetle, Notoxus monocerus, L., and said:-—‘‘ This is the only species
of the genus in England and is curious in having the anterior portion of
the thorax extended over the head in a strong horn. Fowler says that
in abnormal specimens this horn is divided and forked. I swept these
at Bude on 13th May 1944.’’ He also showed three specimens of Laemos-
tenus terricola, Hbst., ‘‘ another species said to be common and widely
distributed. It is recorded as being found in a variety of situations,
cellars, sandpits, under bark, stones, and leaves. I took these from a
wood-pigeon’s old nest quite 10 feet from the ground. As I broke up the
nest over a sheet seven of these rather large beetles fell out and scampered
away. I was not really prepared for such large inhabitants. The cyane-
ous colour of the elytra is rather attractive. These were taken at Bow,
Devon, on 38rd July 1944.”

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited the beetle Chrysomela menthastri, Suff.,
taken on Tansy between Milford and Godalming. He Meir a was a
new record for Surrey.

Mr Haeips exhibited a number of larvae hyena collected from
Birches in Epping Forest, including Notodonta dromedarius, L.; also
larvae of Cosymbia linearia, Hb., from Beech, showing the green form
and the brown one; and a full-fed larva of Cilix glaucata, Scop.

Mr Eaetes then read, on behalf of the respective authors who were
unable to be present, Mr Sparrow’s paper ‘‘ More Notes on Micro-lepi-
doptera ’’ and extracts from Mr Leeds’ paper, ‘‘ Monks’ Wood, Hunts.,
and its Environment, Past and Present ’’ (for the latter, see Tramns.).

14th OCTOBER 1944.
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS.

The PRrEsIDENT opened the exhibition at 2.30 p.m. A brief descrip-
tion of the varieties, rarities, and other objects of interest shown by
exhibitors follows. It is regretted that owing to demands on space it has
proved impossible to publish full notes of all the interesting things shown.

9

Mr B. W. Apxi1n.—Two aberrations of the Lepidopteron, Argynnis
selene, Schiff., taken by himself near Tunbridge Wells, 24th June 1944,
one with broad black bands on all wings.

Dr C. H. ANprewes.—Five species of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera
taken in 1943 and 1944 near Great Gaddesden and believed not to have
been previously recorded for Hertfordshire: Sehirus luctuosus, Mul. &
R., Rhopalus subrufus, Gmel., Metatropis rufescens, H.-S., Trapezonotus
arenarius, L., Pilophorus cinnamopterus, Kirsch. Also five bugs taken
in 1943 and 1944 around Hampstead, Finchley, and Edgware, and he-
_ lieved not to have been previously recorded for Middlesex: Elasmostethus
interstinctus, L., Mecomma ambulans, Fin. (also a macropterous 9 from
Bushey, Herts., 23.vi1.44), Heterocordylus genistae, Scop., Hoplomachus
thunbergi, FIn., Amblytylus affinis, Fieb.

Mr H. W. Anvrews.—A series. of Rhingia rostrata, L., a scarce
British Syrphid (Dip.).

Mr T. L. Barnerr.—Long and varied series of Lepidoptera: (a) Spilo-
soma lutea, Hufn. (lwbricipeda, L., in part.), including ab. zatima, Stoll.,
from the late W. H. Tugwell collection; (b) S. lubricipeda, L., in part.
(menthastri, Esp.), including spotless and heavily spotted forms, mostly
from the Croydon district; (c) Mimas tiliae, L., mostly bred, from Croy-
don and Mitcham.

Capt. E. S. A. Baynes.—The following Lepidoptera: (a) a series of
Panaxia dominula, L., bred from an Oxford strain, showing the typical
form, ab. medio-nigra, Cckne., including an asymmetrical example, and
various forms of ab. bimacula Cckne. ; (b) a series of Bupalus piniaria, L.,
bred from Surrey larvae including male and female ab. funebris, Cckne.,
and examples of a small pale form; (c) a yellow variety of Phiagmatobia
fuliginosa, L.; (d) a specimen of Abrazas grossulariata, L., in which the
dark markings near the base of the forewings coalesce roughly into the
form of a ‘‘ figure of 8.”’

Mr EK. J. Beprorp.—Six water-colour drawings of British Orchids;
photographs of the Convolvulus Hawk-moth (Herse convolvuli, L.), the
Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina, L.) and larva of the Alder Moth (A patele
alm, L.), all from living specimens.

Dr K. G. Buarr.—Galls of Inpara lucens, Mg. (Diptera, Chloropidae),
with the flies, parasites and inquilines reared from them.

Mr S. R. Bowpren.—Lepidoptera: (a) Maniola jurtina, L., and
Aglais urticae, L., taken in coiti, Aveley, Essex, 1.vii.43 (see Ent., 76,
209, and 77, 72); (b) Colias croceus, Fourc., a brood from an ab. helice,
Hb., female, showing a 4:3:1 ratio of males: helice females: croceus
females. The peculiarity of this brood lay in the ratio 35 males: 26 helice
females: 7 crocews females obtained in the bred (August-September)
generation—practically 4:3:1. (Two insects were perhaps doubtfully
classified as helice ; if these were counted as croceus the ratio was 35 : 24:9,
which was still close to 4:3:1). As helice (W) is dominant over normal
croceus (w), this appears to be a case of the mating of two heterozygotes
(Ww), with no linked lethal. A previous instance is recorded from

10

France by T. A. Chapman, Ent., 38, 140 (1905). In the isolated croceus
colony in a wheatfield at Willian, Herts., from which the female was
taken in July 1943, many helice females were seen, but no normal croceus
females. The colony was almost certainly the progeny of a single female,
which chose in May-June a situation normally unattractive to the species,
and it remained isolated for that reason. If there were in fact no nor-
mal croceus females in the colony in July, one of the May parents must
have been (WW) (homozygous for helice); the other may have been (ww)
or (Ww). If croceus occurred in the ratio of one to 3 helice, but was over-
looked, both May parents were (Ww); only if croceus and helice females
were in fact present in equal numbers in July can one of the May parents
have been normally homozygous (ww).

(NotEr.—In this brood males and females are, as expected, approxi-
mately equal 35:33. If, as seems probable (but not certain since the
proportion of helice and croceus in the males cannot be distinguished in
these sex-limited cases and might in fact balance the uneven proportions
in the females, so as to bring the proportions to the whole brood to 1:1)
both parents were heterozygous for helice and crocews, then on the nor-
mal assumption that the two forms are evenly distributed between the
sexes, the expectation would be, in the females, a proportion of 3 helice
(of which 2 would be heterozygotes) to 1 crocews. If there were 7 croceus
females, there should have been 21 helice only, but if there were in fact
9 croceus females there should have been 27 helice, which is practically
what was obtained. See also Proc. and Trams., 1942-48, Pt. II, pp. 46-48.
—O. N. H.) '

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone.—Various Lepidoptera: (a) a gynandrous
specimen of Polygonia c-album, L., bred from Ashtead ova, June 1944;
(b) a large series of Aglais uwrticue, L., bred from Ashtead larvae, June
1944. Coloration varied from pink to dull red. All the darker speci-
mens had the blue lunules reduced in size and in a few of the lighter
forms the yellow patch on the costa between the second and third black
spots of the forewings was united with the yellow spot on the inner mar-
gin, thus forming a band. A number approached ab. polaris, Stder.
Undersides were extremely pale with whitish bands to hindwings; (c)
another series of the same species bred from Ewell larvae, August 1944,
in which the coloration and markings varied somewhat to the same ex-
tent as in the June bred series except that there was a smaller percentage
of the paler forms. A few of the undersides, which were extremely dark,
had the colour of the forewings a pale brown, the band of the hindwings
a reddish-brown; (d) Bupalws pimiaria, L., a long series bred from Ox-
shott larvae. The upper and undersides varied from white to almost
black. Several females had narrow blackish bands on upper sides of
forewings; (e) living pupae and imagines of possible third brood of A.
urticae taken as larvae, 6th September, in North Devon. Imagines com-
menced to emerge 8th October, pupae having been kept in a warm room.
All these imagines were undersized and had extremely pale ground colour,
while the blue lunules were much reduced in size. To date about one

11

hundred butterflies had emerged; (f) living larvae of B. piniaria from
Oxshott, Surrey; (g) a short series of Zysandra coridon, Poda, ‘‘ semi-
obsolete,’”? Surrey Hills, August 1944.

Dr G. V. Butu.—Lepidoptera including Lymantria (Psilura) monacha,
L., from Herts, Kent, and Sussex, compared with bred specimens from
the New Forest, and two Lycaena phlaeas, L., with the border of the
hindwings radiated.

Mr Bruce Burns.—Lepidoptera: (a) a male Pontia daplidice, L.,
Gosport, 14th July 1944, a very rare immigrant; (b) Colias croceus,
Foure., ab. pallida, Tutt, Alverstoke, June 1943; (c) Argynnis paphia,
L., ab. valesina, Esp., New Forest, July 1944; (d) two male Hyloicus
pinastri, L.., captured at rest at the same time on the trunk of a Hima-
layan Deodar at Eastleigh, 1st July 1942, apparently newly emerged.

Col. P. A. Carpew.—Lepidoptera: Sterrha muricata, Hufn.
(auroraria, Bkh.) and Scopula (Acidalia) rubiginata, Hufn., a short series
of each from various localities to show extremes of variation.

Dr E. A. Cockayne.—Lepidoptera: Ortholitha scotica, Cckne., in-
cluding normal, dark, and intermediate forms, and Scottish forms of
Crocallis elinguaria, L.

Mr B. A. Coorprr.—A number of Lepidoptera, etc., including (a) an
asymmetrical aberration of Papilio machaon, L., with one of the yellow
outer rows of forewing spots replaced by black, bred 1939, from Norfolk
Broads; (b) twospecimens of Apatele (Acronicta) auricoma, Schiff., reared
in 1939 from larvae taken in the New Forest; (c) an unusual aberration
of a Geometrid, believed to be of Xanthorhoé montamata, Schiff., at pre-
sent undescribed, taken in Leeds, May 1941; (d) long series of Hemero-
phila abruptaria, Thnbg., reared by the exhibitor and Mr J. EK. Knight.
One series was of a form showing a narrow central forewing band, found
in both the light and the melanic types, but showing no intermediates
with the typical form. The other series was of a completely suffused
form, appearing as about 30% of the narrow-banded-form progeny. Un-
fortunately the stock was lost in 1941 owing to war-time causes after
having been reared in numbers for three years. Both sexes occurred in
both forms; (e) photographic enlargements of living Lepidoptera from
the negatives of the late Mr A. E. Tonge; (f) photographs and paintings
of living larvae and adult American silkmoths reared in 1944; (g) other
insects as described on page 24, 1943-44 Proc. and Trans.

Mr J. C. B. Crasxe and Capt. R. M. Crasxe.—Aberrations of Lepi-
doptera taken in 1944, including (a) Argynnis ewphrosyne, L., from Sur-
rey, 2 males and 1 female with cream ground colour, and 1 female banded
on fore and hindwings; (b) A. selene, Schiff., from Surrey, an extreme
variation of the male with the marginal spots on all wings extended into
radiate streaks, the central area almost devoid of markings and the
underside rayed pearly-white; another, an extreme form of the male
with the marginal spots on the forewings extended into streaks, two-
thirds of the hindwings covered with black suffusion, and the underside
rayed pearly-white ; and a third, less extreme; (c) Melitaea athalia, Rott.,

12

from Devonshire, one a female with forewings heavily suffused with
black scales, and smoky hindwings, another, a male with the basal area
of the forewings devoid of markings and the hindwings heavily suffused
with black scales, a form approaching var. eos, Haw., and other banded
forms; (d) Iysandra coridon, Poda, from Surrey and Wilts., including
ab. syngrapha, Kef., a female underside alba, Tutt, a female albescens,
Tutt, a female transformis, B. & L., males of slate colour, underside
of ab. obsoleta, Tutt, and forms with tendency to white ground; (e)
Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., including a female with underside ‘‘ ultra-
radiata,’ probably unique, and a gynandromorph, left side female, right
side male, both taken 27th July 1944, in Surrey, also examples of ‘‘antico-
obsoleta’’; (f) Lycaena phlaeas from Surrey, including an extreme ab.
bipunctata, Tutt, of which the underside forewings also are almost de-
void of spots, 3 males and 3 females ab. obliterata, Tutt, 3 extreme forms
of ab. intermedia, Tutt, and 2 underside aberrations similar in form to
ab. discreta, Tutt, of L. coridon, with a tendency to radiation from the
margins; (g) Aglais urticae, L., including a male with the two small cen-
tral spots absent, and a male and a female showing colour variation,
captured in Devon in September, and 4 examples of ab. polaris, Stdgr.,
bred Surrey in July; (h) Mamiola jurtina, L., from Surrey, including a
male with pale buff ground, also 1 male, and 2 females symmetrically
rayed with white on all wings; (i) Aricia agestis, Schiff., from Wilts.
and Surrey, including a male underside with strong tendency to radia-
tion, a female underside showing white ground colour, a female under-
side ‘‘ semi-obsoleta’’ on dark ground, and a male upperside extreme
form ab. allows, Hb.

Mr A. W. Drennis—Stereoscopic photographd of sundry insects.

Mr EH. A. J. Durry.—Some interesting Coleoptera and their larvae
from the Surrey-Hants border.

Mr T. R. Eacirs.—A selection of autumn fungi, and a larva of the
Lepidopteron, Laspeyria flecula, Schiff.

Mr N. T. Easton.—Aberrations of Lepidoptera taken and bred Bee
in 1944, including: Aphantopus hyperantus, L., ab. arete, Mill., and
ab. caeca, Fuchs, both taken near Droitwich. Maniola jurtina, L., a
partial albino, l.f.w. affected, taken near Gloucester in 1948. Huchloé
cardamines, L., a mixed gynandromorph. Upperside showed female
markings, whilst underside had irregular and asymmetrical areas of the
male orange colouring in the apical area. Genitalia mixed, those of both
sexes being present, though predominantly female. Taken at Droitwich.
Argynnis euphrosyne, L., a female having melanic hindwings, with radi-
ate margins, forewings being almost typical. Taken near Droitwich.
A. paphia, L., ab. confluens, Splr. Confluence of marginal spots limited
to hindwings only, and an aberration showing confluence of the forewing
marginal row of spots, with a general obsolescence of markings at the
basal end of the inner margin of the forewings. The hindwings showed
obsolescence of the ‘‘ zigzag ’’ streak distal to the discoidal, with almost
complete absence of the usual outer angle marginal spots between veins

13

6 and 7. The remainder of the outer row of marginal spots on the hind-
wings were replaced by four ‘‘ comet-like’’ streaks. An unusual form.
Both taken near Droitwich. Pieris napi, L., ab. magno-maculata, Mill.,
a female, taken near Aberdeen. Panawia dominula, L., a selection of
bred aberrations, including: 2 ab. medio-nigra, Cekne.; 2 ab. bimacula,
Cekne. ; 4 of a form with “ pin-point ’’ basal spots; 1 form having ‘‘ pin-
point ’’ upper basal and horizontally streaked lower basal; 1 new form
having no basals, with double costal streak on hindwings, probably the
homozygous expression of the form with ‘‘ pin-point ”’ basal spots above;
2 ab. bimacula, an extreme form having normal forewing background
colour replaced by blue-black; 2 ab. bimacula, having all remaining fore-
wing spots deep orange, with banded hindwings; probably a new form;
2 ab. medio-nigra, with sub-normal basal spots on forewings; 2 ab. medio-
nigra, with double costal streak on hindwings; 1 a form having spiral
scaling on r.f.w. only, causing blurring of the sub-apical, apical and
inner marginal groups of spots on forewings. This insect had an abnor-
mally wide black dorsal stripe, similar to that figured in Dr Kettlewell’s
plate II, fig. 7 (Proc. S.L.E. and N.H.S., 1942-43) ; 2 ab. crocea, Schultz;
1 ab. ocellata, Ktlwl. ; 3 of a form with heavily-marked forewings and dull
orange hindwings, lightly marked; 1 ab. illustris, Ktlwl., having blue-
black, heavily marked forewings and lightly marked pink hindwings;
and several others.

Canon T. G. Epwarps.—Lepidoptera: (a) (i) bred in 1944, including
Gastropacha quercifolia, L., 3 females and 1 male from Bexley larvae,
Hilema deplana, Esp., from Box Hill, Aegeria vespiformis, L., a female
from Ashtead (also a male taken in flight), Saturnia pavonia, L. (carpini,
Schiff.), from larva on bramble in Ashtead Woods, Sphinz ligustri, L.,
from Devon, Perizoma bifasciata, Haw., ab. unifasciata, Haw., from
Camberley larvae, and Parascotia fuliginaria, L.; (ii) captured in 1944,
including Lysandra coridon, Poda, ab. semi-syngrapha, Tutt, from Ran-
more Common, Procris statices, L., from Ashtead Woods, and Setina
trrorella, L., from Ranmore Common. (b) taken in Ceylon by his
brother-in-law, the late Canon L. J. Gaster, representing local races with
distinguishing features peculiar to the island forms, including Papilio
polymnestor, Cr., race parinda, Mr., P. sarpedon, Iu., race teredon, Fldr.
(note the scent scales); P. ewrypylus, L., race jason, Esp.; Appias naren-
dra, M., male and female, rare and very local. Prior to this capture,
the female was unknown. Three specimens were taken. One is now in
the national collection at the British Museum, the other is in the keep-
ing of a private collector in Ceylon. A. libythea, Fb.; A. paulina, Cr.;
Huphina cingala, Mr. (known as “ the green back ’’); H. nerissa, Fb.;
Txias cingalensis, Mr.; Pareronia ceylanica, Fldr.; and Atella ceylonica,
Mand., a very local insect.

Mr Bernard Emsry.—Examples of 40 species of Lepidoptera taken
Whilst on military service in Scotland, 1941-44. Amongst the exhibits
were:—A dark form of Cryphia (Metachrostis) perla, Fb., Eupithecia
tripunctaria, H.-S. (albipunctata, Haw.), var. angelicata, Barr., and

14

E. icterata, Vill., race cognata, Steph., from the Edinburgh district.
Brachionycha nubeculosa, Esp., Lycia hirtaria, Clrck., and Nothopteryx
carpinata, Bkh., from Aviemore, Inverness-shire. Poecilopsis lappon-
aria, Bdv., from Struan, Perthshire. Apatele menyanthidis, View.,
Hyppa rectilinea, Esp., Xanthorhoé munitata, Hb., Colostygia olivata,
Schiff., C. salicata, Hb., Venusia cambrica, Curt., Entephria caesiata,
Schiff., Gnophos myrtillata, Thnbg., and Bupalus piniaria, L., from the
Glasgow area. Two black-banded specimens of Epirrhoé alternata, Mill.
(sociata, Bkh.), from Inverkip, Renfrewshire, and Dalmahoy, Midlothian.
Amongst the Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L., was one taken at Inverness on
3lst March 1944.

Mr W. J. Finnigan.—Lantern slides of (a) nests and eggs of Yellow-
hammer, Snipe, Chaffinch, Stonechat, Nightingale, Turtle Dove, Reed
Bunting, Stone Curlew, Blackbird, Spotted Flycatcher; (b) Flowers—
Bee Orchis, Clustered Bellflower, Cuckoo Flower, Herb Paris, Nettle-
leaved Bellflower; (c) Fungi—Clavaria aurea, Fr., Lycoperdon echina-
tum, Pers., Calocera viscosa, Fr., Verpa digitaliformis, Pers., Crucibulum
vulgare, Tul.

Dr E. B. Forp.—(a) The only recorded British specimen of the largest
European Fritillary, Argynnis maia, Cr. (=pandora, Schiff.). It was
captured by Mr A. W. Bennett at St Knighton’s Kieve, Tintagel, Corn-
wall, between the 3rd and 9th August 1911, flying with several others
over Purple Loosestrife. This seems an unlikely species for anyone to
release in England, and, as it occurs in Brittany (contrary to the state-
ments in most text-books), it is just possible that these specimens may
have been the progeny of an exceptional migrant. Continental speci-
mens of this species and specimens of A. paphia, L., were included for
comparison. (b) Two albino specimens of Argynnis selene, Schiff., cap-
tured within a few hundred yards of one another at Orton, Cumberland,
at an interval of ten years. The earlier specimen (9.v11.1924) was taken
by H. D. Ford, and the later (7.vii.1934) by E. B. Ford. This occurrence
suggests that the form is inherited ; probably it is a simple recessive.

Mr H. W. Forster.—A few good beetles taken in Epping Forest dur-
ing 1944, including Agonum versutum, Gyll., Hpaphius secalis, Pk., Apho-
dius foetens, F., A. tristis, Pz., A. sticticus, Pz., Corymbites nigricornis,
Pz., Lyctus brunneus, Steph., Zeugophora flavicollis, Mm., Donacia
thalassina, Germ., D. vulgaris, Zschach, Pyrochroa coccinea, L., and a
teratological specimen of Carabus violaceus, L., with eight legs taken at
Chingford.

Rev. Watter L. Freer.—Lepidoptera, including Lampra fimbriata,
Schreb., from Chute, Wilts., and Harewood Forest, Hants; Griposia
aprilina, L., variety from Evershot, Dorset, with typical specimen for
comparison; Plusia iota, L., a rare variety from Chute, Wilts, with a
typical specimen, and Mesotype virgata, Hufn., from Chute, Wilts.

Major H. S. Fremiin.—Varieties of the Lepidopteron, Aglais urticae,
L., taken wild, and others showing the action of extra warmth when in

aes

15

the larval condition and the action of vapour of chloride of lime, hydro-
chlorie acid and nitric acid while in the pupal state.

Mr F. D. Gooptirrr.—A living Coleopteron (Dytiscidae), Hydaticus
semuuger, Degeer.

Mr F. T. Grant.—The Coleopteron, Otiorrhynchus porcatus, Hbst.,
recently recorded as new to the South of England. The 5 specimens
shown were all taken on and under the same brick burr (over-burnt stock
brick) in his garden at Gravesend in April 1942 and 1944. They were
difficult to see as they harmonized with the colour of the brick. Also
cocoons of a Braconid parasite from the caterpillar of an Eyed Hawk
Moth (Smerinthus ocellatus, L.) identified by Dr K. G. Blair as Micro-
plitis ocellatae, Bou.

Commander G. W. Harrer, R.N.—Lepidoptera taken in Sussex, in-
cluding Pieris napi, L., a female with abnormal hindwings, having sym-
metrical patches apparently lacking scales, taken 1944; Leptidea sinapis,
L., male and female of each of spring and summer broods, 1944; a set of
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., 1944, females showing the prevalence of blue
forms; Aricia agestis, Schiff., male, 1943, a very dark form, believed to
be more usual in the North; Lysandra coridon, Poda, 2 males, 1944, with
undersides showing extremes of ground colour, and one male, 1944, with
heavy black outer margins; Lycaena phlaeas, L., 1944, a dark specimen
from the second brood, and a light one from the third brood; Cybosia
mesomella, L., 1944; KHilema deplana, Esp., tending to var. wnicolor,
Bankes, 1944; Laspeyria flerula, Schiff., 1944; Trichiwra crataegi, L.,
and cocoon, 1944; and Herse convolvuli, L., 5th September 1944.

Mr W. H. A. Harris.—Lepidoptera, including (a) Aphantopus hyper-
antus, L., a series of male ab. caeca, Fuchs, and two females, one with
spots on upperside hindwings obsolete and the other with exceptionally
large spots on all wings; (b) Maniola tithonus, L., with right hindwing
albinistic; (c) Huphydryas aurinia, Rott., a short series from the Chil-
terns, a locality from which it has been absent for many years; (d) Nym-
phalis io, L., three specimens with blind spots on hindwings, bred from
wild Hants larvae, July 1944; (e) Iimenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.), a
series varying from ab. nigrina, Weym., L., to normal, collected in
Hants, 1941; (f) Argynnis selene, Schiff., a short series from Glen
Brittle, Skye, May 1935; (g) A. euphrosyne, L., dark forms and a light
one from Bucks, 1944.

Mr J. L. Henpverson.—Coleoptera, being nine of the sixty species of
Curculionidae that occur in his garden at Purley, Surrey: Trachyphloeus
alternans, Gyll., Barypithes pellucidus, Boh., Gymnetron pascuorum,
Gyll., G. antirrhini, Pk., Ceuthorrhynchus constrictus, Mm., C. contrac-
tus, Mm., C. alliariae, Bris., C. asperifoliarum, Gyll., and Ceuthorrhynchi-
dius rufulus, Dufour. The last appears to be an addition to the County
- list; it is usually found only on the South coast, and the exhibitor has
not seen a record for Surrey.

Capt. P. E. N. Hrrcuins and Mr W. Murray.—Series of the Lepidop-
teron, Aglais urticae, L., showing variation produced by subjecting the

16

pupae to certain temperatures at different stages of their development.

Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N.—Varieties of Lepidoptera, Pieris napi,
L., a female with brilliant wing underside; Maniola jurtina, L., a female
with left wing normal, right forewing ab. pallens, Thierr.-M., together
with typical female and female ab. pallens for comparison; Lycaena
phlaeas, L., a male with half the right forewing, and female with half the
left forewing straw-coloured; Lysandra coridon, Poda, a series chiefly
from Salisbury and Winchester. Male undersides from Salisbury showed
a tendency to diminished spotting, whilst female undersides from Win-
chester showed heavy and increased spotting and tendency to amalgama-
tion on forewings. Female uppersides from Winchester showed a ten-
dency to brown coloration. Three dwarf males and a teratological male
with large unscaled spots on the forewing were also included. Also series
of Mimas tiliae, L., bred ab ovis, from normal parents showing variation
in ground colours and central band; Hndromis versicolora, L., bred ab
ovo, from Aviemore; Lasiocampa trifolii, Schiff., and Actebia praecoz,
L., from Livervool; Cucullia absinthi, Cl., from Portland, and C. chamo-
millae, Schiff., including ab. chrysanthemi, Hb., from Bishop’s Waltham ;
Caradrina ambigua, Schiff., from Bishop’s Waltham ; Nonagria sparganit,
Esp., male and female, from Lewes; Oria musculosa, Hb., from the Salis-
bury district; Sesiidae bred in 1944, including Aegeria andrenaeformis,
Lasp., A. spheciformis, Schiff., A. culiciformis, L., A. tipuliformis, C1.,
A. reyopaeformis, Bkh., and A. flaviventris, Stdgr. Also a bred specimen
of Cucullia gnaphalii, Hb., the first recorded from Hampshire for many
years.

MrS.N. A. Jacoss.—Cross pairing of Hofmannophila pseudospretella,
Staint., ¢, with Ephestia elutella, Hb., Q.

Mr J. M. Jaqures.—Short series of Lepidoptera caught or bred in
1944, including Arctia caja, L. (minor varieties); Panaxia dominula, L.,
ab. bimacula, Cckne.; Parascotia fuliginaria, L.; Deilephila porcellus,
L.; Argynnis selene, Schiff., a white variety; Huchloris smaragdaria,
Fb.; Northern forms of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, L., and Aricia agestis,
Schiff., var. artaxerces, Fb., from Aberdeen, with about 400 specimens
of various Micro-lepidoptera, including some Nepticula.

Mr C. MacKecuniz Jarvis.—Coleoptera in various stages, including
(a) living specimens of the Longicorn, Saperda carcharias, L., from Bed-
ford; (b) larvae and beetles of Dendrophagus crenatus, Pk., Pytho de-
pressus, L., and Hros aurora, Hbst., all from Aviemore, Inverness; (c)
melanic and typical forms of Bembidion litorale, Ol. (paludosum, Panz.),
B. punctulatum, Drap., B. bipunctatwm, L., and Asaphidion (Tachypus)
pallipes, Duft., found occurring together at Aviemore; (d) specimens of
Donacia obscura, Gyll., from Aviemore, and (e) a series of Brachypterolus
vestitus, Kies., a beetle attacking antirrhinum flowers in a Bedford gar-
den, hitherto only recorded from Cambridge.

Col. S. H. Kersuaw.—Varieties of Rhopalocera taken by himself in
Beds and Bucks, 1943 and 1944, including Maniola jurtina, L., males
showing variation in forewing colour patches; Aphantopus hyperantus,

——

17

L., with hindwing spots on pale band; Lycaena phlaeas, L., abs. subradt-
ata, B. & L., suffusa, Tutt, schmidti, Gerh., awronulla, B. & L., infra-
marginata, B. & L., obsolescens-ignita, B. & L., intermedia, Tutt, and
one with spluttered spots; Polyommatus icarus, Rott., 3 blue females in-
cluding one with no red whatever on upper surface, and underside
varieties ; Lysandra bellargus, Rott., including blue females, colour varie-
ties of male upperside and underside, including one approaching the
striata, Tutt, form of L. coridon, and one female entirely blue and black
above, no spots or red.

Dr H. B. D. Kerritewrett.—The Lepidoptera Arctia villica, L., and
varieties, ab. radiata, Spul., a series from Cranleigh district taken in
assembling traps, and ab. wardi, Mathew, from Dovercourt, also two
smoky males and a blackish-suffused female. Panaxia dominula, L.,
varieties (all bred 1944), ab. albomarginata, Ktlwl., a series bred repre-
sented by homozygous dominants from the broods; ab. crocea, Schultz,
a bred series also represented by homozygous dominants of the broods
(The heterozygous individuals are a variable series, from those with yel-
lowish-spotted forewings to those indistinguishable from typical dom-
inula); ab. juncta, Cckne., series bred; a small series with the normal
red hindwings replaced by pale pink and with the forewing spots all
whitish; and another series showing the effect of high sun temperature
(in the region of 110° F.), on wild collected larvae. The resulting insects
were in appearance modifications of ab. basi-nigra, Cckne. Also an ex-
treme ab. bimacula, Cckne., bred by H. Newman, 1944, and a small
series of ab. bimacula, ab. privata, Ktlwl., etc.

Rev. J. N. Marcon.—Varieties of butterflies from Surrey and Sussex,
1944, including Argynnis cydippe, L., 3 banded males, 1 showing in ad-
dition a tendency to resemble ab. conflwens, Splr. of A. paphia; female ab.
bronzus, Froh., forewings deep black save for costal spot and slight ful-
vous rays from border; male and female undersides similar to ab. charlot-
ta, Haw. of A. aglaia, L.; 1 male underside showing obsolescent spotting
and 1 female upperside with white patches on both left wings. A. paphia,
L., 1 large female, ab. confluens, Splr., A. selene, Schiff., 1 male with black
h.w. surrounded by small fulvous spots, and rayed f.w. ; 3 females with con-
fluent markings, 2 males suffused and blotched with black markings; 1
male with pale areas over all wings. Lysandra coridon, Poda, ab. fowleri,
Sth., 1 gynandromorph, 1 female ab. digitata, Courv., 1 female ab. pulla,
B.&L. L. bellargus, Rott., male resembling ab. caeca, Courv., of L. cori-
don ; female with one-third of left h.w. splashed with male colour. Polyom-
matus icarus, Rott., various abs., including a male of a rare form described
as increscens-obsoleta. Lycaena phlaeas, L., females abs. auroradiata and
auronulla, B. & L., swbradiata, Tutt, and 1 intermedia-partim-radiata,
B. & L., and a male underside, ab. radiata, Tutt.

Mr P. W. Mittron.—Odonata from Epsom Common, Surrey, including
Ischnura elegans, Lind., male; Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp., male
and female; Hrythromma najas, Hans., male and female; Lestes sponsa,
Hans., male and female; Aeshna juncea, L., female; A. grandis, L., male

18

and female; Anax imperator, Leach, female; and Sympetrum striolatum,
Charp., male and female.

Mr A. M. Moriry.—Varieties of Lepidoptera, including Papilio
machaon, L., specimen with narrow bands on forewings, bred by Mr
Serpyll from larva found on carrot at Sellinge, Kent, September 1943;
Maniola jurtina, L., female albinistic on right forewing and left hind-
wing, and a female melanic underside, both from Wilts; Lysandra cort-
don, Poda, male ab. caeruleo, Tutt, male ab. pulla, B. & L., and another
with underside ultranubila, B. & L., male underside ab. caeca, Courv.,
female ab. inaequalis, Tutt, female underside ab. caeca, Courv., and an-
other with ab. sagittata, Courv., on one hindwing; these 8 from Wye
Downs, August 1944; male ab. caeruleo, Tutt, also ab. swavis, Schultz,
male ab. viridescens, Tutt, male underside ab. albescens, Tutt, ab. obso-
leta, Tutt, and hindwings triangular in shape; female ab. partim-trans-
formis, B. & L., these 4 from Wiltshire, August 1944. Lycaena phlaeas,
L., uppersides female ab. obsoleta, B. & L., female ab. disco-elongata,
B. & L., male ab. auroradiata, B. & L., from Folkestone, October 1943.
Cryphia perla, Fb., an outsize female, and specimens with ground colour
ranging from yellow or buff to dark grey, from Folkestone, August 1944.

Mr L. Hugo Newman.—Varieties of Rhopalocera selected from the
collection of our late member, Mr H. Wood of Ashford, Kent, including
(a) lanceolate and albino forms of Mamniola tithonus, L.; (b) an albino M.
jurtina, L.; (c) two albino Argynnis euphrosyne, L.; (d) a white Melitaea
athalia, Rott.; (e) a pair of fine radiate Polyommatus icarus, Rott.; (f)
radiate varieties of Lysandra coridon, Poda, and (g) two fine gynandrous
and radiate forms of L. bellargus, Rott. Also illustrated articles written
by himself for The Field and Country Tife, entitled ‘‘ Butterflies in a
London Garden,” and ‘‘ The Romance of Rare Hawk Moths.’’

Messrs G. B. Ontver and G. H. O1rver.—Varieties of Rhopalocera,
Agapetes galathea, L., with shade variation from pearl-white ground to
albinistic forms. Lysandra coridon, Poda, ab. syngrapha, Kef., and a
short series of shades lavendula, caeruleo, viridescens, metallica. Poly-
gonia c-albwm, L., showing (1) varied shades of ground colour from straw
to deep purplish-brown; (2) a wide range of aberrational markings; (3)
ab. hutchinsoni, Robsn., female (o-albuwm), an unusually large specimen
with a wing-span of 65mm. Leptidea sinapis, L., male and female of the
albino, ab. ganarew, Froh.

Mr R. W. Parrirr.—Sesiidae (Lep.) bred in 1944, viz., Aegeria andre-
naeformis, Lasp., A. flaviventris, Stdgr., A. spheciformis, Schiff., A.
tipuliformis, Cl., A. culiciformis, L., and A. vespiformis, L.

Mr C. G. Prisst.—Lepidoptera taken or bred in 1944, including
Saturnia pavonia, L. (carpim Schiff.), Biston betularia, L., ab. carbon-
aria, Jord., Panaxia dominula, L., Gonodontis bidentata, Cl., Gonepteryx
rhamni, L., Polyommatus icarus, Rott., Hesperia comma, L., and Ourap-
teryx sambucaria, L.

Mr L. A. E. Sasine.—Varieties of Rhopalocera, Argynnis euphrosyne,
L., a black-banded female, and a female with rayed forewings and largely

19

black hindwings, North Sussex, May 1944. A. selene, Schiff., very varied
series, North Sussex, 1944. Specimens with rayed forewings and black
hindwings; with all wings rayed, and central markings obsolete; a yellow
male, and banded forms; all May-June: also a series of second brood
specimens captured in August. Lysandra coridon, Poda, a few speci-
mens taken in August at Royston, including a very pale (almost white)
male.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury.—Photograph of the plant Phytewma spicatum,
L. (Spiked Rampion); lantern slides of the moths Nonagria typhae,
Thnbg., N. sparganii, Esp., Boarmia roboraria, Schiff., Hemaris fuci-
formis, L., and of the fungi, Coprinus micaceus, Fr., C. plicatilis, Fr.,
Hypholoma fasciculare, Quél., Collybia radicata, Quél., C. maculata,
Quél., Mycena epipterygia, Quél., Schizophyllum communis, Fr., and
Polyporus intybaceus, Fr. Also specimens of the Thorn Apple, Datura
stramonium, L., of the Fungus Geaster coronatus, Schaeff , of the hornet
Vespa crabro, L., from Ashtead, and various parasites.

Mr J. A. Sterpuens.—The following Coleoptera, mostly taken this
year in Cobham Park; some are believed to be the first records from this
area. Carabus nemoralis, Miill., Chatham; Hlaphrus riparius, L., Dould-
ham and Snodland (new record); H. cupreus, Duft.; Chlaenius vestitus,
Payk., Knight place pond; C. nigricornis, F., Snodland (new record);
Stenolophus mixtus, Hbst.; Staphylinus compressus, Mm., in straw;
Paederus riparius, L., Snodland; Choleva angustata, F., in leaves; Xylo-
drepa 4-punctata, L. (new record); Auloniwm trisulewm, Geoff., from
pupa; Antherophagus nigricornis, F., from sweet chestnut blossom ;
Elater balteatus, L., beaten from oak (new record); Athous villosus,
Geoff., from old hornbeam; Podabrus alpinus, Payk., 1941 (then new to
district) ; Tillus elongatus, L.; Dorcatoma dresdensis, Hbst., beating oak
and sweeping (new record); Prionus coriarius, L., at foot of dead tree;
Phymatodes testaceus, L., beating maple; Molorchus wmbellatarum,
Sahlb., beating oak (new record); Stenochorus meridianus, Panz.; Lep-
tura livida, F., from sweet chestnut blossom; Conopalpus testaceus, Ol.,
beating dead oak boughs; Abdera biflexwosa, Curt., with last; Mordellis-
tena humeralis, L., and neuwwaldeggiana, Panz., beating sweet chestnut;
Apion pomonae, F.; Erirrhinus festucae, Hbst., New Hythe, on reeds;
Hylobius abietis, L., on flowers brought into canteen, Chatham. He also
showed numerous beetles received from Messrs P. Harwood from Avie-
more and the late S. R. Ashby.

Mr Hy. J. Turner.—Butterflies received from his correspondents in
South America, (a) a fine series of Heliconius cyrbia, Godt., said by Dr
Seitz to be ‘‘ one of the plainest and at the same time most elegant forms
of this magnificent genus.’’ Equador; (b) forms of Heliconius sapho,
Drury, including ssp. leuwce, Dbldy., race primularis, Butlr., and ssp.
eleuchia, Hew.; (c) a few species of the large Sphingid genus Xylophanes
from the Neotropical Region of S. America: of this genus Seitz records
about 70 species. They are all neatly built insects with sharp-pointed
long abdomen, and short blunt antennae and are spread over the whole

20

of S. America and the W. Indian Islands and at least one species occurs
in Mexico. The species shown were X. tersa, L., one of the most widely
distributed species; X. chiron, Dry., ssp. nechus, Cr., and X. tyndarus,
Bdv., X. porcus, Hb., ssp. continentalis, Roths. & J., X. titana, Dree.,
X. schausi, Roth., X. isaon, Bdv., X. anwbus, Cr., the typical form of the
genus, X. zylobotes, Burm., etc.

Mr H. J. Vunatu.—The Lepidopteron, Maniola jurtina, L., a pale
male taken at Beaulieu Road, New Forest, July 1939.

Lieut. N. A. Warkins, R.N.V.R.—Varieties of Lepidoptera, including
(a) a series of 26 Huphydryas aurima, Rott., bred North Devon, 1943 and
1944, from wild larvae collected each spring and not inbred in captivity.
Amongst them were dark forms, rayed forms approaching and including
‘“« fasciata,’’? forms showing partial albinism, and in particular (1) ex-
treme melanic female, 9th May 1943, upperside forewing with heavy
black wedges and rayed red outer border, hindwings with increased black,
and underside hindwings with wide cream-coloured outer border; (2)
female, 13th May 1943, upperside cream-rayed and melanic, underside
hindwings almost wholly cream-coloured ; (3) asymmetrical melanic female,
23rd May 1944, left forewing melanic, right forewing melanic rayed with
cream; (4) female, 14th May 1944, left side normal, right pure albino.
(b) Series of Plebejus argus, L., from a small local North Devon race, 1944,
including minor varieties and five fine ab. flavus, Tutt, with the lunules
varying from yellow to almost white. (c) Lysandra coridon, Poda, two
extreme ab. albocrenata, Tutt, females, from Shoreham, Kent, August
1943, and a female with hindwings of ab. caeca, Courv., from Wilts, July
1943. (d) Polygonia c-albwm, L., a female with parts of all four wings
bleached to a yellow-cream colour, bred North Cornwall, August 1942.

Dr Harotp B. WitisaMs.—Varieties of the moth Abraxas grossulari-
ata, L., bred from larvae found by Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell in autumn
1943 in a garden at Birmingham. About 50 moths were bred, including
one ab. radiata, Raynor, two males with very much reduced spotting,
particularly between the orange fascia and the outer margin of the fore-
wings and the outer margin of the hindwings, one example having one
hindwing almost entirely white, and a male combining the form last men-
tioned with ab. axantha, Raynor. Three lightly marked examples had
the black spotting on the abdomen very much reduced.

Mr N. G. Wyxes.—Varieties of Rhopalocera, including (a) Lycaena
phlaeas, L., a series of 24 showing variation in ground colour and upper-
side markings from the Eton district; (b) Lysandra coridon, Poda, a
series of 60 taken on the Wiltshire Downs in 1943 and 1944, including
male uppersides, (1) ‘‘ pulla-viridescens,”’ a bright green form with buff
fringe, a rare and distinctive form, one of three similar specimens taken
near Salisbury in 1944; (2) ‘‘ post-livida,’’ a pale opalescent blue, with
hindwing margins of the ‘‘ transformis’’ type, underside is ‘‘alba-trans-
formis ” . (3) ‘‘ newtra-suffusa,’’ with greyish suffusion extending inwards
over all wings; (4) ‘‘ infra-melania,’’ with outer area of all wings slate
coloured, but not of the ab. pulla, B. & L., type; (5) “ ultra-caeruleo,”’

21

four examples with conspicuously deep blue ground colour, and also
“« griseofimbriata ” ; (6) ‘‘ ultra-albocrenata,’’ having large white wedges
extending inwards from the border markings; (7) ab. fowler, Sth., a
good example of the usual form; (8) ‘‘ infra-marginata,’’ with heavy
black forewing borders; (9) ab. latiora, B. & L., with hindwing marginal
spots bordered inwardly with black crescents; (10) ab. sessilis, Tutt,
with hindwing marginal spots joined to outer margin. Male undersides,
(i) ‘‘alba-obsoleta’’ ; (ii) ‘‘ albescens-crassipuncta,’’ a striking form taken
regularly in the Salisburg district; (iii) ab. caeca, Courv., five specimens
of normal ground colour; (iv) ab. discreta, Tutt, a good example with
large submarginal spots pushed outwards towards the border; (v) ab.
obsolescens, Tutt, two specimens with marginal chevrons very faintly
marked; (vi) ‘ discoidalis-nulla,’’ with forewing discoidal spot almost
obliterated. Female uppersides, (i) ab. albescens, B. & L., having consider-
able areas of whitish marking on forewings; (ii) ab. virgatus, B. & L.,
with the orange lunules on all wings joined in continuous bands. Female
undersides, (i) ab. coronetta, Tutt, with no black border on the inner side
of hindwing lunules; (ii) ab. discreta, Tutt, three extreme examples ; (iii)
‘‘nostglomerata,”’ having the hindwing submarginal and basal spots clus-
tered round the discoidal spot; (iv) ab. discoelongata, Courv., having
the forewing submarginal spots enlarged inwards in pear-shaped markings ;
(v) ‘‘ pulla-ante-caeca,’’? having ground colour slate-grey, and white
markings largely clouded with grey; (vi). ‘‘ ante-alba-caeca,”’ a prac-
tically blind form with conspicuous white forewings; (vii) ‘‘albescens-
caeca,” a form blind except for three basal spots on each hindwing, and
ground colour extensively marked with white. (c) Plebejus argus, L.,
13 aberrations from Aldershot area, 1944, including (1) male upperside
‘* caeruleo,’’ ‘‘ lavendula,” “ transformis ’’; (2) female upperside “‘flaves-
cens,’’ ‘‘ post-caeruleo-cuneata ’’; (3) female undersides ‘‘ ultra-nubila,”’
‘f disco-elongata,’’ and ‘‘ sagittata.”

Exhibits, no details of which have been received, were also made by
Messrs R. J. Balter, H. L. Dolton, and A. J. Wheeler.

llth NOVEMBER. 1944.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr S. Wake ty exhibited galls and moths to illustrate his subsequent
paper on the Lepidopterous genus Mompha, Hb.; Mr Jacobs’ coloured
drawings of the species of the genus, so far as completed, were also
circulated.

The Baron DE WorMs exhibited a pupal case and live imago of the
Micro-Lepidopteron, Acrolepia assectella, Zell., and read the following
note :—‘‘ The specimen emerged on 30th October from a cocoon found a
few days previously by the exhibitor on a shrivelled leaf of Leek, on
which plant the larva is a serious pest, at first mining the leaves and then
attacking the roots. It affects Onion plants in a similar way. The insect

22

has only recently appeared in this country and is being energetically
traced and dealt with by the Ministry of Agriculture. On the Continent,
where it is quite common, it is said to be double-brooded, one brood in
the early summer, but as to the second brood it has apparently not been
established for certain whether the pupa goes through the winter, or if
the imago hatches in the autumn and lays its eggs before the end of the
year, or hibernates and oviposits in the spring.”

Mr L. G. Payne showed two examples of the beetle Geotrupes
typhoeus, L., with red-brown elytra. Members suggested that this was
due to immaturity.

Mr T. R. Eaeuzs exhibited the fungi Boletus piperatus, Fr., B.

edulis, F., var. bulbosus, Big. & Guill. (a variety caused by the attacks
of a parasitic Hypomyces), Trametes gibbosa, Fr., and Hygrophorus
sciophanotdes, Rea.
- Mr S. Waxety then read his paper on ‘‘ The Genus Mompha, Hb.”’
(See T'rans.), and after some discussion, in which the President, Mr L. T.
Ford and Canon Edwards took part, a very hearty vote of thanks was
proposed from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

9th DECEMBER 1944.
The PreEesIDENT in the Chair.

The deaths of Lady Maude Robinson, F.R.E.S., of Kirklington
Hall, Notts, a member since 1911; and of Mr Bethune-Baker, F.R.E.S.,
F.Z.S., a well-known non-member, were announced.

The following were declared elected as members:—Messrs Edward
John Bedford, F.R.P.S., of 11 St John’s Terrace, Lewes, Sussex, and
Bruce Swithin Burns, of 1 Jamaica Villas, Stoke Road, Gosport, Hants. ;
Capt. P. E. N. Hitchins, B.Sc., of Sicklebank, Horam, Sussex; Messrs
Norman Herridge Moody, of 119 Southampton Road, Ringwood, Hants. ;
Henry John Turner, of 33 Pine Avenue, W. Southbourne, near Bourn-
mouth, Hants.; Edward Frederick Williams, F.R.E.S., of Little Pas-
ture, Brentwood, Essex, and Norman Gordon Wykes, of Carter House,
Eton College, Windsor.

Mr S. Waxety exhibited fruits of the Common (wild) Pear, Pyrus
communis, L., a somewhat uncommon tree.

Mr F. J. Covzson exhibited the following Coleoptera :—(1) a series
of Caryedon fuscus, Ol., from West African produce in the London
Docks, November 1944 (Fam. Bruchidae); (2) two specimens of Pachy-
merus nigriventris, Pic, from produce imported from Arnstadt, Ger-
many (ex C. McK. Jarvis Coll.). He remarked that an allied species,
Caryopemon (Caryoborus) cruciger, Steph., is described (as an impor-
tation from the West Indies) in Stephens’ Manual and figured in Spry
and Shuckard ; (3) two specimens of an allied species ex Ashby Coll. As
to these, Mr E. E. Syms (by whom they were given to Mr Ashby on 16th
January 1934) thinks they were taken in Senna pods in a chemist’s
shop ; and (4) a series of broken Pachymerus chinensis, L. (¢, pectinicor-

23

nis, L.), from West African produce in London Docks, November 1944.

Mr FE. B. Prynicger exhibited Dragonflies: (1) two examples of
Libellula depressa, L., and remarked that the species seems to have be-
come more common at Chingford since old bomb craters on the plain
have provided fresh breeding sites; (2) a female Libellula quadrimacu-
lata, L., captured attached to the naiad case by the right hind leg,
which is crippled.

Mr FE. E. Syms exhibited a number of species of Plecoptera to illus-
trate his paper.

_ The Baron pe Worms exhibited wild-found ova of Thecla betulae,
L., in the axils of Blackthorn.

The PrestpeNT remarked that the Galleriid moth, Corcyra cephalo-
nica, Staint., a recognised warehouse pest, had been found yesterday in
large numbers in a warm warehouse. Usually it is not seen after Sep-
tember.

Mr E. E. Syms then read his interesting paper ‘‘ Notes on the
Plecoptera.’? (See Trans.)

_A hearty vote of thanks was moved from the Chair and carried by
acclamation.

138th JANUARY 1945.
The PresipENT in the Chair.

It was announced that Mr O. C. Davies had been killed in action at
Venrai on lst December last

Miss Margaret Joyce Clark, of 1 Anne Boleyn’s Walk, Cheam, Sur-
rey, and Mr Robert Munro Lang, A.C.A., of 9 Tabor Gardens, Cheam,
Surrey, were declared elected as members.

The Preswent exhibited a specimen of the Tinaeid moth, Setomorpha
rutella, Zell., obtained from Sunflower seed meal imported from Buenos
Aires, and said this was the first example recorded from the United
Kingdom and that the species is associated with stored vegetable matter
throughout Tropical and Sub-Tropical parts of both old and new worlds.
He also exhibited a Cerambycid beetle—not yet identified—from African
hardwood logs.

Mr L. T. Forp exhibited 5 male specimens of the Tinaeid moth,
Elachista holdenella, Staint., from Bexley, and said :—‘‘ This is appar-
ently a very local species, the larva feeding in leaves of Aira caespitosa,
L., in early April, mining the tips. Stainton, in his Manual of British
Butterflies and Moths (1859), states that this species was ‘ once taken
near London.’ Meyrick, in his Revised Handbook, gives as localities
‘ Middlesex (?), Dorset, very local’.’’ Mr Ford then presented these
specimens to the Society’s Collection and said he hoped to breed and
present females next year. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the
donor.

Mr H. W. Spreapsury exhibited the spider, Pholcus phalangioides,
Fuessl., the ‘‘ Ceiling Spider,’ from Poole, Dorset, a coastal species,

24
and described its unusual method of carrying its egg sac. He also
showed distorted galls of Lipara lucens, Mg., in Common Reed, from
Poole, Dorset. He then showed further slides of British Fungi.
Mr E. B. Prnnicer showed slides of Epping Forest and some of its
insects.

A hearty vote of thanks to the exhibitors of the slides was proposed
from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

27th JANUARY 1945.

ANNUAL MEETING.
(With which was combined some features of an Ordinary Meeting.)

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss, President, in the Chair.

Reports of the Council and Treasurer, with the Balance-Sheet, were
read and adopted. A hearty vote of thanks to the generous donors to
the funds during 1944 was proposed from the Chair, and carried with
acclamation.

The President announced that the Council had appointed Mr Hy. J.
Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., as Honorary Life President in recognition
of his long and distinguished services to the Society.

The following members were declared elected as Officers and Council
for the ensuing twelve months :—President—Capt. Reginald A. Jackson,
R.N., F.R.E.S. Vice-Presidents—Stanley N. A. Jacobs and L. T. Ford.
Treasurer—T. R. Eagles. Secretaries—C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.
(Minuting); F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S. (Corresponding). Editor of
Proceedings—Office vacant. Curator—F. J. Coulson. Librarian—k. E.
Syms, F.R.E.S. Council—H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.; Col. P. A. Cardew ;
R. W. Sparrow, M.Inst.R.A.; S. Wakely; R. J. Burton, L.D.S., R.C.S.
Eng.; The Baron de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., etc.; Sir Leonard Wakely,
K.C.I.E., C.B.; H. B. D. Kettlewell, M.A., M.B., etc.; W. J. Finnigan,
and J. L. Henderson.

The Rev. Desmond P. Murray, of The Priory, Wellington Street,
Leicester, was declared elected a member.

Capt. R. A. Jackson exhibited 2 living females of Poecilopsis lappon-
aria, Bdv., which had emerged on the 19th January after only five days
in a temperature of 60°-70° Fahrenheit, and drew attention to the fact
that those pupae which are due to disclose imagines the following year
develop in the autumn and turn dark brown, while those which will lie
over another year, do not develop, and remain light in colour.

The Presimpent exhibited 2 small crabs found on mahogany logs from
Africa, and pointed out the sharp hooked terminal joint of the claws,
evidently adapted for climbing ; he also exhibited the cast skin of a large
spider showing clearly the skin of the eight ocelli.

The President then read his Address.

25

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

At the close of my year in the office of President of this Society, the
year, by the way, which marks my coming of age as a member, the time
has come for me to take stock of the position of the Society, and I can
very justly say that, thanks to the efficiency of the Officers and Council,
the Society has emerged from a most trying year, still strongly imbued
with a progressive spirit. Enemy action against this country during the
year has been of the most disturbing kind to the comfort of the civilian
population, although it has been weak in military value, and through all
this, members have supported meetings in a most gratifying manner.
Many members have suffered severe damage to their houses, and have
even lost their entire homes during this period but their attendance has
been only temporarily interrupted.

The realisation of one of my dreams seems to be on the way, in the
suggestion, emanating from your Corresponding Secretary, that an at-
tempt. should be made by members specialising in or interested in the
Micro-Lepidoptera to produce a series of papers which may eventually
be brought together into a book dealing with this most interesting
group. Some papers have from time to time been published and others
have been promised, with a view to making a start. The venture of
including coloured plates in the preceding two issues of the Proceedings
and Transactions is being continued in this collection, and I have been
given the pleasurable task of preparing two coloured plates for the
present volume, illustrating the two papers on the Micro-Lepidoptera
now to be published. I can only trust that I shall have this pleasure re-
newed in the coming year and in future years until the whole group has
been covered, and that other and more artistically gifted members also
may find occasion to ply their brushes to this end.

In spite of the natural difficulties, especially in the arrangement of
facilities for tea and travelling far afield, you have heard that a series of
interesting Field Meetings have been held, all more or less well attended
by an energetic band of field workers. That the venue of all these meet-
ings has been in Surrey is due to the combination of circumstances of a
more or less guaranteed interesting bag, and good transport facilities.
It is hoped, however, that next season it will be found possible to work
in other directions again. Mr Coote’s report on the flora and fauna of
the Ashtead district is awaited with interest, and I hope that similar
surveys will be carried out each year.

Death has removed from our midst six members of this Society, the
loss of our very good friend, S. R. Ashby, being a particularly heavy
blow. Mr Ashby’s career with the Society since 1895 has been outlined
in the Council’s Report, and an obituary notice is also in print, so that
it only remains for me to put on record the great esteem in which he was
held by all members, and by coleopterists in particular, for his merry
and kindly nature and for the lavishness with which his very sound
knowledge of Coleoptera in particular and ‘‘ the other Orders’’ in
general, was put at the disposal of all and sundry who sought it. He was

26

an ardent field worker, and attended as many of our field meetings as
possible, and although he often carried away his spoils in one small tube
in his waistcoat pocket, his manifest delight in the opportunity for pur-
suing his hobby was good to see, and an excellent example to any with
the temerity to become blasé, although I am glad to say that few, if any,
of our members can justly be included under this head.

Mr Claude Rippon, who joined the Society in 1939, and whose circum-
stances had only recently altered to permit of his more or less regular
attendance at meetings, and acceptance of a seat on the Council, was
prevented by illness from making much use of these opportunities, and
finally his death brought to a close the promise of his active interest in
the Society so recently begun.

Lady Maude Robinson, who died on the 2nd December, was at one
time fairly frequent in her attendance at our meetings, her interest be-
ing mainly in the agricultural and horticultural aspects of entomology.
She was a well-known breeder of Aberdeen-Angus cattle, and also of race
horses. .

Mr O. C. Davies, a young member who joined the Society in 1938, was
killed in action on Ist November, at Venrai, in South-East Holland,
whilst leading his troop, by a shell which exploded beside his tank. We
have lost the promise of a keen lepidopterist, and the army has lost one
more good soldier.

Mr H. Wood of Ashford joined the Society in 1918 and was a keen
lepidopterist although his country domicile prevented his regular at-
tendance at meetings.

Mr J. F. Johnstone of Southsea, another lepidopterist, who was
regular in his attendance at the Society’s meetings until he moved from
Claygate to Southsea, completes the list of members who have died dur-
ing the past year, and I would ask you to stand for a few moments as
our token of respect for their memory.

I greatly regret to have to mention that, as already announced, owing
to increasing disability, our very good friend, Mr Henry J. Turner, has
found himself constrained to relinquish the Editorship of our Proceed-
ings which he has held with such distinction for so many years, and as a
mark of the affection and esteem in which he is held it is hoped that he
will accept the newly created post of Honorary Life President of the
Society. Mr Turner joined the Society in 1887, before many of us were
born, and he has worked hard for the Society ever since. In 1935 he was
elected an Honorary Member, and in 1937, to mark the completion of
fifty years of membership, he was presented with an illuminated book
containing the signatures of all the members within reach. In his letter
resigning the Editorship he very charmingly mentions the pleasure which
it has given him to attend the meetings and to share the fellowship of
the Society, and I feel sure that I speak for everyone when I say that
the fact that this pleasure has been reciprocal doubles its value to all.
I trust that when the warmer weather once more comes round we may be
afforded the pleasure of seeing Mr Turner at our meetings more often.

27

The loss of Mr Ashby, and the resignation from Editorship by Mr
Turner, faces us with the reality of an omission we have made in the
past; we have been fortunate in filling Mr Ashby’s office by Mr F. J.
Coulson, but when the armed forces members return once more we must
get someone to assist Mr Coulson so that there shall be no hiatus. In
the matter of Mr Turner, we have not been so fortunate, and the pro-
duction of the 1944-45 Proceedings has been left in the hands of the
Publication Committee without a definite Editor. In the past we have
left matters too much to our older members, and I trust that our future
policy will be to cover all offices with younger members so that they may
in due course relieve their elders of the hard work, while still being able
to enjoy and utilise their advice and experience, so that they too, in
their turn, may be fitted to shape young understudies for themselves.

SOME RECENT IMPORTED INSECTS.

In passing to the customary ‘‘ second part ’’ of my address, I would
have liked to give you a full account of my time spent with the Ministry
of Food, Infestation Division, but as there is an official ban on such a
thing I must content myself with trying to recount to you, in as interest-
ing a way as I am able, my meeting with various imported insects, not
infesting foodstuffs, with some thoughts on their presence in the steamers
and some speculations on their chances of survival in this country. It
must be borne in mind throughout that the truly infesting insects arrive
with the merchandise with which they are associated, and unless appro-
priate action is taken they augment those of their species already estab-
lished here, and I will say no more of these regular species.

Generally speaking, Lepidoptera have been rather disappointing: in
the matter of novelties, the specimen of Setomorpha rutella, Zell., re-
cently exhibited here, being my only out-of-the-way find in this order,
and this one specimen being dead, there is no danger of its establishing
itself here. Stray beetles are the most often found, although many of
these are dead when received here, but some very interesting living
beetles have come under notice on and under the bark and in the wood
of African hardwood Jogs, and I am sure that with the time to spend in
the timber holds, which, unfortunately, I have not, such places would
probably produce still more. Hemiptera and Orthoptera have also pro-
duced interesting strays, although their determination will in many
cases have to be deferred until after the war, when the necessary material
will be restored to South Kensington.

Possibly the most spectacular of the stowaways was the giant earwig,
Forcipula quadrispinosa, Dohrn, a dark blue-black species measuring more
than an inch and a half, with forceps something like one-third of an
inch in length; I found two of these insects alive and a third crushed,
and as was the case with the greater number of interesting immigrants,
they were associated with African hardwood logs. Many earwigs of
various species are also to be found about these logs and also in parcels
of bones from South America, The common centipede, Scolopendra

28

morsitans, L., has also made a single appearance. Then again, many of
the mahogany logs are considerably eaten under the bark by the large
creamy larvae of the Cerambycid beetle, Plocaederus viridipennis, Hope,
which has the curious habit of making a calcareous cocoon about
the thickness of the shell of a hen’s egg, within a more ordinary-looking
cocoon of shredded bark spun together. In later cargoes the adult beetles
were emerging, and several fine examples of this species were noted. The
cold weather here, however, very soon killed them off. These logs also
produced a variety of wood-boring beetles of a smaller kind, notably a
variety of Scolytid species and a Platypodid species, probably Platypus
penetralis, Samp., but although I took many examples of these insects
with wood in which to work, they all died very soon. Small Scolytidae
have also appeared in various kinds of dunnage wood, and I was able to
keep some of these, which came in the woodwork of bamboo crates from
India, alive for several weeks, and it is possible that these might continue
their existence if brought to a warm workshop.

Another interesting species from Africa was a specimen of the ‘‘ Car-
penter Ant’’ which was found dead, but it is of a size which at once
impresses itself on the mind of one not used to a tropical fauna. It was
something over three-quarters of an inch in length and of a sooty black
colour. Other Hymenoptera in the same steamer were what I took to be
the remains of a Cynipid gall wasp, rather similar to our Oak Apple
species, and a brilliant bottle-green Hymenopteron, probably a parasite
on the gall wasp. However, both specimens were desiccated when found
and their dry condition caused them to become so broken in the post as
to be unrecognisable when received. These were in galls imported, I
believe, for the manufacture of ink.

In amongst sawn wood from Africa I found the little Silvanus wniden-
tatus, Fb., a species also found here in the open, and also the small
Staphylinid Falagria concinna, Er., and it is probable that these little
beetles will continue to flourish over here, and, as they are apparently
harmless, there is no need to object

Reverting once more to the ever-fruitful hardwood logs, I was also
much intrigued by some minute shiny black beetles which ran about most
actively during the summer and early autumn months. These were
hard to catch without damaging until I thought of the suction bottle
used by coleopterists, and then I was able to collect a few of them which
Dr Hinton kindly determined as Scaphidiidae, giving it as his opinion
that it would possibly prove to be a new species when a specific deter-
mination was possible. All this waste of interesting material brings to
my mind the fact that in post-war days, with the necessity for secrecy
gone, some collector or collectors may be able to find the means to enter
the docks in order to collect the insect wealth brought in in these non-
edible cargoes. The edible imports will, I suppose, continue to be watched
with something like the care exercised to-day.

South American field insects have from time to time been found among
the loose seeds at the bottom of the holds of steamers; on two occasions

29

I have found a beautiful little Chrysomelid, determined as Diabrotica
sp., and a grey beetle bordered and striped with yellowish buff from the
same source identified as Chelymorpha variabilis, Boh. For all the deter-
minations, I am indebted to Dr H. EB. Hinton, and I make this general
acknowledgment to cover all his kindnesses in this respect. In one lin-
seed shipment several Elateridae were found, and on one occasion I
found a largish white-haired weevil, unfortunately incomplete, but pro-
bably through an oversight this was not named and the specimen has
been lost. South America has also produced several Capsid bugs, and
here again the inaccessibility of material for comparison has prevented a
specific determination being made. One Brazilian beetle found, Trochovt-
deus desjardinsi, Guér. (Endomychidae), although moderately small and
of a light brown colour, was particularly striking by reason of the abnor-
mal development of the antennae, which consist almost entirely of one
enlarged joint, J think the second, which had assumed an oval shape
about as wide as the thorax.

Another species which appealed to me was a very small steel-blue-black
Carabid which on two occasions J found running on the bark of Mahog-
any logs; this was Tachys guineensis, Allu.

As stated at the commencement of my remarks, I have omitted to
mention any of the insects of real food-infestation importance, by reason
of the official ban on such publication, and my remarks here are of no
scientific value, having regard to their gross incompleteness, but I hope
that some idea of the possibilities of collecting interesting material in
this way may strike the imagination of some amateur entomologists who
will in post-war days have access to steamers in port, and spur them to
spend some time in accumulating material. J submit that a most in-
teresting and extensive collection might be made along London’s water-
front, say from Chelsea to North Woolwich. Most of the material I have
taken has either been passed on to the Natural History Museum or to
the collections of the Ministry of Food, Infestation Division, but where,
for lack of time I have failed to make anything like a co-ordinated col-
lection, others in post-war days may be very successful. Of course,
peace-time conditions will reduce the material to be taken ashore, but,
if anything, there should be an increase in insects brought here by im-
port steamers, owing to the wider range of materials imported and of
exporting countries.

With the end of hostilities, I trust that time will be found for those
in authority to publish full details of all the interesting insects that
have come before the notice of the Infestation Division, and that the
publication will come before the public at a not too far distant date.
Such a work would, I feel sure, do a lot to impress on the general public
that beside being a mildly interesting hobby, entomology has a practical
side which is very closely linked with their personal comfort. A previous
President chose for the subject of his address.the many cases where
entomologists have come to the rescue in matters of medicine, agricul-
ture, industry and commerce, and this matter of infestation, when the

30

story is told, will, I feel sure, be considered worthy of a place as just one
more instance where our favourite science has once more served a very
practical turn. In conclusion, I would add that the ‘‘ mildly interest-
ing”? hobby is, in my opinion, the perfect hobby; it can give pleasure
throughout life so long as eyes and mind are left to us, it can provide
entertainment in fair weather or foul and in adversity or in prosperity.
Several men who have contributed greatly to our entomological know-
ledge have never in the whole course of their lives been in a condition
that could be described as affluent, and many, even in days of poverty,
have realised the joy of days spent with nature, which cost nothing if the
partaker has a bicycle, and yield, in relaxation and entertainment, far
greater dividends than do what one may call “ artificial entertainment.”’

Mr Jacobs then inducted Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., the new Pre-
sident, to the chair and himself retired.

Capt. Jackson, after thanking the Society for the honour conferred
upon him, proposed a vote of thanks to Mr Jacobs for his Address and
for his services to the Society throughout the past year as President
and for many years as a Secretary of the Society, and asked permission
for his Address to be printed in the forthcoming Proceedings. Mr Jacobs
replied and assented to the request.

A vote of thanks was then proposed by the retiring President to the
other Officers and the Council, with particular reference to the Officers.
This was seconded by Mr W. J. Finnigan and carried by acclamation.
Mr Eagles replied on behalf of the recipients.

31

FIELD MEETINGS, 1944.
By F. D. Coote.

Flying bombs and inclement weather were doubtless very largely
responsible for the poor record of Field Meetings for 1944. Attendance
on the few occasions when such conditions were not operative was gener-
ally small.

It had been decided to have a Field Meeting at Ashtead once a month
in order to obtain a fuller insight into its insect fauna than is possible
by occasional visits mostly at the same time each year. Weather and war
conditions, however, marred these best of intentions and such records as
were made are being held over until next season, when it is confidently
hoped they will be more worthy of publication. The short paper read at
the Society’s meeting at the Chapter House on 10th August 1944 referred
to some records of macro-lepidoptera known to occur at Ashtead but its
incompleteness renders it advisable to await fuller records, together with
particulars of micro-lepidoptera and other orders of insects, before pub-
lishing any lists.

Districts, other than Ashtead, visited during the year were as follows:

BOOKHAM, 26th March. Owing to the tea rooms at Mark Oak Gate
being no longer available, the few members who attended this
meeting proceeded after lunch by way of ‘‘ Sallow Lane ” to
Effingham Common.

EFFINGHAM, 29th April. As on previous occasions, galls containing
larvae of Aegeria flaviventris, Stdgr., were found. This district
was again visited on 16th September, attention this time being
mostly devoted to fungi. Those present on this occasion came to
the conclusion that in future it would be well not to include Wisley
with an Effingham meeting but to devote a full day to each locality.

OXSHOTT, 16th April. Rain this day made collecting practically im-
passible.

HORSLEY, 10th May. No new records were reported.

The more noteworthy records for the Ashtead meetings include the
finding by Mr Eagles of larvae of Aegeria vespiformis, L. (asiliformis,
Rott., cynipiformis, Esp.) feeding under the bark of an oak stump, on
2nd June 1944, and by Mr Finnigan of imagines of Griposia (Agriopis)
aprilina, L. and Graptolitha ornitopus, Hufn., on 7th October.

It is hoped that next season it will be possible to revert to the system
of appointing a Leader for each Field Meeting.

TRANSACTIONS.

ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS LITHOCOLLETIS, HB.
By S. N. A. JAcoss.
Read 9th July 1942.
With Coloured Plate.

Of the Tinaeid family Gracilariadae, the genus Jathocolletis forms a
strong branch, there being upwards of two hundred and fifty species
described from various parts of the world, mostly from Europe and North
America, but with stragglers from almost all countries, although Meyrick
notes that the genus seems to be absent from New Zealand.

Dr Rebel mentions ninety-nine species in the Staudinger list of Palae-
arctic Lepidoptera, while Le Marchand (L’ Amateur de Papillons, VIII,
July 1936, pp. 83-118) mentions eighty-four species. In passing, I would
mention that it was this excellent monograph which suggested to me
that I should try to follow Le Marchand and work out, on similar lines,
a key for the determination by amateurs of the British species. There
are forty-nine species recorded from the British Isles, and of these, all
but three, ulicicolella, pyrivorella and anderidae, are known to occur on
the Continent. Probably with further investigation, these three species
also will be found farther afield.

These moths are more or less uniform in size, say seven to eleven
millimetres in expanse, and it is probably this characteristic coupled
with their very handsome appearance and the fascinating inter-specific
variation of the wing-pattern, and the fact that we have just short of
fifty species here, which makes the genus such an interesting one for the
micro-lepidopterist.

L. T. Ford, one of our most knowledgeable and successful breeders
of micro-lepidoptera has given a piece of sterling advice to those who
would study the ‘‘ micros,’’ that they should leave their nets at home for
the first three years of their study of these insects, relying on the collec-
tion of larvae for their supply of imagines, which in their turn will be
in far finer condition than would have keen the case had they been netted.
Of course, though this adds to the appearance of the collection, it is far
from being the most important point of the advice, for the rearing of
the larvae will provide the observant micro-lepidopterist with an un-
fathomable well of interesting detail for notes and one who can use
pencil and colour with material to fill many sketch books, all of which
will be of great assistance in the future determination of imagines.

The larvae of Lithocolletis are all miners, and in the vast majority of
cases are associated with the leaves of trees and shrubs; a very few of
them, however, live in shoots and under bark. This latter habit is pro-
bably that of our wlicicolella and scopariella, A very few species are

33

associated with herbaceous plants, as in the case of nigrescentella with
Vicia sepium, insignitella with Trifolium and Ononis, and scabiosella
with Scabiosa columbaria.

Few species are widely polyphagous, though several are known to feed
on two or three closely allied plants, and each species makes a characteris-
tic mine, some species on the upper side of the leaf, and some on the
under side, but no British species, and probably no other Lithocolletis,
is known to mine upper and under side indiscriminately. The foodplant
and the position and shape of the mine are very often useful factors in
narrowing down the possible species when making our determination.

In the case of the leaf-mining species, the scale-like egg is deposited
on the surface of a leaf in a place suitable for the larva to commence its
mine immediately on hatching. The larva then leaves the egg through
its under surface and enters directly into the thickness of the leaf with-
out coming into the open air. There it proceeds to‘separate the epider-
mis from the chlorophyll-bearing cells of the parenchyma. This is per-
formed in an orderly manner, and a patch of skin with parallel sides and
oval ends is usually cleared. In the case of species mining the underside,
the patch usually occupies the space between two lateral veins of the leaf.
The small larva proceeds to line the space with transverse strands of silk,
which shrink, causing the epidermis, to which they are attached, to
wrinkle. This has the effect of causing the parenchyma to arch away
from the epidermis, and form a chamber in which the insect spends the
whole of its larval life, feeding on the parenchyma.

Pupation takes place in the mine, the Spring larvae pupating bare,
being attached to the silken mat by the cremastral hooks, but the Autumn
larvae of many species forming a close silken cocoon within the mine.
Certain species, such as cerasicolella, pass the winter in the larval stage,
only pupating in the early spring. The imago emerges usually in the
early morning, and dries off quickly, but does not, in the ordinary course
of events, take wing until early evening.

The most polyphagous of our species is corylifoliella, which may be
found on Hawthorn, Apple (both wild and garden), Pear, Hazel, Way-
faring Tree, and Mountain Ash, but the mine is distinct and, whichever
foodplant happens to have been selected, the greyish-white skin of the
mine, freely flecked with russet, will at once label it as corylifoliella.
Although primarily attached to Quercus ilex, L. messaniella is to be found
on all species of Oak, and also on Sweet Chestnut. Its mine is on the
underside of the leaf and is not so characteristic, being long and narrow
between two lateral veins when on chestnut, and oval at its outer end,
and bounded by the midrib, when on its more usual foodplant.

The wings of the imago are actually lanceolate, but the presence of
long cilia on both fore and hindwings, together with overlapping scales
on the forewing, gives them a well rounded appearance. The wing pat-
tern consists, broadly speaking, of a series of wedge-shaped strigulae
based on the costa and dorsum. There is sometimes a basal streak run-
ning out from the base on to the disc of the wing, which may vary from

34

something like two-thirds of the length of the wing to less than one quar-
ter. There is often a black apical dot over the point of the forewing, and
this is sometimes extended by a black line or diffused mass of black scales,
running towards the centre of the disc. The continuation of the wing
pattern into the cilia is usually abruptly terminated by a dark line in
the cilia known as the ‘“‘ fringe line ’’ which in most cases starts with the
last costal strigula, usually above the apical dot, and runs round the
tornus. The presence, absence, strength and length of this line are often
helpful characters.

Sometimes opposite costal and dorsal strigulae meet to form one or
more complete transverse fasciae, sometimes angulated, sometimes
straight or curved, and here also is a useful character. The insects re-
solve themselves into small groups with similar wing pattern, and all of
these permit of reasonably easy determination with the exception of one
group which feeds on the Rosaceae, such as Apple, Pear, Service, Cherry
and Hawthorn. In this group the determination is usually confirmed by
reference to the male genitalia, a matter often beyond the power of the
amateur, though the surest determining factor.

The hindwings are devoid of pattern, and to all intents and purposes
unicolorous, though the shade of the cilia may darken apically.

The wing pattern is tolerably constant in each species, though minor
variations occur in the matter of degree. For instance, a basal streak
may or may not run into a dorsal strigula, or the colour in general may
vary in intensity, but extreme variation is scarce. I do possess a speci-
men of L. sylvella devoid of all markings excepting an apical streak and
fringe-line, but such cases are extremely rare.

For the purpose of description here, the colour of the strigulae will
not be considered as the ground colour, but the colour of the space be-
tween the strigulae will be used. A close examination of the strigulae
will show that they are edged on both sides, the inner side, the outer side,
or not at all, with a darker shade, and both the ground colour and this
edging of the strigulae will find their place among the determining
characters.

s . ¢
- wre em we mee ee eS ee ee eee

Dorsal S triqulae on

Fig. 1.

35

Fig. 1 represents a more or less normal type of wing pattern. It shows
dorsal and costal strigulae, an apical streak, a basal streak and the
fringe line. Below the basal streak there is often a small patch of white,
which is not counted among the strigulae. Outside the fringe line, the
cilia are usually self-coloured, but in the apical cilia there may appear an
‘‘ apical hook ’’ (Fig. 2) which may be of one of three types. It may be
a stoutish bristle or group of bristles emanating from the apical dot and
running out through the cilia to a point a little outside the cilial contour,
which [ will call ‘‘ type 1’’; it may exhibit itself as a darkening of the
tips of the cilia from the last costal strigula, round the costal arc of the
cilia, which is ‘‘ type 2’; or it may take the form of a bristle structure,
as in type 1, but, instead of arising out of the apical dot, starting as a
tangent to the fringe line at the last costal strigula, in which case the
contour of the cilia is usually slightly faleate: this is known as ‘‘ type 3.”

P<

‘

Fig. 2.

Finally, there may be an entire absence of hook of any type.

The head is clothed with a tuft of semi-erect longish scales, more or
less divided in the middle, and the face is covered by a triangle, apex
upwards, of close thick scales.

In using the key which follows, the student should, for a start, com-
mence at the beginning and work steadily through, reading the whole of
the couplets, but he will very soon come to recognise the various groups,
and will also probably find distinguishing features of his own for separat-
ing the species. I would again tike to stress the point that examination
of the genitalia is really the only sure means of separating the species of
the ‘‘ Rosaceae ”’ group.

KEY TO BRITISH SPECIES.

(The number before each specific name is the serial number of that species in the
““ descriptions ” post.)

ibe GE OUI EC OLO UTS SWIG eeercseteeccactasicw se Wonca sae cate aetaree Ye.
— Ground: Colour Mot, WiC. sees ccnden. «dered evesiaeee cans 9,
ps A broad oblique brown fascia from base of
GOSta tO: 4s -GCOTSUWIMNY Bee ee erect ee eee 1. roboris.
— INO) SUCH DANG 6 225 esr ee A ee eee 3.
ae Ground more or less sprinkled with dark scales 45. comparella.

— Ground clear white

| os

| sn

21(18).

Strigulae linear or cuneifOrm .............ccecceceseeees
Strigulae broad and sub-parallel ..................0-

No! basal streaks 2... G08 adda. ctccseceedeceeecewtomere evs
TEXAS HT | ELBE ST iG) eae eGS SER DSeeTEORRR EE REECE ncaocrcircccios once snc saenes

Dark basal streak from base of costa to junc-
tion of first costal and dorsal strigulae ......
Broad white basal streak lightly shaded
brownish-buff on sides, slightly dark edged
on upper edge of outward extremity, ex-
tending to second costal and dorsal strigulae

Apical cilia falcate, apical hook type 2 ...........
Apical cilia not falcate, no apical hook ...........

Second strigulae meeting in an obtuse angle ...
Second strigulae meeting in an acute angle ......

PENOLA VINE CANNC cate cuocescelcorshcs ek eseteetae heen deanna
MOKA, sOt, MMC TAMLUG) eaten. seeccesce ease neta aee taeeee eaters

MOR ARIS UCT io o2.5.t5 vcd badeoescucuseconeehGaventn ter as sacete aes
POLAR MOGASS Y: onc ec cre. sak. deter cme eee ene eee

Basal streak; no complete fasciae .................005
No basal streak; two complete fasciae ........... Aa

Strigulae shining white, ground orange-brown
Strigulae slightly brassy, ground dark brown

Basal streak obtusely angulate at middle up-
WidVOLSH Yo eecaiec heen caaws unc seaeeec acosc ec eec ae caret een Paetem

Ground straw-coloured, dusted with darker
scales; 5 costal, 3 dorsal strigulae ...............
Ground chestnut-brown; 2 costal, 2 dorsal
SEDI UTA C iy ecomdies buteeccuccweesemomnn ek moe oes sata

. Ground clear golden yellow; long narrow

basal streak; violet sheen at apex; small
AD ICAV COUP cate sce, ocdoee cascost Beco eror ccch enero
No apical violet sheen; apical dot not small ...

Costal strigulae pale yellow; basal streak to 3;
ADICALMMOOK: shy) 2s cone teen oee tee ese eet
Costal strigulae white, basal streak past 3; no
EH ONO As 1OVGYO) ee enema saan ee enh as I AB Wee AUR an

First costal and first or second dorsal strigulae
forming or almost forming an acute angle
First costal and first or second dorsal strigulae
not forming an acute angle ..................00008-

Costal hook whype i eetees tees cs eee eee area
INO COStal NOOK ea cscate ch mereka cme neces ee ese teceron aes

Costal hook strong and black ....................ccceeee
Costal nook: Moby WACK eres... tesuercersenccraeeacera ease

First costal strigula extended along costa al-
most to base; forewings golden-brown. ......
First costal strigula short; not extended to-
wards base; ground colour bronzy brown ...

Cilia dark VabOVE) AMEX Coccoess:sceenesnssessesseseceaeeens
Cilia MO MOAT piadedivasssecesccacasseseeepiewaeesecesnreseseen tae

5.
7.
2
6.
4
3.
47
8.
48.
49.
10.
13.
11.
12.
33.
34.
42.
40.
14.
45.
10.
44,
16.
17.
4)
6
18.
33.
19.
21.
8
20.
alle
12.
22.

. cramerella.

. heegeriella.

tenella.

. hortella.

sylvella.
geniculella.

lautella.
schreberella.

kleemannella.
froelichiella.

scopariella.

corylifoliella.

. messaniella.

. quercifoliella.

. distentella.

carpinicolella.

coryli.

7. alnifoliella.

24(22).

28.

33(17).

37

Small species; ground golden-orange ...............
Larger species; ground not goldem .................

Strigulae strongly dark-edged inwardly; basal
streak often joining first dorsal strigula ...
Strigulae not dark edged, or only slightly so ...

Forewings shining orange-brown, strigulae
sharply black edged inwardly; basal streak
narrow, outer 4 sinuate upwards ...............

Forewings not orange-brown; basal streak not
SUIMUACC! co. ces Ph caveeeebvseaeeeiervecwavervasstecte ne sarmeetes

Ground shining light fuscous; strigulae dark
edged but not black edged; apical streak
lack ‘and! Weawzyser ced oars wssek sa ceeeaesec bee sened

Forewings not shining fuscous; strigulae black
OG Oe rican canes Se candsiaareuamnecag es azstmaet cenowsswtiasnedapay

Ground shining copper-brown; inner edge of
second costal strigula making a quarter
CHU CVG Hameten ic secu lcee wortncecarcay s roazcatwesnes dusseuiseees oe

Ground shining copper; inner edge of second
costal strigula straight or slightly curved

Ground shining copper-brown; both sides of
first dorsal strigula more or less evenly
GUE SCOE Westies cn reece eee eee ae a Re EE

Ground shining copper-brown, first dorsal
strigula mot evenly CUrVed ........... ec cecee ee eees

Smallish species; ground copper-brown, a
whitish area below apical streak and above
HATA OMEN Cri, coe tres irene ccs Sane tecatows auaieeaieeateenadessees

Ground dark brown or golden-chestnut and
GAT KM UN TOWI Ge sec: ronche rece deceseescheassiacess moreno

Dark bronzy-brown ground; first dorsal strigu-
la obtusely angulate outwards at about 4
its length; outer portion sub-parallel .........

First dorsal strigula not thus angulate; not
SUD ADAMAULET 1 We siicpacseemeteameaniesteneeoer a) «ane ere

Ground brown, strigulae golden; apical streak
long and strong; continued by dark scales
towards middle Of Win ...........cccccsecceseeseeee

Sirigmlaee Mot POLMEM eesivccssscessccsssescvcccsvercscesess

Ground golden-chestnut; strigulae white ......
Ground dark golden closely sprinkled with
Gark LOW SCALES csteacs.cuceaatcomcuteeastonsounecde

Costal strigulae small, dorsal large; first dor-
sal strigula crescent Shaped. ............cccccceceees
Costal and dorsal strigulae large; first costal
opposite second dorsal; first dorsal strigula
UiNEe2Y) OYS/A0) 10 FY Waianae ck ses pene cL Oe oe OR a ae

Second costal opposite first dorsal strigula ...
First costal opposite first dorsal strigula .........

First costal and dorsal strigulae forming or
almost forming a right angle or an obtuse
ANNOMION) Rev. aciawecdseieerenacaeesdes cs Weussacanauvcseas nates

One or more straight or slightly curved fasciae
formed or almost formed by the junction
of pairs of costal and dorsal strigulae ......

26.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

34.

14. spinicolella.
9. ulicicolella.

15. cerasicolella.

13. faginella.

16. sorbi.

20. blancardella.

21. oxyacanthae.

19. concomitella.

43. viminiella.

18. mespilella.

17. pyrivorella.

46. amyotella.
23. quinqueguttella.

35.

36.

44(39).

48,

38°

Ground clear orange; third costal and dorsal
forming a narrow curved fascia, other
strigulae clearly separated; some mirror-
like scales in apical SPOt ...........c. ce eeeeeeee eee ee

Strigulae not obviously remote

Ground light orange, dark edging of first cos-
tal extended to join the dark edging of
second costal strigula; dark edging of
basal streak extended to apical streak

Ground shining golden-brown

A large whitish patch on dorsum meeting
basal streak at about middle .....................
White patch on dorsum not reaching basal
streak

Bee eee eee eee e esses eee eereeeeeeenseeeeessesesessene

Fringe line very indistinct excepting at apex
Fringe line distinct to second dorsal strigula

One straight or slightly curved fascia formed
or almost formed by first costal and dorsal
SUPT UMBC Hooke ain ove waiemas aaelttaomatemeeces amaetlstase sure veigis

More than one fascia

Strigulae white; short broad basal streak
Strigulae brassy, narrow basal streak

First strigulae not meeting to form a fascia ...
First strigulae forming an uninterrupted fascia

Small species, fascia. edged
strigulae Wedge SNAPE ...........ccceccecesecusesees
Larger species, fascia edged both inwardly
and outwardly, strigulae with inward ex-
tremities rounded

inwardly only;

Fasciae preceded by a heavy dark band widest
ON COStay Am GyiCOLSUMI) eieece.ses-ecescetaecestaeeneeee
Dark edging of fasciae not unduly wide on
costa or dorsum

Fasciae edged inwardly with a few dark scales
OTM spay stp enewayiriat eran ted ramteassrnsgoctonaiacuiieaeiete asm eee
Fasciae dark edged inwardly

Ground dark brown, 5 costal and 4 dorsal
strigulae, first two pairs forming fasciae;
strong. iin ge Wine Meecsceess tere aie eee eee

Ground not dark brown

Small species, ground orange-brown, fasciae
clear white and obviously black edged;
diffused black scales in apical area, fringe
line obscure

Fasciae brownish-white, brown fringe line;
brown ground darkening towards fasciae
Fasciae slightly brassy, black apical streak
and fringe line, brown ground not obvi-
ously darkening towards fasciae

36.

38.

40.
44,

Al.
42.

43.

45.

46.

47.

48.

24.

8

28.
. ulmifoliella.

31.

35.

36.

39.

37.

38.

41.

junoniella.

. lantanella.

. viminetorum.

. salicicolella.

cavella.

spinolella.

nigrescentella.

. anderidae.

. insignitella.

trifasciella.

emberizipennella.

stetlinensis.

scabiosella.

tristrigella.

nicelii.

ea eT

Plate III.

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LITHOCOLLETIS.

|

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S.

1944-45.

X3.

BRITISH SPECIES of the GENUS LITHOCOLLETIS

Hb.

Plate II

S.N.A. Jacobs

39
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

1. Roboris, Zell. Face and scape shining white; head whitish; antennae
light brown basally, shading to white at tips;
thorax and tegulae pure white. Forewings
white with a transverse curved fascia from
the base of costa to 4 dorsum, golden-brown
edged distally with darker brown; three
costal, one dorsal strigulae narrowly edged
outwardly with sooty-black, the first costal
and the dorsal strigulae meeting in an obtuse angle; apical dot clear;
complete fringe line enclosing a pale golden area below costal strigulae ;
black apical hook type 1. Hindwings pale fuscous; cilia white. Under-
side of forewings sooty-brown, cilia white showing costal strigulae faintly.
Underside hindwings sooty-brown, cilia white. Two broods, larva 7 and
9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5. The larva mines the leaves of the two
common oaks, Quercus sessilaflora and Q. pedunculata. Meyrick states that
the mine usually has some green left as a central patch, though this is the
case with many species. Le Marchand states that the mine is usually at
the edge of the leaf near the petiole, on underside. Widely distributed
in Britain but local; Central and South Europe to Asia Minor.

2. Cramerella, Fab. Head, antennae, thorax and tegulae white; an-
tennae becoming greyish distally. Forewings
clear white at base, becoming golden tinged
towards apical 3; 3 costal, 2 dorsal strigulae
represented by sooty lines; fringe line strong;
apical dot clear and round; golden area
bounded outwardly by fringe line; costals
more or less straight, first dorsal curving to-
wards apex, second dorsal curving upwards; cilia white, brownish tipped
at apex. Hindwings pale whitish-grey; costal cilia pale fuscous, dorsal
cilia white. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5 respectively.
Larva mining leaves of Oak on the underside; oval mine showing green
on upperside, usually in disc of leaf between two lateral veins. Very
common throughout Britain to Clyde, and in the Central and Southern
parts of Kurope.

3. Tenella, Zell. Head and thorax white. Forewings white; four costal,
three dorsal strigulae ochreous - fuscous
strongly edged outwardly with sooty-brown ;
first, second and third costals and second dor-
sal meeting at about 2; basal streak sooty
somewhat interrupted, but to be traced from
of base to apical streak ; apical streak jet-black ;

fringe line complete, strongest at apex, fad-
ing dorsally; apical hook type 2. Hindwings silvery-grey; cilia light
fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5 respectively.

40

Larva mining the underside of leaves of Hornbeam, a long narrow mine
between two ribs, larva usually clearing all the parenchyma. Locally
common throughout Britain excepting in the North; more or less through-
out Central Europe.

4. Heegeriella, Zell. A small species. Head, antennae, thorax and
tegulae white. Forewings white to 3,
slightly brassy beyond 4, darker inside strigu-
lae; four costal, three dorsal strigulae, sooty ;
a sooty linear basal streak from base of costa
to about 4; first costal and dorsal not quite
meeting, but enclosing an acute angle;
second costal and dorsal meeting in an obtuse
angle ; fringe line strong terminally, weakening dorsally ; apical dot drop-
like, sometimes shading off into a fine line towards junction of second
strigulae; cilia white showing an indistinct apical hook type 2. Hind-
wings pale greyish-brown, cilia white. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing
imagines 8 and 5. The larva mines underside of Oak leaves usually mak-
ing a small blotch under a lobe of the leaf, turning the upper side back
so that it shows from below. Found locally throughout Britain excepting
the extreme north; on the continent through France and Central Europe.

5. Messaniella, Zell. Face white; head yellow, thorax yellow. Fore-
wings clear yellow; four costal, four dorsal
strigulae faintly yellow, all finely black edged
inwardly ; long narrow basal streak to 4; fine
clear fringe line; small clear apical dot; a vio-
let sheen between dot and fringe line at apex.
Hindwings greyish fuscous; cilia fuscous.
Larva 3-4, 7, 9-10, producing imagines 5, 8,
and 11. Commonest in Quercus ilex, but also in other kinds of Oak and
occasionally in Sweet Chestnut and Hornbeam. A somewhat fusiform
mine in underside. arly brood only in Q. ilex. Found commonly
througout Britain excepting extreme north, and EKastern Ireland. Abroad
through Central and South Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor.

6. Quercifoliella, Zell. Differs from the above species in that the cos-
tal strigulae are white and there is no apical
hook. Basal streak to beyond 3. Larva 7,
9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5. The larva
mines the underside of Oak leaves forming a
somewhat oval mine, and, excepting when
in very thin leaves, some green usually re-
mains visible from above after the larva has
finished feeding. Britain and Ireland, plentiful wherever Oak trees are
to be found. Hurope and Asia Minor.

41

7. Alnifoliella, Dup. Face white; head mixed white and fuscous ; thorax
and tegulae white marked fuscous. Fore-
wings variable from dark fuscous through
golden-brown to a mixture of whitish and
fuscous; four costal three dorsal strigulae
white, dark edged inwardly; wide pointed
basal streak to 4, dark edged above; fringe
line distinct but cleanly cut by third dorsal
strigula; cilia light fuscous, darker above at apex. Hindwings fuscous ;
cilia brownish fuscous. Larva 7, 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5; min-
ing underside of leaves of Alder. The egg is usually placed near the
junction of a lateral rib with the midrib, and the resulting mine is nor-
mally bounded by the midrib, and the basal part of two lateral ribs.
Common throughout Britain excepting North Scotland, also in North
and Kast Ireland; abroad throughout North and Central Europe.

8. Distentella, Zell. Face white; head white with a few fuscous scales ;
—_—= thorax and tegulae white; collar light straw ;
df antennae white ringed light fuscous. Fore-
wings light straw mixed with a few darker
scales; four costal and three dorsal strigulae
rather strongly edged dark fuscous, except-
Y; ing third dorsal strigula which is not so
ae edged; basal streak lightly edged above near
extremity ; first dorsal strigula extended along dorsum to base by a white
line; apical strigulae on costa rather wide; apical dot small; a slight
apical streak; fringe line not very strong; cilia whitish with a strong
projecting apical hook type 3. Hindwings brownish fuscous; cilia whitish
with slight brown tinge. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5;
mining the underside of Oak leaves. Local in the Midlands of England ;
abroad through France and Central Europe.

9. Ulicicolella, Staint. Face white; head orange mixed fuscous, white
in centre; thorax shining saffron; antennae
shining greyish-white ringed grey. Fore-
wings bright shining saffron; four costal,
three dorsal strigulae, and basal streak
y reaching to about 3, all silvery-white and not
ee appreciably dark edged; fringe line complete
around apex but disappearing at outer edge
of second dorsal strigula; apical streak and dot somewhat obscure, but
the dise dusted centrally with blackish scales from the extremities of the
second strigulae to position of apical dot. Cilia whitish, slightly fuscous.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous, cilia whitish fuscous, slightly golden.
Larva possibly feeding through the winter and pupating in spring ; imago
6-7. The larva is attached to Furze, and probably mines under the softer
bark of the new growth shoots. Found locally throughout Britain; not
so far recorded from abroad,

AQ

10. Scopariella, Zell. Face white; head dark fuscous; thorax whitish
dusted fuscous; antennae _ silvery-white.
Forewings straw-coloured liberally dusted
with darker brown scales; five costal, four
dorsal strigulae, white, the basal streak nar-
row and angulate at middle to meet middle
of first costal strigula; second costal meeting
first dorsal strigula. Hindwings greyish fus-
cous, cilia light brownish fuscous. Larva probably 8-5, producing imago
6-7. Larva mining in the bark of shoots of Broom. Locally in South and
Midland England; abroad in Central Europe.

ll. Carpinicolella, Staint. Face white; head white mixed fuscous;
scape shining white. Forewings golden-yel-
low; four costal and three dorsal strigulae
shining white; first costal strigula long,
straight, and very oblique, extended by white
line along costa almost to base of wing; third
dorsal wide, contained within fringe line;
basal streak fairly wide, pointed, to 4, some-
times slightly dark edged above; Llack apical streak; cilia whitish fus-
cous; a slight apical hook, type 2. Hindwings shining light fuscous;
cilia whitish fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5.
Larva mining the upperside of leaves of Hornbeam, causing some con-
tortion of the leaf. Local in southern half of England, and abroad
through Central Europe.

12. Coryli, Nic. Head dirty white, mixed fuscous; antennae grey.
Forewings usually shining tawny but some-
times darker ; four costal, three dorsal strigu-
lae, first costal rather short and not extended
towards base of costa, third dorsal strigula
contained by fringe line, which is rather
strong and black; basal streak narrow to 3,
not dark edged, apex tending to golden-yel-
low; apical streak fairly strong, black and slightly arcuate, the concave
side upwards; cilia whitish; a slight apical hook, type 2. Hindwings
shining grey; cilia light fuscous. Larva 7, 9-10, producing imagines 8
and 5; larva in leaves of Hazel, mining the upper side; often four or five
mines in one leaf contorting it very strongly. Found more or less com-
monly throughout England, and through North and Central Europe.

13. Faginella, Zell. Face white; head fuscous; thorax fuscous with
white streak; antennae shining grey, ringed
fuscous. Forewings golden darkening to dun
before strigulae, which are sooty edged in-
wardly but not black edged ; four costal, three
dorsal strigulae, rather dull white; dorsum
white edged at base; basal streak to 3, rather
wide and drawing in to a sharp point; apical

43

streak strong, black; fringe line round apex only, slightly longer below
than above apex; cilia pale fuscous. Hindwings and cilia pale fuscous.
Larva 7, 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5; larva mining underside of
Beech leaves, making a long narrow mine between two lateral ribs.
Plentiful throughout Britain excepting the extreme north; abroad
through Belgium and France to Central Europe.

14. Spinicolella, Zell. Face white; head light buff, slightly mixed fus-
cous; thorax bright saffron with shining
white central line; tegulae as thorax edged
inwardly with shining white. Forewings
bright saffron more or less sprinkled with
dark scales; four costal strigulae, two clear
dorsal and two somewhat confluent, inside
fringe line, sometimes parting it; narrow
basal streak, slightly downward curved, outwardly dark edged above;
strigulae dark edged inwardly; fringe line usually complete, but some-
times broken by last two dorsals; apical streak fairly strong; cilia whitish
fuscous. Hindwings pale grey; cilia pale whitish with light brown sheen.
Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5; mining underside of
Blackthorn and Plum, giving a rolled effect to Blackthorn leaves, and
contorting Plum leaves rather more strongly than is usual with Intho-
colletis mines. Common throughout Britain excepting the extreme north,
and abroad through Belgium and France to North and Central Europe.

15. Cerasicolella, H.-S. Face white; head orange mixed dark brown;
thorax and tegulae orange, thorax with white
central line, tegulae white edged inwardly ;
scape clear white; antennae white, fuscous
ringed. Forewings reddish saffron; four
costal, three dorsal strigulae clear white,
finely black edged inwardly; first pair of
strigulae meeting in an acute angle; basal
streak rather narrow, a little past 4, outer half slightly sinuate upwards;
black apical streak to third strigulae, fine, with some diffused black
scales round it; fringe line from fourth costal to third dorsal strigula
strongest above apex; some iridescent scales between apical streak and
fringe line; cilia slightly golden-white. Hindwings brownish-grey ; cilia
shightly golden light fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-4, producing imagines 8
and 5, mining underside of Garden Cherry and Gean, making a rather
wide mine between two lateral ribs; the larva does not pupate until after
the late winter frosts. Rather local through England to Yorkshire;
abroad through France and Central Europe,

44

16. Sorbi, Frey. Face white; head ferruginous; scape white above; an-
tennae shining grey’ slightly darker ringed;
thorax and tegulae bright saffron, thorax
with white streak; tegulae whitish edged in-
wardly; collar white. Forewings bright red-
Y dish-saffron ; four costal, three dorsal strigu-
Cae lae clear white, first costal and first and
second dorsal dark edged on both sides; basal
streak to past 4, edged above and slightly below; fringe line strong at
apex only, ceasing at second dorsal strigula; strong black apical streak ;
cilia whitish, becoming golden at apex. Hindwings fuscous; cilia whitish
. with coppery sheen. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 4-5,
mining underside of leaves of Mountain Ash, and Bird Cherry. Local
through Britain, and abroad through Belgium and France to North and
Central Europe.

17. Pyrivorella, Bankes. Face white; head fuscous; thorax dark fus-
cous; tigulae white edged inwardly. Fore-
wings dark fuscous brown, dusted with a few
coppery-golden scales; four costal, three dor-
sal strigulae rather shining white, edged in-
wardly by a darkening of the ground colour,
dorsals 1 and 2 edged on both sides; basal
streak a little past 41, shghtly dark-edged
above and about one-quarter below at apex; first dorsal strigula curved
at base and then tapering straightly, only a little above the horizontal;
blackish apical streak somewhat obscure; fringe line strong; area be-
tween apical streak and fringe line more or less whitish, in which the
third dorsal may be distinguished by a slightly wider area without streaks
of the ground colour; cilia whitish fuscous. Hindwings fuscous; cilia
whitish fuscous. Larva 5-6, 7, 9-11, producing imagines 7, 8 and 4; larva
mining the underside of Pear leaves, and, it is said, occasionally Apple.
This species is stated to be local through the south of England to West
Midlands, and at present it seems to be unknown on the Continent. The
genitalia are said to be indistinguishable from those of mespilella, and it
is possibly a varietal form of that species.

18. Mespilella, Hb. Face white; head orange fuscous; thorax bright
coppery-brown ; tegulae inwardly edged white ;
scape white; antennae shining grey fuscous,
darker ringed. Forewings shining coppery-
brown; four costal, three dorsal strigulae,
white; indistinct light patch between apical
streak and fringe line; first strigulae edged
on both sides, a patch of dark scales between
the extremities of second strigulae; apical streak rather long with a few
diffused dark scales; cilia light fuscous. Hindwings grey fuscous; cilia
slightly coppery. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5, mining

re

45

the underside of leaves of Mountain Ash, Service Tree and Bird Cherry.
Probably embracing as one species pyrivorella (q.v.). Locally in South
and Midland England, also locally in teeleid Abroad through France
and Central Europe.

19. Concomitella, Bankes. Face white; head white mixed dark brown;
antennae white, ranged dark brown; tegulae
and collar almost entirely white; thorax dark
brown with a white spot at posterior ex-
tremity. Forewings dark brown, four costal,
two clear dorsal strigulae, sometimes a third
dorsal inside fringe line; first and second
pairs edged on inside and partly on outside,
others edged only inwardly; wide basal streak often meeting
first dorsal strigula; apical streak slightly diffused; fringe line
rather irregular, enclosing lighter brown area; cilia whitish fuscous,
darker at apex. Hindwings light grey; cilia slightly brown. Larva 7
and 9-10, producing imagines 7-8 and 4. The larva makes a rather broad
mine in the underside of Apple leaves, usually between two lateral ribs.
Common throughout England, and abroad through France and Belgium
across Central Europe.

20. Blancardella, Fab. Face white; head orange fuscous, mixed dark
fuscous; thorax copper-brown; tegulae
broadly white edged; antennae whitish,
ringed dark fuscous. Forewings dark copper-
brown; four costal, three (sometimes four)
dorsal strigulae shining white, all strigulae
dark edged inwardly, first pair edged on both
sides; basal streak to about 4 dark edged
above and to about 34 below; apical streak black, diffused; fringe line
strong and complete, enclosing one, sometimes two, clear dorsal strigulae ;
cilia whitish, coppery between fourth costal and last dorsal strigulae.
Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous grey. Larva 7 and 9-10, giving imagines
8 and 5; larva in underside of leaves of Crab Apple and sometimes in
Garden Apple. Generally distributed through England, and abroad
throughout Europe.

21. Oxyacanthae, Frey. Face white; head dark fuscous; thorax dark
golden-brown; tegulae broadly white inward-
ly, collar white mixed brown; central thoracic
streak white. Forewings dark golden-brown,
shading off to golden at apex; strigulae white,
four costal, two clear dorsals, sometimes one
or two discernible within the fringe line,
otherwise the area is white with dark fuscous
streaks; fringe line not very dark but strongly marked and extending
from fourth costal to second dorsal; apical streak to third costal strigula,

46

slightly diffused; cilia slightly golden-whitish. Hindwings shining grey;
cilia slightly golden fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and
5; mining underside of the leaves of Hawthorn, usually in a lobe of the
leaf, which is gathered into a cylinder. Common through England and
abroad through France and Belgium across Central Europe.

22. Lantamella, Schrank. Face white; head orange, thorax golden-
yellow with a central white streak; tegulae
; lightly white edged inwardly; antennae
ay | whitish golden, ringed fuscous. Forewings
bright golden yellow; four costal, and three
dorsal strigulae shining silvery white, dark
edged inwardly, dark edge of first and
second costal strigulae more or less distinctly
joined, first and second dorsal strigulae with dark edge extended round
the point to about half way down the outer side; basal streak edged
above and below, sometimes meeting the first dorsal strigula; a dark
shade running along the tips of the dorsal strigulae, and joining the
apical streak, where it becomes black; the dark line from first and
second costal strigulae also meets the beginning of the apical streak;
fringe line fairly strong; cilia light golden. Hindwings golden fuscous ;
cilia fuscous with a golden sheen. Larva 7 and 9-10 producing imagines
8 and 5 respectively, mining the underside of leaves of Wayfaring tree
and Guelder Rose, in both of which several mines may be found in one
leaf. It is also occasionally found in Mountain Ash leaves. The mines
tend to distort the leaves considerably. Fairly generally through
Britain, and abroad in France and Central Europe.

23. Quinqueguttella, Staint. Face golden-whitish; head orange;
thorax golden; tegulae white edged in-
wardly; antennae golden, ringed fuscous.
Forewings golden; five costal, three dorsal
strigulae, shining white, all inwardly edged
blackish, as is thea small white spot on the
ye dorsum under basal streak, second and third
costal and first and second dorsal strigulae
squared at the tip, the first dorsal strigula coming between the first and
second costal strigulae, and rather nearer to the latter, the fourth costal
strigula long and fang-shaped reaching to centre line of wing; basal
streak to about 4, dilated and slightly turned upwards at tip, black
edged all round; apical streak very short and fine; apical dot clear but
small; fringe line at apex only, between fifth costal and third dorsal
strigulae; cilia white. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia slightly golden.
Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5, and mining the under-
side of leaves of Dwarf Sallow, making a long mine along the edge of
the leaf and turning the top side under. Found locally through Eng-
land and abroad through France to Central Europe and on to Hastern
Siberia,

47

24. Junoniella, Zell. Face white; head orange; thorax orange brown;
antennae shining whitish golden. Fore-
wings bright orange; four costal, and three
dorsal strigulae shining white, dark-edged
inwardly, the first and second dorsal
strigulae slightly edged outwardly also,
third pair meeting in an almost straight
: dark-edged white fascia; black fringe line
from fourth costal almost to second dorsal strigula; apical streak dif-
fused; cilia whitish with golden sheen. Hindwings golden fuscous;
cilia fuscous. Larva 4-5 and 7, imagines 5-6 and 8, mining the under-
side of Bilberry leaves. High ground in Britain from Midlands north-
wards; on the continent in the Pyrenees and mountainous districts of
Central Europe.

25. Salicicolella, Sircom. Face white; head fuscous; thorax brassy
brown with slight white central streak;
tegulae white edged. Forewings slightly
brassy brown; four costal and three, some-
times four dorsal strigulae commencing
white and becoming slightly brassy out-
wards and shading into the dark sooty edge
of the inward edge of the next strigula,
strigulae set in pairs, the first sometimes joining to form an obtuse
angulate fascia; basal streak sinuate, first rising, then dipping at the
middle and rising again at the end, reaching to about 4; an indefinite
white spot on dorsum not reaching to the basal streak; dorsum not edged
white; rather wide diffused apical streak; fringe line rather firm at
apex, very weak thereafter; cilia whitish fuscous. Hindwings shining
whitish grey; cilia light fuscous, darker above; a slight brassy sheen.
Larva 7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5, mining under-surface of
leaves of various Sallow species, principally Salix caprea. Rather
common throughout Britain excepting the extreme north, abroad
through Belgium and France to North and Central Europe.

26. Viminetorum, Stt. Face slightly brassy white; head dark fuscous;
thorax brassy brown. Forewings brassy
brown; four costal and four dorsal strigulae
white; a white patch on dorsum meeting the
middle of the basal streak; dorsum edged
white from base to about 3; first and second
Be pairs of strigulae slightly dark edged

inwardly; apical dot small and not very
clear; fringe line clear only at extreme apex, otherwise very indistinct ;
basal streak fine, slightly flexed upwards from middle, outer half slightly
dark edged below. Hindwings dark grey; all cilia brassy fuscous. Larva
7 and 9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5, mining the under surface of leaves

48

of Osier, usually turning the side of the leaf under. Found locally
through Britain excepting the extreme north; abroad through Belgium
and France to Central Europe.

27. Cavella, Zell. Face white; head white, mixed fuscous; thorax
golden ochreous; tegulae white on shoulders;
scape white; antennae white, very lightly
ringed greyish. Forewings golden yellow;
four costal, three dorsal strigulae white,
; edged sooty black inwardly, the dark edge
oe of the first costal strigula extending along
costa to base, first costal strigula rather
short and somewhat squared, first dorsal strigula usually strongly
curved, second pair almost meeting to form an obtuse-angled fascia; basal
streak to 4, dark edged above, top edge straight, lower edge sinuate,
narrowest at middle, and terminating in a point; fairly strong fringe
line from fourth costal to third dorsal strigula; sometimes just passing
the latter, by which it is then divided; cilia slightly golden. Hind-
wings dark greyish fuscous, cilia light fuscous, slightly golden. Larva
7 and 9-10, producing imagines 8 and 5; mining the under surface of
Birch leaves. Local through southern England to Midlands; abroad
through France and Belgium to North and Central Europe.

28. Spinolella Dup Face white; head light fuscous; antennae shining
white at base, ringed dark grey from about
3: thorax brassy brown with white central
streak; tegulae slightly white - edged in-
wardly. Forewings dark brown with a red-
dish golden sheen in basal half; four costal,
nee three, sometimes four dorsal strigulae white,
inwardly dark edged; basal streak to about
4, only occasionally dark edged at the tip; first strigulae forming a clear
white slightly curved fascia; apical spot indistinct; fringe line barely
discernible ; cilia whitish. Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia light fuscous,
slightly brownish tinged. Larva 7 and 9-10, giving imagines 8 and 5,
mining the under surface of the leaves of Goat Willow. Common
through Britain excepting in the north; abroad through Belgium and
France to North and Central Hurope.

29. Ulmifoliella, Hb. Face slightly brassy white; head dark fuscous,
— almost black; scape blackish; antennae

Y shghtly golden fuscous, darker ringed.

Forewings dark sepia brown with a golden
sheen ; four costal and three dorsal strigulae
shining silver white, the first pair forming
vey a uniform outwardly curved fascia, stri-

gulae dark edged inwardly; basal streak to

about 4, dark edged above; fringe line to third dorsal strigula; a grey

49

apical hook type 1; cilia fuscous, darker between apical hook and fourth
costal strigula. Hindwings brownish fuscous; cilia light brownish
fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5, mining the under
surface of Birch leaves. Common throughout Britain; abroad through
France to North and Central Europe.

30. Anderidae, Fletcher.* Face white; head orange fuscous; thorax
orange brown; cilia white above; scape
golden; antennae shining white, ringed
fuscous. Forewings shining golden orange;
four costal and three dorsal strigulae, shin-
ing white, the first pair making a transverse
fascia, the inner edge dark and sinuous or
curved outwards, the outer edge more or less
straight, dark edging of second dorsal continuing on to third costal strigu-
la; basal streak narrow, to 4, dark edged above and for the greater part
of its length below; fringe line short, from fourth costal to third dorsal
strigula; cilia whitish, dark fuscous above apex and between second and
third dorsal strigulae; apical dot large and diffused. Hindwings
brownish fuscous; cilia whitish fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving
imagines 8 and 5; mining the under surface of leaves of Birch seedlings,
usually preferring those well down amongst the heather. Locally re-
corded from Kent, Sussex and Dorset. This species has not so far been
recorded from the Continent. JL. wrradiella, Scott, described from
*“ near Renfrew among Birches,’’ considered by Stainton to be a new
species, but included with L. lautella, Zell. by Meyrick, seems to me to
refer to L. anderidae, my reasons for this being that anderidae is a
Birch species while lautella is attached to Oak, and that Scott’s figure
(Trans. Ent. Soc., Vol. ii, n.s., Pl. 1) shows an orange-brown thorax
whereas the thorax of lautella is shining silvery.

31. Nigrescentella, Logan. Face silver; head sepia with a golden
sheen; antennae golden at base, becoming
shining white, lightly ringed fuscous;
thorax and tegulae orange brown. Fore-
wings shining golden saffron. Differs from
anderidae in that it is a larger insect; that
the apical cilia are uniform hght brownish
fuscous; that there are a few mitror-like
scales in the black of the apical dot; and that the first pair of strigulae
do not meet properly but are separated by the inward dark edge which
runs round the extremity of each strigula. Larva 7 and 9-10, giving
imagines 8 and 4-5; mining the under surface of leaves of Bush Vetch
(Vicia sepium); also recorded from Clovers and Medick. It is found
locally throughout Britain and abroad through Belgium and France
across Central Europe to Austria.

*The text figure and that in the coloured plate were drawn from different speci-
mens.

50

32. Insignitella, Zell. Face silvery white; head dark sepia; thorax
a shining golden saffron; tegulae slightly
4 ; more brassy; antennae dark fuscous, white
ringed near apex. Forewings golden saffron ;
four costal, three dorsal strigulae silver
white, the first pair forming a more or less
parallel sided obtuse angled or slightly
curved fascia, first and second pairs strongly
edged inwardly and slightly on outward side; basal streak edged above
and below, to 4; apical dot large and slightly diffused; fringe line to
second dorsal strigula; cilia brownish fuscous, lighter towards apex.
Hindwings brownish fuscous; cilia light fuscous, darkening towards
apex. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5; mining underside of
leaves of Rest-Harrow and sometimes Clovers. Local at widely dif-
ferent parts of England; abroad across Central Europe to Austria.

33. Lautella, Zell. Head black; face and thorax shining leaden
metallic; scape silver-grey; antennae silver-
grey, ringed black. Forewings rich shining
golden brown; three costal and three dorsal
strigulae in pairs, silver white, the first pair
almost meeting to form an almost straight
fascia, the third dorsal strigula represented
by a _ silver-white spot below the apical
streak, not reaching the tornus; basal streak to about 31, narrow at base
and slightly dilated towards its extremity; strigulae and basal streak
all dark edged both inwardly and outwardly; fringe line complete;
apical streak black, the area below it and bounded by fringe line, more
or less densely irrorated with black scales; cilia light fuscous. Hind-
wings greyish fuscous; cilia fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving imagines
8 and 5; mining the under surface of leaves of the Sessile Oak (Quercus
sessiliflora), preferring the leaves of seedlings and the lower leaves of
bushes. Found locally throughout Britain excepting the north; re-
ported from Eastern Ireland and abroad from Central Europe.

34. Schreberella, Fab. Head black; face and thorax leaden metallic ;
antennae black, white tipped. Forewings
vermillion golden; three costal and three
dorsal strigulae silver, the first two pairs
forming two slightly sinuate and roughly
parallel fasciae running slightly outwards
from the costa to the dorsum, 38rd costal
running obliquely inwards; 3rd _ dorsal
starting vertically and then inclining sharply outwards; a black patch
at the base of the costa and the apical region thickly sprinkled with
black; apical streak black in a patch of silvery scales; fringe line very
faint or absent; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings greyish fuscous; cilia

51

light fuscous, darkening to blackish at apex. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving
imagines 8 and 5, mining the under surface of leaves of Elm between
two lateral ribs; often patches of green left visible on the upper sur-
face when the larva has ceased feeding. The winter brood pupates in
an emerald green fusiform cocoon. England and Eastern Ireland,
usually very common; abroad through Central and South Europe to
Asia Minor.

35. Trifasciella, Haw. Face white; head dark orange-brown; thorax
orange brown; tegulae fuscous on shoulder;
antennae white, ringed dark fuscous. Jore-
wings orange brown; fasciae white, pre-
ceded by a dense blackish band dilating at
costa and dorsum, the first fascia almost
straight, the second obtusely angulate out-
wards in top half and inwards in bottom
half, the third costal strigula preceded by a heavy blackish band, but
only a slight dark spot before the third dorsal strigula, fourth costal
_ followed by a patch of dark scales; a patch of dark scales running
obliquely from under third costal strigula towards termen; cilia light
tawny at apex, darkening to fuscous at dorsum. Hindwings brownish
grey, cilia fairly light fuscous. Larva 3-4, 7 and 10 producing imagines
5, 8, and 11; mining the under surface of Honeysuckle leaves, usually
causing the leaf to fold transversely. Generally common throughout
Britain with the exception of the extreme north, and in Eastern Ire-
land; abroad through Central and Southern Europe to Asia Minor.

36. Emberizipennella, Bouché. Generally speaking a large species.
Face white; head brownish orange; collar
and tegulae whitish; thorax coppery brown;
antennae whitish, ringed dark fuscous.
Forewings coppery brown; strigulae dead
white; a short white basal streak without
dark edging; first fascia straight or slightly
convex outwardly, second fascia making an
obtuse angle, inwardly distinctly blackish edged, third strigulae almost
meeting, being separated by a small patch of dark loosely sprinkled
scales, and having the appearance of two outwardly concave arcs meet-
ing at the middle of the disc; fringe line almost obsolete, represented
only by a brown arc in the apical cilia. Hindwings and cilia whitish
fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10, giving imagines 8 and 5; mining the under
surface of Honeysuckle leaves contorting the leaf strongly, often conic-
ally. Throughout Britain excepting the most northerly part of Scot-
land but more local than the preceding species; abroad through Cen-
tral and South Europe to Asia Minor.

52

37. Scabiosella, Dougl. Face shining greyish; head orange; antennae
white; ringed dark grey. Forewings bright
orange-brown; strigulae white, strongly
black-edged inwardly, in opposite pairs,
first and second pairs forming fasciae, the
first almost straight, the second slightly
obtuse angled; a dusting of black scales
distally from third dorsal strigula, and at
apex; no fringe line; cilia dark brown. Hindwings grey fuscous; cilia
brownish fuscous. Larva 8 and 10-4, giving imagines 8-9 and 5; mining
the under surface of lower leaves of the Lesser Scabious (Scabiosa colum-
varia) apparently with a preference for the leaves of seedlings. In
Britain this species seems to be confined locally to the Surrey chalk
hills. The mines are plentiful, but show a very high rate of parasitisa-
tion. Abroad the species is recorded from Germany, France, Switzer-
land and Austria.

38. Tristrigella, Haw. Face whitish; head brown; thorax cinnamon
brown. Forewings shaded brown; four
costal and three dorsal strigulae, shading
from whitish to brown, the first and second
pairs making § fasciae, approximately
straight, the first inclined outwards towards
‘the dorsum, the second slightly inwards at
dorsum, the third pair opposite, but not
meeting, not very dark edged, and somewhat indefinite. Hindwings
light brownish grey ; cilia fuscous, darker on costal side at apex. Larva
7 and 9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5; mining the under surface of Elm
leaves between two lateral ribs. The mine is very similar to that of
schreberella but the larva does not spin a green cocoon. Found locally
throughout England and through North and Central Kurope.

39. Stettinensis, Fab. Face shining white; head blackish; antennae

—, blackish, white tipped. Forewings shining
dark brown; five costal and four dorsal
strigulae, shining silvery-white, first two
pairs of strigulae meeting to form slightly
curved fasciae, third dorsal between third
and fourth costal strigulae; fringe line
complete; apical dot large and somewhat
diffused. Hindwings dark greyish brown; cilia fuscous. Larva 7 and
10 producing imagines 8 and 5; mining the upper surface of leaves of
Alder, making a brown fusiform mine on a lateral rib, which runs
through the centre of the mine. It is also rarely found on Birch.
Found through Britain excepting the north of Scotland; abroad in Cen-
tral Europe where it is local but plentiful where it is found.

53

40. Froelichiclla, Zell. Face and thorax brassy; head orange. Fore-
wings dark umber brown; strigulae dis-
tinctly brassy, the ground colour darkening
evenly towards the inside edge of strigulae
rather than any dark edging, though a
slight dark line is discernible; five costal
and four dorsal strigulae, the first two
pairs forming slightly curved fasciae; fringe
line complete, enclosing a brassy patch beyond apical dot; cilia. blackish
to fringe line, thereafter light fusecous, the fourth dorsal strigula, being
shightly discernible as a parting in the black cilia. Larva 7 and 9-10,
giving imagines 8 and 5, mining the under surface of Alder leaves,
making a broad mine between two lateral ribs, usually away from the
midrib. Local throughout England and southern Scotland; abroad
through Northern and Central Europe.

41. Nicelli, Stt. Face white; head orange; thorax light brown;
antennae white, ringed dark grey, becoming
white at tips. Forewings orange brown;
five costal and four dorsal strigulae, white,
the first two pairs forming outwardly
convex fasciae, the third pair not meeting,
strigulae narrowly but clearly edged blackish
inwardly; apical streak elongated and
rather wide; fringe line strong round apex, weakening more or less
dorsally ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings brownish-grey; cilia light brownish
fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10 producing moths 8 and 5; mining the under
surface of Hazel leaves, often four or more larvae in one leaf, strongly
contorting the leaf. Common throughout Britain excepting in the ex-
treme north; found abroad, through France and Central Europe.

42. Kleemannella, Fab. Face and thorax brassy; head orange. Fore-
wings clear orange brown; four costal and
four dorsal strigulae, shining white, in-
wardly dark edged, the first two pairs form-
ing two transverse fasciae slightly curved
outwards at the middle, the fourth costal
strigula slightly dark edged outwardly, the
fourth dorsal strigula represented by a white
spot not reaching the fringe line; terminal area more or less densely
sprinkled with blackish scales; slight apical dot; cilia thickly black to
fringe line which is distinct at apex and fades dorsally; apical cilia
light brownish. Hindwings greyish fuscous; cilia fuscous, darkening at
lower part of apex. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving imagines 8 and 5; on
under side of Alder leaves, making a largish mine between two lateral
ribs not usually touching the midrib. Found throughout Britain ex-
cepting the north, and abroad through Central and South Europe to
Asia Minor.

54

43. Viminiella, Stt. Face golden; head golden brown; antennae shin-
ing white, ringed grey-fuscous; thorax
golden yellow with lighter central streak.
Forewings golden brown; four costal and
three dorsal strigulae golden, first and
second costal and second dorsal very
slightly dark edged inwardly; a dark dif-
fused line from second dorsal strigula to
apical streak ; fringe line from outer edge of fourth costal to inner edge
of third dorsal strigula; cilia light golden. Hindwings shining whitish
grey, cilia light fuscous, slightly golden. Larva 6-7 and 9-10, producing
imagines 8 and 5; mining the under surface of leaves of Sallow and
Osier, usually at the edge near the base. Local through Britain, North
Europe, Belgium, France, Holland and Germany.

44. Corylifolella, Haw. Face white; head fuscous mixed chestnut;
thorax light chestnut; tegulae light chest-
nut, edged white; white thoracic streak.
Forewings chestnut; two costal and two
dorsa] strigulae, the first pair white and the
second pair lighter than ground colour,
first pair meeting to form an acute angled
fascia; a fine basal streak slightly angulate
at middle, not quite meeting fascia; apical streak somewhat diffused ;
fringe line strongest at apex, weakening dorsally; cilia light brown
outside fringe line becoming more fuscous dorsally. Hindwings
brownish fuscous; cilia fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10 giving imago 8 and
5; feeding on a variety of trees and bushes including Apple, Hawthorn,
Hazel, Mountain Ash, and Pear. It mines the upper surface of the
leaves, separating a large area of the upper cuticle of the leaf; in the
case of thin leaved trees, there is considerable contortion, but on Apple
and Pear there is little distortion. The mine may be recognised by its
whitish-buff surface sprinkled with russet flecks. An imsect re-
ported from Birch from Scotland as L. betulae, Zell., is considered by
Meyrick to be corylifoliella. Common through Britain excepting the ex-
treme north, and abroad through North and Central Europe.

45. Comparella, Zell. Face white; head mixed white and greyish
fuscous. Forewings white, sprinkled with
greyish-fuscous scales; four ill-defined costal
ee strigulae, three dorsal, greyish fuscous,
a 2 Si: a darkening distally; cilia whitish, darker
2 A tipped at apex. Huindwings shining greyish
ai fuscous; cilia fuscous. Larva 7 and 9-10,
giving imagines 8 and 10-5, making an oval

mine in the under surface of leaves of Abele, usually between two lateral
ribs. Meyrick mentions Black Poplar also. At the completion of feed-

55

ing, often the whole of the green parenchyma has not been eaten, leav-
ing green blotches in the mine visible from the upper surface of leaf.
Local through southern England and abroad through Central and
Southern Europe to Asia Minor.

46. Amyotella, Dup. Face white; head dark golden brown; thorax
shining golden brown. Forewings shining
golden brown; three costal and three dorsal
strigulae, clear white, first costal and first
and second dorsal strigulae dark edged on
both sides, other strigulae edged inwardly,
first dorsal strigula rather square, second
dorsal opposite first costal strigula; slight
apical streak ; fringe line complete to third dorsal strigula; cilia whitish ;
a strong costal hook type 3. Hindwings grey, slightly golden; cilia
whitish fuscous with a slight golden sheen. Larva 7 and 9-10 producing
imagines 8 and 5; mining under surface of leaves of Oak. Local through
Western Midlands to the North of England; abroad through France and
the Lusitanian Peninsula, also Central Europe.

47. Hortella, Fab. Face shining white; head white; thorax white;
collar fuscous; antennae white. Forewings
clear white; five costal and three dorsal
strigulae, yellow, first costal and dorsal at
about 4, meeting in a fascia, edged out-
wardly only, second and third costal stri-
enlae edged bcth sides, fourth and fifth
edged outwardly; second and third dorsals
edged both sides with sooty fuscous scales; apical hook type 2; apical
cilia faleate. Hindwings white; cilia white. Larva 7 and 9-10, giving
imagines 8 and 5, mining the under surface of Oak leaves; according to
Le Marchand, preferring Quercus sessiliflora. Occurs in the Southern
two-thirds of England and abroad through South-east and Central
Europe.

48. Sylvella, Haw. Face, head and thorax white; antennae white,
ringed with fairly dark grey. Forewings
white ; at the base three short sooty strigulae
(none reaching the other side of the wing),
two from the costa and one from the dorsum,
which last almost meets the second costal
strigula; the first fascia making an obtuse
angle and the second making an acute
angle, the third fascia a straight line; the apical streak long
and slightly irregular, meeting the apical dot; the area be-
low this streak is white, edged golden, and merging into a sooty-fuscous
fringe line; a white wedge above the apical streak bounded above by a
band of mixed golden and fuscous streaks, in which are embodied the last

56

two costal strigulae, the fasciae golden yellow; cilia pale fuscous. Hind-
wings shining whitish grey; cilia pale fuscous. Larva 7 and 10, giving
imagines 8 and 5, mining the under surface of leaves of Hedge Maple,
usually across a lobe so that it is bent back so strongly that the edge of
the lobe is closely pressed against the under surface of the leaf. The
species is common throughout England, and abroad through Central -
Europe.

49. Geniculella, Rag. Face, head and thorax white; antennae whitish
fuscous. Forewings white; fasciae golden-
yellow; at base two short striae from costa
and one from dorsum between them, first
fascia an acute angled chevron, the point
often produced to meet the second chevron
which is about a right angle, third fascia an
obtuse angle, the point of which meets the
point of the second fascia, the fourth fascia not so clearly defined, but
about parallel to the third; sometimes a slight apical streak; apical dot
very black; fringe line strong at apex, weakening dorsally; cilia white;
no apical hook. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia light fuscous. Larva 7
and 10, giving imagines 8 and 5; mining the under surface of Sycamore
leaves, the upper part of the tree being favoured, the mine being rather
short and broad. The insect has only recently been added to the British
list, and seems at present to be confined to the southern half of England,
but when further search has been made, it will probably be discovered
more widely. Meyrick gives Oxford as the locality, but the insect has
been found in many parts of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Abroad it is
found in Central Europe.

A word on the breeding of Lithocolletis species may not come amiss.
The spring imagines are the easiest to deal with, for in almost all cases
one has but to collect the mines in the autumn, keep them through the
winter, and wait for the imagines in due season. The mines can be win-
tered best either by putting them into cotton bags and hanging these up
out of doors in a spot which is neither too sunny nor too bleak, but in
one where there is ample moisture, and then bringing them in under
cover about the middle of April. The mines should then be put into
flower pots, of which the tops have been ground level with silver sand and
water on a flat stone, as advocated by Ford, partially filled with coarse
potting sand. An alternative method is to put the mines straight away
into the flower pots in the autumn, and stand these out of doors in a
shady place, bringing them indoors for observation in the middle of April.

The summer brood is not so easy to handle; Lhomme and Le Marchand
advocate, where possible, watching the mines until they are judged to
be fully developed, and then picking the leaves, which should be stored
in a cool place in flat cigarette tins with closely fitting lids. These should
be examined indoors each morning near a closed window so that any
emerging moths would be attracted to the light. The insects may best

57

be captured from the window by covering them with a small glass tube
in which is a piece of blotting paper which has been moistened with
acetic ether. The alternative is again the use of flower pots, but in this
case, the coarse sand should be topped with an inch or so of fine sand
which should be kept moist, and the stems of the leaves should be stuck
into the sand. The pots should be covered with muslin instead of glass
so that specimens shall not be spoiled by the condensation which would
inevitably form on a glass cover.

A list of food plants with their associated insects is given in order to
assist in the identification of mines by narrowing down the number of
probable species, which should greatly assist in the determination of the
resultant imagines. The list is of course not final, for occasionally, pro-
bably by accident, eggs are deposited on the wrong food plant. As an
example of this, I have found the mine of L. stettinensis on Birch and
again on Elm, although the food plant is Alder, but such occurrences are
rare, and cannot rightly be included as food plants. For simplicity, as
in the cases of Sallow and Oak, the broad head has been given to include
all species, and special species are only mentioned where they are taken
entirely or preferably by the larva.

Surface of
leaf or other

Plant. situation. Species. Notes.
Abele — oe See Poplar, White.
Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Upper stettinensis
Under alnifoliella
Under froelichiella
Under kleemannella
Apple, Crab (Pyrus Upper corylifoliella
malus)
Under blancardella Prefers wild to
cultivated.
Under concomitella
Under pyrivorella Occasionally only.
Apple, cultivated varie- —— — As for crab apple
ties of Pyrus malus above.
Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Under faginella
Bilberry (Vaccinium Under junonietla
myrtillus
Birch (Betula alba) Upper stettinensis Rarely.
Under anderidae Seedlings.
Under cavella
Under ulmifoliella
Blackthorn a — See Plum.
Broom (Cytisus scoparius) In bark of scopariella
twigs
Cherry, Bird (Prunus Under sorbi
Padus) Under mespilella
Cherry, Dwarf or Red Under cerasicolella

(Prunus cerdsus) and
its cultivated (sweet)
varieties
Cherry, Wild (Prunus Under cerasicolella
avium) and the Mor-
ella Cherry

Plant.
Chestnut, Sweet
tanea sativa)
Clovers (Trifolium spp.)

(Cas-

Elm (Ulmus campestris)
Furze (Ulex europaeus)

Gean

Goat Willow

Gorse

Guelder Rose (Viburnum
opulus)

Hawthorn (Crataegus
oxyacantha)

Hazel (Corylus avellana)

Holm-oak

Honeysuckle (Lonicera
periclymenum)

Hornbeam (Carpinus
betulus)

Maple (Acer campestre)

Medick (Medicago spp.)

Mountain Ash (Pyrus
aucuparia)

Oak (Quercus robur, etc.)

Oak, Evergreen (Quercus
ilex)
Osier (Salix viminalis)

Pear (Pyrus communis)

Plum (Prunus spp.)

Poplar, Black (Populus
nigra)

Poplar, White (Populus
alba)

58

Surface of
leaf or other
situation.

Under

Under
Under
Under
Under
Under bark
of shoots

Under
Under
Upper
Under
Under
Under
Under
Upper
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under

Under
Under
Under
Under

Under
Under
Upper
Under
Under
Under

Under

Species.
messaniella

insignitella
nigrescentella
schreberella
tristrigella
ulicicolella

lantanella

corylifoliella
oxyacanthae
coryli

corylifoliella
nicelli

trifasciella
emberizipennella
carpinicoletla
messaniella
tenella
sylvella
nigrescentella
corylifoliella
lantanella
mespilella
sorbi
amyotella
cramerella
distentella
heegeriella
hortetla
lautella

messaniella
quercifoliella
roboris
messaniella

viminetorum
viminiella
corylifoliella
pyrivorella
spinicolella
comparella

comparella

Notes.

See Cherry, Wild.

See Sallow, Great.

See Furze.
Often several in
one leaf.

Several in one
leaf.

Several in one
leaf.

See Oak, Ever-
green.

Sometimes.

In lobes.

In Q. sessilifiora,
preferring seed-
lings and low
bushes.

Plant.

Rest Harrow (Ononis re-

pens and O. spinosa)
Rowan
Sallow (Salix spp.)

Sallow, Dwarf (Salix
repens)

Sallow, Great (Salix
caprea)

Scabious, Lesser (Scabi-

osa columbaria)

Service (Pyrus tormin-
alis)

Sloe

Sycamore (Acer pseudo-
platanus)

Vetch, Bush (Vicia
sepium)

Wayfaring Tree (Vibur-
num lantana)

59

Surface of
leaf or other

situation. Species.
Under insignitella
Under salicicolella
Under viminiella
Under quinqueguttella
Under spinolella
Under scabiosella
Upper corylifoliella
Under mespilella
Under geniculella
Under nigrescentella
Under lantanella

Notes.

See Mountain Ash.
See also Osier.

Usually near edge
of leaf.

Prefers seedlings
and lower leaves.

See Plum.
Prefers upper
leaves.

Often several in
one leaf.

INDEX TO SPECIES, GIVING SERIAL NUMBER IN ‘‘ DESCRIPTIONS ”’ ANTE.

alnifoliella ............ 7
amyotella ..........00 46
ANAETIAAE ...........08 30
DELUICE TA, 44
blancardella ......... 20
carpinicolella ....... 11
COUCHIOO, woe wscesnntcecscccs Q7
cerasicolella .......... 15
comparella ...........5 45
concomitella .......... 19
GCONUUCs viaccs ancsssesnvcsese 12
corylifoliella ......... 44
CTONUET ENG Bee ekas 2
Mtslentewla sc. vcsecezes 8
emberizipennella .. 36
PQQUICTIE, ooo ees .0s.50s5 13

froelichiella

geniculella ............ 49 RODOT US Wi teen i
heegeriella ............ 4 Salicicolella ........... 25
TOT UCU” wet aca e roe 47 Scabiosella ............. 37
insignitella ........... 32 schreberella .......... 34
IWNAGALCUG)..2. Scenes 30 Scopariella ............. 10
junoniella ......e... 24 SOTDIS Ra oe ces 16
Kkleemannella ........ 42 spinicolella ........... 14
lantanella ............. 22 Spinolella .............. 28
lautenla Soa 33 Stettinensis ............ 39
MESPILELLA ......ceccesee 18 SUC CLL anew heias 48
messantella ........... 5 CON CULG Sn one recat 3
WULOCUUU mr ae, -uene coeee ones 41 trifasciella ............ 35
nigrescentella ....... 31 tristrigella ........... 38
oxyacanthae ......... 21 ulicicolella ............ 9
pyrivorella ............ 17 ulmifoliella ........... 29
quercifoliella ......... 6 viminetorum ......... 26
quinqueguttella .... 23 VimMiniella ..........0 43

GREGARIOUS LARVAE.
By the Rev. Canon T. G. Epwarps, M.A., F.Z.S.

Read 12th February 1944.

The word ‘‘ gregarious ’’ is commonly used in its biological sense

to describe the tendency of individuals of the same species to herd to-
gether, without necessarily any arrangement or division of labour. Such
groupings are common among insects of many orders at various stages
of their development, and range from the lowest kind of association to
the fully-developed social organization found among the Hymenoptera
and the Termites, with their elaborate economy of highly-specialized
forms.

Social development of this latter kind is unknown in the Lepidop-
tera; and where the gregarious habit occurs it is confined to the larval
stage; unless we are justified in applying the term to those migratory
species which swarm from time to time and leave their breeding grounds
for more distant pastures. But the migratory habit is a subject outside
the limits of the present paper.

In the larval stage, the gregarious habit is the exception rather than
the rule among Lepidoptera, and it occurs sporadically, being found
among single unrelated species, or genera, in widely separated families.
With one important exception, these remarks will be confined entirely
to such British species as J have had some slight opportunity of ob-
serving or rearing. The exception is that of the continental species
known as the Pine Processionary moth, Thawmetopoea pinivora, Tr.,
which I have studied rather closely in its native haunts in the neigh-
bourhood of Bordeaux; and I have included it because it represents
the most extreme development of the gregarious habit to be found among
the Heterocera.

Among our native Lepidoptera, gregarious larvae are found mainly
among those species which hatch out in the late summer or early autumn
and thibernate through the winter months in webs among their food
plant. The creation of the hibernaculum is a common task in which
all the larvae take part and the inmates derive mutual warmth and

protection from one another. In the majority of cases the larvae
leave the hibernaculum when the warmer weather comes and scatter
to lead an independent life. There are a few species, however, in

which the web is enlarged to become a permanent home throughout
the larval stage and the colony continues to function as a group, only
scattering to feed and returning to the nest for rest. The most
extreme case of this among our native Macro-lepidoptera is found in
the Lachneid group, in the case of Eriogaster lanestris, l1., which re-
mains in the closest association even after pupation. Examples have
been recorded of two or more larvae of lanestris pupating within a

61

single cocoon. In the colonies of this species which I have reared
myself all the cocoons wére formed very close together and in the im-
mediate proximity of the web.

A tendency towards gregariousness is found among several of our
British Rhopalocera, but mainly in the earlier stages of their larval
existence. Among the Nymphalidae, Nymphalis polychloros, L., N.
i0, L., and, I believe, N. antiopa, L., are all gregarious in their earlier
stages; but they never form a closely-woven hibernaculum. The genus
Melitaea, Fabr., is particularly interesting among the Fritillaries, in
that all three of our species are gregarious in their early stages and
form a well-constructed hibernaculum in which they spend the Winter.
A web of aurinia, Rott., was shown at one of our recent meetings. But
the only one which I have succeeded in rearing is athalia, Rott.
In this case the young larvae left their web after hibernation and con-
tinued to feed independently during their later stages, feeding on Cow-
Wheat. The same habit has been observed in cinmia, L.

Among our native Pieridae, I believe Aporia crataegi, L. (now be-
lieved to be extinct) stands alone in the fact that it retains the gre-
garious habit throughout the larval stage.

Among our Micro-lepidoptera there are not very many British
species which have adopted a gregarious habit. So far as I know,
there are none among the Tortricina. The only ‘‘ Pyral ”’ in really
conspicuous webs which I have come across is Nephopteryx genistella,
Dup., on gorse, which I once found in abundance at Christchurch,
Hants. My friend Mr H. W. Daltry tells me that he took Acrobasis
consociella, Hb., in Blean Woods on scrub oak in what he describes as
a web, though it is probable that the ‘‘ web ”’ in this case consisted of a
compact mass of feeding tubes.

Among the Tineina there are certain genera among the Hypono-
meutidae—notably Hyponomeuta. itself—which are normally gregarious.
The most familiar species is Hyponomeuta cognatella, Hubn., which
makes large untidy webs on Huonymus in our gardens. The next genus,
with one British species, is Seythropia crataegella, L., which also makes
a loose web. There were several in a web which I saw on a small Haw-
thorn bush at Brockenhurst a few vears ago. Larvae of the beautiful
genus Swammerdamia, Hubn., are also partially gregarious and at least
one species, lutarea, Haw., forms a hibernaculum.

Returning to the Macro-lepidoptera, there are very few British
species among the moths which can be described as truly gregarious.
I notice that Meyrick makes no reference to this habit in the case of
Orthosia (Taeniocampa) miniosa, Schiff., which I attempted to rear
without much success a few years ago from a small colony which I found
feeding on soft ‘‘ Oak Apples ’’—a rather unusual diet. Probably I
allowed them to become too dry.

But the best examples of gregarious larvae found among our Hetero-
cera are those of certain genera of the Lasiocampidae, more particu-
larly those of the Lachneid group already referred to, in which the

62

three species, Malacosoma neustria, L., M. castrensis, L., and Erio-
gaster lanestris, L., are well known for their gregarious habits. The
two former become more or less independent in their later stages, but
lanestris has been described as being more truly gregarious than any
other British species. Tutt (British Lepidoptera, vol. 11, p. 507) quotes
Robson in saying: ‘‘ The larvae spin a web and live gregariously until
full grown and cannot be removed from the web with any certainty of
rearing them.’”’ As a matter of fact, they often leave the web a few
days before they are full fed, but they never wander very far from
their original home and they normally pupate close together, as far as
I can judge from my own observations, though rearing larvae in capti-
vity tends to create artificial conditions from which it is dangerous to
generalise.

I should lke to conclude this paper with a brief note upon the con-
tinental species known as the Pine Processionary moth, Thaumetopoea
pinivora, Tr., which I have examined and reared on more than one
occasion. This species takes us a stage further in the gregarious habit
which approximates to a rudimentary form of social organisation. The
fullest account of the Natural History of this insect is found in Fabre
(1898) Souvemrs Hntomologiques (Ser. VI). It is unfortunate that this
work, so delightful in literary style, often fails in accuracy of detail.

The moth lives on the Pinus pinaster of the Landes in §. France.
The ova are deposited in cylindrical clusters on the young needles of
the pine. They are firmly gummed together and covered with down
from the anal tuft of the female. The eggs hatch in September and
immediately the offspring of one batch construct a silken nest, weaving
together several bunches of pine needles. As these needles form the
scaffolding of the web, they are not eaten; the larvae feed at night on
the surrounding foliage. The nest is gradually enlarged during the
milder weather in the Autumn and Winter months, and on warm days
in March and early April the colony emerges from time to time during
the hours of daylight, travelling in procession of Indian-file) in head-
to-tail contact and laying down a broad ribbon of silk as they proceed,
which serves as a guide for the return journey in the evening. I have
met processions of as many as two hundred and sixty-five larvae at once
travelling over the sands round Arcachon. These excursions are not
foraging expeditions. The larvae never feed in the sunshine. Nor
are they just pupating journeys to find a suitable spot for burying, al-
though the last procession of many terminates in this way.

The distance covered may be as much as two or three hundred yards,
and the precise object of the journey remains obscure. Occasionally the
procession breaks up for half-an-hour or more and adopts a resting
position, which has been called the ‘‘ circulating mass,’’ in which the
original order appears to be lost. I have experimented with large and
small processions with a view to ascertaining the causes which lead to
their being reformed and the degree of response which the larvae show
to different kinds of stimuli, To this end I marked certain individuals

63

with powdered crayons of different colours. As the larva is hairy, this
method of identification is fairly simple.

One curious result of these experiments was the tendency which
they revealed for the procession to reform under the original leader
in spite of a complete reshuffling of the remaining larvae. It is true
that any larva can function as leader; and if No. 1 is removed No. 2
readily takes hhis place; but when the order is completely lost it is found
that, when left to themselves, the larvae will often reform their line
under their former leadership. This was true of 65% of some scores of
experiments which I made. Others since have confirmed these results.
The retention of the leader in so large a proportion of cases cannot be
due to chance. It certainly suggests that we have here a very rudi-
mentary attempt at differentiation of labour and, at least, some trace of
individual initiative, or the power of adaptation to changing circum-
stances.

In the case of the formation of the ‘‘ circulating mass ’’—which ap-
pears, I hhave said, to be a resting condition—and also in the task of
pupation, it is always the leader who takes the initial step. Proces-
sions arranged artificially, by removing larvae at random from the mass
and placing them in a position of head-to-tail contact along, the thread,
broke up again almost immediately and eventually the individual larvae
formed themselves into a different order. In the act of pupating the
whole procession forms a ‘‘ circulating mass ’’ which gradually causes a
depression in the sand and eventually becomes buried to a depth of 3
or 4 inches. The larvae finally pupate after about 19 days.

To my own mind, these and other evidences of some kind of self-
determination in insects are a strong argument for rejecting any purely
mechanical theory of behaviour, which represents living organisms as
mere automata, solely controlled by tropisms or stimuli. These, once
popular, theories suffer from over-simplification. You cannot interpret
life, in any form, solely by the laws which appear to govern the in-
organic world.

The Processionary Moth offers a big field for further research and
may throw some fresh light on the psychology of instinct; but in any
case this remarkable insect marks a stage of social development far in
advance of anything found among our native Lepidoptera possessing
gregarious larvae.

LITERATURE.

Réaumur (1736), Mémoirs pour Vhistoire des Insectes, ii, pp. 149-161.
Fabre (1898), Souvenirs Entomologiques, Ser. vi, pp. 298-392.

Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., xiv, p. 97 (Part I).

Proc, Cambridge Phil. Soc., xv, p. 431 (Part V).

MUSHROOMS AND TOADSTOOLS.
By W. H. Spreapsury.

Read 11th March 1944.

Fungi differ from other plants in that they have no chlorophyll. They
are consequently unable to manufacture food from the simple chemical
substances of earth, air and water; and are dependent on the products
of green plants and of animals for their existence.

As saprophytes (living on dead organic matter) they are important
agents in the disintegration of plant and animal remains: and as para-
sites they cause disease in many living creatures.

Economically many fungi are of great importance. They may assist
man in industry, supply him with food, attack his animals and crops (and
even himself): and attack and destroy his stores, including the home in
which he lives.

What is commonly called the toadstool or mushroom is only a part of
the actual plant—the fruiting portion or sporophore. It is the outward
and visible sign of the corruption within.

The actual plant is within the wood, dung, dead leaves, etc., on which
it feeds, and consists of tiny threads which when massed together form
fluffy strings ramifying through the nutrient matrix. This mycelium or
‘“ spawn ’’ we find abundantly where conditions are favourable and ex-
cept for a few species no one pretends to be able to separate the various
species by this alone.

To identify our fungi we examine the sporophore.

Most of the larger fungi belong to two classes, the Basidiomycetes and
the Ascomycetes.

Let us deal with the Basidiomycetes first. In this extensive class the
hymenium or tissue which bears the spores is covered with microscopic
club-shaped processes. Some, the cystidia, are barren and in certain
species may be produced into fine glistening points. Others, the basidia,
have grouped on the summit of each club spores (generally four) each
attached by a minute stalk.

These spores are shed, when ripe, in a way that is not definitely
understood and the total number of spores from one sporophore may
reach six figures.

The hymenium may be exposed from the start and may cover the
whole or some specially adapted part of the sporophore; or it may be
enclosed in a peridium which opens only when the spores are ripe and
freed from the basidia.

Here is a basis for classification then, and for the identifying of vari-
ous species we must depend on careful observation of the physical charac-
teristics of the sporophore, including the colour of the spores when seen
en NUSSE,

65

CLASS I.—BASIDIOMYCETES.

Order I.—Hymenomycetes, having the hymenium superficial and exposed
from the start or soon after.

Family 1. Agaricacew:—In these the hymenium covers a series of
plates (gills) often protected by being on the underside of a cap. This
family includes a great many species more or less resembling the common
mushroom—far too many to deal with even briefly in a short talk. Such
genera as Amanita, Lepiota, Mycena, Pholiota, Paxillus, Hypholoma,
Coprinus (with deliquescing gills), and Psalliota, the edible mushroom
group, are commonly met with.

Family 2. Polyporacee:—Many of these resemble the previous
family in appearance but all have instead of plates numerous pores or
tubes lined with hymenium. Boletws includes some good edibles and
Polyporus is abundantly represented in the bracket toadstools, while in
Dedalea the tubes are flattened so that the walls appear like twisted
eas."

Family 3. Hydnacee:—In these the hymenium covers a series of
spine-like projections. Hydnum is the typical genus: Irpex forms crusts
on fallen branches; while in Phlebia the spines are little more than
radiating pimply lines.

Family 4. Thelephoracew :—Stereum, Thelephore and Craterellus are
common genera, and in all these the hymenium covers the more or less
wrinkled surface of the underside of the sporophore.

Family 5. Clavariacee :—The hymenium covers the whole sporophore,
which consists of simple clubs or branched spindly masses. Sparassis
crispa resembles a good-sized bath-sponge and is edible.

Family 6. Tremellinacee :—These form more or less gelatinous masses
with the hymenium confined to the underside. Tremella mesenterica,
Hirneola auricula-jude and Exidia glandulosa. are common examples.

Order I1.—Gasteromycetes, have the hymenium completely enclosed in a
peridium which, except in the underground species, opens when the
spores are matured.

Family 1. Phalloidacee, includes Ithyphallus impudicus, the well-
known Stinkhorn whose spores are carried by flies and carrion-feeding
insects. Mutinus caninus is a small species without the very objection-
able smell.

Family 2. Lycoperdacee :—In these the peridium consists of two or
more layers. Puffballs and Earthstars are sufficiently abundant to have
English names. The spores escape from an opening at the top and are
discharged when leaves, twigs, etc., are blown against the fungus.

Family 3. Sclerodermacee :—Scleroderma vulgare—the Earth ball—
resembles a coarse-skinned puffball, but, instead of discharging its spores
by a definite opening, splits irregularly. The spores are then washed out
by rain.

Family 4. Nidulariacew :—These tiny ‘‘ birds’-nest fungi ’’ resemble
little cups filled with disc-like packets of spores. Sphaerobolus stellatus

66

is even smaller and occurs in masses on rotting wood. It discharges a
tiny ball of spores many feet.

Family 5. Hymenogasteracew are subterranean fungi superficially
resembling truffles.

CLASS IT.—ASCOMYCETES.

Only a comparative few of this very large class are to be numbered
amongst our larger fungi. Im all of them the spores, usually eight in
number, are contained in long thin cells called asci. Many hundreds of
these cells interspersed with thread-like structures called paraphyses
cover some part of the sporophore.

Sus-Cxiass I[.—DiscoMycetes.

Many of these are saucer-shaped, the asci and paraphyses lining the
inside. From time to time a shower of spores is discharged, sometimes
conspicuous as a ghostly cloud leaving the fungus. Species of such genera
as Peziza and Acetabulum are commonly met with and are cup-like and
often several inches across. Bulgaria imquinans resembles a blackish
gelatinous button, while the Geoglossums resemble small blackish un-
branched Clavarias. Helvella crispa and Morchella esculenta are edible
and, being stalked with the spore-bearing portion at the top, are super-
ficially quite unlike the typical Discomycetes.

Sus-Ciass I].—PyRENOMYCETES.

In these the asci line tiny flask-shaped pockets in the surface of the
body of the fungus. The entrances to these pockets (perithecia) are just
discernible with the naked eye. Daldinia concentrica and Xylaria hypo-
zylon are well known and conspicuous examples. Cordyceps militaris is
a common parasite on subterranean larvae and pupae; but the majority
of the Pyrenomycetes are very small and require a good pocket lens for
their examination.

Susp-Criass [II.—Tuserace.

The truffles are familiar enough to everyone by name but few people
are acquainted with them in the field. They are subterranean fungi and
the asci develop inside the ball-lke fungus mass. Many have a curious
smell attractive to rodents and pigs, which dig them up and devour
them, thus scattering the spores which apparently pass unharmed
through their bodies.

With these we must end our review of the larger fungi. But it would
not be fair to close without a bare mention of the innumerable moulds,
mildews, rusts and smuts, many of which are of vital importance in the
economic life of man.

67

NOTES ON SOUTH AFRICAN GALLS.
By M. Nisriervr.
Read 8th June, 1944.

The following notes on South African Galls are not compiled from
personal observations, but chiefly from data supplied to me by an ento-
mologist, Mr H. K. Munro, residing in South Africa, with whom I have
corresponded. Various families of plants are attacked by gall-causers
belonging to several Orders, to a few of which only I can refer.

The Eriophyidae (Gall Mites) are the cause of numerous galls:
Eriophyes dichrostachia, Tuck., and E. mallyi, Tuck., form galls upon
the leaves of Dichrostachys mutans (Leguminosae) and Vangueria in-
fausta (Rubiaceae) respectively. EH. diceyt, Tuck., is a species found
under the scales of dormant oak-buds; it has been found in March and
August. EH. hexensis, Tuck., occurs on Rhus and causes deformation of
young shoots, and open cup-shaped galls on the leaves. Another species,
E. merwei, Tuck., found in buds of sugar-cane, causes considerable
damage and dwarfing of growth.

The mites to which I have just referred are of moderate size, averag-
ing about 200 » in length with from 75 to 80 rings on the body.

Many cf the South African galls are believed to be caused by gall-
midges but little appears to be known of the adult stage of the gall-
causers, Cecidomyiidae being apparently difficult to rear from galls in
that country.

One species, Afrodiplosis tarchonanthi, Felt, causes the formation
of fusiform swellings 10 to 15 mm. in diameter and 20 to 30 mm. in
length, at the end of twigs of a Composite plant, Tarchonanthus cam-
phoratus. They are surmounted by the terminal leaves of the unde-
veloped twig and bear several leaves on the sides; the gall is covered
with a dense mass of whitish pubescence. These galls when young are
soft and succuient but become tough and woody when mature. In the
centre of the gall is the larval chamber open at the distal end, and
having a tubular opening protected by a dense mass of hairs; there
are two generations a year and the galls mature very rapidly. They
may contain from 1 to 7 larvae but the number does not appear to
affect the size of the gall in any way, they all being of an average size.
The larvae pupate in the gall, where the pupal skin remains, the adult
midge after emergence forcing its way through the guard hairs at the
mouth of the orifice. Although so well protected, the larvae are heavily
parasitized by a minute Hymenopteron. [I shalt refer to an interest-

ing point in connection with these galls later. Another midge-gall,
that of Asphondylia africana, Felt, upon one of the Vitaceae, Cissus
cuneifolia, may be either simple or compound. The simple galls are

pyriform in shape and vary in size from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, and

68

from 15 to 25 mm. in length; the base is globose, while the apex is ©
produced into an elongate, curved, tapering point, ending bluntly,
generally with the tip curved over sharply. The larva occupies a small
cavity in the base of the gall; these are soft and succulent and eventu-
ally shrivel up and drop off the plant. The compound galls are some-
what similar but vary in diameter according to the number of larvae —
they contain; each larva occupies a separate cell in which it pupates;
the pupae are armed with numerous heavy spines and bore their way
through the soft walls when the adult midge is due to emerge, the
empty pupal skins being left projecting from the openings much in
the same manner as those of our species, Rhabdophaga salicis, Shrk.,
from its gall upon Salix. The galls are green at first, as are the berries
of the host-plant, which when they ripen turn purple; the simple galls
are frequently situated among the berries and change colour at the
same time in a similar manner.

On Dalbergia obovata (Leguminosae) some interesting urn-shaped
galls have been found. These are caused by a large black Cecid, species
undetermined. Flower-buds of Senecio angulatus (Compositae) consider-
ably swollen and failing to open are thought to be the work of another
Cecidomyiid.

There are many species of the dipterous family Trypetidae to be
found in South Africa, belonging to numerous genera peculiar to the
country, or which are confined to tropical or sub-tropical areas; but
there are certain genera. represented which occur also in the Palae-
arctic Region. A fair percentage of these flies are gall-causers and, as
in other regions, are found using the Compositae largely as their host-
plants.

Afreutreta frauenfeldi, Schin., known as The Jnquiline Gall-fly, is
an extremely interesting species; its larvae are found in the galls of the
Cecidomyiid Afrodiplosis tarchonanthi to which I recently referred. The
Trypetid larvae are found in young and still succulent galls, the walls
of which they consume; they do not interfere actively with the right-
ful owner, but if the gal! is eaten to a large extent the midge larva
dies. The Trypetid larvae pupate in the remains of the gall. In cer-
tain parts of the country no galls made by the Trypetid larvae alone
were to be found, but elsewhere, where the Cecidomyiid did not seem
to occur, the Trypetid was bred from insignificant swellings cn the ends
of succulent twigs of the same host-plant, Tarchonanthus camphoratus.
This species was recorded by Schiner in 1868 and apparently was not
recorded again until 1926. Afreutreta bipunctata, Lw., is the cause of
large and often woody galls upon the stems of Brachylaena discolor
(Compositae). The galls are usually situated towards the end of a twig
but are seldom terminal; there is usually several inches of healthy twig
beyond and one or two normal-sized leaves on the gall. The gall is of a
rather elongate spindle-shape from 7 to 20 mm. in length. Prior to
pupation the larva prepares an exit for the fly to emerge from the gall
by scraping a hole in the wall, only a thin layer of epidermis being left.

69

The larvae of Afreutreta discoidalis, Bez., inhabit galls on the stems
of Vernonia anisochaetoides (Compositae). The galls are at first soft
and succulent, later becoming hard and woody; they vary considerably
in size, ranging from 15 to 25 mm..in length, and are more or less
elongated and often irregular in shape. Near the top is the exit pre-
pared by the larva; the thin outer skin of the stem is left and it ap-
pears externally as a brownish spot. The parent fly deposits her egg
in a young growing stem; upon emergence the larva burrows into the
pith, working downwards; from time to time the upper portion of the
cavity is shut off by a small plug. Eventually, probably on reaching
some definite period in its development, the larva ceases to travel down-
wards and remains in one place, usually opposite a leaf. Up to this
period there has been only a moderate swelling to indicate the presence
of the larva in the stem; the gall now develops rapidly and soon, attains
its full growth; there are two generations a year and the larvae appear
to be heavily parasitized.

Parafreutreta (Acronneus) bryanti, Mro., larvae inhabit galls in the
stems of Senecio longiflora (Compositae). These galls vary very much
in size and may reach 1 cm. in diameter and 4 cm. in length; there
are always two or three larvae in a gall. Parafreutreta conferta, Bez.,
causes galls upon the stems of Senecio angulatus. ‘These enlargements
of the stem are more or less pyriform, but are often very irregular;
within the gall cavity there may be from one to seven larvae, ‘most
commonly five or six. Before pupation a single exit is prepared, the
thin membrane left covering it appearing as a white spot on the outer
surface of the gall; there are two generations a year.

Galls formed by the larvae of Acanthiophilus hemimelas, Bez., are
found on the twigs of Brachylaena rotundata (Compositae); they are
rather small and inconspicuous. They seem to be made for preference
on the young developing inflorescences. The flies emerge in August
after a very short pupal period. Acanthiophilus muiri, Bez., also affects
the stems of a Brachyleana, usually B. elliptica; the galls are always
terminal and there is seldom any growth on “the twig beyond them.
The galls vary in size and appearance; if formed on an older twig they
may be globose or pyriform in shape and conspicuous, bearing a few
stunted leaves. If on young tender twigs the galls are at times almost
invisible, being embedded in the twig, while the leaves are better de-
veloped ; the infested twig may be distinguished by some thickening and
by the terminal leaves being closer together than they are upon a twig
not galled. The adult flies emerge in March and April.

Trypanea lignoptera, Mro., causes terminal galls on the twigs of
Berkheya magaliesmontana (Compositae); no very definite gall is
formed, but there is a thickening of the fleshy tips and a shortening
of the twigs. Spathulina péringueyt, Bez., larvae are the cause of
small, inconspicuous galls at the tips of twigs of Elytropappus rhino-
cerotis (Compositae) and until 1931 this gall was known only from the
unique type in the South African Museum.

70

¢

It is interesting to note that Sphenella marginata, Fln., which is —
not uncommon in Britain, occurs in §. Africa, the larvae inhabiting the
flower-heads of Senecio ruderalis, S. diodon and S. concolor; only one
larva is found in each head in which respect they differ from those oc-
curring here, there usually being several larvae in the flower-heads ot
our species of Senecio. The S. African form constructs a large cocoon
(‘‘ Nest’ is the local name given to it) composed of the remains of
seeds, pappus-hairs and excrement glued together. This cocoon or
nest fills the whole of the flower, and when the flower dries the bracts
turn back, the nest remaining attached to the base. In 1986 Mr Munro
wrote to the effect that he had found a few flower-heads of Senecio
orbicularis which were swollen to about three times their normal size,
and that there were two to four puparia of Sphenella margimata in
each, instead of the usual one. Sphenella melanostigma, Bez., larvae
feed in the flower-heads of Senecio latifolius, which sometimes do not
open and have the appearance of an enlarged bud; in this species the
larvae consume the interior of the flower but do not construct the
‘nest’ for the pupa, which seems peculiar to S$. margmata only.

A rather uncommon species, Campiglossa perspicillata, Bez., is the
cause of very inconspicuous terminal galls on Helichrysum cymosum
(Compositae).

The larvae of Odeaspis (T'ylaspis) maraisi, Mro., form spherical galls
on Othonna pallens (Compositae). The galls are formed close to the
stem from young side-shoots which seldom grow any further; the leaves
develop as a tuft on the top of the gall, with usually a few on the
sides; occasionally the shoot grows a short distance beyond the gall.
The galls are spherical, green and succulent; in a longitudinal section
the larva or puparium is found in a curved chamber that extends from
one side to the other across the lower half, the upper half of the gall
being filled with a peculiar soft, spongy tissue. At one end of the cham-
ber the larva makes an exit, leaving the thin outer skin as a covering.

A considerable enlargement of the stems of Solanum incanumn
(Solanaceae) is caused by the larvae of a moth, Gelechia hletrias, Meyr.

The larvae of a Coleopteron, Alcides erythropterus, Chevr. (Curculion-
idae), known as the Bean Stem Gall Weevil, causes swellings on the stems
of Beans.

Rhoophilus loewi, Mayr, a Cynipid, was described by Mayr in 1881
and recorded as being the cause of a spherical gall on the leaves of
Rhus lucidium.

I was interested to find that although the South African entomolo-
gists are chiefly concerned with the economic aspects of entomology,
they appear to pay some attention to the galls of the country, what-
ever group of insects they may specialize in.

As I stated in my opening remarks, I claim no originality for these
notes but thought some information about galls of a country with a
climate and flora so different from ours might prove of some interest.

71

‘RED LETTER DAYS."
By Colonel P. A. CarDEw.
Read 10th August 1944.

—

I hope it will be generally agreed that in giving a talk of this nature

it is practically impossible to avoid being auto-biographical. Before
_I plunge in I should like to express my great regret at not being in a
position to exhibit to you the various specimens to which I shall refer in
my talk. I feel that this would have added at least some interest to what
will, I fear, prove a rather humdrum tale. The fact is that all the Red-
Letter Days which I propose to talk about occurred more than 30 years
ago—beginner’s luck if you like—but I rather suspect beginner’s superior
energy and enthusiasm. As one gets older one is too often inclined to
say: ‘‘ Oh, its only so-and-so,’’ and let the insect go without examination,
whereas when “‘ all is fish ’’ the occasional rarity does not escape. Any-
how, during the 1914-18 war circumstances compelled me to sell my col-
lection. I was on service overseas continuously from August 1914 till
June 1921. My wife had three small children to cope with; we had no
settled home, and she spent the whole war living either with relatives or
in other people’s furnished houses; so that I did not think it fair to load
her still further with the care of cabinets full of insects, and I very re-
luctantly told Stevens to sell.

To start on the first of my ‘‘ Red-Letter Days ’’ I must take you back
more than 50 years—in fact, to July 1893, an exceptionally hot and early
season. J was at the time a pupil at a private school at Southbourne be-
tween Bournemouth and Christchurch. Those of you familiar with this
neighbourhood to-day know Southbourne as a sort of suburb of Boscombe
and Bournemouth, a continuous built-up area extending nearly to Christ-
church—but 50 years ago there were very few houses there; in fact, so
much in the country were we that, in the summer term, we used to run
across the common to the low cliffs and down a path onto the beach and
bathe as Nature made us, masters and all, a proceeding which would, I
am sure, be severely repressed by ihe local Watch Committee if the present
generation of Pembroke Lodge boys were to try it on. .

The school was kept by a man named Cornish, who was a fanatic on
the subject of cricket—in fact, he very much resembled the type of master
depicted in ‘‘ Punch’’ of the period as saying to the new boy: ‘‘ Of
course, Smith minor, you need not work, but PLAy you must and shall!’
He was, however, quite sufficiently broad-minded to encourage any signs
of an interest in natural history—especially entomology—evinced by his
pupils and we were given facilities for collecting, breeding, etc. As I
have said, Southbourne was right in the country, but even then the place
was evidently considered ‘‘ ripe for development,’? and some mystic
agency had caused gravel roads to be cut at right angles across the com-

72

mon land between the school and the sea, and had planted young poplars
along them, which yielded us a rich harvest in the early stages of Puss
Moth, Kitten and Poplar Hawk.

Twice during the summer term we made forays in pair-horse brakes
into the New Forest. The first occasion was an annual cricket match
against a rival school kept by a man named Rawnsley, and therefore
only affected the school XI plus a few scorers, etc. ‘‘ Rawnsleys’”’ was
situated in no less a locality than the Park Hill enclosure, Lyndhurst, so
that I need hardly say that quite 80% of the Rawnsley boys were keen
bug-hunters—surrounded as they were by paphia, adippe, camilla, and
even legends of iris. Our XI was always loaded with large numbers of
larvae off our poplars for which the Rawnsley boys gladly exchanged
fresh-caught camilla and large fritillaries, which to us were pearls of
great price—in fact, almost more interest was taken in the result of the
‘‘ swapping ’’ than in that of the match, which ought to have been—and
generally was—a certainty for us. We had very good playing grounds,
with a pitch rolled and watered within an inch of its life, and masters
to coach us specially chosen for their cricketing abilities, whereas the
only field the unfortunate Rawnsley boys had consisted of a clearing in
the Forest, the pitch being a pony track—and most dangerous with any-
thing like a fast bowler.

The second expedition into the Forest took the form of a picnic for
the whole school, and early in July 1893 we sallied forth as usual to a
favoured spot near Picket Post, where, after a large meal washed down
with lots of ginger pop, the bug-hunters were let loose with nets and
killing bottles to work their wicked will upon the local lepidoptera. I
remember that we were very disappointed at the ragged remnants of
camilla and male paphia, which were all that we could find, but I gota
few fairly respectable female paphia and some smaller fry after much
hard work, and the next day set about the arduous task of setting my —
catch. JI then noticed that one of my paphia looked as though someone
had been trying to be funny with it by sticking on a left forewing of a
totally different colour—the upper third of the left hindwing being also
of this brighter orange-brown shade—the rest of the wings being dull
olive-brown.

Fortunately, there happened then to be staying with our headmaster
a man whose name I have forgotten, but who was a close friend of no
less a personage than Charles G. Barrett, then the ‘‘ Big Noise ’’ in the
entomological world, and he undertook to show the specimen to the great
man. It was, of course, a partial gynandromorph, and Barrett wrote me
several letters about it and exhibited it before the Entomological Society
in November of that year (1893). From Barrett’s letters it would appear
that one great point of interest in the specimen lay in the fact that the
line of demarcation between the sexual colours did not lie along a nervure
but cut through the area between two nervures.

For my second purple patch I must pass over 14 years during which I
went to Wellington and so to Woolwich, neither of which were conducive

73

to much collecting, though I always retained my early interest. Thence
I passed into the Gunners and out to the S. African War. My battery
was eventually sent to Bermuda as part escort to some 1300 Boer prison-
ers, and, after spending two years there and two years in Canada, in
which country I was one of the last ‘‘ Regular ’’ soldiers to serve, I came
home early in 1905 to do what was called the Ordnance Course, with a
view to transfer to the Ordnance Corps, as a necessary prelude to mat-
rimony. During this twelve-month course, in the summer of 1905 oc-
curred what seemed to me at the time a ‘‘ Red-Letter Day,’’ but which

_ proved to be what is vulgarly known as a “ sell.’’ I was on leave staying
with my parents, who then had a house at Woking, and coming down to
breakfast one morning I noticed on one of the passage windows a Noctuid
moth which I did not recognise, though I had a shrewd idea of the genus
to which it belonged. A hasty search through my battered copy of
Edward Newman convinced me that it was not a British species. Greatly
excited, I got the moth into a matchbox, and dashed up to S. Kensington
by the next train. There I was kindly but firmly told that I was several
years behind the times. The insect was Plusia moneta, Fb., and it had
by then spread over most of southern England.

Early in 1906, having acquired a wife, I received my first Ordnance
appointment at Dover, where I took a house, bought a cabinet and Tutt’s
Practical Hints, and settled down to collect in earnest. About the middle
of May 1907—another early and hot season—I was sugaring in a wood
in what we used to call Poulton Valley—Poulton Farm being the prin-
cipal habitation therein. The valley runs roughly East and West just
North of the Dover-Folkestone road—on its north side are the ruins of
St Radigund’s Abbey. It was a quiet night and insects were plentiful.
I saw a pair of grey moths, which at first I did not recognise, in cop.
on the sugar. I successfully got them into a large box and, on examining
them felt pretty sure that they were Acronycta auricoma. Now, of this
species I had the little knowledge which is proverbially so dangerous,
and which, in this case, ended in my committing an entomological crime
of the first magnitude. JI knew that it was uncommon—(was it not
called the ‘‘ Scarce Dagger?’’). I knew that it was double-brooded and
that, therefore, a quick reward awaited me if I could get ova. I knew
that one principal foodplant was ordinary bramble. What I did nor
know was that no one had taken the species in Britain for at least thirty
years before that date, and that no one was going to take it again until
Baron de Worms got one at sugar not many miles away thirty years after-
wards. If I had known what a prize I had the tragedy might have been
averted. As it was, I picked off a few bramble leaves and made for home.
When I got back I found that the insects had separated and were buzzing
frantically round the box. Puzzle—which was the female? Solution—
Put them both into the cage prepared with the bramble leaves. Then, as
they still frantically battered themselves to pieces, I became obsessed by
the proverb about ‘‘ birds in the hand,’ and, to cut a long story short,
I KILLED BOTH |

74

I need hardly say that I have never ceased to bow my head in shame
when I think of what I did that night. They say that confession is good,
and my soul already feels the benefit of this one, but how I came to be
such a complete ass I cannot now conceive. Incidentally, having killed
and set the specimens, I showed them to the late Mr Sidney Webb, the
well known entomologist, who was then living in Dover, and he at once
confirmed that they were indeed. auwricoma. Let us now draw a veil over
this terrible blot on my escutcheon and proceed to number three ‘‘ Red-
Letter Day,’’ which occurred three months later—in August 1907.

I was sugaring on the Deal sandhills in company with a younger
brother who, not an entomologist, was there simply to see the sport and
lend a hand when necessary. In those days the difficulty was to find
anything suitable on the golf-course on which to smear the sugar, but
we had managed to find a few old gates and mooring-posts and were
enjoying grand sport—swarms of moths on every patch. I was kneeling
to examine the visitors on a small post when my brother, who had stepped
round behind the post with his light said: ‘‘ Here—what’s this?’ I
peered round the post and saw what appeared to be a female Agrotis
puta, so I replied: ‘‘ Not wanted—only puta.’’ However, he persisted,
saying I had better have a good look at it, as it looked weird to him, so
to please him I reluctantly got up and had one look at the insect. Within
an instant I had it in a box. It was a most perfect gynandromorph—
and particularly striking in this insect, as you can imagine, owing to the
very marked sexual dimorphism.

Since those days I have had many other days which were ‘‘Red-Letter”’
to me, as, for instance, when strolling along the outskirts of a wood in
S. Hampshire I kicked up what looked like an enormous Crambid and
proved to be’a fine male Acosmetia caliginosa. This discovery enabled
me to furnish Dr Cockayne and Mr Hawkins with the necessary material
for the badly-needed description of the early stages of this rather ob-
secure insect, which appeared subsequently in The Entomologist. Then
there was the capture of camilla ab. nigrina, two specimens off the same
bramble bush—I had almost said the same flower—a week apart, and the
rescue of a beautiful ab. nigra of Aglais urticae, from our sitting-room
window in Horsham after my wife had made three determined efforts to
‘let the poor thing go ’’—but I feel that I have bored you long enough
with my rambling reminiscences, and will therefore conclude by thank-
ing you for the very kind way in which you have listened to my yarn and
by wishing all members of the South London many ‘‘ Red-Letter Days ’”’
in their future collecting.

se

Obeid

PLATE IV.

Proc. S.L.H. & N.H.S., 1944-45.

420) 72PEPRI Vip
Q]E2S 2 april ZoV/

<— b6pvoniog C2IUR RUZ

ian papeys shemy br)

Wi) wumosEleao sbinpry.
er sShemy7ey

uP] poem
P saa

SKETCH MAP OF MONK’S WOOD, HUNTINGDON.

75

MONK’S WOOD, HUNTS, AND ITS ENVIRONMENT: PAST AND
PRESENT.

By H. A. Leeps.
With a sketch map.
Read 14th September 1944.

Monk’s Wood derived its name from the monks who owned it and
lived at Sawtry Abbey prior to the reign of Henry VIII. ‘Some idea
of the imposing size of the Abbey can be gathered from traces of its
foundation layout in a field of Abbey Farm situated to the north of
Wood Walton Lane, which is now a major road 2} miles long connect-
ing the Great North Road from Sawtry with the Alconbury Hill-Abbots
Ripton Road at a point two fields away from Monk’s and Bevil’s Woods.
Historically the wood is but a 400 acres remnant of the huge area of
old forests which for countless centuries covered the clay uplands and
dipped down into the fens of Wood Walton and what was formerly
Whittlesea Mere.

Whittlesea Mere is where, rather less than 100 years ago, drainage
and burning completely exterminated the Large Copper Butterfly,
Lycaena dispar, Haw. About 50 years ago I more than once conversed
with an old man who, as a boy, several times escorted collectors from
Wood Walton to the fen to catch dispar, both sexes of which he could
fairly well describe, and he told me that ‘‘ not many were taken in a
day.’ Afterwards I searched this and Holme Fen in the hope that
they might still be occurring in some obscure part, but in vain. Hun-
dreds of bog oaks are buried in this peaty soil, which, owing to its
lightness, is blown away by strong gales, and the oak trunks, some of
which exceed 60 feet in length, are extracted and provide good fuel for
household fires. This continued removal lowers the surface of the fen,
so that it is now some 14 feet helow sea level. The rise in elevation to
the highest part of Monk’s Wood, situated at its south-eastern corner,
is about 200 feet.

This high part prior to 1916 contained about 43 acres of well-formed
and trunked beech trees and some species of moths usual to such trees
occurred there. They were felled before 1918, as were all the trees
along the adjacent portion of Monk’s Wood which faces the Alconbury
Hill-Abbots Ripton Road. A full-length strip of this face containing
about 12 acres was purchased by Major Stuart Maples about 1920, and
he erected and resided in a bungalow thereon. He collected lepidop-
tera during a stay of some years. Apart from a small garden he allowed
any natural bush and tree regrowth to develop. It still remains wild,
but is in separate ownership from Monk’s Wood.

Bevil’s Wood, of about 100 acres, is opposite, and the Aleonbury Hill-
Abbots Ripton Road, passing sinuously between the two woods with a

76

few oaks distributed on the grass verges, is very picturesque. Butter-
flies frequent this roadway; the oak trunks still retain the stains of
sugarings prior to the 1939 war. A long series of woods extend south-
_wards from Bevil’s Wood and, like it, are owned by Lord de Ramsey.

Along the southern face of the wood as it now stands, a full-length
riding is mainly blocked by blackthorns and other bushes. A good farm
cart track, however, runs parallel with most of this southern side of
the wood and only the hedge divides it from the grown-up riding.

Continuing round the outside of the wood, we find that its western
side is straight, all the rest being irregular in outline. There it is
bounded by the only remaining grassfield, which rises steeply from north
to south. The main riding in the wood ends at a gate near the top,
but no pathway continues across the field, though a stile nearby on the
left affords access to the southern cart track just mentioned. Other
woods are situated away from the west and north-west of Monk’s Wood.
Across a field, now ploughed, from the north-west corner is a wood of
oak, elm and ash. This is only divided by a grass droveway from Odd
Corner Wood, which contains coniferae and somewhat dwarfed oaks.
It. adjoins the Great North Road, beyond which on its opposite (west)
side are Upton, Archer’s and Aversley Woods, the last being nearest to
Sawtry.

At the Wood’s extreme north-east corner is the small West Wood,
opposite the end of which a road branches eastwards from the ‘‘ Lane ”’
and leads to Wood Walton (Green End) about half-a-mile away. West
Wood, then owned by Colonel Mowbray, was not despoiled during the
1914-18 war. It is now in the same ownership as Monk’s ‘Wood.
About a mile from West Wood, between Wood Walton (Green End) and
the fen, are two fair-sized woods—Riddy, and, two fields east of it,
Gamsey Wood; their situation and wild environs (now cleared) were
most promising for moths, but I could never find time to work them.

Within the Wood, the ridings are still situated as they were when
I first visited it. Except for the one on the southern edge already men-
tioned, all the other ridings are still usable, although some are nar-
rowed by intrusion of growth. A few oblique or transverse pathways
and narrow cuttings inte the wood vary in condition and obstructions.
Turning now into the wood from Wood Walton Lane, opposite the road
to Wood Walton a cindered cartway across a field by the side of West
Wood gives access to the main riding. On our left is a riding leading
up to a gateway adjoining the Alconbury Hill-Abbots Ripton Road. On
our right a riding divides West Wood from Monk’s and reaches the
north-east gate, giving an outlet to Wood Walton Lane. The riding,
however, continues inside the hedge to the next cross riding. Ignoring
these, we take a few paces to the right, past some bushes, and a mag-
nificent portion of the main riding is seen extending westwards almost
straight and level for fully a mile. Travelling along it, we pass a cross
riding and continue to the next. We have passed a clearing, on our

77

right, which is cultivated but is hidden by a belt of trees and bushes.
On our left in the corner of the cross riding is an old wooden hut known
as “‘ Fox Hotel ’’; the name was painted on it but is now hardly read-
able. Formerly it provided shelter from a storm, but no refreshments ;
this year the door is padlocked. Continuing to pass along the main
riding there is another clearing on the right which, like the previous
one, was ploughed and set with potatoes in July last year (1943). Both
crops totally failed and this year the land is being limed and drained.
These two cleared portions contain about 30 acres, of which the main
portion was covered with impenetrable blackthorn and other bushes.
The appearance of the ridings is very little altered, as a belt of many
young oaks, etc., and bushes pleasingly remain. Further along, this
second clearing is edged by a riding which does not continue on our
opposite (left-hand) side, where quite 100 yards distant from the main
riding was a notable place for Strymon prum, L., known to me for
several years prior to its destruction by Canadian lumbermen about
1918. It surprised me when first discovered, for there, right out in the
wood, was a fine grass oval of about 50 yards in length, the centre of
which contained some blackthorns and much privet. Blackthorns and
privet grew on three of the outer sides and the only inlet was close
to the north-eastern end. The remaining (south) side was backed by
somewhat bushy, but fairly high, wild plums, to which pruni much re-
sorted and on which the larvae fed. The grassy oval 4 to 5 yards wide
provided a nice walk where aberrations could be sought in June. It
was first found after the woodmen had made a large clearing, and as
that grew up I kept a way open to reach it from the main riding, guided
by seven large oak trees, but, when close to it, eventually had to push
my way through a belt of young aspen trees. When clearing in the
vicinity the woodmen had not touched this oval, but it ended by the
limbermen reaching and burning it just before pruni was due to emerge,
much to my disappointment, as I was hoping the next week-end to box
and take to other woods all the females obtainable. A previous short
test had indicated that pruni larvae were most abundant on the wild
plum that year.

Further along, the straight portion of the main riding ends at the last
cross riding. Following the turning to the left we should reach a
bungalow which is occasionally visited by Mr H. Neaverson, the owner
of the wood; but, taking the second turning on the right side of this
cross riding, we enter an uphill continuation of the main riding and
finally arrive at its termination when reaching the grass field gate.
Just before reaching this gate we see an old wooden bungalow under
the trees on the right which was formerly occupied by a keeper., On
our left we have passed close to a peculiar feature of the hillside, as for
some distance it is indented by a deep wooded valley, at present screened
from view by high growth of bushes by the side of the riding. At times
a clearance is made and the view across the valley at different seasons
is then very beautiful,

18

I mention here, for the benefit of those approaching from Alconbury
Hill, that the chimneyed brick hut—now partly ruined—to be seen on
the left about a mile along the Abbots Ripton road marks an alternative
entrance to the wood. The hut is often referred to locally as ‘‘ Old
Saul,”’ because it was constructed from the house of a former keeper so
called. Habitation ceased in 1891. It is approached by a nice grassy
pathway which leads across the near end of a field. There is also a very
rough cartway from the road to the wood at the further end of the same
field, which leads, through a gate, directly down the grass riding to the
‘‘ Fox Hotel ’’? and the main riding.

- During the walk through the wood, when looking along the cross
ridings, it will have been noticed how level is the northern side of Monk’s
Wood whilst the southern side is steeply hilly. This hilly ridge extends
eastwards for a considerable distance across country, and its northern
slopes were extensively covered with flowery and rough grass fields, but
all this land is now arable. Bushy places were extensive and these,
combined with derelict fen, varied woods, rough fields, roadsides, and
droveways, afforded unbounded scope for the collector. This country-
side was not much affected by the 1914-18 war, but widespread destruc-
tion took place in Monk’s Wood itself.

Prior to 1914, when owned by Lord Chesham, Monk’s Wood was
maintained in perfect condition. Woodmen were continuously employed
and cleared 20 acres annually of brushwood, felled the mature trees and
cut the serviceable ash poles, etc. For each large oak removed four
saplings were planted. Thus the full circuit took 20 years, which routine
preserved the flora and fauna. The older blackthorns with privet in
the vicinity enticed prunt, whilst the clearing of brushwood allowed the
wild violets to flourish and enticed the Fritillaries. All five species of
Hairstreaks still occur in the wood. Its main trees were oak and ash,
but there was a mixture of other trees, including birch, aspen, maple,
elm, lime, sycamore, wild service, wild pear, wild plum, and the beech
previously mentioned. Several coniferous trees were planted near the
beech but always were blown down before reaching maturity. The under-
growth contained blackthorn, whitethorn, buckthorn, privet, dogwood,
sallow, hazel, crab-apple, wild rose, honeysuckle, snowberry, elder, way-
faring tree, guelder rose, spindle (skewer-wood), traveller’s joy (old man’s
beard), and various brambles. Two or three openings carpeted with
sedges or grass were used for feeding pheasants. Several kinds of ferns
occurred, but no bracken infests any of these woods to smother the low
plants, although a few miles away bracken covers much of Holme Fen.

In the 1914-18 war, instead of employing English woodmen skilled
to fell only serviceable timber, Canadian lumbermen arrived. At the
Wood Walton end a railway was laid from the road, across the field and
along the main riding; huge sawing machines and stationary engines
for hauling the trunks by steel, hawsers to the site were installed in
the wood. The trees required were felled and trimmed, a small part
near the trunks was cleared, and then in sections everything but the

79

trunks was burnt. The whole width of the wood was taken and by the
end of that war more than half of its area. was a desert of grey ashes,
except for a narrow and long strip of bushes containing a few trees.
Soon after that war severe culling of the remaining (western) part en-
sued. It appeared that this historic wood was doomed, but, fortunately,
Mr H. Neaverson and his late brother purchased it, and, in addition,
acquired some adjoining fields, together with the untouched West Wood.
The latter has had only a few trees removed since, and an opening made
where at one time some pigs were allowed to roam. This opening is
adjacent to, but divided by a hedge from, the cindered cartway leading
across the field from Wood Walton Lane to Monk’s Wood.

It was surprising how bushes and trees began to grow naturally from
the burnt portion of Monk’s Wood. One or two woodmen were again
employed, but less so since 1939. Some work is now being done by one
woodman, and the regrowth, with some oaks and other trees attaining
a fair size, especially in the western portion, once more entitles Monk’s
to rank as a wood. Its somewhat wild appearance gives an effect which
is more picturesque than the stately grandeur prior to 1914. The most
imposing part at that time was along the south face, where on either
side of ‘‘ Old Saul ’’ were majestic oaks interspersed with hundreds of
straight younger oaks towering above them. Here in July many
Apatura iris, L., settled on the trees or gambolled around each other,
ascending high into the air. Sometimes one male would descend swiftly
and settle on the sun-heated tiles of the hut, or chase an Argynnis
paphia, L., back and forth along the then wide and grassy front riding.
Only rarely would one settle on the ground. The lumbermen destroyed
these oaks and iris has almost disappeared since.

This was a good part for butterflies and moths and I had visited it
for some years when one day a disturbed moth, which I was chasing,
dodged about inside some high bushes not far from the brick hut. After
several turnings it led me out to the back of the bushes, when I was
surprised to see a rather wide and mossy pathway extending straight as
an arrow down the hill between well-trunked and spaced oak trees.
Travelling along it noiselessly, for not a stick was to be seen upon it,
I eventually emerged, through another maze of bushes, close to the
extreme end of the straight main riding. It was a secret pathway with
masked entrance at either end, and it solved a matter that had several
times puzzled me, when, after conversing with a keeper near the brick
hut I had walked down this last cross riding and, looking along the
main riding, saw the same keeper walking away some distance from
me. How he got there so quickly without me seeing or hearing him was
solved by discovering the mossy pathway running parallel with the cross
riding.

Mr Neaverson’s bungalow was built later and is situated on the side
of this cross riding not far from the brick hut. Here were situated a
fine lot of oaks for inside and outside sugaring. Sometimes the moths

80

would favour the inside, especially when windy, but no observation was
made as to whether any species came to the inside only. A short in- |
terior sugaring route in Bevil’s Wood also produced considerable success.

I found that moths came to sugar more consistently at the time when
the lime trees were in flower than at any other time, but during that
period I always sugared well away from limes, and here, in Hunts, at
such time there never was the unaccountable failure of sugar which is
associated with other periods. As everywhere, the hot, oppressive, still
evening which presaged a thunderstorm brought swarms of moths to
sugar, and [ found to my cost that their sudden disappeurance just be-
fore heavy rain began to fall gave too little warning for me to reach
shelter.

Lepidoptera are mostly scarce in the wood at present, as the gales
and frosts during the main larval period of the month of May caused
much destruction both in 1943 and 1944, the present year, and fewer
pruni were seen this June than for the previous eleven seasons. This
species still has many blackthorn thickets in the wood and they are
vital to its continuation as they provide some protection from frost. In
moderately open situations I have many times found the larvae fatally
frost bitten, hence clearing and planting should be gradudl to preserve
the flora, and fauna of these old and unique Hunts woods. ‘Their soil
through countless centuries has proved its suitability for producing oak
and other hardwood trees. These woods should be scheduled for pre-
servation, but rows and rows of young coniferae will not mature, as
most of the soil will only provide short root growth for them and they
are readily blown down, even when sheltered by other trees.

Mr Neaverson deserves the gratitude of all entomologists for his
success in so far saving Monk’s Wood, and for allowing us to visit the
wood on our lawful occasions. Permission must always be obtained in
advance; no dogs may be taken into the wood; and a brief report of ons
results of our visits is appreciated.

Plate V.

epilobiella. 7 conturbatella 11 raschkiella.

2 terminella. 12. schrankella.

8 nodicolella gall.

3 propinquella. 13 ochraceella.

4 decorella. 14 lacteella.

9 decorella gall.
»» », opened 10.

5 nodicolella. 15 subbistrigella.

miscella. fulvescens.

MOMPHA.

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S. 1944-45. Plate V.

Imagines X3. Galls natural size. S.N.A. Jacobs del.

BRITISH SPECIES of the GENUS MOMPHA Hb.

81

NOTES ON THE GENUS MOMPHA.
By S. WAKELY.
Read 11th November 1944.
Illustrated by a Coloured Plate.

There have been many alterations in the constitution of this genus
in the past. In Stainton’s day the majority of the species were placed
in a genus termed Laverna. Individuals were dotted about in other
genera. Schrankella, for instance, was placed with Chrysoclista; lan-
giella, Hiibn., now known as epilobiella, Roem., in a genus by itself—
Anybia; while terminella came under Asychna. In Meyrick’s Revised
Handbook we find thirteen species listed under the genus Mompha. Con-
sulting Pierce and Metcalfe’s Genitalia of the Tineina one finds twelve
species given, nodicolella not being included. In fact, the genitalia of
that species does not appear to have been described or figured in this
country till now, no doubt owing to its great rarity. With this addition,
then, we can consider there are thirteen species in the genus known to
occur in this country.

With the exception of miscella, which is attached to Helianthemum
(Rock-rose), the larvae of all species feed on Hpilobiwm (Willowherb) or
its near ally, Circaea lutetiana (Enchanter’s Nightshade). Seven species
have leaf-mining larvae, namely: epilobiella, terminella, schrankella,
raschkiella, propinquella, lacteella, and miscella; two feed in spun
shoots—conturbatella and fulvescens; one feeds in rootstocks—ochrace-
ella; another in seedpods—subbistrigella. The remaining two—decor-
ella and nodicolella—are true gall-makers. :

I might mention here that stephensi is placed in the genus Blasto-
dacna by Pierce and Metcalfe. The foodplant of this species is actually
unknown, but the moth can still be taken in numbers during the last
fortnight in July at rest on the bark of old oak trees in several of our
London parks. There is little doubt but that the larvae feed in the bark
(or shoots) of oak. This is the known habit of most of the others in that
genus—aurifrontella, Hiibn., in hawthorn shoots, for instance, and
atra, Haw., in apple shoots.

Epilobiella, Roem., is included in the genus Mompha by Pierce and
Metcalfe. Not only does the structure of the genitalia warrant this,
but the larvae feed on Epilobiwm (and Circaea). Meyrick placed this
with phragmitella, Staint., in the genus Limnoecia.

I will now run through each species in turn.

Mompha epilobiella, Roem.—This was known as Asychna langiella,
Hiibn., by Stainton, and must not be confused with his Laverna epilo-
biella, Schrank, a very different species. Hpilobiella, Roem., seems to
be very local. Known foodplants are Epilobiwm hirsutum, E. monta-
num and Circaea lutetiana. I have only found signs of the larvae once,
and that was near Effingham, mined leaves of Circaea showing broad

82

whitish blotches. The specimen shown was bred from a pupa found on
that occasion spun up in a leaf corner. I also know of its having been
found in the New Forest. Larvae should be looked for during the last
fortnight in June.

M. raschkiella, Zell.—This is attached to EHpilobium angustifoliwm
(Rosebay). It is reputed to be local, but I find it wherever the foodplant
occurs in quantity. No doubt it is spreading almost as rapidly as the
Rosebay. Apparently it was unknown to Stainton. The larvae may be
found in whitish mines in leaves of its foodplant in May and June and
again in August and September.

M. terminella, Westw.—Considered a great rarity by Stainton, when
it was known as Asychna terminella. The larvae feed during August
and September in leaves of Circaea lutetiana. The mines are greenish
in colour, the larvae being difficult to detect when the leaf is held up to
the light. Several are often found in one leaf, in some years the larvae
being very common in restricted spots. Ashtead is a good locality for
it, and I have also seen it at Boxhill. West Wickham is given by Stain-
ton.

M. conturbatella, Hiibn.—The larvae of this species feed in spun
shoots of H. angustifolium early in the spring. The last half of May is
the best time to take them, but not all the spun shoots contain larvae
of this species. Argyroploce lacunana and other common species often
emerge from the spun shoots and are apt to cause disappointment when
one has counted on getting a nice series of conturbatella. This species is
not mentioned in Stainton’s ‘‘ Tineina,’’ and apparently the Rosebay
was not so common in those days as it is now. Boxhill and Mickleham
have furnished all my specimens, and it appears to be very local.

M. schrankella, Hiibn.—This species is one of the most beautiful of
the genus. It is local but widely distributed. The larvae mine the
leaves of its foodplant during the latter half of July—also in May ap-
parently. I have taken it in numbers feeding on a species of Epilobium,
most likely H. rosewm, growing by marshy ditches in the Wilderness,
near Rookley, in the Isle of Wight. This year I found several larvae
feeding in leaves of EL. lanceolatwm at Warnham, Sussex.

M. propinquella, Staint.—Imagines of this species may occasionally
be seen in July resting on fences or foliage near patches of Willowherb.
Meyrick gives EH. hirsutum as foodplant, but in my experience H. mon-
tanum is more often chosen. The larvae feed in very early spring, min-
ing the lower leaves of H. montanum. I have taken full-fed larvae at
Norwood at the end of March, when plants are quite small and not easy
to find. Mickleham is another locality where it is to be found; also
Warnham, Sussex.

M. lacteella, Steph.—Both Stainton and Meyrick speak of this as
being not uncommon. Repeated search for larvae during August in
leaves of E. hirsutwm by myself and friends have failed to find any sign
of the larvae. I am indebted to Mr H. Stringer, of the British Museum,
for the loan of the examples shown.

83

M. ochraceella, Curt.—This species frequents the large beds of EL.
hirsutum so often seen in damp places. Imagines are seldom seen, but
larvae may be found in rootstocks.. It is a very muddy job locating the
larvae in April, and a better way to procure a series is to examine the
lower leaves of the plants at end of May or early June, when a slight
pucker on upper side of leaf betrays the whereabouts of a cocoon on
underside. The larvae are whitish in colour, and often mine out of the
stem into the mid-rib of the leaf as they become full grown.

M. decorella, Steph.—This interesting species makes a gall-like swell-
ing in stems of Hpilobiwm during June and July. The best time to col-
lect these galls is the end of July and first week in August. The larva
spins a cocoon within the swelling, and a small piece of white showing
on side of gall denotes end of cocoon and informs one that stem is all
right to take and that larva has pupated. HH. montanum is the usual
foodplant, but HL. palustre is also recorded by Meyrick, and I have found
it on EH. lanceolatum at Mickleham. Warnham, Sussex, is another
locality for this species. A number of galls made by this species are on
exhibit.

M. subbistrigella, Haw.—This is one of the more common species
and is frequently met with indoors during the autumn, winter, and
again in the spring. Its hibernating habit is no doubt the reason for
its seeking shelter indoors. The larvae may be found during July in the
seedpods of H. montanum, particularly in gardens where this weed is
allowed to flourish. I have been unable to find any external evidence on
seedpods of the presence of a larva within, but by twisting the end of
the pod it splits lengthwise and discloses a fat reddish larva if that par-
ticular pod has been attacked. Imagines emerge during August.

M. fulvescens, Haw.—This is the epilobiella, Schrank, of Stainton’s
day. It is the commonest species of the genus under review, and occurs
among EH. hirsutum wherever it grows—in its marshy haunts or in our
gardens and by roadside ditches. The larvae feed in spun shoots, and
at times almost every shoot is attacked. Parasites attack these larvae
in great numbers, but in spite of this, the species seems to be always
abundant. Hibernating specimens are frequently seen during the
winter, often very faded and almost unrecognisable.

M. miscella, Schiff—This was known as Laverna staintoni,
Sire., in old lists. It is the only species not attached to Epilobium or
Circaea. The larvae are quite common, feeding in blotches in leaves of
Helianthemwm (Rock-rose), and may be found in early spring and
again in July. It is widely distributed wherever its foodplant grows.

M. nodicolella, Fuchs.—So far this species has only been recorded
from Westerham, Kent, where Mr Buxton took three specimens on 24th
June 1915. Meyrick says: ‘‘ Larva in swellings in stems and roots of
Epilobium angustifolium; 6, 7.’’ A galled stem of Rosebay taken in
France some years ago by Mr Fassnidge and given by him to Mr L. T.
Ford is depicted in the plate. I am grateful to both for being able to
provide this illustration. This gall is considered by Mr Fassnidge to be
caused by a larva of nodicolella. It is interesting to note that it was

84

made on the flowering portion of stem. I am also indebted to Mr
Stringer for the loan of two Continental specimens. It will be noticed
that they bear a superficial resemblance to subbistrigella, but the ground
colour is darker and the markings more distinct. It is possible that
nodicolella will become more plentiful in a similar way to that in which
the other two Rosebay species (raschkiella and conturbatella) are gradu-
ally increasing their range. For the drawing and description of the
genitalia that follows, I am indebted to the Rev. Desmond P. Murray:

14/44. Del. D. P. Murray.
Genitalia of Male Mompha nodicolella, Fuchs. x60.

Uncus straight, slightly widened about middle. Sacculus strong, pointed,
with curved point about middle. Valvula rounded, thickened at costa.
Aedoeagus short, stout, divided at orifice, holding long cornuti.

In conclusion I would like to emphasize that the best and easiest way
to get series of this genus is to collect the larvae. Caught imagines are
seldom fit for the cabinet, and imagines of several of the species are
seldom seen even where the insect is known to be common.

It is hoped that the species will be recognisable and distinguishable
one from the other by the colour plate facing page 81, which also de-
picts the larval galls described of decorella and nodicolella. For the
excellent coloured drawings from which the plate was prepared I must
express my thanks to Mr Stanley N. A. Jacobs.

85

NOTES ON BRITISH PLECOPTERA.
By E. E. Syms.
Read 9th December 1944.

The Plecoptera included by Linnaeus in the Order Neuroptera, in
which they later formed the family Perlidae, like most of the families
in that Order have been separated to form a distinct Order. Lat-
reille in 1802 was the first to separate them, calling them Perlariae, but
Burmeister in 1839 changed this to Plecoptera, and it is by this name
that they are now known. In Britain they are popularly called Stone-
flies, and in America they are sometimes referred to as Water-crickets.
They form quite a small Order, and have many characters similar to
those of the Orthoptera. In this country only 34 species are known to
occur and these are divided into 16 genera, 6 families, and 2 sub-orders,
but there are so few workers at this Order that it is more than probable
others are awaiting discovery. The last addition to our list was as recent
as 1943 (D. EK. Kimmins).

In Britain the Order has not received the attention it deserves; this
is probably due, among other things, to there being no standard work
on the Order, to the adults being dull coloured, and to the shrivelling
of the specimens when drying, making it very difficult to identify them.
J. Curtis in 1827, E. Newman in 1833, and J. F. Stephens in 1885, all
published descriptions of our species, and R. McLachlan in 1870, C. W.
Dale in 1907, and W. J. Lucas in 1932 each published a list of our
species, but all are now out of date and require revising. Since these
lists there have been published two important papers by H. B. N. Hynes
in 1940 and 1941, and these two enable us to name most of the nymphs
and all the adults then known, but much remains to be done before our
knowledge of the Order is as good as that of the Lepidoptera.

I have compiled the list of the known British species appearing at
the end of this paper with the assistance of Claassen’s 1940 Catalogue.
Two names only differ from Hynes: Rhabdiopteryx neglecta and
Brachyptera putata, Newman, are dropped as synonyms with R. anglica,
Kim. and B. trifasciata, Pict., respectively. As regards the sub-orders,
Filipalpia Klap. 1905 is synonymous with Holognatha Endl. 1909, while
Subulipalpia Klap. 1905 is synonymous with Systellognatha End. 1909
or Setipalpia Klap. 1909.

These insects have an incomplete metamorphosis, there being no
pupal stage. The eggs are dropped by the female into the water, where,
sinking to the bottom, they remain until hatching takes place. This
interval varies with the species, some hatching at the end of, 14 days,
others taking as long as 110 days. The nymphs generally get under
cover of stones or decaying leaves, and in most cases arrive at maturity
in one year, passing through some 22 instars; some, however, take three
years to complete their metamorphoses. Most nymphs breath by means

86

of bunches of finger-like gills which vary in position and number with
the family, a few like Nemoura breath by rectal gills. When about to
emerge the nymph crawls out of the water, up stones, trees or other
objects near the water, then the skin dries and splits on the dorsal sur-
face of the thorax, and the adult insect crawls out. At first its wings
are white and carried over the back like a butterfly, but they soon take
up the final position of rest, folded flat upon the back. The adult insect
carries its head in a similar way to that of a grasshopper. It has long
antennae which are simple in structure. Of the four membranous wings,
the hind pair are generally large and shaped like those of the Orthop-
tera. In some families the cerci are long, often longer than the body,
but in the Nemouridae they are short and apparently of one segment
only. In many species there are two forms of the male, a short and a
long-winged form, and in some species both male and female have long
and short-winged forms. These generally occur at high altitudes.

In most insects in which short-winged forms occur in one sex only it
is the female that has the short wings, but in this Order it is the males
that have the short wings. C. A. Briggs in 1897, records the males of
certain Plecoptera as stridulating; perhaps calling the female may be
an explanation of this character.

Early writers on these insects regarded the nymphs as carnivorous,
but recent studies have shown that only the Perlidae are carnivorous,
and even they feed partly upon vegetable substances, the other members
of the Order being herbivorous. It was also thought that the adults
did not feed but this has been proved to be false, as many are known
to feed on green algae growing upon trees and rocks, and in America
E. J. Neweome, in 1918, reported them as doing damage to the buds of
fruit trees.

I have eolleeted nymphs of several species and found them very diffi-
cult to rear in captivity. I only succeeded when the nymphs were col-
lected fully grown and then by keeping them on water weeds kept moist
with rain water. London tap water is fatal. Most of the authors who
have studied the life history of these insects have kept their nymphs
alive by placing them in perforated cages sunk in the bed of the stream,
and when the nymphs were about to emerge lifting the cages, so that
the nymphs could crawl up the sides out of the water. All the nymphs
seem to require pure, well aerated water. Their natural home is in
streams, large lakes, and ponds that have an overflow. They live under
stones, on the sheltered side of stones in fast flowing streams, under
pieces of timber resting upon the bed, or among collections of decaying
leaves. They are gregarious and often occur in large numbers.

The commonest Plecopteron in the South-East of England is Nemoura
variegata, Oliv., and this is to be found everywhere. It breeds in small
streams, field ditches and ponds. I have found it quite commonly in
all the districts that I have worked. In the genus Nemoura all the mem-
bers have the wing nervures of the pterostigma forming an X. The
nymphs are generally covered with mud and feed upon leaves decaying
in the water, of which they eat the soft part only leaving the skeleton.

87

Adults seem to live for a short time only, but there is a long period of
emergence, from early April to the end of June. They can be found
during the day time resting on the foliage of trees or sometimes upon
stones or posts near the place where they lived as nymphs. Occasionally
they may be seen to fly but their flight is slow and somewhat like that of
the smaller Trichoptera. Mating often takes place in the day time and
paired insects can be seen resting upon leaves, trees, and posts. The
male approaches the female with its head and thorax raised; these pass
over those of the female and then he grasps her thorax with his front
and second pair of legs; next the abdomen is bent so that its end is
under that of the female, and mating takes place.

The eggs of the Plecoptera are very interesting. They are carried by
the female at the end of the body between the sub-genital plate and the
ventral surface of the abdomen for some days before being deposited.
E. Percival and H. Whitehead in 1928, and H. B. N. Hynes in 1941, have
studied the structure of some and described a few of the eggs. Those
of Dinocras cephalotes, Curt., and Perla carlukiana, Klap., are described
as being dark coloured, ovoid in shape, with a short collar-like ring round
the base of the egg. In the centre of this ring is a stalk carrying at its
end a basal plate. This stalk is elastic, capable of being stretched to
three or four times its length and then returning to its normal length.
The basal plate has the surface outwardly convex and is covered with a
number of mushroom-shaped bodies. The entire egg is covered with a
gelatinous substance. When the egg touches the water this coating
quickly swells and the egg sinks slowly down to the bottom of the stream,
where the mushroom bodies hold it in position until hatching takes place.
The gelatinous covering slowly dissolves. The eggs hatch between the
95th and 110th day. The eggs of Leuctra hippopus, Kemp., are yellow
in colour, spherical in shape, surrounded with a jelly-like substance but
without the collar-like ring. These eggs adhere to any surface they
touch, and are held until they hatch, this taking place between the 28th
and 40th day. The eggs of the Plecoptera with their dark centre and
outer coating of jelly remind one of microscopic frogs-spawn.

In the New Forest near Brockenhurst, in April 1939, I watched
Leuctra hippopus ovipositing. The insects were flying up the stream
about one foot above the water, at short intervals coming down and
touching the surface of the stream. I caught several and found them
to be females with a large mass of eggs at the tail. Thinking that this
was the method of ovipositing, I held one of the insects by its wings and
allowed the tail to touch the water in a glass tube, whereupon, immedi-
ately the egg mass touched the water one or two eggs swelled up, and
did it so rapidly that they were forced off the mass and slowly sank down
to the bottom of the tube. There the jelly that surrounded the eggs was
slowly dissolved, but the egg remained fixed in position. The family
Leuctridae is very similar in general appearance to Nemouridae differ-
ing, however, in the absence of the X in the wing and in the insect rest-
ing with its wings curved in a half cylinder round its body. Another
family, Taeniopterygidae, has its w‘ngs in similar position but the tar-

88

sal joints are nearly equal, those of Leuctridae having second joint short. ©

In May 1937, I was paying a short visit to the Lake District, and on
one of my rambles came to a stream running down from the mountain
and flowing into Coniston Lake. Passing a stone bridge that crossed
this stream I noticed a large insect at rest on the stonework and on
examining it I recognised it as Perla carlukiana, Klap. Wishing to
learn something of the earlier stages of this insect, I spent the day in
the neighbourhood searching for any scraps of information that were
to be had. I knew that the nymphs were to be found under stones, so
began turning over stones that were bedded in the stream. I soon found
many nymphs, but there were two kinds and two sizes. At the time I
wondered if the two sizes represented the two sexes, but later found out
tha4+ these nymphs take three years to complete their growth. I col-
lected a number and brought them back to London; all the small ones
died but several of the larger nymphs, kept on water weed, emerged
during the next two weeks. Whilst in the stream turning stones, I saw
several adults run on the surface of the water. This surprised me and
I thought it was an accident, but later I saw one deliberately leave a
stone and run on the water. All those seen on the water were fully
winged insects; I caught some and found that they were females carry-
ing a cluster of eggs at the tail, so evidently this is the normal method
of ovipositing, the eggs being washed off the tail as the insect travels
over the water. At that time I did not know of the interesting egg
structures, so failed to examine them microscopically.

For the identification of the adults several characters have to be
examined, the length of the cerci, the neuration, and the genital struc-
tures, but fortunately this can be done with a pocket lens. As the
abdomen shrinks considerably when drying it is best to keep some speci-
mens in 2% Formalin.

PLECOPTERA, Burmeister.
Sub-order SUBULIPALPIA, Klapalek.
Perlodidae, Klapalek.
Perlodes mortoni, Klapalek.
Dictyoperygella bicaudata, Zetterstedt.
Isogenus nubecula, Newman.

Perlidae, McLachlan.
Dinocras cephalotes, Curtis.
Perla carlukiana, Klapalek.
Isoperla grammatica, Poda.
I. griseipennis, Pictet.
Chloroperla apicalis, Newman.
C. torrentium, Pictet.
C. tripunctata, Scopoli.

Sub-order FILIPALPIA, Klapalek.
Capniidae, Klapalek.
Capnia nigra, Pictet.
C. atra, Morton.
C. vidua, Klapalek.

89

Taeniopterygidae, Klapalek.

Taeniopteryx nebulosa, Newport.
Brachyptera trifasciata, Pictet.
B. risi, Morton.

Rhabdiopteryx anglica, Kimmins.

Leuctridae, Klapalek.

Leuctra geniculata, Stephens.

. moselyi, Morton.

. hippopus, Kempny.

. inermis, Kempny.

. nigra, Olivier.

. fusciventris, Stephens.
Protonemura montana, Kimmins.
P. meyeri, Pictet.

P. praecox Morton.

ete te eth tet bt

Nemouridae, Klapalek.

Amphinemura cinerea, Olivier.
A. standfussi, Ris.

Nemoura variegata, Olivier.
N. dubitans, Morton.

N. cambrica, Stephens.

N. avicularis, Morton.

N. erratica, Claassen.
Nemurella inconspicua, Pictet.

REFERENCES.

Briggs, C. A. 1897. A Curious Habit in Certain Male Perlidae. Ent. Mon. Mag.,
33: 207.

Burmeister, H. 1839. Handbuch der Entomologie, 22: 863-881.

Claassen, P. W. 1940. Catalogue of the Plecoptera of the World.

Curtis, J. 1839. British Entomology, 4: No. 190.

Dale, C. W. 1907. Catalogue of British Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera.

Hynes, H. B. N. 1940. A Key to the British Species of Plecoptera with Notes on
their Ecology. Freshwater Biol. Ass. Sci. Pub., 2: 1-89.

— 1941. The Taxonomy and Ecology of the Nymphs of British Plecoptera with
Notes on the Adults and Eggs. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 91: 459-557.

Kimmins, D. E. 1941. Journ. Soc. Brit. Ent., 2: 89-93.

— 1948. Rhabdiopteryx anglica, a New British Species of Plecoptera. Proc.
R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 12: 42-44.

— 1944. Proc. Trans. S. Lond. Ent. and N.H. Soc., 1948-4 : 17, 22.

Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, des crustacés et
des insectes, 3: 292-293.

Linné, Car! von. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, 10th ed., 1:
543-552.

Lucas, W. 7. 1932. List of the British Plecoptera. Entomologist, 65: 41.

McLachlan, R. 1865. Notes on the Manner in which the Females of the Genus
Leuctra carry their Eggs. Ent. Mon. Mag., 1: 216.

— 1870. A Catalogue of British Neuroptera. Ent. Soc. Lond.

Newcome, E. J. 1918. Some Stoneflies injurious to Vegetation. J. Agric. Res.,
1: 37-42.

Newman, E. 1833. Entomological Notes. Ent. Mag., 1: 415.

Percival, E.. and Whitehead, H. 1928. Observations on the Ova and Oviposition
of certain Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc. (Sci.
Sect.), 1: 271-288.

Stephens, J. F. 1835. Jllustrations of British Entomology, 6: 134-145,

90

INDEX.

Aberrations (unnamed) of :—A. grossulariata, 9, 20; A. urticae, 10, 12; A.
cydippe, 17; A. euphrosyne, 11, 12, 18; A. paphia, 12; A. selene, 9, 11, 14, 16,
18; A. agestis, 12; B. piniaria, 10; C. dominula, 13, 17; E. aurinia, 13, 20;
G. typhoeus, 22; L. camilla, 15; L. bellargus, 17; L. coridon, 12, 16, 18, 20;
L. phlaeas, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18; M. jurtina, 12, 16, 18; M. athalia, 11; M. tiliae,
16; N. io, 15; P. machaon, 11, 18; P. fuliginosa, 9; P. napi, 13, 15; P. argus,

PAGE
21; P. icarus, 17; S. lubricipeda, 9; S. lutea, 9; X. montanata, .................... 41
ADNOPMAL] GOWN, Salix 20... ..ccccecseccecceccscceceeccccsesesesceecescnssceceesaceneceeossressscessesenesans 4
Abstract of Proceedings (See DACK COVED) ..........cccseeceecseeeeececeeeeeecsaneeeeesaaeeeeenaaeesees 1
ACCOUNTS, StateMent Of .........ccceseecscsecssecscsescenccceccatesensanserscseececnscenssuserscsseccesenecees Xxi
AGATLESS, PLESIGENT’S 0.0... c.ceecsecescetceececcerenecercnsceraneeseaecaetnncccsusecnecscecscvenvensteueneeusene 95
Annual. Exhibition, 8; Meeting ............cccccceceececeeceeneeeceentaeeeeeeaecteseaeeesesersessesesesenss 24
ATticles, TIVUStrated oo... c.c.ccecasceeceecessusceccseqecrssceccerceasscceenscensccnaccssssenerestsccscemsenenas 18
ASH Dy COLMO|CtIONS oo... ceeeeccececeecesceecocensensencceveuscncscesessenersvereceucnscscssespensenecaes xXxvi
Ashby, SidmMey R., FR.B.S. ..ce.ccciscccsscssevsecsacccecsesecccceccsnauasupecesatectsarscnseenddunneasioged XXV
FORSHtCAG.? B De (COOL ec Niece lesen ce css oe ONS ooe sc ek Tas ete Teena Sen ce REE eae 8
Balance: SNES) i Stee UR aioe Sac can meselmmation eslsatteea ele otcise & eetine seem srt Manette ttated Xxi
Beech tree) Hard Substance) Wm Wek 5. viienwcnemseenieie selbee «ass etsriociemscecieeease deoeeoenanitrestiestints 4
Bees TromObservatlOm:CaASesy ences snc saderacseecee le wectecsae nes icsiet ares chiestenessesessn ate taats 4
Broods of: C. croceus, 9; H. abruptaria, 11; M. tiliae 2.0... eeeceneee eee e eee 16
Bruchid: Beetles, from WMONGOM DOCKS .essscslerceateaceeoerce sees sec seeeeece ee ee eee eeeeneeee 22
Cabbage-root fly, Beetle GeStrOying’ ..................ceccsccssssceeesecesecscsscnssersnsenscneceseneeoes 2
Ceylon: Wepldoptera: MLOMI Ae scecs:s-terecere seasmeeceeth aamsespettec'e sj arettce since elec acnsic sseheeheaneaeaen 13
Chemicalivapours;, cM ilecthsofeti tt. .c¢ i hactscun pep ek oesee einsene nea anelop assem hese seme pesr ania a 44
CHEV SOPUAMC MES Waste ce asad ors siosimen badelrs cclss oxiclealon See nes nce eenam nears memeses eee cncln ee etichce tes eeamets et eet 6
Coleoptera: from Wood pigeon’s Nest, 8; Surrey-Hants border .................:0 12
Council; REDOrt: Ob FGWe reais ae coerce a teas Se eats eC ER Oo Ei ole em oes Rta athe are KV
Council ana! Officers/ Tor 1945-6 <s5Ree.. seseew sa vee see cece etmek sees ce eeeeee seein cele eeieeeb eae een 24
CHOSSi DAL RUTTE), yasss5 9s eee so es CR Re SEPM Feeney 8, 9, 16
Donations ; to Collections, 1, 3, 23; to Library, xvii; to Illustrations Fund, 1;
Publications Fund, 1; of Lamterm Screen ..........eececccesneeeeceneeeeeeneneeeeeneneeseees 3
Drawings exhibited, British OTrchidS 00... ceccccceeeeeeceeceeeeeeeseeeeeeeseesssceeeeeeners 9
Field: (Meetings: secede xcs: Rees acd ees. Ube Pa ES saeco eee 31
BU ea ss Ree ee Deke IRE Sats, SERNA ARIES. Cet eh MR ARR, AS BI cere 12, 22, 24
Galisis Sii Abpea 43) Tc) AIMCO TIS ANE: eee oh Hd TEs Te ae cee ep HEE AE Doe eiele ct 5,9
““Galls, Notes on South African,’’ M. Niblett ........ccccccccccccecsecceseccecenscusrestesevenseass 67
“ Gregarious Larvae,’’ CANON EAWATAS .....cccccecece cece eee eec nee neeeeeaeeneenecaeeeeensenseneeeess 60
Gynandrous Specimens’ Vegas. cse wee cesdescetdeen er ba ceecuh -aeeosdecrectace se 10, 12, 17, 18, '72, '74
Heteroptera new to Herts and Middlesex .......... ce eeeceeee eee nseneceeeeeneseees jadsbs AOR oes 9
Hornets’ iiremihollowertnee: (2s 24s: ee. ROSE Reel eee eee 4
Imported with Commerce, UNSeCtS seii..... Gece ee sense sscceees nen ce rersceieeesiesets ie acieee 22) Qa.
‘Imported Insects, Some recent,’’ S. N. A. JACODS ...c.ceccecceccsccecnecnecscsesceseuceeers 27
ENGOOr' | MEGUNES jy GEER oo s55 ERGs eens ee CES ERS a Ee cee 1
Lantern) Slides, ‘extn ted eet. . hee ado ss ee Se eee 14, 19, 24
Larvae: exhibited’: stirs vail. Meee. tats ne aie eR Ree eee 45/2, 3;.5, 6, ‘7; 8) 12; 46
Library.) (A@agitionsetoi ee pce ok Ae) Re, LRRDESEE Sc RAS ns ea pee eee Xvii
*“ Lithocolletis, On the British Species of the Genus,” S. N. A. Jacobs ............... 32
Localities : Cobham Park, 6, 19; Epping Forest, 14; Epsom Common, 17; Purley, 15
Meetings : Annual, 24; Exhibition, 8; Field, 31; INdGOOr ......... ee eeeeeee ees 1
Memberss Deceaserohe’.: heii. Qk Ae LSeeuh, Pee Sa A Bee ee ae Pee hy As 2b YI
Members). TISC Of) eee eo oes ae viaaicccnsesmelacesseae sulneeeelacemepiana tay ack ie seep e Rebels e Seatac Exe EER Rea men iii

Members; Ne@wi patie i asetyeossercenes YES ERE UN Sahai day Betea case Soe ORS temas 2, 3, 4, '7, 22, 23, 24

“ Micro-Lepideptera, More Notes on,” R. W. SPQTTOW .iiecerescecceeeerirectesrceteees 8
““Mompha, Notes on the Genus,” S. WAKCTY .......eeeccceeseseesseeereetteeeerteseerieecenaees 81
“’Monk’s Wood, Hunts, H. A. L€@ds 2.0... cecccceeeensseee eee erseeeeeeeeeenetnrceeesenennreeecens 15
“ Mushrooms and Toadstools,” W. H. SPreQdvury .....ccceccccsseeccceereeeeeseeeeeeenenenes 64
Obituary : S. R. ASNDY o...cecccceccceccceeeeeseteceeetseeeeteseeesesssseseeneeeertenecennsaeesesssgees XXV
Parasite : of Cabbage-root Fly, 2; from moth developed in pupa, 4; of sawfly,
FANUS LEMMOTATUS .........ccccccseseccccesercceeseccecaeesessceauccseccuenesssccusnsescnsecsecnceneceesenenes 3

Photographs: of Lepidoptera, 9, 11; Phyteuma spicatum, 19; Stereoscopic ... 12

“ Plecoptera, Notes on the,” EB. BE. SYMS occ. ceeeeeeeeeeee eter t er ceeeeeeneeeeeeeereegers 85
PLESIGEME’S ACEUTESS coli i lecccccelescescecccccncg eee cuseeeencaccdeceseusausreccorcrssscccoscnaeuscasancasresers 25
PPRECSIGEMES: PAS icicles. ccteccecceesccedeescwcetas, Weocuueccatescnecscnsstinacasoocecavesussans rnndnarenecensserrs li
Recovery Of MOLIDUNG Larva .........ceccccceceeeeeeeeeeesceeeenneeceeeseeseeeeeaeeneeeeeesceeananeeesesens 5
“*Red-Letter Days,’ Col. P. A. COPMCW ....ccccceccccseceesetseneese rete neetnneeeennnesensennrecnaes 71
South America, ButterflieS POM 2.0.0... cece ceeceeee eee neem eee eeeeeee ees eeeen eta tecsesenscsseeeces 19
‘« Spring Notes from Sandhurst,” Dr G. Vi Bull oo... cccccecssessessteeeeeeeeeeeneeeeecceceeseres 7
Telegraph posts, Damage Dy Deetles ...........cccccescneeccecneneseseeeeeceeseeeeeccseceeseaeeeseeseees 5
Teratological SPECIMENS ............ccceeeeccsseeseeceneeeececaeereceuerseseeeeeesaneseecanecsccuaneseseas 14, 16
Tramsactions (S€@ DACK COVEE) ......... ceeccccssseeeeesueeeeecenunecectenenesessneeeeeeeeeeretcaneeseaenens 32
TYCASUTEL’S REDOLt ...........cscccecccescsscvenecccavenscansvevecacesbesseecnccccscesctsieuescscanseusccaserees xix
ULtiCAtiNG WAGES oo. ..e.c..ceececccctsesccceeeccesccee censesesetersecssnsssecccesceseesesecccnesceaueneceossooses 4
West (W.) COlections ...........ccccccscseesecececceseesnaneseeseeceeeenenerseeeseceeeeesaueseeesceneecanennes XXvi
WOPkers ANd Subjects ...........cccccecceccssccesecnccesecusccsaeenseesecaeensecsecusccrsseceaseaneccsecseess KXivV
LIST OF PLATES.
SUR VAG) SEB Sige stegecechudveretes enc aegesahireuessihessen deriicwsariseesee vile toim Frontispiece.
II. Lycaena (Heodes) phlacas Ly .......ce ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecenneeseeeeeeseenaeeeeanes to face p. 1.
III. The British Species of Lithocolletis ..........c cece see eeee scenes between pp. 38-39.
IV. Sketch map of Monk’s Wood, Huntingdon, ............ccccseccseeseeeeeeees to face p. 75.
V. The British Species Of MOMPha .. .....cc....ceccecssccereresceeeeeeevens between pp. 80-81.
SPECIES INDEX. PAGE
contractus, Ceuthorrhynehus .......... 15
COLEOPTERA. COMATIUS, (PLVOUUS (<< -asesere eeeeereeesene 5, 19
PAGE erenatus, Dendrophagus ............eeeee 16
MP LSuISH FLY LODIUSH.« .2s.fs{seceesieobossadaceene 19 | ecruciger, CaryOpeMON .......-.ceceeee eee 22
alliariae, Ceuthorrhynchus............. 415 eupreus, Elaphrus .........ccceeeeceeeeeeeeee 19
aIpiMUSePOMAbTUS {\.Asessceesetescasent. 19 | Gepressus, PytWO ........seeeeeeeeeeesseseeeees 16
alternans, Trachyphloeus _................ 45 desjardinsi, Trochoideus .................. 29
aneistatay iCholeval fii... scl ce cs seseeeeees 19 DigWrouiCarSpy vseseeresseessee sv stwerekweceetases 29
antirrhini, Gymmnetron ...................e 45 dresdensis, Dorcatoma .......:.cseeeeeee 19
asperifoliarum, Ceuthorrhynchus .... 15 ElOMSATIS. | DUS eis ean teeccaveceh == ose 6, 19
ERRUREER MR BOS nent ass va teenth eae ds RANE 16 erythropterus, AlCideS —..............e:e sense 70
Pays, WVIOtLUPes: inci tect. etenenss 5 festucae, Erirrhinus —..........ccc..ceceeeeeee 19
Devlieatus, Plater tassel fc uedsadetectesdeet 6, 19 flavicoliis, Zeugophora _ ..............::.06 14
Diflexuosa, Abdera) (:.cc..084.0.8...4k..e- 6, 19 foetemsS, APNOGIUS .......ececeeeeeeee scene ewes 44
bibmeatasy Aleochara’ Pk kkc2: kets 2 fuscus, CaryedON ........ceeeeessereeeeestees 22
bipunctatum, Bembidion _ ............... 16 globulus, Trigonogenius —............... 2
BEM TMEUS Bay CRS fis ocak ese svete tecdesvesee 14 ZuineeMsis, TACHyS .......seseeeeeseeeeeeeeees 29
buprestoides, Melasis ........::::eseeseeeeee 3 | humeralis, Mordellistena ................. 19
earcharias, Saperda ......ceeccseeceeseeeeee 16 interruptus, Necrophorus ................. 5
GERIIS PEULCATUS: 5 ieed. 1. checteuaee dantvonaawneae 5 hitorale, Bembidion — ............. cp eeeeeeeeeee 16
ehinensis, Pachymerus ..............000008- 22 Vivid, Leptura .......scceeeeeeeeeeeees 6, 19
eoccinea, PYyFochroa ............cccecceeeeee 44 menthastri, Chrysomela _...............4. 8
compressus, Staphylinus ..............0. 419 meridianus, Stenochorus ..........-.e0- 419
Concinma. Mallagria «) isis. ois cesectan sane 28 mixtus, StemolOPAUs. —........eccceee cere eee 19
constrictus, Ceuthorrhynehus _.......... 45 | momocerus, NOtOXUS ----ccccerereeeee 8

; PAGE
nemoralis, Carabus ...........cccccceeeeeeeees 19
neuwaldeggiana, Mordellistena ....... 19
nigricornis, Antherophagus _............ 19
nigricornis, Chlaenius .................s0 19
nigricornis, Corymbites ................... 14
nigriventris, Pachymerus _............... 22
obscuray Donaciay yes ess. e eee 16
pallipes, Asaphidion ..........cceeeeeee 16
parallelepipedus, Cossonus ............... 4
pascuorum, Gymmetron _...........ce 15
pellucidus, Barypeithes ................... 15
penetraliss Platiyousy Sees 28
POMONA CHALOM ny eee eee ee eeneeee 19
porcatus, Otiorrhynchus . .................. 15
punctulatum, Bembidion .................. 16
quadripunctata, Xylodrepa .............. 19
PIpPavius. Pla WTWS cee ces. -ccesocece esse 19
TUpPATIVS: (PACUELUS, | eof ieee en ceeeseccseseeseee 19
rufulus, Ceuthorrhynchidius ........... 15
SECAUIIE,, IDR HONIG” Gee sagudconsnosoneedoscesunnos 14
seminiger, Hydaticus ............ccceces0cee 15
sexpunctatus, Ptinus ...............ccceeeeee 6
SUiCHICUS,, ADNOGIUS® | 5..20545..06c0.creescceee 14
terricola, Laemostenus ................0068 8
testaceus, Conopalpus.................... 6, 19
testaceus, Phymatodes ................... 6, 19
thalassina, Donacia ..... Jsdenranecancccesage 14
tristis, ApHOGIUS > Kisciee sed ceeeeetice. 14
trisulcum, Aulonium .......... ee 19
typhoeus, GeotrupesS ....e. ccc ceeeceeeeeee 22
umbellatarum, Molorchus _............... 19
unidentatus, Silvanus... 28
variabilis, Chelymorpha. _ .................. 29
versutum, AGONUM oon... ec ceeceseceees 14
vestitus, Brachypterolus .................. 16
vestitus, Chlaenius ..............c.cceseceeeees 19
VWillOSUS;ATNOUS Waseeioid cess detecat ones 6, 19
violaceus, Carabus o.oo... ceeeceeceseeeees 14
viridipennis, Plocaederus _................ 28
VUlLTALIS) DOMAGIA si) hos..ceecscssdesceeoeneeeee 14

DIPTERA.
africana, Asphondylia ................0..0.. 67
al bipolar Chilosiay isscesncsscesccsie tease 2
bipunctata, Afreutreta .............c ee 68
bryanti, Parafreutreta ..............c.c0e0 69
chrysocoma, Chilosia ............c.ce.ceeeee 2,
conferta, Parafreutreta ................... 69
discoidalis, Afreutreta .................00. 69
frauenfeldi, Afreutreta ...............0..068 68
STOSsas ChHilOsivan oc. sete ces cee 2
hemimelas, Acanthiophilus ............... 69
MUaStiratass ChiMOSiay ike ncesreeeces se eereeree 2
lignoptera, Trypanea oo... ecceeeeee 69
LUCENS WLIPAT Asse eee ee ese ee 5, 9, 24
Maraisi, OGEASPIS oo... ls... ceeceecaseceeeees 70
marginata, Sphenella ..................0..8 . 1
melanostigma, Sphenella _................ 70
muiri, Acanthiophilus ...............c0.. 69

Parietina;(ORyNA feeds eed. eee 25
péringueyi, Spathulina ................0008 69
perspicillata, Campiglossa ........... sere 4)
Tostrata, RNYNQIA — ........ececsseeeeeseneee i)
tarchonanthi, Afrodiplosis .......... 67, 68
HEMIPTERA.
affinis, AmMblytylus ..........cccccesceeeeeeeee 9
ambulans, Mecomma. ...............c...0008- 9
arenarius, Trapezonotus © ............0..05 9
aurita, ‘Ledra .2i..5.:.esese eee eeeeee eee 7
cinnamopterus, Pilophorus ............... 9
genistae, Heterocordylus _................. 9
interstinctus, Elasmostethus ............ 9
luctuosus, SeNirus .........cccecceeeceeeaveee 9
rufescens, Metatropis .............ceceeeeeees 9
subrufus, Rhopalus ......................0000 9
thunbergi, Hoplomachus _.................. 9
HYMENOPTERA.
castigator, Ctenichneumon _.............. 4
CLrabroy Vesa) Speesseneeasss<.e<ehaes seer eel 4, 19
femoratus, JaAMUS) .o-tccsecscesmese nthe eee 3
Inanis, Pimpla ceascssccsseecteeaeee eee eee 3
lineariss, Hiarticiaie: senate eee 3
liparae, Pteromalus —...........ccccecces eee b)
loewi, Rhoophilus — ..........ccecccceeeeee eens 70
lucorum, Trichiosoma _ ..............c..0000+ 4
ocellatae, Microplitis ..............ccceeeees 45
LEPIDOPTERA.
abruptaria, Hemerophila .................. 41
OSMIUM (CC UMla a eceeeecceseanesceieeneeees 16
agestis, ATICIA ............ccececeeens 12, 15, 16
alba, L. COTIGON GD. ..........cecceceeenevsese 12
alba-obsoleta, L. coridon ab. ........... 24
alba-transformis, L. coridon ab. ....... 20
albescens, L. coridon ab. 12, 18, 241
albescens-caeca, L. coridon ab. ......... 24
albescens-crassipuncta, L. coridon ab. 21
albo-crenata, L. coridon ab. ............... 20
albomarginata, P. dominula qb. ....... 17
allous, A. agesStiS QD. oo... ccc 12
alni, .Apatele Outi s esse eee 9
alternata, Epirrhoé | ..........ccccccecces cee 414
ambigua, Caradrina — .............ceccsceee es 16
andrenaeformis, Aegeria ............... 16, 18
angelicata, E. tripunctaria .............. 13
annulata, CoSyMbia ..............cscsseeeeee 1
ante-alba-caeca, L. coridon ab. ......... 241
antico-obsoleta, L. argiolus ao. ........ 12
antiopa, Nymphalis ............cceeee eee 64
anubus, Xylophanes © ...........cccceeeeeees 20
aprilina, GYipOSia ........c.cceteeeeee eee 14, 34
arete, A. hyperantus @D. ..........c.c0.0 12
argiolus, Lyca@enopsis ....0........c..ceeeee 7, 12
APEUS, PIEDEJUS Lei. eceeneeeneee 1, 20, 21
artaxerxes, A. agesStiS f. .........cccesceeee 16
assectella, ACTOEPia oo... ee eeeeee eee 24

PAGE
mthalia, Melitaea .2c......1...08d0. 141, 18, 64
EAP IASLOOACTIA. ( |\$33..6e deeds casts 81
PULGMOS PACHETONTIAY) ici! iuccaWesestoseendectes 2
AWUCLGCOMA: gADATCLE, sciiiisiesiissoeseeede 141, 73
aurifrontella, Blastodacna _............ 81
aurinia, Euphydryas .............. 15, 20, 64
auronulla, L. phlaeas ab. ............... 17
auroradiata, L. phlaeas ab. ......... 17, 18
axantha, A. grossulariata ab. ......... 20
basi-nigra, P. dominula ab. ............ 17
bellargus, Lysandra ............. cceceee 17, 18
BEIM AC EHEC ay a 2i..G NA. ehed 23
HeuMaria BiISTON) csrtutids. cere: 18
Hidentata, GOMOGONTIS ...cs....2....cescc ees 18
bifa(S)elata, (Perizoma, » 16-4 .0kiseccee.. sees 13
bimacula, P. dominula av. ... 9, 138, 16, 17
biobsoleta, C. annulata ap. ............... 1
bipunctata, L. phlaeas ab. ............... 12
IMMEDRIAS ARGC CHL eee iedeck ees ehiscceve 70
OLEH SCAUGIA ey sense see veabac Hoes acdeeekee 2
bronzus, A. cydippe ab. ...........c...0008 17
caeca, L. coridon av. ......... 1S aks O05 Da
caeca, A. hyperantus ab. ............... 12, 15
CAermleo, sP. aALGUS) MOI sista eee QA
caeruleo, L. coridon dab. ...............005 18
Gaesratas NNtepN Tia, \sie.6 A siheh tenders 14
ED PAS COVA Sah chest sea dec akon stab sas ceoaodee eee 16
c-album, Polygonia _............... 10, 18, 20
caliginosa, Acosmetia ............c eee 74
GAMMITIUC A, PVECTUUSIA, ..b25ic veces sescnnedseone 14
CATE eG LIN COMETS i oe vse eiceeebeescods > vada 15
ecarbonaria, B. betularia ab. ............ 18
Cardamines, Euchloé © ..............00c... 7, 12
carpinata, Nothopteryx 14
castrensis, Malacosoma 641
cephalonica, Corcyra 23
Geylamica, Pareromia 9 .p........c..cssceeseess 13
GESvAO MCA TAT OLLA: Biiseiees 15528 os Rade 13
chamomiilae, Cucullia 16
charlotta, A. aglaia ab. 17
ehivon,, Xcylophames) wn !.v.iesidk cote bee 20
chrysanthemi, C. chamomillae ab. ... 16
chrysidiformis, Aegeria _ .................6 6
IISVISULES Fy ELIAS LN are REUSE nade antler tees rd
CIN Aa, EVOPHIMNA vic... s.csboercencsbacsesteres 13
Cina wMELIGAGa, Kee, ..0b2 00h Ie 61
CINGAleMSIS, IXIAS oo... ce eececessseeeeneeees 13
COMMAT ALE MCteLatan fin Wee os A... aetts.. 14
cognatella, Hyponomeuta _................ 61
COMMA VELESM OT ah 18. scse css Fneke desetee sees 18
COMMIA; | WEWUGCAMMA tate chee have ode eeeee 7
confluens, A. paphia ab. ............... 1217
consociella, ACTODASIS ............eeceeee sees 61
continentalis, X. porcus 7. ...........66 20
conturbatella, Mompha. _................ 81, 82
COMMOUVULE VELCTSC). cl ivevesasctsdesidecdaucaee 9, 15

Sse igatuln aby is ha las
tbsy alee ake eke p

coridon, Lysandra

coronetta, L. coridon ab.

PAGE
crataegella,, Scythropia | s2eeecs....seseciee 61
CGNatdeein ANOVA vtec dessdesieassk ed ob toeee 61
CUAMLACE IS LTC A tess terete: vachecncteee te 15
crocea, P. dominula ab. ............... TE PE ate
GLOCEUS, \COLAS) i. .o. .. meltosiseith. ome laaedeme 9, 11
culiciformis, Aegeria ..............0eeee 16, 18
CY GipNe;), AT RY BMIS Woe. cos sap eae sete de 17
GyLbiayy Pel COMMS ai i-<.cles-seeceetsoteeoeeeaae 19
Gaplidices MP omblawe ee. weee.<ck<.setse cee 11
decoraria, C. pendularia ab. ............ 1
decorella,, Mompltay s..::.2.<..stestaeee 81, 83
deplama, Bilemay \.ccccccs.as-ccssces seen 13, 15
digitata, L. coridon @B._ ....:....c:.6c5... 17
disco-elongata, P. argus @b. ............ 21
disco-elongata, L. coridon ab. ......... 2
disco-elongata, L. phlaeas ab. ......... 18
discoidalis-nulla, L. coridon ab. ...... 2Q4
discreta, L. coridon @D. ...............0008- 24
duscreta, L. philaeas Woe eeinis...ns 12
dominula, Panaxia ...... ON d3) 16) ends
dromedarius, Notodonta .................. 8
eleuchia, H. sapho @b. ou... cece eeeeee eee 19
elinguaria, Crocallis ........ cee ceeeeeeee 11
elipenor, Deitlephila © ..cciksivoccsecnbeecends 2
eluttella, Ephestian igersen ck. iece! 8, 16
eds MM. athalia GOSH .etavadecs. sc. ssosseestees 12
epilobiella Schrk.—M. fulvescens ... 84
epilobiella Roem.—Mompha. ............ 81
euphrosyne, Argynnis ... 7, 11, 12, 15, 18
CurypYyAUS, Paoihioh, (ieee c-ccmanes 13
exclamationis, Agrotis .............cscceee 7
fasciata, E. aurinia ab. ..............0. 20
HH IMOVIE ihe DEVO OLR. Y icoosnaasysadeeoceeconencecc 14
Havagar (GOrbymeal i... sseset essere eee es 4
Havescens: JP} AGES Own sneccomeerkes 21
flaviventris, Aegeria ............... 16, 18, 31
HAVUS; WESABE US LOIN es accanse eee nosso 20
flexula, LaSpey ria) |) ais...26...ccdshc-cceeke 12, 15
fluctuata, Xanthorrhoé .................. heed
fowleri, L. coridon ab. ............... Wiese
fuciformis, Hemaris «...........c..0...-. 6, 19
fuliginaria, Parascotia ............. 2 AAG
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ............. 9, 16
fulvescens, Mompha_.................006 81, 84
funebris, B. piniaria @v. ................068 9
Galathea, Agapetes ........cccsseccvcescecsees 18
gammiay,, PLWSiay i... Ante es, eie 7
ganarew, L. SINAPIS AD. ........cceceeceees 18
genistella, NephopteryxX — ............ss.008 61
Bilaricatiaey s GUIS 5 casei e eee eee ee eae 8
Snapwalii: <Cucuillia. » crs dees secs eee 16
PMOMAs: PPD COSIA, py ss. odetaiteaes saheuasen eases 5
griseofimbriata, L. coridon ab. ...... 21
grossulariata, Abraxas ...............08. 9, 20
WEES, (CeiGROCCUS, WD sii) csesescge ceenroecseene 9
Lawl cyte oie ee 0a) Ce Fee gs mee 14
holdenella, Blachista, \.iis2nceeeess-<ckeee 23
hutchinsoni, P. c-album ab. ............ 18
hyperantus, Aphantopus ......... 9125 15.) 16

PAGE
icarus, Polyommatus ............... 15, 17, 18
icterata, Eupithecia .........c.cceeeee eee 14
jllustris, P. dominula ab. .............0.- 13
inaequalis, L. coridon ab. ............0... 18
incarnatella, Plutella ......... ee 41
increscens-obsoleta, P. icarus ab. 17
inframarginata, L. coridon ab. 24
inframarginata, L. phlaeas ab. ....... 17
inframelania, L. coridon ab. ............ 20
intermedia, L. phlaeas ab. ......... 12, 17
TO) Ny imphlallisy «0555. Qcse ea ions oh 15, 64
HOGA SAP LWSLA i) Ssaseacsiqoeadns.ssdtenretnarcscadee 7, 14
TESS e AMD A UUM Ais, ce. cedecenn aeeee senate wens 5 ete 5, 7
Ir orella,..« SCLUIA Gy Age cae co kew oe cece eset 13
ISAO May lLOMWAMEH Mc. obverse asc sesnetee 20
jason, P. eurypilus P ......ececce eee 13
juncta, P. dominula @b. ............ 17
jurtina, Maniola ............... 9, 12, 16, 18, 20
lacteella, Mompha _...........4........0. 81, 82
lacunana, Argyroploce ..................06 82
lanestris, Eriogaster .............:ceee 60, 61
langiella, Mompha ..............ccecceeeeeee 81
lapponaria, Poecilopsis ............ 3, 14, 24
latiora, L. coridon @bD. ......... cee Q1
lavendula, L. coridon ab. ...............+ 18
lavendula, P. argus QD... 21
leuce, Hy SAPO iF, .oeentilte kage 19
Mi yiGheay; Appia ee ee ase sade eseeesee 13
A USHTIASpPWIMX <1.) Ae aes. seeeeeeee ee 13
linearia, Cosymbia — ..........c cece cence ee 8
Lithocolletis spp., Index to ............... 59
lubricipeda, Spilosoma ...................45 9
lutarea, Swammerdamia _................ 61
Wuted, SPIUOSOMA, ......cccversensevavecosendens 9
machaon, Papilio ...............cccceeeee ee 41, 18
Mmagno-maculata, P. napi ab. ......... 43
TATA A POEMS || ..soncs aed seats la eesee ners 14
mediofa(s)ciata, E. nanata ab. ......... 1
medio-nigra, P. dominula ab. ...... 9, 13
menthastri = S. lubricipeda _.......... 9
menyanthidis, Apatele ................000. 14
mesomella, CybOSia .........cc cece ee ee eens 15
metallica, L. coridon @b. .................. 18
Miniosa, Orthosia ........ eee cee ee eee neces 5, 61
miscella, Mompha .................ec000e 81, 84
monacha, Lymantria ..................... 5, it
moneta,, PoliyichwiSia, 3.chedesccseceeesestees 73
montanata, Xanthorrhoé ............... 1, 1
munitata, Kanthorrhoé ..............0.0+ 14
IMUTIGATA | ISLCLMIVAL Vcrses-c- cseendecteemeeesece 41
MUSCULOSA, OLIA oo... cee eeeceeeeeseeeen ence 7, 16
myopaeformis, ACSeria ...........eceee eee 16
myrtillata, GNOPNOS ou... cece eee eee 14
Man ata), BwWpilMeclayi exesis.e.. clevsscc sees 1
THAD: PRCEIS) ul iisnassacsn odds were otee noe 13, 15, 16
WMAremaTra,;,. ADPIAS) .: sawacsas.obsodawse oseee cee 13
mechs, XX. Chinon: 7: Nae e0s. 2s ..cssaddaces 20
MELISSA, AUP WU Li diesc cos ves cwrscesvoseoes 13
neustria, MalacoSoma —.........ececeeeeeee 61

94.

\
PAGE
neutra-suffusa, L. coridon ab. ......... 20
Nigra, A. Urticae AD. oo... ce cece eee 14
higrina, L. camilla ab. 15, ‘74
nodicolella, Mompha _.................. 81, 83
nubeculosa, Brachionycha —............. 14
obliterata, L. phlaeas ap. ou... 42
obsolescens, L. coridon @b. ........0....0 21
obsolescens-ignita, L. phlaeas aod. 47
obsoleta, L. phlaeas @0. o......ce 18
obsoleta, L. coridon ab. ........40.... 12, 18
ocellata, P. dominula ab... 13
ocellata, Smerinthus — ..........0...c.. cece 415
ochraceella, Mompha_.................. 81, 83
Gcularis,, "Detheaiy. 4-./i3ssel.c ase 7T
Glivata, Colostygia © sick ici lecaceidacceuse 14
ornitopus, Graptolitha ...............0.....e 34
pallens, M. jurtina ab... cee 16
pallida, C. croceus @D. .....ceeeceeeeeceeee 11
paludum, Trichoptilus ...........00... 5
pandora, see A. maia.
paphia, Argynnis _............ 11, ASS ae
parinda, P. polymnestor ?. ............. 43
paripennella, Coleophora _................ 3
parthenias, Brephos .........eeeeeeeeeee 7
partim-transformis, L. coridon ab. ... 18
Paulina, Appias,........ 520s. eee 13
pavonia, Saturnia ........... eee eee 18, 18
pendularia, Cosymbia ....................0- 1
Perla. Cry Mihiian. (2: Bee eee 13, 18
pflugiana, Eucosma _................. A gceee 3
phlaeas, Lycaena ... 11, 12, 15, 16, 17,
18, 20, Plate II
phragmitella, Limnoecia _................. 84
pimastri, Hyloicus .2iciisc....cssdedeee 11
Piniaria, Bupalus............... 9, 10, 11, 14
pinivora, Thaumetopoea ......... 1, 60, 64
polaris, A. urticae ab. ......... ee 10, 12:
polychloros, Nymphalis .................. . 6L
polymnestor, Papilio... 13
Popul. Miomunaa) 0.5. ace cneee eee eee 7
porcellus, Deilephila ..............0...000.- 16
porcus, Xylophanes .........ccccccecseeeeess 20:
post-glomerata, L. coridon ............... 24
postlivida, L. coridon ab. ............... 20°
pEaecox,. Actebia. .........dbiieeesees eee 16
primularis, H. sapho 7. ..........00..0.005 19:
privata, P. dominula ab. ...........0..... 17
pronuba, Triphaena .............c..cceeeee ee 7
propinquella, Mompha _................ 81, 82
JOUATH OUI WSN GOMO NM” Pete cece sdan sna seoncccosuonoeccor 17
pseudospretella, Hofmannophila ... 8, 16.
pulla, L. coridon ab. ............... 17, 18, 24
pulla-viridescens, L. coridon ab. ... 20
punctaria, Cosymbia ..........ccceeeeeeee 6
Prataby ASTOCS,. sc. .hebacne eee ees 74
BY TUMA,, ZEUZELAL.. secciscas- she cceeen---dedeeoee 9
quercifolia, Gastropacha .................. 13
radiata, A. grossulariata ab. ........... 20
radiata, A. Willica QD. wo. 17

PAGE
radiata, TE.) DNIACAS GW2! cicccisscseccecesss 17
EBIROPESLOD IS. co cccacoicsstedueecewebates Ovaedceven 7
raschkiella, Mompha_............... o.6 Sh, 82
BSQUUUUe de ELV PDA ..scscccccsdvesseedesvesccs sess 14
BO LIS gE CCRBY Sl b7: 5 A dabecdiosdtvece cecassee 1
rhamni, Gonepteryx ........ abode sa stabasdiad 48
roboraria, Boarmia ..........cce0e abaacad sed 19
Reb), Macrotity lacie |. sisi... sate aaa. sase 3
Tubiginata, Scopula ..........cccccecceeees 41
Tutella, Setomorpha ................008. 23, 27
Sagitidtaspe. ALPLUS AD. oo.sccccsc.cosssssses 21
Sagittata, P. coridon GD. _ ...........00000 18
Saligata, COlOSty Gla, ......cccccccecaccsesecacs 14
sambucaria, OurapteryxX ...............06- 18
SADMGMEIONGODTUS. | .s-scec.6.se.cesedecescovess 19
SAVMCUOMMEADIILO) (sciccscscececaceccecesncesscc 13
schausi, Xylophanes _................cceceee- 20
schmidtii, L. phlaeas ab. ................. 17
schrankella, Mompha .................. 81, 82
SCOUIGH me ORUNOMP NA): 5. cccsscescnsesscese-scece A1
selene, Argynnis 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19
semiobsoleta, A. agestis @b. ............ 12
semisyngrapha, L. coridon ab. ......... 13
SESS a Iss COLIGOM, ADe! 1. secacctvecsancenss 21
SUM AIHS. OUULGLA: |. .Us.csssdiessesesresacseens 15, 18
smaragdaria, Euchloris _................. 16
sparganii, Nonagria ...............c06005 16, 19
spheciformis, Aegeria .................. 16, 18
staintoni, see M. miscella.
SUMMING RAO CTS foo-. \scacesscdloscwexeasveess scant 18
stephensi, Blastodacna . ...............c0.08 81
Sia 15 COLLGON, WD. x...2.cescaceosesenee 17
Siva Sele COLIGOM WO. Viicicccssctsccaceseace 18
subbistrigella, Mompha ............... 81, 84
suberivora, Nepticula — ..............ccscec0s 2
subradiata, L. phlaeas ab. ............... 17
subroseata, C. pendularia aD. ......... 1
Suffusa, L. phlaeas ab. ................0008 17
syngrapha, L. coridon ab. ............ 12, 18
TELEdONe Ps SALDEGON: F.. ..ccsesaccotetesdes 43
fermuinelia, NIOMPRAs | \.....seccceussaeeeees 81, 82
HOUSA VOM LODMANIES) ...7iil.csdsecusessaeveesces. 20
EIR AVILES: fea. cssccesaacvcuscueeseeeetates 9, 16
tipuliformis, Aegeria . .................. 16, 18
Mitana, XVIOPHWAMES f.....ccietsseceseeseecess 20
UEMONUS A MAMIOIA, sn.dececccceesseonsteece 15, 18
totarubra, S. muricata ab. .............. 1
transformis, P. argus ab. ............... 21
transformis, L. coridon ab. ......... 12, 20
PLUROM Ee uASPOCAMND AI: ccctasencccasusvesscscscs 16
PIP ALIAS A DLOSTOLA! s.ccecs.cscssecsussevcese 7
tripunctaria, Eupithecia .................. 13
UM CG PLC CTA Mites civctcsc ccc ccicesescccevscenem 1
by NGAUS. XVlOPWANMES — ...........c.ceccveres 20
HAYAOIAG INOMAGTIAN t wocsccs.ccesesccsaccsusceweest 19
ultra-albocrenata, L. coridon ab. 21
ultracaeruleo, L. coridon ab. .......... 20
ultraradiata, L. argiolus ab. .......... 12
ultranubila, L. coridon ab. .............. 18

95

PAGE
ultranubila, P. argus @D. oi... eee cee eee Q1
WNGlaria; Panthera, sch cs.. sisters 4
unicolor, E. deplana @b. o.......eee 15
unifasciata, P. bifasciata ab. ........... 13
MRVICAEG WA SIAIS! we, «..eccocst ese 9, 10, 12, 14, 15
valesina, A. paphia GD. ....sccccesscsveoes Ah
Wersicolora, ENGrOMIS dosssess08..-s2008 16
vespiformis, Aegeria ......... 3, 13, 18, 3A
WLC ay VAMOULA Oise. eck xeveoses exsene ser oeee cee tee 17
Varoata DIMESOUN PEs fillicce.c teen seer oe 14
WiIESatuUsye. COPIGOM GD. cc ene 21
viridescens, L. coridon @b. ............... 18
Wal CU WACEVILIICATQOS jerecccetuessseeeceesceeee 17
xyLlobotes, KyJophameS — ..........cccccoeeeee 20
AAU AES LUC AT CO lcrettacseeseatececsoes sees 9

ODONATA.
cyathigerum, Enallagma .................. 17
Gepressaly WolWelM ay eee. ces. sereresses obeeeecee 23
SleSansnISChRUTA! s,ccce-. ceescaceds. ohecteee 17
UA IVGUSS PAC SIVM cy re fae, cin. caer cen eens 17
TMperator: VATNIMAK © cos. ccccssecsocssaccwevesees 17
UICC eNeCSWINA) (2). tices. ccsesOsnvosdeceeccesess 17
Maas!) MEY UMP OMIA te siescuesscscsasesesesee 17
quadrimaculata, Libellula ............... 23
SWONSASLESUCS) © ceccuxesacecaveceet sdaxcstavcoseoren 17
striolatum, Sympetrum _................... 17
PLECOPTERA.
LdSCR Ole BTiS ecco tewccwesecscoseoeae seus ee eee 88
Garliumkilanal, (PCPA vanes arccesescs.cscaneee 87, 88
Cephalotes: UP Orla ty ei.c2.8css.. .suetecancasens 87
Hip POUS,, WEmGLITAN \..ccesetence.cocoe nec tcesese 87
neglecta, Rhabdiopteryx ................. 85
putata, Rhabdiopteryx ..................008 85
variepata, (NCMOUTa) Psi. ...ccescasescesesss 86
FLOWERING PLANTS.
AUPOCINETEA US ALK” Peeete.yccuaaereccuscestences 4
COMMUNITS, -Paygiis! © Peesscecssecvaccesevatene es 22
ODTUSITO]IUMS, FRUMEX ee vcccssessecevcdavsesece 5
OMEVENSIS: ROSA. 5. steven dasssccceevasenaceveseces 3
Ssanguineus, RUMEX _ ....... ee eceseeee eens 5
Splcatum, \ PiyteumMlay..5.2.cccssecssesceeee 19
stramonium, Datura — ..............s.sccseses 19
WAUCUIS= HER UMMEX: S7.u es csenxess sendeseneccesesenvons 5
FUNGI s
AIEC A (CLAW ALLA Woccurcdacdect seedeacecdoctearess 14
communis, Schizophyllum .............. 19
COLONnAtISAGEAaSter | ho c.ckicessceseet=-eoueae- 19
Gigitaliformis, Werpar” .:.......dse<c<cteescacs 14
echinatum, Lycoperdon ...............6.. 14
edulis v. bulbosus, Boletus .............. 22
epipterygia, MYCONA © ......csccccccsscesesee 19
fasciculare, Hypholoma ...............0 19
PIUDHOSA, CMMAMMELES) 2 s..c 2c. «Meacteteecvasvare 22
intybaceus, Polyporus © ................s00. 19

PAGE
maculata, Collybia ..........ceeceseeseeeee « 19
Micaceus, COPTINUS ............eccseeeeeeeeees 19
Piperatus, Boletus ......ceccssessecsscceseeees 22
Plicatilis, COPTINUS ......... cece eee eee scene 19
Tadicata, CollybDia oo... cece ceeeceeeeeeeee 19
sciophanoides, Hygrophorus ............. 22
ViSCOSA, CALOCELA — .......cccecsecsvecescececens . 414
vulgare, Crucibulum © .0..0.........cccec eee 14

PAGE
MITES
Eriophiyes "SPP. cseseccsesdeeset se scke cease ae 67
triradiatus, Phytoptus «0... 4
NOT CLASSIFIED.

morsitans, Scolopendra (Centipede) .. 27
phalangioides, Pholcus (Spider) ...... 23
quadrispinosa, Forcipula (Earwig) .. 27

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Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1945-46. PLATE I.

F. D. COOTE, F.R.E.S.

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE SOUTH LONDON.
Entomological and Natural History Society

1945-46.

WITH ELEVEN PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS:
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.1.

Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath.
1946.

The Council gratefully acknowledges
the receipt from the Royal Society of
£125

towards the cost of our Publications.

FEB i a 1947
Marionay’ ATTA

ili

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.1.

The Society has for its objects the advancement and diffusion of Biological
Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Col-
lections. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the Members
are held twice every month at the above address. Field Meetings are held through-
out the summer. The Society’s Rooms are easy of access from all parts of London,
and the Council cordialiy invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading Papers
and exhibiting Specimens

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Shillings and Sixpence, with an Entrance Fee of Two Shillings and Sixpence
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All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, F. STANLEY-SMITH,
F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Hatch House,’ Pilgrims’ Hatch, Brentwood, Essex.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (deCc.). 1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).
1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1914-15 B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S.
1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
4879 KR. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). (dec.).
1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S.
1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A.
1882 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
1884 W. WBstT, L.D.S. (dec.). (dec.).
1885 R. SOUTH, FES. (dec.). 1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). F.E.S.
1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.
1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1930 F. B. CARR (dec.).
1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). 1930 Capt. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1931 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1932 Ate ale a GROSVENOR, F.E. S. (dec.).
1894 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). ees F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.
1896 R. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.). * 1934 T. R. EAGLES.
1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1935 E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.
1898 J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLETT.
1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. COULSON.
1900 W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
1901 H. S. FREMLIN, F.E.S., etc. 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
1902 F. NOAD CLARK (dec.). 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
1903 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S.
1904 A. SicH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1941 F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.).
1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 1942 S. WAKELY.
. 1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1943 R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.
1908-9 A. SicH. F.E.S. (dec.). 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS.

1910-11 W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. 1945 Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.

iv

LIST OF MEMBERS.

(Revised to 14th August 1946.)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; bi, Biology; c. Coleoptera; cr,
Crustacea ; d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology,
General; e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera ;
1, Lepidoptera; mi, Microscopy; mo, Mollusca; n, Neuroptera; nat. hist,
Natural History; nat. phot, Nature Photography; od, Odonata; ou,
Oology ; orn, Ornithology ; orth, Orthoptera; r, Reptiles; ¢, Trichoptera ;

2, Zoology.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
DATE OF DATE OF
ELECTION. JOINING.

10.11.1985. 12.5.1887. Turner, Hy. J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Hon.

Infe President), ‘* Latemar,’’ 25, West
Drive, Cheam, Surrey.

14.8.1941. 4.2.1886. Fremumn, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,’’ Ryarsh, Kent.

10.1.1942. 10.1.1924. Cuapman, Miss L. M., ‘‘ Arolla,’? Waterlow Road,

Reigate, Surrey.

8.7.1943. 25.1.1912. Fronawk, F. W., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., ‘‘ Essen-

dine,’’ Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey.

LIFE, FULL, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1945 Apams, H. W., 14, Scott Road, Kettering, Northants. 1.

1937 Apams, R. W., 32, Moor Park Road, Northwood, Middlesex. l.

1886 Apxtn, B. W., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Highfield,’’ Pembury, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent. 1, orn.

1922 Apxin, J. H., ‘‘ Lamorran,’’ Oak Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent. 1.

1943 Aten, DoNALD, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., 698, Warwick Road,
Solihull, Warwickshire. hym, ent, l, nat. phot, mt.

1907 AnpRews, H. W., F.R.E.8., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. d.

1946 AsrBuRy, C. F., 838, Guntenstone Road, West Kensington, W.14. |

1934 ArxKinson, J. L., ‘‘ Down’s Cottage,’”? 76, Northwood Road, Tan-
kerton, Kent. l.

1936 Avaust, V. E., 59, Hillcross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

1939 Baxer, D. B., F.R..s., 21, Quarry Park Road, Cheam, Surrey.
cr

1937 BaxiineER, D. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’? Canham Road, Acton, Lon-

don, W.3. 1.

YEAR OF ©
ELECTION.

1945
1942

1896
1933

1943
1944
1938

1929
1942

1945
1911

1945
1942
1926
1941

1925
1934

1945
1944

1933
1935
1940
1930
1939
1943

1938

Batter, R. S., F.R.B.8., 18, Ferncroft Avenue, London. N.W.3.
ent, mi, bt.

BANNER, JOHN V., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C., ‘‘ Wykehurst,’’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton, 6. l.

Barnett, T. L.; 31, Littleheath Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1

Baynes, E. S. A., F.R.8.8., c/o Glyn Mills & Co., Childs Branch,
1, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4. /.

Becuer, Lt.-Col. L. E., ‘‘ Newstead,’’ Charterhouse Road, Godal-
ming, Surrey. I. ;

Beprorp, HE. J., F.x.p.s., 11, St John’s Terrace, Lewes, Sussex.
nat. hist.

Berrne, B. P., PH.D., F.R.E.8., F.L.8., 4, Tobernea Terrace, Monks-
town, Co. Dublin, Eire. micro-l.

Bett, J. H., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkhamsted, Herts.

Bett, P. J., B.A., F.u.8., Dudswell Rise, Berkhamsted, Herts.
ent.

Birow, L., 225, Coleshill Road, Ward End, Birmingham, 8. ent.

Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Pentwyn,’’ Afton Road, Fresh-
water, [.W. ent.

BuiasDALE, Pup, ‘‘ Brooklyn,’’ The Ash, Wombwell, Yorks.
ent.

Brest, T., ‘‘ Homestead,’’ Higham Lane, Tonbridge, Kent. l.

Buiss, A., 4 Monahan Avenue, Purley, Surrey. l.

Buioop, B. N., u.R.c.8.1., 25, Spencer Gardens, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. hym.

Buytu, S. F. P., ‘‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. I.

Borrer, C. D., ‘‘ The Old Manor House,’”’ Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk.
ent.

Bostock, EH. D., F.R.5.8., 8, Pelham Gardens, Folkestone, Kent. l.

Bowpen, S. R. B.s8c., A.RB.C.S., A.B.1.c., 33, South View, Letch-
worth, Herts. l.

Brett, G. A., B.SC., A.R.C.S., D.R.I.c., 2, Old Claygate Lane,
Hinchley Wood, Esher, Surrey. ent.

Brett, Mrs Karuieren S. L. F., 2, Old Claygate Lane, Hinchley
Wood, Esher, Surrey. bi

Brirren, H., M.M., F.R.H.S., F.INST.P.A., ‘‘ Newholme,”’ 21, Toller’s
Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. ent (Chalcididae).

Brooker, Miss W. M. A., v.u.s., 300, Philip Lane, London, N.15.
ec. ent, b, marine life.

Brown, A. G., L.p.8., R.c.8.ENG., 17, The Vale, Golders Green,
London, N.W.11_ 1.

Brown, S. C. S., L.D.8., R.C.S:ENG., H.D.D.EDIN., 142, Richmond
Park Road, Bournemouth, Hants. micro-l, hym.

Brown, Major S. Haminton, 1.p.8., R.C.8.ENG., 23a, The Broad-
way, Brighton Road, Worthing, Sussex. /.

vi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1945 Brown, W. D. H., F.z.s., 2, Leicester Flats, 6a, Rushton Crescent,
Bournemouth, Hants. orn, I. ,

19386 Buck, F. D.. 31, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road, London, N.19.
Ww:

1909 Bucxstongs, A. A. W., 69, Gibbons Road, Kingston-on-Thames,
Surrey. l.

1927 Buu, G. V., B.A., M.B., ‘‘ White Gables,’’ Sandhurst, Kent. l.

1915 and 1945 Bunnett, E. J., m.a., 46, Redstone Park, Redhill,
Surrey. ¢.

1946 Burnett, C. M., 34, Park Drive, Upminster, Essex. l.

1944 Burns, B. S., 1, Jamaica Villas, Stoke Road, Gosport, Hants. l.

1944 Burrows, D. S., 33, Brookehowse Road, Bellingham, London,
Spl D0 te

1938 Burton, Miss MarGaRET, L.D.S., R.c.S.ENG., Army Dental Service,
Greencot, Seaward Avenue, Barton-on-Sea, Hants. bi.

1938 Burton, R. J., u.D.s., R.C.S.ENG., Greencot, Seaward Avenue,
Barton-on-Sea, Hants. l.

1922 Busupsy, L. C., F.R.5£.8., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s
Park, London, N.W.8. c, hem.

1937 Carpew, Col. P. A., Vice-President, 21a, Thornton Hill, Wimble-
don, London, 8.W.19. 1. ;

1945 Carer, Stuart E. W., r.R.£.8., 6, Warwick Buildings, Warwick
Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. I, c.

1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., L.tTH., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes, Lancs.
etn ,

1945 Carpenter, Prof. G. D. Hatz, D.M., M.B.E., F.R.E.S., Hope Pro-
fessor of Zoology (Entomology), University Museum, Oxford.
ent.

1946 Carrer, R. A., The Croft, West Runton, Norfolk. c.

1945 Cuapman, F. W., 27, Rugby Place, Brighton 7, Sussex. J, e l.

1945 CuHarison, S., 34, Car Bank Street, Atherton, Manchester. /,
ent, g.

1936 CHartres, S. A., F.R.E.8., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex.
ent.

1922 CuHrrseman, C. J., 26, Lyndhurst Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs. l.

1945 Curistie, L., 65, Rowan Road, Streatham, London, 8.W.16. ent.

1936 Cuassey, E. W., F.r.8.s., Council, 5, Carlton Avenue, Feltham,
Middlesex. J.

1943 Coates, R. J., 6, Malvern Road, Surbiton, Surrey. ent.

1915 Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Merstone,’’ Tring,
Herts. l, g.

1934 Corn, G. A., M.A., F.c.A., Ronkswood Hospital, Newtown Road,
Worcester. l.

1935 Conmns, R. J., F.R.F.8s., 29, Poplar Avenue, Leatherhead, Sur-

rey. l.

vil

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1899 CotrHrup, C. W., ‘‘ Dehra Doon,’’ Tite Hill, Englefield Green,

Surrey. l, 00, orn.

19388 Conner, G. M., M.R.C.8., L.B.C.P., L.D.8., 33, Grove Avenue,
Sutton, Surrey. l.

1936 Cooper, B. A., B.SC., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.8., Dept. of Agriculture, The
University, Leeds, 2. ent. (Life Member.)

1945 Corset, A. STEVEN, D.SC., PH.D. (LOND.), F.R.I.C., 59, Alexandra
Road, Reading, Berks. ent.

1945 Corsetr, JosepH H., 15, Linn Avenue, Auburn, New York,
WESFAD. (G:

1923 Corr, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, London, §.W.3. 1.

1922 CovucuMan, L. E., F.R.E.s., c/o Mrs A. Couchman, 82, Newbury

1909

1918
1943

~ 1937
1934

1937
1918

1933

1920
1932

1937
1946
1927
1946
1945
1940
1900
1938
1933
1930

1945
1901

Road, Bromley, Kent. l.

Coutson, F. J., Hon. Curator, ‘‘ Burnigill,’’? 24, Springfield
Avenue, Merton Park, London, 8.W.20. c, hem, l.

Court, T. H., r.n.£.s., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’’ Market Rasen, Lincoln.

Cousins, Rospert J., A.C.P., M.R.S.T., F.R.E.8., F.R.S.A., F.Z.8.,
High Street, Ashcott, near Bridgwater, Somerset. mo, c¢.

CrasrTrez, B. H., F.R.£.s., ‘‘Highfield,’’ Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 1.

CraskE, J. C. B., F.R.£.8., 33, Hinchley Drive, Hinchley Wood,
Ksher, Surrey. l.

Craskr, R. M., 207, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.3. ent.

CRAUFURD, CLIFFORD, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Denny,’’ Bishops Stortford,
Herts. l.

Crewpson, R. C. R., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ The Grange,’? Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. l,

Crocker, Capt. W., 55, Townley Road, Bexleyheath, Kent. lI.

Crow, P. N., ‘‘ Heathcote,’’ Bigfrith, Cookham’ Dean, Berk-
shire. .

Curtis, A. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood, Billings-
hurst, Sussex. 1.

Curtis, W. ParkINSON, F.R.E.S., M.S.B.E., 70, Princess Road,
Bournemouth, Hants. /.

Dansy, G: C., ‘‘ Sheringham,’ 31, Albion Road, Sutton,
Surrey. l.

Darsy, Miss Dapung A., B.sc., 139, Huntingdon Road, Cam-
bridge. ec. ent.

Davinson, A. R., 2, Foster Road, Formby, Liverpool. l, c.

Davis, G. A., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. c.

Day, I. H., v.x.z.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. 1, c.

Dear, James, 18, Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent. 1.

DemourH, Lieut. R. P., R.N.v.R., c/o Llovds Bank, West South-
bourne, Bournemouth. J.

Denvit, H. G., Council, 4, Warwick Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. 1, ¢.

Dixon, C. H., Northbrook Farm, Micheldever, Hants. ent.

Dons, A. W., 35, The Mall, Southgate, London, N.14. I.

vill

YEAR OF
ELECTION. :

1921
1939

1936
1946
1930

1946
1927

1943

1937

1945
1945
1941

1933
1945
1937
1932
1935
1946
1945
1920
1924

1930
1936
1943
1920
1941
1939
1915
1933
1945

1943
19438

Doron, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. 1.

DovusiepAy, B. S., r.z.E.s., Monks Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks.
Chalcidoidea.

Dovupney, S. P., ‘‘ Thurne,’’ 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. I.

Downes, W. E., 29, Aragon Road, Kingston, Surrey. l.

DuvpripcE, B. J., B.A., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

Durry, HE. A. J., 28, Lansdowne Road, Croydon, Surrey. c.

Eacies, T. R., Hon. Editor of Proceedings, 32, Abbey Road, En-
field, Middlesex. l, ¢.

Eastmure, D. F., ‘‘ Granta,’’ 43, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill,
London, N.10. l.

Easton, N. T., D.F.H., F.R.E.8., Sulby Hall, Welford, near Rugby,
Staffs. 1, g, nat. phot.

Evwarps, G., Graveley, Talbot Croft, St Albans, Herts. I.

Epwarps, R. C., Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. ent.

Epwarps, Rev. Canon T. G., M.A., F.z.S., Holy Trinity Vicar-
age, Tulse Hill, London, S.W.2. [.

Exieoop, W. S., M.A., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. lI.

Exiison, R. Expon, 1, Redland Green Road, Bristol. J.

Emery, B., F.R.£.8., 28, Mill Drove, Uckfield, Sussex. J.

Ennis, L. H., 14, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. /.

Ensor, G. A. ‘‘Oakleigh,’’ Knoll Road, Dorking, Surrey. 1, hym.

Evans, B. M., 36, Haves Chase, West Wickham, Kent. l.

Evans, L. J., 73, Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 23. l.

Farmer, J. B., ‘‘ Ashleigh,’’ Beatrice Road, Oxted, Surrey. I, c.

FassNIDGE, WM., M.A., F.R.B.S., 4, Bassett Crescent West, South-
ampton. Jl, n, hem.

Ferrier, W. J., F.R.£.8., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
ih.

Finnigan, W. J., Council, 87, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
ent, nat. phot.

Forp, E. B., M.a., D.sc., F.R.S., The University Museum, Oxford.
ent, g.

Forp, L. T., 8.a., Vice-President, ‘‘ St Michaels,’”’ 70, Park Hill
Road, Bexley, Kent. l.

Forp, R. L. E., r.n..s., F.z.8., ‘‘ Durfold,”’ 34, Park Hill Road,
Bexley, Kent. ent.

Forster, H. W., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. ce.

Foster, T. B., ‘‘ Downlands,’’ 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. I.

Fraser, Aneus, 28, Gloucester Road, Tankerton, Kent. c.

Fraser, Miss Caron pe C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liver-
pool. . l.

Fraser, G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool. ent.

Fraser, Mrs G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
ent,

1x

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1945
1945

1946

1946
1930
1929

1946.

1936
1935

1946

1942
1926

1936

1924
1945

1926
1945
1891
1944
1943

1902
1943

1936
1924

1927
1924
1929

1943

Fraser, Capt. M. G.. 111, Broadhurst Gardens, London, N.W.6. ¢.

FREEMAN, JoHN A., B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.8., F.R.E.8., 9, Wendover
Road, Bromley, Kent. ent, ecology.

Friepuein, A. F. E., F.z.z.s., Newstead, Rayleigh Road, Hutton,
Essex. /.

Garpiner, B. O. C., The Red House, River-in-Dover, Kent. ent.

Guu, F. T., B.A., F.R.E.S., 25, Manor Rd., Folkestone, Kent. /.

Gurcc, D. L., F.R.n.8., ‘‘ Birchstone,’?’ Coombe Park, Kingston,
Surrey. l. :

Gopparp, T. D., r.r.e.s., Long Hoyle Farm, Heyshott, Midhurst,
Sussex. 1.

GoopsBan, B. S., 81, West Street, Ewell (Epsom), Surrey. 1.

-Goopurre, F. D., w.a., F.R.E.s., Lord Wandsworth Agricultural

College, Long Sutton, Basingstoke. ec. ent.

Goopman, A. T., B.sc., 10, Central Mansions, Hendon, London,
N.W.4. 2.

Goopson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. l.

Gorpon, D. J., B.a., F.R.E.S., Table Office, House of Commons,
London, S.W.1. ¢, l.

Gow1ne-Scorss, E., ‘‘ Oakhurst,’?’ Oakwood Road, Crofton, Or-
pington, Kent. l.

Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend, Kent. l, c.

Grant, JosepH Henry, F.R.E.S., 74, Coleshill Road, Birmingham,
8. lL, ent.

Grey, Mrs Otive, F.z.s., 66, Barrington Court, Pages’ Hill, Lon-
don, N.10. ent.

Hamerton, J. L., 35, Bodley Road, New Malden, Surrey. 1, od.

Hamm, A. H., M.A., A.L.S., F.R.E.S., 22, Southfield Road, Oxford. I.

Hammonp, H. E., F.r.8.s., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham, 27.
lL, ent.

Harps, C. H., F.rz.e.s., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, London,
Sebel Ss. b.

Harz, E. J., F.R.E.8., Harrow Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. l.

Harrgr, Comdr. G. W., R.N., F.R.E.S., Bramblewood, Bushby
Avenue, Rustington, Sussex. /.

Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, London, W.5. I.

Harwoop, P., F.x.e.8s., Laurel Bank, Aviemore, Inverness-shire,
INE Ba Us C:

Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, London,
SOW ae ot. ;

Hawkins, Capt. C. N., F.R.£.s., Council, 23, Wilton Crescent,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. /, c, g.

Hawtey, Lt.-Col. W. G..B., p.s.o., ‘‘ Amber Cottage,’’ Boden-
ham, near Salisbury, Wilts. 1.

Haynes, H., 6, Nelson Road, Salisbury, Wilts. 1.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1938

Haynes, R. F., ‘‘ The Sanctuary,’’ Burney Road, West Humble,
Dorking, Surrey. l. :

Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.5.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.8., Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo, 205, Tucuman, Republica Argentina.
Lorne a

Hrata J., ¥.R.E.8., ‘‘ Heathcot,’’ Hedge End, Southampton. l.

Hepees, A. V., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ballovale,’’ Santon, Isle of Man. I.

Hemonine, Capt. A. F., c.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.8., F.R.B.S., c/o Ministry
of Fuel and Power, Dean Stanley Street, London, S.W.1. l.

Henperson, J. L., Hon. Treasurer, 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley,
Surrey. ©.

Hestor, Mrs E. A., 12, Inglis Road, Southsea, Hants. I.

Hestop, I. R. P., m.a., F.R.E.S., c/o Messrs Griffiths and
McAlister, 10, Warwick Street, Regent Street, London,
Wisi. a0

Hick, E. PENTLAND, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., ‘‘ Athol House,’’ Fulford
Road, Scarborough, Yorks. /.

Hinton, H. E., B.sc.,:PH.D., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural
History), South Kensington, London, 8.W.7.

Hircuins, Capt. P. E. N., 3.sc., Sicklebank, Horam, Sussex.
ent.

Honveson, 8. B., 5, Charles Street, Berkhamstead, Herts. 1.

HotieBong, Comr. L. H. T., 0.3.5., 2.N., 74, Kensington Court,
Kensington, London, W.8.

Horroyp, Grorce C., The Matchbox, 8, Elmside, Onslow Village,
Guildford, Surrey. l.

Howarp, A. P., 19, Limes Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. ent.

Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., Council, 1, Wedderburn House, Hamp-
stead, London, N.W.3. l.

HowartH, T. G., B.E.M., F.R.E.S., Shanklin, 1, Gloucester Road,
Redhill, Surrey. /.

Hueerws, H. C., F.n.£.8., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea,
Hssex. 1, ent.

Hucups, ArNotp W., 16, Buckingham Way, Wallington, Sur-
rey. le

Huts, L. G., F.c.8., F.R.M.S., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Rax,’’ Chidham, near
Chichester, Sussex. ent.

Humpureys, J. A., White Cross Service Station, 155, Reigate
Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. ih

Hourter, D. G., 41, Garston Old Road, Liverpool, 19. 1.

Hourcnines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. 1.

Jackson, F'. W. J., ‘‘ The Pines,’’ Ashtead, Surrey.

Jackson, Capt. Rrcinatp A., R.N., F.R.E.S., President, ‘‘ The
Hermitage,’? Bishops Waltham, Hants, and the Junior
United Services Club, London, S.W.1. ent, l.

Jackson, W. H., Northeroak Cottage, Lyndhurst, Hants. 1,

x1

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1923

1924

1936
1928

1942
1925

1938

1945

1946

1946
1943

1928

Jacoss, S. N. A., Cowneil, ‘‘ Ditchling,’”’ 54, Hayes Lane, Brom-
ley, Kent. 1, el.

James, A. Russert, ‘‘ Braemar,’’? Morgan Crescent, Theydon
Bois, Essex. 1.

James, W. H., 41, Carson Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. .

Janson, O. J., F.R.£.8., Recorder, 15, Kingshill Crescent, St
Albans, Herts, or 46, Beresford Road, Hornsey, London,
N.8. ent.

Jaques, J. M., 12, Coulsdon Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. l.

Jarvis, C. MacKercunig, F.t.s., 68, Clyfford Road, West End
Road, Ruislip, Middlesex. c. ;

Jarvis, F. V. L., 3.sc., 21, Shirley Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.
Ih Ole

Jounson, Col. G. F., p.s.o., Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumber-

land. l.

Kaurmann, R. R. U., Sunnyside, Northwich Road, Cranage,
Knutsford, Cheshire. .c¢.

Kemp, J. K. C., Perrymead House, Bath, Somerset. 1.

KersHaw, Col. S. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. 1.

KettLewEtL, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.8S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., Council, ‘‘ Homefield,’’? The Common, Cranleigh,
Surrey. g, l.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Whiteléa,’’ Fitzgerald Avenue, Seaford, Sus-
Sang Whe

Kimmins, D. E., r.a.F., 6, St John’s Road, Penge, London,
Sab 20.9 2. a. :

Kine, H., p.sc., F.R.8., ‘‘ Gavarnie,’? Wise Lane, Mill Hill, Lon-
don, N.W.7. 1, orn.

Knorr, G. S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., 8, Knutsford Road, Wilmslow,
Cheshire. ent.

Lasoucwereg, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.R.E.s., 15, Draycott Avenue, Sloane
Square, London, S.W.3.

Lane, R. M., a.c.a., 9, Tabor Gardens, Cheam, Surrey. I.

Last, H. R., Council, 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey. ¢, l.

Lawson, H. B., F.R.5.8., ‘‘ Churchmead,”’ Pirbright, Surrey. /.

Lreeps, H. A., Wood Walton, Huntingdon. l.

Ling, H. V., 11, Priory Avenue, Petts Wood, Orpington, Kent. /.

Lirescoms, Lt.-Col. C. G., Misterton, Somerset. 1.

Lisney, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S8., The Red House, Narborough,
Leicester. 1,

Lioyp, Major C. T., D.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., 25, Belmont Avenue,
New Malden, Surrey. 1.

Lowen, Lt.-Col. J. H. B., r.z., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s &
King’s Branch, 6, Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. 7.

X1l

YEAR OF

ELECTION. d

1931 MacNvtry, B. J., ‘‘ Rutland,’’ 67, All Saints Road, Sutton, Sur-
rey. l.

1892 Main, H., B.Sc., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8., 9, Woodside Road, Woodford
Wells, Essex. 1, nat. phot, c.

1945 Mantry, Lt.-Col. W. B. L., The Guards Club, London, W.1. ent.

1945 Manty, G. B., 72, Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14.
ent, l.

1889 Mansspripge, W., M.sc., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Monreith,’’ Derby Road,
Formby, Liverpool, Lancs. J, c.

1932 Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside, Kastbourne,

1930
1922
1943
1946
1932

1946
1942

1945
1945

1943
1938
1944

1946
- 1889

1945

1920

1980

1945
1937
1940
1937

Sussex. 1.

MarsH, Capt. Dupiry G., Gara-Tor, Pigeon Lane, Eddington,
Nr. Herne Bay, Kent. l.

Massge, A. M., D.sc., F.R.E.S., Hast Malling Research Station,
Kent. l.

Marrnews, J. K., m.A., Greystoke, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
I, b, orn.

Mettows, Cuarues, Alliott House, The College, Bishops Stort-
ford, Herts. 1, hym.

Metiows, W. T., M.B.E., Lu.B., ‘‘ The Vineyard,” Minster
Precincts, Peterborough, Northants. I.

Mere, R. M., Pembroke Lodge, Steepways, Hindhead, Surrey. /.

MercaLFE, PERCY, C.V.0., R.D.I., A.R.c.A., 70, Madrid Road,
Barnes, London, S.W.13. l.

MicuHaup, J., PH.p., 22, Routh Road, London, S.W.18. ent.

Mitne-RepHmp, E., 7, Ashley Gardens, Petersham, Richmond,
Surrey. c.

Mitton, P. W., 23, Woodstock Road, Carshalton, Surrey. c, ent.

Minnion, W. E., 57, Lloyd Court, Pinner, Middlesex. .

Moopy, Norman H., 119, Southampton Road, Ringwood, Hants.
ent, orn.

Moore, B. P., B.sc., The University, Sheffield, 10. od, l.

Moorg, H., r.r.k.s., 9 Hoopwick Street, Deptford, London, S.E.8.
i, hem, d, el, ehym, ed, mi.

Moore, JoHNn W., F.R.5.S., Middleton Dene, 151, Middleton Hall
Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. e rhopalocera.
Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entomo-

logy, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College,
Aberdeen, N.B. ec. ent.
Morey, A. McD., 0.B.6., M.A., F.R.E.S., 9, Radnor Park West,
Folkestone, Kent.
Morrett, H. A., 63, Salisbury Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. I.
Morrmer, D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. hAym.
Mortimer, Mrs D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Wores. ent.
Mowsray, M. J., 10, Carisbrooke Road, St Leonards. ent.

xill

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1935 Muuzzr, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’’ Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.
ent.

1945 Murray, Eev. D. P., The Priory, Wellington Street, Leicester. |.

1934 Muscrave, A. J., B.8c., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., 21 Loveday Road, Lon-
don, W.13. ent.

1945 Newman, L. Hues, v.nx.z.s., Chestnut House, Cold Blow, Bex-
ley, Kent. 1.

1945 Newton, J. L., M.x.c.8., u.R.c.P., Alconbury Hill, Huntingdon.
(hea

1930 Nuisitetr, M., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

1988 Opp, D. A., 11, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. l.

O’Farrett, A. F., u.sc., a.R.C.s., F.R.E.8., 90, Woodwarde Road,
Dulwich, London, S.E.22. od, cr, ent.

Q@utveR, G. B., Harefield Road, Luton, Beds. 1.

Ourver, G. H. B., “ Corydon,’’ Amersham Road, Hazlemere,
High Wycombe, Bucks. /.

Owen, Goprrey V., Orford, 63, Manor Park Road, West Wick-
ham, Kent. 1.

Parmer, D. S., Hillside Lodge, Ridgeway, Horsell, Woking,
Surrey. ent.

Parritt, R. W., 1, Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. lf,

Parmenter, Capt. L., F.R.e.8.. 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton
Heath, Surrey. d. 4

Parsons, I. D., The Old School, Broxbourne, Herts. 1.

Payne, L. G., 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

Payne, R. M., c/o 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

Prruam-Cumton, Epwarp C., r.A., Trebles Holford, Bishops
Lydeard, near Taunton, Somerset. l.

Perkins, J. F., 3.sc., F.R.E.8., 95, Hare Lane, Claygate, Sur-
rey. hym.

Perry, K. M. P., 21, Cornwall Road, Cheam, Surrey. C.

-Pryron, A. G., 29, Grove Road, Ramsgate, Kent. I.

Puitrort, V. W., ‘‘ Saracen’s Head,’’ Bath, Somerset.

Pickarp, James N., PH.D., M.A., F.B.8.E., Craufurd, Mill Lane,
Sawston, Cambs. l, g.

Pinnicer, EK. B., F.n.£.8., Dalegarth, 5, Endlebury Road, Ching-
ford, London, E.4. od, n. 1.

Pirman, C. M. R., ‘‘ Malvern,’’? Southampton Road, Clarendon,
Salisbury, Wilts. 1, orn. b, ete.

Puayrorp, F. L., c/o Empire Memorial, 747, Commercial Road,
London, H.14. r.

Pratt, C. BIGNELL, 1, West Ham Lane, Stratford, London, E.15.
ent.

Priest, C. G., 5, Kensal Road, Paddington, London, W.10. J.

Pureroy, J. Bagwett, Ridge House, Broom Close, Esher, Sur- :
rey. l.

x1V

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1945

1922

1945

1942

1920

1936
1934

1945
1908

1910

1946
1942

1935

1932
1932

1915

1908

1945

1927
1923

1933
1945

1938

1939

1941

1945

QuiIBELL, Wit11amM, ‘‘ Coombs,’’ High Street, Brampton, Hunt-
ingdon. l.

Rait-SmitH, W., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S8., F.R.H.8., ‘‘ Hurstleigh,’’? Link-
field Lane, Redhill, Surrey. l.

RicHarps, O. W., M.A., D.SC., F.R.E.S., Department of Zoology,
Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensing-
ton, London, S.W.7. ent.

RICHARDSON, AUSTIN, M.A., F.R.E.S., Beaudesert Park, Minchin-
hampton, Glos. l.

RicHarpson, A. W., ¥F.R.E.8., 28, Avenue Road, Southall, Middle-
sex. hiym.

Ricuarpson, N. A., 20, Bletchley Road, Bletchley, Bucks. l.

Riveout, J. K., ‘‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming, Sur-
rey. ent. (life Member.)

Riney, J. A., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. 1, od.

Riey, Capt. N. D., ¥.R.8.8., F.z.8., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.20. lI.

Rosertson, G. §., u.p., ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. l.

Rocus, C. G., 38, Saxinumdham Road, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. hym.

Rocue, P. J. L., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., c/o D.M.S., Lagos,
Nigeria. c, hem.

Royrre, D. W., 99, Hughenden Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.
c, ent.

Rupzanp, W. L., F.R.E.8., 211, Caversham Rd., Reading, Berks. I.

Russett, A. G. B., c.v.o., F.R.E.S., Lancaster Herald, ‘‘ Scar-
bank,’’ Swanage, Dorset. l.

Russett, S. G. Castie, Stokesay, Bridge Road, Cranleigh, Sur-
rey. l.

Sr Ausyn, Capt J. G., F.R.E.s., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley, Surrey.

Saunt, J. W., a.u.8:, 65, Victoria Road, East Cowes, I.0.W.
hym, ent.

Scott, Col. E., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. l.

SevasropuLto, D. G., F.R.E.8s., c/o Ralli Bros., Ltd., Calcutta.
(Life Member.) l.

SHARMAN, F. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough, Northants. l.

Suaw, H. K. Arry, F.R.5.s., Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Sur-
rey. c, hem.
SHERRIN, W. R.., A.L.S., F.Z.S., South London Botanical Institute,
323, Norwood Road, Herne Hill, London, 8.E.24 o, I.
Srviter SmitH, P., F.R.F.S., 21, Melville Hall, Holly Road, Ede-
baston, Birmingham, 16. ll.

SmitH, Lieut. Fok. WmM., R.N.v.R., Boreland-ot-Southwick, by
Dumfries, Kirkcudbright l, hym.

SmitrH, F/Lt. M. W. P., 21, Shaftesbury Avenue, Bedford. .

XV

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1939

1938
1945

1945
1941

1943
1938

1927
1937

1940
1935
1938
1942

1936
1924
1945

1931
1929
1939
1934
1945

1943
1916

1946
1942

1913
1941
1934
1925

1944

SmirH, S. Gorpon, F.L.S., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Estyn,’’ Boughton, Chester.
ent.

Snexx, B. B., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Woodsome,’’ Bromborough, Cheshire. 1.

Soutueate, B. J., F.R.H.8., Misthoma, St John’s Road, Writtle,
near Chelmsford, Essex. c, hein.

Sparrow, Mrs M. J., 1, Anne Boleyns Walk, Cheam, Surrey. /.

Sparrow, R. W., M.1nsT.R.A., 134, Regents Park Road, London,
IN«3.!/ 0:

SpreapBury, W. H., 35, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey.

Starrorp, A. E., ‘‘ Corydonis,’’ 83, Colborne Way, Worcester
Park, Surrey. l.

Stantey-SmitH, F., ¥.r.p.s., Hon. Secretary, ‘‘ Hatch House,”’
Pilgrims’ Hatch, Brentwood, Essex. /.

Srepatu, H. P. P., ‘‘ Cherry Cottage,’’ Prestwood, Great Missen-
den, Bucks. ent.

StepL, W.0O., Redlands, Maidenhead Court, Maidenhead, Berks. c.

STEPHENS, J. A., F.B.B.S., 44, Mount Road, Chatham, Kent. c.

Steriine, D. H., 36, Estella Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. l.

Stipston, Eng. Capt. S. T., z.N., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Ashe,’’ Ashburton,
Devon. l.

Stigant, Miss B., 22, Brock Street, Bath, Somerset. hortic. ent.

Storey, W. H., Fairstead, Long Road, Cambridge. ent.

StoucHton-Harris, G., M.A., F.C.A., F.R.E.S., 75, Mulgrave Road,
Sutton, Surrey. ent.

Stovin, G. H. T., m.R.c.8., L.R.c.P., 36, Wymondley Road, Hit-
chin, Herts.

Stusss, G. C., The Hall, Portishead, Somerset.

Summers, E. J., 30, Sutton Court Road, Sutton, Surrey. c, hei.

Surron, Gresuam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
Ce

Surton, R., 20, Ongar Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. 1.

Swann, E. L., 282, Wootton Road, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. c.

Syms, E. E., F.p.u.s., F.z.8., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands
Avenue, Wanstead, London, H.11. n, orth, od, ft.

TatBor, G., F.R.E.8S., 31, York Road, Woking, Surrey. ent.

Tavspot, M. J. R., c/o The Foreign Office, S.W.1. ‘‘ By Beirut
Baer? i:

TaTcHELL, L. S., F.R.u.8s., ‘‘ Rockleigh Cottage,’’? Swanage, Dor-
set. l.

Taytor, H. G. W., 11, Granville Road, Sidcup, Kent. c.

Taytor, J. O., 64, Great Thrift, Petts Wood, Kent. 1.

TAYLOR, J. SNEYD, M.A., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 23, Fort Beaufort, Cape-
Province, Union of S.A. l.

TrLscH, THEopoRE M., President, American Scientific Research
Society, 5219 Delancey Street, Philadelphia 43, Pennsyl-
vania, U.S.A. c (elateroidea).

Xvi

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1938 Trey, J., ‘‘ White Cottage,” Silverlea Gardens, Horley, Surrey.
ent.

1931 TuHomeson, J. ANTONY, F.R.E.S., Sulby Hall, Welford, near Rugby,
Staffs. I, g.

1946 TuHorre, Jon, 11, Egghill Lane, Northfield, Birmingham, 31.
berg.

1945 Timms, C., F.R.E.S., 524a, Mosely Road, Birmingham, 12. d.

1935 Tompxins, F. H., ‘‘ Clifton,’’? 18, Forest Side, Worcester Park,
Surrey. ent.

1937 Toner, A. E., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ashville,’ Trafford Road, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. 1.

1934 Tunstatt, H. G., 11, St James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

1940 Turner, A. D., 19, Manor Close, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9. ent.

1944 Turner, H. J., 33, Pine Avenue, W. Southbourne, Nr. Bourne-
mouth, Hants. l.

1943 Turner, J. Fincuam, 17, Litchfield Avenue, Morden, Surrey. 1,
hym.

1945 VALENTINE, ARTHUR, 2, Vicars Close, Wells, Somerset. ent.

1944 WaINwRIGHT, CHARLES, B.SC., F.R.I.C., 216, St Bernards Road,
Olton, Warwickshire. 1.

1889 WaInwricHT, CoLBRAN J., F.R.E.S., 50, Christchurch Road,

Bournemouth, Hants. l, d.

1929 Warnwricut, J. Cuas., 9, Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey. l.

1911 Wake ty, Sir Leonarp D., «.c.1.£., 0.B., Council, 37, Marryat Road,
Wimbledon, London; S.W.19. I.

1930 Waxety, S., Council, 36, Stradella Road, Herne Hill, S.K.24. /.

1935 Waxuis-Norton, Capt. S. G., R.a.s.c., 50, Christchurch Road,
Winchester, Hants. (Life Member.) ent.

1944 Watron, AnrHony M., F.R.E.s., 275, Croxted Road, West Dulwich,
London, S.E.21, and Hertford College, Oxford. l.

1936 Warrier, R. E., ‘‘ Birchwood,’’ Birchwood Park Avenue, Swan-
ley, Kent. l.

1939 Warkins, N. A., M.A., F.R.E.S., Soldon, Druid Road, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9. l.

1945 Warxins, O. G., F.R.n.S., 20, Torr View Avenue, Peverell, Ply-
mouth. l, od.

1920 Warson, D., ‘‘ Crossways,’’ Hightown, Ringwood, Hants. l.

1945 Warson, R. W., South Haven, Stanley Road, Lymington, Hants. /.

1945 Wess, Harry E., 20, Audley Road, Hendon, London, N.W.4. /.

1945 Werppet., B. W., 13, The Halve, Trowbridge, Wilts. ent.

1928 Wetus, Cuirrorp, ‘‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. l.

1911 Wetts, H. O., ‘‘ St Hilary,’ 4, Boleyn Avenue, Kast Ewell, Sur-
rey. l.

1937 Wet, A., F.R.E.8s., ‘‘ Foxbush,’’ Tillingdown Lane, Caterham,

Surrey. l.

XVil

YRAR OF
ELECTION.

1945
1911

1927
1945
1946
1946

1945
1925

1932

1938
1946
1945
1946
1926
1927

1945
1944

1945

Wueeuer, A. 8., 11, The Chase, Coulsdon, Surrey. /.

Waerrer, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’’ Grat-
wicke Road, Worthing. Sussex. l.

Waite, A. Granvitie, F.c.a., ‘‘ Hilltop,’’ Chaldon, Surrey.

Wuitr, E. Barron, M.B.C.8., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., St Merryon,
Braunton, N. Devon. l.

Wuurenorn, K. P., 205, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, London,
S.E.13. l.

Witprivce, W., 12, Church Mede, Frogmore, near St Albans,
Herts. ent. :

Wiuiams, E. F., F.n.8.s., ‘‘ Warley Lea,’’ Brentwood, Essex. 1.

Wiuuiams H. B., w.p., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ Croft Point,’? Bramley, Sur-
toy. 1,9: =.

Wiuiams, S. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, London,
E.4._ .

Witus, J. R., ‘“‘ Vine Cottage,’’ West Horsley, Surrey. 1.

WutsuEE, C. J., 63, Daventry Road, Coventry, Warwickshire. /.

Woop, G. J., 72, Lincoln Avenue, Twickenham, Middlesex. ent.

Wootutscrortr, J., 42, Holmbury Court, Tooting, London, S.W.17.

Woorron, W. J., ‘‘ Wannock Gardens,’”’ Polegate, Sussex. 1.

Worms, The Baron DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.,
Council, Westcroft, 26, Common Close, Horsell, Woking, Sur-
rey. ll, orn.

Wvess, N. G., Carter House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. l.

Yerrsias, H. R., B.a., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street, London,
E.C.4. .

Youpen, Grorcr N., Vanessa, Shepherdswell, near Dover, Kent. l.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Secretary of any
errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above addresses
and descriptions.

XVili

COUNCIL'S REPORT FOR 1945-46.

Presented at the 74th Annual Coker Meeting of the Society, held
at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, on 23rd January 1946.

The outstanding event in the Society’s year apart from the cessa-
tion of the second world war has undoubtedly been our removal from
Southwark to Piccadilly. Towards the end there has been a rapid in-
crease in membership, attributable in part to the cessation of hostili-
ties, but more to the greater attractiveness of our new headquarters,
to our scheme to publish papers on families of the micro-lepidoptera in
our Proceedings, and to the two well-illustrated papers in the 1944/45
volume inaugurating the plan.

During the year our membership for the first time passed the
300 mark, and at 3lst December 1945 stood at 330, made up of
4 Honorary, 4 life, 237 Full and 85 Country Members. The
three members who have been prisoners of war in the Far Hast have
returned to this country safe and well. Those who were serving
with the Armed Forces in Europe are being demobilized one by one,
and so far we are thankful to say we have learned otf no more
casualties among them. Four members have died, 2 have resigned
and 1 has been struck off for non-payment of subscriptions, while 46
new members have been admitted. Your Council must particularly re-
cord the sad loss the Society has sustained from the death of Mr F. D.
Coote, a former President, who for several years up to the time of his
death was active as organiser ot our Field Meetings. He was probably
as good a recruiting sergeant for the Society as we have ever known.
We also have to announce with much regret the resignation from office,
due to ill-health, of Mr J. H. Adkin, who for more years than most of
us can remember has served us so efficiently as Honorary Lanternist.
We wish him early recovery.

Your Council has completed its suggestions for the reorganisation
among the officers begun last year. Mr Eagles was persuaded in the
best interests of the Society to accept the office of Editor of Proceedings,
a task for which his all-round knowledge admirably fitted him, while
the Treasurership thus vacated was equally suitably filled by the ap-
pointment of Mr Henderson, his seat on the Council being filled by
co-opting Mr H. R. Last. Lastly, Mr Hawkins, who agreed to take
office as Minuting Secretary for the duration of the war in the emer-
gency occasioned by the call-up otf Mr Denvil, is resigning at the end
of the year, and as there is no longer the same need for the duplica-
tion of records the Council proposes to leave the second Secretaryship
vacant. The Society owes much to Mr Hawkins for filling the breach
at a difficult time. Jt is hoped during the next year to find Assistants
among the younger members to serve as understudies and afford some
relief to the executive officers.

X1x

In February, as members will be aware, your Council most unex-
pectedly got notice to quit Southwark Chapter House within three
months. Past experience showed that while it is easy to hire meeting
halls, it is always difficult to get house room for our library and collec-
tions where they are accessible during meetings. This time the diffi-
culty was aggravated by the shortage of accommodation in London due
to the ‘‘ blitz.’”’ In the emergency The Royal Entomological Society of
London immediately offered the use of their rooms for meetings and
storage for part of our equipment, and though it eventually proved un-
necessary again to have recourse to their kindness we are nevertheless
very grateful to that great Society for their kindly thought. Diligent
search by members of the committee appointed for the purpose failed
to find any alternative accommodation in Southwark or its neighbour-
hood. Working further afield, the President sought advice from the
permanent Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society who, appreciating
our predicament, was eventually able to obtain permission from his
Council for us to hold our meetings in Burlington House from June on-
wards for one year certain, with the prospect of being allowed to stay
on if we proved suitable occupants. Up to the present it has not been
possible to obtain a room in the building in which access to our library*
and collections is possible, but these have been stored in a dry room in
the basement till such time as a suitable room can be provided. Your
Council fully appreciates the inconvenience this causes to our members,
but it is hoped that the situation will not persist. In any event, the
only alternative would have been the storing of our furniture in a reposi-
tory, at considerable cost to the Society, with the added risk of damage
or deterioration. Your Council has felt it so advantageous that our
highest officer should remain in office whilst these questions were still
under consideration that in November they asked a Speciai Meeting,
called for the purpose, for authority to nominate Capt. Jackson as Pre-
sident for a second year. This power was duly granted.

There is no doubt that the premises, with the well-furnished meeting
room adequately equipped with epidiascope and screen, the large ante-
room and comfortable committee room, afford us accommodation 1n a cen-
tral situation superior to anything the Society has before enjoyed. In
addition, we were allowed the use of the library for our Annual
Exhibition. Our very grateful thanks are due to the President and
Officers of The Royal Society for their most kindly and helpful attitude
to us in a time of very great difficulty.

During the war we held not more thau one Ordinary Meeting a
month, but conditions had so far improved that it was decided after
April to resume our constitutional practice of holding two meetings a
month and to have alls meetings, except the Exhibition, in the evening
instead of holding winter meetings on Saturday afternoons. The in-
augural meeting in Burlington House was on 13th June, when a con-

*Since the date of the Report this difficulty has been overcome and the Collec-
tion and Library are now accessible.

XX

tingent of our Lancashire members came up and gave us an interesting
paper on the Lepidoptera of their sandhills. The second meeting in July
and, both those in August had to be cancelled as The Royal Society needed
undisturbed use of their premises while re-housing their library and
portraits. In all 15 indoor meetings were held during the year, at
which the average attendance was 31. Papers were read by Messrs
Andrews, Spreadbury, Hulls, by Messrs Matthews and Fraser jointly,
Mr Eagles, Dr Blair, Commander Harper, Capt. Riley and Messrs Bun-
nett, L. T. Ford, Classey and Last. The lantern has been used on
five occasions.

The Annual Exhibition, the second. meeting in October, was every
bit as successful as was to be expected in a year exceptional for immi-
grant insects, which on this occasion were not confined te a few species
of Lepidoptera but extended to other orders such as Odonata and Dip-
tera. The attendance of 305 was a new high record from the time when
our present form of exhibition was started in 1896.

During the year 13 field meetings were held, following the programme
arranged by the late Mr Coote. The monthly visits to Ashtead were
continued with a view to the completion of local lists of the fauna and
flora, and the records are being re-gathered by Mr Coulson with a view
to publication. Other meetings at the usual places concluded with two
fungus forays in October. The system of reporting the field meetings
was changed during the year; instead of devoting two indoor meetings
during the season to reading batches of reports, each field meeting has
been reported at the next ensuing indoor meeting, so stimulating in-
terest in field work and getting the reports supplemented before memory
fades. With improving travel facilities it is hoped to revisit old locali-
ties and investigate new ones further afield next season.

Our Reunion Supper took place on 22nd January at the Connaught
Rooms, when we were delighted to welcome back safe and well two of
our three members who for over three years have been held prisoners
of war in the Far East (the third at the last moment being prevented
by illness from attending) and to entertain as guests the officers of The
Royal Society who have been so helpful to us during the year. 99
members and guests sat down to supper, and short speeches, the circu-
lation of pocket boxes, and a general conversazione filled a very pleasant
evening.

The Proceedings and T'ransactions for 1944/45, published on 12th
October 1945, consisted of xxvii plus 96 pages. The issue included the
first two papers in our new series dealing with the families of the micro-
lepidoptera, designed for re-publication eventually in collected form as
a handbook for the sub-order. The first paper was by Mr S. N. A.
Jacobs dealing with the genus Lithocolletis, the second by Mr S. Wakely
covering the genus Mompha; each beautifully illustrated by a coloured
plate painted by Mr Jacobs and reproduced by Messrs V. Siviter Smith
& Co. Ltd. of Birmingham. The Lithotolletis paper was further illus- °
trated by 51 text diagrams made from blocks generously provided by the

XxXi

author. Other papers were illustrated by three black-and-white plates.
The cost of printing and plates nowadays is high; the Publication and
Illustrations Funds are always in need, and are specially commended
to the generosity of members. Work on the Log Book for Micro-Lepi-
doptera, preparatory to publication, is continuing.

The Society has been much indebted to Mr A. W. Dennis for a. suc-
cession of gifts throughout the year. In March he made us the hand-
some gift of a Crouch binocular microscope, which, with the smaller
instrument presented some time ago, your Council decided should he
available to members on loan. At the same time he handed over to us
a great number of his fine lantern slides; these Mr Syms has overhauled
and is incorporating with our own series. In addition he presented the
following books:—Gilbert White’s Natural History of Selborne, M.
Maeterlinck’s The Life of the White Ant, English Names of our Wild
Flowers, Epping Forest with Maps, 12 volumes of the Proceedings of
the South London Entomological and Natwral History Society, H. M.
Ward’s Grasses, and Davis’s Mounting Microscopic Objects.

The late Mr F. D. Coote presented 13 volumes of the Proceedings wnd
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, together
with Parts 2, 4 and 5 of its Generic Name; of British Insects, as a fur-
ther contribution from him towards completion of our set of the publi-
cations of that Society. Mr H. W. Andrews gave Shipley’s The Minor
Horrors of War; the author presented I. R. P. Heslop’s Check List of
the British Lepidoptera with the English Names of each of the 2299
Species; Mr J. Fincham Turner, Duncan’s Beetles, British and Foreign;
and Mr V. E. August, Dr E. B. Ford’s new publication, Butterflies.
The thanks of the Society have already been conveyed to the donors as
the gifts have been received and announced.

The Curator reports that during the year many donations to the
Society’s collections have been made by members. Two interesting
species of Lepidoptera for the British collection, a Wainscot Sedina
buettneri Her. new to the British list and Acrolepia assectella Zell., an
introduced pest on leeks, have been given respectively by Dr K. G.
Blair and Mr W. L. Rudland. From Mr §S. N. A. Jacobs and from the
Ashhy collection, continental Heterocera covering approximately 240
species have been received. The collection of the early stages of Lepi-
doptera has been enhanced by the donation of 22 larvae and many
pupae by Sir Leonard Wakely and Mr F. J. Coulson. As regards the
collection of British Coleoptera, 56 specimens covering 29 additional
species have been donated by Messrs F. T. Grant, S. N. A. Jacobs, F. J.
Coulson, H. Last, D. A. Odd and J. l. Henderson. As many of these
gifts have not been announced on receipt, this opportunity is taken of
according the thanks of the Society to the donors.

In view of the many exhibits and donations of species introduced or
associated with commerce, it is proposed to allocate space in the cabi-
nets for the formation of a representative collection of such species.
During the greater part of the year little progress has been possible

XX11

with the collation and re-arrangement of any section, owing to the cabi-
nets being inaccessible.

The Librarian reports that as the Library has been closed and in-
accessible since our removal and the gifts thereto have been included in
the Council’s report, there is nothing further to report. He appends
the list of additions by purchase and exchange.

Entomologist’s Record, 1945; Hntomologist’s Monthly Mag., 1945;
Entomologist, 1945; Hssex Naturalist, Vol. 27, Pt. 10; Natural History
(New York), 1945; Entomological News, 1945; Proc. of Royal Irish
Academy, Vol. 50B, 5-22; Lloydia, 1945; Trans. and Proc. Torquay Nat.
Hist. Soc., 1943-4; South Eastern Naturalist, 1944; Trans. Wisconsin.
Academy of Science, 1943; Bedrug, 1938-1944; Proc. of Isle of Wight ,
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1944; Snakes of Mexico; British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
Acari; Birds of Thailand; Report of British Association for Advance-
ment of Scrence; University of Asia, 41 separates; G. B. Buckton,
British Aphides.

XXi

HON. TREASURER'S REPORT, 1945.

1945 was an expensive year for the Society, and I have some dis-
appointment in presenting my first Report, which is not so favourable
as that for the previous year. It has not been possible entirely to pay
our way on the year’s income, though the deficit is only £3 11s 3d.

We have again to thank many Members for small donations to the
various Funds, as well as some of those serving in the Armed Forces
for ignoring the fact that their Subscriptions were excused. One mem-
ber, on being invalided from the Navy, sent me his dues for four years
and a donation to the Publication Fund. Again, for the tenth con-
secutive year, the Illustrations Fund benefited by £20 from the same
anonymous giver. I am sure we all wish him a very long life! That
fund was also saved some depletion by the loan of the block for one of
the plates in our Transactions by Mr Siviter-Smith, as well as by Mr
Jacobs’ generosity in providing the blocks for all the text figures in his
paper on Inthocolletis.

BALANCE SHEET.

Our investments remain the same. Their market value at £1209 on
3lst December 1945 was only £3 less, than last year. This asset, if
realised, would more than balance our Capital Fund.

The Cash position was not strong. At first sight it looks much the
same as a year ago, but the Reunion Supper Account will, of course,
have to be liquidated very shortly.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

The Subscription income was £145 7s 6d—£3 12s 0d more than in
1944. This does not show the full benefit of our increased membership
since about three-fifths of the new members were elected after Michael-
mas and their first payments are accordingly carried forward under
Bye-Law 10 (b). On the debit side, two items are happily not of fre-
quent occurrence, viz.: the printing of Bye-Laws and the cost of re-
moval to Burlington House. Our change of headquarters is responsible
also for most of the increase, largely postages, in the Secretarial Ex-
penses. On the other hand there is a useful saving in Rent during the
latter half of the year.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT.

Here is the brightest spot in our accounts for the year. The number
of Entrance Fees for new members, viz. 56, amounting to £7, is a record
since the Society was founded, the nearest approach to it being 55 in
1888. This sum goes automatically to the Library Fund.

XXIV

LIBRARY FUND.

This Fund is now built up to £34 4s 9d, sufficient, I hope, to cover
the cost of book-binding, so much of which our Hon. Librarian has been
obliged to postpone in recent years, and to make useful purchases when .
opportunities arise.

PUBLICATION AND ILLUSTRATIONS FUNDS.

Both these Funds, after the first had received a grant of £30 from
current revenue, were almost emptied in order to produce the 1944-45
Proceedings and Transactions.

I feel we cannot, and should not, rely on the great generosity of two
or three members who have contributed so handsomely in the past, and
would commend these Funds to the support of every member who is not .
already in the habit of making some small addition to his or her annual
subscription, so that the high standard of our annual publication may
be at least maintained.

We have to thank Messrs F. J. Coulson and H. G. Denvil for their
labours in auditing the Accounts.

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XXVII1

F. D. COOTE, F.R.E.S.

How many Naturalists are there who for one reason or another are
quite unable to arouse in others any interest in Nature Study! Coote
was an outstanding exception. His kindly disposition and the ease
with which he could converse with people of all ages and classes enabled
him to take advantage of a desire for knowledge of such things which
is more widespread than is commonly imagined. To his work as an
apostle of Natural History many individuals owe a lasting debt of grati-
tude for much happiness, and our Society owes a similar debt for many
valuable members.

In guiding the affairs of the Society he took a full part, having
served on the Council in 1936 and 1937, in 1939 and 1940, and 1943 and
1944. He was President in 1941 and a Vice-President in 1942, so that
his six years continuous term of office covered most of the war.

At the outbreak of War in 1939 the Society had to consider whether
it would carry on its activities or suspend them until the return of
peace. There was much to be said for the latter course, especially as
the Society was at the time without a meeting place and its belongings
were stored. However, it was decided to keep going, and Coote, who
‘was retired at the time, was able to devote himself to the task of super-
vising the work of getting the Society’s belongings installed at the
Chapter House. Nor did he stop at supervision. By taking charge of
the War-time Field Meetings and leading most of them Coote made an
important contribution to the maintenance of the continuity of the
Society’s work and rendered a lasting service. By his nature he was
eminently fitted for the task in that all his life he had been a great
lover of the open country and a tireless worker for others. Often his
week-ends during the War were extremely busy, for not only had he.
the affairs of our Society to occupy him, but there was also his local
Allotment Society, for which he undertook many onerous tasks as part
of his contribution to the War effort.

Perhaps his greatest achievements in altruistic work were in con-
nection with the Scout movement, to which he devoted many years of
hard work and in which he held important offices. His companions on
Field Meetings were well aware of his interest in young people for often
he would leave the party for a while to lend a helping hand to passing
boys. In the last year of his life he was giving practical lessons in en-
tomology to a group of boys living in the neighbourhood of his home
and would speak with pride of their successes.

Another of his contacts was the Ramblers’ Association, and it was
through him that our Society’s affiliation to that body was arranged.

To the end this tall spare man so well known and loved by our mem-
bers was able to keep pace and to work with his younger friends. In
the early years of the century he was a member of the A.B.C. Club, a

XXI1X

band of S.E. London entomologists whose names suggested the title of
the Club. There were 8. R. Ashby, P. H. Barker and his two brothers,
their cousin A. W. Burgess, F. D. Coote, and E. J. Crow. They used
to meet at each others’ houses and collect in the localities we frequent
to-day, as well as in places such as Wimbledon Common and Epping
Forest, which are perhaps not so popular nowadays. It is sad to think
that the little band was broken up by the 1914-18 War.

Coote retired from the service of Lloyd’s Register several years ago.
He joined our Society in 1907 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Entomological Society in 1921. He died on 8th October 1945 after a
short illness. He left a widow, a son, and a daughter to whom we
extend our deep sympathy.

Ds Wa he

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

INDOOR MEETINGS.

10th FEBRUARY 1945.
The President, Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., in the Chair.

lt was announced that Cpl. T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., still
a P.O.W. in Korea, is alive, well, and receiving Red Cross Parcels, ac-
cording to a card reconed fecomtly by Dr EK. A. Cockayne.

Mr H. W. Anprews exhibited series of Diptera to illustrate anne
in his paper subsequently read.

Mr S. N. A. Jacozss exhibited various Coleoptera found in imported
commodities, which he was presenting to the Society for the ‘‘ foreign
drawer,’’ but for security reasons he was unable to announce the names
ot the insects.

Mr E. E. Syms showed the Society’s Reports and Balance Sheets for
1876 and 1877, the property of the Essex Field Club, of which there
were no copies in our own Library, where, however, typed copies were
being placed.

Mr L. T. Forp exhibited 6 cased larvae of the Tinaeid moth, Narycia
marginepunctella, Steph., 4 being in their lst year and 2 in their 2nd
year.

Mr T. R. Eactes exhibited sprays of the following conifers :—(a)
Juniperus chinensis, L., with juvenile (prickly) and adult (blunt) foliage
—mostly adult, and drew attention to the terminal male cones. (b)
Cupressus sempervirens, L., the Italian Cypress. (c) Cupressus law-
soniana, Murr., and Thuya plicata, D. Don, and drew attention to the
facts that while the foliages are hard to distinguish, the Cypress cones
are round while the Thuya cones are long. (d) Sequoia gigantea, DC.,
‘* Big Tree,’’ and mentioned that in the other Sequoza, 1.e., S. semper-
virens, the ‘‘ Redwood,’’ the leaves spread in two ranks (pinnate).

Mr Anprews then rod his paper on *‘ Some External Aspects of the
Bodies of Diptera,’’ with references to his exhibit (see Trans.). After
questions had been answered, a hearty vote of thanks was moved from
the chair and carried by acclamation.

10th MARCH 1945.
The Presipent in the Chair.

Mr Alan Patrick Howard, of 19 Limes Avenue, Mill Hill, London,
N.W.7, was declared elected a member.

It was announced that Mr ID. F. Eastmure had joined H.M. Forces.

It was also announced that Mr A. W. Dennis had presented the
Society with a binocular microscope and numerous lantern slides and

2
that Mr Adkin had had the microscope case repaired. A very hearty
vote of thanks for this generous gift was carried by acclamation.

The Rev. Canon T. G. Epwarps exhibited an extreme melanic form
(ab. merularia, Weym.) of the Lepidopteron Erannis leucophaearia,
Schiff., taken recently at Ashtead, with more normal examples for com-
parison.

The Curator, Mr Coutson, showed sets of early stages of Lepidoptera
and appealed to members for others to add to the Society’s collections.
He said that a full list of desiderata would shortly be available.

Mr Sranuey N. A. Jacoss exhibited a sheet of silk stripped from the
ceiling of a grain store, made by the single threads from crawling larvae
of the Micro-Lepidopteron, Ephestia elutella, Hb. The sheet was quite
opaque and nearly white.

Mr L. T. Forp exhibited cases of the Micro-Lepidoptera, Solenobia
inconspicuella, Staint., and Borkhausenia panzerella, Steph., from
Bexley.

The Baron pE Worms exhibited 1 male and 4 females of the Lepi-
dopteron, Procus (Miana) versicolor, Bkh. (Rufous Minor), first iden-
tified as British in 1936, and said: ‘‘ The specimens in question were
definitely confirmed as to identity by Mr W. H. T. Tams, who kindly
examined their genitalia. The species must be very widespread and
only requires identification in collections. The’above individuals were
-taken over such a wide range as the new Forest, Kent, Malvern and
Somerset. The lighter coloured specimens exhibited the chief charac-
teristics of the species, the reddish ground colour and clearly outlined
stigmata on a darker ground. This feature is a main distinction from
P. strigilis, L., and P. latruncula, Schiff.’

Mr R. W. Sparrow exhibited varied specimens of HK. leucophaearia
from Scratch Wood, also larvae of the Micro-Lepidopteron, Teichobia
verhuellella, Staint., feeding on Asplenium taken at Llandego in the
Wye Valley.

The CorRRESPONDING SECRETARY read extracts from a letter from our
member, Mr Sterling, serving with the M.H.F., describing his collecting
activities.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury then read his paper, ‘‘ Nature Rambles with
a Camera,” profusely illustrating it with many beautiful lantern slides
(see Trans.). A very hearty vote of thanks was moved from the Chair
and carried with acclamation.

14th APRIL 1945.
The PresipEntT in the Chair.

The deaths of a member, Mr H. E. Page, and of a former member,
Mr E. C. Bedwell, were announced; also that the Society for British
Entomology was reviving its activities; and that the staff of the Botani-
cal Gardens at Kew were appealing for help in drawing up a complete
bibliography of the British Flora.

: 3

Messrs John Wilson Moore, IF'.R.E.S., Middleton Dene, 151 Middle-
ton Hall Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham, 30; Alexander Steven Cor-
bet, D.Se., Ph.D. (London), F.R.1I.C., 59 Alexandra Road, Reading,
Berks; Richard S. Balter, I.R.IE.S., 18 Ferncroft Avenue, London,
N.W.3; Robert Sutton, 20 Ongar Road, Fulham, London, $.W.6; Stan-
ley Charlson, 112 Manchester Road, Tyldesley, Manchester; and John
Allen Freeman, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., The Lord Roberts
Hut, Bisley Camp, Brookwood, Woking, Surrey, were declared elected
as members. Mr Alan P. Howard signed the Obligation Book and was
admitted a member.

Mr A. W. Dennis showed a photograph depicting the use of camou-
flage by larvae in the first instar of the White Admiral butterily,
Limenitis camilla, L. When hatched the larva eats the tip of the leaf
but not the mid-rib, and fastens frass to the mid-rib by threads, also
impales frass on its dorsal spines.

Mr Syms, by permission of the Curator of the Essex Museum, exhi-
bited aberrations of the moth, Spilosoma (Diacrisia) lutea, Hufn., from
the collection of the late Mr A. W. Mera, including abb. zatima, Stoll.,
intermedia, Bang-Haas, totinigra, Seitz, fasciata, Tugwell, guerini,
Lamb., fasciata, Dufresne, eboraci, Tugwell, unicolor, Homberg, and
paupera, Hofman. Dr Kettlewell agreed that the insect had gone out
of fashion; ab. zatima is produced by a key gene with multiple modi-
fiers, and always gives trouble in rearing owing to a virus in the 2nd or
3rd generation.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss, for comparison with the silken sheet made by
Ephestia elutella, Hb., exhibited last month, showed the matted ropes
produced by the micro-lepidopteron, Hphestia kiihniella, Zell. These
were taken from the chutes in flour mills, which in consequence have to
be fumigated annually. He also drew attention to an included beetle,
Gnathocerus cornutus, F., another pest of the mills. He also presented
to the Society a number of European moths.

Dr G. V. But sent for exhibition and retention by any interested
member three specimens of an Ichneumon which for the first time he had
bred from last year’s larvae of the moth, Lasiocampa trifolii, Schiff.

Captain R. A. Jackson showed larvae in 2nd and 38rd instar of the
hybrid moths, Poecilopsis lapponaria, Bdv., ¢, x Lycia hirtaria, Cl.,
Q, = hybr. leesi, Harrison, and L. hirtaria, 3, x P. lapponaria, 2, =
hybr. wallacei, Harrison, and mentioned that the latter cross was the
more difficult to procure and that the larvae were growing more quickly.
He also showed ova of the moth, Nothopteryx polycommata, Schiff.,
yellow when first laid, hut turning reddish pink in about three days.

Mr Frncuam TvuRNER exhibited ova of the moth, Yylocampa wreola,
Esp., and Mr W. J. Fryntean showed others which had not yet developed
their beautiful markings.

Mr Wakxety exhibited the living moth, Hemerophila abruptaria,
Thnbg.

4

Mr 8. R. Bowpern showed living specimens of the butterflies,
Lycaenopsis argiolus, L., and Hamearis lucina, L.

Mrs AsuBy sent 3 store boxes of Lepidoptera and 2 of Coleoptera
from her late husband’s collections for distribution among members.

10th MAY 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Following on the recent gift of a binocular instrument by Mr Dennis,
the Council had decided to make the Society’s microscopes available for
home use by members. Written applications, stating the intended use
and probable duration for which required, were invited.

Messrs P. Blasdale, Brooklyn, The Ash, Wombwell, Yorks; H. W.
Adams, 10 Ramillies Place, W.1, and of Kettering, and K. J. Monks,
12 Hugh Mews, Westminster, S.W.1, were declared elected members.

Mr Eaetes exhibited the floating form of the Hepatic, Riccia flui-
tans, L., and mentioned that this form is distinct from all other British
liverworts, whereas the terrestrial form of the species is similar to the
other species of Riccia. He also showed larvae of the moth, Theria
rupicapraria, Hb.

Col. Carprew exhibited a dark brown unicolorous aberration of the
moth, Kctropis bistortata, Goeze, from Box Hill, Surrey, with other
specimens, including ab. delamerensis, White, for comparison.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited a living specimen of the Hymenopteron,
Perilitus coccinellae, Schrk. (Braconidae) emerged this day from a
cocoon found attached to a moribund Coccinella 7-punctata, L., in his
garden on 5th May, and referred to Ent. Mo. Mag., 1945: 51-52.

Baron pg WorMs exhibited a living specimen of the Wasp-beetle, Cly-
tus arietis, L., from North Kent; also of the moth, Gonodontis hidentata,
Clrek., taken in Hampstead (London) to-day. Remarks on the season,
as shown by the Lepidoptera, were contributed by various members.
Baron de Worms reported it as abnormally early; Abraxas grossulariata,
L., has already pupated; he had seen an imago of Triphaena pronuba,
L., on 8th May; larvae of Limenitis camilla, L., are already full fed in
the wild. Capt. Jackson remarked that the early Spring emergence had
been interrupted by the cold snap, so that Argynnis euphrosyne, L.,
had emerged a month ago, and there had been a fresh emergence this
week. Mr Welti reported seeing an imago of Apamea crenata, Hufn.
(actually the red-tinged brown form, nigro-rubidea, Tutt). Imagines
of Apatele rwmicis, L., were reported from the Field Meeting on 15th
April, and elsewhere about the same date. On the other hand, Mr
Andrews reported extreme scarcity of insects during the cold week of
his first war-time holiday, ended on 5th May. As regards immigrant
Lepidoptera, Mr Eagles reported Vanessa cardwi, L., flying in North
London, and Dr Blood reported it at Eltham (South East London). A
tattered specimen of Celerio livornica, Esp., was reported from EKast-
leigh, Hants, this week, four others from Surrey and Wiltshire, and

another from St Mawes, Cornwall. Capt. Jackson recorded an elusive
specimen of Macroglossum stellatarum, L., in Hampshire.

Mr Hutts being unable to attend, fie paper, ‘‘ The Louse in Litera-
ture’ (see Trans.) was read for een by the Secretary. The President
expressed the great debt the sailor and soldier owe to entomologists for
their measures against lice and the resultant prevention of disease.
Prof. Buxton, whose important book had just been mentioned, had

«visited the Near East on preventive work only this year. Mr Welti
referred to Prof. Arthur Shipley’s classic of the last war, ‘‘ The Minor
Horrors of War,” and Mr Eagles to the British Museum’s small publica-
tion. Mr Syms remarked on the comparative difficulty of getting the
Crab-louse and said that there was very little literature dealing with it.

24th MAY 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The deaths of a member, Mr R. A. R. Priske, and of a former mem-
ber, Dr Kemp, the marine biologist, were notified.

It was announced that Mr T. R. Eagles had been appointed Hon.
Editor of Proceedings to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Mr Hy. J. Turner, and that Mr J. L. Henderson had been appointed
Hon. Treasurer in place of Mr Eagles. Messrs S. W. C. Williams and
R. M. Lang, A.C.A., were asked to audit the accounts on the change of
Treasurer.

Capt. Jackson exhibited (a) larvae of the moth, Endromis versi-
colora, L., in their second instar, from Aviemore ova which hatched on
13th May; (b) larvae of the moth, Cleora cinctaria, Schiff., in their
second instar, from Struan ova which also hatched on 13th May; (c) a
full-fed larve of the moth, Hilema deplana, Esp., obtained at Bishops
Waltham, Hampshire, on 22nd May from yew; (d) ova of the moth,
Cerura vinula, L., laid on aspen, from Brentwood, Essex; (e) a pupa of
the butterfly, Aglais urticae, L., from which had emerged 4 or d para-
sites, leaving nothing but the empty shell; and, on hehalf of Baron DE
Worms, a number of lepidopterous wings obtained from a small cave at
Aviemore. He thought the moths had fallen victims to a bat.

Mr Harry Moore exhibited a larva of the moth, Cossus cossus, L.,
which, taken in Devonshire last September, had at some time since
eaten its way out of the containing cardboard box and Bee devoured
a dead hornet stored nearby.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited galls of the Dipteron, Lipara rufitarsis,
Lw. (Chloropidae), on the Common Reed, from Beer, S. Devon, with
flies emerging from them. He said that the Reed was growing in damp
patches on the undercliff; right down to the beach, and that the locality
was about the only one recorded for this scarce species in this country;
also the various species of parasites of the common Lipara lucens, Mg.,
and inquilines in the galls, reared from a particularly rich parcel of
the galls sent him by our member, Mr E. L. Swann, from King’s Lynn,
Norfolk, and mentioned at our meeting of 8th June 1944, including

6

Pimpla detrita, Holmgr. (Ichn.), Polemon liparae, Gir. (Bracon.) and
Stenomalus liparae, Gir. (Chale.), parasites of the Lipara; Haplegis
flavitarsis, Mg. (Dipt.) and Perrisia inclusa, Frfid. (Dipt.), inquilines
in the gall; Prosopis pectoralis, Foerst. (Hym. Acul.), a rare bee known ~
only from the Fen district, which was nidificating in the vacated galls;
Gasteruption assectator, L. (Hym. Evaniidae), a parasite of the bee;
and Steingelia gorodetskia, Nasson. (Hem. Coccidae), of which the
female shelters among the reeds for the production of its ovisae (see*
Ent, Mon. Mag., 80, p. 189 (1944)).

Mr C. N. Hawkins exhibited larvae of the Lepidopteron, Mesotype
virgata, Rott, bred ab ovis from a female taken at Burnham-on-Sea,
Somerset, on 19th April 1945. The eggs were laid 19th-21st April 1945
and hatched about 5th-7th May 1945.

Mr T. R. Eacrxs exhibited foliage of the smooth-leaved Elm tree,
Ulmus nitens, Moench, and drew attention to differences as compared —
with the Wych Elm, U. glabra, Hudson, notably that the leaf blade com-
mences much further down the stalk on one side than tne other.

Sir LreonaRp WAKELY exhibited a larva in the second instar of the
moth, Saturnia pavona, L., to show the difference in appearance as
compared with the later instars; also eggs thought to be of a Hemip-
teron. ; E

Mr J. A. SrsepHens exhibited Coleoptera: (a) Grammoptera holo-
melina, Pool, 2 specimens taken at Chatham, Kent, on 10th May 1945,
while beating Hawthorn blossom and another taken at the same place
on 22nd May 1945; (b) Barypithes pellucidus, Boh., thought to le the
first specimen of the species recorded from the Chatham, Kent, district,
found among Brassica seedlings; (c) Elater balteatus, L., beaten from
Oak at Cobham, Kent, on 5th May 1945, thought to be the second re-
cord for the district; (d) Conopulpus testaceus, Ol., beaten from Oak in
Cobham Park, Kent, on 19th May 1945.

13th JUNE 1945.
Meeting held in the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House,
Piceadilly, London, W.1.
The Prestpent in the Chair.

The President opened by expressing the gratitude of members to the
-Royal Society for its courtesy and help.

Messrs J. A. Riley, 7 McKay Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20; J. L.
Hamerton, 11 Linkway, S.W.20; and H. E. Hinton, B.Sc., Ph.D.,
F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History), London, S.W.2, were de-
clared elected members.

The PresiDENT exhibited a varied series of Cleora cinctaria, Schiff.,
including an albino female from Struan, Perthshire.

Mr L. T. Forp showed cocoons of Nepticula decentella, H.-S., from
Bexley, Kent.

Lieut. D. H. Srerime had icoNeHE from Palestine the moths,
Saturnia pyri, Schiff., and Pachyposa otus, Drury. The latter was

7

reared in classical times for its silk, but had now given way to species
introduced from the Far East.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury referred to the fact that robins regurgitate
pellets as do owls. He showed two pellets; one had been cast up by
the robin while standing at Mr Spreadbury’s feet.

Mr R. J. Burrow exhibited specimens of the Neuropteron, Chrysopa
septempunctata, Wesm., reared from eggs which he had shown at the
meeting of 13th July last.

Commander G. W. Harper, R.N., exhibited moths and larvae from
Scotland, including Anarta cordigera, Thnbg.

Major H. S. Fremuin exhibited a large queen termite from West
Africa and the much smaller males.

Mr A. Briss showed larvae recently collected in N. Devon, includ-
ing that of Todia croceago, F.

Mr T. R. Eactes exhibited a living female of HWemerophila abrup-
taria, Thnbe., ab. brunneata, Tutt, taken at Enfield, Middlesex.

Mr Sranuey-SmitH exhibited imagines of the moths, Agrotis vesti-
gialis, Rott, from Studland, Dorset, from South Devon, and from Suf-
folk, and of Agrotis ripae, Hb., from Studland, Dorset, from South
Devon, and from Norfolk, for comparison with those illustrating the
paper of the evening.

The Baron pE WorMs showed larvae of Actebia praecox, L., from
the Lancashire sandhills, and read the following note:—‘‘ These larvae
are to be found in good numbers in this locality, especially on patches
of dwarf Sallow (Salix repens) in the immediate proximity of the dunes
bordering the shore. The best method of obtaining them by day is to
scratch round the outer edges of the beds of the Sallow when the larvae
will be unearthed from the sand in which they bury themselves just
beneath the surface. The form of the moth in this region is particu-
larly large and bright, whereas that from the Dorset coast is much
smaller and duller, while the type from N.E. Scotland is generally
darker in tint. As to its general distribution, the insect does not
appear to occur in the South Eastern Counties, viz., Kent, Sussex, etc.,
but is known to occur locally along the coast from Dorset to Cornwall,
thence north through Wales and Lancashire to Western Scotland. In
the East it appears in Norfoik, even inland on the Breck sand—an old
coast line—thence northwards to Aberdeen and Forres in Scotland.”

Mr J. K. Marruews then showed an extensive selection of Lepidop-
tera from the Lancashire sandhills, also Coleoptera, lepidopterous
larvae, and plants, including the following: Celerio galii, Rott., Celerio
livornica, Esper, Deilephila porcellus, L., Deilephila elpenor, L., Cerura
hermelina, Goeze, Cerura vinula, L., Pheosia tremula, Clerck, Pheosia
gnoma, F., Notodonta zizzac, L., Notodonta dromedarius, L., Dasychira
fascelina, L., Ewproctis chrysorrhoea, L., Leucoma salicis, L., Lasio-
campa quercus, L. (callunae, Pal.), Lasiocampa trifolui, Schiff., Philu-
- doria potatoria, L., and vars., Tethea duplaris, L., Apatele leporina, L.,
and vars., Actebia praecox, L1., Xylophasia monoglypha, L., and vars.,

8

Humictis lichenea, Hb., Hydraecia oculea, L., Gonodontis bidentata,
Clerck, and ab. nigra, Prout, Phigalia pedaria, F., and var. monacharia,
Stdgr., Cleora repandata, L., Hrannis marginaria, Borkh., Anaitis
plagiata, L., Carsia paludata, Thunb., Euphia bilineata, L., Hydrio-
mena coerulata, F., Hydriomena ruberata, Frey., Huchoecea nebulata,
Hb., Semiothisa liturata, Clerck, Biston betularia, I.., Polyommatus
icarus, Rott. Living Larvae—Lasiocampa trifolat, Schiff., Actebia
praecox, L., Leucoma salicis, L., Nyssia zonaria, Schiff. (Conway).
Coleoptera—Oriocephalus rusticus, L., Carabus mtens, L., Aromia mos-
chata, L., Cicindela hybrida, L. He then read on behalf of Mr G. DE
C. Fraser and himself a paper on the ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the Coastal
Sandhills of Lancashire ’’ (see Trans.). A discussion followed, and
questions were answered by Mr Fraser and Mr Matthews.

27th JUNE 1945.

At the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly,
London, W.1.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were elected:—Dr John Newton,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., of Alconbury Hill, Huntingdon, and Mr W. H.
Jackson, of Northeroak Cottage, Lyndhurst, Hants.

It was announced that Mr H. R. Last had been co-opted to the
Council to fill the existing vacancy.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss exhibited the degenerate dipteron, Stenepteryx
hirundinis, L., from Westerham, Kent, parasitic on martins.

Baron pE Worms exhibited (1) Plebejyus-argus, Ji., var. cretaceus,
Tutt, male and female, Eynsford Downs, Kent, 26th June 1945. He
remarked that this large and bright form seems to be confined to a few
restricted localities on the Kent Downs. (2) Short series of the moths,
Procus latruncula, Schiff., from various localities. These had heen
determined by genitalia. Anyone able to collect at night at this time
of year should be on the look-out for this and for P. versicolor, Bkh.,
which had no doubt often been passed as P. strigilis, L. (38) Blooms of
the Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera, Huds.) and the Pyramidal Orchis
(Orchis pyramidalis, L.).

Mr W. J. Finnigan showed larvae of the butterfly, Vanessa cardw,
L., from Cheam, Surrey.

Mr H. R. Lasr exhibited (1) The Coleopteron, Lesteva luctuosa, Fauv.
“This is perhaps the rarest of the seven species of the genus. It was re-
corded by Donisthorpe as a new species to Britain (Hnt. Record, 1911),
having taken a single specimen on the Isle of Figg off the N.W. Scot-
tish coast on 17th September 1911. This is recorded in Fowler and
Donisthorpe’s Supplement (p. 339), where it also states that M. Fauyel
speaks of the species as found very rarely under refuse and stones, half-
submerged on the borders of torrents in the mountains. This rather
circumscribed habitat is confirmed by my capture, which was beneath

9

a stone in a trickle of water down the rocks on the coast at Aberdeen
on 14th May 1945.’’ (2) The Coleopteron, Myllaena gracilicornis, Fairm.
‘“‘ For some long time a single specimen taken by Fowler at the foot of a
small waterfall near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, was unique as British, but
Mr Donisthorpe has since taken it elsewhere. Joy has not included it
in his Handbook with three other species of the genus for lack of suffi-
cient material. This specimen I took at Bow, Devon, on 8th April 1944
in moss.”’ (3) Set specimens and living examples of the dipteron,
Stenepteryx hirundinis, L.

Commenting on the last exhibit, Mr E. E. Syms gave a brief ac-
count of this and other species of flies infesting birds and their nests.

Mr H. W. Anprews drew attention to a peculiarity of the parasitic
fly, Orthomyia avicularia, L. In addition to running forwards, it can
and, does every now and again run sideways almost as quickly as it goes
forwards.

A number of members joined in a discussion on the season. It was
thought by some to have been at first a very early season, followed by a
severe check due to a cold spell after which some insects emerged later
than usual. Members described their collecting experiences.

The PreEstpENT said that at Dungenness, Kent, the moth, Hadena
albimacula, Bkh., had been found by him in the full glare of the sun
and exposed to a strong wind, and not in shade or shelter.

Mr Last and Baron pE Worms spoke of the Black Redstart and its
song. This bird (Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis, Gm.) occurs in
London bomb sites.

Preliminary reports of the first seven Field Meetings of the 1945
Season were read by or on behalf of the respective leaders.

llth JULY 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected :—Captain M. G.
Fraser, of 71 Boldmere Road, Eastcote, Pinner, Middlesex; Miss C. de
C. Fraser, of Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool; and our for-
mer member, Mr EH. J. Bunnett, M.A., of 46 Redstone Park, Redhill,
Surrey, on rejoining.

The PrestpeNtr exhibited larvae of Scopula immorata, L., hatched
from ova laid on 12th June by a female taken near Lewes, Sussex.

Canon T. G. Epwarps showed (1) a larva of Hilema caniola, Hb.,
and (2) ova of Panazxia dominula, L., both from Cornwall.

Baron pe Worms exhibited (1) A melanic female (alive) of
Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L.; taken at Woking, Surrey, on 4th July 1945.
The hindwings were extremely dark and the forewings deep grey. It
differed from the Scottish and Shetland races. Mr C. N. Hawkins said
he had taken an apparently similar insect, also a female, at Wimble-
don in 1942 (see our Proc., 1943/44, p. 15). (2) Fourth instar larvae of
Apatele menyanthidis, View., from Aviemore, Perthshire, He said

‘

10

that the Scottish race of the imago is much paler grey than those from
N. England. The insect bears a strong protective resemblance to the
rocks on which it rests. (8) Larvae of Apatele ewphorbiae, Fb., var.
myricae, Gn., fourth instar, also from Aviemore. These were feeding
on sallow. He said that. specimens from Aviemore have much more blue
in their grey colour than those from Rannoch, Perthshire. Specimens
from Western Ireland are much darker grey. This insect also bears a
remarkable resemblance to the rocks.

Mr §S. N. A. Jacoss exhibited the bug, Reduvius personatus, L., from
Whitstable, Kent. It is a predator on the bed bug.

Mr T. R. Eacuss showed the plant, Galinsoga parviflora, Cav., found
colonising a London bomb site.

Dr K. G. Buarr exhibited a box of the Marble Gall of the Oak, Cynips
kollari1, Hart., and read notes on some of the insects reared from them
(see Trans.) in an attempt to allocate the various parasites to their re-
spective hhosts. The latter were isolated by opening the galls during the
winter and sorting them according to the cells contained. These were
of three types: (1) A single round central chamber formed by the gall-
maker, with its parasite, Torymus regius, Mayr (devoniensis, Partf.).
(2) A group of about 10 cells which frequently replaced the single cham-
ber of (1) and which produced the inquiline, Syneryus revnhardi, Mayr,
and numerous parasites. The presence of this inyuiline is, of course,
fatal to the Cynips. (8) Isolated cells in the peripheral tissue of the
gall, occurring both with the Cynips and with NS. reinhardi, apparently
without detriment to either. From these were reared S. melanopus,
Mayr, and parasites. Further species of inquilines recorded from the
galls have not yet been identified with their cells, nor have any of these
parasites been established as hyperparasites, as some probably are.
Other insects reared included the Tortricid, Pammene gallicolana, Zeli.,
the larva of which feeds on the gall substance, the Hemerobiid,
Sympherobius pygmaeus, Ramb., of which the larva spins up in the
empty gall, and the Sphecid, Rhopalum clavipes, 1... which nidificates
in them.

Mr V. E. Aveust exhibited eggs of Vanessa atalanta, L., and of
Aglais urticae, LL. The former were laid singly on nettle, the latter
in a cluster.

Col. P. A. CarpEw exhibited a yellow-banded aberration of Aglais
urticae, L., bred from Wimbledon larvae.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury exhibited young plants of Bracken, Pteridiwm
aquilinum (l.), Kuhn. Young plants from spores are not often seen.
Bracken usually spreads by vegetative means. He drew attention to
the marked difference between these young fronds and the familiar
adult frond. .

Preliminary reports were read of the Ashtead and Benfleet Field
Meetings and of the Congress at Harpenden of the South Eastern Union
of Scientific Societies.

11

Mr T. R. Eacues read a paper on the ‘‘ Physiology of Insects ’’ (see
Trans.). Some discussion followed, and a hearty vote of thanks was
moved from the Chair and carried by acclamation.

12th SEPTEMBER 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected :—Professor G. D.
Hale Carpenter, M.B.E., D.M., of Oxford, and Arthur Valentine, of
Overleigh House, Street, Somerset.

_ The death of Major H. D. Smart, R.A.M.C., was announced.

Mr C. N. Hawkins, on behalf of Dr K. G. Buatr, exhibited stems of
the Common Reed, collected at the Benfleet Field Meeting on 8th July,
galled by the Cecidomyiid fly Perrisia inclusa, Frfld., and read the
following note: ‘‘ These galls are often found in association with the
large galls on the reed formed by the Chloropid, Lipara lucens, Mg.,
but the Inpara seems to be absent from the Benfleet reed beds while the
Perrisia galls are abundant. They are found as cocoon-like swellings
in the lumen of the straight internodes of the reed, and are indicated
outwardly by a somewhat obscure scar. Before the emergence of the
fly the pupa, by means of the strong sharp armature of the head, tears
its way through the stem and wrapping leaf-sheaths at this scar to the
outside and projects from the reed, retaining its hold only by the tail
end being caught in the torn fibres of the stem. They were well figured
by Dr J.-Waterston, 1922, but erroneously as Chalcid pupae associated
with Nonagria dissoluta, Treit. That they are really the Cecid pupae has
already been pointed out by me (1944). The Cecids began to emerge a
few days later, but the parasites did not make their appearance until
the end of the month, when they were in great numbers. The most
abundant was a small black Proctotrypid, Platygaster vestinus, Walk.
(det. C. Morley) (?=phragmitis, Schin. of Giraud (1863), a multiple
parasite). Next in numbers was a brilliant green Chalcid with yellow
legs, Tetrastichus arundinis, Gir, (the Geniocerus flavimanus, Thoms.,
of Waterston). Somewhat less numerous was the Eurytomine, Decatoma
mellea, Curt., a relatively large yellow species marked with black, ap-
parently not found by Giraud. Of Torymus lasioptera, Gir., there were
only some half-dozen examples, and one each of two other species, a
Eutelus sp. and an Aprostocetus sp., all apparently solitary parasites.
The emergence holes of the Chalcids are neat round holes in the stem
of the reed, independant of the scars, very different from the ragged
holes torn by the Cecid pupae.’’ References:—Giraud, G., 1863, Verh.
Zool.-bot. Ver Wien, xiji, 1251-1288. Waterston, J., 1922, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., p. v, fig. 1. Blair, K. G., 1944, Ent. Mon. Mag., 80: 7.

Mr T. R. Eacues exhibited about 50 living parasites, Trichogramma
evanescens, Ww., which had emerged from an ovum of Laothoé populi,
L., collected at Enfield, Middlesex. °

The Baron pp Worms exhibited a larva of Apatele aceris, L., from
Kensington and larvae of (lostera pigra, Hufn., from Brookwood, Hants.

12 :

Canon T. G. Epwarps exhibited the micro-lepidoptera, Tinaea arcua-
tella, Staint., and 7’. cloacella, Haw., bred from a fungus on alder at
Aviemore, Perthshire.

Mr V. E. Aueust exhibited a melanic form of Argynnis paphia, L.,
taken on 15th July 1945, in N.W. Sussex.

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited an imago of Herse convolvuli, L., taken
on 3lst August 1945, at Hammersmith.

Mr J. L. Henperson exhibited the beetles, Ceuthorrhynchidiwus bar-
nevillet, Gren., and C. rufwlus, Dufour, taken on Achillea millefolium,
L., in his garden at Purley, Surrey.

Mr F. D. Coote, on behalf of Mr A. E. Curtis, exhibited Nymphalis
antiopa, L., recently taken at Billingshurst, Sussex.

Mr A. Briss exhibited pupae of Macroglossum stellatarum, L., from
Purley, Surrey.

Mr H. R. Last exhibited a dead specimen of the Colorado beetle,
Doryphora decemlineata, Say, from Holland, and the Asparagus beetle,
Crioceris asparagi, L., from Esher, Surrey, and Southend, Essex.

Commander G. W. Harper, R.N., read a paper on ‘‘ A War-time
Visit to West Africa ’’ (see Trans.).

26th SEPTEMBHER, 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Colonel G. F. Johnson, D.S.0., and Messrs O. G. Watkins; E. D.
Bostock, F.R.E.S.; L. Christie; F. W. Chapman; B. J. Southgate,
F.R.E.S., and R. E. Ellison were declared elected members.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss exhibited: (a) Attagenus gloriosae, F., a species
recently added to the British list from Limehouse. (b) A crimson-tinted
form of Pyralis farinalis, L., from Millwall Dock. (c) The carabid
beetle, Plochinus pallens, F., from Copra in West India Dock from
Ceylon. (d) Psychodid Flies. Probably carriers of Sand-fly or 3-day
fever, ex Palm Kernels from West Africa.

Mr L. T. Forp exhibited a spray of white fruits of Elderberry (Sam-
bucus nigra, L.) from Bexley, Kent. .

Mr T. R. Eaezies exhibited larvae of Perizoma bifasciata, Haw.,
from Ashtead, Surrey, and an entirely red form of the larva. of Hlectro-
phaés corylata, Thunbg., from Bookham, Surrey.

Capt. N. D. Rizey read a paper on ‘‘ The Entomological Collections —
of the British Museum,’’ showing a series of lantern slides to illustrate
- his subject.

10th OCTOBER. 1945.
The PreEsIDENT in the Chair.

The death of Mr F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S., was announced. The fol-
lowing new members were declared elected: —FIl. Lt. M. W. P. Smith
and Mr J. B. Purefoy.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss exhibited the Carabid beetle, Anchista binotata,
introduced with copra from Ceylon,

13

Baron pe Worms exhibited larvae and pupae of Cosymbia orbicu-
laria, Hb., from the New Forest, Hants.; larvae of C. annulata,
Schulze, from Hampshire, and larvae of Drepana cultraria, F., from
Hampshire.

Mr T. R. Eacuns exhibited larvae of a species of Anaitis (plagiata,
L., or efformata, Guen.) from Box Hill, Surrey.

Mr N. T. Easton exhibited varieties of the following butterflies:
Pieris napi, L., Argynnis selene, Schiff., Thecla betulae, L., and Lycaena
phlaeas, lu. One of the varieties of P. napi, L., was an intersex. He
also exhibited a somatic mosaic of the moth, Abraxas sylvata, Scop.,
from Abbot’s Wood, Plumstead, Kent, and nests containing hibernating
larvae of Huproctis chrysorrhoea, Hb., from Essex.

Mr V. E. Aveust exhibited second brood imagines of Argynnis selene,
Schiff., taken on 10th August 1945, in Sussex.

Mr J. L. Henperson exhibited nine species of Longicorns seen at
Ashtead Common on 12th May 1945:—Grammoptera variegata, Germ.,
G. ruficornis, F., G. holomelina, Pool, Rhagiwm mordax, Deg., Clytus
arietis, L., Anaglyptus mysticus, L., Leiopus nebulosus, L., Phymatodes
alni, L., and Tetrops praeusta, L.

Mr E. J. Bunnett, M.A., read a paper on ‘‘ The Eggs of Pentatoma
rufipes, L.’’ (see Trans.). The paper, which was illustrated by lantern
slides, had particular reference to the egg-breaker.

J 27th OCTOBER 1945.
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS.

The PRESIDENT opened the exhibition at 2.30 p.m. in the Library of
the Royal Society at Burlington House, Piccadilly, with the following
address : —

Ladies and Gentlemen—It gives me great pleasure to welcome you
here this afternoon, on behalf of the Council of the South London
Society. It is very satisfactory that this, the first exhibition to be held
after the conclusion of hostilities, should be rendered so interesting by
the large numbers of rare migrants which, I understand, will be on view,
and I take this opportunity of thanking all those who have brought
exhibits for the trouble they have taken to make the exhibition a success.

The Society is greatly indebted to the President and officers of the
Royal Society for their kindness in giving us accommodation in this
fine building, and for allowing us the use of their rooms for the exhibi-
tion to-day. It is a source of distress that it has not yet proved possible
to obtain accessible accommodation for our library and collections, but
we are promised that this is a state of affairs which will be remedied in
the near future.

I am sure that you will be glad to hear that, in spite of the long
duration of the war, this old Society has continued to flourish, and, at
our last meeting, I was able to announce that, for the first time in our
history, membership had exceeded the 300 mark.

14

It ‘is very important for the work of the Society that membership
should continue to expand, and the Council are most anxious to do all
in their power to attract new members. You will have seen from the
last issue of our Proceedings that a start has been made in the publica-
tion of illustrated papers dealing with particular families of the Micro-
lepidoptera. Jt is the intention to deal with successive families as the
material can be collected, with the eventual object of being able to bring
out an authoritative and well-illustrated work on these interesting
families. The production of illustrated articles of this nature, how-
ever, imposes a heavy strain on the Society’s funds, and this can only ©
be lessened by an increasing membership with the natural corollary of
an expanding revenue from subscriptions.

I must not detain you much longer from an examination of the ex-
hibits, but I would ask you to bear with me for one minute more, since
I have an important announcement to make.

Having in view the conclusion of hostilities and the return to more
normal collecting conditions, your Council propose to hold a Reunion
Supper at the Connaught Rooms in January next, with the particular
object of extending a welcome to our returned prisoners-of-war; the
three who are known to have been held in the Far East, I am glad to
be able to announce, are all safe. The proposal is that this reunion shall
be held on the eve of the Annual Meeting of our Society, that is, Tues-
day, 22nd January 1946. :

It is the intention that members and their guests, of either sex, shall
be eligible to attend, and whilst the arrangements have not been finally
concluded, the cost of the supper will not exceed 12s 6d, including tips,
but, naturally, not including wine. The returned prisoners-of-war will
be invited as guests of the Society. Should numbers permit, it may
prove possible to extend invitations to entomologists who are not at
present members of the Society, but this must depend upon the response
from our .own members and the number who can be accommodated at
the Connaught Rooms.

A special Committee has been appointed to consider the arrange-
ments, and information is required as soon as possible concerning the
probable numbers likely to attend. A circular will be issued to all mem-
bers very shortly, but in order to save time, and as a considerable pro-
portion of our members are here to-day, all those who are likely to
attend are requested to inform the Honorary Secretary of their inten-
tion before they leave this afternoon. Non-members who would lke to
attend are also invited to give in their names and addresses. Such in-
formation will be of the greatest help to the Committee. I sincerely
hope that this has not been sprung upon you at too short notice, and
that this proposal of your Council will commend itself to you.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I must apologise for keeping you so long,
and now beg to declare the exhibition open.

The following exhibits were shown:

15

Mr B. W. Apxixn—Some forms and aberrations of the Lepidoptera,
Poecilocampa populi, L., Eriogaster lanestris, L., Malacosoma neustria,
L., and M. castrensis, L., including gynandromorphs of populi, lanestris,
and castrensis.

Mr A. A. AtiteN—Coleoptera, Hlateridae and Curculionidae: (1)
One of the only two known British specimens of the aberration occitani-
cus, Vill. (having the thorax black) of the rare Elaterid, Dudius ferru-
gineus, L. (the type form has the thorax red). Bred in June 1945 from
a larva taken in Windsor Forest during the spring. The other speci-
men was bred at about the same time, and from the same locality, by
Mr H. Donisthorpe. (2) Cionuws woodi, Donis. One of a series taken
at Farnham, Surrey, some years ago by Mr R. S. Perry. Apart from
this the species is not known to have been found since it was described,
in 1921, on a pair taken at Lake Winderniere by Rev. T. Wood. (3)
Dorytomus filirostris, Gyll., a weevil new to the British list, taken dur-
ing the past August at Wicken Fen by Mr R. Kaufmann. Easily dis-
tinguished from our other species by the length and slenderness of the
antennae and rostrum.

Mr Vicror E. Aveustr—Nymphalis polychloros (.) from Suffolk; a
melanie aberration of Argynnis paphia (L.) from N.W. Sussex; an
aberration of Panaxia dominula (L.); examples of the summer brood of
Argynnis selene (Schiff.) from N.W. Sussex, taken 10th October 1945;
Colias hyale (L.) from Amberley, Sussex; a series of the summer brood
of Leptidea sinapis (L.) from N.W. Sussex; a dwarf form of. Colias
croceus (Geoff.) from the South Downs; and a partly bleached specimen _
of Maniola jurtina (L.).

Mr T. L. Barnett—A long, series of Plebejus argus, L., the heather
form, from Oxshott, Surrey; Ashdown Forest, Sussex; South Devon;
Kemsing, Kent; and Eynsford, Kent. A series of Aricia agestis
(Schiff.) including two ab. obsoleta, Tutt, and a striated form from
Surrey. A series of Coenonympha pamphibus (L.), cream and white
spotted forms, from Kent, Surrey, and Devon. A series of Coeno-
nympha tullia (Mill.) from Witherslack, Wixhall Moss, Rannoch, and
Thorn Moor near Doncaster.

Mr EK. 8. A. Baynes—Lepidoptera—(1) Insects bred in 1945: Bupalus
piniaria (L.), West Surrey; two males and two females, ab. funebris,
Cckne.; one ab. fuscantaria, Krulik, female; Panaxia dominula (L.)—
specimens with bronze forewings and yellow spots, with blue forewings
and with smoky patch on hindwings; a short series of ab. bimacula,
Cckne.; Hemaris tityus (L.) showing fugitive scales, from larvae found
on perennial garden Scabious, Scabiosa caucasica, Bieb. (2) A selec-
tion of European (including British) Zygaenidae. (3) Two Aegeria
andreniformis (Lasp.) in the same section of a stem of Viburnum lan-
tana, L.

Mr S. Bravroy and Dr E. B. Forp—tLepidoptera: Plebejus argus L.
—Two specimens taken at Bentley Wood near Ipswich, 14.vii.45. There
are only ancient records of the species from this district, and it was

16

never reported from Bentley Wood. The nearest localities for it at the
present time are some 30 miles away.

Mr EK. J. Brprorp-—Drawings of the following Orchids: Malaxis
paludosa, Sw., Inparis Loeselui, Rich., Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich., Spir-
anthes gemmipara, Lindl., Listera cordata, Br., Goodyera repens, Br.,
Orchis ustulata, L., Orchis Sumia, Lam., Ophrys fuciflora Reichb., Gym-
nadenia albida, Rich.; hybrid G. albida, Rich. x G. conopsea, L.;
hybrid Orchis maculata, L. x Platanthera bifolia, Br.; hybrids of
Ophrys apifera, Huds. x Oparys fuciflora, Reichb. ; Hessian Mon-
orchis, Br., Neotinea mtacta, Reichb.

Dr K. G. Briatr—A short series of Sedina biittnert, Horne a Wains-
cot moth new to the British list, from Freshwater, I.0.W.

Mr A. A. W. Buckstone—Lepidoptera: Two male Pontia daplidice
(L.) taken near Leatherhead, 27th August 1945; Coenonympha pam-
philus (L.) male, upperside smoky and having a row of black spots on
upperside of hindwings, taken at Ashtead, 10th May 1945; Pyrgus
malvae (L.), upperside slightly striated, Ashtead, 10th May 1945;
Polyommatus icarus (Rott.), the tint of blue on upperside approachi-
ing that of Lysandra bellargus (Rott.), taken at Leatherhead, 27th
August 1945; Lysandra coridon (Poda), male, semiobsoleta, Tutt, the
spots asymmetrical, taken at Dorking, 23rd July 1945; Aglais urticae
(L.), a series exemplifying extremes in dark and light forms, Surrey
and N. Devon, 1945; Zygaena filipendulae (L.), yellow male, Clandon,
Surrey, 5th July 1920; Zygaena trifolu (Esp.), a black male, Sussex,
. May 1921; Hmaturga atomaria (L.), a series of melanic specimens, Burn-
ley, 23rd May 1919, also a series of extreme forms from various locali-
ties; living pupae and imagines of Aglais urticae (L.), Ewell, Surrey ;
living larvae of Colias hyale (L.), ova, Leatherhead, Surrey; living
pupae of Pieris napi (L.), ova, Ashtead, SN and Bupalus pimiaria
(L.), larvae, Oxshott, Surrey.

Dr G. V. Butt—Varieties of Aglais anes including var. ichneusa,
Bon., var. polaris, Stdgr., and examples showing elongation of the blue
lunules, absence of discal spots, and abnormalities in size and colour.
A series of Aglais urticae (L.) showing the results of a temperature ex-
periment by another collector. Argynns cydippe (L.) with cuneiform
submarginal spots on the hindwings. Maniola jurtina (L.) with nearly
uniform pale underside hindwings. Examples of. parasitic Ichneumoni-
dae bred from pupae of Lasiocampa trifolu (Schiff.).

Mr Bruce Burns—Lepidoptera taken or reared, 1945: 2 female Gas-
tropacha quercifolia (L.), bred June; 1 male Sphing ligustri (L.), taken
at rest on garden fence at Gosport, June; 2 male Laothoé populi (L.),
bred April; male and female Philudoria potatoria (L.), bred July; 3
male Mimas tiliae (L.), caught and bred May; 2 Deilephila elpenor (L.),
bred June; male and female Cerura vinula (L.), bred April; 1 female
Zeuzera pyrina (l.), taken newly emerged on a Sycamore tree, 15th
July, in Gosport; male and female Panaxia dominula (L.), taken whilst
paired up near River Itchen at Eastleigh, 2nd July; 2 Vanessa atalanta

LY

(L.), with variation on hindwings, caught in garden at Gosport on
Michaelmas Daisies, September and October; 1 Argynnis paplia (L.),
ab. valezina, Esp., New Forest, July; 1 male Maniola jurtima (L.), with
bleached wings taken near Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, July; living ex-
hibit of Macrothylacia rubi, a ‘‘ Fox Moth”’ larva found on a black-
berry bush in September at Bundoran, Co. Donegal.

Mr L. C. Bususy—Living specimens of: 3 Giant Millipedes (Spiro-
streptus species, Ord. Diplopoda)—Abundant in damp forest country in
West Africa; feed on decaying vegetation; when alarmed exude an
acrid, yellow fluid probably distasteful to birds and mammals, other-
wise harmless; attain a length of nine inches. Imperial Scorpion (Pan-
dinus imperator Koch, Ord. Scorpionidea)—Inhabits forest country
throughout the greater part of West Africa; nocturnal, resting by day
under logs, in hollow trees, etc.; the young are born fully developed
and for some weeks are carried about on their mother’s back. 2 Giant
Land Snails (Achatina variegata Roissy, Ord. Pulmonata)—In common
with some other members of the genus, this large land mollusk is com-
mon in tropical regions of Africa; the specimens exhibited inhabit the
Gold Coast; the eggs, similar to those of Achatina immaculata, Lamarck,
exhibited in spirit, are deposited in batches in pockets excavated in the
soil. (Photographs of this latter species with eggs and young brood
were shown). Set specimen of a Hawk Moth (Euchloron megaera, L.,
Ord. Lepidoptera)—This handsome species ranges widely throughout
Central and South Africa.

Mr S. A. Cuarrres—Pontia daplidice (L.), taken at rest at 8 p.m.
(D.S.T.), on 12th July 1945, at Beachy Head, Sussex, and one taken at
the same place in similar circumstances on 2lst July. Varieties of
Lysandra coridon (Poda) and of L. bellargus (Rott.) taken in 1945. Col-
our forms of Argynnis euphrosyne (L.) and Aglais urticae (L.).

Dr E. A. Cockayne—Anaitis efformata, Guen., including two ex-
amples of ab. tangens, W. Frit., and one without a transverse band.

Mr J. C. B. Craske and Mr R. M. Crasxe—Lysandra coridon
(Poda): Gynandromorph, left side male, right side female; a gynandro-
morph having the right forewing costal area heavily scaled with male
colouring ; a series of male colour forms includings abs. pullu, B. & L.,
livida, Gillm., subsuffusa, Tutt, suffusa, Tutt, lavendula, B. & I..,
atrescens suffusa, ultra-viridescens, B. & L.; a series of male under-
sides including extreme forms of abs. alba, Tutt, albescens, Tutt,
albaradio, striata, and digitata, Courv., forms; a series of females
including abs. transformis, B. & L., fowleri, South, syngrapna, Kef.,
and other forms; a series of female undersides including abs. pulla, B.
& L., digitata, Courv., obsoleta, Tutt, glomerata, Tutt, alba, Tutt, and
albescens, Tutt. Lysandra bellargus (Rott.): Extreme form male
radiata, Tutt; male upperside left forewing transformis, B. & L.; a
series of abs. including obsoleta, Tutt, and digitata forms; hybrid L.
coridon x L. bellargus, var. polonus, Zell. Celastrina argiolus, L.:
Extreme form female ultra-radiata; gynandromorph, left side female,

18

right side male—both taken in 1944. Polyommatus icarus, Rott. :
Gynandromorph, left side female, right side male; also a series of abs.
including transformis and obsoetu forms. Plebejus argus, L.: A
gynandromorph having left side predominantly male colouring; a series
of abs. including transformis and confluent forms. Argynnis selene,
Schiff.: A long series of aberrations taken in 1945 including an extreme
form of female almost entirely black; a series of extreme forms showing
confluent markings on forewings and melanic hindwings; a series of
obsoleta forms; a series of suffused and banded forms; a series of under-
sides extensively rayed with silver; example of colour variation includ-
ing two with cream ground. Argynnis euphrosyne (L.): A male of
cream ground colour; a series of males and females of the suffused and -
banded forms. Argynnis aglaia (L.): Two examples of male and female
showing. tendency to melanism; one male underside ab. pallidula.
Argynnis cydippe (L.): Examples of colour variation including two ex-
treme forms. Mantola jurtina (l.): A male of the pale buff ground
colour; a series showing various forms of ab, transformis. Aphantopus
hyperantus (l.): A series incliding lanceolata, Shipp., and obsoleta
forms. EHumenis semele (L.): Four examples of the female showing
extra spots on forewings. Dolygonia c-album (.): An asymmetrical
example of the female; a female with dark suffusion on the hindwings
and a male showing white patches on the forewings. Jycaena plhlaeus
(L.): A long series showing range of variation of abs. transfornus,
obliterata, Tutt, suffusa, Tutt, radiata, Tutt (hindwings), extensa (fore-
wings), intermedia, Tutt, and underside forms. Taken during 1943/4/5
in the same locality.

Capt. W. Crocxer—Arctia caja (L.): Examples of yellow and other
forms bred by the late R. Swift, Esq., at Bexley Heath, Kent., during
1933-34.

Mr P. N. Crow—Arctia caja (l.) aberrations; Amathes alpicola,
Zett., from Inverness-shire pupa; Ptilophora plumigera, Esp., bred from
ova collected in Buckinghamshire; Colias croceus, Fourc., var. helice,
Hb.; dwarf Euchloé cardamines (L.); Aricia agestis (Schiff.), ab. radi-
ata, Obth.; a variety of Plebeiws argus, L.; a variety of Nymphalis io
(L.); Herse convolvuli (L.); Celerio livornica, Esp.; larvae of Lophop-
teryx cucullina, Hb.

Mr A. E. Curtis—Nymphalis io (L.), ab. semi-ocellata,, Frhk.,
caught in W. Sussex, 19th July 1945; Nymphalis antiopa (L.), taken at
rest by Miss Alice Whiley, Plaistow, W. Sussex, llth September 1945;
Colias hyale (L.), taken near Amberley, Sussex, August 1945.

Mr A. F. Doyiz (per Mr G. pre C. Frasrer)—A beetle found in bur-
row in the centre of a 12 in. x 12 in. log of Columbian Pine at Fleet-
wood, Lancs., in 1945. The log had been in stock there for several
years.

Mr Niget T. Easton—Captured and bred in 1945: Pontia daplidic
(L.)—Part of a series caught at Millhook, N. Cornwall, in the four days,
20th to 23rd July 1945, during their northward flight. Many more were

19

seen, along with one male Argynnis lathonia (L.). Melanargia galathea
(L.)—A female showing more than normally ochreous hindwings, North
Cornwall, 24.7.45. Humenis semele (L.)—2 male uppersides, typical of
the N. Cornish race, one of them exceptionally dark, and a male under-
side showing complete absence of the lower ocellated submedian spot,
20th-23rd July 1945. Argynnis selene (Schiff.\—A second brood var.
showing outstanding straw-coloured marginal lunules to all wings; taken
near Bude, 24.7.45. Nymphalis polychloros (.)—Two specimens taken
July 1945, near Poundstock, N. Cornwall. Aglais urticae (L.)—Two
of the Aberdeen forms, bred June 1945, showing rich colouring, large
and bright blue border lunules and some confluence of central, costal,
and marginal blotches as in ab. polaris, Stdgr. Maniola tithonus (L.)
—A male albino, Penhalt, N. Cornwall, 23.7.45. Thecla betulae (L.)—
An unusual var. of the female showing symmetrical orange blotches on
the hindwings, bred from a W. Sussex larva, July 1945. Arctia caja
(L.)—A male bred from an Aberdeen larva, June 1945, with beautiful
pink-orange hindwings and yellow-ringed hindwing spots; forewings
typical. Hemerophila abruptaria (Thunb.)—A series including a pair
of ab. fuscata, Tutt, from Hampstead. Huchloris smaragdaria (F.)—
A series bred in 1945, Essex Coast. Asymmetrical Lepidoptera taken
or bred in. 1945: (1) Lycaena phlaeas (li.)—A female with perfectly
formed but markedly small left hindwing, W. Sussex, 30.7.45. (2)
Melanargia galathea (L.)—A male with all markings. from the central
area to the margin of the left hindwing broken up and smudgy, remain-
ing wings unaffected. (38) Pontia daplidice (L.)—A male with left fore-
wing apical marking and discal spot of a pale yellow-brown colour,
N. Cornwall, 21.7.45. (4) Vanessa atalanta (L.)—A female of the white-
spotted form having the red markings on fore and hindwings of right
side of a pink-orange colour, those on left side being typical, bred from
_ larva near Wendover, Bucks, 17.9.45. (5) Abraxas sylvata (Scop.)—An
example, thought to be unique, caught in Abbey Wood, Kent, 14.6.45,
with costal, inner marginal, discal and inner angle spots and blotches
confluent with the basal blotch on right forewing only; other wings
typical; this is probably a somatic mosaic. (6) Panawia dominula (L.)—
A male bred 22.6.45 from.a Plymouth larva showing complete absence
of both forewing basal spots and orange mid-forewing spot with reduc-
tion of sub-apical blotch on right forewing only; all other wings typfcal.
(7) Pieris napi (L.)—A number of forms, including ab. bimaculata,
Schima, ab. impunctata, Rob, ab. magnomaculata (Miill.), the last bred
from inbred heterozygous ab. hibernica, Schmidt, parents, showing a
decided streak of bright yellow scaling in the central area of the upper-
side of the left hindwing. This may be an example of homoeosis but is
more probably an intersex; bred, June 1945. A fine 3-spotted male un-
derside, ab. aversomaculata (Stach), 3rd brood example, from a larva
found in Hampstead, N.W.3; the 2nd and 3rd spots are large and in-
tensely black. Ab. citronea (Frhk.)—A pair and a ¢ underside of the
brood; bred, Donegal, 1945. Two female examples of ab. citronea

20

(Frhk.), ab. continua (Bryk.), one of the spring and one of the summer
brood; bred, 1945. A fine example of Mod. @ regressa-aestiva (Mill);
bred, Aberdeen, 25.6.45.. An unusual female, possibly unique, showing
a combination of sub-normal lower forewing spot with confluence of
upper forewing spot with both margin and apical blotch; this form is
un-named and was bred 20.6.45 from a Scottish-Irish cross. Four ex-
ainples of a deep ochreous form, bred from an all-white, wild Aberdeen
ab. magnomaculata (Miill.) female, caught August 1944. The top ex-
ample was the only one of what is believed to be a new form with deep
buff wings with white borders to emerge from a brood of 47, the re-
mainder being whites. It formed a partial third brood in October 1944
and was inbred. Out of the resulting F, brood of 238, which emerged
irregularly all through 1945, one only of this new form emerged, and
although it did so on 3rd August 1945 it was of the spring form. This
is the second example shown. It was outcrossed and a total of 84 pupae
were obtained, out of which 18 imagines emerged during September
1945. Of these 8 were females, 5 of them deep cream all over, with no
white margins, the remaining 3 being of the normal well-marked white
Scottish form. This all-over buff form is already well known in some
examples from Scotland and Ireland. The 4 examples in direct line of
descent are exhibited to show how the gene, or genes, producing the
buff colouration, resulted in the white bordered buff form of female as
long as they were inbred, but as soon as the female was outcrossed this
gene or genes, acting in the rather different gene-complex of a male
from another part of the British Isles—and not in any way related—
resulted in the more familiar all buff phenotype, as shown by the third
and fourth examples shown. Both these females were paired last month
with brother males, and it will be interesting to note results and the
proportion of buff to white forms produced in the F, generation. At
the moment this form is a genetic puzzle as it turned up once per brood ©
for two successive inbred generations, the first one shown not conform-
ing to the colour of the original white wild parent. Two females, gen.
vern. septentrionalis (Vty.), mod. nigrovenosa (Selys), ab. bicolor (Miill.),
-bred Aberdeen, April 1945. A universally grey-marked female, bred
14.4.45, from an Aberdeen x Donegal pairing. A female ab. confluens
(Schima), ab. bicolor (Mill.), bred 20.6.45, from Aberdeen x Donegal
pairing. Three females, ab. continua (Bryk.), ab. posteromaculata
(Rev. ), bred June-July 1945, from Aberdeen xX Donegal pairing.
Female ab.. posteromaculata (Rev.),. bred 23.6.45, Aberdeen, and female
ab. subimpunctata (Mill.), bred June 1945, from Aberdeen x Donegal
pairing, showing spotless underside.

Canon T. G. Epwarps—Lepidoptera taken in 1945: Bred specimens
—Hemaris fuciformis (L.), Ashtead, Surrey; Trichiwra crataegi (L.),
Hants.; Sarrothripus revayana (Scop.), Ashtead, Surrey; Oidaemato-
phorus carphodactylus (Hb.), Box Hiil, Surrey; Peronea boscana
(F.), Box Hill, Surrey; Hilema caniola (Hb.), Polperro, S. Cornwall.
Captured specimens—Apatele leporina (l.), taken on a wall in the

21

Borough of Lambeth; Panaxia dominula (.) and Euphyia picata
(Hb.), from Looe, S. Cornwall; Griposia aprilina (L.), Hants.; banded
form of Lymantria monacha (L.), Ashtead, Surrey; Thera obeliscata
(Hb.) and TY. variata (Schiff.), New Forest; Hrannis leucophaearia
(Schiff.), var. merularia, Weym., Ashtead, Surrey; Graptolitha orni-
topus (Hufn.), Sussex; Stenoptilia pneumonanthes, Buett., S. Cornwall.
_ Mr J. FincwamM-Turner—Pupae of Papilio machaon, L., from
larvae found feeding on carrot and parsnip in a garden near Ring-
wood, Hants, during September 1945. Panazxia dominula (L.), a series
bred from a pairing of ab. bimucula, Cckne., parents, showing large
variation in the spots of the forewing, especially in the two basal] spots.

Dr E. B. Forpo—Lepidoptera: (a) Punaxia dominula, L. Three
specimens from the Dry Sandford colony. (1) Showing the method of
marking, by which the numbers of this colony have been estimated on
the system devised by Dowdeswell, Fisher, and Ford (Annals of Eugenics,
10; 1940). (2 and 8) The effects of + and — selection for the expression
of a heterozygous gene, showing the characteristics of var. medionigra,
Cckne., respectively intensified and reduced. (b) Melitaea athaha, Rott.
A specimen of var. nuvarina, captured by Dr Ford at the Blean Woods,
Kent, 23.vi.45.

Mr L. T. Forp—Psychidae, including specimens of Pachythelia villo-
sella (Ochs.), P. opacella (H.-S.), Sterrhopteryx hirsutella (Hb.),
Whaittleia reticella (New.), Epichnopteryx pulla (Esp.), Fumea casta,
Pallas, Proutia betulina, Zell., Narycia monilifera, Geoffroy (melanella,
Haw.), N. marginepunctella, Steph. (herminiata, Tutt), Solenobia incon-
spicuella, Staint., S. lichenella, L., Taleporia staintont (Walm.), T.
tubulosa (Retz.), Bacotia sepium. (Speyer), with larval cases, pupa skins,
and preserved larvae.

Mr G. ve C. Fraser—I'rom near Mold, N. Wales: A series of Ortho-
litha scotica, Cckne. The identity has been assumed owing to the time of
emergence which preceded that of the second series, Ortholitha mucro-
nata (Scop.), by rather less than four weeks. The habits of the two
species appear to differ somewhat, the former being of the quicker flight
and preferring ground near or between trees and bushes to the barer
mountain side. From Aviemore: A single specimen of Polyommatus
icarus (Rott.), a female having large discal spot, whitish, on the fore-
wings. From Methop Moss, Witherslack, Lancashire: A series of
Coenonympha tullia (Miill.), showing considerable variation. From
Formby, near Liverpool: Gynandrous specimen of Orgyia antiqua (L.),
bred by A. R. Davidson of Formby and shown on his behalf. This
was a halved gynandromorph, the right side being completely female
and the left side completely male.

Mr F. T. Granr—Coleoptera from Cobham Park, Kent: Anthero-
phagus pallens (F.), two males and eleven females, taken on blackberry
flowers; A. canescens, Grou., taken on thistle flowers; Orchesia minor,
Wk., beaten from dead ash boughs; Platycis minuta (F.), an apparent

22

case of assembling, twelve males and one female being taken in one
spot.

Cdr. G. W. Harper, R.N.-—Apatura irts (L.), bred 7.6.45 from W.
Sussex larva. Nymphalis polychloros (L.), taken 14.7.45 on Buddleia
globosa, Lam., by M. W. Harper (aged 9) at Rustington, Sussex. Colas
hyale (L.), representative of 14 specimens taken on South Coast between
Shoreham and Portsmouth, July to 14th October 1945. Hndronus versi-
colora (L.), pair taken in cop on birch trunk at Aviemore, 21.4.45; off-
spring now in pupa (shown). Cupido minimus (Fuessl.), second brood,
13.7.45, Shoreham, Sussex. Hrynnis tages (L.), second brood, 28.7.45,
Shoreham, Sussex. Celustrina argiolus (L.), dwarf second brood female,
19.7.45, Angmering, Sussex. Lysandra coridon (Pod.), <1) Female ab.
caeruleocephala-radiosa, Shoreham, 29.7.45; (2) female ab. caeca, Courv.,
Shoreham, 4.8.45, partial gynandromorph, left hindwing and: upperside
male. Cleora cinctaria (Schiff.), series representative of Scottish race,
Struan, 23.4.45. Nothopteryx carpinata (Borkh.), representative of
Scottish race, Aviemore, 21.4.45. TIsturgia carbonaria (Clerck), repre-
sentative of series taken at Aviemore, 21.4.45. Anarta cordigera
(Thunb.), Aviemore, 26.4.45. Procris globulariae (Hb.), representative
of series taken in Sussex, 26.6.45. Sphecia bembeciformis (Hb.), re-
presentative of series taken off poplars at Rustington, Sussex, 17.6.45.
Mythimna turca (L.), representative of series taken at sugar at Havant.
Hants, 3.7.45. Catocala promissa (Schiff.), Havant, 26.7.45. Oria mus-
culosa (Hb.), Warminster, Wilts, 26.7.45. Heliothis peltigera
(Schiff.), Angmering clover fields, August. Abraxas grossulariata (L.),
a dark dwarf at Angmering, 14.8.45. Herse convolvuli (L.), a large
dark female; three taken arcund Littlehampton, Sussex, in September.
Nonagria sparganii (Esp.), bred from pupae at Shoreham and Ang-
mering, 4.8.45; a specimen of a parasite (Hymenopterous) which had
attacked 90% of the larvae; and a pupa skin in a stem ot Typha laft-
folia, L. Nonagria typhae (Thunb.), bred from pupae at Shoreham and
Angmering, 30.8.45.

Mr C. N. Hawxins—Three preserved larvae (dark form) of Herse
convolvuli, L., bred ab ovis. The parent moth was taken at rest in his
garden at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, by Dr K. G. Blair, on 23rd August
1945, who obtained eggs from her on 26th August and later. Of 138
ova given to Mr Hawkins, all hatched 4-7.ix.45, two larvae died just
after their second moult, having apparently been attacked by mites
introduced accidentally with the food; five larvae were preserved and
six have gone down for pupation. Four larval moults were undergone,
the five stages taking, for the oldest larva, approximately 73, 5, 6, 12,
and 13 days respectively. There was considerable variation in colour
and markings and some larvae remained green up to the fourth moult,
but all were dark in the last (fifth) larval stadium.

Lt.-Col. W. B. Hawtey, D.S.0.—(1) Six specimens of Celerio livor-
nica, Esp., captured in Wiltshire in 1938 and 1943, and twenty-one speci-
mens of the same species, bred from ova obtained from 1943 captures.

23

(2) A specimen of genus Procris, taken on 29th May 1945, in company
with P. geryon, Hb., and P. globulariae, Hb., but seeming to differ
from these species. (Examples of P. geryon and P. globulariae were
shown for comparison; all three specimens from the same locality.)

Mr H. Haynes—Parasemia plantaginis (l.), bred series showing
variations of wing markings including two melanic, others with dark
hindwings, Salisbury district, 1944. Panaxia dominula (l.), extreme
forms, one with absence of bimacula markings, others with small pin
point dots from Oxford strain, one from Salisbury with central spot in
inside band extended into a line on both upper wings, also one with
copper hindwings, bred 1944-45. Argynnis euphrosyne (L.) female, all
wings dark; also a rayed underside, Bentley Wood, 1944-45. Melitaea
cinzia (Rott.). A rayed underside, Whiteparish, 1945. Lysandra bel-
largus (Rott.). A series including one with heavy striations on upper
wings taken at Salisbury, also one ‘‘ radiata’’ and two ‘“‘ semi-alba-
obsoleta,”’ from Dr Whitehouse collection. Lysandra coridon (Poda).

cc

An extraordinary example, taken by exhibitor, 6th August 1944, ‘‘ultra-
radiata,’ B. & I., with striations on all wings, chalk underwings with
well developed border markings. Pieris napi (l.), bred series including
four albino, two fine dark forms, much radiated, also a number well
banded of both sexes. Humenis semele (.). A long series, caught 1944-
45, Salisbury, male and female, showing wide variation both in colour
and markings, obsolete hindwing markings and some one-spotted under-
side males.

Mr J. L. Henperson—Some of the larger species of Staphylinidae
taken in his garden: Ontholestes murinus, L., Staphylinus stercorarius,
Ol., S. olens, Miill., S. ater, Grav., S. globulifer, Fourc., and 8. com-
pvessus, Marsh.; and two of the smaller—Homoeusa acuminata, Mark.,
Aleuonota aurantiaca, Fauv. (the last is only the fifth British specimen
recorded in 76 years).

Mrs E. A. Hestop—I. Lepidoptera: (a) Show-case containing British
Butterflies taken by Mrs HE. A. Heslop during 1945, including the fol-
lowing—Pontia daplidice, L., one 29, Devon, 2nd October 1945; Colias
hyale, L., two 63, Somerset, 15th and 27th August 1945. (b) Pocket-
box containing the following rare African Moth, a Bombycid species
with tails of extreme length, taken by Mrs E. A. Heslop during 1944—
Eudaemonia brachyura, Drury, one, Obetim, S. Nigeria, 1944. 102
Mammals: Mounted heads of African Mammals shot by Mrs E. A. Hes-
lop in Nigeria, as follows—(i) Choiropotamus porcus (Red River-hog).
Q. This species is found locally in the African forest belt. It is fierce
and very aggressive but is seldom seen, and is very rare in collections.
It is the most handsomely coloured of all the pigs. Shot near Obetim,
S. Nigeria, on 26th June 1944. (ii) Hippopotamus amphibius (Com-
mon Hippopotamus. <¢. This is a full set of tusks and incisors from
a man-killing Hippopotamus shot in the forest near Obetim, S. Nigeria,
on 27th January 1945. This specimen, which was much less aquatic

24

than others of its kind, exhibited considerable modification of the skull.
Weight about 3 tons.

Mr I. R. P. Hestor—I. Lepidoptera: (a) Show-case containing rare
British migrant butterflies taken by I. R. P. Heslop—(G) Nymphalis
-antiopa (L.). @, Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean), 12th September 1921.
(ii) Pontia daplidice (L.). Summer brood, ¢, Cornwall, 30th July 1945;
Autumn brood, two 3d, two 99, Cornwall, 1st October 1945, and 9,
Somerset, 5th October 1945. (iii) Argynnis lathonia (L.). 3, 9, Somer-
set, 25th September 1945. (iv) Lampides boeticus (L.). dG, Somerset,
21st September 1945. (b) Show-case containing varieties of African
butterflies taken in Nigeria as follows—(i) Teracolus evippe, L., 2 form
ocale Boisd. A yellowish var. of this form, together with a typical ex-
ample thereof; both specimens taken at Owerri, S. Nigeria, in June
1930. (ii) Precis octavia Cramer. Unique white var., together with
series of typical specimens of this Vanessid taken at the same place and
time (Obetim, S. Nigeria, 31st August 1941). One or two similar white
vars. have been recorded in the case of other Vanessids (e.g. Polygonia
c-album, L.), but this is the first time this excessively rare variation has
been noticed in the present species. (ili) Precis clelia Cramer. Var.
lacking the purple patches of the hindwings; and var. with pale (and
somewhat reduced) left hindwing, together with three typical specimens
of this Vanessid. The first var. and two of the typical specimens were
taken at Owerri, S. Nigeria, in May-June 1930. The second var. and
one of the typical specimens were taken at Obetim, S. Nigeria, in 1943
and 1941 respectively. II. Mammals and Birds: (a) Mounted heads of
African Mammals shot by I. R. P. Heslop in Nigeria as follows—(1)
Gazella dama (Addra Gazelle). <¢. A very good head of this rare
species, which is found in a very limited area of the Sahara Desert from
the vicinity of Lake Chad to Kordofan. It is the largest and most
beautiful of all the Gazelles. This specimen was shot in northern Bornu
on 16th April 1941. Owing to its wariness, fleetness, and remarkable
protective coloration (the white parts of the body merging into the
clare of the desert), and the inaccessibility of its haunts, this species 1s
regarded as one of the great prizes of the sportsman. (11) Gazella rufi-
frons (Red-fronted Gazelle). ¢G. A good head of this species, which
is one of the commoner Gazelles of the Sudan and sub-desert belts of
Africa and occurs over the greater part of the Northern Provinces of
Nigeria. This specimen was shot in Bornu on 11th April 1941. (b)
Stuffed specimens of African Birds shot by I. R. P. Heslop in Nigeria,
as follows—(G) Anomalophrys swperciliosus, Reichenow (Brown-chested
Wattled Plover). This species, occurring in the ‘ orchard bush ’’ north
of the African forest belt, is one of the rarest birds in the world. This
specimen was shot near Okigwi, S. Nigeria, on 18th December 1933.
(ii) Guttera edowardi (pallasi), Sclater (West African Crested Guinea-
fowl). This is one of the rarer Guinea-fowl, occurring very locally in the
forest belt of West Africa. In Nigeria it was first reported in 1936 by
I. R. P. Heslop. This specimen was shot near Obetim, S. Nigeria, on

25

2ist July 1943. III. Documents: Original Letters as follows—(i) A
letter dated 13th December 1856, from William Spence, illustrating the
early history of the Entomological Club. (ii) A letter dated 27th May
1861, from Edward Newman, constituting evidence for the occurrence
in Britain of Lythria purpwraria (Linn.).

Mr P. E. N. Hirenrss—Variations of Aglais urticae (L.) produced
by exposing pupae to abnormal temperatures and abnormal concentra-
tions of carbon dioxide. The specimens showed (a) strong development
of lunules, (b) a series in which the groundwork approaches white, (c)
a theavily black veined series with black tips to the forewings, (d) a
series in which all the black markings have increased in size.

Mr A. P. Howarp—Lepidoptera: Macroglosswm stellatarum (L.), five
specimens, three bred from larvae taken at New Barnet, Herts, from
6th-9th August 1945; one bred from larva taken at Ashtead, 5th August
1945, by J. G. Dunbar, and one imago taken at Evesham on 18.8.45;
also one specimen of Dicycla oo (L.), bred from a pupa dug at a locality
in North London, 9.6.45. Exhibited for J. Dunbar (Visitor).

Mr J. O. T. Howarp—Miscellaneous butterflies and moths collected
in Ceylon, January-August 1945.

Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N.—Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera—Aglais
urticae (L.), a rayed example from Folkestone. Thecla betulae (L.), a
female with orange markings on the hindwings above the “‘ tail.’’
Melitaea athalia (Rott.), examples from East Kent. Colias hyale (L.),
from Kent, Hampshire, and Wiltshire, and a longer series of Huphy-
dryas aurinia (Rott.) from a new and strong colony recently discovered
near Bishops Waltham in Hampshire. This colony was definitely not
in existence in 1943 or in previous years. Heterocera—Bombycia
viminalis (F.), a very dark male with the base of the wings covered
with blackish scales, from Dungeness, with a normal male for compari-
son. Orthosia stabilis (Schiff.), a male with the reniform and orbicular
stigmas coalesced and surrounded by a pale line. An almost black
Orthosia incerta (Hufn.) and a very large black female of Agrotis puta
(Hb.). Ectropis bistortata (Goeze), a second brood male of sooty-grey
colouration, much less brown than variety delamerensis, White.
Ematurga atomaria (L.), a female with white ground colour and two
Chiasmia clathrata (I..), variety nocturnata, Fuchs, of first and second
broods, taken at light at Bishops Waltham, with another specimen show-
ing incipient darkening of the ground colour. Nola albula (Schiff.), a
series of eight males and two females from a newly-discovered locality
in South Hampshire, near Bishops Waltham. Coscinia cribraria (L.),
examples from Dorset (one very black). Tethea or (Schiff.) and T. octo-
gesima \(Hb.), male and female examples from Bishops Waltham.
Orthosia advena (Schiff.) = opima, Hb.,. an example from Bishops
Waltham. Cosmia pyralina (Schiff.), a series. Cryphia murals (Fors.),
a series from Plymouth, Falmouth, Penzance and Eastbourne, showing
considerable variation. Pseudoips bicolorana (Fuess.), a bred series
from Bishops Waltham, a small male Phragmataecia castaneae (Hb.)

26

from Dorset, and a short series of Cirrhia ocellaris (Bkh.) from the
Breck district, where it still appears to be plentiful. Cosymbia annu-
lata. (Schulze), a bred series. Scopula immorata (l.), a series from
Sussex, and a series of Siona lineata (Scop.) from Wye, Kent. Cleora
cinctaria (Schiff.), a series of the Scotch form from Struan, with New
Forest examples for comparison. The Scotch examples contain a male
and female of the white-banded form, and a female of a new albino
variety not hitherto described.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss—Twenty-three species of Microlepidoptera in-
festing stored products, including the following:—Myelois ceratoneae,
Zell., Hphestia cautella, Wlk., HK. elutella, Hb., EH. kiihniella, Zell..
Plodia interpunctella, Hb., Corcyra cephalonica, Staint., Aphomia
gularis, Zell., Pyralis farinalis, L., Hypsopygia costalis, F., Aglossa
pinguinalis, L., Setomorpha rutella, Zell., Hofmannophila pseudospre-
tella, Staint., Endrosis sarcitrella, L., Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv., Tine-
ola bisselliella, Hummel, Tinaea pallescentella, Staint., T. pellionelia,
L., T. fuscipunctella, Haw., T. granella, L., T. ditella, Pce. & Met.,
Monopis rusticella, Clerck, M. ferruginella, Hb., and a cross pairing
(previously exhibited) between H. pseudospretella male and EH. elutella
female.

Mr O. J. Janson—Exotic Coleoptera, Goliathus signatus and other
rare Goliathinae from various localities, showing. examples of sexual
dimorphism.

Col. S. H. Krersnaw—Lepidoptera collected in Beds., Herts., and
Northants in 1945, including :—Lycaena phlaeas (L.), abs. aurocuneata,
B. & L., and suffusa, Tutt, and large females with arcus on forewings.
Iysandra coridon (Poda), females deficient in spotting on undersides
and approaching ab. caeca, Courv., and males and females showing
variation in spotting and colour. Lysandra bellargus (Rott.), abs. near
obsoleta, Tutt, ab. basyuncta, B. & L., ab. antestriata, B. & L., and
other variations. Maniola jurtina (L.), females with pale patches on
the forewings. Aglais urticae (L.), ab. polaris, Stdgr., with wide bor-
ders and other variations. Pieris rapae (L.), banded females. Pieris
napr (Li.), ab. hibernica, Schmidt (citronea, Frhk.), and banded females.
Chiasmia clathrata (L.), minor variations. Ematurga atomaria (L.), an
albino. Bupalus piniarius (L.), a melanic form.

Dr Kerrtewerr—A series of seventy Pontia daplidice, L., of
which forty-seven were from fifty-four caught at Falmouth in July
1945. The remainder had been bred from wild ova found on Sisymbriwm
officinale, Scop., or laid in captivity by wild 2 Qs, and had hatched in
late August and September. Two live pupae of same from a number of
overwintering pupae. A large and perfect specimen of Hveres argiades,
Pall., a g, taken by him at Falmouth on 16th July 1945. A series of
four Herse convolvuli, L., taken at Cranleigh, Surrey, August and Sep-
tember 1945. A series of Colias hyale, L., bred (3rd brood) from ova
laid by a @ taken at Falmouth, 16.7.45. Also wild caught specimens
from Dover area, August 1945. A series of a new form of Panaxia

27
dominula, L., having greatly increased markings on the forewings and
diminished black markings on the hindwings; bred 1945. A series of
Arctia villica, L., aberrations, including ab. wardii,.and striated in-
dividuals, all bred or caught 1945. An aberration of Aporophyla aus-
tralis, Boisd., taken at Tintagel, September 1945.

Mr A. R. Kipner—lLepidoptera: Apatele auricoma (Schiff.), Sea-
ford, Sussex, 1942. Nola albula (Schiff.), Seaford, Sussex, 1945. Hydrio-
mena furcata (Thnbg.), extreme form, Bognor, 1914. Xanthorhoé fuc-
tuata (.), specimen with median band obsolete, Dulwich, 1904.

- Lt.-Col. F. A. Lasoucnere—Colias hyale (L.), taken at Folkestone
and Birchington-on-Sea in the last week of September. Some had only
just emerged, probably 3rd brood. Colias croceus (Fourc.). Polyom-
matus icarus (Rott.), from Scotland, taken end of July and beginning
of August, rather late in the season. Melanic specimen of Aglais urticae
(L.), taken in Sussex, 27th September 1945; hindwings completely black,
forewings black and tawny-rose, only minute trace of blue.

Mr C. pe Mornay—lIllustrations drawn from life for the purpose of
an educational film in course of production. Subject—Life of a Butter-
fly (Papilio machaon, I..).

Mr L. Huew Newman—Pieris napi (L.), ab. hibernica, Schmidt =
‘ citronea, Frhk., showing a wide range of variation, including some
extreme banded forms, and one possibly unique specimen—a banded
albino female, from a Scotch x Irish strain interbred for several genc-
rations, all the property of Mr E. D. Bostock, F.R.E.S. Also, on be-
half of Mr G. Ellis, a fine series of Welsh Pararge megera (L.), inclad-
ine one lovely white variety in bred condition. Also, on behalf of Mr
G. Wood, some remarkable Panaria dominula (1.), forms bred from
larvae obtained from the Bexley Butterfly Farm.

Mr D. A. Opp—British Rhopalocera, including Majiiiola jurtina (1..),
varieties from Essex and Surrey, 1945, and pale forms from Surrey, 1941.
Argyunis cydippe (l.), a specimen showing aberration of the hindwings,
upper- and under-sides, Surrey, 1941, also two pale forms taken in
Surrey, 1943, and an example with silver spots on upper side of hind-
wings. Aglais urticae (L.), ab. nigra, Tutt, Surrey, 1941. Limenitis
camilla (1.), ab. seminigrina, Tutt, Sussex, 1945. Papilio machaon (1L.),
dark form of the 9, Wicken Fen, 1943. Lymantria monacha (I..), dark
form of the ¢, Sussex, 1945.

Mr A. F. O’Farreriz—(1) A collection of ‘‘ clothes-moths ’’? (Tinaea
species) from Northern Ireland with notes on the occurrence of each
species as observed during 1942-1945. T. flavescentella, Haw., seems
the common household clothes moth in Belfast; with 7. pellionella, iu.,
not far behind. Tineola bisselliella, Hummel, is surprisingly scarce
both in houses and elsewhere; 7. pallescentella, Staint., is the com-
monest warehouse species of the genus. Tinaea granella, L., theugh
somewhat local, is not uncommon, while 7. fuscipunctella, Haw., is
scarce and apparently only occurs in one or two flour mills. 7’. meton-
ella, Pierce & Met., was encountered once. No T, ditella, Pierce &

28

Met., or 7. insectella, F., were met with, but probably do exist in
small numbers in suitable places—-specimens from Bermondsey are
shown im the exhibit for completeness. (2) A collection of ‘ spider
beetles ’’ (Ptinidae) encountered indoors, mainly in warehouses, dur-
ing the last few years. The dozen species shown are: Gibbiun
psylloides, de Czem., Mezvum affine, Boiel., Stethomeziwm squumosum,
Hinton, (a species only very recently described from an infestation found
in exhibits of tropical produce at the Imperial Institute in S. Kensing-
ton), Trigonogenius globulus, Solier, Niptus hololeucus, Fald., Tipnus
unicolor, Piller & Mitt., Hurostus hilleri, Reitt., Ptinus tectus, Boiel.,
LE. fur, L., Po latro, F.,:P: hirtellus, “Sturm, and (Pj raptorn (Storms
Of these the first and last three species mentioned are more or less rare
in Britain and not encountered in Northern Ireland hy the exhibitor.
(3) Some insects of general interest. Two specimens, out of a total of
nine taken and fifteen seen, of Celerio livornica, Esp., from the 1943
immigration; locality Helen’s Bay, Co. Down, probably the most nor-
therly and westerly area in which anything more than odd specimens
_ were seen. One specimen of Heliothis peltigera (Schiff.), taken at light
indoors in S.H. London on 23.7.45. One specimen of the wingless Chal-
eid, Theocolax formiciformis, Westw., which attacks the woodboring
beetles of the genus Anobiwm ; this was taken in a mill in County Down. -
Two specimens of the bizarre Reduviid, Hmpicoris culiciformis (Deg.),
which superficially resembles a mosquito; taken in a Belfast mill.
Messrs G. B. Ortver and G. H. Oriver—Lycaena phlaeas (L.), var.
discreta, Tutt, bred from ova deposited by a var. auroradiata, B. & L.,
Royston, August 1945. Strymon w-album, Knoch, albino male (all
normal black of wings, upper and undersides, replaced by a warm brown
tint), probably unique; bred from larva beaten at High Wycombe, 1919.
Ochlodes venata Brem. & Grey, a deeply toned female, hindwings with
mere traces of the lighter transverse spots, the underside toned orange-
russet; Hants., 1945. Aphantopus hyperantus (1..), male, an unusual
underside. The buff scaling of the wings blurred: over the outer por-
tion of all wings; Bucks. Chilterns, 1945. Hwchloé cardamines (L.),
Gynandromorph; right wings male, left wings female, abdomen halved,
and in addition the female forewing having a large splash, upper and
underside of male coloration; from the collection of the late Dr H. D.
Smart. in
Mr R. W. Parrrrr—Selection of Heterocera: (a) Bred during 1945,
including Leucania l-album (l.), from S. Devon larvae; Macroglossum
stellatarum (l.), Aegeria andrenaeformis (Lasp.), and A. culiciformis
(L.), Guildford, Surrey; Aegeria spheciformis (Schiff.), Oxshott and
Ewhurst, Surrey; Tethea ocularis L., 1767 (octogesima, Hb., 1786) and
Cochlidion avellana, L., Crowthorne, Berks. (b) Taken during 1945,
including Leucania vitellina, Hb., and Peridroma porphyrea, Schiff.,
from Goodnestone, E. Kent,’ and Selsey, Sussex; Hydraecia fucosa,
Freyer, var. paludis, Tutt, and Omphaloscelis lunosa, Haw., Selsey,
Sussex; Caradrina ambigua, Fb., Guildford, Surrey, and Selsey, Sussex ;

29

Orthosia miniosa, Fb., and O. munda, Esp., Witley, Surrey; Agrotis
clavis, Hufn., Heliophobus saponariae, Esp., Hemaris tityus, L., and
Cerapteryx graminis, L., from Guildford; Aspilates gilvaria, Fb., Ran-
more, Surrey; Orthosia incerta, Hufn., and Achlya flavicornis, L., a.
varied series, including two specimens of a dark form similar to the
-specimen figured on Plate III of the Proceedings for 1939-40; Crow-
thorne, Berks.

Mr C. G. Priest—Lepidoptera taken in the Isle of Wight in 1945,
including Vanessa atalanta (L.), bred; Pararge aegeria (L.), P. megera
(L.), Polyommatus icarus (Rott.), Lysandra coridon (Poda), Lycaena
phlaeas (L.), Cucullia asteris (Schiff.), Plusia chrysitis (L.), and Cryphia
muralis (Forst.).

Mr W. Qvuisett—A short series of Aglais urticae (L.) bred from a
small brood of larvae collected on 5th September 1945, showing consider-
able variation: One magnipuncta (Raynor), two with lunals much en-
larged; cuneatiguttata (Raynor); one partimtransformis (Leeds), one
with spots on forewings very small and band on hindwings very re-
stricted ; two caerulapicata (Raynor), one of these having almost black
hindwings—an extreme variety. HMwmenis semele (Iu.)—A Q with ex-
tremely pale bands and another 2 with pale markings very restricted,
both taken on the Wiltshire Downs. Maniola jurtina (L.)—Four 9° 9s;
one postfulvosa (banded hindwings) ; one commacula (slate or grey ground
colour) ; one lacticolor (cream or whitish); and one underside, a very ex-
treme var., antinigromargo postatrescens. Lycaena phlaeas (i..), one
var., termedia (Tutt), pallidula (Leeds). Lysandra coridon (Poda)—
One 3 postcuneata, B. & L.; one 3 underside, pallidula, Tutt; one 3
underside, obsoleta albo-nigrofimbriata, B. & L.; one 3 obsoleta, Tutt,
underside; one ¢ obsoleta, Tutt, with small rounded hindwings; one ¢
underside, postcaeca, B. & L.; one 2 antipostsinis obsoleta, B. & L.;
one 2 glomerata confluens, B. & L. (both these 9 Qs are undersides).
All taken in 1945. Nemeobius lucina (L.), a 3 var. with markings re-
stricted on forewings and tawny radiations on hindwings (believed
unique), also a 9 of very pale colour.

Mr Austin RicHarDsoNn—Six drawers containing Lepidoptera taken
or bred in 1944-45 with, in many cases, the appropriate preserved larvae.
This exhibit included: Argynnis euphrosyne (L.), a variety with central
areas of hindwings black and outer spots of all wings rayed, Glos. A.
selene (Schiff.), ab. marphisa, Spaing., from Glos. Aphantopus hyper-
antus (L.), a khaki-coloured female, two others with xanthic areas, and
examples of ab. arete, Mill., from Glos. Colias croceus (Foure.), ab.
pallida, Tutt, from Kent.. C. hyale (L.) from Kent. Mamniola tithonus
(L.), from Cornwall, extra spotted forms and one with pale forewings.
Pontia daplidice (L.), eight examples, including one bred from a pupa
found in South Cornwall in September 1945, also pupa cases. Lysandra
bellargus (Rott.), ab. caeca, Courv., and ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Lysandra
coridon (Poda), ab. caeca, Coury. Eucymatoge pini (L.) = togata, Hb.,
from Aviemore, Perthshire. Hupithecia tripunctaria, H.-S. (albipunc-

B0

tata, Haw. nec Hufn.), from Glos., with one ab. angelicata, Barr., and
preserved larvae. . trisignaria, H.-S., from Glos., with preserved
larvae. EH. distinctaria, H.-S., from Cornwall, with preserved larvae.
E. indigata, Hb., from Aviemore. JE. pulchellata, Steph., bred from
Aviemore, 1500 ft., and larva. H. jasioneata, Crewe, and larvae, from
Cornwall. Polia tincta (Brm.), and larva, from Aviemore. EHurois oc-
culta (l.) and larvae, from Aviemore. Hlectrophaés corylata (Thunb.),
ab. albocrenata, Curt., from Aviemore. .Lewcania loreyi, Dup., four
specimens taken in September 1945, also one L. unipwncta (Haw.), and
five L. vitellina, Hb., all three species from Cornwall, and L. albipuncta
(Schiff.), ten specimens from Kent. A series of hybrids of Tethea ocu-
laris, LL. 1767 (octogesima, Hb. 1786) x T. or, Schiff. A long series of
Amathes alpicola (Zett.) (hyperborea (Zett.)) (=alpina, Hump. & West.)
with larvae and an empty pupa, from Aviemore. Hyppa rectilinea
(Esper) and larvae, from Aviemore. Apatele ewphorbiae (Schiff.), var.
myricae, Guen., and larva, from Aviemore. Apatele alni, L.,
from Glos. Craniophora ligustri (Schiff.), var. olivacea, Tutt.
Lygephila (Toxocampa) craccae (Schiff.), from Cornwall. Humich-
tis adusta (Esper), from Aviemore. Heliothis peltigera (Schiff.),
from Kent and Gloucester, with four larvae, showing colour varia-
tion. Gortyna flavago (Schiff.), bred from larvae and pupa. found
in foxglove stems in Cornwall, and larvae. Anarta cordigera (Thunb.)
and larvae, from Aviemore. Lasiocampa trifolu (Schiff.), from Dunge-
ness, including four white forms, the bandless form, and two bandless
yellow forms, and a larva. A long series of Cleora cinctaria (Schiff.),
from Perthshire, including banded black-and-white forms and four new
albino varieties with a series from the New Forest for comparison, and
a larva. Ortholitha scotica, Cckne., from Aviemore, including melanie
and semi-melanic forms. A rayed form of Cosymbia pendularia (Clrek.),
bred from a larva taken at Aviemore. ;

Mr J. A. Ritey—Specimens of the Dragonfly, Sympetrum flaveo-
lum. Ia. i

Mr W. L. Ruptanp—-Adults of Acrolepia assectella, Zell. (Lep.
Plutellidae), from the Hants. coast and Isle of Wight, together with
larvae, larval mines, pupae and cocoons. Since its first appearance in
Sussex in 1943 it has now spread in a narrow coastal belt from the Isle
of Wight to Suffolk. On the Continent it is not a maritime species.

Mr A. G. B. Russextt—Series of 17 Apamea exulis, Lef., from Shet-
land, and one from Dalwhinnie, Co. Inverness; 20 A. exulis, var. assi-
milis, Dbld., from Rannoch; 28 Zygaena achilleae, Esp., from Co. Argyll,
and 12 Cleora jubata, Thunb., a finely marked black and white race,

from Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Co. Kirkcudbright; two Apatele rumicis, l., —

ab. salicis, Curtis, from Co. Argyll; and single specimens of Hada nana,
Hufn., a remarkable black form resembling ab. latenai, Pierr., but with
the veins and lines white, from Co. Argyll; Celaena leucostigma, Hb.,
a black ab. with the outer fascia pale ochreous, from Rannoch; Cerastis
rubricosa, F., ab. mucida, Esp.; Diarsia festiva, Schiff., ab. grisea,

31

Tutt, the two latter from Gatehouse-of-Fleet; Amathes castanea, Msp.,
a dwarf ab. of a dark purplish brown tint; Ematurga atomaria, L., ab.
unicoloraria, Stgr., the two latter from Co. Inverness; Colias croceus,
Fourc., an aberration exhibiting albinism in the left fore and hind-
wings, from Swanage; and Maniola jurtina, L., a fine example of a
rare apricot tinted form, from the neighbourhood of Salisbury.

Mr L. A. E. Sasrne—Argynnis euphrosyne, L., black, broadly rayed
with orange towards outer margins, North Sussex, May 1945. Argynnis
selene, Schiff., varieties, two males, rayed and obsolete forewings, black
hindwings. A ¢ with black forewings, except two small areas in centre
of wings. A very beautiful 3, rayed and with great increase of intense
black on all wings. A large @ with rayed and obsolete hindwings, etc.,
North Sussex, 1945.

Mr B. B. Snett—Carterocephalus palaemon, *Pall., Hamearis lucina,
L., Heliothis peltigera, Schiff., Hupithecia icterata, Vill., H. centaur-
eata, Schiff., all from Rutland; Smerinthus ocellatus, L., Mimas tiliae,
L., Hyloicus pinastri, L., two specimens bred in 1935 and 1936, one of
which was melanic, the last three species from Suffolk; Achlya flawvi-
cornis, L., Erannis leucophaearia, Schiff., and var. merularia, Weym.,
Argyroploce corticana, Schiff., from Delamere, Cheshire; Perizoma
bifasciata, Haw., Hupithecia absinthiata, Clerck, E. linariata, Schiff.,
Ecliptopera silaceata, Schiff., Deuteronomos fuscantaria, Haw.,
Limnoecia phragmitella, Staint., Coleophora tripoliella,. Hodg.,
Luspeyresia pomonella, L., Lampronia morosa, Zell., Lyonetia clerkella,
L., from Cheshire; and Mesoleuca albicillata, l., and Argyroploce
arcuella, Clerck, from Windermere.

Mr A. E. Srarrorp—Aberrations of Lysandra coridon, Poda—Male
(uppersides): abs. partim-transformis, B. & L., melaina, Tutt, pulla,
B. & L., fowleri, South; male (undersides): anti-caeca-obsolescens, B. &
L., anti-caeca-post-radiata, B. & L., caeca-obsolescens, B. & L., caeca-
fowleri, B. & L., anti-caeca, B. & L., obsolescens, Tutt, fowlert-obsoleta,
B. & L., fowleri, South; female (uppersides): fowleri, South, inaequalis,
Tutt; female (undersides): conflwens-glomerata, B. & L., fowleri-post-
caeca, B. & L., pulla, B. & L. All taken from Sussex and Surrey Downs
in July and August 1945.

Mr G. Srovertron-Harris—Apatura iris, L., female; Argynnis
paphia, L., var. valesina, Esp.; A. aglaia, L., small male; Maniola jur-
tina, L., three females, one bi-pupillated and with black spot, one with
pale areas on forewings, and one with light edges to all wings; Poly-
gonia c-album, L., small, with dark shading and absence of markings on
edges of ali wings; Lysundra bellargus, Rott., three males, two of them
obsoleta, one being very marked and with absence of spots on outer
margins of all wings; Z. coridon, Poda, six males, six females, including
one var. syngrapha, Ket., one ot the males greenish and one dwarf. The
others showed variations of marking on undersides, two being var.
obsoleta, Tutt. Two of the females were blue on the hindwings with

32

well-marked discal spots on Horewines The others showed variations of
marking on the undersides.

Mr F. H. Tomexin-—Erebiu aethiops, Esp., series taken at Arnside,
Westmorland, August 1945; Maniola jurtina, L., pale form, Surrey,
1945.

Mr H. G. Tunsratt—Series of the following: Hremobia ochroleuca,
Schiff., and Thalpophila matura, Hufn., Sompting, Sussex; Discoloxiu
blomeri, Curt., Chalfont, Bucks.; Polychrisia moneta, F., Ewell,
Surrey; and Abraxas sylvata, Scop., Chalfont, Bucks. Also a red-
brown tile with pupa and cocoon of Cerura vinula, L., the cocoon being
the same colour as the tile. It would seem that roughened pieces of the
latter must have been bitten off by the larva to obtain the dust for
coloration, Sompting, Sussex.

Mr S. Waxety—Lepidoptera captured or bred during 1945, includ-
ing Polygonia c-album, L., var. hutchinsoni, Robs., bred from larva
found on nettle at Warnham, Sussex; Cosmia pyralina, View., a pair
taken at sugar, Warnham, Sussex; Meristis trigrammica, Hufn., a
series of varied forms from Warnham, taken at sugar; Agrotis exclamu-
tionis, L., varied series, including brownish forms; Tethea or, Fabr.,
bred 4th August, from a larva found on aspen at Warnham in June;
Homoeosoma binaevella, Hb., bred from Ashtead larvae; Urambus
uliginosellus, Zell., Byfleet, Surrey; Pyrausta cingulata, L., Boxhill,
Surrey; Loxostege sticticalis, L., a specimen of this local insect, taken
at the Society’s Field Meeting at Boxhill on 18th August; Cynaeda den-
talis, Schiff., from larvae, Betchworth, Surrey; Agdistis staticis, Mill.,
from larvae found at Branscombe and Beer, South Devon, by Dr K. G.
Blair; Hucosma sinuana, Hb., Ashtead, Surrey; Argyroploce bifasci-
ana, Haw., Weybridge, Surrey; Aristotelia unicolorella, Dup., Kings-
fold, Sussex; Gelechia velocella, Dup., Weybridge, Surrey; Mompha
stephensi, Staint., Ashtead; Schiffermuelleria tripuncta, Haw., Ash-
tead; Gracilaria cuculipennella, Hb., bred series from Warnham,
‘Sussex; Cutaplectica fulviguttella, Zell., larvae in seedheads of Angelica
sylvestris, Effingham, Surrey; Hidophasia messingiella, F.R., Warn-
ham and district; Opostega crepusculella, Zell., Tilgate Forest; Buccu-
lutriz boyerella, Dup., Ashtead; Nemotois minimella, Zell., and N. cup-
riacella, -Hb., short series swept among Scabiosa succisa at Kings-
fold, Sussex; Nepticula sericopeza, Zell., Kingsfold, Sussex. Also a box
of insects taken or bred by P. P. Milman in South Devon, including
Euplagia quadripunctaria, Pod., a very large specimen with red hind-
wings; Orthosia gothica, Linn., very dark specimens; Laphygma eaigua,
Hb., Leucania vitellinu, Hb., L. l-album, Linn., and Heliothis pel-
tigera, Schiff. Also a fine specimen of Chr ysoclista 1 bimaculella, Haw.,
taken by Mr A. Smith of York at Haxby.

Mr H. O. Weris—Varieties of Lysandra coridon, Poda, taken at
Royston, Herts, and on the Surrey Hills during 1945, including a 2
with underside pure white with small black spots.

33

Mr A. Granvitte WuiteE—(1) Framed water-colour drawing showing
six stages in figuring an insect in colour. (2) Framed water-colour draw-
ing of three aberrations of Argynnis euphrosyne, L. (3) Small case con-
taining aberration of Euchloé cardamines, L., 2, with typical speci-
mens for comparison.

Mr G. C. Woottert—Some interesting forms of Huphydryas aurinia,
Rott., taken from a brood of about 450 bred in his garden on Scabiosa
succisa, L. Ova were deposited in May 1944, the larvae hatched in the
following August, pupated in April 1945, and emergence took place a
_month later.

Mr N. G. Wyxres—Pontia daplidice, l.—Five specimens (three 5d,
two 9 9) taken 7th-9th September, in lucerne fields behind Birchington
(I. of Thanet). Certainly bred in this country. Colias hyale, L.—Kight
36, five of second brood (August) from Kent and Wilts; three of third
brood from Birchington (September). Pieris rapae, L.—One partially
banded 9, two 9Q with bright yellow undersides (September). Poly-
gonia c-album, L.—One ¢ with dark mahogany ground-colour (Eton,
September), with typical ¢ for comparison. Aglais urticae, L.—<d,
with forewing black marking at base of 1-2 much reduced. 2, with
ground-colour yellowish-pink. 4, with submarginal spots in 2-3, 3-4
almost obsolete. All from E. Sussex (August). Coenonympha pam-
philus, L.—2 3S (one light, one dark, from Chilterns, June). Plebejus
argus, L.—A series from Aldershot area, composed of the following
forms: Uppersides—¢, lavendula-fuscamargo, postsuffusa, caerulea;
2, post-transformis, radio, postradio, maequalis (2). Undersides—<,
rufescens, flavescens, perawrantia, partim-transformis, pulla, ultranu-
bila, discreta, glomerata, discoelongata, parvipuncta, costajuncta, post-
sagittata, minor; 2, pulla, postcentrijuncta, unipuncta, costa-basijunc-
ta, basyuncta, costaguncta, sagittata, postradiata, discoelongata, glom-
erata, discreta, retroelongata, awrescens, aurantiextensa, parvipuncta.
Polyommatus icarws, Rott.—From Eton, Salisbury, and Folkestone
(August): Upperside—@, perawrantia (one brunnescens, one caerulea).
Underside—d, postcaeca, ultradiscreta, discoelongata, discreta, arcuata,
i-nigrum; Q, discreta, discoelongata, i-nigrum, ultradiscreta-postobso-
leta. Lysandra coridon, Poda: Upperside—d, cinereamargo, suavis,
Schultz, metallica, inframarginata, marginata, Tutt (costa black almost
to base, and all veins strongly marked with black), lavendula-minutis-
simus, ultracaeruleo, lavendula; 2, brunnescens, Tutt, punctata, Tutt,
fowleri, South. A gynandromorph (all ¢, except right hindwing, which
is half 2). Underside—¢, alba, Tutt, albescens, Tutt, postfulvescens,
pulla, digitata, Courv., lunaextensa, juncta, Tutt, bi-i-nigrum, arcuata-
i-nigrum, antecaeca, postcaeca, caeca, Courv., obsolescens, Tutt, alba-
sagittata, post-trielongata; 9, discojuncta-bi-i-nigrum, postgrisea, pul-
la, postdiscoelongata, fulvescens-ultranubila, bi-i-nigrum-basijuncta, an-
tecaeca, postcaeca, caeca, Courv., discreta, Tutt, glomerata, Tutt. Ly-
sandra bellargus, Rott.: Upperside—d, partim-transformis, violascens ;
2, peraurantia, inawrantia, Underside—, glomerata, pulla, postobso-

34

leta, obsoleta-pulla (with dusted blue scaling in central area of fore-
wings and towards anal angle of hindwings); basal scaling bright green) ;
2, postcaeca (all from Folkestone, September). Unless otherwise stated
varietal names are those used in Bright and Leeds, A Monograph of the
British Aberrations of the Chalk-Hill Blue Butterfly and Addenda.
Drawings in colour also exhibited: (1) Plate showing figures of Lysandra
coridon and the following allied species—L. meridionalis, Tutt, sub-
species recnizcki, Bart., and subspecies constanti, Riv., d and 9 upper
and underside of each; subspecies hispana, S upper and underside. L.
arragonensis, Gerh., and subspecies albicans, Bois., ¢ and 2 upper and
undersides of each. L. coelestissima, Verity, G6 upper and underside.
(2) Plate showing forms of Apatura iris, L.: 3 upper and underside of
both the typical form and of ab. iole, Schiff. 4 upperside of ab. semi-
iole, Frhk. @Q upper and underside of typical form and female upper-
side of ab. zole, Schiff. ;

Baron DE Worms—Series of Butterflies: Pieris napi, L., showing
dark underside and well-marked uppersides; Fort William, Scotland,
1945. Colias hyale, L., 14 males and 2 females taken near Folkestone
and Birchington, Kent, August and September 1945. Humenis semele,
Hb., taken near Salisbury, Wilts., July 1944 and 1945. Polyommatus
icarus, Rott., from Formby, Lancs., May 1945, showing large and well-
marked females. Plebejus argus, L., var. cretaceus, Tutt, taken near
Eynsford, Kent, June 1945. Lysandra coridon, Poda, taken in Salis-
bury and Sussex, 1944 and 1945, including vars. fowleri, South, male;
punctata, Tutt, males (one grey example); specimens of obsoleta, Tutt,
forms including var. caeca, Courv., male and female; and var. albescens,
Tutt, male. Series of Moths: (1) Cerwra hermelina, Goez., bred Salis-
bury, Wilts., 1904. (2) Lasiocumpa trifolu, Schiff., bred Formby, 1945.
(3) Parasemia plantaginis, L., bred Hants. and Salisbury, 1944.
(4) Craniophora ligustri, Schiff., bred Salisbury and S.W. Scotland.
(5) Apatele euphorbiae, Schiff., var. myricae, Guen., 1944 and 1945.
(6) Apatele menyanthidis, View., Aviemore, 1945. (7) Actebia praecoz,
L., bred Formby, 1945. (8) Rhyacia simulans, Hufn., taken Cotswolds,
1945. (9) Agrotis alpicola, Zett. (hyperborea, Zett.), bred Aviemore,
1944. (10) Luperina testacea, Schiff., dark forms, Swanage, 1945. (11)
Hyppa rectilinea, Esp., Aviemore, 1945. (12) Nonagria sparganu, Esp.,
bred Sussex and Kent, 1945. (13) Aporophyla australis, Boisd., Swan-
age, 1945. (14) Rhizedra lutosa, Hb., Southampton, 1945. (15) Oria
musculosa, Hb., Salisbury, 1944. (16) Cucwllia lychnitis, Ramb., bred
Salisbury, 1944. (17) Anarta cordigerd, Thnbg., series showing dark
and light forms, Aviemore, 1944. (18) Anartu melanopa, Thnbg., Avie-
more, 1945. (19) Ortholitha scotia, Ckne., Aviemore, 1945. (20)
Hpirrhoé rivata, Hb., bred Salisbury, 1945. (21) Epirrhoé tristata, L.,
Fort William, 1945. (22) Hydriomena impluviata, Schiff. (coerulata,
Ib.), varied forms, Aviemore, 1945. (28) Philereme vetulata, Schiff., bred
Salisbury, 1944. (24) Gnophos obscurata, Schiff., long series showing
pale grey and banded forms, Folkestone, 1945. (25) Ino globulaviae,

35

Hb., Salisbury district, 1944. Uncommon species, varieties, and aber-
rations of British Lepidopteru taken during 1944 and 1945:—(1)
Argynnis euphrosyne, L., well marked form with dark hindwings from
Hants. and short series from Aviemore showing well-marked males and
pale females. (2) Pieris napi, L., cream females from Aviemore. (3)
Leptidea sinapis, l., var. erysimi, Bork., female, Chiddingfold, Spring-
brood, May 1945. (4) Pontia daplidice, L., male, N. Kent, taken Sep-
tember 16, 1945. (5) Maniola jurtina, L., var. unommata, male (apical
spot absent), Folkestone, August 1945. (6) Vanessa cardui, L., male
with pale markings on forewings, Cornwall, August 1945. (7) Cryphia
perla, Schiff., dark and yellow forms, Folkestone, August 1945. (8)
Kpirrhoé rivata, Hb., 3 females, bandless forms, very uncommon, bred
Salisbury, 1945. (9) Thera obeliscata, Hb., melanic form, Formby,
Lancs., May 1945. (10) Zygaena lonicerae, Schev., two yellow forms
(var. flava, Ober.) from the Cotswolds, July 1945.

7th NOVEMBER, 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs L. H.
Newman and V. W. Philpott.

The President, Captain R. A. Jackson, showed a short series of
Rhizedra lutosa, Hb., taken in September, near Southampton. The
species occurs fairly plentifully on the south side of the main Southamp-
ton-Bournemouth road, just before entering Totton. Hardly any in-
sects were to be found in the large reed beds in the water meadows on
the north side of the road, the species preferring the straggling reeds
in drier ground on the south side. It was pointed out that the race
appeared to be larger than usual, one or two of the males shown being
of unusual size.

Mr C. N. Hawxins, on behalf of Dr K. G. Brarr and himself, ex-
hibited imagines of both sexes of the moth, Sedina biittneri, Her.,
from the Isle of Wight. This moth, closely allied to Rhizedra lutosa,
was new to the British Isles and was first taken by Dr Blair.

~Mr S. N. A. Jacoss on behalf of Mr W. L. Ruptanp, presented speci-
mens of Acrolepia assectella, Zell., to the Society’s collection. On his
own behalf, a fungus (probably Daldinia concentrica, Ces. and De Nat.)
on Ubeche wood from the Gold Coast.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp exhibted a collection of beetles taken while
serving in Ceylon.

Mr W. J. Finnigan exhibited the fungi, Hydnum repandum (L.),
Fr., H. ferrugineum, Fr,., H. melaleucum, Fr., and Polyporus perennis
(L.), Fr., from Oxshott, Surrey.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury exhibited the fungus, Isaria farinosa, Fr.,
the conidial condition of Cordyceps militaris, Fr. This fungus attacks
Lepidopterous pupae.

Mr T. R. Eacties showed berries of the shrub Murasaki (Callicarpa
japonica, Thnbg.).

36

A letter from Lt.-Col. W. G. B. Hawtey, D.S.O., was read reporting
the occurrence of Laphygma exigua, Hb., in Wiltshire. :

Baron pe Worms reported that Heliothis armigera, Hb., had re--
cently been taken.

Reports of the following Field Meetings were read :—Holmwood (Mr
Ensor), Oxshott (Mr Finnigan), and Ashtead (Mr Spreadbury).

Mr L. T. Forp read a paper on ‘‘ The Psychidae ’’ (see Trans.) and
showed the imagines and larval cases of the British species. A discus-
sion followed, during which Dr H. E. Hinton dealt with the place of the
Psychidae in the classification of the Lepidoptera and suggested that
they arose in the Lower Cretaceous epoch. Dr Steven Corbet spoke of
his experiences when collecting Psychidae in Malaya.

28th NOVEMBER 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The names of the proposed Officers and Council for 1946/47 were
read.

It was announced that Mr J. Fincham-Turner had presented to the
Society a copy of British and Foreign Beetles, by Duncan.

The following were declared elected members:—Mrs Heslop, Dr E.
Barton White, Messrs J. W. Saunt, G. G. Edwards, E. Milne-Redhead,
H. K. Airy Shaw, G. J: Wood, C. H. Dixon, R. C. Edwards, H. A.
Morrell, W. Quibell, H. E. Webb, G. H. Youden, B. W. Weddell, 1. D.
Parsons, L. J. Evans, J. H. Grant, and S. E. W. Carlier.

The PreEstpENT showed a series of moths of the genus Oporiua,
mostly bred from Bishops Waltham, Hants., during 1945. A number
were probably autumnata, Schiff., but the majority dilutata, Borkh.,
although differentiation is difficult due to the large number of females
bred. The females of the presumed dilutata, Borkh., showed a range
of colour from pale grey to dark brown, the majority tending towards
melanism.

Mr R. F. Haynes exhibited a few examples of a Continental species,
Saturnia spini, Schiff. (shown in W. E. Kirby’s Butterflies and Moths
of Europe as the Austrian Emperor), which he bred from larvae found
by him last year (1944) at Eboli near Salerno in Italy. Two British
examples (a male and female) of Saturnia pavonia (L.) were shown along-
side for comparison. .

Baron pE Worms exhibited synthetic specimens of the butterfly wing
pigments Xanthopterin and Leucopterin, and read the following note:
‘* Leucopterin occurs in Pieris brassicae (L.) and most others of that
eroup. Nanthopterin in Gonepteryx rhamni (L.), many Appias and
Coliads. Both materials are closely related to uric-acid. Leucopterin
can be formed by oxidation from Xanthopterin. Sir Gowland Hopkins
was one of the first to isolate these pigments from Pierids Xanthop-
terin in dilute alkali solution gives a distinct green fluorescence, more
intense under Ultra Violet Lamp. Special mention is made of these pig-

37

ments in Dr E. B. Ford’s book, Butterflies, but little is known about
their mode of synthesis in the living insect.’? Acknowledgments were
made to Dr Ross and Professor G. A. R. Korn, of Messrs Organon Ltd.,
and the Royal Cancer Hospital for their kindness in supplying the
specimens for exhibition.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury exhibited (1) the fungus, Schizophyllum com-
mune, Fr.; (2) leaves of Viola odorata, L., var. dumetorum, Jord.,
galled by the Cecidomyid fly, Dasyneura affinis, Kieff.; (3) white coloured
droppings of Rattus rattus, LL. (the Black Rat), the colour being due
to the animal having eaten plaster.

Mr KE. W. Crassry read a paper on ‘ British Mosquitoes ”’ (see
Trans.), illustrated by lantern slides.

28th NOVEMBER 1945.
SPECIAL MEETING.
Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1.
Mr S. N. A. Jacoss, Vice-President; in the Chair.

The notice convening the meeting was read and the Secretary ex-
plained the reasons for seeking to make possible the re-election of Capt.
R. A. Jackson, R.N., to the office of President for a second year. The
following resolution was proposed by Mr F. Stanley-Smith, seconded by
Dr E. A. Cockayne, and carried unanimously :—‘‘ That after the words
‘ except that ’ in Bye-Law 4 (c) there be inserted the words ‘ save during
the period between the Annual Meeting of 1945 and the “Annual Meeting
of 1947 ’.”

12th DECEMBER 1945.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The gift by Mr V. E. August of a copy of Dr E. B. Ford’s recently
published book Butterflies was announced.

The following were declared elected members: G. V. Owen, A. R.
Davidson, Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Manley, Dr O. W. Richards, W. D. H.
Brown, G. B. Manley, L. Birch, C. Timms, Cpl. J. H. Corbett of U.S.
Army, J. Heath, Dr Jean Michaud, R. W. Watson, C. B. Pratt, and
A. J. Wheeler.

Mr H. R. Last exhibited several cases containing representative series
of British beetles of the family Staphylinidae in illustration of his paper
subsequently read.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury exhibited Ergot of Rye, Claviceps purpurea,
Tul., on the grass, Deschampsia caespitosa, L. He quoted Massee’s
description: ‘‘ Mycelium developing in the ovary of various grasses and
forming first a whitish, minutely velvety body on the surface of the
ovary, covered with conidiaphores bearing very minute conidia. These
can affect immediately other plants in the vicinity. . Next the sclero-
tium increases in size and becomes horn-shaped and purple-black. These
later give rise to several stipitate subglobose, purplish, warted stromata

38

(hence ‘ claviceps’),’? and added the following note: ‘‘ The stromata
shed spores from asci whicli infect the spring plants. When ergots are
included in the diet both animals and man can be seriously affected.
Rye is particularly susceptible hence the incidence of Ergotism in coun-
tries where black bread is the staple food.”

Mr F. T. Granr exhibited the following two beetles new to the
Gravesend, Kent, district:—Cnemidotus caesus, Duft., Cryptocephalus
punctiger, Pk., also Anthonomus chevrolati, Desb., and a black variety
of Athous vittatus, F.

Mr E. W. Cuassty showed larvae of Sterrha rusticata, Fb., bred
from moths captured in N.W. Kent in July 1945. Feeding on withered
dandelion leaves. He drew attention to the fact that the setae are
shaped like a table-tennis racket.

Mr T. R. Eacwes exhibited pupae (from India) of the Sphingid moths,
Daphnis nervi, L., and Acherontia styx, Westwood.

Mr H. R. Last read his paper, ‘‘ Collecting Notes on the British
Staphylinidae ’’ (see Trans.). A discussion followed.

9th JANUARY 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following were declared elected members :—Messrs John Thorpe,
W. Parkinson-Curtis, F.R.E.S., and G. C. Holroyd.

The Presipenr showed a short series of different forms of Hrannis
defoliaria, Clergk, recently taken at Bishops Waltham, Hampshire.
One specimen showed considerable melanism, and was thought by the
exhibitor to be almost as dark as those specimens hitherto believed to
be confined to the Epping Forest.

Mr C. N. Hawsgtns exhibited four male specimens of Colias hyale,
L., bred from eggs laid by a 2 taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on
8th October 1945. The 2 was placed in a cage with sprays of Lotus and
Trifolium and laid 21 eggs before she died on 14th October. Five eggs
were infertile, five developed more or less but did not hatch, five larvae
died, and one was preserved; one pupa (a @) died and four imagines
were bred. The eggs began to hatch on 25th October, and the larvae
and pupae were forced in a temperature of about 70° F. The imagines
emerged on 30th November and Ist December 1945, and are rather
heavily marked with black on the borders of both fore and hindwings
though this varies considerably in the different specimens.

Mr I. R. P. Hestop exhibited two tails of Fallow Deer from speci-
mens shot by him in January 1940 (onein Wiltshire, England, and one
in Perthshire, Scotland). He communicated the following note :—
‘“Some remarks on races of the Fallow Deer (Cervus dama, L.) in
Britain. The difference is very striking, the Perthshire tail entirely
lacking the profuse white fringes of the Wiltshire tail. The exhibits
were chosen at random from among a considerable number of speci-
mens showing (male and female alike) exactly the same characteristics
according to their respective localities. There is a corresponding differ-

39

ence in the ears, which have dark hair inside in the Perthshire speci-
mens and white hair inside in the Wiltshire specimens: unfortunately
it is not at the moment possible to exhibit the heads. The Wiltshire
race may be taken as typical of Southern England (park and feral).
The Perthshire race may be taken as typical of a race that at one time
probably inhabited a large area in the Scottish Highlands; and that is
still found in its purity, in a completely wild state, both in the woods
and on the bare hills of central Perthshire. Local tradition in Perth-
shire has it that this is the last remnant of the ‘ indigenous’ British
Fallow Deer. Whether the Perthshire race is truly indigenous or not
(and there is no evidence of escape or dispersal from any park), it is
certain that in other parts of the Highlands there has in the last cen-
tury or two been much introduction of English and possibly of foreign
blood. [The tails of specimens shot in Dumbartonshire in December
1939—not exhibited—are very similar to Wiltshire ones.] It does not
appear that the difference demonstrated has previously been zoologically
noted. There is no question of seasonal variation since all the material
studied (both Wiltshire and Perthshire) was obtained in the space of
eleven days.’’

Mr L. G. Payne exhibited the following Coleoptera: Ceuthorrhyn-
chus posthumus, Germ., by sweeping from the native plant, T'eesdalea
nudicaulis (L.), Mattersey Common, Notts, 17.4.45. Phyllobiws arte-
misiae, Desbr., ob, by sweeping, Hatfield, Yorks, 15.4.45; 9, from flood
refuse, River Ouse, Yorks, 17.4.45. Criocephalus polonicus, Muls., from
soot and mortar of old chimney, Wimbledon, 5.7.45.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp exhibited Hydrillula palustris, Hb., Wood
Walton Fen, June 1939, recorded by Edelsten, Entomologist, April 1944.
Acherontia styx, Westd., Ceylon, 1945, for comparison with A. atropos,
L. Erannis defoliaria, Clerck, melanic forms from Epping Forest
(Chingford), 1938.

Mr W. H. Spreapsury showed cherry galls of the oak with newly
emerged imago, Cynips (=Dryophanta) quercus-folu, L.; and the My-
cetozoan, Stemonitis fusca, Roth, from Oxshott, Surrey.

There followed an exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs W. H.
SpreapBury and W. J. FINNIGAN.

23rd JANUARY 1946.

ANNUAL MEETING.
(With which was combined; the Ordinary Meeting.)
Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N., President, in the Chair.

Reports of the Council and Treasurer, with the Balance-Sheet and
Accounts, were read and adopted. A hearty vote of thanks to the
generous donors to the funds during 1945 was proposed from the Chair,
and carried with acclamation.

The following members were declared elected as Officers and Council
for the ensuing twelve months :—President—Captain Reginald A. Jack-
son, R.N., F.R.E.S. Vice-Presidents—l. T. Ford, Colonel P. A.

AQ)

Cardew. Treasurer—J. LU. Henderson. Secretary—F. Stanley-Smith,
F.R.E.S. Editor of Proceedings—T. R. Eagles. Curator—F. J.
Coulson. Inbrarian—K. EB. Syms, F.R.E.S. Ordinary Members of
Council—E,. W. Classey, F.R.E.S.; H. G. Denvil; W. J. Finnigan;
C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.; J. O..T. Howard, M.A.; Stanley N. A.
Jacobs; H. B. D. Kettlewell, M.A., M.B., etc.; H. R. Last; Sir Leonard
Wakely, K.C.I.E., C.B.; the Baron de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., etc.

The following were declared elected members:—Miss Daphne Derby,
B.Sc., Mr R. Kaufmann, and Mr A. T. Goodman.

Exhibit by Colonel P. A. CanpEw—The genus Oporinia—a few speci-
mens each of Q. dilutata, Schiff., christyz, Prout, and autumnata,
Borkh., with brief notes on their standing as distinct species.

A discussion followed.

Mr T. R. Eaetzs exhibited a spray of the evergreen shrub, Pitto- .
sporum tenuifolium, Banks & Soland., on sale in London for decoration.

The Prestpent then read his address.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen—You will have realised from the Reports of
the Council and of the Treasurer, that our Society is in a most flourish-
ing condition, albeit’: the question of finance is an ever-present source
of anxiety, since money, unfortunately, is largely the limiting factor
governing the size and attractiveness of our Proceedings and Transac-
tions.

It is extremely satisfactory that our membership stood at well over
300 at the end of the year whilst the number of new members admitted
is a record in the life of the Society. A growing membership is always
a sign of health, and I would ask you all to do what lies in your power
to bring in new members, and more especially younger men. Many who
do not belong to a Society feel difident about asking an acquaintance
how they can join, although they would be only too ready to belong
were they to be invited. I know this from my personal experience, for
T would have joined this Society many years ago had I ever been invited.
The larger the membership the more money we can put into our Pub-
lications, since the addition of, say, 50 members adds but little to the
working costs of the Society. May I ask you, one and all, therefore, to
make a great effort during the coming year—I shall not be satisfied un-
less we can pass the 400 mark during the next twelve months.

IT must now turn for a moment to the course of events which has led
to our translation to the neighbourhood of Piccadilly, and which has
been referred to in the Council’s report. My Naval duties have had
much to do with the finding and occupation of new premises, necessi-
tated by war-time expansion, or war damage, and these have not been
made less harrowing by the natural desire of the rightful owners to
eject us as soon as possible, leaving us with ‘‘ no place to go.’’ It really
seemed, therefore, almost beyond a joke when no sooner had J been in-

41

stalled as President than we were told that we must leave the Chapter
House, and the sooner the better!!

Hearing of our predicament, the Council of the Royal Entomological
Society once more came to the rescue and offered us the use of their
Meeting Room, and our most sincere thanks are due to them for their
kindness. However, the acceptance of their offer could, of course, have
been only a temporary expedient, and it seemed essential that we should
find permanent quarters as soon as we could. The report of the Council
has told you of the difficulties of the search and we can never be sufh-
ciently thankful to the President and Council of the Royal Society for
letting us come here.

I think we are all agreed that never before have we had such good
facilities for our meetings and exhibition, but I feel that there is a
danger to be guarded against. We must never lose that sense of friend-
liness and personal contact which has always been such a feature of
the South London.

When I first joined, I was struck immediately with the kindly atmos-
phere and camaraderie of the members, and this is of particular im-
portance if we are to add to our numbers and enrol more members,
especially younger men. Our meetings must not become too formal,
and the time before and after the meeting must be devoted to informal
discussion. It is most important that new members should be made to
feel at home and given introductions to their fellow workers.

_ The growing claims of the Society upon the time of the members of
your Council have resulted in their being deprived of much oppor-
tunity for discussion and meeting with their friends, and consideration
is now being given to means for remedying this state of affairs.

During the year the Society has had to mourn the loss of four mem-
bers. The sudden death of Frank Coote on 8th October last has deprived
us of the company of a most regular attendant at our meetings and of
one who had the welfare of the Society very much at heart. Joining in
1907, he was President in 1941, and was responsible for the programmes
of our outdoor meetings. A full obituary notice will appear in our
Transactions but I know that I am only voicing the feeling of us all
when I say how much we miss the presence of one whose prevailing
interest was in the welfare of the rising generation.

R. A. R. Priske, one ‘of our older members, joined the Society in
1903 and was a frequent attendant at our meetings up to the time
of the outbreak of war, when he moved down to Taunton. He served
on the Council from 1910-2. He was a keen collector and an acute
observer, devoting most of his attention to Coleoptera and Concho-
logy, but seldom committed many notes to paper.

Herbert Page joined the Society in 1911, but rarely attended meet-
ings of this, or of the Royal Entomological, Society. He was an active
collector in his early days, later turning his attention to the European
and exotic Rhopalocera, but rarely committing notes on his captures
to paper. As a lifelong friend and helper of the late J. W. Tutt, he

42

was responsible for all the detailed work in connection with the found-
ing and establishment of The Entomologist’s Record. On Tutt’s death
in 1910, he was able to arrange for the continuation of the magazine,
maintaining all business responsibility until 1926, when he passed on
the work to others. Educated for the scholastic profession, he died
early in March 1945, aged 76.

Dr H. D. Smart, a member of the Society since 1921, died in Sep-
tember last, aged 65. Serving in the R.A.M.C. during the Great War,
he was awarded the Military Cross. In later years he had practised as
an ophthalmic surgeon at Woodford in Hssex, until moving to Bognor
Regis in 1945. A keen field entomologist, he was a most sporting and
generous companion, death coming upon him, net in hand, probably in
the quest of Colias hyale. He had specialised in the continuous breeding
of certain species, his best worlk perhaps being the continuation of
Angeronia prunaria for seven generations, resulting in the elimination
of the band on the brown form of the male insect. He had also con-
centrated on the breeding of Arctia caia, a melanic smoky form being
one of his specialities. :

Quite apart from the vicissitudes in our own affairs, the year 1945
will be forever memorable in the Entomological world. First, of course,
came the conclusion of the war in Europe, bringing with it one of the
four freedoms—freedom from fear—fear of the busybody who says,
‘“ What are you deing with that lght?’’ shortly to be followed by the
restoration of the basic petrol ration, thus allowing of earier access to
our collecting grounds.

Secondly, as if in honour of our world-wide victories, it has heen
perhaps the most remarkable year for migrant butterflies and moths on
record. The number of species reported has been phenomenal, but
pride of place must be accorded to the arrival of Pontia duplidice in
quantity, even accompanied by examples of Hveres argiades. Has not
the almost unbelievable good fortune of one of our members been re-
corded in a breath-taking article in the staid pages of The Hntomologist,
and even now, they tell me, the children of the Empire are whispering,
of his exploits!

This is not the place for details of all the captures made, but our
meetings and the Annual Exhibition have been enriched by the num-
bers of rare migrants there displayed.

The outstanding event of the season is, perhaps, the addition to
the British list of a noctuid moth, Sedina buettneri, taken by our mem-
ber Dr K. G. Blair during the early autumn in the Isle of Wight. Most
generously he has presented two specimens to our Cabinet, and the
thanks of the Society are due to him for this valuable gift. It is too
early yet to say whether the species’is a chance visitor, or if it will
be proved to be established like Synia musculosa in our corn-land or
Leucania l-album on the coast.

It is a matter for some moment, too, that Tinaea assectellu, known
here for the past few years, appears to be spreading from the two origi-

43

nal colonies. It might well become a pest on leeks and onions, and
reports from members in various parts of the country concerning its
occurrence would be of value.

As recorded in the report of your Council, the Society is greatly in-
debtéd to many generous donors for their valuable gifts. To all of these
our thanks are due, but in particular I must mention the name of Mr
A. W. Dennis for the gift of his splendid microscope, lantern slides and
many additions to our Library.

I must now pass to the customary second part of this address, and
for the purpose I have prepared some remarks on :—

CAUSES FOR SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE NUMBERS OF
LEPIDOPTERA,

with some thoughts on the disappearance of certain species and the
spread of others.

As the years go by, the task of selecting a subject for an address
becomes one of increasing perplexity for your President, when it hap-
pens that he is not a specialist in any particular subject. After one or
two false starts, and finding that particular subjects on which I felt I
might speak had already been appropriated by previous occupants of
this chair, I found that the broad question of seasonal variation in the
numbers of Lepidoptera and the causes therefor had never been selected
as a subject for the address, although, curiously enough, it formed the
topic of the addresses delivered to the City of London Entomological
and Natural History Society in 1902 and 1903 (12). The late Mr Robert
Adkin referred briefly to the increase in numbers of certain species due
to immigration, in his Presidential address to this Society in 1906 (21),
having previously read a paper chiefly devoted to records of migration
in 1890 (22). Other papers on the subject, by the same acute observer,
were read in 1926 and 1929 (23). ._The subject has also been dealt with
by Dr K. G. Blair in a paper entitled ‘‘ Changes in the Insect Popula-
tion during the last 100 years,’’ which was read to the Society in 1937
(25), and by Mr S. G. Castle Russell in his paper in 1941 (13). The
President of the Entomological Society of London, the late Mr F. Mer-
rifield, also considered certain aspects of the problem in his Presidential
address to that Society in January 1907 (24).

In dealing with the various questions which arise I have tried, there-
fore, to bring together questions of fact, in conjunction with the ex-
pressed opinions of known authorities, but in drawing conclusions it is
necessary to bear in mind the wise words of that great naturalist, Gil-
bert White, written in-1769: ‘‘ Ingenious men will readily advance
plausible arguments to support whatever theory they shall chuse to
maintain ; then the misfortune is, everyone’s hypothesis is each as good
as another’s, since they are all founded on conjecture ” (1). How true
that is!

I-am sure that if heed were always paid to this maxim much error
would be avoided, and false ideas would not be accepted as proven facts.

44

To come down to our subject then, it can be treated conveniently
under four headings :—

(a) Annual fluctuation in the numbers of widely distributed in-
dividual species. .

(b) The disappearance or great rarity of certain species once
common.

(c) The disappearance or neduecign in number of: certain com-
mon species.

(d) The increase in population and epread of certain species once
rare. ;

To deal first with (a) it is necessary to differentiate between species
truly indigenous and those which depend for their maintenance on more
or less frequent replenishment by immigration. As regards our native
species, by far the greatest factor affecting their abundance is the
weather, and, as I hope to show, one can summarise the matter by say-
ing that good old-fashioned weather, with the seasons following their
normal course, is that most generally favourable. Unfavourable factors
are warm, damp winters, and wet, chilly and sunless summers. Great
attention was devoted to this subject in the 60’s and 70’s of the last cen-
tury when ‘‘ mere collectors ’? were perhaps much more in evidence than
they are to-day, and when they were provided with ready means of re-
cording their observations in the pages of The Intelligencer and The
Weekly Entomologist, later to be followed by the E.M.M. under the
control of Mr Stainton; very useful summaries of the seasons’ events
are also to be found in The Hntomologist’s Annual, which however came
to an end in 1874. To those interested, much valuable information is
to be gathered in particular from The Entomologist’s Annuals for
1859-64.

To follow the various causes, warm, damp winters have a sinaulanle
bad effect on all insects which pass the winter in the larval or pupal
stages. In the case of the former, the larvae either wake too soon and
find no food, or continue feeding only to be killed by the first severe
spring frosts, or to fall a prey to birds owing to lack of the usual cover
which should protect them had their growth been delayed till later in
the season.

In the case of pupae, apart from the danger of mould or rot setting

, due to the water-logged state of the ground, the earth remains soft,
and so their natural enemies—mice, moles and birds—can find them out
and devour them.

We can then consider the case of those insects whose larvae feed in
the spring and early summer. Here, the hard frosts sometimes en-
countered during May can play great havoc. The fearful frost of 1943
will be in everyone’s memory, and it was common in that year to find
the spring larvae hanging limp and lifeless on the blackened foliage
which had been burned up entirely by the frost.

Another phenomenon which seems never to have been recorded until
recent years are the winds laden with salt which have swept many parts

45

of the country. Such a wind occurred in 1938, and the salt mist de-
posited on the young foliage turned it brown and withered, and in my
own experience I noticed the dearth of healthy larvae and the inevit-
able scarcity of imagines later in the season.

Having now discussed the effects of the weather in the early months
of the year on the insect population to follow, it remains to consider
that of the summer months. Here, we have definite proof that lack of
sun with cold wet weather has a very bad effect. Insects may emerge
about their usual time, but food is scarce and they hardly seem to
have the heart for love-making, marriage and provision for the future
of their race. Such summers are invariably followed by a scarcity of
insects in the next year. To take an example, Maculinea arion (L.)
seems to be an insect much affected by the weather at the time of emer-
gence. Thus, it is stated that it was seldom seen at Barnwell Wold
after the wet summer of 1860 (2).

In The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Vol. 21, there are three
most interesting articles on the occurrence of this insect in the Cots-
wolds. ;

The general conclusion seems clear that fluctuation in numbers is
due, principally, to cold wet summers, and that when the numbers have
been reduced to the minimum by these causes, the insect stands in great
danger of extermination at the hands, or rather the nets, of greedy
collectors (3).

This danger of extermination was also emphasised in a paper read
by Dr T. A. Chapman to the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society in 1909 (4).

Another important factor is the weather at the time when the ova
are due to hatch. Cold and wet at this time may be very serious, and
lead to a very high percentage of mortality (5). The insect, however,
is notorious for changing its breeding ground, a necessity imposed upon
it in many cases by changing conditions of vegetation (15).

On the other side of the picture we find that cold frosty winters, fol-
lowed by genial weather in the spring and fine sunny weather (without
prolonged drought or intense heat) usually produce an abundance of
insect life.

After the scarcity of insects prevailing in the early 60’s, we find Mr
Stainton writing ‘‘ the only hope lies in a hard winter followed by a
hot summer and autumn ’’ (6). This view is also supported by our
member, Mr Mansbridge (7), whilst definite evidence to this effect is
giveni hy Mr Barrett in an article on the insects of the Pembroke coast
(8). Here, in the years ’75-’8, which had been wet, he had noticed a
great dearth even of common insects. The winters of 1879 and 1880
were extremely cold, with very hard frosts, and the scarcity of previous
years was replaced by plenty in 1880 and abundance in 188].

In concluding my remarks under heading (a) it is necessary to men-
tion those species which are recruited by or indeed depend upon immi-
eration for a breeding stock. Assuming that the migrants arrive, it

46

is essential that the summer be warm and sunny in order that their
larvae may feed up quickly and emerge. In this connection I have the
genus! Colias particularly in mind, and amongst the moths the immi-
grant Sphingidae, Celerio livornica, gal, ete., and Macroglossum stel-
latarum (L.). If the summer be chilly and wet, their larvae will feed
but. slowly and the majority will perish miserably in the unaccustomed
cold. Last season (1945) was a case in point. Both croceus and hyale
were present, the latter widely. spread, but crocews was never plentiful.
Although two broods of hyale emerged, the lack of sun in August and
September and the damp weather prevailing undoubtedly reduced the
numbers that might have occurred had better weather been experienced.

To sum up therefore, as I said before, the conditions most favour-
able for an abundance of lepidoptera’ are a good old-fashioned winter,
a late spring without May frosts, a sunny temperate summer, and a
pleasant autumn.

We come now to the second item to be considered—the causes lead-
ing to the disappearance or great rarity of species once common in
special localities or generally distributed.

Here we find that the species generally in question are the Diurni,
such insects as Aporia crataegi (L.), Nymphalis polychloros (I..),
Lycaena dispar (Haw.), Oyaniris semiargus (Rott.), Leptidea sinapis
(L.), Apatura iris (1..), etc., though certain moths can be included such
as Lymantria dispar (.), Laelia caenosa (Hb.), Caenophila subrosea
(Steph.), Hadena dysodea (Schiff.), etc.

We can perhaps lump the Fen species together and trace their dis-
appearance to the draining and reclamation of their chosen homes, ac-
companied in certain cases by the burning of the sedge.

In the case of Lycaena dispar, over-collecting of course must have
played its part, and there can be little doubt that this cause has also
contributed greatly to the diminution and restricted range of Apatwra
iris, L., to-day. We read that 80 specimens were captured in a large”
wood near Kettering between 11th and 24th July 1857.

The greatest take was 20 on one day, the method employed being the —
well-known attraction of decaying flesh (14). It is only commonsense
that no insect can stand such slaughter and hold its own. J. caenosa
began to disappear but lingered on, and there is a record of a single
specimen being taken at Cambridge some years after it had more or less
disappeared from the fens. As regards Lymantria dispar, it is a great
question whether it was ever really suited to be a resident in, this
country. An interesting paper was read on this subject to the City of
London Entomological and Natural History Society in 1894 (16), the
conclusion being that it is an imported species which may exist here
for a time but which will always die out in the end.

Aporia crataegi is perhaps one of the most curious cases. In the
last century this butterfly was widely distributed and abundant in such
widely separated localities as S. Wales, the New Forest, Lewes and EK,

47

Kent, but by the end of the century it had disappeared very rapidly
from all but its Kentish habitat, where it lingered on for a few years (9).

It is difficult to suggest any definite cause for this phenomenon. It
was persecuted certainly, but not, probably, to extinction. It has been
suggested to me that it was never truly indigenous, and that our race
was constantly replenished by the importation of fruit stocks from
abroad. When these stocks were no longer brought in, their place
being taken by home-raised stocks, this source of supply failed.

The spraying of orchards may, too, have had a deleterious effect on
the insect, but it is also a hawthorn feeder, and was common up to 1875
in the New Forest enclosures.

Leptidea sinapis is perhaps a case in point of over-collecting. We
are all rejoiced to see it gaining ground in its Surrey and Sussex locali-
ties, but it is such a gentle insect that it is very liable to be unduly per-
secuted by the avaricious collector.

At the end of the last century it was fairly common in the New
Forest, but it has not been seen there for many years. Mr South tells
the tragic tale of how he went to the Forest to take a few for a friend
of his, and found a man with a net in its chosen locality. Mr South
asked if he had seen any, when the collector replied that he had taken
a number, in fact he said he had taken the last about half-an-hour ago
in the next ride. ‘‘ It was, indeed, the last,’’ added Mr South, “ for,
from that day it was never seen again in the New Forest.’’

Whilst I am speaking of the Forest, too, it is interesting to recall
the fate of that speciality the New Forest Burnet, Zygaena meliloti
(Esp.). As is well known, its headquarters were at Wood Fidley near
Stubby Copse, but it is no longer to be found there. In its day it had
a great vogue, and it is told how a London dealer camped upon the spot
and took every imago as it emerged. Finally, a fire destroyed all the
undergrowth, so whether it was the dealer or the fire, poor meliloti no
longer occurs in its chosen home, though it may be existent in one or
two other more-or-less secret spots to which it had been transplanted in
fear of some such catastrophe occurring.

Nymphalis polychloros (.) is an insect of ups and downs, and its
disappearance is probably to be associated with the attacks of parasites,
to which it is particularly susceptible. Having been almost absent for
some years, it seems to be gaining ground again at last and is reported
from the Eastern Counties, E. Kent and the New Forest.

The abundance or disappearance of the food plant also plays an im-
portant part in insect population. For instance, bracken or gorse may
spread and destroy or restrict the breeding ground, examples being
bracken in the case of Scopula immorata (L.) near Lewes, which is now

confined to a tiny area, and gorse in the case of Maculinea arion on
the N.W.. coast of Cornwall.

Another example is Acosmetia caliginosa (Hb.), feeding on the saw-
wort, which is now never to be taken in the New Forest. The saw-wort,

48

once abundant, is now of rare occurrence, and the moth has disappeared
with its food plant.

About Hadena dysodea (Schiff.) I can gain no information, but, in
common with its allies it is very liable to attack by ichneumons and they
may have proved too much for it, although this must be largely surmise.

Over-collecting is an ever present fear in the case of rare and local
species. I have already referred to this in the case of M. arion, and in
the later years of the last century eminent entomologists, even including
Mr Stainton (10), were constantly declaring that this or that species
would surely be exterminated. One such prophecy concerned Adopeu
acteon, Rott., but it seems as common as ever in its coastal haunts.

Enargia paleacea (Esper) was much persecuted at one time in the.
Sherwood Forest. I find that,:in 1872, four collectors took over 1000
specimens and the writer sadly observes ‘‘ It has never been so common
since ’’ (11).

An article on this subject by Dr T. A. Chapman has already been
referred to, and the subject was also dealt with by the late Mr Bouskell
in 1896 (17).

The general conclusion to be drawn is that when a scarce or local
species has a good season the taking of specimens within reason has no
deleterious effect, but when after several bad seasons even a few are
collected the balance may be tipped and the species be too weakened to
carry on the race.

To sum up, therefore, regarding the disappearance of certain species,
we can say that altered conditions are the most important causes, whilst
the attacks of enemies, both winged and human, also play their part.

Under item (c) I have only one or two species in mind, namely,
Euphydryas aurinia (Rott.) and Lysandra coridon (Poda). In the case
of the former, it is well known that it often moves about or sometimes
entirely disappears from particular localities. In this connectien two
colonies spring to mind which are now no more, that near Eastry in IZ.
Kent and another near Eastleigh in Hampshire. Both, I believe, were
well persecuted, and as the insect is also very subject to parasitic at-

tack it probably succumbed. On the other hand, the Hodd Hill locality - :

ce

still provides a flourishing colony, and I believe the ‘‘ greasy field ’’ near
Carlisle is still well patronised by the insect, as it has been for 70 years
or more.

How new colonies spring up I cannot pretend to explain, but only
last year I found the butterfly exceedingly abundant over a wide area
near my home, where it had never been observed from 1939 to 1943.
I had not been to the spot in 1944. The only other insect I would treat
under this head is L. coridon, which may suddenly suffer almost com-
plete eclipse in a certain locality. This is certainly not due to over-
collecting or to parasites, but may be due to disease. Mr Leeds, writ-
ing in The Entomologist’s Record in 1942 (18), states that the appear-
ance of ab. metallica is a sure sign of disease and eventual extermina-
tion of the colony, and everyone will immediately think of the colony

49

at Royston, which was such a happy hunting ground for so many over
a number of years. In the end, however, Mr Leeds’ forecast proved
correct and, although the colony is now once again very strong, the
variety hunter will find little to gratify him on the Heath, although
vars. roystonensis, Pickett, and inaequalis (Tutt.) have been taken again
recently. The cases quoted by Mr Leeds seem too frequent to rank as
mere coincidences, but it might be fairer to say that the appearance of
increasing numbers of varieties in a colony, including ab. metallica, is
an indication of degeneracy and disease, which will lead to the eventual
extermination of the colony and from which recovery may be a matter
of some years (19).

I come now to the most pleasing of my sub-heads, that dealing with
the increased distribution of certain species and their greater abund-
ance. The most striking example, of course, is Polygonia c-album (L.),
which, after being a comparative rarity outside certain Western locali-
ties, is now widespread and abundant over the S. of England and seems
still to be extending its range. Other examples are Limenitis camallu
(L.), Pararge aegeria (L.) and Leptidea sinapis (L.), which may be in-
cluded here as well as in section (b) already dealt with, whilst amongst
the Heterocera, Hyloicus pinastri (L.) is spreading fast from its Dorset
home, and is now breeding freely as far east as Eastleigh in Hampshire.
The spread of the Comma butterfly seems to have commenced about
1921, and by 1931-2 it was well past Hampshire and spreading north.
The increase of Pururge aegeria in Hampshire is a more recent. pheno-
menon, and as far as my observations go is still in progress. I cannot
associate any of these cases with changing climatic conditions, good or
bad seasons, immunity from ichneumons or other causes, nor can I find
any explanations offered in recent literature.

In the Transactions of the Society for British Hntomology (20), an
interesting paper by the late Engineer-Commander J. J. Walker deals
with the history of this butterfly in Great Britain since the early years
_of the 19th century, and contains a detailed account of its remarkable
spread across England during the past 20 years. Even so experienced
an entomologist as Commander Walker finds himself unable to draw any -
general conclusion from the reports collected, but as regards Oxford in
1921, he writes that he ‘‘ thought the increase arose from a series of
local conditions favourable for the life of the insect in its earlier stages,”’
as it had occurred occasionally, though rarely, in the district for many
years previous to its common occurrence in 1921.

I feel, therefore, that in accordance with the maxim I have quoted
of Gilbert White, I must not attempt to draw up any explanation, but
must leave the reasons for further investigation and, discussion.

. This brings me to the end of my subject, and I fear that whilst hhav-
ing been able to bring together a certain amount of data, much scope
is left for argument and research. In particular, the reasons for the
increase in numbers of certain species are remarkably obscure.

50

Changes in climate are very gradual in this country, and whilst we
may have cycles of warm or cold winters, I cannot believe that the
spread of Polygonia c-album over so much of the country can be attri-
buted to such causes. The subject is a fascinating one and I can only
hope that one more capable than I may be able to accumulate data and
by careful analysis provide us with a satisfying explanation of this
pleasing phenomenon.

Ladies and gentlemen—I must ask your forbearance for the length
of this discourse, but before concluding J want to express the deep debt
of gratitude I owe to the permanent officers of the Society. f am
déeply grateful to you for the honour you paid me in extending my term
of office as your President for another year, a task made easy and doubly
pleasant by the help I know that I shall receive.

I can never be sufficiently thankful to Mr Stanley-Smith for all his
work as Honorary Secretary; he is indeed a tower of strength tv the
Society. Mr Hawkins, who nobly volunteered to undertake the duties
of Minuting Secretary during the war, has now expressed his wish to
retire, and J take this opportunity of expressing my thanks for all his
help, upon which we shall still be able to rely at meetings of your
Council. soe

Mr Eagles, at short notice, relinquished the office of Treasurer to
take over the duties of Editor—an office for which he is so well qualified
by his extensive knowledge of the various Orders—and we were most for-
tunate in being able to persuade Mr Henderson to take over the very
important task of looking after our finances.

In addition to his duties as Hon. Librarian, Mr Syms has the heavy
task of arranging for the programmes of indoor meetings, whilst the
late Mr Coote, whom I have already mentioned, had the task of organis-
ing those for the field meetings. Our Curator, Mr Coulson, has no mean
task in re-arranging and caring for our collections.

Finally, I must express very great regret that our Hon. Lanternist,
Mr J. H. Adkin, has been compelled by ill-health to relinquish this
duty, and couple with very grateful thanks to him for his services my
best wishes for his speedy recovery.

To all our honorary officers, therefore, may I express my gratitude
for their help and my admiration for the work they carry out so ably
on our behalf, and on which depends the progress and welfare of this
old Society. ;

REFERENCES.

(4) Natural History of Selborne (Gilbert White to Thomas Pennant, 29.5.1769).

(2) E.M.M., Vol.-21, p. 107.

(3) E.M.M., Vol. 21, pp. 107-9, H. Goss; pp. 133-4, R. South; pp. 186-9, H. W.
Marsden.

(4) Proceedings of City of London Entomological and Natural History Society
1909, pp. 26-29, T. A. Chapman.

(5) E£.M.M., Vol. V, p. 184, R. A. Jordan, M.D.

(6) Entomologist’s Annual, 1864, pp. 118-9, H. T. Stainton.

51

Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee Report, 39-42, Part I, p. 12,
W. M. Mansbridge.

E.M.M., Vol. 19, pp. 1-8, C. G. Barrett.

E.M.M., Vol. 23, pp. 27 and 220, H. Goss. Proceedings of South London En
tomological and Nattral History Society, 1887, J. J. Weir.

Entomologist’s Annual, 1858, p. 83, H. T. Stainton.

The Naturalist, 1876, Vol. II, p. 118, S. L. Mosely.

Transactions of City of London Entomological and Natural History Society :
1902, L. B. Prout; 1903, A. W. Mera.

Proceedings of South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
1941-42, pp. 40-7, S. G. Castle Russell.

Entomologist Weekly Intelligencer, 1857, p. 155.

E.M.M., Vol. 32, pp. 176-178, H. W. Marsden.

E.M.M., Vol. 32, pp. 169-173, Prof. C. H. Fernald. Proceedings of City of
London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1894, pp. j
C. Nicholson.

Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, 28.10.96, F. Bouskell.

Entomologist’s Record, Vol. 54, 1942, pp. 84-6, H. A. Leeds.

N. G. Wykes, Esq., in litt.

Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, Vol. 5, Pt. 8, Engr.Cdr.
J. J. Walker.

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1906-7, pp. 33-37, R. Adkin.

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1890-91, pp. 62-79, R. Adkin.

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society : 1926-27, pp. 45-54, R. Adkin; 1929-30, pp. 7-11, R. Adkin.

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1906, pp. cxiv-cxliii,
F. Merrifield.

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1937-38, pp. 61-67, K. G. Blair.

52

FIELD MEETINGS, 1945.

EFFINGHAM and WISLEY—38lst March 1945.
Leader, Mr T. R. Hacuzs.

Nine members attended.

The weather was good. Much time was spent probing the bark of
poplars for the pupae of Sesia apiformis, Cl. Many old pupae were
found and one or two living ones. The chiff-chaff was heard.
Chaffinches were seen to have almost finished building. Some Douglas
Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Britt.) by the roadside was observed to be

heavily attacked by Chermes cooleyi, Borner. The sloe bushes were in
full bloom.

ASHTEAD—15th April 1945.
Jeader, Mr W. J. Finniean.

The first visit. of the season was made in fine weather, and 14 mem-
bera and visitors attended.

Many butterflies were noted, but the only species in any numbers
was Pararge aegeria (L.). Others seen were Euchloé cardamines (L.),
Gonepterys rhamni (L.), Nymphalis io (L.), and Syrichtus malvae (L.).

Young larvae of Limenitis camilla, L., were found by some of the
party.

The heterocera taken or recorded included Apatele rumacis (L.),
Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.), Caenotephria derivata, Schiff. (nigro-
fasciaria, Goeze), Bapta distinctata, H.-S. (pictaria, Curt.), Hugithecia
abbreviata, Steph., H. oblongata, Thunb., Drepana falcataria, L.,
Ketropis punctulata, Schiff., Graptolitha ornithopus, Hufn. :

In addition, larvae of Philudovia potatoria, L., Hygrochroa syrin-
garia, L., and Campaea margaritata, L., were collected.

Among the birds the grasshopper warbler, tree pipit, cuckoo and
whitethroat were observed by the ornithologists.

OXSHOTT—29th April 1945.
Leader, Mr S. WaxkeEty.

The weather was very unsettled, and snow was still lying in patches
near the station when the party arrived. However, it was not really
cold, and a few nice things wera taken. The earliness of the season was
demonstrated hy a fine specimen of Boarmia punctinalis, Scop. (consor-
taria, Fabr.), seen on a tree-trunk. Cosymbia penduluria, Clerck, was
fairly common, and had evidently been out some time. A fine larva of
Lipparchus papilionaria, L., was spotted on a small birch tree. Two
fine specimens of Borkhausenia tinctella, Hiibn., were subsequently bred

53

from fungus taken; and from some rags lying in the undergrowth a
number of larvae of Monopis ferruginella, Hiibn., were collected. On
the dead birches the black fungus, Daldinia concentrica, Ces. & de
Nat., yielded larvae of Myelois neophanes, Durrant, a fine local species.

A Willow Tit was found sitting on its nest on splitting open a dead
birch stump, while searching for fungus-feeding larvae. The bird did
not leave the nest, and the pieces of wood were forced back into their
original position.

Among the beetles taken were examples of Doreus parallelepipedus,
L., and Rhagium bifasciatum, F., together with numerous other species.

ASHTEAD—13th May 1945.
Leader, Mr W.. J. Frinnican.

Six members only made up the party on this occasion although the
weather was fine and conditions seemed quite suitable for field work.

Vanessa cardui, L., was taken soon after leaving the station.

Lycaena phlaeas, L., and Polyommatus icarus, Rott., were later ob-
served and a few larvae of Thecla quercus, L., were beaten from the oaks.

Other insects noted were Huclidia mi, Clerck, H. glyphica, L., Phyto-
metra viridaria, Clerck, Zmaturga atomaria, L., and Pheosia tremula,
Clerck.

Larval nests of Orthosia miniosa, Schiff., were quite common and a
small caterpillar of Notodonta dromedarius, L., was found on birch as
well as one or two ova of this species.

‘The following micro-lepidoptera were taken:—Imagines: Pamanene
germarana, Hb., Bucculatrix boyerella, Dup. Larvae: Phycita spis-
sieellau, F., Eupista albidellu, Herr.-Schiff., Elachista albifrontella,
Hb.

HOLMWOOD—26th May 1945.
Leader, Mr G. A. Ensor.

Five members braved the almost continuous showers of rain and
made a brief trip into Redlands Wood in the morning. In the after-
noon a visit was paid to Holmwood Common, and tea was taken at the
Holly and Laurel P.H.

A keeper’s larder of grey squirrels yielded the following Coleoptera—
Dermestes murinus, L., Saprinus semistriatus, Scriba, and Necrobia
violacea, L.

Plant Galls found in. Redlands Wood were:—On Fraainus excelsior,
L.: Psyllopsis fraxini, L. (Psyllidae). On Quercus robur, L.: Andricus
inflator, Hart., A. curvator, Hart., Biorhiza pallida, Oliv. (Cynipidae).
On Alnus rotundifolia, Mill.: Eriophyes laevis, Nal. (Eriophyidae).
On Fagus sylvatica, L.: Hartigiola annulipes, Hart. (Cecidomyidae).
On Sorbus aucuparia, L.: Eriophyes pyri, Pag. (Eriophyidae). On
Crataegus monogyna, Jacq.: Hriophyes crataegi, Can. (Eriophyidae).

54

On Populus nigra, L.: Taphrinia aurea, Fries. (Fungus). On Ulmus
campestris, L.: Schizoneura ulmi, L. (Aphidae). And on Holmwood
Common :—On Fraainus excelsior, L.: Dasyneura fraxini, Kieff. (Ceci-
domyidae). On Quercus robur, L.: Biorhiza pallida, Oliv., Neuwroterus
baccarum, L., Andricus curvator, Hart., and A. seminationis, Gir.
(Cynipidae). On Populus tremula, L.: Harmandia globuli, Rueb.,
Lasioptera populnea, Wach., Syndiplosis petioli, Kieff. (Cecidomyidae).
Also Taphrinia aurea, Fries. (Fungus).

Coleoptera :—Phyllodecta laticollis, Suffr., Dorytomus tortriz, L.,
D. dejeani, Faust, and Chalcoides aurea, Geoff., occurred on the aspens.

Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw., a local micro-lepidopteron, was taken,
also the larva of the Polyploca ridens, F.

ASHTEAD—10th June 1945.
Leader, Mr S. WakeEty.
In spite of wet weather some local micros were taken on tree-trunks,
namely :—
Imagines—Telphusa Rcalelin: Scop., 7. luculella, Hb., T. fugitivella,
Zell., Schiffermuelleria tripuncta, Haw., Argyresthia glaucinella, Zell.
Tee Palen fuligana, Haw. (fairly common, feeding on pith
of centre shoot at top of stem of Cirsium arvense, Scop.), Depressaria
alstroemeriana, Clerck, Acrocercops brongniardella, F.

BYFLEET—238rd June 1945.
Leader, Mr F. D. Coors, F.R.E.S.
Imagines taken included Diacrisia russula, L., Crambus uliginosel-
lus, Zell. (common, but very local in patches on LORE),

Pipae of Aegeria vespiformis, L., were taken from oak stumps where
trees had been felled.

(The main part of the report was lost owing to the death of Mr
Coote.)

ASHTEAD—320th. June 1945.
Leader, Mr F. D. Coors, F.R.E.S.

Imagines taken on tree-trunks:—Hucosma brunnichiana, L. (this
species was separated from H. solandriana, L., in 1985. Several speci-
mens taken on birch trunks); Recurvaria leucatella, Clerck; Blastodacna
stephensi, Staint. (apparently a new locality for this very local species) ;
Tischeria complanella, Hb.

Larvae—Vanessa cardui, L., on Cirsium lanceolatum (L.); Poly-
chrosis fuligana, Haw.

Pupae of Orthotaelia sparganellu, Thnbg., were common in stems of
Bur reed (Sparganiwm).

Diptera—Chameleon Fly (Stratiomys potamida, Mg.).

55

TILGATE—Sunday, 22nd July 1945.
Leader, Mr S. Wake y.

The weather remained fine for this meeting. A few larvae of Vanessa
atalanta, L., were taken on nettles on the way to Tilgate Forest.
Several fine larvae of Smerinthus ocellatus, L., were taken on sallow;
while aspens produced larvae of Cerwra vinula, L., and Tethea or,
F. Argynnis paphia, L., and A. cydippe, L. (adippe, L.) were still
on the wing, but in poor condition. Two local micros were taken,
namely, Opostega crepusculella, Zell. (beaten from sallows) and Peronea
fissurana, Pierce (larvae in spun sallow tips).

Several interesting plants were seen in flower, among which might
be mentioned Wahlenbergia hederacea, Sch. (Ivy-leaved Bell-flower),
Anagallis tenella, Murr. (Bog Pimpernel), and Scutellaria minor, Huds.
(Small Skull-cap).

Two dragonflies were taken: Aeshna grandis, L., and Sympetrum
striolatum striolatum, Charp.

Two vipers of a peculiar tawny colour were seen, one of which was
dispatched.

ASHTEAD—5Sth August 1945.
Leader, Mr F. D. Coots, F.R.E.S. .

Larvae taken included :—-Bedellia somnulentella, Zell., on Convol-
vulus; Ancylis lactana, Fabr., on Aspens.
(Main records lost owing to the death of Mr Coote.)

BOXHILL—18th August 1945.
Leader, Mr S. WaKELY.

This meeting proved very popular, with attendance well up to aver-
age. Larvae of Pterophorus carphodactylus, Hiibn., were found in
flowers of Inula conyza, wherever searched for, and they were also
to be found in crowns of younger plants. This species is increasing in
a remarkable manner. A few Humenis semele, L., and Hesperia comma,
L., were taken. Aspitates gilvaria, Fabr., was really common, but the
females, as usual, were scarce. Flying among the common Pyrausta
nigrata, Scop., were a few specimens of the local P. cingulata, L. A
fine specimen of the rare Loxostege sticticalis, L., was netted, a note-
worthy capture. Odd specimens of Gnophos obscurata, Schiff., were
also netted.

Larvae of Peronea boscana, Fabr., were common on low roadside
elms in Headley Lane and near Burford Bridge. The leader has only
met with this as occasional odd specimens in previous years in this
locality. Other species noted were Melanthia procellata (Sci) and
larvae of Cilix glawcata, Scop.

The following coleoptera were noted :—Lampyris noctiluca, L. (larva
seen), Onthophagus ovatus, L., Scaphosoma agaricinum, L., Cryptoce-
phalus hypochaeridis, L., Platycis minutus, F. (on Canon Edwards’s

56

car!), Phytonomus (Hypera) plantaginis, Deg., the last in the fields
below Ranmore after tea.

BOOKHAM—16th September 1945.
Leader, Mr W. J. Finniean.

The unsettled weather was probably responsible for keeping many
members from attending, but the party of five who made the journey
were treated to a fine sunny day.

Lepidoptera seen were few although in one area Plusia gamma, I..,
was quite common and several Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., were ob-
served.

It was interesting also to note fresh specimens of Polygonia c-album,
L., as this butterfly was not very conspicuous in some parts of Surrey
during the earlier part of the season.

Larvae of the following species were collected:—Cerura furcula,
Clrck., Notodonta dromedarius, L., N. camelina, L., N. ziczac, L.,
Pygaera curtula, L., Drepana lacertinaria, L., and D. falcataria, L.

On the botanical side some fine plants of the Nodding bur-marigold
(Bidens cernua, L.) and the Trifid bur-marigold (Bidens tripartita, L.)
were in flower.

The fungi were quite well represented, and members recorded : —
Tepiota procera, Quel., Russula emetica, Fr., R. ochroleuca, ¥r.,
Nyctalis asterophora, Fr., on decaying specimens of R. nigricans, Fr.,
Lactarius veilereus, Fr., Collybia clavipes, Pers., Laccariza laccata,
Quel., Entoloma clypeatum, Quel., Boletus chrysenteron, With.,
Trametes rubescens, Fr., Cantherellus cibarius, Fr., Scleroderma vul-
gare, Hornem., Schizophyllum commune, Fr.

The party dispersed at five o’clock, having decided not to walk on to
Effingham for tea.

ASHTEAD—230th September 1945.
Leader, Mr W. J. Fuyniean.

Once again. a fine day was enjoyed by the eight members who at-
tended this outing.

Some time was spent near the station searching for larvae of Peri-
zoma bifasciata, Haw., and Coleophora paripenella, Zell., of which a
number were taken.

Subsequent searching and beating produced a full-grown larva of
Calocasia coryli, L., at rest on a hazel leaf, and larvae of Drepana lacer-
tinaria, L., Pheosia gnoma, Fab. (dictaeoides, Brahm.), Cosymbia pen-
dularia, Clerck, Iodis lactearia, L., Ceramica pisi, L., and Pararge
aegeria, L.

Imagines of Peronea cristana, Schiff., and Peronea fissurana, Pier.
& Met., were secured.

Several of the mémbers who turned their attention to the fungi were
well rewarded, and the following species were recorded ;—Amanita

57

muscaria, Pers., Am. mappa, Quel., Amanitopsis fulva, W. G. Sm.,
Lepiota carcharias, Karst., Lep. mesomorpha, Fr., Tricholema flavo-
brunneum, Quel., Mycena galopus, Pers., My. alcalinu, Fr., My. pura,
Quel., Collybia dryophila, Quel., Clitocybe flaccida, Quel., Lactarius
turpis, Fr., L. pyrogalus, Fr., L. vietus, Fr., Hygrophorus virgineus,
Fr., Pluteus cervinus, Quel., Nolunea rufocarnea, Berk., Stropharia
inuncta, Quel., Hypholoma appendiculatum, Quel., Panaeolus papi-
lionaceus, Quel., Psilocybe helvola, Schaeff., P. semilanceolata, Fr.,
Coprinus fimetarius, Fr., Cop. plicatilis, Fr., Cop. utruamentarius, Fr.,
Boletus chrysenteron, With., Clavaria cristata, Pers., Cl. fusiformis,
Sow., and Otidea aurantia, Oed. ;

OXSHOTT—14th October 1945 (Fungus Foray).
Leader, Mr W. J. FInniean.

Only four members made up the party for this outing, and although
the weather was rather dull during the morning with a certain amount
of mist, this cleared after lunch and warm sunshine was enjoyed during
the afternoon.

The meeting was arranged primarily for the study of fungi, but,
owing to the prevailing dry weather, species were not so numerous as
they might have been.

On the whole, however, it was an interesting day, and special men-
tion may be made of one or two finds. The orange peel fungus, Otidea
aurantia, Oed., was seen to advantage, and, one particularly fine group
was growing in a small pit in the sandy soil.

The pine woods vielded Sparassis crispa, Fr., Hydnum melaleucum,
Fr., ZW. ferrugineum, Fr., Thelephora laciniata, Pers., and the myce-
tozoon, Stemonitis fusca (Roth.).

The remaining species were as follows: —Amanita mappa, Quel., A.
rubescens, Pers., Amanitopsis fulva, W. G. Sm., A. vaginata, Roze,
Tricholoma nudum, Quel., Russula ochroleuca, Fr., R. furcata, Fr.,
Lactarius pyrogalus, Fr., L. torminosus, Fr., L. quietus, Fr., L. rufus,
Fr., Lenzites betulina, Fr., Pascillus involutus, Fr., Cortinarius mali-
corius, Fr., Hypholoma sublateritium, Quel., Psathyra semivestita, B.
& Br., Coprinus comatus, Fr., Boletus radicans, Fr., Polyporus amor-
phus, Fr., P. schweinitzii, Fr., Polystictus ‘perennis, Fr., Trametes
rubescens, Fr., Clavaria cinerea, Pers., C. argillacea, Pers., Sclero-
derma vulgare, Hornem.

Apart from the fungi, a specimen of the yellow form of the larva of
Apatele leporina (L.) was taken as well as a full-grown larva of the
birch sawfly, Cimbex femorata (l..).

The November moth (Oporinia dilutata, Schiff.) was beginning to
appear, several being seen during the day.

Tea was taken at the Hut Tea Room by the Station about 5 o’clock
as arranged,

TRA NSACTIONS.

SOME EXTERNAL ASPECTS OF THE BODIES OF DIPTERA.
By H. W. Anprews, F.R.E.S.
Read 10th February 1945.

I do not think I should be far out in saying that to the ordinary
man-in-the-street, possibly even to some entomologists, the pre-
valent idea of Diptera is that of drab insects with plain wings and
annoying habits, differing to a certain extent in size and shape but
otherwise all much of a muchness so to speak. As a matter of fact, as
can be proved by examination of any representative collection, there are
great differences within the Order not only in shape and size but also
in colouration and vestiture; and it is on these varying aspects that I
propose to make some general remarks as regards our British species.

SHAPE.

I do not propose to deal with anatomical details beyond pointing out
that the main characteristic of the thorax in Diptera is the fusion of
the main divisions and the predominance of the mesonotum. The pro-
thorax and metanotum are much reduced, and the latter often concealed -
by the scutellum, a small semicircular extension of the mesonotum-
simple in shape, though in one small! family (Berinae) it has a series
of blunt spine-like projections round its rim. The thorax is generally
of an elongate oval shape and flattened on the upper surface, but it is
sometimes distinctly humped, e.g., in some Empidae and in the family
Cyrtidae. The separate sclerites forming the enlarged mesonotum are
more or less distinct in the Nematocera which is regarded as the most
primitive of the three sub-orders—Nematocera, Brachycera, and Pro-
boscidea. They are much less clearly defined in the two latter, and in
the most highly developed families, e.g., Anthomyidae and Taeninniees
the only indication left is a transverse ideorousibns known as the thoracic
suture. Jn the pleurae, on the other Beas, the sclerites are well de-
fined in all three sub-orders.

The abdomen consists of a varying number of segments. There may
be as many as nine (in some Tipulidae) and as few as five. In the rare
Syrphid, Triglyphus primus, Iw., there are only two obvious segments.
The segments vary in width in different species. In Tachinidae the ap-
parent first segment—the actual first being concealed—has a semicir-
cular depression which lies beneath the apex of the scutellum and which
is used as a diagnostic factor according to whether it extends right
across the segment or not. In some Conopidae (Siccus) and also in
some Tachinidae and Acalypteratae the terminal segments are curved
beneath the abdomen in both sexes. The terminal abdominal segments

59

are often much modified in shape and form the ‘‘ hypopygium ”’ which
bears the genitalia. In the majority of cases the genitalia are wholly
or partially concealed, but in others they are plainly visible. In the
males of Dolichopodidae they are visible and incurved beneath the ab-
domen: in Empidae and Asilidae they are visible but not incurved.
In females the extrusible ovipositor is normally concealed but fully
visible in certain families. In some Pipunculidae and in the Horse bot-
fly (Gastrophilus equi, F.) it is incurved beneath the abdomen. In Try-
petidae it is straight and in some species is as long as or longer than the
rest of the abdomen. It often has terminal lamellae, and in some in-
stances a terminal circlet 6f spines used in preparing a receptacle for
the eges. To deal with the intricacies of the genitalia would need a
separate paper which I am not qualified to write. I would only remark
here that as in other Orders an ever increasing use is made of them
for diagnostic purposes, and that so far as the Diptera are concerned,
each successive writer on the subject seems to use a different termino-
logy for the various parts.

There are three main types of body-shape:—(I) The long thin body
with numerous segments characteristic of the majority of the Nemato-
cera (e.g., Daddies and Gnats) but also to be found scattered among
the other sub-orders, e.g., Leptoguster (Brachycera, Asilidae) and Sphae-
rophoria seripta, L. (Proboscidea, Syrphidae); (II) an intermediate type
with a rather long but not necessarily thin body to be found in Brachy-
cera and Proboscidea; and (III) the oval ‘‘ house-fly’’ type of body
with fewer abdominal segments than groups (I) and (II), characteristic
of the bulk of British flies but not often occurring in Nematocera. These
three main types shade off into each other and no hard and fast line
can be drawn as to where one ends and another begins, yet individual
specimens of all three are easily recognisable. The third group is the
most variable in shape, including the almost square bodies of certain
Stratiomyid flies; the globular bodies of Cyrtidae and some Bombyliidae ;
and the flattened bodies of the Hippoboscidae. Apart from these three
main types a few genera and species have pedunculate abdomens.
Baccha and Doros in Syrphidae: Physocephala and some species of
Conops in Conopidae. These usually resemble Hymenoptera both in
shape and coloration.

COLORATION.

Although in the majority of British flies the thorax and abdomen are
dull coloured there are many exceptions and even in the dull coloured
species the various shades of brown and grey are often relieved by sub-
dued patterns in the shape of stripes and/or spots on both thorax and
abdomen, and dark rims to the margins of abdominal segments. In
many species the whole body may be black or yellow, less often green.
It may be polished and shining or dull and matt.

Cases of metallic coloration, often indicated by the presence of the
Latinised form of the Greek root-word ypvods (= gold) in the generic

60

name, occur throughout the Brachycera and Proboscidea, ‘but not, so
far as | am aware, in the Nematocera. Jn the sub-family Sarginae
(Stratiomyidae) all the genera are metallic coloured, and one species,
Chrysonotus bipunctatus, Scop., might well be mistaken for a member
of the Hymenopterous family Chrysidae (Ruby-flies). About 80% of
the Dolichopodidae are of a greenish metallic colour: in Syrphidae
examples occur in the genera Chrysogaster, Chrysochlamys, Calliprobola
and Callicera. In the Muscidae (Sensu lato) Gymnochaeta viridis, FIn.,
is a striking example of metallic green colour. It may be seen on tree-
trunks in May and early June, gleaming in the sunlight like a living
emerald. The deep blue shining abdomen of Cynomyia mortuorum, L.,
another Muscid, is an equally fine example of that colour. In the Mus-
cidae, too, there are the green-bottles and blue-bottles, perhaps the best
known of all metallic coloured flies. The bronze coloured specimens that
occur among the normally green coloured bottle flies, owe their particular
hue, I understand, to age rather than to a distinctive coloration. I think
this has been proved by experiment but cannot now trace the reference.
In the large group of the Acalypterates various species are more or less
metallic coloured (e.g., the genus Lonchaea), but in this group the pre-
dominant shining species tend to black or yellow rather than to metal-
lie coloration. -

Apart from these metallic coloured species the main colour schemes.
in our British Diptera are combinations of black and yellow, black and
red, black and white, and black and green, in that order. The Syr-
phidae, with some few exceptions, are, par excellence, the most vividly
coloured family, and everybody knows the black and yellow-barred
Hover-flies (Syrphus). All four of the above colour combinations are to
be found in Syrphidae. The family Stratiomyidae is a close second to
the Syrphidae in varying colour schemes and the species Oxycera trilin-
eata, F., and Odontomyia viridula, F., both of this family, afford strik-
ing examples of black and green coloration though their vivid colouring
is sadly apt to fade after death.

Apart from the Syrphidae and Stratiomyidae examples of the colour
combinations referred to above occur throughout the other families of
Diptera but not nearly to the same extent. Black and yellow in the
shape of stripes and spots occurs in the Nematocera, as do whole-col-
oured yellow and green species. Many of the Acalypterates are hand-
somely coloured, but their generally smaller size and ground-frequenting
habits render them much less conspicuous than the larger Syrphids and
Stratiomyids. JI do not know this group very well but generally speak-
ing I should say that black, brown and varying shades of yellow are the
predominant colours.

Another type of coloration, or perhaps one should rather say pat-
tern, is the tesselated appearance characteristic of the Sarcophaginae
(Flesh-flies) and some other Muscids. This tesselation, shifting accord-
ing to the angle of vision, is presumably due to differences of striation
in the hairs clothing the body. I cannot speak definitely on this subject

61

and suggest it as an interesting subject for microscopic investigation.
The climax of this type of coloration or pattern is to be found in such
species as those of certain Dolichopodid genera, e.g., Diaphorus and
Argyra, where the entire male abdomen has a shining silvery appear-
ance in certain lights, glinting and disappearing when the insects are
in flight according as the light is reflected from their bodies or not. The
same silvery appearance of the abdomen occurs in the males of the
Stratiomyid fly Odontomyia argentata, F. I have never met with this
species alive myself, but Lundbeck (quoted by Verrall) refers to the males
sitting in numbers on dead rushes looking like silver spots, while the
females were on the flowers of Salix. O. argentata is an early (May)
species and frequents marshy localities. Similar examples of this silvery
coloration occur in the sand-dune species, Thereva annulata, F. (Brachy-
cera, Therevidae), and Pipunculus littoralis, Becker (Proboscidae,
Pipunculidae), where the maie abdomen in silvery. In this latter case
it is the thorax and scutellum rather than the abdomen that is of sil-
very appearance. Silvery streaks, the ‘‘ shimmer-stripes ’’ of Verrall,
also occur on the pleurae of most of the males of the genus Dioctria
(Brachycera, Asilidae).

In a certain number of species, not confined to any one group, there
is a tendency towards a lighter coloured zone at the base of the abdomen
indicated by side patches, white or red in colour, and varying con-
siderably both in extent and intensity. In extreme cases of this
kind, e.g., in the Syrphids, Volucella pellucens, L., and Lewcozona
lucorum, L., this is correlated with a dark median patch on the wings
resulting in a break-up of the outline of the insects, when at rest, into
two unequal dark portions separated by a light-coloured belt or band.

This may be of protective value, but if so it might be expected that
such light-coloured patches would be more extensive than they are in
many cases where they are but slightly noticeable, and also that they
should occur in a larger proportion of species than they actually do.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.

Sexual dimorphism occurs but little in Diptera, and when it does
occur seems confined to pattern or colour rather than to size or shape.

Tn certain species of the genus Bibio (Nematocera) the bodies are black
in the males and red in the females. Several of the Platypezidae (Pro-
boscidea) have black or dull coloured bodies in the males whilst in the
females they are strongly patterned in grey and black. There is also
a certain amount of sexual dimorphism in the Stratiomyid genus Nemo-
telus. The Syrphid genera, Plutychirus, Melanostoma, and Melangyna,
show a strong tendency to melanism in the females, and this is also
the case in the common black and white Syrphid, Catabomba pyrastri,
L., which has a melanic form of the female—rare in this country—called
var. unicolor, Curt. As a general rule, however, the males and females
of our British Diptera are alike in shape, colour, and vestiture.

62
VESTITURE.

So far as body-covering is concerned there is a wide range from
species with quite bare bodies, dull or polished, through varying de-
grees of pilosity to those whose bodies are covered with dense pubes-
cence. As in shape and colour, these differences range throughout: the
three sub-orders, though I do not know of any pubescent species in the
Nematocera, which are mostly bare or only thinly pilose. Scales as a
body covering are almost non-existent, their place being taken by hairs.
Exceptions to this occur in the family Psychodidae or Owl-flies (Nema-
tocera), where both thorax and abdomen are covered with scales, and
also in some of the Culicidae. The only other case J can call to mind
is that of the Bombyliid genus Anthrax (Brachycera), where the ab-
domen has bands of scales. Otherwise scales, where they do occur, are
mostly confined to the legs or wings and so do not come within the scope
of this paper.

A large proportion of species have an armature of bristles as op-
posed to hairs or pubescence. These may occur in bare, pilose, or pubes-
cent species, though not often in the last, and their arrangement or
pattern on thorax and abdomen (and legs) is remarkably constant. This
constancy of arrangement gives them an advantage over the more
variable factor of colour as a diagnostic character, nor is dissection
necessary, as is often the case when dealing with genitalia. It is not
surprising, therefore, that great use is made of chaetotaxy, as it is
termed, for diagnostic purposes. The study of chaetotaxy is of com-
paratively recent date. It originated in a paper by Baron Osten Sacken
in the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1884, and has been further developed in this
country by Grimshaw (#.M.M., 1895), and on the Continent by Girsch-
ner.

Pubescent species occur mainly in the Syrphidae but are also found
in other families, e.g., Bombyliidae, Asilidae, Tachinidae, Scatophagi-
nae, and Oestridae. Some of the larger Syrphids with pubescent body-
covering are amongst the most handsome of our British Diptera and
often remarkable for the amount of their colour variation even within
the limit of a single species; e.g., Merodon equestris, F. (The Narcissus
Fly), which has five or six named forms. Among the pubescent Syr-
phidae, too, occur some of the best known cases of so-called mimicry:
species of the genera Eristalis (Bee-flies), Mallota, Pocota, Merodon,
and Criorrhina, for instance, all resembling honey bees and Humble-
bees. The various species of the genus Chrysotorum (non-pubescent)
resemble wasps, and the rare Doros conopseus, F., with its pedunculate
abdomen and darkened costal wing-margins, resembles both the distinct |
Dipterous family Conopidae and the Hymenopterous genus Crabro.
Verrall states of this fly, ‘‘ I wondered why this species and Physocephala
nigra, Deg. (Conopidae) apparently mimicked each other until I realised
that both Doros and Conops independently mimicked a Crabro.”’ Per-
sonally, I consider the above examples more as coincidences rather than
definite cases of mimicry and would repeat what I said in a previous

63

paper on Wing-markings in Diptera, viz., that until we get.a good deal
more definite evidence on this point the verdict should be the Scotch
one of ‘‘ not proven.’’

Finally, I fear I can draw no special conclusions from the foregoing
remarks except the negative one that the considerable amount of varia-
tion that occurs in shape, colour, and vestiture, in our British Diptera
is not confined to any one group or family, nor does it fit into the taxo-
nomic classification of the Order, being of little or no value in that re-
spect, but I hope that what has been said may help to dispel the idea
that the British Diptera consist of ‘‘ drab insects with plain wings, all
much of a muchness,”’ and possibly may tend to a greater interest being
taken in what is still to a great extent one of the ‘‘ neglected ’’ Orders.

Note.—The original reading of this paper was accompanied by a ~
number of exhibits illustrative of various points.

64

NATURE RAMBLES WITH A CAMERA.
By W. H. SpreapsBury.

Read 10th March 1945.

It is some years since I first took a camera with me on my rambles
and paid for my experience with many wasted plates, but, having pre-
viously hired slides from time to time to illustrate lectures, and having
been more than once disappointed in the material sent me, I decided
to make my own slides. Since then I have rarely rambled without a
camera of sorts; and as nature photography demands the use of a
stand, that, too, has to be carried around—a. considerable addition to
the already weighty apparatus of the field naturalist.

My talk, then, is in part an attempt to justify undertaking the extra
burden, for none of us, however enthusiastic, cares to carry around
apparatus uselessly. And here let me remark on one unexpected ad-
vantage the burden of the photographic apparatus brought. It fre-
quently led to a smaller distance being covered and a more thorough
searching of a limited area with results that were often very gratifying.

I think all will agree that photography can illustrate a good deal
that the collection cannot, and can often show better what the col-
lection can portray only badly, or at best with an antificiality that fails.
to convince. Indeed, some nature-lovers, in their enthusiasm for pro-
tecting and sparing wild life, have advocated photography as a substi-
tute for collecting—a very sweeping claim. Collecting, with an end in
view, and as an aid to the study of certain. branches of natural history
has its place, but even here photography can be a valuable aid to our
studies. The two can ba usefully complementary.

Having decided that nature photography is worth while, the ques-
tion arises should we aim at strict scientific recording to scale, or at
producing a pictorial and attractive result. The enthusiasm of editors
has attracted some professionals to nature photography; and the gulli-
bility of the public has at times tempted both professionals and ama-
teurs to foist fakes upon unsuspecting and ignorant readers. I am
of the opinion that accuracy should never be seriously sacrificed ‘to
artistic effect, and I favour a combination of the two, with emphasis
on accuracy, for reasons which will appear later.

Let us see, then, what nature photography can show.

1. Types or Hasirat. Records of the haunts of the various forms
ot life are of great value to the ecologist. Good examples are not easy
to obtain, and the botanist definitely scores over the zoologist. The
Beechwood and Pinewood with their close canopy and lack of ground
flora; the Oakwood with its abundant ground flora and climbers ; coastal
haunts of sea-birds; all these are easy enough to show.

65

2. ImMepiATE ENviRONMENT. These examples, as the heading sug-
gests, give a close-up of a detail of the habitat with the organism as the
central theme. A record can be made of the creature or plant in its
surroundings and much can be shown that the papered background of
the cabinet necessarily omits. Such are examples of protective mimicry
in.all its various forms, though I admit that colour is a difficulty and
sometimes a very misleading impression is given by the plain black and
white of the photograph. Care must be taken to choose examples that
can be reasonably well shown and are normally representative (unless,
of course, the abnorma! is specially desired and is recorded as such).

A word of warning may be necessary against the common practice
of posing insects, ete., on what the photographer considers an appro-
priate background. Such a practice has many pitfalls. The result
may be pictorial and striking, but, too often, the posing is obvious to
the field naturalist, and, unless properly described, is hardly truthful.
Fakes, not described as such, are, in my opinion, definitely dishonest.

The slides of Pyrola minor, Ophioglossun vulgatum and Neottia
Nidus-avis show the plants in their typical natural surroundings; and
those of Lesser and Common Terns’ nests, larvae of the lepidoptera,
Griposia aprilina and Gonepterye rhamni, and imagines of the moths,
Apatele psi, Boarmia roboraria, Lygephila pastinum, Lomaspilis mar-
ginata and Abraxas sylvata show various types of protective colouration.

3. Hazits anp BeHaviour. Endless opportunities occur for record-
ing the habits of creatures in the field—the young Curlew crouching in
the grass, the nest of the Little Grebe showing eggs covered and un-
covered, the butterfly, G. rhamni, hibernating in a heather clump, a
web of larvae of the moth, Malacosoma neustria, the spider, Pisawa
mirabilis, carrying its egg-sac, and again guarding the large egg-tent;
the crab-spider, Misumena vatia, with its humble bee and honey bee
victims caught as they visited the flowers amongst which the spider
lurks; the moth, Achlya flavicornis, on the twig of a birch sapling; the
larva of flavicornis spinning its leaf shelter; the water-cups of the
common teasel with drowned insects; the slough of a Grass-snake; the
common Toad in defensive attitude; the snail, Helix pomatia, with its
cemented door to the shell and the common earwig with eggs and young
are examples of this type of work.

4. Borantcan Recorps deserve special consideration. To the
botanist photography is of particular value, for not only can he record
habitats, but a fairly truthful appearance of the living plant—a very
useful addition to the rather unattractive flattened tangles that, too
often, one finds on the-herbarium sheets. Here, of course, some accu-
rate scaling will be desired by the scientific collector, and, perhaps, the
least distracting from the pictorial effect is a short celluloid ruler stuck
inconspicuously near the plant and at the same optical distance. Some-
times some well-known and easily recognised natural objects happen
to be in the picture and can then serve usefully as a scale. Slides of
the plants Claytonia perfoliata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Anagallis ten-

66

ella, Hyoscyamus niger, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Orobanche hederae,
and of the fern Blechnum spicant photographed in, situ will suffice to
show what I mean.

5. Epucarionan WorK. This covers a vast field, not the least part
of which is the work of such a society as this, where the aim is the
mutual encouragement of those who have already chosen the pursuit
of natural history, or some branch of it, as a hobby.

Photography is of great importance in all work aiming at interest-
ing the public in the beauty and wonder of nature and in instructing
those whose work brings them directly into contact with nature, and
an understanding and knowledge of which is necessary for the success-
ful prosecution of their business. When the aim is no more than in-
teresting the layman some sacrifice of rigid scientific accuracy to. pic-
torial effect may be desirable, but there must be no deliberate faking,
however great the temptation. For this type of work I feel the ideal
is a photograph that has, as it were, a story to tell. And here, too,
some attempt at colour representation, may be made with advantage.
The dyes sold for tinting photographs are excellent, though in my: un-
skilled hands success is largely a matter of chance.

The nest of the Long-tailed Tit, the bur-reeds, Sparganium ramosum
and S. simplex; the plants, Bryonia dioica, with its reversed spiral
tendrils, and Tussilayo farfara; the beetle, Cicindela campestris; and
the lepidopterous larva of Notodenta ziczac are well enough known even
to the beginner in field natural history, but such cominon things are
just the ones calculatd to arcuse the interest of the observant layman.

6. Recorps Mave at Home. And, lastly, may I add that photo-
graphy does not end in the field. Much work of recording can be done
indoors; indeed, is often best done indoors. For example, the bee,
Osmia aurulenta, just emerged from the snail shell that contained the
cells; the wasp, Eumenes coarctata, with the mud cell from which it
had just emerged, and the moth, Cucullia verbasci, at rest on a twig
in the breeding cage, a pose I assume to be quite natural, as all my
bred specimens chose similar positions.

It should always be explained that the subject was ‘‘ arranged ”’ or
‘ eontrolled ’? when taken indoors. In the field a certain amount of
‘arranging’? and ‘‘ trimming ’”’ is legitimate, and, indeed, may be
necessary to allow some feature to be shown. But over-arranged, like
faked photographs, though artistic in appearance, have little value to
the naturalist and hardly deserve to be classed with nature photography.

Tf I have departed at all from the pririciples laid down, it is because
my slides were made originally to’ interest the layman in the wild life
of our countryside. It was for this reason that I first took up the
camera, and, having realised its great value on natural history rambles,
T shall not willingly lay it aside.

6c

“IT HONIW VIOUAd

ere
peers

L.

VULGATUM,

ae
tn
2
=|
=;
an
py

+

cas

cae

Ae
i
De
a

Proc. S.L.b. d& NAL.S., 1945-46, PLATE IV.

LARVA OF ACHLYA FLAVICORNIS, L.,

3
4

Proc. SLE, & N.AWS., 1945-46,

ACHLYA FLAVICORNIS, L.

LARVA OF MALACOSOMA NEUSTRIA, L.

‘:
H
ty

i

Vege hele

cay
om eS

Proc. S.L.B.& N.H.S., 1945-46. PLATE Vit.

OSMIA AURULENTA, Pz.

67

THE LOUSE IN LITERATURE.
By Lronarp G. Houits, F.R.E.S.
Read 10th May 1945.

Notre.—Lest there should be any misunderstanding concerning
the title of this paper, it may at once be pointed out that it does
not refer to the Psocids (book lice). The insect which has inspired
the writer is Pediculus humanus, L., the common louse of man. No
distinction is made between the two races, capitis, Deg., which
favours the head, and corporis, Deg., which prefers the body of its
host. The general term ‘‘ louse ’? must be understood to include,
where necessary, the crab louse, Phthirus pubis, L.

It is a curious fact that the most interesting and important insects
are often of drab and uninviting appearance. A moment’s thought
brings examples crowding to the mind: lice, fleas, bugs, flies, nrosqui-
toes, weevils, aphids, and so on. It has to be admitted that these in-
sects appeal to few collectors, and it is easy to understand why so many
of one’s entomological friends are lepidopterists. One almost feels that
the less beautiful insects are despised and neglected creatures, but, very
little research proves that some of them, at least, have a glory all their
own. The louse is a very good example of this, and, in this paper, an
endeavour is made to illustrate the fact by reference to the position of
the louse in literature. This treatment of entomology forms a pastime
to be thoroughly recommended, especially for long winter evenings. One
roams about in the past, living for a while with grand old naturalists
in a golden age when, paradoxically, so much that was old was new.
‘Many of them, it is true, were collectors, but their collections were of a
miscellaneous nature, and reflected the tremendous breadth of their
interests. There was no question of collecting moths and butterflies
because they were pretty and looked well in cabinets or on the wall.
One has only to read such works as the Correspondence of John Ray, or
Réaumur’s Memoires, to become convinced of all this. And so to the
louse.

It is unfortunately true that in these present days of war, and the
semi-permanent coiffure, the louse is coming into its own again. Nurses
and hairdressers are all too painfully aware of this fact, and, it is a
sign of the times that at one young ladies’ college, students returning
after vacation are compelled to produce a doctor’s certificate which de-
clares that their heads are free from vermin. It is to be hoped that we
shall not return to the good old days of general lousiness, when it was
not an unknown thing for a lady to discover a nest of house mice in her
hair. In the early days of the microscope the louse was the most popu-
lar object for observation, an honour which it shared to some extent
with the flea and the bug. This fact, of course, tells its own story with

638

particular clarity. Even so recently as 1829, in Gould’s Companion to
the Microscope, we find the first three items in A General list of the
Principal objects which afford the highest entertainment and instruc-
tion, are, the louse, the flea, and the bug.

Dealing first with non-scientific literature, references to the louse
are so numerous that it becomes a problem of choosing a few of the
most interesting. The Bible forms a convenient starting point, and
from it may be quoted :—

‘‘ And the Lord said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy
rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice,
throughout all the land of Egypt. And they did so; for Aaron
stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the
earth, and it became lice in man and beast.’’—Haodus, viii, 18.

One is forced to wonder how often Thomas a Becket was reminded of
this original generation of lice, for it is recorded of him that he was
very thoroughly lousy. Here we may quote from Zinsser’s Rats, Lice,
and History, although the book should really have been reserved for
mention later on, in the section dealing with scientific literature :

«The Archbishop was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on the
evening of the 29th of December. The body lay in the Cathedral
all night, and was prepared for burial on the following day. The
Archbishop was dressed in an extraordinary collection of clothes.
He had on a large brown mantle; under it a white surplice; be-
low that, a lamb’s wool coat; then another woollen coat, and a
third woollen coat below this; under this there was the black,
cowled robe of the Benedictine Order; under this a shirt; and
next to the body a curious hair-cloth, covered with linen. ‘As the
body grew cold, the vermin that were living in this multiple
covering started to crawl out, and, as McArthur quotes the

chronicler: ‘ The vermin boiled over like water in a simmering
cauldron, and the onlookers burst into alternate weeping and
laughter ’.’’

Throughout the centuries, the louse seems to have inspired writers,
artists, and poets. Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, Swift, and other not-
ables of the past all refer to the insect. Swift appears to have been a
little uncertain about his natural history when he remarked, ‘‘ Not that
I value the money the fourth part of the skip of a louse.’”’ Fortunately
for mankind, the louse is not given to skipping about: its all-out speed
has recently been estimated at nine inches per minute. Somewhere at
the beginning of the eighteenth century, one Mr Willis, of St Mary
Hall, Oxon, wrote A Comical Panegyrick on that familiar Animal by
the vulgar called a Louse. The two following stanzas are taken from it:

‘“ Tremendous Louse, who can withstand thy Power,
Since Fear at first, taught Mortals to adore?
What mighty Disproportion do we see,

In Adam’s Glory, when compared with thee?

69

Who can thy Power describe, thy Glories scan,
Thou Lord of Nature, since thou’re Lord of Man?
In these we may thy wondrous value see,

The World was made for Man, and Man for thee.”

One poet devoted considerable attention to the louse in writing a
Lousiad, in 5 cantos. He was Dr John Wolcot, who wrote under the
name of Peter Pindar, and his Lousiad occupies some 112 pages of
volume 1 of his works, published in 1816. By way of introduction, he ~
prefixes a note to the reader which commences :

‘“ Gentle Reader, It is necessary to inform thee that his Majesty

. actually discovered, some time ago, as he sat at table, a louse on
his plate. The emotion occasioned by the unexpected appearance
of such a guest can be better imagined than described. An edict
was, in consequence, passed for shaving the cooks, scullions, etc.,
and the unfortunate louse was condemned to die.’’

Turning to scientific literature, for the purposes of this short paper
it is again a question of choosing interesting examples from a mass of
material. Pride of place may be given to an old botanical work, The
Hortus (ortus) Sanitatis or Garden of Health, printed at Mainz in 1491
by Jacob Meydenbach. This old Herbal is of particular interest for
reason of its quaint illustrations, that of the louse being especially
amusing. We see a wife brushing lice from her husband’s head into a
bowl; and, judging from the look of serenity on the gentleman’s face,
the process appears to be soothing This book, besides dealing with the
virtues of herbs, contains accounts of animals, birds, fishes, and stones.
Information on the louse is given thus:

Isidore. ‘‘ Lice are skin worms named (pediculus) after their
feet, hence people are called lousy in whom lice spring up in their
bodies.”’

De Naturis Rerum. ‘“ Lice get their name from the number ot
feet they have. This pest is undoubtedly created from the very
flesh of men, and yet invisibly. Some say that these are gener-
ated by the sweat of men, others from the pores and the eva-
porated humours.’’

(The translation is that given by the B.M.)

In pursuing the louse through scientific literature one is bound to
encounter the two 17th century Dutch naturalists, Leeuwenhoek and
Swammerdam, and this, in itself, is a pleasure of some consequence.
Both dealt with the insect, and their written accounts truly reflect their
markedly opposite temperaments. Leeuwenhoek, who has been de-
scribed as one of the most original men who ever lived, conducted his
researches in a spirit of carefree gaiety. His remarkable work, much
of which is recorded in the early volumes of the Philosophical Transac-
tions, includes observations on such diverse creatures as the louse, the
elephant, and the whale. His paper on the louse ends with the remark

70

‘So much for this lousy chat.’’ One is not surprised to learn that he
kept a pair of lice in a stocking which he wore night and day until such
time as he had solved the problem of ite number of eggs laid by the
female.

Poor, melancholy Jan Swammerdam, on the other hand, treated the
louse much more seriously, seeing in it a miracle of-God. His paper on
the insect is addressed to ‘‘ Mr Thevenot, formerly embassador from the
King of France to the republick of Genoa.’’ It begins thus:

‘“ Most illustrious Sir, The omnipotent finger of God is presented
to you in the following sheets, in the anatomy of a vulgar and
loath insect, the louse . . .”’

Swammerdam’s description of the louse occupies some seven folio pages
of the English edition of his Biblia Naturae, and there is a whole page
plate of figures. In the index of this book we find a See entry :—
‘“Gop, his omnipotence displayed in the human louse.’’? After the de-
scription there is a concluding letter to Mr Thevenot which is worth
quoting fairly fully:

‘‘ All these things, most naeeniawe Sir, while I viewed them, I
have carefully delineated with my own hand, as you may see by
the figures annexed. I shall now leave you to judge, whether
chance, by any 1 right, can claim even the least part in the most
artful aiueneunae of he small point of the universe which is here
exhibited; since so many and such different miracles jointly pro-
claim in it the divine omnipotence. Wherefore though this
animal is of no advantage to the body, yet it is able to raise our
thoughts to God, so that by seriously contemplating the divine
majesty, and the glittering rays of his miracles, in this little
animal, we may, with the most submissive humility, change and
contract our vain pride into as small a point. . .’’

Swammerdam ends with the words:—‘‘ The end of the wonderful ana-
tomy of the louse.’’ We may feel sure that he laid down his pen with a
sigh, and not, as Leeuwenhoek must have done, with a broad grin.

It is unusual to find the author of a work on natural history apologis-
ing for the inclusion of a particular insect. Shaw, in his Natwralist’s
Miscellany published at the end of the 18th century, was dubious about
including the louse although he had no qualms concerning the flea.
Despite the fact that the accompanying engraving makes the louse ap-
pear almost a thing of beauty, Shaw felt it necessary to add:

““To introduce an animal of an appearance so inelegant as the
present into a work of this nature, might almost seem a-viola-
tion of the plan announced in its title. There are, however, cir-
cumstances in its history, and particulars in its conformation,
which are well worthy the attention of philosophic enquirers;
and if it cannot be considered as beautiful, it may at least be
numbered amongst the more curious productions of nature: it
may also be added, that it has from time immemorial been con-

ae

sidered as a kind of companion (though surely of a far less elegant
character than that cleanly animal) to the flea, already described
in the present work.’’ After describing the insect as revealed by
the microscope, the author concludes:—‘‘ To what I have said
respecting this animal I shall beg leave to add the lines of Serenus,
as an attempt towards discovering an apparent intention of pro-
vidence in permitting the frequency of such unpleasing animals.’’
‘‘ See nature, kindly provident, ordain

Her gentle stimulants to harmless pain;

Lest man, the slave of rest, should waste away

In torpid slumber life’s important day.”’

In Phil. Trans, No. 284, p. 1357, Sir Charles Holt, discussing the

qualities of his microscope, says:—‘‘ In a: living louse I could plainly
see the motion of the muscles (when he stirred his legs) all which are
joined in a longish dark spot in the middle of his breast. . . . But the

most entertaining sight is the peristaltick motion of the intestines,
which is continued from the stomach through all the guts to the anus.
I have observed the like peristaltick motion in the flea, and in several
sorts of small transparent maggots and caterpillars. But a louse will
bear rougher handling, and live confined between two concave plates,
if not crushed, four or five days.’’ It is not recorded whether or no the
specimen was taken from Sir Charles’s own periwig.

It is possible that, so far, these notes have created the impression
that interest in the louse is confined to bygone days; that its frequent
appearanee in literature is confirmed only by consulting ancient tomes.
Such an impression will be at once dispelled by the realisation that
there exists a modern book devoted entirely to the louse. Prof. Buxton
in The Louse: an account of lice which infest man, their medical im-
portance and control, 1939, has provided a volume of very great in-
terest and importance. In it may be found all the information on lice
and lousiness that one can desire. The list of references at the end of
the book, leaves one in no doubt as to the importance attached by scien-
tists to a thorough understanding of the insect in question. Thus it
_ becomes certain that, in the future, an enquirer, seeking the louse in
literature, will have far greater scope than the present writer. Never-
theless, for quaintness and ingenuity relating to the study of the louse,
it will always be necessary to return to the days of such men as Leeuwen-
hoek and Swammerdam.

It is hoped that these notes will have proved of some interest to those
who are accustomed to look only on the brighter side of entomology, as
exemplified by the lepidoptera. It is strange but true-that the lowly
louse has a far greater story to tell than many of the latter. To seek it
- in books is an entertaining and instructive pastime. The searcher may
be led, for the first time, to wander among the pages of the early
volumes of the Philosophical Transactions, or make his first real ac-
quaintance with the old naturalists. Should this be so, he will for ever
be grateful to the much maligned Pediculus humanus.

72

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE COASTAL SANDHILLS OF LANCASHIRE.
By J. K. Martuews, M.A.
Read 13th June 1945.

Before speaking of the lepidoptera of the Formby coast I would like
to be allowed to say a few words about the plant life. It is very in-
teresting to observe the changes of vegetation if one follows a line from
the shore inland. Just above the high-water mark is the region ot
blown sand. Here are sandhills more or less held in shape by the
marram grass planted by man, adapted as it is to the purpose by means
of its deep roots, spreading underground stock, and spike-like leaves
capable of withstanding wind and drought.

-While these sandhills with their marram grass fight a rearguard
action against the elements, those in the more sheltered positions be-
hind them are stabilised by reinforcements chiefly in the form of the
recumbent sallow, Salix repens, L., and the dewberry, Mubuws caesius, L.

I may say that I shall try to adhere throughout this paper to thie
names for lepidoptera given in South’s latest edition. For example, I
shall have to call dear old bifida ‘‘hermelina’’. But I would like to say
this—in contrast with the names of moths and butterflies which are
being continually re-shuffled, the present-day names of flowers are to a
very great degree the same as they were in the botanical text-books of
my boyhood. I do not wish to be guilty of ignorant criticism of our
leaders, but I will say that it is the duty of leaders to lead. their fol-
lowers into the light and not into confusion. If all these changes are
passing phases in the search for finality, then I say may they reach
finality soon.

Unappetising’as the marram grass may be, it is the foodplant of
the larvae of one moth in great numbers, namely Leucania littoralis,
Curt., or the Shore Wainscot. The larvae are to be found on the outer
or most westerly edge of the sandhills, and could be obtained in ths
day-time by scratching in the sand—a waste of time if you can go after
dusk with a lamp when the larvae are very conspicuous on the tall —
marram grass spikes. In captivity they need a good depth of sand to
clean themselves and plenty of space and food. Otherwise they are
rather liable to bite each other.

Just inland behind the outer range of sandhills lie the grounds for
Dasychira fascetina, L., whose larvae feed on the dewhberry. Some of
the best patches for fascelina have been buried by blown sand. One
year there may be a carpet of young dewberry on which you could find
say a dozen larvae as a result of an afternoon’s close search; and next
year there may be nothing visible but blown yellow sand left by the
winter’s gales beneath which the young hibernating larvae must have
perished. If the covering of sand is not too deep the dewberry grows
through again, as it takes a lot of burying to discourage either the
dewberry or the recumbent sallow. Half-a-century ago fascelina was

*

73

more numerous, and fed in conspicuous positions on the recumbent
sallow.

Similarly situated there is a good deal of the Burnet rose, Rosa
spinosissima, I.., and we often look again for the Nyssia zonaria, Schiff.,
which we used to find at Blundellsands a few miles south of Formby.
There are no zonaria at Blundellsands now, the whole area having been
huilt on. It is interesting to note that one of the old zonaria grounds
has been the subject of coast erosion at Hall Road, and the houses and
gardens built upon it have been washed away by the tides. Entomo-
logists might consider this as a warning to builders. A single full-grown
larva in the jaws of a tiger beetle, Cicindela hybrida, I., var. maritima,
Dj., observed last summer, gives some hope of re-discovery.

Sheltered behind the outer range of sandhills at Formby there are
some small areas of low-lying and damp flats or flashes. These are
generally dry in summer and are a botanist’s paradise, studded with
the flowers of Parnassia palustris, L., Pyrola rotundifolia, Li. (winter-
ereen) and the pink Centawrium umbellatwm, Gilib., the yellow Black-
stonia perfoliata, Huds., and in occasional wet dykes Hottonia palus-
tris, I. (the water violet), Menyanthes trifoliata, L. (Bog-bean) and
Typha latifolia, L. (Reed Mace).

My selected site for finding the larvae of Actebia praecox, L., would
be a nice round knoll of clean sand covered with Salix repens, L. If you
set the right places at the right time (May) you should be able to find
as many praecoz larvae as you want by scratching in the sand round the
edge of the knoll under the young green terminals of the sallow. The
moths come freely to light in August, usually in good condition.

Proceeding inland just a few more yards we come to the Lasiocampa
trifolii, Schiff., ground. Although the larvae are fairly widespread
over the sandhills they are more numercus nearer to the coastline, pro-
vided always that they are out of reach of the blown sand and on land
carrying leguminous plants like Ononis repens, L., Lotus corniculatus,
L., and Anthyllis vulneraria, L. In captivity they feed on grasses and
many leguminous plants, including laburnum. The larva is very easy
to find when it is about hhalf-grown, just before dusk on tall grass stems.
When it is bigger it is more difficult to find as it keeps low in the very
thick vegetation. Early morning just before sunrise is said to be the
hest time. I have not tried it. When I was a boy I used to hear ento-
mologists boast about their success in ‘‘ assembling ’’ male trifolii moths,
but T have never been able myself to get any results whatever.

Before leaving the blown sand belt there is one more thing to be
mentioned, namely, the stunted shrubby poplars of two kinds, the white
leafed and the balsam. No amount of drifting sand seems able to dis-
courage these, and year after year the frass on the smooth dry sand in
which they stand invites you to find the larvae of Laothoé populi, L.,
Smerinthus ocellatus, L., Cerura vinula, l., C. hermelina, Goeze, Apa-
tele megacephala, Schiff., Leucoma salicis, L., Notodonta ziczac, L.,
Pheosia tremula, Cl., and occasionally Apatele leporina, L.

v4

Pursuing our inland way we now traverse a belt some hundreds of
yards deep of sandhills thoroughly stabilised by their clothing of plant
life. Here and there are solitary hawthorn shrubs, sown no doubt by
birds, on which the larvae of Nola cucullatella, L., are found in large |
numbers.

Next we’ pass by masses of a prickly-looking shrub, Hippophaé
rhamnoides, L., the Sea Buckthorn, studded with orange berries in the
autumn. This is a foreigner and a comparative new-comer. It occurs
in very few places in the British Isles, and always on the coast. It is
supposed that the seed has been water-borne. Quite possibly the seed
has been dumped in the Mersey in the ballast of an incoming ship, and
tides and currents of water and wind have borne it to its seat of ger-
mination. Certainly it has obtained a firm foothold on Formby Point,
and its spread inland may be attributed to the distribution of its seeds
by birds. The larvae of Huproctis similis, Fuessl., and of Leweoma
salicis, L.., have resorted to it as a food plant recently.

The landward side of the sandhill range is planted with pine trees,
and in these plantations there are clumps of alder, poplar and birch,
and sheltering behind the woods are the golf links and asparagus farms.
An interesting thing about the asparagus plant is its red berry contain-
ing black seeds in rather a sticky mucilaginous pulp. The birds eat the
sticky pulp and not the red skin nor the seed; and in order to deal with
it they have to carry the berry to a dining table. The result is that in
the neighbourhood of the asparagus fields every stone or stump of wood
in the autumn is splashed with red skins and surrounded by asparagus
seedlings, resulting from the previous vears’ orgies. There is some-
thing about the soil (or should I say sand) and climate of Formby,
highly conducive to seed germination. For this reason one is continu-
ally finding new and unexpected plants. Just outside my back garden
there is a patch of St John’s Wort, I think Hypericum quadran-
gulum, LL. (dubium, Leers). I may be wrong in thinking that it origin-
ated from seed borne by natural agency. It may have been an out-
throw from a garden. But the extraordinary thing is this—we know of
no other Hypericum in the district other than these few square feet of
it, and yet Mrs Fraser found on it the larvae of Anaitis plagiata, L.,
and bred them, they also constituting a new record for the locality.

I mentioned the golf links, and I may add that they are of some
comfort to us entomologists. Remote from the sandhills which are be-
ing trampled by military operations, or dug up for glass manufacture,
or flattened out for asparagus beds, the land between the fairways of
the golf links lies untouched, untrodden and almost unseen, generation
aftcr generation. I have never known any places where the common
thiigs fly in such abundance as they do in some of the sequestered parts
of the Formby sandhills. There are sheltered hollows which are alive
with Zygaena fllipendulae, L., pushing each other off the flowering heads
of the ragwort, and where you kick up a cloud of Maniola jurtina, J..,
at every step, even far into the evening.

75

These clouds of insects in flight may distract your eye from some
especially pink Phytometra viridaria, L., or an especially blue female of
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., or a particularly large male or female.
Speaking of large specimens, I may say that several visitors have com-
mented’ on this peculiarity of the district, and our exhibit includes some
large specimens of Polyommatus icarus, Rott., Lasiocampa quercus, ..,
var. callunae, Palmer, Cerura vinula, L., Biston betularia, L., Noto-
donta ziczac, L., Pheosia tremula, Cl., Notodonta dromedarius, L.,
Kuphyta bilineata, L., and Laothoé populi, WL.

In connection with the great abundance of certain common insects,
I have mentioned Z. filipendulae. Its larvae feed on leguminous plants
in the-hollows between the sandhills and in a dry spring I have seen
them on the march for fresh supplies of food. Another larva sometimes
in great profusion is that of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 1. This is a
double-brooded insect, or treble brooded if it gets an early start. Some-
times, in November, there are areas covered with such large numbers
that you can hardly put your foot down without treading on them. The
arithmetical multiplication of a moth with three broods leads rapidly
into astronomical figures, and nature takes steps to preserve the balance.
In my own experience nine out of ten of the November larvae are stung
by a dipterous fly, and in the following year comparatively few moths
are seen on the wing.

I mentioned the filipendulae swarming on the ragwort heads: later
in the season these flowering heads are a good hunting ground for pretty
varieties of Hydroecia oculea, L. I don’t know whether any of these
varieties have any claim to specific rank. Our range is shown in our
exhibit and includes the red-spotted var. erythrostigma, Haw.

There are some deplorable encroachments on the pinewoods by way
of the felling of the trees in these days of shortage of timber. The
needle-laden earth, grey, brown and desolate where a pine plantation
has once stood, is a depressing sight. Nor is there, in the course of
time, a reversion to the old flora of the sandhills on which the pines
were originally planted. For the most part coarse weeds are the first
to appear, thistles, nettles, ragwort, etc. But there are two weeds pre-
valent in Formby worth mentioning. One is Kpilobium angustifolium, ©
L., the flowering willow or rosebay, which used to be a rarity forty years
ago and whose wind-borne seed has caused it to become a menace to
agriculture. This weed is not only flaunting its pink blossoms in the
graveyards of coniferous plantations, but is covering acres of the spoil
heaps of the Lancashire mining districts, and is even springing up
among the rubble of the bomb-devastated areas in the middle of Man-
chester. The other weed which I would like to mention is Claytonia
perfoliata, Donn. In the botany books of half-a-century ago it was
stated to be a rarity, and the few places where it could be found were
enumerated, including a lane by old Formby Church. To-day I have
to hoe it down in regiments in my garden, and on some parts of the
old pine plantations where the needles are not too thick it is spreading
its green carpet.

76

Of the pine-loving moths we have ventured to exhibit Ellopia fasci-
aria, Schiff., Plemyria bicolorata, Hufn., Panolis fammea, Schiff., and
Semiothisa liturata, Cl. In my collection the flammea is unique, it be-
ing the only moth of which I have taken my series in a tray when beat-
ing for larvae. Jnturata figures in our exhibit of dark types, namely,
var. nigrofulvata, Collins.

The clumps of alder trees yield plenty of laryae of Hydriomena
coerulata, Fb., the May Highflyer, by beating in the autumn, or they
ean be taken on the wing in June, together with some large and nicely
marked Huphyia bilineata, L., and don’t discard the shabby-looking
ones because they will be Huchoeca nebulata, Scop., the Dingy Shell,
which you can tell immediately by their habit of folding their wings in
an upright position in the net. The pretty little Hydrelia fammeolaria,
Hufn., occurs with these two. Hydriomena ruberata, Frr., also occurs,
but not commonly. We have not taken Apatele alni, L., yet in the
alder woods of Formby, but we propose to do so. Almni certainly occurs
in the district—probably as plentifully as anywhere else. Miss Bird of
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society took a full-grown
larva in the alders in 1942, but although it pupated the moth did not
come through. In the previous year a larva was taken a few miles in-
land and sent to Mr G. de OC. Fraser. It fed on rhododendron and a very
dark black-throated moth emerged. Other larvae have been taken—fate
unknown. The dark specimen is included in the exhibit and, for com-
parison, a specimen from Burnt Wood in Staffordshire.

On the alders and birches the larvae of Apatele leporina, L., can be
taken. As usual, the var. bradyporina Treits., deputises for the type,
with var. melanocephala (described by Mansbridge) as a strong runner
up. Var. semi-virga, Tutt, also is found. Last year larvae were abundant.

On the birches the larvae of Biston betularia, L., can be obtained.
I remember one of your members being with us on an occasion when we
were beating even more productive birches on the mosses inland, and
he asked about his chances of getting ab. carbonaria, Jordan. The fact
is that we get very few other than the melanic variety and transitional
forms approaching it, only one or two in a hundred being the peppered
type.

The birches, sallows and poplars give a good series of the Notodon-
tidae :—Cerura hermelina, Goeze, and furcula, I. (sometimes); Cerura —
vinula, L., in quantities and of great size; Pheosia tremula, Cl., and
gnoma, F., the Swallow Prominents; Notodonta ziczac, L., and drome-
darius, L.; Lophopteryx capucina, L., the Coxcomb.

To this group of species, attractive both as larvae and moths and
easily obtainable year after year, I attribute the beginning of much
enthusiasm for entomology on the part of many of our young folk.
What a pity it is that it is discouraged and ignored, or even prohibited
in so many schools, and that the incidence of term-times and holiday-
times make it difficult for a schoolboy to follow up the life-cycle of so
many of his captives.

77

Of the Notodontidae mentioned, one is liable to provide disappoint-
ments: a very large proportion of the tremula larvae are stung, and
furthermore, moths are liable to be extremely restless immediately after
emergence, battering their wings very badly. One point of interest is
the large size, e.g., of some of the tremula and ziczac, both bred and
taken at light.

Many of the trees in Formby, «chiefly poplar and willow, suffer
damage from the larvae of Cossus cossus, L., the Goat Moth. I remem-
ber an enthusiastic visitor to Formby finding a poplar sapling with all
the external evidence of this infestation at the base. In spite of a cer-
tain rotundity of figure he lay on the ground and tickled out about
half-a-dozen young larvae with stiff grass stems, whistling all the while
as was his habit; and my small boy, no doubt with the story of the Pied
Piper fresh in his mind, was convinced that he was whistling them out.
I have never tried to rear the young larvae owing to the difficulty of
feeding them and the length of time involved. The best time to take
the larvae is in the autumn of the year of their maturity, when they
go for a walk before pupating. Of the hawk moths, I have men-
tioned the numerous larvae of Laothoé populi, L., and Smerinthus ocel-
latus, L., on poplars and willows. These and the two elephants are the
four reliable natives. A single Mimas tiliae, L., has been taken in the
district, and last year a battered Herse convolvuli, UL. From time
to time Acherontia atropos, L., is reported from the potato fields, and
two Celerio livornica, Esp., were taken by Fraser in 1931, there having
been no record since. He also took Celerio galii, Rott., on the coast a
few miles south of Formby in 1888, the great galii year.

In the course of my talk I have mentioned the reversionary forms
of leporina, betularia, alni and liturata.

Others which are found in Formby and are in our exhibit here are:
--Gonodontis bidentata, Cl., var. nigra, Prout; Phigalia pedaria, Fb.,
var. monacharia, Staud.; Philudoria potatoria, L., yellow and choco-
late male; Apamea monoglypha, Hufn., dark forms; Tethea duplaris,
L., dark forms; Hydriomena coerulata, F., dark forms; and among
the butterflies Maniola tithonus, L., var. mincki, Seebold.

I am very conscious of the great gaps in our talk about Formby lepi-
doptera—nothing about micros, little about butterflies, taeniocamps and
whole families of geometers, etc. But your Secretary—very wisely, I
think—wrote to me ‘‘ Give experiences and not lists,’’ and before I finish
I want to refer to two experiences of which T have the liveliest recol-
lections.

On 5th August 1938 we entertained the members of a small but en-
thusiastic Entomological Society from one of the textile towns of Lan-
cashire. The main operation was lamping on the sandhills. As you are
no doubt well aware, no one can command or predict the right climatic
conditions for entomological success, and very often when you have to
show off your own home ground to visitors, things fall very flat. Lamp-
ing, like sugaring, may offer the extremes of a dull failure or a breath-

78

taking success. This night was one of the successes. Never before had
we seen moths coming to light in such bewildering numbers. More than
thirty species of macro-lepidoptera came to the sheet—some of them
such as Lasiocampa trifolu, Notodonta ziczac, Actebia praecoz, and
Agrotis vestigialis, Rott., in veritable hordes. Many micro-lepidoptera
and not a few coleoptera also appeared.

My last word is about Leucoma salicis, L. But before I speak of it
I just want to mention that Carsia paludata, Thnb., has been included
in our exhibit. Perhaps it is a little outside our terms of reference, not
being strictly a coastal moth, but being found inland on the moss where
its food plant, Vaccinium oxycoccos, L., grows. Now about salicis.
Forty years ago I can remember the larvae being almost a plague on
the poplar trees in the suburban gardens along the coast, but in recent
years it has been much-less noticeable. I have no doubt that it has
persisted in quantities, but very much more locally. In 1942 and again
this year there were a great many larvae on a comparatively small clump
of stunted balsam poplars close to, the shore. It was a brilliant July
day with a hot sun in a blue and cloudless sky. . I want to try to depict
to you the clean yellow sand etched by the wind in wavy lines and
ripples, and here a bed of Burnet-leafed rose sheltered by the poplars,
around whose blossoms numerous Dark-green Fritillaries are hovering.
Mingled with the Burnet roses are scores of freshly-emerged Satin Moths
elistening white in the sunlight. This was July and the year was 1942,
a year in which photographic films, plain or coloured, were difficult to
obtain. This was a sight the like of which you do not often see in a
life-time. That I could not immortalise these colours of earth and flower
and insect in a lantern slide, to call them back in the grey winter days,
is Just one more thing for which I will never forgive Mr Hitler.

79

ON THE ECONOMY OF THE OAK MARBLE GALL coMatins
KOLLARI, HARTIG.).

By K. G. Bratr, D.Sc.
Read llth July 1945.

This well-known and generally abundant gall was apparently first
notified as occurring in Britain only in 1854, when reported from Devon,
though it was later stated to have been known in the Exeter district for
some twenty years previously. For some time it was known as the
Devonshire gall, though in 1874 it was referred to as by then abundant
everywhere. For a long time efforts seem to have been concentrated on
the vain attempt to find the male, for of course the agamic generation
of these gall-flies had not then been demonstrated. It was, however,
soon realised that a very large number of insects of different orders
could be reared from them. Of these the great majority, indeed, have
no intimate connection with the galls, but many no doubt had been
merely hibernating or sheltering in the cavity of the vacated galls,
while some perhaps were bred from the buds or twigs on which the galls
were situated ; but even so the number of species that habitually obtain
their nourishment from the gall substance or from its inhabitants ‘s in
itself quite considerable. Thus besides the gall-maker there are in-
quilines, belonging to the same family, Cynipidae, of which the larvae
feed on the gall substance, and the parasites of each of these, belonging
to the family Chalcididae.

Most rearers of the galls are content with recording the numbers o!
insects of these different categories that they obtain; very few attempt
to name the various species of Chalcidids and no one, so far as I know,
has attempted to determine what parasites are associated with the
several hosts, and these notes are merely a record of my own efforts to
establish such relationships.

To take as a basis of observations Connold, 1908, British Oak Gal!s.
we find for example five species of inquilines listed and ten species of
parasites, as follows :—

INQUILINES. PARASITES.
Synergus facialis, Ratz. Torymus regis, Mayr (devoniensis, Parf.)
S. melanopus, Mayr ~ Syntomaspis caudatus, Walk.
S. pallicornis, Bris. Megustigmus stigmaticans, Walk.
S. reinhardi, Mayr Eurytoma rosae, Nees
Ceroptres arator, May1 Ormyrus punctiger, Westw.

Pteromalus tibialis, Walk.
Macrocentrus marginator, Nees
Homalus auratus, L.

H. coeruleus, Fab.

Odynerus trifasciatus, Oliv.

80

though how he arrives at this list is a mystery, since many of these have
obviously nothing to do with the galls beyond utilising them as shelters,
while other species frequently recorded are omitted altogether. Thus
the Odynerus, an Aculeate, is no parasite, though it may occasionally
nidificate in an empty gall; the two species of [[omalus are cuckoos in
the nests of small Aculeates, and may have been thus utilising cells of
Prosopis or Rhopalum similarly occupying old vacated galls. Macrocen-
trus is a Braconid parasite of Clearwing larvae, also recorded from the
twig-boring larvae of certain beetles, and may have come from a larva
of the sawfly, Janus femoratus, Curt., that bores in the oak twigs. That
it could adapt its usually elongate cylindrical cocoon to the round cell
of the Cynips, though not perhaps altogether out of the question, is
very unlikely. The Chalcids that remain are all probably direct para-
sites either of the Cynips or of one or more of its inquilines, or hyper-
parasites of them through one of their own family. It was in an effert
to settle these host relationships that this inquiry was undertaken.

A start was made by isolating individual galls and investigating the
origin of each fly as it emerged; also by opening the galls after emer-
gence had ceased and noting the cells containing dead Chaleids that
had failed to emerge; but by far the most productive method was. to
open the cells before emergence was due, segregate the larvae or pupae
from the different types of cell and rear them to maturity.

The cells in the gall fall readily into one or other of three different
types: first the single large round central chamber formed by the gall-
maker ; this is frequently replaced by a group of about ten cells, formed
by one of the inquilines which_I take to be Synergus reinhardi, Mayr,
and thirdly, odd cells embedded in the spongy tissue between either of
these and the outside of the gall; these I take to be Synergus melanopus,
Mayr. Of the five species of inquilines listed by Connold I have so far
only been able to recognise these two:

1. Cells of Cynips kollari, Hartig, the gall-maker. First determined
by Westwood as C. quercus-folii, L., and in early records usually appear-
ing as C. lignicola, Hart. Forms a single round cell at the centre of the
gall. Usually the gall attains a good size, though occasionally it will be
found in a small or even very small (pea-size) gall. The flies mostly
emerge in the autumn of the year in which the gall is formed, though
a few of them will lie over as larvae until the following summer. It-is
a stout, soft, hairless larva, with the small head deeply sunk in the pro-
thorax. If the gall containing an overwintering larva be opened it will*
seldom survive. Frequently instead of the Cynips larvae will be found
the much firmer hairy larva, tapering to each end, of Torymus regius.
Mayr, the only parasite I have as yet found in these cells. In spite of
the gall being opened these larvae will nearly all duly pupate and pro-
duce the fly the following spring.

2. Cells of Synergus reinhardi, Mayr (fly with head and face dark
in both sexes). The cells form a central group of about ten in the gall,
replacing the single cell of the Cynips and together occupying a larger

81

space. The presence of this inquiline is therefore completely lethal to

.

the Cynips. Sometimes a very small round cell may be seen in the midst
ot the Synergus group, suggesting that their development when the
Cynips larva and cell were still very small inhibits the growth of the
latter and thus brings about its early death. These cells may be found
in full sized or small galls, especially the latter. In fact, nearly all
small galls, even very small, no larger than a pea, contain S. reinhardt
cells to the exclusion of S. melanopus, and it was thought that these,
though forming a similar group of cells, might be specifically distinct
from those of fully grown galls, but apart from their smaller size no
difference in the flies could be found.

From these cells I have obtained the following parasites : —

Torymus nigricornis, F., smaller and with shorter ovipositor than the
Torymus from the Cynips cells; hind femora pale, only slightly
clouded with green.

Syntomaspis caudata, Walk. (?), femora mainly dark metallic green
with whitish knees.

Megastigmus dorsalis, F., head and thorax largely metallic green above,
pale yellow beneath; wings with large black stigmatic spot; ovi-
positor of @ long. This is perhaps the M. stigmaticans of re-
cords, though the latter, according to specimens in the British
Museum, is larger and the metallic green colour more extensive.

Kurytoma rosae, Nees (Black, with head and thorax rather coarsely
punctate ; abdomen shining and petiolate). I have found no sign
of the larva breaking through from one cell to another and de-
vouring more than one Cynipid larva, as described for this species
in the galls of Rhodites, though it is perhaps significant that the
cells of the host are in close juxtaposition. Indeed, one may sus-
pect that it is at least a race distinct from that inhabiting the
rose galls.

Mesopolobus fasciiventris, Westw. (a Pteromaline with yellow legs and
antennae in both sexes though brightest in the male, which sex
also has enlarged yellow palpi). It occurs in considerable num-
bers but the exact role played by the larva is not yet ascertained.

Pteromalus sp. (tibialis, Westw. ?). Smaller and darker than the last,
and found only in small numbers. Possibly a hyperparasite.

In very small galls the incidence of parasitism was found to be com-
paratively low, the percentages of the emargences (220 flies) being as
follows: Synergus 68%, Megastigmus 24%, Eurytoma 3%, Mesopolobus
4%, other species 1% (1 each of Entedon sp. and Tetrastichus sp.).

3. Cells of Synergus melanopus, Mayr (Face yellow, brightest in ¢).
The flies and parasites from these cells are readily obtained without ad-
mixture by segregating galls from which the Cynips has already escaped.
Many of these, of course, are not infested with the Synergus, but such
galls should be split as well as those with no exit holes, and galls con-
taining the Synergus put aside. Cells occur singly, scattered in the

82

peripheral spongy tissue ot the gall, usually near the surface. Generally
in full sized normal-looking galls, either with Cynips cell at centre or
with group of S. reinhardi cells, with the development of neither of -
which does it seem to interfere. From these galls I have reared:

Torymus nigricorms, F.

Torymus abdominalis, Walk., with yet shorter ovipositor and the base of
the abdomen beneath reddish.

Mesopolobus fascuventris, Westw.

Pteromalus sp. (? same as above).

Megastygmus dorsalis, F.

Connold and most authors also give Ormyrus punctiger, Westw., dis-
tinct in its small size (probably a multiple parasite) and heavily pitted
2nd and 3rd segments of the abdomen, reported to have been reared
from dwarfed galls, but I have so far failed to meet with it, nor does the
British Museum contain specimens reared from this gall. Possibly it
is associated with the Cynipid inquiline Ceroptres, which has also not
occurred to me. .

Besides these Cynipid inquilines, larvae of various other orders feed
regularly on the gall substance. Of such I have met with:

Pammene (Ephippiphora) gallicolana, Zell. (Lep., Tortricidae), in the
spongy tissue, usually in galls of which the hard outer shell has
been broken, probably. by tits.

Diptera (Cecidomylidae), similarly riddling the spongy tissue of the
gall, also where broken.

Yet others habitually make use of the vacated galls for shelter or
for hibernation.

Sympherobius pygmaeus, Ramb. (Neuropt., Hemerobiidae). The larva
frequently utilizes empty galls in which to spin its cocoon and
complete its metamorphosis. From them J have bred two species
of Anacharis—A. typica, Walk., and A. ensifera, Walk. (Cyni-
pidae).

Rhopalum clavipes, L. (Hym., Sphecidae); sometimes nidificates in the
cavities of vacated galls, stocking its nest with Psocidae, Aphidi-
dae, etc. I have previously reported it from vacated galls of the
Longicorn beetle, Saperda populmea, L. It is possible that. the
Chrysidae Homalus spp. may have been inquilines in the nests of
this species. From a batch of galls containing Rhopalum I have
bred a Tachinid (? Oebalia sp.).

Lissonota errabunda, Holmgr., a Pimpline Ichneumon, has been bred
from these galls by S. Wakely, though unfortunately the precise
host was not ascertained, probably some sheltering Lepidopterous
pupa. The males of this species have been more than once -re-
ported on our Field Meetings as seen flying in numbers up: and
down the trunks of oaks, though no host seems to have been re-
corded for them. Jt seems too large to be a parasite of the Pam-
mene.

83

It will be noticed th.% I have offered no particulars of the oviposi-
tion of any of these species, and indeed I have no observations on the
point. One might conclude from the length of the ovipositor that Tory-'
mus and Megastigmus attack the galls when already well grown. It is
suggested above that Synergus reinhardi may attack the galls some-
times when quite small, preventing further growth, yet sometimes it
‘would seem to attack them after full growth has been reached; while
'S. melanopus presumably attacks them only when fully grown.

84 ; /

PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS.
By Mr T. R. Eacues.

Read 11th July 1945.

Much valuable work is done in Entomology without reference to _
Insect Physiology. Very detailed studies of the external form and even.
of the internal structure are carried out without any reference to func-
tion. Moreover, much useful and interesting observational work on
the habits of insects is almost equally devoid of any strictly physio-
logical basis. Yet both would be better for such a background. The
student of the differences between species would be more likely to fix
on important and stable differences. The patient observer of insect
behaviour would be less likely to fall into error when drawing his con-
clusions. When it becomes a matter of studying insects as enemies of
our health, or our crops, or our stores, the importance of knowing just
how the organisms work and what outside influences affect them, and
how, is very obvious.

It is unnecessary for me to recall to you the general structure of an
insect or the position of its organs and I will proceed at once to deal
_ With a few selected aspects of insect function.

The study of the senses of insects is full of lessons against trusting
to preconceived notions or jumping to conclusions. We are so accus-
tomed to the idea of sense organs being located in the head that it comes
at first as a surprise to find that many butterflies taste a solution to see
if it contains sugar by means of the extremities of their feet. This is
not an exceptional thing for it is true of important groups of insects
belonging to several orders. The sense of hearing is likewise found to
be located in curious places, judged by human standards. Species of
locusts have elaborate hearing organs located on the two fore legs.
Gryllus, on the other hand, can hear by means of the filaments at the
end of the abdomen. Eyes, on the contrary, are always located on the
head and near the brain as with us.

It is not always safe to infer the function of an organ from its ap-
pearance. Take as an example the tympanal organ found in the meta-
thorax of certain lepidoptera. This has a drum, and in connection with
the drum there is a series of pegs designed to excite associated nerve
fibres. One would say that it was safe to infer that here is an organ
for hearing. But although elaborate tests have shown that the organ
is sensitive to air-borne sound nevertheless the experimenters are not
satisfied that the normal function is hearing. They think that ordin-
arily it responds to the vibration set up by the wings, so as to keep
the insect informed how its own body is working, rather than to inform
it what is happening outside itself.

The numerous bristles and hairs with which the bodies and appen-
dages of insects are beset might excusably be assumed to function by
touch. Yet a careful study establishes that, although many are in fact

85

purely tactile, the bulk of them serve other purposes such as taste,
smell, noting temperature, and the detection of air-borne or earth-
borne vibrations.

One often hears it said that the behaviour of insects is largely
governed by instinct. The word is an unfortunate one to use, because
it has been employed in so many different senses as to become alimost
meaningless. It has, too, a more subtle drawback in that it is com-
monly accepted as an explanation of phenomena without any thorough-
going or scientific enquiry being made. A nearer approach to reality
is obtained by analysing the mechanism controlling the behaviour. Tor
example, we notice that some insects ‘‘ instinctively ’’ sham death when
shaken off their food plant. This is brought about by a sort of tem-
pory paralysis of the whole nervous system caused by the sudden loss of
contact by the insect’s tarsi. It is important to note the widespread
effect on the organism of the nerve message from the tarsi. So com-
plete is the response that it is as if the control of the insect resided in
the tarsi and not in the brain and ganglions. Such sensitive areas
from which nerve messages can pass, causing activity or preventing it,
can be proved by experiment to reside in a variety of places. It may
be in tactile hairs, so that an insect is restless until it finds a crevice
where those hairs establish the necessary contact. Thereupon the nerves
associated with these hairs send their message to the brain, which issues
the order to cease activity to all the nervous system. The insect then
comes to rest. It will do so equally if the crevice is in a fence or tree
trunk and provides concealment or if it is between two sheets of glass
where the insect draws attention to itself. In other cases the sensitive
area may be the halteres, the antennae, the ocelli, or, as would seem
to us more natural, the eyes.

It will readily be appreciated that the extreme sensitiveness of one
area tends to make insect behaviour so excessively automatic as to be
in danger of becoming disadvantageous. The sensitive area has regard
to one type of influence only and ignores others. Thus the insect may
take evasive action against one danger and do nothing about another.
This is an instance of what is often referred to as blind instinct. Thus
an insect shamming death would be likely to remain motionless even if
it had fallen on some surface where its colour rendered it conspicuous.

Scientists and philosophers have speculated and moralised about the
moth’s habit of flying round a light. I will state briefly one explana-
tion that has the advantage of a certain.amount of support from ex-
periments. The idea of taking one’s course from the sun or moon is
familiar to all. If we want to steer a straight course through a piece
of rough woodland we can do so by so walking that the sun is always
at*the same side and at about the same angle. Naturally this is true
only for a short journey, otherwise the alteration in the apparent posi-
tion of the sun comes into play. Now it has been proved by experi-
ments that a number of insects find their way in this manner. An ant
sets off in a straight line keeping the sun at a certain angle. An ex-

86

perimenter claps a dark box over it and after two hours removes the
box. The ant, so the experimenters declare, resumes its journey keep-
ing the sun still at the same angle. But its course is different because
in the two hours ‘the sun has altered its position. The ant’s course is
bent by the same sized angle as is made by the sun’s movement.

It is possible to take the sun or moon as a guide for a short journey -
in this manner, i.e., keeping it at a constant angle, because of its great
distance. If a near light is used you. can steer straight towards it or
straight away from it. But if you keep a near light at a constant
(acute) angle you have to follow a course which circles round it and at
the same time gets nearer and nearer to it. This, it is suggested, is
just what the moth does. It tries to steer by a near light using the
method appropriate to a distant one. If a caterpillar is used in an
experiment to see its method of approach its precise course can ob-
viously be better seen than that of a flying insect. Some caterpillars
have been found to approach a light by a spiral course.

The rows of spiracles on either side of a caterpillar soon attract the
attention of anyone taking an interest in entomology. For the lepi-
dopterist they have an added significance in that their colour and the
colour of the rings around them help in the identification of larvae.
Thus it is soon learnt that respiration is not through the nostrils as in
mammals. Equally readily it is appreciated that in insects there is no
regular pumping in of air and pumping out of waste gases. In general,
oxygen finds its way in, and carbon dioxide finds its way out, by dif-
fusion. But it must not be assumed that the insect is entirely passive
in the matter. It can and does exercise some control. In the first place
most forms can close the spiracles, and in addition many can clear
spent air from the tracheal tubes by causing these to collapse and then
to re-form. But the proportion of the total air in the body that can be
renewed in a given time by an insect is only about half the proportion
a human being can renew by breathing.

Seeing that so many insects and so very many larvae spend their
lives wholly or mainly in the water it is surprising that true gills are
not more often met with. When they do occur they are often not the
sole or even the main means of securing oxygen. Insects resort to a
great variety of other methods. The most primitive perhaps is absorb-
ing oxygen through the skin. In other cases the insects take a supply
of air under water with them when they dive, the air being held by
special hairs or under the wing cases. Still others tap the air inside the
submerged parts of water plants. In passing, it is of interest to note
a method whereby the part played by the various organs and body areas
of an aquatic insect in respiration can be very neatly estimated. Cer-
tain minute protozoa will congregate where there is much traffic in oxy-
gen in preference to other places. Thus, if an aquatic insect be placed
in water containing a culture of such protozoa a check can be made on
other experiments carried out by the more usual method of removing or
putting out of action various organs and areas in succession. -

Bi

The method of respiration of internal parasites varies a good deal.
We ourselves have perhaps never given much thought as to how the
ichneumonid or tachinid larva feeding in our prize caterpillar manages to
breathe, but others have studied the matter very carefully. Some internal
parasitic larvae, especially Tachinids, maintain for a long time a con-
nection with the outer air by means of an opening through the skin
of the host. Others tap the tracheal tubes of the larva in which they
are living. Others depend on mere diffusion through their skin of air
in the bodies of the host. Others have special blood gills for seizing
this air.

When we remember the very varying diet of insects and of their
larvae it comes as no surprise to find that their digestive arrangements
are equally diversified. Contrast the case of a plant-sucking insect of
the aphid type with that of a beetle larva boring in dry wood. The
former sucks up plant juices and thus takes up its food in extremely
dilute solution. To avoid the waste of time and effort involved in pass-
ing an enormous volume of liquid through all the departments of its
digestive system it has an arrangement whereby at an early stage the
surplus water and the undesired portion of the dissolved matter is eli-
minated and only a manageably concentrated solution of the useful
residue allowed to pass on to where the digestive mechanism is ready
to deal with it. The surplus liquid by-passes the central portion of the
digestive tract and joins up again later to be discharged in the usual
way. The problem confronting the wood-boring beetle larva is the con-
verse one of an acute shortage of moisture. It has an apparatus which
enables every vestige of liquid to be extracted from each pellet of frass
before it is discharged. This liquid is passed back and used again. In-
cidentally certain dry-feeding larvae are thought to manufacture water
from the hydrogen and oxygen in their carbohydrate food. Others seem
to eat an excessive quantity of their food and to pass it through little
altered except for the extraction of the small modicum of moisture it
contains.

Turning to what may be called the small tools of digestion, we find
an amazing assemblage. First of all there are the different types of cells
belonging to the body of the insect. Their size, shape, and function are
most varied, and many of them move from place to place. A description
of them would be far too long, but anyone making even a brief study of
them will realise that a collection of living cells is more like a labour
force of different craftsmen than a mere pile of living bricks. In addi-
tion to these cells there are often agents at work that are not part of
the insect’s body. To this class belong various chemical substances and
a host of enzymes—the latter active and potent chemical aggregations
seemingly on the borderline between living and non-living matter.
Lastly, use is made of other living organisms colonising the insect’s
body. Some of these internal helpers are plants (bacteria and fungi):
others are animals (protozoa). There is no question of the assistance of
these organisms being just accidental or casual. It is a system that is

88

firmly established and of long standing. This is clear from the fact that
certain insects cannot live on their ordinary food in the absence of the
outside organisms. Moreover, in some cases the body of the insect is
modified to meet the requirements of these auxiliary organisms—a special
pouch is provided for their reception.

Investigations into the effects of humidity and of heat on insects
have to a great extent been the work of economic entomologists and
often they have used injurious insects, trying to find out what will lull
them. Facts and principles brought to light in this search after methods
of destroying insects are of value’to those who wish to keep them alive.
The harmful effect of excessively dry conditions on eggs, larvae, pupae,
and imagines is only too familiar But a few theoretical considerations
will help to drive home the lessons of experience. Take the case of ova.
Jt is not merely a question of dryness causing the shell to become so
hard that the young larva cannot make its way out. Lack of moisture
delays or stops the processes of development. It also stops certain oper-
ations which depend on water pressure. In other words, the supply of.
hydraulic power is cut off.

For a leaf-eating caterpillar it is well to bear in mind that the per-
centage by weight of water is in the order of 90%. A reduction to about
60% is generally fatal. These larvae get most of this water from the
food they eat. It follows that if a larva has to eat leaves which, though
fresh in appearance, have lost part of their water content, its water
percentage will fall. Even if this does not kill the larva it may so
weaken it that it succumbs at the next moult or when the time comes
to pupate. What has been said about the contrivances by which some
insects, e.g., wood-boring larvae, resist dessication applies only to those
specially adapted to dry conditions. The ordinary lepidopterous larva
does not in nature have to face such conditions and so it has only a very
limited capacity for coping with them.

Questions of moisture are inseparably bound up with those of tem-
perature because for one thing the amount of water the air can take up
varies with the temperature. The consideration of temperature brings
us to one of the principal uses made of water. This is the cooling of
the insect’s body by evaporation just as we can make any part of our
body cool by allowing a volatile liquid to evaporate from it. Tor the
insect to use this method it must obviously have an adequate supply of
moisture in its body and, moreover, the air surrounding its body must
be reasonably dry, as otherwise the water cannot evaporate. Thus, a
larva fed on leaves in a closed tin may be faced with a shortage of water
inside its body because the leaves are dry and with an excess of mois-
ture in the air around it because the moisture that should be in the
leaves is in the air confined in the tin.

The capacity of insects to withstand low temperature is well known.
It may therefore come as a surprise to learn that only a few insects can
survive complete freezing of the tissues. And these die if the tempera-
ture makes a further fall. But it is known that large numbers of in-

89

sects live through cold winters. Indeed, it is sometimes said that their
numbers are greater after a cold winter because the frozen ground pro-
tects them from birds and other predators and this gain to them more
than makes up for losses due to cold. The explanation of the power to
stand low temperatures is, it appears, largely to be found in the fact
that the tissues do not freeze because of the phenomenon of supercooling.
This property of water is important in many spheres of nature. It is
that water under certain conditions can remain liquid although the
temperature falls many degrees below zero. It is said that a tempera-
ture as low as 50 degrees below zero Centigrade (90 degrees of frost
Fahrenheit) can be resisted successfully.

The eye of an insect is a beautiful and fascinating object even when
examined without optical aid. With a hand lens it is more so. With
each increasing degree of magnification the marvel of it increases, un-
til we realise that each one of the tiny facets making up the visible
exterior of the eye is the end of a living telescope of elaborate con-
struction and with complicated moving parts. Nevertheless, it is in-
ferior to the human eye in effectiveness. No surprise need be felt at
this because the effectiveness of vision depends on the number of nerve
endings. There are many millions of these in a human eye. The dis-
tance apart of these nerve endings is about the same as the wave length
of light. If the same number of nerve endings were crammed into the
much smaller eye of an insect their distance apart would be less than
the wave length of light and so most of them would be inoperative.

It is necessary to appreciate that there are two main types of com-
pound eye. One is adapted to the case where there is a full supply of
light. Here what is called an apposition image is formed by each facet
contributing a small part to a picture made up of a vast number of
small parts. For cases where the supply of light is small, as in nocturnal
insects, each facet produces the same image. These are superimposed
on each other and so the maximum use is made of the light.

The range of insect eyes is thus much greater than that of the human
eye when it is a question of the degree of illumination, in compensation
for its inferiority to the human eye when it is a question of distance.
The insect. eye is little, if at all, capable of being focussed and is set for
the perception of things near at hand. If it be objected that insects
become alarmed all too readily at things comparatively far away the
explanation is that their eyes are very sensitive to (a) movement and
(b) the intensity of light. In other words, as is well known, one’s
chances of approaching an insect are greater if one moves very slowly
and evenly and at the same time takes care not to cast a shadow. A
comparatively large object such as a human being affects equally all the
facets of the eye, and so its movement, if slow and even, does not cause
much nervous disturbance. But the sudden quick movement of a small
object disturbs part of a picture made up of many small parts and is at
once perceived. As regards intensity of light, the eye of a diurnal in-
sect uses only a part of the light available and so can function in the

90)

most intense sunlight without any screening. At the other end of the
scale, the eye of a nocturnal insect can function in what to us is dark-
ness, by using every ray of the faint light available and multiplying its
effect by superimposing on each other as many images as there are facets
capable of being ‘brought to bear on the object. It is an arrangement
for making use of all the light available that causes the familiar bril-
liant glow of the eyes of certain nocturnal moths when brought into
bright light while their eyes are still adapted to dark conditions. Hach
unit of the eye has a set of air-filled tubes for reflecting the light. In a
bright light this extra aid is not required and a dark sleeve is drawn
over it, whereupon the glow disappears. The eye of any particular in-
sect may not have the whole of this great range, but it has a consider-
able part of it by an arrangement whereby the light passed to the
retirva by each facet may be increased or diminished.

In some cases the eye can function both for apposition images and
for superimposed images.

All larva rearers are familiar with the danger attending the perio-
dical moult. Some of the larvae are often lost however favourable con-
ditions may be. Attempted assistance, even if most carefully and deli-
cately carried out, is generally fatal. Any surprise we may feel at these
facts is dispelled by a knowledge of the amazingly intricate processes
of moulting. These are far too involved to be described in a short paper,
but there is time to refer to an important underlying fact. It is that
the operation is carried out by the co-ordinated but yet separate and
individual activity of an immense number of cells. In some way the
impulse to do a certain thing reaches the vast army of cells. They at
once obey and go forward with the work. But once having started they
cannot in the ordinary way stop. Thus, if everything goes according
to plan all is well, and an elaborate change is brought about with speed
and exactitude. On the other hand, in the face of a hitch or difficulty
there can be little or no adaptibility, and disaster results. On the sub-
ject of the complexity of the operations of moulting one matter can be
mentioned. The moulting fluid so copiously formed is sometimes as-
sumed to be no more than a lubricant. In fact, its task is to digest and
to return to the body of the larva the greater portion of the cast skin,
leaving only the outermost layer. This is why a cast larval skin is,
apart from hairs, so very thin.

Variation in the outward form of different individuals of one species
has long attracted the attention of naturalists. A collection of forms
and varieties with data is not only a fascinating display of the power
of the forces producing change and progress in animate nature, but
can also be a storehouse of information ready for the day when an
ecologist or geneticist or other specialised scientist undertakes his in-
vestigations. Such investigations have done much to elucidate the pro-
bable causes of variation But where they have done more is in demon-
strating the mechanism of variation. It is useful to keep the two things
distinct, hecause the statement of the causes calls for more assistance

91

from human reasoning than does the observation of mechanism, and is
therefore more liable to error. In unravelling the genetical mechanism
of variation this Society has taken its share. No doubt in time many
of the familiar varietal names will be accompanied by a genetical for-
mula, indicating to the collector how he may rear the variety if he can-
not find an example ready made.

Much of the variation observed in nature does not follow Mendelian
lines and is not caused by genes. The most familiar of these other
causes is temperature. Experiments have shown that temperature is
effective during certain periods only in development. They have also
shown the nature of the mechanism involved. It seems that during
pupal development there are periods during which the details of the
wing pattern are laid down. These originating periods follow each other
in an orderly sequence. Heat, if applied for a short time only, can
affect one part of the chain of processes without altering another. This
clearly opens up endless possibilities of variation. Again it has been
shown that in some cases wing pattern depends on the timing of two in-
dependent processes. Take the case of parallel dark bands. The deter-
mining influence of these spreads from the centre of the wing outwards
towards the apex and inwards towards the base. At a certain stage the
wing scales become ready to receive the colouring and thus the bands are
formed. Whether the wings develop quickly or slowly the width apart
of the bands remains the same so long as the ratio of the speed of the
influences is undisturbed. But if something hastens or slows down one
process more than it does the other then the distance apart of the bands
will be affected. The host of detailed discoveries that are being made
about the method of working of various processes of development may
enable us to modify them at will and so produce varieties to order, but
their real importance lies in taking us nearer to a true knowledge of
underlying principles. |

I have touched on a number of matters and my remarks have had
to be in a condensed and summarised form. The detailed study of such
matters is not the ordinary function of a Society such as ours, but an
occasional glance at them is, I think, useful, and I hope, interesting.

92

A WAR-TIME VISIT TO WEST AFRICA.
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.
Read 12th September 1945.

Opportunities for field work during the war have been few for most
of us; and perhaps this fact was even more pronounced in regard to
exotic insects. I have therefore plucked up sufficient courage to tell
you of a glorious though fleeting experience that befell me in 1941.

I fear I cannot claim to lay before you any new scientific facts; I
can only ask your indulgence on the grounds that the impact of the
West African lepidoptera on an enthusiastic novice may perhaps enter-
tain you for a few minutes.

Members will recall that, in the dark days of 1940 when this country
and the whole civilized world were so desperately near defeat, Mr Win-
ston Churchill made one of the greatest military strategic decisions in
all history—to re-inforce the defence of our vital Middle East communi-
cations, however great the cost—if necessary at the cost of England
herself.

Perhaps the most important items of men and equipment that he
sent were fighter aircraft and their personnel for the support of our
hard pressed Naval Command of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. To
this end, December 1940 found my ship, a great Aircraft Carrier, load-
ing Hurricanes and their crews in the greatest haste and secrecy at
Liverpool. We sailed about the 22nd. Christmas morning at 0830 very
nearly saw the end of our operation! The German heavy cruiser,
‘¢ Admiral Hipper,’’ made contact with the convoy, and could with the
exercise of fighting spirit have destroyed it. Had the Captain of the
‘‘ Hipper ’’ appreciated by how fine a thread—a few Hurricanes—the
whole of our fortunes in the war at that moment depended, he might
perhaps have been more bold. This incident, I think, provides a splen-
did example of the value of bold action combined with efficient secrecy.

However, after some ineffective action, ‘‘ Hipper’’ retired at high
speed to the Westward, and next day we arrived at Gibraltar for fuel.

At that time the enemy denied us command of the Western Mediter-
ranean for vitally important operations such as this. We therefore sailed
for the West Coast of Africa, where we were to assemble the Hurricanes
on board, and fly them ashore at Takoradi. Thence they would fly by
short stages between emergency landing grounds right across equatorial
Africa to Khartoum, and from there up to Egypt.

This operation was successfully accomplished; and thus it was that
at Freetown, the main port of Sierra Leone Colony, I had at last the
opportunity to get ashore and indulge my passion for entomology. My
ship called here during the ‘‘ turn round ”’ for only a few hectic days.
Altogether I was able to get ashore on three afternoons only for a period
of four hours each, of which about two hours were spent walking into

93

the hilis and returning to the town. Owing to the prevalence of the
malarial Anopheles mosquito, all leave ended at 1800, or sunset, to my
great regret.

The collecting ground therefore that I was able to cover is situated
within a radius of about five or six miles, and between east and south
of Freetown, the principal port of Siena Leone, known of old pic-
turesquely as ‘‘ The White Man’s Grave.’’ A few deena of the district
will not be out of place.

_ Freetown itself is situated in iatitude 8° 29’ N., longitude 13° 14’ W.,
on the south side,of the River Sierra Leone. This is a wide estuary,
fed by a number of small streams and studded with mangrove covered
islets. -The north shore is flat, but the south shore rises quite steeply
behind the town to the hills of the Sierra Leone range, where there are
peaks of over 2000 feet altitude. These hills are covered with dense
primeval bush or forest with strips of cultivation here and there on their
slopes.

The climate of the Colony and Protectorate is marked by very dis-
tinct wet and dry seasons, but in both the humidity of the air is high,
and the climate unhealthy. The dry season extends from November to
April, so that when I was there in January it was already well advanced,
and the ‘‘ peak ’’ period for butterflies already past. This is sadly re-
flected in the condition of many of the insects in the exhibit. The daily
temperature range at this time of year is from 74°-89° F., the humidity
69-76%, and the wind very light. There is, of course, very little actual

rainfall, mostly occasional showers, but the cloud averages 4/10 even
at this time of year, so that the general effect is that of a ‘‘ steamy ”’
heat, with very little bright sun, but some bright intervals, fortunately
for me, in the afternoon, but also in the early morning. I enjoyed im-
mensely every minute of my only too short stay in the Port—but the wet
season, with its 9-10/10 cloud, 40-50 inches of rain a month, must be
appalling.

So that you may be able to assess at their true value any observations
J am about to make on my experiences, I must frankly confess that,
naturally enough, my professional life previous to 1941 had not allowed
me much time or facility for reading up the papers and work of distin-
guished field workers. My lack of knowledge of the state of progress in
the field of, for example, Natural Selection was abysmal. On the other
hand, I think I may humbly claim to have possessed a fresh and enquir-
ing mind little influenced by second-hand opinions. TI have always been
greatly interested in the wonderful diversity of means that have been
evolved in Lepidoptera for self-preservation—procryptic or aposematic
colouration, swift or flaunting flight, varying degrees of edibility or dis-
tastefulness, and the behaviour of the insects. To take one homely
example—Smerinthus ocellatus, L. Everyone knows the beautiful pro-
cryptic resemblance of this lovely insect at rest to its environment of
dead leaves; alarm it, and, without attempting to take flight, it will
swiftly advance the forewings in one movement to ‘ flash ’’ the vividly

94

coloured hindwings as a ‘‘ warning ”’ signal. It would be interesting to

know the degree of edibility by birds of this moth. My object in this
digression is merely to show how great and exciting a stimulus have I
found the exotic butterflies that have crossed my path during a good
many years of sea service; now that I am enjoying shore service it is
possible to read up the splendid work of distinguished entomologists.
May I be so bold as to commend to novice members, such as myself, the
classic controversy between Sir Guy Marshall and Dr Dixey on the rela-
tive merits of the Batesian and Mullerian factors in mimicry. This is
recorded in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
for 1908, and many fascinating relevant papers appeared in that and
the ensuing decade. I feel sure, now that victory has at last been
achieved, we need as many enthusiastic field workers as possible to send
in careful observations of insects so as to continue the excellent work of
our distinguished predecessors.

May I also add a plea for close co-operation with our colleagues the
ornithologists. The degree to which animals, birds, lizards and insects
prey upon Lepidoptera can only be determined by much toil in the field.
During my few hours in Sierra Leone I kept a special lookout for birds,
monkeys and lizards and they seemed to me to be very few indeed.

I only saw one monkey, one bird of a magpie-like species, and a few
lizards on the bare stony ground well clear of the forest belt where the
most striking mimetic butterflies fly. Similar short visits in the past
to South America and the West Indies also lead me to the conclusion
that this stimulus to mimicry cannot be very great in these areas; but
far more observations by residents in these countries are needed to ar-
rive at a considered view. For example, I would draw your attention to
the specimen of Mylothris primulina, with a remarkably symmetrical
bird bite out of the hindwings. This genus is recognised as distasteful
by most authorities.

I will now refer to the exhibit. This consists of Rhopalocera cap-
tured during the three consecutive afternoons. Owing to the shortness
of time available, I collected entirely at random by walking inland as
far as possible in different directions. I must apologize for the low stan-
dard of pinning and setting, which was due to the complete lack of
materials available to me—you will notice that I had to use ordinary
pins for some specimens. The classification and identification I have
used is that in Seitz; I thought it better not, in my ignorance, to at-
tempt the more modern conceptions prevailing to-day, except to arrange
the insects in the exhibit in the more modern order.

LEPIDOPTERA OF FREETOWN, BRITISH WEST AFRICA.
RHOPALOCERA.

PAPILIONIDAE.
Papilio dardanus, Brown, f. hippocoon, F. @&.
P, menestheus, Drury. <&.

95

PIERIDAE.
Pierinae.
Mylothris asphodelus, Btlr. o.
M. primulina, Btlr. 3c.
Pieris calypso, Drury. <6.

Teracolinae.
Eronia argia, F., ab. idotea, Bdv. @.
Coliadinae.
Teria brenda, Dbl. & Hew. o.
T. desjardinsi, Bdr. <6.
DANAIDIDAE.

Damaida chrysippus, L., f. aleippus. 3g, 2.
Amauris niavius, L. 3, &.

SATYRIDAE.
Satyrinae.
Gnophodes purmeno, Dbl. & Hew. 9.

NYMPHALIDAE.
Charaxidinae.

Charaxes varanes, Cr., f. vologeses, Mab.

C. paphianus, Ward. <6.

Nymphalinae.
Euphaedra xypete, Hew. d, &.
E. ceres, F. @&.

Neptidinae.
Neptis saclava, Bdr., f. marpessa, Hpfttr.

Vanessinae.
Hypolimnas missipus, lL. oS.
Precis terea, Drury. <.
P. pelarga, F., ab. harpyia, F.C.
P. clelia, Cr. 6, &.

Acraeinae.

> ” a” “WT71 as Tr
Planema macarista, E. Sharpe. 3d, @.

Acraea jodutta, F. oS.
A. terpsichore, L. oC.
A. zetes, L., f. menippe, Drury.

LYCAENIDAE,
Lycaeninae.

Tolaus timon, F.

Cupido isis, Drury.

&

96

On first landing at the canteen steps of the port, my eager eyes were
greeted at once by the beautiful purple and cream Nymphaline, Precis
clelia, flitting low over the grass. Passing through the town, I observed
a shop with the delightful title outside, ‘‘ The Sympathetic Undertaker,”’
amusingly appropriate to the ‘‘ White Man’s Grave.”’

Climbing into the hills through the cultivated outskirts of the town,
I remember being forcibly struck with the absence of large butterflies
such as Danaus plexippus or Papilio polydamus, which are such a lovely
feature of the West Indian Islands where I have also spent many an
interesting ‘‘ make and mend ”’ collecting. On the other hand, on arriv-
ing at the village of Gloucester about 1000 feet altitude, cut into the
virgin forest, experiences came quickly. J remember in particular a
large black and vivid green Papilio dashing swiftly over bushes border-
ing a stream which persistently defeated me, and so is not represented
in the exhibit. Here I must digress from Lepidoptera for a moment to
recount a truly poignant memory of a Hymenopteron, a common large
black driver ant. I was intently watching and stalking one of the beau-
tiful black and green Papilios through the trees, when I was suddenly
distracted by the sharpest imaginable pains in many of my tenderest
spots!! I should add that I was wearing shorts, a shirt, and boots.
Glancing down, I beheld two ants, each a good 3-inch long, with their
very large mandibles buried in the tough leather of my service boots.
I will leave the subsequent proceedings to your imagination, only add-
ing that complete dismemberment of each ant was necessary before the
agony was abated! I was then able to observe a little more scientifically
that I was only a few feet away from the main stream of ants on the
march—I had unwittingly encountered the reconnaissance patrols on
the flank of the army.

To return to the small village of Gloucester from which I digressed,
two more Precis, terea and pelarga, were to be seen flying over the bare
ground of the beaten track in a similar way to our Vanessids; the pelarga
were of the bright blue dry season form peculiar to West Africa. Also
in the road I captured the pair of Danaids, D. chrysippus aleippus,
whilst courting, a beautiful sight. Almost immediately after I saw ris-
ing from the side of the road my first Charazxes varanes vologeses, a
lovely insect of powerful build; whilst flying I at first took it to be an
Argynnid! This insect has eatie form and colour at rest; it isa re-
markable ‘‘ leaf.’ The other small Charazes, paphianus, I captured fly-
ing swiftly round some bushes at a lower elevation.

Passing through the village, the cultivated outskirts of the bush con-
tained many fair-sized trees and long grass; in the latter, true to the
Meadow Brown and Cabbage White tradition, I took the Satyrid, Gno-
phodes parmeno, and some ‘‘ whites ”’ of the beautiful genus Mylothris—
I would draw attention to the lovely satin texture of the scaling, and
the delicate colouring. This group is very variable and difficult to iden-
tify without expert advice. Flying in company with the Mylothris and
in the same heavy manner, I captured a moth which mimics asphodelus

97

pertectly—I have placed it in the exhibit next to the butterfly. In flight
the resemblance is of course more marked. Here I also was fortunate to
take a specimen of the Teracolid, Hronia argia, ab. idotea—an insect of
very powerful flight which careers over and round the bushes at a tre-
mendous rate; our clouded yellows are snails in comparison! In the
same clearing I also took the only Pierine I saw in West Africa, Pieris
calypso. Two small Teria, brenda and desjardinsi, | took much nearer
to Freetown itself on dry grassy ground at about 500 feet elevation.

In the sunny clearing among the trees nearby I suddenly saw a huge
creamy white butterfly dashing swiftly about, which was clearly a Papilio,
although at the time I knew of none of that colour. Fortunately, the
sun then became obscured; the insect settled pendulously under the
upper frond of a plant, and I was able to take it, a fine ¢ Papilio dur-
danus. I was not at the time aware that this species is a classic example
of sexual polymorphism, the females being entirely unlike the males in
appearance and wing contour. They have lost their tails in the course
of their evolution, and the several forms bear such striking resemblance
to Danaids that they are used to support the mimetic theories. Ail I
can say is that on examining my captures later I was delighted and
astonished to find I had taken a female dardanus, tf. hippocoon, which
‘“mimies ’? the Danaid, Amauris niavius, so well that I had at the time
been completely deceived into thinking it an aberrant niavius. Examin-
ation of the neuration soon dispelled my error, of course. I took this
insect, and the ¢ 2 niavius on the same afternoon flying in company in
entirely different surroundings from those where I took the male dar-
danus. They were flying well inside the dark and gloomy forest among
big trees at a lower altitude. To those who are interested in the Bate-
sian and Mullerian mimetic theories, I might here perhaps make four
points from my very limited observations on these two species : —

(1) The flight of P. dardanus hippocoon is almost identical with that
of A. niavius—leisured and flapping—entirely unlike that of
her mate.

(2) The habitat of hippocoon is that of niavius—the two sexes per-
haps meet for pairing on the edge of the forest.

(3) Both species are probably equally common in this locality; the
mimetic factor is therefore more likely to be Batesian than Mul-
lerian.

(4) It is generally assumed that distasteful models have aposematic
or warning colouration which they display to their enemies by
a slow flapping flight. I am not happy about this; niavius and
hippocoon in their habitat are not conspicuous; the black and
white pattern breaks up the outline, as in the case of our own
Papilio machaon.

Amauris niavius is a splendid insect in spite of its sombre black and
white garb. It is by no means easy to capture as it floats and flaps along

98

under the big trees, tending as it does so to go high and out of reach.
The males are easily distinguished from their mates by the patch of
scent scales on the hindwings, easily visible when viewed against the
light. I wish I had seen the courting of this great insect, and the in-
teresting way in which the male distributes the scent by ‘‘ brushing ”’
the patches with his anal tuft. I have, however, watched our own P.
megaera S rubbing his androconia on the antennae tips of the female
—an interesting variation on the theme.

In a sunlit water-course I took the great Papilio menesthews—an ex-
citing capture. Its flight was the typical sweeping flight of the swallow-
tail.

Flying with tremendous swiftness along some of the tracks through
and on the outskirts of the ‘‘ bush ’’ were the great Nymphalines of the
difficult genus Ewphaedra—I took with much toil and sweat two very
worn species, cypete and ceres, J think. The only other large Nympha-
line I came across was, I think, Hypolimnas missipus, a male. I was
not successful in locating a female, which I believe also ‘‘ mimics” a
Danaid; but I noticed that, in spite of the beautiful purple iridescence
of the wings, the general effect of this insect was also black and white,
and I took it in shady ground beneath trees.

Another Nymphaline was the little Neptis suclava, f. marpessa. It
has a floating flight.

I now come to the interesting African Sub-family Acraeinae, of which
1 was able to sample two genera and four species. Like the members ot
Euphaedra, these are many and varied, and are difficult for the novice.
The Planema exhibited are, I think, probably one species only, P. maca-
rista, but the female may perhaps be P. camerwnica. Like the Papilio
dardamus, there is distinct sexual dimorphism, the female conforming to
the black and white deep forest colouration, perhaps mimetically asso-
ciated in the Mullerian manner with the Amauris niavius group. At
any rate, | captured my female in the latter’s company, while the males
I took outside the forest proper. The latter were flying in company with
the Acraea species exhibited, jodutta, terpsichore, and zetes. The latter
insect I am particularly doubtful about; it is a strikingly coloured crea-
ture, and is the only species illustrated and described in Seitz that it
remotely resembles. These creatures all exhibit the characteristic tough
integument of so many distasteful species—I experienced great difficulty
in killing them. I wish I could tell you that I had observed the pairing
of the Planema and Acraea in the hope of throwing more light on the
remarkable ‘‘ Sphragis,’’ the secretion which has been stated to be neces-
sary in order to protect the female from unwelcome male attentions sub-
sequent to pairing. I feel a little doubtful about this theory, for most
butterflies of the female sex, in my experience, are by no means averse
from masculine attention at any period in their imaginal life. I believe
that Parnassiws apollo females also develop this curious structure during
pairing, and am not aware that a satisfactory explanation has ever been
offered.

99

The Sphragis is excellently described in Dr E. Eltringham’s famous
Monograph on the genus Acracu, in Part V of the 1912 Transactions of
the Entomological Society. Briefly it consists of a large mass of
waxy material secreted hy the male, and mixed with hairs and scales from
his abdomen. This hardens upon the under-surface of the abdomen of
the female after copulation has been completed. That the Sphragis is
by no means always effective in preventing subsequent pairings has been
indicated by Sir Guy Marshall, who has captured female Acraeas with
two distorted seals present. He has observed the pairing of these species,
which is most forceful.

I have left to the last any mention of that fascinating family, the
Lycaenidae, simply because I personally only came across them on two
occasions. The large and beautiful Jolaus timon I captured as it flut-
tered breast high between two bushes in the shady edge of the forest.
Jt is possible she was intent on oviposition, but at the time | could not
determine her sex, so missed the opportunity of observing her. To those
who are not familiar with this insect, | would point out that the speci-
men shown has lost both of its long ‘‘ tails;’’ these are about two centi-
metres long, and depend from the anal angle of each hindwing. I
imagine they cannot remain intact long after emergence. The other
Lycaenid I found was the pretty little Cupido isis. The insect exhibited
differs from the illustration and description in Seitz in that there is no
white median spot on the forewing. A swarm of these little butterflies
was frequenting a small water hole in the bend of a track not far from
the town, and they were uncommonly active on the wing, dispersing
rapidly in all directions when I attacked!!!

Finally, you will observe that my brief encounter with the West
African Rhopalocera has left me with only one family entirely unrepre-
sented—the Hesperidae. Not a ‘‘ Skipper ’”’ did I see!

Next morning my ship and her escort sailed for the cold grey northern
regions, and the different realities of the U-boat and the night bomber.
Such vivid contrasts are perhaps the source of the age-old appeal of the
sea that has made us the greatest sea-faring nation of the world. May
I conclude by hoping that my description of one such episode has been
of some interest.

1U0

SOME NOTES ON THE OVA OF THE HEMIPTERON, PENTATOMA
RUFIPES, L.

By E. J. Bunnett, M.A.
Read 10th October 1945.

Ova of the plant-bug, Pentatoma (Tropicorisy rufipes, L. (Fig. 1),
sent me from the S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, by Mr J. Sankey
afforded some curious features which, as far as I know, have not been
e'sewhere recorded, in which case these observations may perhaps be
found noteworthy. [For a brief description see Butler, E. A., Biology:
British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, page 60. K.G.B.]

This insect, 1t appears, has recently infested cherry orchards near
Sittingbourne, Kent, in particular, to the detriment of the cherry crop
and, owing to the very disagreeable odour of the bug, to the disgust
of the pickers, to whom they are known as “ bishops.’’ Before hatch-
ing, two reddish spots and a short black line give the appearance of a
little goblin face to each of the spherical opaline ova, the red spots
being actually the eyes of the enclosed larva (Fig. 2).

On the 27th August the eggs of one batch hatched out, and the re-
mainder on the following day.

The little ‘‘ bishops ’’ (which Mr Sankey tells me are facetiously
called ‘‘ minor canons ’’ at his Research Station) on emergence huddled
together around the egg-shells. I offered hawthorn leaves for their food
and on this they throve satisfactorily, quickly increasing in size. After
the first ecdysis, the insect being a very common one and my concern
being only with the eggs, I made no further notes upon its life history.

In order to extract and examine the black linea above mentioned, the -
egg was crushed between two glass microscope slips. The pressure
necessary to rupture it was so surprising that J was curious to ascer-
tain what weight could be withstood by the egg before it collapsed. To
prevent it from slipping out from between the glass slides, an egg was
anchored in position by two or three strands of cotton wool wetted with
a drop of water. I then placed on the upper slip a series of weights
beginning with one ounce which was replaced by one of four ounces
and that by eight ounces without result. The weights were then succes-
sively increased by two ounces at a time until the extraordinary total
of twenty ounces was supported without rupturing the shell, and it was
not until a weight of twenty-four ounces was applied that the egg burst.
From the exuded contents it was easy to detach the little black object
mentioned and mount it for microscopical examination.

-It was then seen to be a chitinous apparatus in the shape of a later-
ally compressed mushroom (Fig. 5). We may tentatively call it the
ege-breaker. The toughness of the egg shell which offers so great resist-

10]

ance to pressure points to the apparent need of a cutting tool, or some
such mechanism for breaking open the egg. Muscular fibres attached
diametrically to each side of the *‘ pileus ’’ tending towards the “‘ stipe ”’
may be for the purpose of enabling the arc to move backwards and for-
wards in its own plane, as a cutting or forcing edge, but there are no
teeth as in the egg-breaker of Stenopsocus (Psocoptera) for instance.

This supposition is strengthened by the fact that the egg-breakers
left in the empty shells are invariably on the line of fissure between the
cap and the rest of the shell (Fig. 4). Whether the removal of the cap
is effected by the extremity of the ‘‘ stipe ’’ or by the mucronate bulge
in the centre of the ‘‘ pileus ’’ remains to be elucidated.

A somewhat elaborate appendage is attached to the pileus (Figs. 9
and 10). This organ appears in the empty shell as a white stripe running
across the cap (Fig. 3). It is apparently a muscular organ.

On that portion of it nearest the ‘‘ pileus ’’ there are some loops or
notches shaped and perforated like nutmeg-graters. The concave sur-
face of the ‘‘ pileus ’’ appears to be fibrous, almost in the form of
matted hairs. :

The egg-breaker fits closely over the back of the head of the larva in
the egg (Fig. 8). 1+ becomes detached when the larva has hatched out,
and it adheres to the interior of the shell together with its appendages
(Fig. 4). I make no attempt at present to explain how this remarkable
instrument is used in opening the egg, but it is undoubtedly used in
some way to effect the exit of the larva.

In the empty egg-shells (Fig. 3) a series of dots, in number seventeen
or eighteen, are conspicuous along the circumference of a circle on the
‘cap’? portion running parallel with and very close to the line where
the “ cap ”’ is cut off from the rest of the egg.

73

A more minute examination of a number of micro-mounts of empty
eggs showed that every dot is actually a kind of peg passing through a
ringed aperture in the shell (Figs. 6 and 7). The peg, which appears to
be solid, is in the shape of an elongated wine-glass, standing perpen-
dicularly to the interior surface of the egg with the small circular foot
of the wine-glass projecting outside, through the ring. It is very pro-
bable that the pegs assist in some way in the rupturing of the egg, per-
haps by acting as guides for the sweep of the egg-breaker.

In the empty egg shells of another plant bug (Stollia fabricii, Kirk.)
the extremities of the pegs can be more plainly seen protruding outside
the shells (Fig. 11).

Not having had opportunity to see the so-called egg-breaker in opera-
tion, I have regretfully to leave further investigation into its proper
function, and that of its curious appendages, until a further supply of
eggs is obtainable.

Meanwhile I hope my photographs and these scanty notes may be of
assistance to others, as well as myself, towards solving this interesting
problem.

102

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 1. The perfect insect. Pentatoma rufipes. L. X14.
Fig. 2. Eggs before hatching. X65.

Fig. 3. Empty egg shells. X65.

Fig. 4. Egg showing position of egg-breaker. x2.
Fig. 5. The egg-breaker. X90.

Fig. 6. Egg-cap, split by flattening. x40.

Fig. 7. Marginal portion of egg-cap. X120.

Fig. 8. Larva in egg. X22.

Figs. 9 and 10. Egg-breaker and appendages. X60.
Fig. 11. Ova of Stollia fabricii, Kirk. X10.

PLATE VITi.

Proc. S.L.E. & N..

., LIZS-46, PEATE: VX.

)

ye
A
oi

y
ay)
Duis)
y

PLATE X.

——,

103

THE PSYCHIDAE.
By L. T. Forp.

Read 7th November 1945.

The position of the Psychidae amongst the Lepidoptera has been
frequently discussed by many authors and affinities with widely different
families have been suggested from time to time. These are reviewed
very completely by Tutt in his British Lepidoptera, Vol. II, p. 117, and
following pages and are shortly summarised by Burrows in his paper on
the Psychidae in the Ent. Rec., Vol. 36, p. 81 (1924). There can be no
doubt, however, that the Psychidae constitute a superfamily having no
close relation to other lepidoptera from which they branched off in very
early times.

Amongst the characters which distinguish the Psychidae are the
obsolete or rudimentary tongue and maxillary palpi; the apterous
females (except Narycia and Diplodoma); the habit of the larvae of
living in portable cases, their undeveloped anal prolegs and highly de-
veloped third pair of true legs, and the anal hooks of the pupae.

The Psychidae fall into two groups which have been termed the
Macro-Psychina and the Micro-Psychina. The former ‘are separated
from the latter by the absence of nervure 8 from the forewings and the
strongly developed nervure 1c; by the absence of the secondary cell at
the apex of the discoidal cell of the forewings, which appears in all the
Micro-Psychina; the antennae bipectinated to the apex; the habit of
the larvae of attaching fragments of vegetable matter to their portable
cases; the pupa skin of the male only being protruded on emergence;
the female on emergence remaining in the larval case and after fer-
tilisation laying ova in the pupal skin, and by the ventral position of the
two anal hooks of the pupa which in the Micro-Psychina are on the dor-
sum. Some of these characters overlap, e.g., the female of Fwmea casta,
Pall. leaves the case on emergence and amongst the Micro-Psychina the
pupa skins of the females of Luffia lapidella, Goze, and L. seprwm, Spey,
remain in the larval case and the ova are laid in the pupa skin; the an-
tennae of the two latter species are shortly bipectinated. The forewings
of the Macro-Psychina are rounded; in the Micro-Psychina the apex is
more or less pointed.

The Psychidae are sparsely represented in this country but are more
numerous in warmer climates. Jn general the wings of the males have
no prominent markings, being for the most part unicolorous but some
species have a slight reticulation of a darker colour and some have ir-
regular markings of a lighter colour. The wing membrane of. most
species is very thin, rendering the wings very delicate, but in spite of
this the imagines fly strongly, for the most part in sunshine. The
females of all British species, with the exception of Narycia monalifera,
Geoffroy, and Diplodoma marginepunctella, Steph., are apterous. They

104

are curious insects; devoid of scales and some have no legs or antennae
and on emergence do not leave the larval case; some have corneous plates
on the head and thoracic segments, and some have a more or less de-
veloped anal tuft of hairs.

The larvae of all species inhabit portable cases which are made of
silk and are very strong and tough. The larvae of the Macro-Psychina
attach to the outside of the case fragments of stick, grass or other
vegetable substance. The cases of some foreign species are complicated
structures and these have led to the name ‘‘ Basket-worms’’ for the
larvae. The cases of the Micro-Psychina are usually covered with lichen
or tree algae and the colour of the case varies somewhat according to
the lichen on which the larva has fed. The case of each species is
characteristic but those which have fragments of vegetable matter at-
tached vary according to the material available to the larvae.

The larvae of all species pupate in the larval case. The anterior end
of the case is affixed for pupation and after fixing the case the larva
turns round and the imago emerges from the posterior end of the ease.
The pupa of the male is protruded from the case on emergence and in
the Micro-Psychina the pupa of the female is also protruded with the
exception of L. lapidella and L. sepiwm already mentioned. The females
of the Macro-Psychina (except F’. casta) remain in the case.

The ova of the Macro-Psychina and of L. lapidella and L. sepium are
laid in the pupa skin. The other species of the Micro-Psychina lay
their ova in the larval case, inserting the ovipositor between the pupa
skin and the side of the case. The larvae on hatching immediately con-
struct cases, usually with material obtained from the case from which
they have emerged. A case of F’. casta clustered with the minute cases
of the newly hatched larvae may often be seen on a fence or tree trunk
towards the end of July.

A characteristic of the Psychidae is the phenomenon of partheno-.
genesis. In lepidoptera generally parthenogenesis is of unusual occur-
rence. In the Psychidae it is, with some species, the rule rather than
the exception. In most species the females greatly outnumber the males.

There are 17 or 18 British species excluding those forms the specific
status of which is doubtful. The Macro-Psychina include the following
species : —

1. PACHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA, Ochs. Male with the antennae bipec-
tinated to the apex. Forewings have nervure 8 absent, 1b and le con-
nected by a bar, nervures 7 and 9 stalked; hindwings with nervure 6
absent. Wing expanse 27-28 mm. Forewings and hindwings are thinly
scaled with hair scales dark brown in colour. Head and thorax are
slightly paler, hairy. The female has no leggy or antennae.

The case is a silken tube 30-35 mm. in length and 8-10 mm. in dia-
meter, covered with bits of heather twigs and grass stems. The male
larva shortly before pupation lengthens the silken tube at the posterior
end of the case without attaching any fragments thereto and this pro-
longation firmly holds the abdominal segments of the pupa on emergence.

105

The larva feeds on Calluna, Erica and grass, and possibly other plants,
from July until May of the second or third year. Those larvae which
attach the case for pupation on tree trunks or posts have, in my ex-
perience, only produced females. I have only found cases of the male
affixed for pupation on heather. The moth appears in June and is
generally distributed in the heathy districts of Hants and Dorset.

2. BP. opacerua, H.S. Male with the antennae bipectinated to the
apex. Wing expanse 19-22 mm. Forewings and hindwings very thinly
scaled with hair scales, grey. Head and thorax paler in colour, hairy.
The female has no legs or antennae.

The case is about 20 mm. in length and 5-6 mm. in width and except
for its smaller size is similar to the case of the preceding species.

The larva feeds on grass and possibly other plants from August to
April. The moth appears in May and June. This species is more widely
distributed than P. villosella and although local occurs as far north as
Sutherland.

3. STERRHOPTERYX HIRSUTELLA, Hb. Male with the antennae
bipectinated to the apex. Forewings have nervure 8 absent, 1b and Ic
connected by a bar, nervures 4 and 5 stalked, and 9 and 10 also stalked.
Wing expanse 18-25 mm. Forewings and hindwings very thinly scaled
with hair scales, grey in colour. Head and thorax paler, hairy. The
female has no legs or antennae.

The case is somewhat conical in shape but narrowed at both ends,
the posterior end being the more pointed. It is 18-20 mm. long and 7-8
mm. in width at the widest point and is covered with bits of heather
and vegetable fragments irregularly fixed.

The larva feeds on Calluna, Erica, birch, sallow, etc., from August
until May of the second year. I found a number of cases of this species
at Witherslack affixed for pupation on the upper side of leaves of small
birch trees but all were parasitised by an ichneumon. [Seven species of
Ichneumonidae recorded by Morley and Rait-Smith, Trans. Royal Ent.
Soc., 1933: 173.—Ep. ] The only male specimen which I obtained
emerged from a case affixed to heather.

The moth appears in June and July and comes to light. It occurs
as far north as Perth but is very local.

4. WHITTLEIA RETICELLA, Newm. Male with the antennae bipectin-
ated to the apex. Forewings have nervures 8 and 10 absent. Hind-
wings have nervure 4 absent. Wing expanse 9-11 mm. Forewings and
hindwings thinly scaled with hair scales, whitish with irregular trans-
verse markings, the crossing of which by the nervures give the wings a
chequered appearance. Head and thorax hairy, pale grey. The female
has no legs or antennae.

The case is 8-10 mm. long and is covered with longitudinally placed
thin fragments of grass, some of which project posteriorly beyond the
silken tuhe.

106

The larva feeds from August until April on various grasses growing
on salt marshes, apparently preferring the fine leaved grass which
grows in patches. The moth appears towards the end of May and in
early June and is moderately common on the salt marshes of Kent,
Sussex, Hants, Hssex, and Suffolk.

5. EpicHNoPTERYX PULLA, Esp. Male with the antennae bipectin-
ated to the apex. Forewings have nervure 8 absent; hindwings have
nervure 4 absent. Wing expanse 11-16 mm. Forewings and hindwings
are thickly scaled with hair scales and black in colour. Head and thorax
hairy, black. The female has no legs or antennae.

The case is 9-15 mm. long and is covered with longitudinally placed
bits of grass, some of which project posteriorly beyond the silken tube.
The grass fragments are constricted towards the posterior end of the
case.

The moth appears towards the end of May and in early June and
sometimes the males may be seen flying over the grass in meadows and
roadside wastes in large numbers in sunshine in the middle hours of
the day. This species occurs locally in the southern counties.

6. Fumea casts, Pallas. Male with the antennae bipectinated to
the apex. Forewings have nervure 8 absent; hindwings have nervure 4
absent. Wing expanse 9-15 mm. All wings are black-brown in colour
with a faint purple gloss, the forewings being the more glossy. Head
and thorax hairy, black-brown. The female has legs and antennae and
a yellowish-white anal tuft.

The case is 10-12 mm. long and is covered with longitudinally placed
bits of grass, some of which project beyond the silken tube, and are
splayed outwardly at the posterior end. They may sometimes be seen
in large numbers affixed to fences, posts and tree trunks. The larva
feeds on grasses from the end of July until Mav. The moth appears
towards the end of June and in July and occurs commonly as far north
as the Clyde.

F. scotica, F. hibernicella, and F. mitfordella described by Chapman
are, according to Meyrick (Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera),
forms of F. casta and are not specifically distinct. F'. scotica is larger
than the average F’. casta and the male antennae have from 18-20 joints.
F. casta having from 16-20. F. scotica was taken by Chapman at Ran-
noch and in Sutherland (Proc. Ent. Soc., London, 1899, p. xxvi).

lod

7. EF. CRASSIORELLA, Bruand. Wing expanse 13-17 mm. Forewings
and hindwings are dark brown or fuscous with a slight bronzy-purple
gloss, the forewings and cilia being the more glossy. The female has legs
and antennae and anal tuft of hairs grey-whitish mixed with brown.

The case is 9-12 mm. long, covered with fragments of grass four or
five of which project beyond the silken tube. It is similar to the case of
F. casta but stouter compared with its length. The larva feeds on
grasses from August until May and the moth appears in June and July.
It is very local and occurs only in the southern counties.

107

8. Provuria perutina, Zell. Male with antennae bipectinated to the
apex. Forewings with nervure 8 absent, median nervure in the cell
fureate; hindwings with nervure 4 absent. Wing expanse 12-13 mm.
All wings are a uniform brown, slightly glossy, the forewings being the
more glossy. Head and thorax are dark brown. The female has legs
and antennae and a white anal tuft of hairs.

The case is about 8 mm. long and 3 mm. in width, slightly pointed
and covered with small fragments of lichen and bark with an occasional
larger fragment. The larva feeds from August until May on lichens,
apparently preferring the lichens growing on bushes. In captivity the
larvae will eat leaves of sloe and hawthorn and catkins of birch and
sallow. The moth appears in late June and July and has heen recorded
from localities in Essex, Middlesex, and Surrey.

9. P. EPPINGELLA, Tutt. This species is similar to the preceding but
has the forewings spattered with rather large black scales and the male
antennae have 26 joints whereas P. betulina has 21 joints. The case also
is similar but has more larger fragments attached. The larva feeds on
lichens growing on tree trunks from August until May. The moth ap-
pears in July and the only definite records are from Epping Forest.
Other records are perhaps referable to P. betulina.

The Micro-Psychina include the following species :—

10. NarycIA MONILIFERA, Geoffroy (melanella, Haw.). The antennae
are yellowish-white ringed with black. .Wing expanse 9-11 mm. The
forewings are black with scattered whitish to yellowish spots which form
an irregular fascia before and beyond the middle of the wing. The head
and thorax are black and rough haired. The female is similar to the
male.

The case is 5-6 mm. long and 2 mm. in width, nearly triangular and
black in colour, but with a dusting of lichen powder giving it a grevish-
green appearance. The colour varies somewhat according to the lichen
on which the larva has fed. The cases are not easy to find amongst the
lichen but when the larva is full fed towards the end of May it often
affixes its case to part of the tree or fence which is not covered with
' lichen and is then easy to see. The larva feeds from March to early
June on the powdery lichens growing on trees and fences. The moth
appears from the end of May to the middle of July and is moderately
common in England but scarcer in the northern counties.

11. DreLopOMA MARGINEPUNCTELLA, Steph. (herminata, Tutt). The
antennae are shortly ciliated. Wing expanse 11-13 mm. The forewings
are dark brown with a faint purple tinge, scattered with yellow-white
dots and strigulae. On the dorsum just before the middle of the wing
is a nearly square spot of the same colour. The hindwings are dark grey
to black. The female is similar to the male but has a large anal tuft of
hairs. The head is rough haired and ochreous in colour.

The larva makes a double case, the inner one 10-11 mm. long, the
outer one a little shorter, 4-5 mm. in width. The case is tapered at both

108

ends, the posterior end being the more pointed. The outer case is
covered with small fragments of vegetable matter and sometimes with
pieces of beetle wing. It is ochreous-grey in colour speckled with the
darker coloured bits of material attached to it.

The larva feeds from August until June of the second or third year
on decaying leaves, fungus, lichen, dead insects and the close-growing
moss found on rotten sticks and undergrowth stumps. Some larvae
which I reared completely devoured a large female Saturnia pavonia, L.
(carpint, Schiff.) although they had plenty of other food available. The
cases are best found in April and May by searching round the base of
undergrowth stumps. They are seldom more than an inch above the
ground level, although when full fed a larva will sometimes ascend
higher to attach its case for pupation.

The moth appears in June and July, emerging in the early morning
and flying towards dusk. It occurs locally in Britain as far north as
Sutherland.

12. SOLENOBIA INCONSPICUELLA, Staint. Male with the antennae
shortly ciliated. Forewings with nervure 10 absent, 1b furcate. Wing
expanse 9-13 mm. Forewings are grey with scattered irregular unde.-
fined darker spots, larger and more defined on the termen. Hindwings’
light grey. The female has legs and antennae and the wings are re-
presented by short filaments. The anal tuft of hairs is white mixed with
erey.

The case is 5-6 mm. long and about 1.4 mm. in width, subtriangular,
nearly black in colour but more or less powdered with grey-green lichen.

The larva feeds from June to March on lichens growing on trees,
fences and rocks and when full fed usually seeks out some crevice in
which to affix its case for pupation. The moth appears towards the end
of March and in April and occurs throughout England locally.

A parthenogenetic form of this species occurs and sometimes the
cases of this form can be found in large numbers. So far I have only
found the larvae of this form feeding on lichens growing on rocks and
walls.

13. §. ticHeneLtta, L. No male of this species has been recorded
from this country, the parthenogenetic form only being found.

The case is 8-9 mm. long and 2.5 mm. in width, triangular in section
and tapered at both ends.* It is grey to ochreous in colour and is covered
with very small fragments of soil and sand. The larva. probably feeds
on decaying vegetable matter on the ground and only ascends tree trunks
and fences for the purpose of pupating. The female has legs and an-
tennae and the wings are represented by short filaments. The anal tuft
of hairs is white. The moth appears in April and May and occurs
locally in the southern counties.

Meyrick considered S. lichenella to be only a form of S. inconspicu-
ella, The case of the former is considerably larger than that of S. incon-
spicuella; the female also is larger. The cases of both occur in the same
spot in Bexley.

109

14. Banxesta Doverasi, Staint. A single specimen taken by the
late Mr Douglas at Birch Wood, Kent, a locality now destroyed. The
specimen is in the South Kensington Museum and is described by Mey-
rick as follows:—‘‘13 mm. Head greyish-fuscous. Forewings greyish-
fuscous, numerous irregular rather well-defined whitish spots hetween
veins; a darker irregular transverse stria anteriorly and one or two
towards apex; a small darker median dorsal spot, preceded by a pale
spot; cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings pale grey.’’

15. B. Srarntoni, Wals. (conspurcatella, Staint.). The antennae
of the male are distinctly ciliated. All nervures present. Wing ex-
panse 11-13 mm. Forewings pale ochreous with scattered small fuscous
spots giving the wings a reticulated appearance; four or five larger
spots on the costa towards the apex and one in the middle of the dorsum.
The hindwings are grey. The female is apterous, with legs and a greyish
anal tuft.

The case is 6-8 mm. long and about 2.75 mm. in width, triangular
in section, covered with sand and lichen powder. The larva feeds from
May to September on the powdery lichens growing on tree trunks and
fences. The moth appears in March and has only been found in this
country on the east side of Southampton Water.

16. TALAEPORIA TUBULOSA, Retzius (pseudobombycella, Hiibn.). The
male has the antennae shortly ciliated. All nervures present. Fore-
wings with nervure 1b furcate, 7 and 8 stalked. Wing expanse 15-18
mm. Forewings are brown with numerous undefined pale spots between
the nervures giving the wings a reticulated appearance. The hindwings
are dark grey. The female is apterous, brown with a grey-whitish anal
tuft of hairs.

The case is 17-19 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, nearly triangular
in section, pale brown in colour with minute fragments of some darker
material attached.

The larva feeds from July -until April on decaying vegetable matter
and lichens on the ground. It is also said to feed on dead insects. At
the end of May or in early June it ascends a tree or fence some three
or four feet to affix its case for pupation. The moth appears in the
latter half of June and is moderately common throughout England.

17. Lurrta Laprpetta, Goze. The male antennae are shortly bipec-
tinated. Forewings with nervure 9 absent, 1b furcate. Hindwings
nervure 5 absent. Wing expanse 9-12 mm. The forewings are grey with
a slightly darker reticulation ; hindwings light grey. In the female the
wings are represented by short filaments; the anal tuft is yellowish-
white.

The case is conical in shape, 5-7 mm. long and 2-3 mm. in width at
the anterior end. It is covered with minute bits of lichen, parti-coloured,
grey and dark greyish-green, varying somewhat with the colour of the
lichen on which the larva has fed.

110

The larva feeds from August until May on the powdery lichen grow-
ing on rocks, tree trunks and fences.

Apparently the only authentic British records of this species are
from the Channel Islands, where the moth is moderately common; other
British records are no doubt referable to the parthenogenetic form to
which the names ferchaultella, Steph., and pomonae, Staint., have heen
applied. JL. ferchaaultella. occurs fairly commonly in the southern
. counties and the cases may sometimes be seen in vast numbers on fences
and tree trunks. Whether this form is a species distinct from FL. lapi-
della still seems in doubt. The question is very fully discussed by R. S.
McDonogh in Trans. of the Society for British Entomology, Vol. 7, pp.
191-209 (1941).

18. L. sepruM, Speyer. The male antennae are shortly bipectinated.
Wing expanse 13-15 mm. The forewings are dark brown, glossy with a
sight purple tinge, a darker spot at the end of the cell. Hindwings
are a little lighter and less glossy. Head and thorax are hairy and dark
brown in colour. The female is apterous and has a yellowish-grey anal
tuft.

The case is cylindrical with the posterior end rounded. It is 6-7 mm.
long and 2-3 mm. in width, granulated with lichen powder, sometimes
with two or three larger fragments of lichen or bark attached.

The larva feeds from August until May on lichens growing on the
branches and trunks of trees, sometimes living for two years. The moth
appears in June and early July and occurs rather locally in the southern
cow \ties.

PLATE XI.

1a

1b

2a

3a

Ta

Pachythelia villosella Ochs.
Pachythelia villosella. ©

Pachythelia villosella,
larval case. o

Pachythelia opacella H.S. i

Pachythelia opacella,
larval case. o

Sterrhopteryx hirsutella Hb. S

Sterrhopteryx hirsutella,
larval case. o

Whittleia retiella Newm. |
Whittleia retiella, larval case.

Epichnopteryx pulla Esp. i

Epichnopteryx pulla, larval case.

Fumea casta Pall. t
Fumea casta larval case.

Proutia betulina Zell. t

Proutia betulina, larval case.

10a

10b

11

ila

12

12a

13

14

15

15a

Proc. S.L.E.S. 1945-46.

Talaeporia tubulosa Retz.
Talaeporia tubulosa, larval case.
Narycia monilifera Geof.
Narycia monilifera, larval case.
Solenobia inconspicuella Stt. i

Solenobia inconspicuella, larval
. fo) .
case with + calling.

Solenobia inconspicuella, larval
case with * ovipositing.

Narycia marginepunctella Stph.

Narycia marginepunctella,
larval case.

Luffia sepium Spey. f
Luffia sepium, larval case.

Luffia ferchaultella Stph.,
larval case.

Solenobia lichenella Linn,
larval case.

Talaeporia staintoni Wals. fi

Talaeporia staintoni, larval case.

Proc. S.L.E.S. 1945-46. PLATE XI.

}
|

S. N. A. Jacobs del,

British Species of the PSYCHIDAE.

111

BRITISH MOSQUITOES.
By Eric W. Crassey, F.R.E.S.
Read 28th November 1945.

INTRODUCTLON.
You have all, doubtless, been bitten at some time or another by
mosquitoes or ‘‘ gnats.’? Some of you may have noticed the males of

these insects dancing in swarms at dusk, or their curious aquatic larvae
wriggling about in rain water barrels.

Just over thirty species of mosquitoes are Pecerded from Great
Britain. Of this number only about half are at all common or wide-
spread, several are very rare and the rest are, apparently, rare or very
local.

In all probability a number of the species now believed to be rare
are not so, the lack of records being due, not to their absence but to
the absence of entomologists who are interested in them.

Nearly all the species are easy to collect and rear. The apparatus
needed is inexpensive and takes up very little space, and identification
is rendered fairly easy by the existence of a very fine book on our
British species (The British Mosquitoes: Marshall: B.M., 1938, price
£1).

The mosquitoes belong to the family Culicidae of the sub-order Nema-
tocera of the Order Diptera, and the family is divided into two well-
defined tribes, the Anophelines and the Culicines.

LIFE HISTORY.
Mosquitoes have a complete metamorphosis and in all species the
larval and pupal stages are aquatic.

Eees. The eggs of the Anophelines are always laid separately on
the water surface and bear a remarkable resemblance to tiny boats.

The upper surface is nearly flat, the lower surface very convex.

They usually bear a pair of centrally-placed ‘‘ floats’ and the divi-
sion between the convex lower surface and the flat top is marked by a
narrow ‘‘ frill.’’ In one of our British species (Anopheles plumbeus.
Stephens) the floats are absent, but in all other respects the egg of this
insect resembles those of the other species of the tribe.

The eggs of the Culicines are very varied. Some species lay them
singly and some in rafts; some deposit them on the water surface and
some (genus Aedes) deposit them on ground which will later become
flooded during a rainy period.

Larvak. The larva of the Culicine mosquito differs considerably from
the Anopheline and one of the most obvious characteristics is its posi-
tion in the water, which is determined by a process on the eighth ab-
dominal segment, the siphon. The siphon is a tubular structure which,
in the final instar, is usually strongly chitinous, and at its distal end

112

are two valves, which are applied to the water surtace and act in much
the same way as two tiny water-lily leaves, holding the open end of the
siphon in contact with the air.

When the tip of the siphon is in contact with the water surface the
body of the larva is thereby depressed beneath the surface by the length
of the siphon.

Usually, when at rest, the Culeine larva hangs head downward,
though it will oecasiontlly, twist its body so that its mouthparts come
in contact with the surface film and so enable it to browse on floating
debris; normally, however, it is a bottom feeder, coming to the surface
occasionally to breathe or rest.

The Anopheline larva has no siphon, the breathing apparatus being
a direct opening on the eighth abdominal segment, which is applied to
the water surface. The larva lies immediately beneath and parallel
with the surface film and it has several structures along its dorsum to
keep it in this position.

The Anopheline larva is a surface feeder, yet, you will notice, its
dorsum is in contact with the water surface; how then does it feed? Its
mouth is ventral but the larva has the very peculiar ability of being
able to rotate its head through 180 degrees and thus bring its mouth
in contact with floating particles of food.

Pupag. The pupae of mosquitoes are comma-shaped and, as in most
other Orders, vary but little from species to species, but it is easy to
separate the pupae of Culicines and Anophelines by the shape of the
respiratory trumpets, which are situated dorsally on the thorax.

In Anopheline pupae these trumpets are, generally speaking, more
strongly dilated distally than in Culicines.

Aputts. In the adult stage the two tribes are easily separated by a
number of characters, among which one of the most outstanding is the
difference in their resting positions in life.

The Anopheline rests with its proboscis in line with the thorax and
abdomen..

The Culicine rests hump-backed, i.e., with the proboscis inclined to-
ward the surface on which the insect is resting.

GENERAL.
Ecologically the British Mosquitoes can be divided into four fairly
clear-cut groups: Coastal, Arboreal, Domestic, and Rural.

Tun Coasta, Group contains three species, Aedes caspius, Pallas.,
Ae. detritus, Haliday, and Ae. dorsalis, Meigen.

Ae. caspius, though normally found in coastal areas, has from time
to time been taken commonly inland in brackish water in such places as
sewage farms, where meadows are periodically flooded with sewage
effluent which is allowed to dry off. At each drying salts are deposited
which lead to a gradual increase in the salinity of the water at sub-
sequent floodings.

113

Ae. detritus is normally a coastal species but one inland locality is
known for it; this is in the Worcestershire ‘‘ brine district.”

Ae. dorsalis is still accounted a rare species but, if searched for, would
probably prove to be not uncommon in coastal areas, particularly in the
south.

Tur ARBORPAL Group also consists of three species: Anopheles plum-
beus, Stephens, Ae. geniculatus, Olivier, and Orthopodomyia pulchripal-
pis, Rondani.

A. plumbeus is fairly common throughout most of Great Britain.

Ae. geniculatus is the most abundant arboreal species in southern
England but, from available records, seems to be rare in the north and
absent from Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

O. pulchripalpis is one of the rarest British species, occurring per-
haps more freely in the New Forest than elsewhere: two of its known
localities are in Kensington!

Tar Domestic Group are, of course, the species with which we are
most familiar (or, should I say, the species which are most familiar with
us?). Of this group the commonest species is Culex pipiens, L. For-
tunately for us this species very rarely bites man and is usually only of
nuisance value. Theobaldia annulata, Schrank, which is in this group,
is the species usually responsible for the more serious and poisonous
cases of mosquito bite.

Tun Rvurat Group contains a number of very interesting species,
among which may be mentioned Taeniorhynchus richiardu, Ficalbi,
which, though common throughout southern England, is seldom recorded
by reason of its unusual life-history. The larvae of this species do not
come to the surface of the water to breathe. The larval siphon is
adapted to pierce submerged vegetation and the larva obtains air by
this means. The pupa is anchored to submerged vegetation by its
respiratory trumpets but, when the emergence of the adult is imminent,
it detaches itself and floats to the surface.

Culex apicalis, Adams, is a rural species which has always been con-
sidered very rare, only six British specimens having been recorded prior
to 1943. In that year I found 43 larvae at Bagshot in Surrey and sub-
sequent investigation has convinced me that, though very local, it is
tolerably common in some places. This, I am sure, is also true of other
species and I would like, in conclusion, to say that anyone who cares to
take up this fascinating branch of entomology can be sure that he will
be able to add materially to our knowledge of the group. *

114

COLLECTING NOTES ON THE BRITISH STAPHYLINIDAE.
By H. R. Last.

Read 12th December 1945.

The Staphylinidae are easily recognisable by their very short elytra
which leave several segments of the hindbody exposed. They are gener-
ally narrow and elongate in shape, and head, thorax, and abdomen: are
usually clearly defined.

In dealing with this family of beetles there are many difficulties tor
the beginner owing to great similarity of species and the comparative
microscopical differences which separate them. As the beginner is not
always the happy possessor of a microscope he finds the identification
of his captures a most uncertain and laborious business, and often an
impossibility. These remarks of mine are really intended as a ‘‘ beetle
reconnaissance,’’ showing how certain details observed in the field
at least give an indication, if not to the species, to some of the various
genera into which the Staphylinidae are divided. Just as, in dealing
with the Phytophaga and certain Rhynchophora, a clue to the species
is provided by the plants from which they are taken, so also are there
some reliable guides in respect of the ‘‘ Staphs.’’ There are many, how-
ever, that can be found in several types of habitat, but I have tried to
consider them in regard to the habitat in which they are more commonly
found.

In one of his admirable papers on Coleoptera, Mr Coulson, to whom
I am indebted for his help and encouragement, writes: ‘‘ The principle
that should be adopted, therefore, is to learn to distinguish in the field
: . ,’ and so these remarks are intended to help in the fulfilment of
that purpose. I must say here that this method is unscientific, but for
the beginner, such means should not be rejected, as having once secured
a recognition knowledge he can then, as it were, work backwards and
check up his species by the scientific distinctions.

To keep the subject as a reconnaissance it will be necessary to divide
it into the various types of habitat, and to treat each habitat rather
loosely under the sub-headings of structural appearance, method of
locomotion, reactions to disturbance, size, and colouration.

There are-some 900 or more species included in our British ‘‘Staphs’’
and they are well represented in practically every habitat where beetles
are to be found. There are certain specialised habitats which will give
a sure indication to certain species without reference to other considera-
tions. Ants’ nests will provide a number of species which are almost
exclusively myrmecophilous. In the large nests of Formica rufa, L., for
instance, should be found, Thiasophila anguluta, Er., Notothecta flavipes,
Grav., Oxypoda formiceticola, Maerk., Leptucinus formicetorum, Maerk..
Dinarda maerkeli, Kies., Quedius brevis, Er., Othius myrmecophilus,2

115

Kies., and others. Astilbus cunaliculatus, F., is to be found associated
with several species of ants.

Motss’ Nests. These will provide certain other species. Quedius
othiniensis, Joh., is a fairly large beetle with red elytra, and Q. nigro-
coeruleus, Fauv., is another large inhabitant. Birds’ nests, too, give a
limited number of the smaller species.

Tue SEASHORE. This habitat provides a considerable number ot
species exclusive to the coast. The late J. H. Keys published a list of
the maritime, submaritime and coast-frequenting species of South
Devon and South Cornwall in 1918 in which forty-six species and two
varieties of Staphylinidae are mentioned. This list has been added to
since then by various workers.

The whole genus Cafius is exclusively coastal, being found under
seaweed and other rejectamenta above high tide. Cafius zantholoma,
Grav., is the commonest species. They somewhat resemble the genus
Philonthus. Polystoma, a sub-genus of Aleochara, comprises four
species all of which are found on the coast. They are easily distinguished
from Aleochara proper by their dull appearance due to microscopical
reticulation. P. algarwm, Fauv., is perhaps the commonest, but P.
grisea, Kr., and P. obscurella, Grav., are not uncommon.

Banks oF Ponps aND Streams. There are no true aquatic ‘‘Staphs”’
although a large number inhabit the muddy banks of ponds and streams
and climb the reeds. In 1938 G. B. Walsh (Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., Vol.
5, Part 4) published results of some interesting atmospheric experiments
with various species of beetles from differing habitats and it would be
safe to conclude that, with but few exceptions, all the Staphylinidae
need a damp environment, the rate of the loss of water from the beetle
being dependent upon the size of the elytra—even the true aquatic
water-beetles (Hydradephaga) showed a greater resistance to drought
conditions owing to the close fitting elytra covering the whole body than
did the Staphylinidae.

The banks of ponds and streams always provide a large number of
species. A very conspicuous genus is Paederus with their bright blue-
green and orange-red colouration in well-defined strong contrast. They
are long and narrow in build and move quickly. P. litoralis, Grav.,
and P. riparius, L., appear to be the commonest from our total of four
species and are often abundant in sphagnum. There are other long
rather parallel looking beetles often found in similar damp situations.
These belong to the Lathrobiwm genus. They are of the same general
shape, but of stouter build and lack the bright colour-contrast. Roughly,
the genus is divided in half—those with the elytra showing red in vary-
ing degrees and those which are entirely black. The species are often
difficult to separate apart from the male characters. The synonomy is
also very confused, which does not aid identification. ZL. terminatum,
Grav., is one of the smaller species; a bright yellow spot on the posterior

116

margin of each elytron will at once indicate the species. DL. longulum,
Grav., is the smallest of the genus, from 3 to 4 mm., and can be readily
known by its extremely narrow and linear build. Another genus to be
found often in company with these is Actobius. A. cinerascens, Grav.,
is the only one of the three species which can be called common. It
superficially resembles one of the smaller Philonthus species but the dull
elytra due to reticulation is a clear distinguishing character. A Philon-
thus which may possibly turn up in such a situation as this is P. nigrita,
Grav. Like all the members of this large genus of some fifty species it
moves very rapidly. It is some 7 mm. long, of a shining black colour
and could only be identified on the sheet after considerable experience
with the whole Philonthus genus. Tachyporus obtusus, L., a fast moving
rather small beetle, brightly coloured and of shiny appearance, is fre-
quently found in damp situations, and sometimes swept from the vege-
tation at the sides of streams. The elytra are black for the basal half
and red for the remainder and will readily indicate the species. Nearly
all the species of the large genus Stenus are to be found at pond or
stream sides but, with a few exceptions, these all need careful examina-
tion to determine the species. The genus, however, is a very easy one to
recognise, as the eyes are so huge that they occupy the whole of each
side of the head—similar to the lens of an old bull’s-eye lantern—leav-
ing a very narrow forehead. Stenus bimaculatus, Gyll., is easy to iden-
tify in the field, as it is of large size, over 5 mm., with legs partly yellow
and a conspicuous reddish spot, sometimes paler, on each elytron. Where
a stream is dried up, leaving the shingly bed exposed, Stenus guttula,
Miill., may be found. Itis smaller than S. bimaculatus, with two yellow-
orange spots on each elytron. Dianous caerulescens, Gyll., occurs some-
times in large numbers in certain localities in stream refuse. They can
easily be separated from the Stenus genus by their steel-blue colour and
the distinct bright red spots on the elytra. The spots look just as:
though they were little spots of thick paint. A very productive site for
many species of Coleoptera and especially members of the Staphylinidae
is formed where a tree trunk lies across a stream and debris has col-
lected. Perhaps the commonest genus found near water and especially
streams is Lesteva. They are flat, with narrow head and thorax, and
broad elytra which are much longer than in most genera of the group,
leaving only two or three segments of the body exposed. They super-
ficially resemble the species of Dromius in the Geodephaga. Lesteva
longelytrata, Goez., and L. heeri, Fauv., are the commonest—they are
sometimes abundant. The genus Vlophrum is often represented by O.
piceum, Gyll. The species are flat as are all the Omaliinae and look
rather like a large Lathrimaewm. Should the banks of the stream be
steep and clayey, one or two species of Blediws may be dug out of their
burrows with a strong knife. A number of the smaller Aleocharinae
can also be found in this situation. The genus Tachyusa may sometimes
be found. They are small elegant little creatures with long legs. T.
constricta, Er., is easily recognised by the constricted ‘‘ waist.’? By

LWA

sweeping the reeds and vegetation by the waters’ edge Stenus pallitarsis,
Steph., can be taken and also a parallel-sided little beetle about 2} to
3 mm. long with two-thirds of the elytra straw-coloured—Hygronoma
dimidiata, Grav. It is our only representative of the genus.

Cow anv Horst-Dune. This habitat will provide a large number of
species of several widely separated genera. Cow-dung is perhaps the
more productive of numbers. The dung should be at least twenty-four
hours old and by simply kneeling by the patch and watching on a warm
sunny day in August or September some good species can be taken. It
will soon be seen that a large number of beetles are continually arriving
on the wing. A number of the Palpicornia, principally of the Cercyon
genus, will land clumsily and find an entrance hole into the interior,
» but a number of ‘‘ Staphs’’ will also be present and of these a large
proportion will belong to the Philonthus genus. They usually land on
the grass-blades nearby and approach the patch on foot. The genus is
~divided into several sections based on the number of punctures on the
thorax. The first of these divisions contains three species either with
no thoracic punctures or with only one. They all have a beautiful metal-
lic green colour in varying degrees and are some of our largest Philon-
thus. P. splendens, F., is perhaps larger than the other two, especially
the males. The shiny black head and thorax easily separates this species
from its allies. P. intermedius, Bois., is, as its name implies, inter-
mediate in size and puncturation of the elytra between P. splendens,
F., and P. laminatus, Cz. The head, thorax and elytra are of a vivid
green which scintillates beautifully in the sunlight. P. laminatus is
perhaps less frequently found but is not uncommon. It is smaller,
especially the head, which is oval rather than transverse as in the two
previous species. The build is more slender and the puncturation of
the elytra is closer and finer. The green colour is softer and not metal-
lic, in some specimens it has a distinct shade of blue. Where the dung-
surface has hardened and shows several round holes, a watch on these
will frequently reveal a shiny black head or a protruding antenna. If
a stick is sharply inserted an inch or two from this spot, the beetle is
often cut off from retreat and forced out on to the surface. With care
and with practice it can be captured without entailing much mess; the
excitement of the chase, however, sometimes outweighs all precautions!
It is interesting to note in passing that these beetles, moving rapidly
throughout these tunnels, are never impeded by the dung and never
show signs of contamination, in spite of the fact that the legs are armed
with many spines and the elytra are well covered with long pubescence
and longer setae. It may be, of course, as Fabre demonstrated with the °
garden spider and its immunity to its viscid threads, that they are
covered with some oily substance which would account for their appar-
ently suffering no inconvenience, but that is, so far, not proven. Other
species of Philonthus which are sure to be present are P. cruentatus,
- Gyll., and P. sanguinolentus, Grav. Both have the elytra marked with
red. P. sanguinolentus is of a larger build, especially the head. It has

118

a dull red humeral spot on the shoulders of the elytra and a red streak
parallel with and near the suture. There are two or three named colour
varieties of this species in which the spots coalesce or are absent. P.
cruentatus is smaller and of a more slender build. It has two red apical
spots on the elytra. These species are extremely active and very quickly
take to wing and it takes speed and considerable ingenuity in capturing
them. In spite of their rapid movements the red markings on the elytra
strike the eye and give an indication of their identity. There is another
Species of much smaller size which has a red oblique streak from the
shoulders known as Philonthus varians, Payk. The red streak is some-
times absent and this form has been named var. wnicolor, Payk. Rev.
C. E. Tottenham found that we actually had two species under varians,
and introduced the new species in H.M.M., 1937, as P. jurgans, Tott.
These two species cannot be separated in the field as differentiation de-
pends, apart from minor differences, upon the colour of the anterior
coxae and the very marked difference in the aedeagus. Another Philon-
thus which will be flying round the dung-patch is P. marginatus, Str.
This beetle is moderately large, about 9 mm., of graceful build and the
black thorax is broadly margined on either side with bright yellowish-
orange. This is quite conspicuous, although like- most of its relatives
the beetle is very rapid in its movements. The legs also are yellow and
there is no real difficulty in distinguishing this species on sight. There
are two other large ‘‘ Staphs’’ which may be found flying round dung-
patches, our two species of Ontholestes—O. tessellatus, Fe., and O. mui-
nus, L., the former larger than the latter and having red legs. They are
quite distinctive and cannot be confused with any other genus. On the
subject of flight in Coleoptera, a very interesting article on beetles taken
in the air at Wicken Fen by J. Omer-Cooper and Rev. C. E. Tottenham
appeared in the H.M.M., October 1934. Six hours, all told, were spent
in sweeping the air with the net. Over 7000 specimens were taken, 98%
of which were Staphylinidae. ;

Funevus. Especially when decomposing this abounds with many
species and often teems with actual specimens, mostly of the smaller
sorts. The fourteen or more species of the genus Gyrophaena are found
almost exclusively in this habitat and usually in abundance. They are
all small creatures not more than 2 mm. in length and walk with their
abdomen turned up over the body and are coloured in varying propor-
tions with yellow and black. The specific differences are microscopical,
but a few species are partial to certain species of fungus. Other small
species found in fungus are of the genus Bolitochara, which are all
brightly coloured. B. lucida, Grav., and B. bella, Maerk., are the com-
monest of our species. Oxypoda alternans, Gray., is sometimes found
with these—it is perhaps the easiest Oxypoda to identify in the field
owing to its bright colouring. The whole Bolitobiws genus is found in
fungus. We have four rather closely related species which+are fusiform
in shape, the abdomen particularly being much narrowed to apex. DB.
lunulatus, L., is easily identified by its larger size, and the two lunules

119

of pale yellow on the blue-black elytra, and the red thorax. Quwedius
lateralis, Grav., is sometimes found in this habitat in fair numbers. It
is 11-14 mm. long and can be distinguished by its dull black colour with
the reflexed sides of the elytra, straw coloured. Two or three species of
Omalium are often found in fungus. They are flat, rather broad beetles
with long elytra which leave only about the last three segments of the
body exposed. O. rivulare, Payk., is often abundant and O. caeswm,
Grav., and O. excavatum, Steph., also occur, but they are found in
other habitats with almost the same frequency. The species of Omaliwm
-exude a peculiar odour which can be detected at some distance, some-
times before the beetles are seen. The odour will contaminate the hands
or anything which comes into contact with the beetles. I have also
found that, if put into a tube with other small ‘‘ Staphs,’’ the other
species will very soon expire. Sweeping and beating will also provide
species of the genus Omalium.

TREES. Quite a number of the Staphylinidae are associated with
trees, mostly occurring, beneath loose bark where they prey upon larvae
of other species of Coleoptera. Sap from newly felled trees in the Spring
attracts several species—particularly of the smaller Aleocharinae. The
debris collected in holes in the trunk where:branches may have broken
off will, on occasions, produce Quedius truncicola, Fairm. (ventralis,
Arag.), a large species known by the carmine-red tinge to the whole of
the abdominal segments. Quedius microps, Grav., one of the smallest
members of the genus, 44-5 mm. long, may also be taken in such a situa-
tion. Unlike most of its relatives it has small eyes, which do not bulge
at all and is of a brownish red appearance throughout. Beneath the
bark a number of smaller species of other genera can be found. Of these
Homalota plana, Gyll., the very small Thectura cuspidata, Er., the small
flattened deep black Dadobia immersa, Er., and Phlaeopora testacea,
Mn. (reptans, Er.), are more frequently met with. Siagoniwm quadri-
corne, Kirby, is another species easily recognised by its red-brown col-
our. The male has two short horns on the forehead. In the Autumn,
Staphylinus ater, Gr., one of our largest ‘‘ Staphs,’”’ can frequently be
found taking refuge under loose bark of logs or felled trees. Baptolinus
affinis, —Payk., is moderately common under bark. It is about 6 mm.
long and with the thorax and most of the body segments red.

Carrion. Quite a number of Staphylinidae are carrion feeders, par-
ticularly the genus Aleochara. They are easily recognised by their
rather broad parallel-sided abdomen, the transverse thorax, which is
almost semi-circular, and the thickened antennae. Alcochara curtula,
Gz. (fuscipes, Gr.), is quite common. The elytra are very transverse
and are reddish in colour. A. lata, Gr., is very similar but not quite so
common and with black elytra; both species vary from 4 mm. to 7 mm.
in size. A number of other carrion feeders, including several species of
Philonthus, can be found but they are also found in other habitats.

120

Hay, Straw aNp VEGETABLE Reruse. Perhaps the largest number of
specimens and the greatest variety of species are found in decaying hay,
straw, grass and vegetable refuse. The usual method of collecting is
by shaking and sifting the debris over a sheet. A host of creatures of
all kinds will fall on the sheet and will be scurrying, as fast as their legs
will carry them to the edges of the sheet. From the conglomeration of —
a host of living creatures a hasty glance will pick out the ‘‘ Staphs ”’
and one’s attention must first be given to those more energetic than
others or we may risk losing them. Staphylinus olens, Miill., our largest
‘‘ Staph,’ is quite well known by almost everybody. Its dull black ap-
pearance and its size make it unmistakable. Two or three other species
of this genus often turn up. Staphylinus brunnipes, F., is easily re-
cognised by its red legs. S. globulifer, Fc., S. winkleri, Be., and SN.
siculus Stier., are very closely allied and have only been separated in
this country during the last few years by the late T. H. Edmonds
(H.M.M., 1930, p. 273). S. aeneocephalus, Deg., is one of a group with
golden pubescence. With one or two exceptions members of the genus
Staphylinus may be known by their large size and parallel form and
transverse rectangular head. S. fuscatus, Gr., is one of the exceptions
and is rather similar to a Quedius by reason of the thorax converging
anteriorly and the head with temples widening and posterior angles
rounded. Three species of Philonthus must next claim attention.
Philonthus politus, L. (aeneus, Rs.), P. succicola, Thom., and P. tenui-
cornis, M. & R. (carbonarius, Gyll.), are all to be found-in this situa-
tion and all are very rapid in movement and will require immediate
attention. All three are very similar in the field, being of a greenish-
black or brassy-green appearance. Philonthus fuscipennis, Mann., is
not so common but frequently turns up. It is narrower and duller and
the underside of the first joint of the antennae is yellow—this is diffi-
cult to see in the field. Philonthus decorus, Grav., is sometimes taken in
dead leaves—its soft satin-green appearance will easily distinguish it:

A number of smaller Philonthus occur commonly. P. fimetarius, Gr.,
and P. sordidus, Gr., are very similar and about 6 mm. in length; P.
cephalotes, Gr., and P. winbratilis, Gr., are somewhat larger but none
of these could with certainty be identified on the collecting sheet. P.
albipes, Gr., is also frequently taken and at least two species of the
sub-genus Gabrius. G.: trossulus, Nord., G. nigritulus, Gr., and per-
haps G. velox, Shp., will be taken. They cannot be separated in the
field and one must rely principally on the male organs for separation.
Females present even greater difficulties. If the vegetable refuse be
in an advanced state of decay, Philonthus rectangulus, Shp., may turn
up. This species may appear on a single occasion in a dozen or two,
then in spite of searching it may not be seen again for months or even
years. Tottenham first introduced it as British in 1935 (#.M.M., 1935,
p. 174) and it is still an open question whether it is a recent addition
to our beetle fauna or whether it is a long established species which had
been overlooked. It is shiny black, with transverse rectangular head

121

and sharp right-angled posterior corners and these features make it easy
to pick out in the field; under a glass it has many more unmistakable
features. There should be a number of species of Quedius in this rub-
bish. In the majority of the species the eyes are very large and bulging,
which gives the head a circular appearance. The thorax contracts con-
siderably towards the anterior margin and is as wide as or wider than the
elytra at the base, giving it an Eton collar or a round-shouldered ap-
pearance. They are not so flattened as the species of Philonthus and
the anterior legs are stout with the tarsi strongly expanded in both
sexes. The majority have a habit, on being disturbed, of lying just as
they have fallen, sometimes on their sides or even on their backs with
the legs held rigidly and the body slightly bent round. They remain
motionless for a few seconds, then take to their legs and move as fast
as any Philonthus. It is as well to wait a few seconds to allow this to
take place. A very common species is Quedius cinctus, Payk. It is 6
to 8 mm. long, very polished and has a sutural, apical and side border
of yellow to the black elytra. The elytra are very shiny and have only
three rows of five or six punctures each. The abdomen is aeneous. It
is very active and is frequently seen on the wing. There are two larger
species, both black, both common, Quedius fuliginosus, Grav., and
Quedius tristis, Grav. In the former the scutellum is punctured, in
the latter it is glabrous. Mr Britten has recently found another species
—subfuliginosus, Britt.; the distinction rests primarily on the aedeagus.
Q. molochinus, Grav., is slightly smaller, of narrower build and parallel
in shape. The elytra are shorter than the thorax and dark red, except
in var. denudatus, Stephs., in which they are black. Q. cruentus, Ol.,
is brightly coloured with the elytra bright red and the last abdominal
segments are wholly or partly coloured red. Ab. virens, Rg., has the
elytra suffused with black. Q. picipes, Mn., is much smaller with the
hindbody strongly tapering. Th thorax is often bright red with hind-
body iridescent. Q. rufipes, Grav., is of the same shape and build but
has dull black elytra. Q. bodps, Grav., is one of the smallest of the
genus, with large bulging eyes. @. scintillans, Grav., sometimes turns
up; it is small and beautifully iridescent. @Q. mesomelinus, Mn., is
sometimes common, but belongs to a difficult group and cannot with
certainty be identified in the field. A number of long parallel-sided
beetles are bound to be seen. They belong to the genus Xantholinus.
When first shaken on the sheet they bend their head and thorax and
hindbody rather like a watch-spring and remain like this for several
seconds before opening out and moving rather snake-like through the
debris. They are mostly black in colour. X. punctulatus, Payk., and
X. linearis, Ol., are very common; X. angustatus, Steph., and X. longi-
ventris, Heer, are less so, but with the exception of X. glabratus, Grav.,
tley are hardly distinguishable in the field. X. glabratus, Grav., is the
largest species and can readily be known by its large size and shining
dark red elytra. In the allied genus Leptacinus the species are smaller ;
I, batychrus, Gyll., and L. linearis, Grav., are often quite commo-

122

A number of beetles somewhat resembling ants are bound to be seen.
They belong to the genus Stilicus. Their large orbicular heads, the
thorax which contracts strongly both anteriorly and posteriorly give
this ant-like appearance. S. rufipes, Gm., is one of the larger species;
S. affinis, Erich., and S. orbiculatus, Payk., are also common. S.
angustatus, Fe., is easily recognisable by its. red thorax. In a paper
on the Coleoptera of Chatham, Mr Stephens mentions never having
found this species except in straw, and my experience agrees with his ob-
servations.

The very fast-moving genus J'achyporus is bound to be represented
by one or more species. They are brightly coloured with yellow, red
and black in varying degrees, very shiny and strongly tapering to the
apex of the abdomen. J. chrysomelinus, L., and T. hypnorum, F., are
found almost everywhere.

One or two species of Tachinus are often found in this habitat. They
have a large semi-circular thorax and they taper strongly to the apex
of the abdomen. They are mostly black with obscure red markings, ex-
cept T. subterraneus, L., which has a large orange-yellow patch on each
elytron. A nearly related genus is Leucoparyphus. We have one
species only, ZL. silphoides, I1., which superficially resembles Tachinus
but is smaller, with the yellow elytra spotted with black. It moves
much more quickly than JTachinus and frequently takes to wing.

By this time many of the more lethargic species are moving. A
genus usually found commonly, sometimes in profusion, is Oxytelus.
O. tetracarinatus, Blk., 2 mm. long, O. complanatus, Er., about 3 mm.,
both dull black, are found almost everywhere. The “‘ little fly ” in
the eye on a warm spring day is usually 0. tetracarinatus, Blk. Oxy-
telus rugosus, F., O. sculpturatus, Grav., O. laqueatus, Mm. (known by
its red elytra), O. sculptus, Grav., are all common but need a lens for
reliable determination. They are attracted by newly-dug ground and
can be seen flying over it and disappearing beneath.

Several smaller species resembling the Clavicornia can be seen clam-
bering laboriously over the refuse. They are black with the elytra al-
most covering the whole of the hindbody. They belong to the Proteimus
genus. In company with these and moving at the same slow pace are
a number of very flat beetles belonging to the Megarthrus genus. They
are very dull and roughened and are often covered with mud. A num-
ber of reddish-yellow beetles belonging to the Medon genus are often
common in straw. They are mostly M. propinquus, Br., but some of
the rarer species may on occasion turn up. I find that they prefer
rather drier conditions than most other genera. A very large number
of the smaller ‘‘ Staphs ”’ will be found in almost every situation. They
belong to the large sub-family Aleocharinae and are mainly similar in
appearance and almost impossible to identify in the field. Even with
the aid of the microscope it is frequently a most difficult matter to ap-
preciate the specific differences and authorities conflict in their deter-
minations. A few other genera, however, are quite distinctive. The

123

Falagria and Autalia species can easily be picked out by their truncate
heads, Oligota by their diminutive size and rather wide appearance,
Hypocyptus by their globose shape rather like a small Clavicorn, Syn-
tomium by the aeneous elytra which are very coarsely punctured, and
the interesting genus Myllaena, found in damp situations, by the sharp
pointed body and stream-lined appearance.

There are many more ‘‘ Staphs,’’ of course, which I have been unable
to mention but of which only experience can give any recognition know-
ledgé. ike all other subjects dealing with natural history, the more
time and study given to the Staphylinidae, far from exhausting the
subject, only whets one’s appetite for more, and creates further in-
terest and enjoyment in what to my mind is the most fascinating family
of British Coleoptera.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Coulson, F. J. ‘‘A Few Remarks upon British Rhynchophora.” Proc. Trans.
Sth. Lon. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1935-6, pp. 100-7.

Edmonds, T. H. ‘“ Staphylinus globulifer, Fourc , and Allied Species in Britain.’
Ent. Mon. Mag., 66, 1930, p. 273.

Keys, J. H. ‘‘A List of the Maritime, Sub-maritime, and Coast Frequenting
Coleoptera of South Devon and South Cornwall.” Journ. of Marine Biol.
Ass .of U.K., Vol. xi, No. 4, May 1918.

Omer-Cooper, J., and Tottenham, C. E. ‘“‘ Coleoptera taken in the Air at Wicken
Fen.’ Ent. Mon. Mag., 70, 1934, pp. -231-34.

Stephens, J. A. ‘Some Interesting Coleoptera from the Chatham District.” .
Proc. Trans. Sth. Lon. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1942-3, p. 43.

Tottenham, C. E. “‘ Philonthus rectangulus, Sharp, in Britain.’ Ent Mon. Mag.,
71,1935, p. 174.

—— “Philonthus jurgans, nov. sp. An Addition to the British List of Coleop-
tera.” Ent. Mon. Mag., 73, 1937, pp. 176-9.

Walsh, G. B. “ Some Relations of British Coleoptera to their Environment.”
Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., Vol. 5, Part 4 (1938), pp. 199-222.

CORRECTION.

The list of the British Plecoptera published in the Proceedings and
Transactions for 1944-45 contains two errors. The list should read as
follows :—

PLECOPTERA, Burmeister.
Sub-order SUBULIPALPIA, Klapalek.
Perlodidae, Klapalek.
Perlodes mortoni, Klapalek.
Dictyoperygella recta, Kempny.
Isogenus nubecula, Newman.

Perlidae, McLachlan.
Dinocras cephalotes, Curtis.
Perla carlukiana, Klapalek.
Isoperla grammatica, Poda.
I. griseipennis, Pictet.
Chloroperla apicalis, Newman.
C. torrentium, Pictet.
C, tripunctata, Scopoli.

124

Sub-order FILIPALPIA, Klapalek.
Capniidae, Klapalek.
Capnia nigra, Pictet.
C. atra, Morton.
C. vidua, Kiapalek.

Taeniopterygidae, Klapalek.
Taeniopteryx nebulosa, Newport.
Brachyptera trifasciata, Pictet.
B. risi, Morton.
Rhabdiopteryx anglica, Kimmins.

Leuctridae, Klapalek.

Leuctra geniculata, Stephens.
. moselyi, Morton.

. hippopus, Kempny.

. inermis, Kempny..

. nigra, Olivier.

. fusciventris, Stephens.

[oa aS saa

Nemouridae, Klapalek.

Protonemura montana, Kimmins.
P. meyeri, Pictet.

P. praecox, Morton.
Amphinemura cinerea, Olivier.
A. standfusst, Ris.

Nemoura variegata, Olivier.
'N. dubitans, Morton.

N. cambrica, Stephens.

N. avicularis, Morton.

N. erratica, Claassen.
Nemurella inconspicua, Pictet.

125
INDEX.
Abstract of Proceedings (S@e@ NDACK COVET) ........cccceccececcecsececeeceecsceeeesenceseeeeeeeeeeueees 1
PMOL ES ee SUCMCIILETI G GOT Ma cc2 ccassadssacgscate seme vt wapememenn'ssviocclooe ain tienen onscreen as'sevieadcepinsenctincte XXV
Asymmetrical Specimens .............. Sa A Se a aaa ie duc oin aes ata saree asilvarealiolscae sis ¥ wanidiajaniea' ea mmeatectat 19
Etta COME SU COU Bence a kececi sci cece scesseeevacenveteeck taeaiini cat sos ees wacp Unser cap slivabeeseanen vedecse cease ensiee XXV
Beetles : from Ceylon, 85; from Columbian pine log, 18; from imported com-
DANO GUUTLGS |i vsennacecseenncneseosaccece sesuatereeasunnisresendss:}ocseonanetedsztni;essoapacsesnestsccstsnneoresenssarts 1
“Camera, Nature rambles with a,” W. H. SPreQQdDury .......cccceccccccecceeceeeeeeene es 64
MIGUE SE NIO MM SWE RM TD TUG 222 eusnuseoeterserees cee danesaes ceo adteh cetaeedelckisecesses deca sess coaueaustarseed Q7
POOUMEN SRE DOR OL «UG: c.ccccscssccss <cccercseres«scerossseneh ap tossdeacdstes sbentesicdovecsosescescssasee xviii
CounevanayOMCers: TOL AQAG=47 hess ioy cc eeccucpep ee soca cdeoy te scn ven vena tdbecessdcwansteeduecaveveseus 39
‘* Diptera, Some external aspects of the Bodies of,’ H. W. Andrews ............... 58
Donations: to Collections, xxi; to Library, xxi; to Illustrations Fund, xxiv:
to Publications Fund, XXiv; MiCTOSCOPE ............ccccececeeseceseececeeeeucucueees Xxi, 1, 4
Drawings exhibited: Orchids, 16; showing stages in figuring an insect in
colour, 33; abs. of A. euphrosyne, 33; L. coridon and allied spp., 34; A.
ME SMEORTIISS “OLS occ occsdecsedsetcwesediessacescchonsesietanceneees aa ne otee cee dunes Woe ca sathuaaenaton inadarctes 34
Editor of Proceedings, Mr EagleS appointed .............cc cc cccecececeecececeeseceactecseuenecers 5
Field Meetings: Ashtead, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56; Bookham, 56; Boxhill, 55; Byfleet,
54; Holmwood, 53; Oxshott, 52, 57; Tilgate PPR A es otk 1 eR de 55
rie eT enOt vay RM UMtte rh yar:-ncssccccs ce nsctee ctr taeceete tenn z ns - domes sete ue dee pnnee eceweetecmesauie 27
TP ayeg / Say Ai 8 a Hee ee ah nnn Se RAS eee Nab Be Wh Shoe bela Ae 35, 56, 57
Galls: at—Holmwood FM. 53; Cynips kollari, 10; “Dasyneura affinis, 37;
Dryophanta quercus-folii, 39; Lipara lucens, 5; Perrisia inclusa ............... 11
Gynandromorphs : C. argiolus, 17; L. coridon, 17; E. cardamines, 28; E. lanes-
tris, 15: M. castrensis, 15; P. populi, 15; P. icarus, 18; O. antiqua ............... 21
Hybrids: L. coridon X bellargus, 17; T. ocularis Xx or, 30; P. lapponaria xX :
UIT ELE OTT eon a veer Or Re ee Ae a aR ee con aoc Rene aAeReT ney Robes 3
LTTUNEV SED OSS oS Un na a a ae oe de Pen oe a e e eeG oar eae ae eee 13
HaAntern sSli dese Ext ite ds. oe 2h ee he saateacs susede dosaste cane seenesnuage owubetvoes tek sb veventeittse AQ) Aasnao
‘“ Lepidoptera of the Coastal Sandhills of Lancashire,’ J. K. Matthews ......... 72
Letters of Wm. Spence and Ed. N@wWMan. .............cccccccccsesssececcescevccueseecceseuseeuseuss 25
ALD LYALL ELOTA SAECO occ e, coca ch coer aae ae cae cee ates ao Ea a oe Teneeiatulid doe vacate Mena xxi
SOLoOusesin’ Literature: THe” Ee GL UIS. k cc do ecevadeun detdaclen’ daeee eeu seta soodeseucceatanoast’ 67
Markine ‘epidoptera, Methods Of? 2255 cde bees cee ccewosvcctatueeuveenvontevecevoss chesdecsdeteesse 21
Meetings: Annual, 39; Exhibition, 13; Field, 52; Indoor, 1; Special does ora 37
VEC NINT GP LOLINIS! su sccem sac en ee occen sete ee nee CaCI one ee eae ATT eRe Nose eemune mec cea nate 2, 9, 12, 15, 16
WEMATETS; MD CCOASE: OL sec. 2 oie ccataen tense ace occ eva lect ecek ub ws ceGannt dqau sarcdcewaeneaetaseeeeeerms Pea oe Wa bP
EET BETS pli SE OME acah cs canes tee sen eee eee rae aaa See eee CG ETEK UCR ok saa pee eee de cae hae iv
Memb eRS! NOW fo: scecc..<svscecscnssneteacconccenvenavsccseree Ly Os, 4, 6585-9) 11, 49% 95,036) 37, 38,040
“* Oak "Marble Gall (Cynips Kollari Hartig), on the Economy of the,’ K. G.
FEAT UY Re peal) SEARS OU a Se die ay GU RR NR I a SO ee eS EEA 719
Se NLOSHUIMOES. UETUGISIN? UES W: (CLASSE U as eaicccotcssontocdsacacdsssenets set cabsctans kcosagus cence ue 111
OULU AT YE EE OOO UCU cus coc ckde Ponte meme etc ae eee Raa nme MERE Arde Faun ecules atieoecee Geld omeacee XXVili
ORLMTAS AD) PAW AN SS OL os.05 lace cree ss MMe aes care e sede cdcee dt oncucadeucowers Ga usbobeverncedceasdreeeaeeeen 16
IPDRASILESHELOMN je Eat ULMLOLIL sic0svessoe ee cake odocs reese acaameen peaibicutansue season dese AUiaes cles aes ecneae 3
“Pentatoma rufipes L., Some Notes on the ova of the Hemipteron,” E. J.
LCDS ee dite sae ct ee eC ie ee Pe Renae, ee Aor PRN dar Aas De y RED rey | a sd 100
suehysiolopynor Insectss:! (PR. WOQUes. , 22...coeileesescee eo ascctes coe sectosotuesenascoeeneaen ee 84
ER SIMeNTS COLME ULUCTINY UWANESh.\csztariscccerccceessriteorsenebee naa tans sd ae eO REE UL EE Reon eS 36
Plecoptera, British, Corrections to List im TrdMS., 1944-45, ....cccccccccceecceeseeceeeuenes 123

EE ESEGOTYG: SAMA GUBESS 6 oy ce rev ces eocec i oss coteoc eeu oys re oe ae SE TE 40

PRESVGENtS)” PASt cise Se gare acs aoe cae cote aioe eRe A TAL eRe eh ce ei TeeTa SECT UMUC oe eRe ee lili
Psy chidaes. exhibited “sic sse eesti gecek an anise atdameuncttndeet ofan deat sab deeaiog semadel oleate aes eae eae eR EE 21
SmPsy chidae. The; UE. SRS HORE wesicoves oveamsosensseeeomcsae cnutmnuesMeoacae sean Renate ee ceCt eR Eeee 103
Pellets regurgitated Wye RODIN. ...sc<c1....ce.ccsdoctsesnenens acess oeeee -eeeceecscceeiiseeth ee nen en eeeRe ene a
RREPOTUS? LOM ASIST Meee ea oce oie ive oc ewe jo non eos uw ins erase cece eee ek neta saeco hee EEE Ee eee 1
FRE UIPIONAS WP WEN siiceree cates scores See cose sk GS ae tes Me MARR Cem eee ies Seneca Gevece Cea eeee eee eerie Xx, 14
Season; Remarks: Om Gunes eee siiaac.chtesuioesebooacticazocculs dae Sees sak cenin ee seeReenee ce aaaR ee eee 4
‘“ Seasonal Variation in the Numbers of Lepidoptera, Causes for the,’ Capt.
TR VAS pI CHS OM aera taice ins aeesinces cc sucgosaiengelemaeeinemeancie sts aaleenacceceican eine santas enemas te cee eee 43
Silk woven iby VEphestias Varvae: ic 6sic.cesastenesdscsenessecene se yeseeee roe tee ee eet eee eee 9)
Spider: Beetles vex iowed ry sesso}. hoccc sdk dons ohao eae ee Nea ne nee ene EPR EE eae See 28
“ Staphylinidae, British, Collecting Notes on the,” H. R. LdSt, ............ccccceeeeee 114
MELMIUUGE! SXMIUDITS Mee eosin ccndoaw sts oes soa eaa eas Reet ce meccie Ta ce Ra eT ere rd
Transactions: (See PACK COVER) ieee. ee eee caeocee end econ ee ee Eee See eee REED 58
Treasurer, Mr Henderson appointed ..........0c.ccccccccccessecseeesceeeecsnceeessssceeseseeseesseeeess 5
Treasurer’s Report .............. OPER R CCEA C HERS a nen aoobancr tne mantic asanar cuacusoneecingoncuodEcadoecee Xxiii
“West Africa, A War-time Visit to,’ G. W. HOrper wo..cccccccccceeccccsseecsstcsrerseseeeens 92
LIST OF PLATES.
TGR IDs" COOte:) RAR ABS ol siren eee eee eae Re Ee aR ne Frontispiece.
II. Pyrola minor, L.; III, Ophioglossum vulgatum, L.; IV,
Larva of Achlya flavicornis, L.; V, Achlya flavicornis,
L.; VI, Larva of Malacosoma neustria, L.; VII, Osmia
UU CU SM Al WI ZAS eR eee aoe EE oe A ae es Ot ee ee ne facing page 64
VIII, IX, X. Ova of the Hemipteron, Pentatoma rufipes, L. ...... “3 100
DG [atin BOYS ak Boh 6) 08 C0 Veen nen ora Ua nn RR AN, AE Oe eeepc icobactno ve 103
SPECIES INDEX. ; PAGE
eracilicornis, Myllaena .................. 9
COLEOPTERA. hitleri.s Eurostus) seek sccescceesee eeeee eee 28
PAGE Hinteblus ys; MEUUMUS Seieeese- oe eeeere eee Rees 28
acuminata, Homoeusa ..................... 23 hololeucus, Niptus ............cccsceeeeeeeee 28
aNOmUOVS), INGVANBION “pooehoepsoscoseneceqonostnesneece 28 holomelina, Grammoptera ............ 6, 13
agaricinum, Scaphosoma ................ 5D Iaylonelle),, (CEMMNCKENE, — sonosgercoposneeasneencace 8
almic” (PhiyamatvoWes, liice.cecscssscseseseee-eseee 13 hypochaeridis, Cryptocephalus ....... 55
AMUCCISH ACT YGUWS < \oscnyacecseucseecsseuessenocee 4, 18 laticollis, Phyllodecta .................:.. 54
artemisiae, Phyllobius ...............00... 39 LatTHOy, » PtINUSy 253 hdeedas. dese eee 28
asparagi,* CYriOCeYPis ..............00csceseeees 12 luctuosa, LeSteVa ........ccccscssseseneseeeeees 8
ater, Staphylimus ............:cccc.sceeceseess 23 iMOWCKONe, ORACLAVESNE) Goosdasaosrecauncoonnnnonccncouc Q1
aurantiaca, Aleuonota ..................... 23 Minuta, PlatyCisS ..........ccccccecsceereene 21, 5d
aurea, ChalcoideS ..............c.:cccccec eee 54 mordax, RNagiumM .........cceeeeceeceee sense 13
halteatws: | Hlatber) tase. Ssscee eee eee: 6 moschaitas sATOmMilas Wee eee teeee ees 8
harnevillei, Ceuthorrhynchidius 12 murinus, Ontholestes .................0.0000+ 23
bifasciatus, Rhagium ....................... 53 murinus, DermesteS ............:.:00000ecee 53
binotata, Anchista ...............cccc cee 12 mysticus, Anaglyptus .............::.:c.06 13
caesus, Cnemidotus ................ccc0cee ees 38 Nebulosus, LeiOPUS ............ccceeseeeeeeees 13
canescens, Antherophagus ............... 241 Mitens:. CarabWs ys esis: ccaccasdwsuee eee 8
chevrolati, Anthonomus ................... 38 noctiluca, LaMpyPis ............:cccseeseeees 55
compressus, Staphylinus .................. 23 Olens, Staphylinus ...........cccecccses sence 23
cornutus, Gmnathocerus ..................... 3 ovatus, Onthophagus ...............:c.ceeee 5D
decemlineata, Doryphora ................ 12 pallens, Antherophagus .................5 21
dejeani, Dorytomus ...............0....0008 54 pallens, PlOCHiINUS ............ eee eee eee ee 12
ferrugineus, Ludius .....................0... 15 parallelepipedus, Dorcus ................. 53
filirostris, Dorytomus ...................... 45 pellucidus, Barypithes ...................0+ 6
fur, Ptinus ......... A ice IS dard twos vas snk some 28 polonicus, Criocephalus ................... 39
globulifer, Staphylinus .................... 23 posthumus, Ceuthorrhynchus _......... 39
globulus, Trigonogenius .................. 28 pracusta, TetropS ...........ccceccecnceeenenees 13
@loriosae, AttAa@eNUS .........ceceecees eens 12 psylloides, GibbiuM .......... cee eeeeeeee 28

PAGE
punctiger, Cryptocephalus ............. 38
ruficornis, Grammoptera ............... 13
rufulus,* Ceuthorrhynchidius ........... 12
rusticus, Criocephalus .................6 8
semistriatus, SaprinuS ............ ee 53
signatus, Goliathus ..........ccee eee 26
squamosum, Stethomezium ............ 28
HE CUUISH ED DIUNULS) eiecacfisevcrccocsrecescctasees tase 28
testaceus, Conopalpus .............:.: 6
tortrix, DOorytoMUS ........ cee 54
UTC OLO Ma MU INIT S acc deck evetlcie eteseceseiemens 28
variegata, Grammoptera .............0 13
Violacea, NeCrobia ...........c.csscsesee seen 53
VAL HAMUUS HAA TELOUS) Neseessedcsnseem ee ons dewaah eieiee 38
OOO CRG me Or LOMLUIS straw tess ter ws citelenstesionecbiechecel 15

DIPTERA.
annulipes, Hartigiola ..............0. 53
avicularia, Orthomyia .............: 9
flavitarsiS, Hiapleg@is ............csceeceeeees 6
PLAIN OASVMEULA e..cscc..ecccnesnsvaseces 54
elobuli, Harmandia ...............c..6 54
hirundinis, Stenepteryx ......i....... 8, 9
MMGUUISH IG OELISUA) liccsds<caccss.ceae-ctarens 6, 11
GES ee N GIO AN A: | cececse eters cerncniersnncesse ay alal
petioli, Symdiplosis ...........cceeeeeeees 54
populnea, Lasioptera .......... eee 04
potamida, Stratiomys .............c. 54
MC ASISS Lal PALA) pcesceesce<ccaccececcccessaces 5
HEMIPTERA.
ROOM VT MOMEROVCS craceeegedesesscessonsocrser 52
culiciformis, Empicoris ............... 28
ASME MO SVLOPSIS) | ta dayceeecsciere crest ade: 53
gorodetskia, Steingelia ...............6 6
personatus, Reduvius ............c ces 10
TUT SCMUZOMECUI A, rcsnc-esscc-cnseseuscecens 54
HYMENOPTERA.
abdominalis, Torymus ..........cccce 82
arundinis, Tetrastichus ................. 41
assectator, Gasteruption ................. 6
baccarum, Neuroterus .................... 54
clavipes, Rhopalum ..............000 10, 82
caudata, Syntomaspis ...........:.cc 81
coccinellae, Perilitus ............ce eee 4
curvator, AMAYVicus ...........c ce 58, 54
Geqnita, Pup Ay cieeecscccss- sone aee Pr dhieee 6
dorsalis Megastigmus ...............6 81, -82
errabunda, Lissomota ...........cceeeeeeeeee 82
evanescens, Trichogramma ............. 41
fasciiventris, Mesopolobus ........... 81, 82
RETMOM ALA ye CUI CIKe aces scks cra secu sommslesnatel 57
formiciformis, Theocolax ..............:.. 28
TOM AtOR: CATMOPUCUSH ccecasercsss-oceecbapaee: 53
olay Gym Sie. csaet seseaesee- con cateeec 10, 80
lasiopterae, TOryMus ...........cceceeeee 41
MPAA He POLCMION) Praveee-retteeces shccpenes sae 6

PAGE
liparae, SteMoMalus .....ccccceeeeeees 6
melanopus, Synev@us .......... 10, 80, 81
Mellea, Decatoma .............cseeseeeeeeeeee 11
nigricornis, Torymus .................- 81, 82
pallida, Biorrhiza .............ccceee 53, 54
pectoralis, PYOSOPiS ........:.cceeeeeeeeeeeees 6
punctiger, OPMYTLuUS ..........cceeeeeeeee eee 82
quercus-folii, Dryophanta ............... 39
regius, TOPYMUS ..........ccccceeee eee 10, 80
THORENS, IBIDNENAWOUMET © Goode. popsacniopinapsanpernarnc. 81
reinhardi, Symergus .............::.c0 10, 80
seminationis, ANGYPICUS ..........:..ce cee 54
tibialis, Pteromalus .............c cece 81
vestinus, Platygaster .........::.cccee 11

LEPIDOPTERA.
abruptaria, Hemerophila ......... ers 2)
absinthiata, Eupithecia ................... 34
PGA WA TRNIEIES okdnpanenodanecaosnsoondeetdndeos 11
achilleae, ZYSACNA ..... cc ccececeeeseeeneeene 30
adusta, Eumichtis .............cceeeeee 30
advemae OnUNOSIANs cace ne seeeeetenere cast p43)
AeMeVIA, PALALGE ......ceceecsceeeeeseeeeeees 29
aethiops, Erebia ........ccceeceeeeececeee eens 32
agestis,. AGICIA 2..5......--+es-s2ynsennee-+s= 15, 18
AL lala AVS YANNIS) Secon paicese sess 18, 31
albicillata, Mesoleuca .............6.006 31
albimacula, Hadena ...........cccseseeeeeees 9
albipuncta, Leucania ..................66 30
UN OTTUIE WS INCOR oe so scoucencoptedseeso5ras500 95000 25, 27
eigails a/NTORNWSIES Me coceuscasbatadosnendsoogodaqqn0Gpcod 30
alpicola, Amathes ................. 18, 30, 34
ambigua, Caradrina ............c..:eeee 28
andreniformis, Aegeria ............... 15, 28
annulata, Cosymbia ...........ce eee 13, 26
antiopa, Nymphalis ............... 12, 18, 24
AMULIA, OLGYVA Aecwrecescceeesenssohpseeeee= 21
aprilina, GYrypNOSia ....... ce ceeeeeeeeenes pat
arcuatella, Timaea ou... ceeeeeee eee eeee 12
arcuella, AYPS&YLOpPlOCe .......c cess eeee eee 31
areola, XylOCAMPa ........c. ccc ceeeeeee eee 3
BRS LDTROMMNE), scbeoccoonsbabeectognsoccbob sade aan 97
ATEIAGES, EVELES ....cccnceeceeerscceceenseesens 26
argiolus, Celastrina .................. 4 17, QR
argus, Plebejus .................. 15, 18, 33, 34
asphodellus, Mylothris ................... 96
assectella, Acrolepia ..........:cee 30, 35
assimilis, A. CXuliS VM. oc... eeeeeeeeee 30
BISETAIS COUUWOIMINE: | srteonsecoeeoodendnoancoasscoce 29
atalanta, Vanessa ............. 10, 16, 19, 29
atmalia, IMOLIGAC A Gacedeuscnceedwessenete 21,
atomaria, Ematurga ......... 16, 2%, 26, 31
AULICOMA. AMATCLE: Wacccccseseta-cceemaereanns 27
aurinia, Euphydryas ..........cees O15) 88}
australis, Aporophyla ................. 27, 34
autummata, OPOTINiIa © ....c.ccc..c.c.s.nsees 36
avellamasCOCHIIGION, Siticcccecsscessceener sn 28
bellargus, Lysandra ... 17, 238, 26, 29, 31

128

bembeciformis, Sphecia .................+ 22
betulae, Thecla ............: cece 13, 19, 25
betularia, BistOM ...........ccsceseesseeeees 8, 76
betulina, Proutia ..............eceeeeeee 2, 107
bicolorana, PSe€udOipsS ............ ee 25
bidentata, Gonodontis ...................+ 4, 8
bifasciana, Argyroploce ..............:..8 32
bifasciata, Perizoma ...................- 12, 31
bilineata, EFuphyia ..................c.ceeeees 8
bimacula, P. dominula DEERE ost 15
“bimaculella, Chrysoclysta ............... 32
binaevella, Homoeosoma. ................. 32
_bisselliella, Tineola ..................... 26, 27
“pistortata, Ectropis 0.0... 4, ®
blomeri, Discoloxia ...............c.ceeeeeee 32
boeticus, Lampides ..............ceceeeeeeees Q4
Hboscana, PeLON€A ............sseeeeeeeeeeeeees 20
-boyerella, Bucculatrix ..................05 32
brachyura, Eudaemonia _.................- 23
Homer). SMITH AIRY, “A a aocccbocngonesacsensdacoaocbandcion 97
buttneri, Sedina .............. eee 16, 35
CATA WAT CEVA nash ceee anu aetna eek 18, 19
c-album, Polygonia ............ 18, 31, 32, 33
CallyWSOM PTCRIS Mieeneeesceacccseeeeesecnctnaseres 97
Camilla, Limenitis .............cccceeee eens 3, 4
caniola, Eilema ...........: cece 9, 20
carbonaria, ISturgia ..........cccecseeeeees 22
cardamines, Euchloé ............... 18, 28, 33
Cardui, Vanessa ............ccccee eee 4, 8, 3d
carphodactylus, Oidaematophorus ... 20
carpinata, Nothopteryx ..............06 OP)
GAStay HMUMCA Woe. cressecaneacesbeenenerets 21, 106
castanea, Amathes ...........cccceceeeeeeee ees 31
castaneae, Phragmatoecia ............... %
castrensis, Malacosoma. ............:..0668+ 15
cautella, Ephestia ..........ccceseceeeeeeee 26
centaureata, Eupithecia .................. 31
cephalonica, COLCYLA ............cscsenet eens 26
ceratoneae, Myelois ..........c.cscssseseceees 26
cerealella, SitOtrTOga ..........ceceeeeeeeee 26
Ceres, EuUPNaedra ..........ccceeccceseeceeeees 98
chrysippus, Danaus ..............ccecceseeeee 96
CHrySItIS, PMWSIa fic. iceecsceusssseaeacesnrln 29
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis ............... 7, 13
cinctaria, Cleora ............ 5, 6, 22, 26, 30
cingulata, Pyrausta ............:cccceceeeee 32
cinxia, Melitaea .......... tec eeeeeee eee 23
citronea, P. napi av. ............... 19, 26, 27.
clathrata, ChiaSmia ............ccceeees 26
ClaviS, ASLOUIS ........-....ccccecc ee eseese sewers 29
(OHOINE) \ JEITEEIS). Sondcuabdassodésdeodoseadeqnanon 24, 96
clerkella, Lyometia ............cccccceeeeeeee ee 31
Cloacella, Timaea .......... cece cee eeeee scene 12
coerulata, Hydriomena ................. 8, 34
convolvuli, Herse ............... 12, 18, 22, 26
cordigera, Anarta .............. 7, 22, 30, 34

coridon, Lysandra ... 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, —
29, 31, 32, 33, 34
31

corticana, Argyroploce

: PAGE
corylata, Electrophaés_................ 12, 30
COSSUS;, -COSSUS: OSs nrasscdaeesbenee seceeeeenis 3, 77
costalis, HypSOpy@ia ...........cccececeeee ee 26
craccae, Lygephila ..........cecceceeeeeeeee 30
crassiorella, FUMEA ..........ccccecececeeees 106
crataegi, Trichiura ..............:..c0cceeee 20
crenata, APAMEA 2.0... cceceeeeceeeeeeeees 4
crepusculella, Opostega ...............00 32
cretaceus, P. argus @D. ...........05 Stee lS
cribraria, COSCiNia ...........c cece 25
CPOCEAGO, TOIA ........ecceeceeeeneeeneeeeeeeeee 7
croceus, Colias ............ 15, 18, 27, 29, 31
cuculipennella, Gracilaria ............... 32
cucullina, Lophopteryx ................06 18
culiciformis, A€Seria .........ccceeeeeeeee es 28
cultraria, Drepana .........cc cece ceeeeeen ee 13
cupriacella, Nemotois .............:.:e0c0 32
cydippe, Argynmnis .................. 16, 18, 27

daplidice, Pontia ... 16, 17, 18, 19, 23,

24, 26, 29, 33, 35

dardanus, Papilio ..................c.ceceeeee 97
decentella, Nepticula ........ cee 6
defoliaria, Erannis ................... 38, 39
delamerensis, ab. of E. bistortata ... 4
Gentalis, Cymaeda ........ccccesecesecenen ene 32
deplana, Eilema oo... .ccceecececseceeneeeeee 5)
Gesjardinsi, Terria .......cecccceceeeeseeneneens 97
Gilutata, OpoOVrinia ...........c.ccccecceeenee ee 36
distinctaria, Eupithecia ...............06 30
ditella, "Timaea: oy. .2iiiscnesasceeeeeeesereees 26
dominula, Panaxia ... 9, 15, 16, 19, 21,

23, 26, 27
douglasi, Bankesia ..................0.0000 109
dromedarius, Notodonta .................. 7
Guplaris, Tethea ............ccccccceccseeeseens 7
efformata, AM@itis ............cccceessee eens 17
elpenor, Deilephila ...................60088 7, 16
elutella, Ephestia .............ccccceeceeeee 2, 26
eppingella, Proutia .............:sceeseeeene 107
euphorbiae, Apatele ..........cccccesceneees 10
éuphrosyne, Argynnis ... 4, 17, 18, 23,

29, 31, 3d
EVIppe, Teracolus .........ccccccsseseseeeneeeee Q4
exclamationis, AgrotisS ...........cccseeee 32
exigua, Laphygma ...........ccccceeee 32, 36
EXUHS, ADAMEA .....cccscccecescccesseaseeenenes 30
farinalis, Pyralis ..............c.cccccseeee 12, 26
fascelina, Dasychira ...............ce Wy Ps
ferruginella, Momopis ...............c0.0- 26
festiva, Diarsia si). 9G 30
filipendulae, Zygaena .................. 16, 75
flava, Z. lomicerae VAP. .......ccccceees 35
flavagoO, GOPtYNA oo... cece ceeecenceees 30
flavescentella, Timaea ...............c0cc0cee 27
flavicornis, Achlya_ ............0.:cccc008 29, 31
fluctuata, Xanthorrhoé ................. 9, Q7
fuciformis, Hemaris ...............c60cc0 20
fucosa, Hydraecia ou... cceeeeees 28
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ................ 15

PAGE
fulviguttella, Cataplectica .............. 32
funebris, B. piniaria ab. ............0... 15
furcata, Hydriomena ...........c.cceseeeee Q7
fuscantaria, B. piniaria ab. ............ 15
fuscipunctella, Tinaea ................. 26, 27
galathea, Melanargia ...............c..006 19
PALIN MCOELOLIG) (isecel es tecccceecdoscessecedeleces I
gallicolana, Pammene .................. 10, 82
FCT M OT MMMELOCTIS © 15 iaaeasteacesisacescueceuvseses csc 23
Gilvaria, Aspilates ...........cceecte eee 29
globulariae, Procris ............... 22, 23, 34
TOMA PE TICOSIA™ Cie. .ccstcsceccesescescestascace 7
POUCA, OTUMOSIA! «oo c5 occ iaccecccasioescsesenns 32
graminis, CerapteryX ........ccceeeeeeeee 29
Sranella, Timaea \.............c.cececeeeees 26, 27
grossulariata, ADraXas .........0.0. 4,
PVIALIS PAPO. ci ieccc.ccscecsccsdevcsssceses 26
helice, C. CrOCCUS VAT. oo... ceeeeeee ees 18
hermelina, Cerura ...............ccc0008 7, 34
hirsutella, Sterrhopteryx ............ 21, 105
hyale, Colias ... 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25,

26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 38
hyperantus, Aphantopus ......... 18, 28, 29
icarus, Polyommatus ... 8, 16, 18, 21,
27, 29, 34
ichnusa, A. urticae VAT. ........ ee 16
icterata, Eupithecia ............c.ceeeee 31
immorata, Scopula ............ccceceeeee es 9, 26
incerta, Orthosia ...............cccccceeees 25, 29
indigata, Eupithecia .................08 30
inconspicuella, Solenobia ...... 2, 21, 108
interpunctella, Plodia .............0...... 26
NOSPONVEMDIVANIS! = SN aecdteisscsecscvaceveoveeecs 18
UES Mee A PICA GUM te ceeieaes ss dveencaatcececretsess 22, 31
PSIG MBO ULPOLG O Misc Uieicssecntecteseesecresehsosenedet 99
jasioneata Eupithecia .................... 30
LUT UTALY PACT ACA) ..2.c.ececdecsscccecsorswenseeses 98
HUD uaem CLEOLA tic. ceccecscuveccsnewetswanksene es 30
jurtina, Maniola ... 15, 16, 17, 18, 26,
27, 29, 31, 32, 35
ktihniella, Ephestia ................. 3, 26
l-album, Leucania ....................0065 28, 32
lanestris, Eriogaster ..... bias Sieoeesa theses 14
Vapidella, Lut oi... .ccecccceseeeseseseneeees 109
lapponaria, Poecilopsis ................ 3
lathonia, Argynmis ...............0..000 19, 24
JAtPUDCULA, PPOCUS! ¥.i5. cscese.cccetde acdsee 8
leporina, Apatele .................... 7, 20, 76
leucophaearia, Erannis .........2...... 2, 21
leucostigma, Celaena ...............cceceee es 30
lichenea, Eumichtis ..............ccceeeeeee 8
lichenella, Solenobia .................. 21, 108
ligustri, Craniophora .................. 30, 34
UF SUIS AB TERS) 0} 0111) 0. Cite ee 16
linariata, Eupithecia .................0. 31
Hineataste Sioa! A024. Geb iecewecdes tees 26
liturata, Semiothisa ..............cccccc.000. 8
livornica, Celerio ............ Gy eds: 22,098
LOLEY A, SC UCATIIA,” oecccereecccansseveeececdeceds 30

PAGE
lucina, Hamearis .............0...0. 4, 29, 31
lunosa, Omphaloscelis ....,..........0..5 28
lutea, Spilosoma, ADDS. .......cccccsceeeees 3
luitosa; RIIZEMrAa: oo... .cc..ecorscnccecessce 34, 35
Lyiechnitiss Cuculliay icetrcresessseeseeeeeree 34
macarista, Planema_ .............:ccseeeee 98 .
machaon, Papilio .................. 21, 27
MMAIVACH PVELUISY Siicscurcocsscecsecustetiterenee 16
Mmarginaria, Erannis ...............cccc0000 8
marginepunctella, Narycia 1, 21, 107
matura, Thalpophila .................. 32
megaera, Euchloron ..................c00008s 17
MeSevTa,’ PATALSLE 0. c..ccccccecccceecesees 27, 29
Melanopa, AMAaLrta .........cccecceceec eee eeees 34
menestheus, Papilio ..............c.cccecs ees 98
menyanthidis, Apatele .................. 9, 34

merularia, E. leucophaearia ab. 2, 21,

Metonella, Timaea .............cccccecteceeee es Q7
minimus, Cupido ............cccccceeeeeeeeee ee Q2
Miniosa, OrthoOsia ............ccccccceceece sees 29
misippus, Hypolimnas ..................... 98
monacha, Lymantria ................... 21, 27
moneta, Polychrisia ...........0:.....cs000ee 32
monilifera, Narycia ...................- 21, 107
monoglypha, Xylophasia ................. 7
Morosa, LAMPLronia ...........ceeceeses ecco es 31
Munda, Orthosia -.........ccce cee cec ccc eee eee 29
muralis, Cryphia ..................0..00008 %, 29
Musculosa, OFia ............cccccceceeeeeee 22, 34
myricae, M. euphorbiae var. 10, 30, 34
MAAS ELA a eee Ree ncaaacnel woemteese 30
Napisy PIETIS Whe cel ecdess 135019: Q3S4 ao
nebulata, Euchoeca ....................05- 8, 76
NEVI DapHmis: Fisscreccccoccsctssercsicteckecetee 38
neustria, Malacosoma ............0..0....65 15
Niavius, AMAUTIS 2.00... eeeeceeseeeees 97
nigra, A. urticae AD. oo... ceece ees 27
nocturnata, C. clathrata ab. ............ 25
Obeliscata, Thera ..............c.ccccceeee 21, 35
obscurata, Gmophos © ..............cceceseeees 34
ocellaris) Cirrbiial hs. esscee eee 26
occulta, SV RUrois” Ree eee ceee ncn ceees 30
ocellatus, Smerinthus ...................... 31
ochroleuca, Eremobia ..................0... 32
OCHAVIA,PYPTECIS Mote crest savirccnie lotases 24
octogesima, Tethea .................. 25, 28, 30
ocUlaris) Tethea) ole isici sec cscesececscs 28, 30
oculea, Hydraecia ..........ec cece eee 8, 75
OOF DIC YClai ies car ei keet ech ee 25
opacella, Pachythelia ................. 21, 105
OU E CUINC ARN setae te tnce ae cette eee 2%, 30, 32
orbicularia, Cosymbia ©..............0...0.. 13
ornitopus, Graptolitha ...............0..... 21
OUUS PP achyPOSa: ..cscsscn se ee 6
palaemon, Carterocephalus .............. 31
pallescentella, Tinaea .................. 26, 27
paludata, Carsia® 0300.0. eAe... 8
palustris,’ Hydrillula ........................ 39

PAGE
panzerella, Borkhausenia ................ 2
paphia, APGyNNIS .........ccecceesseneceee 12, 15
pParmeno, GNOPHOdES ............csceeeesee ee “96
Pavonia, Saturnia ..........cccececeeeeeeeees 6
pedaria Phygalia ...........cccceeeeeeee es 8
pPelargais: PLECIS: osc aseequsatheenewwestuceeeawe 96
pellionella, Tinaea ..................c0e0es 26, 27
peltigera, Heliothis ...... 22, 28, 30, 31, 32
pendularia, Cosymbia ..........0.......0606 30
perlan 'Cry Pay yes seek aces cwkesavuadss wesc’ 35
_phiaeas, Lycaena ...... 13, 18, 19, 26, 28
“phragmitella, Limmoecia .................. 31
Picata, EUPNYia 22.22... eeccee ees seeeeeees 24
Hpigrak “iClostenat isis cueeices fe enceetenneceese 11
Pinastri, Hyloicus ..............ccsccsceceeres 31
Pinguinalis, AGlOSSA .....,.....cccecceceneees 26
Pini, EucyMatoge .........c.cecseceeceeeneeses 29
ADINidriay \BUpalisy css ee 15, 26
TOME, UNTEWITIS) Senna \dechcedasunneneonsoe 8, 13
plantaginis, Parasemia ............... 23, 34
plumigera, Ptilophora .................... 18
pheumonanthes, Stenoptilia ............ 24
polaris, A. urticae var. ................ 16, 26
polychloros, Nymphalis ......... 15, 19, 22
polycommata, Nothopteryx .............. 3
pomonella, Laspeyresia .............c.e0 31
joxoyaybUL. 16 Kays) oVoyes Wane neeenceonbesecbososenmerosonS 16
populi, Poecilocampa ............c.eccseees 15
porcellus, Deilephila .............cce 7
porphyrea, Peridroma ..................... 28
potatoria, Philudoria ..................... 7, 16
praecox, Actebia ..........ccccccecee eee 7, 8, 34
promissa, CatoCala ..........ccccecesceeeeees 22
pronuba, Triphaena ...................0000 4
pseudospretella, Hofmannophila ...... 26
pulla, Epichnopteryx ................. 21, 106
pulchellata, Eupithecia .................... 30
DUAL CAC TOUS i c8 Me geere beac deesevamd ss arcsec 25
pyralina, CosSmia ..............ccecseeeee es 25, 32
DY LI Saturnia | ie kshosncceiviessestueosees 6:
DY TINA LCUZCLAy a .sh x soucceveswe costae csteaee 16
quadripunctaria, Euplagia ............. 32
quercifolia, Gastropacha ................. 16
quercus, Lasiocampa ...........cccceeees vi
PULA AC MMPTERIS isis coc coc nececndeccaae omens 26, 33
rectilinea, Hyppa ...........ceeeceeedeees 30, 34
Tepandata, ClEOPa .........ceccecseeese eee eees 8
reticella, Whittleia ...................... 21, 105
revayana, Sarrothripus ..................- 20
TIPAe, ALTOUUS: ccccaceseetecs sch Oowskeseccesdewsee 7
LiVvata yy) EDIT M OC eecceseeeeeeeckenssoseeeee 34, 35
ruberata, Hydriomena .................0- 8
rubi, Macrothylacia..............ccceee 17
VUbLIicOSa, CerastiS ..........cccceeeeeeeee eens 30
TUMMCIS: APatele) Wce.ceesecaemere ssc smemstnlsscce 30
rupicapraria, Theria ..........cceeeeeeee 4
PUStICATA, SLErEMA, i ekereeeccccek sesaecsaceertee 38
rusticella, MOMOpiS ..........ccccceceeeee eee es 26
Tutella, Setomorpha .............:cceeee 26

PAGE
Saclavas;. N@ptis) \..cacccsaesnssecneceecenieoachie 98
salicis, Leucoma .................. 7, 8, 74, 78°
saponariae, Heliophobus .................. 29
sarcitrella, EMdrosisS .............ccscseceees 26
scotica, Ortholitha ..........0....... 24, 30, 34
selene, Argynnis ...... 13, 15, 18, 19, 29, 31
semele, Eumenis ............ 18, 19, 23, 29, 34
seminingrina, L. camilla av. .......... Q7
SepiuM, Bacotia ...........ccccecseeeeeee es 21, 110
sericopeza, Nepticula .............::.ce:0e06 32
silaceata, Ecliptopera ................c0606 3t
SiIMiliS, EUPLOCtIS ......... ce cececeeeeee ene eeee 74
simulans, Rhyacia ........... cece eee 34
Simapis, Leptidea ...............cccecceeeees 15, 3d
SinUaNA, EUCOSMA 2.2... cece ceeeeeeneeeeeens 32
smaragdaria, Euchloris ..................: 19
sparganii, Nonagria .............cccee0: 22, 34
spheciformis, Aeg@eria ................c000s 28
Spini, ) Saturmia, ”....-.cscesccsdee-e ase 36
Stabilis, Orthosiay ceses-s-eeeee-e se eee 25
staintoni, Solenobia ..................... 21, 109
Stabicis,, “AGdISUIS) 9 eeccc-c-cese eter emeteeeceeeeee 32
stellatarum, Macroglossum 5, 12, 25, 28
stephensi, Mompha .............::ececeeeeeees 32
sticticalis, Loxostege ........cccceeseseneenee 32
styxX, ACherontia «0.0.0... eeeeeeees 38, 39
sylvata, Abraxas ..............0:0000 13, 19, 32
tages, Eryn! .....:.se.ccse.cent-a-ceeeeereeeee 2259
teTEGa,, PLeGIS Jie. .ciesccasesdoansacmeneeeeececteets 96
terpsichore, ACTACA .........cccececeeeeee eens 98
testacea, Luperina ..............cccceceeeee ee 34
tiliae, Mimas. .cckisetcets: cpktoseeeeeee 16, 31
timioms — TOVANS) ce jcheacd testi eecheeeeee eens 99
tineta, Poliia: .h.essieuesswaeneteeeeeteees 30
tithonus, Mamniola ......................0. 19, 29
tityus, Hemaris .............cccccceceee eens 15, 29
tremula, PNEOSIA ..........cccececeeeeee ee ee eee Fd
trifolii, Lasiocampa ........ 7, 8, 30, 34,73
trifold, VZyGaena she 2..h.cseseemseecewcereReeee 16
trigrammica, Meristis ...................0- 32
tripoliella, Coleophora .................0 31
tripuncta, Schiffermuelleria ............ 32
tripunctaria, Eupithecia .................. 29
trisignaria, Eupithecia ..................06 30
tristata.) Wir NOs peaeeceeceeseeeeeeeeee ere 34
tubulosa, Taleporia ..............:.c000 21, 109
tullia, Coenonympha .................. 15, 21
turca, Mythimma .............cceceeeeeeee 22
typhae, Nomagria ...........cceeceeeeeseee eens 22
uliginosellus, Crambus .................. 32
unicolorella, Aristotelia ................... 32
unipuncta, Leucamia .............c.ceceeeee 30
urticae, Aglais ... 5, 10, 16, 17, 19, 25,
27, 29, 33
valezina, A. paphia ab. ................ 17, 314
Varanes, CHATAXES ........d.nseceeneeacceenem 96
VaATVahay Mera): jsaiccta: bee toseseee nsceensee eens 24
velosella, Gelechia ...........cceeeeeeee nee 32
venata, OCHIOMES ........ cece ec eeeeeeeeees 28

PAGE
verhuellella, Teichobia ............ ... ... 92
MEN SECOIMOM ME TOCUS): actu se iveeds Uh cscedsceoens 2
versicolora, Endromis .................. By P22
VARS) TA CUS NCOS 0) 9 (pe 7
vetulata, Philereme ...............ccc.... 34
WUTC A MCTI A oo oc. oc hececenseeeceutoneeesenpvenes Q7
villosella, Pachythelia ............... 21, 104
WAMU ALIS: BOMDY Cla 6.0... .s.ucesccssceckoe 25
vinula, Cerura .............c00...08. ny ea lay Sp.
Wiwatay MESOLUY DE cccccc.ccvcscccesesssnedcce 6
vitellina, Leucania ..........0....... 28, 30, 32
WEALDU WV SUPVIMON ...cccc2..sclecleeceescens 28
Kypete, Buphaedra ..........6...cccccesescoes 98
FABER ANT TYE Tes ee Ea oe a 98
PLOZAG. INOLOGONUA .....cccssnecsiseesddosseesscs 7
AGUSTIN GY SSEA. es skesasscuccciededstvvecdes oe 8, 73

NEUROPTERA.
pygmaeus, Sympherobius ............ 10, 82
septempunctata, Chrysopa ............... i
3 ODONATA.
flaveolum, Sympetrum ...............00.00 30
PSUAIGES MPA CSCEINA fe vctucececsevccncccseteseenss 5d
striolatum, Sympétrum ................... 5D
BIRDS.
CQON AEC GUttER a Seo ve ceccoci ss dadteedizawe 24
ochrurus, Phoenicrurus ...............0.. 9
superciliosus, Anomalophrys. ........... 24
MAMMALS.
amphibius, Hippopotamus ................ 23
PATEL A ECO TVA Sit te oe, tases oases be ccaecersuadeteveess 38
CATED er GAZOM A cic ccsccecVarasccevsessociiveseats 24,
porcus, Choiropotamus ...............00. 23
rufifroms, Gazella ..........:..:cceseeeeeeeeeees 24
FLOWERING PLANTS.

APITCEAM OPT VS icscstvcsaccssavaaecoscodcuesess 8
aguilinum, Pteridium ................... 10
BEBINID: ( EIGENS | sitsnivriciiscecsccverseaswanneces 56
chinensis, JUMIPETUS ...........ccce eee eee ee 1
MURREUATIS eC RULCCLA Go cvasccc seas csuasteecatscuecseaes 4
SFigantea, SCCUOIA ......c.cccccccesseseecscevave 1
LAP AUOLEYNIS! Wien. tsvewesvsos ous csecscvecseseseen 6
hederacea, Wahlenbergia ................. 5D
japonica, Callicarpa .......... ees 35
lawsoniana, Cupressus ........... va ect 1
minor, Scutellaria .....................ceecee By)
DICTA, SAMDUCUS ....c.c0c.cesceccectreceeoeces 12
RVELOUISS i UURINDULS n lack acucdcetadiccssedecewceeesacsenall 6
Parvifiora, GalinsOZa ............:.ceeeeee ee 10
BRT Ga LOLA cvcctvscaceeeasceecal tor deaecevs 1
pyramidalis, Orchis ...........0000. 2. 8
sempervirens, CupreSSUS .............06605 1
tenella, Amagallis uu... eeeeeeeeeeeee 55
tenuifolium, Pittosporum ................ 40
tripartita, Bidens ........... avpesevuctesccess 56

131
PAGE
FUNGI (MYCETOZOA).

aicalinal -Miycena! 2.5 seen ee 57
amorphus, Polyporus ................000.00. 57
appendiculatum, Hypholoma .......... 57
argyllacea, Clavaria. <......cceccccaccesesseee 57
asterophora, Nyctalis .............ccceseee 56
atramentarius, Coprinus .................. 57
AULAMG AS OUGVA Yorce dc. ceeunsteacestanteietee 57
betulina, Lenzites .........ceceecceeceeees 57
carcharias, Lepiota oo... eee eee 57
CeTVINUS, PIUTCUS .22......cccbs.csccerecssnes 57
chrysenteron, Boletus .................. 56, 57
cibarius, Cantherellus ..................0... 56
CIMETCAS CLAVATIAN ) Mesacscceseoacteccveerencetee 57
Glawipess: (Colby Dias fe. cscscsissc.ms coe ease 56
clypeatum, Entoloma. ..................... 56
€omMatus, COPViINUS ...........ccecceeee seen ee 57
commune, Schizophyllum ................ 56
concentricum, Daldinia ................... 30
GriSpa; “SPARASSIS |e. edi. sscwcsanaeedesevesee 57
cristata; Clavariads | ....:i.cccc.ccccecscasseececs 57
dryophila, Collybia ..................ccceeee 57
emetica, Russula ..........c.cccccescnssnceeees 56
LALVINOSA; \TSAVIA Loosesivessccesevasacheviweserse 35
ferrugineum, Hydnum ................. 35, 57
fimetarius, Coprinus ............c..c.ccceeee 57
flaccida, ClitOCybe ........ccccecececeeeeeeeeee 57
flavobrunneum, Tricholoma ............ 57
fulva, Amanitopsis ..............cccceceeeeeee 57
fusca, Stemonitis .............cc.. ee 39, 57
fusiformis Clavaria ............ccccccceeeee eee 57
GalopuS, MYCeNa ...........cececeeeecseeeeeee es 57
helvola, Psilocybe ...............csceecseeeee 57
inuncta, Stropharia .....................06 a7.
laccatai) VaAcGariay iiecce.cscccasacecocssceaees 56
laciniata, Thelephora ................... 57
malicorius, Cortinarius .........0 ...... a7
mappa, Amanita ..............8. awe sig
melaleucum, Hydnum .................. 35, 57
mesomorpha, Lepiota ...............c:0:ee 57
MuscCaria, AMAaMNita ......... cece cece eee 57
MISTICAMS,) RUSSULAY Lol ce..vecceescceecodess 36
nudum, Tricholoma ...............c..ceccseee 57
ochroleuca, Russula ..............c0008 56, 57
papilionaceus, Pamaeolus ................ 57
perennis, Polystictus .................. 35, 57
Plicatilis, COPYVIMNUS ......... cece eee eee 57
PLOGEL Arp IGE DLO VAY ead ciesseecat cevnice once piecrnat 56
PICA MV COMGAr es cdese es sccccce veveassateseenacoes 57
purpurea, ClaviCeps ¢........ccccecsseeeeeeens 37
pyrogalus, Lactarius ............cc.cceeeeee 57
QUITCTUSH UACUATIUS) fecsssceccs snessuedenysoeeee 57
Tadicans, Boletus ............cccceceeeseeeeenee 57
Tepandum, Hydnum ..........cceeeeeeee ee 35
rubescens, AMAamMita ..........cccceeceeee eens 57
rubescens, Trametes ....0..........0c0008 56, 57
rufocarnea, Nolanea ...........cccceeeeeees 57
rufus, BaCUaPiuS cciircccecncssttesstdscecescasns 57

PAGE
schweinitzii, Polyporus ................ By
semilanceolata, Psilocybe ............... 57
semivestita, Psathy@a ...........ccceeeebene 57
sublateritium, Hypholoma._............... 57
torminosus, Lactarius ...................+ 57
TLEDIS: MEACTATIUIS yee srecncesee st eotrearce cena oO”
vaginata, Amanitopsis ................:00+ 57
vellereus, Lactarius ...........c0ccccsccnceees 56

132

> PAGE
Vietus, Lactarius 1.6.8 ..0i....scthnsemace se 57
virgineus, Hygrophorus ................... a
vulgare, Scleroderma ................0:. 56, 57

NOT CLASSIFIED.

Achatina (Mollusc) .............c..cceeceeeeee eS
Eriophyes (Mites) ...........c.cccccesceeesenee 53
Pandinus (Scorpion) ..............ccc:ccce 17
Spirostreptus (Millipede) .................. 17

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PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS

THE SOUTH LONDON

‘Entomological and Natural heme
Society.

1946-47.

WITH NINETEEN PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS,
_. BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, -.~ LONDON, W.1,

12th DECEMBER 1947.

PRICE : One Pound, Two rShilltace a anit Sani. i

The South Louden Entamologicall ;
and Natural History Society. © 4

Trustees—
J. H. ADKIN and W. RAIT-SMITH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., FRE.

Honorary Life President—Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.

Sesssion 1947-48.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL.

President—L. T. FORD, B.A.
Vice-Presidents—Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N., F.R.E.S., and
Sir LEONARD WAKELY, K. C. i E., OB.
Treasurer—J. L, HENDERSON, |
Secretary—F.. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
Editor—T. R. EAGLES. Curator—F. J. COULSON.
Librarian—E. BE, SYMS, F.R.E.S. Lanternist—F. D. BUCK.
Ordinary Members of Council.

V. E, AUGUST, F.R.AS. T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
Col. P. A, OARDEW. STANLEY N. A. JACOBS.

- E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S. Lt.-Col. F. A. LABOUCHERE,
C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S.
J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. HL R. LAST.

H. A. MORRELL.

OFFICIALS AND ASSISTANT OFFICERS.

Attendance RecorderzO. J. JANSON, F.R.E.S.
Assistant Secretary (Indoor Meetings)—E. BE, SYMS, F.R.E.S.
Assistant Secretary (Field Meetings)—K. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
Assistant Editors—H. G. DENVIL, J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A.,

and S. N. A. JACOBS.

Assistant Librarian—J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A.

Assistant Curator—H. LAST.

COMMITTEES.
Library,
L. T. FORD, B.A., President. F. J. COULSON.
E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S., Librarian. S. N. A. JACOBS.
J. O

eS _ a L. _ ~ oe
eee ee a Ate ot TS Re

. T. HOWARD, M.A., F, STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.,
Assistant Librarian. Secretary.
ss “Publications. -

a2. R. EAGLES, K. G. BLAIR, D.Se., F.R.E.S.

Editor. : C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S.

a Dinner,
Said be FORD, B. AS gedent. Sir LEONARD WAKELY,
Capt. R.A. TACK SONS BN. Rete ig oy Ge ee ad IS 5
_ Papers Panel.

H. E. HINTON, ‘H. B.D. KE?TLEWELL,

B.Sc. Ph. Dy M.A., M.B.

Proc.

SEB Cold INTEL Ss LOIN PLATE I.

A. W. DENNIS.

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS

OF
THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

1946-47.
WITH NINETEEN PLATES.

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS:
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.1.

Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath,
1947.

The Council gratefully acknowledges . |
the receipt from the Royal Society of

a

'£125.. ea:

tawardstthe cost of this Pabhearent

~

\

ill {

THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological and Natural History Society

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.1.

OBJECTS.

The Society has for its objects the advancement and diffusion of Biological
Science by means of meetings at the Society’s Rooms and in the Field, discus-
sions, papers, exhibitions, the issue of publications, and the formation of typical
collections and of a library for the use of members.

MEETINGS.

Indoor Meetings at Burlington House are generally held twice monthly, on
Second and fourth Wednesdays, at 6.30 p.m. Field Meetings take place through-
out the Summer.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Entrance Fee, 2/6. Ordinary Members, 12/6 p.a.; Country Members, 7/6 p.a.
Life Membership, £8 8/-.

The Council invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who
are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading papers and exhibit-
ing specimens.

COMMUNICATIONS. :

Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.,
““Hatch House,” Pilgrims’ Hatch, Brentwood, Essex.

Trustees—J. H. ADKIN and W. RAIT-SMITH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Hon. Life President—Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.

SESSION 1946-47.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL.

President—Capt. REGINALD A. JACKSON, R.N., F.R.E.S.
Vice-Presidents—L. T. FORD, B.A., and Col. P. A. CARDEW.
Treasurer—J. L. HENDERSON.

Secretary—F. STANLEY-SMITH, FRES.

Editor of Proceedings—T. R. EAGLES.
Curator—F. J. COULSON.

Librarian—E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.
Ordinary Members of Council—

E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S. STANLEY N. A. JACOBS.

H. G. DENVIL. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., ete.
W. J. FINNIGAN. H. R. LAST.

C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S. Sir LEONARD WAKELY, K.C.I.E., C.B.
J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. The BARON DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D., etc.

Tee TAD
GAN 15 1048
{eyarne .

5 i a et

iv

Publication Committee—RK. G. BLAIR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.; C. N. HAWKINS,
and the Editor of Proceedings, T. R. EAGLES.

Library Committee—

Capt. R. A. JACKSON (President). F. J. COULSON.
E. E. SYMS (Librarian). J. O. T. HOWARD.
F. STANLEY-SMITH (Secretary). S. WAKELY.

Dinner Committee—

Sir LEONARD WAKELY (Chairman), Capt. R. A. JACKSON, The BARON DE
WORMS, V. E. AUGUST, J. L. HENDERSON and F. STANLEY-SMITH, Secretary.

Papers Panel—
H. E. HINTON, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.; H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, and E. E. SYMS.

Recorder—O. J. JANSON, F.R.E.S.
Assistant Secretary, Field Meetings—BK. W. CLASSEY.
Assistant Secretary, Indoor Meetings—E. E. SYMS.
Assistant Editor—N. G. DENVIL.
Assistant Curator—H. R. LAST.
Assistant Librarian—J. O. T. HOWARD.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).

1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1914-15 B. H. SmirH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.

1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). (dec:).

1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S.

1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A.

1882, TT. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.

1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.). ; (dec.).

1885 R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.;

1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). F.E.S.

1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E‘S.

1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1930 F. B. CARR (dec.).

1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). 1930 Capt. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1931 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1932 T.H.L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).

1894 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,

1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

1896 R. SOuTH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES.

1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1935 E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.

1898 J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLETT.

1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. COULSON.

1900 W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

1901 H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
L.R.C.P., F.E.S. 1940 KE. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,

1902 F. NOAD CLARK (dec.). F.R.E.S.

1903 FE. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.). 1941 F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1904 A. SicH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1942 S. WAKELY.

1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. 1943 R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.

1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS.

1908-9 A. SicH. F.E.S. (dec.). 1945-46 Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,

1910-11 W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. FE.R.E.S.

LIST, OF (MEMBERS.

(Revised to 17th April 1947.)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; bi, Biology; c. Coleoptera; cr,
Crustacea; d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology,
General; e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera ;
l, Lepidoptera; mi, Microscopy; ml, Micro-lepidoptera; mo, Mollusca ;
n, Neuroptera; nat. hist, Natural History; nat. phot, Nature Photo-
graphy; od, Odonata; 00, Oology; orn, Ornithology; orth, Orthoptera ;
r, Reptiles; rh, Rhopalocera; t, Trichoptera; z, Zoology.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
Including the Honorary Life President, (L.P.); Honorary Members

appointed under Bye-law 10(a), (Hon.); and Special Life Members ap-
pointed under Bye-law 10(b), (S.L.).

DATE OF | DATE OF
APPOINT- JOINING
MENT. SOCIETY. CLASS. NAME, ADDRESS AND INTERESTS.
HOM 1935. «12. 0.1887. ~Hon. Turner; “Hy! - J... “FURS. WOR aes
13.1.1945. L.P. ‘‘Latemar,’? 25, West Drive, Cheam,

Surrey. l, el.

14.8.1941. 4. 2.1886. Hon. Fremuin, Major H. S., M.R.¢.s., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Heavers,’’ Ryarsh, Kent. 1.

10.1.1942. 10. 1.1924. Hon. CHapman, Miss L. M., ‘‘ Arolla,’? Water-
low Road, Reigate, Surrey.

Tats 14.1886." Sie Apkin, Bi W.s BREeESs, 76 Viehnelden
Pembury, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
l, orn.

1.1.1947. 28. 1.1889. S.L. Moors, H., F.x.e.s., 9, Hoopwick Street,
Deptford, London, §.E.8. 1, hem, d,
el, ehym, ed, mi.

1.1.1947. 24.10.1889. S.L. Manssripce, W., M.sc., F.R.E.S., ‘“Mon-
reith,’’ Derby Road, Formby, Liver-
pool, Lancs. I, ¢.

1.1.1947. 24.10.1889. S-L. Watnwrieut, CotBran J., F.R.E.S., 50,
Christchurch Road, Bournemouth,
Hants. l, d.

Tiet947. “9. 4.1891. SS... ~ Haw, A. H., M.A:,\A.1-8.,) PLB Ss eee
Southfield Road, Oxford. 1.

1A.1947., 27.10:1892. S.L. Marin, Hues, -8.8c., F-R.E.8., ¥.Z.8.). 9,
Woodside Road, Woodford Wells,
Essex. I, nat. phot, c.

1,1.1947. 26.11.1896. S.L. Barnerr, T. L., 31, Littleheath Road,
Selsdon, Surrey. l.

vi -

LIFE, ORDINARY, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1945 Apams, H. W., 14, Scott Road, Kettering, Northants. 1.

1937 Apams, R. W., 32, Moor Park Road, Northwood, Middlesex. l.

1922 Apxin, J. H., ‘‘ Lamorran,’’ Oak Lane, Sevenoaks, Kent. I.

1943 AxitEN, DoNALD, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., 698, Warwick Road,
Solihull, Warwickshire. hym, ent, 1, nat. phot, mt.

1907 Anprews, H. W., F.R.B.8., c/o Martins Bank, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. d.

1946 Asrsury, C. F., 83, Gunterstone Road, West Kensington, Lon-

> don, W.14. l.

1934 Arkrnson, J. L., ‘‘ Down’s Cottage,’’ 76, Northwood Road, Tan-
kerton, Kent. l. ;

1936 Avueust, V. -E., M.1.T., A.R.I.P.H.H., F.R.H.S., Council, 59, Hill-
cross Avenue, Morden, Surrey. ent.

1939 Baker, Capt. D. B., R.A.0.c., F.R.E.S., Ordnance Directorate,
G.H.Q., O.M.F. I, ¢.

1937 Bavuincer, D. E., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Canham Road, Acton, Lon-~
don, W.3. 1. :

1945 Barrer, R. S., F.R.z.s., 18, Ferncroft Avenue, London. N.W.3.
ent, mi, bt.

1942 Banner, JOHN V., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Wykehurst,”’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton, 6. I.

1933 Baynes, E. S. A., F.R.n.8., c/o Glyn Mills & Co., Childs Branch,
1, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4. 1.

1943 Brcuer, Lt.-Col. L. E., ‘‘ Newstead,’’ Charterhouse Road, Godal-
ming, Surrey. l.

1944 Brprorp, E. J., r.n.p.s., 11, St John’s Terrace, Lewes, Sussex.

; nat. hast.

1938 Berrrne, B. P., PH.D., F.R.E.8., F.L.8S., 4, Tobernea Terrace, Monks- —
town, Co. Dublin, Hire. ml.

1929 Brut, J. H., Dudswell Rise, Northchurch, Berkhamsted, Herts.

1942 Bet, P. J., B.a., F.u.8., Dudswell Rise, Berkhamsted, Herts.

ent.
1947 Brest, A. A., 131, Woodham Lane, Lew Haw, Weybridge, Sur-
rey. l.

1945 Brircw, L., 225, Coleshill Road, Ward End, Birmingham, 8. ent.

1911 Buarr, K. G., p.sc., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Pentwyn,’’ Afton Road, Fresh-
water, I.W. ent.

1945 Buaspate, Puiip, ‘‘ Brooklyn,’’ The Ash, Wombwell, Yorks.
ent.

1942 Buxsr, T., ‘‘ Homestead,’’? Higham Lane, Tonbridge, Kent. 1.

1926 Burrss, A., 4 Monahan Avenue, Purley, Surrey. l.

1941 Buroop, B. N., 1.R.c.8.1., 25, Spencer Gardens, Eltham, London,
S.E.9. hym.

1925 Buyrs, S. F. P., ‘‘ Cleeveland,’’ Chislehurst, Kent. 3. i

1946
1947

1933

1935

1940

1930

1939

1943

1938

1936

— 1909

1927

vii
YEAR OF
ELECTION.
_ 1934 Borrer, C. D., ‘‘ The Old Manor House,’’ Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk.

ent,

1945 _ Bostock, E. D., r.n.u.8., 8, Pelham Gardens, Folkestone, Kent. 1.

1944 Bowpen, S. R. B.sc., A.R.C.s., A.B.I.c., 33, South View, Letch-
worth, Herts. l.

1946 Bowser, E. W., 3.p., Tytton Hall, Boston, Lines. l.

1946 Boyce, B., 51, South Street, Chichester, Sussex. I.

Brapiey, J. D., 15, Ridley Road, Wimbledon, London, 8.W.19. l.

BretHerton, R. F., M.A., F.R.E.S., Ottershaw Cottage, Ottershaw,
Surrey. l.

Brert, G. A., B.8C., A.B.C.8.; D.I.c., 2, Old Claygate . Lane,
Hinchley Wood, Esher, Surrey. ent.

Brett, Mrs Karuueen S. L. F., 2, Old Claygate Lane, Hinchley
Wood, Esher, Surrey. bi

Brirren, H., M.M., F.R.H.S., F.INST.P.A., ‘‘ Newholme,’’ 21, Toller’s
Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. ent (Chalcididae).

Brooks, Miss W. M. A., ¥.u.s., 300, Philip Lane, London, N.15.
ec, ent, b, marine life. :

Brown, A. G., L.D.s., B.c.8.ENG., 17, The Vale, Golders Green,
London, N.W.11. .

Brown, 8S. C. S., L.D.8., R.C.S.ENG., H.D.D.EDIN., 142, Richmond
Park Road, Bournemouth, Hants. ml, hym.

Brown, Major S. HaMirTon, L.D.S8., R.C.S.ENG., 175, Heene Road,
Worthing, Sussex. l.

Buck, F. D., Lanternist, 31, Elthorne Road, Holloway Road,
London, N.19. ec.

Bucxstonge, A. A. W., 69, Gibbons Road, Kingston-on-Thames,
Surrey. l.

Butt, G. V., B.a., M.B., ‘‘ White Gables,’’ Sandhurst, Kent. l.

1915-37 and 1945 Bunnetrt, E. J.; m.a., 46, Redstone Park, Redhill,

1946

1946
1944
1944

1938 ©

1938

1947

1922

Surrey. c.
BurkHarptT, Col. V. R., late p.a., 5, Bridge Road, Cranleigh,
Surrey. l.

Burnetu, C. M., 34, Park Drive, Upminster, Essex. l.

Burns, B. S., 1, Jamaica Villas, Stoke Road, Gosport, Hants. I.

Burrows, D. S., 33, Brookehowse Road, Bellingham, London,
S.E.6. 1.

Burton, Miss MARGARET, Tae R.C.S.ENG., Army Dental Service,
Greencot, Seaward Avenue, Barton-on-Sea, Hants. 01.
Burton, R. J., u.D.8., B.C.S.ENG., Greencot, Seaward Avenue,

Barton-on-Sea, Hants. l.

‘Bussrinvce, W. E., ‘‘ Gresham,’’ Bradbourne Park Road, Seven-
oaks, Kent. l.
Bususy, L. C., F.R.£.8., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s

Park, London, N.W.8. c, hem.

Vili

YEAR OF ;
ELECTION.

1909-22 and 1937 OarprEw, Col. P. A., Cowncil, 21a, Thornton Hill,

1945

1945

1899

1946
1946

1946
1945
1945
1936
1922

1945
1936

1943
1915

1934

1946

1935

1946
1938

1936

1945

1923

1922

1909

1918

Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. I.

Cartier, Stuart HE. W., F.R.E.s., 6, Warwick Buildings, Warwick
Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. 1, c.

CaRPENTER, Prof. G. D. Hate, D.M., M.B.E., F.R.E.S., Hope Pro-
fessor of Zoology (Entomology), University Museum, Oxford.
ent.

CaRR, Rev. F. M. B., M.a., u.TH., The Croft, Shore Road, Sand-
banks, Bournemouth, Hants. l, n.

Carter, R. A., The Croft, West Runton, Norfolk. c.

Cuatmers-Hunt, MicHarn, Little Orchard, Broad Oak, Canter-
bury, Kent. l. :

Cuampion, Lt.-Col. C. C., Hailey Lane, Hertford. 1, phot.

Cuapman, F. W., 27, Rugby Place, Brighton 7, Sussex. l, el.

Cuaruson, S., 34, Car Bank Street, Atherton, Manchester. l,

ent, g.

Crartres, S. A., F.R.E.8., 9, King’s Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex.
ent.

CuersemMan, C. J., 26, Lyndhurst Road, Birkdale, Southport,
Lancs. l.

Curistiz, L., 65, Rowan Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16. ent.

Cuassey, E. W., F.R.8.8s., Council, 5, Carlton Avenue, Feltham,
Middlesex. J.

Coates, R. J., 6, Malvern Road, Surbiton, Surrey. ent.

CockayngE, E. A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Merstone,”’ Tring,
Herts. l, g.

Cote, G. A., M.A., F.C.A., Queen Mary’s Hospital, Roehampton,
London, S.W.15.

Cottier, Major A. E., c/o Lloyds Bank, 6, Pall Mall, London,
Saeier ale :

Cotuins, R. J., F.R.E.8., Roslyn, Blackthorne Road, Gt. Bookham, |
Surrey. l.

Coman, R., 78, Norwood Road, Herne Hill, London, §.H.24.— l.

ConpEerR, G. M., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.S., 33, Grove Avenue,
Sutton, Surrey. l.

Cooper, B. A., B.SC., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., 27, Spilsby Road, Boston,
Lines. c¢ (elateroidea), ecology, ec. ent, 1, nat. phot. (Life
Member.)

Corset, A. STEVEN, D.SC., PH.D. (LOND.), F.R.I.c., 128, Westwood
Road, Tilehurst, Reading, Berks. ent.

Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, London, §.W,3. l.

Covcuman, L. E., F.R.E.s., c/o Mrs A. Couchman, 82, Newbury
Road, Bromley, Kent, and in Tasmania. l.

Coutson, F. J., Hon. Curator, ‘ Burnigill,’’ 24, Springfield
Avenue, Merton Park, London, S.W.20. c, hem, l.

Court, T. H., F.Rn.8.s., ‘‘ Oakleigh,’’ Market Rasen, Lincoln.

1X
YEAR OF
ELECTION.
1948 Cousins, Ropert J., A.C.P., M.R.S.T., F.R.E.S., F.R.8.A., F.Z.8.,

High Street, Ashcott, near Bridgwater, Somerset. mo, c.

1898-1934 and 1937 Crasrree, B. H., r.r.b.s., ‘‘ Highfield,’’ Alderley

1934

1937
1918

1933
1947

1920
1932

1946
1937
1946
1927
1946

1945
1940
1900
1938
1933

1930
1945

1921
1939

1936
1946
1930

1946
1946
1927

Edge, Cheshire. l.

Craske, J. C. B., F.n.£.8., 33, Hinchley Drive, Hinchley Wood,
Esher, Surrey. l.

Craske, R. M., 207, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.3. ent.

CRAUFURD, CLIFFORD, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Denny,’’ Bishops Stortford,
Herts. l.
Crewpson, R. C. R., F.R.E.8s., ‘‘ The Grange,’’ Delamere, North-

wich, Cheshire. 1,

Cripps, C. H., 8.a., Bulls Head Farm, EKakley Lanes, Stoke Gold-
ington, Bletchley, Bucks. 1, rh. (Jife Member.)

Crocker, Capt. W., 55, Townley Road, Bexleyheath, Kent. l.

Crow, P. N., ‘“‘ Heathcote,’’ Bigfrith, Cookham Dean, Berk-
shire. l.

Curnris, P. W. EK., M.c., F.R.E.8s., 102, Burdon Lane, Belmont,
Sutton, Surrey. hym, orth.

Curtis, A. E., F.R.5.s., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood,
Billingshurst, Sussex. l.

Curtis, W. ParKINSON, F.R.E.8S., M.S.B.E., 70, Princess Road,
Bournemouth, Hants. l.

Dansy, G. C., ‘‘Sheringham,’’ 31, Albion Road, Sutton,
Surrey. l.

Darsy, Miss Darung A., B.sc., 139, Huntingdon Road, Cam-
bridge. ec. ent.

Davinson, A. R., 2, Foster Road, Formby, Liverpool. 1, c.

Davis, G. A., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. c.

Day, F. H., F.R.5.s., Blackwell Lodge West, Carlisle. 1, c.

Dra, JAMus, 18, Manor Road, West Wickham, Kent. l.

DemutH, Lieut. R. P., B.N.v.R., c/o Lloyds Bank, West South-
bourne, Bournemouth. 1.

Denvin, H. G., 4, Warwick Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. 1, c.

Dixon, C. H., Northbrook Farm, Micheldever, Hants. ent.

Doron, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. 1.

Dovustepay, B. S., F.R.p.s., Monks Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks.
Chalcidoidea.

Doupnzy, S. P., ‘‘ Thurne,”’ 110, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. 1.

Downes, W. E., 29, Aragon Road, Kingston, Surrey. l.

Duvsrivce, B. J., B.A., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

Durry, E.'A. J., ¥.R.£.8., 28, Lansdowne Road, Croydon, Surrey. c.

Dunsar, J. G., 12, Russell Grove, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. 1.

Kacims, T. R., Hon. Editor, 32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middle-
Satan ieaG.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1943 Easrmure, D. F., ‘‘ Granta,’ 43, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill,
London, N.10. Ul. :

1937 Easton, N. T., D.F.H., F.R.E.S., Sulby Hall, Welford, near Rugby,
Staffs. 1, g, nat. phot.

1946 Ecxrorp, A., M.D.CANTAB., M.R.c.S., Strafford House, Boston,
Panes. xt:

1945 Epwarps, G. Gravetry, Talbot Croft, St Albans, Herts. I.

1945 Epwarps, R. C., Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. ent.

1941 Epwarps, Rev. Canon T. G., M.a., F.z.8., Holy Trinity Vicar-

. age, Tulse Hill, London, §.W.2. l.

1933. Excoop, W. S., m.a., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. l.

1945 Enuison, R. Epon, 1, Redland Green Road, Bristol, and British
Legation, Jedda, Saudi Arabia. l.

1937 Emery, B., F.R.£.s., 28, Mill Drove, Uckfield, Sussex. l.

1932 Ennis, L. H., 14, Ernle Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. l.

1935 Ensor,G.A., ‘‘Oakleigh,’’ Knoll Road, Dorking, Surrey. 1, hym.

1946
1945
1946

1920
1924

1946
1930

1946
1946

1936
1943
1920
1941
1939
1915

1933
1945

1943
1943

Evans, B. M., 36, Hayes Chase, West Wickham, Kent. l.

Evans, L. J., 73, Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 23. .

FarrctoucH, R., ‘‘ Blencathra,’” Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey.
ent.

Farmer, J. B., ‘‘ Ashleigh,’’ Beatrice Road, Oxted, Surrey. lI, c.

FassNIDGE, WM., M.A., F.R.E.S., 4, Bassett Crescent West, South-
ampton. l, n, hem.

Fercuson, L. F., v.p.s., p.c.8., ‘‘ Harley House,’
Road, Teddington, Middlesex. c.

Ferrier, W. J., F.R.5.S., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
lL.

FFENNELL, D. W. H., Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester, Hants. l.

Firip, Mrs P. L. W., ‘‘ Melbourne,’ 191, Dyke Road, Brighton,
Sussex. ent.

Finnigan, W. J., 87, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. ent,
nat. phot.

Forp, BE. B., M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., The University Museum,
Oxford. ent, g. .

Forp, i. T., 38.A., President, ‘‘ St Michaels,’ 70, Park Hill
Road, Bexley, Kent. l.

Forp, R. L. E., ¥.R.5.s., F.z.8., ‘‘ Dunkeld,” 51, Park Hill Road,
Bexley, Kent. ent.

Forster, H. W., 76, Station Road, Chingford, London, E.4. e.

Foster, T. B., ‘‘ Downlands,’’ 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 1.

Fraser, Aneus, 28, Gloucester Road, Tankerton, Kent. c.

Fraser, Miss Caron pg C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liver-
pool. lL.

? Gloucester

Fraser, G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool. ent.
Frasper, Mrs G. de C., Warren Mount, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
ent,

x1
YEAR OF
ELECTION. ;
1945 Fraser, Capt. M. G., 111, Broadhurst Gardens, London, N.W.6. c.

1945
1946

1946

1930
1929

1946

1936
1935

1946

1942
1926

1936

1924
1945

1926
1946
1947
1945
1944
1943

1902
1943

1936
1924

Freeman, JoHN A., B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.8., F.R.E.S., 9, Wendover
Road, Bromley, Kent. ent, ecology.

Frrmepirw, A. Ff. E., r.n.£.s., Wirastal, Bishops Hill, Hutton,
Essex. 1.

Garver, B. O. C., The Red House, River-in-Dover, Kent, and
34a, Storey’s Way, Cambridge. ent.

Grit, F. T., B.A., F.R.E.8., 25, Manor Rd., Folkestone, Kent. 1.

Gurce, D. L., F.n.u.8., “ Birchstone,’” Coombe Park, Kingston,

Surrey. l.
Gopparp, T. D., r.r.z.s., Long Hoyle Farm, Heyshott, Midhurst,
Sussex. l.

Goopzan, B. S., 81, West Street, Ewell (Epsom), Surrey. .

Goopurre, F. D., m.a., F.R.£.8., Lord Wandsworth Agricultural
College, Long Sutton, Basingstoke, Hants. ec. ent.

Goopman, A. T., B.sc., 10, Central Mansions, Hendon, London,
NOW. 2.

Goovson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. l.

Gorpon, D. J., B.a., F.R.E.S., Table Office, House of Commons,
London, S.W.1. ¢, l.

Gowt1nc-Scorrs, E., ‘‘ Oakhurst,’?’ Oakwood Road, Crofton, Or-
pington, Kent. l.

Grant, IF. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend, Kent. 1, c.

Grant, JosepH Henry, F.R.E.8., 74, Coleshill Road, Birmingham,
8. 1, ent.

Grey, Mrs OLive, F.z.s., 66, Barrington Court, Pages’ Hill, Lon-
don, N.10. ent.

Gummer, C. M., 14, Manor Road, Deal, Kent. l.

Haceett, G. M., 1, Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. 1, ent.

Hamerton, J. L., 35, Bodley Road, New Malden, Surrey. l, od.

Hammonp, H. E., F.R.£.8., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham, 27.
tS ent:

Harps, C. H., F.r.e.s., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, London,
SSS BigLLSyS nde

Hares, E. J., F.n.e.8., Harrow Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. 1.

Harprr, Comdr. G. W., R.N., F.R.E.S., Bramblewood, Bushby
Avenue, Rustington, Sussex. l.

Harris, W. H. A., 48, Corringway, London, W.5. I.

Harwoop, P., ¥F.n.e.8., Ardinsh, Kincraig, Inverness-shire, N.B.
Pree

Haweoop, D. A., 2, Kingsmead Road, Tulse Hill, London,
Se Wide: ids

Haweins, Capt. C. N., F.R.£.8., Council, 23, Wilton Crescent,
Wimbledon, London, 8.W.19. 1, ¢, g.

Hawtey, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., D.s.0., r.R.E.s., ‘‘ Amber Cottage,”’
Bodenham, near Salisbury, Wilts. /.

X11

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1943
1938

1923
1945

1935
1920

Haynes, H., 6, Nelson Road, Salisbury, Wilts. l.

Haynes, R. F., ‘‘ The Sanctuary,’? Burney Road, West Humble,
Dorking, Surrey. l.

Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.B.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo, 205, Tucuman, Republica Argentina.

[, orm, ¢.
HeatuH J., F.R.5.8., ‘‘ Heathcot,’’ Hedge End, Southampton. l.
Hepers, A. V., F.R.E.8S., ‘‘ Ballavale,’’? Santon, Isle of Man. I.

Hemuine, A. FRANCIS, C.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., 83, Fellows
Road (Garden Flat), Hampstead, London, N.W.3. l.

Henpverson, J. L., Hon. Treasurer, 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley,
Surrey. ¢.

Hestop, Mrs E. A., 12, Inglis Road, Southsea, Hants. 1.

Hestop, I. R. P., M.a., F.R.E.S., c/o Messrs Griffiths and
McAlister, 10, Warwick Street, Regent Street, London,
Wete*t.

Hewson, F., F.R.E.8s., 23, Thornhill Drive, Gaisby, Shipley,
Yorks. Jl, hym parasitica.

Hick, E. PENTLAND, F.R.E.S., F.zZ.8., ‘‘ Athol House,’’ Fulford
Road, Scarborough, Yorks. 1.

Hinton, H. E., B.Sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural
History), South Kensington, London, S.W.7.

Hitcurs, Capt. P. E. N., B.sc., Sicklebank, Horam, Sussex.
ent.
Hopeson, S. B., 5, Charles Street, Berkhamstead, Herts. I.

Hotiesone, Comr. L. H. T., 0.B.8., k.N., 74, Kensington Court,
Kensington, London, W.8.

Hotroyp, Grorce C., The Matchbox, 8, Elmside, Onslow Village,
Guildford, Surrey. l.

Howarp, A. P., 19, Limes Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. ent.-

Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., Council, 5514, Finchley Road, London,
N.W.3.

HowarrH, T. G., B.£.M., F.R.B.S., Council, 66, St John’s Road,
Sevenoaks, Kent. l.

-Hucers, H. C., ¥.n.8.s., 875, London Road, Westcliff-on-Sea,

Essex. 1, ent.

Hucues, ARNoLD W., 16, Buckingham Way, Wallington, Sur-
rey. l. ;

Huts, L. G., F.c.s., F.R.M.8., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Rax,’’ Chidham, near
Chichester, Sussex. ent.

Humpurey, S. W., Pear Tree House, Roade, Northamptonshire.
l, rh. (Life Member.)

Humpureys, J. A., 1382, High Street, Epsom, Surrey. l.

Hurter, D. G., 41, Garston Old Road, Liverpool, 19. I.

Hurtcnines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. l.

Jackson, F. W. J., ‘‘ The Pines,’’ Ashtead, Surrey.

Xiil

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1940 Jackson, Capt. Recrnatp A., R.N., F.R.E.8., Vice-President, ‘‘The
Hermitage,’ Bishops Waltham, Hants, and the Junior
United Services Club, London, S.W.1. ent, l.

1945 Jackson, W. H., Northeroak Cottage, Lyndhurst, Hants. l.

1923 Jacozss, S. N. A., Cowneil, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ 54, Hayes Lane, Brom-
ley, Kent. l, el.

1936 Jamus, W. H., 41, Carson Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.21. l.

1928 Janson, O. J., F.R.E.S., Recorder, 15, Kingshill Crescent, St
Albans, Herts, or 46, Beresford Road, Hornsey, London,
N.8. ent. Z

1942 Jaques, J. M., 12, Coulsdon Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. l.

1925 Jarvis, C. MacKercunin, F.t.s., 50, Adelaide Square, Bedford. c.

1938

1945

1947
1946
1946

1943

1928

1910

1925

1933

1947
1944

1925

1945
1941
1946
1927
1914
1946
1947
1934
1933
1937

Jarvis, F. V. L., B.sc., 21, Shirley Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.
L, g.

Jounson, Col. G. F., p.s.o., Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumber-
land. 0:
Jonus, Mrs BH. D., 40, Glenlyon Road, London, S.E.9. b, nat. hist.
Kaurmann, R. R. U., Jodrell Hall, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. c.

Kemp, J. K. C., Perrymead House, Bath, Somerset. 1.
Kersuaw, Col. S. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. l.

KertLeEwELL, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.,
_F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Homefield,’? The Common, Cranleigh, Surrey. g, l.

Kipner, A. R., ‘‘ Whitelea,’’ Fitzgerald Avenue, Seaford, Sus-
sex. l.

Kimoins, D. E., n.A.F., 6, St John’s Road, Penge, London,
S.E.20. 1, n.

Kine, H., p.sc., r.R.s., ‘‘ Gavarnie,’’? Wise Lane, Mill Hill, Lon-
don, N.W.7. lL, orn.

KurmmescH, J., Donatusgasse 4, Linz-a-Donau, Austria. ml.

Kort, G. §., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., 8, Knutsford Road, Wilmslow,
Cheshire. ent.

LaBoucHERE, Lt.-Col. F. A., F.R.E.8., Council, 15, Draycott
Avenue, Sloane Square, London, S.W.3.

Lane, R. M., A.c.a., 9, Tabor Gardens, Cheam, Surrey. 1.

Last, H. R., Council, 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey. ce, lb.

Latuam, F. H., 26, Hollie Lucas Road, Birmingham, 4. 1.

Lawson, H. B., F.R.z.8., ‘‘ Churchmead,”’ Pirbright, Surrey. 1.

Lrzeps, H. A., Wood Walton, Huntingdon. 1.

Lerrs, A. W., ¥.R.E.S., 44, Overton Road, Sutton, Surrey. 1, hym.

Lewis, E., 8, Parry Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.25. c.

Ling, H. V., 11, Priory Avenue, Petts Wood, Orpington, Kent. 1.

Lipscoms, Lt.-Col. C. G., Misterton, Somerset. 1.

Lisnny, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.8., The Red House, Narborough,
Leicester. 1,

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1942

1935

1931

1945
1945

1932
19380
1922
1943
1946
1932

1946
1942

1945
1945

1943
1938
1944

1946
1945

1920

1930

1945
1937
1940
1937

1935

Lioyvp, Major C. T., D.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., 25, Belmont Avenue,
New Malden, Surrey. I.

Lows, Lt.-Col. J. H. B., n.z., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s &
King’s Branch, 6, Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. 1.

MacNutty, B. J., ‘“‘ Sherwood,’’ Chester Road, Old Hartford,
Cheshire. l.

Mantey, Lt.-Col. W. B. L., The Guards Club, London, W.1. ent.

Manty, G. B., 72, Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14.
ent, Ll.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Christ Church Vicarage, Seaside, Kastbourne,
Sussex. 1. ;

MarsH, Capt. Dupiry G., Gara-Tor, Pigeon Lane, Eddington,
Nr. Herne Bay, Kent. 1.

Masszz, A. M., v.sc., F.R.B.8., East Malling Research Station,
Kent. l.

Marrnews, J. K., m.a., Greystoke, Freshfield, near Liverpool.
I, b, orn.

Mettows, Cuaries, Alliott House, The College, Bishops Stort-
ford, Herts. 1, hym. :
Mettows, W. T., M.B.E., Lu.B., ‘‘ The Vineyard,” Minster

Precincts, Peterborough, Northants. l.

Merz, R. M., Pembroke Lodge, Steepways, Hindhead, Surrey. /.

MercatFe, Percy, C.v.0., R.D.I., A.R.c.A.. 70, Madrid Road,
Barnes, London, S.W:13. 1.

Micuaup, J., PH.p., 22, Routh Road, London, S.W.18. ent.

Mitne-RepHHaD, E., 7, Ashley Gardens, Petersham, Richmond,
Surrey. ¢.

Mirton, P. W., 93, “Woodstock Road, Carshalton, Surrey. c, ent.

Minnion, W. E., 57, Lloyd Court, Pinner, Middlesex. l.

Moopy, Nannie is eee mS Slugs seaceen Road Ringwood, Hants.
ne orn.

Moore, B. P., B.8c., F.R.E.8., The University, Sheffield, 10. od, l.

Moorr, JoHN W., F.R.u.8., Middleton Dene, 151, Middleton Hall
Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. e rh.

Morison, G. D., B.8C., PH.D., F.R.E.8., Dept. Advisory Entomo-
logy, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College,
Aberdeen, N.B. ec. ent.

Moriry, A. M., 0.B.n., M.A., F-R.E.S., 9, Radnor Park West,
Folkestone, Kent. 1.

Morrexy, H. A., Council, 63, Salisbury Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. I.

Moriimer, D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Wores. hym.

Mortimer, Mrs D. A., 31, Junction Street, Dudley, Worcs. ent.

Mowpray, M. J., 10, Carisbrooke Road, St Leonards, Sussex. ent.

Muuter, Miss I. M., ‘‘ Appledore,’? Mugswell, Chipstead, Surrey.
ent.

xV

YEAR UF

ELECTION.
1945 Murray, Rev. D. P., The Priory, Wellington Street, Leicester. l.

1946

Newew, L. R. H., 16, Vermont Road, Sutton, Surrey. ent.

1926-36 and 1945 Newman, L. Hucu, F.n.b.s., Chestnut House, Cold

1945

1930
1938

1932

1934
1943

1945

Blow, Bexley, Kent. 1.

Newton, J. L., M.R.¢.8., .B.c.P., Alconbury Hill, Huntingdon.
Lb.

Nistert, M., r.z.z.8., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

Opp, D. A., ‘‘ Havenhurst,’’ 5, Robin Hood Lane, Sutton, Sur-
rey. l.

O’FarReELL, A. F., B.SC., A.B.C.S., F.R.E.S., 90, Woodwarde Road,
Dulwich, London, S.E.22. od, cr, ent.

OxtveR, G. B., Harefield Road, Luton, Beds. lL.

Otiver, G. H. B., ‘‘ Corydon,’’? Amersham Road, Hazlemere,
High Wycombe, Bucks. 1.

Owen, Goprrey V., Orford, 63, Manor Park Road, West Wick-
ham, Kent. 1.

1927-37 and 1946 Patmer, D. S., Hillside Lodge, Ridgeway, Horsell,

1942
1946
1945

1940
1940

1940

1928

1944
1946

1945
1944

1947
1933

1943

1946
1945

1924

Woking, Surrey. ent.
Parrirt, R. W., 4, Brind Park Terrace, Sandhurst, Camberley,

Surrey. l.
PaRMENTER, Capt. L., F.R.E.8., 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton
Heath, Surrey. d. ,

Parsons, I. D., The Old School, Broxbourne, Herts. l.

Payne, L. G., 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. c.

Payne, R. M., 22, Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. ¢, od,
orth, b. (Life Member.)

PretHaM-Ciinton, Epwarp C., r.a., Trebles Holford, Bishops
Lydeard, near Taunton, Somerset. l.

Perkins, J. F., B.sc., F.R.E.S., 95, Hare Lane, Claygate, Sur-
rey. hym.

Perry, K. M. P., 21, Cornwall Road, Cheam, Surrey. c.

Puetps, C. C., M.B.E., 2, Gonville House, Manor Fields, Putney
Hill, London, §.W.15. _l.

Puttpott, V. W., ‘‘ Glenthorne,’’ Old Castle Road, Weymouth,
Dorset. 1. , ;

PickarD, Jamps N., PH.D., M.A., F.R.8.E., Craufurd, Mill Lane,
Sawston, Cambs. 1, g.

Pinn, C. G., 34, Lawn Road, Hastleigh, Hants. nat. hist, orn, l.

PinnicErR, EK. B., F.R.5.8., Dalegarth, 5, Endlebury Road, Ching-
ford, London, E.4. od, n, l.

Pirman, C. M. R., ‘‘ Malvern,’’ Southampton Road, Clarendon,
Salisbury, Wilts. l, orn, b, etc.

PuayrorpD, F. L., c/o 12, Church Street, Harwich, Essex. r.

Pratt, C. Brenett, 1, West Ham Lane, Stratford, London, H.15.
ent.

Priest, C. G., 5, Kensal Road, Paddington, London, W.10. l.

YEAR OF

ELECTION. ,

1947 Procter, R., 7, Chantriell Grove, York Road, Leeds, 9. l.

1945 Pureroy, J. Bagwett, Ridge House, Broom Close, Esher, Sur-
rey. l.

1945 QuipeLL, WitiiaM, ‘‘ Coombs,’’ High Street, Brampton, Hunt-
ingdon. l.

1922 Rarr-SmirH, W., F.Z.S., F-R.E.S., F.R.H.8., ‘“‘ Hurstleigh,’’ Link-
field Lane, Redhill, Surrey. l.

1946 Ransome, Major-General A. L., c.B., D.s.0., M.c., The Close,
Braishfield, Romsey, Hants. rh.

1946 Ray, H., Mill House Cottage, Bishopstoke, Hants. rh.

1945 RicHarps, O. W., M.A., D.SC., F.R.E.S., Department of Zoology,
Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensing-
ton, London, S.W.7. ent.

1942 RicwaRpson, AUSTIN, M.A., F.R.E.8., Beaudesert Park, Minchin-
hampton, Glos. 1.

1920 RicHarpson, A. W., F.B.E.8., 28, Avenue Road, Southall, Middle-

‘ sex. hym.

1936 RicHarpson, N. A., 20, Bletchley Road, Bletchley, Bucks. l.

1934 Ripeour, J. K., ‘‘ Hodgsonites,’’ Charterhouse, Godalming, Sur-
rey. ent. (life Member.)

1945 Ruauey, J. A., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. lL, od.

1908 Riey, Capt. N. D., r.x.u.s., ¥F.z.8., 7, McKay Road, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.20. l.

1910 Roserrson, G.S., m.p., ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. 1.

1946 Rosrnson, B. H. B., ‘‘ St Martins,’’ 35, Woodcote Hurst, Epsom,
Surrey. l, c.

1946 Rocus, C. G., 38, Saxmumdham Road, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. hym.

1942 Rocus, P. J. L., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., c/o D.M.S., Lagos,
Nigeria. c, hem, el.

1935 Royrre, D. W., 99, Hughenden Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.
c, ent.

1932 Rupianp, W. L., F.R.B.8., 16, Mansfield Road, Reading, Berks. l.

1947 Rumsgy, F., 46, Warren Road, Banstead, Surrey. 1.

1932 Russet, A. G. B., c.v.0., F.R.E.s., Lancaster Herald, ‘‘ Scar-

xvl

bank,’’ Swanage, Dorset. l.

1890-93 and 1915 Russet, S. G. Castie, Stokesay, Bridge Road, Cran-

leigh, Surrey. I.

1908 Sr AuByN, JOHN, F.R.E.S., F.R.P.S., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley,

1946

1945

1927
1946

Surrey. 1, mt.

SaunpBy, Air-Marshal Sir Rosert H. M. S., K.B.E., ©.B., M.C.,
D.F.C., A.F.C., Oxleas, Burghclere, near Newbury, Berks. 1.

Saunt, J. W., a.L.8., 65, Victoria Road, Hast Cowes, I.0.W.
hym, ent.

Scotr, Col. E., m.s., ‘‘ Hayesbank,’’ Ashford, Kent. l.

Setr, K. W., ‘‘ Theydon,’’ Sarum Road, Winchester, Hants. ent.

xvil
YEAR OF
ELECTION
1923 Spvastoputo, D. G., r.x.b.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Ltd., 25, Finsbury
Circus, London, E.C.2. (Life Member.) lL.
1933. SHarman, F. W., 183, Star Road, Peterborough, Northants. l.
1945 Suaw, H. K. Arry, B.A., F.R.E.S., Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
Surrey. c¢, hem.
1947 Suwort, H. G., M.sc., Corriegarth, Queen’s Road, Teddington,
Middlesex. l.
1939 Srvirrr SmirH, P., F.z.F.s., 21, Melville Hall, Holly Road, Edg-
baston, Birmingham, 16. lI.
1941 Smiru, Lieut. Fok. WmM., rR.N.v.R., Boreland-of-Southwick, by
Dumfries, Kirkcudbright. 1, hym. (life Member.)
1945 Sir, F/Lt. M. W. P., 21, Shaftesbury Avenue, Bedford. l.
1920-25 and 19389 Smuirn, S. Gorpon, F.L.S., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Estyn,’’? Bough-
ton, Chester. ent.
1938 Snext, B. B., F.z.8.s., ‘‘ Woodsome,’’ Bromborough, Cheshire. l.
1945 Sourueatr, B. J., F.R.H.s., 42, Ruxley Lane, West Ewell, Sur-
rey. ¢, hem.
1946 SourHwoop, T. R. E., Parrock Manor, Gravesend, Kent. hem, c.
1945 Sparrow, Mrs M. J., 1, Anne Boleyns Walk, Cheam, Surrey. l.
1926-29 and 1941 Sparrow, R. W., M.INsT.R.A., 134, Regents Park
Road, London, N.3. 1.
1947 Sprrrine, A. H., Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Hants. I.
1943 SpreapBury, W. H., 35, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey.
nat. hist.
1920-32 and 1938 Srarrorp, A. E., ‘‘ Corydonis,’’ 83, Colborne Way,
Worcester Park, Surrey. 1.
1927 Srantey-SuirH, F., r.z.x.s., Hon. Secretary, ‘‘ Hatch House,”’
Pilgrims’ Hatch, Brentwood, Essex. l,
1937 Srepaty, H. P. P., ‘‘ Cherry Cottage,’’ Prestwood, Great Missen-
den, Bucks. ent.
1940 Street, W.O., Redlands, Maidenhead Court, Maidenhead, Berks. c.
1938 Sreruine, D. H., 36, Estella Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. 1.
1942 Sripston, Eng. Capt. S. T., z.N., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ashe,’’? Ashburton,
Devon. l.
1936 Sricant, Miss B., Flat 6, 99, Crawford Street, London, W.1.
hortic. ent.
1924 Srorry, W. H., Fairstead, Long Road, Cambridge. ent.
1945 SroucHTon-Harris, G., M.A., F.C.A., F.R.E.S., 11, Langdale Close,
Bury Lane, Horsell, Woking, Surrey. ent. :
1931 Srovin, G. H. T., M.R.c.8., L.R.c.P., 36, Wymondley Road, Hi
chin, Herts.
1929 Srusss, G. C., The Hall, Portishead, Somerset.
1939 Summers, EK. J., 30, Sutton Court Road, Sutton, Surrey. c, hem.
1934 Surron, GresHam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
le (Ge
1945 Surron, R., 20, Ongar Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. 1.

XVIli \

YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1943
1916

1946
1942

1913
1941

1934
1925

Swann, E. L., 282, Wootton Road, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. c.

Syms, E. E., r.n.u.s., F.z.8., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands
Avenue, Wanstead, London, E.11. n, orth, od, t.

TatBor, G., F.R.E.8., 31, York Road, Woking, Surrey. ent.

Tartsot, M. J. R., c/o The Foreign Office, S.W.1. ‘‘ By Beirut
Bag.’”’ 1.

TarcHELL, L. S., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Rockleigh Cottage,’’ Swanage, Dor-
set. .
Taytor, H. G. W., 11, Granville Road, Sidcup, Kent. c.

Taytor, J. O., 64, Great Thrift, Petts Wood, Kent. 1.
Taytor, J. SNEYD, M.A., F.R.E.8., P.O. Box 23, Fort Beaufort, Cape-
Province, Union of S.A. l.

1929-37 and 1938 Trttey, J., ‘‘ White Cottage,’’ Silverlea Gardens,

1931

1946

1945
1937

1934
1940

1944

1943

1945

Horley, Surrey. ent.

Tompson, J. ANTONY, F.R.E.S., Sulby Hall, Welford, near Rugby,
Staffs. 1, g.

THoRPE, JOHN, F.R.B.S., 11, Egghill Lane, Northfield, Birming-
hams sie Tes "p:

Timms, C., F.R.E.S., 524a, Mosely Road, Birmingham, 12. d.

Toner, A. E., ¥.n.£.8., ‘‘ Ashville,’ Trafford Road, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. 1.

TunstatL, H. G., 11, St James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

Turner, A. D., 19, Manor Close, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9. ent.

Turner, H. J., 33, Pine Avenue, W. Southbourne, Nr. Bourne-
mouth, Hants: I.

Turner, J. Fincuam, 17, Litchfield Avenue, Morden, Surrey. l,
hym.

VALENTINE, ARTHUR, 2, Vicars Close, Wells, Somerset. ent.

1929-31 and 1944 WatnwricHt, CHARLES, B.SC., F.R.I.c., 216, St Ber-

1929

1911

1930
1946

1935

1944

1936
1939

1945

nards Road, Olton, Warwickshire. 1. »
WarinwaicuTt, J. Cuas., 9, Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton,
Surrey. l.

Wakety, Sir Leonard D., K.c.1.£.,:c.B., Vice-President, 37, Mar-
ryat Road, Wimbledon, London, 8.W.19. l. :

WakeLy, S., 36, Stradella Road, Herne Hill, London, S.H.24. l.

Waker, J. A., M.B., B.S., The Old Cottage, Burley Street, Bur-
ley, Hants. 1, ml.

Watiis-Norton, Capt. S. G., 2 Victoria Mansions, Eastbourne,
Sussex. ent. (life Member.)

Watton, ANTHONY M., F.R.B.S., 275, Croxted Road, West Dulwich,
London, §.E.21, and Hertford College, Oxford. l.

Warrier, R. Everett, 147, Friern Road, London, S.E.22. 1.

Warxins, N. A., M.A., F.R.E.8., Soldon, Druid Road, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, Glos., 9. l.

Watkins, O. G., F.R.B.8., 20, Torr View Avenue, Peverell, Ply-
mouth, Devon. lJ, od. |

1945
1911

1927
1945

1946

1946
1946

1947
1945
1947
1925

1932

1938
1946
1945
1946
1926
1927

1945
1944

1945

max
__ YEAR OF '
ELECTION.
1920 Warson, D., ‘‘ Crossways,’’ Hightown, Ringwood, Hants. l.
1945 Watson, R. W., South Haven, Stanley Road, Lymington, Hants. 1.
1945 Wess, Harry H., 20, Audley Road, Hendon, London, N.W.4. 1.
1945 Weppett, B. W., 13, The Halve, Trowbridge, Wilts. ent.
1928 Weuus, Criirrorp, ‘‘ Dial House,’’ Crowthorne, Berks. I.
1911 Wetts, H. O., ‘‘ St Hilary,’’ 4, Boleyn Avenue, East Ewell, Sur-
rey. Ul.
1937 Wert, A., F.R.E.S., 5, Oakley Road, Upper Warlingham, Sur-
rey. l.
1947 Wrst, B. K., Branksea, 193, Shepherd’s Lane, Dartford, Kent. l.

Wueeter, A. S., 11, The Chase, Coulsdon, Surrey. 1.

Wuerrer, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’’ Grat-
wicke Road, Worthing. Sussex. l.

Waite, A. GRANVILLE, F.c.A., ‘‘ Hilltop,’’ Chaldon, Surrey.

Ware, E. Barton, M.R.C.8S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., St Merryn,
Braunton, N. Devon. l.

WuirtrHorn, K. P., 12, Kingscourt Road, Streatham, London,
S.W.16.. 1.

Witp, E. H., 28, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. l.

Witpriver, W., 12, Church Mede, Frogmore, near St Albans,
Herts. ent.

WitiiaMs, Mrs D. M., ‘‘ Warley Lea,’’ Brentwood, Essex. l.

WiiaMs, HE. F., F.p.n.s., ‘‘ Warley Lea,’’ Brentwood, Essex. l.

Wiiiaams, E. P., ‘‘ Warley Lea,’’ Brentwood, Essex. l, od.

Winuiams H. B., Lv.p., F.R.n.8., ‘‘ Croft Point,’? Bramley, Sur-
rey. l, g.

Witiurams, S. W. C., 17, Beresford Road, Chingford, London,
K.4.\. t.

Wiis, J. R., ‘ Vine Cottage,’’ West Horsley, Surrey. l.

WiusH_EE, C. J., 63, Daventry Road, Coventry, Warwickshire. 1.

Woop, G. J., 72, Lincoln Avenue, Twickenham, Middlesex. ent.

Woo..iscrort, J., 42, Holmbury Court, Tooting, London, S.W.17.

Woorton, W. J., ‘‘ Wannock Gardens,’’ Polegate, Sussex. 1.

Worms, The’ Baron DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., I.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.,
Westcroft, 26, Common Close, Horsell, Woking, Surrey.
lL, orn.

Wvxes, N. G., Carter House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. I.

Yeuesiis, H. R., B.a., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street, London,
HC .4.., hk

YouprEn, Grorer N., Vanessa, Shepherdswell, near Dover, Kent. l.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Secretary of any
errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above addresses
and descriptions.

Check List of Members arranged under Country, County

and Town in Alphabetical Order.

BEDS.
Bedjord.
Jarvis, C. Mack.
Smith, M. W. P.
Luton.
Oliver, G. B.

BERKS.
Cookham Dean.
Crow, P. N.
Crowthorne.
Wells, C.
Maidenhead.
Steel, W. O.
Newbury.
Saundby, R.
Reading.
Corbet, A. S.
Dolton, H. L.
Rudland, W. L.
Windsor.
Wykes, N. G.

BUCKS.

Aylesbury.
Doubleday, B. S.
Bletchley.
Cripps, C. H.
Kershaw, S. H.

Richardson, N. A.

Great Missenden.
Stedall, H. P. P.

High Wycombe.
Oliver, G. H. B.
Royffe, D. W.

CAMBS.

Cambridge.
Darby, D. A.
Storey, W. H.

Sawston.

- Pickard, J. N.

Wisbech.

Elgood, W..S.

CHESHIRE.

Alderley Edge.
Crabtree, B. H.
Tonge, A. E.

Bromborough.
Snell, B. B.

ENGLAND.

Chester.

Smith, S. G.
Holmes Chapet.
_ Kaufmann, R. R. U.
Northwich.

Crewdson, R. C. R.
Old Hartford.

MacNulty, B. J.
Wilmslow.

Kloet, G. S.

CUMBERLAND.
Brampton.
Johnson, G. F.
Carlisle. .
Day, F. H.

DEVON.
Ashburton.
Stidston, S. T.
Braunton.
White, E. B.
Plymouth.
Watkins, O. G.

DORSET.

Swanage.
Russell, A. G. B.
Tatchell, L. S.
Weymouth.
Philpott, V. W.

ESSEX.

Brentwood.
Stanley-Smith, F.
Williams, E. F.
Williams, D. M.
Williams, E. P.

Harwich.

Playford, F. L.

Hutton.

Friedlein, A. F.

Loughton.

Sutton, G. R.
Upminster.

Burnell, C. M.
W estcliff-on-Sea.

Huggins, H. C.
Woodford Wells.

Main, H.

EK.

GLOUCS.
Bristol.
Ellison, R. E.
Watkins, N. A.
Minchinhampton.
Richardson, A.

HANTS.

Barton-on-Sea.
Burton, M. (Miss).
Burton, R. J.

Basingstoke.
Goodliffe, F. D.

Bishopstoke.

Ray, H.

Bishops Waltham.
Jackson, R. A.

Bournemouth.
Brown, S. C. 8.
Carr, F. M. B.
Curtis, W. P.
Turner, H. J.
Wainwright, C. J.

Burley.
Walker, J. A.

Eastleigh.

Pinn, C. G.

Gosport.

Burns, B. S.

Lymington.
Watson, R. W.

Lyndhurst.
Jackson, W. H.

Micheldever.
Dixon, C. H.

Ringwood.

Moody, N. H.
Watson, D.
Romsey. »

Ransome, A. L.

Southampton.
Fassnidge, W.
Heath, J.

Southsea.

Heslop, E. A. (Mrs).

Warblington.
Sperring, A. H.

Winchester.
Ffennell, D. W. H.
Self, K. W.

HERTS.

Berkhamsted.
Bell, J. H.
Bell, P. J.
Hodgson, S. B.

Bishops Stortford.
Crauford, C.
Mellows, C.

s

= XK?

Broxbourne.
Parsons, I. D.
Hertford.
Champion, C. C.
Hitchin.
Stovin, G. H. T.
Letchworth.
Bowden, 8S. R.
St Albans.
Edwards, G. G.
Janson, O. J.
Wildridge, W.
Tring.
Cockayne, E. A.
Goodson, A. L.

HUNTS.
Alconbury Hill.
Newton, J. L.
Brampton.
Quibell, W.
Wood Walton.
Leeds, H. A.

I. OF MAN.
Santon.
Hedges, A. V.

1.0.W.
Cowes, East.
Saunt, J. W.
Freshwater.
Blair, K. G.
KENT.
Ashford.
Scott, E.
Bexley.
Ford; L. T.
Ford, R. L. E.
Newman, L. H.
Bexleyheath.
Crocker, W.
Bromley.
Freeman, J. A.
Jacobs, S. N. A.
Canterbury.
Chalmers-Hunt, M.
Chislehurst.
Blyth, S. F. P.
Dartford.
Hare, E. J.
West, B. K.
Deal.
Gummer, C. M.
Dover.

Gardiner, B. O. C.

Youden, G. N.
East Malling.

Massee, A. M.

XxX
\
Folkestone. LINCS.
Bostock, E. D. Boston.
Gilliat, F. T. . Bowser, E. W. ~
Morley, A. M. Cooper, B. A.

Gravesend. Eckford, A.
Grant, F. T. Market Rasen.
Southwood, T. R. E. Court, T. H.

Herne Bay.

Marsh, D. G. : LONDON.

Orpington. E.4. Chingford.
Gowing-Scopes, E. Davis, G. A.
Line, H. V. Forster, H. W.

Petts Wood. Pinniger, E. B.
Taylor, J. O. Williams, S. W. C.

Ryarsh. E.11. Wanstead. .
Fremlin, H. S. Sys) Bs

E.15. Stratford.

Sandhurst. Pratt, C. B.
Bull, G. V. E.C.4. Cannon Street.

Sevenoaks. . Yglesias, H. R.
Adkin, J. H. N.3. Regents Park.
Busbridge, W. E. Sparrow, R. W.
Howarth, T. G. NS. Hornsey.

Sidcup. Janson, O. J.
Taylor, H. G: W. N.10. Muswell Hill.

Tankerton. Eastmure, D. F.
Atkinson, J. L. Pages Hill.

Fraser, A. Grey, O. (Mrs).

Tonbridge. N.15. S. Tottenham.
Blest, T. Brooke, W. M. A. (Miss).

Tunbridge Wells. N.19. Holloway Road.
Adkin, B. W. Buck, F. D.

Westerham. N.W.3. Hampstead.
Edwards, R. C. Balter, R. S.

West Wickham. Hemming, A. F.
Deal, J. Howard, J. O. T.
Evans, B. M. N.W.4. Hendon.

Owen, G. V. Goodman, A. T.
Webb, H. E.
LANCS. N.W.6. Kilburn.

Rene ok Nw, Miu Hil
Davidson, A. R. Papen aiy c Dunbar IG
Fraser, C. (Miss). Howard mA P
Fraser, -G. de C. King H. ae
Beer G. de C. (Mrs). N.W.8. Regents Park.

urter, G. G. Bushby, L. C
Mansbridge, W. a P See
; Matthews, J. K. N.W.9. Kingsbury.
Manchester DERE Be 1D
3 N.W.11. Golders Green.
Charlson, S.

OREO S.E.6 BARN eee

Cheeseman, C. J. Burrows, D. S.
S.E.8. Deptford.
LEICS. Moore, H.

Leicester. S.E.9.

Murray, D. P. Eltham.

Narborough. Blood, B. N.

Lisney, A. A. Jones, E. D. (Mrs).

S.W.18.

W.1.

W.3.
W.O5.
W.8.
W.10.

W.14.

MIDDL

18. Plumstead.
Hards, C. H.
20. Penge.
Kimmins, D. E.
21. Dulwich.
James, W. H.
Dulwich (West).
Walton, A. M.
Dulwich.
O'Farrell, A. F.
Warrier, R. E.
24. Herne Hill.
Coman, R.
Wakely, S.
25. South Norwood.
Lewis, E.
Westminster.
Gordon, D. J.
2. Tulse Hill.
Edwards, T. G.
Hawegood, D. A.

Chelsea.

Cork, C. H.
Craske, R. M.
Labouchere, F. A.

Fulham.

Sutton, R.

S. Kensington.
Hinton, H. E.
Richards, O. W.

_ Barnes.
Metcalfe, P.

Putney.

Phelps, C. C.

Roehampton.

Cole, G. A.

Streatham.

Christie, L.
Whitehorn, K. P.

Tooting.
Wolliscroft, J.

Wandsworth.
Michaud, J.

Mayfair.

Manley, W. B. L.
Stigant, B. (Miss).

Acton.

Ballinger, D. E.

Ealing.

Harris, W. H. A.

Kensington.

Hollebone, L. H. T.

Paddington.
Priest, C. G.

W. Kensington.
Astbury, C. F.

ESEX.

Enfield.

Eagles, T. R.

Xxili

Feltham.
Classey, E. W.
Northwood.
Adams, R. W.
Pinner.
Minnion, W. E.
Southall.
Richardson, A. W.
Teddington.
Ferguson, L. F.
Short, H. G.
Twickenham.
Wood, G. J.

NORFOLK.
Clay-next-Sea.
Borrer, C. D.
King’s Lynn.
Swann, E. L.
West Runton.
Carter, R. A.

NORTHANTS.
Kettering.
Adams, H. W.
Peterborough.
Mellows, W. T.
Sharman, F. W.
Roade.
Humphrey, S. W.

OXFORD.
Oxford.
Carpenter, G. D. H.
Ford, E. B.
Hamm, A. H.
Walton, A. M.
SOMERSET.

Ashcott near Bridgwater.

Cousins, R. J.
Bath.

Kemp, J. K. C.
Misterton.

Lipscomb, C. G.
Portishead.

Stubbs, G. C.
Taunton.

Pelham Clinton, E. C.
Wells.

Valentine, A.

STAFES.
Rugby.
Easton, N. T.
Thompson, J. A.

SUFFOLK.
Aldeburgh.
Roche, C. G.

SURREY.

Ashtead.

Jackson, F. W. J.
Banstead.

Last, H. R.

Rumsey. F.
Bookham, Great.

Collins, R. J.
Bramley.

Williams, H. B.
Camberley.

Parfitt, R. W.
Carshalton.

Milton, P. W.
Chaldon.

White, A. G.
Cheam.

Finnigan, W. J.

Lang, R. M.

Morrell, H. A.

Perry, K. M. P.

Sparrow, M. J. (Mrs).

Turner, Hy. J.

Chipstead.

Muller, I. M. (Miss).
Claygate.

Perkins, J. F.
Coulsdon.

Denvil, H. G.

Ferrier, W. J.

Jacques, J. M.

Wheeler, A. S.
Coulsdon (Old).

Britten, H.
Cranleigh. :

Burkhardt, V. R.

Kettlewell, H. B. D.

Russell, S. G. C.
Croydon.

Duffy, E. A. J.
Dorking.

Ensor, G. A.

Haynes, R. F.
Epsom.

Humphreys, J. A.

Robinson, B. H. B.
Esher.

Brett, G. A.

Brett, K. S. L. F. (Mrs).

Craske, J. C. B.

Purefoy, J. B.
Ewell.

Goodban, B. S.

Tunstall, H. G.
Ewell (East).

Wells, H. O.
Ewell (West).

Southgate, B. J.

XX1V

Godalming. _
Becher, L. E.
Rideout, J. K.

Guildford.

Holroyd, G. C.

Hindhead.

Mere, R. M.

Horley.

Tetley, J.

Horsley (West).
Willis, J. R.

Kew.

Shaw, H. K. A.

Kingston (on Thames).
Buckstone; A. A. W.
Downes, W. E.
Glegg, D. L.

Leigh.

Fairclough, R.

Merton Park.
Coulson, F. J.

Morden.

August, V. E.
Turner, J. F.

New Malden.
Hamerton, J. L.
Lloyd, C. T.
Spreadbury, W. H.
Sterling, D. H.

Ottershaw.
Bretherton, R. F.

Oxted.

Farmer, J. B.

Pirbright.

Lawson, H. B.

Purley.

Bliss, A.
Doudney, S. P.
Henderson, J. L.
St Aubyn, J.

Redhill.

Bunnett, E. J.
Rait-Smith, W.

Reigate.
Chapman, L. M. (Miss).
Richmond.
Milne-Redhead, E.
Payne, L. G.
Payne, R. M.
Selsdon.
Barnett, T. L.
Foster, T. B.
Wild, E. H.
Stoneleigh.
Hutchings, H. R.
Surbiton.
Coates, R. J.

Wainwright, J. C.

Sutton.
Conder, G. M.
Currie, P. W. E.
Danby, G. C.
Jarvis, F. V. L.
Letts, A. W..
Newell, L. R. H.
Odd, D. A.
Summers, E. J.
Thornton Heath.
Parmenter, L.
Wallington.
Hughes, A. W.
Niblett, M.
Warlingham (Upper).
Welti, A.
Weybridge.
Best, A. A.
Wimbledon.
Bradley, J. D.
Cardew, P. A.
Ennis, L. H.
Hawkins, C. N.
Riley, J. A.
Riley, N. D.
Wakeley, L. D.
Woking.
Palmer, D. S.
Stoughton-Harris, G.
Talbot, G.

Worms, The Baron de.

’ Worcester Park.
Stafford, A. E.

SUSSEX.

Arundel.

Hagegett, G. M.
Billingshurst.

Curtis, A. E.
Bognor Regis.

Andrews, H. W.
Brighton.

Banner, J. V.

Chapman, F. W.

Field, P. L. W. (Mrs).
Chichester.

Boyce, B.

Hulls, L. G.
Eastbourne.

Chartres, 8S. A.

Marcon, J. N.

Wallis-Norton, S. G.
Horam.

Hitchins, P. E. N.

Lewes.
Bedford, E. J.
Midhurst.
Goddard, T. D.

XXV.

Polegate.
Wootton, W. J.
Pulborough.
Robertson, G. 8S.
Rustington.

Harper, G. W.
St Leonards.

Mowbray, M. J.
Seaford.

Kidner, A. R.
Uckfield.

Embry, B.
Worthing.

Brown, S. H..

Wheeler, G.

WARWICK.
Birmingham.
Birch, L.
Evans, L. J.
Grants oe. EL.
Hammond, H. E.
Latham, F. H.
Manly, G. B.
Moore, J. W.
Siviter Smith, P.
Thorpe, J.
Timms, C.
Coventry.
Wilshee, C. J.
Olton.
Wainwright, C.
Solihull:
Allen, D.
Carlier, S. E. W.

WILTS.

Salisbury.
Hawley, W.
Haynes, H.
Pitman, C

Trowbridge.
Weddell, B. W.

WORCS.
Dudley.
Mortimer, D. A.
Mortimer, D. A. (Mrs).

YORKS.
Sheffield.
Moore, B. P.
Shipley.
Hewson, F.
Leeds.
Procter, R.
Scarborough.
Hick, E. P.
Wombwell.
Blasdale, P.

XXVI

IRELAND.
CO DUBLIN.
Monkstown.
Beirne, B. P.
SCOTLAND.
ABERDEEN. - KIRKCUDBRIGHT.
Aberdeen. By Dumfries.
Morison, G. D. Smith, F. W.
INVERNESS.
Kincraig.
Harwood, P.
ABROAD.
EUROPE. Nigeria.
Austria. Heslop, I. R. P.
Klimesch, J. Roche, P. J. L.
Tanganyika.
ASIA. Dudbridge, B. J.
Asia Minor.
Talbot, M. J. R. AMERICA, SOUTH.
India. ‘ Argentina.
Sevastopulo, D. G. Hayward, K. J.
Saudi Arabia.
Ellison, R. E. AUSTRALIA.
New South Wales.
AFRICA. O’Farrell, A. F.
Cape Province. Tasmania.

Taylor, J. S. Couchman, L. E.

XXVIii

COUNCIL'S REPORT FOR 1946-47.

Presented at the 75th Annual General Meeting of the Society, held at
Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1., on 22nd January 1947.

Your Council is happy to report another year of progress. Members
will be pleased to know that we may look forward to enjoying the con-
tinued use of the Rooms of the Royal Society for our meetings. This is
largely due to the efforts of our President, Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N.
Moreover, in the early part of the year we were allotted the joint use,
with the Queckett Microscopical Society, of two rooms in the basement —
to house our library and collections. A small off-shoot was subsequently
added. Our Librarian, Mr Syms, and Curator, Mr Coulson, have beeu
to considerable trouble to arrange our furniture and equipment to the
best advantage, and although the situation and size of the rooms leaves
something to be desired, the Curator considers that the convenience of
access to the cabinets, coupled with the growing richness of the repre-
sentation in all orders of insects, has encouraged more use of the col-
lections by members than has ever been the case in the past. The
acquisition of this space has enabled us to bring in our “* Bright Collec-
tion’ from Oxford, and those two cabinets of Lycaenidae are now
accessible with the remainder of our collections. A list, prepared by
the Curator, is now available showing exactly where any species of
Lepidopteron can be found in the collections.

During the year our membership has steadily increased from the
record number of 330 at 31st December 1945 to a total of 387, made up of |
3 Honorary, 6 Life, 275 Ordinary, and 103 Country Members, twelve
months later. Four members have died during the year, Mr A. W.
Dennis, a generous benefactor, in January; Mrs Stanley-Smith, the only
lady ever to have served on our Council, in June; the eminent
entomologist, Mr F. W. Frohawk, one of our Honorary Members, and
that active Kent collector, Mr A. G. Peyton, both in December.. Three
members resigned during the year while two more resignations take
effect from the end of the year.

The new class of members, to be known as Special Life Members, con-
sisting of those who have been members continuously for more than 50
years, comes into existence with the beginning of the new year, and no
fewer than seven honoured members enter it at once, uamely, Mr B. W.
Adkin who joined in 1886, Messrs W. Mansbridge, H. Moore and Colbran
J. Wainwright in 1889, Mr A. H. Hamm in 1891, Mr Hugh Main in 1892,
and Mr T. L. Barnett in 1896. Two other members have also exceeded
50 years of membership, namely, our Honorary. Life President, Mr Hy.
J. Turner (1887) and Honorary Member, Major H. 8. Fremlin (1886).

The executive officers have continued in office throughout the year,

while a number of assistants have been appointed as understudies to
them,

XXV1i1

Twenty Ordinary Meetings, one less than normal, have been held,
at which papers by Messrs Fincham Turner, P. M. Miles, a visitor, W.
H. Spreadbury and W. J. Finnigan jointly, Dr Harold King, Col. J. H.
B. Lowe, Mr J. Antony Thompson, Dr Harold B. Williams, Messrs R. F.
Haynes, S. C. S. Brown, Major H. S. Fremlin, Messrs A. M. Morley and
EK. J. Bunnett, together with short papers by Miss Brooke, Mr F. D.
Buck, and Dr Bull, have been read. All the papers are being published
and the thanks of the Society have been accorded to these gentlemen for
the work they have put into them. The Hpidiascope has been in use on
eight occasions. The average attendance at these meetings has been 43,
which is the highest since 1938. Owing to the Empire Scientific Con-
ference in June and July, the Royal Society rooms were temporarily un-
available for us, but except for the second June meeting which had to
be abandoned, alternative accommodation was very kindly provided for
us by the Linnean Society in their premises on the opposite side of the
quadrangle. The best thanks of members are due to that Society for its
kindness.

The Council considered the time opportune to re-institute, as a social
function, the annual dinner which used to be a feature of the Society’s
year long ago, the last having been held in 1895. It was planned to
entertain the principal officers of kindred societies in turn, and the eve
of the Annual Exhibition in October was selected as likely to be the
most convenient date for our more distant members. The first such
dinner was held at Pimm’s Restaurant in Bishopsgate on the 25th
October, when 109 members with their ladies and visitors’ sat down to
a meal which, considering the times, was not too austere. The principal

guests were Professor G. D. Hale Carpenter, the President of the Royal.

Entomological Society of London, with the Honorary Treasurer, Mr
Arthur Welti, and the Honorary Secretary, Captain N. D. Riley; and
Mr J. D. Griffith Davies, the Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society,

with other officers of that eminent Society. Professor Carpenter replied |

‘in an amusing if strictly entomological speech to the toast of ‘‘ The
Guests ’’ which had been proposed by our President. Mr Davies in a
farewell speech proposed the toast of ‘‘ The (South London) Society,’’
to which our Honorary Editor, Mr T. R. Eagles, responded.

The Annual Exhibition was held on these premises on the afternoon
of Saturday, 26th October. As the Royal Society Library on the first
floor by itself had proved too small, the upper Iibrary of the Geological
Society, which continues and opens out of it, was also lent us for the
occasion. Our grateful thanks are due to the President and Officers of
that Society for the loan of their room. The year having been a poor
one for insects, the new exhibits were not so rich or numerous as last
year, but numbers were maintained by showing the more interesting of
earlier captures. Light refreshments were provided in the ante-room
by the Society through an outside caterer. The recorded attendance was
296 as compared with 305 in the previous year.

The Bye-laws were revised and brought up to date at a Special
Meeting on the 23rd October.

XxXUx

During the season 19 Field Meetings were organised by Mr Classey,
including five at Ashtead, led by Messrs Hagles (2) and Coulson (3), to
continue the entomological survey of that area. Other meetings (with
leaders) were at Oxshott (Mr S. Wakely), Benfleet (Mr C. H. Hards),
Brentwood (Mr E. E. Syms), Durfold (Dr B. Kettlewell), Ruislip Woods
(Captain M. Fraser), Broadwater Forest (Dr G. V. Bull), Alice Holt
Forest (Baron de Worms), Betchworth (Mr S. Wakely), Ash Vale (Mr
KH. W. Classey), Gomshall (Mr R. W. Parfitt), Scratch Wood (Mr F. D.
Buck), Chilworth (Mr R. W. Parfitt), and the two fungus forays Oxshott
(Mr W. J. Finnigan) and Mickleham Downs (Mr W. H. Spreadbury).
The Durfold meeting was particularly successful, and members were
afterwards graciously entertained to tea by Mrs Kettlewell, while Dr
Kettlewell generously provided transport both from and to the station.
The thanks of the Society are due to them and to the leaders of these
meetings. —

The Society was represented at the Jubilee Congress of the South
Eastern. Union of Scientific Societies at Tunbridge Wells by Mr B. W.
Adkin, whose report is being printed in the Proceedings and Trams-
actions. At the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science we were represented by Mr E. E. Syms, who
made a verbal report of the Presidential Address.

The Proceedings and Transactions for 1945/46, consisting of xxix,
plus 132 pages with 1 coloured and 10 other plates, was published on 23rd
November 1946. They include a paper on the family Psychidae, illus-
trated by a coloured plate, so continuing our policy of producing at least
one illustrated paper each year dealing with the Micro-lepidoptera. We
are much indebted to the Royal Society for financial assistance which
has made the production of this volume possible. Its allocation of the
sum of £125 from the Parliamentary Grants in Aid Fund which it
administers removed your Council’s anxiety as,to how it could continue
to meet the high and rising cost of colour plates and of printing.

Among the gifts to the Library during the year your Council must
particularly mention the presentation of large numbers of parts of the
Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of
London by Major H. S. Fremlin and Lt.-Col. F. A. Labouchere; follow-
ing which our series from 1880 to date was generously completed by the
Royal Entomological Society itself. The volumes will now be bound as
soon as possible.

The collections have been enriched during the year by a number of
the butterflies of tropical Africa presented by Colonel Thorne Thorne
through Mr H. B. Lawson; and by blown larvae of many species of_
Lepidoptera by Messrs R. L. BE. Ford and I. W. Classey, and by Mr H.
EK. Hammond.

The Curator reports that the Uganda Rhopalocera have now been
combined with the South African collection of Khopalocera and that
three drawers have been devoted to the continental Heterocera received
from Mr S. N. A. Jacobs and Mrs Ashby. The Zygaenids of the latter

donations have been embodied with the Zygaenid collection, which has
been re-arranged. F

Donations of insects were numerous, including Lepidoptera from
Captain R. A. Jackson and Messrs J. O. T. Howard, B. B. Snell, L. T.
Ford, J. Fincham, Turner, and H. A. Morrell; larvae of Lepidoptera
from Messrs H. E. Hammond, EH. W. Classey, and R. L. E. Ford, and C.
N. Hawkins; Coleoptera from Messrs H. Last, L. G. Payne, C. N.
Hawkins, and S. N. A. Jacobs; Diptera and Hymenoptera from Messrs
H. W. Andrews and 8S. N. A. Jacobs; and Hemiptera from Mr IF. J.
Coulson. The best thanks of the Society are due to these members.
During the year the lepidopterous larva collection has been enriched by
54 species not previously represented.

The Hemiptera and Homoptera collections are now being re-arranged
and the embodiment of Mr EK. E. Green’s Tortricidae in our collection
_has been completed.

The librarian reports that during, the year the books have been re-
placed on the Library shelves and thus again made available for refer-
ence and borrowing. The number on loan has gradually risen during
the latter part of the year. Additions to the Library by gift have
been :—By Professor G. D. Hale Carpenter, Bionomic Notes on a Colony
of Zygaena filipendulae L.; by Mr M. Niblett, two separates; by Dr
G. M. Conder and Mr H. G. Tunstall, R. S. R. Fitter’s London’s
Natural History; by Mr J. Sneyd Taylor, Notes on the Birds of the
Van Rynevelde’s Irrigation Lake, Graaf Reinet, and Notes on the Olive
Beetle, Agropistes sexvittatus Bryant; by the London Natural History
Society, a number of Volumes and Parts of the Canadian Entomologist ;
by Mr S. N. A. Jacobs, Leon Lhomme’s Catalogue des Lepidopteres de
France et de Belgique; by the Royal Entomological Society of London,
a large number of parts of that Society’s Proceedings and Transactions
(see Council’s Report); by Major H. S. Fremlin, the same; by Lt.-Col.
F. A. Labouchere, the same; by Mr EH. A. J. Duffy, The Life History
of Prionus coriarius L. (Col. Cerambycidae); by Mr Hugh Main, F. H.
Savory’s The Arachnida and five volumes of the Histoire Naturelle de
la France; by Miss W. M. A. Brooke, Publications of the Linnean
Society of London:—No. 2, Caprellidea (Amphipoda, Crustacea) by
R. J. Harrison, No. 3, Gammaridae (Amphipoda) with key to the Famui-
lies of the British Gammaridea by D. M. Reid, and No. 4, Freshwater
Bivalves (Corbicula, Sphaerium, Dreissena) by A. E. Ellis; by Mr R. J.
Burton, The Fauna and Flora of the Ilfracombe District of North Devon
by M. G. Palmer.

By Purchase and Exchange:—Kloet and Hincks, A Check List of
British Insects; Volume 6 of W. W. Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British
Isles; The Entomologist, 1946; The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,
1946; The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 1946; The
Entomological News, 1946; Natural History, New York, 1946; London
Naturalist and Bird Report, 1944; British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, Volume 3; South Eastern Naturalist, 1945; Hssex

XXX1

Naturalist, 1946; Lloydia, 1946; Report of the Smithsonian Institute,
1944; Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science,
1945; Bulletin, Société entoinologique de Belgique; from the Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, (i) Sparrows from Mexico, (1i)
Honey Creeper, (iii) Toads from China, (iv) Snakes from Salvadora, (vy)
Catalogue of Birds of America, (vi) A new Subfamily of Beetles para-
sitic on Animals, (vii) Chilopods in the Collection of the Field. Museum,
(vill) Annual Reports, 1941-44; Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 5; Torquay
Natural History Society, Transactions and Proceedings, 1944-45; Hast-

ings and East Sussex Naturalist, 1946; Bulletino del R. Instituto

Superiore Agrarico, Portici; Zoologiska, Bidraga, Band xxiii.

XXxXi1

TREASURER’S REPORT, 1946.

It is gratifying to me to give a far more satisfactory Report of the
Society’s finances than I was able to a year ago. Our income from all
sources has exceeded the expenditure properly chargeable to the year
1946 by £75.

_ First of all I would thank those Members who have acquired the pleas-
ing habit of: making some addition to their proper subscription which
goes to augment whichever of our Special Funds they care to specify, or
to benefit the Society in some other way. I refer to the many amounts,
ranging from 2s 6d to £5, which I have received. There are other dona-
tions which the Accounts do not disclose in detail, such as Mr Bunnett’s
contribution of one half of the cost of the illustrations to his paper.

This is the eleventh year in which we have to thank an anonymous
giver of £20 for the Illustration Fund. J understand it is the same kind
friend every time.

But you will have realised from my opening remark that it would
not have been possible to publish more than a small proportion of the
matter contained in the 1945-46 Proceedings had we not received
£125, a Grant in Aid from the Royal Society towards the cost of this
issue.

BALANCE SHEET.

The market value of our Investments, which remain the same as last
year, was £1287 at 3lst December 1946, an appreciation of £76.

The Cash position is much improved, the combined balances being
some £8 higher after liquidating the Reunion Supper Account which stood
as a liability of £64 4s 6d at Ist January 1946.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

The Supscription income has increased from £145 7s 6d to £203 12s 6d,
and the net yield from Investments is a few shillings more by reason of~
the lower rate of Income-tax. On the debit side the usual Expenses show
only a slight variation and increase, caused in the main by the use of
more postage stamps and stationery, and after granting £60 in all to
the Special Funds there is left a balance of £9 16s 11d to carry forward,
instead of the deficit of £3 11s 3d which we had last year.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT.
The balance here remains unaltered. The record number of Entrance
Fees in 1945 is altogether eclipsed by 1946, the total being £7 17s 6d for
63 new Members as against 56.

LIBRARY FUND. |
In addition to the Entrance Fees this Fund receives two compositions
for Life Membership, viz., £16 16s, and a grant of £10 from Revenue,
bringing the balance at the end of the year, after some small purchases,
to £64 1s 3d. Our Librarian will certainly need all this when he is able
to put in hand the arrears of book-binding which continue to accumulate.

XXX1il

PUBLICATION AND ILLUSTRATION FUNDS.

The closing balances of these Funds are increased by £26 and £9
respectively. Besides the Royal Society’s contribution already men-
tioned, the donations to these Funds were fifteen guineas higher, and
£50 in all was granted from Revenue—£20 more than we could manage
in the previous year. On the other hand the cost of production has in-
creased nearly 100% over what we had to pay in 1939. I would, there-
fore, commend these funds to your continued support, so that the im-
portant and interesting papers read at our Meetings shall not have be-
come ancient history by the time they appear in print.

My Books and Accounts have been audited by Messrs F. J. Coulson
and G. Stoughton-Harris, to whom we are much indebted for their trouble.

XXX1LV

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P. M. BRIGHT, F.R.E.S.

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF ‘‘ THE BRIGHT BEQUEST ”’ OF ABERRA-
TIONS AND VARIETIES OF BRITISH LYCAENIDAE WITH
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE COLLECTOR.

By S. G. Castim Russert, Hon. M.1.E.E.

On 7th February 1941, the late Percy M. Bright, J.P., F.R.E.S.,
died as the result of a collision with a motor vehicle whilst returning
from the Bournemouth Cemetery, where he had been to lay flowers on
the grave of his wife.

Mr Bright was born in India, and was 78 years of age ati the time
of his death. His father was a Missionary, but was compelled to resign
owing to the inability of his wife to stand the climate. When his son
was 8 the family settled at Bournemouth, and the father later founded
the firm of Bright & Colson Ltd., now a large concern, with branches.
in various provincial cities. Ultimately, Mr Bright succeeded his father
as head of the business, and for many years prior to his death, had been
chairman of the board of directors.

He was well known for his religious and charitable work and, as chair-
man of a Committee of the London Missionary Society, had visited on its —
behalf Missionary Stations in India, North and South America, the West
Indies, Palestine, and the principal Continental cities. He had also —
been chairman of the Royal Victoria and West Hants Hospital at Bos-~
combe, and collected considerable sums of money for the funds of the
hospital, he himself being a generous contributor. He was also very
active in municipal affairs and had been Mayor of Bournemouth during
the years 1929-30-31, his daughter, Mrs Philip Hardy, acting as Mayoress.
On his retirement from the Mayoralty, he was the recipient of handsome
gifts from the Town Council and Burgesses. A presentation was also
made to him by the President and Committee of the Royal Victoria
Hospital, and a ward in the hospital was endowed by the Town Council,
to commemorate his services to the town. :

His funeral was attended by a large concourse of friends and repre-
sentatives of all sections of the public, including the Mayor and Cor-
poration of Bournemouth. The service was held at the Richmond Hill
Congregational Church, at which he had been a Lay reader and Church- ~
warden for many years. The writer was acquainted with Mr Bright for —
over 40 years and appreciated his sincere and upright character, and his
wide knowledge. In recent years he had accompanied him on numerous
entomological expeditions. He was a keen motorist and no journey was
too long for him in quest of local forms of lepidoptera. He was very un- ;
assuming and somewhat reserved, except to those who had the privilege
of his close friendship. In the home circle his patient devotion to his
wife during the long years of her iilness showed the real character of the
man. He became a member of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society in 1890, resigning in 1900, but rejoining in 1909,

2
and he frequently atteided the meetings. His exhibits of portions of his
Collection, especially at the Annual Exhibitions, will be remembered Ly

those who saw them. He was admitted into the Royal Entomological
Society in 1894.

He was a man of many interests, and formed a remarkable collection
of postage stamps, and was a well-known philatelic expert; he founded
the firm of Bright & Son, Strand, London, which became world famous
in the stamp market. He was also an acknowledged expert on antiques,
and his residence at Bournemouth was full of beautiful and artistic
furniture, china and glass, etc. He had considerable horticultural
knowledge and the gardens surrounding his residence were planted with
flowering shrubs and plants, the blossoms of which are favoured by
lepidoptera, and in the autumn attracted large numbers of the
Vanesside. ‘

It is, however, with his entomological interest that we are most con-
cerned. He was an enthusiastic and observant field collector for some
50 years, and during that period by his own efforts, and by purchase,
he acquired a marvellous collection of British lepidoptera, specialising in
aberrations, varieties, and local forms. He regularly attended the
entomological sales held at Steven’s Rooms in Covent Garden, and com-
peted keenly with Dr Mason, Lord Rothschild, Sir Vauncey Harpur
Crewe, Percy Webb, A. B. Farn, Arthur Horne, J. A. Clark, H. Massey,
B. H. Crabtree, and others who were also forming collections of British
Lepidoptera. Ultimately he accumulated a Collection that was generally
admitted to ba without a rival. Some years ago the portion of the
Collection comprising the Heterocera was passed to Lord Rothschild, and
is now at the National Museum at Tring. Subsequently he confined his
attention to the Rhopalocera. During his visits abroad he made a
representative collection of Foreign butterflies which was sold at his
death:

Mr Bright was very much interested in the Lycaenidae and many
years ago conceived the idea of publishing a Mcnograph on one of the
species, and for the purpose Lysandra coridon Poda was chosen as giving
-most scope. As soon as he had accumulated sufficient material, he
handed it over to Mr H. A. Leeds who, after some 20 years patient work
and examination of other collections, arranged and classified it. Finally
in 1938 The Monograph on the Chalk Hill Blue, by Bright and Leeds,
was published privately, but the cost was so considerable that a popular
price could not be arranged, much to Mr Bright’s disappointment. This
work, which is a marvel of detail and indexing, is in the Society Library.
It contains several beautiful coloured plates and many plain ones con-
taining several hundred figures, all of which are accurately described and
termed by Mr Leeds. In Mr Bright’s will, he left his large and com-
prehensive collection of three species of the Lycaenidae, viz. Lysandru
coridon Poda, DL. bellargus Rott. and Polyommatus icarus Rott., to the
South London Hntomological and Natural History Society, where it is
now maintained as the ‘‘ Bright Bequest.’’

3

It may be of interest to draw attention to certain of the outstand-
ing forms in the Collection in view of the fact that, although! it is
accessible to the Town menibers of the Society, the same facilities are not
so readily available to the Country members,

Lysandra coridon Poda.

Specially to be noticed is a beautiful female (ab. ultra-radiata B. &
L.) with broad black streaks on the forewings, the ground colour of all
the wings being cream. This insect was caught by Mr Bright himself in
Sussex, to his great delight, in August 1938. There are many other
somewhat similar forms. An upperside aberration of var. syngrapha
Keff., taken on the Chiltern Hills, is also of interest as it appears to be
the only known melanic upperside type that has been recorded. There is
also a very remarkable. and unique female (ab. atrescens-ultra-
albocrenata-fowleri B. & L.) of black and white colouring only. There
are also numerous examples of ab. caeca Courv. and ab. radiata. Courv.,
on cream grounds, which are very rare. There are two males and two
females of the supposed hybrid between Lysandra coridon and LD, bell-
argus—ab. polonus Zeller. The various and numerous forms of mixed
and bi-lateral gynandromorphs are very interesting as are the forms of
ab. inequalis Tutt (female forms in which the wings contain areas of blue
colouration not of the male tint, but that of the var. syngrapha). One
particular example has the wings on one side entirely blue, whilst the
other side is brown, and another has all four wings of blue colouration,
resembling the var. syngrapha. The examples of ab. cinnameus B. & L.,
a male form of very pale blue colour with a cinnamon flush, are very
striking and beautiful; the females of this form are of a fawn colour,
somewhat similar to the ab. khaki B. & L., but decidedly distinct.
There are also many interesting forms of the ab. roystonensis Pickett,
in which there is inequality in the size of the wings, and there are, areas
of blue colouration accompanied with androconia and hair scales. The
nun.erous examples of rare and beautiful forms must be seen to be ap-
preciated.

Tysandra bellargus Rott.

This species varies in very much the same direction as does the pre-
ceding species, and there are many and beautiful examples of radiata
Gasch., ultraradiata and ultra-disco-radiata and caeca (a form devoid of
spots on the underside—except the discoidals). Many are on cream
white grounds, which add to their attractiveness. One particular
example of ultra-disco-radiata figured in Frohawk’s and South’s Butter-
flies is very beautiful, and must be seen to be fully appreciated, as no
painting or drawing can successfully portray it. Another great rarity
is a completely blue female, with marginal red spots resembling the
Continental var. known as coelestis Obth. This was caught by the well-
known collector, W. Austen, at Folkestone, and I cannot trace that a
similar form has ever been recorded from Britain. There is a short series
with male and female examples, of the very pale forms taken by the

4

Sabines in Queendown Warren, Kent, in 1886-7, and which for many :

years past have been assumed to be hybrids between Polyommatus icarus
and Lysandra bellargus. The writer also has a series, and it may be of
interest ta quote the explanatory label below the series, indited by E.
Sabine in his own handwriting. This is as follows:—

Hybrids between D. Alexis and Adonis.

‘“ All taken by self and sons at Queendown Warren, Rainham, Kent,
in the springs and autumns of 1886 and 7. See labels and Entomologist.
See also Mr South’s remarks, Hnto., Apl. 87. N.B.—It has been impos-
sible to trace these forms further, the grass having been cut the follow-
ing season, and cattle turned in to graze, and the Warren ruined as a
collecting ground.”’

The labels pinned beneath each insect carry the initials H. 6&.,
H. W. S., and L. A. E. 8S. At the time these forms were a source of
controversy between J. W. Tutt and R. South, the first named stating
that they were merely colour forms, similar examples of which he had
taken in other localities, whilst Mr South maintained that they were
hybrids. Dr E. A. Cockayne in an article in the Hntomologist’s
Record stated ‘‘ that in his opinion the insects were undoubtedly
L. bellargus with which species the genitalia agreed. Both the upper
and lower layers of scales are deficient in pigment and are curled and
rolled to a varied degree and some androconia also. The evidence that
the condition was due to disease was inconclusive.’’ In a recent letter
to the writer he is of opinion that the condition is much more likely to
be genetic. He considers that there are far too many of the form to be
hybrids. The writer is under the impression that similar forms have,
in recent years, been caught by L. A. E. Sabine in other localities.

There ara many interesting forms of ab. inequalis and examples of
_ mixed and bi-lateral gynandromorphs and a fine series of the partially
blue form ab. ceronus Esp. (The blue form of female ab. coelestis is
figured in Hiibner as ceronus).

The series generally is little, if any, inferior in extreme and beautiful
forms to that of the preceding species, L. coridon.

Polyommatus icarus Rott.

There is a remarkable range of variation in this species, and it con-
tains examples of most of the forms drawn attention to in the case of
the two preceding species. An outstanding example is the male under-
side figured in South’s and Frohawk’s Butterflies which, with its
conspicuous red marginal spots, is unusually beautiful and there are
very many examples that must be seen to be properly appreciated. The
Society is, indeed, fortunate in possessing such a large, comprehensive,
and unrivalled collection of the three species of British Lycaenidae, so
valuable for biological and reference purposes.

The portrait of Mr Bright in his Mayoral robes has been reproduced
by Mr P. Siviter-Smith, F.R.E.S,

Proc. S.L.H. & N.ALS., 1946-47. PLATE IIT.

ir. W. FROHAWK, F.R.E:S,

od
‘
4

or
\

F. W. FROHAWK (1861-1947). \

Natural Science in Britain has always been served by men and women
who have combined high artistic powers with a deep knowledge and love
of our native flora and fauna. By creating true Works of Artin which
beauty and accuracy are brought together they have delighted and in-
structed their own and later generations. Of this illustrious band

Frederick William Frohawk was undoubtedly one. We were proud to

number him among our .members and to see his well-known and distin-
euished figure at our Meetings and particularly at our Annual Exhibi-
tions which he attended to the last. 2

For several years infirmity had prevented him from working with
pencil and brush. Many of his masterpieces were destroyed by enemy
action, but reproductions of them, imperfect although they necessarily
are, will serve as example to succeeding generations of artists.
Happily, these are not lacking in this country and are, indeed, to be
found in our membership.

Entomologists will for many decades be indebted to him for three
valuable books on British Butterflies. Few have not consulted the two
large volumes published in 1924 under the title Natural History of ~
British Butterflies. This fine work with splendid coloured plates has
taken its place among the great classic works on the subject. In 1934
appeared The Complete Book of British Butterflies, a book on more
popular lines in which he used the names that had just been approved
by the Royal Entomological Society of London. His last work was pub-
lished in 1938. The Varieties of British Butterflies has 48 colour plates
which are of great value to the many students of the variation of our
native butterflies.

Frohawk was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of Lon-.
don, a member of the British Ornithologists’ Union, and a member of
our own Society. In 1943 he was made one of our Honorary Members.

His services to the Nation were recognised in 1932 by the award of
a Civil List Pension. :

He was twice married, first, in 1895, to Margaret Annie, daughter
of Alexander Grant. They had two daughters. After her death he
married, secondly, in 1911, Mabel Jane, daughter of A. Hart-Bowman,
by whom he had one daughter.

T. R. E.

THE SOUTH-EASTERN UNION OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES’
JUBILEE CONGRESS AT TUNBRIDGE WELLS,

JULY 97H ro 137TH, 1946.

This Congress was notable for the exceptionally fine and hot weather
which prevailed and the beautiful countryside in which it assembled.
The attendance was excellent, and the Congress may be regarded as a
great success. At the kind invitation of our President I was privileged
to attend as a delegate of our Society and was able to be present at
some of the meetings.

The proceedings commenced on Tuesday, 9th July, with the attend-
ance of members at the Assembly Room where, after registration, it was
possible to inspect a number of nature photographs and to purchase
various publications. Among the latter was a book compiled by Dr
J.C. M. Given, M.B.E., M.D., F.G.S., entitled Tunbridge Wells, Past
and Present, which was specially written for the Congress and contains
a number of articles dealing with the Town and District, its climate,
geology, flora, fauna and other items of interest. This book has been
added to our library and may be useful to some of our members. After
talking with some of the members I walked to the Municipal Museum
to inspect the exhibition of wild flowers which I found in course of
- preparation. The specimens included several interesting species and
was dominated by a good example of the Giant Broomrape, Orobanche
major L. The day was intensely hot and the perambulation of the town
during the afternoon did not attract me. The alternative long excur-
sion to Pevensey was not easy, as those attending had to find their
own transport and petrol is somewhat precious.

On Wednesday, the 11th, all the places in the conveyance for the
botanical excursion had been booked prior to my application so I en-
tered my name for the Archaeological Section. In the morning [ at-
_tended the lectures on ‘‘ Wealden Ironworking, its sites and products ”’
and, on ‘‘ Roman roads in the Weald,’’ which were both illustrated with
lantern slides and proved most interesting: The excursion in the after-
noon started punctually at 2.15 p.m. and gave comfortable time for the
inspection of a considerable length of the old Roman road which had
been cleared of its superincumbent earth and grass and was in a fine
state of preservation. The continuation of the road in a straight line
towards Ashdown Forest was clearly visible. A drive to Crowborough,
the highest point in the Sussex Weald, followed and, after tea, the
party visited various parts of Ashdown Forest and was shown the course
which the Roman road is said to have taken prior to its direct route
from Ashdown Forest to Lewes. On the Forest the road is said to have
taken a right-angled turn, which is unusual. Unfortunately, during the
recent war the military have destroyed large areas of the surface of

7

the forest and little evidence of the old Roman road is now visible, but
our leader, I. D. Margery, F.8.A., was well acquainted with the Forest
prior to its destruction and was able to point out the course of the
road.

On Thursday, July 11th, alternative excursions were offered to Dar-
win’s house at Down and for a study of the local geology. The former
was the more popular but I chose the latter and therefore attended the
morning, lectures which had reference thereto. Dr J. C. M. Given,
F.G.S., read a paper on ‘ Fifty Years of Wealden Geology,’’ which
formed a most valuable introduction, and R. Casey, F.G.S., followed
with an interesting extempore lecture on ‘‘ Aeolian or Marine? The
Problem of the Folkestone Beds.’’ He gave his own views upon the
subject in a convincing way and a good discussion followed. The after-
noon excursion started about an hour late. A visit was made to the
Brickyard at High Brooms, where the workings have exposed a fine
section of the pale yellow Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand resting on the
dark grey shaley Wadhurst Clay. On a piece of the larder rock there
was a fine example of ripple marking. Re-joiing the conveyance, tlie
party drove to Tunbridge Wells Common, the leader pointing out the
outcrops of the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand and the Grinstead Clay
which separates the upper from the lower beds. On the Common the
party inspected some of the masses of hard rock which eccur in the upper
horizon of the Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand and which form a notable
feature of the district. A drive then took us to the High Rocks, where
some time was spent in inspecting the rocks from below and above.
These are generally regarded as the finest examples of the formation
but other good examples occur at Hridge Rocks, Harrison’s Rocks and
other parts of Sussex. We visited Harrison’s Rocks at our next stop,
undertaking a considerable walk and a somewhat steep climb, and our
leader pointed out to us how the strike-faults of the area had led to the
beautiful scenery and the position of the outcrops of the Ashdown Sands
and other strata. Tea was served at the Hridge Station Inn about six
o’clock and was welcome for the afternoon was very hot and strenuous,
though most enjoyable.

Full programmes were provided for Friday and Saturday, but I did
not take part in them. Happily, the weather remained very fine and
hot and the storms of Saturday did not come to Tunbridge Wells.

B. W. ADKIN.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

INDOOR MEETINGS.

13th FEBRUARY 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

It was announced that the following presentations to the Society’s
Collections and Library had been made:—By Mr H. B. Lawson, on he-
half of his brother-in-law, Col. Thorne Thorne, a collection of butter-
flies made in tropical Africa; by Dr Conder and Mr H. G. Tunstall, a
copy of London’s Natural History by R. S. R. Fitter; by Prof. G. D.
Hale Carpenter, a separate of his paper, ‘‘ Bionomic Notes on a Colony
of Zygaena fiipendulae L.’’; by Mr M. Niblett, two separates of the
papers by him.

EXHIBITS.

Mr W. H. Spreappury—Mounted specimen of the Long-Eared Bat,
Plecotus auritus L:

Mr J. A. SrepHens—The following rare beetles taken in the Chat-
ham area in 1945:—Hister merdarius Hoff. on growing celery near a
compost heap, Prionocyphon serricornis Mill on a decaying oak bough,
Bruchus luteicornis Til. on Wild Parsnip.

Mr T. R. Eacrrs—Spray of male catkins of the evergreen shrub
Garrya elliptica Doug.

Mr J. Fincoam Turner read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides,
on ‘* British Bats ’’ (see Trans.).

27th FEBRUARY 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Messrs A. F. E. Friedlein, F.R.E.S.; T. D. Goddard, F.R.E.S.;
B. O. C. Gardiner; D. G. Hurter; G. Talbot, F.R.E.S., and C. Mellows
were declared elected Members.

Mr T. G. Howarra exhibited a number of preserved larvae of Herse
convolvuli L. and two living pupae of Papilio bianor Cr. sub-species
dehaant Feld. from Hamhun, Northern Korea, and read the following
note:

“‘ At the re-union dinner of this Society last month I intended to
show some larvae of Herse convolvuli L. which were taken by myself
at Chemulpho, Central Korea, and preserved by the only method that _
was available at the time, i.e., stuffing. But, unfortunately, they were
mislaid. The only implements at my disposal were a darning needle
made from a corned-beef can opener and some cotton-wool stolen from
the Japanese Medical Inspection Room. JI included these last few re-
marks when I said a few words about my P.O.W. experiences at the
above dinner.

9

‘“ The larvae were found feeding on Morning Glory (Ipomoea), a
species of cultivated convolvulus, during the summer months of 1948-
1944. All the young larvae that were found were of the plain apple-
green form, in fact they resembled Smerinthus ocellatus L. with their
covering of small white points. Some of these (about 50%) changed to
the dark brown form in their third instar. Some, however, remained
green until they pupated. Amongst the dark brown forms was an inter-
mediate form with a dark green ground colour with the usual dark
brown and black markings superimposed. This form was niuch rarer
and the three examples shown to-night represent just under 10% of the
total number seen or taken of this species.

‘In South’s Moths of the British Isles, Ser. I, p. 29, he states:
‘In its more usual form the caterpillar, when full grown, is bright
apple green, narrowly streaked with black; oblique stripes on the sides
yellowish; horn reddish; tip black. Head green with black stripes.’
Later he goes on to say: ‘ Sometimes the general colour is blackish
brown with ochreous bands and streaks.’ He figures the dark brown
form of the larva on Plate 9, fig. 2. Buckler in his Larvae of British
Butterflies and Moths, Vol. 2 (Sphinges), Pt. I, figures the same larva
three times on Plate 21, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, also setae on Plate 22, fig.
1 (? the same larva), all of the dane form again.

“‘ Tt seems strange that neither South nor Buckler made any at-
tempt to figure the form which to one of them seemed the more usual.’

Mr ©. N: Hawsmys described his experiences in 1945 when rearing
larvae of H. convolvuli L. from eggs laid by a female taken by Dr K. G.
Blair at Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

Mr P. M. Mites read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides, on ‘‘ The ~
Collembola ’’ (see T'rans.).

13th MARCH 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

It was announced that the Society’s Collections and Library were
again accessible and that the Library would re-open on 10th April.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpENT, on behalf of Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.—Cleora
repandata L. ab. conversaria Hb. and dark forms of Colotois pennaria
L., Erannis leucophaearia Schiff. and Phigalia pedaria Fb. taken re-
cently in West Sussex.

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone—Malacosoma castrensis L. 2 : One of seve-
ral pale straw-coloured specimens without cross lines or markings of
any description; bred from wild larva, Wakering, 1914. Achlya flavi-
cornis L.: Varied series from Wimbledon, Epsom, Oxshott, Peaslake,
Merthyr Tydfil, and Rannoch, the most noteworthy of these being a speci-
men with brown orbicular taken at Oxshott, February 1945,

10

. Dr G. V. Butit—An exceptionally large example of Oporinia christyi
Prout taken at light at Sandhurst, Kent, lst November 1945, and two
large Ichneumons, Ophion luteus L., taken February 1946.

Mr R. J. Burton-—A halved gynandromorph of Celastrina argiolus
L. from New Milton, Hants.

Mr F. J. Coutson—Two specimens of Apion lemoroi Bris., a coleop-
teron new to the British List, taken at Effingham, Surrey, by Dr A. M.
Kaston, March 1945. It frequents Polygonum aviculare L.

Mr T. R. Eacres—Sprays of male catkins of the deciduous conifer
Taxodvum distichum Rich.

Messrs W. H. SpreapBury and W.. J. FINNIGAN gave a talk on ‘‘ Bird
Phatography without a Hide ”’ (see Trans.). This was copiously illus-
trated by lantern slides. A discussion followed.

27th MARCH 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The recent death of Mr A. W. Dennis was announced.

Two separates had been received from Mr J. Sneyd Taylor :—(1)
‘“ Notes on the Birds of Van Rynevelde’s Irrigation Lake, Graaf
Reinet.’’ and (2) ‘‘ Notes on the Olive Beetle, Agopistes sexvittatus
Bryant.’’ There had been purchased for the Library the illustrated
edition of Vol. 6 of Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British Isles.

Messrs B. P. Moore, B.Sc., C. J. Wiiliams, and J. Woolliscroft were
declared elected members.

EXHIBITS.

The Baron pE Worms—(1) Two stems of Viburnwm lantana L. con-
taining living larvae of Aegeria andrenaeformis Lasp. from the Win-
chester area. One stem showed the cap in sifu.: the other was with-
out the cap. (2) Two stems of sallow containing feeding larvae of
Aegeria flaviventris Staud. from the Woking, Surrey, area.

Mr B. O. ©. Garprner—A halved gynandromorph of Celastrina
argiolus L. from Dover, Kent.

Mr W. J. Finnican—-A flowering spray of Helleborus foetidus L.
from Surrey.

Dr Haroxp Kine, F.R.S., read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides,
on ‘‘ Sex Attractant Principles of Moths *’ (see 7rans.). A discussion
followed in which several members joined. Dr H. E. Hinton and Dr
O. W. Richards dealt with sex attraction in coleoptera and diptera re-
spectively.

10th APRIL 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Tt was announced that Major H. S. Fremlin, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., had presented a large number of parts of the Proceedings
and Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.

: 11

Mr J. K. C. Kemp and Capt. L. Parmenter, '.R.E.S., were declared .
elected members.

The PRESIDENT gave a brief description of a recent visit to Avie-
more together with our member, Mr Dickson, of Micheldever.

““ Very warm weather had been experienced for three days before
arriving, and Brachionycha nubeculosa (Esper) was well out. Six were
found by searching on the first day, and the males came to light in
large numbers that night. Searching the birches on subsequent days
revealed no more B. nubeculosa, This suggested that the emergence
was over. The moths rest low down after emerging but sit higher on
the trees after having been in flight.

The sallows round the hotel were in full bloom be practically over
by 2nd April. They were out before the moths, which were only just
emerging, the great majority being males.

One visit was paid to the haunts of Amathes alpicola (Zett.) in per-
fect weather. Two full-grown larvae were found under the reindeer-
moss, after a short search, together with one Psodos coracima (Esp.).
On the way up, cocoons of Apatele euphorbiae (Schiff.) var. myricae
Guen. were found on the rocks, whilst Brephos parthemas (L.) were fly-
ing in numbers on the lower ground.

On a visit to Struan on Ist April, Mr Dickson found Poecilopsis lap-
ponaria Boisd. well out and apparently spreading south towards Struan.

To hit off such weather = a visit at this time of year can only hap-
pen about once in a lifetime.’

He also said that he had just seen an enormous female Nymphalis
antiopa (L.) captured in a wood near Winchester on 31st March.

Col. CarpEw reported Polygonia c-album L. as being attracted to
blackthorn blossom at Ashtead, Surrey.

Dr G. V. Butt reported having recently seen Celastrina argiolus L.

Baron pE Worms had seen Euchloé cardamines L., Pieris napi L.,
and Pararge aegeria L.

EXHIBITS.

Mira. OFT. Howarp—A small collection of shells of the genus
Cypraea, or cowries, from Ceylon and other islands in the Indian Ocean.

Dr G. V. Bur1—A selection of Hymenopterous parasites from Lepi-
dopterous larvae, including Comedo larvarum L. from Apatele leporma
L., Meteorus melanostictus Marsh. from Thera obeliscata Hb., Macro-
centrus linearis Nees (=abdominalis F.) from Notarcha ruralis Scop.,
Apanteles fraternus Reinh. from Crocota ochrearia Rossi, and Ptero-
malus puparum L. from pupae of Pieris brassicae L. He also exhibited
Sirex gigas L. (Hym. Siricidae) and the Dragonflies Pyrrhosoma nym-
phula Sulz., Coenagrion puellum van der Lind., and Sympetrum strio-
latum Charp.

Mr F. D. Goopiirre—Imagines of the sawfly Cimbex femorata L.
from Long Sutton, Hants., a pair of Palmate Newts (Molge palmata
Dum. & Bibr.), and living specimens of the water beetle Agabus affinis
Payk.

Mr T. R. Eacirs—The aphid Pteroclorus sulignus Ginel. from a
willow tree at Enfield, Middlesex. They were congregated in immense
numbers on the tree, seeming to prefer twigs of the thickness of a lead
pencil. Their exudation fell in a noticeable manner on anyone standing
under the tree and plants growing beneath were covered with it. Large
numbers of flies of the genus Lucilia (green bottle flies) and many Syr-
phid flies were in attendance. Jf the aphids were alarmed by the ap-
proach of a wasp or if a hand were put near them they all waved their
legs in the air. He also exhibited the grasses Dactylis glomerata L. and
Lolium perenne Li. showing proliferation ; and seeds of the Tree of Heaven
(Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.).

Mr W. H. Spreappury—A hymenopterous parasite of Tethea or
Schiff.

24th APRIL 1946.
Mr L. T. Forp, Vice-President, in the Chair.

It was announced that the ‘‘ Bright ’”’ collection of British ‘‘ blue ”
butterflies had been brought from the Hope Museum at Oxford, where
it had been placed for safety during the war.

The Secretary, on behalf of Drs E. Scott and G. V. Bull, read the
following list of dates when the insects named had been first seen in
1946 :—Pieris brassicae L., 25th March; Lycaena phlaeas L., 3rd April;
Pieris rapae L., 4th April; Huchloé cardamines L., 9th April; Lycw hir-
taria Clerck, 28th March; Macroglossum stellatarum L., 30th March;
Cosymbia pendularia Clerck, 12th April; Pyrgus malvae L., 20th April;
Coenotephria derivata Schiff., 20th April.

Mr E. W. Cuassey reported that Callophrys rwbi L. was seen on the
wing in Surrey on 19th April, that Nymphalis antiopa L. had recently
been taken at Welwyn, Herts., and that he had seen Pontia daplidice L.
in Middlesex on 21st April.

EXHIBITS.

The CHarrMaN—Cases containing living larvae of Narycia margine-
punctella Steph.

Mr A. Buiss—Sphinaz ligustri L. with the usual mauve markings
replaced by creamy-buff. The insect was typical of a series reared from
Cornish ova.

The Baron pE Worms—(1) Full fed larvae of Melitaea aurinia Rott.
obtained in Hampshire, 13th April. (2) Two small larvae of Inmenitis
camilla Li. found in Suffolk, 19th April 1946. (8) Full fed larvae and
- cocoons of Dyscia fagaria Thunb. obtained after dusk in the New Forest,
Hants., 13th April 1946.

Lt.-Col. J. H. B. Lows, R.E., read a paper, illustrated by the lan-
tern, on ‘‘ Collecting Experiences in India ”’ (see T'rans.).

13

8th MAY 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr W. H. Spreappury—Ergot of Rye, Claviceps purpurea Tul., on
the grass Deschampsia caespitosa L. This was from material exhibited
on 12th December last and now showed the new horn-shaped bodies or
sclerotia. He also exhibited larvae of Hygrochroa syringaria I. and
ova of Pieris napi L. and of Huchloé cardamines L. from Surrey.

Mr L. T. Forp—Pupae of Aporia crataegi L. of foreign origin.

Mr W. H. A. Harris—Series of moths recently collected and read
the following note.

‘‘ This year I found the common spring noctuids extremely abun-
dant at sallow blooms and I am exhibiting a few of these, which show
a wide range of variation, all obtained from half-a-dozen tall sallow
bushes situated on the northern outskirts of a small oak wood on the
Hants-Surrey border.

“ Firstly, the method of capture may be of some interest. I set up
the Tilley lamp at dusk, with a six-foot square sheet on the ground, just
near the bushes. There were a good number of moths present but few
were attracted to the sheet, so I shook the bushes vigorously and the
moths fell off in hundreds, a few on to the sheet but the majority into
the undergrowth. Whilst I was inspecting those on the sheet for about
ten minutes, those in the undergrowth began to stir and at once came
to the lamp. They were so numerous that there was a wild blur for
a time until they started to settle down. Jn these few nights at the
end of March I must have had a choice of a good many thousands.

‘(The Orthosia munda Schiff. are a picked series, about 200, which
I brought away. I intended to classify them into some sort of order
according to Tutt, who quotes nine main varieties, but as almost every
one is different I have been unable to do so at present.

“The Orthosia stubilis Schiff. include a few of a pronounced banded
form which I had not taken before and one has the orbicular and reni-.
form stigmata joined into a heart-shaped marking.

‘““ One Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. is very large and pale. I have
put in a normal suburban specimen for comparison.

‘‘ T also collected a fair number of Zygaena trifolii Esper larvae.
Amongst these were 12 showing various deformities: One marked ex-
ample of spiral segmentation was given to Mr Classey for expert descrip-
tion. Nine have pupated and two are now exhibited. Zygaena trifolii
is not in Dr Cockayne’s list as having shown this deformity before.”’

Mr E. E. Syms—The tortoise beetle Cassida vittata de Vill. and ova.

Mr T. R. Eagres—(1) A dark form of Dysstroma truncata Hufn.
from Enfield, Middlesex. All the moths of the brood were similar. (2)
Rose Chafer Beetles, Cetonia auwrata L. These were reported to he
doing much damage in a garden at Totteridge Green, London, N.20.

Mr H. Last—Three attractively coloured ground beetles and com-
municated the following note :—

“4

“ Lebia chlorocephala Hoff.: I took from grass roots on 27th April
at Banstead. On the sheet I thought at first that it was the common
Sermyla halensis Lu. but its flattened appearance and speed soon showed
me I was mistaken. There are three other species of the genus all rare
or very rare—this species is said to be very local. Fowler quotes a
number of localities and several of these are in Surrey. Panagaeus
bipustulatus F.: I took in 1935 at Banstead. It is rare and found in
chalky localities. The other species of the genus, Panagaeus crux-najur
L. I took by the side of River Ouse, Brampton, Hunts., in May 1945;
this is also local and found in damp places.”’

Several members gave accounts of their collecting experiences in
1946. Mr E. W. Classey described the abundance of larvae of Aegeria
myopaeformis Bkh. in an orchard at Feltham, Middlesex. They were
feeding under the bark at the end of broken boughs.

22nd MAY 1946.
The PreEsIpENT in the Chair.

Mr B. M. Evans was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Dr A. S. Corset—The Agrotid moth Xanthopastis timais Cr. The
insect was among an assortment of common insects taken in the London
area and brought to Dr Corbet for naming. It is a native of America—
South U.S.A. to Mexico, West Indies, and South to Argentina. Its
larva is believed to feed on Amaryllidaceae.

Mr S. R. Bowprn—(1) A buff female of Pieris nam L. obtained in
the second filial generation from a crossing of ab. hibernica Schmidt
(=citronea Frhk.) with aS. Hssex insect. (2) Papilio machaon IL. (con-
tinental form) taken 9th May 1946 at Hill Head, Fareham, Hants.

Dr G. V. Butt—(1) The procryptic larva of Catocala promissa Schiff.
taken on lichen- in the New Forest, Hants. (2)-A larva’ of Nycterosea
obstipata F. from the Isle of Wight. (8) The oak gall caused by the
Cynipid Andricus fecundator Hart. and its alternate sexual generation
f. pilosus Adler.

Mr T. G. Howartu—tThe cocoon of Nola cucullatella L. on a twig
of hawthorn, a fair example of cryptic coloration. The larva was found
at Benfleet, Essex, on 12th May and it began to spin up on the 19th.

Baron DE Worms described his recent collecting experiences in Scot-
land.

Dr H. B. WitiiaMs read, on behalf of Mr J. Antony Thompson, a
paper, ‘‘ Some Preliminary Observations on Pieris napi ’’ (see Trans.).
Dr Williams answered questions, and a general discussion followed. Mr
Hugh Newman described the difficulties encountered in a series of breed-
ing experiments designed to elucidate the ratio of green to brown pupae
of P. napi. Dr Williams warned experimenters of the grave danger of
genetical work being spoilt by the introduction of ova or young larvae

15

with the food plant. The white and the pale yellow albino forms of napi
were, he was convinced, both simple recessive, the factor being the same
in each case. The biology of the Spring and Summer broods was dis-
cussed.

12th JUNE 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The meeting was held at the Apartments of the Linnean Society of
London, Burlington House, London, W.1.

Mr R. M. Mere was declared elected a member.
_ The President announced the gift of a large collection of blown
larvae of British Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera by Mr R. L. E. Ford
and Mr KE. W. Classey, and of 24 blown larvae by Mr H. E. Hammond.
Votes of thanks from the Chair were carried by acclamation.

EXHIBITS.

Mr S. N. A. Jacozs—A collection of insects of economic importance
taken in recent years and now presented to the Society, chiefly Coleop-
tera, but also Hemiptera and Dermaptera.

Mr EK. W. Crassry—tLarvae of Hilema griseola Hb. from Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts. They were found, after dark, feeding on lichen growing
on the trunks of Birch trees and also on lichen on sugared posts. Larvae
of Trichiura crataegi L. from Monk’s Wood, Hunts., to show the great
variability of the larva of this species.

Dr G. V. But1—Two imagines of Papilio machaon L. (French-race

.gorganus Fruh.), bred from larvae found in cottage gardens at

Sandhurst, Kent, in 1945.

Sir Leonarp Waxrety—Newly hatched larvae of Stauwropus fagi L.
from Berkhampstead, Herts.

Mr T. R. Kacres—(1) Ichneumonid cocoons beaten from oak at Ash-
tead, Survey. These (subsequently identified as Spudastica kriechhbaumeri
Bridg.) make small leaps when disturbed (see Trans., 1934-35, pp. 88-9).
(2) Flowers of Campanula patula L.

_ Baron pe Worms—(1) Larvae of Nudaria mundana L. from Swanage,
Dorset, and (2) a newly emerged female imago of Amathes alpicola Zett.
(=hyperborea Zett.) from Aviemore, Inverness.

Mr E. W. Crassey and Mr R. W. Parrirr reported having visited
Wood Walton Fen, Hunts, Ist to 5th June. The weather was very poor
and collecting at sugar and light produced little in point of numbers.
Four Hydrillula palustris Hb. were taken, one on Ist June and three

n 2nd June, all males. They were taken between 00.15 and 01.25 B.S.T.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp reported a visit to the same spot, 3rd to 10th
June. Neither sugar nor light were very attractive owing to very bad
weather. On the night of 7th June weather improved and five H.
palustris were taken—four at light and one on a reed head. ‘Two more
were taken on 9th June, one at light and the other flying strongly All
seven were males and all appeared between 23.30 and 02.05 B.S.T.

Mr R. F. Haynes communicated the following report of a visit to

~ the Chiddingfold district of Surrey.

16

‘‘ The weather over Whitsun was very showery and the sun shone
scarcely at all. On Whitsunday I worked Durfold Woods and Sidney
Woods. Large areas in Sidney Woods are now devoid of trees, and
larvae in the locality are now considerably less numerous than before
the war.

‘“ Tmagines seen on the wing:—Argynnis selene Schiff.—fairly plen-
tiful; Leptidea sinapis L.—a single specimen; Hulype hastata l.—a
single example; Cepphis advenaria Hb.—a single example of this some-
what local species I took in Durfold Woods. Larva beating both in Dur-
fold and Sidney Woods produced the following :—Orthosia miniosa I.
—fairly common; Brachionycha sphinx Hufn.—one only from an oak
near Witley Station; Polyploca ridens F.—fairly common; Lymantria
monacha I.—not common, a few from Sidney Woods; Poecilocampa
popult L.—two larvae from oak; Trichiwra crataegi L.—one only from
sallow; Thecla betulue LL.—seemed very scarce: I beat only three larvae
from the sloes. On the whole larvae of uncommon species seemed scarcer
than usual for this district.’’

Dr H. B. D. Kerriewe. reported that Colias hyale L. had recently
been seen near Durfold, Surrey. E

The meeting was held under difficult conditions owing to a failure
of the electric light and it was unfortunately impossible for Mr EK. J.
Bedford to give his promised talk on British Wild Flowers or show his
hand-coloured slides. The President expressed his regrets to Mr Bed-
ford and said that members looked forward to the pleasure at some
later date.

There was no meeting on 26th June 1946, owing to the rooms not being
available.

10th JULY 1946.
The Prestpenr in the Chair.
At the Apartments of the Linnean Society of London, Burlington
House, Piceadilly, London, W.1.
The death of Mrs M. Stanley-Smith was announced.

EXHIBITS.

Dr H. B. Wri114ams—A selection of the varieties of Angerona
prunaria L. to illustrate his paper.

Baron vE Worms-—(1) Eriogaster ianestris L., full-fed larvae from a
nest found near Lewes, Sussex, on 15th June 1946. (2) Cucutlia chamo-
millae Schiff., one full-fed and a half-grown larva found near Angme-
ring on 6th July. (3) Eupithecia pulchellata Steph., larvae feeding in
foxglove flowers found at the Field Meeting in Alice Holt Forest, Farn-
ham, Surrey, 7th July 1946. (4) Hnnomos autwmnaria Wern., full-fed
larvae ex ovis from a Folkestone, Kent, female.

\ 17
Dr H. B. D. KerrtewELtit—Parasites of Amathes alpicola Zett. (=hyper-
borea Zett.) and read the following note: ‘‘ It would appear that there
must be some complex explanation for the appearance on alternate years
only of the moth A. alpicola Zett. In the process of thousands of years
it must be assumed that many times certain larvae have lapsed from
the usual two-year life cycle to one of three years, due to abnormal
weather conditions, etc. We should therefore expect, other things being
equal, to have a certain number of alpicola imagines each year, and it
is interesting to speculate that, by this isolation of one year’s hatch
from another, theoretically at least, two forms of a species could have
arisen in the same locality, occurring in alternate years. This is not the
case, however, and it appears to me that a possible explanation might
be found in its parasites, with some alternative host being infected in
those years when alpicola does not hatch. If we assume that this para-
site has a marked preferential host in alpicola to, say, Psodos coracina
Esper, which occurs in the same localities as alpicola but in alternate
years to it, one would then have a state of affairs where any alpicola
which attempted to get out of step with the usual procedure would be
immediately parasitised in preference to larvae of P. coracina. It ap-
pears to me that some explanation of this sort must be necessary to ac-
count for the complete absence of alpicola imagines in odd years: I
will be most grateful if any collector who has the opportunity next year
of finding wild coracina larvae would keep all parasites bred from them
and see if they are the same species as those found in alpicola.” —-

Mr J. A. Ruey—Brephos parthenias L. var. flava Worsley-Wood
from Wimbledon, Surrey.

Mr R. F. Haynes—Apamea characterea Hb. (=hepatica Hb.) and
Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. from Killarney.

Mr F. D. Bucxk—Psocids infesting spaghetti.

Mr F. D. Goopiirre—A series of Argynnis ewphrosyne L.

Mr H. R. Last—Hymenoptera of the genus Pteromalus parasitic on
the larvae of a species of leaf-cutter bee, Megachile, and communicated
the following note by Dr Blair: ‘‘ The cells are certainly those of a
Megachile, and from the size are probably M. ligniseca Kirby, though
without the bee I am afraid it is impossible to be sure of the species.
You may find a dead bee in one or more of the cells and that would suf-
fice. The only Chalcid parasite of Megachile that I know of is Mono-
‘dontomerus obsoletus F., but yours is, so far as I can make out, one of
the large genus Pteromalus, though I cannot determine the species.
Unfortunately I cannot find an antenna among the lot (though even
with one I should be in no better position). JI think even with these
unsatisfactory determinations it is worth putting the case on record .. .
the association of Pteromalus with Megachile appears to be new, at
least to my knowledge.’’

Mr Last also exhibited Trigonogenius globulws Sol. and read the
following note: ‘‘ Trigonogenius globulus Sol. These beetles were found
in a sample of matté this week in the City. In Fowler and Donisthorpe

18°

(Vol. VI, p. 147, 1913) it is recorded from granaries and corn mills in
Oldham, Manchester, etc.; also from Tottenham and Birmingham. Joy
states that it is rare, but Mr Jacobs exhibited the beetle a year or so
ago and Mr Henderson took it some 40 years ago. It is a native of
Chili.”

Mr T. R. Hacgres—Larvae of Cepphis advenaria Hb. from Surrey.

Mr EK. J. Bunnert—Dried specimens of the Earth Star fungi Geaster
byanti Berk. from Sussex, G. fornicatus Huds. from Surrey, and
Astraeus hygrometricus Pers. from Surrey.

Mr J. L. Henperson—Brachypterolus vestitus Kies., from his garden
at Purley, Surrey (a new county record), and said: ‘‘ This western
Mediterranean species was first reported in this country from Cambridge
in 1928, and still occurs there. In 1944 and 1945 it was recorded from
' Bedford, Herts., and Kent. It attacks the flower-heads of garden
Antirrhinum in the same way as the common B. pulicarius L. does of
Linaria vulgaris Mill. Apparently neither insect will touch the other
genus of plant.’’ i

- Miss W. M. A. Brooxe—Various species of British orchids, a -flower-
ing spray of Lathyrus tuberosus L. from Fyfield, Essex, and examples
of phyllody of Trifoliwm repens L.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp—The seven specimens of Hydrillula palustris
Hb., Wood Walton Fen, 7th-9th June 1946, reported at the last meet-
ing.

Colonel P. A. Carpew—A short series of Melitaea cinxia L. taken
in the I. of Wight between 17th and 30th May 1946, showing various
_ minor aberrations.

Dr H. B. WiiitaMs read a paper on ‘‘ The Varieties of the Orange
Moth, Angerona prunaria L.’’ (see Trans.).

24th JULY 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

‘Messrs C. F. Astbury, C. G. Roche, Wm. Wildridge, C. M. Burnell,
R. A. Carter, W. E. Downes, D. S. Fletcher, and J. D. Bradley were
declared elected members.

_ EXHIBITS.

The PresipENT, Captain R. A. Jackson, showed full-fed larvae of
Chiasmia clathrata LL. These were hatched on 27th June from eggs laid
by a Hampshire female, and fed up on red clover. Out of five larvae
which survived, all remained green until the final instar, when four
‘became dark sienna brown, with the white markings usual to the green
form of the larva. A violet form was exhibited at our meeting of 13th
June 1940. It is remarkable that in both Buckler and South only a
green form of larva is referred to.

Baron pg Worms—A pupa of the Large Tortoiseshell Butterfly,
Nymphalis polychloros L., from Suffolk. He said thesé pupae were to
be found under the copings of walls and on farm buildings.

pe

ie A het
yal

Proc. S.L.EH. & N.HS., 1946-27, PLATE IV.

OURAPTERYX SAMBUCARIA lL. A variety exhibited by Mr R. M. Mere,
14th August 1946.

gel I ae i » En Se a - -
Pe , : -
~ ‘ : /
4 a" 2" f
Be aia ;
“ - =~ ‘
¥ ’

s

19

Mr R. F. Haynes—A short series of Pieris napi L. collected at Kil-
larney, S.W. Ireland, Spring 1946, to illustrate variation in Irish
forms.

Miss W. M. A. Brooxe—The following plants recently collected in.
Bedfordshire :—Orchis pyramidalis L., Melampyrum cristatwm L. and
M. arvense L.

Mr C. N. Hawxrys—A preserved larva of Catocala promissa Schiff.
This larva had been exhibited alive by Dr G. V. Bull on 22nd May.

Mr T. R. Escrrs—Cocoons and imagines of the small Neuropteron
Conwentzia psociformis Curt. from oak trees at Enfield, Middlesex.

Mr A. Briss reported seeing in Sussex an abundance of Macroglos-
sum stellatarum L., also Colias crocews Fourc. The larger Fritillaries
were, in his experience, scarce this year and he had not seen Apatura
iris Li.

Col. F. A. LasnovcHere said that in W. Sussex he had found
Argynnis paphia lL. to be common and he had seen A. iris.

Miss W. M. A. Brooxe read a paper on ‘‘ Spring, Flowers of Cape
Peninsula.’’ This was illustrated by lantern slides (see T'rans.).

Mr I. D. Buck read-a paper on ‘* Collecting Experiences in the
Army ”’ (see Trans.).

14th AUGUST 1946. .
The PrestpENt in the Chair.
The receipt of a grant of £125 from the Royal Society was announced.
Messrs John Dunbar, F. L. Playford, D. S. Palmer, and Major A.
EK. Collier were declared elected members.

EXHIBITS.

The Prestippnt—Young larvae of Angerona prunaria L. from ova
laid by a 9 from Hampshire.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss—A series of the beetle Trichius Aine L.
taken from flower heads at Aviemore, Inverness.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp—(1) A specimen of Precis almana IL. taken in
Colombo, Ceylon, 15th July 1945, which bore marks suggesting an at-
tack by a lizard, and (2) Reeds showing the mode of pupation of Non-
agria geminipuncta Hatch. from Reculver Marshes near Herne Bay,
Kent. .

Mr W. J. Fryntcan—A larva of Macroglossum steWatarwm L. from
Boxhill, Surrey.

Colonel P. A. Carnprew—EKight specimens of Boarmia punctinalis Scop.
from Wimbledon Common showing local variation.

Mr B. O. C. Garviner, on behalf of Mr E. A. Duffy—The Longi-
corn beetle Superda carcharias L. taken in Middlesex.

Mr R. M. Mere—A specimen of Ourapteryx sambucaria L. in which
the cross lines of each forewing are united to form the letter V. It
had been bred from a larva taken at Haslemere, Surrey, in September
1928. (See Plate IV.) ;

~

. 20

Mr F. D. Bucx—Series of Cerylon fagi Bris., C. histeroides Fb., C.
primroseae Donis. and C. ferrugineum Steph., pad read. notes on the
differences between the species.

Dr H. B. D. Kerrizwett—Series of varieties of Arctia villica L.
‘and A. caja L., the former series including an all-black variety and
also ab. wardi. He reported immense numbers of the larvae of A.
caja in the Birmingham area.

Mr H. Last—Larvae, pupae, and imagines of Chrysomela tremulae,
Fh., taken on aspen at Esher Common, Surrey.

Mr T. R. Eactrs—Galls caused by Aulacidea hieracit Bouch. on the
lower part of the stems of Hieracium boreale Fries. from Ash Vale and
also the cockroach KHctobius panzeri Steph. and an Upper Cretaceous
fossil (Micraster species), from the same locality.

Mr L. T. Forp reported having reared Mompha stephensi Staint.
He was convinced that the larva fed and pupated in oak bark.

Mr Wm. WiLprRIpGE reported taking Argynnis cydippe L. and A.
aglaia L. on the 4th and 5th of August in Herts.

Colonel P. A. CarpEw reported Nymphalis polychloros L. from the
Isle of Wight.

Mr J. A. Ritey reported Melanargia ne L. in abundance in
South Devon, where also Thymelicus lineola Ochs. was now to be found.

Mr Syms reported having attended the Annual Meeting of the
British Association at which the Presidential address was delivered.

The Secretary read Mr B. W. Adkin’s report of the conference of
the South HKastern Union of Scientific Societies.

28th AUGUST 1946.
The PresIDENT in the Chair.

Messrs C. M. Gummer; J. A. Walker, M.B., B.S.; EK. W. Bowser,
J.P.; A. Eckford, M.D. (Cantab.), M.R.O.S.; A. W. Letts, F.R.E.S.;
and R. Fairclough were declared elected Members.

EXHIBITS.

Mr J. A. Ritey—Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt., Syrphidae) taken
on the previous day at Wimbledon Common, Surrey. He also showed
for comparison V. inanis L. and hornets, Vespa crabro L. (Hym., Ves-
pidae), with which V. zonaria associates and of which it has been said
to be a mimic. He communicated the following note :—

“ Volucella zonaria (Poda) in Great Britain.

The records of the ocurrence of this species in Great Britain are
brought together in a paper by Capt. Rivenhall Goffe in the E.M.M.,
July 1945, page 159. He concludes that up to that date there were
six authentic British specimens in collections. Subsequent to this

_Lt.-Col. Fraser records eight specimens seen at Bournemouth in
August 1945, six of which were taken [H.M.M., October 1945, page
237]. All these twelve were females,

21

Three further specimens are in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) and
have not previously been recorded. These are two females, one from
Deal, in Kent, taken in August 1945, and one from Weymouth also
taken in August 1945. The other is a male taken at Parkstone,
Dorset, in September 1944. Further, it is reported in the #.M.M.,
March 1946, pages 57, 58, that one female was taken near Rotting:
dean, Sussex, at the end of July 1945 and that the species has oc-
curred regularly near Chatham and Hythe, Kent, since 1938.

Two other specimens are recorded in the Transactions of the
Suffolk Naturalists’ Society for 1945. These are, one male at Sutton
in August 1945 by Miss Frohawk, and one female in September
1945 at Bristol by Mr Burton. Mr Haines has in his possession
one female which he thinks he may have taken as a boy at Hden-
bridge, Kent.

These are the only records of the species in this country so far
as I know. It appears to have established itself in Kent recently.
It also now appears to be established on Wimbledon Common as one
female was taken there on Sunday, 25th August, by Mr Riley-
Irving and I took another there on the following Tuesday, also a
female. Both specimens were in perfect condition and had obviously
bred on the Common. It is interesting to note that the hornet,
Vespa crabro, which some claim it mimics, and in the nest of which
its larvae have been found, has increased in numbers recently on the
Common.’’

Mr F. J. Coutson—About 100 species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera re-
cently taken at Ashtead, Surrey, in connection with the forthcoming
list of the fauna and flora of the area.

Mr C. H. Harvs—tlLarvae of Cucullia gnaphalii Hb. taken near
Lewes, Sussex, 21st August 1946.

Mr E. W. Cruassey—A number of pupae of Macroglossum stellatarum
L. from larvae collected in South London.

Mr T. R. Eagres—The fungus Boletus sanguineus With. and a larva
of Apatele aceris L., both from Enfield, Middlesex.

Several members made reports of their recent observations. In con-
nection with these Capt. N. D. Riley referred to recent reports of Nym-
phalis polychloros L. It had been suggested to him that some of these
insects might prove to be the closely allied N. zanthomelas Esp. The
former has black legs and the latter buff.

Mr R. F. Haynes then read his paper, ‘‘ Some Notes on Observa-
tions of the Rhopalocera of Southern Italy (1944-1945),”’ illustrated by
lantern slides (see Trans.). pee

llth SEPTEMBER 1946.
The PrestpEnT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.
Mr E. W. Cuassty—Living larvae of Hydrillula palustris Hb, and
Caradrina morpheus Hufn. for comparison. In working débris for the
former large numbers of the latter are encountered,

29

Mr T. R. Eactes—Larvae of Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. and
Lophopteryxz capucina 1. from Enfield, Middlesex; larvae of Clostera
curtwla L. from Ash Vale, Surrey; and the fungus Boletus parasiticus
Bull. growing on Scleroderma aurantium Pers. from Epping Forest,
Essex.

The Baron DE WorMs—Larvae of Apatele aceris L. and Mimas tiliae
L. from London, Pheosia. gnoma F. from Salisbury, Wilts., and Noto-
donta dromedarius L. from Horsell, Surrey.

Mr E. B. Prynicer—Sympetrum fonscolombu Selys: A male of this
rare species from Enfield West taken by Mr C. O. Hammond, July 1946.
Gomphus vulgatissimus L.: A pair of this local species from the New
Forest, taken June 1946. Coenagrion scitulum Ramb.: Photographs
of a pair of this species taken in S.E. Essex, July 1946. Not pre-
viously recorded from Great Britain. -

Mr C. N. Hawxtrns—(1) Lepidoptera: —Cryphia perla Fabr., a ¢
with the forewings heavily suffused with dark grey scaling, Ashtead,
‘Surrey, 25.vu.1946; and a 2 with the ground colour and bands of the
forewings light and dark orange-buff respectively, Wimbledon,
2.vili.1946. Hadena w-latinum Borkh. (genistae Borkh.), 2 g and 2
2, part of a long series bred in 1944 from ova found on a Sallow leaf
at Ashtead on 19.vi.1943, and Mesotype virgata Rott., 4 3, 3 9, part
of a series bred in April 1946 from eggs laid by a 2 taken at Burn-
ham-on-Sea, Somerset, on 19.iv.1945. Two specimens only emerged as
a partial 2nd brood in 1945, one in October and one in December, in-
doors. (2) Coleoptera:—Necrophorus vespilloides Hbst. (mortworum
F.); Bolitobius lunulatus L., B. trinotatus Er. and B. thoracicus F.
(pygmaeus F.); Mycetodrepa alternans Grav. and Philonthus mar-
ginatus Str., all from fungus at Ashtead on 7.1x.1946.

In the course of a discussion on the season it was reported that
Plebejus argus L. had been abundant in North Wales and that the
larvae of Lithosia quadra L. were plentiful in the New Forest, Hants. _

Mr H. G. Tunstary reported having seen a 3 Celastrina argiolus I.
in flight at the corner of Fetter Lane and Fleet Street, which is within
the boundary of the City of London.

Lt.-Colonel W. G. Hawtey reported the occurrence of Laphygma
exigua Hb. at light in his house on 1st September.

25th SEPTEMBER, 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.
The President announced that the Curator had prepared a list show-
ing in which of the Society’s cabinets and in which drawer any par-
ticular species of Lepidoptera could be found.

EXHIBITS.
Mr F. D. Buck—Three species of beetles, all taken under beech leaves
on the edge of a pond in Epping Forest (15.ix.46). Habrocerus capil-
laricornis Gr., which requires setting immediately after killing owing

23

to its delicate structure. In life it is readily distinguishable from the
other Tachyporines by its habit of running with its abdomen raised in
the manner of Astilbus canaliculatus F. Trechus (HEpaphius) secalis
Payk., very similar to the Bembidions but can be very easily separated
by the large terminal joints of the palpi. Barypithes pellucidus Boh.,
a rather local member of the genus.

Mr Jacops—A series of Pytho depressus L. (Col. Pythidae), bred
from larvae collected at Aviemore, Inverness.

Mr W. H. Spreappury—(1) Larvae of Boarmia roboraria Schiff., (2)
Galls on bramble stems caused by Diastrophus rubi Bouché (Hym.), and
(3) Galls on the stems of Hieraciwm umbellatwm L. caused by Auwlacidea
hieracti Bouché (Hym.), all from Surrey.

Mr R. F. Haynes—An almost fully-grown larva of Habrosyne derasa
L. found during the daytime on a bramble shoot in Alderbury Woods
near Salisbury, Wilts.

Mr T. R. Eacues—A branch of the plant chimaera or graft hybrid
Crataegomespilus dardarii Jouin. (Mespilus germanica L. x Crataegus
monogyna Jacq.).

Mr V. E. Aveust—The Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias 1.)
found growing on Epsom Downs, Surrey. 4

Mr 8. C. S. Brown—Set specimens, living insects, drawings, larval
mines, and cones in illustration of the paper which he read entitled
“ Caloptilia Hiibn., a genus of Teneina.’’? A discussion followed, in the
course of which it was explained that the larvae were able to fold over
relatively large leaves by means of the contraction of the silken threads
they spin (see T'rans.).

9th OCTOBER 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Messrs T. R. E. Southwood, L. F. Ferguson, L.D.S., R.C.S., and
K. W. Self were declared elected members.
Ib was announced that the London Natural History Society had pre-
sented a number of volumes and parts of the Canadian Entomologist.
A vote of thanks was carried by acclamation.

EXHIBITS.

Mr R. F. Haynes—A larva of Apatele rumicis L. found feeding on
crab apple at Ashtead, Surrey.

Mr J. .O. T. Howarp—Pupae of Cosymbia orbicularia Hb. from
larvae collected on sallow in the New Forest, 22nd-26th September 1946.

Mr W. H. A. Harris—-Specimens of about 30 species of butterflies
and moths collected recently in South Wales. The insects appeared to
be darker than those taken in S.E. England, particularly in the cases
of Maniola tithonus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., and Agrotis vestigialis
Hufn. Included in the exhibit was a specimen of Thecla quercus L,
showing homoeosis,

24

Mr L. G. Payne—(1) The water fern Azolla filiculoides Lam. ‘Salvi-
niaceae) from the River Colne at Uxbridge, Middlesex, (2) a living male
specimen of Hydrophilus piceus L. from a pond in Wssex where he had
recently discovered a colony. He communicated the following note:

On 21st July 1946 the larva was shown me by Lt.-Col. Bensley,
who was using a water net for mollusca. On 5th August a whole day
on the same site failed to produce larvae or beetles and I came to
the conclusion that this vear’s larvae were in the pupa stage. On 16th
September two males were taken and two days later another male at
the expense of a broken net. On 22nd September a final visit was paid
—this time with an all-metal half-inch garden sieve in lieu of net. Two
females were taken. Dominant water plants were a species of Nitella
(Characeae, Stonewort) and a species of Callitriche (Haloragaceae). The
two pairs are now in a 30-gallon glass tank and it is hoped that it may
be able to record. a complete life cycle of this interesting, beetle.”’

Dr J. A. Watker—(1) An almost white form of Amathes c-nigrum L.
from Wicken Fen, Cambs., and (2) Argynnis ewphrosyne, ab. xanthos
Froh.

The Secretary read letters from members giving their recent col-
lecting experiences.

23rd OCTOBER 1946.

SPECIAL MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Alterations and additions to the existing Bye-Laws were con-
sidered, and, after some amendments, approved.

After the business Mr S. N. A. Jacons exhibited a series of Popillia
japonica Newm. (Col. Scarabaeidae) from United States spring wheat
in a steamer at the Royal Victoria Dock, London, during July.

Mr T. R. Hacres exhibited: (1) Various stages in the development -
of the Earth Star fungus, Geaster triplax Jungh, and (2) Galls on Dog-
wood (Cornus sanguinea I.) caused by Craneiobia corn Kief. (Dipt.,
Cecidomyiidae) both from Mickleham Down, Surrey

26th OCTOBER 1946.
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS.

The PresIpENT opened the exhibition at 2.30 p.m. in the Libraries
of the Royal Society and of the Royal Geological Society at Burlington
House, Piccadilly, with the following address :— :

Ladies and Gentlemen—It is a great pleasure to see such a good
attendance once again at our Annual Exhibition.

Last year was made memorable by\the large number of rare migrants
which had been taken by our members and were on exhibition, This
year there has been no such immigration to record, and, although a few
specimens of Pontia daplidice, Colias hyale and croceus were reported

25

early in the season, the inclement weather evidently prevented their
breeding in this country on any reasonable scale.

However, from what I have seen, our members and their friends have
been far from idle, and I must take this opportunity of thanking all
those who have brought exhibits this afternoon; for the success of this
exhibition depends so largely upon the time and trouble devoted to the
preparation of exhibits.

Since last year we have been provided with rooms in the basement
for our Library and collections. These are open for-inspectiou this
afternoon, and the Society is most deeply indebted to the President and
Officers of the Royal Society for their kindness in granting us this
accommodation. This has enabled-the Bright Collection to be brought
back from Oxford, and it, too, is available for inspection.

Arrangements have been made for a few selected drawers to be on
view upstairs, and the remainder can be seen downstairs.

I need not remind you that this represents an absolutely unique
collection of the varieties of Lysandra coridon, together with similar
lengthy series of all the varieties of Lysandra bellargus and Polyommatus
icarus, which is of great interest to students of variation.

Some of you may have heard that we are still living on an austerity
basis and that a system. of bread-rationing has been introduced. At
first, your Council were very doubtful as to whether it would be pos-
sible to provide tea in any form at all, but, thanks to the endeavours
of our Honorary Secretary, it has proved possible to do so on a restricted
basis. I must apologise for the fact that a limit has to be placed upon
the quantity of eatables provided, but this is the result of circumstances
beyond our control.

Last year I made some mention of the existing membership of the
Society which stood, at that date, at 301. I stressed then, and I re-
peat again now, that a growing membership is the sign of a healthy
society, and your Council is anxious to do all it can to encourage the
election of new members.

Since the last Exhibition, 80 new members have been elected and [
am very hopeful that, by the end of the year, we shall be able to record
passing the 400 mark.

I am asked to announce that there will be an opportunity during
the course of the afternoon for members who have not done so—par-
ticularly those resident in the country and who cannot often attend our
regular meetings—to sign the Obligation Book.

It is a matter of great regret to your Council that one delay after
another has occurred, so that the Societies’ Proceedings for last year
are not yet available for issue. Every endeavour was made to have
them ready by to-day, but it has not proved possible, so I must ask
your forbearance and only hope we can do better next year.

Finally, you will agree with me, I think, that we are greatly in-
debted to the President and Officers of the Royal Society for permis-
sion to use this Library for our Exhibition, and to the President and

26

Officers of the Royal Geological Society for the use of their Library as
well, which opens out of the room in which we are now standing.

Last year it was found that even in this fine room our exhibits were
a little crowded, and I hope that the additional space now available
will enable members and their friends to examine the exhibits in greater
comfort. I would ask you, if possible, to circulate freely round the
tables and to hold discussions—which are such a valuable feature of the
Exhibition—well clear of the tables on which the exhibits are displayed.

Ladies and Gentlemen—I have much pleasure in declaring the Exhi-
bition open.

The ‘following exhibits were shown:

Mr H. W. AnpRews—A female of the Syrphid fly Volucella zonaria
Poda taken by Mr C. M. Gummer at Deal, 23rd August 1946, with a
female of Volwcella inanis L. for comparison, also undersides of the
two species.

Mr J. L. Atxinson—WMelitaea athalia Rott., variety closely approach-
ing navarima Selys-Long. together with a typical example for compari-
son. Nymphalis antiopa L., taken at Tankerton, Kent, 19.8.1939.
Celerio livornica Esp., taken at Tankerton, Kent, 21.9.1943.

Dr K. G. Buatrr—Cosymbia pupillaria Hbn., 9, taken at Freshwater,
_Isle of Wight; new to the British fauna. Resembles C. porata F. bunt
with more pointed tips to the forewings, these with the central spot
white with a dark ring, the outer line of dots marked only by a costal
dash; hindwings with a dark band as in porata, but no ring-spot. The
colour is a uniform soft pinkish buff, with the dark strigulations and
marginal spots of porata very faint.

Mr S. R. Bowpexn—Lysandra bellargus Rott.: Representative speci-
mens from a Beds. locality, 1946 and previous normal years, tending to
confirm the theory that females of this species are abnormally blue when
they emerge after wet weather (cf. e.g. Hnt., 66, 282, 19383), (The
1946 specimens shown are all from the spring brood, but the autumn.
emergence was similarly blue. Extremely wet weather preceded both
- emergences.)

Miss Winirrep M. A. Brooks, F.L.S.—Sketches and Photographs
of Flowers collected on the Mountains of Basutoland.

Mr F. D. Bucx—Three drawers of Australian beetles. There were
over 100 species, mostly Buprestidae, which are very characteristic of
the Australian continent. The genus Stigmodera was especially well
represented and included the beautiful S. sutwralis Don. (see Plate 15
in Tillyard, R. J., The Insects of Australia and New Zealand). There
was also Cyria tmperialis Don, which is figured on the same Plate.

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone—Polygonia c-albwm L.: Dark smoky forms
bred from Bookham, Surrey, ova, June 1946. Several of these speci-
mens had black scales between the second costal spot and the spot
near the inner margin, so forming a central transverse band as in ab.
polaris Stdgr. of Aglais urticae L. One specimen had first and second
costal spots linked by a black line. Selenia bilunaria Esp.: Long series

27

of spring, summer and autumn broods, bred and captured in Surrey.
Several of the specimens of the autumn brood were intermediate be-
tween the spring and summer specimens.

Dr G. V. Bur1—(1) A small collection of insects taken in July 1946,
mostly at Westwell, Kent, but some at Wye and Ashford, Kent. These
included Deilephila porcellus L., Lygephila pastinwm Treit., Gastro-
pacha quercifolia L., Pheosia gnoma F., Polia advena Schiff., Itame
wauaria Esp., Philereme transversata Hufn., Xanthorhoé quadrifasciata
Clreck. (2) Underside varieties of Lysandra coridon Poda taken at Wye
in 1945 and 1946.

Mr §S. G. Castite Russetn, on belialf of Colonel V. R. Burkhardt
(late R.A.), D.S.O., O.B.E.—A series of Argynnis ewphrosyne L. from
West Surrey, May 1946, including one cream coloured ¢ and one ‘‘ con-
fluens’”’ S underside. Two ‘“‘ confluens’’? Argynnis selene Schiff., taken
May-June 1946. One melanic Erynnis tages L., taken May 1946. One
‘melanic and one black-bordered Huphydryas aurinia Rott., taken May
1946. A series of Aphantopus hyperantus L. taken in West Surrey,
showing forms lanceolata Shipp., fulva-parvi-puncta, crassi-puncta,
and caeca Fuchs, taken July 1946. One Maniola tithonus LL. S$ with
two extra-ocellated spots on forewings. Two Lysandra coridon Poda
ab. glomerata Tutt, taken on South Downs, August 1946.

Mr Bruce Burns-—-Lepidoptera taken or reared in 1946: iMacroglos-
sum stellatarwm L., bred September; Cerura vinula L., females, taken
in Gosport, Hants, in May; Lasiocampa quercus L., male and female,
bred in July, from the many larvae collected off the privet hedges in
his garden during the winter of 1945-46; Saturnia pavona L., male
and female, bred April; Panaxia dominula L., male, bred from East-
leigh, Hants, larvae in June; Cilix glaucautu Scop., female, bred April
from larva found at Eastleigh on hawthorn, October 1945; EHctropis
crepusculariu Hb., found at rest on larch trunk, August, in the New
Forest; Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., taken at light, August, in the
New Forest; Selenia bilunaria Esp., taken at light in the New Forest,
July; Argynnis paphia L.. female, August, near Minstead, New
Forest; Argynnis cydippe L., female, found flying slowly over heather
at Minstead, New Forest, in August; Gonepteryx rhamni L., male and
female, August, New Forest; Colias croceus Fourc., female, October at
Gosport; Vanessa cardui L., male, at Gosport in October on dahlia
flowers; Nymphalis io L., female, New Forest, August, on bramble
flowers; Maniola tithonus L., typical male and female, and male var.
pallidus Froh., with the light brown ground colour replaced on all
wings by pure white, New Forest, August; Pararge aegeria L., females
New Forest, August; Humenis semele I.., male and female, Gosport,
August, on rough heath. Living Larvae: Hibernating Argynnis paphia
L., var. valezina Esp., larvae hatched on 24th August from ova laid on
8th August by a valezina from the New Forest; Lasiocampa quercus L.,
larvae obtained in his garden on privet hedges and Japanese honey-

28

suckle; Mucrothyiucia rubi L., larvae found feeding on bramble leaves
at Gosport, 20th October.

Mr L. C. Busnsy—Living specimens of :—Leaf Insect (Phylliwm
pulchrifolium Serv.). Adult males and females, together with imma-
ture forms. The adult males are winged and capable of taking short
flights from bush to bush. In this species there is considerable range
of colour, some specimens remaining green throughout their lives, while
others are more suggestive of autumn leaves. This change of colour
sometimes takes place in immature specimens. The eggs, very seed-
like, are dropped haphazard on the ground and remain dormant for
some months. The young, on hatching, are bright red. Praying
Mantis:—An immature specimen of an undetermined species from
Ceylon.

Mr §S. A. CHarrres—Varieties of Lysandra coridow Poda caught in
- Kast Sussex, including ultra-radiata B. & L., mixta-elongata B. & L.,
digitata Courv., and glomerata Tutt.

Mr L. Curistre—A short series of Lysandra coridon Poda, includ-
ing a male underside ab. radiata Courv. and a female with right fore-
wing mainly of the colour of ab. khaki B. & L.

Dr E. A. Cockayne and Dr H. B. D. Kerrtewrtr—Lepidoptera: (a)
series of Arctia villica L., normal and ab. ward: Mathew, parents normal
3 x wardi 9; (b) series of Abraxas grossulariata L., parents normal
3 (heterozygote) x Q resembling ab. albomarginata Rayn., offspring 5
normal, 9 homozygotes, 2 resembling albomarginata; (c) bred series of
Nonagria sparganu Esp., from Freshwater, 1946, including abs. rufes-
cens Tutt, rosea Wightman and rufa Wightman; (d) 3 Nola albula
Schiff., Freshwater, 1946; (e) Hrannis aurantiaria Hb., ab. fumrpennaria
Hellweger ; (f) aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata L., from Hudders-
field; (g) Lasiocaumpa quercus L., race callunae Palmer, F.2 generation,
from N. Cornwall, including a dark 2 ab. fenestrata Gerh.

Major A. E. Coiitirr—Lepidoptera: (a) 3 examples of Pararge
megera L., 2 ab. fascia Froh., bred from a @ of this ab. taken in
Northants in August 1944; out of 25 imagines 17 were females, and of
these 10 were ab. fascia; (b) a halved gynandromorph of Maniola jur-
tina L., taken in Northants, 8.v1i.1945; (c) a Q ab. of Aphantopus
hyperantus L., taken in Yorkshire, 30.vii.1945, somewhat resembling
in colour Lysandra coridon Poda, var. cinnameus B. & L.; (d) a @ ab.
of Aglais urticae L., taken at Oundle, 20.vi11.1942; (e) 4 examples
of Lysandra coridon Poda, taken in Sussex; a gynandrous specimen,
11.vii.1946, a @ underside colour aberration, 15.vii.1946, a @ aberra-
tion, 29.vii.1946, and a ¢ ab. striata Tutt, 1.vi11.1946.

Mr R. M. Crasxe and Mr J. C. B. Crasxe—A large number of aber-
rations of British Lepidoptera captured during 1946, including :—(1)
Tysandra coridon Poda, a long series of aberrations including (a) 3
colour forms pulla B. & L., transformis B. & L., neutra B. & L.,
metallica, grisea Tutt, olivacea B. & L., viridescens Tutt, lavendula
B. & L.; (b) 2 lacticolor Tutt, irregularia B. & L., wltra-radiata B. &

L., obsoletu Tutt and striata Tutt. (2) Plebeius argus L., a series of
aberrations including (a) ¢ colour forms; (b) ¢ radiata Obth., iwregu-
laris Tutt and juncta Tutt forms; (c) @ colour forms; (d) ¢ radiata
Tutt, confluens Tutt, obsoleta Tutt. (3) Maniola jurtina I.., a series of 6
extreme aberrations including (a) gynandromorph, left side @, right
side 3; (b) d with left hindwing showing thick black streaks on the
underside extreme homoeosis. (4) Maniola tithonus L., ab. mincki See-
bold. (5) Argynnis selene Schiff., a series of 9 aberrations including
(a) $ cream ground; (b) ¢ extreme melanic form; (c) gd extreme con-
fluent form. (6) Argynnis euphrosyne L., a series of 9 aberrations in-
cluding (a) ¢ cream ground; (b) ¢ suffused forewings, ¢ suffused hind-
wings. (7) Euphydryas aurinia Rott., a series of aberrations captured
1946 in North Hampshire, including several extreme forms. (8) Polyoim-
matus icarus Rott., aborrations including lambo-juncta, albicosta Tutt,
obsoleta Clark and other forms. (9) Pararge aegeria L., colour forms
including two aberrations having amber-coloured spots.

Mr W. Downes—Maniola jurtina L., 9, taken in Sussex, 2.viii.46;
ground colour pale drab, usual fulvous markings on forewings replaced
with pure white. Argynnis selene Schiff., ¢, taken in Sussex, 7.v1.46;
very similar to var. margo-striata Froh, but with more black marking
on outer margin of forewings. Nymophalis io L., ¢, taken in Sussex,
4.viii.45; rear half of each hindwing heavily suffused with black. This
suffusion ends in a sharply defined line running from the outer margin
through the ocelli and finishing on the anal margin. Leptidea sinapis
L., 2 gs, taken in Sussex, 2.viii.45 and 5.vili.45; gen. 2, usual black
markings of the summer form replaced with brown.

Mr Evenyn A. J. Durry—(1) Living specimens of the following
coleopterous larvae from Surrey: Auloniwm trisulcum Gf, (from bark
of elm near Croydon); Lucanus cervus L.; Cetonia aurata L. (with
cocoons from a colony in an elm stump at Box Hill); Jschnodes sangui-
nicollis Pz. (from wood mould of fruit tree); Prionus coriarwus L. (from
roots of pine); Strangalia maculata Pod. (from birch stump); Priany-
chus ater F. (from wood mould of oak); Nacerda melanura L. (found
breeding in large numbers.in an old railway sleeper at Croydon). (2)
Living adults of Cetonia aurata L., Molorchus minor L., and a live
slow-worm. (3) Portions of various trees and plants exhibiting larval
excavations of the following Longicornia (mostly from Surrey):
Prionus coriarius Lh. (oak root); Aromia moschata LL. (sallow stump) ;
Hylotrupes bajulus L. (pine rafter); Phymatodes testaceus L. (oak
bark); Gracillia minuta F. (dead bramble stems); Molorchus minor L.
(spruce branch); M. wmbellatarwm Schb. (crabapple twigs and stems of
dog rose) from Ashtead; Pogonochaerus hispidus L. (apple twigs);
Mesosa nebulosa F. (oak branch); Agapanthia villosoviridescens Deg.
(pupal cells in umbel stems); Saperda carcharias L. (poplar stem). (4)
Preserved adults of the following Longicorns (mostly from Surrey) :—
Prionus coriarius L., Aromia moschata L., Criocephalus polonicus Ms.,
GC. rusticus L., Asemum striatum L. and v. agreste F., Tetropium gab-

30 ®

rie Wei., Hylotrupes bajulus L., Uallidium violacewm L., Phymatodes
testaceus L., P. alu L., Clytus arietis L., Anaglyptus mysticus L.,
Gracillia minuta F., Molorchus minor L., M. wmbellatarwm Schb ,
Khagium mordaz Deg., R. inquisitor L., R. bifasciatum F., Steno-
chorus meridianus Pz., Leptura sexguttata F., L. scutellata F., L.
cerambyciformis Sk., L. livida ¥., L. rubra L., Strangalia aurulenta
F., S. 4-fasciata L., S. maculata Pod., S. nigra L., S. melanura L.,
Alasterna tabacicolor Deg., Grammoptera variegata Gm., G. ruficornis
F., G. holomelina Po., Acanthocinus aedilis L., Leiopus nebulosus L.,
Pogonochaerus hispidus L., Mesosu nebulosa F., Agapanthia villosovi-.
ridescens Deg., Saperda carcharias L.., Saperda populnea L., Tetrops
praeusta L., Phytoecia cylindrica L., Oberea oculata L. (5) Various
drawings and photographs depicting coleopterous life-histories.

Canon T. G. Epwarps—Lepidoptera caught or bred during 1946:
Maculinea arion L., a series taken in N. Cornwall; Lycaena phlaeas L.,
with reduced spotting, N. Cornwall; Huplagia quadripunctaria Poda,
2 specimens from §S. Devon, typical specimen and orange variety;
Tiliacea citrago L., a series bred from Addington, Surrey, larvae;
Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., a bred series of the Spring form, with the
summer form bred from them showing 2 melanic varieties; Cleora
ribeata Cl., bred from Box Hill, Surrey, larvae; Nonagria typhae
Thnbg., bred from Ashtead, Surrey, larvae; Dysstroma citrata L., bred
from Surrey larvae; Aegeria muscaeformis View., a series taken in N.
Cornwall; Platyptilia cosmodactylau Hb., from N. Cornwall; P. acantho-
dactyla Hb., bred from Ranmore, Surrey, larvae; Oidaematophorus
carphodactylus Hb., bred from Box Hill, Surrey, larvae; Peronea cris-

tana Schiff., taken at Ashstead, Surrey.
Mr J. Fincuam Turner—Hyloicus pinastri L. from Suffolk, Dorset,
and West Hants; Papilio machaon L., specimens from Wicken Fen,
Cambs. and others reared from larvae found in a garden near Ringwood,
Hants.; Ectropis consonaria Hb. ab. waiensis Richardson from the
Forest of Dean; Coenonympha pamphilus L., a twin-spot variety from
the New Forest; Angerona prunaria L. from Wellingborough, Northants.

Mr W. J. Finntgan—Lantern slides: 1. Lepidoptera (a) Larvae—
Strymon w-album Knoch., Laothoé populi L., Smerinthus ocellatus 1..,
Deilephila elpenor L., D. porcellus L., Macroglossum stellatarum L.,
gastropacha quercifolia L., Apatele rwmicis L., and Geometra papilion-
aria lu. (b) Imagines—S. ocellatus L., D. elpenor L., D. porcellus L.,
Pheosia tremula Clrek, Clostera pigra Hufn., G. papilionaria L., and
Alucita galactodactyla Schiff. (c) Ova—S. w-album Knoch. 2. Flowers
—Orobanche apiculatu Wallr. (=minor Sm.), Orchis mascula L., and
Anemone nemorosa L.

Mr L. T. Forp—Two drawers from his collection containing some
2500 moths of the genera Nepticula and Lithocolletis. ,

Messrs R. L. EK. Forp and E. W. Crassry—A selection of preserved
larvae of the British Lepidoptera, being the first instalment of their
donation to the Society, including larvae of Apatura iris L., Amathes

31

ashworthii Doubl., Eydrillula palustris Hb., Catocala sponsa L., Coens-
tephria sagittata F., Aegeria formicueformis Esp., A. culiciformis L.,
A. myopaeformis Bkh., A. spheciformis Schiff., Zygazna exulans Hoch.,
and many others.

Mr H. W. Forster—A few scarce and local beetles taken in Epping
Forest during 1945/6:—Laemoplhloeus bimaculatus Payk., L. duplicatus
Walt., Hlater sanguinolentus Sch., Sericus brunneus L., Corymbites
incanus Gyll. var. ochropterus S., Lyctus brwnneus S., Phytoecia cylin-
drica L., Donacia clavipes F., Melasoma tremulae F., Chalcoides niti-
dula L., Prionychus ater F., Conopalpus testaceus Ol.

Capt. M. G. Fraser—Coleoptera: (a) Varietal forms—Anomala aenea
Deg., a series from Freshfield, Lancs., showing gradation from typical
to ab. cyanea To.; Anaglyptus mysticus L., one typical and one black
form from Box Hill, Surrey; Clytus arietis L., one normal and one
dwarf from Ruislip, Middlesex; Xylodrepa 4-punctata L., one typical
and one semi-black form from Ruislip; Phosphuga atrata L., one typical
and one red form from Mold, Flintshire. (b) The follewing species : —
Mesosa nebulosa F., from Monkswood, Hunts.; Lebia cyanocephala L.,
from Monkswood; Byctiscus populi L., from Ruislip; Pissodes notatwus
F., from Formby, Lancs. (c) The following taken by Mr G. de C.
Fraser—Stenochorus meridianus L., one typical and one large dark form
from Monkswood; Criocephalus polonicus Mots., from Formby; Mono-
chamus titillator F., from Cheshire; Aromia moschata L., from Formby ;
Carabus nitens L., from Formby; Byctiscus betulae L., from Wither-
slack; Magdalis curbonaria L., from Witherslack.

Miss Carnot Fraser—Lepidoptera: (a) From Struan, Perthshire—
Cleora cinctaria Schiff., Chloroclysta siterata Hufn., Orthosia gracilis
Schiff., Orthosia gothica L. (b) From Aviemore, Inveruess—Gonodontis
bidentata Clerck, Biston betularia L., Hyppa rectilinea Esp., Anarta
melanopa Thnbg., Amathes alpicola Zett. (hyperborea Zett.), Hydrio-
mena impluviata Schiff. (coerulata F.), Hydriomena ruberata Frr.,
Aputele leporina L., A. euphorbiae F. var. myricae F. (c) From Fresh-
field, Lancs.—Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, Apatele leporina L. (d)
From Llandudno, Caernarvonshire—Humenis semele L. var. thyone
Thompson, Plebejus argus Ll. var. caernensis Thompson. (e) From the
Isle of Wight—Alucita spilodactyla Curt., Nyctosia obstipata F. (f)
From Folkestone, Kent—Aplasta ononaria Fuessl.

Mr H. E. Hammonp—(a) Four cases of preserved larvae of Lepidop-
tera, comprising 278 specimens, representing 187 species, preserved and
mounted by ‘the exhibitor, and including Stauropus fagi L., Hydrilulla
palustris Hb., Parascotia fuliginaria L., Heliothis peltigera Schiff.,
Sterrha rusticata Schiff., Scopula immorata L., and eight species of
Clearwings; also a representative collection of the larvae of the
Papiliones, Sphinges, Bombyces, Agrotides and Geometrides were also
shown, some in series exhibiting considerable variation. (b) One case
of various Lepidoptera showing Cleora repandata L., a varied series
ranging from typical to extreme melanic (some of the forms exhibited

32

are described in the ‘‘ South ”’ collection as ‘‘ Birmingham form,’’ and

seem peculiar to the district); Endromis versicolora L. ab. lapponica
Bau., bred from Aviemore parents, 1941; Plusia chrysitis L., with the
gold replaced by green, Birmingham, 1944; Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
a dwarf form, Warwickshire, 1939; Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. alba Tutt,
Birmingham, 3/10/41; Plebejus argus L., a small heath form from West
Kent, 1941; Apamea secalis L., a heavily marked var. I-niger Haw.,
Birmingham, 1944; Siona lineata Scop., five males taken in Hast Kent,
1946; Orthosia munda Schiff., a short variable series, including vars.
geminata Haw. and immaculata Staud., taken at Sallow, Warwicks..,
1946; Orthosia stabilis Schiff., a dark banded form taken with munda
(above); Pieris brassicae L. ab. mgronotata Jachn., Birmingham,
29/5/43; Pieris rapae L., two females with extra spotted hindwings,
Birmingham, 1942, and Worcs., 1939; Pieris napi L., one banded
female and one female showing black spots on one forewing and grey
on the opposite (Shoreham, Kent, 3/8/45); one female with grey tips
to forewings and spots of intense black causing the apical spots to ap-
pear unusually prominent (bred from Warwickshire female, 1944); one
heavily banded ab. citronea Froh. (=hibernica Schmidt), bred 7/7/46
from Donegal stock; two albinos, banded citronea, bred by C. J. Will-
shee, 7/7/46; Zygaena filipendulae L. ab. flava Robson (=cerimus Rob-
son & Gardner), Cotswolds, 6/8/39.

Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.—Lepidoptera: the following were
bred—A patura iris L., from larvae, Romsey, Hants., and W. Sussex,
July 1946; Thecla betulae L., from larvae, W. Sussex, August 1946;
Deilephila elpenor L., from Hampshire, ¢, June 1946; Laothoé populi
L., from ova, Rustington, Sussex, May 1946; Smerinthus ocellatus L.,
from Arundel, Sussex, 9, August 1945 and May 1946; Lasiocampa
quercus L. race callunae Palmer, 2 2Q from pupae, Aviemore, Inver-
ness, June 1946; Endromis versicolora L., from Aviemore, 2, March

1946; Nola cucullatella L., from larvae, W. Sussex, July 1946; Arctia

caja L., from larvae, Kyle of Lochalsh, Ross, and a pale 9, Portsmouth,
Hants., July 1946; Dasychira fascelina L., from larvae, Aviemore, July
1946; Polia tincta Brahm, from larvae, Aviemore, July 1946; Apatele

euphorbiae F. var. myricae F., from pupae, Aviemore, May 1946; .

Amathes alpicola Zett. (hyperborea Zett.), 80% females, from larvae,
Aviemore, June 1946; Psodos coracina Esp., from pupae, Aviemore, note-
worthy as emerging in an ‘‘even’’ year, June 1946. The following
imagines captured in 1946: Huphydryas aurinia Rott., from Hamp-
shire, in May, minor variation but colour brighter than normal southern
forms; Nola albula Schiff., from Angmering, Sussex, in July; Phrag-
matobia fuliginosa Li. var. fervida Staud., an extreme southern form
with little black colouration, from, Angmering, in August; Simyra albo-
venosa Gze., from Angmering (an unusual locality), in August; Uryphia
muralis Forst., from Rustington, in August; Anarta cordigera Thnbg.
and A. melanopa Thnbg., from Aviemore, in May; Ennomos autumnaria

33

Wernb., from Rustington, in September, where it occurred quite com-
monly at light.

Mr ©. N. Hawxins—Lepidoptera: Cryphia perla Fabr.. a heavily
blackish-suffused specimen from Ashtead, Surrey, 1946, and another with
orange-buff ground colour from Wimbledon, 1946. Coleoptera: Prionus
coriarius L., from Wimbledon Common, 1945 and 1946, 1 male and 3
females.

Mr G. C. Hotroyp—Lepidoptera: Apatura iris L., a ¢ and 2 9@Q
bred from ova (W. Surrey and W. Sussex), 1940-41-45; Polyommatus
icarus Rott., a 2 underside var. taken at Shere, Surrey, 10.vi.1935;
Aphantopus hyperantus L., 2 specimens of ab. caeca Fuchs, taken in
Dorset, July 1946, a third taken in W. Sussex by Mr N. Pilleau in 1944; .
Pieris napi L., a 3 with black spot on left forewing, missing from right
forewing, taken at Ball’s Cross, Sussex, 17.v.1936; Maniola tithonus L.,
a ¢ with the black spots on the forewings reduced and ‘the inner white
dots absent, taken at Cutt Mill, Surrey, 27.vii.1936, and another with
forewings tinted light straw colour, taken in W. Sussex in 1937; Lycaena
dispar Haw. subspecies rutilus Wern., 4 specimens of Berlin origin,
bred 1933; Polygonia c-album L., a specimen with the comma almost
absent, bred in 1942 from a larva taken on currant at Woking; Lycaena
phlaeas L. ab. obsoleta Tutt, a ¢ captured in W. Sussex in 1937.

Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N.—Three cases and a drawer containing:
(a) Examples of Huphydryas aurinia Rott. from a very strong new
colony in Hampshire, showing development of light and dark forms in
_its second year (see Butterflies by BE. B. Ford, pages 268-270). <b)
Broods of hybrids of Lycia hirtaria Clrck. and Poecilopsis lapponaria
Bdv.; hybrids wallacet Harrison and leesei Harrison. In the case of
the former no female appeared as against 10 males, and in the latter
only one female as against about 50 males. A number of pupae were
lying over. (c) Varied undersides of Aphantopus hyperantus L.; varie-
ties of Argynnis euphrosyne L.; a female variety albida Russell of
Maniola tithonus L. from Salisbury; a very dark underside of Pararge
aegeria L1.; minor variations of Lysandra coridon Poda, and a series
of chalk forms of Plebejus argus L. (d) Series of Brachionycha nube-
culosa Esp.; Agrotis cinerea Hb., including very dark forms; Amathes
alpicola Zett. (=hyperborea Zett.): Arenostola phragmitidis Hb.; Or-
tholitha scotica Cckne., including chocolate-coloured forms; Cleora
cinctarwa Schiff., bred from Struan ova; Philereme vetulata Schiff. ;
Panolis flammea Hb., including a greenish form; Biston betularia L.,
including two intermediates between the normal and black forms; Elec-
trophaes corylata Thnbg., white Scotch forms, contrasted with Southern
type; examples of Hydroecia oculea L., H. paludis Tutt, and H. cri-
nanensis Burrows; two Plusia gamma L. of the North European form,
taken in Hampshire in July; a melanic variety of Chiasmia clathrata
L. contrasted with variety nocturnata Fuchs; two soft dark grey forms
of Ectropis bistortata Goeze (second brood); a male Orthosia stabilis

34

Schiff. with a very pronounced white sub-marginal line; a female
Hadena glauca Hb. with pronounced yellow markings.

Mr S. N. A. Jacons—Mounted leaf mines of the following species
of Microlepidoptera: Nepticula rhamnella, Altaussee, Austria, 16.ix.46 ;
N. mahalebella Klim., Trento, 2.xi.45; N. sativella Klim., Trento,
20.1x.45; N. nigrosparsella Klim., Trento, 2.xi.45; N. obliquella: =
diversa, Trento, 10.xi.45; N. staphylaeae Zimmeren, Gumpoldskirschen,
Austria, 25.vi1.42; N. mespilicola L., Trento, 25.ix.45; N. promissa
Staud., Trento, 20.x.45; Lyonetia frigidariella H.-S., Dachstein, Aus-
tria, 2000 m., 31.vii.39; Cemiostoma phyllocytisi Her., Trento, 20.x.45.

Mr J. M. Jaques—A drawer of microlepidoptera taken during 1946,
including some from Aviemore, Inverness.

Col. S. H. KersHaw—A series of Lysandra coridon Poda taken at
Royston, Herts., by S. H. & R M. Kershaw; also two varieties of
Aglais urticae L. bred by Mr James Barnwell under natural conditions
in the open, from May larvae. Two thousand insects were bred, but
only two varieties appeared, both on 14th June 1946.

Dr H. B. D. Kerrnewetir—1. A series of 15 Pontia daplidice L. ab.
belidice including 3 aberrations. Bred from ova found wild and de-
posited by females from Falmouth. These individuals failed to pair in
contrast to their confréres which hatched in the autumn of 1945. 2.
A series of 18 Panaxia dominula L. aberrations. A new form having
the apex of the forewing nearly all-white, and with the sub-apical blotch
continuous with the spot of the anal angle, both much enlarged. Hind-
wings practically devoid of all black markings except for centre spot.
3. A series of Arctia villica L. aberrations including a pair ab. wardi
Math. (paired, and gave fertile ova), two (both females) with jet black
forewings but with body slightly yellow, two with banded hindwings
and several with apical blotchings. 4. A series of 23 Arctia caja lu. aber-
rations including yellow hindwing, heterozygotes of ab. fumosa Hor-.
hammer. 5. Two Papilio machaon L. sub-species gorganus Fruh., bred
from larvae found feeding wild on carrot, August 1945, Newport, Isle
of Wight. 6. A series of Nonagria sparganii Esp., bred from wild pupae,
South Devon. 7. An aberration of Ematurga atomaria L. with slightly
speckled yellow ground colour, but with the four transverse bands
standing out in relief. Taken wild, Sussex, 1946. 8. Two specimens
of Harophila badiata Schiff., with white bands across forewings, taken
wild at light, Cranleigh, 1946. a

Dr Harotp Kine—Leucania l-album L., Aporophylau nigra Haw.,
A. lutulenta Schiff, and Laphygma exigua Hb. from Dawlish, Devon;
Apamea oblonga Haw., Sesia apiformis Clrek., Zanclognatha cribru-
malis Hb., and Sterrha ochrata Scop., from East Suffolk; Alethmia
zerampelina Hb. from Bucks.; Herminia barbalis Clrck. and Siona
lineata Scop. from Kent; a variety of Aricia agestis Schiff. from Hert-
fordshire.

Mr B. J. MacNutry—tLepidoptera: Short series of T'riphaena pro-
nuba L. and Lampra fimbriata Schreber showing parallel forewing varia-

35

tion, and a selection of specimens taken in South Wales in 1945 and
1946, including Pontia daplidice L., bred Spring 1946, from ova laid
July 1945; Macroglossum stellatarum L., one of the specimens having
been caught flying, 16.xii.1945, on an overcast day with an east wind;
Callimorpha jacobaeae L. with the line and spot on forewing joined;
Apatele menyanthidis View., Humichtis lichenea Hb., Gortyna flavago
Schiff., Atethmia xerampelina Hb., Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., Dis-
coloxia blomeri Ourt., Abraxas grossulariata L., a very light form;
Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., Cleora repandata L., a banded form.
Rey. J. N. Marcon—Varieties of Butterflies: (1) Taken in 1945—
Argynnis selene Schiff. var. marphisa Spingberg and unnamed vars. as
follows: (a) a black variety; (b) with the outer spots joined with the
submarginal row in all four wings; (c) spots joined on the hindwings
only; (d) a banded form; (e) a banded form with black suffusion; (f) a
black suffused form of the var. margo-striata Froh.; (g) one with white
markings; Argynnis cydippe L.., two males, vars. bronzgus Froh. and
charlotta Haw.; Argynnis paphia L., a variety similar to var. ater-
marginalis Froh. of A. ewphrosyne L.; Lysandra coridon Poda, 2 gynan-
dromorphs; an unnamed form, underside covered with black spots all
over, slightly streaking some of the spots, perhaps unique, and vars.
livida B. & L. 3, brunnescens Tutt 3, striata Tutt, postalba B. & L.
3d, caeca Courv. 3, grisea Tutt 9, syngrapha Kef., extrema Courv. 9°,
digitata-nigrescens B. & L., transversa Courv., obsoleta 'Tutt (two
females), post-caeca B. & L., ultra-radiata B. & Li. male. (2) Taken in
1946: Argynnis euphrosyne L., a variety similar to var. flava-pallidus
Froh. of A. selene Schiff.; Argynnis selene Schiff., similar varieties to
those taken in 1945 but including a heavily banded form of the male;
Pieris napi L., two banded undersides, also a heavily banded ab. hiber-
nica Schmidt (=citronea Froh.) female, and three albinos, one an ab. —
hibernica female of an unusual shade, one a white ordinary form, and
one a banded ab. hibernica; Lysand@ra coridon Poda, three vars. digi-
tata. Courv., one tri-i-nigrum B. & L. and two gynandromorphs.
Messrs W. E. Mrynion and B. S. Goopsan—Lepidoptera: Cerura
bicuspis Bkh. from Coldridge, Devon, May 1943; Calothysanis amata L.
from Banstead, Surrey, July 1945, with displaced band on left hind-
wing; Amphipyra pyramidea L. from Ruislip, Middlesex, July 1946,
with bilateral variation; Zanthorhoé fluctuata L. from Pinner, Middle-
sex, May 1945, with smoky bands; Apatele aceris L. varieties from Cran-
ham, Essex, June 1945, Rickmansworth, Herts., June 1944, and Rui-
slip, June 1946; Lycaena phlaeas L. from Ashtead, Surrey, August
1939, approaching var. schmidtii Gerh.; Procus furunculus Schiff. from
Cranham, Essex, July 1944, with unusually dark ‘ cloak ’’; Saturnia
pavonia L. from Byfleet, Surrey, April 1945, with inward curve of costa ;
Polygonia c-album L. from Ruislip, July 1945, a dark form; Maniola
jurtina L. from Boxhill, Surrey, August 1946, with left forewing
bleached ; Pararge megera lL. from Cranham, Essex, ¢ with pale ground
colour and very small, ¢ with reduced ‘‘ eye ”’ spots; Pseudeips bicolo-

-

rana Kuessl. taken in Regent’s Park Barracks, Albany Street, N.W.1,
July 1945, at light; Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. from Banstead, a totally
melanic specimen found in a spider’s web.

Mr A. M. Moritpy—Lepidoptera taken in 1945 and 1946: (1) Kent,

1946 (all in or near Folkestone, except where otherwise mentioned)— °

Polyommatus icarus Rott., 2 very blue 92, 3 underside var. flawescens
Tutt; Lysandra coridon Poda, upperside vars. ¢ caerulea Neust., ¢
viridescens Tutt, 3 dS pulla B. & L., 2 atrescens Tutt, 9 cinnameus
B. & L., underside vars. ¢ post-caeca B. & L., 3 discoelongata Courv.,
2 caeca Courv. with curiously shaped hindwings, 9 nigrescens-discreta
B. & L.,- 2 ultranubila B. & L.; Maniola jurtina L., S$ underside with
eyespots on hindwings; Nymphalis polychloros L., 18th August; Aegeria
chrysidiformis Esp., ¢ and 2; Aegeria scopigera Scop., 2; Cryphia
perla Schiff., 3 vars.; Orthosia gracilis Schiff., varied series from Rom-
ney Marsh; Plusia gamma L., ‘‘ pink ’’ form and small form (gammina
Ster.); Heliothis peltigera Schiff., pale form; Huclidimera mi Clrck.,
typical, and forms ltterata Cyrilli and extrema B.-Haas; Hypena
proboscidalis L., dark form; Aplasta ononaria Fuessl., ¢ and 9;
Scopula nigropunctata Hufn., 27th July; Pyrausta nubilalis Hb., one,
10th July, and one 27th July. (2) Kent, 1945—Pontia daplidice L.,
Thanet; 6 Colias hyale L., S and 9, ¢ underside with greenish tint,
all third brood, Folkestone, October; Colias croceus Fourc., exception-
ally large ¢, third brood, Folkestone, and var. helicina Oberth., lemon
coloured, Thanet; Maniola jurtina L., two aberrations, Folkestone;
Nymphalis polychloros L., taken in February at Folkestone station;
Lysandra coridon Poda, upperside vars. ¢ caerulea Tutt, 3 viridescens
Tutt, 2 wltra-albocrenata B. & L., underside vars. ¢ and @ uwltra-
nubila B. & L., 3 costajuncta Tutt, 3 caeca Courv., 2 3 each with
one discoidal missing; Thymelicus lineola Och., apparently the first

recorded from Romney Marsh; Zygaena filipendulae L., with confluent _

spots (Folkestone); Procris globulariae Hb., $9, near Dover; Oryphia

perla Schiff., various forms from Folkestone, including one with orange
instead of the usual grey markings; Procus versicolor Bkh., 7th June,
Folkestone; Plusia gamma L., dark form; Hypena proboscidalis L.,
second brood; Aplasta ononaria Fuessly, 2 second brood. (8) Aviemore,
Inverness, 1946, illustrating local forms or species—Pieris napi ., @,

2 undersides; Pieris rapae L., yellowish male; Argynnis ewphrosyne

L., 393; Pheosia gnoma F., 9, bred; Drepana falcataria L.; Drepana
lacertinaria L., 69; Apatele euphorbiae Schiff. var. myricae Guen.,
32; Apatele menyanthidis View.; Hadena serena Schiff.; Hadena
conspersa Schiff.; Amathes alpicola Zett. (hyperborea Zett.), bred series
of 7; Ochropleura plecta L.; Orthosia gothica L., dark form, bred;
Hyppa rectilinea Esp., banded form; Huwmichtis adusta Esp.; Ortho-
litha scotica Cekne., series of 8; Chesias rufata F.; Hydriomena implu-
viata Schiff. (coerulata F.), 3 forms; Hydriomena ruberata Frr., 3d;
Cosymbia porata F.; Xanthorhoé fluctuata L., grey form; X. spadi-
cearia Schiff.; Thera cognata Thnbe., 2 bred; Hlectrophaes corylata

37

Thnbg.; Cabera exanthemata Scop.; Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd.
(=pusillata Schiff.); Hupithecia helveticaria Boisd. (4) Aviemore,
1945—Maniola jurtina L., 62, and @ underside; Coenonympha tullia
Mill:, 62, and ¢ underside; Argynnis selene Schiff., 69, and ¢o
underside; Aricia agestis Schiff., form artaxerxes F., 69, and 2 un-
derside; Polyommatus icarus Rott., series of 5 rather like the Irish
form; Tethea duplaris L., dark form; Apatele psi L.; Lycophotia varia
de Vill. (=strigula Thnbg.); Ochropleura plecta L.; Diarsia brunnea.
Schiff.; D. festiva Schiff.; D. rubi View.; Amathes baja Schiff.; A.
xanthographa Schiff., black form; Graphiphora augur F.; Diaturaxia
oleracea L.; Ceramica pisi L.; Polia nebulosa Hufn.; Apamea mono-
glypha Hufn., 2 brown, S$ dark brown, @ black; Plusia pulchrina
Haw.; P. festucae L.; P. wmterrogationis L.; P. bractea Schiff. ;
— Orthohtha mucronata Scop., 3 dark specimens; Gnophos myrtillata
Thnbg.; Lygris populata L., rather dark; Dysstroma truncata Hufn. ;
Entephria caesiata Schiff.; banded form; Colostygia salicata Ub.;
Hupithecia goossensiata Mab.; Psodos coracina Esp., 2 of each sex.

Mr Cuaries pr Mornay—Original drawings for an educational film
strip carried out from actual specimens by the exhibitor. The film
strip was produced by National Interest Picture Productions Ltd. fo
illustrate the external structure and the life-history of Papilio machuon
L. (Note.—The film strip was shown to members on 8th January 1947.)_

Mr H. A. Morrert—lLepidoptera from Surrey localities, taken or
bred during 1946: Colias croceus Foure., taken in own garden, Cheam,
7th October; Lysandra coridon Poda, Banstead Downs, 26th July, all
wings with very dark margins and with dark suffusion; Procris statices
L., Ashtead, 24th June; Drepana lacertinaria L., dark form, at rest
on a fence, Coombe, 7th May; UD. falcataria L., at rest on a fence,
Cheam, 20th May; Panolis fammea Schiff. (griseo-variegata Gze.), at
rest, Coombe, 29th April; Hadena conspersa Schiff. var. schultzi Seitz,
at rest on a fence at Coombe, 4th June; H. thalassina Hufn., at rest
on a fence at Cheam, apparently the first record for the locality; Thera
obeliscata Hb. var. obliterata B. White, at rest on a fence at Coombe,
4th June; Mrannis lewcophaearia Schiff., modification of ab. merularia
Weym., Coombe, 19th February; Colotois pennaria L., bred from Ran-
more larvae, emerged 9th October; Hemistola chrysoprasaria Esp. (ver-
naria Hb.), Cheam, 12th July; Oporinia dilutata Schiff. ab. melana
Prout, bred from Ashtead larvae in October; Tethea ocularis Guen.,
at rest on a fence, Wallington, 7th July; Apatele rumicis L., at rest

on a fence, Coomhe, 17th May; Acasis viretata Hb., at rest on a fence,
Sutton, 28th August; Cleora ribeata Clrek. (abietaria Schiff.), bred from
Box Hill larvae in July.

Mr L. Huge Newman—(1) Two show cases of foreign silk moths
reared in this country. (2) Two cages of living larvae of Indo-Aus-
tralian Saturniidae: Actias selene Hb. feeding on hawthorn and Philo-

samia cynthia Dry. feeding on privet.

jailer iat

38

Mr D. A. Opp—A collection of Working Bees and their Cuckoos.
This collection was exhibited on behalf of Mrs R. Horsburgh of Reigate,
Surrey, the sister of the late W. W. Saunders, who made the collection.
He was a son of Edward Saunders, the author of The Hymenoptera
Aculeata of the British Islands, 1896, and The Hemiptera-Heteroptera
of the British Islands, 1892, etc.

Messrs G. B. Ottver and G. H. Otrver—A series of Pieris napi L.
showing banded forms of var. hibernica Schmidt (=citronea Froh.)
reared in April, June, and late July 1946. Maniola jurtina L., a male
var. anommata Verity from Bucks. Lysandra coridon Poda var. palli-
dula-metalica B. & L., male, from Bucks. and var. pulla B. & L.,
female, from Sussex, set underside to show the blackish body, legs, and
head. JL. bellargus Rott., two males and one female of the var. trans-
versa B. & L. from Kent and Bucks. Melitaea athalia Rott., a large
male with light straw ground colour, from Kent. :

Mr R. W. Parritt—Selection of Lepidoptera: (1) Bred during 1946
—Euphydryas aurima Rott., Surrey; Lymantria monacha L., Surrey ;
Dasychira fascelina L., Surrey; Achlya flavicornis L., Berks. (2) Taken
during 1946—Setina irrorella L., Surrey; Pheosia tremula Clerck, Sur-
rey; Notodonta anceps Goeze, Surrey; Brephos notha Hb., Surrey;
Heliophobus saponariae Esp., Surrey; Aphantopus hyperantus L. var.
caeca Fuchs, Dorset; Hydrillula palustris Hb., Hunts.; Apamea una-
~nimis Hb., Hunts.; Aporophyla nigra Haw., Dorset; Omphaloscelis
lunosa Haw., Dorset; Leucochlaena hispida Gey., Dorset; Cleora lach-
enaria Hufn., Dorset; Hulia formosana Hb., Surrey. The last name:
new to the British List.

Mr L. G. Payne—The Coleopteron, Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyll., and
added the following note: ‘‘ This interesting beetle was first taken in
1921 on the Norfolk Broads and is recorded in Hnt. Mo. Mag. ot that
year. The host plant is Azolla filiculoides Lam., a free-floating aquatic,
originally a North American plant, but for many years well established
in this country. The beetles exhibited were taken from the River Colne
in Middlesex on 20.10.46. Stenopelmus is described and figured in
Additions to British Coleopterous Fauna, Donisthorpe, 1921.’’

Mr E. B. Pinnicer, F.R.E.S.—Rare British Odonata: (1) Gomphus
vulgatissimus L., 62, New Forest, 1946; (2) Sympetrum fonscolombii
Selys, ¢, Enfield West, 1946; (3) Aeshna isosceles Miiller, ¢ 9, Norfolk,
1937 ; (4) Somatochlora metallica Van der Linden, ¢ °, Byfleet, Surrey,
1935; (5) Inbellula fulva Miller, ¢ 9, Norfolk, 1937; (6) Lestes dryas
Kirby, 32, Benfleet, Essex, 1936. One male and two females of Coe-
nagrion scitulum Rambur, a species new to Britain, taken in S.F.
Kssex by E. B. Pinniger on 21st July 1946, and identified by Miss C. KE.
Longfield.

Mr C. G- Prirst—A series of Sphinx ligustri I.

Mr W. Qurpeti—Humenis semele L., examples of both sexes show-
ing considerable extension of the pale markings, a female with enlarged
spots blind, and another with extra spots on the forewing, all from

’

39

Wiltshire. A varied series of Amathes alpicola Zett. (=hyperborea

Zett.), including some very dark forms, from Aviemore, Inverness.
Also from the same locality the following :—Ortholitha scotica Cckne.,
including dark forms; Hydriomena impluviata Schiff., including mel-
anic examples; Dysstroma citrata L., Plusia pulchrina Haw., and Thera
cognata Thnbg.

Mr H. Ray—Butterflies recently collected in the Winchester,
Hants., area showing variation in size, colour, and markings. The
following is his description and explanation of the exhibit:

“1. Variation in Size—Arrested development in the larva state,
due to climatic and other causes, is probably the primary variant in
regard to size, but subsequent hereditary factors interact with one an-
other to produce dwarf specimens when all conditions are otherwise
favourable for normal development. Hereditary variation of size is
quite common in some species, e.g., Huchloe cardamines L., Pieris napi
L., etc., but Gonepteryr rhamni L. is usually very constant in this
respect, as it is in colour and marking, possibly due, in part, to a
freer dispersal. For this reason the dwarf specimen shown is considered
to be the effect of the primary cause and therefore interesting as the
result of this year’s exceptional summer weather. Hxtracts from data
records:—(i) Euchloé cardamines L.: (a) Normal, @, Bishopstoke
Woods, 22/4/46, wing span 44.3 mm.; (b) dWarf, 2, Bishopstoke,
20/5/45, wing span 35.3 mm. (ii) Pieris napi L., spring brood: (a)
Normal, _¢, Bishopstoke Woods, 14/4/46, wing span 44.7 mm.; (bh)
dwarf, ¢, Bishopstoke Woods, 21/4/46, wing span 35.5 mm. (il)
Gonepteryx rhamni L., summer brood: (a) Normal, @, Bishopstoke
Woods, 11/8/46, wing span 56.0 mm.; (b) dwarf, 2, Bishopstoke Woods,
1/9/46, wing span 45.9 mm.

“ 9. Variation in Colour and Marking—Variation of colour and
marking is due to heredity. The var. helice Hb. of Colias croceus
Foure. is a well-known example of sex-controlled inheritance in the
female. The specimen shown, ab. pallida Tutt, is a variation of the
variant form. Certain species of Argynnis are subject to albinism, the
whole rich brown ground colour becoming almost pure white, ab.
xanthos Froh. This appears to be an example of simple recession. The
specimen shown is one of two taken at the same spot within two days
of one another.

‘‘ The absence of rings or dots on the underside of Aphantopus hyper-
antus L. is a character of great variability. It is considered that the
specimen shown, without central spots, is the var. caeca Fuchs, as
Seitz holds that var. arete Mill. should be the name used for specimens
in which the rings only are absent. Dr E. B. Ford (British Butterflies,
1945) considers this variation to be due to multi-factor inheritance and
therefore rare.

‘¢ Extracts from data records—(iv) Colias croceus Foure.: (a) Typi-
cal female, Fairoak, Hants., 29/7/1945; (b) var. pallida Tutt, female,
Fairoak, 21/9/1946. (v) Argynnis euphrosyne L.: (a) Normal male,

40

Bishopstoke Woods, 14/5/1946; (b) ab. xanthos Froh., Bishopstoke
Woods, 23/5/1946. (vi) Aphantopus hyperantus L.: (a) Norma] under-
side male, Sparsholt, Hants., 8/7/1946; (b) var. caeca Fuchs (?arete
Mill.) male, 8/7/1946. One of two taken within a few yards of one an-
other, the other specimen being damaged but completely imiaculate.

Mr Avstin RicHarpson—Three drawers containing Lepidoptera
taken or bred in 1946, in many cases accompanied by preserved larvae.
Drawer 1: Scottish series—Apamea furva Schiff.; Amathes castanea
-Esp., red and pink forms; Hurois occulta L., one specimen being the
grey form; Apamea exulis Lefeb., black, red and yellowish forms; Aporo-
phyla lutulenta Schiff., two being ab. sedi Guenée and two ab. lune-
burgensis Freyer; Amathes alpicola Zett. (=hyperborea Zett.) picked
from 100 bred from April larvae, including one extreme melanic form.
Drawer 2: a series of Pieris napi L. from Scotland, two being of the
first brood, showing heavily suffused 99; 4 Pontia daplidice lL. ab.
bellidice Oberthiir bred from pupae found in Cornwall; 14 aberrations
of Argynnis euphrosyne Li. from Gloucestershire and Worcestershire ;
bred series of Thecla betulae L. from Oxford; series of Polyommatus
icarus Rott. with a ¢ ab. caeca Gillmer and Aricia agestis Schiff. race
artaxerzes F., both from Scotland; 9 Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (men-
thastri Esp.) aberrations from Gloucestershire; a bred series of Tri-
chiura crataegi L. from Oxford, with 3 blown larvae showing variation ;
a series of dark vars. of Ceramica pisi L. from Scotland; 3 Lewcania
unipuncta Haw. with infertile ova from Cornwall; an aberration of
Celaena haworthwu Curt. from Scotland; 1 Colobochyla salicalis Schiff.
from Kent; a banded aberration of Boarmia roboraria Schiff. and an
aberration of Opisthograptis luteolata Hb., both from Gloucestershire ;
a series of Semiothisa notata L. from Kent and Sussex; an aberration
of Angerona prunaria from Kent; a variable series of Hydriomena im-
pluviata Schiff. from Scotland; a series of Huphyia rubidata Schiff.,
taken and bred, and a bred series of Selenia lwnaria Schiff., including
ab. delumaria Hb., all from Gloucestershire. Drawer 3: an exhibit to
illustrate melanism in the Geometrid moths of Gloucestershire, pre-
viously shown at the centenary meeting of the Cotswold Naturalists’
Field Club, July 1946—Semiothisa liturata Clrek. with ab. nigrofulvata
Collins; Chiasmia clathrata L. with ab. nocturnata Fuchs; Hupithecia
albipunctata Haw. with ab. angelicata Barr.; Hupithecia castigata
Hb. with ab. obscwrissima Prout and an intermediate; Hupithecia ab-
breviata Steph. with ab. hirschkei Bastlb. and intermediates; Chloro-
clystis rectangulata LL. with ab. nigrosericeata Haw.; Colotois pen-
naria L. with a melanic aberration; Hrannis defoliaria Clrck. with ab.
obscurata Stdgr.; EH. marginaria F. with ab. fuscata Mosley; HE. lewco-
phaearia Schiff. with abs. marmorinaria, Esp. and merularia Weym. ;
Phigahia pedaria F. with ab. monacharia Stdgr.; Biston betularia L.
with ab. carbonaria Jord. (=douwbledayaria Mill.) and intermediates ;
Cleora repandata LL. with abs. conversaria Hb. and nigricata Fuchs;
Ectropis bistortata Goeze with ab. defessaria Frr.; EH. crepuscularia

B

q
x
4
;

aS 41

‘

_ Hb. with abs. delamerensis B. White and nigra Th.-Mg.; H. consonaria *

Hb. with abs. waiensis Richardson and nigra Bankes.

Dr G. S. Rozserrson—Leucania l-album L. from near Torquay, -
Devon; L. albipuncta Schiff. from West Sussex; Nonagria neurica Hb.
from East Sussex; Apamea monoglypha Hufn. var. infuscata Mardale
from the Lake District; Hadena conspersa Schiff. from West Sussex;
and H. albimacula Bkh. from S.W. Kent.

Mr Arcuispatp G. B. Russerr—A selection of moths taken in his
light trap at Swanage, Dorset, from the Autumn of 1945 to the end
of the Summer of 1946, all single specimens unless otherwise stated:
Smerinthus ocellatus L., two males; Acherontia atropos L.; Herse con-
volvuli L., three males and two females; Hyloicus pinastri L., two
males; Stauropus fagi L., three males; Agrotis clavis Hufn. (=corticea
Hb.) ab. brunnea virgata Tutt and ab. nigra Tutt; A. cinerea Hb. ab.
brunnea Tutt; A. puta Hb., a female ab. nigra Tutt; A. exclamationis
L., a female of a remarkable aberrational form (which does not appear
to have been named) with both fore and hindwings black; Am*#nogrotis
lucernea L. ab. renigera Steph.; Amathes xanthographa Schiff. ab.
nigra Tutt; Hadena nana Hufn. ab. latenai Pierr., a melanie mountain
form occurring in Switzerland and the Hebrides, and unexpectedly met
with in Dorset; Tholera cespitis Schiff., a female with pale grey fore-
wings and a typical female for. comparison; Leucania l-album L., one
taken in October 1945 and two in July 1946, interesting as showing the
eastward spread of the insect; LZ. vitellina Hb., three; L. albipuncta
Schiff. ; Meristis trigrammica Hufn. ab. semifuscana Haw.; Laphygina
exigua Hb., eight; Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. ab. suffusa Tutt; Heliothis
peltigera Schiff., six; H. armigera Hb. ab. fusca Ckll. (taken 1st Novem-
ber 1945); Plusia gamma L., a rare aberration with the ‘‘ gamma ”’
broken as in P. iota L.; Rhodometra sacraria L. ab. sanguinaria Esp.,
in bred condition, taken 5th November 1945; Xaunthorhoé ferrugata
Clrek., a curious aberrational form with the central area of the fore
and hindwings white, dark grey predominating in the marginal and
basal portions; Nyctosia obstipata F., four males and four females,
one of the latter of a light pink tint both in fore and hindwings. <A
series of twelve Sedina biittneri Hering, taken at Freshwater, Isle of
Wight, in September and October 1946, together with a small female
specimen of Rhizedra lutosa Hb., the wings heavily powdered with
grey, taken on the same ground, for comparison.

Mr S. G. Castre Russrry—A series of Argynnis euphrosyne L. taken
by exhibitor in West Surrey, May-June 1946, including two specimens
with cream ground colouring, rayed upper and underside forms, and
two melanic examples heavily clouded with black. Mamola jurtina L.,
an example showing signs of homoeosis. Polyommatus icarus Rott., a
rare fawn-coloured female, second brood, taken by Mr E. KE. Johnson
at Royston, Herts., August 1946. Aglais urticae L., a cream-white
form taken by Mr A. W. Richards, M.A., B.Se., at Aldershot, Hants.,
August 1942.

42

Mr P. Sivirer Smiru—Ten cases of Lycuena phlueas L. showing
the British and Foreign variation of this species, and almost all the
known races and subspecies. The first three cases showed British varie-
ties. These, for convenience in sorting and analysing, were grouped
under Leeds’ system of names. The variation in ground colours, from
white through cream and golden to fiery red, formed a remarkably
eraduated series. Very narrow or very wide borders were shown, also
the gradual suffusion of the forewings; which even in England can be
quite considerable and there were two examples of an extreme black
suffusion and an extreme brown suffusion—the characteristics being
quite different.

There were examples of various pathological varieties of one type
or another, some of considerable interest. There were also two rather
similar forms of the rare homoeosis, having copper and black marking
on the underside of the hindwings. One of the very few known gynan-
dromorphs (left side female, right side male) was also exhibited in the
series. The remainder showed practically all the various intricate spot
variations that can occur, many of the forms being common but several
being very rarely found. There was an extreme underside streaked
(forewing) variety and one transitional to it. Various underside forms
were shown.

Two drawers showed mixed series from various British and Irish
localities. These varied considerably among themselves but on a super-
ficial examination it was possible to see that Kentish specimens are
not (as supposed) consistently larger than those from other areas, and
that Cornish, Isle of Purbeck and even Cannock Chase examples were
as large or larger. Males from Yorkshire seemed rather on the small
side but Lincolnshire specimens were of fair size throughout. Irish
forms were large, also Scotch females, but the single Scilly Isles speci-
men was not notable. Southern areas, as expected, showed more signs
of darkening in summer broods.

Some of the North American subspecies were shown and these could
be seen to have very close similarity to specimens from Siberia and the
Far East. Specimens from Europe (N.) and Kuropean Russia were of
fair size and uniformly rather dull. Swiss examples varied a good
deal in brightness—the effect of different altitudes with consequent
temperature ranges.

As soon as the Mediterranean countries are reached, a change takes
place and the specimens were (except early broods) either slightly or
very greatly suffused with brown or brownish-black, all gradations
existing. Round the Mediterranean, the specimens were not only more
suffused but it could be seen that they took on a ‘‘ stouter build,’ par-
ticularly in respect of the forewings (in this being somewhat similar to
Indian specimens). Portuguese specimens were seen to be larger than
Spanish ones; Central and South Italian specimens were very dark in-
deed and among these was a small race. There were many interesting
varieties, including a transition to the very rare white hindwing underside.

43

Specimens from Jugo-Slavia were of good size and Greek torms
showed a wide difference between non-suffused forms and the most
suffused of all—several having no copper at all. Specimens from Thrace
were clear but from Istanbul were much suffused again. The whole
series showed that, almost without exception, specimens from areas
bordering the Mediterranean have rather a recognisable facies; the
suffusion seems to be a different type from that in other areas, and
they have that ‘‘ stouter build ’’—both qualities are very hard to de-
fine but could be observed in the long series shown.

N. African specimens were not remarkable and from Madeira came
the usual subspecies found there.

The specimens from Asia Minor began to show the links with the |
Far Eastern forms, large size, slightly stronger red band beneath on
hindwings, and a yellowish tinge beneath. One from S. Central Russia
is exaggerated in this respect, being a subspecies on its own. The In-
dian races take this on in greater degree, were very large, and while
some areas did not give much suffusion owing to altitude, others gave
a very intense blackness with a similar stoutness of build as in the case
of Mediterranean specimens; the forewings, however, were a little
more pointed than in the latter forms. On the underside of the hind-
wings, we saw the start of the Far Eastern characteristics, more pro-
minent spots and red band.

Thibet is isolated and has a characteristic subspecies, the main fea-
ture being a lemon-yellow tinge on the whole of the underside, but it
is clearly linked to the Indian forms. A long series from Thibet was
to be shown but unfortunately only four of these interesting specimens
could be prepared in time.

From Siberia there were examples of the subspecies that inhabits
North America (it is also curiously found in N. Scandinavia). It is
linked to the Chinese and Japanese forms by the race found in the
Tian-Shan Mountains. The series of several thousand specimens showed
how these various races were located and linked by transitions one with
another, and showed the extremely difficult problem that is to be solved
in the directions of tracing their origins and lines of distribution.

Typed notes gave the salient points in each case and also maps were
shown. These gave the distribution of the main races of L. phlaeas,
and a novelty was a map showing the Barriers to Distribution that
would face this (and most) species. These Barriers comprise seas, moun-
tains, deserts, forest and prevailing wind. Examination of this map
showed that the main races fell into their expected positions as shown
by the isolating factors. Another map showed part of Wegener’s Hypo-
thesis—the Movement of Continents—important as a consideration in
the case of movement of insects between Europe, N. America and Asia.
A further map showing the approximate extent and effects of Ice Ages
was also exhibited as this had much effect on insect movement. From
these maps and data a tentative course was plotted as to the route that
might have been taken by the red-banded (underside) form of L. phlaeas

44

in its travel from the Far East to N. Scandinavia, to N. America, or
alternatively in precisely the other direction. Further data and work
will no doubt modify and extend these suggestions.

Mr B. B. Sneti—Lepidoptera taken or bred, end of 1945 and 1946:
Gonepteryz rhamni L. and Polygona c-albwm L. from Delamere, both
rare in Cheshire; Lymantria monacha L., Suffolk, third generation;
Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff., Formby, Lancashire; Diacrisia sannio L.,
Delamere; Macroglossum stellatarwm L., Cheshire, bred; Lampra fim-
briata Schreb. (=fimbria L.), Delamere, bred; Cerapteryx graminis L.
and Apamea furva Schiff., North Wales; Polia nebulosa Hufn. var.
robsont Collins and Melanchria persicariae L., Delamere; Stilbia ano-
mala Haw., N. Wales; Amphipyra pyramidea L., Cheshire; Anchoscelis
helvola L. and Lithomoia solidaginis Hb., N. Wales; Nonagria typhue
Thnbg., a bred series, and Mormo maura L., Cheshire; Petilampa
minuma Haw. (arcuosa Haw.), Delamere; Sphecia bembecifornmis Hb.,
Whixall, Shropshire; Plusia festucae L. and Zygaena trifola Esp.,
Cheshire; Bomolocha fontis Thnbg. and Sterrha inornata Haw., Dela-
mere; S. aversata L. and a bred series of Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff.,
Cheshire; Lygris testata L..and strongly banded Oporinia filigramniuria
H.S., series from N. Wales; bred series of Hupithecia linariata Schiff.
from Cheshire and Chloroclystis debiliata Hb. from Shropshire: Huni-
thecia innotata Hufn:, Newquay, Cornwall; Abraxas sylvata Scop.,
Delamere; Gnophos obscurata Schiff., grey form, Cheshire; Semiothisa
liturata Clrck. with ab. nigrofulvata Collins, Delamere; Evannis auran-
tiaria Esp. with ab. fumipennaria Hellwg., a series including heavily
banded and suffused males from Bromborough, Cheshire, the first re-
cord of this ab. for the county; Cleora repandata L. with ab. nigricata
Fuchs, Cheshire; Selenia bilunaria Esp., Suffolk, a bred series showing
dark g undersides; Ectropis crepuscularia Hb. ab. delamerensis B.
White, Delamere; the following from Cheshire: Achroia (Meltphora)
grisella F., Orambus perlellus Scop. (warringtonellus Staint.),
Phlyctaenia crocealis Hb., Phalonia affintana Dougl., P. griseana Steph.
(=vectisana Westw.), Coleophora tripoliella Hodg., Hrnarmonia galli-
cana Guen. (=rufillana Westw.), all uncommon in the county; a bred
series of Tortrix postvittana Walk. from Newquay, Cornwall

Mr W. H. Srreapspury—Lantern slides of British Fungi from Ash-
tead, Mickleham and Oxshott, Surrey:—Geaster triplex Jungh.;
Sparassis crispa Fr.; Hydnum repandum L.; Phlebia merismoides Fr. ;
Ithyphallus impudicus Pers.; Mutinus caninus Fr.; Calocera viscosa

Fr.; Clavaria argillacea Pers.; Polyporus annosus Fr.; Polystictus

perenms Fr.

Mr G. Srovuguton-Harris—Nymphalis polychloros L.—8 specimens,
2 male and 1 female, Isle of Wight, August 1946. Argynnis aglaia L.—
1 female with dark purplish marking, Brading, Isle of Wight, August
1946. Melitaea cinxia L.—4 specimens, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 2nd
June 1946. M. athalia Rott.—14 specimens from Blean, Kent, taken
on 30th June 1946, including one near var. navarina Selys-Long. Lysan-

45

dra coridon Poda—A series from Isle of Wight, August 1946—34 speci-
-mens—9 male and 25 female showing particularly underside variation
in background and spotting. Several female obsoleta Tutt.

Mr J. Trertey—Aberrations of Argynnis selene Schiff. taken in a
small area in Sussex, 1944-5, comprising: (a) 1944, nine male examples
with central markings of forewings obsolete or much reduced and rayed
borders, black suffusion of hindwings in varying degree with borders
rayed or streaked in such variety that no two specimens are alike, and
with the underside of the hindwings in every case pearly white with
rayed margins; (b) 1945, four examples, three males and one female,
with the uppersides almost wholly of a rich velvety black-brown, the
undersides being very dark and having the median row of spots on the
hindwings a bright blue instead of silver; four examples, including one
female, of the type form taken in 1944; and two females, one cream-
coloured and one light straw-coloured.

Mr Hy. J. Turner (per Mr M. Niblett)—A series of Polyommatus
(Lysandra) arragonensis Grhd. ssp. bolivari Romei, from Montarco near
Madrid, Spain, taken at the same time and place as the type specimens
and hence called ‘‘ Cotypes.’’ This species is closely related to our
Lysandra coridon Poda. Also two species of Papilio (Swallow-tail),
Papilio eurosis Leech and P. parus Nue, said to be cotypes also, from
West China.

Mr S. Waxkety—255 species of lepidoptera taken during the current
season, including the following :—WMiltochrista miniata Forster, Alice
Holt Forest, Hants.; Trichiwra crataegi L., Canvey Island, Heer bred
from “ean: Gortund flavago Schiff., ienetow. London, H.; Hadena
genistae Bkh., Herne Hill, London; Sterrha pinhead Hane Parley
Heath, Dorset; Hupithecia virgaureata Doubl., bred from Cornish
larvae; Horisme vitalbata Schiff., bred, Storrington, Sussex; Brephos
notha Hb., bred, Epsom, Surrey; Boarmia roboraria Schiff., Alice Holt
Forest, Hants.; Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., including a melanic speci-
man, bred, Coulsdon, Surrey; Tethea or Schiff. and Polyploca ridens
F., bred, Warnham, Sussex; Aegeria andrenaeformis Lasp., bred, Sels-
don, Surrey; Homoeosoma cretacella Réssl., bred, Gurnard, I.W.; H.
saxicola Vaugh., Herne Hill, London; Crambus contaminellus Hb.,
Plaistow, E. London; Acentropus niveus Ol., Clapham, London; Platyp-
tiha punctidactyla Haw. and P. acanthodactyla Hb., bred, Ranmore,
Surrey; Oidaematophorus osteodactylus Zell., bred, Darenth Wood,
Kent; Alucita spilodactyla Curt., bred, Compton, I.W.; Prouwtia betu-
lina Zell., bred, Epping Forest; Phalonia curvistrigana Wilk. and
Eucosma latiorana Herr.-Schaff., bred, Darenth Wood, Kent; Eucosma
demarniana Fisch. v. Réssl., Broadwater Forest, Sussex; Argyroploce
pomedaxana Pierce & Metc., bred, Durfold, Surrey; Pammene fasciana

- LL. Guliana Steph.), Herne Hill, London; Hrnarmonia internana Guen.,
Wimbledon Common, Surrey; Depressaria angelicella Hb., bred, Dur-
fold, Surrey; Hthmia decemguttella Hb., bred, Hod Hill, Dorset;
Gelechia pinguinella Treits., Bexley, Kent; Gelechia rhombella Schiff.,

46

Herne Hill, London; Gelechia suwppeliella Wals., Dartford Heath, Kent;
Anybia epilobiella Roemer, bred, Kfingham, Surrey; Mompha locuple-
tella Schiff (schrankella Hb.), bred, Freshwater, I.W.; Mompha steph-
ensi Staint., Bexley, Kent, and Ashtead, Surrey; Blastobasis lignea
Wals., Herne Hill, London; Schiffermuelleria augustella Hb., Ashtead,
Surrey; Hlachista megerlella Hb., bred, Bexley, Kent; Metriotes modes-
tella Dup., Three Bridges, Sussex; Coleophora fuscocuprella Herr.-
Schaff., bred, Darenth Wood, Kent; Coleophora erigerella Ford, bred,
Bexley, Kent; Lithocolletis wlicicolella Staint., Dartford Heath, Kent;
Inthocolletis quinqueguttella Staint., bred, Parley Heath, Dorset;
Parectopa ononidis Zell., bred, Coulsdon, Surrey; Gracillaria azaleella
Brants, bred, Bournemouth, Hants.; Leucoptera lathyrifoliella Staint.,
bred, Shanklin, I.W.; Tinaea piercella Bentinck, bred, Norwood, Lon-
don; Ochsenheimeria vacculella Wisch. v. Roéssl., Redhill, Surrey ; Nemo-
phora cupriacella Hb., Warnham, Sussex; Heliozela resplendella -
Staint., bred, Bexley, Kent; Micropteryx auwreatella Scop., Durfold,
Surrey; Stigmella septembrella Staint., bred from leaves of Hypericum
androsaemum L., Shanklin, I.W.

Dr J. A. Watker—-Dasychira fascelina L., bred from larva taken
when neariy full grown, Parkstone, Dorset. On heather. Ground colour
pale and the orange lines irregular. D. pudibunda L., melanic and
unicolorous examples from Poole, Dorset. Amathes c-nigrum L., albino
specimen, rather small. One of several at sugar, Wicken Fen, 21.8.46.
Argynnis euphrosyne L., with the ground, colour almost white, taken
in Denny Wood, New Forest, 29th May 1945. Lymantria monacha h.
var. eremita Ochs., at light, Bratley Wood, New Forest. Most speci-
mens there this year had more or less blackish suffusion like the other
exhibited. Heliothis dipsacea L., a very pale specimen, taken at
Freckenham as late as 23rd August 1946. Eustrotia olivana Schiff
(=Banksia argentula Hb.), taken 18th August 1946 at Wicken Fen,
Cambs.

Mr Harry Wess—Maniola jurtina L. (3 specimens), bleached forms,
6 Surrey, ¢ Herts., 9 Surrey. Melanargia galathea L. (2 specimens),
‘6 Cornwall, has linear marking across discoidal cells. Very unusual.
Y only data ‘ S. L. Mosely 1896.”’ Has diffused forewings. The hind-
wing markings are obsolete on the underside. Melitaea cinxia lL. (2
specimens), ¢ Niton, I. of W., bred ex wild larva. Varied forewing
marking. Hindwings with the central bands obsolete on the under-
side. A typical form shown for comparison. Aglais urticae L. (2
specimens), showing very marked distinction in forms, Kincardine-
shire, Wiltshire, and Isle of Wight. Polyommatus icarus Rott. (3
specimens), one ¢ var. icarinus Scharff and two distinct Q forms;
County Mayo. Lysandra coridon Poda (11 specimens), 1 ultra-punctata-
caeruleo B. & ., 3, East Sussex; 2 ab. syngrapha Kef., one with
discal spot on all wings, the other on forewings only, Bucks.; 1 ab.
lavendula-minor B. & I.., 3, Bucks.; 1 pallidula-obsoleta B. & L., ¢C,
underside, Royston; 6 showing very marked variation of undersides,

*
yee

47

2, Royston. Arctia caja L. (2 specimens), 2 bred ex wild larva, Hendon.
Typical markings, but all red replaced by Yrettow; first generation.
3 bred ex wild larva, Hendon. Forewings chocolate, hindwings
“ orange ’’? with fewer spots than usual. Abraxas grossulariata L. (2
specimens), ¢ ab. aberdoniensis Rayn. Forewings heavy black with
slight yellowish marking in basal area and outer margins. Hindwings
creamy, with heavy black spots on outer margins; Aberdeen. 6 ab.
_aberdoniensis Rayn. Forewings smoky black, with darker radiations.
Hindwings dingy white, and heavily black spotted; Aberdeen.

_ Mr H. O. Weitts—Three varieties of Lysandra coridon Poda: (1) a
male with very large black markings; (2) a male var. obsoleta Tutt, and
(3) a gynandrous specimen, mainly female. Two extreme varieties of |
Polygonia c-album L. taken in the Wye Valley, one in July 1919 and
the other in 1936. '

Mr G. J. Woop—A bred series of Panaxia dominula L. showing the
result of selective breeding. Also specimens of a dwarf form, bred from
Salisbury stock, showing all the markings suffused with yellow. A
series of Arctia caja L. bred from a single pairing obtained two gener-
ations after the original stock was procured, showing extreme varia-
tion in colouration, including two specimens with cloudy yellow hind-
wings. A bred series of hybrids, Smerinthus ocellatus L. x Laothoé
popula L., emerged September 1946.

Mr H. C. Woottett—Pieris napi L. var. hibernica Schmidt (=
citronea Froh.), a series including an extreme form from Donegal.
Colias croceus Fourc., a bred series which emerged in the winter. A
rare underside variety of Lysandra coridon Poda.

Mr N. G. Wyxes—Rhopalocera taken or bred in 1946: Pieris napi
L., a series bred from ova laid by 9 @ taken in Berwickshire on the
banks of the R. Tweed; Apatura iris L., 7 6S and 3 2 bred from
larvae found in Oxfordshire; Aphantophus hyperantus L., a series from
one clearing in a wood near Folkestone, Kent, showing ab. arete Mill.
and allied forms; Polyommatus argus Haw., a series of var. cretaceus
Tutt taken near Folkestone; Lysundra coridon Poda, a long series taken
in Hertfordshire and Kent, showing many minor aberrations; Polyom-
matus icarus Rott., a long series taken in one field in S. Bucks., show-
ing minor aberrations.

138th NOVEMBER. 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair. .

Mr P. W. EH. Currie, M.C., F.R.E.S., was declared elected a mem-
ber. j

It was announced that Mr S. N. A. Jacobs had presented a copy of
Catalogue des Lepidoptéres de France et de Belgique, by Léon Lhomme,
to the Society.

48

EXHIBITS.

Mr S. N. A. Jacops—Mines of Nepticula haraldi Soffner, in leaves
of the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) from Angouléme, France, a new
species described in 1942, Mitt. dtsch. ent. Ges., 11 (5/6): 56-61.

Mr F. J. Covnson, on behalf of Mr L. T. Ford—Four specimens of
Nepticula decentella H.-S., six of Coleophora erigerella Ford, and four
of Elachista holdenella Staint., all of which were being presented to
the Society.

Mr C. N. Hawxins—(1) Rhizedra lutosa Hbn., two female speci-
mens taken in October 1945 and 1946 respectively; he drew attention
to the unusual amount of black scaling on the wings and body of one
of them. (2) Nonagria sparganii Esp., male and female, October 1946.
(3) Gortyna flavago Esp. (ochracea Hbn.), a large and very richly
coloured female, October 1946. All were from Freshwater, I.W.

Mr R. F. EL Sane iin sprays of the Strawberry Tree (Arbutus
unedo L.) from Killarney, Eire.

Mr J. O. T. Howarp—A tortoise beetle and a Lampyrid larva col-
lected while serving in Ceylon.

Mr F. D. Buck—The following Coleoptera: (1) Aphodius conspur-
catus L., taken in fair numbers in horse dung in Epping Forest, 3.xi.46,
in company with two or three of the commoner species of Aphodius.
(2) Rhyncolus lignarius Mm., found in the rotten wood of an ash trunk
in Epping Forest, 20.x.46. By far the greater number of specimens
were dead; presumably the colony was either dying out or was moving
into the harder and more inaccessible wood. (8) Corynetes coeruleus
Deg. was also in evidence with R. lignariws Mm. but not in great num-
bers. The species is usually associated with Xestobium rufo-villosum
Deg., though probably a predator on many of the smaller species of
lignicolous coleoptera. (4) Micromalus flavicornis Hb. was also taken
in Epping Forest, 3.xi.46, in rotten wood.

Ith NOVEMBER 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr B. Boyce, Col. V. R. Burkhardt late R.A., Lt.-Col. Chas. C.
Champion, Mrs P. L. W. Field, Mr F. Hewson, F.R.E.S., Mr M.
Chalmers Hunt, Mr E. P. Jay, Mr F. H. Latham, Mr L. R. H. Newell,
Mr Chas. C. Phelps, F.R.E.S., Mr R. Procter, Major-General A. L.
Ransome, C.B., D.S.0., M.C., Mr H. Ray, Mr B. H. B. Robinson,
Air Marshal Sir Robert H. M. Saundby, K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C.,
A.F.C., and Mr E. H. Wild were declared elected members.

The Secretary announced the names of Special Life Members as
from the lst January 1947:—B. W. Adkin who joined the Society in
1886; W. Mansbridge in 1889; H. Moore in 1889; C. J. Wainwright in
1889; A. H. Hamm in 1891; and H. Main in 1892.

Two of the Honorary Members have belonged to the Society for over
fifty years, H. J. Turner having joined in 1887 and Major Fremlin in
1886. ,

-_
:

Wy go ey ems ape \ ck = ~ ,
oa ts . ; s

49

The Secretary also read the names of the members recommended by
the Council to fill the various offices or to be Ordinary Members of
Council for 1947-8.

EXHIBITS,

Mr E. W. Crasspy, on behalf of Mr G. H. Haggett—A var a5 of
the male of Spilosoma Wubricipeda L. (menthastri Esp.) resembling
edelsteni Tams, but with a heavier black border broken up by white
veins; hindwings with black fringes and heavy spotting; thorax brown;
taken at light in West Sussex, June 1946 (ab. haggetti Clagee nee
Entom., 80: 146).

Mr qa O. T. Howarp—A series of Lobophora halterata Hufn. taken
near Bristol by Mr EK. Barton White, and a series of Episema caeruleo-
cephala L. bred from larvae collected in June 1946 near Ramsey, Hunts.
He read the following note: ‘‘ Tutt dismisses this species in some 15
lines. He speaks of ‘the endless variation exhibited by the stigmata,’
but the only colour variety he mentions is var. armena Stgr., of which
he says, ‘I know nothing of it.’ It is described as an Armenian form,
‘pallidor, al. ant. cinereis.’ Five of my females perhaps approach.
this form. Turner, in his supplement’ to Tutt, mentions only dark
forms.”’

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss—Allophyes oxyacanthae L. showing a strong
melanic tendency, taken at Bromley, Kent, at light on 30th October
1946.

Mr T. R. Eacres—(1) Sprays of the shrub Spiraea Vanhoutter
Zabel, on_which the larva of Sphinz ligustri L. had been found by Com-
mander L. Hollebone, R.N., at East Sheen, Surrey, on 19th October
1946. (2) Sprays of Svaene salicifolia Iu. mentioned as a food plant by
J. W. Tutt (1904, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., 4: 322).

Mr C. N. Hawerns said he understood Daphnis neru L. had recently
been taken in one of the London streets.

Mr EK. W. Crassey said that Mr G. H. Haggett had taken Arctornis
lL-nigrum Mueller (Leucoma v-nigrum F.) (Lep. Lymantriidae) at
light, on 6th July 1946, in West Sussex. The specimen has been pre-
sented to the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) at S. Kensington.

Mr A. M. Mortey then read a paper on ‘‘ The Lepidoptera of Folke-
stone ’’ (see T'rans.).

lith DECEMBER. 1946.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr R. Coman was declared elected a member. i

The following gifts were announced :—

(a) By the Royal Entomological Society of London, a large number
of parts of that Society’s Proceedings and Transactions. This gift ren-
dered complete our run from 1898.

(b) By Mr E. A. J. Duffy, a separate of hhis paper dealing with the

‘life-history of Prionus coriarius L. (Col. Cerambycidae).

50

EXHIBITS. ;

Mr L. T. Forp—Short series of about twenty species of micro-
lepidoptera not represented in the Society’ s collection. He was pre-
senting these to the Society.

Mr M. Nisrett—Aulacidea subterminalis Niblett (Hym. Cynipidae),
a. new species recently bred and named by lim. The insect causes a
gall, which he also exhibited, on the runners of a species of Hieraciwm.

Baron pE Worms—A specimen of Chloroclysta miata Hb, taken in
Sussex in November and which had already hibernated for a month.
Only the female of this species does the complete hibernation and lays
its eggs in April and May. The example shown had a very marked white
band on the forewings, which is somewhat unusual.

Dr G. V. Butt—A specimen of Arctia villica L., with the cream
spots replaced by white, from Kent.

The PresIpENT—A variety of Cerapteryx graminis L. taken in Dum-
bartonshire in September iast. The ground colour was brownish red,
with all the markings obsolete except for the stigmata, which were a
pale fawn, and the characteristic white mark on the central nervure,
below the reniform stigma. He also showed a very green form of
Cryphia muralis Forst. taken at Eastbourne, with another specimen
from Eastbourne for comparison, together with green examples from
Plymouth. It is believed that such very green examples are unusual
on the south coast, where the tendency is towards forms of some shade
of fawn.

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone—Plebejus argus L. and Polygonia c-album
L., on which he read the following note:

“1. Plebejus argus (aegon), captured 9th July 1941. A specimen
representative of a small colony occurring on the chalk at Horsley,
Surrey. The individuals of this colony do not conform to the chalk
race but resemble the race found on sandy soil, i.e., being of the darker
shade of blue. The forewings are slightly narrower than any found on
either chalk or sand. My attention was first called to this colony by
my friend, Mr George Strickland. :

“2. Polygonia c-album. <A series bred August 1933 from Ashtead
ova laid by three butterflies of the summer brood. About 500 imagines
emerged, the majority heing of the autumn (typical) form but the first
few dozen to appear were, as regards the upper side, ab. hutchinsom
(summer form). The undersides, however, do not conform to hutchin-
son hut may perhaps be described as intermediate between that form
and the type (autumn brood). Considering the very high temperatures
experienced during July and early August 1933, a much larger per-
centage of the summer form was expected.’’

He gave the following particulars relating to the breeding of these
specimens : —1933—2nd July—Butterflies commenced to oviposit. 8th
29th July—Larvae commenced to_
spin up. 30th July—lLarvae commenced to pupate. 7th August—
Butterflies emerging (8 days in pupa). 10th August—lLast of the larvae

7

51

spun up. 12th August—Last of the larvae pupated. 26th August—
Last buttertly emerged.

Mr T. R. Eacues—Specimens of shrubs from South Devon, includ-
ing Griselinia littoralis Forst. and Pittosporuwm undulatum Vent.

Mr E. J. Buwnnert, M.A., read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides,
on ‘‘ The Egg-raft and larva of Culex ’’ (see Trans.). In the course of
the discussion Mr EK. W. Classey referred to the fact that the larva of
Culex apicalis Adams has five pairs of syphonal tufts whereas other
British species of Culex have four only.

8th JANUARY 1947.
The PreEsmpEnT in the Chair.

The deaths of Mr F. W. Frohawk and Mr A. G. Peyton were an-
nounced.

The following gifts were received for the Society’s library :—(1) From
Lt.-Col. F. A. Labouchere, a number of parts of the Proceedings and
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (2) From
Mr Hugh Main, The Arachnida, by F. H. Savory, and five volumes of
the Histoire Naturelle de la France.

EXHIBITS.

Baron pE Worms—(1) Pieris napi L., spring brood, a series of four -
males and twelve females intended to show the marked difference, especi-
ally in the female, of the Scottish race compared with that found in
Southern England. In the Scottish form the females exhibited were
distinctly ‘‘ smoky ’’? and those obtained at Fort William, Inverness,
were appreciably darker and had a more pronounced ‘‘ smoky ’’ appear-
ance than those taken at Aviemore, Inverness. The undersides also
were darker than in the Southern spring brood. (2) Anarta cordigera
Thunb., a series of twelve taken mostly at rest on rocks and fences at
Aviemore during the first ten days of May. Several examples with pale
grey ground colour to the forewings were included, a form apparently
not fully described in the literature and differing appreciably from the
race found in the Rannoch, Perthshire, region, where the usual form _
has very dark forewings. This insect is said to fly at great speed over
heathland during the afternoon prior to mating, which usually takes
place on rocks on which pairs may be detected. (3) Anarta melanopa
Thnbg., a series of sixteen obtained on high ground near Aviemore at
an elevation of 2000 ft. Most of them were secured during sunny periods
on 9th May at the blooms of Bearberry (Actostaphylos wva-ursi L.). One
specimen shown was bred from a pupa found under moss. The species
exhibits marked variability in the pattern and degree of darkness on
the forewings. (4) Isturgia carbonaria Clrck., a short series taken ou
high rocky heathland near Aviemore. The form in this area is per-
ceptibly larger and brighter than that found near Rannoch. This is
not an easy insect to catch and only flies in brilliant sunshine. (5)

52

Cleora cinctaria Schiff., a series of five males and fifteen females taken
at Struan, Perthshire, during May 1946. The northern race differs
very markedly from that associated with the heaths of Hampshire and
Surrey both in size and in the silvery ground colour. A distinctly
banded form is fairly prevalent. In its haunts the insect sits on rocks
from. which it is readily disturbed.

Mr E. W..Criassry—Preserved larvae of some thirty species of Macro-
lepidoptera presented to the Society by Mr R. L. BE. Ford and himself.

Mr F. D. Bucx—The beetle Sphodrus leucophthalmus L. taken at

Highgate, Middlesex, 28.12.46, in a situation where Blaps mucronata

Lat., on which it is supposed to feed, occurs plentifully. Also Hystri-
chopsylla talpae Curv., a species of flea notable for its large size, taken
from the nest of a mole in Epping Forest.

Mr R. W. Parritr—Three specimens of Hulia formosana Geyer.,
taken at light in N.W. Surrey in 1945 and 1946. This species of Tor-
trix has not been previously recorded in Britain.

Mr F. J. Counson, on behalf of Mr S. Wakely—Two specimens of
Euophryum confine Broun. (Col. Curculionidae) for presentation to the
Society. This is a New Zealand species which; is now spreading in Kng-
land. The specimens were taken in a log at Herne Hill, London, S.E.,
on 10th November 1946.

Mr C. N. Hawxins—The following Water Beetles captured on Wim-
bledon Common :—Dytiscus marginalis L., 19.iv.1046; Hyduticus semi-
niger Deg., 9.v.1946; Coelambus impressopunctatus Schall., 31.111.1904
and 30.iv.1946; Acilius sulcatus L., 30.iv.1946; Hydrobius fuscipes L.,
20.iv.1946; Laccobius atrocephalus Reitt. (ytenznsis Sharp), 19.vii.1945;
L. alutaceus Thoms., 19.vii.1945.

Mr E. H. Wity—Urocerus gigas lL. (Hym. Siricidae) and its para-
site Rhyssa persuasoria L. (Hym. Ichneumonidae), from the Quantock
Hills, Somerset. He was presenting the insect to the Society.

The Prestpent—A specimen of Hemistola immaculata Thbg., a male
variety taken at Bishops Waltham, Hants., with the transverse white
lines on the forewings moved together and almost touching in the
centre, an unusual occurrence in a normally constant species. He also
showed normal specimens for comparison.

Mr T. R. Eacres—The lichen Peltigera horizontalis Hoffm. from

South Devon. He drew attention to the red fruiting bodies (apothecia)
adnate to the fronds.

Films were then shown by Mr pre Mornay, ‘‘ The Life History of —

Papilio machaon L.”’ and by Mr Ezra Drarine, ‘‘ An Introduction to
the Study of Light.’’ The exhibitors explained the method of prepara-
tion of such films and drew attention to the convenient size of the pro-
jector and the extreme compactness of the film.

Lantern slides were shown by Miss W. M. A. Brooxsr, A.L.S., Mr
W. J. Spreappury, and Mr BE. J. Bunnert, M.A, ;

5 53

22nd JANUARY 1947.
75th ANNUAL MERTING.

(With which was combined the Ordinary Meeting.)
_ Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N., President, in the Chair.

Reports of the Council and Treasurer were read and adopted. A
hearty vote of thanks to the generous donors to the funds during 1946
was proposed from the Chair, and carried with acclamation.

The following members were declared elected as Honorary Officers
and Council for the ensuing twelve months:—President—L. T. Ford,
B.A. Vice-Presidents—Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., F.R.E.S.; Sir
Leonard Wakely, K.C.I.E., C.B. Treasurer—J. L. Henderson. Secre-
tary—F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S. Hditor—T. R. Eagles. Curator—
F. J. Coulson. Librarian—E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. Lanternist—Vacant.
Ordinary Members of Council—V. KE. August, F.R.H.S.; F. D. Buck;
Col. P. A. Cardew; E. W. Classey, F.R.E.S.; C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S. ;
J. O. T. Howard, M.A.; T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.; Stanley
N. A. Jacobs; Lt.-Col. F. A. Labouchere, F.R.E.S.; H. R. Last.

The following were declared elected members:—Mrs D. M. Williams,
Messrs BE. P. Williams, G. M. Haggett, W. F. Busbridge, and C. G.
Pinn.

Exhibit by Mr E. H. Wizp—Stems of the Cow Parsnip, Heraclewm
sphondylium L., showing the method of pupation and emergence of
Depressaria heracleana L.

The Presipent then read his address.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen: We have come to the end of another year
and can claim that our Society continues to make most satisfactory and
steady progress.

The reports of the Council and the Treasurer, which you have just
heard, give you an account of the activities of the past year and of our
financial position, which is satisfactory.

At the end of last year you paid me the very high compliment of
electing me to the office of your President for the second year in suc-
cession—a mark of your confidence which gave me the very greatest
pleasure.

Now that the time has come for me to lay down the burden—and I
will not conceal the fact that your President does have to bear a con-
siderable burden—it will be useful, I think, to review the present posi-
tion in the light of the many changes which have been forced upon us
during the last two years.

Before I come to that, however, and although I shall deal with the
matter again later, I must say now how deeply I am indebted to the
honorary officers and to the Council for their hard work and loyal sup-
port. We have worked together happily as a team, and without that
spirit we could not have made the progress we have—and progress we
have made, —

54

Two years ago we were established at the Chapter House in the
neighbourhood of London Bridge, with a membership of 280; to-day we
are able to hold our meetings in the very heart of London—I might say
of the world itself—and our membership has increased to 385, although
this is less than the figure which I said I looked for by the end of this
year. ‘

Our move west was naturally a cause of great anxiety and even of
some misgiving, but I think that this increase in our membership is -
sufficient indication that your Council was wise in its decision.

Last year we were greatly handicapped by the fact that our Library
and Collections were not accessible, but this has now been put right,
and, thanks to the officers of the Royal Society, we are able to share
accommodation with the members of the Queckett Microscopical
Society in this building. We do owe a very great debt of gratitude to
the President and officers of the Royal Society for their kindness, and
I can never be sufficiently grateful to the Assistant Secretary, Mr
Griffith Davies, for all his help to me personally on behalf of our Society.

I want, now, to say a word or two about our meetings, for, as I said
last year, we must guard against them becoming too formal. I should
like to see more exhibits at each meeting, and, above all, to hear more
discussions of the exhibits themselves. At present, I feel that not
enough members take part in these discussions, which is a great pity,
for so often a chance word or phrase may open the way for a much
wider and profitable debate. The exhibition of even common insects,
particularly in the early stages, often brings facts to light hitherto.
obscure or overlooked, and no one should be diffident in expressing his
views, asking questions, or telling of his experiences.

You will have seen that we have a most interesting programme of
papers for the winter session—the first-fruits of the Panel we instituted
last summer to work with Mr Syms in arranging the indoor meetings;
but I hope that next summer we shall continue the system then intro-
duced of arranging for one paper each month and devoting the other
fortnightly meeting to exhibits and discussions on field work.

I noticed with great pleasure last year that these meeteings seemed
popular with our members, and the attendance—even in August—was
particularly striking.

There is one problem for which we have not yet been able to find a
solution, and that is how to arrange the duties of the Council in order
that they may have more opportunities of seeing their friends on meet-
ing days. It is a very difficult question but is not being forgotten.

To turn to the matter of our financial position for a moment, you
will have heard with pleasure from the Treasurer’s Report that our
position is satisfactory. The main anxiety with which we have to con-
tend is, of course, provision for the cost of publication of our
Proceedings. Printing costs have risen very considerably and the cost
of plates, particularly, in colour, is very high, but here again we have
to be very grateful to the Royal Society. For the first time in our

55

history we have received, through them, a Parliamentary Grant in aid
of our publications, and are very hopeful thati we may be able to look
for a similar grant in future years. Hitherto, it has been necessary to
restrict very materially the amount of matter we could publish, or to
expect authors to bear a proportion of the cost of their papers; this
always seemed ta me to be most unsatisfactory.

I must not forget, of course, that the Society has much cause for
gratitude to certain most kind but anonymous friends who have been
very generous in making donations to our Publication and Illustration
Funds. Your Council are deeply sensitive of their generosity, but, at
the same time, it is far from satisfactory to have to rely upon a source
of income which may be withdrawn at any time.

As is only natural, the increase in our membership has come about
through a great access of country members, and if one studies the list
of addresses it will be seen that they are distributed all over the |
country. This change in the status of the Society commenced in the
year 1888, when at the instance of the late Mr J. T. Carrington, ‘one
of our Vice-Presidents and Editor of the Entomologist, your Council
decided to enlarge the scope of the country membership. This led to an
immediate access of new members, total membership standing round
about the 250 mark in the early nineties. The result was that the
““South London ”’ became, and has remained ever since, one of the
leading Entomological societies in the country, and this was
emphasised again in the pages of the Entomologist by the late Mr R.
South, who had succeeded Mr Carrington in the Editorial chair.

If that was the case 50 years ago, it is more than ever the case
to-day, and I think I am making no false boast when I claim that your
Society to-day is pre-eminent as regards the numbers of active workers
in the field included in its ranks.

This brings me to another point which I think it is wise to ventilate
if you agree with me that we are no longer just a local Society, and
that is whether a change of name is desirable. This was a subject first
raised by Mr South in 1890, and I find that in 1891, when the rules
were under revision, a change in the name was suggested and promptly
rejected at a General Meeting. I believe there has been some talk again
recently concerning the desirability of a change, but I want to say now
that, for my part, I would be most strongly against any such proposal.
We have had recent cases of societies changing their names, amalgamat-
ing with other societies, and so on, and I believe that such changes are
a sign of weakness. Ever since our foundation we have been known
as the ‘‘ South London,’’ and I believe I am voicing the opinion of most
of you here when I say that I hope we shall go on as we began as long
as We exist.

Our Exhibition has come to be one of the Entomological events of
the year—greater and better than ever now that we can hold it in
these fine rooms—and I hope that our Annual Dinner will be as eagerly
anticipated,

56 -

It is no mean thing, Ladies and Gentlemen, to belong to the ‘‘ South —
London,’ and long may your Society flourish under its old name, even
though it has far surpassed the anticipations of its founders.

And now, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my sad duty, in accordance
with our custom, to call to your mind those of our members who have
passed away. During the year the Society has had to mourn the loss of
four members, two well known to all of us here as constant attendants
at our meetings.

Our old friend, Mr Dennis, died at a ripe old age on 17th January
1946, but we did not hear of his decease until after the last Annual
Meeting. Joining the Society in the year 1889, he was one of our
oldest members, but he was wonderfully fit and very regular in his
attendance up to within a few months of his death. In his early days he
was a keen and active collector, catholic in his tastes but with a lean-
ing to the lepidoptera and botany. He added to these considerable skill
in photography and the use of the microscope, and it was only shortly
before his death that he presented his valuable instrument to the
Society. You may remember that in addressing you last year I had
occasion to refer to the many gifts he had made to the Society. I had
a feeling at the time that) he felt the end approaching and wished to
. make over to us his possessions whilst there was still time.

Mrs Maud Stanley-Smith, the well-loved wife of our Honorary Secre-
tary, died very suddenly on 26th June, as the result of an accident,
although she had:been in. poor health for several months. She joined
the Society in 1928 and was an ardent lepidopterist and a very regular
attendant at our meetings. She served on the Council for several years
and we had much cause for gratitude to her for the great part she played
in the organisation of the teas for our war-time exhibitions at the Chap-
ter House.

Mr F. W. Frowhawk died on 10th December at the age of 84, and
his passing removes almost the iast of the great entomologists of the
Victorian era. Originally elected to our .Society in 1886, he dropped
cut in 1899 but was re-elected in 1912 and made an Honorary Life Mem-
ber in 1943. He was elected to a special Life Fellowship of the Royal
Entomological Society of London in 1926, having been elected a Fellow
in 1891. Mr Frowhawk was a true naturalist, an accomplished artist
and a delightful writer, adding to these gifts, perseverance and powers
of observation almost unique. His determination of the complete life-
history of the Large Blue is sufficient proof of these attributes, and his
different works on British Butterflies will be a lasting testimony to his
ability. Though gravely stricken in later years, his interest in
entomology was maintained, and he was present at our exhibition as
lately as the end of last October.

Mri A. G. Peyton, who was elected to the Society in 1933, died on
llth December, in his early fifties, after a long illness. He was a keen
collector of lepidoptera and must have been one of the last to see-
Aporia crataegi in its wild state in Thanet, a nice row taken in 1906
being amongst his early captures. A schoolmaster by profession, he

my

was an indefatigable worker, and was never so happy as when in the
fields, often accompanied by his wife.

We mourn the passing of these members, and extend our sympathy to
the bereaved.

It could hardly be expected that the year just passed could live up
to the standard of 1945 in things entomological, but in some ways it
has proved even more noteworthy. The addition of a geometrid moth,
a tortricid and a dragon-fly to the British list is indeed remarkable,
whilst Mr M. Niblett has been able to breed and describe a gall wasp
new to science.

Once again, our member, Dr K. G. Blair, has earned our respect and
admiration by the capture of the geometrid moth Cosymbia pupillaria
(Hb.)-in the Isle of Wight. The insect is a female and laid fertile eggs,
the larvae of which were feeding up well. It is an interesting specula-
tion as to how this South European species reached the Isle of Wight-—
whether it was a very recent migrant or has dwelt there and bred for a
number of years. The insect in question was shown for the first time at
our exhibition in October. Thus, for the second year in succession,
Dr Blair, primarily a coleopterist, has added one of the so-called macro-
lepidoptera to the British list. I am wondering what surprise he will
have in store for us next year, for they say these things always go by
threes.

In the meantime, I am glad to say that our ‘‘ micro-men’’ have not
been idle, and to Mr R. W. Parfitt belongs the credit! of adding the
tortricid moth Hulia formosana Hb. to the British list. The larva feeds
on Pinus sylvestris L. It lives in a silken tubé, open at both ends,
more or less along the twig near to the terminal shoots.

Mr E. B. Pinniger has been responsible for the capture of several
specimens, both male and female, of the dragon-fly Coenagrion scitulum
Ramb. in S.K. Essex. It was only fitting that Miss C. Longfield, an
acknowledged expert on this group, should have been with him at the
time.

Finally, the discovery of the new gall wasp Aulacidea subterminalis
is described by Mr Niblett in the Entomologist for November 1946, an:]
specimens were exhibited at a recent meeting of our Society. The gall
is situated on the runner just below the terminal rosetta of leaves of
Hieracium vulgare, and, in Mr Niblett’s opinion, was described in 1890,
but there is no record of the insect causer having been bred or de-
scribed. Our congratulations are due to Mr Niblett on hig discovery.
_ Apart from the above additions, there have been several other in-
teresting captures.

Perhaps that of greatest interest is a specimen of T'rigonophora
flammea Esp. taken in a light trap on the South Devon Coast. It may
not be too much to hope that this handsome insect will once again
establish itself in this country.

In July, a male specimen of that rare migrant Arctornis I-nigrum
Mueller (=Leucoma v-nigrum Fab.) was taken at light in Sussex, whilst

58

in October, a specimen ot Plusia orichalcea Fabricius (=aurifera

Hiibner) was taken on flowers in Co. Cork. I believe this insect has —

never before occurred in the British Isles.

Several specimens of Sterrha sacraria and two of Thalera fimbrialis
have also occurred.

As recorded in the report of your Council, the Society is greatly
indebted to many kindly donors for their generous gifts. To all of
these our thanks are due, but, in particular, I would refer to the pre-
sentation by Mr R. L. EH. Ford and Mr E. W. Classey of examples of) the
preserved larvae of nearly all the British macro-lepidoptera and of a
considerable number of the ‘‘ micros.’? These, when all received, will
form a most valuable addition to our reference collection.

I must now pass to the customary second part of this address,
always a source of anxiety to your President. Last year I dealt with
causes for the fluctuations which occurred in the numbers of lepidoptera
and the disappearance of certain species. I thought it might, perhaps,
be interesting to-night to consider the steps which have been taken up
to the present to prevent the loss of indigenous British species, and
what further efforts can be made to the same end. I have chosen as a
subject, therefore :—

THE PROTECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

The protection of the fauna and flora of these islands is ~ subject
dear to the heart of nearly every Englishman. I suppose that one of
the earliest trends in this direction is to be found in the game laws
dating from very ancient times, even before the enclosure of the land,
although it may be said that the ultimate end of these enactments has
been to ensure that the land-owner was able to enjoy good sport on his
estates.

Be that as it may, close seasons for shooting have been established
and hunting is stopped during the breeding season, thus ensuring that
both foxes and game birds are able to rear their families in peace and
quiet. The wise landlord ensures that a good breeding stock is left
each year, and it is only on the smaller syndicate shoots that the land is
really ‘* skinned ’’—as the saying is.

The smaller birds were not so fortunate, and it seemed at one time
that our country-side might well go the way of that of France, where
small birds of every kind are subject to the most ruthless extermination.
However, that was not to be. Protection was afforded in a limited way
at first, and now, under the Wild Birds Protection Act, the killing of
the adults or the taking of eggs of certain species is entirely forbidden,
whilst others. receive lesser degrees of protection.

\

-

In the same way, the various Fishery Acts provide protection to fish -

during the spawning season.

Thus, it will be seen that insects are the only group for which it
has not been possible to provide some form of legal protection. Indeed,
the position is rather worse than this, for we find frequent references
in the Entomological Magazines to the diminution in numbers of certain

F -

59

species due to the increase in insectivorous-feeding birds brought about
by the passing of the Acts for their protection. One has but to watch

the labour of a pair of tits feeding their young to realise what a toll
is taken of insect life, whilst it is well known to us that the neighbour-
hood of coverts well stocked with pheasants is unlikely to be productive
ground.

However, in spite of the steps referred to above in the case of other
living creatures, I do not believe that it would be possible to provide
protection for lepidoptera by Act of Parliament. The question then
arises—Is protection of some sort necessary or desirable and, if so, how
is it to be obtained? If the answer to the first question is in the
affirmative, it will be necessary, before coming to the second, to con-
sider the causes threatening our native insects. In my address last year
I dealt with the danger of over-collecting and it was pointed out that
eminent entomologists, including Mr Stainton, were constantly de-
claring that this or that species would surely be exterminated. I be-
lieve the fear in those days was more real and better justified than it is
to-day.

In the 60’s and 70’s of the last century the collecting of insects was
a tremendous vogue, and even up to the beginning of this century we
find records of enormous takes of individual insects. It is quite common
to read that in the 90’s one collector took 150 of a particular species.
That was in the days when “‘ exchange ’’ was much in vogue—a greedy
collector hoped to enrich his own cabinet by the capture of immense
numbers of a rare or local insect which he had come across, whilst the
more generous were anxious to provide insects for their friends.

I think times have changed; improved means of transport, and, in
particular, the motor car, have made it easier for individuals to collect
their own insects. ‘‘ Exchange ’’ is out of fashion, and the numbers of
professional collectors are greatly reduced. However, the danger does
remain, and I believe it is sound to say that protection is required by
certain species.

In dealing with causes leading to the disappearance of such species,
I said last year that, whilst over-collecting plays its part, I was sure
that altered conditions of habitat or terrain are more important. If
that, then, is agreed, protection must take two lines, firstly in attempts
to provide for the preservation of suitable natural conditions for par-
ticular species in their chosen habitats, and, secondly, tha discourage-
ment of indiscriminate collecting.

Having, therefore, formed some idea as to our ultimate objective,
let us turn now to a consideration of what steps to this end have been
taken in the past, what is being done now, and how—if at all—the pre-
sent position can be improved.

The first reference I can find to any organised effort is when Mr R.
McLachlan, F.R.S., opened a discussion ‘‘ as to the best means of pre-
venting the extinction of certain British butterflies ’’ at the meeting of
the Entomological Society of London on 6th May 1896. He referred to
the extinction of Lycaena dispar, Cyaniris semiargus (acis) and Aporia

60

‘

crataegi, and spoke with regret of the approaching disappearance of

Papilio machaon, Melitaea cinxia and Maculinea arion.

The President, Professor Meldola, was in full sympathy with his
views, and thought that a resolution passed by the Society, possibly
in conjunction with similar societies of like mind, might have some
effect.

Considerable discussion followed, when several members pointed out
that the disappearance of a species from particular localities was not
always due to over-collecting but to other causes. For instance, in the
case of arion, it had disappeared from localities not open to collectors,
and this was attributed to the burning of the grass and the destruction
of its food plants.

It was eventually decided to arrange for the appointment of a Com-
mittee by the Council, to investigate the question and render a report
thereon. The Committee was duly appointed by the Council on 3rd
June 1896,.under the presidency of Lord Walsingham, and consisted of
Prefessor Meldola and Messrs E. M. Buxton, Goss, McLachlan, Porritt,
South, and Tutt, with Mr C. G. Barrett as Secretary.

This Committee jthen started to investigate the subject, andi in
January 1897 we find a notice in the Hntomologist stating that it was
resolved to invite the co-operation of local societies throughout the
United Kingdom and ask them to furnish information as to proceedings
likely to cause the extermination of local species of Lepidoptera.

After further deliberations, the Committee reported that ‘‘ it was
desirable to form an Association, the members of which should agree to
discourage, by their own example and by their influence, the excessive
collecting of all those species of lepidoptera which from their habits ap-
peared to be in danger of extermination.’’ This was referred to at the
meeting of the Entomological Society on 3rd March 1897, and on 7th
April a formal ‘‘ Memorandum of an Association for the Protection of
Insects in Danger of Extermination’’ was laid before the Society,
adopted, and signed by those present. ;

It remained, then, to decide what insects were to be included, and
in July 1897 a notice in the Hntomologist gave a list of 32 species, being
‘“local species in danger of extermination,’ to be particularly recom—
mended for protection. It was further resolved by the Committee that
a copy of this list should be forwarded to every society co-operating
with the Committee, but that there was no desire to hamper such
societies in any more stringent action proposed by them for the pro-
tection of local species. _ It was also resolved that each such society
should be invited to delegate one of its members who would be received
as a member of the Committee.

It appears that in 1897 this question of protection was occasioning
considerable feeling, for in an article in the Saturday Review of 17th July

Mr Harold Hodge advocated the severest ‘‘ sanctions’’ against

omnivorous collectors, including the compilation of a “black list,’
although at the same time, in Science Gossip for August, Mr J. T. Car-
rington stated his opinion that the disappearance of certain species

7 Me 61

y _ ;

could not he laid at the door of indiscriminate collectors. Mr South gave
a leading article on the subject in the Entomologist for September 1897,

stating as his opinion that whilst certain species seem likely to dis-

appear from possibly natural causes, they should not ‘‘ be worked so
closely and persistently as they have been,’’ since this could only hasten
their extinction.

The list of 32 species referred to above did not by any means com-
mand universal agreement, and the inclusion of such species as
Porthesia chrysorrhea and Clisiocampa castrensis was adversely com-
mented on by our late member, Mr Robert Adkin.

- Finally, the work of the Committee was referred to by the Presi-
dent of the Entomological Society ini his: annual address on 19th
January 1898, when he said that the action taken would certainly ‘‘ not
be barren of results.’”’ It is a sad commentary, however, that to-day five
of the thirty-two species listed by the Committee are no longer to be
taken regularly in this country, and it is noteworthy that the labour
of the Committee appears to have been directed solely to the protection
of insects from over-collecting.

After all this activity in 1896-7, the whole question of protection ap-
pears to have been dropped; no more was heard of the Committee; it
was never formally dissolved but, like the old soldier, it just faded away.

The next" movement towards protection appears to have been thé
purchase of a small portion of Wicken Fen early in 1899 by Mr J. A.
Moberley, and its presentation to the National Trust as a Nature
Reserve, and this was followed by an article in ‘Science Gossip for March
1899, by Mr Goss, appealing for the co-operation of all naturalists to
render assistance to the Trust to secure portions of the Fen when
these came into the market. This marked the beginning of what is one
of our most interesting Reserves to-day, large portions of the Fen
having been presented to the Trust by eminent entomologists—their
memory being recorded in the names of the various droves.

Apart from this, little can be found regarding protection until 1916,
when the President of the Entomological Society took as the subject
for his addiress the preservation of wild life. Mr Rothschild laid
particular stress on the importance of preserving the natural habitats,
and emphasised that it was of little use prohibiting the capture of rare
insects if changing conditions rendered it impossible for their food
plants to survive.

The following years were uneventful, but writing in the Entomologist
for 1923, Captain N. D. Riley quoted a Police Order recently issued in
Prussia, forbidding under the severest penalties the taking or destruc-
tion of Parnassius apollo, and hinted that perhaps ordinances of a like
nature might be required here. This was but the forerunner of the storm
to come, for the magazines in 1924, 1925, and 1926 were crowded with
angry articles commenting on the bad behaviour of a number of collectors.

The ball was started by a paragraph in a report in the Entomologist
by our late member, Mr J. Forsyth-Johnstone, who mentioned the great’
and unnecessary slaughter of Polyommatus thetis of which he had been

62

a witness at Folkestone. This was followed up by an article by the
late Mr F. Pennington in the September Hntomologist, and in an
Editorial comment suggestions as to the means of combating the evil
were requested, the Editor hinting that satisfactory results were only
likely if legislation were to be passed similar to the Wild Birds Protec-
tion Act. In a further note the Kditor drew attention to, and gave the
composition of, the Central Committee for the Protection of Nature, on
which the Entomological Society of London was represented by Lord
Rothschild and Mr W. G. Sheldon.

During the remainder of the year and in 1925 the storm raged, one
instance being quoted of the collection: of the larvae of Melitaea cinxia
in such numbers that it was necessary to collect their food plants by
the barrow-full, fuel being added to the flames of wrath by the sub-
sequent advertisement of these larvae and pupae for sale at 10/6 to
22/- per hundred.

Some correspondents took the view that the extermination of species
was entirely due to over-collecting; on the other hand, there were to be
found some who advanced, the view that variety-hunting and heavy
collecting killed off the weaker insects and so brought about an increase
in stocks—an argument really rather hard to justify.

A most interesting article by Mr J. C. F. (now Sir John) Fryer is to
be found in the Entomologist for January 1925, in which he came to the
conclusion that much wanton destruction had occurred. He advocated
the preparation of a short list of those species most in danger, coupled
with a scheme whereby the various societies should undertake to dis-
cipline the general body of collectors.

This was followed by a vigorous article in May by the late Mr W. G.
Sheldon, who concluded by begging collectors to give a rest te
Maculinea arion on the Cornish coast.

The fruits of all this agitation were to be seen in July 1925 when it
was announced that the Council of the Entomological Society of London
had agreed to appoint a new Committee for the Protection of British
Lepidoptera, at the request of the British Correlating Committee for
the Protection of Nature.

Thus, after a period of nearly 30 years, history repeated itself.

The names of the Committee, as announced, were Lord Rothschild
and Messrs H. M. Edelsten, J. C. F. Fryer, N. D. Riley, and W. G.
Sheldon. The Committee held their first meeting on 25th September
1925, when Lord Rothschild was elected as Chairman with Mr H. M.
Edelsten as Secretary.

The following species, threatened with extinction or already extinct,
were brought under review:—-Maculinea arion, Melitaea athalia,
Melitaea cinzia, Leptidia sinapis, Aporia crataegi, ucaene dispar, and
Cyaniris semiargus.

The Chairman said that he considered that the Committee should
endeavour to introduce threatened species into new districts, and also
create reserves wherever suitable pieces of land could be secured for
this purpose.

63

The preparation of an authoritative list of species needing protection,
and its publication in the journals, was also considered, and it was
stated that any further suggestions or observations would be welcomed
by the Committee.

It is to be noted that in his article in the Entomologist in May 1925,
Mr Sheldon had suggested, in addition to the above measures, the in-
troduction from continental stock of species formerly occurring in

Britain but now extinct, with particular reference to Lycaena dispur

and Cyaniris semiargus.

_ Once again the publication of the Committee’s proposals was not
altogether well received, as immediate objection was made to the intro-
duction of species into new localities, and in March 1926 it was found
necessary for the Hon. Sccretary to publish an article explaining that
it was never the intention to carry out introduction on a large scale,
but only to try to’ form new colonies in the case of species threatened
with total extermination. ~-

In the same issue of the Entomologist the Editor, for the second
time, stated that no more communications on the subject would be °
published for some time.

Meanwhile, the Committee were continuing their investigations, and
on 8th April 1926 the Hon. Secretary issued an appeal on behalf of
L. arion, stating that ‘‘ if it is to continue to exist, it is absolutely neces-
sary that collecting should cease until the stock is replenished.’’

This first request was only a forerunner of the activities of the Com-
mittee, a resumé of its work being available annually in the published
reports of the Council of the Royal Entomological Society of London.

During this first year, negotiations were commenced for the purchase
or lease of land in Cornwall as a sanctuary for Maculinea arion, and
Melituea athalia was put down in private woodlands in Surrey with the
consent and encouragement of the two landowners concerned. Attempts
were also made to establish Melitaea cinxia in a suitable spot on the
south coast.

The Committee commenced experiments with Lycaena dispar at Wood
Walton Fen and a colony was also put down at Woodbastwick in
Norfolk, with the advice and co-operation of Colonel Purefoy, who had
been successful in establishing the insect on his estate in Ireland.

In the report for 1927 we read that the experiments with Melitaea
athalia had been a great success and that the insect was found to be
firmly established in woods where it had never previously occurred. The
same could not be said, however, of Melitaea cinzia, and the attempt to
establish it on the mainland had to be admitted a failure.

From 1928 until 1931 most of the energies of the Committee seem —
to have been devoted to the experiments with dispar, which was leading
a rather precarious existence, as it is reported that in 1929 the colony
was subjected to a very serious attack by parasitic flies which, almost
wiped it out.

O40 :

An interesting paper on the past history of Lycaena dispar, its
various races and the progress that had been made in the efforts to re-
establish it at Wood Walton Fen, was prepared by Mr Edelsten and is |
to be found in the Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of
London for 1931. In this paper Mr Edelsten stated that one of the
objects of the Protection Committee was to re-introduce former species
‘not now indigenous, thus confirming the adoption of Mr Sheldon’s pro-
posals in May 1925, to which some exception had been taken at that
time. |

After this heavy attack by parasites, it was found necessary to re-
plenish the remaining stock of dispar, and in 1931 three additional
colonies were in existence at Wicken Fen, near Reading, and at Leck-
ford on the Test, in addition to the earlier ones at Wood Walton and
Woodbastwick.

It had also been reported in 1930 that Melitaea athalia was firmly
established in various private woods.

By 1931, too, further progress had been made with reserves for the
protection of Maculinea arion. The lease of suitable land in the Dizzard
Valley was secured, warning notice boards were erected, and a watcher
of sorts was employed to prevent capture of the butterflies during their
season or the destruction of the ant-hills in the search for pupae.

In 1933 steps were taken for the protection of a rare dragon-fly in

Surrey, and for the first time we find attention being directed to
measures for the preservation of Wicken Fen from threatened over-
growth.
' In 1934 the unfortunate dispar suffered again from an attack of
parasites, and it was also decided in that year to issue an appeal to
entomologists to subscribe to a Protection Fund. This stated that the
Committee had found that the best means of protection was by the
creation of reserves or sanctuaries where the threatened insects might
breed unmolested. Such reserves, however, necessitated the employ-
ment of watchers and periodical mowing or thinning of the undergrowth,
in order to preserve the essential food plants and so on, for which ex-
penditure was needed. The success of the Wood Walton experiment
and the limited success of the arion sanctuary were cited as encourag-
ing, and the appeal was based on the necessity for the provision of funds
for the extension of the work.

The appeal brought in a sum of £50.

In 1935 it was stated that the Committee would welcome information
from any entomologist concerning insects or localities in need of pro-
tection, and attempts were made to introduce Apatura iris into a
Kentish woodland where it had formerly occurred.

Nothing much further seems to have happened until] 1939, when,
with the outbreak of war and the pre-occupation of the members with
more strenuous duties, activities came to an end.

In 1943 and 1944 post-war planning was coming under consideration,
and the Chairman and Secretary of the Committee were able to render

65

most useful service by keeping in close touch with the Committee of
Management of the National Trust and with the Society for the Protec-
tion of Nature Reserves, localities of special interest to entomologists
being communicated to that Society.

It was also emphasised in 1944 that it was very necessary for all
entomologists to concern themselves with the preservation of additional
areas in their own districts.

In 1945 the Committee was unable to take any active steps for pro-
tection, whilst it was reported that the lease of the arion ground in
Cornwall had lapsed and that dispar had been badly affected by the very
sharp frosts in May.

This year the Committee has been able to resume its activities, and
is anxious to obtain suggestions as to how it can prove of further value.

We have now traced the history of ‘‘ Protection’’ in this country
to the present day, and perhaps it will be possible to learn some lessons
from the proceedings of the two Committees which have studied the
question.

The first concerned iself only with over-collecting and finally faded
away after the formation of the Association pledged to exercise modera-
tion in collecting.

The second Committee, which is still in being, recognised that the
preservation of natural habitats and the protection of insects’ food
plants is just as important as protection from indiscriminate collecting.
In my judgment, however, it is unfortunate that it allowed itself to
become so engrossed in the task of re-establishing a very beautiful
butterfly, partly to exclusion of its main object of protecting our existing
fauna, thereby antagonising an appreciable proportion of potential
sympathisers. It is noteworthy, too, that up to the present nearly all
efforts have been devoted to the interests of the more showy buterflies.

There can be no doubt, however, that the existence of a Protection
Committee under the auspices of our premier Entomological Society is
of the greatest value, but I believe that means should be found to
broaden its basis and to include representatives who could speak for
their respective local societies. Money is essential if the Committee is
to afford real protection to our insects, but before this will be forth-
coming subscribers will want to know how it is to be expended.

At the present time there are two funds—the Wicken Fen Fund and
the Protection Fund. The first is collected by an entomologist from
entomologists and is handed to the National Trust for expenditure on
Wicken Fen, where annual cutting and mowing is essential if the whole
Fen is not to become an impenetrable thicket of thorn and alder scrub,
useless alike to the botanist or the entomologist.

The Protection Fund is far less widely known and is administered by
the Committee in the leasing of sanctuaries, cutting of gorse or bracken,
payment of watchers, and so on. That it has failed to gain greater con-
tributions is, I believe, due to an idea that it is used to further the
establishment of what is regarded by many as a foreign insect.

66

I take this opportunity of commending to your generosity these two
funds; if Wicken is to be preserved, expenditure beyond the resources —
that the National Trust can devote to the purpose is essential, and if the
Protection Committee is to carry out ‘its proper function of protecting
our indigenous lepidoptera funds are likewise necessary.

And now, before I close, I should like to draw a few conclusions re-
garding what we can all do to save our threatened. insects.

Firstly, we can ostracise ‘the ruthless individual who kills more
insects than he can possibly require or set. I believe that, even to-day,
individuals exist who bottle all they see and then throw away what they
do not want. This is abominable, and a very good rule to make is to
resolve to set every insect that one kills; to those of us with) limited
time at our disposal this is an excellent deterrent against unnecessary
destruction.

Secondly, entomologists who have ready access to certain areas, such
as the habitats of Melitaea athalia, M. cinxia, or Maculinea arion, can
do much to preserve the race by rubbing the wings of individuals which
they have been examining but do not require.

Thirdly, collectors should never take large numbers of larvae of local
insects, in the hope of breeding varieties, unless they can arrange for
the release of the insects they do not require in localities where they
can be sure of breeding. It would be useless, for instance, to turn out
large numbers of Melitaea athalia in the north of England, for they
would surely perish.

So much for individual collecting. On the question of changing
habitats, local collectors can move small colonies to more suitable posi-
tions where the food plant may be better placed, or make a report to
the Protection Committee, who may be able to arrange for the restora-
tion of the original area after communication with the landowner con-
cerned.

In the same way, and on a larger scale, entomologists should at once
report to the Committee any cases that come to their notice of threatened
requisitioning of important districts, of drainage work or allocation for
building development, etc., which may have grave effects on the
existence of particular species. Recent cases of this nature are the re-
quisitioning of Braunton Burrows and the Formby sandhills, the
threatened drainage of further areas in the Fens, and the destruction
of Watery Grove due to the Stevenage development scheme; whilst, to
end on a more cheerful note, the preservation of Hadleigh Wood, in
Essex, as a nature reserve some years before the war may be cited as
a case of success in this direction.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I have detained you long enough, but before
I invite my successor to the Chair I must ask you to bear with me a
moment more.

First of all, I want to thank you most sincerely for your support and
forbearance during the last two years and for the great honour you did
me in extending my term of office for a second year.

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67

Secondly, and most sincerely, I want to give expression to the great
debt of gratitude which I owe to the permanent officers of the Society.
As I said earlier, we have been a happy party and the Society is, indeed,
fortunate to have such able and energetic honorary officers.

Mr Syms has had a busy year in getting the Library into commis-
sion once again, and, in another direction, we see the result of his work
in the excellent arrangements he has made for our indoor meetings
during the winter months.

Our Curator, too, has had extra duties this year with the Collections
again available and the installation of the Bright Collection in our
rooms. I foresee plenty of work ahead of him, too, as the blown larvae
arrive from Mr Ford and have to be collated in their proper sequence.

Mr Classey took over the organisation of our field meetings at short
notice and I should like to congratulate him on the result of his first
year’s work; the weather was against him, but we wish him better luck »
this year.

Mr Henderson has kept a careful hand upon our finances, and I would
remind you that as the Society grows so does the work of the Hon.
Treasurer. It is my wish that he may soon be run off his feet!

To the Editor, Mr Eagles, I am very grateful. He has a heavy task
and one that never ceases, for no sooner is one set of Proceedings out
of the way than he must set to and get busy on those for the following
year. It is surprising, too, what an amount of laborious work is in-
volved in the preparation of our Papers for the Press, not to mention
the reports of our Ordinary meetings.

Finally, I come to the work of the Hon. Secretary, Mr Stanley-Smith,
and, as I said last year, he is indeed a tower of strength to the Society.
Happy, indeed, are we to have him in that office and thrice happy is the
President who has him to rely upon.

To all our honorary officers, therefore, may I express my personal
and heartfelt thanks for all their work during the last two years.

Finally, Ladies and Gentlemen, I have the great pleasure of calling
upon your new President to take the Chair. Mr Ford is well known to-
you all and needs no introduction from me, but I must congratulate the
Society on obtaining the services of one who is a real naturalist and
whose knowledge of the smaller lepidoptera is, I believe, quite unsur-
passed. '

Once again let me thank you for your kindness, and wish Mr Ford
all hay:piness and success during his term of office.

Votes of thanks were then passed, by acclamation, to the retiring
President and to the Officers and Council for their services during the
past year.

FIELD MEETINGS, 1946.

OXSHOTT—24th March 1946.
Leader, Mr S. WAKELY.

The first meeting of the season was fairly well attended, there being
eight present. Quite a feature of the day was the large number of
Achlya flavicornis L. seen and taken. They were found, usually in
pairs resting within a few inches of each other, on pine and birch trunks,
as well as on the smaller branches of birches. Occasionally one was seen
flying. Chimabache fagella F. was also noted on the tree-trunks, with
a few specimens of Semioscopis avellanella Hb. The commonest micro
was Peronea ferrugana Schiff., which was often seen on the wing as well
as at rest on the birch twigs. A search was made for the larval cases of
Adela viridella Scop. under the fallen oak leaves, but only one was
found. A member of the party said he had found numbers at the same
spot in the autumn.

The black fungus Daldinia concentrica Ces. and de Nat. was common
on the dead birch trees, but a diligent search produced only one larva of
Myelois neophanes Durr., which is usually fairly abundant here.

The sallows were very backward, only a few sprays here and there
being found with the catkins fully out. Galls of Aegeria flaviventris
Staud. were found, but as usual were not common. These swellings are
easily overlooked, which no doubt accounts for so few being found.

The larvae of Thera obeliscata Hb. were frequently met with when
beating the pines.

After lunch, the Black Pond was visited, and on the return journey
a fine specimen of Panolis flammea Hb. was taken at rest on a pine
trunk near the station.

Tea was partaken of at the usual refreshment room by the station, ~
and it was decided that the sallows were too backward to warrant an
after-dark search. The weather was fine and mild, but sunless.

ASHTEAD—14th April 1946.
Leader, Mr T. R. Eacuns.

Eleven members and three visitors attended. The day was sunny
and very warm and the ground dry. The sloe bushes were in full bloom.
The wood anemone also was in flower and its associated fungus, Schlero-
tinia tuberosa Fckl., was observed. Birds seen or heard included the
cuckoo, lesser whitethroat, and willow wren. Lizards were abundant.
The following butterflies were noticed—Pararge aegeria Il., Argynnis
selene Schiff., Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L., Polygoma c-album L.,
and Gonepteryx rhamni L.

A few moths were seen, including Orthosia cruda Schiff., O. munda
Schiff., Brephos parthenias L. (both sexes), and HWetropis crepuscularia

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69°

Hb. The beetle, Chrysomela populi L., was found on suckers of white
poplar and a number of ‘‘sap’’ beetles were seen on damaged birch trees,

including Librodor quadriguttatus F. and Atheta nigricornis Th.

BENFLEET AND CANVEY ISLAND—28th April 1946.
Leader, Mr C. H. Harps.

There was a good attendance at this meeting at a collecting ground
that had been a prohibited area for so long. Almost immediately on
leaving the station nests of the Brown-tail Moth (Huproctis chrysorrhoea
L.) were seen and when Canvey Island itself was reached it became
apparent that there was a plague of the larva. Long stretches of hedge-
row were cleared of foliage and many unusual foodplants had been at-
tacked. Larvae of the Lasiocampidae were found freely: Lasiocampa
quercus L., Eriogaster lanestris L. (ova and young larvae), Trichiura
crataegi L., Malacosoma neustria L., Philudoria potatoria L., and Gas-:
tropacha quercifolia L. There were also larvae of Arctia villica L. and
of Huchloris smaragdaria F. and batches of eggs of Saturnia pavonia L.
Near the station there was a big colony of the handsome umbellifer,
Smyrnium olusatrum L., and in the salt marshes many local plants such
as Limonium vulgare Mill. (Statice limonium L.), Cochlearia anglica L.,
and Triglochin maritima L. On the first-named were the larvae of
Agdistis bennetii Curt.

The coleopterists did not fare so well as the lepidopterists. It was
noticed, however, that Dytiscus cirtumflexrus F. occurred on the island.
Hopes were raised by a large staphylinid beetle with a series of white
marks on the dorsal surface Unfortunately, the white markings proved
to be symmetrically arranged colonies of a small mite. Perhaps the best
beetle of the day was Helops caeruleus L., picked up by the roadside
near the station at the end of the day. The tea at the Hoy Inn was
excellent and a fitting end to a most enjoyable day.

ASHTEAD—4th May 1946.
Leader, Mr F. J. Coutson.

The meeting was attended by ten members, seven of whom formed
the morning party. The weather conditions at the outset of the meet-
ing indicated a chilly day but when the woods were reached warmer
conditions obtained and after noon bright sunshine prevailed.

The following hutterflies were observed: Pararge aegeria L. (abun-
dant but in worn condition), Argynnis ewphrosyne L. (males in abun-
dance), Nymphalis io L., Celastrina argiolus L., Gonepteryx rhamni L.,
Euchloé cardamines Li. (males), and Pyrgus malvae.L. Moths seen in-
cluded Chiasmia clathrata L., Lophopteryx capucina L., Eetropis punc-
tulata Schiff., H. erepuscularia Hb., and Bapta temerata Schiff. The
oaks and hawthorns were beaten for larvae, but apart from Thecla.
quercus L. nothing of interest was taken. Larvae of Philudoria pota-
toria L. were found on the coarse grasses,

70

The coleopterists secured a fair number of species but the enly
Rhynchota species noted was Harpocera thoracica Fall. The two dip-
terists of the party took many species of interest.

BRENTWOOD—1lI1th May 1946.
Leader, Mr EK. EK. Syms.

The day was dull and cold with a Northerly wind. This, no doubt,
accounted for the small attendance of members—only four were present.

Nothing worthy of note was seen on the wing. Beating for larvae
yielded, in addition to the commoner spring species, a single Dicycla
oo L. and an abundance of Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. The following
local coleoptera were noted: Phymatodes alni L., Thanasimus formi-
carius L., and Curculio (Balaninus) villosus ¥.

Our Secretary collected the members at the close of the meeting
and motored them to Hatch House, where they were entertained to
tea by Mrs Stanley-Smith.

DURFOLD—25th May 1946.
Leader, Dr H. B. D. Kerriewet..

Pleasant weather conditions and a new area for a Field Meeting
combined to attract a large attendance. The leader arranged for a
coach to be at Cranleigh Station. to convey the party to Durfold, which
proved to be a most interesting and productive locality. Insects on
the wing included Argynnis selene Schiff., A. ewphrosyne L., Leptidea
sinapis L., Eulype hastata L., and Anagoga pulveraria L. Larvae were
abundant. In addition to many nests of Orthosia miniosa Schiff. there
were plenty of Trichiura crataegi L., Brachionycha sphinx Hufn.,
Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl., Polyploca ridens F., Thecla quercus L.,
T. betulae L., Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., Aegeria flaviventris Staud.
and A. sphecifcrmis Schiff.

A pale buff form of Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (=pedaria F.) and an
‘ albino Laothoé populi LL. were noticed. )

Coleoptera taken included Staphylinus latebricola Grav., Zeugophora
subspinosa F., Leptura cerambyciformis Schr., Strangalia nigra I..,
Lamprosoma concolor Sturm, Mordella aculeata L., Mordellistena
abdominalis F., and Byctiscus betulae L. (=betuleti ¥.).

Dr and Mrs Kettlewell entertained the party of about 40 to tea. The
euests were shown Dr Kettlewell’s arrangements for rearing larvae and
were greatly interested to note his methods.

ASHTHAD—2nd June 1946.
Leader, Mr T. R. Eactes.

The eight members who attended despite a falling barometer, a bad
forecast, and rain early on were rewarded with a fine day and some
interesting collecting. Pseudopanthera macularia J. was flying freely.
On the tree trunks there was a fair assortment of moths, including
Dasychira fascelina Is., Boarmia punctinalis Scop., Bapta temerata

71

F. Beating sloe bushes for larvae yielded an abundance of Theria rupri-
capraria Schiff. and Episema caeruleocephala L. On the oaks there
were Thecla quercus L. and Orthosia miniosa Schiff. and on the birches
Achlya flavicornis L. Full-fed larvae and pupae of Aegeria vespiformis
L. were extracted from an oak stump. The following imagines of the
smaller moths were seen: Spuleria flavicaput Haw., Schiffermuelleria
angustella Hb., Coleophora genistae Staint., and Bucculatrix wlmella
Zell. Larvae of Eurhodope advenellu Zinck., H. suavella Zinck., and
Coleophora nigriceila Steph. were taken. The most interesting beetle
seen was Hlater elongatulus F., beaten from oak. Others included Phy-

matodes alni L., Anaglyptus mysticus L., Leiopus nebulosus L., Saperda

populnea L., Attelabus nitens Scop., Curculio (Balaninus) venosus Grav.
and C. (B.) glandium Mars. An interesting variety of the last named
was clothed with pale grey scales and a few white markings. The only
example of the larger fungi to attract attention was Hygrophorus
obrusseus Fr.

BROADWATER FOREST—22nd June 1946.
Leader, Dr G. V. Butt.

The leader and Mr Jacobs very kindly motored the party from Tun-
bridge Wells to the collecting ground. In places it was much damaged
by the military. There were deep trenches, barbed wire, and large
metal objects on the ground and fastened to trees. In the main, how-
ever, the attractions of the locality were unimpaired and in the damper
spots the ferns and mosses were growing with a luxuriance far exceed-
ing that seen in areas nearer London. Two orchids, the Twayblade
(Listera ovata LL.) and the Spotted Orchis (Orchis maculata L.) were
abundant and there were large patches of Lousewort (Pedicularis
sylvatica L.). Large nests of the Wood Ant (Formica rufa L.) were
plentiful and the inhabitants were very active, making larva beating
impossible in some places.

Among the lepidoptera seen on the wing and on tree trunks the
following are some of the more interesting: Argynnis selene Schiff.,
Callophrys rubi L., Diacrisia sannio L., Hapalotis venustwla Hb., Ello-
pia prosapiaria L. (=fasciaria Schiff.), Lyncometra ocellata L., Hydrio-
mena impluviata Schiff., Boarmia roboraria Schiff., Semiothisa notata
L., S. liturata Clrek., Eucosma demarniana Fisch., and Enarmonia coni-
ferana Ratz. The larvae of Hucosma sordidana Hb. were found freely
spun up in the leaves of alder. While searching for them a larva of
Geometra papilionaria L. was noticed. In the same spot near the
stream the birches yielded many larvae of Achlya flavicornis L. and
Brephos parthenias L. On the Scots Pine were a fair number of larvae

of Panolis flammea Schiff. (griseovariegata Goeze). Beetles noted
casually included Thanasimus formicarius L., Asemum striatum L.,
Hylobius abietis L., and Sinodendron cylindricum L. While resting

some members of the party had an excellent opportunity of watching
the Greater Spotted Woodpecker at work.

Gee 72

_ Tea was taken at the High Rocks Hotel, where the tables were decor-
ated with the charming pink blossoms of the North American shrub,
Kalmia latifolia L., no doubt grown on the local peat ‘soil.

ALICE HOLT FOREST, FARNHAM—7th July 1946.
Leader, Baron DE WorMs.

This extensive forest area, which is one of the oldest in the country,
had not been visited before by the Society, and it is surprising how few
entomologists have worked this very rich locality.

Nine members assembled at Bentley Station about 10.45 and were
joined there by three others including our President.

Fortunately, the day was very warm and sunny and conditions ideal
for collecting. The route taken was in a north-easterly direction along
the main right-of-way through the Forest. This gave an opportunity
of investigating the clearings on either side which were flanked by very

fine oaks. But it soon became apparent that in spite of the sunshine

Lepidoptera, especially butterflies, were unusually scarce for the time
of year, and this has also been the case in most other parts of the
southern counties.

Shortly after setting out Argynnis paphia L. was observed, but pro-
bably less than a dozen were seen during the whole day and not many
more Limenitis camilla L., which is as a rule very abundant. It was
hoped that Apatura iris L. would put in an appearance, but it was evi-
dently too early for it this year.

Vanessa atalanta li. was much in evidence and one Colias croceus
Foure. was seen.

Among the moths the most spectacular were three female Boarmia
roboraria Schiff. on tree trunks and one Polia nebulosa Hufn. Plusia
gamma lL. was fairly numerous and a single Cochlidion limacodes Hufn.
was beaten out. Foxgloves were very well patronised by Hupithecia
pulchellata Steph.

Of the smaller species it was interesting to find galls of Mompha decor-
ella Steph. in Epilobium montana L. Eucosma corticana Hb. was very
plentiful as well as Ypsolophus xylostellus L.

Larvae were also far from numerous. A few Lymantria monacha L.
were beaten from oak.

Many interesting species of Coleoptera. were obtained by Mr L. G.
Payne. He also secured a form of Cow-wheat with purple flowers.

Finally the party assembled at five o’clock at the Halfway House,
Buckshorn Oak, where an excellent tea was provided in the garden.
The bus was taken into Farnham to rejoin the train after what was a
very enjoyable, if not a very productive day.

Species observed on the Field Meeting:

Lepidoptera.—Butterflies—Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., Colias
croceus Fourc., Limenitis camilla L., Aglais urticae L., Vanessa atalanta ~
L., Argynnis paphia l., A. selene Schiff., Pararge aeqeria L., Maniola

-

73,

jurtina L., Lhecla quercus L., Augiades sylvunus Esp.

' Moths.—Macroglossum stellatarum L., Polia nebulosa Hutn., Plusia
gamma L., Cleora repandata Iu., Boarmia roboraria Schiff., Cidarta ful-
vata Forst., Hemithea strigata Muel., Plemyria bicolorata Hufn., Coch-
lidion limacodes Hufn., Miltochrista miniata Forst., Campaea mar-
garitata L., Mompha decorella Steph., Mompha_ schrankella Hb.,
Endotricha flammealis Schift., Hucosma corticana Hb., Ypsolophus —
xylostellus L. Larvae—Lymantria monacha L., Eupithecia pulchellata
Steph., Biston strataria L., Gracillaria elongella L.

Coleoptera.—Pterostichus minor Gyll., Strangalia maculata Poda,
Grammoptera ruficornis F., Leptura livida F., Amara familiaris Dutts.,
Aphidecta obliterata L., Malthodes minimus L., Cantharis rustica Fall.,
Phyllodecta vitellinae L.

BETCHWORTH—4th July 1946.
Leader, S. WAKELY.

In spite of one or two heavy rain-storms the weather did not pre-
vent those present from having an enjoyable day. After the rain the
sunshine was brilliant, and both sexes of Lysandra coridon Poda were
flying in numbers in beautiful condition. Setina irrorella Clrck. was
also on the wing in plenty, one larva of this species being found. Single
specimens of both Polygonia c-album L. and Vanessa cardwi L. were
noted, and a fine specimen of Macroglossum stellatarum L. was netted.
Imagines of Coleophora onosmella Brahm were frequent among the
plants of Viper’s Bugloss, which were growing in profusion in the quar-
ries. Other larvae found were Smerinthus ocellatus L. on Sallow,
Horisme vitalbata Schiff. on Clematis, and Stephensia brunnichiella L.
on Clinopodium vulgare L. (Basil).

Tea was partaken of at the Barley Mow, the party epee eight
and the catering being excellent.

ASHTEAD—20th July 1946.
Leader, Mr F. J. Counson.

The weather conditions were fair but there was little sunshine.
Twelve members and friends were present at tea. During the day the
common and the woods were worked, and after tea a short time was
spent at the pondside.

The only butterflies noted on the wing were: Maniola jurtina L. and
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. Moths noted were: Agrotis exclamationis
L., Hemithea strigata Muell., Phlyctaenia lutealis Hb., Huxanthis
hamana L., Crambus culmellus L., and Mompha stephensi Staint. Lar-
vae beaten were Cosymbia pendularia Clrck., Drepana lacertinaria L.,
D. faleataria L., Notodonta ziczac L., Pterostoma palpina L. From the

74

bulrushes in the pond near the village many pupae of Nonagria typhue
Thnbg. were obtained.

The Heteroptera noted more or less commonly were Myrmus miri-
formis Fall., Notostira erratica L., Deraeocoris ruber L., Capsus meriop-
terws Scop., Phylus coryli L. (var. avellanae Meyer-Duer) and P. palli-
ceps Fieb., Nabis ericetorum Scholtz, Stenotus binotatus F., Pithanus
marke H.-S.,.Phytocoris ulma L., Calocoris norvegicus Gmel., Lygus
contaminatus Fall., Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Wolff, P. arbustorwm
F., Psallus betuleti Fall., P. varians H.-S., and Dictyonota strichnocera
Fieb. (from gorse).

The following Homoptera were more or less abundant: Neophilaenus
lineatus L., Aphrophora spumaria lL. (=alni Fall.), A. salicis Deg.,
Aphrodes bicinctus Schrank (=nervosus Schrank), Cixius pilosus Ol.,
and Tettigomella viridis L.

Coleoptera were not abundant, but the following were taken or noted:
Abax parallelopipedus P. & M. (=ater De Vill.), Stenolophus teutonus
Schrank, S. mixtus Herbst, Bembidion lumulatum Foure., B. lampros
Herbst, Dromius linearis Ol., D. quadrinotatus Panz., Acupalpus luri-
dus Dej., Hygrotus impressopunctatus Schall., Anacaena globulus Payk.,
Philonthus quisquiliarius Gyll., P. micans Grav., Scirtes hemisphaericus
L: (abundantly by the pond), Cyphon variabilits Thnbg., O. ochraceus
Steph., Malthinus fasciatus Ol., M. balteatus Suff., Malthodes minimus
L., Cantharis fulvicollis F., Lema lichenis Voet, Phaedon cochleariae F.,
Cryptocephalus pusillus F., C. fulvus Goeze, Byturus tomentosus Deg.,
Larva dulcamarae Scop., Olibrus liquidus Erich., Mordellistena neuwal-
_deggiana Panz., Attelabus nitens Scop., Lasiorhynchites cavifrons Gyll.,
Apion viciae Payk., Ceuthorhynchus litura F., C. melanarius Steph.,
Curculio (Balammmus) venosus Grav., C. (B.) glandium Marsh. and Bala-
_ nobius salicivorus Payk.

Plant Galls: (1) Cynipidae on Quercus robur L.—Adleria kollari
Htg., Newroterws lenticularis Ol., N. fumipenms Htg., N. tricolor Htg.,
Andricus curvator Htg., A. ostreus Htg., A. fecundator Htg., Diplolepis
longiventris Htg., and D. folii L. Tenthredinidae—Pontania bridgmaniti
Cam., on Salix atrocinerea Brot. and S. caprea L. Cecidomyidae—
Rhabdophaga nervosum Kieff. and Iteomyia major Kieff., on Salix atro-
cinerea Brot. Putoniella marsupialis KF. Lw. and Dasyneura crataegi
Winn. on Crataegus monogyna Jacq. D. ulmariae Br.-Wlf. on Spiraea
ulmaria L. D. ranuncula Br.-Wlf. on Ranunculus repens L. D. epilobu
F. Lw. on Epilobiwm angustifoium L. D. trifolu F. Lw. on Trifolvwm
repens L. and pratense L. D. affinis Kieff. on Viola sp. Wachthella
stachydis Br.-Wlf. on Stachys sylvatica LL. Contarinia tragopogonis
Kieff. on Tragopogon pratensis Ll. Aphididae—Aphis crataegi Foure.
on Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Eriophyidae—Epitrimerus trilobius Nal.
on Sambucus nigra Ll. Eriophyes crataegi Can. and E. goniothorax Nal.
on Crataegus monogyna Jacq. EH. macrorrhynchus Nal. and E. macro-
chelus Nal. on Acer campestre L.

75

ASH VALE—11th August 1946,
Leader, Mr KE. W. Cuassey.

The weather was perfect. This must be accounted very fortunate
because the day before and the day after were both wet and the fore-
cast had been unfavourable. Many species of dragonflies were on the
wing. Lepidoptera also were plentiful. The local heath form of
Eumenis semele L. attracted the attention of the party, who were more
accustomed to the chalk form. A variety of Maniola jurtina L. with
large white patches was taken. Other butterflies seen included Pararge
aegeria L., Maniola tithonus l., Vanessa atalanta L., Aglais urticae
L., Plebejus argus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Celastrina argiolus
L. The moths Pseudoterpna pruinata Hutfn. and Lycophotia varia Vill.
(porphyrea Schiff.) were flying. Belated imagines of Anarta myrtilli
L. were seen, as also were young larvae. Sweeping produced larvae
of Hadena serena Schiff. and Ectypa glyphica L. Beating yielded
Cerura furcula Clrek., Notodonta ziczac L. and Drepana lacertinaria L.
Eggs of Clostera curtula L. were found on a shrub which seemed to be
a hybrid between aspen and white poplar. Beetles were plentiful. Both
sexes of Strangalia quadrifasciata L. were taken. Around a dead shrew
were Oeceoptoma thoracicum L. and a number of Dermestes sp. <A
birch tree attacked by the goat moth was investigated. Many larvae
of Cossus cossus L. and a host of wasps were found. The courage of
the searchers was rewarded by an abundance of Soronia grisea L. and
S. punctatissima Il. Hoplia philanthus Fuessl. was taken. The
two species Chrysomela populi L. and C. tremulae F. seemed equally
common. On the pines were Anatis ocellata L. and a very beautiful
form of Mysia oblongoguttata L.

Narrow ditches cut in the peaty soil were red with young plants of
Drosera rotundifolia L. Almost every plant of Hieracium boreale Fries
had its stem inflated by the gall of Aulacidea hieracw Bouch. Of fungus
only Scleroderma vulgare Hornem. was plentiful, but there were a few
Amanita rubescens Pers. and enough Amanitopsis fulva W. G. Sm.
to make a meal.

GOMSHALL—18th August 1946.
Leader, Mr R. W. Parrirr.

The unsettled and rainy weather which had persisted for the pre-
ceding two weeks no doubt discouraged some members from attending

this meeting and most of the seven members comprising the party ar-

rived fully armed with waterproof apparel, However, they were for-
tunate and the day turned out to be one of the best of the month, with
long sunny periods.

The area visited included Hackhurst Down and the fieids and lanes
leading up to it from the main road.

Butterflies were fairly numerous and included most of the typical
chalk-loving species; a few larvae of Vanessa cardw L. were obtained ;

76

moths were few and larva-beating very unproductive, the only capture
of note being ‘a single half-grown caterpillar of Thyatira batis L. beaten
from a bramble-covered hedge.

Mr L. Parmenter, the Dipterist of the party, found enough of in-
terest to keep him busy, and a list of the flies taken or noted on this
occasion is appended.

Asilidae—Asilus crabroniformis L., Machimus atricapillus Fln.
Syrphidae—Myathropa florea L., Hristalinus sepulzhrals L., Tubifera
tenax L., T. intricaria L., T. arbustorum L., T. horticola Deg., Helo-
philus hybridus Lw., H. pendulus L., Ferdinandea cuprea Scop., Zelima
segnis L., Syritta pipiens L., Rhingia macrocephala Harris, Carto-
syrphus scutellatus Fln., Chrysogaster solstitialis Fln., Melanostoma
scalare Fab., Platycheirus albimanus Fab., Chrysotoxum bicinctum L.,
Scaeva pyrastri L., Syrphidis ribesii LL. Conopidae—Conops quadri-
fasciata Deg., C. flavipes L. Varvaevoridae—Varichaeta radicum Fab.,
Eriothriz rufomaculatus Deg., Larvaevora fera L., Calirrhoé siberita
Fab:, Alophora hemipterw Fab., Hyalomya obesa Fab., Rhodogyne
rotundatum IL. Calliphoridae—Sarcophaga subvicina Rohd., Calii-
phora vomitoria L., Onesia aculeata Pand., Melinda caerulea Mg.,
Pollenia rudis F. Muscidae—Musca autumnalis Deg., Graphomya
maculata Scop., Mesembrina meridiana lL.

SCRATCH WOOD—slst August 1946.
Leader, Mr R. W. Sparrow.
The leader was unable to be present. Four members turned up,

but almost immediately very heavy rain set in for the day and made
work almost impossible. The two coleopterists took a few beetles. °

CHILWORTH—15th September 1946.
Leader, Mr R. W. Parrirt.

Weather conditions were again favourable for this meeting, which
was attended by six members.

The area worked was Blackheath, and in particular the South-
Bastern end, where it was thought the numerous small birches, oaks
and pines would provide good larva beating.

As appears to be generally the case this year, however, larvae were
found to be definitely scarce and species which are usually abundant at
this season, such as Dasychira pudibunda L. and Biston betularia L.,
were only beaten out occasionally.

A few young Geometra papilionaria L. larvae were obtained from the
birches, and the ling, of which there is a luxurious growth here, pro-
duced numerous Geometrid larvae, including several Hupithecias as
well as a number of Anarta myrtilli L. in various stages of growth; but
most of these were subsequently found to be parasitized.

77

Lepidopterous larvae noted, and not mentioned above included:
Lophopteryx capucina L.; Macrothylacia rubi L.; Habrosyne derasa L. ;
Bena prasinana L.; Apatele psi L..; Lycophotia varia Vill. (=porphyrea
Schiff.); Ceramica pisi L.; Cosymbia punctaria L.; Thera obeliscata
Hb. ; Eupithecia goossensiata Mab.; E. nanata Hb.; Semiothisa liturata
Clrek.; Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hb.; Bupalus piniarius L.; and
pupae of Saturnia pavonia L.; Panolis flammea Schiff. (griseovariegata
Goeze).

ASHTEAD—28th September 1946.
Leader, Mr F. J. Counson.

Ten members attended the meeting. The weather conditions were
satisfactory and a pleasant day was spent by all.

Pararge aegeria L., Gonepteryr rhammi L., and Nymphalis io L.
were the only butterflies noted. Larvae of lepidoptera were rather
searce, but Notodonta ziczac L., Apatele rumicis L., Gastropacha quer-
_cifolia L., Biston betularia L. and Cosymbia punctaria L. were observed,
also Perizoma bifasciata Haw. on Odontites rubra Gilib. (=Bartsia
odontites L.).

The coleopterists of the party were successful in adding at least tn
additional species to the local list.

The following Homoptera were noted: Huscelis sordida Zett., Ery-
throneura scutellaris H.-S., Deltocephalus pascuellus Fall., Typhlocyba
crataegi Dougl., and the following Hemiptera: Empicoris vagabundus
L. from oak, Pantilius tunicatus F. from hazel, Kleidocerys resedae
Panz., Nabis rugosus L. and N. major Costa.

The only fungi noticed were Boletus scaber Bull., Tricholoma flavo-
brunneum Quel. and Collybia butyracea Quel.

OXSHOTT—13th October 1946.
Leader, Mr W. J. Funniean.

This fungus foray was attended by six members and three visitors.
Fine weather prevailed throughout the day. However, following, as
it did, a rather dry spell, fungi were not as numerous as they might
have been. Nothing of particular merit was seen but upwards of fifty
species were recorded, a fairly representative collection for the dis-
- trict, as the following list will show:

Amanita rubescens Pers., A. pantherina Secr., A. muscaria Pers.,
Amamitopsis fulva W. G. Sm., Tricholoma rutilans Schaeff, Russula eme-
tica Fr., R. ochroleuca Fr., Mycena citrinella Pers., Collybia maculata
Quel., Lactarius turpis Fr., DL. vietus Fr., L. torminosus Fr., L. rufus Fr.,
L. quietus Fr., Laccaria laccata Scop., Panus stypticus Fr., Lenzites
_ betulina Fr., Paxillus involutus Fr., Inocybe wmbrina Fr., Flammula
sapinea Quel., Cortinarius cinnamomeus Fr. (var. semi-sunguineus
Maine), Hypholoma fasciculare Quel., Boletus variegatus Swartz, Bb.
scaber Bull., B. badius Fr., B. versipellis Fr., Polyporus amorphus Fr.,
P. schweinitzui Fr., P. albidus Quel., P. adiposus B. & Br., P. adustus

78

Kr., Homes unnosus Cooke, Polystictus perennis Fr., P. versicolor Fr.,
LP. abietinus Cooke, Trametes gibbosa Fr., T. rubescens Fr., Hydnum
repandum Linn., H. melaleucwm Fr., H. ferrugineum Fr., Phlebia

-merismoides Fr., Stereum hirsutum Pers., Thelephora terrestris Pers.,

Sparassis crispu Fr., Clavaria argillacea Pers., Calocera viscosa Fr.,
Scleroderma vulgare Hornem., Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff., Galac-
tinea badia Pers., Rhizina undulata Fr., Coryne sarcoides Tul.,
Daldinia concentrica Ces. & De Nat., Cordyceps militaris F. Claviceps
purpurea Tul. was observed on the grass Molinia caerulea L.

The mould Sepedonium chrysospermum was seen on species of
agarics and boleti, and a mycetozoon Lycogala epidendrum Fries. turned
up on an old pine stump.

Tea was taken at the Hut, Oxshott Station, at about five o’clock,
after which the party dispersed.

MICKLEHAM DOWNS—20th October 1946.
Leader, Mr W. H. SpreapBury.

The dry spell that preceded this fungus foray made specimens ex-
tremely scarce.

Under the beech trees Geuster triplex Jungh. was found in various
stages of development. Those fully expanded were in a dried-up state,
but by taking, an unopened example and keeping it moist members un-
familiar with the species were able to see its full perfection. Almost
the only other fungus of interest and in good condition was Mutinus
caninus Fr. A ripe specimen of Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. was
found to house the Clavicorn beetle Lycoperdina bovistae F.

79

BRITISH BATS.
By J. FrncHam TURNER.
Read 13th February 1946.

Orper CHIROPTERA.
The Order is divided into two Sub-Orders.

(1) Mere@acHirorrera.
Fruit-eating Bats of the Tropics and Sub-tropics.

The crowns of the molar teeth are smooth with a longitudinal groove
along the middle. The nostrils simple openings without any leaf-like
folds surrounding them. ‘ihe ears are also simple, set well apart, usually
pointed and without a tragus. The second digit or index finger has a
distinct claw. The tail is rudimentary or absent. There is no spur (or
calcar) and no interfemoral membrane.

Generally speaking, they are large bats with daeeiiiee head and are
commonly known as Fox Bats or Flying Foxes.

(2) MicRocHIROPTERA.
This Sub-Order contains all the Insectivorous Bats.

The face is broad and short. Crowns of the molar teeth have sharp
tubercles, more or less separated by cross furrows. The fingers are with-
out a claw. The tail is distinct and united to the interfemoral mem-
brane.

There are only 12 British species. At one time the list contained
15 species, including stray Continental bats which had found their way
to some seaport in cargo or ship’s rigging.

All British bats hibernate during the winter months, approximately
from the end of October to the end of March according to the season.

They pair in the autumn, from the middle of September to early
October. After hibernation the sexes divide and small colonies of each
sex take up their summer quarters in holes in trees, old buildings, and
old ivy-covered walls or any other place they may find suitable.

The young are born between the middle of June and July. Only one
young bat is produced each year, so we must assume that bats are fairly
long lived.

The young are carried about by the mother until they become too
heavy ; they are then left at home while the mother is out hunting. By
the middle of August they are able to fend for themselves, and it seems
that they fly by instinct.

The first two bats I will take belong to the

Family R#HINOLOPHIDAE,

and are commonly known as Horseshoe Bats. Both species possess a
curious leaf-like process on the snout. There is no tragus or inner ear.
The ears are pointed and broad at the base. Both species have 32 teeth;

80

the two upper incisors are quite rudimentary. The first two ribs are
fused together and to the backbone, forming a solid ring of bone right
round the shoulders. The first hind toe has only two joints. All the
others have three joints. All Horseshoe Bats hold the tail curved up-
wards over the back instead of curved downwards under the body as do
the Vespertilionidae.

The young are not usually born until early July and are clothed
with short silky, downy hair, most noticeable on the back, shoulders and
head. Both species are very gregarious.

The leaf-nosed bats are distributed over the temperate and tropical
regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, where they are represented by sev-
eral genera and a large number of species.

Tur GREAT HorsesHor Bat.

Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Schreber).
Wing span, 13” to 14”. Head and body, 23”. Tail, 13’.

Reddish-grey colour, paler on the underside and less red. The wing
membranes are proportionately broad and, are attached to the ankle.
Ears large and broad at the base, turning outwards, and terminating
in a point. Tragus absent. The flight is very graceful, often quite low
and this bat will alight at times to consume its prey. Caves seem to be
their favourite place to sleep during the day and for hibernation.

Tap Lesser. HorsesHor Bat.
Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein).
Wing span, 9”. Head and body, 14”. Tail 13”.

Colour light brown above, yellowish-brown below, otherwise similar to
the Great Horseshoe. Flight very quick, the wing beats being faster
than those of any other British bat.

Both species are to be found in localities where caves provide the
equable temperature required for successful hibernation.

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE.
The largest family in the whole Order.
There are 10 British species. They have a well-developed tragus, the

- shoulder ribs are not fused together, and the leaf-like process on the
nose is absent.

Tue Great Bat or NOcTULE.

Nyctalus noctula (Schreber).

Wing span, 14”-15”. Head and body, 33”. Tail 18” (average).

Colour bright chestnut-brown, under-parts slightly paler. The base
of the fur is paler than the tip. The wing is long and narrow owing to
the shortness of the 5th finger; the membrane is attached to the ankle
in this and the next species. The last joint of the tail is free from the
leg-web. ,

This is our largest British bat and is on the wing early in the even-
ing, often before the sun has set. The flight is not unlike that of the

ee - :

81

“Swift, and they are often on the wing at the same time. They fly fast
and often very straight and at a height far higher than most of our
other bats. They often dive low when following insects. The Noctule
has a strong call and is sometimes very noisy—the call is very shrill. ©
They remain on the wing for about 13 hours in the evening, and only
about 30-40 minutes in the dawn flight.

The Noctule has a strong offensive smell, which is produced from
glands in the mouth. If kept in captivity they must be hand-fed as
they never seem able to take food from the floor of the cage and will
soon starve to death. Both the Noctule and the next, species have 34
teeth.

LEISLER’S OR HAIRY-ARMED Bat.

Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl.).
Wing span, 12” to 13”. Head and body, 23”. Tail, 14”.

Colour glossy clove-brown or chestnut, underside greyish-brown.
Without the strong offensive smell of the Noctule and the base of the
fur is dark at the roots, nearly black on the underside.

Leisler’s bat is very similar to the Noctule but slightly smaller and
not so robust. The flight is fast and rather erratic—it does not fly as
high as the Noctule and the wings are brought well below the body on
the downward stroke.

This bat is always found in trees and not buildings. Like the Noctule
it has a wide range, extending as far North as Yorkshire or beyond
and is common in Ireland.

SEROTINE Bart.
Vespertilio serotinus (Schreber).

Wing span,-14”. Head and body, 3”. Tail, 2”. Ears, $” long, tips
rounded. Tragus, 5/16th” long.

Golour dark brown tinged with creamy-white, underside yellowish-
white. There are prominent glandular swellings on the muzzle and a
curious callosity at the base of the thumb. The wing membrane is
attached to the toe. The Serotine Bat has 32 teeth. The flight is slower
and wavering compared to the Noctule and it often takes headlong
dives which appear to be quite out of control. It is a sociable species
and numbers may be seen on the wing together.

It is only found in the South of England, especially in the Isle of
Wight and Kent. It is not a very successful bat to keep in captivity
as it is not easily tamed and can bite severely.

THe PIPISTRELLE oR Common Bat.
Vespertilio pipistrellus (Schreber).
Wing span, 8” (average). Head and body, 13”. Tail, 13”.
The colour is variable, usually greyish-black to deep ruddy brown.
White or partly white examples frequently turn up. The wing is nar-

82

row and attached to the sole of the foot. The last joint of the tail ex-
tends beyond the interfemoral membrane and is used as an extra claw
when climbing a rough surface. It has 34 teeth. The flight is quick
and erratic, not more than 15 to 20 feet high. It is noisy in flight and
frequently utters shrill high-pitched squeaks as it catches flies and
other small insects, which are eaten without alighting.

It seems to fly throughout the night and is active for a longer period
than any other British bat. The hibernation is less prolonged than in
any other species; it may be seen out hunting during the w Aer months
if the temperature rises much over 50° F.

The Pipistrelle is our smallest and commonest bat; it is found
throughout the British Isles and westward to Ireland. Its range also
includes Europe and parts of Asia.

The next four Bats belong to the Genus Myotis. They all have 88
teeth. This genus is the largest and most widely distributed of all the
genera of Bats.

WHISKERED Bart.
, Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl.).
Wing span, 9”. Head and body, 134”. Tail, 12”.

Colour sandy-brown above, greyish-brown on the underside. Its muz-
zle is not so broad as in the Common Bat and it has long hair on face
extending to the upper lip. The wing membrane is attached to the
base of the toe and the spur (calear) reaches half way from the ankle
to the tail.

This bat is frequently confused with the Common Bat, but the Whis-
kered Bat is silent on the wing and usually solitary in habits. It often
takes insects from leaves and flowers and is easy to keep in captivity.
It is widely distributed throughout the British Isles as far North as
parts of Scotland.

DAUBENTON’S OR WATER Bat.

Myotis daubentonu (Kuhl.).
Wing span, 10” to 103”. Head and body, 2”. Tail, 14”.

Colour warm reddish-brown above and light brown or buff on the
underside. The basal half of all the hairs is dark brown. The wing
membrane rises from the middle of the foot; the feet are large and have
some whitish hairs on the toes. The spur (calear) extends three-quarters
of the distance from the ankle to the tail, the last two joints of which
are free from the interfemoral membrane.

Daubenton’s Bat is found commonly along rivers and streams or any
fairly large sheet of water. I have seen it flying over the lake in St
James’ Park. It is on the wing about half-an-hour after sunset, flying
low over the water; it often sails along with wings raised over the back
forming a V. It often touches the water when taking insects from the
surface. It is not so easy to net as one would expect as its flight is much
faster than it appears

8&3

NATTERER’s OR RepDISH-GREY Bart.’
Myotis natterert (Kuhl.).
Wing span, 11” to 12”. Head and body, 22”. Tail, 13”.

Colour brown tipped with grey, underside almost white or silvery-
grey. Face covered with fur and a fringe of hairs along the outer mar-
gin of the interfemoral membrane. The wings are broad in proportion
and extend to the base of the outer toe.

It is easily recognised on the wing by its almost white underside, its
steady flight and rather loud call. It takes its food from flowers and
leaves; it soon becomes tame and will feed itself from the floor of its
cage. When flying in a room it will be noticed that it can turn a com-
plete somersault in the air and alight upside down on any rough surface,
picture-rail, etc.

Natterer’s Bat is very sociable and gregarious. Although they are
usually to be seen in the neighbourhood of trees they sometimes frequent
open. water.

BrcHsteIn’s Bart.
Myotis hechsteini (Kuhl.).

Wing span, 10” to 11”. Head and body, 2”. Tail, 13”.

Colour greyish-brown above and pale buff on the underside. The base
of all hairs is dark brown. The ears are large and broad, rather oval
in shape,-and nearly one inch in length. The wing membrane is dark
sepia and is attached to the base of the toe. The last joint of the tail
is free from the interfemoral membrane.

Bechstein’s is our rarest bat. I have yet to see my first living speci-
men. So far it has only been reported from a few localities in the South >
and S. West of England. On the Continent it is restricted to central
and southern Europe.

LONG-EARED Bat.
Plecotus awritus (Linn.).

Wing spin, 10” to 103”. Head and body, 13”. Tail, 13”.

Colour brown above, yellowish-grey on the underside. The fur is long,
very soft and silky. They have 36 teeth. Ears, 13” long x }” wide,
united at the base, and capable of independent movement.

The food is mostly picked from leaves and flowers, and it usually
alights to eat its prey, sometimes on the ground. It can often be seen
hovering over flowers and sallow catkins when hunting for moths.

Owing to its huge ears this bat can never be confused with any of our
other bats. It is one of the commonest and most widely distributed of
our bats. The Long-eared Bat is one of the easiest to keep in captivity,
becoming exceedingly tame in a very short time—it will even come when
called to be fed.

84

BARBASTELLE Bat.

Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber).
Wing span, 10”. Head and body, 2”. Tail, 14”.

Colour black, hairs tipped with grey, which give the bat a frosted ap-
pearance.- The fur is very soft and dense, rather similar to that of a
mole. The wings are practically jet-black. The ears are relatively
large, united at their bases; the outer border is deeply notched and the
lance-shaped tragus is half the length of the ear. It has 34 teeth. It
is usually silent on the wing but often grunts when handled.

I have found the Barbastelle very difficult to keep in captivity. It
cannot feed itself and is very difficult to hand-feed.

All our bats are of great value to man, and should be protected and
encouraged where circumstances permit. In certain parts of U.S.A.
bats are protected by the State and special ‘‘ Bat Houses ’’ have been
constructed with a fair amount of success.

Proc. S.L.H. & N.H.S., 1946-27. PLATE V.

. |
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; £
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85

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF COLLEMBOLA.
By Puirie M. Mites, F.R.E.S.

Read 27th February 1946.

I have endeavoured to survey broadly the work that has been done on
Collembola, and to present a picture of the state of our knowledge on
this subject. While primarily an introduction for the beginner, it will,
I hope, also be of interest to entomologists in general, and, by its short-
comings, will suggest subjects for prospective workers to investigate.

A compilation is drawn from many sources to which it is not possible
to refer individually except when the text is largely based on one work.
The authors from whom many interesting facts have been gleaned are
mentioned in the list of references. The classification used, except
for non-British species, is that of Kloet, G. S., and Hincks, W. D., 1945,
A Check Inst of British Insects.

CONTENTS.
The Affinities of Collembola in the Insecta. .
Sub-Orders. Reproductive System.
Distribution. Copulation.
Anatomy. Eggs and Embryology.
Byes. Life-History.
Post-antennal Organ. Luminosity.
Mouthparts. Food.
Claws. : Enemies.
Ventral Tube. Parasites.
Hairs and Spines. Habitats.
Respiratory System. Economie.
Nervous System. Swarming.
Muscular System. | Fossil.
Digestive System. _ Collecting.
Cephalic Glands. Preservation.
Dorsal Vessel. Bibliography.

THE AFFINITIES OF COLLEMBOLA IN THE INSECTA.

Collembola or Springtails, having appeared under many different
headings in various systems of classification, have been included in the |
Insecta by reason of the fact that they possess three pairs of legs, have
mouthparts similar in arrangement to that of typical insects and that
they are opisthogoneate, i.e., have the genital opening at the posterior
end of the abdomen. However, they also have characters not found in
other insects, namely, the absence of Malpighian tubes, the peculiar
method of excretion and the presence of a post-antennal organ. So far
no definite conclusions seem to have been reached, but a view which

86

seems acceptable is that they are an off shoot of the main evolutionary
line more ancient than that of recognised insects. A suggestion has
been put forward (Imms, 1936) that to illustrate clearly the evolutionary
lines of the Orders now embraced under Sub-class I. the Orders should
be raised to Sub-classes for which the following names are proposed:
Oligoentomata or Collembola, Myrientomata or Protura, and Kuento-

mata, or Thysanura, and Pterygota. This must be regarded as pro-
visionary since it has not yet been generally adopted by authors.
SUB-ORDERS.

The Springtails present, morphologically, two distinct forms, the
elongate Arthropleona (Pl. v, fig. 1) in which the thorax and abdomen
are distinctly segmented (excepting the posterior segments of some
species) and the globular species Symplhypleona (Pl. v, fig. 4), in which
ankylosis or fusion of the segments is complete, only segments V and
VI being distinct.

DISTRIBUTION.

Since remains of Collembola are among the earliest known fossils,
extending from the Middle Devonian period, one has difficulty in decid-
ing whether a species is an introduction or a remnant of a past exten-
sive distribution before water divided the land masses as we know them
to-day. Whichever may be the case a large number of species are found
to survive in extremes of temperature in widely separated countries.
A generalisation can be made that Collembola are world-wide in distri-
bution, only very dry areas being unfavourable.

ANATOMY.

The exoskeleton of these animals is soft, the cuticle being smooth or
granular, and is more constant in thickness than that of most other
insects. The head varies considerably in shape from ovoid to angular
_ forms. Situated antero-laterally on the head are the antennae, usually
four segmented, though in some species the apical segment may be fur-
ther subdivided.

Behind the antennae are the eyes (except in blind forms), which are
of the simple type, but those of the eucone type have been described
as occurring in a great number of Collembola. These eyes vary in num-
ber, usually about five, but not more than eight, on each side, surrounded
very often by a heavily pigmented area. (PI. vi, fig. 1.) Between the
eve and the antenna is situated (when present) the post-antennal-organ,
one on each side, composed of sense cells forming elliptical or rosette-
like patterns. Situated ventrally is the mouth deeply inset within the
head capsule. The thorax is composed of three segments, known as the
pro-, meso- and meta-thorax, each of which carries a pair of six-jointed
legs ending in a strong claw which is usually accompanied by a smaller
one, the empodium (PI. vii, B3), but this may he vestigial or absent.

The abdomen consists of six segments which are sometimes fused and
ill-defined,

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joe pox
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jhe

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1946-47. PLATE VI.

COLLEMBOLA.

87

On the first abdominal segment is the ventral tube. Ventrally on
the third is a pair of smaller appendages fused at the base known as
the retinaculum or catch; the base is termed the corpus, while the dis-
tal portions are the rami.

The fourth segment bears the spring (Pl. vi, fig. 5) (when present)
from which is derived the popular name of ‘‘ Springtail.’’? The basal
portion is fused, forming the manubrium, and attached to this are the
paired dentes which end in a claw-like process, the mucro (PI. vii, figs.
Bed)?

The normal position of the spring is against the body, held by the
retinaculum, and when released the spring strikes the ground, causing
the Collembolan to leap forward through the air sometimes a consider-
able distance. Segment V of the abdomen provides the genital opening,
segment VI the anus. The body is clothed with hairs of varying kinds
while some genera possess scales.

EYES.

In Anurida maritima Lab. (Imms, 1906) the Jens is convex and is
invested by the surrounding cuticle; in life they appear as five glisten-
ing points. Underlying the lens are four cells, part of and continuous
with the hypodermis, which contain clear protoplasm and secrete the
lens and are called lentigen cells. Internally to the lentigen cells are
four large cells which are deeply pigmented and form the retina which
is in continuance with the branch of the optic nerve serving that eve.
The branches unite to form the main optic nerve.

The eyes among the Poduridae have lost the crystaline cone ceils
and are of a very simple type. but those of the eucone type have been
described as occurring in the majority of Collemhbola (Imms, 1942: 4
General Textbook of Entomology, p. 79), e.g. Mydoniidae (Entomobry-
idae), Sminthuridae and some of the Achorutidae.

POST-ANTENNAL ORGAN.

This organ (Imms, 1906) is composed of bodies which appear to be
large hollowed-out extensions of the cuticle containing slightly pig-
mented protoplasm. These bodies are mounted on small stalks and ar-
ranged round a common centre, each organ being supplied with a nerve.

MOUTHPARTS.

The mouthparts are deeply inset within the head capsule, a char-
acter not found in typical insects. When feeding the mouthparts are

projected.

In a dorsal view of Anurida (Imms, 1906) one sees the clypeus and
the side folds of the head partly enclosing the labrum.

Ventrally at the anterior portion of the head is the labium or second
maxillae, forming practically the whole of the ventral region of the
head, the distal portion being in two halves meeting at the mid-ventral
line. Enclosed between the labrum and labium are the mandibles, long

\

88

hollow structures flattened and broad_at the apices (PI. vi, fig. 4); usually
there is one more tooth on the left mandible than on the right to allow
the interlocking of the teeth. In vegetable feeders there is a molar
plate, which is many-ridged and used for grinding the plant tissues.
Tn carnivorous species, except Isotoma sepulcralis Flsm., this molar
plate is absent.

Between the mandibles and the first maxillae are the plate-like maxil-
lulae, sometimes referred to as the paraglossae, against which the lingua
or tongue is pressed. On each side of the lingua is the first maxilla,
articulated with the stipes, cardo and lingual stalk of its respective
side. The head of the maxilla is in three parts, the uppermost of them
being the modified palp; following this is the strong galea, and lastly
the lacinia, which is more deeply serrated than the maxillary palp.

Shght deviation in the construction of the cardo, stipes and lingual
stalk, also the presence of a palpifer, appear in Orchesella. In some
species (Neanura) the mandibles are styliform and used for sucking
plant juices.

. CLAWS.

The claws of Springtails are not paired in exactly the same way as
those of insects (Pl. vii B, fig. 2), instead they form a kind of cup, the
superior edges of the broad curved claws being together at an angle
so that the inferior or innermost edges are separated. In most species
there is a pair of smaller claws called the empodium, which is situated
between the separated inferior edges of the large claws.

In some species the empodium is absent.

The claws vary in length and breadth as well as in the number of
inner teeth when present (Pl. vi, fig. 2), sometimes lateral teeth being
present on the superior edge of the claw.

In certain species, of which Smynthurus viridis (L.) is a good ex-
ample, the claw has a well-developed membranous sheath or tunica.

The empodium is sometimes elongate and produced to a fine bristle-
like point which is often curved round (Pl. vii B, fig. 1), or maybe
broad with a wide angular inner lamella and short apical bristle, but
sometimes the bristle is wanting (Pl. vii B, fig. 4).

VENTRAL TUBE.

The function of this organ is a much debated point, some holding
the opinion that it was the external genitalia, but this was refuted and
a theory put forward that its purpose was to absorb moisture, without
which these creatures quickly die. Then came a suggestion that it
absorbed the shock of impact when the creature landed after leaping,
but since some species in which the spring is wanting have a ventral
tube, this does not make a satisfactory answer to the problem. How-
ever, in Smynthurus, observation by Lubbock (1873) revealed that it
was used when climbing on smooth surfaces—the filaments are extruded
and emit a drop of liquid and so the creature obtains anchorage.

4 89

Some Podura (’omocerus) longicornis Mill. were enclosed in a glass
dish. With the aid of a microscope one could easily observe the function
of the ventral tube as the specimens moved about upside down on the
lid.

When stationary the ventral tube is perpendicular and in contact
with the surface. On the insect walking forward the ventral tube is
bent backwards, the adhesion still being maintained until it is for-
cibly pulled away when the folds in the integument of the fully extruded
organ are seen. On being completely torn away from the surface the
tube flicks back into its original position, immediately making contact
again with the surface. This action is repeated so long as the speci-
men is moving about. Occasionally specimens remain stationary with
ventral tube completely retracted, but they are more often to be found
hanging on by it. The claws are turned inward when the specimen is
standing. The extrusibie organ, being filled with blood, appears trans-
parent and the cavity of the tube can be seen through it. The in-
tegument of the extruded organ appears to glisten with moisture, but
whether this is really so or just due to the smoothness and transparency
of the organ is difficult to ascertain.

The filaments are extruded by blood pressure and completely re-
tracted within the tube itself by muscles.

HAIRS AND SPINES.

There are four main types of hairs. On the tibio-tarsi of many
species are clavate and spatulate forms, while simple curved types are
found on the anal segments; short thick olfactory hairs, rounded at the
apex, are found on the antennae of some species.

Greater variety is found in the setae, of which there are about
eight forms. Strong pointed serrated forms, some only partly serrate
from the base, long thin types bent at the tip are seen on the apex of
the antennae (Pl. vi, fig. 7). Some species are clothed in long, strong,
broadly fimbriated setae, others in setae of ciliated types occasionally
apically brushlike, while still others are clothed with beautiful scale-
like setae.

A cluster of very curious short, strong, apically broadened and cili-
ated setae of a sensory nature are found on the male antennae of Isoto-
murus echidnus Wom., an inhabitant of S. Australia.

Spines are present on the anal segments, of which a typical example

is found in Protaphorura (Onychiurus) armata (Thg.). These spines
are slightly curved and raised on papillae (Pl. vi, fig. 6). These are
called anal horns (PI. vi, fig. 3).
_ Simple spines, also raised on papillae, occur on the dentes of Proiso-
tomurus papillatus Wom., only found so far in Australia, but triden-
tate spines are to be found on Podura (Tomocerus) minor (Lubb.), a
very common British species.

Two types of sensory clubs are found on the antennae of the blind
Onychiuridae, those of the smooth or tuberculate type not curved to-

90

wards one another being characteristic of the aventura while the
smooth type curved towards each other are characteristic of the Tull-
berginae. Rather interesting organs are the sensory rods, finger-like
processes curved towards each other, also found on the antennae.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

The respiratory system in Smynthurus viridis has been studied in
some detail by Davies (1927) on which the following account is based.

In the majority of Collembolan species respiration is cutaneous, but
in Smynthurus, Sminthurides, Actaletes, Allacma and Sphyrotheca
tracheae are present, and are best davclasoa in Smynthurus. It is
interesting that there is no anastomosis, there being two separate
systems, one supplying each side of the body.

Simple ‘spiracular openings are to be seen between the head and
prothorax. No intersegment between the head and prothorax is to be
found so it is presumed that the cervicum is wanting, this being based
on the fact that the mandibular muscles at the bags of the head are
in front of the spiracular opening, while the cervical muscles‘ originate
between the head and the prothorax leading into a short canal which
passes slightly ventrally into the cavity of the spiracle, which is more
or less longitudinal in position.

The cephalic bundles of tracheae are very near the posterior mee
of the head but the spiracle, excluding the extension of the cavity, i
in the prothoracic segment and not the cephalic region.

In structure the spiracle is of the simplest type, being merely an
invagination or tube ending in a bulb or atrium, irregular in shape
due to the openings into the very large ‘‘trunks”’ leading from it.
The diameter of the spiracular orifice in the adult insect is 5u, while
the length of the canal from cpening to atrium is 20p. —

The total length of the spiracle is 50-60u, lined by an extension of
the cuticle inwards overlying the epithelial cells.

This simple type of spiracle bears close resemblance to that found
in Peripatus. No muscular control of this organ has so far been found.

The tracheae when filled with air are of silvery appearance which
facilitates a detailed study of them. Commencing with the spiracular
opening a short canal leads into the atrium, from which branch trunks
forming bundles of tracheae serving the ventral, median, and dorsal
regions of the head. Along their courses they branch off into smaller
vessels, ending in a single trachea. Here it is interesting to note that
from each spiracle, behind the exit of the cephalic bundles, a branch
leads out across the prothorax to supply the prothoracic leg of the
opposite side of the body to which the spiracle is situated. The crossing
of these branches occurs mid-ventrally.

Another small bundle leaves the spiracle postero-ventrally to pass
along its respective side of the thorax, branching off to feed the meso
and meta-thoracic legs, before going to the ventral region of the abdo-
men, anus and furea,

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91

No tracheoles lead into the ventral tube, and so they play no part in
the function of this organ.

Four main bunches of tracheae lead from each spiracle to supply
the abdomen, the smallest passing to the antero-dorsal region, while
the largest traverses the region of the alimentary canal.

The two other bundles pass ventrally, branching into the nervous
and reproductive systems.

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

In Aphorura (Hilton, 1913) there are two iarge ganglia in the head.
Protruding from the supra-oesophageal ganglion are antennal lobes from
which nerves connect with the antennae, one on each side. Two smaller
nerves, one on each side, connect’ with the cells of the post-antennal
organ. There is also a labral nerve of smaller size, connected with the
post-antennal sense cells on both sides.

The sub-oesophageal ganglion is connected with the supra-oesopha-
geal ganglion and from the sides of the former there are three main
nerve trunks as follows:—mandibular, maxillary and labial branches, |
as found in other insects.

There are three main thoracic aaa one for each segment, end-
ing finally in a mass of nervous tissue in the upper abdominal region
tmade up of several centres fused together.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

This system, excluding the appendages, has been broadly divided
into three (Imms, 1906). Firstly a series of longitudinal tergal muscles,
arranged in two sets, an inner and outer, on each side of the dorsal
vessel in each segment. Secondly, ventrally there is a system of longi-
tudinal sternal muscles. Thirdly, muscles passing vertically and
obliquely from the tergum to the sternum, or tergo-sternal muscles.
Muscles are attached to the antennae, legs and spring and a very com-
plex system serves the mouth parts; in Anurida more than twenty pairs
have been made out. As one would expect, the largest muscles are
connected with the spring, and nine have been found in Smynthurus
(Lubbock, 18738).

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The digestive system (Imms, 1906) is simple, comprising three well-
defined regions, the fore-gut, mid-gut, or stomach, and hind-gut.

Generally speaking, the mid-gut is sausage-shaped with appendages
at each extremity. The fore-gut is approximately twice as long as the
hind-gut and the whole system superficially follows a straight course
from mouth to anus.

The fore-gut consists of two compartments, the pharynx and the
oesophagus, the former being a large cavity formed by the mouth parts.

The oesophagus is a narrow tube, constant in diameter throughout
its length, which leads into the mid-gut, into which it projects slightly.

‘ e

yes 92 ‘ ,
The wall of the fore-gut is formed of three layers of tissue, the inner-
most being chitinous secreted by the middle layer, which is the epithe-
lium, and the third and outermost layer is of muscular tissue.

The mid-gut has a lining of endo-epithelium and is covered by two
layers of muscular tissue.

It is believed that the cells of the stomach lining are regenerated,
the moulted cells being removed with each ecdysis.

The hind-gut, which is slightly dilated in the form of a chamber,
occupies approximately the last two abdominal segments, the inner walls
are lined with chitinous cuticle and followed by an epithelial layer which
is covered by rectal and anal muscles.

CEPHALIC GLANDS and ventral groove of Aaurida (Imms, 1906).

The cephalic or salivary glands are situated one on each side in the
posterior region of the head, ducts of each gland converging te opei
on to the lingua.

The acinose glands of the anterior portion of the head have ducts
which join those of the tubular glands in a common chamber, which
opens into the ventral groove, where the secretions flow down to the
ventral tube, serving to moisten it.

DORSAL VESSEL or heart (Imms, 1906).

This organ is a narrow tube divided into six chambers, with paired
lateral ostia and alary muscles at each of the constrictions and is situ-
ated under the integument in the median dorsal line of the body.

Commencing in the head is the peri-oesophageal aorta, which in
Anurida forms a tube or cylinder round the fore-intestine, leaving it
when it joins the mid-gut, following a line directly above the latter
and reaching as far as the fourth abdominal segment.

Blood is present throughout the body cavity and in Anurida the
corpuscles are circular in outline and have a conspicuous aucleus.

Occasionally the cells give out pseudopodia in amoebic fashion.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

The Collembola do not possess external genitalia and to determine
the sex of individual specimens is difficult when female genital append-
ages are absent. These appendages are in the form of hairs and spines
of a special kind on the posterior segments. The male is characterised
in certain species of Sminthurides by a modification of the antennae.

Internally in the male (Imms, 1906) the testes extend practically the
entire length of the body, the opening being a canal which divides into
ducts connecting the testes. The testes are carrot-shaped glands running
each side of the gut, tapering to a fine filamentous end which is attached
to the excretary tissue in the mesothoracic segment,

The median diverticulum of the female branches off the vagina and
divides into short oviducts connecting the ovaries, which are of the
same general shape as the male testes, but are broader and taper more
quickly.

ETOCS aly He dee ETE S 9G =i PLATE VITA.

COLLEMBOLA.

93

Females have been found to lay eggs before the last ecdysis has taken
place.

COPULATION.

That the Collembola do not possess external genitalia may account for
the fact that copulation does not appear to have been observed.
Wigglesworth (1939) states that the sperm is introduced into the female
genital opening by the mouth parts. This habit, it is interesting to
note, belongs also to the Spiders. Males of certain species of Smynthu-
rides have somewhat pincer-like antennae (PI. vii A, fig. 4), while slightly
larger specimens not exhibiting this specialisation are females. Ac-
cording to Reuter (1880) the male seizes with hhis antennae the antennae
of the female and by means of the specialisation holds her securely.
The male is then thrown over the head of the female so that they are
resting back to back and in this position have been seen to jump about
the water surface for as long as three days. I have personally only
seen them locked by their antennae face to face,

It seems quite logical that somehow in this position they do mate,
and as no one has seen this the operation is perhaps of short duration. —
I do not think that the development of the male antennae and the
method in which these modifications are used can be for any other
purpose than that of mating. On the other hand, it is strange that
other globular species which one would think needed a similar form
of antennal development for mating, purposes seem to be without any
such modifications.

A great deal more requires to be done before any definite statement
can be made concerning this matter.

EGGS AND EMBRYOLOGY.

The eggs are laid in clusters and are usually spherical, smooth, glis-
tening, yellow, rather like droplets of liquid; they become, deeper in
colour as development takes place, and some forms which are hairy
have been recorded. The egg of Anurida (Imms, 1906) is .30 mm. in
diameter, and deposited in groups of between 20-30.

The female of Smynthurus viridis ingests soil which is excreted over
the eggs, forming a hard coat which camouflages them very effectively
and protects them from the weather.

They are thus able to stand extremes of temperature in Palaearctic
and Australian Regions where this species occurs.

The eggs of Collembola contain a small quantity of yolk, and divide
by entire cleavage, a link with some Crustacea and Arachnida. Eggs
of several genera that have so far been examined show that after the
blastodermic cuticle has formed, a change in the cells takes place at
the upper pole of the egg, giving rise to filamentous growths which
extend over half-way down the egg, forming a dorsal organ (Tiegs 1942)
similar to that of Symphyla.

U

94 eG

The newly-emerged springtail isi white except for the eyes, which
are surrounded by dark pigment, and only after exposure to the light
for some time is the full intensity of colour attained. They pass through
numerous instars and except in size and colour the young springtail
resembles the adult. Hundreds of cast skins are often found when lifting
bark exposing large colonies.

The temperature and the pH of the soil has been found to influence
the egg laying of Smynthurus. viridis (Davidson, 1932B).

LIFE-HISTORY.

Little has been done concerning the life-history of Collembola but that
of two species of economic importance is worth recording, namely, Smyn-
thurus viridis and Achorutes viaticus (Tbhg.) (Pl. vi, fig. 8). Davies (19284)
mentions that a female S. viridis, when not disturbed, deposits her eggs
in batches of 20-30, each egg having an average diameter at the time ot
being laid of 0.25 mm. Maintained in a damp atmosphere at 15° C.
the eggs increased in size to 0.27 mm. in diameter. Twenty to twenty-
five days after being laid the eyes and antennae were visible, under the
ccnditions mentioned hatching took place in 35-40 days, when the newly-
emerged springtail measured 0.4 mm. in length. In eight to ten weeks,
according to atmospheric conditions, S. viridis attains maturity; no
mating or indication of moulting was ever observed. The resistance
of the eggs of S. viridis to drought has been proved by Davidson (1932A)
to be due to lack of moisture, and not’ to rhythmical diapause.

The life-history of Achorutes viaticus has been recorded by W. H. .
Parkinson and H. D. Bell (1919). Kept in Petri dishes and reared dur-
ing the summer, eggs of 0.25 mm. in diameter, smooth, shiny, and
spherical, were laid either singly or in groups of seven or eight. As
the embryos developed the eggs became more elongate, and after about
the 23rd day the eye spots were visible. Hatching took place on about
the 28th day, when the insects within a few hours were capable of walk-
ing and jumping. M. Davies (1928B), in his paper on ‘‘ The Effect of
Relative Humidity on Certain Species of Collembola,’’ found that at
25° C. saturated conditions were essential for the survival of Collembola
used in his experiments.

LUMINOSITY.

About six species belonging to four genera have so far been recorded
as luminous. "

-Anurida (Barber, 1913) emits a continuous pale greenish-yellow glow,
not strong enough to make the legs and antennae visible, but sufficient
for anyone to detect its presence in the field. Anurida continued to
elow for three nights in a tube before it died.

No particular luminous organs have yet been discovered, the glow
being general throughout the body. It has been suggested that urate
concretions of the fat body possibly act as the reflector layer (Imms,
1906).

Neanura quadrioculata Guthrie is different in its behaviour (Barber,
1913), emitting flashes of light lasting perhaps between one-fifth and
one-half second, repeating after about 20 seconds.

Neanura muscorum (Temp.) (Pl. v, fig. 3) (Molesch, 1904) when sti-
mulated by shaking produced flashes lasting from several seconds to
halt-a-minute.

Some workers attribute the luminosity to the possible eating of
luminous bacteria and fungi, which, however, must be ruled out in
those species in which the light is flashed.

THE FOOD OF COLLEMBOLA.

Springtails feed on lichens, moulds and algae of a minute type, also
spores and mycelium have otten been found in their stomachs. Macna--
mara (1924) has seen Achorutes (Hypogastrura) nivicola (Fitch)=
sucialis Uzel in large numbers imbibing the sweet sap exuding from
freshly cut maple stumps. Jsotomurus palustris (Mill.) and Smin-
thurides aquaticus (Bourl.), which live on the water surface, feed on
diatoms and desmids. In the spring they feed largely on pollen from
conifers. The littoral Anuwrida maritima (Imms, 1906) is undoubtedly
carnivorous, feeding on the soft tissues of dead molluscs, fish and
crustacea. Vegetable food also has been found in the form of Desmids
and other green algae.

Achorutes viaticus feeds on Psychoda larvae, Zoogloea masses, de-
veloping fungal hyphae and debris which has been retained from
sewage, and have been observed congregating round a dead worm. In
the laboratory they fed on grass which was in the process of decomposi-
tion although still green, and which was limp and adhering to the sides
of the glass bowl in which they were kept. Healthy blades were un-
touched.

Smynthurus viridis is phytophagous, being particularly partial to
clover, grass, lucerne, as well as seedlings of wheat and oats.

Orchesella villosa (L.), kept in the laboratory, fed on the tips of
moss, the only vegetation placed in the vessel. The moss, after being
attacked, turned yellowish in colour. Cannibalism among Collembola
occurs when numbers gathered together exhaust the food supply. When
collecting large numbers in a small phial, remains of specimens partly
devoured are often seen when the capture is being sorted out.

To summarise, it can be said that vegetable matter, whether decom-
posing or healthy, and plant juices form a large part of their diet.
Some species favour dead animal tissue.

ENEMIES.

Little field observation has been made on Collembola and consequently
records of insects found preying on them are few and far between.

‘ 96

Spiders seem to be the chief enemies. Bristowe (1941) records that

Linyphiidae when living in such places as caves, mountain summits, the

seashore, and filter beds rely almost entirely on Collembola for food.

Experiments have been carried out with species of Hydropodura and
Achoruteés, which Linyphiidae and young LDycosae have accepted.
Lepthyphantes, Drassodes, Clubiona, Linyphia, Aranea, Lycosa and
Aysticus have accepted Isotomidae, while species of Smynthurus have
fallen prey, to Linyphia, Aranea, Lycosa and Xysticus. In the
laboratory the Phalangid Platybunws triangularis (Herbst) accepted
Orchesella cincta (L.), and Podura longicornis. I have also seen in the
field a species of Myriopod Lithobius with Orchesella species in its jaws.
The littoral pseudoscorpion Obisium maritimum Leach, probably preys
on Anurida (Imms, 1905). Coleoptera and Hemiptera have occasionally
heen seen with springtail prey, also a solitary wasp was found to have
packed into its tunnel a number of Entomobryids (J. G. Myers, 1934).
A snout mite, Biscirus lapidariws Kramer, feeds on S. viridis and is
used for control purposes in Australia (Womersley, 1933). Gamasidae
have been seen to feed on springtails in a warehouse at Slough.

There are almost certainly many more predators than these men-
tioned, particularly the larvae of many orders of insects, also birds.

Although a lot of work remains to be done on the subject, evideice
points to the fact that Collembola play a very important part in the
decomposition of forest litter and, with the increasing interest being
shown by economic and ecological students, fields of great interest are
being investigated.

PARASITES.
There are so far no records of any Hymenopterous purasites of this
order, possibly partly due to the fact that those species which are not
active live in situations not readily accessible to them.

The large species living more or less in the open are all strong

jumpers and are not readily accessible to attacks by parasites. Egg
parasites are also unknown.

Two species of Parasitic Sporozoa have been found. Minchin (1903)
records Gregarina podurae (Leyer) from the gut of Orchesella villosa
and Glugea thysanurae (L. Pfr.) from the gonads of H. aquatica L.
. Nematodes were observed in the gonads of Anwrida (Imms, 1906) and
Macnamara (1924) once found them in the mid-gut of Entomobrya hex-
fasciata Harvey. Phillips (1946) records larval Nemotodes from the
mesothorax of Neanura grasser (Denis).

HABITATS.

Generally speaking, Collembola are nearly always to be found in

damp situations where there is an abundance of vegetable matter both
living and in a state of decomposition. Some species, however, have
adapted themselves to certain favourable habitats where humidity is
always high, and where there is a plentiful supply of food, as on the

PLATE VIIz.

COLLEMBOLA,

surface of pools. There are five aquatic British species, which are found
on the surface of freshwater pools (Brown, 1929), about 8 littoral, and
two marine species living on the seashore, retiring to rock crevices
when the tide comes in.

A warm humid spell such as often occurs during the early months
of the year is most favourable to springtails, when log and stone turn-
ing usually exposes hundreds of specimens.

Also at this time of the year one notices the large numbers of
Dicyrtomina minuta O. Fab. var. coulonii (Nic.), a very pretty insect
found on lichen-covered sticks, particularly birch, which are strewn
about under the trees.

Achorutes (Hypogastrura) nivicola, the snow flea, as its name im-
plies, is found on snow, sometimes in such large numbers that the snow |
appears to be discoloured. A species not uncommon in houses is the
beautiful scaled Pseudosira domestica (Nic.). (Pl. v, fig. 2.)

Springtails have also been found associating with ants and termites,
and quite recent collections made in our caves have added a number of
cavernicolous species.

ECONOMIC.
I have references to thirty-three British species of Collembola found
damaging plants, and a few mentioned in the following list will give
an indication of the plants and the parts which are damaged.

Achorutes (Hypogastrura) armatus (Nic.) attacking mushroom beds,
also roots of plants, bulbs, and seedlings, and has been found occasion-
ally damaging lawns.

A. (H.) manubrialis Thg., A. (H.) rufescens Nic. and Xenylla hwmi-
cola (O. Fab.) have also been found damaging mushrooms.

X. grisea Axels, Friesia mirabilis (Thg.) attack bulbs.

Onychiurus ambulans (L.) rootlets of plants, seeds and bulbs.

Protaphorura (0.) armata (Tbg.) rootlets of seedlings, ferns, sugar
cane and bulbs.

O. fimetarius (L.) rootlets of carrots, potatoes and sugar cane.

Approximately seventy species have been found damaging plants
to some lesser extent, but not sufficiently enough to necessitate the em-
ployment of vigorous control measures.

There are only two species which are regarded as being! of any agri-
cultural importance, namely Bourletiella (Smynthurus) signata (Nic.)=
hortensis (Fitch.) and Smynthurus viridis.

B. signata (Smith, 1931) attacks mangolds and beet seedlings for
the most part, and occasionally sugar beet, potatoes, soya beans, radishes
and peas. It feeds on the stems just above ground level, giving the
plant a constricted appearance. In mangolds this is known as ‘‘ Black
leg.’”’

This species has been recorded from widely separated counties in
the British Isles.

98°

S. viridis plays havoe with various grasses, and particularly clover.
Womersley (1933) states that near Adelaide, Australia, the estimated
population density approached 150,000,000 per acre.

SWARMING. Brown 1921, Turk 1932, Davies 1982.

This phenomenon has been observed in naturally gregarious species.
When the food supply is abundant but of a limited extent rapid breed-
ing takes place, causing a considerable increase in the population,
Eventually the food supply is diminished to such a degree that under
these conditions the Collembola become carnivorous or sometimes canni-_
balistic. Species naturally phytophagous have been seen consuming; the
dead of their own species. This change of habit explains why large
numbers can survive in barren situations for quite a long period.

Atracheate species congregate in situations where the humidity is
high, as on the surface water. Species which over-winter in the egg
stage respond to rises of temperature and humidity, causing a mass
emergence and a sudden appearance of large numbers. C. Elton (1927)
records how in Switzerland owing to SpEnmaaa Is the wheels of a rail-
way engine slipped on the lines.

FOSSIL COLLEMBOLA (R. J. Tillyard, 1928).

Three fossil head capsules of Collemboloid type were found in small
flakes of Rhynie Chert from Old Red Sandstone in Scctland in 1926.

These capsules present Podurid characters and possibly are the pro-
totype of the Collembola as we know them to-day. The mandibles dis-
- tinctly show a molar area, are retracted within the head capsule which,
as mentioned elsewhere, is a character not found in the true insects.
The antennae, one of which is complete, is four segmented and of typi-
cal Podurid form. Unfortunately, we have no indication of the num-
her of segments or even of the general outline of the abdomen to which
these head capsules belong. Assuming, however, that they were in
keeping with the Podurid theory then it seems likely that, by sheer
numbers of individuals and the fact that parasites and enemies have
only very limited control, springtails have survived to the present day,
the lack of evolutionary change being due to the fact that natural
conditions of temperature and humidity have largely favoured them
wherever they have occurred and by their general habitat they meet
with little opposition. No other Collemboloid remains have been found
in Devonian strata and the earliest Pterygote insect remains have oc-
curred in the lower beds of the Upper Carboniferous. Several spring-
tails have been described from collections in amber.

COLLECTING.

The usual method of collecting these minute insects that one sees
recommended in papers dealing with the subject requires little appara-
tus, only a tube of preservative and a camel hair brush. The brush is
either moistened with spirit or hy the mouth before being, brought in

i 99

contact with the specimen. For small species devoid of a spring this
is undoubtedly the best method. Quite often more than one attempt
is required before some of the more active species are finally caught. To
overcome this difficulty moistening the brush with chloroform or gly-
cerine has been recommended. However, I have found that an aspira-
tor, ‘‘ pooter,’’ or sucking tube is more convenient for these active
species, and is easily constructed from glass tubing, a convenient size
being the length and diameter of one’s little finger. To each end of
this is fitted corks which are bored to allow a piece of smaller dia-
meter glass tubing (3 ins. long) to be pushed through one cork for
about an inch, the external end of this being tapered slightly to con-
centrate the area of suction. Into the other cork is pushed a similar
length of tubing so that it does not project through the cork. Over
this end and attached to the cork is a piece of gauze or bolting silk
of the finest gauge. To the other end of this tubing attach a piece
of rubber tubing fitted if desired with a mouthpiece. A glass bulb can
be installed somewhere along this tubing connecting the cylinder with
the mouthpiece, which is lightly packed with cotton wool to prevent
the entrance of dust into the mouth when in use.

If one buys a foot or so of this 34-inch diameter glass tubing a nuin-
ber of cylinders can be made. When one has a cylinder containing ,a
sufficient number of specimens, or a particular species, by removal of
the attachments and replacing them quickly with corks it can be labelled
and placed in the collecting box and a fresh one attached.

Unfortunately, scaled species are damaged by this method of collect-
ing or by even being kept in a confined space for a few minutes. To
collect perfect specimens some small tubes should be carried; in the
bottom of each should be a slip of paper containing a drop of ethyl
acetate or chloroform. When a capture is to be made uncork the tube
and place it quickly over the specimen, which after a few seconds will
have ceased to move and may be picked up on the end of a brush, prefer-
ably by the ventral surface, and transferred to a tube of spirit. A
square of waterproof canvas is very useful for kneeling and should
always be carried when collecting.

A method recommended for the collection of aquatic species is to
sprinkle a few drops of chloroform on to the water surface when the
specimens can be picked up with a brush. JI have found it easier to
take to the waterside a ladle and a flat bottomed meat tin, the inside
of which has been painted white. Taking a ladle or two of the surface
water, place it gently into the tin, which is propped up so that the
water collects at one side when the springtails will jump on to the
remaining dry elevated portion of the tray bottom, from which they
can be collected by means of the aspirator.

The placing of small tents (Folsom, 1915) round the edges of ponds
has apparently proved attractive to aquatic species which ‘‘ came in
immense numbers,’’

For those who for one reason or another prefer to collect sitting in
an easy chair at home, some strong paper bags (sugar bags are ideal),
into which samples of humus, moss, old birds’ nests, and flood rubbish
containing springtails can be carried home and sorted out at leisure
on a table, are an essential.

When time is valuable and cannot be spent) poring over debris, a
Berlese Funnel will do it for you.

This apparatus consists of a water-jacketed funnel which is heated
(in warm climates this is not necessary) by a gas ring. At the end of
the funnel is placed a tube containing spirit; resting on top of the
funnel is a sieve or wire tray supporting the debris. The springtails,
being stimulated by the warmth and drying of the debris, leave it and
fall into the funnel, and unable to gain a foothold on its smooth sur-
face are precipitated into the tube of preservative. The secret of this
method is not to'have too thick a layer of debris on the sieve.

PRESERVATION.

Springtails, owing to the softness of their integument, cannot be
mounted dry on cardboard points, but are preferably stored in tubes
of alcohol plugged with cotton wool. These tubes are inverted in ground-
_ glass-stoppered jars and covered with spirit. Various strengths can be
used ; 75% has proved very efficient but 80-85% has been recommended,
higher concentrations tending to render the material brittle.

For those who cannot obtain aleohol, 4% formalin is a good preser-
vative, which at the same time does not affect certain colours as does
aleohol. Methylated spirit has not proved very satisfactory- Data
should be written in Indian ink and included with the specimens.

A type collection of specimens mounted as slides for the microscope
is very useful for reference and other purposes. Owing to the high
refractive index of other media Berlese Medium or Gum Chloral is
the ony suitable (but semi-permanent) mountant, of which the follow-
ing is the formula. De Faure’s or Berlese’s Media :—Chloral hydrate, 20
gms.; gum arabic, 12 grms.; distilled water sufficient to dissolve the
gum; glucose syrup, one teaspoonful; acetic acid, glacial, 10 c.c. Dis-
solve the gum with heat then add Chloral hydrate and other constitu-
ents and filter hot through fine muslin. This is to be used with the
finest number coverslips and slides. It is always advisable to make a
series of slides of each subject to allow for failures. While drying at a
moderate temperature they must be observed for a few days so that
if necessary a little extra medium may be added. If the medium is of
the correct consistency, when dry, and the cover-glass ringed with gold
size or black japan, the preparation will be good for some years. Some
workers heat their slides until the medium bubbles at the edges, but
this I find sometimes disturbs the position of the object and occasion-
ally crystals form after some time. From my experience of prepara-

tions treated in this way, a large percentage occurred in which the

101

medium later contracted under the cover slip, in spite of ringing in

the usual manner.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Orchesella flavescens (Bourl.) var. melanocephala Nic.
Fig. 2. Psewdosira domestica (Nic.).
Fig. 3. Neanura muscorum (Temp.).
‘Fig. 4. Sminthurides aquaticus (Bourl.).

Figs. 1 and 2. Photo by E. E. Syms.
Figs. 3 and 4. Photo by E. Ridley.

Apex of Antenna IV.
A. viaticus. (Entire.)

PLATE VI.
Achorutes viaticus (Tbeg.).

Fig. 1. Ocelli.
Fig. 2. Claw and tip of tibiotarsus.
Fig. 3. Anal segment and horns.
Fig. 4. Mandible.
Fig. 5. Furca and retinaculum. (Ventral view.)
Fig. 6. Anal horn.

i

. 8.

PLATE VIIA.

Fig. 1. Folsomia quadrioculata (Tbg.). Mucro.
Fig. 2. Dicyrtomina minuta v. cowlonii (Nic.). Mucro and part of dens.
Fig. 3. Pseudosira domestica (Nic.). Mucro and part of dens.
Fig. 4. Sminthurides aquaticus (Bourl.). Male antenna.
PLATE VIIB.
Fig. 1. Dicyrtomina minuta v. cowlonii (Nic.). Claw and tip of tibio tarsus.
Fig. 2. Podura longicornis Mill. Claw (ventral view).
Fig. 3. Folsomia quadrioculata (Tbg.). Claw.
Fig. 4. Pseudoisotoma sensibilis Thg. Claw and tip of tibiotarsus.

REFERENCES.

Barber, H. S. 1918. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 15, pp. 46-50.

Bristowe, W. S. 1944. The Comity of Spiders, 2, Ray Society Publication.

Brown, J. M. 1921. Naturalist, Lond., pp. 129-130.

— 1929. The Naturalist, pp. 111-113.

Davidson, J. 1932A. Nature, Lond., 129, p. &67.

—— 1932B. Aust. Journ. Micro. Sci., 10, pp. 1-16.

Davies, W. M. 1927. Qwart. Journ. Micr. Sci., 71, Pt. 1, pp. 15-30.

— 1928A. Bull. Ent. Res., 18, Pt. 3, p. 295.

—— 1928B. Brit. Journ. Exp. Biol., 6, No. 1, p. 86.

— 1982. Nature, Lond., 130, p. 94.

Elton, C. 1927. Animal Ecology, p. 110.

Folsom, J. W. 1915. Bull. Ent. Soc., Brooklyn, N.Y., 10, pp. 91-94.

Hilton, W. A. 1913. Journ. Ent. Zool., Claremont, Cal., 5, pp. 37-42.

Imms, A. D. 1905. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 15, pp. 231-232.

— 1906. L2.M.B.C. Memoirs, 18, Anurida.

— 1936. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 3, pp. 1-31.

Lubbock, Sir John. 18738. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.
Society Publication.

Macnamara, C. 1924. Canad. Ent. Orillia, 56, pp. 99-105,

Ray

102

Minchin, BE. A. 19038. A Treatise on Zoology, Edited by Ray Lankester, Pt. 4,
Qnd Fascicule. \

Molesch, —. 1904. Leuchtende Pflanzen Jena. : 4

Myers, J. G. 1934. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc., Lond., 82, pp. 37-42.

Parkinson, W. H., and Bell, H. D. 1919. Insect Life on Sewage Filters. The
Sanitary Publishing Co., Ltd. y

Phillips, S. M. 1946. Ent. Mon. Mag., 82, pp. 218-219.

Reuter, O. M. 1880. Ent. Tidskr. I. Jahrg., pp. 159-163.

Smith, K. M. 1931. Agricultural Entomology, pp. 19-22.

Tiegs, O. W. 1942. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., 83, Pt. 2, pp. 153-169.

Tillyard, R. J. 1928. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Pt. 1, pp. 65-71.

Turk, F. A. 1932. Nature, Lond., 129, pp. 830-831. *

Wigglesworth, V. B. 1938. The Principles of Insect Physiology, p. 385.

Womersley, H. 1933. Journ. Counc. Scien. Ind. Res., 6, No. 2, p. 85.

LE. & N.A L6-L7 PLATE VII

Photo. W. H. Spreadbury.
LONG-TAILED TIT AT NEST.

103 ane

BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY WITHOUT A HIDE.
By W. H. Spreappury and W. J. FInnican.

Read 13th March 1946.

We would not presume to give advice on bird photography. Ever
since the Kearton brothers began their work the popularity of bird
photography has continued to increase. Enthusiastic camera-users,
amateur and professional, looking for new subjects soon discovered that
bird photographs were sure of attracting attention and were certain
sellers. Such photographers helped to swell the ranks of those
ornithologists who realised the help the camera could give in recording |
the birds that interested them, and it must be admitted their work has
reached a very high standard. This type of work demands far more
time than the average busy naturalist with his varied interests is able
to give, for to achieve success a hide is usually necessary as well as much
preparation.

The breeding season offers the best opportunities and so photographs
at the nest are the rule, though of late years some excellent studies of
birds ‘‘ away from the nest’’ have been made. Even for these a hide
and some sort of decoy are generally needed, and a telephoto lens is
particularly useful.

Thus bird photography becomes so absorbing as to leave little time
for other field work. It is to those who either cannot afford the time
or who do not feel justified in devoting too much of their time to bird-
photography that our remarks are addressed. Many would like to record
their finds, but the naturalist whose bird-watching takes him to com-
mons and other places accessible to the public finds the use offa hide
almost impossible for obvious reasons. Nevertheless, in the course of
bird-watching it is possible sometimes to obtain quite interesting photo-
graphic records without a hide.

Naturally, the number of species that can be attempted is limited;
but experience soon showed us when we were likely to be successful and
when we could safely make an attempt without endangering the safety
of the birds and their young. Even when our photographic efforts failed,
the time spent was not wasted for there were interesting observations
to be made and, perhaps, a useful hint for improved technique on some
future occasion.

It was soon clear that individual birds re-acted differently to the
camera close to the nest, even when we were concealed with thread in
hand some distance away. And this, in general, was our method of
approach. The camera was fixed up reasonably near the nest, the lens
stopped usually to f.8 and the shutter set for 1/25 sec.—a safe speed to
begin with. There were times when a longer exposure could be safely
attempted. Then, with a thread attached to the shutter, we retired a

104

short distance away, took as much concealment as the terrain allowed,
and waited. :

- Some birds were so tame that even while we were focussing the bird
would return to the nest, indifferent to our presence. Indeed on some
occasions this tameness was quite disconcerting, and the bird had to be
hustled from the nest until we were ready. We recall a Reed Bunting

' that perched on the focussing cloth over the photographer’s head; ‘and

‘“

a Wood Warbler that hovered in front of the lens and actually settled
for a moment on the operator’s hand as he held the release. Such birds
were easy subjects and with those, of course, we abandoned the distant
thread release and began work straight away at the nest.

But it was not always as simple as this. Our practice was to give
up and take the camera away from the nest if one or other of the birds
did not show signs of proving a good subject within a quarter of an hour
or so. The time, of course, depended on the circumstances. There was
the well-being of the bird and its young to consider, and the inroads
into our few precious hours in the country.

You will appreciate that we said one or other of the birds showing
signs of returning to the nest, because one curious fact soon became
plain. Sometimes the hen, sometimes the cock, and sometimes both
birds proved tame. Perhaps, we should add, often neither, but then
these attempts were doomed to failure from the start. This variation

‘in behaviour occurred in the same species and even with the same in-

dividual on different occasions; therefore one could never tell what the
result would be until the camera was set up.

But what a pleasure it was at times when the bird was a good
subject, to sit quietly by the camera, hand on the release, nest only
a few feet away and watch the birds carrying on the business of feed-
ing the young, apparently quite oblivious of our presence. We have
vivid recollections of very tame Wood Warblers which repeatedly brought

‘larvae of Hipparchus (Geometra) papilionaria. We had searched for

these larvae in vain earlier in the day!

And what delightful birds were the Reed Warblers, whose charming
domestic life was carried on within a few feet ofius. Frequently it was
necessary to work the camera with the thread, and when the distance
was rather great and the view of the bird not too good there was a
good deal of luck about the result, but the happiest times were always
when the birds allowed a near approach and one could feel almost like
one of the family.

While it was advisable to keep quiet and still, we discovered that
absolute stillness when near the nest was not essential. Rather we
found that a seeming quiet indifference to the whole proceedings, with
the face averted from the bird, was the most successful. One seemed
to be accepted as part of the landscape, and this allowed gentle move-
ments which were very comforting when our body position was rather
awkward and cramp threatened, or the mosquitoes were particularly
blood-thirsty.

Spreadbury.

Wits JEL

Photo.

a
RQ
a
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=
a
ea
ica
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aa
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Q
ea
al
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H.S., 1946-47. PLATE X.

Photo, W. J. Finnigan.

MARSH TIT AT NESTING HOLE.

Sle. dN AE oS: : PLATE XI.

Photo. W. J. Finnigan.
WHINCHAT.

1h
a (0%

my

hee vik
pineeteuh nd getaty
tae ihe NS
my Ie da Fil

Pe a ea

105 “ht

Sudden movements always scared the birds, and it was noticed that

on windy days it was rarely worth trying for a photograph. There was
the risk of movement just at the wrong moment, and the rustling herb-
age often kept the birds in a continual state of anxiety. Even very
tame birds were difficult on windy days.

We have already hinted that our methods were only possible with
certain individual birds and, it is obvious. to you, only possible with
certain species. There are some for which a hide must be used, such,

for example, as the Lapwing and Curlew; and even with a hide days of ©

preliminary work and much patience may be required. We found
stalking successful with a sitting Nightjar, and after several attempts
on successive days, it was surprising how skilful we became at moving
imperceptibly with the camera nearer and nearer to the nest. It was
always an exciting moment when, having) approached thus far, we
decided to chance another foot or two. :

But we have said enough. Our attempts at photography have given
us many happy hours of intimate acquaintance with some otf our breed-
ing birds, during which we learnt much that we should not have learnt
without the camera. We have gained pleasure from our photographs,
a pleasure increased by recollection of the circumstances in which they

were taken. And now we have the added enjoyment of showing you

some of the results of our efforts.

. ~

SEX ATTRACTANT PRINCIPLES OF MOTHS,
. By Dr Haroxp Kine, F.R.S.

Read 27th March 1946.

When I was in Washington in July I took the opportunity of pay-
ing a visit to the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Beltsville, a few miles north-east of Washing-
ton, to gain some first-hand information from Dr Haller on the work
he and his colleagues, Acree and Potts, have been doing on the nature ©
of the sex-attractant principle of the Gipsy Moth.

Now by way of introduction to the subject I should like to recall a
few facts with which you are more or less familiar. This Society, I am
glad to think, is essentially a Field Society and many of us are
acquainted from our own experience with the power certain freshly-
emerged virgin female moths have for attracting numbers of the oppo-
site sex. Many suggestions have been made to account for this attrac-
tive power; electric waves, sound waves and odoriferous principles
secreted by glands. The famous French entomologist Fabre held the
view that the male was attracted by waves and not by material par-
ticles of scent. He thought, for instance, that the female Oak Eggar
could not give off scent molecules but that something about it vibrated
causing waves which could be propagated to distances incompatible with
an actual diffusion of material particles.

We know now, however, that an explanation in terms of wave motion
is untenable. There are many recorded instances in entomological
literature where the receptacles which have held the virgin female have
heen attractive to the male moths many days afterwards. Again, the
ettractive principle is carried by the wind and it has been shown ex-
perimentally that an isolated abdomen or even a spot where a female
has rested will attract the males. Furthermore, the male is not at-
tracted by the female in an air-tight vessel. In fact, all the phenomena
suggest that a scent is being emitted by the female moth.

Now, if scent is the basis of the attractant property there should be
structural features associated with the emission and recognition of
scents. Scent organs are common in lepidoptera and they are best
developed in the Lasiocampidae and Bombycidae, where it is claimed
that the ova are ripe for fertilisation when the female insect leaves
the pupa.

If a section is made through the abdominal tip of a female Plodia
the scent glands are prominently visible as sacs which are eversible.
When the female is ‘‘ calling ’’ these scent-producing membranes are
exposed and the fluttering of the wings probably helps in the dispersal
of the scent. ’

; 107.

Freiling, in Germany, saw minute drops of liquid like sweat on

the surface of the everted glands of a species of Orgyia and the liquid

absorbed on blotting paper was attractive to the male of the species.

In certain species the roles are reversed; the female seeks out the
male and some male moths have a pencil of hairs for dispersing scent
which it has been suggested has an aphrodisiacal action on the female.

The most conclusive evidence in favour of the scent theory of attrac-
tion would be the isolation of the scent in pure form. The work of
Haller and his colleagues in the U.S.A. and of Butenandt in Germany
conclusively shows that the sex-attractant principles of the moths they
examined were definite chemical substances.

_ In the Eastern part of the United States the Gipsy Moth is a serious
menace to forest trees, particularly in Massachusetts.. To give you
some idea of the magnitude of the problem presented by this insect, in
1928 eight men collected 300,000 pupae of the female moth in 21 days,
which is equivalent to 1800 pupae per man per day.

During the past year 200,000 pupae of the female Gipsy Moth were

collected in the countryside and disributed in trays for incubation and

of these about 60% emerged. They were then put in groups into cages

to mature for about a day and then the abdominal tips were cut oif

and dropped into a solvent such as benzene. The benzene extracted
something of a fatty nature from the abdominal tips and if the benzene
was allowed to evaporate on a pad of cotton-wool this could be taken
into the woods, where, fastened on to a tree and provided with an
appropriate water-proot cover to protect 1t from the weather, it proved
highly attractive to the male moths. A sticky material was painted
on the tree trunks near the attractant material and in this way the
distribution of the Gipsy Moth and its spread into new localities could
be followed.

To a chemist, however, the intriguing problem is what is the chemi-
cal nature of the attractant principle. Dr Haller and his colleagues
have been able partially to purify this principle by chemical methods
and the work has been confirmed in three successive years. The sub-|
stance or substances belong to the group of chemical compounds known
as alcohols. It can be combined with phthalic anhydride to free it from
inert substances and can then be regenerated with full attractant
activity.

A very similar conclusion has been arrived at by Butenandt work-
ing in Berlin. The abdominal tips of 7000 females of the silk-worm
moth gave 1.5 g. of a benzene extract which in the proportion of 1
gamma, i.e., 0.000,001 g., excited the normally sluggish males. They
raised their antennae and made them vibrate, and with more stimula-
tion they fluttered their wings and then walked towards the source of
the scent. When a glass rod was dipped into the extract and put near
the males they all followed it and after a person has worked with the
material his clothes became attractive to the male moth. Finally, a
crystalline alcohol was isolated of which 0.01 gamma was active. It

108
had the probable formula C,,H,,0,; it was a dihydric alcohol and was
quite specific for the silk-worm moth.

Both lines of investigation have thus led to comparable results and
they raise a number of very interesting questions, in fact they seem
to raise more problems than they ‘have solved.

In the first place these scents are specific for one species only. Are
we therefore to assume that in every species the female moth that at-
tracts the male secretes its own specific attractant chemical substance?

_ Jt will mean a large number of different chemical substances and from
-.\ the chemical side I see no difficulty. We know that the least changes

of chemical structure of scents give rise to substances with different
odours.

In the second place, what are these sex-attractant principles derived
from? Are they derived from the fats in which they are soluble, are
they derived from cholesterol or from the closely related sex-hormones,
some derivatives of which are known to be scented, and will there be a
structural relationship between the scents in any one genus?

In the third place, is it really feasible for a moth to emit scent in
sufficient quantity for it to be detected at a distance of 2 miles? On
this question I think we have sufficient data to give a fairly conclusive
answer.

Butenandt found that this purest material, as I have already men-
tioned, attracted male silk-worm moths from a short distance with only
0.01 gamma of material. This quantity is one one hundred millionth
part of a gram or, as can be easily demonstrated, it corresponds to

2 x 10! molecules. This is a very small weight indeed but it corres-
ponds to an exceedingly great number of molecules, each of which is
the carrier of the odoriferous principle. There is to my mind therefore
no difficulty about the transmission of scent by female moths with the
aid of the wind up to a distance of 2 miles.

Finally, I should like to give you an illustration of what the human
nose is capable of. Emil Fischer, the great German chemist, and his
~ collaborator Penzoldt found that 0.01 mg. of ethyl mercaptan, a sub-

stance related to the odour of the skunk, could be detected by the human
nose in a room of 250 cubic metres. It is quite simple to show that if a
sniff is approximately 20 c.c., the smallest quantity we can smell is of
the order of one million millionth of a gram, or 10-6 gamma, of ethyl
mereaptan, or if we put it in terms of molecules, this corresponds to
ten thousand million molecules, or 101°, a quantity still less than the
smallest quantity of specific sex-attractant principle detectable by the
male silk-worm moth.

\

. ; 109

COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES IN INDIA,
By Lt.-Col. J. H. B. Lower, R.E.

Read on 24th April 1946.

These notes of my experiences of butterfly collecting in India were
originally prepared to accompany the showing of a number of slides
on the screen and have necessarily been adjusted somewhat to enable
them to appear in print on their own, unaccompanied by pictures. I
make no claim whatever to any profound knowledge of the butterflies
of India. My tour in India lasted for 64 years, but they were all war
years during which the soldier led an éxceedingly busy life. Such col-
lecting that I did was done during very short periods of leave, and often
I could not find time to identify, let alone study, the habits of all the
interesting insects I came across. During the war years in India re-
creation was very hard to obtain. There were no golf balls, tennis balls,
motor cars or petrol. Thus it came about that when I did obtain some
leave my wife and I chose places to visit which we judged would pro-
duce a good haul of butterflies. Entomology, in short, acted most suc-
cessfully in filling a very real need, and it provided just that interest
and recreation which otherwise was almost impossible to obtain.

In putting down these notes, rather than attempt to describe the
many species I came across, which has been done most ably in many
text books, I will take in order some of the places I visited and men-
tion one or two of the outstanding butterflies I met in those places.

Some of my earliest collecting was done in Quetta. Quetta is in
Baluchistan in the extreme west of India. It adjoins the arid mass
of Central Asia and consequently has a very dry and hard climate.
Temperatures rise to great heights in the summer and night tempera-
tures in the winter are very low. As a result of the lack of water,

there is little vegetation. Stones abound everywhere. Quetta itself is

situated in a high plain, about 5000 feet above sea level, surrounded
by mountains whose peaks just reach the 10,000 foot mark. Butterflies
are few; only 8% of the total found in India and Ceylon occur in Balu-
chistan. The Browns (Satyridae) are the family of chief interest and
abundance, the colouration of their under surfaces making them blend
in well with the ubiquitous rocks and stones. Good examples are
Humems thelephassa Hiib. and parisatis Koll. There were also a cer-
tain number of Blues to be had, but mostly of the duller sorts, and I
found all most difficult to name. I know of only one quick and reliable
method of naming Indian Blues, and that is to take them to the Natural
History Museum and ask Brigadier Evans to do it.

The strong flying Catopsiliae were well represented at Quetta. One
sees these well-known migrants all over India. They easily win in a
race across the stony country of Baluchistan, but fortunately they were
attracted by the flowers in my garden, and I thus captured all I wanted.

110°

Climbing the mountains round Quetta was worth the effort. It was
indeed a thirst-making occupation, but after scrambling up some two
or three thousand feet one comes upon a flatter type of hill with more
earth and fewer stones. In these regions many interesting plants can
be found (most of them well protected by spikes and thorns) and the
interesting, almost black, Karanasa actoea Esp. can be caught. This
butterfly does not seem to come below a height of 7000 feet, or at least —
very rarely does so. ]

After eighteen months of the dry stones of Quetta I got some leave
and my wife and I determined that we would go to some place where
green trees and grass could be seen. As it was mid-winter, the dry
season, we found nowhere nearer than Assam to fill the bill. So we
made the absurd journey all the way across India from west to east, five
days and five nights by train, in order to find green vegetation.

Assam is one of the richest parts of the world for the naturalist.
It is at the junction of the Himalayan range, the Malayan penin-
sula, China and India. It has both plains and mountains, a fertile
soil and abundant rainfall. Consequently it has exceedingly rich vege-
tation with amazing jungles, with bamboos towering to a height of
forty or fifty feet. It is an entomologist’s paradise, and in the words
of Brigadier Evans, ‘‘ variation has literally run riot.’’ Sixty-seven
‘per cent. of the total species obtainable in India and Ceylon exist in
Assam, and although we were there in mid-winter, which is the dry
season, we came upon many interesting and exciting species. Quickly
noticed were a number of large white floppy butterflies easy to capture.
There proved to be four species of Delias amongst them. These but-
terflies are white on the upper surface and have amazingly rich and
gaudy colours on the under surface. Huploea mulciber Cram., the Blue
Crow, was considered at the time a good capture, although by no means
rare. I remember watching one for a very long time sailing about
amongst the top of the jungle just below the mountain path on which
I was standing. To leave the path was out of the question. Apart
from the completely impenetrable jungle, the mountain slope was far
too steep for moving about on. But at last patience was rewarded, and
mulciber ventured too near the path and was captured by a lucky sweep
of the net.

Mulciber is one of the Danaidae, several others of which family we
came across in Assam, and which provide such a striking example of
_Miillerian mimicry. All Danaidae are distasteful to birds and the
other enemies of butterflies, which will not touch them. This may be
due to the fact that their larvae feed on poisonous and evil-smelling
creepers and plants. They are also tough and leathery. J used to kill
my butterflies by nipping the thorax, and always gave a good extra nip —
or two with the forceps to the Danaids. But in spite of this, I have
opened my paper packets on reaching home and had a perfectly good
and live Danaid flying out apparently unharmed. So no doubt the but--
terfly enemies find them indigestible as well as nasty. To help the

ain

birds recognise the species, Nature and Darwin between them have ar-

ranged that they shall carry only a very few wing patterns and
that these shall be most distinct and easily recognised. Thus it is out
of a total of thirty-eight species found in India there are only three
general patterns, all very striking. Many species having the same
general pattern are often exceedingly difficult to distinguish from one
another. The birds and other enemies have therefore only three pat-
terns to learn to recognise, and this seem to fall within the capacity of
their memories.

The Himalayan range provides some of the best collecting grounds
ot India, and I was fortunate enough to be stationed in Ranikhet and
Naini Tal in Kumaon for some months. The country is exceedingly
varied and passes from the hot humid area of the foothills through
rich jungle country up through the healthy pine forests, the grass-
covered meadows above the pines, right up to the area of perpetual
snows of tremendous heights. Twenty-eight per cent. of the total In-
dian butterflies can be taken in this region. When I first went up to
Ranikhet, I had to choose a hotel in which to live, and I have to own
I was considerably influenced in my choice when I saw two large
Buddleia bushes in the front garden. These bushes paid me well. They
yielded Vanessa indica Herbst, a wonderful combination of our ata-
lanta and cardui, and a good supply of those wonderful swallowtails,
Zetides sarpedon L. and cloanthus Westw. These feed as larvae and
imagines on wild clematis, and are very fast flyers, keeping high up in
the trees... Without the Buddleia I doubt if I could ever have seen them,
let alone capture them. To see them quivering their pale green shiny
wings on the buddleia flowers was a never failing source of delight.
Vanessa canace L., the Blue Tortoiseshell, was another interesting
species. I never but once saw this at rest, and never observed it at
flowers. It always seemed to be careering about the pine woods at a

‘great pace, and I never captured one except by a lucky sweep of the

net aimed more or less at random at a fast moving black insect. .Hutha-
ha patala Koll., the Duchess, gave more excitement. This huge but-
terfly flies very swiftly, usually around tall trees. It flies and then
glides swiftly with its wings arched downwards like a partridge. I
eventually found that they came down to water in the late afternoon,
and that they could then be captured by a swift downward stroke of
the net when at rest. As the ground was always very hard this pro-
cess was by no means good for the net but it had to be done. The large
fritillary, drgynnis children, Gray, provided a magnificent sight
amongst the thistles just before the rains, and as a contrast the huge
all-black swallowtail, Tros varuna White, occurred at the same time.
This is one of the poisonous family of Tiros, the Bird Wings, and is jet
black on both surfaces without any markings at all. They fly very
slowly and seem to travel very short distances. I first remember seeing
one some way below my bungalow one evening returning from work. |,
however, had time to get home (uphill in the Himalayas), find my net,

112

and return in time to capture it. Melanitis leda L., the common Even-
ing Brown, flies in the late evening and, I think, by night as well. I
have seen two or three attracted to the electric light in the verandah
of my bungalow just like moths.

The species Melanitis leda and Precis almana L. well show the sea-
sonal variation that occurs in so many butterflies of India. The under-
sides of the wet season forms carry the normal patterns often well
striated and ocellated, whereas the dry season forms are dingy brown
with little pattern. The reason for this is clear. In the rains the
country is covered with luscious and varied growth, amongst which a
butterfly can hide with ease. During the dry season the country is all
burnt up and bare earth and dried leaves cover the ground. Against
such a background the dry season forms merge with complete efficiency.

We were fortunate enough in being able to live for a time in the
regions of the North-west and the Himalayas, but inevitably we were
eventually condemned to serve in the plains of Central India. By the
‘‘ Plains ’’ is usually meant the huge flat area of country comprising
the basins of the Rivers Indus and Ganges with their many tributaries.
The plains stretch right across Central India from Peshawar in the
north-west to Calcutta in the east. Entomologically it is a compara-
tively poor region. Only seven per cent. of the total Indian butterflies
occur in it. This poverty is due partly to the fact that nearly all the
ground is under cultivation, but more so to the long dry season which
lasts from October to June. During these nine months little rain falls
and a temperature of 115 degrees in the shade is often recorded. Con-
sequently the ground gets completely dried up and no shallow-rooted
plant can survive. Little Colotis etrida F., a tiny Orange Tip, is a
good example of a desert insect. It flies in the hottest part of the hot-
test days over ground with scarcely a green thing growing on it. I
have never discovered what the larvae can possibly find to eat. Danais
chrysippus L. is to be met with frequently in the hottest parts through-
out the year. Its larvae feed on a peculiar form of Milkweed which
has deep roots and always remains green and juicy. I soon met the dis-
tinctive-looking males of Hypolimnas misippus L. flying round the
garden. It was some time before I discovered its truly astonishing
female. This female is as different as can be from its male and almost
indistinguishable from the poisonous Danais chrysippus. Misippus
and chrysippus fly about together, and I have seen a couple perform a
complete ‘‘ Box and Cox’’ on a flower. These species provide us with
an outstanding example of Batesian mimicry, and we see a female of
a butterfly which is poles apart from the Danajids biologically; assum-
_ ing exactly one of the distinct patterns of the Danaids, which we have
already seen are easily recognised and avoided by butterfly enemies.
The plains of India provide many other examples of this astonishing
mimicry, notably the swallowtail Papilio polytes Li., which has three
female forms, one normal like the male, one mimicking the poisonous
Tros aristolochiae F., and one the poisonous Tros hector L. Further,

113

if aristolochiae is common in the district, that will be the pattern of

the female polytes occurring there. If hector is common, most polytes

females will adopt that form. Space does not permit one to enlarge on
this subject, but it is one of never-ceasing surprise and interest to
collectors in India.

One of the last spells of leave we enjoyed was in Pachmarhi in the
jungles of the Central Provinces. This region lies in the centre oi the
peninsula of India south of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Pachmarhi is in
low hills about two thousand feet above sea level and the whole country
is cut up by small rivers and streams flowing in deep ravines. We
visited Pachmarhi in April when the country was very dry, and water
proved the one great attraction to butterflies. Numbers could be found
on the wet stones and mud on the banks of the streams, but few else-
where. We soon found the brown Lethe rohria F. which flew around
the rocks, hiding in the dark cracks and crevices. They were not easy
to capture, until one day I spotted a particularly nice dark looking
hole in a rock and placed the large net over its mouth on chance.
Seventeen rohria were the immediate result! We found the fine swal-
lowtail Pathysa nomius Esp. resting on damp sand on the banks of the
streams, and quivering its wings in the sun. A lovely sight. The
tails of a good specimen of the insect measure well over half an inch

in length, but they are so thin and fragile that it is exceedingly diffi-

cult to capture a specimen with its tails intact. If they are not broken
before capture, they are only too liable to get broken in the net.

- I had previously heard of the partiality of certain butterflies for
hill tops. There was a small rocky isolated hill just behind our hotel.
At the very top was a large rock with a bush growing in a cleft. Round
this rock I found flying the beautiful blue Tajuria cippus F. with its
magnificent sheen, and also the strong flying Hriboea athamas Dry.
Several specimens of each were flying round and round this rock, mak-
ing me, who was perched uneasily on its summit waving my net in wild
sweeps, quite giddy. Athamas and all its kind are most vigorous flyers,
almost invisible on the wing. When caught they fight like mad things
in the net and quickly tear their wings in pieces before they can be
quietened.

The following day we saw a huge butterfly careering through the
woods and at once recognised it as Kallima inachus Bdv., the famous
Oak-leaf butterfly. Later we found their real haunt, a rocky stream
which descended very steeply through a narrow gorge with huge rocks
and boulders on each bank. We returned next day with a mixture of
‘“sugar,’’ to which Oak-leafs are reported to be partial, but not one
was attracted, and although several were flying they seemed quite un-
interested in the smell of the sugar. We soon found, however, that
they rested on the large rocks bordering the stream in the gorge, a
most curious habit, seeing that their camouflage amongst leaves is as
perfect as can be, and that they are outstandingly obvious resting on
the rocks. The place abounded in large lizard-like creatures which also

114

spot inachus with ease, and we saw several creep up and pounce on the
butterflies. Most were too wary to be caught, but several had large
bites taken out of their hindwings, thus showing that the lizards at
least obtained an occasional mouthful. Other observers have noticed
that Kallima often does not make use of its perfect camouflage. They
often rest on a twig but place themselves the wrong way along it with
their tail towards the tip of the twig instead of towards the stem. Thus
the ‘‘leaf’’ appears to be growing out of the twig the wrong way
round. It is said that the undersides of no two inachus are the same.
I have certainly noticed the most amazing variation, but all are won-
derfully leaf-like and some reproduce the rust spots and fungi of dis-_
eased leaves in a remarkable manner.

I found that it was by no means easy to catch this butterfly even
allowing for his foolish habit of resting on rocks. J found them very
wary and my own mobility scrambling from stone to stone in the
midst of a steep and rushing stream was considerably restricted. I
remember there was one spot on a large rock favoured above all others.
It had a small tree with a single stem growing just in front and it was
exactly behind the stem that I nearly always saw a fine inachus resting.
The stem prevented direct action with the net, and of course, which-
ever side the net approached, inachus popped out the other. Eventually
I tried a net in each hand and attacked from both sides of the tree at
once, but inachus certainly knew that I was naturally right-handed,
and always came out by the left side! J think I should mention that
JT returned to the locality at dusk with the idea of easily boxing inachus
as they slept on the rocks. JI found, however, that not one was to be
found. All were secure amongst the trees and quite undiscoverable.
I think they only patronise the cool rocks during the heat of the day
in hot dry weather. ~

With the capture of Kallima imachus, J must bring these notes to a
close. JI again apologise for their somewhat crude character when read
apart from the pictures that should accompany them; but hope that
they may possibly assist others to recollect their own experiences of
many happy hunts and strengthen their resolve to pursue the hobby of
entomology in whatever circumstances or land they may be situated.

[ Notp.—The nomenclature used is that contained in The Identifica-
tion of Indian Butterflies, by Brig. W. H. Evans, 2nd Ed., Revised,
1932.—Ep. |

115

SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON PIERIS NAPI (L.).
By J. Antony THompson, M.A., F.R.E.S.
Read 22nd May 1946.

During the past two years I have been engaged upon a comprehen-
sive study of the entire natural history, taxonomy, and genetics of
Pieris napi with a view to producing a complete thesis upon this butter-
fly as it occurs in the British Isles.

-Some months ago your Secretary did me the honour of inviting me
to present the results of this work to our Society. Owing to many diffi-
culties, the chief of which were lack of time and equipment, I have been
unable, so far, to achieve more than the rudiments of such a task. These
remarks, therefore, represent no more than the beginning of an in-
vestigation, and must be treated merely as an interim report pending
the solution of many interesting problems which have so far been
disclosed. J hope, however, perhaps in the autumn of 1947, to be able
to present to you the completed work. In the meantime may I ask
for vour indulgence for the preliminary nature of this present paper.

So far my work has necessitated the rearing of more than 150 sepa-
rate broods of the butterfly, each of which has been meticulously segre-
gated under conditions which made error, in this respect, impossible.
These broods produced a grand total of 6236 ova, of which 43.11% were
fertile. The largest number laid by any one female was 224, of which

139 produced larvae. This family was from a pairing of two homo-
azygous var. hibernica (Schmidt), which seems to show that fecundity
is not always affected by inbreeding. Moreover, a cross between a

hibernica male and a white heterozygous female, with Somerset blood,
produced 155 ova, all of which were infertile. Thus prolific oviposition
does not seem to be-a guide to fertility in every case. I might add
here that the father of this large infertile brood successfully fertilised
his full sister, another homozygous hibernica.

While on this subject it may be of interest to point out that a male
can fertilise any number of females throughout the whole of his life-
time, although I have frequently seen this point treated with some mis-
givings both in print and in correspondence. As an example [I will
cite the case of a huge white male which I received by post one day
from Aberdeen. He had heen five days in transit, but, within 48 hours
of his arrival, he had paired with five females, four of which produced
fertile ova, the exception to fertility being his third pairing, which elimi-
nates the possibility of infertility at either extreme of his career.

The duration of coition is sometimes a guide to the success of the
union. Recorded times of my pairings vary from 45 mins. to 8 hrs.
35 mins.; and in no single case was fertility achieved by coition lasting
longer than 2 hrs. 45 mins. Duration of coupling beyond this period
always indicates mishap.

!

On the other hand females, as far as I have been able to prove, can
be fertilised once only. They will pair any number of times before
fertilisation, but I have never yet been able to induce a male to pair
with a fertile female. Lately, in fact, I have found it to be an in-
fallible test of fertility, and, in cases where I have been anxious to

~ know whether a previous pairing has been successful, I have segregated

the eggs so far laid by the female, and caged her with another male.
The female always seems ready to pair again, but, after investigation,
the male will have nothing to do with her if she is fertile, but will pair
readily if her previous coiticn was abortive. The segregated ova from
the first pairing have always proved this to be correct.

Napi seems to pair readily in captivity, far more so than its con-

geners P. brassicae and P. rapae, and, providing that there is some

sunshine and the butterflies are protected from cold winds, I have
never yet failed to obtain a desired mating, either in or out of doors.
Particularly hot weather is not usually the most propitious of condi-
tions. When paired the butterflies seem loth to move and can be picked
up, usually, without difficulty. In the rare cases when movement has
been observed the male is always the engine of locomotion. I have had
pairings during all the hours of sunshine, which seems to indicate that
this butterfly is not particular as to the time of its mating. Before
leaving the subject of pairing I would add that fertility seems to be a
matter of compatibility between the two individuals. For instance,
a female which has paired with a male A, and has proved infertile, fre-
quently produces a fertile brood to male B, whereas male A is success-
ful, later, in fertilising another female, thus showing that the fault is
not inherent in either partner of the first abortive pairing. Whether
this compatibility is previously determinable I have not yet been able
to discover, though I suspect it may have something to do with the
relative ages of the individuals. This I hope to be able to discover by
the time my final thesis is ready.

Observation of the early stages has produced little to add to our

existing knowledge of the subject. Some minor points, however, are
worthy of mention.

Occasionally ova are of a deep rust colour, instead of the usual cream
shade. These reddish ova have appeared both oddly and’ in numbers
in several broods, but only one brood has been composed entirely of the
darker colour. This variation of shade is no guide either to health or

to fertility of any particular ovum.

The larvae frequently turn cannibal and I have also seen them attack
pupae. This, however, is unusual, and may possibly be caused through
failure to discriminate from a similarly coloured foodplant, as the only
pupae which I have seen attacked have been green ones attached to the
stem of the pabulum. ;

The larvae show great variation regarding speed of development

and laggards frequently, though not always, fail to produce imagines.
This rate of growth does not seem to be influenced by climatic condi-

TG

tions, a point which also refers to the ova, which may hatch in any-
thing from five to fifteen days after being laid.

It is well known that there are two distinct forms of the pupa and
I have often had individuals embodying both colourations, such as buff
thorax and abdomen with bright green wing-cases. Moreover, the two
extremes of colour, from bright green to light biscuit, vary towards ©
each other so that some individuals are of a shade impossible to classify
as either green or: buff. The black markings also vary considerably,
sometimes being confined to a few spots, and occasionally spreading to
such an extent that the wing-cases are entirely black.

It has frequently been stated that this variance of pupal colour may
be caused either by the situation selected for pupation or by some
‘‘ effect ’? of light. I can definitely refute both these statements and
have had many instances among my stock which prove that there is no
external cause of colour determination. It is only necessary to quote
one case. Two larvae, brothers, feeding together in a glass-topped tin,
both pupated on the lid, in the centre, barely half-an-inch apart. Pupa-
tion occurred within a few minutes of each other, under identical light
environment. One pupa was brilliant green with very few black mark-
ings, the other was a well-marked buff example.

T have been at much pains to discover any significant relationship
between pupal colouration and imaginal variation, but there seems to
be absolutely no connection. . All my broods have produced either all
green pupae or a mixture of both colours in every conceivable propor-
tion. Jn my experience the green pupae have been more prone to hatch
quickly than have the buff, but Dr H. B. Williams assures me that he
has had precisely the opposite experience, which seems to show that my
results have been merely coincidental.

It is well known that there are two periodical forms of napi which
have been termed the ‘‘ Spring ’’ and the ‘‘ Summer ”’ broods. Some
authors, having detected third and fourth broods, have allowed them-
selves to indulge in special patronymics for these further emergences.
All this rubbish has clouded the simple and inescapable truth of the
matter, which was explained by Jarvis (Proc. S.D. Ent. & N.A. Noc.,
1941/42, Pt. 1). There are two forms only; that in which development
is arrested in the pupa throughout the winter, and that in which
development continues without definite halt, though at varying rates
of progress, until the emergence of the imago. Jarvis (loc. cit.) states
that this phenomenon is determined by an inherited chemical acti-
vator, and while fully agreeing that this is the case, I am convinced
that there’ is an environmental super-activator «influencing the potency

of the inherited factor. In support of this theory I would cite the

cases of two broods, as follows. In 1943 Dr H. B. Williams had a num-
ber of pupae, in June, from a pairing between a Somerset male and a
hibernica female, both ‘‘ first brood ”’ individuals. Of these pupae he
very kindly sent half to me, a matter of three dozen, and retained the
others. At this time I was in North Wales. The majority of the pupae

118

retained in Surrey by Dr Williams duly produced hutterflies in the
summer, but the entire 36 in my possession underwent an arrest of
development, the first emergence being in April 1944. The second case
concerns a brood shared with Mr Nigel T. Haston from eggs laid by a
female in North Wales in August 1945. From this brood Mr Easton
had 44 pupae in London and I retained 41 in Flintshire. Mr Haston
had 18 immediate emergences, while all but one of my pupae suffered
arrested development until the following spring. Mr Easton further-
more reared an F.2 generation from this stock, butterflies emerging
in October and November 1945. These two cases seem to show that
immediate environment can play a large part in controlling the in-
herited factor, although the well-known failure of pure Caithness stock
to produce more than one brood a year, even in the south of England,
would seam to show a variable potency of resistance. I have not been
able thoroughly to peruse Jarvis’s paper but I hope in due course to
be able to co-relate these remarks with this theory. J must, therefore,
crave indulgence if I have overlooked any part of Jarvis’s work deal-
ing with multifactorial activators.

From this it will be seen that pupal development is either continual
or arrested, each of which forms produces imagines with particular
markings well known to lepidopterists and usually dubbed respectively
“‘ Spring form ’’ and ‘‘ Summer form.’’ These terms can be very mis-
leading as frequently overwintering pupae may not emerge until the
following August. Such imagines bear the characteristics of what is
known as the ‘‘ Spring form ”’ and thus a dangerous confusion is created
for the taxonomist. This is particularly noticeable in the ‘‘ banded ”’
forms of the female, extreme examples of which are produced by those
pupae which emerge without delay but whose full sisters which over-
winter produce specimens with both the ‘‘ banding ’’ and the apical
blotch much reduced.

Before passing to the various forms of the imago mention must be
made of that menace to the breeder popularly known as “‘ blacking-off.””
This scourge has destroyed approximately 40% of my pupae during my
two years’ work, a figure which seriously threatens the value of statis-
tics referring to genetics. JI hope soon to have, on the spot, labora-
tories which will enable me to make a detailed investigation of the
disease. At present I can only hazard a guess that it is a virus trans-
mitted to the larva through the agency of the foodplant. I have at-
tempted, without success, to find some line of inheritance of this weak-
ness and also there seems to be no climatic or temperature influence ;
indeed, my investigations all point against these possibilities, which
leads me to believe that the disease is introduced into the larva by an
outside agency.

P. napi is probably the most variable of all British butterflies. The
‘gradual realisation of this fact has led a great many lepidopterists into
large-scale breeding of the insect and the discovery of unlimited forms
of aberration. Unfortunately, it has also resulted in great confusion

119

of the nomenclature appertaining to many forms. The thoughtless and

precipitate systematics of most of the older British entomologists

brought into being a number of both synonymous and superfluous varie-
tal names, a state of affairs which made it almost impossible to dis-
cover the correct name even for well-known forms, and to which the
recent work of Miiller and Kautz has added still greater confusion.

I had hoped to be able to attempt a complete revision of the nomen-
clature of our British forms, but the difficulty caused by the war of
referring to types in continental collections has forced me to postpone
any attempt at a finished catalogue for the time being. I am, however,

continuing work to this end, and hope that I shall soon be able

to place before you a revised list, based on genetic principles, of the
British forms of napv.

For the time being, therefore, I shall mention only such forms as
are in particular need of clarification and on which most of the work
has been completed.

The ground, colour is subject to an immense range of variation rang-
ing from the normal white in one direction to the citron yellow of hiber-
nica, and in another through various shades of coppery buff to speci-
mens approaching the form known as bryoniae Och. There are in col-
lections many brownish specimens but all of this colour which J have
investigated have been subject to humidity, either in a relaxing tin
or otherwise, and I have no reason to suppose that any of these brown
specimens is genuine. The genetics of var. hibernica are well known
and there seems to be no doubt that it behaves as a simple recessive.
Shepherd (Hntom., 1936, 69: 61), attempts to state that this is not
the case when hibernica is paired with a white example from Irish
stock. The results of my experiments have not borne out this sug-
gestion, though I am still at work on these Irish forms and do not feel
that I have yet sufficient data to be dogmatic in contradiction of so
careful a worker as Shepherd. The first person, apparently, to attempt
an elucidation of this problem was Schmidt, but his results, as re-
ported by Miiller and Kautz (1938), are unintelligible and valueless.
Among many dozens of segregated broods of homozygous var. hiberniza
T have only had two instances where this form has not behaved as a
simple recessive; namely, in a brood which produced 35 pupae there
was one individual of a dirty pinkish white, and, in another brood of
18 pupae, a similar specimen occurred. Both these were cripples and
hoth females, and although I tried hard to obtain a pairing from each
the crippling was too extensive to permit this. I conclude, therefore,
that these two specimens had been subject to chromosomic injury dur-
ing conjugation. I have two other specimens which, although bearing
a superficial resemblance to very pale var. hibernica, are obviously of a
different gene-complex. One of these, a female, is very delicately
flushed over its entire surface with what would appear to be a heavily
diluted lemon yellow. This was an isolated example from a pairing,
which produced only five pupae, hetween a wild white male from Flint-

120 i
shire and a var. hibernica female. The other foie pupae produced
normal white males. The other specimen was purchased from Mr L. W.
Newman, and was bred by him from Sligo stock. Before suggesting a
name for these insects I am awaiting additional data, but I would
emphasise, now, that they are in no way whatever connected with pale
specimens of hibernaca.

Another colour form to which I should like to refer is that in
which the entire surface of the wings is of a smoky, greyish, coffee
colour. There are, to my knowledge, at least two specimens of this
form in existence in British collections, one of which, a females} is in
my possession. This form J name

fumosa ab. nov.,
the type being in my collection, taken at Sudbury, Suffolk, 5.8.1925,
by W. Harwood.

There are also specimens in which the pigmentation is unevenly dis-
tributed on both surfaces, some of which bear a superficial resemblance
to the insect figured by Miller and Kautz on Plate XIII, fig. 12. These
cases are particularly noticeable in examples of var. hibernica, and,
for these, I propose the name :
irreguiaris ab. nov.,
the type of which is in my collection, ¢ bred Donegal origin, 5.v1.1935,
H. W. Head. This name will, of course, only refer to specimens of
var. hibernica which have the citron-coloured pigment irregularly dis-
tributed, giving an effect of having been bleached. Insects showing
this peculiarity, but otherwise of the normal white form, are apparently
referable to ab. subtalba Schima, under which title Miiller figures various
forms, all of which, however, are confined to the underside, whereas, in
ab. irregularis, the ‘‘ bleaching ’’ may be present on either or both
surfaces .of var. hibernica.

oh

The question of ‘‘ banding ”’ thas been largely, dealt with by previous
authors with reference to the upperside of the female and a great deal
of confusion has arisen, involving the erroneous application of a num-
ber of synonyms. Miiller and Kautz retain two names; ab. confluens
Schima for those specimens in which the ‘“‘ band ”’ is confined to unit-
ing the two forewing spots, and ab. continua Bryk. for examples in
which the confluence is produced to the apex. My breeding results
would appear to show that these two varieties are merely different ex-
pressions of the same cumulative gene. It would thus seem that all
female specimens exhibiting ‘‘ banding ’’ on the upper surface are
referable to ab. confluens Schima, 1909, which has fourteen years’
priority over the name continua.

I have purposely referred to this aberration with regard to the
upperside of the female only as my breeding results have shown that
the so-called ‘‘ banding,” which occurs on both surfaces of male speci-
mens, is due to the influence of two different genes. It is thus necessary
to propose two further names, one for male specimens exhibiting ‘‘ band-

ee ae es
‘oats 4
a
= atk | 121
ing ’’ on the upperside and another for those showing the same pheno-

menon on the under surface. These I name as follows

lachrymosa ab. nov.,
male specimens exhibiting a series of black scales immediately below
the normal forewing spot, on the upperside. These scales may also be
produced towards the apex. Type in my collection, bred Donegal origin,
6.vili.1944, J. A. Thompson.

fulgoris ab. nov.,

male specimens exhibiting a series of black scales immediately below
the normal forewing spot, on the underside. In some cases these scales
may form a band uniting the two underside spots where both are pre-
sent, but occurs equally in specimens in which the lower spot is absent.
As in ab. lachrymosa the extra black scaling is often produced up-
wards to the apex. Type in my collection, bred Donegal origin, vi.1936,
J. A. Thompson.

Although I am now certain that the forms confluens, lachrymosa, — |
and fulgoris are the result of different genes, I have not yet sufficient
data to determine with certainty the cause of ‘‘ banding ’’ on the
underside of the female, but will deal with this in my later paper.

It is, however, quite obvious that all ‘‘ banding *’ is the result of
cumulative inheritance and is, therefore, not recessive, as had been
supposed. I hope to be able to give an exact account of the operation
of these factors in my future work, as they present many points of
extreme interest to geneticists.

I have also bred several specimens of a most beautiful form of the
female in which the apical patch is extended to form an area entirely
covered with black scales from the costal extremity of vein ten through
the upper forewing spot to the marginal extremity of vein four, and,
for this form, which is also the result of a cumulative factor, I propose
the name

impleta ab. nov.
Type in my collection, bred Donegal origin, 8.vii1.1944, J. A. Thompson.
I would add that the impleta factor is quite distinct and in no way
connected with the genes which give rise to ‘‘ banding.’’

In P. napi the phenomenon of gynandromorphism is by no means
rare and is, in fact, probably more prevalent in this than in any other
British butterfly. The comparative similarity of the sexes may ac-
count for the fact that there are fewer examples of gynandromorphic
LP. napi to be seen in most collections than similar aberrant forms of
the Lycaenidae.

In napi gynandromorphism may assume expression either as bilateral
examples or as mosaics, the latter being either symmetrically marked
or otherwise. Very occasionally the mixture of the sexes is accom-
panied by a corresponding mixture of ground colour as in the well-
known example of the heterochroic bilateral gynandromorph bred by
Mr Head some years ago, in which the right-hand side is a white male .
and the left-hand side a female var. hibernica.

129

Last year, in November, Kaston bred two extremely beautiful
- mosaics, both heterochroic' and gynandromorphic, the female portions
of the scaling being of a deep buff, var. flava Kane, and stand-
ing out in conspicuous distinction from the white male scaling.
I have a specimen exhibiting similar phenomena, purchased from Mr
L. W. Newman, in 1939, which was bred from Donegal stock. As far
as I know these are the only three heterochroic mosaic gynandromorphs
in existence, though in the summer of 1945 Easton bred two white males
with streaks of hibernica coloured scaling on the upper surtace of the
hindwings, one of which he most kindly presented to me. These
specimens need careful investigation before their origin can be deter-

mined.

Although I have referred to Easton’s heterochroic mosaics as gynan-
dromorphs, I personally incline to the opinion that tliey should be more
strictly termed intersexes and have probaly arisen through the discre-
pancy in valency brought about by crossing two isolated races, the P.1
generation being descended from a Scottish female of Easton’s and ar
Trish <x Welsh male of mine. We had never previously collaborated in
a pairing and our stocks were obtained from completely different
sources. We have both been able to continue working from this stock,
and I hope that it may soon be possible to determine the cause of this
‘most beautiful and rare form.

From these few remarks, which are obviously nothing more than
the trifling commencement of a vast work of much importance, it will
be seen that there is great scope for research, for the taxonomist,
the ecologist and the geneticist, in the study of P. napi. Not only is
the nomenclature muddle to be elucidated, but the genetic relationship
of the many forms has in most cases still to be determined.

I am continuing to work on this species until these objects have
been attained, and I should very greatly welcome the assistance of any
lepidopterists who would be kind enough to supply me with relevant
data or personal experience to enable me more speedily to complete
and present to you a cohesive account of these problems.

In conclusion, I would express my apologies for the rudimentary
and immature nature of this present paper in the hope that you will
refrain from judgment until the presentation of my finished thesis on
this butterfly.

May I also express my great indebtedness to Dr H. B. Williams for
his help and advice and to Mr Nigel T. Easton for his collaboration in
breeding experiments and for his prodigious acumen in typing these
notes to my dictation. The work of breeding so many segre-
gated broods would have been impossible single-handed and credit for
the very foundation of the work rests with my wife, who has been un-

. flagging in encouragement and in the maternal care of hundreds of
young larvae, and with Miss Naomi Cantrell Storer, who has been un-
tiring in attention to the breeding cages and has also undertaken the
preparation of the statistics for genetic purposes.

BEATE Sxil Proc: gs. EE ace) NaleSa eit tone

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Angerona prunaria L. ab. spangbergi Lampa, :
Locality unknown. Ex. colls. Harper, Webb & Baldock.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. spangbergi Lampa, &
Brentwood. Bred June 1893. Ex. coll. C. Fenn.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. fuscapicata Williams. : paratype No. 1.
Huntingdonshire. Bred 19. vi. 1938 by H. B. Williams (Brood H.D.S./L/37).

Angerona prunaria L. ab. fuscapicate Williams. 2 allotype.

Huntingdonshire. Bred 20. vi. 1938 by H. B. Williams (Brood H.D.S./L/37).

Angerona prunaria L. ab. griseoguttata Williams. : holotype.
Oxshott dist. Bred 2. vi. 1927 by H. B. Williams.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pluriguttata Williams. é holotype.
London. Bred July 1903. Ex. coll. C. Fenn.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. diluta Williams. : holotype.
“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1941 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. postfusca Williams. : holotype.
Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newman.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pallidaria Prout, :
Chattenden. Bred 1897 by B. H. Crabtree.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pallidaria Prout, 2
Locality unknown. Ex. colls. Mason and C. Fenn.

All in H. B. Williams coll.

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S. 1946-47. PLATE Xi.

Miss Dorothy Fitchew del.

VARIATION OF ANGERONA PRUNARIA L.

123

ANGERONA PRUNARIA L.: ITS VARIATION AND GENETICS.
By Haroxtp B. Witu1ams, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
Read 10th July 1946.

By the kindness of the late Dr H. D. Smart I had the opportunity
in the years preceding the recent war of breeding large numbers of
Angerona prunarva and of making a preliminary study of the genetics
of some of its forms. It became necessary to study the variation of the
species in some detail and to attempt to clarify the nomenclature. A
number of forms have already been named and there appears to be
some confusion about some of these. I therefore propose to attempt
a review of the variation of the species and to describe some forms which
appear to me to be new or to have been overlooked. No such review
has been attempted previously, except by Prout, in Hnt. Rec., 15: 149,
and in Seitz, Vol. 4: 334, and those very brief notes appear to me to
need to be supplemented and revised.

Nominotypical prunaria L. appears to be the ordinary lightly
speckled English form. It occurs throughout the palearctic region from
England to Japan and in England occurs throughout the South and
Midlands but is absent from the North. It is an extremely variable
insect, the most conspicuous aberration being the banded form ab.
corylaria Thunberg, which Barrett treats as an ‘‘ alternative form ”’
of the species, and which occurs throughout its range. Both prunaria
and corylaria are extremely variable, and I propose first to deal with
the forms of prunaria.

1. Ab. spangberg: Lampa, 1885, Ent, Tidskr., 1885, p. 95.

In this form as described there is a complete absence of the dark
freckling. It is described from a female example and Prout (Ené. Lec.,
15: 149) says he has only seen it in this sex but understands that it
does also exist in the male. I have not yet been able to study the gene-
tics of this form. Examples are comparatively common in both sexes
in which there are only faint- traces of freckling, principally in the
apical area, and, these, I think, must be related to spangbergi. The
aberration as described certainly occurs in both sexes, but it is much
commoner in the female. I possess one male without any trace of
freckling, which I figure (Plate xii, fig. 1) and I have a number of female
examples, one ot which is figured, Plate xii, fig. 2.

2. Ab. nigrolimbata de Joannis, 1908, Bull. Soc. Ent. France; 1908,
p. 45. .

This form is described as having, on all four wings, a narrow dark
border, at its widest at the apex, and narrower in the female than in

194 aren.

the male. The border in the male is 5 mm. wide at its widest part.
The form is unknown in England, though it is recorded from various
localities in Brittany. I figure both sexes (Plate xiii, fig. 1, ¢, fig. 2, 9).

3. Ab. fuseapicata ab. nov.
. This form is figured in Barrett, Vol. 6, Pl. 270, fig. 1c, from an
_ example in the Webb coll. which is now in my possession. I supposed
this insect to be nigrolimbata until Dr Cockayne discovered the figure
of that form in Ann. Soc, Ent. France, 1908, 77, Pl. 11, figs. 5 3, 6 Q.
Ab, fuscapicata is a comparatively common form, but appears to have
been overlooked. I have a long series from Dr Smart’s Huntingdon-
shire stock and have seen examples from Sussex and Kent. It appears
to breed as a simple dominant, and, as in nigrolimbata, the female is
less heavily marked with fuscous than the male. From larvae received
from Dr Smart in 1937 I bred in 1938 21 moths, all fuscapicata (Brood
H.D.S.//37). The parentage was stated to be ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex ”’
and the cross appeared to be between a male fuscapicata from Hunt-
ingdonshire and a typical female from Sussex. I paired two of these
moths (Brood E/38) and bred in 1939 12 moths, all fuscapicata.
Male. As in prunaria, but on the outer margin of the fore wing
is a fuscous blotch, not extending to the apex, 2-3 mm. in width
at its widest, nearest the costa, and extending to vein 3. The
fringe adjacent to the upper part of this blotch is also fuscous in
the majority of examples, but the fringe adjacent to the lower part
is chequered as in prunaria.
Female. Similar to the male, but the fuscous blotch is much
smaller.

- g holotype. Origin unknown. Ex Webb coll., labelled ‘‘ Harwood coll.
1887.” Figured in Barrett, Lep. Brit. Isles, 6, Pl. 270, fig. le.
H. B. Williams coll. |

® allotype. Huntingdonshire. Bred 20.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./L/37).
H. B. Williams coll. I figure this example, Plate xu, fig. 4.

6 paratypes.

f No. 1. Huntingdonshire. Bred 19.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./L/37).
’ . I figure this example, Plate xii, fig. 3.
No. 2. Huntingdonshire. .Bred 15.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./L/37)
No. 3. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D
ce Smart.
No. 4. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D
Smart.
No. 5. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1938 by Dr H. D.
Smart. °
No. 6. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1938 by Dr H. D
; _ Smart.
No. 7. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1938 by Dr H. D

Smart.

eeclyeeh fea ea

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
lng, 4b,
Fig. 5.
Pie (5
Ime, 7.
Pim,
Iris, Ge
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Titers W243

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Angerona prunaria IL. ab. nigrolimbata de Joannis. <.
France.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. nigrolimbata de Joannis. &.
France.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pluriguttata Wiliams. @ allotype.
Chingford. Ex coll. C. Fenn.

Angerona prunaria Li. ab. juncta Williams. holotype.
Folkestone. Bred 1892. Ex coll. Baldock.

Angerona prunaria, Li. aberration. ©. Locality unknown.
Hx colls. Mason and Fenn.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. smartaria Williams. <¢ holotype.
Sussex origin. Bred 17.vi.1938 by H. B. Williams (Brood
H.D.S./1/37).

Angerona prunaria li. ab. smartaria Willams. 9 allotype.
Sussex origin. Bred 24.vi.1938 by H. B. Williams (Brood
H.D.S./1/37).

Angerona prunaria L. ab. smartaria Williams. <& paratype
No. 2. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H.
D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. smartaria Willams. CG paratype
No. 7. Sussex origin. Bred 23.v1.1939 by H. B. Wil-
liams (Brood L/38).

Angerona prunana L. ab. smartaria Williams. <G paratype
No. 9. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H.
D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. smartaria Willams. @ paratype
No. 25. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H.
D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria lL. ab. smartaria Williams. @ paratype

No. 29. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H.
D. Smart.

All except Figs. 1 and 2 in H. B. Williams coll.

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S., 1946-47. PLATE XIII.

H. B, Williams del.
ABERRATIONS OF ANGERONA PRUNARIA.

125
No. 8. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred June 1938 by Dr H. D.
Smart.
Nos. 9-13. Dunsfold origin. Bred 6.vi.1939 (Brood 2A/38) by H.
B. Williams.

Nos. 1-13 in H. B. Williams coll.

Nos. 14 and 15. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’? Bred June 1939 by Dr H.
D. Smart (Brood X).

No. 16. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’”’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D. Smart
(Brood U).

Nos. 17 and 18. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H.
D. Smart (Brood V).

No. 19. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’”’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D. Smart.

No. 20. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.

No. 21. North Kent, July 1918. Bred.

Nos. 14-21 in E. A. Cockayne coll.

No. 22. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’? Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D. Smart.
No. 23. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D. Smart.
No. 24. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D. Smart.
Nos. 22-24 in National Collection, British Museum.
Q paratypes. -
No. 25. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D. Smart.
In National Collection, British Museum.
No. 26. Dunsfold origin. Bred 11.vi.1939 (Brood 2A/38) by H. B.
~ Williams.
No. 27. Dunsfold origin. Bred 18.vi.1939 (Brood 2A/38) by H. B.
Williams.
No. 28. Huntingdonshire origin. Bred 18.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./’
M/37) by H. B. Williams.
No. 26-28 in H. B. Williams coll.

4. Ab. pluriguttata ab. nov.

This form is distinguished from prunaria by the very heavy speck-
ling. It was bred freely some years ago by L. W. Newman and by C. P.
Pickett, who published (Ent. Rec., 15: 144; Trans. City of London Ent.
and Nat, Hist. Soc., Part XV (1905) 59) notes on his results. Although

these notes are not entirely satisfactory the form appears to be a simple
recessive.

Male. The fuscous striae are very numerous and are broadened
and are also lengthened and confluent, except, in the majority of
examples, in a small area at the apex of the forewings, which area
very frequently remains of the normal ground colour in ab. cory-
laria. The aberration is variable, some examples being much darker
than others, and in extreme examples the insect might almost
equally well be described as fuscous with light markings.

Female. Similar, but less heavily marked with fuscous

126

3 haletyiee: London. Bred July 1903. H. B. Williams coll. Ex coll.
C. Fenn. I figure this example, Plate xii, fig. 6.

9 allotype. Chingford. H. B. Williams coll. Ex. coll. C. Fenn. I
figure this example, Plate xii, fig. 3.

dg paratypes.
No. 1. Epping Forest. ,Bred by L. W. Newman, 1905.
No. 2. Epping. Bred by E. Goodwin, June 1906.
No. 3. Bexley, Kent. Bred by L. W. Newman, 1904. Ex coll.
H. Willoughby Ellis.
No. 4. Chepstow, Mon., 1898, A. T. Mitchell
Nos. 1-4 in H. B. Williams coll.

No. 5. Epping. Bred vi.1911 by E. Goodwin.

‘No. 6. North Kent. Bred vi.1921 by L. W. Newman.

No. 7. ‘‘ Epping x Oxshott.’’ Bred 19.vi.1906 by J. Greenwood.
No. 8. ‘‘ Epping x Oxshott.’’ Bred 21.vi.1906 by J. Greenwood.
No. 9.

Epping. Bred by P. H. Tautz. (A very dark example).
Nos. 5-9 in E. A. Cockayne coll.
9 paratypes. ¥
No. 10. Epping. Bred July 1908. Ex Pether coll.
No. 11. Epping. Bred 1907. Ex Mathew coll.
No. 12. North Kent. Bred 1912 by L. W. Newman. Ex coll. H.
Willoughby Ellis.

Nos. 10-12 in H. B. Williams coll.

No. 13. Epping. Bred vii.1908 by E. Goodwin.

No. 14. North Kent. Bred vi.1921 by L. W. Newman.

No. 15. Epping Forest. Bred 1905 by L. W. Newman.

No. 16. Epping Forest. Bred 1905 by L. W. Newman.
Nos. 138-15 in EK. A. Cockayne coll.

5. Ab. diluta ab. nov.

This is a form in which parts of the wing are of a bone colour, as
though bleached. These pale areas are not symmetrical, but in all those
in my possession both sides of the insect are affected. In some examples
only the fore wings, in others both fore and hind wings, are affected. I
know of two female examples but all the other examples I have examined
are males. A male example from Rosenthal, near Leipzig, is figured
in- Iris, 18, Pl. 11, fig. 10. This aberration appears not to occur in
corylaria ; Dr Cockayne refers (in litt.) to a brood reared by Dr Smart,
in which most, if not all, of the male prunaria were diluta, but none of
the corylaria were.

d ‘holotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.

H. B. Williams coll. JI figure this example, Plate xii,
fig. 7.

127

Q allotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’? Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D. Smart.
H. B. Williams coll.

y /

3d paratypes.

No. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newman.

No. 2. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newman.

No. 3. North Kent. Bred June 1942 by L. W. Newman.

No. 4. Bevills Wood. Bred 28.vi.1927 by Rev. G. H. Raynor.

Nos. 5-8. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’”’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D
Smart.

No. 9. ‘*‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D
Smart.

Nos. 10-11. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’? Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D.

D

pa

Smart.
No. 12. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H.
Smart.

Nos. 1-12 in H. B. Williams coll.

>No. 13. ‘“ ‘Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.

Smart.

Nos. 14-15. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D.
Smart.

No. 16. “ Hunts. x” Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.
Smart.

No. 17. North Kent. Bred 12.vii.1904 by L. W. Newman.
No. 18. ‘‘ Epping x Raindean Wood.’’ Bred 1897-1916 by C. P.
Pickett.

Nos. 13-18 in E. A. Cockayne coll.

6. Ab. feminaecoloris Valle, Notulae Entomologicae, 1930, 10, 40.

These are males in which the ground colour is yellow instead of
orange, being almost exactly the colour of the female.

This is a rare form. I have 3 bred by C. P. Pickett of ‘‘ Epping x
Raindean ”’ origin, bred between 1897 and 1916, from the Willoughby
Ellis coll., one from Ireland from the same collection, and one from
Monks Wood, 21.vi.1904, from the W. G. Nash coll.

7. Ab. fuscuria Prout, 1903, Ent. Rec., 15: 150.

Prout says ‘‘ The dark shade which prevails in ab. corylaria is here |
spread over the whole of the wings, producing an unicolorous infuscated
aberration.’’ Prout refers to a male from Lauban, from the Zeller
coll. (now in B. M. Coll.) as the only example he has seen, and this
example must therefore be regarded as the type. I have an example,
which is figured by Barrett, Vol. 6, Pl. 270, fig. la, which is of unknown
origin. It was acquired by the late Sydney Webb at the Harper sale
in 1884 and was later in the Willoughby Ellis coll. Dr Cockayne tells
me he has a worn male from Monks Wood, 26.vi.1920, H. A. Leeds.

I do not think this form has any relation to corylaria. In neither of
the examples here referred to is there any trace of} orange scales on
microscopic examination.

These appear to be the named forms of prunaria. Before passing
to the consideration of corylaria it may be well to refer to a number
of names which appear to me to be synonyms.

Ab. spangbergi has been re-named several times.

Ab. subalpinaria Lambillion, 1912 (Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam., 1912,
98, Pl. 11, fig. 1) is only to be distinguished by the fact that it is
described from a male specimen. Lambillion says it is impossible to
compare it with spangbergi or with kentearia Stdgr. I cannot think
why he finds it difficult to compare the specimen he describes with
spangbergi. Kentearia (Stdgr., 1892, Iris, 5: 375) is a subspecies from
Asia which I cannot distinguish from sibirica, Fuchs, 1889 (Jahrb. Nass.
Ver. Nat., 52: 145), but Staudinger says it is ‘‘ dichter mit dunklen
Strichelchen und Fleckchen bestreut ’’ than prunaria, which appears to
distinguish it from spangbergi and subalpinaria, though he does say
that two examples of spangbergi occurred in the series.

Ab. unicoloraria von Hormuzaki, 1894 (Ent. Nachr., 20: 56) is a
form which only differs from spangbergi by having a few indistinct grey
flecks. Staudinger (Cat. Lep. Pal., 3rd edn., p. 330) stupidly refers
this to kentearia. Ab. unicolor Matsumura, 1924-1425 (Journ. Coll.
Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., 15: 176) is precisely the same form as
unicoloraria and is described as unicolorous except for a few indis-
tinct fuscous strigae at the costa and termen of the fore wings. At
present I see no reason for distinguishing these forms with a few in-
distinct striae, which are, as indicated above, comparatively common.
I find it altogether remarkable that von Hormuzaki and Matsumura
have both chosen substantially the same name, unicolor, to describe an
insect which cannot be distinguished from spungbergi alee by the fact
that it is not, as spangbergi is, unicolorous.

Ab. fuscaria has also received more attention than one would have
expected, having regard to its great rarity. Ab. franckaria. Lambillion,
1912 (loc. cit.) is identical with fuscaria. Ab. hasebroekit Kujau, 1933
(Int. Ent, Zeits., 27: 85) is substantially the same, except for a slight
yellow suffusion on the veins. Ab. luteosordida Hoérhamer, 1933 (nt.
lint. Zeits. Guben, 27: 293) differs little.

Before I proceed to discuss the variation of the banded form it may
be well to observe that there are two distinct forms of the female, as
respects ground colour. The normal female is of a pale yellow colour,
hut forms occur which are of a deep ochreous, almost golden, colour.
- J name the latter form ab. aurea n. ab. I have at present no knowledge
of the genetics of this aberration, but it has appeared in several broods
-I have reared and appears to segregate.

l:olotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D. Smart.
(Brood 8). ,

129

No. 1. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.”’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D.
| Smart. (Brood S).
No. 2: ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1940 by Dr H.
’ Smart.
No. 3. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.
Smart. I figure this example, Plate xiv, fig. 7.
No. 4. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.

Smart.

_ The banded form is ab. corylaria Thunberg, 1784. Sordiata Fuessly,
1775, is not a form of this species. Corylaria is dominant to prunaria, but
as was demonstrated by Doncaster and Raynor (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1906, 1: 125-129) the heterozygote is recognisable in that the orange
parts show the fuscous striae of prunaria, which are absent in the
homozygous form. It is not uncommon, hhowever, to find homozygous
forms with some striae, particularly on the veins, and it is sometimes
difficult to identify these examples precisely. Figures are given by
Doncaster and Raynor which sufficiently indicate the distinction be-
tween the homozygous and heterozygous forms.

Corylaria is subject to numerous modifications, the genetics of which
have not yet been satisfactorily determined. The dark fuscous bands
vary greatly in width, and this variation is not always uniform on the
fore and hind wings. The following are the principal modifications which
have come under my notice:

8. Ab. juncta n. ab.

A modification of corylaria in which the band of the ground colour
in the centre of the forewings is very much widened and at the costa
is confluent with the orange apical marking which is usually present
except in the darkest forms of corylaria,.

¢ holotype. Folkestone. Bred 1892. Ex Baldock coll. H. B. Wil-
liams coll. I figure this example, Plate xiii, fig. 4.

6 paratypes.
No. 1. ‘‘ Eynesford ’’ (? Eynsford). Bred 1910.
No. 2. East Kent. June 1904. Ex. coll. H. Willoughby Ellis.
No. 3. Somerset. Bred 28.vi.1913 by A. R. Hayward.

Nos. 1-3 in H. B. Williams coll.

No. 4. ‘‘ Chepstow x N. Kent.” 22.vi.1899.
Nos. 5 and 6. Origin unknown. These two have a few orange
scales in the outer brown border.

Nos. 4-6 in E. A. Cockayne coll.

No female of this aberration is known to me. A very fine male is
figured by Milliére, Iconographie, Vol. 1, Pl. 48, fig. 11.

9. Ab. postfusca n. ab. 5 Y

In this rather common aberration the hind wing appears to be en-
tirely fuscous. The fore wings of such examples may be normal cory-
laria or may be very dark. An example of the former class is figured
by Barrett, Pl. 270, fig. 1f. In every example of this form which has
come under my notice, including the example figured by Barrett, which
is now in my collection, there are a few faint traces of orange, usually
in the form of striae in the cell of the hind wings. This is true of the
most extreme ab. wenzeli (vide infra) and other extreme forms,’ includ-
ing the remarkable forms bred by the late Dr H. D. Smart in 1941,
which are uniformly fuscous except for a light area at the apex.

Male and female. Like corylaria, but with the hind wings uniformly
fuscous, with the exception of light scales, sometimes only to be per-
ceived with a lens, usually in the cell.

6 holotype. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newman.
H. B. Williams coll. I figure this example, Plate xi,
fig. 8.

2 allotype. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newman.
H. B. Williams coll.
6 paratypes.
No. 1. Folkestone. Bred by Blackhall 1883. Ex Sydney Webb
and H. Willoughby Ellis colls. Figured by Barrett, Pl.
270, fig. 1f. H. B. Wilhams coll. (I do not specify this
insect as holotype because the figure is inaccurate in that
the orange scales which remain on the hind wings are not
shown.) -
No. 2. New Forest 1928. Kx Baldock coll.
No. 3. Origin unknown. Bred ex. ov. by Hayward 19.vi.1931.
Nos. 4 and 5. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. New-
man,
No. 6. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.”’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. -D.
Smart.
Nos. 1-6 in H. B. Williams coll.

No. 7. ‘‘ Epping x Raindean Wood.”’ Bred June 1903 by C. P.
Pickett.
No. 8. ‘‘ Hunts x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1936 by Dr H. D. Smart.
No. 9. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’? Bred June 1936 by Dr H. D. Smart.
Nos. 7-9 in H. A. Cockayne coll.

(In the label of No. 8 the word ‘‘ Hunts.’’ is crossed out, but
this has not been done in the label of No. 9. Both are labelled ‘‘Y’’.)

@ paratype.

‘No. 10. Arlington, Sussex. Bred June 1907 by L. W. Newsnet
H. B. Williams coll.

10. ab. pallidaria Prout, 1903 (Hnt. Rec., 15, 149).

a
a
‘

‘

q

131

11. ab. awreocincta Oberthiir, 1912 (Et. Lép. Comp., 6, 274, and figured
ibid., 6, Pl. CLV, fig. 1498).

These forms must be considered together. Prout’s description of
pallidaria is: ‘* Freckling absent as in ab. spangbergi, but the portions
of the wings which are infuscated in ab. corylaria have a shadow of the
darkening in ab. pallidaria—a nondescript grey shade in the gd, a golden
brown tinge in the 9... . I have seen no other examples than Mr
Pickett’s.’’

Dr Cockayne has two females labelled ‘‘ Epping x Raindean Wood,
1897-1916, ©. P. Pickett.’’ It is probable that these are two of the
examples seen by Prout, and that they may be regarded as paratypes.
This is an exceedingly rare form; the dark markings are only just
perceptible and are well described as a shadow. Oberthiir’s insect is
quite different. It is a female, the parts infuscated in corylaria being
a deep golden brown. It is not uncominon, the exact shade of colour
in the bands varying with the tone of the ground colour. Associated
with it is a male form, in which the parts infuscated in corylariu are
of the colour of putty. I believe this to be the male of awreocincta,
and there can be no doubt whatever that this form in both sexes is
distinct from the form I have referred to as pallidaria.

However, in Seitz, Vol. 4: 334 (1912), Prout treats aureocincta as a
synonym of pallidaria, and his view is obviously entitled to more re-
spect than that of any other writer, because he must be assumed to
have seen Oberthiir’s figure (though one cannot be positive on this point
as the figure was not published with the description) and to have identi-
fied it with pallidaria. On any view Prout must have seen the descrip-
tion of aureocincta. But in truth the description of pallidaria does not
agree with the description or with the figure of aureocincta, and, there-
fore, after such hesitation as is necessary and proper, I have come to
the conclusion that Prout’s action in 1912 in sinking aureocincta to
pallidaria is mistaken and wrong. I therefore regard the two forms
as distinct, and to illustrate my views I figure both sexes of pallidaria,
a male from Chattenden bred in 1897 by B. H. Crabtree (Plate xii, fig.
9) and a female from the Mason and Fen colls., of unknown origin (Plate
xii, fig. 10) and also both sexes of awreocincta, a male from, Kent and a
female from Brentwood, both from the Fenn coll. (Plate xiv, figs. 1, 2).

I have a female, also from the Mason and Fenn colls. and also with-
out data, which has a shadow representing the basal band but no trace
- of any outer marginal band. This example is unlike any other example
of A. prunaria known to me and I figure it, Plate xiii, fig. 5.

Pale freckling, similar in tint to the bands of aureocincta, occurs
also in nominotypical prunaria. I name this form griseoguttata n. ab.
3S holotype. Oxshott. Bred 2.vi.1927 by H. B. Williams. I figure this

example, Plate xii, fig. 5. H. B. Williams coll.
¢ paratype. Bexley. Bred 20.vi.1926 by H. B. Williams. H. B. Wil-
liams coll.

132

12. Ab. pallescens ab. nov.

In Barrett, Lep. Brit. Islands, 6, Pl. 270, fig. 1d, is a figure of an
insect from the Webb coll., that I once supposed to be the male of pallz.
daria, which it certainly is not. The insect is from Folkestone and was
bred by Salwey in 1886. The parts infuscated in corylaria are of a
pale yellowish grey, the remainder is a very pale yellow. This insect
is now in my collection. The condition appears to be due to a scale
defect.

¢ holotype. Folkestone. Bred by Salwey, 1886. Ex Webb and H.
Willoughby Ellis colls. H. B. Williams coll.

3 paratype. Chattenden, 7.vii.1894, J. W. Tutt. Ex coll. Sir Vauncey
Harpur-Crewe. EK. A. Cockayne coll.

13. Ab. pickettaria Prout, 1903 (Ent. Rec., 15: 149).

I find this a difficult form. Prout’s description is as follows
‘‘ Basal area dark, as in corylaria, but its costa narrowly of the typical
ground colour; central area of the ground colour, except the extreme
inner margin, which is very narrowly fuscous; marginal area consisting.
of narrow fuscous band, pyramidal, its base at inner margin, its apex
(ill-defined) just above nervure 6, this band followed by a narrow area
of ground colour. Hind wings distinguished from those of ab. corylaria
by having a blotch of the ground colour at apex.”’

A whole range of forms agrees generally, but few examples agree
precisely, with this description. I treat as pickettaria, because they seem
to be genetically related, examples varying from an insect resembling
corylaria with a small patch of ground colour in the fuscous band near
the hind margin to a form in which the hind margin is completely of
the ground colour on fore and hind wings and the ‘‘ pyramid ”’ very
much reduced. (See Plate xiv, figs. 3, 4.)

Pickettaria appears to result from the presence of a recessive gene,
and can only be expressed in the presence of the corylaria gene. Pickett
published some results in Hint. Rec., 15: 144, from which it appears
that by inbreeding from a pairing obtained in 1898 pickettaria first
appeared in 1901 (p. 146). In 1903 Pickett (Trans. City of London Ent,
& N. Hist. Soc., 15 (1905), 59) bred 1 pickettaria in each of two broods
(Brood 4—34 corylaria, 1 pickettaria; Brood 7—41 corylaria, 1 picket-
taria). Geo. J. Grapes also (Entom., 20: at p. 38) bred 1 pickettaria,
apparently as a recessive. In 1938, from corylaria parents (Brood A/37)
I bred 12 prumaria. 16 corylaria and 1 pickettaria,-the insects being of
Hssex origin. ,

On a number of occasions pairings of pickettaria have proved infer-
tile. My records show:

Brood G/388. pickettaria 9 x fuscapicata 3. Only one moth was
bred, a female with slight traces of the ground colour in the
outer marginal band of the fore wings.

Brood H/38. Male parent pickettaria, similar to the female last
described. All the ova were infertile.

REATIE XXIVe

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Angerona prunaria L. ab. aureocincta Oberthir +
Kent. Bred. Ex. coll. C. Fenn. ‘

Angerona prunaria L. ab. qureocincta Oberthiir o
Brentwood. Ex. coll. C. Fenn. ais

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pickettaria Prout ;
Extreme form. Barum. Bred by G. F. Mathew, June, 1909.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. pickettaria Prout i
Extreme form. Barum. Bred by G. F. Mathew, June, 1909.

t
Angerona prunaria L. ab. selectaria Rebel o

New Forest. Bred by Gulliver, circa 1915. Ex. coll. P. M. Bright.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. extrema Williams : holotype.
“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1941 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. aurea Williams. Paratype No. 3.
“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1942 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

an
Angerona prunaria L. ab. douglasaria Williams. © holotype.
“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1942 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. smartaria Williams. + paratype No. 27.

“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1942 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

Angerona prunaria L. ab. bimacularia Williams. ! holotype.
“Hunts. x Sussex’’. Bred June 1941 by Dr. H. D. Smart.

All in H. B. Williams coll.

Proc, S.L.E. & N.H.S.

1946-7.

Proc. S-k.E. &.N.H.S. 1946-7. PLATE XIV.

Miss Dorothy Fitchew del.

VARIATION OF ANGERONA PRUNARIA L.

oe ee ee

133

Brood J/38. Female parent pickettaria. I bred 2 male and one
female pickettaria, one mala and one female corylaria and 6
male and two female prunaria.

Brood G/39. Female parent pickettaria (ex P/38); male parent
pickettaria (J/38). Neither parent was extreme pickettaria.
All the ova were in tile.

Brood P/39. Female parent pickettaria (J/38); male parent fus-
capicata (20/38). A few larvae hatched but no moths were
bred.

Brood 0/39. Female parent pickettaria (G/38, described above).
A few larvae hatched but no moths were bred.

Thus these six pairings gave only one moderately healthy brood.
On the other hand, pickettaria has been bred in three successive gene-
rations. I think, however, that my results, even allowing for the fact
that pairings of prunaria are occasionally infertile, are too consistent
to be fortuitous, and pending further investigation I conclude that the
pickettaria gene is associated with a lethal factor. The small number
of pickettaria segregating in broods in which the form occurs appears
to be consistent with this view. .

So far as I can judge from the incredibly poor figure, ah. infuscata
Matsumura, 1925 (Journ. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. Japan, 15:
176, Pl. X, fig. 23) is identical with pickettaria.

14. Ab. selectaria Rebel, 1914, Ver. zool-bot. Ges. Wien., 64: 156,
(Vienna, 1914), and fig. 3.

‘* Fore wing with a large basal blotch, extending to the dark central
lunule, rounded on the outer ‘side, followed by a pure ochre-yellow cen-
tral band becoming narrower towards the inner margin, with a very
narrow line towards the base but not reaching the base of the wing.
The outer marginal area smoky brown, widely extended, with an ochre-
yellow apical spot.

‘The hind wing ochre-yellow with a dark central lunule and a very
wide smoky brown marginal band. While the ochre-yellow parts of the
fore wing are free from dark speckling, some brown speckling occurs in
the somewhat darkened basal area of the hind wing towards the inner
margin and towards the costa.

‘The fringes of all wings smoky grey with yellow spots.’’

The description and figure relate to a male specimen, and two were
taken in Bosnia by H. Fritsch in June 1908.

This, if I have correctly identified it, is a most beautiful form, and
it appears to be exceedingly rare. I have three examples, from the New
Forest, bred by Gulliver circa 1905, from the P. M. Bright coll. Two
of these agree exactly with the description and the pure ochre- (or
golden-) yellow band on the forewings is very striking, contrasting
strongly with the smooth smokvy-brown hands. The third has a certain

134

amount of freckling and is probably heterozygous for the corylaria char-
acter. Dr E. A. Cockayne has other examples of similar origin. There
can be no doubt that this form is altogether distinct from that next
mentioned, the colour of the pale parts being almost intermediate be-
tween the normal and female colours. I figure an example, Plate xiv,
fig. 5,

15. Ab. ochreata Schawerda, 1922 (Ver. zool-bot. Ges. Wien., 72:

91, Vienna, 1922).

‘‘ While the aberration sordiata Fuessl. bears red bands, those
of the ab. ochreata are ochre-coloured. The extreme of this form (ochre-
coloured spot on the costa but the band obsolescent) is figured in this
Verhandlunagen 1921 as ‘ ab. wenzeli Schaw.’ ”’

‘This name thus applies to the male corylaria in which the bands are
more or less of the female coloration, and corresponds to ab. feminae-
coloris of prunaria. This is not an uncommon form. J have an
example from Monk’s Wood, 18.vi.1909.

16. Ab. wenzeli Schawerda, 1922 (Zeits. Ost. Ent.-Ver. Vienna,.7: 19,

1922).

‘A 3g from North Tyrol obtained by Major Wenzel of Innsbruck
is wholly brown and shows only an orange-yellow spot on the costa as
sole remnant of the broad orange-red band. . . . I have figured this
beautiful aberration, not described by Prout and Rebel, on this coloured
Plate, fig. 2.”

The figure of wenzeli shows a male, wholly brown except for an orange-
yellow spot on the costa of the fore and hind wings and a slight trace
of orange on the inner margin of the forewings. It is thus an example
of one of the darkest forms of corylaria, a male, with the ground colour
of the female. I have seen no comparable example.

A very considerable range of dark forms of corylaria were bred in
the years immediately preceding the late war by Dr H. D. Smart and
by those who had the privilege of receiving stock from him. It has
been customary in some places to treat these forms as wenzelt, but
this is clearly inaccurate; wenzeli has not the normal ground colour of
the male and no female is described. I therefore find it necessary to
describe Dr Smart’s forms under new names. These appear to be modi-
fications of corylaria and are probably multifactorial. I think it desir-
able to differentiate three of the most extreme forms and to describe the
remainder, which correspond very closely to wenzelt except in the ground
colour, under one name.

17. Ab. extrema n. ah.

Male, wholly fuscous with the exception of an orange apical mark
and traces of orange striae on the costa of the fore wings and at the
distal end of the cell of both fore and hind wings. Fringes brown,
chequered with pale orange.

S holotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex,’’ bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.
I figure this example, Plate xiv, fig. 6. It will be observed

iy) Page ae z , ¥ re ‘.
see Pex flere. , r ‘¥

135

that the traces of orange are slightly more pronounced on
the right side. H. B. Williams coll.

o paratype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex,’”’ bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.
In this example there are rather pronounced traces of
orange at the apical end of the cell of the fore wings. E. A.
Cockayne coll.

18. Ab. bimacularia n. ab.

Male, fore wings fuscous with the exception of an orange apical mark,
a small orange spot at the distal end of cell and a few orange striae on
costa. Hind wings fuscous with the exception of scattered orange scales
in the cell. Fringes brown, chequered with pale orange. °

S holotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex,’’ bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.
I figure this example, Plate xiv, fig. i0. H. B. Williams
coll.

S paratype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex,’’ bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.
This is asymmetrical, the orange markings being reduced
on left fore wing and increased on left hind wing.

19. Ab. douglasaria n. ab. '

Male, wholly fuscous with the exception of a very small spot of orange
immediately beyond the cell of fore wings. Apical blotch absent. A few
scattered dots or striae of orange on costa of fore wings. Fringes brown,
chequered with pale orange.

3 holotype. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex,’’ bred June 1942 by Dr H. D. Smart.
I figure this example, Plate xiv, fig. 8. On the hind wing
there are one or two orange scales in the cell, only to be
perceived with a powerful lens. H. B. Williams coll.

6 paratype. Dartford, bred June 1906 by the Rev. G. H. Raynor (Don-
caster’s strain). On hind wings an area with orange scales
in cell, but much less extensive than in the fore wings.
EK. A. Cockayne coll.

20. Ab. smartaria n. ab. .
The genetics of these dark forms of corylaria cannot yet be explained
satisfactorily, and until it is possible to determine their genetic con-
stitution I think it desirable to describe the ordinary dark forms bred
by Dr Smart and by others who received larvae from him under a single
name. [ apply the name to all dark forms of corylaria pattern in which
the central band of ground colour on the fore wings is reduced. The

-hind wing may be entirely fuscous except for a few orange scales, as

in ab. postfusca.

Male. Fore wing. As in corylaria, but with the central band re-
duced, particularly towards the inner margin, where it may be com-
pletely, or almost completely, absent as far as the lower edge of the
cell. The apical blotch sometimes absent. Hind wing. The orange
markings reduced, or absent except for a few scattered scales.

Female.
cent towards inner margin. Apical blotch sometimes absent. Hind wing.
The yellow markings reduced and the marginal fuscous band very wide.

3 holotype.

\

© allotype.

S paratypes.
No.
No.

No.

No.

No.

de

“I

).

10.

ri

136

~ Fore wing. The central band narrow; sometimes obsoles-

Sussex origin. Bred 17.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./1/37) by
H.B.W. 4H. B. Williams coll. I figure this example, —
Plate xiii, fig. 6.
Sussex origin. Bred 24.vi.1988 (Brood H.D.S./1/37) by
H.B.W. 4H. B. Williams coll. I figure this example,
Plate xiii, fig. 7.

‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’ Bred 9.vi.1940 by Dr H. D. Smart.
This example is generally similar to the holotype.
‘Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D. Smart.
I figure this example, Plate xii, fig. 8.
‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D. Smart.
This example is generally similar to the preceding, ex-
cept that the apical blotch is present, the costal part of
the central band is triangular, the apex joining the re-
mains of the lower part of the band, and there is more
orange on the hind wings.
Sussex origin. Bred 19.v1.1938 (Brood H.D.S./1/37) by
H.B.W. This example is generally similar to the holo-
type, except that the band on the fore wing is very slightly
wider and the apical blotch is smaller.
Sussex origin. Bred 21.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./1/37) by
H.B.W. Similar to the preceding but the veins below
the cell on fore wings much infuseated and more orange
scaling on the hind wings.
Sussex origin. Bred 15.vi.1938 (Brood H.D.S./1/37) by
H.B.W. Very similar to the preceding.
Sussex origin. Bred 23.v1.1939 (Brood I./38) by H.B. W.
I figure this example, Plate xii, fig. 9.
Sussex origin. Bred 29.vi.1939 (Brood L/38) by H.B.W.
This example is generally similar to the preceding, hut
has a small orange patch on the hind wings.
‘“‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. ID. Smart.
I figure this example, Plate xiii, fig. 10.
‘“‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D. Smart.
This example is generally similar to the preceding, but
has rather less orange on fore wings and the hind wings
are almost uniformly fuscous.

Nos. 1-10 in H. B. Williams coll.

Sussex. Bred by Dr H. D. Smart, 1927. This example
is very similar to the holotype.

No.

No.

No.

No.

137

12. ‘* Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred by Dr H. D. Smart, June
1939. (Brood R.) Very similar to the holotype.

o dos." Hunts. x): Sussex.”’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.

Smart. Apical blotch absent. Band on fore wings repre-
sented by a costal spot and traces of the inner part of the
band. Hind wings with small orange areas in cell.

Pela Eunis, .< Sussex.” Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.

Smart. Fore wing band present but much reduced, ~
Traces of orange on hind wings.
Nos. 11-14 in National Collection, British Museum.

. 15. ‘* Hunts. x Sussex.’”? Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.

Smart. Very similar to No. 14.

fio. Hunts, x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.

Smart. Very similar to the preceding.
Nos. 15 and 16 in Oxford University Museum.

. 17, ‘* Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred. June 1940 by Dr H. D.

Smart. Similar to the holotype but slightly darker.

_ 18..°"“~ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1939 by Dr H: D.

Smart. (Brood Q.) Similar to the preceding, but the
orange areas on fore and hind wings reduced.

. 19. “ “Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 19389 by Dr H. D.

Smart. (Brood N.) Fore wings similar to No. 17, but
apical blotch reduced to a few scales. Hind wing with a
few orange scales only.

20. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.”’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Fore wing similar to the preceding but central
band below cell represented only by a narrow line of orange
scales. Discoidal large. A few orange scales visible on
hind wings.

21. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Similar to No. 9. Orange spot on fore wing ex-
ternal to discoidal. No orange scales on hind wings visible
to the naked eye.

22. ‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Similar to the preceding but without apical
blotch.

Nos. 17-22 in E. A. Cockayne coll.

Y paratypes.

No.

No.

23. Sussex origin. Bred 3.vii.19388 (Brood H.D.S./F/37) by
H.B.W. Similar in marking to the allotype but with very
small apical blotch. Ground colour pale yellow.

24. ‘* Hunts. x Sussex,’’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Similar to the preceding, but with narrower
band on tore wings, partly obsolete on right side.

25.) "Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D.

No.

No.
No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

28.
29.

30.

jl.

30.

36.

37.

138
Smart. Similar to the preceding but with bands obsoles-
cent towards inner margin. Apical blotch absent. I
figure this example, Plate xiii, fig. 11.
‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred by Dr H. D. Smart, June

1941. Similar to the preceding, but bands more obsolete
especially on the right side.

‘“* Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1942 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Band on fore wings reduced to a costal spot with
a few scattered scales below. Apical blotch almost

obsolete. Hind wings with traces of band in costal part.
I figure this example, Plate xiv, fig. 9.

Origin as No. 27. Similar, but of rather lighter colour.
Origin as No. 27. Similar, but darker. I figure this ex-
ample, Plate xii, fig. 12.

‘“* Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1940 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Similar to No. 26, but with lighter hind wings.

Nos. 23-30 in H. B. Williams coll.

‘‘ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Similar to the allotype but rather darker.
Fuscous parts intense dark brown. Apical blotch absent.
Sussex origin. Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D. Smart. Very
similar to the preceding but of less intense colouring.

s. 31 and 32 in National Collection, British Museum.

“* Hunts. x Sussex.”’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D.
Smart. (Brood N.) Similar to No. 31, but of paler
colouring.
Sussex origin. Bred July 1929 by Dr H. D. Smart. Simi-
lar to the preceding, but of still paler colouring and with
traces of the apical blotch.
Nos. 33 and 34 in Oxford University Museum.

“ Hunts. x Sussex.”’ Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Dark brown. Apical mark reduced to a few light
scales. Fore wings with a round spot, external to discoidal
and two small spots below. Hind wings with small yellow
area external to discoidal.

“ Hunts. x Sussex.’’ Bred June 1939 by Dr H. D.
Smart. (Brood C.) Light brown. No apical blotch.
Fore wings similar to No. 35 but with one spot only below
the round spot. Hind wings with yellow extending within ~
discoidal.

‘“‘ Hunts. x Sussex.” Bred June 1941 by Dr H. D.
Smart. Medium brown. Fore wings with small round
spot external to discoidal and no other marking except
apical blotch. Hind wings with oval pale area divided by

139

discoidal and a few scattered pale scales between this pale
area and the inner margin.
Nos. 35-37 in EK. A. Cockayne coll.

I dedicate the two aberrations last described to the memory of Her-
bert Douglas Smart, M.C., M.D., B.S., who for many years reared
large numbers of this species, and to whose generosity so many entomo-
logists owe their series of these interesting aberrations. But for his
kindness this paper could not have been written, and it will be obvious
from a perusal of what I have been able to write that had he survived
to take the personal interest he most assuredly would have taken in
its production his great knowledge and experience of the insect and
of breeding its aberrations would have enabled me to avoid many of
the shortcomings of which I am conscious. It seems very appropriate
that two of the most characteristic of the new forms described should
bear his name.

Much remains to be done in the study of the genetics of Angerona
prwnaria, more, indeed, than any one entomologist can hope to accom-
plish. My own studies were grievously interrupted by the war and I
now see no hope of resuming them on their former scale, at any rate
for many years to come. I hope that what I have written may inspire
some members of this Society to undertake the experimental breeding
of the species, and it would be most interesting if any who are fortunate ©
enough to meet with such aberrations as aurea, aureocincia, pallidaria,
pickettaria or smartaria would breed from them and publish their re-
sults. The species is most easily reared. The larvae should be fed in
the ordinary glass-topped tins until after the first moult, when they
may be sleeved on the ordinary garden privet until hibernation. If a
reasonably large sleeve is used they should not require to be re-sleeved
more than once. In my experience they will hibernate quite success-
fully in the sleeves if some dry leaves are placed therein about the middle
of October, but they will no doubt hibernate very well indeed in cages
indoors if supplied with cut stems of privet. It is convenient to give
them cut stems of lilac when the time for pupation comes, as they form
their puparia very readily of two of these large leaves spun together.
They should be removed from the puparia before emergence.

it will be very clear from a perusal of what I have written that
I have received very great assistance from Dr E. A. Cockayne in the
preparation of this paper. My debt to him is even greater than that.
He has verified references for me on many occasions and I hhave received
constant advice and encouragement from him, It is therefore appro--
priate that I conclude this paper with an expression of my gratitude to
him for all his help.

SPRING FLOWERS OF CAPE PENINSULA.
By Miss W. M. A. Brooks, F.L.S.

Read 24th July 1946.

[arrived at Cape Town at the end of August 1936, hhaving sailed
from the Canary Isles three weeks after the outbreak of the Spanish
Civil War. As the situation there seemed unsettled, I left hurriedly
on an earlier boat than I had intended. We docked about 3 p.m. and
I was told that as the banks were already closed and my name was not
on the list of those for whom they had guarantees I could not leave
the ship. So until ten o’clock the next morning I had to stop on a
deserted boat and admire the corrugated iron shacks of the port while
a sturdy guard was placed at the gangway to prevent my escape. Next
day the authorities, having discovered the guarantee at the bank, were
polite and apologetic, but the shipping company deducted the guard’s
wages for the night from my deposit!

J landed at the close of the South African winter, which on the S.W.
is the wet season, just at the beginning of the lovely Cape spring, and
stopped for a month, as I had been advised to do, at a hostel for lady
gardeners working in the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens, which lie on
the landward side of able Mountain.

The Cape Peninsula stretches many miles South of Cape Town. Table
Mountain, its backbone, gradually sinking to low rolling slopes. It
is no great width and originally must have been an island cut off from
the mainland by a stretch of ocean some 20 miles across, which, when it
receded, left a wide expanse of sand, the Cape Flats. These were the
cause of constant dust storms, and various unsuccessful efforts were
made to fix them until at last they were planted with Australian wattle
or mimosa. This seems to be holding them firm and is exceedingly
- beautiful when covered with golden blossom. On the Atlantic side of |
Table Mountain are a number of attractive seaside resorts, while on
the landward slopes nestle a series of suburbs with the Government
buildings, the University, and, seven miles out, the Kirstenbosch Gar-
dens. These last are unique for they contain only South African wiid
plants. The gardens are artistically laid out in the midst of wonder-
ful natural surroundings and are a training ground for men and women
gardeners in ordinary garden work and the collecting and packing of
seeds. Subscribers to the South African Botanical Society either in
South Africa or overseas are sent seeds from the gardens annually.

The hostel lay in the centre of light woods that I do not think were ~
indigenous. As already mentioned, I arrived at the beginning of the
Cape spring, that is at the end of August. Everything was fresh and
green, ditches we passed in the car were full of arum lilies, buds were
bursting on deciduous trees, and the flowers were beginning to open.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

1. Podalyria calyptrata.

2. Morea trpetaloides.

3. Erica purpurea Andr.

4. Hrica Cerinthoides.

5. Albwea sp.

6. Leonotis Leonurus.

7. Lobelia coronopitolhia.

8. Mimetes lyngera Knight.
9. Gladiolus sp.

10. Disa graminifolia Ker.
11. Roella ciliata Linn.

12. Hrica Plukeneti WL.

13. Hrica pulchella.

14. Sarcocolla nervosa.

15. Sutherlandia frutescens.
16. Helupterwm gnaphaloides DC.
17. Harveya purpwrea Hary.

18. Hrica brunoides I.

Proc. S.L.H. & N.H.S., 1946-47. | PLATE XV.

W. M. A, Brooke del,
SPRING FLOWERS OF CAPE PENINSULA.

bef
Sal hans

141

When you first come to Cape Town all the flowers seem to be new.
The only familiar plants are those we know in greenhouses or cottage
windows or a few that have been introduced from Kurope. I¢t is not

merely that they are unfamiliar species. Most of the genera and some |

ot the orders are hardly seen in England even at the R.H.S. shows. For
a month I worked on my Canary Isles sketches and specimens, and
wandered around enjoying the countryside. By October spring was at
its height and the flowers in full blossom. Instead of daisies in the
lawns were the lovely large squat single-flowered pink ozalis, while the
taller pale yellow flowers of another species of oxalis took the place
of cowslips. Kniphofias, pelargoniums and arum ‘‘ pig ”’ lilies were
scattered around. The latter in South Africa have no scent.

Many of the new plants were very strange, especially perhaps those
of the order Proteaceae. Mostly they are shrubs or bushes and the
Proteas themselves have tough leaves and composite flowers surrounded
by a large involucre of white or coloured bracts which form a cup, the
bottom of which is filled with honey and ants. The famous silver trees,
Leucadendron argenteum, belong to this order though their leaves,
covered with silky hairs, are softer than is usual.

The hostel was too far out to be very satisfactory, and I was never
able to explore the plateau on the top of Table Mountain (8500 ft.),
which has a flora of its own. I climbed to it twice but had to return
almost at once.

Mr and Mrs Middlemost, who had their home in the gardens, were
exceedingly kind in taking me for long drives and picnics. We crossed
the Flats one day to the mountains beyond and when I left Mr Middle-
most drove me to Simonstown and later on to Smith’s Farm.

The Proteas were scattered over the Peninsula but were nearly over
by the spring. The lovely little Sugar Birds feed on the honey and
insects the Proteas hold. They vary in size from that of a Blue Tit to
that of a Greater Tit or even larger. They are the shape of a Hum-
ming Bird and the males have mostly bright metallic colouring. All
of them have long curved beaks and cylindrical tongues for sucking
honey. They perch on the side of a Protea and. then take a header into
the flower from which you will see nothing but a bit of tail sticking
up. Leucadendrons are also Proteaceae but the flowers are in heads
not cups. A greenish species is very common. Mimetes also helongs to
the order.

All over the place were varieties of Pelurgonium, so many I did not
try to paint them. Compositae, too, were very plentiful and beauti-
ful but one small cushiony mass of grey Helipterwm gnaphaloides would
be passed by were it not for its glorious scent. Another very sweet
smelling plant was the sweet pea bush, Podalyria calyptruta. It was
covered with pink flowers the size and shape of a sweet pea and with
just as fine a scent, Another leguminous plant straggles over the
ground. It is Sutherlandia frutescens and has coloured inflated seed
pods called ‘‘ gansies ’’ or ‘* goslings ’’ by Boer children, who race them

‘

i

,

4 ae 142 sae

on pools. Cyclopea in patches is rather like our, gorse without the
prickles. ;

Since South African plants have to survive a hot dry season six
months in length, there are a large number of bulbous or tuberous
plants: Iridaceae, Orchidaceae or Amaryllidaceae. Although
many of them look like little irises ‘they are all allied genera: Morea,
Homeria, Helyxera. They are very dainty and delicate but grow on
long straggling stalks that spoil their heauty. Several species of Izius
are to be found: lutea is very common and pretty. Hypozxis stellata

‘is another yellow flower that is plentiful. Albwca is another common

flower rather like a large yellow or white snowdrop.

Near Smith’s Farm I found a lovely little ‘‘ Painted Lady,’’ one of
the miniature gladioli. The flower is quite small but very dainty.
There are a large number of these tiny Gladiolus species along the coast
and they have a charm of their own.

There are a great many ground orchids on Cape Peninsula, some
not unlike our own, but mostly far more solid and impressive, although
not like those we have in greenhouses. Usually they belong to the genus
Disa or Satyrium, though the commonest, the little yellow ‘‘ Modder-
kappie,’’ is a Pterygodium. Satyriwm has two long spurs to each flower.
The pink S. princeps is tall and striking and was growing on the marsh
with a bright orange relation.

There are so many Disa species round the Cape that the word ‘‘Disa’’
thas become a synonym for orchid with the general public. The largest I
saw was the Horned Disa (Disa cornuta) with a tall stiff spike of flowers,
but by far the loveliest and most famous were the ‘‘ Blue Disas.’’ D.
graminifolia had a delicately veined blue hhood and a rich purple apron
which in D. barbata was light green. A very queer plant was Bartolina,
the spider orchid. It looks as if it were insectiverous and grows under
bushes. JI never found it myself but was given a flower. Labiatae are
less common than with us, but the False Dagga, Leonotis leonurus, is
plentiful. 1t is tall and its long orange flowers are densely covered
with short hairs forming a kind of plush. I do not know the origin of
its common name. Dagga itself, though wild, is a proscribed plant; it
is illegal to allow it to grow or to possess it dead. Leonotis is beautful
and I believe harmless. At Simonstown there was a shrubby Salvia like
a large brown dead nettle.

Everywhere one found lobelias of various species though not, I think,
those we have in England. Most have long firm stems with a few blue
flowers.

The veldt is covered by a tough scratchy mixture with a considerable
proportion of heath and little or no grass. On Cape Peninsula there
are many species of heather but few of the more striking ones found
further East. Superficially they are of three types and there are
numerous small-flowered species, some not unlike our own. Erica brun-
vides has a dainty flower that later becomes coated with white fluff.
Then there are the bottle-shaped heaths such as H. Plukeneti. The

143

flowers are large and the stamens hang below them. The bright scarlet
i. cerinthoides is a plant to itself. It has a big clump of flowers hang-
ing at the tip of its stem and usually only one or two flowering stems.
It is common but scattered: two plants do not seem to grow together.
It is so striking that if South African people speak of Erica they are
sure to mean this plant. Here and there I found one of the Bird Heaths
plentiful further East. These plants are a few feet high and usually
have their Jarge trumpet-shaped flowers growing round the stem. The
blossoms have a slight curve, just the shape to fit nicely to a Sugar
Bird’s beak. One of the most perfect sights is to watch the brilliantly
coloured little birds darting round the heather, clinging to it perhaps
upside down like a Tit, and thrusting their beaks up one flower after
another drinking the nectar. In the lonelier districts they are fearless
but are always on the move. Roella ciliata is heath-like in its growth:
it has a. few large gentian-shaped flowers of a soft delicate blue with
darker markings. It is a great favourite of mine. Adenandva unifolia
will be found on the veldt with white waxy blossoms.

Amongst the theathery mixture will be found here and there a
Harveya. The members of this genus are, Dr Hutchinson tells me,
saprophytes: they were formerly considered parasites. Its members
have a very strong family likeness and they are as a rule very lovely.
HT, capensis has fleshy dazzling white flowers tinged with pink with red-
dish stalks. H. purpurea is pink and does not usually have so many
flowers, while their texture is less fleshy.

Two more pink flowers were Orpheum frutescens and Chironia jas-
minoides with queeriy curved styles. Orpheum frutescens has brightly
polished flowers the size of a wild rose on a small bush, while Chironiu
jasminoides ‘has a mass of smaller blossom. From Simonstown I went
on to Smith’s Farm, four miles from Cape Point, a lovely spot a mile-
from the Pacific and three or four from the Atlantic Ocean. The
whole area is a nature reserve and there were no other houses for miles
except the huts of a few fishermen. Somewhere on the hills ranged a
troop of baboons but not often to be seen. I had two thrills here, one
when a small buck jumped up from no great distance and the second
when I nearly trod on a Tortoise that was living its own natural life.
But my first thrill was when I arrived and found just inside the entrance
a tree covered with Weaver Birds’ nests. The yellowish hirds seem to
spend all their time building nests whether they need them or not.
They are often built over water in order, I was told, that snakes should
fall in. But since snakes can swim I cannot see why. Some Mouse
Birds slept in bushes a little further on. They are a soft dark grey
with pointed crests and long tails and do considerable damage to fruit.

I walked back from Smith’s Farm to Kommetji and had an un-
usual experience on the journey. While I chatted to a little coloured
girl a lorry drove by, stopped, and a white man and a coloured one
descended and started beating the bush with a spade. Presently a cobra
slipped into the road and reared up with its hood raised. The men

144

tried to hold it with a branched stick they had cut, but the snake
climbed the wheel of the lorry and lay on the under carriage. They
tried to poke it down without effect so I offered my walking stick.
Eventually it came down again and it was heid with the spade across the
body and the stick behind its head. The white man picked it up behind
the head and held its tail in his other hand. The coloured man found
a sack and discovered it had a hole in it! I left them poring over this
problem. The Snake Park at Cape Town paid 2s 6d each for poisonous
snakes, from which the venom is extracted for anti-snake bite serum,
so the two were hoping to sell their victim. .
(

145

COLLECTING EXPERIENCE WITH THE ARMY.
By F. D. Buck.

Read 24th July 1946.

On being called up for military service I decided I would do what
collecting I could while I was serving and accordingly packed some
tubes, killing fluid and a collecting bottle in my kit.

For the first eighteen months I found myself stationed in Kent,
where I did all my collecting while out on telephone line maintenance—
much to the disgust and amusement of the other members of the line
parties. However, they soon became accustomed to seeing me wander
off after insects and later began to bring me odd specimens.

In 1942 the Division was shipped off to Egypt and of course our
mail came under censorship. Forseeing the difficulty of sending speci-
mens home under these circumstances, I approached my Officer about
it. He flatly refused me permission to post my material home, saying .
that they could be identified and would give away my whereabouts—a
neat point that! That was overcome by an interview with the Intel-
ligence Officer when I convinced him that insects could not possibly
be identified until the locality in which they were taken was known
and, to my surprise, I was allowed to send my captures home.

The only way I could think of packing them was in small screws
of tissue paper from cigarette packets (fortunately our cigarettes were
packed that way) and packing them in tobacco tins.

My first Egyptian specimens were obtained at a spot known as
Barrani’s Tomb, where the fauna, though limited, was large enough to
excite the interest of most of the chaps. That and the complete
absence of any other form of entertainment induced them to keep
vivaria made from petrol tins in which they put scorpions, beetles,
lizards, ants and some of the most horrible looking arthropods I have
ever seen.

Most of the men were firmly convinced that the sting of the scor-
pion was fatal, and nothing I could say would make them believe other-
wise.

An amusing incident occurred when one lad did manage to get
stung by one of these brutes—quite an easy thing to do as scorpions
like nothing better than to crawl into blankets and sleep with one!
This particular person was really scared and the Medical Orderly was
convinced that within thirty minutes he would have a corpse on his
hands. He phoned the R.A.P. saying he had an emergency case,
wrapped his ‘‘ casualty ’’ in blankets and drove him into the Aid Post
in a truck. Our M.O. was disgusted, and so was the “ casualty ’’ on
being sent back to duty after receiving a dab of iodine on the assaulted
part of his anatomy.

146

As far as I could discover, the whole of the fauna of the Alamein
area consisted of Tenebrionid coleoptera with a few species of Cara-
bidae, two or three species of ants and an assortment of queer arthro- .
pods.

In one position in that area our slit trenches acted as excellent |
traps and I was in great demand, being asked to remove large insects
from various trenches. Some of the lads definitely would not occ upy
their trenches while these insects were in them.

Farther west I came across the Chameleon, which, of course, fed on
flies, one of our greatest sources of annoyance. Consequently the
Chameleon was very popular as a pet and was kept in the bivvy, which
it would usually manage to keep clear of flies. It was about this time
that I first met the Praying Mantis, a rather pretty pale green and
white insect. A stick insect also occurred plentifully in this area. I
took several specimens of both the Mantis and the stick insects but
neither survived the long journey home.

At Tobruk I successfully worked under the ammo cases of a Ger-
man munition dump for a number of Tenebrionids and an odd Carab
or two, the latter being a large beast some inch and a half long, black,
with four white spots on the elytra, two humeral and two apical
(Anthia sp.).

A few Rhynchophora were obtained by digging deeply at the roots
of a small dry bush that occurred occasionally in the Desert.

The most interesting country in Libya appeared to be the Green
Mountains of Cyrenaica surrounding Barce, but unfortunately at that
time we were moving rather fast and I had no time to collect there.
I did, however, obtain a couple of Meloé, and about four or five more
at Benghasi. These also suffered during the trip home.

It was at Benghasi that our junior signal officer, a very young lieu-
tenant who was censoring my mail, asked me if I would mind showing
him how I packed my specimens. I removed the lid of the tin and a
large Carab that I had failed to kill walked out. T was certainly sur-
prised, but the Lieutenant was so startled that he collapsed the bivvy
on both of us!

Tripoli Oasis produced a greater variety of beetles than I had met
as yet, including a pair of Carabs similar to Calosoma, roughly the
size of sycophanta L. but of a pitchy colour with two rows of very small
punctures having a bronze appearance.

Two or three species of Anthicids turned up here, one of which had
the thorax produced over the head in a small horn in the manner of
Notozxus.

An orange grove provided some Chrysomelas and a Staphylinid very
similar to Creophilus mazillosus LL. J also took some Lamellicorns with
an appearance like Amphimallus solstitialis l., a few Rhynchophora,
and a rather pretty quadrimaculate Ptinid.

The locust occurred quite commonly with two other species of grass- |
hopper.

>

147

In this spot one of the chaps asked me to come and see some chro-
mium-plated ants! I began to wonder if the sun, had got him as he
appeared quite serious, but I decided to risk having my leg pulled and
investigate. There, sure enough, was a colony of ants that appeared
to be chromium-plated. On examination they proved to be testaceous
and were covered with dense silvery pubescence which in the strong sun-
light gave a chromium effect.

Tunisia, being more fertile country than that through which we had
just come, provided an excellent variety of beetles including Lagrids,
Carabids, Cantharids, Anthicids and Lamellicorns among others. I
took a series of rather dull-looking Buprestids some inch in length on
some low bushes and just one specimen of a beautiful green one heavily
punctured throughout.

An excellent example of camouflage I saw here was a spider found
sitting in the flower-head of a large yeliow marguerite looking so much
like a turned down petal that a close examination was necessary before
it could be detected. Quite obviously it sat there to catch such flies
and small insects as settled on the flowers.

The vertebrates I noticed most in N. Africa were the Chameleons
I have already mentioned; Jerboas, which were actually rats in spite
of their close resemblance to miniature kangaroos and which could
travel at an amazing rate hopping on their hind legs in the same man-
ner as kangaroos; small snakes were often met, and lizards quite num-
erous, including an almost legless variety, the legs of which were so
small that the creature had to be turned on its back before they could
be seen.

Perhaps the most surprising animal was one small deer about 2 ft.
6 in. high to the shoulder, dashing about in one of the most vicious
battles it was ever my misfortune to be mixed up in.

At Enfidaville our Battalion H.Q. was in a very narrow wadi, and
two of us decided to enlarge a small cave for shelter. The walls of this
cave were quite solid, composed of hard earth and rocks. After dig-
ging some 4 ft. or so out we came across frogs, and after another foot
we were suffering from a plague of frogs; there were thousands of
them and [I think the description given to the rats of the Pied Piper
might equally well have been given to our frogs. They stayed with us
for days afterwards.

As far as Italy is concerned I was not there more than a few months
during the latter end of 1943, and most of my captures appeared to be
quite ordinary stuff. The area from which my material‘came was from
Salerno Bay to the Garigliano River. Near the coast by Salerno J took
three very nice Crioceris, about the size and colour of C. lilii, but the
elytra were rather heavily marked with black spots.

Just by Grazianise I was brought a large tin almost full of large
Geotrupids, most of which were armed with large rhinoceros-like horns
on the head; there were also a few Onthophagus and only one Staphy-

148 eg ean

linid. The tin was given to me exactly as found, though I have not
the faintest idea how that lot got in there. On the Naples Plain I
obtained a few large bugs which my driver insisted were wearing foot-
ball jerseys because they were striped longitudinally with red and black.
The last captures I made before I left Italy were two Cetonias (one
metallic ereen and the other black) at Vico Equense on the other side
of the bay to Naples.

In France the only areas I had any chance of collecting in were the
Normandy beach-head in June and August 1944, and the Pas de Calais
area for two days in September.

My first captures were near Bayeaux where I took Timarcha tene-
bricosa F., Carabus auratus L. with another Carabus sp., a pair of
Sinodendron cylindricum lL. (on a wall), and on flower-heads three
_ Longicorns: Strangalia armata Pod., Clytus arietis L., and a Leptura
species which was quite common. Trichius fasciatus L. also appeared
to be fairly common on blossom though I only obtained a few speci-
mens. .

Near Caen my slit trench proved an excellent beetle trap and in it
IT took a number of Pterostichus, Amara, and other small Carabs, quite
a few small Staphs. and two or three examples of a Byrvhus species.
Others included a Geotrupes, Carabus auratus L. again, Mycetophagus
‘4-pustulatus L., and M. piceus F. Melolontha vulgaris F. occurred so
plentifully that they became a real pest, swarming around the trans-
port even more than they did around the trees.

While in Normandy I took the opportunity of_obtaining a long
series of the Colorado Potato Beetle. The damage they were doing was
terrific, I doubt if much had been done in the way of counter measures
_ since the fall of France.

My bag for the couple of days I was in the Pas de Calais area con-

sisted mainly of Apions and Coccinellidae, though I took a couple of.

huge Carabus [Procrustis] that would make two of C. violaceus. It was a
dull black insect with heavily rugose elytra. One I found dead in a slit
trench and the other I took on the side of the road.

I have practically nothing to represent Belgium as we were con-
tinually on the move in this country, often stopping at night about
8 or 9 p.m. and moving off again at 5 a.m. Neither was Holland much
more productive as we spent a very bitter winter here. Even an en-
tomologist can feel that kind of cold! However, before the cold really
set in I spent a couple of afternoons near Veghel investigating the
tarred insect traps tied round fruit trees. The insects had crawled
underneath the band and it proved quite a profitable occupation. The
most numerous beetle was a small blue Chrysomelid; the rest of the hag
consisted of a few Tachinus and Tachyporus, three species of Dromius
(which I think are 4-maculatus L., 4-notatus Pz., and meridionalis Dj.),
one or two Rhinosimus, and one solitary Chrysomela polita Ta.

149

At Weert in the spring of 1945 I took a number of Cercyon flying
around at dusk near some stables. They were rather an attractive
species—black head and thorax with yellow elytra, in the centre of
which covering the suture was a large black diamond. These appeared
for about two evenings and then disappeared completely.

We crossed the Rhine into Germany near Wessel in Westphalia and
as things were once more moving fast J again found I had little oppor-
tunity for collecting. The most outstanding insects were a few Carabus
species, probably C. granulatus L., and a very pretty Elaterid, some
10 or 12 mm. long, taken in a pine and birch wood; the head and thorax
were shiny black and the elytra bright red.

The province of Hanover during April provided more interesting
material. Under some empty fish barrels I took a long series of a
Thanatophilus species, some Necrophorus humator Gz., and one or two
Oeceoptoma thoracica L. Among these were some Hylobius abietis I..,
which no doubt had come from a near-by pine wood. *

Near Hamburg I was stripping bark from a log that was infested
with Pyrochroa larvae among which I found four pupa. These I de-
cided to keep, placing them in a tin with some frass from beneath the
bark. Eventually they emerged and proved to be Pyrochroa serraticor-
nis Scop. None of them was a good specimen, however, as all had dam-
aged their elytra when emerging.

Moving out of Hanover I found myself in Schleswig-Holstein near
the Danish border, where I spent a short time during May. Most of
my activities here were confined to a small pond which had a large
bank of nettles on one side and a fair amount of mud on the other.
From the nettles I took a large number of a small irridescent green
Chrysomela and some Agonwm dorsalis Pont., while from the mud a
long series of an Omaliwm and a few small Staphylinids. None of the
other usual mud species was in evidence. On the window of the billet
I took a solitary Molorchus.

We next moved to Brunswick, where we were placed in billets that
had previously been used by displaced persons, and the following morn-
ing I was sent for by the M.O. I had to accompany him on a billet ~
inspection to identify insects that the men had complained were bugs.
They were and we moved just outside the city where the insect fauna,
if not quite so prolific, was more comfortable! The male Lam pyris
was very plentiful here on the wing during the early part of the night.
I caught quite a number of these by allowing them to settle and then
bottling the ‘‘ light.’? Though they were about for over a week I saw
no females at all. Every one I took from the ground at the roots of the
grass turned out to be a male as well. From this spot I also took a few
Leptura, two species of Cionws, one or two large Chrysomela, and five
Crioceris lili Scop.

My last entomological note is the large number of Aleocharines and
Cholevas running around the ruins in the Spandau suburb of Berlin.

150

N. AFRICAN MATERIAL. : ;

Tobruk, Libya:—Opatroides punctulatus Birullé, Akis obstituber
Mars., Pachyscelis villosa Drap., Pimelia obsoleta Sol., Adesmia moni-
lis Klug, Scaurus tristis Oliv., Hrodius gibbus Fab., Blaps punctostriata
Sol.

Benghasi, Libya:—Opatroides punctulatus Brullé, Scawrus tristis
Oliv., Oteroscelis carmelitana Reitt., Oxycara hegetericum Reiche, Ten- —
. tyria punctostriata Sol., Trichomeloé chrysocomus Mill.

Cyrenaica, Libya:—Anthicus quisquilius Th.

Zouara District, Libya:—Akis goryi Sol., Hrodiws gibbus Fab.,
Kurycaulus marmott: Fairm., Blaps gages L., Ocneria hispida Forsk.

Tripoli Oasis, Libya:—Stenopsis fulvipes Reiche, Tentyria mauri-
tanica Baudi, Akis italica Sol.

Marath District, Tunisia:—Hrodius gibbus Fab., Tentyria mauri-
tanica Baudi, Pimelia platynota Fairm., P. inflata Hbst., P. seabri-
collas Sén.

151

SOME NOTES ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE RHOPALOCERA OF
SOUTHERN ITALY (1944-5).

By Raymonp F. Haynes.
Read 28th August 1946

Tt is clearly well outside the scope of a paper of this type to attempt
to provide a comprehensive and exhaustive guide to all the butterflies
which are to be found in Southern Italy. These notes were compiled
from my own scanty observations which I was able to carry out from
time to time in my somewhat limited leisure periods whilst on Active
Service duties during 1944-5 in Southern Italy.

At first sight it might appear a very far cry from soldiering to lepi-
doptera collecting, but in the hectic and often dangerous times through
which all of us have lived during recent years, nothing seems better
for one’s peace of mind and escape from the grimness of War than to
turn to a hobby of this type. I did not conceive, during my early days
on the Italian Peninsula, the idea of writing a paper on Italian .lepi-
doptera and unfortunately I did not store up any written notes; so I
write this paper from memory, aided slightly by a few brief entries in
my diary.

Prior to being posted to Italy with the Army, I had never before
visited the country and therefore had very little idea what butterflies
would be likely to come under my observation. I landed at Naples on
27th March 1944, just at the time that Vesuvius Volcano was in erup-
tion. After a brief stay at a Staging Camp at a town called Afragola
(about 10 miles from Naples) I went to a camp well out in the wilds
at a place called Persano. This village is about 20 miles South-East
of the port of Salerno and approximately 100 miles from the Gulf of Tar-
anto, in the province of Campania. The month was now April and in
Southern Italy the weather at this time of the year is much warmer
than in Britain, so it was not long before I began to see insects in
some abundance.

At first I saw only the common Pieridae—Pieris brassicae LL., P.
rapae L., and P. napi L., as well as some Pararge megera
L., but very soon Papilio machaon Lh. began to put in an appearance ;
thereafter I was destined to see that handsome insect on and off for
many months to come. After a fortnight, spent on the Adriatic Coast
in action, I returned to Persano and remained there until the latter
end of July, so I had virtually all the spring and early summer to make
observations and if possible attempt some serious collecting. On my
return to Persano the quantity and variety of the butterflies I saw.
finally induced me to start collecting in earnest, even under the ex-
tremely difficult conditions. I had brought absolutely no entomological
equipment abroad in my kit and T had therefore to fall back on my own

ak 152. co)

7

resources. Eventually [ rigged up a net of sorts and found that Army -
petrol was a good substitute for cyanide.

Although my remarks primarily concern the insect life’ in the immedi-
ate vicinity of Persano, they are relevant to the whole of the Southern
part of the Italian Peninsula excluding the elevated, mountainous
portions. The terrain in the neighbourhood of Persano consists of
gently undulating countryside, interspersed with numerous vineyards,
cornfields and fruit orchards. The mountainous part of the Peninsula
lies further to the North. The camp at which I was stationed was in
the area of a large, scattered farmstead, stretching between the main
road running from Eboli to Bari on the one hand and on the other the
railway line from Battipaglia to Potenza. Behind the railway the
terrain is wooded to some extent and the ground slopes steeply down to
the Sele River. There is thus varied vegetation likely to support many
kinds of rhopalocera. Poplar and willow appear to be the commonest
trees, supplemented by a sprinkling of oaks and elms but birch is en-
tirely absent.

Beginning with the Papilionidae, I have already remarked on the
occurrence of Papilio machaon L. I found this species to be quite the
commonest insect in this part of the country. Almost any situation
pleases it ; edges of woods, roadsides and vineyards alike are its favourite
haunts; a day seldom passed without a dozen or more being observed
‘and some days, indeed, this was the only species of butterfly to be seen.
‘When in flight this heautiful butterfly is exceedingly difficult to capture
and seldom settles. After several futile attempts to net good specimens
I resolved to breed a series. At first I was unaware on what plant the
female machaon deposits her ova, but one day I found an almost fully-
fed larva on fennel. After much diligent searching I found several ova,
which I succeeded in rearing. The original larva duly turned inte a
pupa, but broke loose from its silken mooring and on emergence was
a complete cripple. However, this was the only bad luck I had in reav--
‘ing this species; thereafter I continued to find ova and larva of Papilio
machaon all through the summer on almost any clump: of fennel [
turned to; even dusty plants growing along roadsides were selected.
Frequently T saw females ova-depositing. At the end of the season I
had reared about 20 good specimens.

In company with P. machaon, its near relative Papilio podalirius L.
was to be seen in almost as large numbers in many places, but I con-
sidered the species to be less widely distributed than P. machaon. The
situations favoured by Papilio podalirius L. seemed to be fruit orchards
and outskirts of vineyards. After much searching for ova and larva on
fennel I was unrewarded, as at that time I was unaware that the food
plant of this insect is the foliage of fruit trees. However, the more
leisurely habits of the imagines of this species compared with I’,
machaon allowed me to take a series with the net good enough for cabi-
net purposes, ;

153

My tavourite collecting ground was a small valley. The sides of this
valley, through which wandered a small stream heavily overgrown with
various kinds of bushes, were clothed thickly with hedge bedstraw
(Galium mollugo I.), sheep’s-bit scabious, thistles and many other varie-
ties of wild flowers familiar to British naturalists. On 2Ist May 1944
I saw three Aporia crataegi L. in this valley and succeeded in netting
two of these; from that time onwards I saw no more of this insect and
came to the conclusion that it is somewhat scarce in Italy. The time
limits during which it is on the wing are probably narrow. I was
pleased to find specimens of Leptidea sinapis L. in this locality but the
species was rather local and the times of appearance very uncertain.
In June at Persano I caught a few early specimens of Colius croceus
loure. but towards the end of the summer when I was further north
I found the species very common. Before leaving the Pieridae group I
have to record that Pontia daplidice L. appeared to be very abundant.
lt began to emerge in late May and I continually saw the insect all
through the summer, almost throughout the Southern part of the Penin-
sula. The only other species of this family that I saw in the Persano
district was Gonepteryx cleopatra L., but very seldom, and I did not
have the good fortune to net a single specimen, except a female, later
in the year in another locality. Curiously enough, Euchloé cardamines
L. (a common British species) seemed to be entirely absent, although
its food-plant Cardamines pratensis L. grows quite profusely in Italy.

Turning now to the Nymphalidae, I found at Persano Melitaea
uthalia Rott. and later Melitaea didyma Esp. were fairly common. Cap-
ture was not difficult as M. athalia was fond of settling on low growing |
thistles. I first saw the insect in late May (rather earlier than in
Britain) but it continued to be seen throughout the summer in widely
separated localities; by July all examples that I saw had become very
worn. Towards the end of June I began to take examples of Melitaea
didyma (Twin-spot Fritillary) and until about the middle of July I
continued to find freshly-emerged specimens. The haunts of this rather
attractive-looking Fritillary are edges of woodlands, hillsides and fields,
wild or cultivated. It is very fond of perching on thistles but other-
wise is not an easy insect to catch on the wing and is difficult to follow.

The Vanessids were represented by Polygonia c-album L. but no-
where did I find it at all abundant. In the neighbourhood of Persano
J constantly saw Vanessa cardw L., but Vanessa atalanta L. was only
an occasional visitor. There is a certain amount of migration to Italy
of the two species and it may not be out of place to mention here that
although the larvae of V. carduwi L. normally feed on thistles and ap-
pear to be harmless to cultivated plants, in 1826 Gené and Villa record
its presence in destructive numbers in the province of Milan, with
disastrous results to the crops of Jupins and flax. A similar visitation
in Northern Italy was recorded in 1879 hy Count Ninni. V. cardui is
efficiently parasitized by the Chalcid fly Pteromalus puparum L.
(Lepidoptera of the Maltese Islands, P. Borg, F.C.S., F.Z.S.).

\

<i

154

Among the Satyridae I noted the following species: Melunargiu. gala-
thea L. appeared to be extraordinarily abundant around Persano and
many other places. The time of appearance is earlier in Italy than in
Britain as by the middle of June it was practically over and I did not
observe a second brood, Another closely allied species, M. japygia Cyr.
(Sicilian Marbled White), was also very common. Continuing with the
Satyridae, I saw Maniola jurtina L. very common everywhere; Coeno-
nympha pamphilus L. was abundant in all districts and I continued to
see the insect all the way up to the North of Italy. Also Aphantopus
_hyperantus L. could be found in wooded areas, and Maniola tithonus 1.
in all country places. I must mention here Pararge megera L., which
I saw in large numbers in almost every locality I visited from Naples
to Florence and beyond. Another common insect I noticed in woodland
areas was Pararge aegeria L.

About the middle of May 1944 J found Polyommatus icarus Rott.
on the wing. I continued to see the species throughout the summer and
autumn in every locality imaginable. They seemed to differ but litte
from our British examples. Other species among the Lycaenidae I
noticed were Aricia agestis Schiff., Callophrys rwbi L. and; later Lysan-
dra coridon Poda, Lysandra beliorgus Rott. and Lycaena phlaeas LL.
The Hesperiidae family were represented by Hrynnis tages L., Pyrgus
malvae L. and the Continental Large Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus alveus
Hb.

At the latter end of July I was moved from Persano and proceeded
further North to a small town called Palestrina, about 24 miles South-
Kast of Rome. The terrain here consists of low hills, well-wooded valleys
and vineyards. In this locality Papilio machaon I found to be almost
‘as common as it had been further South. During August ova, larvae,
pupae and imagines were to be found at the same time. It was in this
locality that I first discovered the following species, which are so seldom
seen in Britain: —Argynnis lathonia L., Lycaena hippothoé L., Lampides
boeticus L., and Everes argiades Pall. My enthusiasm to take A.
luthoma on the wing led me into situations that were not entirely with-
out their element of danger, as this district had but recently been
evacuated by the Germans. The likely presence of mines and booby-
traps in the fields proved a slight deterrent to collecting. Fortunately,
I met with no mishaps and in some lucerne fields near Palestrina I
caught some fine specimens of A. lathonia, LD. boeticus, E. argiades, C.
croceus and var. helice Hb. <A few days later, whilst on a visit to Rome,
J was surprised to see a newly-emerged A. lathonia flying about in the
streets of the city. The few examples that I took of L. hippothoé were
unfortunately rather worn, and I did not secure any good specimens. —
In the Palestrina district 17. didyma was to be seen in very fine con-
dition and I think that IJ am right in assuming that the species is
double-brooded.

In the same place I saw, but unfortunately did not catch, specimens
of the Mediterranean White Admiral, Neptis lucilla W.V. However, a

155

few weeks later I succeeded in securing a series of the species in another
locality. Another Continental species that was in evidenca at Pales-
trina was Hipparchia circe F., in appearance similar to Humenis semele
L., but much larger. All my efforts to capture this creature were un-
availing; altogether it is an exceedingly strong flyer. P. daplidice was
as common as before and I was able to take a good series.

After a short while at Palestrina my regiment moved up into action:
We first took up position on the flat marshy ground south of Pisa. The
gun position was situated in a small pine wood, surrounded by a sandy
heath and lucerne fields. Blackberry bushes were very profuse and daily
i saw numerous specimens of ZL. boeticus, EH. argiades and a similar
species called Lampides telicanus Hb. flying around the bramble flowers.
| was able to continue collecting and found the following kinds of butter-
flies very abundant: C. croceus, C. hyale, P. daplidice, L. bellargus, L.
phiaeas, and the Large Grizzled Skipper P. alveus.

Later in the season I was in another gun position to the south of a
town called Prato in the vicinity of Florence. The weather was ex-
tremely sultry for several weeks and I took good series of C. croceus, var.
helice and C. hyale, all of which were extremely common. P. machaon
(rather scarce in the Pisa area) was once more in great evidence, as .well
as. P. podalirius. In a small but densely overgrown wood in the im-
mediate vicinity I discovered L. sinapis again, the summer brood this
time. Also I caught a female G. cleopatra and obtained examples of
N. lucilla. I found another species of fritillary here called Argynnis
dia L. (Weaver’s Fritillary), which is a reputed British species. This
was the only locality that I saw A. dia. Although well away from any
chalk hills I observed: several L. coridon; the strain appeared almost
identical with the British.

From this period (September 1944) onwards, I was moved gradually
further North to a point about 18 miles South of Bologna and by Novem-
ber I saw nothing further of interest in entomology. I would like to
remark here, however, that during August and September I saw occa-
sional specimens of Nymphalis io LL. and P. c-album but on no occa-
sion did I come across Aglais urticae L., which I thought rather sur-
prising. Throughout the winter and early Spring of 1945, I still
continued to see a few P. megera on sunny days.

So much for the Rhopalocera, but I feel this paper would be incom-
plete without a brief mention of the few species of Heterocera that
came my way. On my arrival at Persano in the Spring of 1944 I saw
large numbers of what I at first thought were male Saturnia pavonia
L. (carpint Schiff.) flying about in the sunshine. A few weeks later in
early May I found a colony of young larvae of this species on hawthorn.
These Jarvae became fully grown in July and about fifteen produced
cocoons soon after. I was permitted to send these home to England by
post and on my arrival home at the beginning of April this year (1945)
eight specimens emerged, 3 males and 5 females, which are now in my
collection. I have now been able to identify this species, which is

iy 156
Suturnia spint W.V.; the moths which emerged trom iny cocoons strongly

resemble our British Emperor moth but are somewhat larger and more
handsomely marked.

Also at Persano in May 1944 my attention was directed to two fine
imagines of the silk-bearing moth Saturnia pyri W.V.; these are now
in my collection. A few days before leaving the Persano area three
tully-grown larvae of S. pyri were brought to me and these pupated al-
most immediately, spinning very striking cocoons. Two moths emerged
(both females) in May of this year (1945) but the third never matured
and when I opened the cocoon some time later I found that the moth
had developed but died when on the point of emerging. The larvae ot
S. pyri cause considerable damage to fruit trees on the Continent and
at Persano I saw several trees very much stripped as a result of at-
tacks by these voracious caterpillars but was too late to find any actual
larvae.

All over the Peninsula Tis anapllascenn stellatarum IL. was. in evi-.

dence and after searching in early June 1944 on Hedge Bedstraw, along
the roadsides near Eboli, I found ova of the moth. These I bred, the
moths emerging about six weeks later, but I regret to say that the
majority escaped from the breeding cage. At Persano, during sunny
weather, I noticed Coscinia striata L. to be fairly common. Later,
whilst in the Pisa district in August 1944, C. striata seemed to be ex-
tremely abundant in the lucerne fields, always flying in the hot sun-
shine. Also in the Arctiidae family I noticed Arctia villica L. and

Phraqmatobia fuliginosa L. Of the Lasiocampidae these species were .

well distributed :—Lasiocampa quercus L., L. trifola Schiff. and Macro-
thylacia rubi L. Space prevents me from enumerating the various
Noctuidae and Geometridae that can be found in Southern Italy, but
as a matter of interest I should like to mention two species of the
Zygaenidae that I recorded. At Eboli and in the surrounding district
during the middle of June 1944 Zygaena ephialtes L. was very abun-
dant, flying in swarms just before sun-down. Z. ephialtes is closely
related to our native Z. filipendulae. The other member of this family
that I captured was Procris geryon Hb.

My object in writing this paper, which I must confess is of little
scientific value, was solely to interest members who are not familiar
with Italy. If, by my efforts, J have succeeded in arousing your imagina-
tion, then my aim will have been achieved, and I shall feel that the
time I spent in Italy will have been put to good use. I may add that I
sincerely hope to revisit the Persano district at a later date, when nor-

ee

mal peace-time travel is restored. Doubtless I shall be able to record —

many other species.

Note.—The scientific names used throughout this thesis are, as far as
possible, taken from I. R. P. Heslop’s Check List of the British
Lepidoptera, published by Watkins & Doncaster, 1945.

Proc. S.L.E. & N.AS., 1946-47. PLATE XVI.

Photo. S. C. S. Brown.
LARVAL ‘““CONE’ AND COCOON OF C. BETULICOLA HERING.

Ir. C. Fraser del.

RESTING POSTURE OF CALOPTILIA SP.

y . 157

CALOPTILIA HUBN, A GENUS OF TINEINA.
By 8S. C. S. Brown.
Read 25th September 1946.

This genus, so long known as Gracillaria Haworth 1828, or Gracilaria
Zeller 1847, should be Caloptilia Hiibn. 1825.

Meyrick, Handbook British Lepidoptera, 1895, puts Gracilaria in
the Family Tineidae after Lithocolletis, Ornix and Coriscium. In his
Revised Handbook, 1928, he places Gracilaria in the Family Gracilarii-
dae, suppresses the genus Coriscium, places two species (cuculipennellu
Hiibn. and sulphurella Haw.) previously included in the latter in Gracil-
uria, and omits omissella Staint., ononidis Zell. and imperialella Mann.
Meyrick states that in the genus Gracilaria there are nearly 200 species,
universally spread, even in remote Pacific islands.

In Rebel’s Catalogue of the Palaearctic Lepidoptera there are about
40 species listed. Meyrick in his Revised Handbook includes 14 species
found in the British Isles.

The imagos of this genus average about 11 mm. The head is clothed
with appressed scales. The wings are elongate with long cilia, the
antennae being as long as the wings. The labial palpi, a characteristic
feature, are long, curved, ascending, and in two species are tufted be-
neath. The legs are very long, the middle tibiae being ornamented with
dense tufts of scales, which are prominently displayed when the insect
is at rest. The colouration of the forewings is often beautiful, chiefly
consisting of rich browns and yellows. A characteristic mark, not always
present, however, is a triangular costal blotch. Considerable variation
is present, especially amongst what may be termed the ‘“‘ elongella
group,” namely falconipennella, elongella, populetorwm, and betulicola.

When in repose the imagines have a most striking attitude, peculiar
to the family Gracillariidae. Whilst the members of the genus Argy-
resthia rest with the hinder part obliquely raised, as if trying to stand
on their heads, the members of this group try to do the opposite; the
head with the anterior part of the body is elevated, the anterior and
middle legs turned out and the posterior legs tucked in against the
sides of the abdomen underneath the wings, which are tightly drawn
over the body.

The ova, which are very delicate in texture, are laid singly, except
in the case of syringella, generally on the underside of a leaf.

The larvae, which are very similar to one another, are invariably
leaf-miners at first. The majority make a long, twisting mine, which
owing to the small amount of frass visible, appears much like the mine
made by a Dipterous larva. The mine usually terminates in a blotch,
often similar to that made by the larvae of Lithocolletis. On leaving
the blotch the larvae feed externally in rolled or twisted leaves, the only
exception being tringipennella, whose larva remains in the blotch

158

throughout its existence, and pupates there. These rolled leaves, or
‘“cones ’’? as they are usually called, are very characteristic of the larval
habits of this genus and are often very neatly constructed. The larva
feeds on the inner surface of the ‘‘ cone,’’ the frass being deposited in
-a little heap at one end. When the food has become exhausted the
larva leaves that ‘‘ cone’ and constructs another.

The pupa is enclosed in a firm tough cocoon, sometimes spun up
within a ‘‘ cone ’’ but usually on the edge of a leaf, rarely on the ground.

The perfect insects fly naturally in the early evening, but owing to
their small size and retiring habits, are not usually observed on the
wing.

The hibernating species may sometimes be taken at ivy-blossom in
the autumn or beaten out of yews or thatch.

Two species, syringella and azaleella, are well-known horticultural
pests, the former being in fact one of our most abundant Lepidoptera.
Other species are rare, or perhaps overlcoked, for little attention has
been paid to the study of the Tinea in recent years in this country,
and much remains to be done in this rich and fascinating field.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I gratefully acknowledge the assistance given by Lt.-Col. F. C.
Fraser, I.M.S. Retd., F.R.E.S., for all the coloured figures, the black-
and-white drawing, and help in many ways.

Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., in connection
with the nomenclature and literature, and for the translation of the
German part of Berander’s Monograph.

Mr E. A. Robins, F.R.P.S., F.L.S., for the photograph of the early
stages of betulicola.

Mr A. EB. Wright, F.R.E.S., for the loan of specimens of populetorum
for figuring.

Mr L. T. Ford, for the loan of a specimen of pyrenaeella for figuring.

Mr Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S., and Mr R. Broome, F.R.E.S., for
assistance with the microscopical preparations. _

KEY TO BRITISH SPECIES

1. Second joint of palpi tufted beneath ..................0.- 2
Second joint of palpi not tufted ......... eee 3.
2 MHOLEWINS SALE! Wellowil Sh Maevessesssereeneesscesnececsenen eee nee eeee ee 5. sulphurella.
HOLE wINss NOt syellowiSie e-s.ce sees ee aceasta eee 4. cuculipennella
3. Forewings with several pale marginal spots orfasciae 4.
Forewings with not more than two pale spots ......... 6.
4. Forewings with entire fasciae ...........c.ccccccceccccececececececees 3. syringella.
Forewings without entire fasciae ..............ccceceeeeeees eee 5.
5. Forewings with three costal Spots ............cccccseccoeececcacees 2. phasianipennella.
Forewings with one subcostal and one costal spot ...... 1. auroguttella.
6. Forewings with white costal streak ..........ccccccccceseecceceee 6. tringipennella.

159

‘7. Forewings with distinct black median spot ..............0.. 7. populetorum.
FOrewings Without Such SPOb ..........cececceesseeserecsecesnees 8.

8. Costal blotch or traces of it yellowish .................c0.00+ 9.
Costal blotch or traces of it whitish .................. 12.

y. Costal blotch margined anteriorly by a dark fascia ... 16. hemidauctylella.
Costal blotch without dark fascia ...............ccceceeeeeees 10.

LO Costal HLOtch well GeHNMEG: vavcci.ccccccsccecescsscasavcgscasceseoees ill
Costal blotch “almost ObSOlete ~.. 66... cec te. c cccceseseesadecses 14.

iemeOstal DLOUGM TRIAMOULAT » sicdecaccsccstatesesstscceicesevawssecctdeudesces 11. alchimiella
Costal blotch elongate or trapeziform .................... 15.

To OOSha le LOUGH SHRTAMAUTATY? oee. nas ccc sccedhecvecssscsonacssectecssateees 13.
Costal blotch reduced to a streak or almost obsolete ... 14. semifascia.

18. Costal blotch well-defined posteriorly ..............cceceeceeeeeee 15. stigmatella.
Costal blotch ill-defined posteriorly ................cccccce eee eeees 10. falconipennellu

LEED Om CONS AT OXm (APH i Mews cscns ccssuiecnssaascscens causes cscavoatenescedue 8. elongella.
UTE OME CONAY DOR: MWC Bock sacessctascnesncerescastsesasesessceeessseteen cs 9. betulicola.

Py OOShA le LODE I! e ClOMMAUE © occccseccsessiccatavetuarsicsecetesesnseceoseeseen 12. azaleella.
Costal HLOTCH CLAPSZIPOLMD 2.8 clcivecscccsescsscscecwsscesectsecusceessss 13. pyrenaeella.

1. auroguttella Steph.

9-10 mm. Antennae with apex white. Forewings dark grey, rather
shining, purplish tinged, with four yellow spots. One below costa at 3,
another on costa at 3, and two on dorsum, near base and before tornus.
Hindwings grey. ,

Larva pale yellowish-green, head pale yellow. Feeds within conically
rolled leaves of Hypericum perforatum and pulchrum.

The larva commences to feed by mining the under surface of a leat
in the form of a blotch and this causes the leaf to pucker longitudinally.
Tt then quits the blotch and forms a cone by turning a leaf downwards
and backwards with the edges neatly fitting. The larva constructs two
cones, working progressively upwards, before becoming full-fed. It
then selects a leaf at the top of the plant, which it rolls up longitudin-
ally into a tight tube and pupates within.

There are two broods, the imago flying in May and August and the
larva feeding in July and October. Passes the winter in the pupal state.

This species seems to be generally distributed and common through-
out England. Occurs in Ireland.

2. phasianipennella Hiibn. (quadruplella Zell.).

10-11 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, somewhat shining; three costal
spots at 4, 3, and near apex, and two, frequently connected, dorsal
spots at 4 and } ochreous-whitish, dark margined, often very indistinct
or obsolete. Hindwings grey.

Larva greenish-grey, head yellowish, with four black spots; second
segment with yellowish plate and four black spots. (Stainton.)

Within conically rolled strips of leaves of Polygonwm hydropiper,
P. persicaria, Rumex acetosella and obtusifolius. The larva commences
to feed by making an oval, flat blotch-mine beneath a leaf. It then
goes to-the tip of a leaf, or the edge, where it makes a small puckered
mine, turning the edge over. On leaving the mine to feed on the ex-
terior, the larva constructs an abode in a very peculiar manner; it cuts

/

160°

i
x

. ;

< paea is Rien

a strip along the edge of a leaf, which is only fastened at one end, and
then rolls up and fastens this strip into the form of a blunt cone, in
which it feeds. On the food-supply becoming exhausted, the larva goes
to another part of the leaf or a fresh leaf, and constructs another roll.
When full-fed it pupates in a white silken cocoon within the last cone.
_ A single-brooded species, the imago being found from September to
May and the larva in July and August.
Widely distributed in Britain as far north as Perth. Occurs in
Ireland.

3. syringella Fabr.

10-13 mm. Forewings white or yellowish-white, with numerous
ochreous-brown dots and blotches, variable in amount. An ochreous.
brown dorsal blotch near base, hardly reaching costa. An oblique median
fascia, and another dorsally bifid fascia at 2 ochreous-brown, margined
black. The apical area beyond the second fascia is almost entirely

_ brownish-ochreous, except for two white, black-edged wedge-shaped

costal spots. Hindwings dark grey.

Larva greenish-white, head tinged brown. Within rolled leaves of
Ligustrum, Syringa and Ash. Abroad also on Deutschia, Diervilla,
EHuonymus and Forsythia.

The gregarious larvae, which are remarkably glass-like when very
young, commence to feed by making a short, broad mine on the under-
surface of a leaf. They then pass through to the upper surface where
they construct a large blotch-mine. This blotch rapidly turns brown
and causes a considerable disfigurement of the leaf. The larvae then

- vacate the mine and roll up the tip of a leaf into a large, slovenly con-
_structed cone. The greyish-white silken cocoon is constructed amongst

rubbish on the surface of the ground.
There are two broods, the imago flying in May and July. The larva
feeds in June and again in August and September. Passes the winter

as a pupa. Widely distributed and very common throughout the British
Isles.

4. cuculipennella Hiibn.

11-12 mm. Second joint of palpi tufted beneath. Forewings whitish,
with numerous ochreous-brown strigulae finely irrorated black. An
oblique fascia near base hardly reaching costa, another before middle
hardly reaching dorsum, a third beyond middle interrupted in disc, and
a costal spot at % ochreous-brown, finely irrorated black. Hindwings
dark grey.

Larva pale rellowaieercer! head and plate on 2 brown. Feeds
within conically rolled leaves of privet and ash.

The larva commences to feed by making a long twisting mine ter-
minating in a blotch on the upper surface of a leaf. On vacating the
mine the larva rolls up the apex of a leaf into a cone and feeds within.
On leaving the cone in order to construct another, the larva vacates it

bt i ae
sa Ve

161

by cutting a little emergence hole. The final cone is very neatly con-
structed, nearly the whole of a leaf being used, the edges closely sealed
with silk.

Pupates in a fine white silken spindle-shaped cocoon slung hammock-
like within the final cone. The pupa protrudes from the cone at the
time of emergence through a previously prepared emergence hole which
is covered by a ‘‘ cap.”

A single-brooded species; the larva feeds in July and August and the
imago occurs from September to April.

Local, but fairly common in England. Is found in Ireland. Pre-
fers woods.

:, 5. sulphurella Haw.

12-14 mm. Second joint of palpi tufted beneath. Forewings pale
whitish-yellow, with numerous scattered black dots, variable in number,
sometimes confluent, forming dark blotches, sometimes a ferruginous
black-spotted median longitudinal streak from base of costa to apex.
Cilia fuscous, except at apex, which is pale whitish-yellow. Hindwings
dark grey. '

Larva greyish-white, head brownish. (Meyrick). Within conically
rolled leaves of oak. Little appears to be known about the early stages.

A single-brooded species, the larva being found in June and July
and the imago from September to May.

Widely distributed, but not generally common; over most of the
British Isles.

6. tringipennella Zell. :

10-13 mm. Forewings pale ochreous to ochreous-grey ; a costal streak
from base to near apex whitish or whitish-grey. Three longitudinal
rows of black dots, one subcostal, one median, and one on the fold. The
last row is often absent or reduced to two or three dots. Hindwings
erey.

Larva whitish-green, head black. In blotches in the leaves of Plan-
tago lanceolata. The larva commences to feed by making a long tortuous
mine on the upper surface of a leaf; it then works towards the midrib,
where it constructs a large longitudinal whitish-brown blotch. The
loosened upper epidermis contracts and causes a contortion of the leaf -
into a tubular form. Pupates within the blotch in a white spindle-
shaped cocoon.

There are two broods, the imago flying in May and August. The
/larva feeds in June and July, and again from October to May.

Widely distributed and common throughout the British Isles.

7. populetorum Zell.

11-14 mm. Forewings pale ochreous, purplish tinged, with some
cloudy-grey markings. Margins dotted black; a distinct black spot just
beyond the middle of costa, blackish dots on fold at 3} and 2. Hind-

162

wings dark grey. The dark-coloured specimens of this species have
some resemblance to falconipennella, but populetorum may always be at
once recognized by the distinct black spot beyond the middle of the
costa.

Larva greenish-white, head pale brown. Within longitudinally rolled
leaves of birch. Its name populetorwm seems to be a misnomer, it has
never been bred from anything but birch.

Of the early stages Wood writes: ‘‘ It usually selects a young leaf
for its mine, agreeing in this respect with its congeners. Sometimes the
mine is on the upperside, and sometimes upon the underside. It is on
a larger scale than in any of the other species, the gallery being long
and rather wide, and the blotch large and open; it is also a more un-
shapely structure, and is extremely like a Dipterous mine, which also
consists of a gallery and blotch, and is not uncommon in the birch leaves.
The larva is careless of the fashion of its first chamber, at one time roll-
ing up half a leaf or a whole one ‘f small, at another simply folding over
a piece of the edge, or turning it into a cone; but of the shape of its
final chamber ib is most particular, and proceeds by rolling up the leaf
longitudinally, using a whole leaf for the purpose.”

Usually constructs its cocoon in a rolled up leaf, sometimes just be-

neath the edge of a leaf.

A single-brooded species, the larva being found in July and August,
and the imago from September to April. Usually considered to be a
local species in England and uncommon, probably overlooked. Has
recently been recorded as abundant in Inverness-shire. Rare in Ireland.

8. elongella Linn.

14-16 mm. A very variable species. Forewings frequently deep
reddish-ochreous without markings; sometimes straw-coloured. Another
form has a variable ground colour with the margins and fold dotted
black and an indistinct pale yellowish triangular costal blotch before
middle. Hindwings grey.

Larva whitish green, head pale brown. Feeds within longitu
rolled leaves of alder. The larva commences to feed by making a long,
twisting, narrow mine on the upper side of a leaf, ending in a blotch.
On leaving the blotch the larva spins up a portion of the leaf into a
rather large, longitudinally rolled cone. The larva constructs two of
these cones before becoming full-fed.

Pupates in a glistening white silken cocoon spun up in a wee fold
of a leaf.

A double-brooded species, the larva being found in May and again,
and much more commonly, in July and August. The imago is on the
wing in June and again from September to April.

Probably widely distributed and common throughout the British

Isles wherever alders grow, but owing to the difficulty of distinguishing

this species from the next, it will be some time before the true distri-
bution is known.

163

“9. betulicola Hering.

Named and described by Hering. (Zts. Angew. Ent., XIII, 1927).
7-9 mm. Similar in appearance to elongella and similarly variable.

Hering, in his key to the genus (Schmett. Mittelewropas, 1932) states
that the fore and mid femur and tibia are bright red-brown in elongella
but are black-grey in betulicola.

Benander does not agree that the two species can be separated by
this character, but he considers that a distinction can be found in the
colour of the hind coxa. ‘‘ In betulicola its apex is always whitish, but
in elongella dark. If, as sometimes happens, it is pale, then it is yel-
lowish and not white.”’

Genitalia examination is the most reliable method for separating —

these two species.

Benander writes: ‘‘ In both species the penis ends in two strongly
chitinized tips. In betulicola one of these tips has a single row of 4-5
small spinules; in elongella there are numerous prone spinules scattered
all around the tip. The female genitalia exhibit stronger differences.
In betulicola the Ductus bursa (e) is short and thick and runs straight
to the Bursa copulatrix: in elongella it is decidedly narrower and its
course has a kink in it near the Bursa copulatrix.’’

The larva commences to feed by making a relatively broad mine,
ending in a narrow longitudinal blotch, on the upper surface of a leaf
of birch. On leaving the blotch the larva rolls up a leaf transversely
into a cone. It constructs two of these cones before becoming full-fed.

Wood suggested as long ago as 1890 that the Alder-feeding elongella
might be biologically distinct from the birch-feeding elongella. His
views were supported at the time by Stainton.

Pupates in a glistening white silken cocoon spun up in a slight fold
in a leaf.

A double-brooded species, the larva being found in May and again
in July and August. The imago is on the wing in June and again from
September to April.

Abroad, betulicola has been found in North Germany, North Russia
and in Sweden. I+ will probably be found anywhere in the British Isles
where birches grow.

An examination of the genitalia of a considerable number of cap-
tured and bred specimens from various parts of the British Isles has
shown that elongella is restricted to alder whilst betulicola is restricted
to birch.

Betulicola is abundant in Inverness-shire and occurs in the New
Forest, West Hants and East Dorset. As far as is known there is no
British record nor any mention of it in any British work or paper, hence
this will be the first time that this species has been brought forward as
an inhabitant of these Isles.

/

164° - e
10. falconipennella Hiibn.
~12-14 mm. Forewings dark reddish-brown, obscurely irrorated grey,
margins and fold dotted black. An indistinct greyish triangular costal
blotch before middle. Hindwings dark grey. .
‘There appears to be no published description of the larva. Feeds
within folded leaves of alder.

In regard to the early stages, Wood (1890, Ent. Mon. Mag., xxvi, 136-
137) writes: ‘‘ Little, I believe, was previously known about this larva.
It lives upon alder, and is of extremely rare occurrence in my own dis-
trict, but is to be found in small but constant numbers in a dingle on
the western side of the county. It differs from its relative in having
a simple mine, and three chambers instead of two. The mine is a small
oval blotch, very like the mine of an Orniz, and lies on the underside of
a leaf, generally close to the edge. The three chambers are all alike,
except in the matter of size, and are simple turnings-down of the edge
of the leaf, like the chambers of Orniz avellanella on nut. The larva is
' indistinguishable from the birch form elongella. It spins up just under
the edge of the leaf, curling it neatly over; and in this again it resembles
an Ormz.”’

A single-brooded species, the larva being found in July and August
and the imago from September to April.

Searce and local; only known from Kent, Surrey, Hants and Here-
ford. ;

11. alchimiella Scop.

10-13 mm. Forewings ferruginous, with.a violet gloss; at the base
of dorsum is a short yellow streak. A large triangular yellow median
costal blotch, sometimes extending nearly to the apex along the costa.
Hindwings dark grey.

Larva greenish-white, head yellowish. Feeds within conically rolled
leaves of oak. The larva commences to feed by making a narrow, twist-
ing, thread-like mine, terminating in a blotch, on the underside of a
leaf. On leaving the blotch the larva goes to the edge of a leaf and
' turns a small portion of a lobe downwards and feeds within. Finally,
the larva rolls up the lobe of a leaf into a rather large cone.

Pupates in a white, shining, silken cocoon constructed near the edge
of a leaf.

A double-brooded species, the larva being found in July and again,
and much more plentifully, in September and October. The imago flies
in May and August.

Common and widely distributed over most of the British Isles.

12. azaleella Brants.

10-12 mm. Palpi whitish-yellow, apex black. Head light violet-grey,
face whitish-yellow. Forewings violet-brown. A golden elongate blotch
along costa from about 34 to 4/5ths, broadest anteriorly and reaching 2

across wing. Costal edge of blotch minutely dotted black. Hindwings

eR is all

a , 1 e tow,
Sani ee
Nien ry

PLATE XVII.

Auroguttella.

Phasianipennella.

Hemidactylella.
Alchimiella.
Sulphurella,
Cuculipennella.
Tringipennella.

Syringella.

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S. 1946-7.

Azaleella.
Populetorum.
Elongella.
Falconipennella.
Pyrenaeella.
Stigmatella.

Semifascia.

roce.S-l.E. & N.S. 1946-7. PLATE XVII.

F. C. Fraser del.

CALOPTILIA HUBN., A GENUS OF TINEINA.

165

‘grey. Larva pale greenish-yellow, head pale brownish-yellow. Feeds

within conically rolled leaves of evergreen Azaleas.

The larva commences to feed by making a short twisting mine ter-
minating in a Lithocolletis-like blotch beneath a leaf. Occasionally the
mine is absent, and then the blotch becomes the first stage. It then
quits this mine and goes to the tip of a leaf, which it turns downwards
and backwards and fastens with silk. The larva feeds on the underside
of the leaf within this cone. It constructs two cones before becoming
full-fed.

Pupates in a white silken cocoon beneath a leaf. A well-known
greenhouse pest on Azaleas. In such situations there is a succession of
broods.

Has been naturalised out-doors for a good many years in Bourne-
mouth, where it is abundant. The imago flies in May and August, and
the larva is found in June and September. Passes the winter in the
pupal state.

13. pyrenaeella Chrétien.

10-11 mm. Forewings purplish-brown, violet tinged. Base of dorsum
purplish-yellow. A large trapeziform, rarely triangular, golden median
costal blotch. Cilia purplish-brown. Hindwings dark brown.

Larva fusiform, elongated, very attenuated posteriorly, white, head
white, mouth parts ferruginous. Within conically rolled leaves of
Maple. The larva is a miner at first, later on making cones of the lobes
of the leaves. It emerges from these by cutting a hole in the side.
Pupates in an elongated white silken cocoon spun up in a fold of a leaf.
The larva has been found in June. The imago has only been found in
June and July. A second brood has not been observed.

Found on the Continent in the Basses-Pyrenees. In the Hntomo-
logist, LX VI, 230 (X. 1933) Mr L. T. Ford recorded that he bred speci-
mens of this species from cones on Maple leaves collected in the Isle of
Wight on 9.vi.1933, the moths emerging 2-4.vii.

14. semifascia Haw.

10-12 mm. Forewings variable in colour; sometimes of a uniform
dark reddish-brown with all markings obscured. More frequently
reddish-brown, mixed pale yellowish, with an oblique ochreous-white
dark-edged streak from costa before middle to fold, apex bent outwards.
Several dark reddish-brown dots on costa. Hindwings dark grey.

Larva pale greenish, dorsal line darker, head pale brown. In conic-
ally rolled leaves of maple. The larva commences to feed by making a
rather long, narrow mine beneath a leaf; generally running downwards
towards the footstalk, where it makes a small flat blotch-mine. Some-
times the mine is absent and the blotch becomes the first stage. On
vacating the blotch-mine the larva goes to the edge of a leaf, where it
turns a small portion over and under and feeds within. The next stage
consists of a portion of a lobe being rolled up into a little cone. Finally,

166:

the larva rolls up the whole of a lobe of a leaf into a cone, neatly fasten- —
ing the edges down with silk. The shining yellowish-white silken cocoon "a
is usually found near the edge of a leaf.

This is a single-brooded species, the larva being found in July and
the imago appearing in August and September. It hibernates and
appears again in the spring.

Fairly common but local in England. Unknown in Scotland and
Treland.

15. stigmatella Fabr.

| 12-14 mm. Forewings reddish-brown, darkest on the anterior margin
of the costal blotch. A triangular white median costal blotch, faintly
clouded with reddish-brown; a few black dots along costal edge, apex
towards dorsum emitting an outwardly oblique streak. Hindwings
grey. A not uncommon form occurs in which the reddish-brown ground
colour is replaced by ochreous-grey.

Larva whitish-green, head yellowish. Within conically rolled leaves
of various species of Salix and poplar. The larva commences to feed by
making a small Lithocolletis-like blotch beneath a leaf. It then leaves
this mine and goes to the tip of a leaf, often the same leaf, which it
turns over after the manner of an Ornix larva. The larva feeds on the
undersurface of the leaf within and constructs two of these abodes be-
fore making a cone proper, which it does by folding the tip of a leaf
over and downwards for about } in. When the food-supply has become
exhausted the larva leaves its abode and constructs another. It thus
constructs two cones before becoming full-fed. The white silken cocoon
is constructed on the underside of a leaf, generally near the edge.

The imago appears in September and October, hibernates, and is on
the wing again until May. The larva is to be found in August and
September.

Widely distributed and fairly common over most of the British es
except Ireland, where it is scarce and local.

16. hemidactylella Schiff. 1775 (hemedactylella Fabr. 1787).

12-14 mm. Forewings light ochreous-yellow, mixed and strigulated
red-brown; a large triangular paler median costal blotch, on costa
marked with several blackish dots, anteriorly margined by a suffused
dark reddish-fuscous fascia Hindwings grey. (Meyrick). Can be dis-
tinguished from falconipennella or forms of elongella by the distinct
fascia which forms the anterior margin of the costal triangle.

Larva pale yellowish-green, head paler than the body. (Stainton).
Feeds within a conically rolled lobe of a leaf of syeamore. Nothing ap-
pears to be known about the early stages of the larva.

This is a single-brooded species, the larva being found in July and
August and the imago from September to May. A very rare species, —
which does not appear to have been taken for many years,

ee

167
Distribution given by Meyrick as S.E. England to Dorset, and Nor-
folk, Derby, Cheshire, Westmorland and S. Ireland. It is now known:

that a number of old records for hemidactylella were based on erroneous
identifications. \

REFERENCES.

Beirne, Bryan P. A List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland. Proc. R. Irish
Acad., XLVII, Sect. 13, 4, 1941.

Benander, P. Sveriges Lithocolletider (Gracilaridae). Opuwsciula Entomologica,
1944.

Meyrick, E. A Revised Handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 1928.

Stainton, H. T. On Gracilaria, a Genus of Tineidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon..,

: New Series 1, 1851

— Lepidoptera Tineina. Insecta Britannica, III, 1854.

— Nat. Hist Tineina, VIII, 1864.

Wood, J. H. Notes on Gracilaria populetorum, elongella and falconipennetia,
Ent. Mon. Mag., XXVI, 133-37. 1890.

168

NOTES ON COLLECTING IN KENT, 1946.
By G. V. Butt, B.A., M.B.
Read 13th November 1946,

I spent the greater part of July in Dr Scott’s house at Westwell,
near Ashford, Kent. Some of you may know the house, about 500 feet
up, facing S.E. above the Pilgrims’ Way.. There is a hank of Valerian
in front of the house, a rough field full of St John’s Wort, Scabious,
Kknapweed and Trefoil, beyond that a Beech wood, and further back a
disused chalk quarry. Incidentally, eleven different kinds of Orchis
have been found almost within a stone’s throw of the house. The field
was full of Maniola jurtina L., Melanargia galathea L., and Aphantopus
hyperantus L. Just before my arrival Lygephila pastinum Tr. (a new
insect for that neighbourhood, though it is taken at Wye not far away)
had been plentiful on Valerian and at light, but I only saw single speci-
mens three times after my arrival. The evenings for the most part
were cool and dewy, but I sugared: a few posts and had a light in the
garden on most evenings, though seldom after midnight. The first few
evenings the Valerian was swarming with Plusia gamma L. (as also
in the daytime) of all sizes and colours, from the natural colour to
yellow: on netting the yellow specimens they were found to be almost
sealeless. There were also a few Macroglossum stellatarum L. and
Deilephila porcellus L., one of the latter being taken at light on my
first evening. Heliothis peltigera Schiff. was seen on, three occasions
from 3rd July onwards, Vanessa cardwi L. (worn) on 5th July, and
Colias croceus Fourc. on 8th July, by which date most of the P. gamma
had disappeared. Altogether IT noted some 125 species, a few of them
in Ashford and at Wye.

I had taken with me a Lasiocampa quercus L. 2 in hopes of
assembling, but apparently the species does not occur thereabouts, as’
nothing happened till 9th July, when a pair emerged in my cage and
the male paired with both females. I let him go, and think he probably
came hack next day to pair with a third female, but as I had not
marked him I cannot be sure.

My best nights were 20th July, 27 species; 22nd July, 39 species;
and 26th July, 25 species. Stauropus fagi L. appeared on 20th July,
- Pheosiagnoma¥k. (=dictaeoides Esp.), Notodonta ziczac L., Lophopteryx
capucina L., and Tethea duplaris L., one of each and never again.
Melanthia proceblata Schiff., Horisme tersata Schiff. and Ortholitha
bipunctaria Schiff. were fairly plentiful. I had an exciting few minutes
on my last night when five Gastropacha quercifolia LL. were flopping
about the sheet at the same time. Other interesting captures were

Eupithecia succenturiata. L. (new to Westwell), Xanthorhoé quadri-
~ fasciaria Clrck., Jaspidia pygarga Hufn., Hilema complana L., and
Agylia putris L. At sugar Polia advena Schiff., Xylophasia sublustris

“4
}

169

Hsp. avid Scopula ornata Scop. were taken. In Ashford itself Oryphia
perla Schiff. and Sterrha virgularia Hb. were common on walls and |
palings and Itame wauaria L. was taken on one occasion.

I visited Ham Street by day on 12th July and Argynnis paphia L.,
A, cydippe L. and Aphantopus hyperantus L. were flying in some num-
bers, but I only saw 2 Inmenitis camilla LL. (paired). Maniola tithonus
LL. was conspicuously absent as everywhere in my experience, but later
I saw many at Ham Street in a wood on the way to Rueckinge (11th
August).

I went back to Ashford for the latter half of August. Cryphia perla
and Sterrha virgularia were still sitting on walls and palings. I
only collected at Westwell on two occasions and took Notodonta drome-
darius L., Tholera cespitis Schiff. and Hydroecia micucea Esp. among
other things. During that period Dr Scott also took Triphosa dubitata
L., Hepialus sylvinus L., Calostigia olivata Schiff., Sterrha imornata
Haw. and Gnophos obscurata Schiff., also larvae of Heliothis peltigera
Schiff. feeding on marigolds. At Wye I took a few good undersides of
Lysandra coridon Poda of both sexes.

170 .

ENTOMOLOGICAL REMINISCENCES.
By Major H. S. Fremim, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.
Read 13th November 1946.

The advantages that I have had from being in this Society for so
many years have included not only the exhibition of many rare species
but also the views of expert lepidopterists on them. It was my privilege
in the early days to receive much help-:from Mr T. W. Hall, who intro-
duced me to this Society. Then there was Mr R. Adkin, who, I felt,
represented this Society in one of its best periods; and again Mr South,
with his great knowledge and helpfulness.

About 1900 I asked Mr Adkin where I should go to collect. Atter
considering Killarney, he said that no one had been to the Hebrides, se
I went to Stornoway in the Isle of Lewis at a time when this town of
5,000 inhabitants had 20,000 people for the herring season. Thanks to the
-local doctor, after several places where there was no room had been
tried, very nice rooms were found for me in a farmhouse about a mile
out of town. This was near the only wooded place in the Island, and I
was able there to get interesting northern species.

I must also mention one who, although not a member of this Society,
nevertheless gave me good advice and also rare species, far beyond any
that I could have obtained by exchange. This was the Rev. Canon
Bernard Smith of Great Marlowe. I first got in touch with him when [
offered chaonia pupae in exchange. He was very interested, and after
sending me species in exchange he invited me to his house. There he
brought out a case, and on opening it I saw several British bred alni!
I, who so far did not possess one, had never seen so many in my life.
Naturally I was keenly interested, and on being invited to help myself
said ‘‘ I should like one.’’ ‘‘ One,’’ he answered, ‘‘ take as many as you
like; if you don’t other people will.’? He later on gave me some ova of
this species, from which I was able to raise an equal number of imagines.
Later on still he offered me some carmelita pupae, and breaking off part

_of the soil in which they had pupated gave them to me. Also he gave
me many ova of plumigera, laid on a piece of muslin covering the holder
in which they hatched, and I was able to rear the species for some years.
I must not forget to mention his giving me specimens of Hupithecia
imsigniata bred by Mrs Hutchinson.

I was very pleased to learn that he wanted pupae of fagi, as this
‘enabled me to make some return for his generosity.

I would like now to mention a few species in which J have been
particularly interested

Aglais urticae.
I have bred many hundreds of this butterfly, both to obtain varieties
and also to note the action of certain acid fumes on the pupae.

Wl

The most striking natural variety was one that I consider hatched
prematurely. .I1t was not able to fly and died in a few days. The wings
were quite limp and could not be used for flight. Also the ground
colour of the wings was brown, showing only the black markings—no
yellow or blue spots. In addition to the above premature characteristics
it happened also to have a fusion of the two upper black markings in
the centre of the forewing.

Apart from the natural varieties, I produced a number of artificial
ones by exposing pupae to the fumes of hydrochloric and nitric acids and
chloride of lime for some days until they hatched. The result was that
in some the varied colours merged into a dull yellowish-buff.

Stauropus fagt.

On 20th June 1883 I was catching moths in Mereworth Woods in
Kent; I netted a large moth but it was too dark to examine it. On
reaching home I found that it was a female fagi and kept it for eggs.
It laid 17; when they hatched they were kept separately, indoors. It
was noticed that they changed skins hefore feeding. Of the 17 only one
lived! Any of you who have not bred this species might think, when it
first emerges, that you had ants in the box! I told Mr Hall that I
had caught a female—he said that this was not usually done as they
were chiefly found on trees. So the next year I looked for them on
trees and found three females. I got a lot of eggs and wondered what
to do with them, my first attempt having been so disastrous. I asked
Mr Hall, and he took over a number of eggs, some of which hatched in
the post.. However, I sleeved a good number and got about 100 pupae.
I made an attempt at breeding some; I understood that they should pair
on the second day. I lost five moths in this attempt, never hatching a
pair on the same evening. They emerge at 10.30 p.m.

Drymonia chaonia.

I found this moth in May 1888 and at once put it in my cyanide
bottle. Soon afterward I thought that it would be damaged in the
bottle and put it into a box. It laid over 100 eggs, as far as I remember.
These eggs hatched and I obtained a good number of pupae.

Ptilophora plumigera.

This Prominent is very easy to manage. The pupae are kept in a
holder containing some depth of soil and having a cover of muslin.
When the moths are hatched one leaves them until they are dead; then
they can be set, as one finds that they never damage themselves and lay
all their eggs on the muslin. It is thus very easy to keep a colony going
for a considerable number of years.

Kuchloris smaragdaria.

| was introduced to this species by Mr Auld, a member of our. Society.
He had found numerous larvae but could not bring them through the

172
winter. The larva teeds on Sea Wormwood. This plant has rather
needle-shaped leaves, and the larva decorates its back with these, placing
them on points where they adhere (presumably due to a sticky secretion),
thus rendering it less easily seen.

I soon found several, and put our combined catches on the Southern
Wood that grows in gardens, and they got through the winter. They
are full grown in the spring, pupating on the plant. I was able to hatch
100%, sending the pupae on to Mr Auld. I wished to learn when the
larva began to decorate itself with the leaves. To this end I got eggs
from bred moths and found that they applied the leaves to their backs
very soon after hatching.

Callimorpha quadripunctaria.
I caught several of these moths and saved some for eggs. I got many
eggs but failed to bring the larvae through the winter. Mr Jaeger, a
member of our Society, was however very successful.

Palimpsestis fluctuosa.

I used to catch this moth fairly frequently in the wood near my home.
One day I was out with one of our Field meetings and found one on a
thin shoot, with its wings folded round, resembling a bird dropping.
Later on Mr South told me that near where I had found this moth I
could, by beating the surrounding bushes, have knocked out a female.
This I tried on finding a further specimen, and succeeded in getting a
female, which I then sleeved on a birch. J found one, egg on the tip of
the serration of the leaf, but.could find no larvae later on.

One of my most difficult problems was the setting of a Bee Hawk
Moth. When this hatches the clear parts of the wings are covered with
black scales. After the wings are dry the moth vibrates them gently
and all these fall off. Until the wings are well expanded one can do

nothing. Then we must send it to sleep so quietly that it does not shake
off these scales.

|

rs tana

_ LEPIDOPTERA OF FOLKESTONE.
By A. M. Mortey, O.B.E., M.A., F.R.E.S.
Read 27th November 1946.

In the Autumn of 1927 i was transferred, not unwillingly, from
Liverpool to East Kent, and the Powers-That-Be intimated that I
might settle in any convenient centre. Perusal of the works of Richard
South and other books of reference showed that Folkestone was a highly

“convenient centre, and fortunately this view met with official approval.

Mid-October was not the best time of the year to begin exploring a
new district, but the next few months might well be used to get into
touch with local entomologists and to find out what interesting species
were to be obtained here, and where and when they were to be looked
ior.

Unfortunately, there appeared at first to be no local collectors. It
was as though a long tradition had died out and no one living remem-
bered its details. :

No doubt in the 1850’s and ’60’s, Folkestone, rapidly developing
from a fishing village into a fashionable seaside town, attracted, as it
still attracts, entomologists from many parts of England. It was one
of those happy periods when hard work was certain to result in dis-
coveries, and in less than 20 years the locality produced 12 new British
species (including micro-lepidoptera). Many of these were discovered
by visiting collectors, but there was one famous entomologist in Folke-
stone who must rank high among the pioneers. That was Dr Guard
Knaggs, not only a collector but a writer on entomology and an editor
of the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. It was he who in 1858 dis-
covered Arenostola morrisii or bondi, which might quite well have been
called Knaggs’ Wainscot. The controversy that raged about this in-
sect is well known—how it was first regarded as identical with A. con-
color, then as a form of Petilampa minima (arcuosa), and then as A.
extrema, It was Staudinger who finally decided that concolor was the
same as extrema, and morrisii a new species. Knaggs fought hard to
maintain its specific rank, and it is a pity that the name he gave it has
been superseded.

In 1859 he found, on the road below the Leas, 11 larvae of Clostera
anachoreta feeding on stunted poplars. He was so successful in breed-
ing from them that Edward Newman, writing in 1869, was able to say
that the species ‘‘ now abounds in all-our cabinets.”’

Whether GC. A. and T. H. Briggs are to be regarded as local collec-
tors or not I do not know. They certainly spent a good deal of their
time in Folkestone, and it was they who, in 1869, while undergraduates
at Oxford, took the first two specimens of Leucania albipuncta while
sugaring along the road leading to the Warren. That place does not

. 174

see to be very good nowadays, but no doubt conditions have changed.

. A. Briggs, then described as of Lincoln’s Inn, collaborated with H. ~—
at ett and W. Purdey in the production of a List of Folkestone Lepi-
doptera, and the T. H. Briggs Collection, which was sold at Stevens in -
1917, contained many -specimens from Folkestone. Among them the
following may be mentioned:—Celama aerugula (centonalis), three,
Folkestone, 1882; Hilema caniola, two, Romney Marsh, 1895; Utetheisa
pulchella, one, Folkestone, 1874; Clostera anachoreta, 23, bred Folke-
stone, 1862: Leucania albipuncta, 10, Folkestone, 1868-76; Rhodometru
sacraria, one, Hawkinge, near Folkestone, 1865; and Perconia strigil-
luria, 16, Folkestone. I have heard that the last-named used to be
taken above the Downs, but have never come across 1t

The mantle of Dr Knaggs, or at least a considerable portion of it,
descended on the shoulders of H. Ulyett, a keen all-round naturalist
and a lively writer, in a rather fruity Victorian style. He was a con-

- temporary~of the well-known professionals, Purdey and Austen, and

used to collect with two amateurs, Blackall and Giles. The collection
of the last-named is in the Folkestone Museum, but is unfortunately
almost devoid of data. No doubt most of the specimens are local, but the
only one about which I feel at all certain is a beautiful silver-white
Lycaena phlaeas. In the same museum is the large collection of an-
other local entomologist, Colonel Le Grice, which as a whole suffers from
the same defect as the preceding. Here I might mention Mr J. W.
Walton, who has been for many years and, I am glad to say, still is,
the very able secretary of the Folkestone Natural History Society. He
is a botanist, but between 1895 and 1900 he collected lepidoptera with
zeal, and took species which I have been unable to find, such as Lithosia
quadra and Mythimna turca.

For practical purposes the line of eplllaetins ended with Stuart G.
Hills, who died shortly before I came to Folkestone. It was he who took
Nymphalis antiopa in 1908. A fellow golfer once told me that he was
playing a round with Hills a long time ago when they saw a butterfly -
sitting on a willow tree. Hills said: ‘‘ That is a Camberwell Beauty
and worth £2. I must go home and get my net. It will still be there
when I come back.’’? And it was. I have mentioned the two famous pro-
fessionals, Purdey and Austen. Purdey died not long before 1925, but
Austen, a scene shifter at the local theatre, was still about in 1937.
Many of you will remember a very old man, well over 80, who somehow
or other managed to get to the Downs after Lysandra bellargus. His
collection also is in the Museum, but all his best things were, of course,
sold, mainly, I am told, to Rothschild. Whether from natural caution or
failing memory he was not very communicative. However, he told me
a few things: how he used to take plenty of Scopula nigropunctata
(strigilaria) in one particular spot in the Warren; how once from the
root of a large water dock he bred 100 Aegeria chrysidiformis and sold
them for a shilling each; how in October 1878 he had eight Utetheisa
pulchella, mostly brought to him by people who had found them near

:

175

the beach; and how, at about that time, Lithusiu quadra appeared in
the town in considerable numbers. He told me also that at the time

- when Hadena albimacula was regarded as a great rarity (Edward New-

man, writing in 1869, knew of two British specimens only) a professional,
whom we may call Mr A., started a roaring trade in the insect, for
which he had evidently discovered a local habitation. His rival profes-
sional, Mr B., used to follow him about, in the hope of sharing the loot,
but Mr A. was too “‘ fly ’’ and led him in every direction but the right
one. Finally, Mr B. bribed a linesman on the railway, who was able to
report that Mr A. was fond of visiting Lydden Spout, beyond the War-
ren. They met there, but relations were not friendly. There was a
third professional, Bailey, not so well known as the other two, who used
to collect for Sidney Webb. One day in 1928 Mr R. C. Crewdson and I
were collecting Cupido minimus in a valley near Folkestone when what
appeared to be an ancient tramp came up to us. We expected a de-

mand for the price of a drink, and were surprised when he asked:

‘* Have you seen any Colias this year?’’ He told us that having reached
the age of 80 he had retired from active collecting, but that for many
years he had worked as an entomologist, earning just enough to live on
but enjoying the life. He had once bred from larvae found at Temple
Ewell three white Abraxas grossulariata, which he had sold to Sidney
Webb for £3; once he had caught, at a spot which I have since visited

one never-to-be-forgotten day he had taken on the Downs two black
males of Lysandra bellargus and a black Argynnis aglaia. That was not
on the famous Middle Hill, on which, apparently, he never collected,
but at the North Eastern end of the Downs. Others among the old col-
lectors have referred to the richness of this part of the Downs in L.
bellargus, but something seems to have driven them away. At any rate,
I have never seen more than a few of the insects there at a time and
have only taken one good variety, a silvery male.

Having failed to get much information from collectors, I went
through the collections in the Museum. There were, as I have said, al-
most no data labels attached to individual insects, but some of the series
had below them a printed label ‘‘Folkestone.’’ I made a list of these, but,
in the absence of data, it was not very useful. The most interesting
were Leptidea sinapis, Celerio galui, and Lymantria dispar. The butter-
fly, [ found out later, used to be common in Reinden Wood, but it does
not seem to have been noted for many years. L. dispar, according to
‘South, died out about 1850, but I have come across a record of one taken

_in Folkestone in 1899. Apart from the above there are on the list only

three species which have not been noted in the district since 1927 :—
Miltochrista mimata, Euphyia picata, and Euphyia rubidata. One can
hardly doubt that they are still in the district and will in due course be
re-discovered by some enterprising collector.

All I could find out about localities was from the Assistant Curator,
who told me that practically every good capture had been made on the

without success, five specimens of what he called ‘‘ pink aegon;’’ and on ~

176

Downs, in Reinden Wood, 34 miles outside Folkestone, or in the Warren.
He was not an entomologist but he knew that odd specimens of Poly-
gonia c-album and Nymphalis polychloros were taken in the Warren
year after year. Of the former it may be said that it was rare here
until 1934, since when it has been pretty common, especially in Sep-
tember; of the latter, that there 1s apparently no record of it before
1869, and that though no doubt indigenous not more than one specimen
on the average was noted in a season, until the present year, when at
least 9 were seen in and about Folkestone.

Later on Austen told me of a fourth locality, the Park Farm, quite
near to my house, where he used to collect regularly, and where, in
May 1892, he took his Minucia lunaris at sugar. The Farm was at that
time a genuine park, with large trees, relics of an extension of the
Weald. That explains, I believe, why it was possible, perhaps up to
1880, to find in this neighbourhood Catocala sponsa and promissa. The
Farm remains, but the trees are gone, and I doubt whether many wood-
land species are left there.

After a certain amount of search I was able to get hold of three
books which told me a good deal about Folkestone. The first was 4
List of Macro-leyidoptera occurring in the neighbourhood of Foike-
stone, produced by Dr Knaggs in 1870. The introduction is most enter-
taining, and tells how in 1856 Mr Brewer, a coleopterist, found the
first Aegeria chrysidiformis and brought it back in his tobacco box;

and how, in August 1867, Mr Bernard Piffard discovered the first Aplasta

ononaria, no doubt an immigrant. Then Knaggs has something to say
about a moth he found on a fence near the Junction station early in
June 1861. It had pectinated antennae and he regarded it as new to
the British list, but it was in too bad condition to be identified. He
assumed that it was related to Pachetra sagittigera (leucophaea), and
perhaps that is what it really was. He had taken a single example of
Sterrha rusticata in the Warren, and in the same place Mr J. B. Lynch
had taken Scopula rubiginata. I wonder whether these were casual
immigrants, or the last survivors of local species.

The List itself has detailed notes and contains the names of 326
species, if we omit the Pyralidae. It suggests several interesting points.
There is, for instance, no reference to Limenitis camilla (sibylla) and
it looks as if this butterfly was unknown in the district until it sud-
denly appeared in 1929 in the course of its extraordinary movement from
West to East. Melitaea cinxia had ‘‘not been observed of late years’’
along the Lower Road, where it had been fairly common up to 1863.
Kuphydryas aurinia was to be found in Reinden Wood; I have not been
able to find out when it was last seen there. Pararge wegeria was ‘‘ com-
mon inland.’ It is remarkable that this species should have disappeared
entirely from §.E. Kent. Dr Scott tells me that it has not been seen
in the Ashford area for many years, and Mr Embry that though it was
common around Dover in the early part of the present century it has
gone from there. This year David Smith, a Folkestone schoolboy, took

;

ad

ms . Da “
- ; ’ .

177

a single specimen at the foot of the Downs. It is possible that after
an absence of perhaps thirty or forty years the insect is about to make
a come-back. Of Papilio machaon, just now the subject of a good deal
of discussion, Knaggs says it ‘‘ has been met with year after year on the
East Cliffs, Dover, beyond the Castle, but has not, to my knowledge,
occurred in the immediate vicinity of Folkestone.’’ Turning to the
moths, one finds that little was known about Apatele auricoma, except
that larvae were to be found somewhere between Folkestone and Dover;
that of Cryphia muralis (glandifera) two examples only had so far been
found in Folkestone; that Knaggs was not acquainted with Hadena
albimacula; that Hadena dysodea was to be taken ‘ flying at dusk ’’;
and that ‘‘ some years ago ’’ Mr Sidebottom. secured a few specimens
of Emmelia trabealis (sulphuralis) on the road below the Leas. Knaggs
was apparently not at all interested in varieties.

The second book was a volume of essays by Ulyett on various aspects
of Natural History, published in 1880. Among the appendices is a list
of Lepidoptera occurring within a radius of six miles from the Town
Hall. This is a bare list of names with no information of any kind.
‘* Entomologists,’’ he says, ‘‘ will appreciate my reasons for not going

-into particulars in all cases.’’ He had no doubt good reason for caution,

but he was over cautious, and his list is in consequence of general and
inferential rather than specific interest. For instance, that it contains
the names of 531 species as against the 326 in Knaggs’ list shows that
collectors had been pretty busy in the interval. A'ctually Ulyett chose
to omit the names of seven species that occur in the former list: Hip-
potion celerio, for which the then evidence was not very convincing;
Lasiocampa trifolui, of which Knaggs thought that he had found cocoons,
presumably empty, in the Warren; Aporophyla australis, for which, as
for H. celerio, the evidence was English’s Guide;* Triphaena comes, an
obvious slip on the part of Ulyett; Hupithecia succenturiata, which as
a matter of fact is not at all rare in Folkestone; and Hupithecia deno-
tata, which Knaggs claimed to have found in the Warren.

The additions are for the most part species which still occur in the
district, but reference might be made to four among them: Aporia
crataegt, of which I have seen in a local collection four specimens said
to have been taken in the Warren about 1855; Syntomis phegea, one of
those records that are barely credible; Panaxia dominula, about which
Ulyett says that many attempts had been made to establish it in the
Warren without success; and Arenostola fluxa (hellmanni), a record as
difficult to refute as to confirm.

In his essays he gives us some information, that Colias croceus
swarmed in 1877 and he was convinced that it hibernated as a butterfly ;
that in 1872 several Nymphalis antiopa had been taken in Folkestone;
that Saturnia pavonia (carpim) used to be common but had not been
seen lately; that in June 1869 he had taken all three Foresters on the

*FPirst published in 1859 and containing a list of 14 rare butterflies and moths
~ oecurring at Folkestone

Castle Hill; and that in the last three or four years Hadena albimacula _
had been taken in considerable numbers. Like Kodori he makes no —
reference to varieties.

Of the third book, Folkestone and the eres Round, publica in
1925 by the Natural History Society, not much can be said. The article
on Lepidoptera by Stuart Hills is short and general. He mentions that
collectors had been so busy searching for larvae of Aegeria chrysidifor-
mis that ‘“‘ the dock was almost destroyed and the larvae nearly exter-
minated ;’’ that a specimen of (atocala fraximi was taken in 1895; and
that ie district had produced some remarkable varieties of hutbornes
One sentence in his article is a little surprising: ‘‘ Caterpillars of the —
large and rarer hawk moths have been found here or in the neighbour-
hood, such as the Pine Hawk Moth, the Convolvulus Hawk Moth, the
Madder Hawk Moth, the Oleander Hawk Moth.’’ Of the first and the
last of these one would expect the moth rather than the larva. Of
Hyloicus pinastri I have no further information than the above refer-
ence, but it is fairly well known that Mr Percy. Richards in 1916 found
a specimen of Daphnis nerti on a tree trunk below the Leas.

‘By 1928 I had acquired a certain amount of information and I was
lucky enough to make the acquaintance of two working entomologists :
E. C. Joy, who had recently come to Folkestone, and. whose death not
long after the outbreak of the war robbed us of a delightful companion
and one of the best of friends; and David Saunders, who had worked —
the Hythe area pretty thoroughly. Joy knew a great deal about moths,
but had had to give up collecting them by doctor’s orders, and his col-
' lection of butterflies, now one of the things most worth Tile seeing in
the Folkestone Museum, was said to be the best one-man collection in
the country. With Sindee I did a certain amount of collecting and -
should have done more if he had not moved to London fairly soon. I

remember his taking me one night to a great park not far from Hythe.
-It was obviously a remarkably good locality with endless possibilities,
and we enjoyed excellent sport. The only trouble was that we were
-four times accosted by keepers, who did not seem to like us at all. We
had to decide between flight and a policy of appeasement, and chose the
latter, which took up a lot of time. The next day I sent a polite letter
_to the owner of the park asking for permission to collect there. In reply
came a long letter to say that he could not have his game disturbed, and
anyhow, as an entomologist himself, he could assure me that no THobhS
were to be had there. €
With the coming of spring in 1928 I had looked fonmard to the dis-
covering of all sorts of rarities, but the results, largely owing to sheer
incompetence, fell far below expectations. Still, one can hardly get
through a season without some things worth remembering. Joy and [I
once went to a part of Romney Marsh, which is now perhaps too well
known, in a wild-goose chase after Euphydryas aurinia. We saw no
butterflies, but found larvae of Lasiocampa trifolai and Dasychira fas-
celina. The car had been parked on a spot to which an obliging stranger

‘had directed us. When the engine was started up for the return jour-

ney we observed that though the wheels revolved rapidly our position
did not change. Examination showed that the car had been busily
digging itself into the shingle, with such success that it took four men ~
to dig it out.

In June one’s thoughts naturally turn to A. morristi. There was
plenty of the foodplant to be seen on the cliffs below the Leas and I
applied to the Town Council for permission to collect there. Having
obtained permission, by special resolution of the Council, I took a
carbide lamp one night and climbed part of the way down the cliffs.

_Perched precariously on a small ledge I could hardly move, but still

managed to catch a few of the insects. It was embarrassing to find that
about half the population of the town were standing on the Leas, look-
ing down on me, laughing immoderately and making the rudest remarks.
The following summer Joy showed me how easy it was to take a few
pill boxes, walk down the road that leads to the harbour, and box the
moths as they sit on the grass. To those who may wish to follow this,
the easier course, I offer two bits of advice. The first is that A. morrisii,
though apparenty so quiet an insect, soon knocks itself about if left in
the box, and. the second that French people, who seem to favour this
part of Folkestone, while they display a polite and intelligent interest
in the proceedings, are so anxious to assist that they are apt to catch
in their hands any moth they can reach and present you with the re-
mains.

In the following August I had a piece of good fortune. Joy used
to say that he had heen collecting for thirty years and that there were
only two butterflies that he still hoped to collect: Plebequs argus var.
masseyi, and Colias croceus var. helice. I was driving along a road to
the west of Lympne one day when I saw over the hedge a lovely field
of lucerne which was swarming with (. croceus, with a helice conspicuous
among them. That field we worked, in company with another member
of this Society, most assiduously, and we seldom visited it without tak-
ing 3 or 4 helice. Joy obtained ova and bred a drawerful of helice, in-~
cluding some remarkable forms. He lived in a hotel and I remember
how he had pots of black medick on the window ledge of his sitting-
room, where the larvae fed in the sun quite unconfined. Later he had a
sheet of what looked like pink cotton wool fastened to the wall of his
room. On this were some 150 pupae very neatly arranged, and he used
to sit there and watch the butterflies drying their wings. C. croceus
has, of course, appeared often enough since then, occasionally in num-
bers, but I have never since seen anything comparable to that field in
that year. As so often seems to happen, C. hyale hardly appeared at

all, but in the following season, when C. croceus was scarce, Joy took

16 hyale one morning in the same field, after which no more were seen |
there. In 1934 C. hyale was fairly numerous, but the best year I have
known for it was 1945,-when some 70 were captured or seen on the out-
skirts of Folkestone,

180 |

There were two moths that J particularly wished to find: Ammo-
grotis lucernea and Apamea furva, both primarily Northern or Wes-
tern moths and both known for many years to occur in the Warren.
Of A. lucernea I took a single specimen at light in 1928, and one of A. —
furva at dusk in the following year. It was Colonel Lowe who discovered.
- their headquarters, which is along a cliff path now unfortunately in-
accessible owing to a landslide. There they used to occur in numbers.
A. furva, with which I am told many people have confused Mamestra
brassicae, has the peculiar habit. of sitting at night on iron pipes.

Another species I was after was Ennomos autwmnaria, which was
evidently quite unknown to the old Folkestone collectors. The first I
found was a male at the station when I was catching a train for Lon-
don. It had to go with me in a pill box, and by the time I got back it
was rather like a wingless female. A year or two later I caught a female
and found that it is one of the easiest of all moths to breed. 1931 was
a good year for it and about 40 were taken, mostly by two members of
this Society. One of them used to go to bed and then get up at 1.30
a.m. in order to visit the street lamps. The other one did not go to
bed, but, having finished his ordinary collecting, used to run round the
town in hig car in the early hours of the morning. The police were
naturally interested in his activities, but his charm of manner was
such that they ended by assisting him to climb up the posts. I remem-
ber our doctor telling us of an alarming experience. He heard a noise
at about 2.30 a.m. and looking out of his bedroom window saw what he
took to be a cat burglar swarming up the lamp-post, and was greatly
relieved when the figure descended and made off in the direction of
somebody else’s lamp. After that year captures became fewer and fewer
until the moth seemed to disappear altogether. It has now appeared
once more, but unfortunately it is the lamps that are disappearing.
The Town Council is now providing, us with large and inaccessible illu-
minations which, when the fuel situation allows them to be lighted at all,
are calculated to drive any self-respecting moth into outer darkness. ~
Tt would be tedious to go through the list of interesting species to be
found in this area, but perhaps I may mention three in particular.

The majority of collectors who come to Folkestone scour the Downs
in search of varieties of Lysandra bellargus. Certainly there have been
years when good varieties have been fairly numerous, such as 1923 and
perhaps 1926, but these have been few. In the 18 years since I came to
Folkestone there have been two good years only, 1932 and 1933. It was
in the former that the Revd. Stiff took 13 major varieties. In both ~
_years the butterfly was to be seen in thousands, but in 1934 the second
brood was very thin. This seemed to start a period of decline, for
though L. bellargus was fairly numerous up to 1939 it varied but little.
When invasion appeared to be imminent the Army proceeded to dig a.
great tank ditch right along the Downs, and unfortunately selected for
this purpose the main breeding ground of the butterfly, and this I
believe to be one of the reasons why its numbers fell to about a tenth

181

of what they used to be. We had hoped that it would recover in a few
years, but in actual fact there was a further drop in numbers and this
year L. bellargus has been almost a rarity. However, [ have been told
that there was an occasion in the past when it almost died out; so per-
haps it will flourish yet again.

One day, in May 1929, Joy and I set out for the Warren, equipped
with biscuit tins and trowels in search of larvae of Aegeria chrysidifor-
mis. We found some larvae in the roots of docks which turned out to be
Hepialidae and some in the roots of Sorrel, which were the genuine ~
article. I put mine in a large flower-pot, and there they fed on the

roots all the summer and no doubt most of the winter, to pupate in the

following May or June. The moth itself is not easy to find, for it is
very local, uncertain in the time of its appearance, and particular about
the weather. Moreover, it does not look at all like a moth when flying
and shows surprising activity when one tries to net it. Like Aplasta
ononaria, it seems to have flourished during the War, although the
Warren was used as a training ground for Commandos. At any rate,
during the last summer I saw about sixteen in one small area.

My search for Hadena albimacula resolved itself into a search for
Silene nutans, which is not a common plant. In 1929 I managed to find
a patch of it in the Warren and, following what I understood to be the
practice of experts, I went there on seven evenings and lay on the
ground gazing earnestly at the Silene. The only moth I took was Deile-
phila porcellus, but on the last visit I found ten very small larvae which
in due course converted themselves into ten H. albimacula. <A year or
so later I found a place, familiar to many in this room, where the moth
is nearly as abundant as its food-plant.

In 1931 I rather rashly undertook to produce a revised list of Macro-
lepidoptera of the district, which the Natural History Society decided
should be made to include Romney Marsh. This list is a very amateur-
ish affair which badly needs to be re-written. Although it was intended
only as a trial effort, it added 30 new species to Ulyett’s list, of which
four only came from Romney Marsh, and brought the total up to 561.
The additions were largely due to the work of visiting collectors who
were very kind in telling me of their captures. Some of the species had
obviously been overlooked by the old collectors, who, it must not be for-
gotten, had no cars. Some were casual immigrants and some, such as
Ennomos autumnaria and Polychrisia moneta, were probably colonists
from abroad.

A thing that struck me as rather odd was that there was no record
of Argynnis paphia, an insect that could hardly be overlooked if present.
Joy used to say that it did not occur in the district at all, and his know-
ledge of local butterflies was very considerable. I had evidence that it
was to be found about mid-way between Folkestone and Canterbury, but
could hear of nothing nearer than that until 1945, when one was seen
in Hythe. Yet, last summer, Mr Wykes and I saw several in Reinden
Wood, Perhaps this is another come back, after a very long interval,

182

During the 15 years since the list was made the number of additional —
species either captured or unearthed from old records is quite surpris-
ing. The total is now about 620, of which 527 have actually been seen —
or captured since 1927. Both these numbers are likely to be. increased
to judge by the success of a young friend of mine, David Smith. He
started in 1943 at the age of 11 by breeding Celerio livornica and cap-
turing Nymphalis polychloros. Then he found three species which we
had failed to discover since 1927:—Phragmatobia fuliginosa, Gastro-
pacha quercifolia, and Abraxas sylvata, after which he bred Papilio
machaon from a larva found near his house. Last year he discovered
an entirely new species for this part of the world, Thymelicus lineola,
which older collectors had. been overlooking for years, and among his
first few specimens of Lysandra bellargus picked up two good varieties
in a bad season.

No doubt this is partly beginner’s luck, like that of another younz
friend of mine who was about to start a collection. He decided to begin
with the Cabbage White and went to the Warren, where he soon caught
a dozen. When he got home he was puzzled to find that one of them had
green spots underneath the hindwings, which reminds me of a lady who
once rang me up to-say that she had just seen 12 Bath Whites at a spoz
beyond the Downs. She was quite certain about it, as she had looked
it up in South: so I went there pretty quickly, only to find that it was
a fairly good place for Melanargia galathea.

~

1, (de INSELOS QC PLATE XVIII.

oS

oO
— <

Photos. E. J. Bunnett.
THE EGG-RAFT AND LARVA OF CULE

183

THE EGG-RAFT AND LARVA OF CULEX.
By E. J. Bunnetrt, M.A.
Read llth December 1946.

A little concrete pond in my garden provides me with a number of
interesting live objects throughout the seasons.

Early in June come gnats, which construct their curious little egg-
rafts on the water (fig. 1). The raft is composed of from two to three

hundred cigar-shaped ova, resting on the surface, laterally adherent,

with their long axes vertical and the pointed ends uppermost (fig. 2).
The texture of the egg shells is such that it is impossible to wet them.

L. O. Howard, writing the life-history of Culex pungens in The —
Insect Book, says ‘‘ the eggs are laid before dawn, and in warm weather
will hatch by two o’clock in the afternoon of the same day.’’

After writing what I considered a possible explanation of the way
the shape of the raft could be brought about, in the assumption that
the eggs were deposited directly upon the water, there remained the
problem—‘‘ How were the first two or three made to stand upright upon
the surface film ?’’

Later, having turned up my copy of Réaumur’s Jllustrations to the
‘¢ Memoires,’ I found drawings! showing the method adopted by Culex

’ pipiens which shattered my hypothesis and at the same time afforded a

conyincing clue to the unsolved problem (fig. 2). The figures drawn by
this remarkable and usually accurate naturalist more than two hun-
dred years ago tell their story so clearly that no apology is needed for
their reproduction here.

From these illustrations it is seen that as the eggs are expelled they
are held in the angle between the two hind legs, crossed at first, of the

“enat, and the width of the raft increases as the angle widens. Thus

the boat shape of the raft is accounted for. When completed it is
dropped upon the water and left to the mercy of the elements. After
the hatching a fringed disc remains in the lid of the shell (fig. 4).

Both Howard? and Carpenter? give a minute drawing of this disc
but without any reference to it in the text. As far as I know, the
purpose it serves has not been described.

THE LARVA.

The larvae of Culex, commonly known as ‘“‘ wrigglers,’’ are usually
abundant in water butts and stagnant water everywhere. They rise fre-
quently to the surface in order to breathe, breaking the surface film by
thrusting through it the tail end in which are situated the extremities
of the main tracheae.

- IMem., 13, Tom. 4, Pl. 44, Figs. 11 and 12.

2The Insect Book, p. 105.
3Insect Transformations, Fig. 102,

184

The living larvae being translucent in the water, like those of many
aquatic insects, afford excellent opportunity for examining the disposi-
tion of internal organs.

For example, the course of the tracheae being filled with air in the
live larvae may be seen running from head to tail in a double line (fig.

5). As soon as life is extinct the whole body quickly becomes opaque, ~

when the breathing tubes, etc., cannot be so readily detected. At the
tail end of the larva there are four laminate appendages, which when
lying flat upon the surface may serve as supports during the breathing
intervals, as well as for the inspiration of oxygen while the larva is
under water.

Prof. L. G. Miall, in the history of this gnat in his Aquutic Insects,
gives a figure of the larva showing five of these anal appendages [p. 98,

fig. 22]. My late friend, William Harvey, of Eastbourne, an experi- —

enced observer of pond-life, wrote to the Professor a letter pointing out
the error in his figure, enclosing a photograph he had made which dis-
tinctly showed the correct number to be four, at the same time main-
taining the superiority of a photograph over a drawing with respect
to its accuracy. Prof. Miall sent a courteous reply acknowledging the
error, together with a fine photograph of himself which Harvey always
highly prized.

When the larva is ready for ‘hatching, pressure is exerted upon a
sort of lid or cap at the lower end of the egg, until the cap becomes
detached except at one point or hinge which remains attached to the
rim. The larva thus escapes from the submerged end of the egg directly
into the water.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Egg-raft with newly hatched larvae. x5.
Tilustration from Réeaumur.

Eggs after hatching. x45.

4. Egg-shell and cap. xX 160.

5. Larva. X40.

Go) OS

ADDENDUM.

Following the reading of this paper, Mr E. W. Classey called atten-
tion to a paper on the same subject, read to the Royal Ent. Soc., June
1945, by Sir Rickard Christopher, which gives a fuller account of the
onat Culex and its egg-raft, and) describes the structure and functions
of the eggs in more detail.

Mr Bunnett remarked that this paper had not hitherto come within
his knowledge; at the same time, he thanked Mr Classey for contribut-
ing this useful information,

;
4

185 \
INDEX.
Whosttact. Of Proceegings (See: Dak COVER) .c..5..cdsccetescecdhocsevececsacseccameeeTonsopeurecbaae 8
PVGCCUUNUS EE SUCLUCIOIIG, (Oli © credocaeesccesscieerya cas cules sevlocs esas enacts ccusostsvmacasegeeescvecesapeabensien XXXIV
~ Angerona prunaria L.: its variation and genetics,” H. B. Williams ......... 123
ER EPULEE CRI MMOD PH INTRES ameter Note aac eeu Cages casa essen aosaviat isiut cece teen edesedsaneneeedeeenvenpeteee XXVili
ApntasmexuGgation Of, athracting= Diptera 2<. 22.2. cceccevcecneced=cotesuedevasenssincusepnees 12
IISUALI AM MR CCULCS: GRIDICE: occsctcveysanedeseacesaravens dsecausueanssdeelesqsentecunctonstseseapetemende 26
RECS Mel: CUCKOOSS, {WORKING \ 5.2.22. cc svewdec Avaescacstceasouceeas oeebe dads cvevesvcecavecesestestes 38

* Bird photography without a hide,’ W. H. Spreadbury and W. J. Finnigan 103
“ Bright Bequest, The,’ with “ biographical notes on the collector,” S. G.

ES TUCMEPERLUSS CULy att ccs dacdcoes set aa ge easaceisoltt basa acewaltencviendeecs ese cheeceasescekabes sbiedvsns dons etmvecetOiee 1
Renee COMeCILON, Of JB LbISI: “ BEWeS 72) o..2o dice cos ec cdhoteendscadecekaaseosvecvaceegeudeseee 12
TINS US i CR UMRCIUAITG. LUTIUETE So5. ccaesds cok sacmcncvsansedase cascevstes sondsevbandsnedessspesuele 79
MCSA See AU LELAULOMNS) UG, u.ctstestesacecdcssscatvavonsdeastaccedsawcvcdecscvavenagsaiecssadavendee Cocebecanapel 24
* Caloptilia Hiibn., a genus of Tineina,” S. C. S. BrOWMN ...cccccccccscscsccsceeseevevenes 157
~ Collecting Experiences with the Army,” F. D. BUCK ....ccccccccccceceecceeceeeeneeneens 145
“ Collembola, An introduction to the study of,’ Philip M. Miles ............0:0008- 85
Collembola, Economic importance of, 97; Mountants for preserving sade been cement . 100
CENCE MECC POL Ol. UDG i.cciccevces sdadecosttaccesncceseae sauteareceVotetwace neds venseubaCeusecaent mamta XXVii
CormmertsrancLOMCerS, TOR AGATRS «owes ccovescaAvevecvs ches seesvatcnseanceedice couduteene sensed tueensoascewee 53
ZIGulexs hee hao-rart and) larva. of, EB. Ji, BUnnett s....ccc.cv.ceccreaececcnencnsnaeueenseses 183
Damace. caused by beetle, Cetomia AULAta .2......06..:c.cccdescereccedevacanuatanavebeesteMeccese 18
Donations: to collections, xxix, 8, 15, 50, 52; to Library, xxix, 8, 10, 238, 47,

OSE LO; ED LI CATIONS: PUIG! | 2. cvesesscscncsgedoncdecsccutonsactes atte coteoncen ee etteen sen een ena ii, 19
FRA OA HO CALATNCES «oc Iveragsc eb asaereses saveShadsa vets ss renee alvacslece cQeasins sacs paineee seacoeudoseineet eee 12
~ Entomological Reminiscences,’ Major H. S. FreMlin ...c.ccccccccccccecceeecsenseeeees 170

Field Meetings: Alice Holt Forest, 72; Ash Vale, 75; Ashstead, 68, 69, 70, 73,
77; Benfleet and Canvey Island, 69; Betchworth, 73; Brentwood, 70; Broad-
water Forest, 71; Chilworth, 76; Durfold, 70; Gomshall, 75; Mickleham

Downs Sss OxXShott, 168; "isc NCPAUCH, WiOOG! <covs.ss..coccessencsmcteseatceiuence ueteesatae 76
senolkestone,, Lepidoptera of, Ay WM, MOTLCY! 2. ces iccseccvcacccdens otoesas roauu canetesetecierk 173
IHU EKA S wae CoN UELD UE Cl tate ye scons oSacew uae waeen onlne cece hie cease samet eee ee eee rad tree Cee ECU eae en ane Pee hens
LOWES ALLO “BASUCOLAMG <..2sceecseccters ss css sock ce ete seneGe su the be cane tone anctebereete ouccwe eee saN eS 26
EL UPC NUNN OGG Picea, cass Goccessteearaneaebensecetereouseeh dosage dee Tesesee bacauaumees 13, 18, 22, 24, 44
MEU Sener tac eee Geet weeae vax va coeanaeioa re geteeeh au hiieot aeead evaniesreeee 14, 20, 23, 24, 50, 72, 74, ‘75
Genetics, NoteS On, Of VATIOUS SPECIES ..............cccececcecscssesecesceess 13, 14, 28, 115, 123
Gracillaria—see Caloptilia.

Gy MAM APOMOLPNS 5.05, oco0.csc0occcses scetences«cceees 10 (two), 28 (two), 29, 35 (two), 47, 124, 122
TER OTERO (EORTC Sh 5c Ossi CaR EEE Se NE SRE SEE EREER STE sce EE SOE ER eC EEE ERR TEC eee eMC MEAT poe ana Pao 290) 45
BF SRV AIDE Mls es tees Sec nies ccc sal ones meg de cas vc SuaaT FOE SEAR SMR ET LSU USER Ea a ales Oeea eRe eT 4, 33, 47
*“ India, Collecting Butterflies in,’ Lt.-Col. J. aa Be LOWE iiccd.cscethovguass Baneencoes 109

mixent, 1946, Notes on- collecting ims” Go Veo Bull fivzccnscteccces occastecs ctsecssenateastactere 168
Leaf-miners (9-4 OWT] OT 2X0 hepa ee eee SuPer sree een) cat Sey elit Ais eee ety A 2 La oe 34, 48
TEA OEE Para! 720 Ke U1) 07 6 KR 0 Yee nS Da Sm Ie eo eae ROG
Lycaena phlaeas, British and Foreign, P. Siviter SMétn o...cccccccccccccleececeecaveeeee 42
Meetings; Annual, 53; Exhibition, 24; Field, 68: Indoor, 8; Special .........2.... 24
PVICLAMN GS TOMINIS: ccccvers sctanececsa+aasesccsussussteaewoes 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46
Members: Check List of, geographically arrangGed. ...............cccccsceeceecseteeeee sense P.9.¢
WVECININ CNG mC GEASE: Oly. . occas twsvenesnsason esses cust scatetewedvonee eeinecc seta encunaes coneecteas 10, 16, 51, 56
AITO ORS MeUA SU OL p crn scvncecacapmcrsitestwansveruas ean atssnuatecnsee os eee Geseet aimakaecaessnc ies en eean ce tereeaae Vv
EMPL SIUNGWI vec sccconeessclssecave canes cigititrswessosceoorse 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 47, 48, 49, 53
NVECTD EL Se COMA LIN Oe os.2, ccc. A cies cov seceaveaweds $2 ver Seer onan enenke Saunas Wedset conven vaeen nen XXvii, 48
Onitidarye: Percy, M- Bright, ds RoW.) FRODQWK: v.5.c.scecccos-envesteveceescctecaeumedevceue eee D
CORI CES MNT, pCOUNNCI Hees ions; car csbanssaagvasscwuowossudeaegese debeeenccueheuncecdtens Ue: «-vueekrasueeeeeeee iii
Parasites from: A. alpicola, 17; Megachile sp., 17: T. OP ........c..csccesccneeeereeeeaers 12
* Pieris napi, Some preliminary observations on,’ J. Antony Thompson ...... 115

Plant chimaeras

2) ius eee aa A, EL OT ees | 4 ets re te SS ae
a ¥ eae
186
President’s Address ..... Be aretrc se aut slaelnate gnlan Serato acters Maia Ne atte asta Suita MOS Soran MCAT Reena 53
Presidents,-"Past: sew. th wate neous cle Fane acest detest aie tee iv 49
Protection of British Lepidoptera, The,” Capt. R. A. Jackson .........ccc 58 a
PSOGCIAS SELON, “SPAS CUTE cls cence dec cama cae te he os oem coon acta cans Sapa nonce eee ORE ee RTE 17
““Rhopalocera of Southern Italy, Some notes on observations of the,’ R. F.
TO IVES 7a rae a AN eh cis is chs Gar ies Ne apt HE ga Mae eS Lee 4151
“ Sex attractant principles of moths,” Dr Harold Kind ......c..cccccseccseeeneeeenceeeeens 106
RS ale ll eiiben bi geo alban Of enraCON OWE nee ae onncerbee ton eetbr osante daaddadsondéodasaconceinaassceosdonancadssempcndnanhenbaciaacne 11
South Eastern Union Of Scientific SOCTCTICS 20.0.0... ice ccc eceeec cee ceeseeeeeeenceessuees 6
Spiralissesnientahiome Ze *ceUhOlid ae es ceseee lec catcaeseseree to cat oat eae ee eee nc eae aaa 13
~ Spring Flowers of Cape Peninsula,” Miss W. M. A. BYrOOKE .0.......ccccceeceec neta ee 140
Transactions (see back cover).

MRE ASUPETIS) SVS OLLT psa tcece scene ceeen ene coe es aoe oe ae ae SUI ESE TGR eS se one ERR Cee XXxXii
TIT UISUCOS Ps eects Hien Mea chides te ac eV ly dade Sieeder ob Monette. ag 0 Dm alin ae te ae ea iii
LIST OF PLATES.

Me PAT OWES SOTA: TH AR HASe nae seen teats Geeaeend sadbecorisanuadin cseee nee adescBenadeeds Frontispiece
Lee Perey Ms IBGishit: Vee se MRE Ss) mo cce one srcceesiee seek ereeseeseese ent tee facing page 1
Ill. F. W. Frohawk, F.R.E.S., M.B.0O.U. “3 5
_IV. Variety of Ourapteryx sambucaria #8 19 -
VERS COLE TINO Ma Ossie Ak ean a Rem ae ta RE Leaaie Ween ae nee omer ee Aare a 85
AVALG Wet O05) Hen cat) 001) Ee We Rae a ED Se a a a ere See nee RR ee B 87
WATAs sCollembolay soi scsaccedecssteseeeccns Bays FMA RG cata ae ots aaa eee he oneal 3 93
VilIs. Collembola ...... RSS alana aaa aes tne socal uie aoe Rene Oaetortne eee Sean ec nae be 96
ADO E Atal BP oy oa fe Hr 0 EMAL rT EMR ater aes Sateen An Re a PE ee Cn a e 103
IX. Reed Warbler; X. Whinchat; XI. Marsh Tit .................... ae 104
NORA TASS OMALs OO UNA TA i eat tat eh ok nee) be eee RES he neta koe lane AA 123
ATT AN SELON A PT UMA Hay ei eae ee vc Av sencanatenenncatan beecuaeme sees ce ot 125
RON ATES SE OMAN IPMN AT Ay FP ee UDR NM eho oe oie AU ot ce at helene 5 132
XV. Spring Flowers of Cape Peninsula ..... SBR SEAR OAR MALO MORES oui teciae SY 140
PNeVileee® aL ONC ay vee tee te es ad SEAS een tg Soca mamta cree a aa aR x 157
DAV LL 1 Ko 0) a HIG: Yai Sane eh IR an lua Mie EM CI p 164
NVM Thevege sand: Varval of CUlexii.c tcc. tesco eetton eee i 183
SPECIES INDEX. PAGE
(To save space, varieties, etc., are not bajulus, Hylotrupes ................. 29, 30
usually indexed separately from their balteatus, Malthinus ....................0. 74
species, unless some genetical informa- betulae, Byctiscus ............ccceeee 31, ‘70
tion is involved, and where a species bifasciatum, Rhagium ..................... 30
occurs more than once on a page, one bimaculatus, Laemophloeus ............. 31
reference only is given.) bipustulatus, Panag@aeus. ..............0.0 14
7 ‘ PAGE bovistae, Lycoperdina .................060 718
COLEOPTERA. ALDH ONAKELDIS ENOL BIS) = Rosspoceddencenboncteacnanncce 31
abdominalis, Mordellistena ............. 70 brunneus, Sericus ...... Sahndstaeasee Reeee Eee 31
abietis, Hylobius .............c.ccccceee 71, 149 capillaricornis, Habrocerus ............. 22
aculeata, Mordella ..........c.cccccecceee es 70 carbonaria, Magdalis .............c...:.0008 31
aedilis, Acanthocinus ...................0065 30 carcharias, Saperda............ 19, 29, 30
aenea, AMOMALA 2.0... eeece eects 31 | carmelitana, Oteroscelis ................... 150
SVMS He AP AUS. soa cececgstavce nas ceu sae seaneons 41 caviftrons, Lasiorhynchites ............... 74
alni, Phymatodes ................ 30, 70, 71 cerambyciformis, Leptura ......... 30, 70
alternans, Mycetodrepa ................... 22 CeRVUS, TWCamuls! gas.c..cecsdeteeeee weer 29
alutaceus, TA CCOMMS swage tence cso cecceeuece 52 chlorocephala, Lebia ............cccccccsee ee 14
amiletis! OLY tS) ic sscsecveesteccesasc 30, 31, 148 chrysocomus, Trichomeloe ............... 150
ater, PYrionychus | ...........cccc0c.cc00 29, 34 circumflexus, Dytiscus aeiuteasOO
atrata, Phosphuga ..........cccccccecsseesene 34 Clavipes, Domnacia ........... SOs tee 31
atrocephalus, Laccobius ................0. 52 cochleariae, Phaedon ee
AULT ATA. GOCOMMA Ss csst deco cciincckeoceces 13, 29 coeruleus, Corynetes 98
auratus, Carabus ........ccccdecseecesce scene 148 coeruleus, Helops os... ccseeesssseeese 69

aurulenta, Strangalia ............cce 30 CONCOLOT, LAaMPTOSOMA ........cccceesecee es 70

a ¥ ae
’ ‘Vy
{

PAGE
MEONNE, BUOPAryUm | .isicccccccesccccevsceses 52
“conspurcatus, ADROGIUUS: 5. ot oehccssseeoss 48
'coriarius, Prionus .............. 295733, 49
“crux-major, PanagaeusS .......e. 14
-cyanocephala, Lebia .................0. 31
cylindrica, Phytoecia ................ 30, 31
cylindricum, Sinodendron ....... 71, 148
MCPTESSUS, PYtTO o..cicilecccvecpessvcenacaees 23
ORSALIS! PAC OMUIMN ” ......cescenncedsesessoeeteest 149
MOUMIGAMATAC, LATTA 2.32.02. .ccceecsccccceeseees 74
duplicatus, Laemophloeus ............... 34
Clongatulus, Elater .............csccsseceseees 71
PMC OORVIOMN sik. cactctenntiseasescassvageceet ac 20
Bramiiiaris: “AMMATA, sciisc.ccscceceoeccadeserce 13
fasciatus, Malthinus ...................: 74
fasciatus, Trichius ..............0.... 19, 148
flavicornis, Micromalus .................... 48
ferrugineum, Cerylon ...............ccc0.: 20
formicarius, Thanasimus .......... kus) hl
fulvicollis, Camtharis ..........c.ccccccee 74
fulvipes, SteEMOPSIS —.............cccscesseceees 150
fulvus, Cryptocephalus .................. 74
fuscipes, Hydrobius .................cccc.c08 52
PANIES CCULOMIUMUN oh... 0250s 5 cediacesooes 29
ACS mE OTS) se uek ccc costs seas a saadeveroeus gas cvces 150
OUMIDUIS pePPRPOUUUIS) <2c.scc..cecsdesececaecaudoecads 150
glandium, Curculio (Balaninus) 71, 74
PLOMWUUSS VAMACACIIA, ..:.i.ccsxecseessacthooea 74
-globulus, Trigonogenius ................... 17
EOIN IHRM AUST Sites saean cos Soaaestnes ver caedeates deems 150
ERIS CA Me SOL ONIA © saeo6 a8 siotscn cdadek seeeseneneens 15
hegetericum, OXyCara ........cecees eee eee es 150
“hemisphaericus, Scirtes ...............008 14
ISDN MOGICTIA .2.c.crstsasacccchecosesleensees 150
hispidus, Pogonochaerus .......... 29, 30
histeroides, Cerylon ic...cc.c.ecccecsecessees 20
-holomelina, Grammoptera ............... 30
-humator, Necrophorus ................066 149

impressopunctatus, Hygrotus (Cae-
WANTMIOTIS Mae eae geer nos ce mcear a Med rer Be Tes
incanus, Corymbites ...........c..ccececeeee 31
Mates MIN CLV A) < heb es eeiecac des cscaedeveedee 150
inquisitor, Rhagium ..............cccceeee 30
PUAN CAL ACLS Riot sv cceicusessessccwedeaece tevesens 150
JADOMIGA,, PODIUM - sacc.scciccsccccceasescuneces Qh
lampros, Bembidion ....................00085 74
latebricola, Staphylinus ................. 70
HOMIGUOISPADION, Sif.) .c.cendecebewescaetessereues 10
leucophthalmus, Sphodrus ............... 52
THNCICKES TICs At BS) 0 0G nee see er te 74
Wenariws, RDVMCOUS ....2...0...cccsereseee 48
No CVO COIS. F cckavicececsscsavoscavesoeceains 149
MUMCATIS) SADPOUMUS cos istiscascsscestesessaae 74
VUGUITAUS WOULD PUSS. s.cscccocseccerevacsceterseeens 74
litura, Ceuthorhynchus ...................- 74
WiviGial = CPtWEA, | 5... .csceTouwsccsey esses 30, 73
Junulatum, Bembidion .............0..0.. 74
lunulatus, Bolitobius ................. 22
Turidus, AcCupalpus .........ceeeeeeeeeee es 14

3 4:
187
PAGE
| luteicornis, Bruchus ............ Sengdanndy FO 8
maculata (avmata), Strangalia ......
29, 30, 73, 148
Marginalis, Dytiscus ...........ceceeeeeeeee 52
' marginatus, Philonthus ................0 22
| marmotti, Eurycaulus .........cc0ccce 150
} MAMMA MICa, PUECIMUV UIA, sacheceenseeslceee 150
. maxillosus, Creophilus ...............:000+ 146
| melanarius, Ceuthorhynchus ........... 74
lp nelamumas INaCerda)\s.cscac..scessee eee 29
} melamiuras) Sirambailliae secseccssecses cases 30
| MeETACALTIUS, HIStCL ........ccececseccesecereseee 8
' meridianus, Stenochorus .......... 30, 31
| micans, Philomthus ..........ccccccccseeeees 14
minimus, Malthodes .................. 713, TA
minor, Molorchus. .........0:.0.00s0 29, 30
| minor, Pterostichus ...........cccceccsee sees 73
| minuta.. (Gracilian hck.leseseee cers 29, 30
mixtus, Stenolophus .............cceeeeeen es 14 ~
moms, “Adesmilay soy. sseseseon ne sseeeb ees 150
MOrdax,™ Ria! ns... ctdesss seceess eran 30
| moschata, ATOMIA ...........::leee 29, 31
| mysticus, Anaglyptus ........ 30, 31, 714
nebulosa, Mesosa_ ..........0..0. 29, 30, 31
nebulosus, Leiopus ..................+ 30, 71
neuwaldeggiana, Mordellistena ....... 14
| Misra, Strangalia yes. ceeses-esseneer= 30, 70
NISTICOTNIS, AtMWEtA! .c..ccccccencccensesseccers 69
nitens, Attelabus ......................- 71, ‘74
lomniitensen Cara iis ese neet en coke 31
| nitidula, ChalcOideS ........... ners 31
|, MOtAtUS., UPISSOGES! Hii tiec-ve-hocansecunusecncwees 31
obliterata, Aphidecta ................s..0005 73
oblongoguttata, Mysia .............:00 15
} ODSOLeT aR PIAMel ay je over srsssteccsenn« omnes 150
| eOnstitulber, AKIS) Seize. cteeeec ot eee ee eee 150
| “ocelitita,, -AMe bis > <2... ket veckausnee tenants 15
| ochraceus, CypMom .26..c.lAvccscscenesceese 74
| woctmatay “ObenGase cea eee 30
| parallelopipedus, Ahbax .......c....c000.00 74
| pellucidus, Barypithes ............0.. 23
| philanthus, HOplia .............ccccsseees ¥i3)
| piceus, Hydrophilus ...........c0....c1eeee Qh
| piceus, Mycetophagus ...cc.ccccccececseees 148
| splatvmotay) Pimeliaew-mectn tees 150
polita. ChrySomebay “ace..ccseccocssse owe 148
polonicus, Criocephalus ...,......... 29, 31
POPUL {By ChSCUS) <2. fnew eee 31
populi, Chrysomela.................... 69, 75
populnea, Saperda ..........:....0000: 30, 71
PFACUSTA. sl CUPODS .secscsssetcaw tee taeean ores 30
PTIMTOSEAC, CeELYVLON .....cvccseeeseceeeens 20
punctatissimnus, Soronia. ................0 15
punctosiniatiag “Blaps 2 ves. cots ssanseees 150
punctostriata, Tentyria ................... 150
punctulatus, Opatroides ..............cces 150~
pusillus, Cryptocephalus. ................. 74
quadrifasciata, Strangalia ....... 30, 75
quadriguttatus, Librodor................ 69

PAGH
quadrinotatus, DYVOMiIUS .......... cee 74
quadripunctata, Xylodrepa ............. 31
quadripustulatus, Mycetophagus 148
quisquiliarius, Philonthus. ............... 14
quisquilius, Anthicus ..................0..00 150
TUMORS ICCTOMURES BS sss5cccqance Roethncasteceacheees 30
ruficornis, Grammoptera .......... 30, 73
rufinasus, Stenopelmus .................. 38
vustica, Cantharis ..............cccccsesseeee 713
rusticus, Criocephalus .................000.5 29
salicivorus, Balanobius .................... 74
sanguinicollis, Ischnodes ................. 29
sanguinolentus, Elater ..............0c.08 31
scabricollis, Pimelia ...................0..0008 150
scutellata, Leptura .........j...ccccccesecoees 30
SOCAIS STO CINUSE ieee sacstereorcccsesstbeccsen te 23
seminiger, Hydaticus ..............00.00. 52
serraticornis, Pyrochroa .................. 149
serricornis, Prionocyphon ............... 8
Sexguttata, Leptwra .2:........cc.ccscsse seen 30
sexvittatus, AgopisteS ..............cc.eeee 10
solstitialis, Amphimallus. ................. 146
striatum, ASemum ..................00 29, 74
subspinosa, Zeugophora ...............0... 70
SUC AGUS PACHITUIS coo. ceiacsccasceesaccuseeesest 52
tabacicolor, Alosterna .............cccccee 30
tenebricosa, Timarcha. ...................5 148
testaceus, Conopalpus .................006 31
~testaceus, Phymatodes .............. 29, 30
teutonus, Stenolophus ..................0005 74
thoracicum, Oeceoptoma ........... 75, 149
thoracicus, Bolitobius ..................... 22
_ titillator, Monochamus ....................- 31
tomentosus, Byturus ..................cceee 14
tremulae, Chrysomela (Melasoma) ...
5 es i 9)
trinotatus, Bolitobius .....................0 22
UNG STHASes PANCAUIBUS: Wis. scesc cence ccs sctcesesaccensers 150
trisulcum, Aulonium ...................00088 29
umbellatarum, Molorchus ........ 29, 30
VaTiabilis, Cyphon .............ccccceeeee sense 74
variegata, Grammoptera ................. 30
venosus, Curculio (Balaninus) ... 71, ‘74
vespilloides, Necrophorus ................ 22
vestitus, Brachypterolus .................. 18
VACA CO PATOUOME ececedunssccateustesrscsaresncestmese 74
villosa, Pachyscelis ............ccccccecceeees 150
villosoviridescens, Agapanthia 29, 30
Villosus, CUPCULIO ...............ccccecceteeeees 70
violaceum, Callidium ...................0.. 30
vitellinae, Phyllodecta ..................... 713
VAN uU UA MOASSIOAN \cccescetescceccescacacdeecunete 13
vulgaris, Melolontha .................0 148
4 DIPTERA.
ACULEATAS MOMESIAMS .cgescsccescsueshneeces eseeee 76
affiniS, DasSyneura. ..............ccccccseseese 14
albimanus, Platycheirus ................. 16
arbustorum, Tubifera ............cc000 716

\
188
atricapillus, Machimus
autummalis, MuSCa ...........ccccceeceeeeenee ;
bicinctum, Chrysotoxum ................. 76
caerulea, Melinda .............ccseeeeeeees 76
corn, Craneiobia .).2.t.cci..sccseece eee deeee Qa
crabroniformis, ASilUS .............c.::08e 76
crataegi, DASYMeCUTA ............cccceeceeneee 14
cCuprea, Ferdimandea ...............cccceeeee 76
epilobii, DaSyMeura ..........cceeeeeereeeeees — 14
fera, LALrVACVOTA ..........cccccscedeeeeceessess 16
flavipes, COMODS ........cc..c.cceeserascevseeati 716
florea, Myathropa ..........cccccceceeeeeeeee 716
hemiptera, AlOphora ............cccceeeceeee 76
horticola, Tubifera ................ccueeeseeee 76
hybridus, Helophilus ..................00000+ 76
| inanis, Volucella ................ckeee 20, 269
| intricaria, Tubifera .............0:0se 16
LUC 1a: SPDe. loins dicstaccsecaeseneteteeetereeeee 12
macrocephala, Rhingia .................... 76
' maculata, Graphomya. .................00 76
Major; IWeOmyiay v.0..c.cccccccdcensccoseneees 74
marsupialis, Putomiella ................... 714
| meridiana, Mesembrina ................... 76
| nervosum, Rhabdophaga ................. 714
| Vobesa,, Hiyallomiya ataccneeccenee metas 76
pendulus, Helophilus ..................06005 16
Biplens, “SyLibla wees eee 16
| ‘Dyrastri, Scaeva), eee. tscseecasenemee 16
| Quadrifasciata, COMOPS .........ecccceeeeee 76
| radicum, Varichaeta ...0.......ccccccseceees 716
|} Fanunculi, DaSymeura ...........c.ccccseeee 14
Tibesii, Syrphidis ...............ccceesnceeeeees 16
rotundatum, Rhodogyne .................. 76
|) wus; Pollemiay \oecscc--seeeeee eee eee 716
| rufomaculatus, Eriothrix ............0 16
scalare, Melanostoma. ..............c.eeeeees 76
scutellatus, Cartosyrphus ...........2..... 76
segnis, Zelima ~..2sscc24-cceeeer eee eee 76
| sepulchralis, Eristalinus ................. “16
siberita, Calirrhoé .............cceccceeeeee es 76
solstitialis, Chrysogaster ............... 716
stachydis, Wachtliella .................0000. 14
subvicina, Sarcophaga ..............0.0000. 716
SYPDHIA SPD. sc nieacdecuweastessseeeeeeeees 12
talpae, Hystrichopsylla .................. 52
tenax, Tubifera, xc te cee 716
| tragopogonis, Contarinia ................. 74
| trifolii, Dasyneura .........ccccceeeeeees 7h
ulmariae, Dasyneura .........c..cccceereeee 14
vomitoria, Calliphora ...................0 76
L zonaria, Volucella?.....2..20e 20, 26
| HEMIPTERA.
| arbustorum, Plagiognathus ............. 74
| Shetuletiy | Psallust ae ts ncaa 14
| bicinetus, Aphrodes ............c.cecscceeeees ve
| binotatus, Stemotus ................... 14
| chrysanthemi, Plagiognathus ......... 74
) contaminatus, LYSUS ........ceceececeeseees rie
* |

\ -
.
189
PAGE PAGE
ROMeU LINEN EALLNTS)7\5ocssccvcyenetas svagesectvaresoes 74 acanthodactyla, Platyptilia ..... 30, 45
PMA LSM OESTIINIS cae coezecaessvcareicustearsetes 74 ACETISY cA DALCLE conor. soa dieecvene WM; 2s 3a
ferdidert. LV POLOCY DA. ......c.cc.cccesccenses Td actdea: > KALADASA acin-. cacasetoupss costes Bee 110
PUR CETCRERIEDE INADIS . ccccscuckceresscecesccssvncss 74 adusta:~ uMneiehtist (20.02... escte eed 36
MBIA ME IOCOSULT AN vc. ccvccccccssse>ccesseveees 74 agdvena-. + POliaiy 2. 225 sees osteo eeee 2, 168
lineatus, Neophilaenus ..................... 74 advenaria, Ceppnis® 2.2.22, -c-cseesees 16, 18
PEASE MCU VP VUDNATIUS, |. .ccdcccccecceovevessaccnes 74 advenella, FEUurnhodope .........cccccensceess 71
RR URED LS 8 coches ocsGaccveacvectesevesentaseass UP aegeria, Pararge ... 11, 27, 29, 33, 68,
MerIOMLerUS: ‘CADSUS® 20... cccccc.cc-esecessacs 74 69, 72, 75, 'T7, 154, 176
TOME MOTMAIS: MY PMNUS. ........cersscesentecece 74 aeruculas 'Celama” wisi aubces eee tee eee 174
BOOVESiCUS,, CAalOCOLVIS. .........cecsecenceuees 74 affinitana, Phaloniar 2...:.2..sscssccsecess 44
MRURCED SUE MY LIS: <....ctccseveconeeetencseccanee TA agestis, Aricia .................. 34, 37, 40, 154
pascuellus, Deltocephalus ................ 77 aclaia ATP yiMAIS: 72.4... kereattes 20, 44
EALTSES UGE. ee co Sees 74 albimacula, Hadena ..... Ao Tipe ARE
MESOOAGs WHICIGOCEIYS 2 2i...2.0.0.c000.2.00ce0s 77 178, 181
Tabet PDELACOCOTIS © oi ...:-.4.03-<- AMON & 74 albipuncta, Leucania .......... 41, 173, 174
URC SIT SM UMNAIDIS: {asace cove pkcjcanesectcdueseseceses 77 albipunctata, Eupithecia .................. 40
SHIRES AD ELEOPROVA \...cccccessvelc-neeaseeace 74 albomarginata, A. grossulariata @b. 28
SANSNUS, PtETOCIOLUS .....0..cccccccse scenes 12 albovenosa, Sinvyra «............2.-.. cet oe 32
scatellaris, Erythroneura ................ 77 albula sNOla. O84... . eee ee 28, 32
SOME ePAISGEIIS: + o2.0.-20c4se8eeccdelsceacescise 77 alchimuella. > Caloptilia 2.42. 164
spumaria, Aphrophora ...................6 74 almMaiian (PPECiS . ero eee eee 19, 112
Strichnocera, Dictyonota. ................-- 74 alpicola, Amathes ... 11, 15, 17, 31, 32,_
MIDvACICAM PEA ATDOCCI A ..c2...cCeccecsecsenea0 70 33, 36, 39, 40
HMMEGAUUS SRE AMGIVIUS — ......:02-<c00ssce+-<a002 77 EV ODES EVE BAS es cee none cesar tees ase 154, 155
ATMA MEOGOLIS: | cnc. ..sceseasscdsavaveexceseses 74 amata., \CalothiySamnis:. <5; .sennceser-- “Ente 35
vagabundus, Empicoris ................... 77 anachoreta, Clostera ©...:.2..2.c22-: 173, 174
Wicligld tt ESS UNMET S 6 a 52 S52 Sede oaviee esos eonn sane 74 anceps, . Notodoutiay orcs.1< sees -ciacoz sas 38
MiMiGIss, MepeeOmiella, ....5.5.% 0s. --ceses 74 andrenaeformis, Aegeria .......... 10, 45
angelicella, Depressaria ................+ 45
a Ares HYMENOPTERA. angustella, Schiffermuelleria ... 46, 71
Se ea ARAL fob ceasen sensor a!) \) ngbala) StiDiat been ea ae 4h
crabro, Vespa “cosneereteneseteeneneneeeee 20, 21 antiopa, Nymphalis ........ 41, 12, 26, 177
eUEVANOE, Andricus Pe reese te eke oe, ie APMORMMS.- SCSlayi i scasees. sete ote seers 34
Sea cong - cae Se ares 14, s argiades, Everes" de eth causes ceiges one 154, 155
folii Bipinienis Dapn cn ag ties eva Ae aad sth argiolus, Celastrina aan AOS AD, See 6O in
EPPING LETIIS 522O., curs ssasshbes eateustontcasess argus, Plebejus .... 22, 29, 31, 32, 33,
HFALOEIMUS, A PANELS ......c..0c.edévec es Sees 41 17. 50. 75
: : = , 30,
ee cee eae Pee aa sf Bs avion, Maculines «chokes 30
SS Ese ie ale SG Me ea : ALISTOLOCDIACS THOS |) c.2nac.o-sece arercen sees 112
ae 2a age R AN 2 20, 23, e ALMISErA SHeMOURIS « mceiciasreteree se ae AA
ea Snniaiicn fe arragonensis, Polyommatus ............ 45
larvarum Comedo ES Ske 41 BRE As ane Fe eRe a Loess et
lenticularis INGUTOLELUSI ize ssicossicesseess 74 ee 2 GPS SN I LY
inane Meevoeentias Ba Lk oe itt 4 athamas, 1 Di OCT EE Be seagebe! lancer sneer aes 113
lonaiventris in pipAcish es eae) 1h atomaria, Ematurga Woh anac dae aotecees htee 34
dladis Gein 40 atropos, Acherontia ESS. Sa vecne nev tae-eo 41
Be ieestliiis Metcorus 02... 44 | Sgeth, Geapnihoea oo - e, ai
ostreus Andricus Beas ee ehh oe 74 UAE BOS PS. wae a
esecicaris ee SAR COON A 59 aurea, A. prunaria QO ge aie nattacees 128
Di SRaH Eas. ao (ex Megachile) 47 aureatella, MiCTODUCI YX oics ccs tace sete 46
ees Ss ie aureocincta, A. prunaria ab. ............ 131
puparum, Pteromalus ................ StS oF. ia
CIPO PRUE SU TAOELULS © ac .ccsscntcccscdsceeteseeceres 23 eae aoe APALele 1d aet Sone aaa a
: aurinia, Euphydryas (Melitaea)
PAR TM CBIATINE Code. se oire os vac seeaseeuiecsseoaeedebass 71 bs
subterminalis, Aulacidea.......... 50, 57 12, 27, 29, 32, 33, 38, 176
tricolor Neuroterus ONE ES ee TA aes Uetenc, Caloptilia ese... 159
: oY australis; Aporophylay -c..-.:<caccsserteeeats 17
LEPIDOPTERA. autumnaria, Ennomos .......... 16, 32, 180
abbreviata, Eupithecia ..................... 40 avellanella, Semioscopis ............:..... 68

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190

PAGE
aversata, eSterchan st cosas ascsate 4h
azaleella, Caloptilia (Gracillaria) 46, 164
badiata, Earophila ...................:.c000 34
AAS MWAMMAGINES eal oe dona vaneeatsees 37
Harbalis, GHERMAIMIA ee teaaerecssed-eeerenes 34
Hass whyatinad (eee A Cee aA 716

bellargus, Lysandra ... 3, 26, 38, 154,
155, 180, 182
bembeciformis, Sphecia ................0. 4h
NENUNCULLE WA SMISTISH we hessccssanereersoctesseecs 69
betulae, Thecla .................. 16, 32, 40, 70
betularia, Biston ......... 31, 33, 40, 76, 77
betulicola, Caloptilia ................ 157, 163
De yaMina VP ROUPIAN Ys eacccecssscosesesscceeeee 45
HIAMOT A PAWL VO) ics. ueeees aaswegcctaeepese ose sys 8
bicolorana, Pseudoips ......... 22, 35, 70
bicolorata, Plemyria ............. desssecceee 73
DICUSPIS, *'COTULA ! o.e.ci low. scecscssussancrees 39
bidentata, Gonodontis ..................... 31
bifasciata, Perizoma ...............c.cecee ee 77
bilunaria, Selenia .............. 26, 27, 44
bimacularia, A. prunaria ab. .......... 135
bipunctaria, Ortholitha .......0........... 168
bistortata, Ectropis .................. 33, 40
blomeri, Discoloxia .............cccceee eee 39
boeticus, »Lampides ................... 154, 155
bolivari, P. arragonensis spp. ......... 45
PACH AM IPIUSTA A... esdsccccewee ccasseunteccdcs 37
brassicae, Pieris ......... 41, 12) 32, 72, 154
brunnea, Diarsia .........ccceeseeeee eens 37
brunnichiella, Stephensia ................ 73
buettneri, Sedima ..........ceeeeeeeeeeeeees 41

c-album, Polygonia 11, 26, 33, 35,
44, 47, 50, 68, 73, 158, 155, 176
c-nigrum, Amathes .................... Q24, 46
caeruleocephala, Episema ......... 49, 71
caesiata, Emntephria ................:..:.ceee 37
CA ae PATOL AY wekecsadetescsees 20, 382, 34, 47
callunae, L. quercus race ......... 28, 32
camilla, Limenitis ......... 12, 72, 169, 176
GAM ACE NVAMESSAN Wolacccacoasec sts closesscessteess 411
Camrolay CRUST hos wastes cccudeenscaesatercs A174
capucina, Lophopteryx 22, 69, 77, 168
carbonaria, Isturgia ...............cccccceee 54
cardamines, Euchloé 11, 12, 18, 39, 69, 153
cardui, Vanessa ....... 27, 78, 75, 158, 168
carphodactylus, Oidaematophorus ... 30
castanea, AMAatheS ....c......ccccceeeeeeee eens 40,
castigata, Eupithecia ....................c. 40
castrensis, Malacosoma .............. need 9
Celerio,/ Hippotion — ......:.2.....ccscccsesseeee 177
GESDIIS: VDNOMR AA cvee ees ccaeiavececeasns 41, 169
chamomillae, Cucullia .............. 16, 35-
characterea (hepatica), Apamea ...... 17
childreni, ATGynNis ........2..c.c.ceccsee eee 111
GHEISHYAy sOPOTIMIUANRseties Peck ee ac coeet eae 10

chrysidiformis, Aegeria ...... 36, 174,
176, 178, 184
Chrysippus, Danaus ..........ccccecceecceeee 112

t

PAGE
CHBYSItIS! HE MUST AN cede cee ceeer sence erent 32
chrysoprasaria, Hemistola .............. 37
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis .............:.... 69 |
cinctaria, Cleora .................. 31, 33, 52
Cinerea, ATOtiS .........ccscesceceseees 33, 41
cinxia, Melitaea ......... 18, 44, 46, 63, 176
CIPpUS: Wajyuriar ” b.s5.c2iisccee deen cenue eee 4113
circe, Hipparchia ............cc.c.ceceeseceees 155
eltrago, Riliacea; sic cencsbececseee tees 30
citrata, Dysstroma ..............c.0 30, 39
clathrata, Chiasmia ...... 18, 33, 40, 69
cClavis,) "ASBOUS ee ee) ne enna eae ene Ail
cleopatra, GonepteryxX .............. 153, 155
Cloanthus, ZetideS ..............ceceeceeeeneceee 111
coonatas) "TETAS c.cscaseeaceeeeee 36, 39
complana, Wilema ................c.cteee eee 168
confluens, P. napi @D. ...... cere 120
coniferana, Ernarmonia .................. 71
consonaria, Ectropis ................. 30, 41
conspersa, Hadena ................ 86, 37, 41
contaminellus, Crambus ................ 45
continua, P. napi aD. ........... cee 120
convolvuli, Herse ....0.............6.: 8, 9, 41
coracina, Psodos ........... 41, 1%, S27 3%
cordigera, Amarta colic... 32, 51

coridon, Lysandra. ... 3, 27, 28, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47, 73, 154, 155, 169

corticana, Eucosma .................. 72, 13)
corylaria, A. prunaria ab. 123, 126, 129
corylata, Electrophaés. .............. 33, 36
cosmodactyla, Platyptilia ................ 30
COSSUS;, COSSUSL in ee eee seu 1)
crataegi, APOTIA .........c eee 13, 153, 177

crataegi, Trichiura ... 15,°16, 40, 45, 69, 70
crepuscularia, Ectropis 27, 40, 44, 68, 69

cretacella, Homoeosoma ..................

cribrumalis, Zanclognatha ............... a4
crinanensis, Hydroecia ............:ccee 33
Cristana, PeLONCA ........ccccccsceeseesesseees 30
crocealis, Phlyctaenia ................:0.00 4h

croceus, Colias ... 19, 27, 36, 37, 39, 47,
72, 153, 154, 155, 168, 177, 179

Crudal, (OTTAOSIA en wectececeecsesen- nese eeneeate 68
cucullatella, Nola ............ccc eee 14, 32
cuculipennella, Caloptilia ........ 157, 160
culmellus, CrambuS. .............ccececen sees 73
cupriacella, Nemophora. ...,..............+ 46
curtula, ClOStETA .........ceceeee ee eee ee 22,
curvistrigana, Phalonia ................... 45
cydippe, Argynnis ........... 20, 27, 35, 169
cynthia, Philosamia ...........0....:ceeeeeee 37
daplidice, Pontia ... 12, 34, 35, 36, 40,
153, 155
debiliata, Chloroclystis ...............6. 4h
decemguttella, Ethmia .................... 45
decentella, Nepticula .«....:........cc cee 48
decorella, Mompha. .................... 72, 73
defoliaria, Eranmis .............c.cccneee 40
dehaani, P. bianor SSp, .........c:..ceeee 8

4
§

45

PAGE
demarniana, Eucosma. .............. 45, ‘71
derasa, Habrosyne .................... 23, 77
derivata, Coenotephria. ...............0... 12
G01) UNIGNORE 155
didyma, Melitaea ...............000 153, 154
~diluta, A. prunaria ab. ............ccce 126
Gilutata, Oporinia ...........cc...cceceecceee 37
dipsacea, Heliothis ............ceeeeeeee 46
GUSPAT GV CACTIA” ccctfucvdiecteacieececaagecses 33
GISPaIy, AVMMANGTIA, § ss os .seccddeasoucseatguccees 175
dominula, Panaxia ......... 27, 34, 47, 177
douglasaria, A. prunaria av. .......... 135
dromedarius, Notodonta ............ 22, 169
dubitata, Triphosa ..............cceeeees 169
duplaris, Tethea .................00000 37, 168
Gysodea. Hadenay .c....5..cc sees secs eceteew es 177
elongella, Caloptilia (Gracillaria) ...
73, 157, 162
elpenor, Deilephila ......................000 32
Ephialtes; ZYSACMA. ~......cecccccescccececeees 156
epilobiella, Amybia ..............cccccceeceeee 46
erigerella, Coleophora .............. 46, 48
BUGIS OMOOLOUIS, — 7, sitcdataesensaacevee sass tedoce 112
euphorbiae, Apatele ......... 41, 31, 32, 36
euphrosyne, Argynnis ..... GTM OT
29, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 46, 69, 70
EUR OSIS TUL laos, Goose scdesdeelocssconedncnss 45
exanthemata, Cabera .............ccccceeeee 37
exclamationis, Agrotis .............. HI 78}
exigua, Laphygma ............... 22, 34, Al
extrema, A. prunaria ab. .........00.. 134
EXITS ee AD ATIC A iin ccclonk cosedeceeassanaearden 40
PAA VD YSCLV hoe iecdeccccseceseriese (eevee 12
fagella, Chimabache .................c008 68
fagi, Stauropus ................ 15, 41, 168
falcataria, Drepana ............ 36, 37, 73
falconipennella, Caloptilia ....... 157, 164
fascelina, Dasychira ... 32, 38, 46, 70, 1'78
fascia, PP} MeECELA) AV. v...cc.d sco leeseceecc ses 28
fasciana, Pammene .................c0c0ceees 45
feminaecoloris, A. prunaria ab. ...... 127
ferrugana, PeLromea. ............c.ccccceeeeees 68
ferrugata, Xanthorhoé .................... 41
RESHUVEIN IP DTATLSUAY icv cds ui cece ston nies coceencony 37
festncaem Plusia ...2.c6c.ces eet liscees Sy A
filigrammaria, Oporinia .................. 44
filipendulae, Zygaena ........... 8, 32, 36
AimAbrialis. “Thakera |) sinc icscseseccckcesvose 58
fimbriata, Lampra._................... 34, 44
flammea, Panolis ......... 33, 37, 68,071, 77
flammea, Trigonophora ................... 57
flammealis, Endotricha ................... 73
flava, B. parthenias var. ................5. 17
flavago, Gortyna ...............: 35, 45, 48
flavicaput, Spuleria § .................cccsee0. 71
flavicornis, Achlya ......... 9, 38, 68, 71
flaviventris, Aegeria ............ 10, 68, '70
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé ............... 35, 36
TOMUIS AT BOMOLOCHA «0.2.0.2 s.iesescessvcsesases 4h

191

¢ .

; PAGE
formosana, Eulia ................. 38, 52, 57
franckaria, A. prunaria @b. ............ 128
traxini,, (Catocalay j-s.pecveganecutyecce Piste 178
fulGoris,, Pw Dapi \O)* sstessevectsenree es 121
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ... 32, 156, 182 |
fulvatas,, Cudaria ) F..1.cteenecobesers seater ee)
fUIMOSay PNA WON. ee eerste 120
TUT CUIAY SCC An sees eke cae ee ee ee 15
TUTPUNCUIUS,) (PLOCUUS 2. .s<2) sehen aeeeenee eae 35
furvas) Apamed) 2.0.0. pcceseaes 40, 44, 180
fuscapicata, A. prunaria @p. ............ 124
fuscaria, A. prunaria ab. ......... 127, 128
fuscocuprella, Coleophora ............... 46
galathea, Melanargia .... 20, 46, 154, 168
Palit, CelOrioss «1.27 e2iccevcach shoes eee eee 175
gallicana, Ernarmonia ................... 44
gamma, Plusia ...... 33, 36, 41, 72, 73, 168
geminipuncta, Nonagria ..............6 19
genistae, Coleophora ................ccceeee 71
Genistac, Hadena. ........cecccccessceseeseeves 45,
SETYOM, 3s PTOCLIS: Wis.cc- scot cecciese ete 156
oUlvaco,.” (Civehbay ete o cccscenteceeee cade eeee AL
glauca, Hadena ............... ssadasssetheodey GOe
Mlaucata,: CiUixK 22). pe eee eee Q7
globulariae, PYocris ...............0cceseeeee 36
glyphica, ctypa.../cecteers. eee tae 715
enaphalii, Cucullia .........0. ee Q1
enoma, Pheosia ............... 22, 27, 36, 168
goossensiata, Eupithecia .......... Sie CG
gothica, Orthosia .................... 31, 36
gracilis, Orthosia ....................- 31, 36
graminis, Cerapteryx ............... 44, 50
eriseana, Phalonia © .............c.cccceeceeeee 4h
griseoguttata, A. prunaria av. ......... 131
eriseolay, - WRiVemal ys; Leia. ceanesmes aanetaeean 15
grisella, ACNYOIA .r....... ec ecceececseceeeeees 4h
grossulariata, Abraxas .... 28, 35, 47, 175
halterata, Lobophora .................... 49
hamana, Euxanthis .............c.ccccccceee 73
haraldi, Nepticula ..................:.c0.0e 48
hasebroekii, A. prunaria ap. ............ 128
hastata, Eulype ............c.cccceeeeeee 16, 70
haworthii, Celaema ...........c.cceeeeeeeeeee 40
HECTOR VELOSH ad sace tence ewan tase ee ce een 112
helveticaria, Eupithecia .................. 37
Hhelvola, AMNCHOSCe]IS ............c.ceasesneees 44
hemidactylella, Caloptilia ............... 166
heracleana, Depressaria ..............6065 53
hibernica, P. napi ab. ... 14, 32, 35,

38, 47, 115, 119

hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia ....... 77
hippothoé, Lycaemna ............... toshciee 154
vhittanias > yells . 22 i keeseedecee site eee 12
hispida, Leucochlaena ..................... 38
‘hispidaria, Apocheima .............. 13, 70
holdenella, Elachista ................::00c08 48
hyale; ‘Coliasiy: .axvetsalst

16, 36, 155, 179
hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 27, 28, 33, ©
38, 39, 40, 47, 154, 168, 169

192

PAGE

icarus, Polyommatus ... 4, 29, 32, 33, |
36, 37, 40, 41, 46, 47, 75, 154

immaculata, Hemistola ................... 52
iM pLetas wes WADI aCe Meee cect tea seeees 121

impluviata, Hydriomena ...... 31, 36,

39, 40, 71

TMEV ELOISE MULITINE) | “Gonancededuabosonooconedsebane 113
IK CUUCA OO MAIMOSSA lie usscsaesccuethecmadieuipenes 441
infuscata, A. prunaria ab. ............... 133
innotata, HEupithecia .................0..0 4h
inornata, Sterrha .............0.....0. 44, 169
internana, Ernarmonia .................... 45
interrogationis, Plusia .................. 37
io, Nymphalis ........ 27, 29, 68, 69, 77, 155
iris, Apatura ..,............. 19, 32, 33, 47, 72
irregularis, P. napi @D. ............. 120
irrorella, “Setina ...........cccceeceee 38, 73
jacobaeae, Callimorpha ................... 35
japygia, Melanargia ....c.........0..0.0. 154
juncta, A. prumaria ab. ................... 129

jurtina, Maniola ... 28, 29, 35, 36, 37,

38, 41, 46, 72, 73, 75, 154, 168

kentearia, A. prunaria ssp. ............. 128
l-album, Leucania ...!................. 34, 44
l-nigrum, Arctornis ................... 49, 57
lacertinaria, Drepana ....... 36, 37, 73, 75
lachrymosa, P. napi ab. ............0..... 121
lanestris, Eriogaster ................. 16, 69
lapponaria, Poecilopsis ................... 14
Jlathonia, AT@ynMisS ......... ee eeee sees 154
lathyrifoliella, Leucoptera .............. 46
latiorana, EUCOSMA .....-...ccccceccecseeeees 45
Vedas aMielamMitis, Wieck kes ccc escoks 112 °
leesei, Poecilopsis hybrid ................ 33
leporina, Apatele ...............0.000. 11, ° 31
leucophaearia, Erannis ........ 9, 37, 40
Wichenaria, (CleOTA \...0.5..c.cccscdeee sec eneee 38
lichenea, Eumichtis ............0..0..00. 35
lignea, Blastobasis .........0....0ccce 46
ligustri, Sphinx ................. 12, 38, 49
limacodes, Cochlidion .......:....... ee, 783
linariata, Eupithecia ..................0. 44
limeata,), SIOMA nce eek coeck 32, 34
lineola, Thymelicus ............. 20, 36, 182
Lithocolletis SPP. ......cccccccccccccceseeeseees 30
liturata, Semiothisa ......... 40, 44, 71, ‘77
livornica, Celerio .......0.0........0. 26, 182
locupletella, Mompha. ..................... 46
lubricipeda, Spilosoma ............. 40, 49
lucernea, Ammogrotis ............... 41, 180
GU ING DUES eet os -tevceccSeeckeoccteece 154, 155
lumaniay ‘-Selemiay ek kc keccses ke 40
Totnes cries ONY Bran CCIE Vea a eatin We care a 176
lunosa, Omphaloscelis ...................... 38
lutealis, Phlyctaenia ............0000..... 73
luteolata, Opisthograptis .................. 40
luteosordida, A. prunaria ab. ......... 128
NOMO Sc UU Ze Cra Meshes tacescnseneeests 41, 48
lutulenta, Aporophyla .............. 34, 40

PAGE

machaon, Papilio ... 14, 15, 30, 34, 151,

152, 154, 155, 177,
macularia, Pseudopanthera .............
TMC AVAVES WEN TREADS) Saacsnsocsaodcbesoe 12, 69,
margaritata, Campaea .............:.00
marginaria, Erannis ..............cccccccee
marginepunctella, Narycia .............
MauUnasc MOTIMNO: Ses ce eeeeee
megera, Pararge ............ 35, 151, 154,
megerlella, Elachista .............::0.c.c00
melanopa, Amnarta ............... 31, 32,
menyanthidis, Apatele .............. 35,
mi, Ewclidimera 20)... Si.iecsetee i
miata, Chloroclysta .............cccceeecseee
micacea, Hydroecia ..............eeeee
miniata, Miltochrista ............ 45, 73,
minima, Petilampa ....................06.
miniosa, Orthosia ............... 16, 70,
misippus, Hypolimnas .....................
modestella, Metriotes ............0.c.cseseee
monacha, Lymantria ... 16, 38, 44, 46,

72,
monoglypha, Apamea ................ 37,
morpheus, Caradrina .......0.......60.
morrisii, Arenostola .................. 173,
mucronata, Ortholitha ....................
muleiber Huploeca-oeeeavcs)-eee eee
munda, Orthosia .................. 13, 32;
mMundana, Nudaria ............cecsceeseeee es
muralis, Cryphia ................ 32, 50,
muricata, SterrWa <.......0...ccccsessscesnee
muscaeformis, Aeferia ................0006
myopaeformis, Aegeria ................0006
myricae, A. euphorbiae var: 11, 31,

32,
myrtillata, Gnophos .............ccceceeeee ee
inMayr edie VAAN MELT | So Sse-ussboonmoceso5oaa5 715,
Mana, Hadema ws) nets se-sc onc cenotee sae eee
nanata, Eupithecia ..............eeeees

napi, Pieris ... 141, 18, 14, 19, 32, 33,
35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 51, 115,

napi, Pieris (new vars.) ............ 120,
nebulosa, Polia. .......,..... 37, 44, 72,
neophanes, Myelois ................cccceee ee
Nepticula spp.) si... ea-cceececceeee ee teens
Neri “Daphmisy fe. cscceeeeeeee 49,
neurica, " NONASVIA sib... ces-weeeeeseceeees
neustria, Malacosoma ............:cscesses
nigra, Aporophyla ................00 34,
nigricella, Coleophora .................068
nigrolimbata, A. prunaria @b. .........
nigropunctata, Scopula ............ 36,
Niveus, ACeENtTOPUS .............eecec sees eee
nomeus, Pathysa. .............ececececeseenen es
notata, Semiothisa .................... 40,
notha, Brephos. ...............ccsceeeeeee 38,
nubeculosa, Brachionycha ........ 11,
nubilalis, Pyrausta ...........eeeee:
obeliscata, Thera ............ 11, 37, 68,

182
70
154
73
‘40
12.
4h
155
46
51
36
36
50
169

179

110

177

151
121

178

174

113

&
q

; PAGE
Ob]ONEA, APAMEA .........cccceecsscsscseeeeees 34
obscurata, Gnophos .................. 44, 169

obstipata, Nycterosea (Nyctosia) ...
14, 34, 41
MC CULAR EU OLS 4. heceadsstvssessscausevseves seers 40
ocellata, Lyncometra ..............c eee 71
ocellatus, Smerinthus .......... ae Gl rie!
GOMMAMUA y SUCL LAS 5. d.c.sccdbecces sc scnteeave ene 34
Qehneariars CLOCOC> co ccccccsesscecssseccstecees 11
ochreata, A. prunaria ab. ................ 134
OGUUATIS ee POUCA cc ...csess sche scan cedeaetendends 37
MCI Ay PEL ViOUOCCIA _-. se ceo. e.cc ee ccessncssoeseoss 33
MEE ACEA MD IALATARAA\ Glwtes.c.sesdseesesauls 37
Oliva pe PU SULOULA: fe. Lei etivsecvesedeeapecsess 46
UUVaae CALTOSOLSTAL iii. scccttende cenewsewenne ls 169
ononaria, Aplasta ........... 31, 36, 176, 184
ONOMIGIS) PAVeECtOPa © civ...c.vscccccscoeneces 46
onosmella, Coleophora ....................5 713
CHRPDIOV CMe eee osc ss hs ris co cdectdecenevasseectss 70
OT MMP CUO Anais tascse .cveseesdescevensiidecaseance 1192-15)
orbicularia, CoSymbia ...........c ee 23
ETM ACCA RE MISVA) boc basdeisactecedeeveceecce a8
OLVM AAS CODULA voiced. occcuestecsescsaceeswetss 169
osteodactylus, Oidaematophorus ..... 45
oxyacanthae, Allophyes ................8 49
pallescens, A. prunaria aD. .............. 132
pallidaria, A. prunaria ab. ............. 130
palpina, Pterostoma ........ cee eee ee 73
DANIGISH ELV GLOCCIA. > check secesccsencsvceeneets 33
palustris, Hydrillula tA aley) Balt ais}
pamphilus, Coenonympha ........ 30, 154

paphia, Argynnis ...... 19, 27, 35, 72,
169, 181
papilionaria, Geometra ............ 71, 76
Parisatis, EUMeENIS .,............ccccecececeees 109
parthenias, Brephos ...... 41, 17, 68, 71
SESH AD UILO: Phe os aed eae evekouewite veites 45
pastinum, Lygephila ................. 27, 168
Dawa eye PVG IMALLA <> oo.s.cs seeorevceecccenedseess 141
pavonia, Saturnia ...... 27, 35, 69, 77, 177
pedaria, Phigalia. ....c0c0.....c.c.cee cae 9, 40
peltigera, Heliothis ........ 36, 41, 168, 169
pendularia, Cosymbia ............... OY 1783
pennaria, Colotois ............. OS iy aeAO,
Pevla es CLrYPNIA 9c... oes sects. 22, 33, 36, 169
DEGLEULIST MOLVATIIUS 4 7585 2. ec sds csdakeeece set's 44
persicariae, Melanchria ................... 44
phasianipennella, Caloptilia ........... 159
MUMS CA CS VIMLOTINS' 5528 esc. cecececereisscanecees 177

phlaeas, Lycaena ... 12, 23, 30, 32, 33,
BO, 42, ake) Loo
phragmitidis, Arenostola ................ 33
UGA BNL INT AS | Foc oebecccee da eec vcs eosercose ens 175
pickettaria. A. prunaria ab. ............ 132
NeM Gea smUNACAM sce... tee seere<ease vector esms 46
pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia ....... 9, 70
pinastri, Hyloicus ................. 30, 41, 178
pinguinella, Gelechia ...................... 45
DIMAS Se BUpPAlWS jcc. -vecsene sees ra

PAGE
DISIP \COLAMLCAT he .ccccecsees coeds ev Sh AOR Tn
plecta, Ochropleura ................0.- 36, 37
pluriguttata, A. prumaria ab. ......... 125
podalirius, Papilio ................... 152, 155
polychloros, Nymphalis ... 18, 20, 21,
36, 44, 176, 182
DOLYVES, PapiliOn sei .tc. astpteecsocoteeeoreeeher 112
pomedaxana, Argyroploce ............... 45
populata,” WySTise osc ioesecweesceeeseneeer 37
populetorum, Caloptilia ........... 157, 161
POPUL LaAOvUMOes oo .li.ece ee cap eesti nee 32, 70
populi, PoecilocamMpa ...........:6:.cceeeee 16
porata, Cosymbia .................0.0 26, 36
porcellus, Deilephila .......... 27, 168, 181
postfusca, A. prunaria ab. ........ 130, 135
DOStviltana. VOrurix tissesceseceeea este Ne 44
potatoria, Philudoria ................-...... 69
Prasimanary Bea-* <. ke cosets eccecaee ees 17
proboscidalis, Hypena .................006 36
procellata, Melanthia ..............0.... 168
promissa, Catocala ................ 14, 19, 176
pronuba, SEriphacmany qesesecsesseetere ees 34
prosapiaria, Ellopia .....................° 71
pruinata, Pseudoterpna ................... 75
prunaria, Angerona ......... 19, 80, 40, 123
prunaria, Angerona, forms 123 et seq.
DSi; Apatelen i kiser seers ce eees eee Bian TUE
pudibunda, Dasychira .............. 46, ‘76
pulchella, Utetheisan 7s. cesc.-tecete.c.s. eens 174
pulchellata, Eupithecia ..... 165° 123418
pulchrina, Plusia ...........ceeeeeees 37, 39
pulveraria, ANAQOLZA 2... cece eee eee ee 70
punctaria, Cosymbia ...........4.... 17
punctidactyla, Platyptilia .............. 1 45
punctinalis, Boarmia ................ AD 0)
punctulata, Ectropis ............ cee 69
pupillaria, Cosymbia ................ 26, 57
DUtiay -AGTOUISH WAawiccket cease neseouereete erat 4A
Pwmiriss Askeydlas (ees ccs ensete este cates 168
DY Gansae. IaASWUAaArra peter naete reer. 168
pyramidea, Amphipyra ............ SO 4A
pyrenaeella, Caloptilia ..............0.... 165
DY LL) GS ACU INA asso i accceeats scises eeeereseeeede 156
Quadra, “Lith @Sia) © se accverctsnaeser 22, 174
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoé ..... 27, 168
quadripunctaria, Euplagia .............. 30
quercifolia, Gastropacha ...... 27, 69,
77, 168, 182
quercus, Lasiocampa ... 27, 28, 32, 69,
156, 168
quercus, Thecla .....4....: 23, 69, 70, 71, 73
quinqueguttella, Lithocolletis ......... 46
Tapae, Peis ..........000.- APA PM Sten ths, te
rectangulata, Chloroclystis ............. 40
rectilinea, PyPPa ....cccccscanccssccase 31, 36
repandata, Cleora 9, 31, 35, 40, 44, 73
resplendella, Heliozela ....................- 46
rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 27, 39, 44, 68,
69.5. HZ

PAGE
rhombelia, “Gelechiay Teri scccnsssscesnes: 45
rhomboidaria, CleOra ...........ceeceeeeeeee 36
mibeatiah \'CLCOLPAN seiveccssntvoncesesseenens 30, 37
ridens, Polyploca ................ 16, 45, ‘70
roboraria, Boarmia 23, 40, 45, 71,
‘ 72, 3
PONTLay WESTIE ee teket ee Mecsel alee caoscoeacoe 113
ruberata, Hydriomena .............. 31, 36
rubi, Callophrys ................. 12, 71, 154
TAD L SPO TALSVAN es ccetasscecs iene cose ene eomeeaeks 37
rubi, Macrothylacia ............ 28, 77, 156
Tubidata, Euphyia ................... 40, 175
Tubiginata, Scopula ........ cesses es 176
GUfata,, ;CMESTASY Sie ue yscccces epee 36
Trumicis, Apatele ................... 2a BIT TL
rupicapraria, Theria .............ccc:.ceceee 71
ruralis, ) Notareha 22... ccsecl.cceskssoceoe gens 11
Tusticata, Sterrha ..............ceccseceeeseees 176
rutilus, L. dispar subsp. .................. 33
sacraria, Rhodometra ............... 41, 174
sagittigera, Pachetra ...............cc0c000 176
salicalis, Colobochyla ....................55 40
salicata, Colosty@ia. ...........cccccsecececees . ol
sambucaria, Ourapteryx ................. 19
sannio, Diacrisia ::..........0....00. 44, TA
saponariae, Heliophobus .................. 38
Sarpedon, ZetideS ........cccceccseccececeeseees 111
saxicola, Homoeosoma. ................0.055 45
schrankella, Mompha ...................... 73
SCOPigera, ACGETIA ......cccccceveseessecen tens 36
scotica, Ortholitha ............... 33, 36, 39
SecaliS, APAMEA .......iccceecceseecec eee ee ences 32
selectaria, A. prumaria ao. ............... 133
SOVSMGSW MAGHLAS i css tae os olde che eacateneces 37
selene, Argynnis 16, 27, 29, 35, 37,
45, 68, '70, 71, ‘72
semele, Eumenis ............ 27, 341, 38, 75
-semifascia, Caloptilia .................. 165
septembrella, Stigmella ................... 46
Serena, Hadena ............:.cccsceeeceees 36, 75
sibirica, A. prunaria Ssp. ..............--- 128
‘silaceata, Ecliptopera ................. 27, 44
sinapis, Leptidea ........ 16, 29, 62, 70,

J 153, 155, 175
siterata, Chloroclysta ................ U7, Bl
smaragdaria, Euchloris ................... 69
smartaria, A. prunaria qo. .............. 135
solidaginis, Lithomoia ..................... 44
sordiata, Angerona sp. ab. ..... . 129, 134
sordidana, EucOSMa ..............ceccec eens 71
spadicearia, Xanthorhoé .................. 36
spangbergi, -A. prunaria ab. ...... 123, 128
sparganii, Nonagria ..... rabuibae 28, 34, 48
spheciformis, Ae@@eria ..........ccceeeeeee 70
sphinx, -Brachionycha ................ 16,. 70
spilodactyla, Alucita ................ 31, 48
SPUN SAUL TIA.) nae ae eases esecoes vase reac 156
SPONSA CAvOCalay ives score ecenccsen sence 176
stabilis, Orthosia ........00008 13, 32, 33

My }
194
PAGE _
StaticeS, PYLOCYIS .......csc.sscsscsscesvace att: 7

stellatarum, Macroglossum ... 12, 19,

21, 27, 35, 44, 73, 156,
stephensi, Mompha 20, 46,
stigmatella, Caloptilia .....................
strataria,, Biston
striata, Coscinia
strigata, Hemithea
strigillaria, Perconia
suavella, Eurhodope
subalpinaria, A. prunaria ab.
sublustris, Xylophasia
subtalba, P. napi @0. ................ccccce ee
succenturiata, Eupithecia 168,
sulphurella, Caloptilia
suppeliella, Gelechia.
sylvanus, Augiades
sylvata, Abraxas
sylvestris, Thymelicus
sylvinus, Hepialus.
syringaria, Hygrochroa
syringella, Caloptilia
tages, Erynnis
tantillaria, Eupithecia
telicanus, Lampides
temerata, Bapta
tersata, Horisme
testata, Lygris
tetralunaria, Selenia
thalassina, Hadena
thelephassa, Eumenis
tiliae, Mimas
timais, Xanthopastis
tincta, Polia
tithonus, Maniola

tee eee een een en eaten ssnenes

23, 27, 29, 33,
75, 154,

trabealis, Emmelia.
transversata, Philereme
tremula, Pheosia
trifolii, Lasiocampa
trifolii, Zygaena
trigrammica, Meristis
tringipennella, Caloptilia
tripoliella, Coleophora
truncata, Dysstroma
tullia, Coenonympha
turca, Mythimna
typhae, Nonagria.
ulicicolella, Lithocolletis
ulmella, Bucculatrix
unanimis, Apamea
unicolor, A. prunaria ab. ................
unicoloraria, A. prunaria ab.
unipuncta, Leucania
urticae, Aglais ... 28, 34, 41, 46, 68, 72,

Wiss,
1-nigrum)

49,

13,

v-nigrum, Leucoma (=A.

_vacculella, Ochsenheimeria

168
73,

120
177

aa? -
195
. ; PAGE
_ varia, Lycophotia ................. Sie arse ri |
et MUA ME OSI ci cvessceeseneesucededeewneanswdetds 411
venustula, Hapalotis .............ceeeeeee 71
WERSICOLOIs IPPOCUS) 'o..c..cesdecsasevsccesoceees 36
versicolora, Endromis .....!..............5 32
BeVeSPISOPNIIS, ACPOLIA oi... cee. ceeeseeees 71
WESTIPIALIS, ASTOLIS 2. o..ciccccceccdeceeseoeeees 23
=. Vetulata, PHILETEME ..........0..cecceessecees 33
villica, Arctia ....... 20, 28, 34, 50, 69, 156
MMO Hee L ULE,» ena devacoteysesagecdeosgseaseenss Pei]
WUE UUM A CASLS: ) aatecruseecasdesetuscedeaceeccssxs 37
Wirgwata, MeSOLYPC .......ccccceecescseepeceeees 22
virgaureata, Eupithecia ................... 45
VIE SULAP A, MStCTLDA | ...c.ceiccescensceeceseeee 169
viridella, TAC AEG Va ahaa Soon ee eee 68
vitalbata, Horisme .................0085 45, 73
Vitellima, Leucamia .............ccccscesceeees 4A
w-latinum, Hadena ..............cceeeeeee 22
wallacei, Lycia hybrid .............0.0. 33
wardi, A. villica @b. ..............0 20, 28
WAM LCAMIC ch. ceics.csesceecesscneceus 27, 169
wenzeli, A. prunaria ab. ........... 130, 134
xanthographa, Amathes ............. 37, 41
xanthomelas, Nymphalis ................. 21
xerampelina, Atethmia ............... 34, 35
xylostellus, Ypsolophus .............. 125 ia
ziczac, Notodonta ............ 73, 75, 77, 168
NEUROPTERA.
psociformis, Conwentzia ............:..00 19
ODONATA.
GUAVZIS. | TUESWES). i pphonoesnecneerenanoceedc pécadcéeue 38
fonscolombii, Sympetrum .......... 22, 38
PUP Vide eB CUITIN AY 9 7.5 oc.buasccoceecscsvancsesseseas 38
TSOSGOLOSH VACSITIAL «soc ccssiccsccescoadeecscasesecs 38
metallica, Somatochlora ............. auacee” Gis
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma. ................... 11
puellum, Coenagrion ................. ceeneee 11
scitulum, Coenagrion ................. 22, 38
striolatum, Sympetrum .............0.... 11
vulgatissimus, Gomphus ............ 22, 38
ORTHOPTERA.
DANZELE VECTODIUS ..........cecccsccasdsseesssee 20
pulchrifolium, Phyllium .................. 28
COLLEMBOLA.
ambulans, Onychiurus ................0..06 97
PRC Peed CN tee So cscsecececsscocticeaevasscvess 96
aquaticus, Sminthurides .................. 95
armata, Protaphorura (Onychiurus)
89, 97
armatus, Achorutes (Hypogastrura) 97
CHIGia.! OTCHESCMA, |... lociecccecescsscssascsbas 96
domestica, Pseudosira (Sira) ............ 97
echidnus, Isotomurus ............c.ccceee 89
fimetarius, Onychiurus _.................. 97
flavescens, Orchesella .............eceeeeeees 101
PLASSOM WON GAIMUINA. (2 io. cccssectwTecvevecwestences 96
EEPISC AM EUNODIM i A Scascveccscasevesesectddastnnts 97

PAGE
hexfasciata, Entomobrya ................. 96 —
humicolay Uxenylla” Alyse tease daers 97

longicornis, Podura (Tomocerus) 89, 96
manubrialia, Achorutes (Hypogas-

1 Hrd DW 22D en a Soar ee ae i cee POs ls 97
Maritima, ANUTICA ........... eee eeceen eens 95
minor, Podura (Tomocerus) ............. 89
minuta, Dicyrtomina ..............c.cee 97
Mirabilis, METVCSIA! <!)e.csscscessscreeasetemaees 97
MUSCOTUM, NE@ANUTA ...........ceeeeeeeeeeeee 95
nivicola, Achorutes (Hypogastrura)

95, 97
palustris, Isotomurus ..............c..s000 95
papillatus, Proisotomurus ............... 89
quadrioculata, Neanura ................... 95
rufescens, Achorutes (Hypogastrura) 97
Sepulcralis, TSOTOMA (oi... .....cnecteessteeeeee 88
signata, Bourletiella (Smynthurus) 97
viaticus, Achorutes ................00005 94, 9%
villosa, Orchesella ..............0.s0000: 95, 96
viridis, Smynthurus ... 88, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98

MAMMALS (BATS).

auritus, “Plecotus: chs ss cageeckesokecee 83
‘barbastellus, Barbastella ....... We. aa oes 84
bechsteinii, Myotis ...............c.6000 Bee Ook
daubentonii, Myotis ...............cccceeeees 82
ferrum-equinum, Rhinolophus ......... 80
hipposideros, Rhinolophus ............... 80
leisleri, Ny ctalus © ..c......cc..cccscceecseenees 81
mystacinus, Myotis ............ceseeeeeeee 82
nettereri,) My.OUls) cosnceseondeencs ees 83
moctulla ANY Ctalusy) nee.c..0 csskcepusweceece neces 80
pipistrellus, Vespertilio ..........0......... 81
serotinus, Vespertilio .............c.c.cceee ee 81

FLOWERING PLANTS.

anglica, Cochlearia ............. a Mer og 69
argenteum, Leucadendron ............... 141
arvense, Melampyrum ...................0.: 19
barbata, ? Disa... 0. este ek mesvaseeneae ues 142
DEUMOLGES) CLCA ee. ccs em aussesscamncnadiones 142
calyptrata, Podalyria ...................6.. 141
capensis; Harveya: ) eee le 143
CErinthoides;)— EWiCa\ «.cs-ssee weet 143
Giliatay, Roe AST Ae. icon decepernets sete ee 143
COLDUTA.) (DISA. dodo. ee ee ee eee 142:
cristatum, Melampyrum. .................. 19
cyparissias, Euphorbia .................... 23
dardarii, Crataegomespilus ............. 23
distichum, Toxodium ...................0068 10
elliptica, (Garryay oO Fee aoe 8
foetidus, Helleborus ................c...00005 10
frutescens, Orpheum ...............0eeceeeeee 143
frutescens, Sutherlandia .................. 141
glandulosa, Ailanthus ..............c000 12
glomerata, Dactylis’ frase We,

gnaphaloides, Helipterum _............... 141

196

PAGE
Or AIMINMOM A) weDIS Al weesnces coonkatencceeee anes 142
jasminoides, Chironia ...................... 143
Hien atikoy bie nel 2H hin aif ye eae AB OME alah saab eine 72
TEONUPFUS VW WeONOUS) )isececcteseccuseoseeecer es 142
LithORALIS) GerSeluMiaL Us ccareeeesnc ne moacnaes yl
TAA CUUE HIE At, OAC] UIS eoushedsigoacsscnscuarehennnos 71
maritima, Triglochin ...................00 69
olusatrum, Smyrnium ................0.. 69
OMATAA GTS LETRA a letee sheen ti uc nace meee 71
patula, Campanula. ..............ccceceeeeens 415
perenne.) Molin fe.2--ses. eee Bs Saas ous 12
PAN WUKEMe Cs EPEC, Wee oeiscs.siencasgstaeneeestanee 142
PLinceps, SatyViUM ..n........ccceeceeeee ees 142
purpurea, Harveya ..........cceccecceeeeeee es 143
Pyramidalis, Orchis® ...................00.00+ 19
MEMOS ae sLT OUT a. ae seealnoneceoneeeeeses 18
rotundifolia, Drosera ..........c..ccccee sees 75
SaliGifOlivay ey SPIPACAy cies ueceesoreesccseesees 49
Svellata, SAY MORASS, Sosa sacde conde ncenecis sete 142
sylvatica, Pedicularis .................... 71
tuberosus, Lathyrus. ...............c:ccc0000 18
undulatum, Pittosporum .................. oL
umedo, ATDUIUS 9... cicis acc io cdecssuwecseds 48
unifolia, Adenandra .............c.ccceeee ee 143
vanhouttei, Spiraea ..........cccccceceeee ee 49
vulgare, LiIMONiUM .................ccee eee 69 .

FUNGI.

abietinus, Polystictus ..............00.0 78
_adiposus, IPOLiVDOLUS! Coss we
ACUSTUSs MOLY POLUS 2 «ccscscececccassetowacamee 77
albidus, POl]YPOLrUS ..........ccccceee eee ee es wink
amorphus, Polyporus ...................0065 77
QMMOSUS, asMOMES hy becca otinsaccesaceceuce acd 78
AMMNOsus, POLYVPOLTUS 2.0... cece cece eee ee es 44
argillacea, Clavaria ................0. 44, 718
aurantium, Scleroderma .................. 22
WANA GALA CUUNTA si Kerssacss soscscesbemesecs oe 78
ACIS, BOMCTUS! Yee cicas.zcceeccnaes sou tanecesee 77
Hevwilimas, Wemzites 2...0.ccc.c.cecssssvacsosenes 77
butyracea, Collybia. ............. cee 77
byamtii; Geaster .........ccccccccssssssceeeeees 18
caninus, Mutinus ..................... 44, 18
chrysospermum, Sepedonium .......... 78
cinnamomeus, Cortinarius ............... 17
citrinella, Mycema ...............ccecccees eens 771
concentrica, Daldinia .................. 68, 78
CLISD A ASDALASSIS rantesctceucadseuneccess 44, 78
MOMMETIUGA MRUSSULAY ws seeccssdseecsareceseeceeos' 77
fasciculare, Hypholoma. ................... TT
ferrugineum, Hydnum ..................... 78
flavobrunneum, Tricholoma ............ T7
TOTMICATUS, GEASTEL ..........cccccseceeeoneses 18
fulva, Amanitopsis .................00. Thay Hit
ml bOSay | TRAMVGUES keen: wevcesseeasheescencee 78
HirsubwmM, StCVEWIM «see eeic cee cec sce cen 78
hygrometricus, Astraeus ................- 18
impudicus, Ithyphallus ................... 44
INVOlUtUS, PaAXiUS ...........ccsecsccaceceees 17

laccata, Laccaria

maculata, Collybia ...........cccccccceseseees 7
melaleucum, Hydnum. ................0..8 78
merismoides, Phlebia .................. 44, 13
militaris, COrdyCepS ............cccceeeee eee 78
muscaria, AMAanita ..........ceceeeeee eee T7
obrusseus, Hygrophorus ............:....+. 71
ochroleuca, Russula ..............cc.ecee0eee 17
pantherina, Amanita .............cc:.00c008s 17
parasiticus, Boletus ...........c.ccccsecneeees 22
perennis, Polystictus .................. 44, 78
purpurea, Claviceps. ...............000 13, 78
pyriforme, Lycoperdon ...............:.... 78
quietus, Lactarius ............c.ccccescescsers 17
repandum, Hydnum. ................... 44, 18
rubescens, Amanita, ............0..000 Tay 7H
Tubescens, Trametes ...........cccsee00e0e 78
FULUS,. Lactatiu’s 2.5 -esscscoeesest te eee 7
rutilans, Tricholoma. .................:.:2. 17
sanguineus, Boletus .............:.cceceeeee Q1
sapinea, Flammula_ ................c00e cee 77
SAFCOIdeS, COPYNE | ....0.....ccecccsnecocreesees 78
Sscaber: | Boletus) ccicecwseuscccw sear eee 17
schweinitzii, Polyporus .................... 17
Stypticus, Pamus) tic ..cneeeee nesses 77
terrestris, Thelephora. .................0- 718
torminosus, Lactarius ....................5: 77
triplex, Geaster ....ccicccisecccere 24, 44, 78
tuberosa, Schlerotinia .............00...06 68
TUPpIS, . eaCtariise ee kee ce eee eee T7
umbrina, Imocybe. Wicitc..-c.tsccnsees al
undulata, RiziMaA ............c ese seeeee eee 18
variegatus, Boletus ................. Morte 77
versicolor, Polystictus .......:..i.c:0e.sce 78
versipellis, Boletus ............ccccsceeeeseers 77
Vietus, ) Wactarvuse <2 ceases aes rit
ViSCOS&a, CalOCePa .......ccc..c.ceseseeeeee 44, 718
vulgare, Scleroderma. ................. 715, 78
CRYPTOGAMS.
filiculoides, Azolla .................00 24, 38
horizontalis, Peltigera ...............00005 52
i MITES.
Crataeoie Mriophiyesy eccseeeeeeee eee 74
goniothorax, Eriophyes .................. 74
lapidarius, BiSCirus ..............c..ceee ee 96
macrochelus, Eriophyes ................... 74
macrorrhynchus, Eriophyes ........... 74
trilobius, Epitrimerus ...................... 74
NOT CLASSIFIED.
Flea (Hystrichopsilla talpae) ............ 52
Fossil (Micraster Sp.) .........ccccececeeeeees 20
Mycetozoon (Lycogala epidendrum) 7
Palmate Newt (Molge palmata) ...... 41
Phalangid (Platybunus triangularis) 96
Pseudoscorpion (Obisium maritimum) 96
Sporozoon (Glugea thysanurae) ........ 96
Sporozoon (Gregarina podurae) ....... 96

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CONTENTS.) 94 oe ©

is ree PACE
Officers and Council, ake ABP a: aes Seay ar ... Inside cover °
‘A. W. Dennis igs © rae: ee ie Oe ..: Frontispiece
Acknowledgment ate Rh pnts ey ees Neate ae ots ia
Objects, etc., of the Scan pete Aiea ema ieee ee
Officers and Council, See ee iNgemao hase ee ee A BE kc b T
Past Presidents... ae ae gta Sus Papeege Maer S
List of Members — ... ae ee pie She ech pes Ae il et ee

Check List of Members ...20 i. seen os Spe seen teak ps xx

Report of the Council ... ae acne eed sae uate eos SEVII
Treasurer’s Report ae ae Bn eee: wenn is ok

- Balanee-Sheet and Accounts a . XXXIV

‘A Short Account of ‘ The Bright tick er ‘Aberewocds and
Varieties of British Lycaenidae with Pent ae

on the Collector,’’ S. G. Castle Russell x
F. W. Frohawk (1861- 1947) ; pena i 4
The South Eastern Union of Scientific Shenae Pe Con- Taal

eress at Penbeee ee ae ioc to. ee te W. i.

Adkin ate: 6
Indoor Meetings es A ies si re sear 8:
Annual. Exhibition eae 0h ae ei aoe ie 24°
Annual Meeting aE eae st a, =a yt 53°
President’s Address Ae as oe ia ce ae 5a
Field Meetings : ses re 3 68
‘* British Bats,’’ J. ‘Fincham Turner... 19:
“An Introduction to to the Study of Collembola,”* Philip M. “Miles, ar
‘« Bird Photography without a. ‘Hide,’ W. H. Spredbury and si

W. J. Finnigan. 103

* Sex Attractant Principles of Moths, ” Dr Harold ‘King, E.R. S. 106
* Collecting Butterflies m India,”’ Lt.-Col. J. H. B. Lowe, R.E. 109.
‘* Some Preliminary Observ ations on Pieris meee § Pade Antony |

Thompson, ¥'.R.E.S. ‘ 115
‘3 eee prumaria Li,, its Variation and " Genetics,”” "Harold
Williams, LL. Ds ERE: 123
ns Spring Flowers of Cape Peninsula,’” Miss W. M. A. Brooke, ae
a bahanke: Experience with the. Army, ” FD. Buck .. : 145
‘‘ Some Notes on Observations of the Rhopalocera of South Italy
(1944-45),”” Raymond F, Haynes oes pe es
** Caloptilia Hiiba, a Genus of Tineina,”’ §. C. S. “Brown. Neh <4
«“ Notes on Collecting in Kent, 1946,” Cary Bull, B.A., M.B. 168
“ Entomological Reminiscences,’’ Major H. &. Fremlin, M. bas C. a ‘
L.R.O:P.) FREES. : 170
A Rey eta: of Folkestone,’’ A. McD. Morley, O.B.E., MAS: es

“The Kgeg- raft and larva of Culex,” J E J. Bunnett, M. A. Beira |. ee
Index fee ve 185

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