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Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

1959

20/6

November 1960

— 6.8. RATLE 9"

Trustees: S. N. A. JACOBS, S8.B.St.J., F.R.E.S.
R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.

Officers and Council for 1959

President :
F. T. VALLINS, A.C.I.I., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents :
N. E. HICKIN, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.; R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.

Treasurer:

J. L. HENDERSON,
6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey.

Secretary:

B. GOATER, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.,
71, Grants Close, Mill Hill East, London, N.W.7.

librarian:

T. R. EAGLES,
32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

Curator:

M. G. MORRIS, F.R.E.S.,
Dungallain Cottage, Oakwood Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Lanternist :

L. CHRISTIE,
137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, §.W.16.

Council:
G. J. ASHBY, F.R.E.S. D. LESTON, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
J. D. BRADLEY, F.R.E.S. J. L. MESSENGER, B.A.
R. G. CHATELAIN. M. G. MORRIS, F.R.E.S.
R. ELDON ELLISON, F.R.E.S. W. H. T. TAMS, F.R.E.S.
J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A.,
F.Z.S.

Editorial

Editor: F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S.
Assistant Editors: T. R. EAGLES; J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A.
Papers Panel: C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S.
T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.§ec., Ph.D., A.R.CS.,
M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. (ad hoc, Microlepidoptera
papers).

Proceedings & Transactions of
The South London Entomological
& Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
* Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959”

1959

The Society gratefully acknowledges the
receipt, through The Royal Society, of
a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £100
towards the cost of this Volume

NOVEMBER 1960

Published at the Society’s Rooms, Pepys House, 14 Rochester Row, Westminster,
London, S$.W.1, and Printed by T. Buncle and Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath

li

CONTENTS

Officers and Council, 1959
List of Plates

Objects, etc., of the Society
Instructions to Exhibitors
Instructions to Speakers
Past Presidents

List of Members—
(Alphabetical)

(Geographical)
Council’s Report for 1959

Treasurer’s Report for 1959

Obituaries—
Mr. F. T. Grant
Mr. R. Eldon Ellison

Indoor Meetings

Annual Exhibition

President’s Address

Field Meetings

Malayan Gliding Reptiles, The. M. W. F. Tweedie

Catalogue of Books in the Library, A. T. R. saskels
and F. T. Vallins .. a] #: ae es

Naturalist in the Kingdom of Kerry, A. H. C.
Huggins a vere *s site

Report on the Insects collected by the E. W. Classey
and A. E. Gardner Expedition to Madeira in
December 1957. A. E. Gardner ee

Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by
Buckler. G. M. Haggett

Book Reviews

Index

PAGE
Inside front cover

ill

lv

lv

Vv

vi
vil
XXV1
XXXV
D:O-0.41-<
xiii
xliv
i

24

58

73

97

104

176

184

207
215
219

VIII.

ili

LIST OF PLATES

Mir eed Grant |) 5... ak Aas ~ ... to face page xlili
Annual Exhibition, 3lst October 1959 ... toface page 29
Annual Exhibition, 31st October 1959 ... toface page 38
Field Meetings, Personalities... a ... toface page 76
Field Meetings, Parties ... *, aoe ... to face page 82
Common Flying Lizard and Kuhl’s Flying

Gecko, Malayan Gliding Reptiles ... to face page 100
Newly hatched young of Kuhl’s Flying Gecko

and eggs of the same animal, Malayan

Gliding Reptiles Oi dd BA ... to face page 101
Kuhl’s Flying Gecko (ventral surface) and

Paradise Tree Snake, A oi Rae

Reptiles mp oat an of . toface page 102
Larvae of British Pei not figured ES

Buckler nae : ate aoe . to face page 208
Larvae of British we Ia ete not figured a

Buckler its : , ss . to face page 212

INSTITUT

lv

OBJECTS & ACTIVITIES
OF THE SOCIETY

The Society has for its objects the promotion and advancement of
research in Biological Science, and its diffusion by means of meetings
at the Society’s Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions
and lectures, by public exhibitions, by field meetings, by the issue of
publications, the formation of typical collections and of a library, and
by such other means as the Council may from time to time determine.

Meetings. Indoor Meetings at Rochester Row are generally held
twice monthly, on second and fourth Thursdays at 6.30 p.m. Field
Meetings take place throughout the Summer.

The Council invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading
papers and exhibiting specimens,

The Society possesses representative collections of most orders of
insects and an extensive library. These are available at all Ordinary
Meetings. Members may borrow books at meetings or by post. Dona-
tions of suitable insects and books are much appreciated.

There is also a big collection of lantern slides, mainly of insects
in all stages, from which series may be borrowed. Microscopes are
available for home use.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Entrance Fee, 7/6. Ordinary Members, £1 : 11 : 6 p.a.; Country
Members, £1 : 1: O p.a.; all members under 21, 10/0 p.a. Life
Membership, Twenty Guineas.

COMMUNICATIONS

Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, B. GOATER, B.Sc.,
F.R.E.S., 71, Grants Close, Mill Hill East, N.W.7.

INSTRUCTIONS TO EXHIBITORS

(These apply to all meetings, not only to the Annual Exhibition.)

Attention to the following points will greatly add to the scientific
value of the exhibits and our Proceedings, besides assisting the Publica-
tion Committee in preparing the reports for publication, a task which,
in the past, has involved a quite unjustifiable amount of labour and
time.

LABELLING OF EXHIBITS.

Adequate labelling of all exhibits is essential; such labelling to
include :—

(a) name and address of exhibitor,

(b) order and name (generic and specific, with author of the
trivial name) of each species,

(c) locality (at least County or Country), or, in the case of bred
specimens, the place of origin,

(d) date (at least the month and year) of capture or breeding
(or, in the case of a series, first and last dates),

(e) any other information of scientific interest, such as
“Gynandromorph”’, etc., relating to any particular specimen.

REPORT FOR PROCEEDINGS.

A report, including all the points mentioned above for labelling,
and amplified to give short details of any special aberrations,
gynandromorphs (e.g. left side male, right side female), or other points
of interest, must be handed to the Recorder when the exhibit is taken
in (at the Annual Exhibition) or to the Editor (at Ordinary Meetings).

Such report must be written or typed (preferably typed) on
ONE SIDE OF THE PAPER ONLY, WITH A 2 INCH MARGIN ON THE
LEFT SIDE, witH AT LEAST pousiE SPACING BETWEEN LINES,
in the form used for the record in the Proceedings.

Where the author of a trivial name is not known, a blank space should
be left for its insertion, but every endeavour should be made to furnish
this in the first instance, to avoid misunderstandings.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SPEAKERS

Speakers wishing to submit papers for publication, after reading,
should give them to the Editor at the end of the meeting or send them
to him as soon as possible afterwards, for consideration by the Publica-
tion Committee of the Society.

Naturally, not all the papers read or talks given to the Society are
suitable for publication in the Transactions of the Society, and the
Council, acting through the Publications Committee, reserves the right
to refuse those papers it considers unsuitable.

The relevant Bye-law (26) (d) states that ‘‘all papers read or
announced at any meeting and accepted for publication in the Society’s
publications shall become the property of the Society, unless otherwise
stipulated before the reading or announcement thereof’’.

The Society will be very pleased to receive papers for consideration
that may be suitable for reading in title. These should be sent to the
Editor.

1872-4
1875-6
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886-7
1888-9
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906-7
1908-9
1910-11
1912-13
1914-15
1916-17
1918-19

1920-21
1922
1923-4
1925-6

1927-8

vi

PAST PRESIDENTS

. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.)

P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. WILLIAMS (dec.).

. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.).

. FICKLIN (dec.).
R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.)
R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.).
R. WELLMAN (dec.).

. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.).

. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

. R. BILLups, F.E.S. (dec.).
T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.).

. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.).
G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).
J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.).

. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.).

. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.).

. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.).

. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S.,
TROP, SEES.” (dec):
NOAD CLARK (dec.).

. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.).

. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.).
. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.).

W. J. Kay, F.ES.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).

POPE Hao PURPA YMOSHHR Wedd PWS

B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.)

Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.).
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
(dec.).

K. G. BLAtR, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.)

E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.).
N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
(dec.).

Ty
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,

FVE:S. (dee)):

. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.).

1929
1930
1930
1931

1932
1933

1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940

1941
1942
1943
1944

1945-46

1947
1948
1949
1950

H.

EF.
Ge
K
fle
C.
T:
E.
M.
F.
F.
H
E
ine
Ss.
R

W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.).
B. CARR (dec.).
N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. (dec.).

H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).
G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.0O.U.

R. EAGLES.

E. SyMs, F.R.E.S.

NIBLETT.

J. COULSON.

STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
A. COCKAYNE, D.M:., E-R.G.P:;

F.R.E.S. (dec.).

D. COOTE, F.R.E.S. (dec.).
WAKELY.

. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng:

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,

F.R.E.S.

Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,

L.

F.R.E.S.
T. FORD, B.A.

Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.).

J.

O. T. HOWARD, M.A.

Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,

Ak

E.
F

KBE. “CBS
A.F.C., F.R.E.S.
G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
EYZES.

W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

M:C., Dice

STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,

F.R.E.S.

F. D. Buck, A.M.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S.
Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.

B.
N.

Be

P. MOORE, B.Sc., D.Phil.,
F.R.E.S.

E. HICKIN,
F.R.E.S.
T. VALLINS, A.C.1.I., F.R:E:S.

Ph.D; “Ese:

vii

LIST OF MEMBERS
(Revised to 29th June 1960)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; bi, Biology; c, Coleoptera; cr,
Crustacea; d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology,
General; e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera;
l, Lepidoptera; mi Microscopy; ml, Micro-lepidoptera; mo, Mollusca;
n, Neuroptera; nat. hist, Natural History; nat. phot, Nature Photo-
graphy; od, Odonata; 00, Oology; orn, Ornithology; orth, Orthoptera;
r, Reptiles; rh, Rhopalocera; t, Trichoptera; z, Zoology.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
Including Honorary Members appointed under Bye-law 10(a), (Hon.);
and Special Life Members appointed under Bye-law 10(b), (S.L.).

DATE OF DATE OF

APPOINT- JOINING

MENT. SOCIETY. CLASS. NAME, ADDRESS AND INTERESTS.

28. 1.1960. 1909. Hon, Counson, F. J., ‘‘Burnigill’’, 24,
Springfield Avenue, Merton Park,
London, S.W.20. c, hem, I.

10” 9.1959. 1927. Hon. Eacrzs, T. R., Hon. Inbrarian, 32,
Abbey Road, Enfield, Middx. 1, e.
b, nat. hist.

10: 10,1951. 10. 1.1951.. Hon. Girronp; Watrrr §.,°R.F.D., No. 2,
Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A. 1.

28. 1.1960. 1916. Hon. Syms, HE. E., r.z..8., F.z.8., 22, Wood-
lands Avenue, Wanstead, London,
Elle “1, orth, od, ¢.

elivou. 12:10.1899., 8.0. “Care, Rey, HF. MM. B., aa. (u.6H.,
Martin’s Close, Mudeford, Christ-
church. Hants.” i.) 7.

1. 1.1951. 25. 1.1900. S.L. Day, F. H., F.n.5.8., Blackwell Lodge
West, Carlisle, Cumberland. 1, c.

1, 1.1953. 1902. S.L. Hare, E. J., c.B.E., ¥F.R.E.s., Harrow
Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. l.
1. 1.1959. 1908. S.L. Rinzy, Capt. N. D., c.B.z., F.R.E.S.,

F.z.S., Council, 7, McKay Road,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. 1.

LIFE, ORDINARY, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.

YEAR OF

ELECTION.

1957 Acassiz, D. J. L., Weald Cottage, Heyshott, Midhurst, Sussex.
c, l, ml.

1956 AxeEsTER, W. J., F.R.p.S., 1, Holland Court, Natal Road, Avon-
dale, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. nat. phot.

1956 Axrorp, D. V., 7, St. Martin’s Approach, Ruislip, Middx. 1.

YEAR OF Viii

ELECTION.

1951 Aan, P. B. M., M.B.E., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., No. 4, Wind-
hill, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. l.

1950 Axien, Miss D. M., ‘‘Cedars’’, Furzedown College, Wellham Road,
Tooting, London, S.W.17. nat. hist.

1943 ALLEN, DoNALD, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.E.S., 431, Streetsbrook Road,
Solihull, Warwickshire. hym, ent, 1, nat. phot, mt.

1951 Atuen, Rev. P. V. M., 1, Flint Cottages, Tunstall, nr. Sitting-
bourne, Kent. i.

1959 Auston, H. N. E., 31, Ebbisham Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. 1.

1956 AnsoreeE, Sir ERic, ©.8.1., ©.1.E., F.R.E.S., ‘‘Timbers’’, Welders
Lane, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks. l, c.

1953 Asanina, S., D.sc., Totsuka 3-chome, 123, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,
Japan. od.

1956 AsuBy, Miss F. A., 20, Westbrook Road, S.E.3. ce.

1953 AsuBy, G. J., F.R.E.8., Council, c/o Zoological Society of London,
Regent’s Park, London, N.W.8. ent.

1950 Asuwet., D. A., ‘‘Scolt’’, Parsonage Lane, Bishop’s Stortford,
Herts. g, od, hym, nat. phot,

1946 AstBury, C. F., c/o 69b, St. Helens Park Road, Hastings,
Sussex. l.

1957 Aston, A. E., B.A., F.R.E.S., 1, Aysgarth Road, Dulwich Village,
London, §.E.21. 1, d.

1934 Arxinson, J. L., No. 2, Gatcombe House, Littlehempston, Nr.
Totnes, Devon. l.

1952 Bartey, Karu EK. J., B.p.s. HON., 73, Botley Road, Oxford. l.

1952 Baker, B. R., B.sC., A.M.A., F.R.E.S., 7la, Berkeley Avenue,
Reading. l, f.

1939 Baxer, Major D. B., R.A.0.c., F.R.E.S., c/o 7, Tabor Court, Cheam,
Surrey. hym.

1953 Barer, J. A., B.A., 53, Cambridge Road, Middlesbrough, Yorks.
lt.

1947 Batrour-Browne, Prof., W. A. F., M.A., F.R.8.E., F.R.E.8., F.L.8.,
Brocklehirst, Collin, Dumfries. c.

1942 Banner, JOHN V., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Wykehurst,’’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton 6, Sussex. l.

1958 Baruam, C. S., B.sc., 19, Westbury Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. ec.

1953 Barton, Major B. C., 0.B.z., Castle Mead, Highcliffe, Christ-
church, Hants. l.

1948 Baxter, L. N., 16, Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7.
lL. breeding.

1948 Baxter, R. N., 16, Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7.
l. breeding.

1933 Baynes, E. S. A., 0.B.B., F.R.E.S., 2, Arkendale Road, Glena-
geary, Co. Dublin, Eire. l.

1954 Beravroy, S., B.So.(ENG.), A.M.I.E.E., F.R.P.S., F.R.E.S., 98, Tudden-

ham Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. ent.

YEAR OF 1x

ELECTION.

1957 Brrstry, W. N., M.sc., F.R.E.S., 26, The Grove, Addlestone, Wey-
bridge, Surrey. d.

1949 Bett, C. L., F.n.z.s., 23, Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol 6. 1.

1947 Brest, A. A., 131, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Weybridge,
Surrey. l.

1956 Brrv, H. W., Redclyffe, The Avenue, Walton Park, Clevedon,
Surrey. l.

1949 Birkett, Nevinrte L., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR. (CANTAB.), 3, Thorny
Hills, Kendal, Westmorland. l, c, d.

1949 Buatuwayt, C. S. H., m.a. (oxon), F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Amalfi,’ 27, South
Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. I.

1948 Braxtiz, A. D., ‘“‘ St. Marthas,’’? Braiswick, Colchester, Essex. I.

1926 Briss, A., ‘‘ Golden Mist,’? Whitford, near Axminster, Devon. 1.

1960 Butocxry, Air Vice Marshal P. S., c.B., c.B.E., B.A.. Vanfold, Fern-
hurst, Haslemere, Surrey. 1.

1959 Buunt, W. H., 106, Bardesley Green, Birmingham, 9. enf.

1925 Buyrn, S. F. P., 6, Hatherley Road, Winchester, Hants. lI.

1948 Borincsrokr AND St. JoHN, THr Viscountess (née FrRoHAwK,
Valezina), Essendene, Cavendish Road, Sutton, Surrey. nat.
hist, ent.

1948 Botton, E. L., Lyncombe, Stagbury Avenue, Chipstead, Sur-
TOY, EU

1948 Bowarer, Lt.-Col. W., M.c., B.D.8., T.D., D.L., 41, Calthorpe Road,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. 1, heredity.

1944 Bownpen, S. R., B.sc., A-R.c.S., F.R.E.S., 53, Crouch Hall Lane,
Redbourn, Herts. l, g.

1946 Boycor, B., 16, Highland Road, Chichester, Sussex. l.

1948 Boyes, J. D. C., B.sc., A.R.I.c., A.R.P.S., Wimborne, Millfields,
Nantwich, Cheshire. l.

1960 Braprorp, E. S., 124 Upper Street, London, N.1. ent, ml.

1946 Bravizy, J. D., F.rz.4.s., 538, Osterley Road, Isleworth, Middx. I.

1947 BretHerton, R. F., c.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Ottershaw Cottage, Otter-
shaw, Surrey. l.

1933 Brett, G. A., B.SC., A.R.C.8., D.I.C., F.R.E.8., 2, Claygate Lane,
Hinchley Wood, Esher, Surrey. ent.

1958 Briperes, Lt. Col. H. C., c/o Grindleys Bank, 54, Parliament
Street, London, S.W.1.

1940 Britten, H., M.M., F.R.H.S., F.INST.P.A., ‘“Newholme,”’ 21, Toller’s
Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. ent (Chalcididae).

1930 Brooxe, Miss W. M. A., F.u.s., Greenglade, Malvern Road,
Liss, Hants. ec, ent, b, marine life.

1954 Brown, F. C., F.z.s., 6, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey.

Giant Silk Moths.
Brusu, H. J., 3, Oakdene Road, Bookham, Leatherhead, Surrey.
ent.

BryorE, D., The Bungalow, Cliffe, Gt. Harwood, Blackburn, Lanes.
l, dip.

YEAR OF x
ELECTION.

1936

1955
1958

1946

1944
1948

1938

1947

1957
1953

1951

1948

Buck, F. D., a.m.1.pte.M., F.R.E.s., Hon. Editor, 36, Besant
Court, Newington Green Road, London, N.1. .

Buckter, H. A., Sutton Bassett, Market Harborough, Leics. |, ml

Burcess, Gp. Capt. L. W., 3.a., ‘‘Knoleforth’’, 1, Brittons Cot-
tages, North Weirs, Brockenhurst, Hants. 1.

Burxnarpt, Col. V. R., late n.a., D.S.0., 0.B.E., 86, Main Street.
Stanley, Hong Kong. 1.

Burns, B. S., 2, Mead Way, Fareham, Hants. I.

Burton, P. J., L.D.8., R.C.S.ENG., F.R.E.S., ‘“Paysanne,’’ Godshill-
wood, near Fordingbridge, Hants. lI.

Bourton, R. J., L.D.8., B.C.S.ENG., Dinky Cottage, 4, Stanwav
Road, Stanton, nr. Broadway, Worcs. l.

Bussripvce, W. E., Firwood, 4, Mount Harry Road, Sevenoaks.
Kent. 1.

Busy, D. J. B., 20, Brockenhurst Road, Addiscombe, Surrey. l.

Burterrietp, A. W., 124, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, London,
B.11.° 0.

Byers, F. W., 59, Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. I.

CaLDERARA, P., A.M.1.E.E., ‘‘Stratton Lodge’’, 26, Manor Road,
Barnet, Herts. 1, c.

CamppeLt, A. M. G., M.A., D.M., F.R.c.P., 79, Pembroke Road,
Clifton, Bristol, 8. ent.

Caruer, Stuart E. W., F.R.£.8., 6, Warwick Buildings, Warwick
Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. l, c.

Carotsretp-Kravse, A. G., Slotsherrens Have 97, (Kobenhavn)-
Vanlose, Copenhagen, Denmark. l.

Carter, ©. I., 42, Home Close, Long Lane, Heronsgate, Rick-
mansworth, Herts. ent. arachnology.

Carter, R. A., M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P., F.Z.8S., 72, Panton St., Cam-
bridge. c.

Carrer, Lt. Col. W. A. C., Briarfields, Sandels Way, Beacons-
field, Bucks. l.

Cuatmers-Hunt, J. M., F.R.5.s., 70, Chestnut Avenue, West
Wickham, Kent. l.

Cratenain, R. G., 65, East Drive, St. Mary Cray, Kent. l.

CurrererrieLp, H. E., ¥.R.5.8s., 27, Chilton Avenue, Stowmarket,
Suffolk. lep, hym, col.

Curistiz, J., 137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, S.W.16. d.

Curistir, L., Lanternist, 137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham,
S.W.16. ent.

Crark, J., 7, Park Road, Bognor Regis, Sussex. ent.

Crarke, C. ASTLEY, M.D., F.R.0.P. (Lond.), High Close, Thorsway,
Caldy, Cheshire. lI.

Cuassny, E. W., ¥.R.8.s., 22, Harlington Road East, Feltham,
Middlesex. l.

Circe, J., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.
aquatic insects.

YEAR OF xi

ELECTION.

1934 Cote, G. A., M.A. F.c.4., Abinger Manor Cottage, Abinger Com-
mon, Dorking, Surrey. l.

1953 Coteriper, W. L., The Gnoll, Bishops Teignton, nr. Teignmouth,
S. Devon. ent, orn.

1946 ConireR, Major A. E., M.c., B.A., F.R.E.S., Lynher, Horsham Rd.,
Cranleigh, Surrey. 1.

19386 Cooper, B. A., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., Entomology Dept.,

Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby. c (Elateroidea), ecology,
ec. ent, 1, nat. phot. (Life Member).

Cornetivs, J. A., B.sC., A.R.I.0., 15, Ringmore Rise, Forest Hill,
London, §.E.23. .

Coucuman, L. E., rF.Rn.5.8., 35, Browne Street, West Hobart,
Tasmania. l.

Court, T. H., F.n.c.s., ‘‘The Pingle’’, Mill Road, Market Rasen,
Lincs.

Cox, W. A. A., 65, Bamford Road, Bromley, Kent. ent.

Coxry, S., ‘‘Balcombe’’, 109, Regent Road, Bolton, Lancs. 1.

Coxon, G. F., ‘“‘The White Cottage’, Weald, Sevenoaks, Kent.
ent, nat. hist.

Cramp, A. C., 11, Craigton Road, Eltham, London, §.H.9. arach.

Cramp, J. K., 60, Stillness Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23.
nat. hist.

Craske, R. M., 22, Edge Street, Campden Hill, London, W.8. ené.

Cravrurp, Cuirrorp, ‘‘Denny,’’ Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. l.

Crewpson, R. C. R., F.R.£.8., ‘‘ The Grange,’’ Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. l.

Cripps, C. H., m.a., Bulls Head Farm, Eakley Lanes, Stoke Gold-
ington, Newport Pagnell, Bucks. l, rh. (Infe Member.)

Cross, D. J., 62, Upper Poole Road, Dursley, Glos. hym.

Cross, G. S. E., A.c.t.s.1nc., 81, Avenue Road, Finchley,
London, N.12. I.

Crow, P. N., F.R.E.8., ¢/o Westminster Bank, Ltd., Harpenden,
Herts. l.

CrutrweEt., G. H. W., Old Ford House, Frome, Somerset. ent.

Cur, P., ‘‘ Lhasa,’? Malvern Road, Ashford, Kent. ent.

Cumtine, N. Str. J., 82, Maldon Road, Colchester, Essex. I, c.

CunnincHaM, D., m.A., 42, Rae Street, Dumfries. I, flora.

Curtis, A. E., F.R.8.8., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood,
Billingshurst, Sussex. l.

Curtis, W. PARKINSON, F.R.E.S., M.S.B.E., Ladywell Cottage, Tower
Road, Branksome Park, Bournemouth, Hants. I.

Daciz, J. V., m.p., 10, Alan Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19. 1.
Daty, D. W., P.O. Box 1670, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. ent.
Dansy, G. C., 11, Devon Road, Cheam, Surrey. l.

Davipson, W. F., F.c.s., 9, Castlegate, Penrith, Cumberland. 1, c.
Davis, G. A. N., M.B.C.S., L.R.c.P., Holt Wood, Aylesford, Kent. 1.

YEAR OF Xil
ELECTION.

1933

1930

1947

1958

1945
1958

1937

1960
1959
1949
1945
1945
1933
1960
1937
1982
1947

1945

1946

1947

1955

1947
1946

DemutH, R. P., M.A., L.R.1.B.4., ‘‘Watercombe House’, Water-
lane, Oakridge, Stroud, Glos. l.

Denvit, H. G., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Council, 4, Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey. l, ¢

Dewick, A. J., Curry Farm, Bradwell-on-Sea, Southminster,
Essex. l.

Ditton, T. J., 4, Alleyn Crescent, West Dulwich, London,
S.E.21. lL.

Dixon, C. H., Northbrook Farm, Micheldever, Hants. enf.

Dotirmore, G. F., Willerby, Ashley Park Estate, St. Ives, Ring-
wood, Hants. l.

Dotton, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. I.

Downers, Cdr. A. §., D.S.0., R.N., Southways, Montserrat Road,
Lee-on-Solent, Hants. ent, orn.

Duvsripce, B. J., B.a., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

Durrtietp, C. A. W., M.c., J.P., F.R.E.8., Pickersdane, Brook, near
Ashford, Kent. 1, c, hem, homoptera.

Dunn, T. C., B.sc., D.T., P.t., The Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Co.
Durham. 1, esp. ml.

Dyson, R. C., N.p.H., F.R.E.8., 112, Hollingbury Park Avenue,
Brighton 6, Sussex. 1.

Easton, N. T., p.F.a#., Westbury, West End Road, Mortimer,
Berks. 1, g, nat. phot.

Espace, I., 51, Cholmley Park, Highgate, N.6._ I.

Epmonps, M. H., 938, Warwick Road, Solihull, Warwicks. ent.

Epwarps, F. H., Rockfield, Abbey Road, Worthing, Sussex. I.

Epwarps, G. Gravetry, Talbot Croft, St Albans, Herts. lI.

Epwarps, R. C., Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. ent.

Exeoop, W. S., m.A., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. l.

ELierton, Capt. J., D.S.0., R.N., Cherry Hay, Meopham, Kent. I.

Emery, B., F.R.8.8., Brocks Ghyll, Newick, Sussex. 1.

Ennis, L. H., r.c.a., Southery, Milbourne Lane, Esher, Surrey. 1.

Evans, Miss E., c/o Royal Entomological Society of London, 41,
Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. nat. hist.

Evans, L. J., 73, Warren Hill Road, Birmingham 23. 1.

FarrctoucnH, R., ‘‘Blencathra’’, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey.
ent.

Farwett, I. G., r.n.b.8., ‘“Mayfield Villa’’, Portmore, Lymington,
Hants. 1.

Fearnenovues, T. D., A.met., 13, Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Nr.
Sheffield. 1.

Frmnpen, G. Sr. Cratr, c/o Lloyds Bank, Exeter. ent.

Fereuson, L. F., u.p.s., p.c.8., ‘‘ Harley House,’’ Gloucester
Road, Teddington, Middlesex. c.

YEAR OF Xill

ELECTION.

1930 Ferrier, W. J., F.R.E.s., 86, Portnalls Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.
l.

1940 rrennetL, D. W. H., Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester, Hants. l.

1955 Frrmin, JoSEPH, F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U., 12, Worthington Way, Lexden,
Colchester, Essex. l.

1943 Forp, E. B., M.A., D.sc., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., The University Museum,
Oxford. ent, g.

1920 Forp, L. T., B.a., 28, Park Hill Road, Bexley, Kent. l.

1960 Forp, R. L. E., F.R.5.8s., F.z.s., Dunkeld, Park Hill, Bexley,
Kent. ent.

1939 Forster, H. W., 32, Park Mead, Harlow, Essex. c.

1915 Foster, T. B., ‘‘Downlands’’, 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. l.

1948 Fraser, Lt.-Col. F. C., 1.M.8.RETD., M.D., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.8., 55, Glenferness Avenue, Winton, Bournemouth,
Hants. od, n.

1948 Frazer, J. F. D., M.A., D.M., PH.D., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Stone House,
Harbourland, Boxley, Maidstone, Kent. rh, r.

1946 Friepiern, A. I. E., ‘“‘St. Andrews’’, 85, Priests Lane, Shenfield,
Brentwood, Essex. l.

1958 Frirenp, M. J., 160, Brockenhurst Avenue, Worcester Park,
Surrey. l, ent.

1951 Frowawk, Mrs. M. J., Essendene, Cavendish Road, Sutton,
Surrey. ent, nat. hist.

1959 GarpineR, B. O. C., 48, Woodlark Road, Cambridge. l.

1947 Garpner, A. E., F.R.E.S., Council, 29, Glenfield Road, Banstead,
Surrey. od, l.

1952 Garuann, W. A., 1, Testard Road, Guildford, Surrey. rh.

1954 Gerrarp, B. McC., 68, Fern Lane, Heston, Hounslow, Middx. ent.

1950 Gent, P. J., 38, Irthlingborough Road, Wellingborough,
Northants. l.

1952 Gituman, Lt.-Col. H. C. R., M.B.£., B.A., Maddington Manor,
Shrewton, Wilts. ent.

1950 GoateR, B., B.sc., F.R.E.S., Hon. Secretary, 71, Grant’s Close,
Mill Hill East, N.W.7. 1, orn, Db.

1936 Goopsan, B. S., 99, Lime Grove, Eastcote, Ruislip, Middx. 1.

1957 GoopprENn, R. C., Seafields House, Charmouth, Dorset. 1.

1935 GoopuirrEL, F. D., m.a., Lord Wandsworth College, Long Suttou,
Basingstoke, Hants. ec. ent, d (Chloropidae), ¢ (Dytiscidae).

1942 Goopson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. I.

1955 Gooseman, M. P., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Lonicera’’, Bottesford Road, Bottes-
ford, Scunthorpe, Lincs. I, c.

1949 Goutp, A. W., 30, Shooters Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.3. cc.

1936 Gow1nc-Scorpes, E., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Oakhurst’’, Oakwood Road,
Crofton, Orpington, Kent. c.

1958 GreEeNnwoop, J. A. C., 0.B.E., F.R.E.S., Woodcote, Horsell Park,

Woking, Surrey. l.

YEAR OF xiv

ELECTION.

1950 Greenwoop, K. C., m.B., cH.B., ‘‘ Rydal,’”’ 1, Conyers Avenue,
Birkdale, Southport, Lancs. 1, ml.

1953 Grirritus, G. C. D., F.R.E.s., 13, Woodlands Avenue, Finchley,
London, N.3. d (Agromyzidae)

1957 Groves, E. W., 148, Carshalton Park Road, Carshalton, Surrey.
hem, d, hym. ec.

1950 Guiry, J. G., Howells Bank Farm, Ringmer, Sussex. l.

1955 Gurpon, J. B., Furnell House, Frensham, Surrey. l.

1958 GysrtMANn, Miss Y. P., Chy-an-Gwel, Crippas Hill, St. Just, nr.
Penzance, Cornwall. 1, c.

1947 Hacerrtt, G. M., F.x.£.s., 1, Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. l, ent.

1953 Hay, D. G., 34, Ellerton Road, Wandsworth Common, London,
S.W.18. oc.

1949 Hawt, Stewart Scort, c.B., M.SC., F.R.AE.S., 9, Laurel Court,
Hawthorne, Melbourne, E.3, Australia. 1.

1955 Haustgeap, D. G. H., 1, Barry Avenue, Windsor, Berks. c.

1944 Hammonp, H. E., F.n.u.s., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham 27
Ll, ent.

1959 Hammnonp, N., 121, Crofton Park Road, London, §.E.4. arach.

1949 Hanson, S. M., F.R.£.8., 11, The Close, Spring Grove Road, Isle-
worth, Middx. 1. (Life Member.)

1948 HarsottrtE, The Rev. A. H. H., m.a., 6, Ranelagh Grove, St.
Peters, Broadstairs, Kent. 1.

19438 Harps, C. H., F.n.z.s., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, London,
Ee pe bo Aaa

1956 Harpy, D. E., District Bank House, Heswall, Wirral, Cheshire. l.

1943. Harper, Comdr. G. W., RB.N., F.R.E.8., Neadaich, Newtonmore,
Inverness-shire, Scotland. l.

1954 Harper, M. W., Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, Scot-
land. U, ent.

1936 Harris, W. H. A., ‘‘ Kemel,’’ Oak Tree Close, Stanmore, Middle-
sex. l,

1951 Harrison-Gray, M., 14a, Lancaster Grove, London, N.W.3.
Saturnudae.

1953 Harvey, J. G., s.z.n. (Staff), R.A.F. Hospital, Ely, Cambs. c.

1924 Hawkins, C. N., F.R.E.s., 23, Wilton Crescent, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.19. J, ¢, g.

1958 Haxsy, C. R., 4, Windermere Terrace, Bradford, 7. ent.

1938 Haynes, R. F., 29, Fairfield Drive, Dorking, Surrey. l.

1923 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.5.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.8., Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo, 205, Tucuman, Republica Argentina.
l, orn, c.

1954 Heatu, JoHNn, F.R.E.S., c/o The Nature Conservancy, Merlewood
Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Lancs. ml.

1920 Hemminc, A. FRANCIS, C.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.8., F.R.E.8., 28, Park

Village East, Regents Park, London, N.W.1. 1.

YEAR OF xv
ELECTION.

1924

1951
1954

1946

1931

1946

1948

1956

1948

1945

1949
1959

1953

1956

1950

1945
1927

1953
1931
1934
1947
1957

1933
1950

1953

1950

Henverson, J. L., Hon. Treasurer, 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley,
Surrey. c.

Herputor, C., 31, Av. d’Eylau, Paris 16e, France. l.
Hervey, The Rev. Canon G. A. K., mM.a.(oxon.), Great Salkeld
Rectory, Penrith, Cumberland. ent, orn, b.

Hesuop, Mrs E. A., ‘‘ Belfield,’? Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea,
Somerset, lL. nat. hist.

Esnor..]. Be VP. M.A) RRB SY “Belfield’’> Poplar Road,
Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 1, nat. hist.

Hewson, F., F.R.8.s., 23, Thornhill Drive, Gaisby, Shipley,
Yorks. l, hym. parasitica.

Hicxin, N. E., PH.D., B.Sc., F.B.E.S., Council, Home Farm,
Fetcham, Surrey. t.

Hieeins, W. J., Standard Nursery, Old Worthing Road, East
Preston, Sussex. l.

Hiuuasy, J. D., ¥F.z.s., F.R.E.S., 85, Cholmley Gardens, London,
N.W.6. ent.

Hinton, H. E., Pu.p., B.sc., F.R.E.S., Department of Zoology,
Bristol University, Bristol, Glos. ent.

Hoare-Warp, J. W., Box’s Farm, Horsted Keynes, Sussex. 1.

Hockine, Miss S. K., Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort
Road, London, 8.W.7. ent, arach.

HopcGKINSON, ALEXANDER, A.R.C.A., 12, Kitson Road, Barnes,
London, S.W.13. 1.

Homer, T. J. G., M.A., A.M.Inst?.T., Yelton Hotel, Hastings,
Sussex. l.

HoNneEYBOURNE, T. J., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Laceys,’? 97, Birchwood Road,
Wilmington, Dartford, Kent. l.

Howarp, A. P., 65 Hale Lane, London, N.W.7. ent.

Howarp, J. O. T., m.a., Council, Wycherley, Deepdene Wood,
Dorking, Surrey. l.

Howarty, Mrs. Hewen, ‘‘Arrochar’’, Barnet Gate, Arkley,
Herts. 1, b.

Howarrn, T. G., B.E.M., ¥F.B.E.S., F.Z.s., ‘Arrochar’, Barnet
Gate, Arkley, Herts. l.

Hueeins, H. C., F.n.u.8., 65, Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-
Sea, Essex. l, ent.

Humpurey, 8. W., Pear Tree House, Roade, Northamptonshire.
l, rh. (Life Member.)

Hurworrn, P., 10, Linden Grove, Rumney, Cardiff. rh. c.

Hurcuines, H. R., 127, Chadacre Road, Stoneleigh, Surrey. 1.

Hype, G. E., r.x.u.s., ‘‘Pantiles’?, Warnington Drive, Bessacarr,
Doncaster, Yorks. 1, od.

Hypr, R. A., ‘‘ Woodside,’? Reading Road, Finchampstead,
Berks. c.

Hype-Wvatt, B., 108, Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey.
Oise; ts

YEAR OF Xvi

ELECTION.

1956 Imper, S. F., 241, Mayall Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. rh.

1953 Ives, Major D. H., r.a., Highbreak, Princes Road, Rhuddlan,
Flintshire. l.

1956 Jackson, Miss D. J., North Cliff, St. Andrews, Fife. c, hym. par.

1940 Jackson, Capt. Recrnatp A., C.B.E., R.N., F.B.E.S., Middle
Farm House, Codford St. Mary, Warminster, Wilts. ent, lI.

1923 Jacogs, S. N. A., 8.B.87.J., ¥.R.E.8S., Trustee, ‘“‘Ditchling’’, 54,
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ml, eml.

1955 Jacosy, M. C., 231, Cauldwell Hall Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. ent.

1948 Janson, D. B., 44, Great Russell Street, London, W.C.1. ent.
(Iafe Member).

1925 Jarvis, C. MacKecunig, F.L.s., 19, Sloane Gardens, London,
SAW .L, G

19388 Jarvis, F. V. L., B.sc., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Corbiére’’, 33, Greencourt
Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex. Jl, g.

1947 Jay, E. P., Surrey Cottage, Littlehampton, Sussex. l.

1951 Jerrerson, T. W., 37, Riversdale Terrace, Sunderland, Co.
Durham. l.

1948 Jxrrrs, G. A. T., Nunsholme, Nuns Corner, Grimsby, Lincs. 1, ent.

1958 JENNER, D., Walnut Row, Park Farm, Larkfield, Maidstone,
Kent. ent.

1957 JoHNson, Major F. L., M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S., 25, Fermoy Road,
Thorpe Bay, Essex. rh.

1945 Jounson, Major-General Sir GrorcEe F., K.C.v.0., ©.B., C.B.E.,
p.8.0., Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumberland. l, orn.

1956 Kertru-JoHnston, Corin, 350, Finchley Road, London, N.W.3. l.

1946 Kemp, J. K. C., 12, Nab Wood Crescent, Shipley, Nr. Bradford,
Yarks; ot:

1956 Kennarp, H. A., Torns, Ashburton, Devon. 1, ml.

1943 Kersuaw, Col. S. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. 1.

1928 KetrttewELt, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.8., Dept. of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford. g, l.

1947 KurmescH, J., Donatusgasse 4, Linz-a-Donau, Austria. ml.

1944 Kuort, G. S., F.z.S., F.R.E.S., 4, Devonshire Park Road, Daven-
port, Stockport, Cheshire. ent.

1955 Kuors, Prof. ALEXANDER B., B.S8., M.S., PH.D., 215, Young Avenue,
Pelham, New York, U.S.A. 1, systematics, ecology.

1959 Kwnicut, J. E., Doughlan Cottage, Ross-on-Wye, Herefs. 1.

1958 Knua-Jones, R. P., Brooklands, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. l.

1959 Lang, C. F., 55, Garlichill Road, Epsom Downs, Surrey. l.

1947 Lanrgar, A. H., ‘‘ Highclere,’’ 20, South Eastern Road, Rams-
gate. Kent. l.

1951 Lanemaip, J. R., B.A., M.B., B.CHIR., 9, Craneswater Park, South-

sea, Portsmouth, Hants. l.

YEAR OF xvii
ELECTION.

1956
1941

1946

1927
1957

1952

1952
1948

1947
1951
1933
1937
1948
1960
1948
1960
1948
1950
1959
1957

1954

1958
1953
1952
1950
1952
1960
1949

1931

1956

Laneron, P. H., 17, First Avenue, Charmondean, Worthing. , l.

Last, H. R., F.z.z.s., 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey.
@, te

Latuam, F. H., F.r.u.s., ‘‘The Elms’’, Mapplesborough Green,
Redditch, Worcs. 1.

Lawson, H. B., ‘‘ Churchmead,” Pirbright, Surrey. l.

Lawson, P. H., 3.4a., ‘“The Mount’’, Chobham, nr. Woking,
Surrey. l.

Lercuo, M. J., ‘‘ The Spinney,’’ Freshfield Road, Formby, Nr.
Liverpool. l, c.

Lezs, F. H., r.z.z.s., ‘‘ The Gables,’’ Maidencombe, Torquay. l.

Leston, D., F.z.s., F.R.E.S., 44, Abbey Road, London, N.W.8.
hem. (Infe Member.)

Lewis, E., F.R.z.s., 8, Parry Road, South Norwood, London,
Oy a

Line, R. B., The Severells, Rectory Lane, Sidcup, Kent. l.

LiescomeE, Maj.-Gen. C. G., H.Q., J.S.L.0., Bonn, Germany. l.

Lisnry, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Dune Gate,’’ Clarence
Road, Dorchester, Dorset. l.

LuEWELYN, Mrs. J. R., B.sc. (HORT.), F.R.E.S., 38, Fernleigh Rise,
Ditton, Maidstone, Kent. ent.

Luoyp, D. M., 134, Elgor Avenue, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey.
be Gs

Locxineton, N. A., M.A., A.R.I.c., 19, Spring Grove, Loughton,
Essex. ent.

Lorimer, J. A., B.A., M.B., B.cHIR., Roycroft, 23, King’s Avenue,
Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 1.

Lorimer, R. I., 8, Southway, Totteridge, N.20. l.

Lovett, R., 27, Athenaeum Road, Whetstone, London, N.20. l.

Lurr, M. L., Flat 3, 8, The Downs, Wimbledon, London, S.W.20.
¢.

LyeatE-Bett, H. G., 74, Belgrave Avenue, Watford, Herts.
l, orn.

Lyon, F. H., M.B.E., F.R.E.S., Green Headland, Sampford Peve-
rell, Tiverton, Devon. l.

MocCizgery, Dr. C. H., 22, Whitwell Way, Coton, Cambridge. ent.

McCuvure, A. M., Bowyers Court, Wisborough Green, Sussex. l.

McCraz, A. W. R., P.O. Box 41, Kampala, Uganda. l.

McDermott, Miss C. A., ‘‘ The Dene,’’? Borough Green, Kent. rh.

Mack worrtu-Prarp, C. W., F.R.E.8., Castletop, Burley, Hants. ent.

Mackwortu-Prarep, H. W., Tunbarr, Headley, Epsom, Surrey. 1.

Macnicou, D. A. B., M.B., cH.B., 52, St Albans Road, Edinburgh
9. l. ml.

MacNuttry, B. J., PH.D., B.S.C., F.R.1.c., Recorder, 74, High Bridge
Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex. 1.

Matrnann-SuitH, Capt. Grratp, 2/10 P.M.O., Gurkha Rifles,
Falis, Claremont Road, Claygate, Surrey. 1.

XRAR OF XVili
RLECTION.

1949
1945

1956

1932
1930

1956

1950
1922

1960
1959
1955

1947

1951
1946

1952

1946

1951

1951
1945
1938
1952

1957

1946

1947

1947

1951
1949

Mantey, G. E. L., 151, Ebury Street, London, 8.W.1. l.

Mantey, Lt.-Col. W. B. L., F.R.u.s., Greenways, Shoreham Rd.,
Otford, Kent. ent.

ManseELt, G. H., 28 Dorset Road, Merton Park, London, $.W.19.
l.

Marcon, Rev. J. N., Loxwood Vicarage, Billingshurst, Sussex. J.

Marsa, Capt. Duprey G., ‘‘White Gates’, Wingham Rd., Little-
bourne, Nr. Canterbury, Kent. 1.

Marsu, Capt. J. C. S., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s & King’s
Branch, 6, Pall Mall, S.W.1. l.

Martin, E. L., 35, Goddington Road, Bourne End, Bucks. 1, t.

MassgzE, A. M., 0.B.E., D.S.C., F.R.E.S., Vice-President, Kast
Malling Research Station, Kent. hem, c, acarina.

Masvrier, P. te, Alt na Craig, Aviemore, Inverness-shire. 1, ent.

MarueEson, I. C. C., 109, Alleyn Park, West Dulwich, S.1.21. 1.

Martuews, D. P. L., t.p., Flat 5, 51, Cadogan Place, London,
S.W.1. l.

Maxwe.LL, Sir Recinatp M., M.A., G.C.1.E., K.0.8.1., Barford
House, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hants. ent.

May, J. T., Homeland, Beech, Alton, Hants. l.

MeEttows, CHarues, Alliott House, The College, Bishop’s Stort-
ford, Herts. 1, hym.

Menzigs, I. S., ‘‘Eden Roc’’, Florida Road, Ferring-by-Sea,
Sussex. c, 1, orth.

Mere, R. M., F.R.£.8S., Trustee, President, Mill House, Chidding-
fold, Surrey. l.

Messencer, J. L., B.a., Council, Stonehaven, Wormley Hill,
Witley, Surrey. 1.

Micuat.is, H. N., 10, Didsbury Park, Didsbury, Manchester 20. lL.

MicHaup, J., PH.D., 22, Routh Road, London, S.W.18. ent.

Minnion, W. E., 40, Cannonbury Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex. l.

Montcomery, Major J. R. P., m.c., 17 Parachute Bn. (9D.L.I.)
T.A., Burt Terrace Drill Hall, Gateshead, Co. Durham. l.

Moon, H. N., 319, Coniscliffe Road, Darlington. rh.

Moors, B. P., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., C.S.I.R.O. Divn. of Industrial
Chemistry, P.O. Box 4331, G.P.O., Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia. od, c.

Moorz, D. R., Manor Cottage, Blackthorne, nr. Bicester, Oxon.
lL. (Life Member.)

Moprerr, A. A., B.A., 39, Fairdale Gardens, Hayes, Middlesex.
ent.

More, D., The Little House, Hockley Road, Rayleigh, Essex. ent.

Morean, H. D., F.R.8.8., 110 Victoria Avenue, Porthcawl, Glam.
ent.

YEAR OF xix
ELECTION. ;
1920 Morison, G. D., B.sC., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entomo-

1930

1953

1945

1957
1960

1949
1926
1950
1945

1930
1953

1955
1958

1938

1932

1934

1943

1952
1945

1958
1942
1946
1949
1950
1940

1957

logy, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College,
Aberdeen, Scotland. ec. ent.

Morey, A. M., 0.B.E., M.A., F.R.E.S., 9, Radnor Park West,
Folkestone, Kent. l.

Morris, M. G., F.Rn.£.8s., Hon. Curator, Dungallain Cottage, Oak-
wood Road, Maidstone, Kent. 1.

Murray, Rev. D. P., F.r.u.s., The Lodge, Stoke Golding, Nr.
Nuneaton, Leics. l.

Murray, E. G., 22, Evelyn St., Deptford, London, S.E.8. 1.

Myers, A. A., 34, Crundale Avenue, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9.
L,.ec, 0.

Newman, D. E., 4, Andrew Road, Wallingford, Berks. 1.

Newman, L. Hues, F.R.£.s., Betsoms, Westerhorn, Kent. l.

Newton, J., B.sc., 11, Oxlease Close, Tetbury, Glos. l.

Newton, J. L., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 8, Stainburn Crescent,
Leeds 17. l, b.

Nisitert, M., F.R.E.s., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

Nissen, C. L., F.n.z.s., Flat 10, 250, South Norwood Hill, Lon-
don, S.E.25. l.

Nosiez, F. A., 2, Newton Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham, 11. 1.

Noupz, W. F., 83, Hazelbank Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. c.

Opp, D. A., F.z.s., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Herons Ghyll’, Stall House Lane,
North Heath, Pulborough, Sussex. 1.

O’FarreL1, A. F., B.sc., A.B.0.8., F.R.E.S.. New England Univer-
sity, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia. od, cr, ent.

Oxiver, G. B., ‘‘Corydon’’, Amersham Road, Hazlemere, High
Wycombe, Bucks. l.

Oxiver, G. H. B., ‘“‘Corydon’’, Amersham Road, Hazlemere,
High Wycombe, Bucks. l.

Ousmn, E. T., Hersegade 5, Roskilde, Denmark. ml.

OweEN, Goprrey V., Orford, 63, Manor Park Road, West Wick-
ham, Kent. l.

ParntTeR, H. L., ‘‘Forsters’’, West Malling, Kent. 1.

Parrirt, R. W., ‘‘Penpethy’’, Manor Rd., Farnborough, Hants. I.

PaRMENTER, L., F.R.E.S., 94, Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath,
Surrey. d. (life Member.)

Parsons, R. E. R., F.R.u.s., 1.P., Woodlands Lodge, Woodlands
Close, Ottershaw, Surrey. l.

Payne, J. H., 10, Ranelagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants.
rh, breeding.

Payne, R. M., 8, Hill Top, Loughton, Essex. c, od, orth, b.
(Infe Member.)

Pearce, C. J., 2, Head Street, Rowhedge, Colchester, Essex.
ent.

YEAR OF Ee

ELECTION.

1955 Prarson, A. J. R., Dower Cottage, Feering, Colchester, Essex.
rh.

1959 Pret, T. N. D., Beaconswood, Rednal, nr. Birmingham. l.

1940 Pre~uam-Cuinton, Epwarp C., F.R.E.s., 34, Craigmillar Park,
Edinburgh, 9. l.

1958 Penrose, R. J., 86, Mildred Avenue, Watford, Herts. ent.

1928 Perkins, J. F., B.sc., F.R.E.S., 95, Hare Lane, Claygate,
Surrey. hym.

1944 Perry, K. M. P., 15, Roundwood Way, Banstead, Surrey. c.

1950 Prrers, WALLACE, M.B., B.S., M.B.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 175,
Lauderdale Mansions, London, W.9. ené, lL.

1946 Puetrs, C. C., M.B.z., 4, Queensberry House, Friars Lane, Rich-
mond, Surrey. l.

1958 Puitiurrs, Miss A., 56, Park Avenue, Maidstone, Kent. c.

1960 Putts, A. F., 117, Engadine Street, Southfields, London,
S.W.18. 1.

1958 Puriups, J. H. C., m.A., F.R.c.S., 29, Headlands, Kettering,
Northants. l.

1945 Puitpott, V. W., F.R.E.S., Melcombe Cottage, Broadmayne,
Dorset. 1.

1933 PinniceR, E. B., F.R.5.s., ‘‘Littlecote’’, 19, Endlebury Road,
Chingford, London, E.4. od, n, l.

1960 PuxuantRov, J. E., 57, Boulevard Murat, Paris 16. 1, rh.

1949 Puarrs, J. H., Green Shutters, Manthorpe Road, Grantham,
Lines. l.

1947 PonaceK, V. B., Brandys-nad-Labem, c.p. 601, 1 patro, Komen-
skeho-ulice, Czeckoslovakia. b, ent, orn.

1958 PortaK, P. M., 5, Matlock Court, Kensington Park Road, Lon-
don, W. 11. ¢, arach.

1933. Poors, S. W. P., 154, Thorpe Road, Peterborough, Northants. 1.

1949 PopuHam, W. J., 89, Frederick Place, Plumstead, London, §.E.18. l.

1955 Potrer, N. B., The Mill House, North Warnborough, Hants. I.

1950 Price, G. C., ‘‘ Alpha,’’? 67, Cornyx Lane, Solihull, Warwick-
shire. l.

1948 Pripraux, A. G., B.A., Union Club, St. James’ Street, London,
S.W.1. ent (rh), orn.

{957 Princ, M., 3, Park Homer Road, Colehill, Wimborne, Dorset. J.

1945 Pureroy, J. BAGWELL, c/o Upper Tilt Works, Cobham, Surrey. l.

1946 Ransome, Major-General A. L., c.B., D.s.o., M.c., The Close,
Braishfield, Romsey, Hants. rh.

1955 Raven, Rev. Canon C. E., D.p., D.sC., F.B.A., F.L.S., 10, Mad-
ingley Road, Cambridge. l.

1953 Rawtzines, C. J., 5, Berther Road, Emerson Park, Hornchurch,
Essex. l.

1946 Ray, H., Mill House Cottage, Bishopstoke, Hants. rh.

1960 Reap, D. K., 18, Akeman Street, Tring, Herts. l.

YEAR OF XX1
ELECTION.

1955

1952
1950

1945

1957
1948
1942
1936
1953
1953
1910
1949
1954

1953
1942

1953
1960

1932

1947
1952

1946

1947

1958
1956

1927
1948

1946
1923

Reperave, A. OC. R., 17, Wocds Orchard Road, Tuffley,
Gloucester. 1.

Rew, J. F., 19, High Street, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. I.

Rei, W., A.M.1.c.£., 6, Whirlow Park Road, Sheffield 11, Yorks.
ent,

Ricwarps, Prof. O. W., M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., Department of
Zoology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South
Kensington, London, S.W.7. ent.

Ricuarps, R. F., 25, Bishops Road, Fulham, S.W.6. 1.

RicHarpson, A. E., 391, Malden Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. 1.

RicHARDSON, AUSTIN, M.A., F.R.E.8., Beaudesert Park, Minchin-
hampton, Glos. 1.

Ricuarpson, N. A., 11, Windsor Street, Bletchley, Bucks. l.

Riorpan, B. D., 75, Blenheim Road, North Harrow, Middlesex. c.

Rivers, C. F., F.n.z.s., 98, Windsor Road, Cambridge. 1 (virus
diseases of insects).

Rosertson, G. S., M.v., ‘‘Struan’’, Storrington, near Pulborough,
Sussex. l.

Roprnson, H. S., F.R.£.8., c/o Employees’ Provident Fund,
Brickfields Road, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. l.

Rostnson, P. J. M., B.sc., A.M.1.c.E., c/o John Mowlem & Co.,
P.O. Box 1578, Teheran, Iran. l.

Rocue, C. G., A.c.A., 80, Princes Gate Mews, London, S.W.7. hym.

Rocug, P. J. L., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., Medical Officer, H.M.
Prison, Pentonville, London, N.7. c, hem, e.l.

Ross, [an C., ‘‘White Lodge’’, Mistley, Essex. ent.

Rowserry, D., Loxley House, Maybury Hill, Woking, Surrey.
ent.

Rup.ianp, W. Lewis, F.R.E.s., 452, Hythe Road, Ashford, Kent. l.

Rumsey, F., 46, Warren Road, Banstead, Surrey. 1.

Russwvrm, A. D. A., F.R.E.S., Coridon, Ober Road, Brockenhurst,
Hants. l.

SaunpBy, Air-Marshal Sir Rosert H. M. &., K.c.B., K.B.E.,
M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C., F.R.E.S., Oxleas, Burghclere, near New-
bury, Berks. l.

Saunpers, J. M. K., 22, Francis Road, Pinner, Middlesex.
Ll (especially rh).

Savace, L. E., 65, Cranmer Avenue, Hove, 4, Sussex. l.

ScHoFIELD, Wing Comdr. C. H., Grey Barn, Worth Matravors,
Swanage, Dorset. l, b.

Scort, Col. E., p.s.o., M.D., s.B.st.J., “‘Suomi,’’ Westwell, Ash-
ford, Kent. l.

Scuttuorp, A. H., 46, Pick Hill, Waltham Abbey, Essex. c.

Setr, K. W., 53b, Earls Avenue, Folkestone, Kent. ent.

SEvastToputo, D. G., F.R.E.S., c/o Reynolds & Co., P/O Box 5026,
Mombasa, Kenya. I. (Life Member).

YEAR OF XXil

ELECTION.

1958 Suarman, A. J., Pallavaram P.O., South India. rh.

1951 Suaw, R. G., 5, Barnham Road, Chingford, London, E.4. 1, hem,

1947 Snort, H. G., m.sc., ‘‘Leaholme’’, 8, Milbourne Lane, Esher,
Surrey. l.

1954 SnHowrer, A. J., mM.sc., 19, Harval Crescent, Abbey Wood,
London, S.H.2. l.

1960 Srpz, K. C., 107, London Road, Stone, Dartford, Kent. c.

1948 Srees, L. W., Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, nr. Lyndhurst,
Hants. l.

1939 Sivirer Smiry, P., F.R.E.s., Candlestick House, Heaton Drive,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. 1.

1957 Sxrnner, B. F., 85, Elder Road, W. Norwood, S.E.27. 1.

1956 Sir, F. G., Shenstone Lodge, Cokes Lane, Chalfont St. Giles,

1941

1946

1949

1947
1956

1943

1953

1949

1927

1958

1942

1955
1952

1924
1945

1948
1929

1934

Bucks. 1.

SmirH, Lieut. Fox. Wm., rR.N.v.R., South Fawley Cottage,
Wantage, Berks. 1, hym. (Life Member).

Sournwoop, T. R. E., B.sc., PH.D., A.R.O.8., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.,
Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunninghill,
Nr. Ascot, Berks. ent, hem, c, ecology.

Spencer, K. A., B.A., F.R.E.S., 19, Redington Road, London,
N.Weds, che Gd,

Sprrrine, A. H., Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Hants. l.

SpoczynsKa, Mrs. J. O. I., 89, Harlestone Road, St. James’,
Northampton. l.

SpreapBury, W. H., 3 Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex. nat.
hist.

Srattwoop, B. R., 17 Claremont Avenue, Sunbury-on-Thames,
Middlesex. l.

Srantey, F. C., F.r.z.s., ‘‘“Swanmore’’, Bowes Hill, Rowlands
Castle, Hants. I, c.

SrantEy-Smiru, F., ‘“Hatch House’’, Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood,
Essex. 1.

Stewart, R. H. A., B.A., Downs House Flat, Highfield,
Lymington, Hants. l.

Stipston, Eng. Capt. S. T., R.N., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Ashe’’, Ashburton,
Devon. l.

Stockiry, R. E., 18 Leighton Gardens, Sanderstead, Surrey. 1.

Sroracp, Luciano, Museo Storia Naturale, Via Brigata Liguria, 9,
Genoa, Italy. 1.

Storry, W. H., Fairstead, Long Road, Cambridge. ent.

SroucHTon-Harris, G., M.A., F.C.A., F.B.E.S., ‘‘Rosegarth’’,
Waldens Road, Horsell, Woking, Surrey. 1.

SrrutHers, F. M., 143a, Gander Green Lane, Cheam, Surrey. 1.

Stusss, G. C., Egremont House, Ely, Cambs., and Survey Office,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.

Surron, Gresuam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
re:

YEAR OF XXili

ELECTION.

1960 Swan, B. M., pu.c., M.P.s., F.R.E.S., 2, Rosemary Road, Bearstead,
Maidstone, Kent. 1.

1950 Symes, H., m.a. (oxon), 52, Lowther Road, Bournemouth, Hants. I.

1942 Tatsor pE Matantpe, THe Lorn, o.m.c., Malahide Castle, Dublin,
Ireland. 1.

1922 Tams, W. H. T., F.R.8.8., Council, 20, Ranelagh Avenue, Fulham,
London, 8.W.6. ent.

1960 Tatum, J. B., B.sc., 34, Brangwyn Avenue, Brighton, 6, Sussex.
orn, ent.

1950 Taytor, A. S., 364, Burley Road, Leeds 4. I.

1958 Taytor, R. C., Vinnicks Cottage, Highclere, nr. Newbury, Berks.
l.

1949 Trmpie, Miss VERE, F.R.E.S., King’s Chase. Tollard Royal, Salis-
bury, Wilts. 1, hym, orth, od.

1952 THorn, Miss B. A., ‘‘Paviott’’, 16, Springfields, Broxbourne,
Herts. 1.

1952 TuHornTon, J., 43, Barnes Street, Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington,
Lancs. ‘1.

1950 THorrr-Youne, D. W., A.1.A.c., F.z.8., 11, Waverley Way, Car-
shalton Beeches, Surrey. ent.

1956 TipmarsuH, A. C. B., Furzefield, West End Lane, Nr. Haslemere,
Surrey. l.

1956 TipmarsH, J. S. C., Furzefield, West End Lane, Nr. Haslemere,
Surrey. l.

1945 Timms, C., F.R.E.Ss., 524a, Moseley Road, Birmingham 12. d.

1953 ToriessE, Rear Admiral A. D., c.B., D.s.o., Trentham, Burton
Joyce, Notts. l.

1948 Torsrentus, Stic, Foreningsvigen 10, Stocksand, Sweden. l.

1950 Trovucut, TREVOR, M.A., F.R.E.S., Brookland, Tysoe, Warwick-
shire. l.

1948 Trunpetn, KE. E. J., ‘‘Camilla’’, Bowesden Lane, Shorne Ridgway,
Gravesend, Kent. ent, l.

1948 Tusss, Mrs M., 9, Lingfield Road, Wimbledon Common, 8.W.19.
rh.

1947 Tusss, R. S., 0.B.5., F.R.1.B.A., 9, Lingfield Road, Wimbledon
Common, 8.W.19. rh.

1934 Tunstaty, H. G., 11 St. James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. I.

1940 Turner, A. D., 19, Manor Close, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9. ent.

1948 Turner, A. H., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.MET.S., Mariarti, Star Lane,
North Curry, Taunton, Somerset. ent, insect migration,
conchology. (Iife Member.)

1944 Turner, H. J., 4, Browning Avenue, Boscombe, Nr. Bourne-
mouth, Hants. l.

1953 Twerepir, M. W. F., m.a., F.z.s., Council, Barn House, Houghton
Green, Rye, Sussex. 1.

1952. Urren, R. W. J., F.R.E.8., 4, Vaughan Avenue, Stamford Brook,

W.6. 1, hym, d.

YEAR OF XX1V
ELECTION.

1945

VALENTINE, ARTHUR, Ivey House, West Shepton, Shepton
Mallet, Somerset. ent.

Vatuins, F. T., A.c.1.1., F.R.E.S., Vice-President, 4, Tattenham
Grove, Tattenham Corner, Epsom, Surrey. Lycaenidae.
(Iufe Member.)

VariEy, Prof. G. C., M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., Hope Dept. of
Entomology, University Museum, Oxford. hym, d.

Viertp, P. E. L., Paris Museum (Entomology), 45 bis, Rue de
Buffon, Paris 5, France. Ul.

Wane, D., 17, Waldegrave Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull, Yorks.
l, orn.

WAINWRIGHT, CHARLES, B.SC., F.R.I.c., 42, St. Bernards Road,
Olton, Warwickshire. 1.

Waxkety, Sir LeonaRp D., K.c.1.E., ©.B., 37, Marryat Road,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. l.

Waxety, L. J. D., 0.B.£., M.A., Office of the High Commissioner
of the United Kingdom, Accra, Ghana. l.

Wakxety, S., 26, Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, 8.E.5. lL.

Watxer, D. H., B.sc. (ENG.), A.M.1.C.E., ‘‘Bellargus’’, Elmfield
Way, Sanderstead, Surrey. l.

Watts, J. L. P., a.n.1.c.8., C.E. in C. Dept., Admiralty, Cham-
berlain Way, Pinner, Middx. ent, |

Wats, R. B., 29, Tattenham Grove, Epsom Downs, Surrey. l.

Wauis-Norton, Capt. S. G., 2 Victoria Mansions, Eastbourne,
Sussex. ent. (Life Member.)

Warp, W. J. V., B.A., A-R.c.sc., ‘‘Haslemere’’, 23, Darlington
Road, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham. I.

Warrier, R. Everett, 99, Braidwood Road, London, S.E.6. 1.

Warxtns, N. A., M.A., F.R.E.8., Soldon, Druid Road, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol 9, Glos. l.

Warkins, O. G., F.R.E.s., 20, Torr View Avenue, Peverell,
Plymouth, Devon. 1, od.

Warson, R. W., F.R.E.8., ‘‘Porcorum’’, Sandydown, Boldre, nr.
Lymington, Hants. l.

Warts, W. J., 6, Capel Terrace, Southend-on-Sea, Essex. c.

Wear, R. D., 124, Marmion Avenue, South Chingford, London,
H.4. c.

Wess, Harry E., F.r.z.s., 20, Audley Road, Hendon, London,
N.W.4. 1.

Wess, N. G. G., Fernshaw, Rockfield Road, Oxted, Surrey. 1.

Weppett, B. W., 18, The Halve, Trowbridge, Wilts. ent.

West, B. B., A.n.1.B.A., 37, Cardington Road, Bedford. 1, od.

West, B. K., 193, Shepherds Lane, Dartford, Kent.

Wueeter, A. S., 26, Ashurst Road, Tadworth, Surrey. I.

Waioner, L. S., F.R.E.S., A.I.AE.E., 6, Chisholm Road, Richmond,
Surrey. c.

YEAR OF XXV
ELECTION.

1958

1954
1946

1920

1958
1946

1960

1960
1945

1957

1948

1932

1951

1956

1927

1960

1957

1955
1949

1945

1957

1945
1950

1952

Wurtz, G. B., 65, Virginia Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
ent, orn.

WuHiteHEaD, J., 16, Westbourne Arcade, Bournemouth, Hants. !.

Wuirtenorn, K. P., F.n.£.s., ‘Spindles’, Windsor Road, Graves-
end, Kent. l.

Wicutman, A. J., F.RB.E.S., 67, The Spinney, Pulborough,
Sussex. 1 (noctuae).

Witpine, N., 66, Brabourne Rise, Beckenham, Kent.

Witpripeez, W., ‘‘Flavion’’, Penn Road, Park Street, Nr. St.
Albans, Herts. ent.

Wixinson, A. D., M.B.0.U., Tynedale, Enton, Godalming, Surrey.
local records; migration.

Wittcox, H. N. A., 19, York Road, Windsor, Berks. l.

WitiaMs, KE. F., F.x.u.s., The Cottage, Navestockside, Brent-
wood, Essex. 1.

Wiimams)E.. 0... M.a., ¥F.R.C.8:,) M.B.0.0.4¢., .‘“Borners’’,
Hambledon, Surrey. l.

WittiaMs, L. H., pu.p., B.sc., 31, Armour Road, Tilehurst, Read-
ing, Berks. ent.

WiusiaMs, S. W. C., Lyndore, 27, Colmere Gdns., Hinton Wood
Avenue, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. l.

Woop, E. F., 18, Nursery Road, Prestwich, near Manchester,
Lancs. l.

Woopwarp, R. J., 65, Valleyfield Road, Streatham, S.W.16. rh.

Worms, C. G. M. DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.R-E.8., M.B.0.U.,
“Three Oaks’’, Shore’s Road, Horsell, Woking, Surrey.
l, orn.

Wratent, C. A., 10 Windermere, Lytton Grove, Putney, London,
S.W.15. 1, ent.

Wricnt, A. E., 9, Albert Court Mansions, Kensington, London,
S.W.7. rh. esp. Satyridae.

Wricut, Davip, Whitehill House, Whitehill, Bordon, Hants. 1.

Wricutson, A. L., 98, Morse Street, Lower Brunshaw, Burnley,
Lancs. I.

Wvxes, N. G., Carter House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. .

Yano, J., c/o Iwai & Co., Capel House, 54, New Broad Street,
London, E.C.2. rh.

YouprEn, Grorce H., F.n.E.s., 18, Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent. 1

Youne, Miss G. M., 30, Cranley Gardens, Palmers Green, London,
N.13. IL.

Youne, L. D., c/o 1, Oak Way, off Farm Lane, Ashtead, Surrey.
ent.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Secretary of any
errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above addresses
and descriptions.

XXvi

Geographical List of Members arranged under Country,
County and Town in Alphabetical Order

ENGLAND.
BEDS. CAMBS.
Bedford. Cambridge.
West, B. B. Carter, R. A.
Leighton Buzzard. Gardiner, B. O. C.
Reid, J. F. McCleery, C. H.
Raven, C. E.
Rivers, C. F.
BERKS. Storey, W. H.
Ely.
Finchampstead. Hartey..5nGt
foe Wisbech
Mortimer. F
Easton, N. T. Elgood, W. S.
Newbury.
Saundby, R. H. M. S. CHESHIRE.
Taylor, R. C. Caldy.
Reading. Clarke, C. A.
Baker, B. R. Nantwich.
Dolton, H. L. Boyes, J. D. C.
Williams, L. H. won One
Sunninghill. We Oe R. C. R.
tockport,
Southwood, T. R. E. Block G58,
Wallingford. Wirral.
Newman, D. E. Hardy, D. E.
Wantage.
Smith, F. W. CORNWALL.
Windsor. St. Just.
Halstead, D. G. H. Gyselman, Y. P.
Willcox, H. N. A.
Wykes, N. G. CUMBERLAND.
Brampton.
Johnson, G. F.
BUCKS. Penrith.
Beaconsfield. Davidson, W. F.
Carter, W. A. C. Hervey, G. A. K.
ee S. H. DERBYSHIRE.
Richardson, N. A. Shardlow.
Bourne End. Cooper, B. A.
Martin, E. L. DEVON.
Chalfont St. Giles.
Smith, F. eh. Ashburton.
Kennard, H. A.
Chalfont St. Peter. Stidston, S. T.
Ansorge, E. Axminster.
High Wycombe. Bliss, A.
Oliver, G. B. Bishops Teignton.
Oliver, G. H. B Coleridge, W. L.
Newport Pagnell. Exeter.

Cripps, C. H. Feilden, G. S. C. C.

XXvii

Plymouth. Southend-on-Sea.
Watkins, O. G. Watts, W. J.

Sampford Peverell. Southminster.
Lyon, F. H. Dewick, A. J.

Torquay. Thorpe Bay.

Lees, F. H. Johnson, F. L.

Totnes. Waltham Abbey.
Atkinson, J. L. MacNulty, B. J.

Sculthorp, A. H.
DORSET. Westcliff-on-Sea.

Broadmayne. ryt
Philpott, V. W.

Charmouth. GLOS.

Goodden, Stee OL Bristol.

Dorchester. Bell, C, h,
Lisney, A. A. Campbell, A. M. L.

Wimborne. Hinton, H. E.
Bing, M. Watkins, N. A.

Worth Matravors. Dursley.

Schofield, C. He Cross, 1D is
Gloucester.
DURHAM. Redgrave, A. C. R.

Chester-le-Street. Minchinhampton.
Dunn, T. C Richardson, A.

Darlington. Stroud.

Moon, H. N. Demuth, R. yes

Gateshead. Tetbury.
Montgomery, J. R. P. Newton, J.

Stockton-on-Tees.

Ward, W. J. V. HANTS.
Sunderland.
Alton.
Jefferson, T. W. May, J. T.
Andover.
ESSEX. Maxwell, R. M.

Brentwood. Basingstoke.
Stanley-Smith, F. Goodliffe, F. D.
Williams, E. F. Bishopstoke.

Buckhurst Hill. Ray, H.
Lorimer, J. A. Bordon.

Colchester. Wright, D.
Blaxill, A. D. Bournemoutn.
Firmin, J. Curtis, We:
Pearce, C. J. Fraser, F. C.
Pearson, A. J. R. Symes, H.

Harlow. Turner, H. J.
Forster, H. W. Whitehead, J.

Hornchurch. Brockenhurst.
Rawlings, C. J. Burgess, L. W.

Loughton. Russwurm, A. D. A.
Lockington, N. A. Burley.

Payne, R. M. Mackworth-Praed, C. W.
Sutton, G. R. Christchurch.

Mistley. Barton, B. C.
Rose, TI. C. Williams, S. W. C.

Rayleigh. Fareham,

More, D. Burns, B. S.

Shenfield. Farnborough.

Friedlein, A. F. E. Parfitt, R. W.

XXVIli

Fordingbridge. Watford.

Burton, P. J. Lydgate-Bell, H. G.

Lee-on-Solent. Penrose, R, J.
Downes, A. S. I. OF WIGHT.

Liss: Freshwater.

Brooke, W. M. A. Knill-Jones, R. P.

Lymington.

Farwell, T. G. KENT.
Stewart, R. H. A. Ashford.

Micheldever. Cue, P.

Dixon, ‘eon H. Duffield, Ci A. W.

Minstead. Rudland, Wine ks
Siggs, L. W. Scott, E.

North Warnborougnh. Aylesford.

Potter, N. B. Davis, G. A. N

Portsmouth. Beckenham.
Langmaid, J. R. Lane, A. W.

ISS Wilding, N.
Ransome. A L. Bexley.

Rowlands Castle. Ford, L. T.
Stanley, F. C. Ford, R. L. E.

Sl. Ives. Borough Green.

Se ene G. F. z McDermott, Cc. A

: oxley.
Watson, R. W. Frazer, J. F. D.

Warblington. Broadstairs.
Sperring, A. H. Harbottle, A. H. H

Winchester. Bromley.

Blythe. be. Com Wo ALY.
ffennell, D. W. H. Jacobs, S. N A
Dartford.
HERE. Hare, E. J.

Ross-on-Wye. Side ka (GC)

Knight, J. E. West, B. K.
Ditton.
HERTS. Llewelyn. J. R.

Arkley. Dover.

Howarth, H. Youden, G. H.
Howarth, T. G. East Malling.

Barnet. Massee, A. M.
Calderara, P. Folkestone.

Bishop’s Stortford. Morley, A. M.
Allan: PP. B. M.- Self, K. W.
Ashwell, D. A. Gravesend.
Craufurd, C. Trundell, E. E. J.
Mellows, C. Whitehorn, K. P

Broxbourne. Littlebourne.

Thorn, B. A. Marsh, D. G.

Harpenden. Maidstone.

Crow, P. N. Jenner, D.

Redbourn. Morris, M. G.
Bowden, S. R. Phillips, A.

St. Albans. Swan, B. M.
Byers, F. W. Orpington.

Edwards, G. G. Gowing-Scopes, E
Wildridge, W. Otford.

Tring. Manley, W. B. L.

Goodson, A. L. Ramsgate.

Read, D. K. Lanfear, A. H.

Sevenoaks.

Busbridge, W. E.
Coxon, G. F.

Sidcup.

St.

Ling, R. B.
Mary Cray.
Chatelain, R. G.

Tunstall

Allen; 2. VW. M.

Westerham.

Edwards, R. C.
Newman, L. H.

West Malling.

Painter, H. L.

West Wickham.

Wil

LANCS

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M.
Owen, G. V.
mington.
Honeybourne, T. J.

Accrington.

Bla

Thornton, J.
ckbourn.
Bryce, D.

Bolton.

Coxey, S.

Burnley.

Wrightson, A. I.

Formby.

Leech, M. J.

Grange-over-Sands.

Heath, J.

Manchester.

Michaelis, H. N.
Wood, E. F.

Southport.

Greenwood, K. C.

LEICESTERSHIRE.
Market Harborough.

Buckler, H. A.

Stoke Golding.

LINCS.

Murray, D. P.

Grantham.

Platts, J. H.

Grimsby.

Jets, (Go A. FT:

Market Rasen.

Court, T. H.

Scunthorpe.

LONDON.
E.4. Chingford.
Pinniger, E. B.
Shaw, R. G.
Weal, R. D.

Gooseman, M. P.

ae D:<

E.7.

N.:

N.12.

N.13.

N.20.

N.W.1.

N.W.3.

N.W.4.

N.W 6.

INS Wiede

N.W.8.

N.W.9.

S.E.2.

S.E.3.

S.E.4.
S.E.5.

S.E.6.

S.E.8.

S.E.9.

Forest Gate.

Baxter, L. N.

Baxter, R. N.
Wanstead.

Butterfield, A. W.

Syms, E. E.
City.

Yano, J.
Canonbury

Bradford, E. S.

Buck cE. Db.
Finchley.

Griffiths, G. C. D.
Highgate.

Ebbage, I.
Pentonville.

Roche, P. J. L.
Finchley.

Cross, G. S: E.
Palmers Green.

Young, G. M.
Whetstone.

Lorimer, R. I.

Lovell, R.
Regent’s Park.

Hemming, A. F.
Hampstead.

Harrison-Gray, M.

Keith-Johnston, C.

Spencer, K. A.
Hendon.

Webb, H. E.
Hampstead.

Hillaby, J. D
Mill Hill.

Goater, B.

Howard, A. P
Regent’s Park.

Ashby, G. J.

Leston, D.
Kingsbury.

Myers, A. A.

Turner, A. D.
Abbey Wood.

Showler, A. J.
Blackheath.

Ashby, F. A.

Gould, A. W.

Hammond, N.
Ruskin Park.

Wakely, S.
Catford.

Nolde, W. F.

Warrier, R. E.
Deptford.

Murray, E. G.

Cramp, A. C.

XXX

S.E.18. Plumstead. W.8. Kensington.
Hards, C. H. Craske, R. M.
Popham, W. J. W.9. Maida Hill.

S.E.21. Dulwich. Peters, W.
Aston, A. E. W.11. Nolting Hill.
Dillon, T. J. Pollak, P. M.
Matheson, I. C. C. W.C.1. Holborn.

S.E.23. Forest Hill. Janson, D. B.

Cornelius, J. A.

; MIDDLESEX.
Cray foe Eastcote.
S.E.24. Herne Hill. Goodban, B. S.
Imber, S. F. Enfield. ;
S.E.25. South Norwood. Eagles, T. R.
Lewis, E. Harrow.
Nissen, C. L. Riordan, B. D.
S.E.27. W. Norwood. Hayes.
Skinner, B. F. Moppett, A. A.
Hounslow.

S.W.1. Westminster.
Bridges, H. C. Gerard, B. McC.
Manley, G. E. Te Isleworth.
Marsh, J. C. S. Bradley, J. D.
Matthews, D. P. L. Classey, E. W.

Prideaux, A. G. _ Hanson, S. M.
: Pinner.
S.W.6. Fulham. : Minnion, W. E.
Richards, R. F. Saunders, J. M. K.
Tams, W. H. T. Wallis, J. L. P.
S.W.7. S. Kensington. Ruislip.
Evans, E. Alford, D. V.
Hocking, 8. K. Stanmore.
Richards, O. W. Harris, W. H. A.
Roche, C. G. Sunbury
Wright, A. E. Stallwood, B. R.
S.W.13. Barnes. Teddington.
Hodgkinson, A. Ferguson, L. F.
S.W.15. Putney.
Wraight, C. A. NORTHANTS.
S.W.16. ‘Streatham. Kettering.
Christie, J. Phillips, J. H. C.
Christie, L. Northampton.
Woodward, R. J. Spoczynska, J. O. I.
S.W.17. Tooting. Peterborough.
Allen, D. M. Pooles, S. W. P.
S.W.18. Wandsworth. Roade.
Hall, D. G. Humphrey, 8S. W.
Michaud, J. Wellingborough.
S.W.19. Wimbledon. Gent, P. J.
Dacie, J. V. Payne, J. H.
Hawkins, C. N.
Mansell, G. H. NOTTS.
Riley, N. D. Burton Joyce.
Tubbs, M. Torlesse, A. D.
Tubbs, R. S.
Wakely, L. D. OXFORDSHIRE.
S.W.20. Merton Park. Blackthorne.
Coulson, F. J. Moore, D. R.
Luff, M. L. Oxford.
W.6. Hammersmith. Bailey, K. E. J.

Uffen, R. W. J. Ford, E. B.

Kettlewell, H. B. D Coulsdon.
Varley, G: C: Denvil, H. G.
Ferrier. W. J.
SOMERSET Coulsdon (Old).
Burnham-on-Sea. Britten, H.
Heslop, E. A. Cranleigh.
Heslop, I. R. P. Collier, A. E
Frome. Dorking.
Cruttwell, G. H. W. Cole, G. A.
Taunton. Haynes, R. F.
Turner, A. H. Howard, J. O. T.
Weston-super-Mare. Epsom.
Blathwayt, C. S. H. Lane, C. F.
West Shepton. Mackworth Praed, H. W.
Valentine A. Vallins, F. T.
Wallis, R. B.
Esher.
SUFFOLK. Brett, G. A.
Ipswich. Ennis, L. H.
Barham, C. S. Short, H. G
Beaufoy, S. Ewell.
Jacoby, M. C. Baker, D. B.
Stowmarket. Tunstall, H. G.
Chipperfield, H. E. Fetcham.
Hickin, N. E.
Frensham.
pene Gurdon, J. B
Addiscombe.

Godalming.

aay phys Wilkinson, A. D.
Young, i wD: Guildford.

Banstead. Garland, W.A
Gardner, A. E. Hambledon.

Last, H. R. Williams E. O.
Perry, K. M. P. Haslemere.
Rumsey, F. Blockey, P. S.

Bookham. Clegg, J.

Brush, H. J. Tidmarsh, A. C. B.

Carshalton. Tidmarsh, J. S. C.
Groves, E. W. Leigh.

Carshalton Beeches. Fairclough, R.
Thorpe-Young, D. W. Ottershaw.,

Cheam. Bretherton, R. F
Danby, G. C. Parsons, R. E. R
Struthers, F. M. Oxted.

Chiddingfold. Webb, N. G. G
Mere, R. M. Pirbright.

Chipstead. Lawson, H. B
Bolton, E. L. Purley.

Chobham. Henderson, J. L
Lawson, P. H. Richmond.

Churt. Phelps, C. C.
Baker, J. A. Whicher, L. S

Claygate. Sanderstead.
Maitland-Smith, G. Stockley, RE.
Perkins, J. F. Walker, D. H

Clevedon. Selsdon.

Bird, Han Wi. Foster, T. B

Cobham. Stoneleigh.

Purefoy, J. B. Hutchings, H. R

Sutton.

Bolingbroke & St. John

Frohawk, M. J.
Tadworth.
Wheeler, A. S.
Thornton Heath.
Parmenter, L.
White, G. B.
Wallington.
Brown, F. C.
Niblett, M.
Weybridge.
Beesley, W. N.
Best, A. A.
Witley.
Messenger, J. L.
Woking.
Greenwood, J. A. C.
Rowberry, D.

Stoughton-Harris, G.
Worms, C. G. M. de.

Worcester Park.
Alston, H. W. E.
Friend, M. J.
Hyde-Wyatt, B.
Richardson, A. E.

SUSSEX.

Arundel.

Haggett, G. M.
Billingshurst.

Curtis, A. E.

Marcon, J. N.
Bognor Regis.

Clark, J.

Jarvis, V.. BG:
Brighton.

Banner, J. V.

Dyson, R. C.

Tatum, J. B.
Chichester.

Boyce, B.
Eastbourne.

Wallis-Norton, S. G.
East Preston.

Higgins, W. J.
Ferring-by-Sea.

Menzies, I. S.
Hastings.

Astbury, C. F.

Homer, T. J. G.
Horsted Keynes.

Hoare-Ward, J. W.
Littlehampton.

Jay, E. P.
Midhurst.

Agassiz, D. J. L.

XXXL

Newick.

Embry, B.
Pulborough.

Odd, D. A.

Robertson, G. S.

Wightman, A. J.
Ringmer.

Gully, J. °G.
Rye.
Tweedie, M. W. F.
Seaford.

Spreadbury, W. H.
Wisborough Green.

McClure, A. M.
Worthing.

Edwards, F. H.

Langton, P. H.

WARWICKSHIRE.
Birmingham.
Blunt. W. H.
Bowater, W.
Cadbury, E. B
Evans, L. J
Hammond, H. E.
Noble, F. A
Peet, T. N. D.
Siviter Smith, P.
Timms, C.
Olton.
Wainwright, C.
Solihull.
Allen, D.
Carlier, S. E. W.
Edmonds, M. H,
Price, G. C:
Tysoe.
Trought, T.

WESTMORLAND.

Kendal.
Birkett, N. L.

WILTS.
Salisbury.
Temple V.
Shrewton.
Gillman, H. C. R.
Trowbridge.
Weddell, B. W.
Warminster.
Jackson, R. A.

WORCESTERSHIRE.
Redditch.

Latham, F. H.
Stanton.

Burton, R. J.

XXXill

YORKS. Leeds.
Bradford. Newton, J. L.
Haxby, C. R. Taylor, A. S.
Doncaster. Sheffield.
Hyde, G. E. Reid. W
Dronfield. eae
Fearnehough, T. D Shipley.
Hult. Hewson, F.
Wade, L. Kemp, J. K. C.
IRELAND.
co. DUBLIN
Dublin. Glenageary.
Talbot de Malahide. Baynes, E. S. A.
SCOTLAND.
ABERDEENSHIRE. INVERNESS-SHIRE.
Aberdeen. Aviemore.
Morison, G. D. Masurier, P. le
DUMFRIES-SHIRE. Newtonmore.
Collin. Harper, G. W.
Balfour-Browne, W. A. F. Harper, M. W.
Dumfries.
Cunningham, D. MIDLOTHIAN.
FIFE. Edinburgh.
St. Andrews. Macnicol, D. A. B.
Jackson, D. J. Pelham-Clinton, E. C.
WALES.
FLINTSHIRE. GLAMORGAN.
Rhuddlan. Cardiff.
Ives, D: H. Hurworth, P.
Porthcawl.

Morgan, H. D.

ABROAD.
EUROPE. AFRICA.

Austria. Ghana.

Klimesch, J. Wakely, L. J. D.
Kenya.

Czeckoslovakia.

Polacek, V. B. Svat, D. G.
Rhodesia.

Denmark. Akester, W. J.
Carolsfeld-Krause, A. G. Daly, D. W.
Olsen, E. T. Tanganyika.

France. Dudbridge, B. J.
Herbulot, C. Uganda.

Plantrou, J. E. McCrae, A, W. R.
Viette, P. E. L. ae
Germany. AMERICA.
Lipscomb, C. G. Argentina.
Til Hayward, K. J.
Pears F Connecticut (U.S.A.)
Die? Gifford, W. S.
Sweden. New York (U.S.A.)

Torstenius, S. Klots, A. B.

XXXIV

ASIA. AUSTRALIA
Hong Kong.
Burkhardt, V. R. New South Wales
India. O'Farrell. AF
Sharman, A. J.
Tran. ; lrasmania
Robinson, P J M Coenen
Japan.
Asahina, S
, Vi ~
Malaya. cloria
Robinson, H. S Moore, B P

Stubbs. G. C Hall, S. S

XXXV

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1959

Were it not for the small drop in membership your Council would
be able to report another satisfactory year. The membership has fallen
slightly ; the total stood at 489 on the 31st December 1959, and com-
prised two Honorary, four Special Life, 15 Life, 214 Ordinary and
254 Country Members. Nine members died during the year. Some
of them regularly attended our meetings, and will be sadly missed.
Mr. R. Eldon Ellison was a serving member of Council; Messrs. D. A.
Hawgood and H. D. Swain were well known at Pepys House; and Mr.
F. T. Grant was an Honorary Member of the Society. The others
who died were Dr. G. V. Bull, Messrs. R. A. Fraser, H. V. Line, A. W.
Richards and E. J. Summers. Seventeen new members joined the
Society in 1959, 14 resigned and nine whose subscriptions were over-
due were struck off.

Mr. T. R. Eagles was made an Honorary Member on 10th Sep-
tember, in recognition of his many years of service to the Society.

At a Special Meeting of the Society, Mr. R. M. Mere, who had
agreed to become one of the Society’s Trustees, was duly appointed.

During the year the Society received bequests of £250 from Mr. W.
Rait-Smith and £100 from Mr. Hawgood. Dr. Bull bequeathed his
collection to the Society.

The Proceedings and Transactions for 1958 were published in
October, and consist of xlv + 158 pages, nine plates (two coloured)
and 23 text figures. The coloured plates illustrate Part III of Mr. G.
Haggett’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler.

Your Council gratefully acknowledges the receipt, through The
Royal Society, of a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £100 towards the
cost of production.

It was decided to hold an Annual Dinner again in 1959, after a

lapse of two years. The event took place at the Grosvenor Hotel,
Victoria, on Friday, 30th October, and was attended by 60 members
and their guests. A most enjoyable evening was spent in pleasant

surroundings.

The Annual Exhibition at Burlington House was held on the follow-
ing day, and once again the exhibits were of a high standard. The
subject for special attention, Apatetic and Sematic Coloration in insects
and other groups, did not draw great response, and it was felt after-
wards that too little notice of this specialised subject had been given
to members, so that they did not have time to prepare a_ suitable
exhibit. It has been decided in future to indicate the subject for
special attention on the programme card. Messrs. W. H. T. Tams
and T. G. Howarth attended to the photography of exhibits for illus-
tration in the Proceedings, and we are most grateful to them. The
attendance register was signed by 315 members and visitors.

Twenty-one ordinary meetings were held during the year in the
rooms of the Junior Institution of Engineers, and again your Council

XXXV1

records with gratitude the efforts of the members of their staff in seeing
to our requirements. In particular, the care with which our cabinets
and bookshelves have been kept free from dust has been noticed. Mr.
Howarth is particularly thanked for the interesting programme he
arranged for us. We were pleased to welcome Dr. C. L. Remington
from Yale University, who gave a fascinating lecture on Kuropean and
North American Lepidoptera.

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen arranged a full programme of field meetings
which included expeditions to a large number of different types of
habitat within reach of London. In spite of the wonderfully fine
summer, few members availed themselves of the facilities provided, and
the number attending field meetings averaged less than a dozen. Thanks
are again extended to Mrs. Odd, who provided tea after the Pulborough
meeting. Twenty-seven meetings were held.

It was decided that the Society would produce its own Christmas
Card, and members were invited to submit drawings from which a
selection would be made. The response was negligible, though some very
beautiful drawings were offered by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie, one of
which was chosen for the card. Your Council wishes to thank Mr.
Tweedie and also Mr. P. Siviter Smith, who not only made all the
arrangements for the production of the card, but himself presented the
block to the Society. Miss Jane Goater is also thanked for attending

the Annual Exhibition as a visitor and spending the whole day selling
Christmas Cards for the Society.

The Honorary Curator reports that the Leston Collection of British
Hemiptera has been received. Thanks to the efforts of his Assistants,
a cabinet has been prepared to receive this valuable addition to the
Society’s Collection. Other noteworthy additions are a large collection
of many rare and local lepidopterous larvae presented by Mr. G. M.
Haggett and some rare Lepidoptera from the collection of the late Dr.
G._V>,bull.

During the year many duplicates have been distributed to members,
and material has been made available on loan to specialists in
Coleoptera.

The following members have presented specimens: Miss C. A.
McDermott (Lepidoptera); Messrs. F. D. Buck (Coleoptera); L. Christie
(Lepidoptera); A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera); B. Goater (Lepidoptera) ;
J. L. Henderson (Coleoptera); and R. M. Mere (Lepidoptera). The
thanks of the Society are due to these members for the valuable
additions to our collections.

It is with sincere regret that your Curator finds that, owing to
business commitments, he is unable to continue to look after the Society’s
Collections. We are fortunate in having the services of Mr. M. G.
Morris, a capable and hard working member, to take over these duties.
He is fully equipped to tackle any of the tasks which may lie before him.

The Society is starting a collection of 2” x 2” colour transparencies
of natural history subjects. The loan of members’ own transparencies
would be most welcome, so that copies could be made (at the Society’s

XXXV1i

expense) of those slides which the Council selects for the collection.
Members will be able to borrow from the collection, and use the slides
at outside lectures provided no charge is made for admittance.

The Honorary Librarian reports that during 1959 further substantial
progress has been made with the binding of overseas periodicals. Indeed
Mr. Vallins has pushed on so well that the end seems to be in sight,
as regards back numbers. The card index of authors has been com-
pletely revised and brought up-to-date. Moreover a separate card
index of subjects has now been made and is available for use.

Our member, Mr. Niblett, has generously presented an important
work in two volumes, Les Cynipides by J. J. Kieffer. Another member,
Mr. 8S. N. A. Jacobs, has kindly obtained for us the first three fascicles
of Alexanor, the new French magazine dealing with Lepidoptera and
replacing Revue Francaise de Lépidopterologie.

The Society has been given, by Mr. A. S. Wheeler, a copy of D.
Lack’s book, Evolutionary Theory and Christian Belief, The Unresolved
Conflict.

La Société entomologique suisse has sent us volume 1 of Insecta
Helvetica. The title is Plecoptera, and it is in French.

From the respective publishers we have received for review
Bumblebees by John B. Free and Colin G. Butler, Number 40 of the
New Naturalist Series (Collins); A Guide to the study of Lichens by
Ursula K. Duncan (Buncle); Excursion Flora of the British Isles by
A R. Clapham, J. G. Tutin and E. F. Warburg (Cambridge University
Press); Key to the Names of British Butterflies and Moths by R. D.
Macleod (Pitman), and Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles by
T. R. E. Southwood and Dennis Leston (Warne). This last work is of
special interest to us because not only are the authors both members
of our Society but the coloured plates are by our late member Mr. H. D.
Swain.

The expenditure on binding having been somewhat heavy, it is per-
haps fortunate that not much has had to be spent on the purchase of
books. Two more of the Handbooks for the identification of British
Insects published by the Royal Entomological Society of London have
appeared. These cover the three small orders, Mecoptera, Megaloptera
and Neuroptera, in one of the books, and a further section of the
Ichneumonidae in the other. A small but up-to-date book, A Handbook
of Mushrooms, by Pilat and Usak has been acquired. It is a translation
of the Czechoslovak book and it deals with 94 species of mushrooms and
toadstools, most of which are found in Britain. The Society has
also purchased Beetles of the British Isles (2 vols.) by E. F. Linssen,
The World of Spiders by W. S. Bristowe and Typical Flies, a Photo-
graphic Atlas of Diptera (3 series) by E. K. Pearce. Lastly, we have
bought an item in English from Acta Zoologica Cracoviensis, ‘‘The
Mines of Lepidoptera in Cornus sanguinea L. leaves with the particular
consideration of mines and development of Incurvaria oehlmanniella
Treits’’. The author is Adam Dziursynski.

XXXVIll1

We continue to receive the following: Hntomologist; Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine; Entomologist’s Record; Entomologist’s Gazette;
Proceedings and Transactions, Royal Entomological Society of London;
Journal and Transactions, Society for British Entomology; Canadian
Entomologist; Entomological News; Tijdschrift voor Entomologie;
Opuscula Entomologica; Zoologiska Bidrag; Mitteilungen der
Miinchener entomologischen Gesellschaft; Beitrége zur Entomologie;
Lloydia; Transactions, Wisconsin Academy of Science; Proceedings of
the Iowa Academy of Science; Fieldiana (Zoology); Bulletin et Annales
de la Société Royale de Belgique; Essex Naturalist ; London Naturalist
and Bird Report; Proceedings, Isle of Wight Natural History Society;
Proceedings, Lincolnshire Naturalist’s Union; Transactions, Norfolk and
Norwich Naturalist’s Society; Natural History, New York; Smithsonian
Institute Reports; Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova;
Doriana; Tulane Studies in Zoology; Beitréige zur naturkundlichen
Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland; Bulletin et Annales de la Société
Entomologique de France; Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in
Wien; Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen; Fragmenta
Entomologica; Bolletino Inst. Ent. Bologna; Bolletino del Laboratoria
di entomologica agraria.

XXX1X

TREASURER’S REPORT for 1959

I am glad to say the Accounts show an even better result than we
have had for several years, and we have lived well within our income
for the year.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT.

In addition to the legacy of £250 from the late W. Rait-Smith,
which we had heard about just before I made my report last year, the
Society received a bequest of £100 from the late D. A. Hawgood.

BALANCE-SHEET.

£350 in 5% Defence Bonds, added to our securities, reflects the new
Capital acquired during the year. Our investments will now bring in
£134 in a full year.

LIBRARY FUND.

Donations from Members for the purpose of binding current
periodicals amounted to £12 6s 6d, a little less than the year before
because the contributors are not asked for the money promised until
the work has been done. The transfer needed from Revenue to keep
the balance in this Fund level was £40 less than in 1958.

PUBLICATION FUND.

The cost of producing the ‘‘Proceedings’’ is estimated to be £474 for
the 1958 issue. One of the accounts has not yet been rendered. This
figure is £104 less than we spent on the 1957 issue. It was found
necessary to curtail the number of coloured plates from three to two,
but there are two extra monochrome plates and more text figures.

To meet this expense, £330 was transferred from Revenue, the
Royal Society again helped with a most welcome contribution of £100
from the Parliamentary Grant in Aid, and the proceeds of sales of
publications, War Loan interest, and donations covered the rest.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

While our general expenses have varied very little indeed for the
last three years, this year the income has been higher. Subscriptions
received, current and arrears, are £30 more than in the previous year,
although the membership has declined by 15 on balance.

After the transfers to Library and Publications Funds and allowing
for all expenses, there is a surplus of income over expenditure for the
year of £72 7s 6d.

I much regretted being unable to attend the Annual Meeting myself,
owing to indisposition, and am glad to record my thanks to Mr. Eagles
for reading and explaining the Accounts at very short notice. I am
sure he did so most ably.

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GRAN

xliii
OBITUARIES

FREDERICK THOMAS GRANT
(1870-1959)

Frederick Thomas Grant, A.M.I.M.C.E., M.R.San.I., was born at
Maidstone, Kent, on 21st August 1870, and died there after a very
short illness on 27th August 1959. On leaving school he was articled
to Messrs. Ruck & Smith, Architects and Surveyors; the senior partner
in this firm was Kent County Surveyor at the time and through him
Grant became conversant with the work of public authorities. After
holding the post of Assistant Surveyor at Maidstone he was appointed,
at the early age of twenty-nine, to be Borough Engineer and Surveyor
at Gravesend, a position he held for thirty-eight years. He retired
in 1938. During that period Gravesend grew tremendously. He was
a keen member of the Gravesend Rotary Club and a past President
of the Gravesend Historical, Literary and Scientific Society.

F. T. Grant was encouraged as a boy to collect the Macrolepidoptera
by the Rev. Cave Brown and one of his first books on the group was
Edward Newman’s ‘‘Illustrated Natural History of Butterflies and
Moths’’, which he won as a swimming prize at school. In Gravesend
he soon joined a band of enthusiastic entomologists, including Alder-
man H. Huggins and G. E. Frisby, F.E.S. The latter was especially
interested in the Hymenoptera and Coleoptera.

Through the influence of Frisby, who was a member, Grant joined
our Society in 1924, and shortly afterwards he started collecting
Coleoptera. He was an accurate and precise man in all he did, his
collections are models of good mounting and besides full data labels
on every specimen, he kept detailed journals. These were arranged
both under species and serially, each group of individuals of the same
species taken on the same day being allotted a number. His serial
journal for Coleoptera contains 7645 entries, which must represent the
collection, mounting and identifying of over 10,000 specimens. The
first were collected in 1926 and the last, which are as perfectly mounted
as all the others, in 1950, when he was eighty years of age.

Much of his collecting was done in Cobham Park, Kent, often in
company with Capt. J. A. Stephens, C.A., but like so many ento-
mologists he spent his holidays in localities such as Wicken Fen, the
New Forest and the Lake District. He also took numerous specimens
as he went about his duties in Gravesend and the frequent appearance
in his journals of ‘“‘on bowling green’’ shows that even when engaged
in his favourite sport, entomology was never far from his mind.

He made several striking captures: Catopidius depressus Murray
which was new to the British list (Blair, 1942, Ent. mon. Mag., 78:
172); Conopalpus testaceus Ol. at Cobham; Heterostomus villiger
Reitter at Ringwood, Hants; and Otiorrhynchus porcatus Herbst. in
some numbers in his garden, where he also took Omosita depressa (L.).

xliv

A quiet, but friendly man, Grant always strenuously avoided the
limelight and so although he was a frequent attender at our meetings
and seldom missed the annual exhibitions, he never held high office
in our Society; thus his well-deserved election to Honorary Member-
ship on 12th December 1957 came as something of a surprise to him
and gave him the greatest pleasure. He regularly attended the Verrall
Suppers in the pre-war years and was one of the early members of the
Amateur Entomologists’ Society.

He was always anxious to help and encourage any young boy or
girl who showed an interest in entomology; the writer himself was
fortunate in having his early footsteps in the ‘‘other orders’’ guided
by Grant, whose knowledge, not only of entomology, but of zoology
in general, was wider and deeper than he himself was prepared to
admit. With Grant’s death many entomologists lost a real friend and
entomology lost a fine student in the highest tradition of the great
amateurs. He directed that the Society should have the first call on
his collections and that the remainder should pass into the possession
of the writer. His journals and collections are now housed in the
Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College Field
Station, Ascot, where they are freely available for use not only by
the students of the College, but to all workers.

In 1900 he married Margaret Wakefield of Maidstone, who passed
away in 1951, when he returned to Maidstone and lived with his eldest
daughter, Miss M. Grant. To her and his son and younger daughter
we extend our sympathy.

T. R. E. Sournwoop.

ROBERT ELDON ELLISON
(1895-1959)

The untimely passing on 3rd September 1959 of Robert Eldon Ellison
at the age of almost 64 has robbed the Society of one of its keenest
and most erudite members. In recent years he seldom missed a meet-
ing and nearly always brought an exhibit, entered into the discussions
or had some interesting observation to make on Lepidoptera and their
collecting. He was elected a member of Council in 1958 and seemed
destined to occupy the Chair in due course, but unfortunately this was
not to be,

He was born on 7th October 1895 in Kingstown, near Dublin, the
son of the Rey. E. Ellison, whom he only survived by 18 months. His
mother was Irish and he was always very proud of his Irish ancestry,
since he lived his early days in the Emerald Isle. It was when he
was at Clifton College that he was first fired with the enthusiasm for
collecting butterflies and moths, especially when one of his first cap-
tures was a halved gynandromorph of Pieris rapae lL. His university
career at New College, Oxford, was broken by the 1914-1918 war, in

xlv

which he served in Intelligence Units, spending a period after hostili-
ties in Occupied Germany. In the early 1920’s he was an assistant
master at Bruton and Charterhouse where he interested the boys in
field collecting, but the call of far-off lands came to him and eventu-
ally he joined the Foreign Service. It was during his tenure of various
posts that in his spare time he made large collections which were to
bring him international fame. He is regarded as one of the foremost
field collectors of foreign Lepidoptera there has been this century. His
first appointment was as Vice Consul in Beirut in 1925. In this little-
known part of the Middle East he was able to put his efforts and
energies to best advantage and during his six years’ tenure he made
a minute study of the Lebanon and its Lepidoptera, observing their
habits and habitats and embodying them in a complete list of these
insects from that region written in collaboration with E. P. Wiltshire
which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological
Society in 1939. It included a lycaenid, Albulina ellisoni, named after
him by the celebrated German authority Pfeiffer.

In 1932 he was posted to Morocco and held Consulates at Fez,
Marrakesh and Casablanca, covering the next six years. He was once
more able to devote a good deal of time to amassing local Lepidoptera,
especially from the Middle and Grand Atlas. In these excursions he
was often assisted by that well-known authority on those parts, the
late Harold Powell. From 19388-1940 he was in Abyssinia as Consul
at Harar under the Italian Occupation. In this period he made what
is generally regarded as the finest and most comprehensive collection
of Lepidoptera ever brought from these remote Ethiopian regions. After
serving as Consul at Port Said and Jeddah during the last war, he was
sent in 1947 in that capacity to Panama, where in 18 months he accumu-
lated some 10,000 specimens, nearly all set and including at least 650
species of butterflies. His stories of the flood of insects some nights
in the volcanic areas of Costa Rica make our own captures in this
country seem quite puny. His final posting in 1948 was to Muscat,
where he had little scope for collecting and finally he became a victim
of the intense heat and was invalided home,

He at once settled down to take up again his early love, the British
Lepidoptera, with renewed fervour and during the next ten years he
made expeditions to many parts of the British Isles, several to Scot-
land and two to Ireland in company with the writer, to the Burren
in 1954 in search of Calamia tridens Hufn., and again in 1956 to
Kerry. After living for a time in Bristol, he moved in 1952 with his
family to a large house on the downs on the outskirts of Eastbourne.
This was an ideal locality and situation and his six years’ residence
there provided him with a choice harvest. One evening in 1953 a grey
noctuid alighted by his bedside while he was reading. He did not
recognise it. It was one of the earliest records of Calophasia lunuia
Hufn. Tater the same night an emerald appeared in his room. To
his astonishment it was Thalera fimbrialis Scop. He started running a

xlvi

mercury vapour trap regularly in his garden, where in 1954 he first
took Lithophane leautieri Boisd. This insect subsequently increased
in numbers each autumn. As was to be expected, many migrants came
to his light. These included a melanic Herse convolvuli L., Hippotion
celerio L., Leucania wnipuncta Haw., Lwperina dumerili Dup., Plusia
ni Hiibn., Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn., and many Palpita wnionalis
Hiibn. A remarkable capture there in 1957 was an Arenostola extrema
Hiibn., well outside its normal habitat in the fens, while the appearance
of several specimens of Hilema caniola Hiibn. confirmed old reports of
its occurrence in Sussex. He added many species to Robert Adkin’s
local list and was about to publish a supplement to it. In the autumn
of 1958 he moved to Elstead in Surrey where he once more, with his
usual enthusiasm, began to collect in this rather different type of
terrain, but ill-health soon overtook him. After an operation he rallied
and was soon out with his net as keenly as ever till late July 1959,
when a serious deterioration set in. He underwent special treatment
in hospital but did not respond to it and mercifully passed away quite
suddenly to the dismay and sorrow of his many friends.

Entomology was by no means his only pastime, for he was a noted
philatelist and a recognised authority on stamps ‘‘used abroad’’. In
1954 when the Philatelic Congress of Great Britain was held at East-
bourne, he was its President. He was also a first-class classical scholar,
a good mathematician and an accomplished linguist. He was extremely
well read in both English and Foreign literature and could quote at
length from it in both prose and verse. A keen follower of cricket,
he could always be counted upon to know the County scores and much
about past and present players and matches. He played the piano well
and had quite a good voice. Many a long wait for insects to appear
at night on the sheet was enlivened by old Irish folk-songs or excerpts
from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas which he knew by heart. Above
all, he was most generous with his captures, especially to the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) where it is hoped a large proportion of his vast
collection may find a permanent home.

He was altogether a most entertaining companion, always ready
with a quip or some subtle and amusing repartee. His intellectual
achievements impressed themselves on all who came into contact with
him. A good and staunch friend has passed from among us. Both
this Society and the world of entomology is indeed the poorer by his
going.

C. G. M. pE W.

1
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

INDOOR MEETINGS

12th FEBRUARY 1959.
The PReEsIpENT in the Chair.

The deaths were announced of Mr. D. A. Hawgood and Mr. E. J.
Summers.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. E. E. J. Trunpett—A Pyrex cover to protect mercury vapour
lamps against breakage during rain. The cover does not impair entry
into the trap and reduces the mercury vapour radiation by only approxi-
mately ten per cent.

Mr. T. R. Eacuezs on behalf of Mr. W. H. Spreadbury—The lichens
Xanthoria parietina Th. Fr. and Ramalina farinacea Ach. from Seaford,
Sussex. The specimens bore many apothecia.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Series of three local Carabidae (Col.); Ptero-
stichus aethiops (Panz.) and P. oblongopunctatus (F.) taken by Mr. W.
F Davidson in Glencoyne Wood, Ullswater, Westmor., 28.i1.59; also
Amara infima (Dufts.) taken by himself on Oxshott Common, Surrey,
29.1.59.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. A. E. Garpner read extracts from a letter from Dr. B. P. Moore
giving details of collecting in Australia.

Mr. M. W. F. Tweepie gave a fascinating talk on ‘‘The Malayan
Gliding Reptiles’, illustrated by the lantern, which provoked a lively
and interesting discussion. (See Trans., p. 97.)

26th FEBRUARY 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A case of beetles of the Australian Tenebrionid
tribe Helaeinae. Of the six genera comprising the tribe the following
four were represented: Helaeus, Saragus, Pterohelaeus and Encara.
He commented on the characteristics of these genera.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—Hibernating larvae of Cryphia perla Schiff.
(Lep., Noctuidae), found at Boxhill, Surrey, on a concrete fence, 14.11.59.
Their food-plants would be lichens and algae growing on the fence.

Major F. L. Jonnson—(1) The following Papilio species captured by
him in an isolated forest reserve in Ghana during 1956: P. antheus s.sp.
evombaroides Eimer, a normal male, and a male with deep yellow
markings on the upperside instead of green; P. policenes Cramer, a
normal male, and a male with asymmetrical upperside markings which
were deep yellow and an abnormal shade of green, the colours merge
in places; P. phorcas Cramer, a normal male, and three males with

2

varying light yellow patches and streaks bordering veins, in vivid con-
trast to the normal green colouring. These aberrations had not been
seen by him previously in over 30 years collecting in West and Central
Africa. No explanations were offered for these colour deficiences; they
occurred in nature and were not the results of any chemical contact
after capture. The scales were normal, and the colour change appeared
to have originated in some way from the veins of the wings. (2) The
following gynandromorphs from formosa: Catopsilia pomona F.,
halved; two C. crocale Cramer, one halved and the other a remarkable
completely mixed mosaic; two Jxias pyrena s.sp. insignis Butler, halved
mosaics, both showing to varying degrees red male markings within
the white female apex; one example showed white female coloration
between certain veins on the left hindwing.

Mr M. G. Morris—(1) A series of Argyrotoza comariana Zell. (Lep.,
Tortricidae) from East Malling Research Station, Kent, September and
October 1958. (2) Specimens of Phycita boisduvaliella Guen. (Lep.,
Crambidae) bred from larvae in the pods of Lathyrus maritimus (L.)
Bigel. from Shingle Street, Suffolk, October 1956. Also for comparison,
examples of Dioryctria banksiella Rich. (8) A bilaterally oligomerous
specimen of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) (Hem., Anthocoridae), with two
normal examples for comparison. All from Kast Malling, Kent.

Sir Ertc ANsorcgeE—A series of the common and variable Geometer
Colotois pennaria L. (Lep.), amongst which was one example with a
definite black band across the wings. This form is not represented in
either the Tring or South Kensington collections of the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.).

Mr. R. M. Mere—-An example of Apocheima hispidaria F. (Lep.,
Geometridae) with a melanic tendency which had occurred at mercury
vapour light at Chiddingfold, Surrey, on the night of 25th February.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The PresIDENT announced the bequest to the Society by the late
Mr. D. A. Haweoop of £100.

Mr. Mere reported several species of moths at mercury vapour light
at Chiddingfold during February which included EHrannis marginaria
F. and Earophila badiata Schiff. (Geometridae) which appeared on the
night of 22nd; Alsophila aescularia Schiff. (Monocteniidae) on the night
of the 24th; Biston strataria Hufn. (Geometridae) on the night of 25th;
and Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (Geometridae) which is well out.

Mr. A. E. Garpner reported Phlogophora meticulosa L. on a door
near the Society’s rooms that evening, and Mr. H. D. Swatn said
Selenia bilunaria Esp. had emerged the same day.

Sir Eric AnsorceE said he did not believe the season to be as early
as some members seemed to think; in his experience Biston strataria
Hufn. was two weeks earlier than this last year,

Mr. T. G. Howarrn introduced four films, two on the microscope
‘i Cote with underwater surveying for oil, and one on the danse
ocust,

3
SPECIAL MEETING—12th MARCH 1959

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The PresipENT read the notice convening the meeting and from the
Chair moved that Mr. R. M. Mere, the Council’s nominee, be elected
a trustee of the Society to fill the vacancy left by the late Mr. W.
Rait-Smith.

Further nominations were invited from the meeting; and in the
absence of any other nomination the President declared Mr. Mere elected
and then closed the meeting.

12th MARCH 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death was announced of Dr. G. V. Bull.
Mr. T. N. D. Peet was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Major I’. L. Jounson—(1) A case of interesting exotic Lepidoptera :
Argema mittrei Guér. (Saturniidae) from Madagascar; Charaxes had-
rianus Ward (Nymphalidae), a male and a female of this rare species
from the River Kassai in the Belgian Congo; Papilio epycides Hew.
(Papilionidae) from Formosa; P. epycides Hew. s.sp. melanoleucus Ney.
ab. palluta Nice from the Central Mountains, Formosa, showing
extreme melanism. (2) Goliathus goliathus Drury (giganteus Lam.)
(Goliath Beetle) from Ghana.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A collection of insects of several Orders col-
lected in Madeira to illustrate the talk he was giving in conjunction
with Mr. E. W. Classey.

Mr. B. GoarEer—Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda, one of the free-
floating liverworts, the other being Riccia fluitans L. with longer,
narrower thallus. Both have a terrestrial form. Ricciocarpus natans
is rather uncommon in Britain, but is widely distributed abroad and
sometimes forms extensive scums on quiet lakes; this particularly
happens in Kenya. Reproduction, as in many aquatics, is chiefly
vegetative, though sexual organs occur sometimes. The exhibit came
from ponds at Aldenham, Herts.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms said that most early Lepidoptera were now
out; in particular he mentioned Apocheima hispidaria F. and Biston
strataria Hufn. (Geometridae) which were well out and Orthosia incerta
Hufn. (Noctuidae) which was not in large numbers.

The PReEstpENT drew attention to an appeal in The Field Naturalist
for information regarding two forms of Blue Tit, one with a dark line
on the chest, suspected as a northern form, and the other without the

4

line, suspected as a southern form. He said a pair were occupying a
nesting box in his garden at Epsom, Surrey, just outside his bedroom
window, and both had the dark line which did not support the northern-
southern form theory. Mr. C. N. Hawxrys queried whether this may
not be in some way due to moulting. Mr. B. Goater doubted if there
was anything in the idea that these two kinds may be different forms;
our bird was in fact a sub-species, the typical form occurring on the
Continent and migrating occasionally to the southern and Kent coasts.

Mr. A. E. Garpner and Mr. E. W. Ctassry gave a talk on ‘‘The
Fauna of Madeira’’ which they illustrated with many coloured trans-
parencies showing the terrain in general and many habitats in
particular. (See Trans., p. 184.)

26th MAROH 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

A welcome was extended to Dr. C. L. Remington of Yale, U.S.A.,
by the PrestpeNnt, who also announced that our member Professor O. W.
Richards had been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Tortricid moths from the U.S.A. and from the
British Isles. The species included Argyrotoza bergmanmana L. from
the U.S.A., Ireland, and England; Tortrix forskdleana L. from Eng-
land, Argyrotoza albicomana Clem. and A. semipurpurana Kearf. from
the U.S.A., also Pseudoargyrotoza conwagana F. from England. He
remarked on the light hindwings of the American, and the dark hind-
wings of the British and Irish, A. bergmanniana.

Mr. T. R. Eacrtes—Ornithopus compressus L. (Papilionaceae),
mounted specimens of the plant in flower, seedlings, and a ripe pod.
These were grown from seed collected by Miss E. Poulter and given
by her to Mr. T. J. Honeybourne, Plants were found alongside the
Maidstone by-pass, near Sidcup, Kent, in 1957. The species is a some-
what uncommon introduced alien. Seeing that many motor cars
ferried from the Continent use this road one wonders if the seed was
brought on their wheels.

Mr. F. D. Bucx—Proofs of blocks of four field meetings for publica-
tion in the 1958 Proceedings. The blocks were donated by Mr. K. A.
Spencer.

Mr. B. Goarer—(1) Full grown larva of Amathes depuncta L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) ab. ovo, Inverness-shire. The young larvae of the brood
hatched in the autumn and went straightway into hibernation in hollow
grass stems. Kept in a refrigerator until March, when the survivors
came out and rapidly fed up on dock. (2) Larvae of Coenocalpe lapi-
data Hiibn. (Lep., Geometridae), Inverness-shire, ab. ovis. Eggs were
laid in September and hatched in March, the larvae feeding on butter-
cup.

5

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. R. Evpon E.tison said that he had had two good nights with
his trap in the Godalming-Farnham area of Surrey recently. Apocheima
hispidaria F. (Geometridae) had occurred and four Dasycampa rubi-
ginea Schiff. (Noctuidae) had been taken. The commonest moth had
been Achlya flavicornis L. (Thyatiridae), nearly 100 being trapped in
cone night.

Mr. GoateR was questioned on keeping Amathes depuwncta in a
refrigerator. He said that the larvae should not be kept in the coldest
part of the refrigerator and added that he had lost a number which
had died of mould. This he said had appeared to have occurred after
the insects had been removed into a warmer temperature and he sug-
gested the mortality rate might be reduced by taking the larvae from
the grass stems as soon as they had been removed from the refrigerator.

Dr. C. L. Remrinerton read a paper ‘‘Reflections on similarities and
differences between European and North American Lepidoptera’’
which aroused a great deal of interest. Dr. Remington illustrated
many of his points with coloured transparencies. Following the paper
the discussion and questions ranged over hybridisation; the direction of
introduction, east-west or west-east; the effect of flight differences in
mimicry cases; and the development pattern of industrial melanism
among other points,

9th APRIL 1959.

The PRestpEnT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Dr. C. G. M. pz Worms—A larva of Heliothis armigera Hiibn. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) found in a tomato from the Canary Islands. For the past
week it had been feeding on Dandelion and Primrose. Though not a
pest in Great Britain, in North America it causes much damage and
was known as the Cotton Boll Worm.

Mr. T. R. Eactrs—Catkin-bearing twigs from a monoecious form
of the Common Sallow, Salix atrocinerea Brot. He said the sallows are,
with the rarest exceptions, dioecious in that each bush bears nothing
but male flowers or nothing but female flowers. Some twenty years
ago, at one of our field meetings, Mr. W. H. Spreadbury drew attention
to a bush which had some catkins consisting wholly of male flowers,
others consisting wholly of female flowers and yet others made up of a
mixture of male flowers and female flowers. This was at the foot of
the Downs near Ranmore, Surrey. A cutting was taken home and
tended carefully in the knowledge that it was not the best time of the
year to get a cutting to strike. Luckily success was achieved, for on
the next visit to the spot it was found that the track had been widened

6

and the bush gone. The cutting has now grown into a large and flourish-
ing bush and it had been noticed that the proportion of male to female
flowers varied from year to year. In some years the male flowers have
predominated; in others the reverse has been the case. In 1959 almost
all the flowers have been male; it has been necessary to search carefully
to find a catkin with any female flowers and there are only one or two
catkins with all the flowers female. Of about 1,000 catkins only about
ten were wholly or partly female.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Liprarian reported the acquisition of the following volumes:
The Freshwater Life of the British Isles by John Clegg, Frederick Warne
& Co. Ltd., Wayside and Woodland Series; Beetles of the British Isles,
by E. F. Linssen, two volumes, in the same series as the above; The
World of Spiders, by W. S. Bristowe in the New Naturalist Series.

Referring to Mr. Goater’s exhibit at the previous meeting, Mr. C.
N. Hawkins suggested that spraying periodically with a weak solution
of salt water might reduce the incidence of mould.

Dr. pE Worms said that during the past week nearly all the spring
Lepidoptera had come out at once, especially the Orthosiinae. Last
week at Chiddingfold, Surrey, Colocasia coryli L. and Orthosia miniosa
Schiff. (Noctuidae) had been taken; and at Dunsfold, Surrey, Polygonia
c-album L. (Nymphalidae) had been seen on sallow, which was now
nearly over. Lycia hirtaria Clerck had also occurred.

Dr. A. M. Massge read a paper ‘‘The Natural Control of Orchard
Pests’’. He was closely questioned on the subject at the termination of
his paper.

23rd APRIL 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. F. D. Buck—An example of the South American Tenebrionid
beetle Aryenis unicolor Blanch. He read a note on the species.
Dr. C. G. M. pr Worms—A case of zygaenid moths from southern
France illustrating several forms of a number of species.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—The fungus Morchella esculenta L. found recently
in a fallow field near Box Hill, Surrey. On the Continent this species
is well known and much esteemed as an edible. In volume 1 of Roger
Heim (1957, Les Champignons D’ Europe) it is figured and marked with
the sign which means an edible of the first quality, and there is a plate
“Culture de la Morille’’? showing its life cycle and method of growing
it,

Mr. B. Goater—Examples of Diarsia dahlii Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae)
bred from eggs laid by a female taken in Inverness-shire in September
1958.

7

Mr. W. H. Spreappury—Abnormal cabbage leaves with cup-like out-
growths from the mid-rib which Masters (1869, Vegetable Teratology)
called ‘‘ascidia’’ and figured similar outgrowths on lettuce leaves.

Mr. D. G. Harr—(1) A pair of Ischnodes sanguinicollis (Panz.) (Col.,
Elateridae) taken in rotten wood in Barnsthorne Wood, Surrey, whilst
on the Society’s field meeting at Effingham, 19.iv.59. (2) A millipede,
Polyxenus lagurus (.), which he had found in association with ants.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The SEorETARY read a report of the Riddlesdown field meeting sub-
mitted by Mr. F. Rumsey, and in the absence of the leader, Mr. S.
Wakely, gave a brief account of the meeting at Effingham.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms, discussing seasonal Lepidoptera, said he
had seen many Pieris rapae L. and some Euchloé cardamines L. (Lep.,
Pieridae). Nearly all the Prominents which can be expected just now
are out; Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Notodontidae) is still about. Colo-
casia coryli L., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Gypsitea leucographa Schiff.
(Noctuidae), Menophra abruptaria Thunb. and Aethalura punctulata
Schiff. Geometridae), Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Pyralidae) and Poly-
ploca ridens F. (Thyatiridae) had occurred in the past two weeks. At
Effingham, Surrey, on the 14th, Apatele psi L. (Noctuidae) had been
seen, and Pararge aegeria L. (Satyridae) had been noted at Chidding-
fold, Surrey. In all he thought the season to be about ten days in
advance of normal.

Cucullia verbasci L. (Noctuidae) and Cerura vinula L. (Notodontidae)
were reported from the Witley area of Surrey. At Chiddingfold,
Nycterosia obstipata F. (Geometridae) had occurred at light on the 16th
and Schreckensteinia festaliella Hiibn. (Choreutidae) was flying on the
19th.

A discussion took place on the effect of the local soils on the relative
emergence of Lepidoptera. It was agreed that in clay localities
emergences tended to be later than in those areas with lighter soils.

Mr. S. Waxkety said he had been breeding Xanthorhoé biriviata
Bork. (Lep., Geometridae) and had noticed that three weeks after their
pupation, in August last, all the wing markings could be seen through
the pupal case. An attempt to bring out some of the moths by raising the
temperature had led to the loss of the three pupae subjected to the
temperature change.

Referring to Dr. de Worms’ exhibit, Mr. R. Etpon Evtison expressed
the opinion that the division of some of the Zygaenidae into sub-species
had been drawn too tight. Long series collected over several years
would show the sub-species would overlap.

Mr. Wakely commented on the old saying regarding the leafing of
oak and ash trees and the rainfall of the ensuing summer. He said that
for many years he had watched these two trees in early spring and
until this year was of the opinion that the oak never produced foliage
before the ash. However, this year in Ruskin Park, South London, the
oak was well in advance of the ash. Other members agreed on the
relative states of these two species of tree.

8
14th MAY 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. N. Witp1nc—Young larvae of Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) bred from a female taken at Beckenham, Kent.

Mr. L. T. Forp—A cone of the Stone Pine bisected to show the
arrangements of the seeds.

Mr. R. Exvpon Ex.tison—A photograph of a forest tree in Panama.
He also had cases of Lepidoptera laid out on the tables to support his
talk.

Mr. T. R. Eacrtes—Leaf of the Indian Horse-chestnut (Aesculus
indica Colebrooke) from near Boxhill Station, Surrey. He read the
following note: ‘‘I am showing a leaf of the common Horse-chestnut
(Ae. hippocastanum L.) for comparison. The leaflets of the Indian species
are more slender, more inclined to have a stem and less irregularly
toothed. Neither tree is native but whereas the latter was introduced
early in the seventeenth century, the Indian species was not grown here
until about 200 years later, and is still scarce. It may not be realised
that the familiar tree is not a native. JI remember seeing a film of an
event that happened hundreds of years before the first common Horse-
chestnut was grown in England. Great trouble was taken to make the
film in the actual grounds. There were many close-ups and most of
them showed clearly the unmistakable leaves of the Conker’’.

Mr. P. MarrHews—Five plates, numbered 5, 7, 9, 11 and 12, illustrat-
ing Lepidoptera from a scarce book published in 1742 by Benjamin
Wilkes. Further information is given by J. O. T. Howard (1951, Proc.
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 63).

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lrprarian reported the addition to the library of Excursion Flora
of the British Isles by Clapham, Tutin & Warburg.

Field meeting reports were given of Wimbledon Common (R. W. J.
Uffen), Boxhill (B. F. Skinner) and Oxshott (F. D. Buck).

Mr. R. Etpon Etxison said that a number of the moths in his trap
were those which normally occur in June. A week ago he had taken
Hyloicus pinastri L. (Lep., Sphingidae) and Semiothisa liturata Clerck
(Lep., Geometridae) was well out. In Scotland, said Comdr. G. W.
Harper, the same conditions applied, S. liturata Clerck had occurred
five days previously, on 9th May Eumichtis adusta Esp. (Noctuidae) had
been taken, and Hadena thalassina Hufn. had been seen some two weeks
ago. At Newbury, Berks., he had taken Apatele alni L. (Noctuidae).

Xanthorhoé biriviata Borkh. (Geometridae) was reported flying on
3rd May.

Mr. R. Farrctovenr said that though there were many species out
early in the Reigate area of Surrey numbers were small. Mr. Ellison
agreed.

9

Though a number of early emergences were being reported, Mr. J.
O. T. Howarp said he was finding a number of late moths in his trap
at Dorking, Surrey; among these were Orthosia gothica L., O. stabilis
Schiff. and O. incerta Hufn. (Noctuidae).

Argynnis euphrosyne L. (Nymphalidae) was said to be well out in
Sussex and at Chiddingfold, Surrey, where Leptidea sinapis L. (Pieridae)
was also out. The larvae of Apatura iris L. (Nymphalidae) were,
according to one member, about an inch long.

The commonest moth in the Mill Hill area of N. London was
Gonodontis bidentata Clerck (Geometridae) Mr. Barry GoatTEr said.
He had taken the first melanic example in N. London a week ago. For
some time now he said melanic G. bidentata Clerck had been known
from Dulwich in 8. London (cf. A. KE. Aston, 1959, Proc. S. Lond. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 19). Another member reported this species
had occurred commonly in W. London, but to his knowledge the melanic
form had not yet been recorded. Melanism was well in evidence in W.
London, particularly in the Pugs for example. In N. London, too,
melanism was widespread where Menophra abruptaria Thunb.
(Geometridae) was some 50% melanic.

Referring to melanism in G. bidentata Clerck it was pointed out
that it had been suggested these melanics are offspring of bred melanics
which had been released.

Mr. R. Expon Exuison read a paper ‘“‘An Amateur in Panama’’, he
concluded with a series of pictures of Panama shown on the epidiascope
followed by some coloured transparencies of Panamanian Rhopalocera.

28th MAY 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. R. Epon Etii1son—Larvae of Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff.
(Lep., Noctuidae) obtained from a female caught in a mercury vapour
trap in West Surrey some two months previously.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Scrophularia aquatica L. (Water Betony) from
near East Malling, Kent, together with two common species of beetle
associated with it; Cionus alauda (Herbst) and CU. scrophulariae (L.)
(Curculionidae). He also showed young larvae of Cionus sp. which
were feeding on the plant.

Mr. S. Waxety—(1) A pupa of Hypercallia christiernana L. (Lep.,
Oecophoridae); he had found several larvae again this year on Milk-
wort at Wrotham, Kent. (2) Larvae and cocoons of Parascotia
fuliginaria LL. (Lep., Plusiidae) from Byfleet, Surrey.

The PRESIDENT showed an article extracted from Homes and Gardens
for May dealing with Cosford Mill, its restoration and conversion into
a dwelling. Cosford Mill, he reminded the meeting, was the venue of
several successful field meetings in recent years

10

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. R. M. Mere commented on an article in Country Life for 21st
May by L. Hugh Newman. He said the article included photographs
of moths at rest on tree trunks, among which was one of Apamea mono-
glypha Hufn. (Noctuidae). From the text Mr. Mere read an extract
on industrial melanism which attributed melanic forms of A. mono-
glypha to this cause. If Mr. Newman wished to choose a worse example
of industrial melanism, said Mr. Mere, he could scarcely have done so.
Melanism occurs commonly in this species in Inverness-shire, the Burren
of Clare, and in the north of England quite independent of industrial
areas, and occurs as a rarity in the south of England. Other mem-
bers reported melanic examples of the insect from Wicken Fen, Cambs.,
and from the Lake District. Mr. C. N. Hawkins said that since Dr.
Kettlewell had produced his notable work on the subject, it appeared
to be a popular belief among some people that any dark form was due
to industrial melanism.

It was suggested that the Secretary write to the Editor of Country
Life pointing out this inaccuracy.

Field meeting reports were given by Mr. R. W. J. Urren of the
Ham Street, Kent, and Whippendell Wood, Herts. field meetings.

Mr. B. Goater said that on the night of 14th/15th May he had
taken an example of Xylomyges conspicillaris L. (Lep. Noctuidae) in
his mercury vapour trap at Mill Hill, Middx. He asked if any one
had been breeding this species and releasing them in the area, or
whether this could have been the capture of a migrant. The distribu-
tion of the moth was discussed and the nearest recorded capture
appeared to be at Brentwood, Essex, but this was in the previous cen-
tury. In view of the possibility of this capture being that of a migrant,
and of the recent easterly winds, it was queried whether anyone had
noted any migrants. Only Mr. Expon Extison reported a few Plusia
gamma L. (Plusiidae). It appeared that the numbers of moths trapped
had been low, about 80 insects covering some 30 or so species per night
had been the pattern over the past month,

Details were given of the Lepidoptera which might be expected at
Whippendell Wood and which provoked a discussion on the distribu-
tion of Discoloria blomeri Curt. and Abraxas sylvata Scop.
(Geometridae).

Mr. Expon Exiison commented on the prevalence of geometers. In
his trap this year out of approximately 100 species something over 50
had been Geometridae. Noctuids were comparatively few and far
between. Mr. Urren said that on Wimbledon Common, Surrey, recently
at dusk he had seen numbers of geometers but no noctuids. It was
suggested by Mr. Hawxrns that this could be due to pupating habits,
as in dry spells the ground becomes sufficiently hard as to prevent the
escape of noctuid moths from their pupae.

On the other hand, Mr. M. G. Morris said, there were only two
geometrid species in the trap at East Malling, Kent, in the past three

11

weeks, but many more Noctuidae. The commonest moths were, how-
ever, Arctiidae.

llth JUNE 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. F. D. Buck—Three examples of Hydrobius (Limnoxenus) niger
(Zschach) (Col., Hydrophilidae) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.; one
taken 3.v.59 and two more taken 6.vi.59 with, for comparison, H.
fuscipes (L.). According to Prof. F. Balfour-Browne (1958, Brit. Water
Beetles, 3: 19), H. niger is a species of southern England and he
mentions taking it in the Fen in 1938 (a few specimens) and again in
1952 (one example). Mr. A. E. Gardner, with whom he was working,
took two others, one on each occasion.

Mr. S. Waxety—Pupae of Hyponomeuta irrorella Hiibn. (Lep.,
Hyponomeutidae). He said he had been to the locality in N.W. Kent
where the species was known to occur and was hoping to be able to dis-
tinguish the larvae from H. cognatella Hiibn. which feeds on the same
food-plant. The two forms of larvae could not however be distinguished
in the field and neither could they subsequently, and since it was known
that H. cognatella feeds gregariously and pupates together while H.
irrorella pupates singly, only larvae feeding in comparative isolation
were taken. When the larvae pupated it was found that H. irrorella
was in fact amongst the material collected. The pupal habits are quite
distinct—H. cognatella covers the pupae with silk while H. irrorellu
pupates exposed, with only a strand or two of silk to retain it in
position.

Mr. B. Goater—Examples of (1) Amathes depuncta L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) bred from ova obtained in Inverness-shire during September
1958. (2) Xylomyges conspicillaris L. (Lep., Noctuidae), a specimen
obtained at mercury vapour light at Mill Hill, Middx., 14.v.59.
Apparently the first record for the County (see Communications for 28th
May, p. 10). (3) Gonodontis bidentata Clerck (Lep., Geometridae), a
melanie male from Mill Hill, 7.v.59 (see Communications for 14th May,
p. 9).

Mr. T. R. Eactrs—An example of Myopa buccata (L.) (Dipt.,
Conopidae) taken on the Chilworth, Surrey, field meeting, 30.v.59. The
specimen was identified by Mr. R. W. J. Uffen.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Liprartan reported the purchase of Pearce, E. K., Typical
Flies, A Photographic Atlas of Diptera including Aphaniptera, Series I,
Second Edition, 1928; Second series, 1921; series III, 1928. A copy of
Lack, David, 1957, Evolutionary Theory & Christian Belief, The Un-
resolved Conflict, had been presented to the Society. Messrs. Buncle &
Co Ltd., of Arbroath, had sent us for review a copy of a book published
by them, namely A Guide to the Study of Lichens by Ursula K. Duncan.

12

This book has only just been issued and is thus completely up to date.
Any other books on lichens are more or less out of date and, moreover,
difficult to obtain.

Field meeting reports were given by Mr. S. Waxety of the Chilworth
and Pulborough meetings.

Mr. J. O. T. Howarp said Mr. Goater’s melanic Gonodontis bidentata
Clerck is different from the Scottish melanic he had recently taken at
Aviemore, Inverness-shire. This was much blacker, particularly on the
thorax than the specimen exhibited. The examples from south London
were, according to Mr. Wakely, also darker.

At Dunsfold recently, said Sir LEonaRD WAKELY, very few Argynnis
selene Schiff. (Lep., Nymphalidae) were to be seen and no Leptidea
sinapis L. (Lep., Pieridae) at all.

The PRESIDENT again referred to the question of the dark streak on
the breast of the Blue Tit (see Communications, 12th March, p. 3),
or its absence. He said the pair he had previously mentioned nesting
in his garden at Epsom, Surrey, now had young and these also had the
streak, very faint and barely discernible, but present. Mr. Eactss,
too, in his garden at Enfield, Middx., had seen a Blue Tit with a streak,
but Mr. C. N. Hawkins who had a family of the bird appearing
regularly in his garden at Wimbledon, Surrey, said none of them,
either adult or young, had the streak.

An instance was given by Mr. F. D. Buck of a specimen of Dytiscus
marginalis L. (Col., Dytiscidae) ejecting a foetid liquid when handled.
He said he was holding the insect between the thumb and forefinger
examining the underside and exerting a slight pressure laterally. After
a few seconds the beetle ejected a fairly large amount of clear liquid,
very slightly thicker than water on to the palm of his hand in sufficient
quantity to run down his wrist. The smell was, in his opinion, con-
siderably worse than the thick brown liquid similarly ejected by some
Carabidae, and in much greater quantity.

25th JUNE 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death was recorded of Mr. R. A. Fraser.

EXHIBITS.

Dr. C. G. M. p—E Worms—(1) The larva of Apatele menyanthidis
View. (Lep., Noctuidae) which he had bred from eggs laid by a female
taken in Scotland during May. (2) The larva of Orgyia recens Hiibn.
(gonostigma auctt. nec Scop.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) which he had
received from Mr. G. E. Hyde who had taken the moth in the vicinity
of Doncaster, Yorks.; and for comparison, the larva of O. antiqua L.

Mr. R. Expon Errtison—(1) A series of Odontosia carmelita Esp.
(Lep., Notodontidae) from W. Surrey. (2) Achlya flavicornis L. ab.
interrupta Houlbert (Lep., Thyatiridae) also from W. Surrey, with the

13

typical form for comparison. (3) Photographs of a small birch growing
on the stump of a cut down conifer.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Pupae and imagines of the following Lepi-
doptera (Hyponomeutidae): Hyponomeuta irrorella Hiibn. and 4H.
cognatella Hiibn. from spindle, taken on the High Halstow, Kent, field
meeting. Also H. padella L. from hawthorn, comprising examples with
grey forewings from High Halstow and examples with white forewings
from Whippendell Wood, Herts.

Mr. M. G. Morris—(1) A specimen of Deraeocoris scutellaris (F.)
(Hem., Miridae) swept at Shoreham, Kent, 13.vi.59. This is an
uncommon bug and there appears to be some uncertainty with regard
to its plant association. It has been swept from Calluna at Royston,
Herts., and has been found on hazel; neither of these occurred at
Shoreham (chalk downs). Recent records of this insect include several
at light at Rothamsted, Herts., a few years ago (Southwood), a specimen
swept at Trottiscliffe (Massee) and single specimens at light at East
Malling, Kent, in 1958 and on 24.vi.59. It seems that the species is
predaceous; Dr. Massee has kept one alive on rose aphids for two weeks.
It would be interesting if collectors could look out for this species when
collecting on chalk downs so that its habitat could be discovered. In
this connection it should be noted that, in the field, this species could be
overlooked as the common Rhopalotomus ater (L.). (2) Specimens of
Cymus obliquus Horvath (Hem., Lygaeidae) swept from Scirpus sp.,
Berkshire, 22.vi.59. This is the only known British locality for this
extremely local species; the insects are, however, abundant there. Dr.
Southwood, who rediscovered the species, has a note on it in the press.
Bedwell took 2 examples on Wimbledon Common, and it is believed that
one was taken in Hampshire before that.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—The lichen Cladonia impexa Harm. from Westend
Common, near Woking, Surrey. This is often spoken of as Reindeer
Moss and has been recorded as Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. It is not
a moss and is not the lichen generally eaten by reindeer. C. rangiferina
is a northern species and records of its occurrence in Surrey are
regarded as erroneous (Watson, W., 1953, Census Catalogue of British
Tichens, p. 50, No. 874). The range of these and allied species is dis-
cussed by Ursula K. Duncan (1959, A Guide to the study of Lichens, p.
71).

The Prestp—ENt—A Nematode worm which he had found crawling
on a plant in his garden after the recent storms. It is understood that
the sexual forms of these animals leave their haunts in the soil after
rain in the summer and ascend plant stems. The early stages are spent
in the bodies of insect larvae. During the discussion on the exhibit
Mr. W. H. T. Tams said they appear to come up onto the vegetation
after storms to lay eggs which are ingested by insects, usually grass-
hoppers and allied species. Another member was of the opinion that
this was the worm which infested the earwig. Dr. B. J. MacNulty
said that when breeding Lepidoptera in W. Africa larvae excreted
similar animals on several occasions which always resulted in the death

14

of that particular larva. Mr. C. N. Hawkins said he had sometimes
seen the worm in his garden but always confined to a small patch. It
was also suggested that the worm belonged to the genus Mermis; and
it was also stated that the ingestion of the egg was always fatal to the
host.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lrprarian said that Mr. N. Niblett had presented to the Society
a most important work on a section of the Hymenoptera. It is Les
Oynipides by J. J. Kieffer. The two volumes contain over 1,400 pages,
48 plates and the original descriptions of many species.

Reports were given of the High Halstow field meeting by Mr. A. W.
Goutp and Mr. S. Wakety reported on the Otford meeting in the
absence of the leader.

Dr. pE Worms said that Mr. Webb of Lincolnshire had told him in
a letter of the capture of a number of Leptidea sinapis L. (Lep.,
Pieridae) in Saulecey Forest, Northants, which included some females
with brown wing tips. In the same letter, Mr. Webb said Cartero-
cephalus palaemon Pall. (Lep., Hesperidae) was seen on the wing in
Lincolnshide in mid-May. Mr. B. F. Sxrnner confirmed the Leptidea
sinapis L. females with brown wing tips in Saulcey Forest by saying
that Mr. T. J. Dillon had taken one. Dr. de Worms said he thought
the season was some two weeks earlier than usual even in Scotland and
he gave news of his recent collecting trip to the Continent where the
season appeared to be early, too. At Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., he
had recently taken six examples of Pyrausta perlucidalis Hiibn. (Lep.,
Pyralidae). The previous night, he continued, had been very good for
the mercury vapour trap, three people had each taken six species of
Hawk moth. However, he thought butterflies were scarce.

Mr. R. Epon Etison said that it was his experience that last night
was the most prolific this year.

On the subject of butterflies, Mr. Waxety said he had seen
Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Satyridae) at Otford, Kent, a short while
ago which appears to be early for this species. Mr. R. F. Haynes said
very few butterflies were to be seen at Killarney, Ireland, when he was
there recently.

At Wood Walton Fen, it was reported, a specimen was taken of
Euyithecia palustraria Doubl. (Lep., Geometridae) on the afternoon of
6th June.

Referriug to Coleoptera Mr. A. W. Goutp said that Lucanus cervus
(L.) (Lucanidae) was quite common at Woolwich, S.E. London, and
that he had seen Helops caeruleus (L.) (Tenebrionidae) crushed on the
pavement there. Mr. Hawkins said that though ZL. cervus is usually
common at Wimbledon, S.W. London, he had not seen it so far this
year, but another member said it was common at Surbiton, Surrey.
Mr. Wakely said he had recently received a dark example of Nacerdes
melanura (L.) (Oedemeridae) from a new building containing no wood
in Shaftesbury Avenue, Central London.

i5

Sphine ligustri L. (Lep., Sphingidae) was reported in Wimbledon the
previous week, all females. This gave rise to a discussion on the distribu-
tion of the species in the environments of London and to its choice of
food plant.

9th JULY 1959.

Mr. J. L. Henverson in the Chair.

Mr. H. N. E. Alston was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. J. L. Henperson—Ceuthorhynchidius rufulus (Dufour) (Col.,
Curculionidae) which he had taken on a Plantago species, 28.vi.59, in
his garden at Purley, Surrey. The species is very local and is confined
to the south coast from Kent to Dorset except for the records of one
example from Windsor Forest, Berks. (Donisthorpe, 1939, Prelim. List
Col. Windsor For., London, p. 110) and a number at Purley, Surrey, in
1944 and 1945.

Mr. T. R. Eacues—Leaves of Iris ochroleuca L. mined by a dipterous
larva, Phytobia (Dizygomyza) iridis (Hendel) (Dipt., Agromyzidae).
The leaves of Iris foetidissima L. are commonly attacked by this fly (cf.
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 91, and Hering, E. M.,
1951, Biology of the Leaf Miners, p. 61). Other species of garden iris
have not, in my experience, been attacked. It may be of significance
that the crushed leaves of both species have a very similar unpleasant
smell. Jris ochroleuca is fairly common in gardens; it has tall yellow
and white flowers appearing a little later than those of the bearded
irises.

Mr. T. G. Howarru—A larva of Charazes jasius L. (Lep.,
Nymphalidae) bred from ova found on Arbutus wnedo L. (The Straw-
berry Tree) at Bagur, Spain, 19.vi.59.

COMMUNICATIONS.

It was announced that a large collection of Nigerian Lycaenidae had
been donated to the Society’s collection by the Rev. D. P. Murray.

Mr. J. L. HenperRson commenting on the records of Lucanus cervus
L. (Col., Lucanidae) at the previous meeting said he had seen a number
in his garden at Purley this year, and Mr. T. R. Eagles added that a
male had been taken at Enfield, Middx.; the species is not common as
a rule in the northern environments of London.

Dr. C. G. M. p—E Worms again commented on the Lepidoptera of the
season. He said Oria musculosa Hiibn. (Noctuidae) was now nearly over,
but amongst the Nymphalidae Apatura iris L. was on the wing the
previous week-end, and Limenitis camilla L. and Argynnis paphia L.
were well out. Aglais urticae L. was also out, and Mr. Hawkins added
Vanessa atalanta L.

Mr. Henperson said he had recently found sweeping for Coleoptera
very poor indeed.

16

Mr. C. N. Hawkins said he had noticed a sudden influx of Tenebrio
molitor L. (Col., Tenebrionidae) recently, several had occurred in his
house. It was pointed out that the beetle does fly well at times; and
Mr. F. D. Buck said, in his experience, the years when this insect 1s
prevalent away from its normal pabulum of stored cereals and cereal
products, are those years which are very warm and dry. This could be
due to better development of colonies of the insect in their usual habitat
under these conditions; and, since this species is always more active
and flies more readily in hot dry weather, its consequent dispersal over a
much wider area.

Commenting on Mr. Eagles exhibit, Mr. K. A. Spencer said Phytobia
iridis (Hendel) can be a serious pest on Iris ochroleuca L. He men-
tioned that Iris spuria L. was mined by fly and also mentioned another
agromyzid fly which mined the same plants.

Mr. H. D. Swain showed a very interesting series of slides of the
Lake District which was followed by a few experimental exposures with
electronic flash.

23rd JULY 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. R. Expon Eviison—A selection of aberrant forms of Lepidoptera
including Callimorpha jacobaeae L. ab. gilleti André (Arctiidae) with
confluent red spots; Chilodes maritima Tausch. ab. nigristriata Staud.
(Noctuidae); Plusia iota L. abs. percontationis Treits. and inscripta Esp.
and P. pulchrina Haw., abs. percontatrix Auriv. and incipiens Schaw.
(Plusiidae), each of these two Plusia species thus being shown with the
spots united and with the spots partly obsolete. He also showed examples
of Hepialus fusconebulosus Deg. (Hepialidae) approaching ab. gallicus
Led.; Apatele leporina LL. (Noctuidae) with dark submarginal shade;
Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. (Geometridae) of the melanic form ab.
humpertti Humpert; and unusual forms of Spilosoma lubricipeda L.
(menthastri Esp.) (Arctiidae), and Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh.,
Cosymbia pendularia Clerck (one of the darker grey forms) and Chiasmia
clathrata L. (Geometridae).

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A living example of Isophrictis tanacetella
Schrank (Lep., Gelechiidae) from Bookham Common, Surrey, where it is
associated with Achillea ptarmica L.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Some Curculionidae (Col.) taken on the Dunge-
ness, Kent field meeting, 12.vii.59: Apion sedi Germ., Otiorrhynchus
ovatus (L.), Smicronyx jungermanniae (Reich.), Tychius meliloti Steph.,
T. tibialis Boh., Phytonomus venustus (F.), Ceuthorhynchus geographicus
(Geoze), Nanophyes marmoratus (Goeze) and Gymnetron antirrhini
(Payk.).

17

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins commented further on the dark line on the
breast of the Blue Tit, he said he had noticed that the feathers on the
breasts of the birds in his garden at Wimbledon, S.W. London, met in a
line and in some lights gave the impression of a dark line. He wondered
if this could be the cause of the reports of slightly marked birds. The
PRESIDENT said that the young birds which he had previously reported
having a faint line did in fact develop a distinct line similar to that
on the parent birds. (See Communications, 12th March, p. 3; and
11th June, p. 12.)

Mr. F. D. Buck remarked on the Ceuthorhynchus geographicus
(Goeze) shown by Mr. Morris, he said he had once swept this species
in some numbers from Hchium vulgare L. on Box Hill, Surrey, and
though he had frequently looked for the beetle again, both by sweeping
and by searching at the roots of the plant, he had failed to turn
the species up a second time. The Presipent had also met with
the insect on one occasion only, at Mickleham, Surrey. Mr. Morris
said his examples had been taken on Echium vulgare L., which of course
is the normal food plant, both by sweeping and at the roots. Mr. A. A.
AtLEN added that in his experience the species did occur sporadically,
he had taken it on three, or perhaps four occasions, obtaining some six
specimens or so each time.

Eublemma parva Hiibn. was reported at light on the night of 20th
July by Mr. J. L. Messencer.

The aberration of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. exhibited by Mr. Eldon
Ellison prompted a query by Dr. B. J. MacNuuty whether this form
was as rare as we suppose. He suggested that most lepidopterists
obtained their series early in their collecting career and seldom bothered
with the insect again. This suggestion arose from the fact that when
breeding the species during the war he collected some 30 larvae from
scattered localities and bred out a number of the aberration.

Mr. Extpon Etuison disagreed with the suggestion; he said it was a
very distinct form, very noticeable when the moth is at rest. Further,
he had watched for the aberration but till now had never met with it.

A paper, ‘‘Some faunistic and Distributional Problems in the British
Coleoptera’? was read by Mr. A. A. ALLEN and was followed by an
interesting discussion.

13th AUGUST 1959.
Mr. R. M. Merz, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. A. W. Richards, M.A., B.Sc.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. R. M. Mere—Two larvae of the scarce moth Perizoma sagittata
F. (Geometridae) taken ten days previously on Thalictrum flavum
L. (Common Meadow Rue) in East Anglia.

18

Mr. F. D. Buck—An example of Dermestes peruvianus Cast. (Col.,
Dermestidae) taken in his flat at Canonbury, N. London, during July
1959. He read a note.

Mr. J. O. T. Howarnv—EKggs of Pterostoma palpina Clerck (Lep.,
Notodontidae), laid by a Dorking, Surrey, female taken at light on
8th August. Third instar larvae of Stawropus fagi L. (Lep., Noto-
dontidae), progeny of a female taken at light near Lyndhurst, Hants.,
on 18th July. A series of Harpyia bifida Brahm (hermelina Goeze) bred
from a female taken at light last year at Dorking, with a twig of aspen
carrying a number of cocoons of the species. A, series of Agrotis ripae
Hiibn. (Lep. Noctuidae), bred from larvae taken in September 1958 on
the S.W. Pembrokeshire coast, showing little difference from the Kentish
race. Two specimens of Hupithecia linariata Schiff. (Lep., Geomet-
ridae), bred from Dungeness, Kent, larvae. Melanic specimens of
Ectropis bistortata Goeze (Lep., Geometridae), one each of the spring
and summer brood, from Dorking, found to be rather scarce in this
locality. Two of the melanic aberration humperti Humpert of Pseudo-
boarmia punctinalis Scop. (Lep., Geometridae), also from Dorking,
found to be rather plentiful in this locality, perhaps 30% of the
population.

Dr. ©. G. M. pk Worms—Lepidopterous larvae from the EK, Suffolk
sandhills including Macroglossum stellatarwm lL. (Sphingidae) and
Cucullia asteris Schiff. (Noctuidae).

Mr. E. E. J. Trunpetr—(1) Four aberrations of Spilosoma lubrici-
peda L. (menthastri Esp.) (Lep., Arctiidae), with a typical specimen
for comparison. Three were taken this year at light in Shorne, Kent.
One example, a lined aberration, approached ab. walkert Curt. (2)
A dark aberration of Dasychira pudibunda L. from the same locality,
also with a typical specimen for comparison.

Mr. H. C. Huaeins—Several cases of Lepidoptera and Mollusca to
illustrate his talk.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. Hvueerns reported Plusia interrogationis LL. (Lep., Plusiidae)
at mercury vapour light at Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, on 2nd August.
It was the leaden form and had last occurred in the south of England
in 1955. On the same night Eurois occulta L. (Lep., Noctuidae) came
to light. EH. occulta LL. was also reported to have occurred at Ham
Street, Kent, two weeks previously.

Just over a week ago Mr. H. A. Kennarp had seen a migration
of Plusia interrogationis L. in southern Denmark.

Two more Eublemma parva Hiibn. were reported by Mr. J. L.
MESSENGER in his trap at Weybridge, Surrey, on 24th July. None of
his lepidopterist neighbours had seen the species and the occurrence
appeared to be local. Other members, however, reported it from
Folkestone, Kent, and from Devon.

19

Six Colias croceus Fourc., all males, had been seen near Amberley,
Sussex; four of them had been caught and as they were in fresh con-
dition it was assumed they had bred here. One was reported from
Chislehurst, Kent, on 19th July, another in N. Wales early in July,
and some half dozen, all males, had been noted in the Scilly Isles.

Surprise was expressed by one member that he had seen no Vanessa
cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) this year, but several members agreed
it was scarce this season.

Mr. R. M. Mere said that on 8th August he had taken Hetero-
graphis oblitella Zell. (Lep., Crambidae) in his mercury vapour trap
at Chiddingfold, Surrey. Details of recent records of this insect were
given by Mr. Hvuaeins.

Acherontia atropos lL. (Lep., Sphingidae) was reported from Kings-
bury, N.W. London.

An interesting paper, ‘‘A Naturalist in the Kingdom of Kerry’’,
was read by Mr. H. C. Huceins. (See Trans., p. 176.)

27th AUGUST 1959.
The PresIDENT in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. H. D. Swain, M.A., F.R.E.S.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. C. Kerro-JoHnston—A case of set specimens of Lepidoptera
taken in his garden in Finchley Road, London, N.W.3, situated about
a mile north of Finchley Underground Station. Among them were
Dicycla oo L. and Cucullia absinthii L. (Noctuidae), and Scopula mar-
ginepunctata Goeze and Rhodometra sacraria L. (Geometridae).

Mr. T. R. Eacres—A specimen of the beetle Chrysolina sanguino-
lenta L. (Chrysomelidae) taken on the Princes Risborough, Bucks., field
meeting, 23.viii.59.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following Coleoptera taken by Mr. F. T.
Vallins and himself in Scotland between 2nd and 14th August. (1)
Miscodera artica (Payk.) (Carabidae), Cromdale Hills. (2) Larvae and
living adult males of the ‘‘Timberman’’ Acanthocinus aedilis (L.)
(Cerambycidae), Insh. (3) Rhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae),
Loch an Eilean. He also showed a series of the dragonfly Sympetrum
nigrescens Lucas (Libellulidae) from Loch an Eilean, a new inland
locality from the species. All localities are in Inverness-shire.

Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Howarta—Some larvae of Stauropus fagi L.
(Lep., Notodontidae) in their final instar. They had been exhibited the
previous meeting by Mr. J. O. T. Howard when they were in their
third instar. There were two forms, one very dark purplish or blackish-
brown, the other the more usual paler reddish-brown. Mr. Howarth
then read some notes on the final ecdysis of the larva and drew atten-
tion to the way the larva extricated its long thoracic legs from its old
skin, giving the time taken for this complex operation.

20

COMMUNICATIONS.

The LipRARIAN announced the addition to the library of (1) Bumble-
bees by John B. Free and Colin G. Butler. (2) Key to the names of the
British Butterflies and Moths by R. D. MacLeod. (3) The first two
fascicles of Aleranor, a new French magazine dealing with Lepidoptera.

Mr. C. N. Hawxtys said he had seen a fresh specimen of Vanessa
atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae), and the President said he had also
seen one or two. The President added that Coenonympha pamphilus L.
(Lep., Satyridae) seemed to be unusually abundant this year. Mr.
Eagles said that he had also noticed this at the Princes Risborough
meeting. Several members spoke of the abundance of wasps this year.
Mr. Howarth said they had attacked the moths in his mercury vapour
trap. If they stung the moths in the abdomen it appeared to have
no effect, but a sting in the thorax was fatal; often they bit the abdomen
in two. Other members complained that wasps had removed the
abdomens from the moths on their setting boards.

Referring to his visit to Scotland, the President said he had been
surprised to see many Burying Beetles in the light trap. He reported
taking the larva of Anarta melanopa Thunb. (Lep., Noctuidae) on the
Cairngorms.

Preliminary reports of the following field meetings were given:
Princes Risborough, Bucks., and Halling, Kent, by Messrs Eagles and
Hammond respectively.

10th SEPTEMBER 1959.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The deaths were recorded of Mr. F. T. Grant and Mr. R. Eldon
Ellison.

The President announced that the Council had recognised the long
and valued services of Mr. T. R. Eacies by appointing him an Honorary
Member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. S. Waxery—(1) Larvae of Humichtis adusta Esp. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) from a Yorkshire female. (2) A series of seven Hvergestis
extimalis Scop. (Lep., Pyralidae) taken on the Higham, Kent, field
meeting, 9.vili.59, together with living larvae of the same species found
at the same place, 9.ix.59, feeding on the seeds of Diplotaxis tenwifolia
(L.) DC. (38) Living larvae of Ethmia funerella F. (Lep., Hypono-
meutidae) found near Canterbury, Kent, 30.viii.59, feeding on Sym-
phytum officinale L. (Comfrey), together with a series of the moth from
his collection.

Mr. M. G. Morris—A specimen of Gymnetron collinum (Gyll.) (Col.,
Curculionidae) taken on Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Toadflax) on the Halling,
Kent, field meeting, 30.viii.59. He also showed examples of the other
species in the genus which are associated with Linaria: G. linariae

21

(Panz.) and G. antirrhint (Payk.). The last named often abounds on
the plant.

Mr. A. S. WuHeerer—A cocoon of Saturnia pavonia L. (Lep.,
Saturniidae) with two exit holes for the moth.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Reports of the field meeting to Halling, Kent and of the visit to East
Malling Research Station were given by Mr. M. G. Morris.

Comments on the activity of Lepidoptera recently appeared to
indicate that Colias croceus Fourc. (Pieridae) was building up to a big
emergence. There was also a good summer brood of Lycaena phiaeas L.
(Lycaenidae). Among the moths there was a remarkably good emergence
of Leucania pallens L. (Noctuidae).

Mr. T. R. Hacues queried whether anyone had seen the Milkweed
butterfly this year, but the only response was a reference to a report
in a Devon newspaper.

Mr. P. F. SHenton, A.R.P.S., showed a remarkable and interesting
series of stereoscopic slides in colour under the title of ‘‘Three Dimen-
sional Photography’’. The slides consisted of entomological, botanical,
and ornithological subjects.

24th SEPTEMBER 1959.

The PresipENT in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. H. V. Line.
A welcome by the President was extended to Dr. EH. A. G. Duffey of
the Nature Conservancy.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. S. Waxety—(1) Five examples of Pammene aurantiana Staud.
(Lep., Tortricidae) taken at Mickleham, Surrey, on 26th July and 1st
August last, a species first recorded for Britain in 1957. (2) Single
specimens of Pandemis cinnamomeana Triets. (Lep., Tortricidae) and
Blastobasis lignea Wals. (Lep., Blastobasidae) bred from larvae found on
larch on the Box Hill field meeting on 2nd May. (3) Two aberrations
of Eurrhypara hortulata L. (Lep., Pyralidae) with the black markings
suffused together instead of standing out distinctly as in typical examples
—both taken in his garden at Camberwell, S.E. London. A typical
example was shown for comparison.

Mr. B. Goarer—(1) Third instar larvae of Laphygma exigua Hiibn.
(Lep., Noctuidae) bred from ova obtained from a female taken at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight, 31.viii.59. (2) Fourth instar larvae of Dasychira
fascelina L. (Lep., Lymantridae) bred from ova obtained in Dorset,
19.vii.59.

Mr. A .E. Garpner—The following local species of Coleoptera taken
at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 19.vii.59: Chrysolina menthastri (Suff.)
and C. graminis (L.) (Chrysomelidae) and Platystomos albinus (L.)
(Platystomidae).

22

Mr. N. Hammonn—The spider Oxyopes heterophthalmus Latr. The
specimen, which was about three-quarters grown, was taken on the
Chobham, Surrey, field meeting on 12th September. According to Mr.
D. J. Clark of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), who confirmed the
determination, this species has been taken previously in Britain in one
particular area only of the New Forest, Hants, and has not been
recorded since 1917.

The LipraRIAN announced that La Société entomologique suisse had
presented Vol. I of Insecta Helvetica dealing with Plecoptera.

Preliminary reports were given of the following field meetings:
Chobham, Surrey, 12th September, by Mr. R. M. Mere; Farningham,
Kent, 20th September, by Mr. J. Chalmers-Hunt.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms spoke of his recent visit to the Scilly Isles
and to Tresco Abbey. There was an extraordinary abundance of Vanessa
atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) and about a dozen Colias croceus Fourc.
(Lep., Pieridae) were seen including one ab. helice Hiibn. Several mem-
bers told of the abundance of V. atalanta L. in different parts of the
country. For example it was swarming in the Swansea area of S. Wales
and near Penzance, Cornwall. Mr. T. R. Hacuzs said that Mr. J.
Hillaby had seen several near the top of Scaw Fell Pike in the Lake
District.

At Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Leucania albipuncta F. (Lep., Noctuidae),
Blastobasis lignea Wals. (Lep., Blastobasidae) and a moth thought to
be B. decolorella Woll. had been taken. In N. Devon vast numbers of
Macroglossum stellatarum L. (Lep., Sphingidae) had been observed.

Mr. S. Waxkesty said that earlier in the year he had taken the larvae
of Vanessa atalanta L. and all were attacked by Hymenoptera. The
primary parasite was a species of Microgaster and there were three
species of hyper-parasites.

Dr. K. A. G. Durrry read a paper on ‘‘Nature Conservation’’ with
particular reference to its work in Hast Anglia. This was illustrated by
coloured slides, many of which depicted parts of Wood Walton Fen in
Huntingdonshire.

The PrestpEnt showed coloured slides of his recent visit to Aviemore,
Inverness-shire, and in particular Loch Garten where a pair of ospreys
were nesting.

8th OCTOBER 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The President extended a welcome to Dr. J. Ramsbottom.

EXHIBITS.
There was an exhibition of fungus collected the two previous days at
Epping Forest, Essex, at Banstead Woods, Surrey, and at Enfield,
Middlesex. Only 22 species were shown and most of these were growing

23

on trees. The reason for the scarcity was the long uninterrupted
drought.

The most interesting were a fine example of Volvaria bombycina
(Pers.) Fr. on a beech tree in Epping Forest, Bolbitius titubans (Bull.)
Fr. among Sphagnum moss in Epping Forest, Psilocybe ericaea (Pers.)
Fr. from Banstead Woods, a large clump of Polyporus hispidus Fr. on
beech in Epping Forest, and sections of Fomes ulmarius Cooke cut to
show the stratose tubes, Banstead Woods and Epping Forest.

Mr. F. D. Buck—An example of Agabus uliginosus (L.) (Col.,
Dytiscidae) from Wood Walton Fen, 7.vi.59, together with a map show-
ing the known distribution.

Mr. B. Goatrr—Larvae of Hupithecia pimpinellata Hiibn. (Lep.,
Geometridae) on Pimpinella saxvifraga L. from Mill Hill, Middlesex.

Mr. T. R. Eactrs—(1) About a thousand dead imagines of the fly
Thaumatomyia notata Meig. (Chloropidae). He referred to his exhibit
of 26th September 1957, when a swarm of about 50,000 entered a room
in his house at Enfield, Middlesex (see Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1957: 17). In September 1958 the invasion had been less, but
this year it was much worse than in 1957. Several neighbouring house-
holders had suffered in the same way. (2) The plant Datura stramonium
L. (Thorn-apple) found growing in his garden. This plant has recently
received attention in the national press. He suspected that the seed
occurred as an impurity in imported bird seed.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Referring to Mr. Eagles’ exhibit, Dr. Ramssorrom said he thought
a lot of unnecessary fuss had been made over the Thorn-apple. It does
occur quite commonly in some places and he believed it to be a native
British plant. Mr. 8. N. A. Jacoss said he had always associated the
plant with pig sties and in Sussex he had often found it growing against
the walls of such places.

Comment was also made on the swarming of Thauwmatomyia notata
Meig., when attention was drawn to the widespread swarming of this
fly two years ago. Once more Dr. pE Worms made observations on
recent occurrences in Lepidoptera—a number of butterflies were still
about, Colias croceus ¥. (Pieridae) was seen at Woking, Surrey, a few
days previously and Vanessa atalanta L. (Nymphalidae) was noted flying
in a steady stream southwards. Herse convolvuli L. (Sphingidae) ap-
peared to be commoner in the Isle of Wight than elsewhere, but several
captures in the south of England were mentioned. Leucania albipuncta
Schiff. (Noctuidae) and Palpita wnionalis Hiibn. (Pyralidae) were both
seen in the past few days.

In Sussex the previous Sunday (4th October) Mr. Jacoss said several
Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lycaenidae) had been seen but only one Vanessa
atalanta L. The Prestpent agreed that DL. phlaeas L. was the com-
moner species at the present time.

Dr. Ramssottom gave a talk on ‘‘Fungi’’ which he supported with
a number of coloured slides and coloured transparencies.

24

31st OCTOBER 1959.
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS

Mr. G. J. Asupy (on behalf of the ZoonoercaL Socrery or Lonpon)—
Living invertebrates as follows: Pandinus imperator (Thor.), Imperial
scorpion with young; Latrodectus mactans F., the Black Widow Spider ;
four species of bird-eating spider, Tapinauchenius plumipes Koch,
Avicularia avicularia L., Psalmopoeus cambridgei Poc. and Brachy-
pelma vagans Auss.; a Centipede with eggs, belonging to the genus
Scolopendra; some Millipedes (Diplopoda); Orzines macklotti (Sauss.),
Javan Stick Insect; a Praying Mantis belonging to the genus Sphodro-
mantis; Rhomaleum micropterum Bed., Lubber Locust; and Coenobita
rugosa H. Edwards, the Land Hermit Crab.

Mr. A. A. ALLEN (visitor)—Two examples of Cercyon laminatus
Sharp (det. J. Balfour-Browne) (Col., Hydrophilidae), a species new
to Britain and taken in August this year at Blackheath, S.W. London,
at mercury vapour light. The species was described from Japan but
has occurred in recent years in the Hamburg and Berlin areas of Ger-
many, also at light. The insect is very distinct from other species of
British Cercyon, by its pitchy-yellow-brown colour with only the head
black, the large eyes, the rounded or obtuse hind angles of the prono-
tum and the deeply impressed striae and the strong puncturation.

Mr. K. E. J. Bartey—(1) Lepidoptera as follows: Pararge aegeria
L. s.sp. egerides Staud., a bleached male taken near Ryton on Duns-
more, War., 19.vii.59; Hrebia aethiops Esp., five males including a
bleached form, and three females from a series taken at Arnside, West-
morland, 26.vii.59; Maniola jurtina L., two bleached males, Cotswolds,
26.vi.59; Aphantopus hyperantus L., four males and a female ab.
arete Mill., Oversley Wood, Wores., 12.vii1.59; Argynnis cydippe L., a
male taken at Tubney Woods, N. Berks. (near Oxford), 27.vi.59, this
is only the second specimen seen by the exhibitor in this area since
the war; Polygonia c-album L., a male with a dull, dark mahogany
ground colour, Oversley Wood, Wores., 12.vii.59; Aglais urticae L., a
male extreme ab. nigra Tutt, bred under natural conditions from a
larva found in Birmingham, War., August 1959; Apatura iris L., three
males and three females, bred, Surrey, 1959; Lysandra coridon Poda,
a male taken in a field near Oxford, over 14 miles from the nearest
known locality, August 1959; also a female ab. caeca Courv., and two
female abs. antidiscoelongata B. & L.; a male ab. postcaeca B. & L.,
all from the Cotswolds and Chilterns, August 1959. (2) Temperature
experiments carried out on Lepidoptera at the Department of Clinical
Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, during August and
September 1959. A series of 75 Aglais urticae L. bred from four sepa-
rate broods collected over a wide area in the Midlands. These are
aberrations ranging from nearly normal specimens to extreme pheno-
copies identical with ab. nigra Tutt. They were produced by exposing
the pupae during the critical period of wing pattern development to

25

low temperature. Exposure to low temperature was arranged to
simulate several successive frosty nights as might occur in nature.
Each exposure was for 12 hours in every 24, the remainder of the time
being at room temperature. The exhibitor believes that the critical
period extends over the first two days of pupal life. A temperature
of —8° C. was used. A low mortality rate (two per cent) was observed.
Each brood behaved similarly and about five per cent of treated pupae
produced normal imagines. Some 30 per cent produced ab. ichnusoides
Selys-Long., about 20 per cent produced ab. nigra Tutt, the remainder
producing intermediates of varying degrees between the former and
normal specimens. All controls were normal. A short series was
exposed for seven days continuously, the mortality rate in this case
being 33 per cent. Apart from the above variations, a reduction in
hindwing area was observed.

Dr. J. V. Banner—Coenonympha. tullia Miill. ab. philoxenus Esp.,
taken in Westmorland; aberrations of the following species: Aphantopus
hyperantus L., taken in Westmorland, Lysandra coridon Poda, taken
in Sussex and Zygaena trifolii Esp. taken in Kent; also a short series
of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. from the Lake District.

Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Botron—A selection of interesting aberrations
of Rhopalocera taken during 1959: Polyommatus icarus Rott., a melanic
male somewhat resembling the aberration ultramelaina B. & L. of
Iysandra coridon Poda, taken by Mrs. Bolton in Surrey; also a male
underside resembling the LZ. coridon aberration sagittata Courv., Isle of
Purbeck, July 1959; and a female underside ab. transiens Oberth., with
spots elongated towards striation, Isle of Purbeck, July 1959; Lysandra
coridon Poda, female upperside with possible homoeosis on the right fore-
wing, Isle of Purbeck, July 1959; Huchloé cardamines L., male underside
ab. kutokovi Krul., with greatly increased green marbling on the under-
side hindwings, bred 30.iii1.59, Surrey, and a male upperside having
black outer border extension to base of forewing tips or inner angle of
wing, also having an orange streak across white portion below the
orange tips, Sussex, May 1959; Argynnis selene Schiff., two males
exhibiting the same abnormality as Lysandra coridon Poda ab. decrescens
B. & L. and showing mal neuration, Sussex, May 1959.

Mr. S. R. Bowprn—Hybrids of British Pieris napi L. and the Swiss
ab. bryoniae Ochs. (F, of F, backcross to bryoniae): form sulphwrea
Schoyen in butterflies only one-quarter P. napi in constitution. Since
only half the insects in the parental backcross broods carried sulphurea,
the form was not certain to re-appear, as in fact it did in at least two
1958 broods out of five. The more direct route to the same goal, through
the F, hybrid and its backcross to bryoniae, yielded in 1954 rather weak
insects. Although the 1958 broods appear very vigorous and have been
successfully paired among themselves as well as backcrossed again to
bryoniae, they yet retain certain disadvantageous hybrid characters.
In particular, a proportion of individuals are still in prolonged, or even
fatally prolonged, diapause. The original P. napi parent in 1957 was

26

albino as well as sulphurea; albinism is present, though weakly ex-
pressed, in one of the three broods shown.

Mr. C. S. H. Buiatrawayt—Lepidoptera from Weston-super-Mare,
Somerset, except where otherwise stated: Alcis (Cleora) repandata L.,
a varied selection all taken in his garden at light; Lewcania albipuncta
Schiff., two specimens taken at light on 6 and 8.x.59; Laphygma exigua
Hiibn., three examples taken during 1959, one in the Sychnant Pass,
N. Wales, on 8th July and the other two at Weston-super-Mare on 12th
July and 27th August; Heliothis peltigera Schiff., three specimens taken
on 17.vii.59, 14.ix.59 and 1.x.59; Nycterosia (Nyctosia) obstipata F.,
three specimens taken on 22.vii.59, 1.vili.59 and 30.1x.59; Palpita
(Margaronia) wnionalis Hiibn., two specimens taken on 14 and 15.x.59.

Mr. R. F. BretrHEerton—(1) Selected Lepidoptera. From Ottershaw,
Surrey: Odontosia carmelita Esp., 16/20.iv.59; Pseudoips prasinana L.
(bicolorana Fuess.), June to July 1959; Agrotis segetum Schiff., extreme
melanic aberrations, 15.vi.59 and 5.1x.59; Cucullia absinthii L., 7.vii.59;
Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. (dipsacea L.), 4.vi.59; Dicycla 00 L. ab. renago
Haw., 7.vii.59; Hapalotis venustula MHiibn., 16.vi.59; Sterrha
sylvestraria Hiibn., 26.vi/16.vii.59; Rhodometra sacraria L., 25.viii.59 ;
Nycterosia obstipata F., 9 and 25.viii.59; Phigalia pilosaria Schiff.
(pedaria F.) ab. monacharia Staud., 27.11/7.i11.59; Selenia lunaria
Schiff., 5.vi.59; Huzophera terrebrella Zinck., 24/26.vi.59; Donacaula
mucronellus Schiff. 24.vi.59; Crambus contaminellus MHiibn.,
13.vii/15.ix.59. From the Chilterns, Bucks.: Lophopteryx cucullina
Schiff., bred 23.vi.59; Schrankia taenialis Hiibn., 11.vii.59. From the
south Devon Coast, 1/3.viii.59: Nola albula Schiff.; Huplagia quadri-
punctaria Poda (hera L.); Leucania putrescens Hiibn.; Pyralis costalis
F., melanic aberration; Scoparia cembrae Haw. From the New Forest,
Hants: Oleora cinctaria Schiff., 2.v.59; Semiothisa alternaria Hiibn.,
bred 15.vii.59; Hilema deplana Esp., 8.viii.59; Alcis (Cleora) jubata
Thunb., 8.viii.59. From Chiddingfold, Surrey, 12.v.59: Apatele alni L.
From Frensham, Surrey, 5.ix.59: Amathes agathina Dup. From
Abinger, Surrey and Balcombe, Sussex: Hapalotis venustula Hiibn.,
30.v.59 and 13.vi.59. From Hydon Ball, Surrey, 19.vi.59: Bomolocha
crassalis F. (fontis Thunb.), and Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. From
Chobham, Surrey: Sterrha muricata Hufn., 26.vi.59 and 3.vii.59:
Apoda avellana L., 24.vi.59. From Wisley, Surrey, 7.viii.59: Semiothisa
alternaria Hiibn. From Wood Walton Fen: Arenostola extrema Hiibn.,
5. vi.59; Hupithecia palustraria Doubl., 6.vi.59. From West Lavington,
Wilts., 3.viii.59: Oria musculosa Hiibn. From Portland, Dorset:
Cucullia absinthi L., bred July 1959. From West Holme, Dorset,
31.viii.59: Crambus silvellus Hiibn. From Itchen Valley, Hants, 15 and
22.vili.59: Gortyna (Hydraecia) petasitis Doubl. From Wittering,
Sussex, 20.vi.59: Scopula emutaria Hiibn. From Weeting, Norfolk,
12.viii.59: Scopula rubiginata Hufn., Mesotype virgata Hufn.;
Oxyptilus distans Zell. From Eriswell, Suffolk, 5.vi.59: Lithostege
griseata Schiff. (2) Examples of exceptional extra broods of Lepi-
doptera: from Ottershaw, Surrey: Phragmatobia fuliginosa L., 15.ix.59;

27

Caradrina morpheus Hufn., 3.x.59; Ourapteryx sambucaria L., 15.x.59;
Pseudoboarmia (Boarmia) punctinalis Scop., 23.viii.59; Cleora
rhomboidaria Schiff., 3.x.59; Sterrha subsericeata Haw., 9, 10 and
25.viii.59; Sterrha dimidiata Hufn., 14.viii.59; Scopula imitaria Hiibn.,
2.ix.59; Anaitis efformata Guen., Gen. III, 3.x.59; Hcetropis bistortata
Goeze, Gen. ITI, 13.ix.59. From Witley, Surrey: Comibaena pustulata
Hufn., 3.x.59.

Tue British Museum (Nar. Hist.), DEpartMENT or ENTOMOLOGY—
Three cases illustrating parallel modification in facies in the geogra-
phical races of the genus Euploea F., involving core Cramer, algea
Godart., sylvester F., midamus L., and tulliolus F., from Ceylon,
Sikkim, Burma, the Andamans, Sumatra, Java, Luzon, Celebes,
Amboina, New Guinea and Australia. Two cases illustrating mimetic
associations (Batesian mimicry) amongst South American butterflies.
Three cases giving examples of mimicry in Rhopalocera as illustrated
by R. C. Punnett in his book ‘‘Mimicry in Butterflies’. <A spirally
segmented bilateral gynandromorph, right side female, left side male,
of Samia cecropia Lh.

Group Capt. L. W. Burerss—A series of butterflies, illustrating
mimicry, from Ceylon assessed as rarities, taken between February
and April 1959. Two common species, Delias eucharis Drury and
Polydorus aristolochiae F. s.sp. ceylonicus Moore which resemble the
rarer models were also included for comparison. The exhibit consisted
of: Prioneris sita Felder, Delias ewcharis Drury, Colotis fausta Oliv.
s.sp. fulvia Wallengren, Polydorus jophon s.sp. jophon Gray, IP. aristo-
lochiae I. s.sp. ceylonicus Moore, Appias indra Moore s.sp. narenda
Moore, Phalanta alcippe Cramer s.sp. ceylonica Manders, Huphina
nadina Luc. s.sp. cingala Moore and Halpe decorata Moore.

Mr. S. E. W. Cartrer—(1) Some moths which have been double
brooded this year in Warwickshire: Harpyia (Cerura) furcula Clerck,
first brood probably in May, seven examples of a second brood came
to mercury vapour light, 7.viii.59, Wilmcote; Hypena proboscidalis L.,
first brood 16th and 29th June, examples of the second brood came to
sugar on ash leaves on 20th September, Wilmcote; Archips (Cacoecia)
oporana I. (podana Scop.), first brood, Coughton Wood, 19th June,
second brood males and one female, Wilmcote, 1st September, the
female being very light; Hucosma expallidana Haw., first brood 27th
June and was worn by mid July, second brood 3rd and 6th September;
both broods came to mercury vapour light at Wilmcote; Olethreutes
(Argyroploce) lacunana Schiff., first brood at Solihull on 24th May and
was getting very worn at Wilmcote by 26th June, but quite fresh
specimens occurred again on 24th July and continued in lessening num-
bers and poorer condition until 9th August, no more were seen until
3rd September when fresh specimens came to mercury vapour light,
reappearing again on the 6th, Thus it appears there were three
broods: at the end of May, during the third week of July and in early
September. (2) Aberrations probably caused by damage to pupae.

28

Sterrha aversata L., right side normal, left side with costal margins
hollowed in middle, particularly on the hindwing, only two thickened
transverse lines on forewing and only one on hindwing, at lights in
shop window, Solihull, 16.viii.58, between 10.45 p.m. and 11.15 p.m.
B.S.T. Noctua pronuba L., forewings of normal size, hindwings only
3” x 4”. This specimen made flights of about eight feet, rising to
not more than one foot after flying some six feet, it landed on its back
facing the direction from which it had come, Solihull, 12.vi.43.

Mr. G. A. Cote—(1) On behalf of Captain B. M. B. Cole, R.A.O.C.,
a series of Polyommatus icarus Rott., taken on the island of Benbecula,
Outer Hebrides, 1-10.vii.59. (2) Short series of the following Lepidoptera
taken or bred during 1959: Huphyia rubidata Schiff., bred from a female
taken on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, 5.vi1.58; Lampropteryx otregiata
Metcalf, caught near Dawlish, south Devon, 8-9.v.59; Epirrhoé galiata
Schiff., bred from a female taken in north Cornwall, 26.vii.59; Ortholitha
mucronata Scop., Psolos coracina Esp., and a single melanic
Lophopteryx capucina I.., all from Aviemore, Inverness-shire, 1-7.vi.59.

Major A. EK. Cotitier—Aberrations of Rhopalocera taken or bred in
Surrey during 1959: Maniola jurtina L. female ab. postaurolancea
Leeds, and a male ab. anommata Verity; Coenonympha pamphilus L.
an albino male and abs. caeca Oberth. and excessa Leeds; Aphantopus
hyperantus L. ab. cabeaut Pionneau and ab. lanceolata Shipp; Iycaena
phlaeas L. a female ab. auroradiata B. & L. which also has markings
similar to the aberration caerucuneata B. & L. of Lysandra coridon
Poda, and a male ab. auroradiata B. & L.; the foregoing being all taken
in the Cranleigh district. Bred specimens of Lysandra coridon Poda,
two males ab. discreta Tutt. (Pl. II, fig. 2) and two ab. syngrapha Kefer.,
one inframarginata B. & L. and the other punctata Tutt.

Mr. S. Coxry—(1) Lepidoptera from various localities as follows:
Romney Marsh, Kent: Hydraecia hucherardi Mab., Tholera popularis
F., Nycterosia obstipata F. Barton Mills, Suffolk: Plusia gamma L.,
melanic. Bolton, Lancs.: Humichtis adusta Esp., richly coloured.
Wicken, Cambs.: Nonagria dissoluta Treits, pale forms. Goyt Valley,
Derby: Venusia cambrica Curt., melanic. Savernake Forest, Wilts. :
Minoa murinata Scop. Windermere, Westmor.: Eustroma reticulata
Schiff., bred. Reigate, Surrey: Huphyia cuculata Hufn., bred.
Clitheroe District, Lancs.: Oerapteryx graminis L., aberration.
(2) Specimens of Arctia caja Li. consisting mainly of five inbred genera-
tions from a Hampshire female taken in August 1958. A few examples
from crossing the inbred stock with Bolton, Lancs., wild males in
August 1959, were also shown. The aberrations included both red and
yellow forms.

Mr. R. M. Craske—Aberrations of Rhopalocera taken during recent
years: Argynnis selene Schiff., a series of 24 insects taken by R. M.
and the late J. C. B. Craske in three successive years in various locali-
ties, including extreme melanic, banded, suffused and confluent forms;
A. euphrosyne L., three males (a) an extreme melanic form with beauti-
ful marginal rays on the forewings, (b) a cream ground colour form and

Proc. S. Tond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959. PLATE II

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 31st October 1959.

1. Colias croceus Fourc., male underside aberration, Clifford Craufurd. Q.

Lysandra coridon Poda ab. discreta Tutt., Major A. E. Collier. 3. Arctia caja

L., aberration, A. J. Wightman. 4. Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., 2. J. Gent.

5. Melitaea cinxia L., underside aberration, Mrs. N. I. Watson. 6. Biston

belularia T.., melanie aberration, Comdr. G. W. Harper. 7. Lycaena phlaeas 1.,

Db. H. Walker. 8. Cerapteryx graminis L., Austin Richardson. 9. Nanthorhoé
fluctuata L., Dr. J. V. Dacie.

29

(c) an extreme confluent form; also three females, a melanic form and
two heavily banded forms; Coenonympha pamphilus L., two male under-
side ab. castanea Leeds and ab. obsoletissima Leeds, three females (a) a
very extreme upperside of deep russet brown colour which extends over
the whole insect including the fringes, head and body, (b) a smoky
coloured upperside and (c) an underside similar to (b); a halved
gynandromorph, right side male, possibly unique in this species;
Plebejus argus L., an extreme aberration male underside ‘‘albapostra-
diata’’, a series of five females including abs. ‘‘ultrainaequalis’’,
‘‘antisinispostdexradiata’’ and caeca Grund; Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
a male ab. radiata Tutt and a male ab. transiens Oberth.; Lysandra
coridon Poda, a series of 18 specimens including males ab. pulla B. & L.
and antidigitata B. & L., and females ab. pulla B. & L., inaequalis
Tutt, nigrescens B. & L., ultraradiata B. & L., striata Tutt and caeca
Courv.: Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, a female upperside with the
angulate series of fulvous spots on the forewings extended to the
marginal chevrons and a typical female for comparison. [The aberra-
tional names in inverted commas follow the system of Bright and Leeds
(1938, A Monograph of the British aberrations of the Chalkhill Blue
Butterfly, Lysandra coridon Poda) which being transferred to another
species are not valid—Ep1ror. |

Mr. Crirrorp Craururp—The following Lepidoptera: Colias croceus
Fourc., a male underside aberration from Bishops Stortford, Herts.,
15.ix.59 (Pl. II, fig. 1) with a typical underside for comparison; Thecla
betulae L. (Pl. III, fig. 4), an underside aberration bred from Chidding-
fold, Surrey, stock which emerged 20.vii.24 with a typical underside
for comparison; Argynnis aglaia L., females from Aviemore, Inverness-
shire, 10 and 25.vii.59 and examples from the New Forest, Hants,
11.vii.22; Galleria mellonella L., examples from Bishops Stortford, 10,
17 and 25.viii.59; ? Nonagria geminipuncta Haw. taken on 21.vi1.59
and 7.vili. 59; Noctua comes Hiibn., a series taken on the following
dates 11, 12, 16 and 19.vii.59, and which included some ab. curtisti
Newman.

Mr. N. St. Jonn Cumminc—(1) Lepidoptera: Maniola tithonus L.,
a female captured during August 1954 in Lostwithiel, Cornwall. This
specimen shows a larger than usual number of spots on the fore and
hindwings. On the forewings there are two white-pupilled spots below
the apical spot, making three in all; on the hindwings five spots show
on the upperside and six on the underside. Hwmenis semele L., a dwarf
male measuring 37 mm. from apex to apex of forewings, captured
12.viii.53 at Friday Wood, Colchester, Essex. Normal male specimens
measure approximately 53mm. Catocala nupta L., taken in September
1928 by Mr. Desmond Cox while it was resting on a telegraph pole in
Colchester. This interesting aberration has chocolate brown hindwings
instead of the normal red. The specimen was kindly loaned by Mr.
Cox for the exhibition. (2) Coleoptera: Prionus coriarius (L.) taken
in Colchester, during September 1958 by Mr J. Firmin; Gnorimus nobilis

30

(I..), a male also captured in Colchester, 1.vii.58 resting on a rose bush.

Dr. J. V. Dactrr—(1) Bupalus piniaria L. (Pl. III, fig. 3), a
gynandrous specimen caught on the wing at Oxshott, Surrey, 31.vi.28,
but not previously exhibited. The ground colour is female as is the
pattern on the whole of the right side and the lower two-thirds of the
left hindwing. The pattern of the left forewing and the upper third
of the left hindwing is male. The left antenna is male and the right
female. Pseudopanthera macularia L. (Pl. III, fig. 6), a specimen with
asymmetry of the wing pattern, caught on the wing in Durfold Wood,
Surrey, 3l.v.58. The pattern of the markings of both left wings is
normal, but that of the right side abnormal. The two small fenestra-
tions in the right forewing were present when the specimen was caught.
Xanthorhoé fluctuata L., a dwarf specimen with abnormal wing mark-
ings (Pl. IT, fig. 9), bred from a larva obtained at Wimbledon, Surrey,
in October 1958. Agrotis exclamationis L., an extreme form caught in a
mercury vapour trap at Wimbledon, 22.vi.56. The stigmata are enlarged,
particularly the claviform, and almost fused. (2) A selection of moths
obtained at Walberswick, Suffolk, 2-14.viii.59: Celerio galt Schiff., a
worn female caught in a mercury vapour trap on the night of 5-6th
August; Macroglossum stellatarum I., nine specimens bred from larvae
found on the foreshore between Walberswick and Dunwich, they
emerged between 8-22nd September, one additional specimen was bred
from a newly deposited ovum which took 53 days to complete its life
cycle; Parascotia fuliginaria L., a male specimen caught in a mercury
vapour trap on the night of 2nd August; Hllopia fasciaria L. ab.
prasinaria Schiff., a female specimen caught in a mercury vapour trap
on the night of 2nd August.

Mr. C. H. Drxon—Various Lepidoptera: Colobochyla_salicalis
Schiff., Ham Street, Kent, 31.v.59; Lygris prunata L., bred ab. ovis,
Micheldever, Hants, 19.viii.58 ; Discoloxia blomeri Curt., Marlow, Bucks.,
3.vil.59; Xanthorhoé quadrifasciata Clerck, Marlow, 3.vii.59; Hadena
caesia Schiff. and H. capsophila Dup., bred from larvae, Tramore,
Treland, 10.vii.58; Agrotis trux Hiibn. and Cryphia muralis Forst.,
Portland, Dorset, 8.vii.59; Hepialus sylvina L. and Entephria
flavicinctata Hiibn. Rannoch, Inverness-shire, 22.vii.59; Apamea furva
Schiff. and Noctua (Triphaena) sobrina Boisd., Aviemore, Inverness-
shire, 25 to 28.vii.59; Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. ab. luneburgensis
Freyer, Apamea assimilis Doubl., Actebia praecor L., Trichiura
crataegi L., Celaena haworthii Curt. and Hapalia alpinalis Schiff., Dal-
whinnie, Inverness-shire, 3l.vii to 3.viii.59; Gortyna (Hydraecia)
petasitis Doubl., Micheldever, 25.viii.59; Lwperina testacea Schiff.,
Micheldever, 24.viii.59, a very small insect; Lithophane leautieri Boisd.,
T.o.W., 9 to 11.x.59; Leucania albipuncta Schiff., one from Micheldever,
4.x.59, and another from I.o.W., 10.x.59; Palpita unionalis Hiibn.,
T.o.W., 11.x.59. Also shown were the following unusually late occur-
rences in a mercury vapour trap at Micheldever: Leucania comma L.,
4.x.59; Ectropis bistortata Goeze, 1.x.59; Lygephila pastinum Treits.,
1.x.59; and Spilosoma lutea Hufn., 4.x.59.

31

Mr. R. C. Dyson—(1) A selection of Lepidoptera bred during 1959:
Orgyia recens Hiibn., from Yorkshire ova; Apatele rwmicis L., series
bred on sallow, much larger than wild specimens; Arenostola elymi
Treits, bred from pupae and larvae collected on the Sussex coast;
Hadena lepida Esp., from larva collected on Silene maritima With.,
near Camber, Sussex; Hrebia aethiops Esp., bred from larva taken in
June in Westmorland; Hwmenis semele L., bred from larva collected in
Hampshire. (2) A selection of Lepidoptera taken during a week in
Westmorland: Hrebia epiphron Knoch., Coenonympha tulliia Miill.,
Aricia agestis Schiff., Aphantopus hyperantus L. from N. Cumberland
with much reduced spotting, Parusemia plantaginis L. with ab. hospita
Schiff., Nudaria mundana L., Anaplectoides prasina Schiff., Polia
hepatica Clerck, Apamea monoglypha Hufn., two of the black form,
Plusia bractea Schiff., P. festucae L., Phothedes captiuncula Treits.,
Scopula ternata Schr., Sterrha muricata Hufn., Discoloxia blomeri
Curt., Entephria caesiata Schiff., Crambus furcatellus Zett. from the
summit of Red Screes. (8) Heterocera taken at Freshwater, I.o.W., 9,
10 and 11.x.59: series of Lhizedra lutosa Hiibn., Dasypolia templi
Thunb., and single specimens of Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Leucania
albipuncta Schiff. and Nycterosia obstipata F.

Mr. T. R. Eacues and Mr. F. T. Vatiins—About 20 species of
fungus. Owing to the long spell of dry weather in the Summer and
early Autumn fungus was quite exceptionally scarce. The exhibit
included: (1) Birch seedlings with mycorrhizal roots. The mycelium
of the fungus forms a sheath which completely envelops the root. This
mycelium can absorb and pass on to the tree food supplies of a type
which the roots by themselves cannot deal with. Thus the association
is of benefit to the trees. (2) Ergots of Molinia caerulea (L.) (Purole-
moor-grass). These are dark drum-stick like bodies 7 to 10 mm. long
and similar to or perhaps the same as Claviceps purpurea (Tul.), ergot
of rye, the cause of much illness in man and cattle by a form of poison-
ing. (3) Psilocybe ericaea (Pers.) Fr. This was growing profusely on
the bottom of a dried-up pond. (4) ZLubaria paludosa (Fr.) Karst.
growing in sphagnum moss. (5) Tricholoma sulphurewm (Bull.) Fr.
found at the edge of a pond. (6) Calocera cornea Fr. growing on a
tree stump. (7) Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr., an uncommon species found
in a damp spot normally almost inaccessible. Nos. (1) to (6) from
Epping Forest, Essex; No. (7) from Bayford, Herts.

Mr. T. R. Eacries—A flowering spray of the plant Hyoscyamus
albus L. grown in the open from seed collected in The Rif (Spanish
Morocco). Probably the hot dry summer had helped. The plant
differs from the British species Hyoscyamus niger L. (Henbane) in that
the middle leaves have petioles.

Mr. N. T. Easton—The following Lepidoptera: an albinistic male
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Pamber Forest, Hants, 3.vill.57; an
albinistic male Maniola jurtina L., near Blean, Kent, 3.vii.59, several
more were seen in this hillside colony; a heterochroic gynandromorph

32

Pieris nupi L. x ab. bryoniae Ochs. F, hybrid, bred 11.ix.58 from a
P. napi male and an ab. bryoniae female; a hybrid Pieris, the female
parent being the progeny of a pairing between an F, P. napi x bryoniae
male and a bryoniae female.

Mr. L. J. Evans—(1) A brood of Colias croceus Fourc., the progeny
of a female captured at St. Aygulf on the French Riviera, showing
males and females in equal numbers; 50 per cent. of the females are
ab. pallida Tutt, the rest are typical. (2) Ematurga atomaria L., a
short series of feral males from Cannock Chase, Staffs., F, and F,
broods from Cranham, Glos., and an F, brood from the Wyre Forest,
Salop; Enargia paleacea Esp., a series showing variation in ground
colour and markings, from the Wyre Forest; Apatele alu L., two
from the Wyre Forest and two from Sutton Park, N. War., one of
which is melanic; Chloroclysta miata L., a series from the Wyre Forest;
Leucania pallens L., specimens of the second brood which was rather
common this year at Trickley Coppice, N. War.; Amathes glareosa
Esp., from Trickley Coppice and the Wyre Forest.

Mr. R. Farrctoucu—Lepidoptera caught and bred during 1959: A
number of each of Hydruecia lucens Frey., Witherslack, Westmor., and
H. paludis Tutt, to show the difficulty of identification; determina-
tions were by Mr. W. H. T. Tams. A series of Lampropteryz otregiata
Metc., taken in August near Machylleth, Montg. (see Ent. Rec., 71:
229), with one subsequently bred. A series of Lithophane leautierz
Boisd. from Seaford, Sussex; four Hndromis versicolora L, from the
Wyre Forest, Salop; a Harpyia (Cerura) bicuspis Borkh., from
Balcombe, Sussex; an Aplasta ononaria Fuess., taken in August at
Dungeness, Kent; a Leucania albipuncta Schiff., taken 8th October, the
first record for the home trap at Leigh, Surrey; one Lithosia quadra L.
from a mercury vapour trap in Merionethshire, 28th July; a heavily
marked underside of Melitaea cinzia L. bred from I.o.W., and two
examples of an unusual second brood; Argynnis euphrosyne L.,
August, Merionethshire; Comibaena pustulata Hufn., September,
Balcombe, Sussex, a series of Gymnancyla canella Hiibn., bred from
Camber, Sussex; a series of Hypercallia christiernana L. (citrinalis
Scop.), bred, Kent; series of each of three Hyponomeuta species, H.
cognatella Hiibn., H. plumbella Schiff. and the rare H. irrorella
Hiibn., bred from larvae and pupae collected on the same bushes on
the same day in Kent; Gracillaria tringipennella Zell., bred I.o.W.;
Nepticula argyropeza Zell., from the garden aspens; two examples
of the local Anania stachydalis Zinck. with the common Perinephele
sambucalis Schiff. to show the difference; an unusual grey form of
Hypochalcia ahenella Hiibn, with two normal examples from the North
Downs; and one Gibberifera simplana F.R., from Kent.

Mr. J. Frrmimy—A series of Thetidia (Euchloris) smaragdaria F.,
reared from larvae obtained in South Essex, April 1959; three specimens
of Bapta distinctata H.-S., taken at street lamps in Colchester, Essex,
April 1957; a male Argynnis paphia L., captured in Wiltshire in July

33

1959, showing partial albinism—a white spot on each wing; shown with
this specimen was another male A. paphia L. which had hindwings more
darkly coloured than usual, and which was taken in the same locality ;
a series of Hapalotis venustula Hiibn., captured in West Essex, June
1959; three male and three female specimens of Selenia lunaria Schiff.,
reared at Colchester in 1959 from ova laid by a female taken in a
mercury vapour trap; a series of Lithostege griseata Schiff., captured
in West Suffolk, June 1958; two male and two female Thecla betulae
L., reared from ova found in Berkshire, the males having unusually
large forewing markings; a male aberration of Opisthograptis luteolata
L., captured at mercury vapour light, Colchester, July 1959, with the
hindwing white and unmarked, and some of the brown forewing mark-
ings absent; a series of Hadena compta Schiff., reared from larvae
found on sweet william at Colchester, one male with the forewing colour
of a deep brown shade; a male aberration of H. compta Schiff., reared
at Colchester, with white markings extending in suffusion over most of
the forewings; a series of Cirrhia ocellaris L., reared from larvae found
in West Suffolk.

Mr. Brran E. Frost—The following list of photographs represents a
cross section of work undertaken during 1959. In the main photographs
were taken on a quarter plate field camera adapted to 3}” x 23”; those
taken in the field were photographed with an Exacta 127 single lens
reflex camera. Flash is used almost exclusively for artificial lighting.
The photographs shown were: final instar larva of Thetidia smaragdaria
F. collected in South Essex; newly emerged imago of JT. smaragdaria
F. on the larval food-plant, Artemisia maritima L. (Sea Wormwood) ;
final instar larva of Deilephila elpenor L. on Chamaenerion angusti-
folium (L.) Scop. (Rose Bay Willow Herb); ovum of Colias croceus
Foure. on lucerne leaf, Colchester, July 1959; final instar larva cf
C. croceus Fourc. feeding on lucerne; pupa of Apatura iris L. on sallow
leaf (larva obtained from West Sussex); pupa of Strymonidia w-album
Knoch, reared from ovum obtained from female captured in North
Essex; final instar larva of S. w-albwm Knoch; extreme close-up of head
of full-grown larva of Cerura vinula L.; Gastropacha quercifolia L.,
freshly emerged imago on hawthorn twig; Callophrys rubi L., imago on
silver birch leaf; Thecla quercus lL. imago and final instar larva; fully
grown larva of Erebia epiphron Knoch, reared by Mr. J. Firmin from
ovum laid by Perthshire female; larva of Limenitis camilla L. found in
wood at Colchester; Strymonidia pruni L., female imago pictured on
blackthorn at Monks Wood, Hunts., June 1959; ovum of Gonepteryxr
rhamni L. found in Sussex, 24 hours before emergence of larva; Argynnis
selene Schiff., male at Hog Wood, Sussex, May 1959; large close-up of
Sphine ligustri L. pupa.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following Odonata: Sympetrum nigrescens
Lucas taken at Loch an Eilean, Inverness-shire, 12.vi1i.59, a new locality
for the species nearly 50 miles further inland than previous records;
Somatochlora arctica (Zett.), Insh, Inverness-shire, 5.vili.59; Sympetrum
striolatum ab. nov. from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts, 18.x.59, this is a

34

unique specimen exhibiting extensive black markings on the dorsal and
lateral surface of the 8th to 10th abdominal segments.

Mr. P. J. Gent—Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., with the usual band
across the forewing reduced to a small area around the orbicular (Pl.
11, fig. 4); Opogona subcervinella Walk., bred from a larva found feed-
ing on the outside of a banana.

Col. H. C. R. Grrtman—Oria musculosa Hiibn. (Pl. ITI, fig. 5) from
Tilshead, Wilts., 6.vili.53, a gynandromorph, taken at light at about
10.30 p.m.

Mr. Barry GoarER—(1) Lepidoptera bred from ova or feral larvae,
Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, August to September 1958: Apatele
menyanthidis View., a variable series bred May 1959, some of the females
especially well marked, with very dark hindwings. Amathes depuncta
L., ova obtained in September 1958, hatched in 13 days, and the young
larvae immediately went into hibernation in dry, hollow grass stems.
They were kept in a cool refrigerator until 25.11.59, when they were
transferred to a warm room and soon became active, feeding up quickly
on Rumex sp., the moths emerging in May; some larvae succumbed to
mould in their hibernacula. Diarsia dahlii Hiibn., larvae fed up during
the winter on Rumex, moths emerging February to March 1959.
Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn., overwintered as ova in refrigerator, were
brought into the warmth of a room on 25th February and hatched 8th
to 11th March, the larvae fed up on Ranwneulus acris L., refusing Rf.
repens L., imagines emerged May to June 1959; many F, ova were
obtained but very few hatched, one male moth emerging in September.
(2) Lepidoptera from various English localities: Cryphia perla Schiff.,
dark coloured specimens from Mill Hill, Middx.; C. muralis Forst., a
pale specimen from Freshwater, Isle of Wight, with specimens from
Rye, Sussex, for comparison; Agrotis exclamationis L., heavily streaked
specimens, a male from Mill Hill and a female from Camber, Sussex;
Xylomiges conspicillaris L., a male specimen, Mill Hill, taken in a
mercury vapour light trap, 14.v.59, an extraordinary capture, far from
its normal range; Gortyna (Hydraecia) petasitis Doubl., bred specimens
from Watford, Herts., where the pupa is locally abundant, with caught
examples for comparison; Arenostola brevilinea Fenn, part of a series
including ab. sinelinea Farn, taken in abundance at dusk on the Norfolk
Broads, July 1959; A. extrema Hiibn., part of a series taken at paraffin
light, Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 6.vi.59; Stilbia anomala Haw., series
from the New Forest, Hants., August 1959; Tiliacea aurago Schiff.,
bred examples, one typical, the other very orange, approaching ab.
unicolor Tutt, from larvae beaten from Acer campestre L. flowers, with
caught specimens of the two forms for comparison.

Mr. A. L. Goopson—Lepidoptera from the Rothschild-Cockayne-
Kettlewell collection all taken by himself: Leucania lythargyria Esp.
ab. marginata Tutt, Tring, Herts., 26.vi.45; Apatele leporina L. ab.
sagittata Lempke, Tring, 25.vi.59; Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. ab. nov.,
Tring, 7.xi.58; Agrotis exclamationis L. banded ab., Tring, 15.vi.59;
Plusia gamma L. ab. nigricans Spul., Tring, 16.ix.59; Biston betularia

35

L. ab. nov., Tring, 25.vi. 59; Miltochrista miniata Forst. ab. flava
Forst., New Forest, Hants, 8.vii.59; Colotois pennaria L. ab. bifidaria
Haw., Tring, 9.x1.58; Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, with the hindwing
not scalloped, Tring, 12.v.59; Opisthograptis luteolata L. ab. intermedia
Harr., Tring, 12. vili.59; Thalera fimbrialis Scop., Dungeness, Kent,
22.vii.59.

Mr. G. Haeeetr and Mr. A. J. Wichtman—Arenostola fluxa Hiibn.
(hellmanni Evers.), a series from Mildenhall, Suffolk, July 1959, com-
prising a rich variety of high coloured forms; A. extrema Hiibn., (con-
color Guen.), a series from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., June 1959; A.
brevilinea Fenn, a series from Catfield, Norfolk Broads, bred from larvae
collected in June 1959; also examples of Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn.,
Noctua (Triphaena) sobrina Boisd., Plusia bractea Schiff., Amathes
glareosa Esp., A. depuncta L., A. castanea Esp., A. xanthographa
Schiff., Apamea monoglypha Hufn., Diarsia dahlii Hiibn., Procus
strigilis Clerck, P. latruncula Schiff., Hydraecia crinanensis Burr., H.
oculea L., H. lucens Frey., Hyppa rectilinea Esp., Cerapteryx graminis
L., Apatele leporina L., Inthomoia solidaginis Hiibn., Enargia paleacea
Esp., all from Aviemore, Inverness-shire; Antitype flavicincta Schiff.,
from Pulborough, Sussex; Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. from Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts.; Anepia irregularis Hufn., from the Breck Country on the
Norfolk / Suffolk border; Hadena caesia Schiff., from the Isle of Man;
Dryobotodes protea Schiff., from Freshwater, Isle of Wight; Amathes
glareosa Esp., from Freshwater; Apamea assimilis Doubl., Dalwhinnie,
Inverness-shire; Hydrillula palustris Hiibn. a male and three females
from Wood Walton Fen larvae; Aporophyla nigra Haw., from Fresh-
water; Lithophane leautieri Boisd., from the Isle of Wight; Dasypolia
templi Thunb., from Freshwater; Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., from Fresh-
water; Humichtis lichenea Hiibn., both pale and dark forms from the
Isle of Wight; and Arctia caja L., aberration from Aviemore (Pl. II,
fig. 3).

Mr. H. E. Hammonp—-(1) Black larvae (melanic) from various
sources. These include specimens from places where industrial melanism
is in full evolution and others from non-industrial areas. The opinion
of the exhibitor is that (apart from industrial melanism) true melanism
in larvae is extremely rare. During 15 years he has handled alive some
100,000 larvae from most counties and in securing these his collaborators
must have handled at least several times that number, yet only about
20 melanic larvae have been amongst this vast quantity. An estimate
is given, based on personal experiences, of 20 melanic examples per
million larvae. Specimens chosen for exhibition are: Habrosyne
pyritoides Hufn., Sutton Park, War.; Saturnia pavonia L., Aviemore,
Inverness-shire; Agrotis exclamationis L., Pulborough, Sussex;
Mamestra brassicae L., Wallingford, Surrey, and another from Birming-
ham, War.; Ceramica pisi L., Birmingham; Hadena conspersa Schiff.,
Poldhu Cove, Corn.; Semiothisa liturata Clerck, Cannock Chase, Staffs. ;
Erannis defoliaria Clerck Sutton Park; Crocallis elinguaria L., Stoke
Ferry, Norf.; Biston betularia L., Kinver Edge, Staffs.; Cleora

36

rhomboidaria Schiff., Birmingham; and Alcis repandata L. also from
Birmingham. (2) An example of J. W. Heslop-Harrison’s well-known
Abraxas grossulariata L. from Newcastle, Northumb., and one each of
the famous Arctia caja L. and Lasiocampa quercus L. bred by the late
S. Gordon Smith in recent years. (3) Larval colour forms of Gonodontis
bidentata Clerck. It was pointed out that the highly coloured larvae
are mostly to be found in non-industrial areas where lichens abound on
trees and shrubs on which the larvae feed. Those shown are from Loch
Torridon, R. & Crom.; Aviemore, Inv.; Keswick, Cumb.; The Wrekin,
Salop; West Sussex; Thetford, and Stoke Ferry, Norf.; and also a
series from Cannock Chase, Staffs., where melanism is rampant in this
species, and a series from the exhibitor’s garden in Birmingham. The
local Birmingham larvae are now showing considerable darkening but
it is of interest to note that whilst Birmingham is a heavily smoke-
laden area only two melanie imagines have come to the exhibitor’s
knowledge, both reared from pupae collected whilst gardening. These
two moths are now in the collection of Col. W. Bowater.

Comdr. G. W. Harper—(1) Five species of common Scottish Lepi-
doptera with their rare or uncommon rural melanic aberrations as
follows: Craniophora ligustri Schiff., ab. nigra Tutt, from Argyll.;
Orthosia gothica L., extremely rare melanics, the only two specimens
seen among 13,000 individuals examined over seven years; Biston
betularia L., a very remarkable and rare unnamed melanic male with
black front wings and white hindwings from Argyll. (Pl. II, fig. 6), and
the first recorded ab. insularia Th.-Meig. taken at Aviemore, Inv.;
Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.), very rare melanic and an inter-
mediate form, also first records for northern Scotland; and Ortholitha
chenopodiata L., a rare melanic from Grantown, Inv. (2) Some species
taken or bred from the Highlands and Islands in 1959: a variable
series of Huxoa cursoria Hufn. from Findhorn, Moray Firth; a pale
series of Polia nebulosa Hufn. from Argyll.; a series of Tholomiges
turfosalis Wocke also from Argyll.; an interesting aberration of Abraxas
grossulariata L. from the Isle of Canna, Inner Hebrides; a bred series
of the Shetland race of Hupithecia venosata F., from the Isle of Unst,
Zetland; a bred series of Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn., from Newtonmore,
Inv.; and a series of Zygaena purpuralis Brunich, from the Isle of Rhum,
Inner Hebrides.

Mr. M. W. Harrer—Polyommatus icarus Rott., a short series from
the Isle of Canna, Inv., showing very marked obsolescence of the under-
side spotting, compared with some examples from the Isle of Lismore,
Argyll., also some aberrations taken in Surrey, May to June 1959; a
short series of Maniola jurtina L. race splendida White from the Isles
of Canna and Rhum, Inv., showing an increase of orange in both sexes on
the uppersides, whilst the undersides show an increase of grey pigmenta-
tion, undersides of the typical form shown for comparison; Coscinia
cribraria L., a short series taken in July 1959 in Dorset; a single example
of Plusia ni Hiibn., captured flying in daylight near Dorking, Surrey,
10.viii.59; a short series of the pale form of Polia nebulosa Hufn.,

37

taken in Argyll., June 1959, compared with some darker specimens
taken in Middlesex, July 1958; also from Argyll., some examples cf
the buff form of Spilosoma lubricipeda L., June 1959; a short series of
Hadena conspersa Schiff., from the Isle of Canna, 27.vi.59, showing a
form darker and with slightly more yellow pigmentation than normal;
also from the Isle of Canna, two examples of Hadena caesia Schiff.,
1.viil.59, a series of Plusia festucae L., bred from larvae and pupae
found on Iris pseudacorus L., an example of the typically dark form of
Agrotis exclamationis L., 27.vi.59, and finally an example of a female
Hepialus humuli L., with no markings on the forewings, this was sub-
sequently shown not to be a racial form but an aberration; single
examples of aberrations of Orthosia stabilis Schiff., 31.111.57, Orthosia
gothica L. ab. gothicina H.-S., showing a yellow replacement of the
Hebrew character, 4.iv.57, and lastly Diarsia festiva Schiff. ab. conflua
H.-S., 4.vii.59, all taken in Inverness-shire; a short series of Plusia
chryson Esp., bred from larvae found on Eupatoriwm cannabinum L. in
Hampshire, May 1959; two specimens of Huxoa obelisca Schiff. taken cn
chalk cliffs, I.o.W., together with a short series of Gnophos obscurata
Schiff. taken from the same locality, August to September 1959 ; examples
of a dark and well marked form of Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke found in
abundance on marshy ground in Argyll. Also shown were aberrations
of the following moths: Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., Inv., 5.viii.59,
and Sussex, 18.v1.56; Hpirrhoé alternata Miill, Inv., 2.vii.54; Carsia
sororiata Hiibn. (paludata Thunb. nec L.), Inv., 6.viii.57; Lomaspilis
marginata L., Kent, 2.vi.56, and Argyll., 23.vi.59; Oporinia christyi
Prout, Sussex, 30.x.57; a bred series of Bupalus piniaria L., Inv.,
September 1958, showing extreme variation in the females from a white
background colour to a melanic or sooty grey colour; an unusual form
of Ematurga atomaria L. from a wood in Hampshire, May 1959;
examples of the dark forms of Huphyia bilineata L. from the Isles of
Rhum and Canna, and of Epirrhoé galiata Schiff., June 1959, from the
Isle of Lismore, Argyll.; aberrations of Zygaena trifolii Esp., May 1959,
including an ab. lutescens Cockerell from an east Surrey locality,
2.vi.59; lastly a short series of Zygaena purpuralis Brunnich, 22.vi.59,
Isle of Lismore, and 2.vii.59, Isle of Rhum.

Mr. C. R. Haxsy—Examples of local Lepidoptera including
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. and Lygephila pastinum Treits., from Wood
Walton Fen, Hunts., 5.vii.59; Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn., Broomhead
Moor, Yorks., 13.viii.59; Thalera fimbrialis Scop., Kent, 8.v1i.59, and
Anagoga pulveraria L., Westmorland, 9.v.59.

Mr. T. J. HonryBourne—Larvae, pupae and imagines of the second
brood of Nymphalis io L., and larvae of Rothschildia jacobaeae Walker
from Argentina.

Tue Hore Department or Entomotogy, Oxrorp—An _ exhibit
illustrating aposematic coloration in African insects: (1) An assemblage
of Lycid beetles (comprising nine species) captured on one day (23.iii.17)
at Itigi, on Central Railway, about 150 miles east of Tabora, East Africa,
by Capt. G. D. Hale Carpenter (see Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1917: lvii-lix).

38

All the species are bright orange with black marks on thorax and tips
of elytra. (2) Synaposematic series collected by Capt. G. D. Hale
Carpenter in the East African localities listed below, and discussed and
figured in his book ‘‘A Naturalist in East Africa’’: (a) Tanganyika
Territory: Lulanguru, 17 miles west of Tabora. 16 species belonging to
the Coleoptera (Cerambycidae, Lamiidae, Telephoridae, Cetoniidae) ;
Hemiptera Heteroptera (Capsidae); Lepidoptera (Tinaeoidea) ;
Diptera (Tachinidae); Hymenoptera Symphyta (Tenthredinidae)
and Parasitica (Braconidae) all of which could easily be mistaken for
lycid beetles. (b) Tanganyika Territory: Itigi, about 150 miles east of
Tabora. Coleoptera (Lycidae and Lamiidae); Hymenoptera
(Braconidae). (c) Uganda: Lutoboka, Sesse Is., N.W. Victoria Nyanza.
Coleoptera (Lycidae, Cerambycidae, Hispidae); Hemiptera Heteroptera
(Coreidae, Reduviidae); Hymenoptera (Pompilidae); Lepidoptera
(Lithosiidae). (d) Uganda: Foot of Kakindu Hill, about 20 miles west
of Victoria Nyanza. Coleoptera (Lycidae, Lamiidae); Diptera (Asilidae).

Mr. J. O. T. Howarpv—A series of the grey form of Trichiura crataegi
L., bred from larvae taken in early June 1959 at Aviemore, Inv.

Mr. and Mrs. T. G. HowartH—A selection of the Lepidoptera col-
lected during June in Spain and presented to the Department of
Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). It included a specimen of
Charazes jasius L. that had been bred from an egg, the resulting larva
having been exhibited at the meeting of this Society on 9th July (see
p 15), and an undescribed aberration of Zygaena nevadensis Ramb. ;
also an untouched and unposed photograph of a Robinson mercury
vapour light trap taken in the late afternoon in situ at Arkley, Herts.,
in 1954, showing specimens of Cilix glaucata Scop. and Hupithecia
centaureata Schiff. at rest on the trap amongst bird droppings. The
trap was visited regularly by robins, sparrows and blackbirds which
usually ate, soon after dawn, any moths at rest on the trap or within
the immediate vicinity. On this occasion the trap had not been moved
or covered during the earlier part of the day.

Mr. G. E. Hype—Various Lepidoptera as follows: Argynmnis
euphrosyne L., four examples, one female heavily marked with black
on all wings, Northants. stock, bred September 1959; Apatura iris L.,
female, bred November 1958; Aglais urticae L., aberration; Coeno-
nympha tullia Miill., from Yorkshire and Westmorland; Apatele alm
L., a dark form; Spilosoma lutea Hufn., striated forms.

Capt. R. A. Jackson—A striking aberration of Erynnis tages L.,
believed to be unique. On the forewings the normal double band of
black spots is entirely absent, giving the effect of a whitish patch
pervading the central area of the wings and with the blackish veins
showing up clearly (Pl. III, fig 1). On the hindwings a band of whitish
wedge-shaped spots borders the broad dark outer marginal area, whilst
the small white spots and black outer marginal line found in normal
specimens is absent; this is replaced by a serrated white border and
fringe. The insect which is in perfect condition was taken asleep on
a flowerhead near Codford St. Mary, Wilts., 29.v.59.

enOG. oo. LON. ert. nat. Wist. Soc. 4959. PATE EE

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 31st October 1959.

1. Erynnis tages L., aberration, Captain R. A. Jackson.
Rainb., Dr. C. G. M. de Worms.

betulae L., underside aberration, Clifford Craufurd. 5

2. Eupithecia phoeniceata
3. Bupalus piniaria L., Dr. J. V. Dacie. 4. Thecla

5. Oria musculosa Hiibn.,
gynandromorph, Col. H. C. R. Gillman. 6. Pseuwdopanthera macularia L., Dr.

J. V. Dacie. 7. Luperina testacea Schiff., Austin Richardson. 8. Agapeles
galathea L., pathological aberration, Norman A. Watkins.

39

Mr. S. N. A. Jacops—A drawer of microlepidoptera from the Valais
district of Switzerland, taken during July 1959.

Major F. L. Jonnson—Several cases of exotic Lepidoptera. (1)
Illustrating the Ornithoptera priamus L. species group from the
Moluccas and the Soloman Islands. (2) Ornithoptera from New Guinea
including a female O. alexandrae Roths. the largest known butterfly.
(3) Lepidoptera illustrating warning coloration from Africa, South
America, the West Indies and some Pacific Islands. (4) Lepidoptera
exhibiting leaf mimicry, etc., from Africa, India and the East Indies.

Mr. Arruur W. JotuAnps—A selection of coloured slides. (1) Fungi:
Phallus impudicus Pers., photographs taken at Shalden near Alton,
Hants, 1957, in November when there were no flies to eat the spore-
containing gleba; Mutinus caninus Fr. (Dog Stinkhorn), taken at Alton
in October 1958; Clavaria pistillaris L., Alton, October 1958; Laccaria
amethystina (Vaill.) Cke., Alton, October 1958; Lepiota procera (Scop.)
Fr. (Parasol Mushroom), an edible species taken at Winchfield, Hants,
October 1958; Xylaria polymorpha Grev., Bentworth, Hants, October
1958; Cyathus striatus Hoffm. (Bird’s Nest Fungus), Bentworth, October
1958; Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., taken at Bentworth, October 1958.
(2) British Birds: Picus viridis L. (Green Woodpecker), birds nesting in
an alder tree at Frensham, Surrey, and taken July 1959, only six
pictures were secured in 40 hours watching, the young were fed by the
regurgitation process at intervals of about two and a half to three
hours; Dendrocopus major (l.) (Greater Spotted Woodpecker), taken at
Beech near Alton, 1.vi.59, unlike P. viridis these birds feed by the
ordinary method at ten minute intervals; Alcedo atthis (L.) (Kingfisher),
Ovington, Hants, July 1959; Vanellus vanellus (L.) (Lapwing), Ovington,
May 1957; Fulica atra L. (Coot), newly hatched young at Selbourne,
Hants, August 1958; Aegithalos caudatus (L.) (Long-tailed Tits), a nest
in a laurel hedge at Alton, 1958; Motacilla cinerea Tunstall (Grey Wag-
tails), situated under a footbridge over a stream at Ovington, 1957;
Columba palumbus L. (Wood Pigeon), Ovington, 1958; Strix aluco I.
(Tawny Owl), Beech near Alton, 1958, one was introduced from another
nest and was accepted by the adult birds and reared successfully. (3)
Mammals: Erinaceus europaeus L. (Hedgehog), an adult at Beech 1958,
and another slide of young in a nest with eyes closed and spines still
quite soft, Sheldon, Hants, 7.vii.59; Vulpes crucigera Bechstein (Fox)
ten-day-old cub found wandering about in a wood at Shaldon, 7.iv.58,
in the daytime and apparently lost; Sorex araneus L. (Common Shrew)
seen searching frantically for food during the daytime at Hartley
Mauditt, Alton, 1957; Apodemus sylvaticus L. (Wood Mouse), Beech,
1958; Mus musculus LL. (House Mouse), Alton, 1957; Muscardinus
avellanarius L. (Dormouse), a female which had taken possession of a
tit-box at Beech, 1959. (4) Invertebrates: a nest of Vespula vulgaris
(L.) (Common Wasp), sectional, showing comb layers, etc., hanging
naturally at the bottom of a hedge at Farringdon near Alton, 1957;
Helix aspersa Mill. (Large Garden Snail), Alton. (5) Reptiles and
Amphibians: Vipera berus (l.) (Adder or Viper), a 25-inch female

40

basking in the sun at Bentworth, 1957; Natrix natrix (L.) (Grass snake),
one slide of a male and another of eggs taken at Alton, 1956; Coronella
austriaca Laurenti (Smooth Snake), a male in the New Forest, Hants,
1958; Anguis fragilis L. (Slow Worm), a female at Frensham, Surrey;
Bufo calamita Laurenti (Natterjack Toad), a male at Frensham, 1958.
(6) Eight monochrome prints of mammals and birds: Vulpes crucigera
Bechstein (Fox), cubs patiently waiting for the vixen to bring their
supper, they are looking and listening in the still of the night, Alton,
9.v.54; Meles meles L. (Badger), two cubs foraging for earthworms out-
side their sett at Cranleigh, Surrey, about one hour after sunset, 1951;
Erinaceus europaeus L. (Hedgehog), foraging for earthworms at Cran-
leigh, a flashlight photograph taken at night, 1951; Tyto alba (Scop.)
(Barn Owl), these owls nested annually in a stable loft at Ovington,
taken July 1955; Cygnus olor (Gmel.) (Mute Swan), taken in the evening
at Alton, May 1952, with the sunlight behind the subject; Corvus
monedula L. (Jackdaw), these birds nested every year in a loft over a
garage and stables at Shalden near Alton, the sticks had piled up over
many years to a height of three feet, photograph taken in 1954; Meles
meles L. (Badger), taken at 10.30 p.m. (B.8.T.) at Cranleigh, 1.vi.51,
the occupants of this sett had been watched every night for about four
months to obtain this picture; Athene noctua (Scop.) (Little Owl), taken
in the early evening at Alton, 1952, when the young came out of the nest
hole and sat on branches.

Mr. C. Kerra Jonnson—Moths from a London garden three miles
north of Marble Arch, taken at light this year.

Dr. H. B. D. Kerrtewert—tLepidoptera from the Rothschild-
Cockayne-Kettlewell collection collected by himself: Lasiocampa
quercus L. ab. feminicolorata Cockayne, Yorks., 1957; Ammogrotis
lucernea L. race renigera Steph., Unst., Shetland Islands, August 1959 ;
Amathes xanthographa Schiff., dark form or race, Unst., August 1959;
A. glareosa Esp. s.sp. edda Staud., Unst, August 1959.

Mr. M. J. Leecn—Lepidoptera from Formby, Lancs.: series of
Polyommatus icarus Rott., showing minor aberrations in the underside
markings; Iycaena phlaeas L., a specimen with the hindwing margin
straw coloured; Laothoé populi L., a specimen with ochreous colour on
the hindwings in place of the normal reddish colouration; bred series
of Philudoria potatoria L. showing some variation in the females, and
of Agrochola lota Clerck ; Amathes triangulum Hufn., an aberration with
reduced markings; series of Huxoa cursoria Hufn., Gortyna micacea
Esp., including an example of the melanic form, G@. flavago Schiff.,
Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., Anchoscelis litura L., Aporophyla lutulenta
Schiff., Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., EHuchoeca nebulata Scop., Hydraelia
flammeolaria Hufn., and Hepialus hecta L., also a large variable series
of Agrochola lychnidis Schiff. showing various colour forms. From
Witherslack, Westmor.: a bred series of Diacrisia sannio L. and series
of Scopula ternata Schrank and Sterrha muricata Hufn. From N.
Wales: bred series of Sterrha eburnata Wocke; a series of Harophila
badiata Schiff; examples of F, and F, broods of Selenia bilunaria Esp.,

41

also three examples of the cross between a female S. tetralunaria Hufn.
and a male S. bilunaria Schiff. (= hybr. parvilunaria Bartl.). From the
New Forest, Hants: bred series of Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., summer
brood. From Ghana, West Africa: a drawer of West African Hawk
Moths taken in various localities in the country during 1957 and 1958.
Dr. C. H. McCierry—Series of two species of Heterocera taken at
light at Cambridge: Noctua (Triphaena) pronuba L., July and August
1958-9, and Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., September 1959; and a short
series of Catocala electa View., bred from ova from Germany 1957.

Miss C. A. McDrermott—(1) Rhopalocera taken in Finnish Lapland
at Kilpisjarvi between the end of June and the beginning of July in-
cluding Erebia lappona Thunb., Oeneis norna Thunb., Argynnis freiya
Thunb., and Pieris nami L. (2) Some Tuberolachnus viminalis B.d.F.,
Great Willow Aphids, found on willow in a sand-pit at Borough Green,
Kent. (8) A female cockroach found in a greengrocer’s shop in Borough
Green on 29.vii.59, eggs were laid on 14.ix.59.

Dr. B. J. MacNuttry—Fifty-nine species of West African Sphingidae
(Lep.) representing 25 genera.

Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Mantey—F our species of Lepidoptera taken in his
mercury vapour light trap at Otford, Kent, during 1959: Herse
convolvuli L., 30th October ; Heliothis armigera Hiibn., 30th September;
Eublemma parva Hiibn., 21st July; and Palpita unionalis Hiibn., 10th
October.

Lt.-Col. and Mrs. Manrtry—A selection of Rhopalocera taken in
France and Spain between 16th May and 15th July 1959, which included
the Teruel and Granada races of Melitaea desfontainii Godart, varieties
of Erebia epistygne Hiibn. from Teruel, and EF. hispania Butler and
Aricia ramburi Verity from Granada among other species.

Mr. Rostn Mere—A short series of Zygaena purpuralis Brun. and
Z. loti Schiff. (achilleae Esp.) from Argyll., June 1959; a short series of
Spilosoma lubricipeda L., with buff forewings, from Argyll., June and
July 1959; an Amathes xanthographa Schiff. aberration from Feltham,
Middx., taken from Mr. E. W. Classey’s trap; a Heterographis oblitella
Zell. taken at mercury vapour light, Chiddingfold, Surrey, August 1959;
a fresh Trigonophora flammea Esp., taken at Mercury vapour light,
Dorset, 11.x.59, believed to be only the fourth taken this century and
exhibited on behalf of Messrs. E. W. Classey and Jan Lorimer; a yellow
Amathes castanea Esp. from N.E. Hants, September 1959; a short series
of Noctua (Triphaena) comes Hiibn., from Tresco, Scilly Isles, July
1959.

Mr. J. LL. Messencer—(1) Mimicry in Lepidoptera from Ceylon:
Papilio polytes L. s.sp. romulus Cramer, three examples of the female as
follows: ‘‘male’’?’ form with a normal male for comparison;
‘‘aristolochiae’’ form with a specimen of Atrophaneura aristolochiae F.
f. ceylonicus Moore which is mimicked; and the ‘‘hector’’ form with a
specimen of Atrophaneura hector Ll. which it mimics. Chilasa clytia L.
f. lankeswara Moore, four specimens as follows: two males and a female
with Huploea sylvester F. f. montana C. & R. Feld., one of the allied

42

species of Huploea which (. clytia mimics and f. dissimilis L., a male
and female with Danaus hamata musikanos Fruh. which the latter form
mimics. Hypolimnas misippus L., a male and female with Danaus
chrysippus lL. which is mimicked by the female. Hypolimnas bolina L.,
a male and female with Hwploea core Cramer r. asela Moore one of the
allied species of Huploea which the female mimics. Valeria ceylanica
s.sp. ceylanica Feld. with Danaus similis L. f. ecprompta Butler which
is mimicked by the female. Hlymnias hypermnestra L. s.sp. fraterna
Butl., a male and female with Danaus genutia Cramer which the
female mimics. It is worthy of note that the mimicry in connection
with Chilasa clytia L. occurs in both sexes whilst in the species
which follow it is only the female that is mimicked. (2) Various Lepi-
doptera taken during late 1958 and 1959: Cirrhia gilvago Schiff., a
short bred series from east Kent which includes an extremely lightly
marked female; Oria musculosa Hiibn., a series taken in Wilts., August
1959; Antitype xanthomista Hiibn., a series taken in south Cornwall,
September 1959; Leucania l-album L., short series showing first and
second broods taken at Portland, Dorset, and in south Cornwall, 1958-9 ;
Agrotis trux Hiibn. s.sp. lunigera Steph., a series taken at Portland in
June 1959; Leucochlaena hispida Geyer., a series taken at Portland,
October 1958; EHuplagia quadripunctaria Poda, two specimens from
south Devon, August 1959; Sterrha degeneraria Hiibn., a male taken at
Portland, June 1959; Nola albula Schiff., seven specimens from Portland
and south Devon, 1959; Leucania putrescens Hiibn., two specimens from
south Devon, August 1959; ZL. wnipuncta Haw., a specimen from the
Scilly Isles, September 1959; Humichtis lichenea Hiibn., three specimens
of the Scilly Isles form, September 1959; Agrotis puta Hiibn., three
specimens of the Scilly Isles form, September 1959; Crocidosema
plebejana Zell., two specimens from the Scilly Isles, September 1959;
Apatele alni L., a short series from Surrey including a second brood
example taken 25.viii.59; Hublemma parva Hiibn., three specimens taken
at Witley, Surrey, June 1959; Leucania albipuncta Schiff., a male and
female taken at Witley ; Notodonta ziczac L., a specimen showing melanic
tendency, particularly in the apical area, Witley 1959; Arctia caja L., a
specimen with one forewing much more lightly marked than the other,
Witley 1959; Dasychira pudibunda L., a female showing melanic
tendencies, Witley 1959; Callimorpha jacobaeae I.., two specimens with
the red marking on the forewings much enlarged and partially confluent,
Witley 1959; Hurrhypara hortulana L., a specimen with the black
markings much enlarged; Palpita wnionalis Hiibn., three specimens
taken at Witley, October 1959.

Mr. H. N. Micuarrt1s—(1) Lepidoptera from Aviemore, Inverness-
shire, including: Hucosma nemorivaga Tengst, Ancylis unguicella L.,
A. laetana F., Olethreutes arbutella L., Petrova (Evetria) resinella L.,
Pammene rhediella Clerck, Gelechia solutella Zell., Depressaria angeli-
cella Hiibn., Coleophora glitzella Hof., C. vacciniella H.-S., Choreutis
myllerana ¥., Phylloporia bistrigella Haw., Leucoptera susinella H.-S.
From Llandudno district, Caer.: Alucita spilodactyla Curt. From

43

Derbyshire: Venusia cambrica Curt., dark forms. (2) Hymenoptera
Symphyta (Sawflies). In series bred from galls on Salix. Nematus
(Pontania) dolichura (Thomson, C. G.) from Malham, Yorks.; N. (P.)
viminalis (l.) from Malham; N. (P.) bridgmanii (Cameron) from
Malham; and N. (P.) proxima (Lepeletier) from Manchester, Lancs.

Mr. A. M. Mortry—Some moths from Folkestone, Kent, taken
between September 1957 and October 1959. All except one taken at
mercury vapour light, or bred: Arctia caja L., female with spots joined
on hindwing, 4.viii.59; Trichiura crataegi L., a pale male, 20.ix.57,
being only the second taken in the district since 1927; a Hepialus
female, apparently a variant form of H. lupulina L., 10.vi.59; Simyra
albovenosa Goeze, a worn male taken 21.viii.59, there is no previous
record for the Folkestone-Romney Marsh district; Agrotis exclamationis
L., a melanic female, 13.vii.59; Diarsia florida Schmidt, a female taken
29.vi.58, a male was shown at the Annual Exhibition of 1956 by the
present exhibitor (1957, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 38);
Phlogophora meticulosa L., a very dark specimen of the typical form,
16.v.58; Caradrina ambigua Schiff., two males out of 28 bred between
15.xi and 24.xii.58, the offspring of a female taken on 18.ix.58, her eggs
hatched in early October; a Procus sp., which on dissection proved to
be a form of P. latruncula Schiff. taken 10.vii.59; EHublemma parva
Hiibn., 17.vii.59; Nonagria sparganii Esp., male, 9.ix.58, there is no
previous record for Folkestone; Plusia pulchrina Haw., ab. v-awreum
Hiibn., a male of the dark northern form taken 20.vi.59 and similar to
some taken at Aviemore, Inverness-shire; a male Cosymbia sp., sub-
sequently determined by Mr. R. M. Mere as a second brood @. linearia
Hiibn., disturbed by day from bushes in the exhibitor’s garden, 19.v1i.59;
Xanthorhoé spadicearia Schiff., a melanic male, 19.vi.59; a male and
female Nycterosia obstipata F. from five bred between 13 and 16.xi.58
from a few eggs laid by a female taken 15.x.58; Colotois pennaria L.,
a male rather heavily infuscated, 11.x.57; Opisthograptis luteolata L.,
a male heavily marked along the costa, taken 13.viii.56, and a female f.
emaculata Graes.; Menophra (Hemerophila) abruptaria Thunb., a male,
unfortunately damaged, rather dark on the forewings, darker on the
hindwings, taken 1.v.58, the only darkened forms recorded from this
district previously were a male and a female taken by Mr. R. W.
Fairthrop in 1957; Crambus latistrius Haw., male, 25.vii.59, which does
not seem to have been recorded in the district for a good many years.

Mr. M. G. Morris—A collection of Weevils (Col., Curculionidae)
nearly all taken in Kent during 1959.

Mr. J. Newton—Four species of Gloucestershire microlepidoptera
which are new to Fletcher and Clutterbuck’s Mircolepidoptera of
Gloucestershire, Parts 1-7 (1937-1943, Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Cl.,
26 to 28): Gracillaria sulphurella Haw. ab. aurantiella Peyer., twelve
specimens were typical sulphurella, some of which are heavily marked
with black, and twelve specimens were ab. aurantiella, some also darkly
marked—a more detailed report appears in the 1959 Hnt. Rec., 71: 89;
Zeiraphera (Eucosma) rufimitrana H.-S., eight examples; Epinotia

44

(Eucosma) subsequana Haw., eight examples; EF. (E.) fraternana Haw.
(prozimana H.-S.), eight examples. The last three species were all en
Abies alba Mill. (Silver Fir) (HZ. swbsequana is also on spruce).

Mr. D. A. Opp—Dasychira pudibunda L., a dark form taken at
mercury vapour light on a fine night at moderate temperature in West
Sussex, 30.v.59; Apamea monoglypha Hufn., a variety of forms taken
at sugar, Aviemore, Inverness-shire, 20.vii.59; Hurois occulta L., dark
forms also taken at sugar, Aviemore, 20.vii.59.

Mr. G. B. OttvEr—Argynnis paphia L., two specimens of the F,
brood, male primaries with long oval border spots, secondaries mainly
black; female ab. valesina Esp., primaries blackish-brown, all usual
lighter shade omitted and the outer third minus all normal spotting,
with a zigzag black band across centre of wings—this specimen being
slightly dwarfed—the only such example from about 300 butterflies
reared. Unwanted specimens were released in local woods at High
Wycombe, Bucks.

Mr. R. W. Parritt—Heterocera taken or bred during 1959: Dasy-
polia templi Thunb., from Swanage, Dorset; Hwmichtis lichenea Hibn.,
from Swanage and Portland, Dorset; [ithophane leautieri Boisd., from
Swanage; Agrotis ripae Hiibn., bred from Dawlish, S. Devon, West
Wittering, Sussex, and Hayling Island, Hants; Dasycampa rubiginea
Schiff., bred from Farnborough, Hants; Palpita wnionalis Hiibn., from
Swanage; Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd., a bred gynandromorph, right
side female and left side male.

Mr. Jonun Payne—Aberrant forms of Aphantopus hyperantus I..,
male, and Pieris napi L., female, taken in Northamptonshire, 1958.

Mr. C. J. Pearce—Three species of Lepidoptera caught at Rowhedge,
Essex: Eurois occulta L., 2.viii.59; Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff.,
5.vili.59; Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.), between 22.ii and
21.111.59.

Mr. E. C. Petnam-Crinton—(1) Lepidoptera from St. Kilda, July
1959: Lycophotia varia de Vill., Peridroma porphyrea Schiff.,
Ammogrotis lucernea Iu., Diarsia festiva Schiff., Noctua (Triphaena)
pronuba L., Cerapteryx graminis L., Humichtis adusta Esp., Apamea
monoglypha Hufn., Procus fasciuncula Haw., Homoeosoma saxicola
Vaugh., Crambus culmellus L., Rhodaria cespitalis Schiff., Hudoria
angustea Steph., Scoparia ambigualis Treits., Philedone gerningana
Schiff., Hana osseana Scop., EH. colquhounana Doubl., Epinotia
mercuriana Froél., Bactra lanceolana Hiibn., Lobesia littoralis Westw.,
Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Mniophaga terrella Hiibn., Phthorimaea
leucomelanella Zell., Borkhausenia pseudospretella Staint., Depressaria
ciliella Staint., Cataplectica fulviguttella Zell., s.sp. nov. P—a race
with two yellow sub-costal spots and a yellow basal streak on the fore-
wings, Plutella annulatella Curt., P. dalella Staint., Monopis rusticella
Hiibn., s.sp. nov. ?—a race with the head dark brown, taken in hollows
in a cliff face, Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. (2) Scottish Lepidoptera
collected during 1959: Craniophora ligustri Schiff., a female ab. olivacea
Dobrée (in Tutt 1891, The British Noctuae and’ Their Varieties, 1: 13),

45

Port Appin, Argyll., 22nd June; Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke, six speci-
mens, Port Appin, 22nd June; Zygaena purpuralis Briin., series from
basalt, Kilninian, Mull, 30th June, and from limestone, Lismore,
Argyll., 21st June; Z. loti Schiff. (achilleae Esp.), three specimens,
Argyll., 28th June; Aegeria scoliaeformis Borkh., a female bred from
pupa collected at Camghouran, Perth., 3lst May; Zelleria saxifragae
Staint., three specimens, Braemar, Aber., 2nd August, smoked from
Sazifraga aizoides L.

Mr. J. H. C. Puriries—Larvae and imagines of Apatura iris L. (Lep.)
to show abnormalities in development. Two fully grown larvae bred
from ova found in Northamptonshire between 8 and 25.vii.59, demon-
strating failure of diapause. Both larvae in their last instar and the
larger rapidly approaching pupation. One underside female imago
which behaved in the same way during the early stages and emerged
29.xi.55 after a larval stage lasting 96 days, normal ecdysis occurring
four times and the larva moulting five times. A normal sized female,
emerged 27.vii.54, also after five moults. A dwarf male, emerged
20.vii.54, had been reared under satisfactory conditions and the extreme
dwarfism did not appear to be environmental.

Mr. N. B. Porrer—A series of Lysandra coridon Poda, aberrations
including: male upperside abs. sessilis Tutt, metallica B. & L., latiora
B & L., fowleri South; male underside abs. discreta Tutt, postcaeca
B &L., glomerata Tutt + fowleri South, lunacuspidis B. & L., albescens
Cockerell, tri-I-nigrum B. & L., costajuncta Tutt; female upperside abs.
radio B. & L., antisinispartimtransformis B. & L., auronulla B. & L.;
female underside abs. antidiscreta B. & L., confluentiae Courv., nubila
B. & L., pulla B. & L., crassipuncta Courv., virgularia B. & L. Also
aberrations of Polyommatus icarus Rott., underside abs. confluens Tutt,
arcuata Weym., and an example showing characteristics similar to the
alboradia B. & L., aberration of Lysandra coridon Poda.

Mr. Austin RicHarpson—Lepidoptera taken on the Isle of Arran,
Bute, 5-12.viii.59: Dysstroma truncata Hufn. s.sp. concinnata Steph.,
a long varied series, taken in several widely separated localities all of
500 ft. and upwards; D. citrata L. ab. pythonissata Mill., a long series
of this parallel variety, taken some years ago in Unst, Shetland Is.,
for comparison; D. truncata Hufn., a short series of the double brooded
lowland race, with a melanic specimen from Ayrshire, and a varied series
from the Scilly Isles for comparison; D. citrata L., a short series;
Hydriomena furcata Thunb., a long series of the brilliantly red and black
coloured bilberry form; two Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S.; two Eclipto-
pera silaceata Schiff., one showing a pale median band; a Lygris prunata
L.; ZL. populata L. ab. musauaria Frey.; an aberrant specimen of
Epirrhoé alternata Miill., having part of the right central band missing;
five Colostygia didymata L., two having yellow central areas to fore-
wings; three small dark Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S.; three Crocallis
elinguaria 1., all with dark central bands, and one ab. signatipennis
Newst. & Smith; an Alcis jubata Thunb. ; a bright series of Huxoa tritici

46

L., showing variation; six F. obelisca Schiff.; five Amathes castanea
Esp., all the grey form, some with a slight pink suffusion; three Agrotis
vestigialis Hufn., strongly marked; a bright Actebia praecox L.; two
Cerapteryx graminis L., one having forewings of different colours (PI.
II, fig. 8); a dark Amathes agathina Dup.; five Noctua (Triphaena)
comes Hiibn., together with three ab. rufa Tutt, an ab. sagittifer
Cockayne, and one dark specimen approaching ab. curtisii Newm.; two
Apamea assimilis Doubl.; two Bombycia viminalis F. ab. intermedia
Tutt.; two Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. ab. luneburgensis Freyer with
an ab. sedi Guen.; a Celaena leucostigma Hiibn., small and very bright;
an Apamea ophiogramma Esp.; a Hadena conspersa Schiff., dark;
varied series of Hydraecia spp., as yet undetermined; four Plusia
bractea Schiff. (2) Lepidoptera taken or bred, 1958-9: Two Acherontia
atropos L., Scilly Isles and Glos. ; two Laothoé populi ab. fuchsi Bartel,
Glos. and Oxon.; a Utetheisa pulchella L., taken flying by day, Scilly
Isles, 1958; a Spilosoma lubricipeda L., ab. showing joined spots, bred
Scilly Isles; two S. lutea Hufn., one heavily marked, Staffs., one very
lightly marked female, approaching ab. denudata Homb., Glos.; four
Harpyia (Cerura) bicuspis Borkh., Staffs.; three Lophopteryx capucina
L., one dark, Staffs., one dark and one banded, Glos.; two L. cucullina
Schiff., Bucks.; one Huproctis similis Fuess., a second brood specimen,
bred from a wild larva, Scilly Isles; a series of Apatele alni L., including
six ab. steinerti Casp., bred, Yorks., from eggs supplied by Mr. W. Reid,
four typical specimens from Devon, and five from Glos., of which four
were dark with the thorax suffused; one A. leporina L. ab. melanocephala
Mansbr., Staffs.; three Dasychira pudibunda L., with very dark fore-
wings, Glos.; Cryphia muralis Forst., a pale aberration with pronounced
black post-median line, Glos.; a C. perla Schiff., ab. lutescens Fuchs,
Glos. ; a series of Amathes xanthographa Schiff., bright with prominent
stigmata and many with dark subterminal bands, Scilly Isles; two
Noctua (Triphaena) comes Hiibn., one being ab. sagittifer Cockayne
with suffused hindwings, Scilly Isles, and the other ab. sagittifer + rufa
Tutt, Scilly Isles; a series of Hadena bombycina Hufn., mostly from
Salop, with two dark examples from Yorks., and two intermediate from
Staffs.; two Thalpophila matura Hufn., one very light and one very
dark, Glos. ; a Luperina testacea Schiff. (Pl. III, fig. 7), almost obsolete,
Scilly Isles; six Procus versicolor Borkh., Bucks.; one Leucania loreyi
Dup., Scilly Isles, 1958; a series of Anepia irregularis Hufn., bred,
Suffolk; one Plusia ni Hiibn., Scilly Isles; two P. gamma L., with
aberrant ‘‘Y’’? markings, Scilly Isles; one P. bractea Schiff., Glos.,
second county record; three Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn., Salop; a series
of Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., including abs. nigrobasalis Cockayne and
fumosa Cockayne and some banded forms, Glos.; eight Hustroma reticu-
lata Schiff., Westmorland; thirteen Hydriomena furcata Thunb., five
of the large sallow form, three ab. infuscata Staud. Westmorland, and
five of the small bilberry form, greenish, Salop; one Aspitates ochrearia
Réssler, new record from Scilly Isles; one Coenotephria berberata
Schiff., Devon, new county record; one Gonodontis bidentata Clerck,
ab. nigra Prout, Staffs. ; two Colotois pennaria L. ab. cuneata Rudolph,

47

Glos.; seven Palpita unionalis Hiibn., one Glos., 8.x.58, new county
record, one Scilly Isles, 10.ix.59, and five, Mon., 8.x.59; one Argynnis
selene Schiff., a heavily marked ab., Worcs.; one Lysandra coridon
Poda. ab. syngrapha Kef., Glos.

Mr. A. Rospertson—One example of Lycaenu phlaeus L., Watford,
Herts.

RoTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL Sration—lHarthworms in farm and
garden showing notes on the life history of British earthworms, and
specimens of the eight common garden species, i.e.: worms found near
to the surface, Allolobophora chlorotica (Sav.) and A. caliginosa (Sav.);
at intermediate depths, Octolasium cyaneum (Sav.); deep-living species,
usually a foot or more below the surface, Allolobophora longa (Ude),
A, nocturna (Evans) and Lumbricus terrestris L.; common in well-
rotted manure or compost, Hisenia foetida (Sav.) and Dendrobaenu
subrubicunda (Kisen). The numbers and weights of worms are greatest
in old grassland, where populations of five million worms per acre may
weigh about a ton. After a year’s cultivation the population may
have fallen to 500,000 and weigh only two hundredweights. Chemical
fertilisers do not kill earthworms, but probably encourage them, by
providing more foodstuffs. A difference is found in the amount of soil
turned over each year by worms casting on the surface of grassland
and arable land. Only two of the 29 species produce surface casts in
quantity; these are Allolobophora longa (Ude) and A. nocturna (Evans).
Lumbricus terrestris L. commonly buries leaves and makes “‘cairns’’ of
small stones above the entrance to its burrow. If the temperature
does not become too hot in manure and compost several species are
commonly found. The two main species here are Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
(the Brandling) and Dendrobaena subrubicunda (Eisen.); and they may
occur in great numbers. These worms may help to break down organic
matter and make it more readily available to plants, but there is as
yet little evidence to prove this. When these worms are spread on
arable land in compost they usually die within a short period. Soil
structure and fertility are usually improved when arable land is put
down to grass. Part of this improvement may be due to earthworms.
In gardens earthworms probably do most good on the lawn—the one
place where they are least welcome. In cultivated soil worms are pre-
sent in such comparatively small numbers that it is difficult to see how
they can be very important. The ordinary processes of cultivation
will turn over far more soil than the largest number of earthworms.
It seems likely that a high earthworm population is often a sign that
soil conditions are good, rather than that they are the cause of this
condition.

Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm—Aberrations of Lepidoptera: Lysandra
coridon Poda, two males ab. fowleri South, Dorset, August 1959; L.
bellargus Rott., one male underside similar to the ab. alba B. & L. +
sagittata Courv. in L. coridon Poda, and a series of two males and
six females ab. caueca Coury. together with an aberration similar to

48

the ab. postcaeca B. & L. in L. coridon Poda, Hod Hill, Dorset, Sep-
tember 1959; Plebejus argus L., two female underside forms, one of
which has both hindwings striated and the other with dark brown
lunules on all wings, New Forest, Hants, July 1959; Lycaena phlaeas
L., one female ab. pallidula Leeds, a male and female ab. antipallidula
Leeds, and one female with hindwings ab. radiata Tutt, from Hod
Hill, September 1959; further aberrations of the same species, one
female ab. obliterata Scudder, a female with black spots on forewings
enlarged to form a black irregular band, a female underside with
markings on forewings greatly enlarged, New Forest, September 1959;
Pararge aegeria L., a female with cream markings greatly reduced
and absent from hindwings, New Forest, July 1959; Maniola tithonus
L., a series showing range of variation from the New Forest, during
July and August 1959, a female with ground colour reduced to pale
straw, two males dark and suffused, with brown borders enlarged on
all wings submerging the apical spot on the forewings, a male with
dark brown areas bleached to greyish-white, three male undersides
comprising one with buff markings absent from the hindwings, a typical
example and one intermediate between the two; Aglais urticae L., a
male and female with greyish-tan ground colour and three with black
markings enlarged and distorted, Hod Hill, August 1959.

Dr. E. Scorr—(1) Short series of three species of Arctic butterflies
taken at Kilpisjirvi in Finnish Lapland (alt. 1,500-3,000 ft.) between
23rd June and 5th July, also specimens of four tortricid moths. A late
season and cold weather delayed emergences and Lepidoptera were very
scarce. Curiously Plutella maculipennis Curt. was seen on several occa-
sions. The flora exceeded expectations. (2) Some species of plume
moths from the Ashford district of Kent; Agdistis bennetw Curt.,
taken at light in Folkestone Warren and has not previously been noted
from this area; the larvae probably feed on Limonium binervosum
(G.E.Sm.) C. E. Salmon (Rock Sea Lavender) which grows on the lower
part of the cliffs from Folkestone to Dover; Trichoptilus paludum
Zell., found swarming in the central bog at Hothfield, Kent, on 26th
June, where Drosera rotundifolia L. (Round-leaved Sundew), the food-
plant of the larva is exceedingly abundant, at the same time (late after-
noon) and place the adelid Nemotois minimella Zell. was taken on the
wing.

Mr. K. W. Setr—Five groups of Lysandra coridon Poda as follows:
Grovurs A and B comprising a series of males which include the following
aberrational forms: pallidula Tutt, cinnameus B. & L., pulla B. & L.,
livida Gillm., transformis B. & L., atrescens Tutt., grisea Tutt, neutra
B. & L., ultramelaina B. & L., ultraviridescens B. & L., ultracaeruleo
B. & L., and ultralavendula B. & L., with typical examples. Group C
comprising a series of females including the following aberrational
forms: atrescens Tutt, syngrapha Kefer., cinnameus B. & L., metallica
B. & L., glabrata Tutt, pallidula Tutt, transformis, B. & L., flavescens
Tutt, rufescens Tutt, and furvescens B. & L. Grovur D comprising

49

underside forms of the aberrations pulla B. & L., alba B. & L., grisea
Tutt, ultranubila B. & L., fuscescens Tutt, and transformis B. & L.
Groupe E comprising a series of female underside aberrations including
fulvescens Tutt, partimtransformis B. & L., grisea Tutt, irregularis
B. & L., pulla B. & L., nigrescens B. & L., ultranubila B. & L., postalba
B. & L., and albescens Cockerell. This exhibit was designed to illustrate
the extent of ground colour variation to which this species is liable.
Some have been exhibited previously in another context and with four
exceptions all were taken in the summers of 1949 to 1958, inclusive, in
Dorset, Hants and Kent.

Mr. D. W. TxHorps-Youne—Local Lepidoptera from Carshalton,
Surrey: Cucullia absinthu L., Plusia iota L., P. pulchrina Haw., and
Biston betularia L.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A panel of photographs illustrating the life
cycle of Gracillaria syringella F.

Mr. F. T. Vauiins—See Mr. T. R. Eactes.

Professor G. C. VarteY—A working model of a fly’s thorax illustrat-
ing the way the indirect flight muscles of a fly produce the twisting and
to and fro movements of a fly’s wing. The model is based on a diagram
in ‘Insect Flight’? by J. W. S. Pringle, Cambridge University Press,
1957.

Mr. S. Waxety—Lepidoptera bred or caught during the current year
including: Nola albula Schiff., Cryphia muralis Forst., Nonagria
sparganiw Esp., Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke, Platytes alpinellus Hiibn.,
Alucita spilodactyla Curt., Epithectis mouffetella Schiff., Gelechia velo-
cella Dup., Anarsia spartiella Schr., Opostega salaciella Treits.,
Leucoptera wailesella Staint. and Monopis imella Hiibn., all taken in the
Isle of Wight; Huphyia luctuata Schiff., bred from ova, Ham Street,
Kent; Hvergestis extimalis Scop., Higham, Kent; Pandemis cinna-
momeana Treits., Box Hill, Surrey; Adoxophyes orana F.R., High
Halstow, Kent; Ancylis apicella Schiff. (siculana Hiibn.), Ashdown
Forest, Sussex; Pammene aurantiana Staud., a series of five taken at
Mickleham, Surrey; Paltodora cytisella Curt., Ashtead, Surrey; Walshia
rhamniella Zell. and Mompha miscella Schiff., bred, Riddlesdown,
Surrey; Hypercallia christiernana L., bred, Wrotham, Kent; Hypono-
meuta irrorella Hiibn., bred, N.W. Kent; Hthmia decemguttella Hiibn.,
bred, Druids Grove, Surrey; Hthmia funerella F., bred, Chartham,
Kent; Ornix finitimella Zell., bred, Chipstead, Surrey; and Gracillaria
populetorum Zell., bred, Ockham, Surrey.

Mr. D. H. Watker—A series of five male Lycaena phlaeas L., cap-
tured in Sussex and Surrey during September 1959, including one with
extraordinarily long tails to the hindwings (Pl. II, fig. 7) resembling
those found on Thecla betulae L.; two abs. obsoleta Tutt; an aberration
set as an underside, with four pear-shaped spots; and another aberration
also set as an underside similar to that illustrated in South (Butterflies
of the British Isles, Pl. 101, fig. 9).

Mr. J. L. P. Wattis—A number of specimens illustrating mimicry
amongst Hong Kong Rhopalocera, all taken between 1951 and 1953.

50

(1) The following Danaidae which are all very similar in appearance:
Danaus sita Kollar; D. aglea Stoll. s.sp. melanoides Moore, taken
1l.iv.52 and 8.vi.52; D. similis L. taken 7.vi.52; D. limniace Cramer, a
male caught 27.iv.52; and D. hamata Macleay s.sp. septentrionis Butler.
These five species as a group are mimicked by the following two species:
Chilasa clytia L. s.sp. dissimilis L. (Papilionidae) and Hestina assimilis
L. (Nymphalidae) taken 8.vii.52 and 14.x.52. (2) Various cases of
mimicry: Argyreus hyperbius L. female which mimics Danaus plexippus
L. or perhaps D. chrysippus L. both of which were also shown; also
exhibited as a mimic of D. chrysippus L. was Hypolimnus misippus L.
female. (3) Another group of Danaidae similar in appearance and
mimicking each other, namely Huploea core Cramer s.sp. amymone
Godart (including a female taken 2.vi.52 which is an aberration with
extra brown markings on all wings), HE. midamus L., a male and two
females taken 9.vi1.52, and H. mulciber Cramer, a female. As a group,
these three species are mimicked by the following three: Hypolimnus
misippus L., males taken 4.ix.52, and H. bolina L. s.sp. kezia Butler
taken 18.x.52 and 23.v.53 (Nymphalidae); also Chilasa clytia L. taken
13.v.52 (Papilionidae). (3) A male and female T'roides helena L. s.sp.
spilotia Rothschild. This species was first recorded from Hong Kong by
the exhibitor, 3.iv.52. The same year larvae were obtained feeding on
Aristolochia tagala Chan & Schl. The female shown was taken in a half
dead condition clinging to a bush and when the butterfly was being set
the abdomen was found to be in an advanced state of decay. Many of
the species of the Danaidae obtain protection by feeding on the
poisonous aristolochid plants, the juices of which remain active in the
bodies of the butterflies and make them unpalatable to birds. It is
believed by the exhibitor that JT. helena also obtains protection in the
same way and the bright yellow on the hindwings acts as a warning
colour. In another papilionid from Hong Kong, Athrophaneura
aristolochiae F. s.sp. goniopetis Rothschild the larva also feeds on
Aristolochia tagala and the butterfly is said to be mimicked by Papilio
polytes L., which also occurs in Hong Kong. (4) A Lycaena phlaeas L.
aberration with the right upper forewing partially silvery-white and
with the underside similarly affected, taken 29.vi1.58 at Camaoril, Italy.

Mr. Norman A. Watkins—Rhopalocera, mostly taken during 1959;
Colias croceus Foure., West Cornwall, September 1959; a male with
excess of yellow scaling to the tips of black borders of forewings; a
male with edges of forewing borders brown instead of black; a male
underside with lanceolate discoidal spots to hindwings; and another
with spots lanceolate in both directions; a female ab. helice Hiibn.
showing ‘‘pallida’’ characteristics, another female ab. helice Hiibn.
showing ‘‘partimtransformis’’ characteristics—this has a streak of
bleached scaling across the right forewing including the outer margin;
a small female, pale yellow, with suffused black margins; a female
underside with well-developed wedge-shaped black markings to the fore-
wing margins; two female undersides showing a tendency towards the
‘“‘obsoleta’’?’ form. Maniola jurtina L., a male with greatly reduced

61

apical spots to the left forewing; a female ab. commaculo Leeds; a
male with both apical spots absent, and a female with the apical spot
absent from the right forewing—the last two from Wilts, 1959 (G. H.
W. Cruttwell); and a male pale grey form. Agapetes galathea L.,
Somerset, June 1959, six males and a female approaching ab. valentini
Williams; one male ab. valentini and an extreme female of the same
aberration; a female ab. valentinia bred from a wild female taken in
1958 in cop with an extreme ab. valentina male, the female laid 12
eggs only, of which only one larva survived the winter and that emerged
in mid-July 1959 (a late date), it is a definite ab. valentini without
being extreme; a male underside with marginal hindwing spots greatly
reduced, and forewing apical spots absent; a male underside patho-
logical aberration with reduced black scaling to right hindwing (PI.
III, fig. 8); another pathological maie underside with large black radia-
tions to the left hindwing, the upperside of this wing being wholly
black with the exception of the white marginal wedges. Coenonympha
pamphilus L., three males with an excess of black scaling to the margins
of the hindwings, Sussex, 1959 (N. B. Potter); male with enlarged
apical spots, Wilts., 1959 (N. B. Potter); a female with large bleached
patches to forewing margins, West Cornwall, 1959; a male underside
with duplicated apical spots to forewings; a straw-coloured female,
Wilts, 1959 (G. H. W. Cruttwell); a similar female with grey marginal
markings, Hants, 1957 (N. B. Potter). Lycaena phlaeas L., a series
taken on a small moor in West Cornwall, September 1959, the males
include abs. schmidti Gerh., intermedia Tutt, parvipuncta Strand,
suffusa Tutt including one very dark example, kochi Strand, and forms
with parts of wings white instead of copper. Lysandra coridon Poda,
from Wilts. and Sussex, 1959; male aberrations inframarginata B. &
L. of different forms, marginata Tutt, ultrapunctata B. & L., fowlera
South + margino B. & L.; male underside aberrations albescens
Cockerell and postradiata B. & L.; female underside aberrations caeca
Courv., nigrescens B. & L., discoelongata Courv. and a pathological
form. The following were shown on behalf of Mr. G. H. W. Crurt-
wELL: Lysandra coridon Poda female upperside ab. fowlert South, a
small asymmetrical female underside which is ultradiscreta B. & L. +
arcuata Courv. + limbojuncta Courv. + metallica B. & L., both speci-
mens being taken in Wilts., 1959; two examples of Lycaena phlaeas
L., from Somerset, October 1955; a female with pale ground colour,
reduced forewing spots and a patch of white scales to lower edge of
right forewing; a female with reduced forewing spots and a broad basal
copper band to hindwings rayed inwardly with copper.

Mrs. N. I. Warson—Lycaena phlaeas L., a series graded to show
the range of variation including one female with hindwings ab. radiata
Tutt, and five other specimens approaching this form; one male with
basal half of forewing and a band on both hindwings ab. pallidula B.
& L.; two males approaching ab. obliterata Scudder; eight specimens
ab. caeruleopunctata Staud; all from Hod Hill, Dorset, September 1959.

52

Lysandra coridon Poda, a series of aberrations including male upper-
side abs. fowleri South, partimtransformis B. & L., latiora B. & L.,
lavendula B. & L., etc., and one with right forewing greenish; male
and female undersides including abs. obsoleta Tutt, grisea Tutt, several
I-nigrum Tutt, basijuncta Tutt, etc., also an asymmetrical example
with right hand wings of different colour; a female ?cinnameus B. &
L.; and one approaching virgatus B. & L.; Dorset, August 1959.
Lysandra bellargus Rott., one female approaching ab. ceronus Esp.,
male and female ab. caeca B. & L., male ab. obsoleta Tutt, male under-
side with conspicuous blue patches at base of hindwings, Hod Hill,
September 1959. Polyommatus icarus Rott., selected upper and under-
sides including abs. obsoleta Clark, costajuncta Tutt, parvipuncta
Coury., arcuata Weym., and an aberration showing the characteristics
of ab. sagittata Courv. of ZL. coridon Poda, Dorset, August and
September 1959. Plebejus argus L., male and female underside aberra-
tions, including one male with elongated spots, a female with pale
yellow lunules, and another female with pale underside colour similar
to the male, New Forest and Winchester, Hants, July 1959. Maniola
jurtina L., one male with dwarfed right hindwing, two with enlarged
rings on underside of hindwings, one dwarfed female, one albino, and
various forms with whitish patches on all wings, Dorset, August and
September 1959. Aphantopus hyperantus L., series including three
large ab. crassipuncta Burkhardt, one with right hand wings dwarfed
and ab. caeca Fuchs, left side normal, New Forest, July 1959.
Coenonympha pamphilus L., an albino with a typical specimen for
comparison, Hod Hill, September 1959. Meltaea cinxia L., series
with black markings on underside of forewings similar to ‘‘I-nigrum”’
in some of the Blues (PI. II, fig. 5); one of this series is a dwarfed
male; also included is a female showing homoeosis with one hindwing
coloured brown as upperside, bred, Isle of Wight. Huphydryas aurinia
Rott., bred series including a number of very dark forms from Hod
Hill. Argynnis cydippe L., one male with black markings on under-
side of forewings enlarged and distorted, Boldre, Hants, July 1959.
Pararge megera L., a light female, a male with pale areas on the hind-
wings, and others well marked.

Mr. B. K. West—Lepidoptera, Pieridae: (1) A gynandromorph, right
side mainly female, left side mainly male of T'eracolus ione Godart d.s.f.
jalone Butler taken at Wyliespoort in the Zoutpansberg, N. Transvaal,
9.vil.56. (2) Pieridae taken in Malaya from September 1957 to August
1959. From Tapah Hills Forest, Perak: Leptosia nina F., Delias
hyparete L., Prioneris thestylis Doubl., P. philonome Boisd., Huphina
nadina Luc., H. judith F., Appias lyncida Cramer, A. nero F., A.
lalassis Gr.-Smith, A. melaina F. f£. paulina Cramer, A. cardena Hew.,
A. indra Moore, Saletara liberia Cramer, Hebomoia glaucippe L.,
Pareronia valeria Cramer, Dercas verhuelli van der Hoeven, Catopsilia
pomona F., Terias hecabe L., T. simulatriz Semper, T. andersoni Moore,
T. lacteola Distant, 7. lacteola Distant f. ada Distant & Pryer, T. sari

53

Horsfld., 7. tilaha Horsfld., Gandaca harina Horsfid. From Cameron
Highlands, Pahang, alt. 5,000 ft. to 6,600 ft.: Delias belladonna F.,
D. ninus Wallace, D. descombesi Boisd., D. baracasa Semper, Appias
pandione Hiibn. and Terias blanda Boisd. From Kangar, Perlis:
Huphina nerissa F., Appias libythea ¥., A. albina Boisd., Ixias pyrene
L. f£. verna H. Druce, Catopsilia pyranthe L. and C. scylla L. From
Johore Bahru, Johore: Hurema brigitta Stoll. From Frasers Hill,
Pahang: Izias pyrene L. f. alticola Pendlebury. From Trolak Forest,
Perak: Phissura aegis C. & R. Felder. From Hong Kong: Pieris
canidia Sparr. (a species now established in Singapore).

Mr. A. J. Wigutman—See Mr. G. Hagceerrrt.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms—(1) A series of each of the following
Lepidoptera taken or bred in the British Isles at the end of 1958 and
during 1959: Stauropus fagi L., from Surrey, Sussex, Kent and Hants;
Odontosia carmelita Esp., from Woking, Surrey and Aviemore, Inv.;
Notodonta ziczac L., from Aviemore; Drepana falcataria L., pale form
from Aviemore; Hilema deplana Esp., from the New Forest, Hants;
Simyra albovenosa Goeze, from East Suffolk ; Huxoa cursoria Hufn., pale
form from East Suffolk; Hadena bombycina Hufn., from Aviemore;
Amathes ditrapeziwm Schiff., from East Suffolk; Tholera cespitis Schiff.,
from East Sussex; Humichtis adusta Esp., from Aviemore, dark form;
E. lichenea Hiibn., from Tresco, Scilly Isles; Dasypolia templi Thunb.,
from Freshwater, I.o.W.; Antitype xanthomista Hiibn., from South
Cornwall; A. flavicincta Schiff., dark form from South Cornwall;
Gortyna (Hydraecia) petasitis Doubl., from Kast Hants; Nonagria dis-
soluta Treits., light and dark forms from East Suffolk; Calophasia lunula
Hufn., bred from Dungeness, Kent; Cucullia asteris Schiff., from East
Suffolk; C. absinthi L., bred from Portland, Dorset; Plusia festucae
L., from East Suffolk; Xanthorhoé fluctuata L., dark form from Avie-
more; Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., from Aviemore; Isturgia carbonaria
Clerck, from Aviemore. (2) Uncommon species and aberrations of
British Lepidoptera taken at the end of 1958 and during 1959: Pararge
aegeria L., a male with very yellow spotting, taken at Chiddingfold,
Surrey, on 22nd April; Tethea ocularis L., a melanic example from the
Woking area of Surrey; Malacosoma neustria L., a yellow form of the
male with the cross-lines outlined in white and with the dark markings
absent, Woking; Spilosoma lubricipeda L., a male with a black semi-
circular line on the central portion of the forewings, from Woking;
S. lutea Hufn., a heavily marked male with black line on forewings
referable to ab. fasciata Tugwell, from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., and
another devoid of black markings on the wings from Woking; Cryphia
perla Schiff., an example with orange-brown forewings from Woking;
Bombycia viminalis F., a male with central band on forewings dark on a
light background, from Ham Street, Kent; Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., a
male with very suffused dark forewings, from Freshwater, I.o.W.;
Leucania unipuncta Haw., a male from Tresco, Scilly Isles; Hwmichtis
lichenea Hiibn., a very pale male from Freshwater; Luperina testacea
Schiff., a very dark example from South Cornwall; Orthosia gothica L.,

54

an extreme ab. gothicina H.-S., from Aviemore; Ectropis bistortata
Goeze, a melanic specimen from Woking; Boarmia roboraria Schiff., two
very melanic examples taken in the Woking area; Cleora rhomboidaria
Schiff., a small example of the green form from Tresco, Scilly Isles;
Apocheima hispidaria F., a very melanic male from Virginia Water,
Surrey; Pyrausta perlucidalis Hiibn., a male example from Wood
Walton Fen; Nephopteriz similella Zinck., a specimen from the Woking
area. (3) Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur, an example of this pug new
to the British List (Pl. III, fig. 2), taken near Penzance, Cornwall,
11.ix.59; it is a Mediterranean species appearing in those regions only
in the autumn. The larva feeds on Cypress and Junipers in the winter
months. (4) A selection of butterflies taken in Switzerland at Gletsch,
Saas Fee, Riffelberg and Kandersteg in late July.

12th NOVEMBER 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr. Robert Wallis was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. R. G. CuHatetaAiIn—A reprint of an article by Dr. H. B. D.
Kettlewell, ‘‘Brazilian insect adaptation’’.

Mr. Dennis Leston—Played tape recordings of the stridulations of
several Hemiptera-Heteroptera and a coleopteron. He made observa-
tions on the recordings.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. A. H. Sperrinec commented on a report in a provincial news-
paper concerning the fungus which attacks moths; the newspaper
correspondent appeared to think that this fungus was scarcer than it
used to be.

The PRESIDENT read a letter from Mr. B. M. Gerrarp in which he
said he wondered if any members had noticed any of the flies that are
reputed to parasitize earthworms, actually in or ovipositing near to
earthworms. In particular, Pollenia rudis (F.) (Calliphoridae), which
is the very common cluster fly, has been bred from an earthworm, but
he has never seen it in an earthworm. He also queried whether it will
parasitize any other animal. Another fly concerned is the phorid
Diploneura pilosella Schmitz.

The Annual exhibition was discussed and most members thought it a
success, the exhibits were good in both number and quality in spite
of a very dry season. Favourable comment was made on the photo-
graphic work exhibited, and the attendance book was reported to have
been signed by 315 members and visitors.

55
26th NOVEMBER 1959.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Miss S. L. K.
Hocking, Miss M. I. K. Pengilly, Messrs. C. F. Lane, N. St. J.
Cuming, D. J. Cross, D. K. Read, and H. M. Edmonds.

EXHIBITS.
Dr. C. G. M. pr Worms—Larvae of Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep.,
Geometridae) bred from stock obtained from Tresco, Scilly Isles.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Hymenoptera: (1)
Lampronota setosa (Geoff.) (Ichneumonidae) a parasite of the Goat moth
(Cossus cossus (I..)) taken by Mr. F. T. Vallins on the field meeting at
Tilgate Forest, Sussex, 27.ix.59. (2) Mutilla europaea L. (Mutillidae)
females taken by Mr. Vallins at Saas Fee, Switzerland, at 6,000 ft.,
14. vii.59.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Liprarian reported that two more parts of the Royal Entomo-
logical Society’s Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects had
appeared and had been purchased. They deal with (a) Mecoptera,
Megaloptera and Neuroptera, and (b) a further section of the
Ichneumonidae. The issue of Lloydia for March 1959 is of special
interest to us because it is devoted to a long account of the
dispersion of small organisms including insects, the author is D. C.
Wolfenbarger. Mr. 8S. N. A. Jacobs had presented Fascicle 3 of Tome J
of Alexanor, the new French publication dealing with Lepidoptera.
There had recently appeared a small book in English entitled ‘‘A Hand-
book of Mushrooms’’. It has 80 coloured plates depicting 94 species
of mushrooms and toadstools, most of which are found in Britain. The
book is by Pilét and Usdk and was printed in Czechoslovakia.

Attention was drawn by Mr. F. D. Buck to Cercyon laminatus Sharp
(Col., Hydrophilidae) a beetle new to the British list which Mr. A. A.
Allen had shown at the Annual Exhibition. He said the beetle had
occurred at mercury vapour light at Blackheath, S.E. London, and
although described from Japan had, in recent years, been taken in
Germany at Hamburg and Berlin, also at light. Lepidopterists work-
ing mercury vapour traps were asked to watch for this species.

The rearing of Ptilophora plumigera L. (Lep., Notodontidae) was
commented on by Mr. J. O. T. Howarp. Last year Mr. G. A. Cole had
found a female on his front door at Dorking, Surrey, from which a
fair number of eggs were obtained. Some of these were given to Mr.
R. Fairclough, some to Mr. Howard, and the remainder were retained
by Mr. Cole. The proportion of infertility was high, only 12 hatching
from Mr. Howard’s batch of 30 eggs, but the resulting larvae grew
well. Mr. Fairclough kept his too warm, all emerged early and all were
hopeless cripples; and probably for the same reason Mr. Cole’s failed
to pupate. Of Mr. Howard’s batch nine good moths emerged and one
hopeless cripple. He attempted to continue breeding but the female

56

died after pairing without laying. From these experiences Mr. Howard
concluded that for successful rearing fairly cool conditions were neces-
sary, and it was desirable to keep the larvae and pupae a little damp.

A series of coloured transparencies were shown by Mr. J. D. Bradley,
Dr. C. G. M. de Worms and Mr. F. T. Vallins. Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie
showed some entomological photographs on the epidiascope.

10th DECEMBER 1959.

The PREsIDENT in the Chair.

Mr. B. M. Swann was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. Austin RicHarpson—An unset example of Dysstroma truncata
Hufn. ab. concinnata Steph. (Lep., Geometridae) from the Isle of Arran.
Mr. T. R. Eactes—The fungus Stereum purpureum Pers., the cause
of ‘‘silver leaf’? on plum trees and of damage to beech timber.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. A. J. Wightman in which he
called attention to the record of Nonagria algae Esp. (Lep., Noctuidae)
published in the report of the field meeting held at Buckland sand pits
and Reigate Heath, 28.iv.57 (1958, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1957: 64). He said the larvae of this species would be very small indeed
and most difficult to find at this time of the year; it is also an extremely
unlikely locality for this insect.

A paper was read by Mr. Austin Richardson on ‘‘The Lepidoptera cf
Gloucestershire’? which was followed by many questions.

14th JANUARY 1960.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

A welcome was extended to Dr. Varie of the Transvaal Museum,
Pretoria.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. F. D. Bucx—A fossil, probably a carboniferous tree fern leaf,
from a colliery near Whiston, Lancs.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms—A living female Nycterosia obstipata F.
(Lep., Geometridae) which had emerged from pupa that day.

Mr. S. Waxkety—Five specimens of Pammene awrantiana Staud.
(Lep., Tortricidae) taken at Mickleham, Surrey, at the end of July,
together with another which he had bred from sycamore seeds gathered
in September at the spot where the other five were captured. This
moth emerged out of season on the 19th December and is the first
record of a specimen having been bred in captivity; in fact, the actual

57

foodplant previously having been unknown. Two specimens of
Pammene regiana Zell. were also shown for comparison, the larvae of
both species being very similar in appearance as well as feeding in the
same manner on sycamore seeds and at the same date.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. C. N. Hawkgrs said that on the 30th December he had seen
an example of Phlogophora meticulosa L. (Lep., Noctuidae) on a fence
at East Molesey, Surrey. Another example was reported by Dr. C.
G. M. pe Worms to have occurred in his light trap at Woking, Surrey,
three days later. The weather during the period covered by these
reports had been mild.

Series of coloured slides were shown by The Presipent, Dr. C. G.

M. pve Worms, Messrs. L. Curistie (on behalf of Mr. J. E. Knicur),
R. F. Haynes and R. W. J. Urren.

28th JANUARY 1960.

88th ANNUAL MEETING.
(With which was combined the Ordinary Meeting.)

The President, Mr. F. T. Vattins, A.C.I.1., F.R.E.S., in the Chair.

Owing to the illness of Mr. J. L. Henprerson, the Hon. Treasurer,
his Report and Accounts were presented by Mr. T. R. Eacurs, who
moved their adoption. They were seconded by Dr. B. J. MacNvutty
and carried.

The Council’s Report was read by the Hon. SrcreTary, who moved
its adoption. Mr. M. W. F. Twerepre seconded and the Report was
carried.

The Presipent then declared the following Officers and Ordinary
Members of Council elected for 1960:—President: R. M. Mere,
V.R.D., M.A., F.R.E.S. Vice-Presidents: F. T. Vallins, A.C.I.I.,
F.R.E.S., and A. M. Massee, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.E.S. Treasurer:
J. lL. Henderson. Secretary: B. Goater, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. Editor:
F. D. Buck, A.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S. Curator: M. G. Morris F.R.E.S.
Librarian: T. R. Eagles. Lanternist: L. Christie. Ordinary Members
of Council: G. J. Ashby, F.R.E.S., H. G. Denvil, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.,
A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S., N. E. Hickin, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.,
J. O. T. Howard, M.A., G. H. Mansell, J. L. Messenger, B.A., N. D.
Riley, C.B.E., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., W. H. T. Tams, F.R.E.S., and
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. T. R. Eacres—Twigs of Salix aurita L., S. lanata L., S. atro-
cinerea Brot. and of various introduced species. He drew attention
to the differences in the catkin scales.

58

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Specimens of Necrodes littoralis (L.) and
Necrophorus investigator Zett. (Col., Necrophoridae) taken in a mer-
cury vapour light trap at Aviemore, Inv., by Mr. F. T. Vatzins during
August 1959. Mr. Gardner said that specimens were present every
night and that on one occasion about 70 N. investigator were found
in the trap in the morning.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Co-types of Crambus bolivarellus Schmidt
(Lep., Crambidae) from the Madrid district of Spain, and C. telekiellus
Schmidt from Tunisia.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A male and a female of the sawfly Tenthredo
omissa (Foerst.) (Tenthredinidae) from a colony beside the Thames at
Chiswick, Middx. This is the only known British locality outside the
fens of Fast Anglia. Mr. Uffen pointed out that the insect flies in
August and that the foodplant is not yet known in Britain. The
specimens were donated to the Society’s collection.

Dr. C. G. M. pE Worms—Two larvae of Ceramica pisi I. and one
larva of Amathes xanthographa Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) sent to him
by Dr. Houyez of Liege and preserved by a special process which he
has developed.

COMMUNICATIONS.
The PRESIDENT announced that Messrs. F. J. Covtson and EK. E.
Syms had been elected Honorary Members in recognition of their long
and valued service.

Mr. R. M. Merz said that, for him, the season had opened, he having
seen the following Lepidoptera:—Hrannis leucophaearia Schiff. and
Theria rupicapraria Schiff. (Geometridae). Mr. J. lL. M&ssEncER re-
ported having seen Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae).

Tue PRESIDENT read his Address, and vacating the Chair, inducted
the new President, Mr. R. M. Mere. Mr. Mere thanked the meeting
for honouring him in this way and moved a vote of thanks to Mr.
Vatuins, at the same time asking his permission to publish his address.
In his reply, Mr. Vallins gave this permission.

A vote of thanks was moved by Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss to the Vice-
Presidents, Officers and Council, which was seconded by Mr. C. N.
Hawkins and carried. Mr. T. R. Eacrss replied.

Mr. T. R. Eactrs moved a vote of thanks to the Auditors which
was seconded by Mr. H. G. Tunsratt and to which Mr. R. M. MERE
replied.

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
Read by F. T. Vatttns, A.C.1.1., F.R.E.S.

A year ago you paid me the very great honour of electing me your
President. My period in office is about to terminate and it is not
without a certain surprise that I look back to the day of my election and
contemplate the feeling of doubt, almost amounting to anxiety, which

59

I experienced on that occasion. I had not allowed for your inherent
kindness, and it is difficult for me to express adequately my gratitude
to you all for your forbearance and understanding which has made my
term of office such a pleasant experience. I am also greatly indebted
to the Honorary Officers and Members of the Council who have been so
helpful and ready to lighten what few burdens fell upon me. Happily,
the past year has been free from any of those troublesome crises, which
often absorb so much valuable time.

You have just heard from the reports which have been read to you
that the position of the Society is eminently satisfactory, except for the
slight drop in membership, which will almost certainly soon be rectified.
I do not propose to enlarge upon the details put before you, for I am
sure that nothing I can say will put the facts more clearly.

There is, however, one unfortunate event to which I would like to
refer. You will probably realise that I speak of the regrettable decision
of Mr. A. E. Gardner to retire from the office of Honorary Curator,
which he has held with such distinction for the last five years. We have
all marvelled at his exceptional capacity for work and, despite a number
of other heavy commitments, he has carried out cheerfully and with
meticulous care a succession of major tasks on the collections. It gives
me very great pleasure to thank him most sincerely on your behalf for
the outstanding service he has rendered to the Society.

I would also extend a hearty welcome to his successor. We are
indeed fortunate that Mr. M. G. Morris, F.R.E.S., has offered his
services and I have no doubt he will leave his indelible impression on
the collections, as Mr. Gardner has done.

Death has dealt us a series of heavy blows during the past year,
nine members, among whom were some of the most loyal friends of the
Society, having died.

Dr. G. V. Bull joined the Society in 1927 and for many years was
a regular attendant at our meetings. He was keenly interested in the
British Lepidoptera, and frequently brought exhibits. During the last
few years, his visits became less regular as his hearing became impaired
and his health began to fail. He died in March and bequeathed his
collection to the Society which incorporated the choicest insects into its
collection, the remainder being distributed to members.

Mr. R. Eldon Ellison was a very staunch supporter of the Society in
which he took a great interest, and his absence will be sadly felt. He
joined in 1945 and for a long time rarely missed a meeting. He had a
most comprehensive knowledge of the European and Middle Eastern
Lepidoptera. In recent years, he concentrated more upon the
Zygaenidae and British Lepidoptera generally. He was educated at
Clifton College, Bristol, and New College, Oxford, and was, for a time,
a master at Charterhouse. Later he went to Cambridge to study
oriental languages and became a skilful linguist. He joined the Consular
Service and held Consulates in the Lebanon, Morocco, Abyssinia, Arabia
and Panama. He seized every opportunity to make extensive collections
wherever he was sent. In the Lebanon, he discovered a beautiful new

60

lycaenid, which Pfeiffer named Albulina ellisoni. Although he had been
ill for a long time, his death was a surprise, and a shock to us all. He
was nearly 64 when he died on 3rd September.

Mr. R. A. Fraser, brother of the late G. de Courcy Fraser, died in
July in Zululand, where he had been living for the past few years with
relatives. He was a lepidopterist and joined the Society in 1952. He
was only seen at the Annual Exhibitions.

Mr. F. T. Grant died on 27th August, a few days after his 89th
birthday. He was a coleopterist of considerable experience, mainly
working Kent and concentrating on the area around Gravesend. He
took a very fatherly interest in young entomologists, a number of whom
attribute their devotion to the study of ‘other Orders’ to his encourage-
ment. He regularly attended our meetings at Hibernia Chambers.
He joined the Society in 1924 and was made an Honorary Member in
1957.

Mr. D. A. Hawgood died suddenly at the end of January 1959. He
was of a very quiet and retiring disposition but was a well known figure
at our meetings, which he frequently attended. He was a lepidopterist
and joined in 1927. He proved his great affection for the Society by
generously bequeathing the sum of £100.

Mr. H. V. Line, who died in November, joined the Society in 1934.
He does not appear to have attended many meetings, at least in recent
years, and his particular interest in natural history is not known.

Mr. A. W. Richards studied many Orders of insects. He joined us
in 1952 and usually only attended the Annual Exhibition, to which
he brought his best insects, many of which he had bred. He died in
August.

Mr. E. J. Summers died in February. He joined the Society in
1939 and, although he lived near London, he was seldom seen at meet-
ings. He was interested in Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

Mr. H. D. Swain joined the Society in 1950 and his quiet demeanour
soon endeared him to his fellow members. He took a most active
interest in the Society. Whilst studying many Orders, especially
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera, he was attracted to the
problems related to mimicry and protective resemblance. He had a
comprehensive collection, which included many valuable Catagrammas.
He was Science Master at St. Paul’s School, Hammersmith, where he
was regarded with particular affection by the students. He was a con-
summate artist and drew the beautiful coloured plates for two of
Warne’s publications, Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, by T.
R_ E. Southwood and Dennis Leston, and the new edition, not yet
published, of Richard South’s The Moths of the British Isles.
Unfortunately, he did not live to see the publication of the results of
his tremendous concentration and devotion to the task in hand, but
these volumes will remain a fitting memorial to his industry and artistic
skill. He died in August in tragic circumstances when starting for a
holiday in Corsica, which he had planned for the purpose of collecting
the island’s specialised insects.

61

You have already stood in memory of these departed members when
their deaths were announced and I will not ask you to do so again.

I now come to the second part of my address, to which I have given
the title:

THE MECHANISM OF SPECIATION IN ANIMALS

Just eighteen months ago, the scientific world celebrated the
centenary of the occasion when, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel
Wallace first submitted to a somewhat sceptical and incredulous audience
their revolutionary theories on evolution, and my thoughts have
naturally turned to the enthralling problems that will for ever be
associated with those illustrious naturalists. I have reflected also on
the tragedy that although an account of Mendel’s experiments was
published in Darwin’s lifetime, it was overlooked until after his death.
In trying to deal with genetics, evolution and speciation, I have become
acutely aware of the difficulty and complexity of the subjects, but I
have been encouraged by the thought that all of you will know some-
thing about the matter and some of you will know a great deal.

The modern concept of the mechanism of evolution is based upon
Mendel’s theory of ‘particulate inheritance’ and consequently dates
from the rediscovery of his work at the beginning of the present
century. Since that time remarkable progress has been made in the
science of genetics—the inevitable outcome of Mendel’s work—and the
study of inheritance has become much more precise with the realisation
that most heritable characters are transmitted from parent to offspring
through the medium of genes and chromosomes.

The process of speciation, which forms the main topic of my address
to you to-night, is so intimately linked with the behaviour of genes that
a slight knowledge of genetics is desirable, if not essential, if some of
the more interesting aspects of the subject are to be fully understood.
However, in the short time at my disposal, I can only touch very briefly
upon such a vast subject.

Every body cell of a bisexual organism has two sets of homologous
chromosomes, one set from each parent, the gene content of each being
similar except for the chromosomes concerned with sex. During the
process of meiosis the maternal and paternal chromosomes and genes
separate and form the nuclei of a pair of new cells, but which cell of a
pair the individual chromosomes enter is quite random and the assort-
ment in the new cells is unpredictable. Some may be from one parent
and some from the other.

The number of chromosomes in a cell varies with the species. For
instance, Shull (1951) records that Ascaris, a nematode worm, has only
two, whereas the geometrid moth Phigalia has as many as 224. Mathe-
matically inclined students may like to calculate the vast number of
possible combinations which could arise from the 112 pairs in the latter
example.

The significance of this reassortment lies in the responsibility of the
genes and chromosomes for moulding in the phenotype the accumulated

62

characters of the organism, morphological, physiological or behavioural,
by which it is normally recognised, the probability of variation being
closely related to the number of possible chromosome combinations.

An additional complication arises when a gene mutates. A mutant
gene may have quite a different effect on the phenotypic characters
which it controls, and, as a gene not only influences a number of
characteristics in the phenotype but also modifies the action of other
genes in the same chromosome, the result of mutation may be of an
obscure nature. Moreover, all ‘chromosomes are composed of many
genes, some of enormous numbers—one estimate credits man with nearly
50,000—so that the system that builds up the organism is one of extreme
intricacy. The presence of so many genes in such a microscopic body
as a chromosome impresses one with their excessive minuteness, and the
fact that such wonderful potentialities are stored in so tiny a structure
—they can rarely be seen, except in such well known cases as in the
larval salivary glands of species of the fruit flies, Drosophila (Diptera),
and their existence is often only deducible from the recorded results of
controlled experiments.

The various ways in which any gene may mutate introduces another
complication. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen has a gene governing the
colour of the eyes, and this has mutated in so many different ways that
at least 15 eye colours have been produced. Many other phenotypic
characters have changed similarly in various directions because different
mutations have occurred to genes in the same loci. In all probability,
all genes are capable of multiple mutations, a store for potential future
variation. It will thus be seen that the possibilities of variation in an
organism are enormous.

Initially, all carriers of mutations are heterozygous and, being
mostly recessive, the presence of the mutations is not immediately
apparent. They are kept in reserve until, by chance, the carrier of
the mutant gene mates with a member of the opposite sex in which
the homologous gene, the allelomorph, has mutated in the same way or
the mutation has been acquired by inheritance. Following the
mendelian rules, a proportion of the offspring from the pairing will be
homozygous for the gene in that locus and its existence will be revealed
in the phenotype. Genetic mutations, however, only occur very
infrequently in any population, and the chance of a meeting between
two carriers of the same mutation is extremely remote in the early
stages, the degree of probability varying with the size of the population
and the mobility of the individuals. Pairing between individuals not
carrying identical genes tends towards sterility, if the degree of
incompatibility is too great, and the elimination of the mutant. Even
should the progeny be viable, the chances are that the gene, once
expressed in the phenotype, will prove to be deleterious and will result
in the destruction of the homozygous carrier and in its own elimination.

The cause of mutations in wild populations is not known with any
certainty, except that it is of a chemical nature. Darlington (1958)
states that the structure of a chromosome is a combination of protein and

63

nucleic acid, and gene mutations may be induced by treatment with
acids which change their chemical content. An interesting summary
of chemical experiments of this kind is given by Dobzhansky (1957, pp.
43-45). X-rays have also been used as a mutagenic agent, principally to
create chromosome breakages. It is worth while meditating on the
possibility that the ultimate cause of the development of our species and
aberrations as we know them to-day may be the energy generated by
colliding galaxies some 450 million light-years away.

Genetic mutations are not the only cause of phenotypic changes—
chromosome breakages are often responsible, and considerably extend
the range of possible variation. Chromosomes may get lost, resulting
in an unbalanced hybrid of reduced viability, or they may multiply,
producing a polyploid organism, extremely rare in animals and usually
associated with gynandromorphism or parthenogenesis. Two homologous
chromosomes may break in the same place and exchange the broken
parts, the outward appearance being unchanged. This is known as
‘crossing over’. Structural changes within a chromosome may also occur.
Breaks may occur in two places between the genes and the broken parts
join together again without causing any derangement, but occasionally
the broken section will reunite in an inverted position. | When this
happens, the genes in the rejoined section will have reversed their order
and the change is called an ‘inversion’. The rearrangement of genes in
this manner, when not lethal, as it may well be, is of considerable im-
portance in evolution because the phenotypic expression of a gene is
affected by the degree of its proximity to all other genes in the same
chromosome. When a gamete carrying an inversion unites with another
gamete with genes in the normal order the additional complications of
pairing which arise in these circumstances are overcome by one chromo-
some making a loop, thereby bringing all the allelomorphs together.
There seems to be no difficulty in this in the Diptera (J. M. Smith, 1958)
provided that the cumulative effect of a number of inversions has not
caused a too diverse assortment of the genes, but in many other animals
the result is reduced fertility. Non-homologous chromosomes may
sometimes exchange segments and this process is known as ‘translocation’.

From the above short account of some of the ways in which the
genotypic constitution of an organism can be changed by mutations of
genes and the breakage of chromosomes, in addition to the normal
process of particulate inheritance, it will be readily appreciated what
an almost unlimited fund of potential variation awaits favourable
circumstances for expression and development.

Whilst we are on the subject of inversions, I might mention that
these have been extensively studied in the giant chromosomes of the
larval salivary glands of the fruit flies, Drosophila pseudoobscura
Frolowa and D. persimilis Dobzhansky & Epling. The pedigrees cr
probable lines of descent of the races in wild populations of both species
have been worked out by Dobzhansky, providing an enlightening illus-
tration of how varying populations can develop from a common genotype
by a series of chromosomal inversions.

64

So far, when speaking of mutations, I have used the term in the
correct but more restricted sense of mutations of genes, but any further
reference to mutations should be understood to embrace the wider concept
of chromosome breakages, as well as genetic mutations—or, expressed
more briefly, any phenomena which lead to heritable phenotypic changes.

Before proceeding further, it is advisable for me to say a few words
on the vexed question of what we understand by ‘a species’. There have
been many attempts to give a satisfactory definition and the diagnostic
criteria emphasised differ in nearly every case, dependent upon the bias
and line of approach of the writer, and the type of organism in mind.
The taxonomist, being mainly—and rightly—concerned with improving
his systematic arrangements and facilitating their utilisation by fellow
students, prefers to concentrate on degrees of morphological distinctions,
with the inevitable resultant problems, such as those associated with
sibling species, usually only separable by a study of biological and genetic
differences. By the nature of his work on dead specimens in museums,
he is usually deprived of correlative biological data, which would have
enabled him to examine the material available with the broader vision
of a systematist and field naturalist combined.

The biological species concept is more in keeping with evolutionary
problems, being solely concerned with the progress of living organisms,
and is based on reproductive capability or incompetence, but, as we shall
see later, this is by no means an infallible criterion. The presence of
potential interbreeding in the wild is the paramount consideration.

Although biologists must use the systematists’ morphological
distinctions to describe easily recognisable differences between species,
they do not regard these as fundamental, and indeed they may be the
most difficult characteristics to define satisfactorily. The existence or
absence of natural, spontaneous interbreeding is looked upon as a
more acceptable criterion, despite its inherent difficulties when dead
material is being studied.

Mayr (1942) provides a very brief but workable definition of a
biological species, which is often cited by other authors. He states
that ‘‘species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural
populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups’’.
In other words, there must be intergroup fertility but extragroup
sterility, and, although there are exceptions to this criterion, the
definition seems to cover most contingencies.

Sheppard (1958), viewing the problem from the standpoint of a
geneticist, whilst defining a biological species in similar terms, refers
to the exchange of genes, thus emphasising the genetical basis of
reproduction. He describes a species as ‘‘a population or group of
populations which are capable of exchanging genes, one with another,
in nature, if they come in contact’’.

There is no essential difference between these two definitions, and
either provides a suitable workable base from which to proceed.

It is important to notice that both scientists rely on species behaviour
in wild populations. Although some species will hybridize without

65

much difficulty under laboratory conditions, the fact that they live
together in nature and do not crossbreed in normal circumstances is
sufficient evidence of their reproductive isolation and specific distinc-
tion. Sterility between species must not be confused with the absence
of interbreeding between natural populations. There are degrees of
sterility between species, from complete sterility to almost complete
fertility, the extent being mainly dependent upon the magnitude of
incongruity between the genotypes. It is reasonable to assume that
absolute sterility in a cross is indicative of specific difference, but,
owing to the reluctance of many animals to mate in captivity and
provide the desired evidence, the absence of natural interbreeding is a
criterion of much more general utility.

Successful crossbreeding experiments have been conducted, and the
results published, by Clarke & Sheppard (1953 and 1955) and Sheppard
(1958), on certain species of Papilio from America, which, although flying
at the same time and in the same localities, never hybridize in the wild.
Nevertheless, in captivity they can be persuaded by manipulation to
copulate and produce partially fertile hybrids, suggesting that the
isolating mechanism is largely psychological incompatibility, and
certainly not entirely genetical.

Let us now look at the influence that genetic constitution has on a
population of a species. All members of an interbreeding population
will have basically the same genetic make-up, for this similarity is the
very essence of crossability and viability. A certain degree of variability,
maintained by recurrent mutations, is always detectable, but in a
stable population this is kept within certain limits by environmental
selection eliminating any individuals with characteristics which are
harmful in the prevailing conditions. This removal of disadvantageous
elements encourages the spread of genes controlling beneficial phenotypic
characters, because individuals carrying such genes would tend to
thrive and produce progeny with the same physical advantages.

The size of a population may vary from a few individuals to an
assemblage of many millions, dependent upon the species of animal and
the size of the ecologically suitable habitat available. In a small
population it is reasonable to assume that in most cases all individuals
will be sufficiently close together to ensure continuous gene flow through-
out the colony, but this would be modified by the mobility of the species
under consideration. Very active and migratory butterflies, such as
some species of Colias, would spread their genotype much more rapidly
over a much wider area than would more gregarious and firmly domiciled
species, such as Strymonidia pruni L., or Plebejus argus L. (Lep.,
Lycaenidae).

Whilst on the one hand, a population, occupying a somewhat
restricted area of relatively uniform conditions, is sufficiently small to
enable genes to spread rapidly throughout the colony, little difference
will be noticed, genetically or phenotypically, between samples taken
from opposite ends of the area. But on the other hand, if the colony
is a large one, covering an area of varying ecological conditions, such
as different degrees of temperature, humidity or altitude, a variety of

66

forms, governed by different genes or local conditions, will be developed,
each in the areas favourable to its propagation. When the inhabited
territory is extensive, with environmental gradients, such as increasing
temperatures from north to south, there will be a tendency for the
population to display a corresponding parallel gradation in some
characters. Sometimes, the progress from one form to another may be
so gradual that the change may be quite imperceptible, except by a
comparison of specimens from localities far apart. On the other hand,
characters may alter in a series of steps, making a number of abrupt
changes towards an ultimate form which is quite different and easily
distinguishable from types taken from other parts of the habitat. These
character gradients, whether gradual or stepped, have been called clines
by Huxley (1942). A typical cline is provided by the distribution of
the different forms of the Large Heath butterfly, Coenonympha tullia
Miiller, which are fully discussed by E. B. Ford (1945), and the same
author (1955) draws attention to a number of clines among the British
Heterocera.

It is sometimes impossible to determine without breeding experiments
whether this adaptation to changing environmental conditions is of
genetic origin or a non-genetic reaction to the conditions. The latter
changes are of little value in evolution, but when they are genetical
the evolutionary trend may be quite significant, resulting in reduced
fertility in crosses between individuals from opposite ends of the cline.

Purely phenotypic adaptations may play an indirect part by
enabling an organism to survive in abnormal conditions, during which
time genetically controlled characters, which had hitherto been useless,
may for the first time have an advantage owing to their suitability in
the new environment. Different mutations may also be favoured and
spread when they occur, thus creating a population with a new genotype.

The problem of the tendency towards intersterility within a species
is closely related to the phenomenon of ‘Ring-species’. Where this situa-
tion exists, the distribution of the species may be likened to a length
of chain arranged in a circle with the loose ends touching, every link
representing a different subspecies which interbreeds freely with those
with which it is in contact. The subspecies represented by the ter-
minal links, being genetically remote owing to the cumulative effect
of the intervening stages of subspeciation, do not crossbreed but behave
as distinct species, even though they are sympatric in some places. If
it were not for the linkage by the intermediate subspecies, their dis-
tinct specificity would not be questioned.

This interesting situation is admirably demonstrated by the distri-
bution of a number of birds, every one of which would be split into
two species on morphological characters and the absence of interbreed-
ing, but for the linkage by graded forms, which prove very close specific
relationship. Their true status is a matter for the judgment of the
expert in such matters. This aspect of speciation is well covered by
Mayr (1942), whe gives several instances among birds in which the
situation occurs in a most instructive and enlightening manner.

67

But there is a rapidly growing number of somewhat similar instances
being recognised in the distribution of insects. W.T. M. Forbes (1928)
points out that the butterfly, Junonia lavinia Cramer (Nymphalidae),
reached the West Indies from both North and South America and now
behaves as two quite distinct species where the two lines of migration
meet in Cuba. Avinoff and Sweadmer (1951) record that two butter-
flies, Karasana josephi Staud. and K. leechi Gr.-Gr. (Satyridae), live
together as two sympatric species in the Alai Valley, but when they
reach northern Pamir they merge and behave as one species, pairing
quite freely.

However, it should not be assumed that the differentiation of forms
leading to the founding of new species always arises through the medium
of clines or ring species as just described, although this method of
development is probably much more frequent than we at present sus-
pect. The much simpler process of the creation of geographical
barriers which split populations into two or more smaller groups is the
usual first step towards genotypic divergence, and the ways in which
such barriers arise are numerous and varied.

It will be readily appreciated how effective a barrier water can be
to certain terrestrial animals and land masses to aquatic creatures.
Rivers, oceans, swamps, deserts, mountain ranges, valleys, forests,
cultivated land—these are but a few of the more obvious instances
which come to mind—are all indispensable to the well-being of some
creatures but endanger the very existence of others which require a
different biotope for survival. No great difficulty would be experi-
enced in recalling many examples of animals which would find these
barriers insuperable obstacles. On the other hand, the effectiveness of
barriers is not so apparent when barriers of a minor nature are con-
cerned, even though they may be just as efficient in operation. A
geographical barrier need not be of a kind easily perceptible to us—
it may be of a much more subtle nature. It need only be an area in
which a creature cannot live, whether due to the absence of food, exces-
sive humidity or dryness, or the existence of predators is immaterial,
or an area over which it cannot or will not pass, to constitute a com-
pletely effective obstacle.

It is a curious fact that some birds will not fly across rivers, although
quite capable of flying much longer distances, as in the case of cer-
tain species of birds near the River Amazon (Mayr 1942). Bracken
and long grass may be a barrier to the extension of the range of the
Common Blue butterfly, Polyommatus icarus Rott. or short grass to
the movement of the Meadow Brown butterfly, Maniola jurtina L., as
happens on Tean, in the Scilly Isles (Dowdeswell, 1952). At one time
near Basle there was a locality, since destroyed by buildings, in which
two different subspecies of the Silver-studded Blue butterfly, Plebejus
argus I.., flew. Although they were separated only by a strip of
unsuitable terrain 100 yards wide, no movement from one occupied
zone to the other was ever observed and each race continued to breed

68

true. Innumerable similar examples could be cited to demonstrate
what unexpected obstacles can lead to complete isolation between
populations.

In any population the distribution of particular genes is irregular
and their frequency throughout the population varies from place to
place. A genetical analysis of a sample taken from any part would
differ from a similar sample from elsewhere. This being so, it will be
seen that any section that is separated from a population and starts an
independent existence will do so already in possession of a somewhat
different genotype. Moreover, no two localities offer identical living
conditions and every population would thus be exposed to different
selective factors. Natural selection, working on the available charac-
ters, will tend to eliminate all harmful genes and preserve those of a
beneficial nature, the relative values of which will differ in every
population. This will inevitably lead to a progressive divergence of
genotype in most cases, and every group will build up its own con-
stitution attuned to the prevailing conditions of the environment.

There is probably no locality in which the ecological conditions
remain quite static; in fact, they are always in a state of fluctuation.
It is, therefore, to the advantage of any population to develop a geno-
type with a wide angle of adaptability and tolerance to enable it to cope
with environmental changes. Too much specialised adaptation to
existing conditions may prevent modifications necessary to conform to
new requirements which arise when conditions change.

During complete spatial isolation—there is not time to consider
other types of separation which also lead to reproductive isolation—
interbreeding is prevented and eventually there may be such a degree of
divergence between the divided populations that a state of intersterility
is reached.

Instances can be cited illustrating every degree of differentiation
from forms, some non-genetical, to established species. Dowdeswell
(1958) and Dowdeswell and Ford (1953) point out how the special con-
ditions on several small islands in the Scilly Isles have led to different
spot-distribution in the Meadow Brown butterfly, Maniola jurtina L.
(Satyridae), every island having a different form.

The Silver-studded Blue butterfly, Plebejus argus L. (Lycaenidae),
is divided into at least four subspecies in Great Britain, P. a. argus L.,
on heathland, P. a. cretaceus Tutt on chalk downs, P. a. masseyi Tutt,
now believed to be extinct but formerly found on one of the Westmorland
mosses, and P. a. caernensis Thompson from North Wales. (I have not
heard of any attempts to obtain hybrids between these races but the
result could be interesting.) Of course, this example of the division of
a species into subspecies is only one of numerous similar cases which
could be mentioned.

There is only time tonight to remind you of one other example but
that is probably one of the most important instances known, important
from the historical as well as the natural science aspect. I refer to
Darwin’s Finches. During his visit to the Galapagos Islands, Darwin

69

was much impressed by the way the fauna and flora varied from island
to island. He noticed that on most of the islands the finches were of a
different species, and from his observations he concluded that they had
all developed from one founder species due to the different ecological
conditions. For more details of this remarkable case of evolution I
commend to you the masterly analysis of Lack (1947).

We have seen from the species definitions already given that a species
is a group capable of interbreeding in the wild. From this it is a simple
deduction that groups which are reproductively isolated are different
species. The difficulty of using this test lies in its application, and, as
mentioned earlier, the experiments of Clarke and Sheppard prove that
distinct species can be induced to hybridise in captivity. The main
problem is how to bring wild populations together without inhibiting
their natural habits. Whether crosses occur regularly between wild
populations can usually only be ascertained by long and difficult observa-
tions in the field, but the evidence is frequently there if we are capable
of recognising it.

Barriers which have been effective in separating populations for
perhaps hundreds of thousands of years are not usually everlasting and
may eventually break down, allowing the isolated populations to meet.
From our knowledge of the slowness of the evolutionary process, it is
apparent that the sequel will depend largely upon whether the time spent
in isolation was sufficient to build up differentiated genotypes with
characteristics ensuring reproductive isolation. It is certain, by the
very nature of the process, that populations are brought together in
every conceivable degree of divergence.

In the first place, let us look at what happens when two populations
meet after a relatively short period of separation—too short for natural
selection to have produced significant divergence. They merge into one
freely interbreeding population but with increased variability because of
the cumulative effects of the combined genotypes.

Another stage towards specific independence is reached when the
divergence arises from the occupation of different ecological niches, the
development of the preference for new kinds of food, or the creation of
other different habits. All of these changes tend to keep the populations
apart when the barriers are removed. This type of segregation enables
each population to penetrate deeply and peacefully into the area
occupied by the other. There is little or no competition and the two
types live side-by-side, hybridising when they meet. Independent
development may continue where habits or the occupation of different
ecological niches keep them apart.

When true specific status has been attained independently by two
populations, the effect of their meeting will depend upon the extent to
which their ecological preferences have diverged. If the change is
not significant, there may be severe competition for territorial occupa-
tion and one species is then usually driven out by the other.

If, on the other hand, the attainment of distinct specificity is
accompanied by changes in habits and ecological requirements sufficient

70

to ensure absence of serious competition the two species may overlap
in their distribution and live together as sympatric species. In the
event of this situation arising without any noticeable alterations in the
phenotypes, two sibling species would have developed.

The whole situation is most complex, with all possible grades of
development from full specific status downwards through all infra-
specific categories. Any species concept is largely an abstraction and
our definitions somewhat tentative and arbitrary, liable to modification
with every advancement in the relevant sciences. Nevertheless, species
are not just artificial categories created for convenience; they
are biological entities, despite the absence of natural dividing
lines to indicate where full specific status is reached. The ‘species
problem’ is well and truly with us and must be approached realistically.
We must deal with the situation as it exists, not as we would like it to
be. The complexity of the problem is such that many sciences, for
example, ecology, biometry, cytology, morphology, physiology and zoo-
geography, regularly make their contributions to the store of knowledge
on the subject and the combined results must be consulted before a
reliable pronouncement can be made on any current evolutionary pro-
blem. Immense progress has been made since the beginning of the

century and the future must hold many startling developments for the
enlightenment of posterity.

GLOSSARY.

Allelomorphs. Genes which occupy the same relative position in homologous
chromosomes and undergo pairing during meiosis.

Biometry. The statistical study of living things.

Biotope. An area of land characterised by a community of plants and animals
to some extent interdependent.

Chromosome. A thread-shaped body, a number of which occur in the nucleus
of living cells and carry the genes.

Concept. An abstract notion.

Cytology. The study of cells.

Ecology. The study of the relations of animals and plants to their surround-
ings.

Gametes. Germ cells (containing one set of chromosomes) which unite in pairs
to form the first cells of new organisms.

Genes. Material units of heredity, linearly arranged in the chromosomes.

Genotype. The genetic constitution of an organism.

Gynandromorphism. The condition of having secondary sexual and/or non-
functional reproductive organs of both sexes in one individual.

Hermaphroditism. The condition of having functional reproductive organs of
both sexes in one individual.

Heterozygous. Bearing two dissimilar alternative genetical factors. Having
two different allelomorphs in the same loci of a pair of chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes. Chromosomes which contain identical sets of genes.

Homologous genes. Genes in identical loci, which determine the same characters.

Homozygous. Having identical genes for a given character,

Inversion. Reversal of a segment of a chromosome so that the genes le in the
opposite order.

Lethal gene. A gene which so influences development that it leads to the
death of the individual bearing it.

Meiosis. The process of reduction division of cells by which the chromosomes
are reduced from two sets to one.

71

Morphology. The study of form and structure, as distinct from functions.

Mutagenic. Capable of creating mutations.

Mutation. The sudden change of a gene which is transmitted to the offspring.
The inception of a heritable variation.

Nucleus. A body containing the chromosomes and present in most cells of
plants and animals.

Parthenogenesis. Development of the egg without fertilization into a new
individual.

Particulate inheritance. The inheritance in an organism of distinctive paternal
and maternal characters due to the discrete property of the genes which
retain their individuality and do not blend with other genes.

Phenotype. The characters of an organism by which it is usually recognised, as
distinct from the genetic constitution.

Physiology. The study of the processes taking place in a living organism.

Polyploid. Having more than the usual two sets of chromosomes.

Recessive. A character produced only when the genes controlling it are homo-
zygous, i.e., its effect is otherwise masked by its allelomorph, which is
dominant.

Sibling species. Species which show no easily determined differences in bodily
structure from other apparently similar species, but from which they are
reproductively isolated by genetical divergence.

Spatial isolation. The separation of populations by an intervening unoccupied
area.

Speciation. The development of specific qualities. The evolution of species.

Sympatric. Having the same or overlapping areas of geographical distribution.

Viable. Capable of living.

Wild populations. Populations existing in natural conditions.

Zoogeography. The study of distribution of animals on the earth.

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Clarke, C. A., & Sheppard, P. M., 1953. Further observations on hybrid Swallow-
tails. Suppl. Ent. Rec., 65: 9. London.

———, 1955. The Breeding in Captivity of the Hybrid Papilio rutulus female x
Papilio glaucus male. Lepid. News, 9: pp. 46-48. Cambridge, Mass.

Darlington, C. D., 1958. Evolution of Genetic Systems. 2nd. edn. p. 10. London.

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Dowdeswell, W. H., 1952. Animal Ecology. p. 18. London.

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Ford, E. B., 1945. Butterflies, pp. 282, 292-293. London.

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72

LITERATURE CONSULTED OR READ AND RECOMMENDED FOR
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Acton, A. B., 1959. The Formation of Animal Species. New Biology, 28: pp.45-
64. Harmondsworth, Middx.
British Museum, 1958. A Handbook on Evolution. London.
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Cain, A. J., 1954. Animal Species and their Evolution. London.
Carter, G. S., 1954. Animal Evolution, 2nd edn. (rev.). London.
Darlington, C. D. (Editor), 1953. Symposium on Chromosome Breakage. Supple-
ment to Heredity, 6. London.
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Darwin, C., 1845. Journal of Researches ... ., 2nd edn. London.
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de Beer, G. R. (Editor), 1938. Evolution. Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary
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, 1959. The Darwin-Wallace Centenary. Rep. Smithson. Instn., 1958:
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Elton, C. S., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London.
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Ford, E. B., 1949. Mendelism and Evolution. 5th edn. London.
Haldane, J. B. S., 1932. The Causes of Evolution. London.
Harrison, J. Heslop, 1959. The Origin of Isolation. New Biology: 28: pp. 65-91.
Harmondsworth, Middx.
Huxley, J. (Editor), 1940. The New Systematics. London.
, Hardy, A. C., & Ford, E. B. (Editors), 1954. Evolution as a Process.
London.
Kalmus, H., 1948. Genetics (Pelican). West Drayton.
Moore, Ruth, 1955. Man, Time and Fossils. R. U. edn. London.
Newbigin, M. T., 1950. Plant and Animal Geography. 3rd edn. London.
Patterson, J. T., & Stone, W. S., 1952. Evolution in the Genus Drosophila. New
York.
Punnett, R. C., 1914. Mendelism. 3rd edn. (rev.). London.
Remington, C. L. (Editor), 1951. Geographic Speciation in the Lepidoptera. A
Symposium. Lepid. News, 5, pp. 17-35. Cambridge, Mass.
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Robson, G. C., & Richards, O. W., 1936. The Variation of Animals in Nature.
London.
Russell, E. S., 1930. The Interpretation of Development and Heredity. Oxford.
Simpson, G. G., 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York.
, 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. New York.
Waddington, C. H., 1939. An Introduction to Modern Genetics. London.
, 1957. The Strategy of the Genes. London.
Wallace, A. R., 1902. Island Life. 3rd edn. (rev.). London.
White, M. J. D., 1945. Animal Cytology and Evolution. Cambridge.
Zimmerman, Elwood, C., 1948-58. Insects of Hawaii, 1-8. Honolulu.

73

FIELD MEETINGS, 1959.

RIDDLESDOWN, SURREY—12th April 1959.
Leader: Mr. F. Rumsey.

A party of ten attended this meeting. The weather was cloudy,
without sun, and no butterflies were seen. The route took the party
along the downs. Shortly after lunch it started to rain, and the herbage
became too wet for collecting, so the party turned back and the meet-
ing ended earlier than expected. However, several larvae of Platyptilia
gonodactyla Schiff. were found in stems of Tussilago farfara IL.
(Coltsfoot) immediately under the seedhead, while the larvae of Dicho-
meris marginella F. were frequent in webs on juniper. Mompha miscella
Schiff. larvae were plentiful in leaves of Helianthemwm, many being
full fed. At the base of the stems of Carex flacca Schreb. (glauca
Scop.) numerous pupae of Hlachista cinereopunctella Haw. were found
by careful searching. A single larva of the local Parectopa ononidis
Zell. was found mining a leaf of clover, and a larva of Coleophora
alcyonipennella Koll. was also taken.

Also found were the larvae of Nola cucullatella L., Campaea mar-
garitata L., Opisthograptis luteolata L., Allophyes oxyacanthae L..,
and Oporinia dilutata Schiff.

Among the Coleoptera recorded were Miccotrogus picirostris (F.),
Anthonomus pomorum (l.), A. pedicularius (L.) and Xylocleptes
bispinus (Dufts.).

EFFINGHAM AND OCKHAM, SURREY—19th April 1959.
Leader: Mr. F. M. SrrutHers.

Twelve members and friends attended this meeting. The weather
was cool and cloudy at first with a light north- cpap wind, but later
sunny intervals improved the outlook.

The party proceeded to Barnsthorns Wood and successfully searched
for the larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. on fallen timber. A wood-
cock was flushed during the search and a nest containing four eggs
was discovered.

Leaving Barnsthorns Wood the party moved on to Ockham Common
and lunch was taken on Telegraph Hill. More larvae of P. fuliginaria
T.. were found near here, and larvae of Euzophera neophanes Durr.
occurred in the fungus Daldinia concentrica Ces. & de Not. on burnt
birches.

Some of the hibernating Vanessids were noted, including Vanessa
atalanta lL. and Nymphalis io L. Newly emerged examples of Pararge

aegeria L., Saturnia pavonia L. and Anarta myrtilli L. were on tha
wing.

74

Several species of Eriocraniinae, and Incurvaria pectinea Haw. and
Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw. were seen flying during the sunny
periods. Larvae of Amelia viburnana Schiff. & Denis were found on
Symphytum officinale L. (Comfrey); Luffia lapidella Goeze on the bark
of pine; larvae and pupae of Laspeyresia coniferana Ratz. in the pine
bark and the larva of Pammene regiana Zell. on sycamore.

The following Coleoptera were taken: Cicindela sylvatica L.,
Agonum dorsale (Pont.), Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Ol., Dromius
quadrimaculatus (L.), D. quadrinotatus (Panz.), Atrecus affinis
(Payk.), Lordithon trinotatus (Er.), DL. thoracicus (F.), Ischnodes
sanguinicolis (Panz.), Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.), Lema
melanopa (l..), Cylindronotus laevioctostriatus (Goeze), Salpingus
castaneus (Panz.), Apion ulicis (Forst.) and Strophosomus sus Steph.

Also taken was the millepede Polyxeuus lagurus I. under Scots Pine
bark and the ant Leptothorax nylanderi (Forst.).

The party had tea at the tea rooms by the station at 4.30 p.m.

WIMBLEDON COMMON, SURREY—26th April 1959.
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFen.

After a Saturday of pouring rain the leader scarcely dared to open
his curtains on the morning of this meeting. We were, however.
spared a soaking, and nine members were able to enjoy a sunny day
sheltered for most of the time from the cold northerly wind in the
wooded Farm and Stag ravines. The racing clouds dropped only one
shower, but enough to make the party wish the young oak leaves were
more fully grown.

The list of Lepidoptera includes several records to indicate that
spring was at last back to its traditional time of the year. The Diptera
once more puzzled the leader, the Tachinidae and Syrphidae peculiar
to woodlands in spring being apparently absent from Wimbledon.

The morning was spent amongst the gorse and birch of the golf
course where larvae of Epichnopteryx pulla Esp. were found in shel-
tered grass beneath the bushes. An abortive search was made for
Adela cuprella Thunb. around the sallows of Farm Bog, where a rather
large psychodid ‘‘moth-fly’’ was admired.

In the dark wood the leaf-mining moth [Athocolletis faginella Zell.
was common on the algae-covered tree trunks. Interesting dark forms
were noted.

Members afterwards were entertained to tea by Dr. and Mrs. Dacie,
at which they were joined by another member. Our thanks are due
to our hosts for this pleasant ending to the meeting—and for the record
of Polychrisia moneta F., feeding on their Delphiniuwms.

Lepidoptera noted: Adela viridella Scop., Ypsolophus nemorellus
L. larvae, Lithocolletis trifasciella Haw., Coleophora betulella Hein.
larvae, C. fuscedinella Zell. larvae, C. pyrrhulipenmella Zell. larvae,

75

Elachista rufocinerea Haw., Dasycera sulphurella F., Gelechia mulin-
ella Zell. larvae, Aethalura punctulata Schiff., Apeira syringaria L.,
Lophopteryx capucina L., Apatele megacephala Schiff., Pieris napi
I.., Polygonia c-album L., Nymphalis io L.

A colony of the bee Andrena armata Gmel. was noted.

BOX HILL, SURREY—2nd May 1959.
Leader: Mr. B. F. SKINNER.

A party of ten members and friends met at the railway station and
proceeded to the stepping stones by way of the main road. The weather
was mainly overcast with only an occasional sunny interval. A chilly
breeze persisted throughout the day, most noticeably on the top of the
downs.

Large patches of Ramsons (Allium ursinum. 1.) were in full flower on
the west side of the stepping stones; no one had touched them, doubtless
on account of their strong smell of garlic. On the south-facing escarp-
ment of the hill Chalk Milkwort (Polygala calcarea F. Schultz) was
abundant. There were three colour forms (dark-blue, bluish-white, and
pink), each seeming to have its own territory.

One member found a clump of the fungus Pholiata erebia Fr., he
also spotted in the grass a small specimen of the little discomycete fungus
Peziza rutilans Fr. A few examples of Tubaria furfuracea Pers. were
noted.

A number of Pilemostoma fastuosa Schall. (Col., Chrysomelidae) were
found on Inula conyza D.C. in Happy Valley.

Lepidoptera were recorded as follows: Huchloé cardamines L., Parage
aegeria L., Lampropteryz suffumata Schiff., and Xanthorhoé spadicearia
Schiff. Larvae from yew were: Hilema deplana Esp., Laspeyria flecula
Schiff., and Deileptenia ribeata Clerck; while Pandemis cinnamomeana
Treits. and Blastobasis lignea Wals., were taken from larch.

A most enjoyable tea was had at the Fort Restaurant.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—10th May 1959.
Leader: Mr. F. D. Buck.

A party of nine met at the station, five members and four visitors,
on a very hot and sunny day. There were, however, few insects about.

The route taken varied little from that taken on countless previous
meetings in this locality, across Oxshott and Esher Commons to the Black
Pond and then back to Oxshott for tea.

Lepidoptera imagines seen included: Huchloé cardamines L., Anarta
myrtilli L., Drepana falcataria L., Ematurga atomaria L., which was
common, and Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. The micro Adela viridella
Scop. was also out.

76

The larvae of Brephos parthenias IL. were plentiful and Mr. Wakely
found an eriocraniid larva in some numbers mining birch leaves in the
Oxshott pine area on the way back to tea.

Drosera rotundifolia l.. (Round-leaved Sundew) was found sparingly
both by the Black Pond and in boggy places out on the Common.

Coleoptera were not plentiful but the following were either seen or
taken:—On mud near the Black Pond: Notiophilus biguttatus F., N.
aquaticus L., Dyschirius globosus L., Acupalpus dorsalis F., Bembidion
lampros Herbst, Stenus rogert Kraatz. By beating: Hxochomus quadri-
maculatus L. and most of the other pine Coccinellidae, Dalopius
marginatus L., Lochmaea capreae I.. off sallows, and Pissodes pini Lh.
from pine. Under the roots of heather was found Amara familiaris
Dufts., the result of a casual examination of heather roots without a
serious attempt to find A. infima (Dufts.). A number of pines had been
felled recently and a number of small piles of pine billets had been left by
the sides of some of the paths, these were too fresh to yield much and
the same applied to the stumps, however a single example of Hylurgops
palliatus Gyll, was found under the bark of one stump.

It may be remembered that the old stumps in the area showed
evidence of Asemum striatum (L.) and it may well be worth while ex-
amining these stumps for this species in the next two or three years.

The fungus Boletus scaber Bull. was found in a damp spot on the
Common, an unusual find for the time of the year.

Also noted was the dragonfly Libellula quadrimaculata L. in small
numbers. Frogs in the Black Pond were exceptionally noisy, so much
so that it was thought that they could not be the common frog (Rana
temporia L.), and it was suggested they might be the edible frog (R.
esculenta L.). They could be seen out in the pond and certainly seemed
larger than usual, but it was difficult to tell as they may well have
been puffed out when croaking.

HAM STREET, KENT—16th May 1959.
Leader: Dr. E. Scott.

This was a lovely day slightly marred by a strong N.E. wind. A
party of 25 met in the morning. The main collecting took place in a
wide new ride through Long Rope Wood. There were wide verges with
much scrub sallow, aspen, etc., and half-grown trees of oak, birch, and
in places conifers, of the Forestry Commission. Many species were
recorded but few individuals, and larvae of Lepidoptera were scarce.

Imagines included: Pieris rapae L., P. napi L., P. brassicae L.,
Gonepteryx rhamni L., Argynnis euphrosyne L., Pararge aegeria L.,
P. megera L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Hamearis lucina L. (scarce),
Callophrys rubi L. (local), Pyrgus malvae L., Erynnis tages L., Laothoé
populi L., Hemaris fuciformis L., Drepana binaria Hufn., Cycnia
mendica Clerck, Bena fagana F. (prasinana L. auct nec L.), Panemeria
tenebrata Scop., Phytometra viridaria Clerck, Ectypa glyphica L.,

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. His. Soc., 1959 PEATE UV

Mr. S. Wakely and Mr. T. R
Eagles collecting larvae ot
Grapholita funebrana — Treits.,
Farningham, 20th September

scott at Ham street,
Sc at

pr. E 46th May-

77

Euclidimera mi Clerck, Plusia gamma UL., Colobochyla salicalis
Schiff., Sterrha aversata L., Cosymbia porata L., CO. albipunctata
Hufn., Dysstroma truncata Hufn., Thera obeliscata Hibn.,
Scopula lactata Haw. (floslactata Haw.), Euphyia luctuata Schiff.,
Rheumaptera (Eulype) hastata L., Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd.,
Bapta bimaculata F., Cabera pusaria L., Chiasmia elathrata
L., Pseudopanthera macularia L., Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop.,
Aethalura punctulata Schiff., Asthena albulata Hufn., Anania
funebris Stroem., Microstega pandalis Hiibn., Stenoptilia bipuncti-
dactyla Scop., Aegeria culiciformis L. (three specimens feeding on
blossom), Phalonia nana Haw., Chlidonia baumanniana Schiff.,
Phtheocroa maculosana Haw., Capua favillaceana Hiibn., Syndemis
musculana Hiibn., Eulia ministrana L., Ancylis badiana Schiff., A.
laetana ¥F., Bactra lanceolana Hiibn., Lobesia reliquana Hiibn.,
Endothenia nigricostana Haw., Eucosmomorpha albersana Hiibn.,
Apotomis pruniana Hiibn., Eriopsela quadrana Hiibn., Epinotia cruciana
L., E. tetraquetrana Haw., E. tedella Clerck, Hucosma aspidiscana
Hiibn., Pammene germarana Hiibn., P. splendidulana Guen.,
Laspeyresia servillana Dup., Epiblema scutulana Schiff. Other micro-
lepidoptera included the gelechiids Telphusa notatella Hiibn., T.
triparella Zell. and T. luculella Hiibn., a picturesque insect noted by
Mr. Youden running about in the crevices of oak trunks. Also
Lithocolletis cramerella F., Ornix betulae Staint., Gracillaria alchimiella
Scop., Phylloporia bistrigella Haw., Adela viridella Scop., and Nemo-
phora swammerdamella L.

Larvae included: Clostera pigra Hufn. on aspen, Orgyia antiqua L.,
Bombycia viminalis F., Amphipyra pyramidea L., Orthosia miniosa
Schiff., Chesias legatella Schiff., Coleophora gryphipennella Bouch. and
C. troglodytella Dup. Pupae of Leucoptera spartifoliella Hiibn. were
numerous in their white cocoons on a broom bush. The dragonfly
Libellula depressa L. was hawking round a large pond in which the
water beetle Agabus bipustulatus L. was detected.

A list of Coleoptera noted during the day was submitted by Mr. E.
Lewis and Mr. R. P. Coles and included: Nebria brevicollis (F.), under
stones; Notiophilus germinyi Fauv. (hypocrita Putz.), running on
ground; N. rufipes Curt., running on ground; Bembidion quadrimacu-
latum (L.), and on damp ground at edge of road; B. nitidulum (Marsh.),
in same situation as above; B. lampros (Herbst), running on ground;
Bradycellus verbasci (Dufts.), under moss on ground; Abaz paralle-
lepipedus (Pill. & Mitt.) (ater Villers), under stone; Dromius linearis
(Ol.), sweeping; Drusilla canaliculata (F.), under stone; Gabrius
splendidulus (Grav.), under bark of a log; Xantholinus angustatus
(Steph.), under stone; Newraphes angulatus (Mull.), in moss on ground;
Cephennium gallicum Gangl. (thoracicum Miill. auct nec Mill.), in moss
on ground; Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.), general sweeping; Can-
tharis pellucida (F.), general sweeping; Rhagonycha limbata
(Thom.), general sweeping; Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.),
on broom; Meligethes viridescens (F.), on broom; M. erythropus (Gyll.) ;

78

Anaspis rufilabris (Gyll.); A. costai Emery; Mordella aculeata L., under
bark; Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scop.), one imago and numerous larvae
under bark; Clytus arietis (L.); Zeugophora subspinosa (F.), on aspen;
Lochmaea capreae (l.), on sallow; Chalcoides aurea (Geoff.), on sallow ;
Longitarsus luridus (Scop.); Batophila rubi (Payk.), on dock; Bruchidius
fasciatus (Ol.), (villosus F. auct nec F.), on broom; Apion assimile Kirby;
A. violaceum Kirby; Caenorhinus germanicus (Herbst); C. aeneovirens
(Marsh.); Strophosomus melanogrammus (Korst.); Sitona striatellus
Gyll. (tibialis (Herbst)), on broom; Phyllobius argentatus (L.); Curculio
(Balanobius) pyrrhoceras (Marsh.), on oak; Anoplus plantaris Naez. ;
Rhamphus pulicarius (Herbst), on broom.

WHIPPENDELL WOOD, HERTS—24th May 1959.
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN.

The attendance at this meeting, held on a beautiful day, was even
less than that on a soaking wet day last year. This was a great pity,
as this is an area of great beauty, variety and interest to the naturalist.

Whippendell Wood and the adjacent Cassiobury Park are of very
old standing, being recorded as passing into the hands of the Earls of
Essex between 1660 and 1670 as a game preserve. They were thus
maintained until Watford Corporation began to purchase the land
as a public open space in 1909. Cassiobury Park was laid out by the
well-known gardener Moses Cook, who in 1672 planted the magnificent
row of lime trees across what is now the West Herts golf course, between
the River Gade and Whippendell Wood.

Cassiobury Park is now a rather desolate place from the entomo-
logist’s point of view, being maintained in the condition of a playing
field. Until 1938 Skylarks bred here in long grass grown for hay.

The Grand Union Canal now runs alongside the River Gade.
Between the two are watercress beds and groves of magnificent old
alders. The Orange Balsam (Impatiens capensis Meer.) was plentiful
amongst the lush riverside vegetation, and a plant of the Great Water
Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum Huds.) was noted, Alder-flies (Sialis)
and Chironomid midges were abundant here.

Some tree trunks lying near the river bore the fungi Polyporus
picipes Fr., Trametes rubescens (A. & S.) Fr. and Daldinia concentrica
Ces & de Not. The last named harboured a number of very active
beetles, Mycetophagus quadripustulatus (L.).

The trees in Whippendell Wood are most impressive. The wood
appears to have been landscaped to give areas of various trees appro-
priate to the setting. Noble beeches line the side of a valley, oak
woods with hazel coppice and large tracts of bluebells adorn the high
ground, whilst a grove of specimen birches is set amongst grass with
a wide variety of flowering herbs on the floor of a valley. Felling
during 1939-45 has produced interesting areas of birch, hawthorn and

79

other scrub. Several good spindle bushes were noted. There are
numbers of very tall conifers—mostly larch and spruce, the latter pro-
bably Sitka spruce, with ornamental specimens along the main rides.

It was pleasing to see an abundance of ferns. These were mostly
Dryopteris filix-mas agg., but D. spinulosa (Mull.) Watt and D.
austriaca (Jacq.) Woyn. were also plentiful. Along the rides was the
Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum L.),

Eggs of EHuchloé cardamines L. were found on a few plants of
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) C. & G. The attractive Pentatomid bug
Stollia fabricii Kirkaldy was found on Stachys close by. Larvae of
Coleophora fuscedinella Zell. and C. badtipennella Dup. were feeding
in their cases on the leaves of elm.

Large numbers of the little moth Glyphipterix fischeriella Zell. were
to be found on the masses of hawthorn blossom, lifting their wings in
their characteristic manner by rubbing the hindlegs under them as
though they felt uncomfortable. A Cardinal beetle (Pyrochroa coccinea
(L.)) was attracted to the same repast, whilst the leaves of the haw-
thorn supported webs of Hyponomeuta padella L. larvae. Imagines
reared from these were pure white in ground colour.

An ‘Ichneumon’ netted dashing to and fro over beech litter trans-
formed itself in the net to the mimetic fungus-gnat Apemon marginata
(Meig.). Most of the Diptera seen on this visit were numbers of a
few common species, such as the tipulids Limoma tripunctata (F.),
Tipula vernalis Meig., T. oleracea L., Nephrotoma quadrifaria (Meig.),
Epiphragma ocellaris (L.) and Limonia (Rhipidia) maculata Meig.

A few sawflies were taken: Tenthredopsis sp., Aglaostigma fulvipes
(Scop.), Macrophya ribis (Schrank), Priophorus pallipes (Lepeltier)
and Dineura virididorsata (Retz.).

Other Lepidoptera reported were: Gracillaria auroguttella Steph.,
Anthophila fabriciana L., Brachmia rufescens Haw. larvae, Glyphip-
terix fuscoviridella Haw., Clepsis costana F. larvae in spun shoots of
Epilobium hirsutum 1., Notarcha ruralis Scop. larvae, Pseudargyrotoza
conwagana F. common around ash trees, Nymphalis io L.

Thanks are due to Watford Corporation and Mr. J. D. Magee for
the historical information.

CHILWORTH, SURREY—30th May 1959.
Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY.

The party were due to meet at Chilworth Station about 11 o’clock.
but some arrived half an hour early and while waiting for the others
the pond by the station was explored.

Large clumps of Impatiens capensis Meer. (Orange Balsam) were
growing here and local moths noted were Huchoeca nebulata Scop. and
Mompha schrankella Hiibn. Several members arrived by car, so it was
decided to save time by using these vehicles to convey the members to
the higher ground near St. Martha’s. From here the party worked

80

their way through the wild woodland to the south of St. Martha’s.
Although too late for the larvae of Strymonidia w-album Knoch a pupa
was found attached to a leaf of wych elm, showing that the species still
occurred here.

A number of common species were noted and Mr. Eagles supplied
the following botanical notes :—

“It was pleasing to see in bloom three of the plants associated with
the sandy soil of St. Martha’s, namely Saxifraga granulata L. (Meadow
Saxifrage), Corydalis claviculata (l.) DC. (White Climbing Fumitory)
and Lycopsis arvensis L. (Bugloss). Also noted in bloom were Arenaria
serpyllifolia L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort), Spergularia rubra (L.) Presl.
(Sand-spurrey), Hrodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. (Common Storksbill)
and Ornithopus perpusilius L. (Birdsfoot).

“In the wood, growing on a fallen trunk of Prunus aviwm L. (Wild
Cherry), was a large specimen of the fungus Polyporus sulphureus
(Bull.) Fr. in perfect condition, brilliant orange yellow in colour and
conspicuous from many yards away as soon as the winding path brought
it into view’’.

Lunch was had on the high ground by St. Martha’s Church, after
which a renewed search for S. w-album was made, but no more were
found.

Unfortunately tea could not be obtained at Chilworth, so once
more the party was transported to Newlands Corner for tea and cakes.
On the tea room window there was a specimen of Myopa buccata L.
(Dipt., Conopidae). Some of the members explored the down here and
found insects much more numerous. Larvae of the plume Capperiza
britanniodactylus Gregs. were not uncommon on wood sage and a single
specimen of the local tortrix Dichrorampha (Heminene) sequana Hiibn.
was netted. Several larvae of Coleophora albitarsella Zell. were found
on Marjoram. Numbers of the Five-spot Burnet were on the wing
and several common geometers were noted on the hillside. The party
numbered nine and the day was bright and sunny.

NORTH HEATH, SUSSEX—6th June 1959.
Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp.

A fine day greeted the small number of members at Pulborough who
journeyed to the leader’s house before starting to walk through the local
woods and commonland. A number of species of Lepidoptera were
noted, including the following: Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L.,
Maniola jurtina L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Pieris napi L., P.
brassicae L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Rivula sericealis Scop., Euphyia
bilineata L., Pseudopanthera macularia L., Xanthorhoé montanata
Schiff., Lithina chlorosata Scop., Dysstroma truncata Hufn., Olethreutes
lacunana Schiff., Scoparia dubitalis Hiibn., Ptycholoma lecheana L.,
Anthophila fabriciana L., Plusia chrysitis L., and Huclidimera ma
Clerck.

81

Among the lepidopterous larvae found were Thecla betulae L., and
Gortyna flavago Schiff., in thistle stems. In addition, a fine variety of
wild flowers were noted, including Orchis maculata agg. (Spotted
Orchis), and 0. mascula L. (Karly Purple Orchis).

After a delightful day, tea was generously provided by Mrs. Odd at
the leader’s house.

HIGH HALSTOW, KENT—13th June 1959.
(Northward Hill Nature Reserve).

Leader: Mr. A. W. Govutp.

The interests of the party of eleven members and friends visiting the
Northward Hill Nature Reserve covered a wider field than usual, and
it was good to see spiders, bugs and flies receiving the close attention
usually reserved for Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

The day was hot and fine, and shade from the old oaks lining the
high plateau at the eastern end of the wood was very welcome at lunch
time. The weather had been dry for some time and the London clay,
on which most of the wood stands, was parched and cracked; small water
pans were almost dry, and beetles were scarce.

The microlepidopterists were hoping to find earlier stages of
Hyponomeuta irrorella Hiibn., rediscovered here last year, and they
were not disappointed. Larvae and pupae of this, and three other
species of the same genus were found on Huonymus europaeus L.

Most of the birds were away from the nests in the heronry, but some
adults still remained to give their harsh warning cries. While quietly
back-tracking to look for a missing arachnologist, the leader noted an
interesting association under the herons’ trees. Three large brown rats
were foraging for scraps among the lush green nettles that grew in
the nitrogenous soil.

Thanks for permission to visit the Reserve are due to the Nature
Conservancy and to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, whose
warden keeps watch over the birds.

The following species were recorded by members present:

Lepidoptera. Imagines: Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Ochlodes venata
Br. & Grey, Agrotis exclamationis L., Ectypta glyphica L., Nemotois
degeerella L., Anthophila fabriciana L. commonly, Hucosma pflugiana
Haw., Hpinotia trimaculana’Don. commonly, Crambus pratellus L.
Larvae or pupae: Hyponomeuta irrorella Hiibn., H. cognatella Hiibn.
and H. plumbella Schiff. on Huonymus europaeus L.; Hyponomeuta
padella L., on hawthorn; Tortrix viridana L., on oak; Notocelia
udmanniana L., on bramble; Coleophora lutipennella Zell., on elder
under oak; and CU. badwpennella Dup. and C. fuscedinella Zell., on elm.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Psallus varians (H.-S.), on sallow; P.
diminutus Kirsch. and Hylopsallus perrisi Muls., on oak; Capsus ater
L., Leptopterna ferrugata (Fallen) and ZL. dolabrata (L.), swept from
grasses.

82

Coleoptera: Bembidion guttula (F.), Helophorus nubilis F., on damp
clay on open ground, H. brevipalpis Bed., Gnypeta carbonaria (Marsh.),
Atheta (Tetropla) liturata (Steph.), A. (7.) crassicornis (F.), Lordithon
lunulatus L., Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Ol., Scaphisoma agaricinum
(L.), Malachius bipustulatus (L.), M. viridis F., Cryptocephalus moraei
(L.), CU. fulvus Goeze, C. labiatus (L.), Chrysolina staphylea (L.),
Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), Rhynchaenus quercus (L.), and R. alni (L.).

Arachnida: Dictyna latens (F.), Clubiona reclusa O. P.-Cambridge,
C brevipes Blackwall, Anyphaena accentuata Walckenaar, Misumena
vatia (Clerck), Philodromus aureolus (Clerck) and its variety caespiti-
colis Walckenaar, Xysticus cristatus (Clerck), Salticus scenicus (Clerck),
Ballus depressus (Walckenaar), Huophrys frontalis (Walckenaar), Helio-
phanus flavipes C. L. Koch, Lycosa tarsalis Thorell, L. nigriceps Thorell,
Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Theridion vittatum C. L. Koch, T. sisyphium
(Clerck) was abundant, T. varians Hahn, T. ovatwm (Clerck) was
abundant, 7. bimaculatum (L.), Episinus angulatus Blackwall,
Tetragnatha montana Simon, T. extensa (L.), T. obtusa C. L. Koch,
Meta segmentata (Clerck), s.sp. mengei (Blackwall) was abundant, Zilla
diodia Walckenaar, Jianyphia hortensis Sundervaal, Gongylidium
rufipes Sundervaal, EHrigone atra (Blackwall), and Bathyphantes
parvulus (Westring). All the species listed above are common, except
perhaps Zilla diodia Walckenaar.

OTFORD, KENT—2l1st June 1959.
Leader: Mr. EK. E. J. Trunpetu.

Kight members attended this meeting in cloudy but otherwise fine
weather.

In spite of the fine early summer very few species of butterflies were
noted, but some fresh Argynnis aglaia L. gave the younger members
good exercise on the steep slopes of the hillside. A few early Lysandra
coridon Poda were taken and one or two late LD. bellargus Rott. were
still on the wing.

The moths recorded were as follows: larvae of Hremobia ochroleuca
Schiff., imagines of Philereme transversata Hufn., Hydrelia flammeolaria
Hufn., Rhodaria cespitalis Schiff., Microstega hyalinalis Hiibn.,
Pempelia dilutella Hiibn., P. ornatella Schiff., Hypochalcia ahenella
Hiibn., Phycita semirubella Scop., EHuzophera suavella Zinck.,
Stenoptilia pterodactyla L., Marasmarcha lunaedactyla Haw.,
Oxyptilus parvidactyla Haw., Alucita tetradactyla L. and Scythris
senescens Staint.

No records of other insects were made but Mr. N. Hammond has
noted the following spiders, all common: Dictyna arundinacea UL.,
Clubiona brevipes Blackw., Anyphaena accentuata Walck., Philodromus
dispar Walck., P. aureolus Clerck, P. aureolus s.sp. caespiticolis Walck.,
Pisaura mirabilis Clerck, Theridion ovatum Clerck, T. varians Hahn.,
@. sisyphium Clerck, Tetragnatha extensa L., Meta segmentata Clerck

Prog S. Lond. ent. nat. mist. Soc., 1959. PLATE YV.

ST. MARTHA’S, SURREY. 30th May 1959.

right: C. Ll. Nissen, H. G.-Tunstall, Dr. J. V. Dacie, F. Rumsey,
\. S. Wheeler, R. F. Richards, T. R. Eagles, H. G. Denvil.

Left to

OTFORD, KENT. 21st June 1959.

Left to right: J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, A. S. Wheeler, S. Wakely, F. Rumsey,
N. Hammond. J. A.C. Greenwood, N. Wilding

83

s.sp. mengei Blackw., Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck and Linyphia
hortensis Sund,
Tea was taken at the Oast House, Otford.

ASHDOWN FOREST, SUSSEX—28th June 1959.
Leader: Mr. S. Wakely.

Kight members attended this meeting and the weather was perfect.
Meeting at Forest Row station, the party proceeded by cars to the
forest, thanks being due to the two car owners.

Most of the collecting was done on boggy ground where Nartheciwm
ossifragum (L.) Huds. (Bog Asphodel) was growing in profusion. Several
Diacrisia sannio L. were netted together with Cybosia mesomella L.
and Ortholitha mucronata Scop. Single specimens of Hadena contigua
Schiff. and Leucania pudorina Schiff. were taken. Numerous larvae of
Cerura vinula L. were found on dwarf sallow and aspen—some just
hatched and others full fed. Dwarf sallow yielded larvae of Harpyia
(Cerura) furcula Clerck and Clostera pigra Hufn. Both larvae and
imagines of Anarta myrtilli L. were noted.

Interesting micros netted included Crambus pascuellus L., C.
uliginosellus Zell., Dioryctria palumbella F. and Scythris grandipennis
Haw.

Numbers of larvae of Ancylis apicella Schiff. (siculana Hiibn.) were
found in spun leaves of alder buckthorn and larvae of Gonepteryx rhamni
L. were found on the leaves of the same plant. A full-fed larvae cf
Saturnia pavonia L. was also found on alder buckthorn which later
yielded another which was much smaller. A small pupa found in spun
leaves of sallow later emerged as Gelechia sororculella Hiibn.

Mr. N. Hammond has contributed a list of the spiders which he
noted, and this is appended at the end of this report. The specimen of
Atypus affinis Eich. (trap-door spider) was found by Mr. E. EK. Syms,
who was familiar with the kind of ground on which this local species is
likely to occur. Two specimens of Micrommata virescens (Clerck) were
taken by members of the party and given to Mr. Hammond; this is a
large, striking green-coloured local spider.

Some excitement was caused by a member who netted a very lively
and vicious looking adder which was later released.

About 4.30 p.m. the party were once more taken back to Forest Row
by car, where tea was enjoyed by all in the large garden of a guest
house.

The list of spiders noted is as follows: Theridion sisyphiuwm (Clerck),
abundant; T. denticulatum (Walck.); Robertus lividus (Blackw.); Meta
segmentata (Clerck) s.sp. mengei (Blackw.), abundant; Araneus
umbraticus (Clerck); Cyclosa conica (Pallas), immature; Mangora
acalypha (Walck.); Lycosa pullata (Clerck); LD. mnigriceps Thor.;
Evarcha arcuata (Clerck), common; Salticus scenicus (Clerck); Atypus
affinis Fich.; Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck), common; Amaurobius

84

terrestris (Wid.); Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck); Micromatta virescens
(Clerck) ; Lepthyphantes obscurus (Blackw.); L. zimmermanni (Bertk.) ;
and Oedothorax fuscus (Blackw.).

BLACK PARK, BUCKS.—Sth July 1959.
Leader: Mr. W. EK. Minnion.

Only two members joined the leader for this meeting. In the fir
and pine plantations moths were plentiful but not very varied.
Semiothisa liturata Clerck, Chloroclystis coronata Hiibn., Eupithecia
lariciata Freyer and a dark form of Alcis (Cleora) repandata L. being
very frequent. LHupithecia pulchellata Steph. and Hilema deplana Esp.
were also seen.

Lunch was taken by the lake and dragonflies were extremely
numerous. Unfortunately none of us could identify them though it
seemed likely that seven or eight species were present.

The clump of the rare introduced plant Lisichitum americanum
Hultén & St. John (Skunk Cabbage) was visited but was found to be
rather overgrown by young alders. Two species of waterlily were :n
flower, Nymphaea alba L. and Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm.

This was a day when temperatures reached the nineties and it was
very sultry. As a result the meeting finished early in the afternoon.

Microlepidoptera recorded were: Fumea casta Pall., Crambus
pascuellus L., Endotricha flammealis Schiff., Scoparia ambigualis
Treits., Cataclysta stagnata L., Notocelia uddmanniana L., Gypsonoma
dealbana Frél., Epinotia tedella Clerck, E. solandriana L., Olethreutes
(Argyroploce) lacunana Schiff., Argyresthia goedartella L., A. brockeella
Hiibn.

Mr. N. Hammond reports the following spiders: Philodromus
aureolus (Clerck) (Thomisidae) male and female ; Lycosa lugubris (Walck.)
(Lycosidae) female; Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) (Pisauridae) female;
Theridion ovatum (Clerck) female, T. denticulatum (Walck.) male, and
T. lunatum (Clerck) females, (Theridiidae); Tetragnatha extensa (L.)
male, and J. montana Sim. female (Tetragnathidae); Araneus
umbraticus Clerck male and Cyclosa conica (Pallas) female (Argiopidae).
All are common species except Theridion lunatum which is described by
Locket and Millidge as ‘‘rather uncommon’’. Species taken in the
immature stage and not identifiable with certainty are not included in
the above list.

DUNGENESS, KENT—12th July 1959.
Leader: Mr. J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt.

The day was fine and sunny, and the temperature moderate, but
a fairly strong wind persisted throughout the day and rather hampered
operations. Altogether ten people, including several visitors, met at
Lydd Halt station, and proceeded to work the area between there and
the lighthouse.

85

Among the Lepidoptera, a single imago of Harias clorana L. was
taken by the Long Pond. Beating gorse bushes near the derelict
school produced several micios, the most interesting being a melanic
Endotricha flammealis Schiff., and a single example of Batia lambdella
Don. Those who wanted Calophasia lunula Hufn. found a few larvae,
but it is probable that these would have been commoner ten days
earlier.

Some interesting Coleoptera were taken, Those recorded by Mr.
M. G. Morris who worked for Curculionidae were: Apion sedi Germ.,
A. curtirostre Germ., A. miniatum Germ., A. rubens Steph., A.
carduorum Kirby, A. meliloti Kirby, A. striatum Kirby, A. immune
Kirby, Otiorrhynchus ovatus (L.), Sitona regensteinensis (Herbst),
Smicronye jungermanniae (Reiche), Tychius meliloti Steph., T.
tibialis Boh., Phytonomus venustus (¥.), Ceuthorrhynchus geographicus
(Goeze), Nanophyes marmoratus (Goeze), Gymnetron antirrhini (Payk.).
Coleoptera taken by Mr. D. G. Hall included Orthochaetes setiger
(Beck), Cryptocephalus fulvus Goeze and Rhyzobius litura (F.).

Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) (Odonata), and the Arachnid
Tetragnatha extensa (L.) on Carex pendula L., were noted.

The day concluded with an enjoyable tea at the Lighthouse Café.

RANMORE, SURREY—19th July 1959.
Leader: Mr. T. R. EHacies.

Five members and one visitor attended. There was continuous sun-
shine and the heat was intense.

From Boxhill Station the party walked along the Great Bookham
road as far as Bagden Farm and thence through the woods to Ran-
more Common. After a short spell on the Downs they returned to
the Common for cups of tea and soft drinks near the Car Park. They
then walked through the woods by another path, passed Bagden Farm
again and proceeded along the road back to the station.

Many larvae of Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. and one or two of Volocasia
coryli L. were beaten from beech. These were very small and it was
impossible to find the latter by searching. Larvae of Dasychira pudi-
bunda L., Bapta temerata Schiff. and Bena fagana F. (prasinana L.
auct nec lL.) were also found on the beating trays.

The butterflies Gonepteryx rhamm L., Argynnis paphia L., Aglais
urticae L., Vanessa atalanta L., Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L.,
Eumenis semele L., Lysandra coridon Poda, Celastrina argiolus L. and
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda were on the wing, also a few moths includ-
ing Hilema deplana Esp., Campaea margaritata L., Ectropis crepus-
cularia Hiibn., Rhodaria aurata Schiff. and Hapalia lutealis Hiibn.

The pond on Ranmore Common was nearly dried up after the long
rainless spell. In the stems of Typha latifolia L. were fully-fed larvae
of Nonagria typhae Thunb.

86

One of the party was fortunate enough to get a good view of a
small deer—no doubt the Japanese deer or sika, Sika nappon (Tem-
minck), descended from introduced stock.

The Nettle-leaved Bell-flower, Campanula tracheluum L., was in
full flower and very noticeable. One of the oaks in the wood provoked
discussion and was found to be a hybrid, Quercus petraea (Matt.)
Liebl. x robur L. By the roadside near the ruined church were large
clumps of comfrey—apparently Symphytum asperum Lepech At
intervals along the hedgerow were plants of Cherry-plum or Myrobalan
Plum Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. They were heavily cut back and might
be mistaken for sloe. In Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Warburg,
E. F., Flora of the British Isles, it says: ‘‘Introduced, Frequently
planted in hedges in many parts of England, often far from houses
but apparently not truly naturalized’’.

Mr. Norman Hammond studied the spiders, and his report is
appended ; —

“Rew mature spiders were seen. The ten species taken were :—
Anyphaena accentuata (Walck.), immature, Misumena vatia (Clerck)
female, Philodromus aureolus (Clerck) var. caespiticolis Walck. female,
Lycosa pullata (Clerck) male, Theridion ovatum (Clerck) female, Meta
segmentata (Clerck) s.sp. mengei (Bl.) female, Araneus cucurbitinus
Clerck female, Lepthyphantes zimmermanni Bertk. female, Lanyphia
triangularis (Clerck) males, DL. peltata Wid. female. All are common.
It is very odd, however, to find a male Lycosa pullata at this time of
year; they are normally mature in April and early May. I am quite
unable to account for finding it. I also have three immature males
which I am hoping to bring to maturity, when I shall be able to
identify them. The large sheet webs of Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck)
were conspicuous in the hedge-rows’’.

The nomenclature of the spiders is in accordance with Locket and
Millidge, 1951 and 1953, British Spiders.

ADDINGTON, SURREY—25th July 1959.
Leader: Mr. B. F. SKINNER.

Six members met at the rendezvous and proceeded by car along
Featherbed Lane to the Downs. The weather was sunny and hot. For-
tunately a slight breeze prevented the temperature becoming too
unpleasant. After lunch, the party left the Downs and made their way
through Frith Wood towards Selsdon Bird Sanctuary. Here, the more
energetic members spent their time chasing Argynis paphia L. as they
sped up and down the grassy slope facing the bird sanctuary.

As the party were returning along Courtwood Lane they were met
by another member and his wife; all then returned to Addington
Village where tea was taken at the Farm House Tea Shop.

Lepidoptera noted included: Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L.,
Polyommatus icarus Rott., Celastrina argiolus L., Lycaena phlaeas L.,

87

Thecla quercus L., Strymonidia w-album Knoch, Gonepteryx rhamni L.,
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Melanthia
procellata Schiff., Opisthograptis luteolata L., Chiasmia clathrata L.,
Rhodaria aurata Schiff., Crambus culmellus L., Acleris aspersana Hiibn.,
Chlidonia subbaumanniana Wilk., and Nemotois scabiosella Scop.

The following spiders were reported by Mr. N. Hammond: Xysticus
cristatus Clerck, Tibellus oblongus (Walck.), Agelena labyrinthica
(Clerck), Theridion ovatum (Clerck), Tetragnatha extensa (L.), Meta
segmentata (Clerck), Araneus diadematus Clerck, A. quadratus Clerck,
A redii (Scop.), Gonatium rubens (Blackwall), Pisaura mirabilis
(Clerck), Linyphia triangularis (Clerck), and the following two which
were the most interesting species, Singa pygmaea (Sund.), and
Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall).

ASHTEAD, SURREY—Ilst August 1959.
Teader: Mr. R. W. J. Urren.

Mr. F. Rumsey who should have led this meeting was, unfortunately,
ill and so his place was taken by the Field Meetings Secretary.

Eight members attended the first field meeting to be held at Ashtead
since the disastrous fire there some years ago. The day was spent
entirely on the open slope above Ashtead station, the woods being
scarcely penetrated. Microlepidopterists were content to spend their
time flushing series of a number of unusually common species from the
coarse herbaceous vegetation.

The most abundant plants on the slope were probably Deschampsia
caespitosa (L..) Beauv., Juncus effusus L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.,
Senecio erucifolius L., Hpilobium hirsutum L., Pulicaria dysenterica
(L.) Bernh. A belt of Pastinaca sativa L. bordered a ditch, whilst a
belt of Ulex minor Roth. separated the rough open ground from the
Pteridium, Crataegus, Deschampsia and Cirsiwm palustre (L.) Scop.
leading into the oak woods.

The leader swept for trypetid flies and searched for larvae of a few
species. The impressive Icterica westermanni (Meig.) was plentiful,
and the abundance of hymenopterous parasites testified to the large
population of Urophora cardui (L.) and other species.

The much overlooked gelechiid moth Isophrictis tanacetella Schrank
was in numbers here, as at Bookham, on a limited quantity of Achillea
ptarmica L. An abundance of mainly worn Paltodora cytisella Curt.
amongst the bracken produced an anxious moment of confused identity.

A member searching the stems of Cirsiwm palustre L. (Scop.) for
larvae of Gortyna flavago Schiff. found the larva of a hoverfly. Similar
larvae found at Bookham last year were reared this May and proved
to be Chilomyia (Cheilosia) albipila (Meig.). Larvae of Epiblema
scutulana Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) in the same stems seemed to be of
all sizes.

88

The meeting concluded with tea at a shop in Ashtead High Street.
The dull weather turned to rain as members were taken back to the
station in a criminally overloaded car.

Spiders recorded were: Clubiona reclusa O. P.-C. (Clubionidae);
Misumena vatia (Clerck), NXysticus cristatus (Clerck), Philodromus
aureolus (Clerck) s.sp. caespiticolis Walck., and Tibellus oblongus
(Walck.) (Thomisidae); Lycosa prativaga L. Koch (Lycosidae);
Tetragnatha extensa (L.) and Pachygnatha clercki Sund. (Tetragnathi-
dae); Araneus gibbosus (Walck.) and A. diadematus Clerck (Argiopidae) ;
Dismodicus bifrons (Blackw.), Gonatiuwm rubens (Blackw.), Erigone
dentipalpis (Wid.), Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) and LD. pusilla Sund.
(Linyphiidae). All of which are common species.

Coleoptera: Carabus problematicus Herbst s.sp. gallicus Géhin,
Dromius linearis (Ol.), Psylliodes duleamarae Koch, Apion miniatum
Germ., all recorded before.

Lepidoptera: Leucoptera lotella Staint. larvae, Bucculatrix
ulmella Zell., Hpiblema trigeminana Steph., Eucosma expallidana Haw.,
E. campoliliana Schiff. common, Crambus culmellus L., C. tristellus
Schiff., C. pascuellus L., Hapalia lutealis Hiibn., Ortholitha chenopodiata
L., Callimorpha jacobaeae L. larvae, Smerinthus ocellata L. larvae,
Polyommatus icarus Rott., Nymphalis io L., and Maniola tithonus L.

HIGHAM SALTINGS, KENT—9th August 1959.
Leader: Mr. E. EK. J. TRUNDELL.

This meeting, attended by nine members, commenced with a deluge
of rain; fortunately this cleared within half an hour and the rest of the
day was fine.

Permission to use a private road enabled members to reach the
saltings by car. Mr. Wakely noted a ‘“‘likely spot’? on the way and
made a request to visit it on the way back.

The hot work of collecting was relieved by pauses to watch the busy
river traffic. Nothing spectacular was noted on the saltings by the lepi-
dopterists, but Mr. N. Hammond reported that he had certainly ‘‘struck
gold’’, having taken ten species of spiders, three of which were local and
two rare—one is probably a new county record. His list is as follows:
Clubiona phragmitis C. L. Koch (Clubionidae), a local species; Lycosa
purbeckensis O.P-C. (liycosidae) also a local species ; Tetragnatha extensa
L. and the rare Eugnatha striata C. L. Koch (Tetragnathidae); Araneus
quadratus Clerck and A. cornutus Clerck (Argiopidae); Linyphia
impigra O.P-C. a local species, Erigone dentipalpis Wid., HE. atra
Blackw., and EZ. vagans Aud. (Linyphiidae). Of the last named species
Locket & Millidge, 1953, give the following localities: ‘‘near Hull (York-
shire) on salt flats; Staffordshire; and in Finchley (London) where it has
been found swarming in sewage filter beds’’. On the way back to tea
at the leader’s house, a pause was made at Mr. Wakely’s ‘‘likely spot’’
and within a few minutes he had taken, for the first time, a specimen
of the local Evergestis extimalis Scop.; and before trespassing members

89

were ordered off the precincts of the Celactite Works, where the food
plant was growing freely, several more examples had been taken.

A list of the more interesting Lepidoptera is as follows: two larvae
of Vanessa cardui Li. on Malva sylvestris L., Gonepteryx rhamni I..,
Maniola tithonus L., Thymelicus lineola Ochs., Gnophos obscurata
Schiff., Cataclysta lemnata L., Evergestis straminalis Hiibn., E.
extimalis Scop., Mesographe forficalis L., Homoeosoma binaevella Hiibn.
(larvae), Myelois cribella Hiibn. (larvae), Agdistis bennettiit Curt.,
Platyptilia gonodactyla Schiff., Eucosma farfarae Fletch., EZ. aemulana
Schlag., Aristotelia stipella Hiibn., larvae in leaves of Atriplez,
Eupithecia centauriata Schiff., Crambus perlellus Scop., C. latistrius
Haw. and (@. selasellus Hiibn.

HORSLEY, SURREY—16th August 1959.

Teader: Mr. F. M. Srruruers.

A party of seven members met at Horsley Station and proceeded
direct to Sheepleas by car, arranging tea on the way. It was a warm,
clear, sunny day, typical of many we have had this summer.

Taking the track by St. Mary’s Church, members worked the slopes
of the valley and the surrounding woodland. Although quite a variety
of insects were on the wing, the numbers of each species observed were
surprisingly few, the exception being Lycaena phlaeas L. which was
abundant. Several large clumps of Atropa belladonna lL. were seen in
fruit.

Amongst the Lepidoptera seen or taken were Gonepteryx rhamni L.,
Nymphalis io L., Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L., Maniola jurtina L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Aricia agestis Schiff., Polyommatus icarus
Rott., Iysandra coridon Poda, Rivula sericealis Scop., Anaitis plagiata
L., Lygris mellinata F., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Epirrhoé alternata
Miill., Chiasmia clathrata L., Nomophila noctuella Schiff., Rhodaria
purpuralis L., Euaxanthis hamana UL., Pandemis corylana F.,
Stomopteryx taeniolella Zell., Mompha ochraceella Curt., Ypsolophus
scabrellus L., Crambus inquinatella Schiff., and C. tristella Schiff.

Eggs of Macrothylacia rubi L. were found on the grass stems, and
galls, mostly empty, of Mompha nodicolella Fuchs were numerous on the
willowherb.

Mr. F. G. Smith recorded the following Diptera, Syrphidae: Platy-
cheirus scutatus (Meig.), P. albimanus (F.), Melanostoma mellinuwm (L.),
Syrphus vitripennis Meig., S. ribesii (L.), S. corollae (F.), S. luniger
Meig., S. balteatus (Deg.), Rhingia campestris Meig., Hristalis pertinax
(Scop.), EH. intricarius (L.), E. arbustorum (L.), Helophilus pendulus
(L.).

The following list of Arachnida was supplied by Mr. N. Hammond:
Misumena vatia (Clerck), Evarcha falcata (Clerck), Lycosa lugubris
(Walck.), Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Pachygnatha degeeri (Sund.), Meta
segmentata (Clerck), Araneus diadematus (Clerck), A. quadratus
(Clerck), Cercidia prominens (West.), Dismodicus bifrons (Blackw.),

90

Gonatiwm rubens (Blackw.), Meioneta rurestris (Koch), Lepthyphantes
cristatus (Menge), Helophora insignis (Blackw.), Linyphia triangularis
(Clerck).

An enjoyable tea was had in the gardens of the Thatchers Hotel at
about 4.30 p.m.

PRINCES RISBOROUGH, BUCKS.—23rd August 1959.
Leader: Mr. F. G. Smita.

Eight members met at Princes Risborough station, where transport
was provided to the collecting site, the scarp of the Chilterns. The
weather was perfect, and members were able to enjoy the wonderful
views across the Aylesbury vale. Several colour photographs were
taken, which it was hoped to show at the Society’s lantern evening at
the end of the year.

Lunch was taken at the Plough Inn, Cadsden, one of the attractions
of the area, and certainly most welcome on such a warm day.

Lepidoptera were reported as follows: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae
L., P. napi L., Aglais urticae L., Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Aricia agestis Schiff., Polyommatus icarus
Rott., LIysandra coridon Poda, Drepana cultraria F., Amathes
zanthographa Schiff., Plusia gamma L., Anaitis plagiata L., Ortholitha
bipunctaria Schiff., O. chenopodiata L., Huphyia bilineata L., Ennomos
quercinaria Hufn., Nomophila noctuella Schiff., Pyrausta nigrata Scop.,
Rhodaria purpuralis L., Crambus culmellus L., C. inquinatellus Schiff.,
C. tristellus Schiff., Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop., Alucita penta-
dactyla L., Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F., Acleris aspersana Hiibn.,
A. sparsana Schiff. & Den., Ypsolophus parenthesellus L. (costellus F.)
and Plutella maculipennis Curt.

Empty cases of Coleophora nutantella Mihl. were found on Silene.

Typhlocybinae (Hem., Cicadellidae) taken by Mr. B. M. Gerard
were: Zygina hyperici (H.-S.) on Hypericum; Typhlocyba rosea (L.),
Cicadella atropunctata (Goeze) and two Hmpoasca species all on aspen;
Empoasca sp. on privet; a female Hmpoasca and Typhlocyba cruenta
H.-S. on birch and T. cruenta also on beech; T. quercus (F.), Erythro-
neura flammigera (Geoff.), EH. angusta (Lethierry) and Cicadella
atropunctata (Goeze) all on Prunus; C. notata (Curt.) and C. signati-
pennis (Boh.) by general collecting.

Messrs C. Carter and N. Hammond worked for spiders and recorded
the following species: Xysticus cristatus (Clerck) and Tibellus oblongus
(Walck.) (Thomisidae); Heliophanus flavipes C.L.K. (Salticidae); Lycosa
lugubris (Walck.) (Lycosidae); Meta segmentata (Clerck), Araneus
diadematus Clerck, A. quadratus Clerck, A. redii (Scop.), Cercidia
prominens (Westr.) recorded as uncommon by Lockett & Millidge (1953,
British Spiders, 2: 159) and Zygiella atrica (C.L.K.) (Argiopidae) ;
Gonatium rubens (Blackwall), Meioneta rurestris (C.L.K.) and Lepthy-
phantes zimmermanni Bertk. (Linyphiidae).

91

HALLING, KENT—30th August 1959.
Teader: Mr. M. G. Morris.

The day was warm and sunny at first but the dried-up state of the
vegetation was not a good sign for an abundance of insects, and so
it proved. Nine members and friends attended but three of these left
at midday for (one hopes) a more profitable area. A field which had
been found to be productive at past meetings here had been mown,
while much of the adjacent land had been burnt. Lepidoptera were
scarce and only common species were observed, such as Hypena pro-
boscidalis L., Calothysanis amata L., Ortholitha bipunctaria Schiff.,
Pararge megera lu., Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L.,
Polyommatus icarus Rott., and Pieris rapae L.

Lunch was taken on top of the downs with a fine view across the
Medway Valley to the chalk downs above Wouldham and Burham, some-
what spoiled by the cement works. After lunch the party worked the
woods on top of the chalk and walked through to Upper Halling.
Echium vulgare L. and Reseda spp. were worked for Curculionidae,
without success, but a single Gymnetron collinwm (Gyll.) was swept from
Linaria vulgaris Mill. This is a very local weevil. Verbascum lychnitis
L. was also observed.

At one spot several nymphs of an Ectobius sp. were found, together
with other insects, including Stygnocoris rusticus (Fall.), now rather a
local bug in Kent. An ant, later identified as a worker of Ponera
coarctata (Lat.), attracted some discussion. The party emerged at Upper
Halling having found the woods as unproductive as the downland. Here
Apion spp. were beaten from Mallow, all the four usual species being
present except A. rufirostre (F.). As there were no facilities for tea
the party dispersed after a disappointing day for most groups of insects.

The following were recorded: Heteroptera: Stygnocoris rusticus
(Fall.), S. pedestris (Fall.), Drymus sylvaticus (F.), Nabis ferus (L.), N.
rugosus (L.), N. apterus (F.), N. major Costa, Anthocoris nemorum
(L.), Orius majusculus (Reuter), Phytocoris varipes Boh., Dicyphus
epilobit Reuter. Coleoptera Curculionidae: Apion malvae (F.), A.
aeneum (F.), A. radiolus Kirby, A. ulicis (Forst.), A. favimanum Gyll.,
A. tenue Kirby, A. dichrowm Bedel, Miccotrogus picirostris (F.),
Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), Ceuthorhynchidius troglodytes (F.),
Gymetron collinum (Gyll.).

Other Coleoptera: Paederus litoralis Grav., Bruchidius fasciatus
(Ol.).

The following list of Spiders was provided by Mr. N. Hammond:
Misumena vatia (Clerck), Xysticus cristatus (Clerck), Oxyptila trux
(Blackw.), Lycosa pullata (Clerck), DL. lugubris (Walck.), Pisaura
mirabilis (Clerck), Ero furcata (Villers), Pachygnatha degeeri Sund.,
Meta segmentata (Clerck), Araneus diadematus Clerck, A. quadratus
Clerck, A. redii (Scop.), Gonatium rubens (Blackw.), G. rubellum
(Blackw.), Drapetisca socialis (Sund.), Linyphia triangularis (Clerck).

92

EAST MALLING RESEARCH STATION, KENT—5th September 1959.
Leader: Mr. M. G. Morris.

Some little trouble had been taken by the Staff of the Research
Station to arrange this meeting, at the request of the Society, and
some of them had given up their Saturday afternoon to be present.
It is all the more disappointing, therefore, that the total attendance was
only six, including two members of the Entomology Section who are also
members of the Society. The members who did take the trouble to
attend had an interesting day, which was made rather informal as so
few were present.

Before lunch the Society was welcomed by the Head of the Entomology
Section, Dr. G. H. L. Dicker, who gave an introduction to the work of
the Station as a whole and to that of the Entomology Section in
particular. Miss M. Gratwick then told the party of her work on insect
rearing and the control of Codling Moth (Laspeyresia pomonella (I.)).
She demonstrated a number of different techniques for rearing various
insects, including Drosophila (used in bio-assay work).

The party had lunch in a nearby experimental orchard and, despite
the forgetfulness of the leader, washed it down with coffee provided by
our hosts. After lunch the Horticultural side of the Station’s work was
discussed by Mr. B. Self (Scientific Liaison Section) and the stages in
producing a commercial apple tree were shown, with a demonstration cf
‘“‘bhudding’’. Mr. Self remarked that perhaps the most important past
work of the Station had been to produce the Malling and Malling-Merton
series of apple rootstocks. The members were then shown the Entomology
Section’s mercury vapour light trap, which is not sited in a very pro-
ductive place but which yet catches a number of interesting species,
besides the economically-important ones. A short discussion on the use
of a light trap in economic work was opened by the leader, who showed a
few of the Lepidoptera which had been taken in the trap.

The party then moved to an orchard to hear Dr. A. M. Massee talk
on beneficial insects on fruit trees. This was a valuable complement to
the paper given before the Society in April by Dr. Massee. He illus-
trated his talk with set insects which were passed round from person to
person. He was followed by Mr. J. B. Briggs, who talked on the Straw-
berry Seed Beetle (Harpalus rufipes (Degeer)). After describing the
life-history of this species Mr. Briggs told of his work on it and sug-
gested that damage to strawberries could be lessened by keeping the
land ‘clean’.

A welcome cup of tea was provided by the Station and a good deal
of discussion took place. After the Station’s staff had been thanked on
behalf of the Society the members dispersed, most of them to catch a
train to London.

93

CHOBHAM COMMON, SURREY—12th September 1959.
Leader: Mr. Rosin M. Mere.

Nine members and friends attended this meeting. The weather
was superb; warm, sunny and cloudless as has been usual this mar-
vellous year, and, as has also been usual, there was a dearth of insects
on the wing.

The areas round Gracious Pond Farm and to the south-east of it
were worked. One Colias croceus Fourc. male was seen and a few
lepidopterous larvae were found by beating, searching and sweeping;
the most noteworthy being Bucculatriz cidarella Zell. on alder and B.
frangulella Goeze on buckthorn.

Spiders are a group of which comparatively few records appear in
reports of field meetings, and it is probably worth while to record in
full the species noted by Mr. Norman Hammond: Clubiona terrestris
West and Cheiracanthium erraticum (Walck.) (Clubionidae); Thomisus
onustus Walck., Misumena vatia (Clerck), Xysticus cristatus (Clerck)
and Philodromus histrio (Latr.) (Thomisidae); Marpissa muscosa
(Clerck) and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck) (Salticidae); Oxyopes heteroph-
thalmus Watr. (Oxyopidae); Trochosa terricola Thor. (Lycosidae) ;
Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) (Pisauridae); Hro tuberculata (Deg.)
(Mimetidae); Meta segmentata (Clerck), Araneus diadematus Clerck,
A. quadratus Clerck, A. umbraticus Clerck, A. redw (Scop.) and
Zygiella xnotata (Clerck) (Argiopidae); Gonatium rubens (Blackw.),
Helophora insignis (Blackw.) and TIinyphia triangularis (Clerck)
(Linyphiidae). The capture of 9. heterophthalmus Latr. is worth
special mention; previously it has been recorded from the New Forest,
Hants, only, the last time being in 1917.

FARNINGHAM, KENT—20th September 1959.
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHatmers-Hont.

A fairly warm, sunny and windless day was enjoyed by the ten
people who attended this meeting.

Leaving the railway station, the party set off across fields and
through orchards, where larvae of Grapholita funebrana Treits.
were found in bad plums, to Farningham Wood, where a number cf
interesting Lepidoptera were noted, including the young larvae of
Pseudoips prasinana 1. (bicolorana Fuessl.) on oak, several small cases
of Coleophora fuscocuprella H.-S. on the undersides of hazel leaves,
and larvae of Swammerdamia pyrella de Vill. were also found. On the
way back to the station a single example of Heterographis oblitella
Zell. was taken by the side of a field, and is one of the very few occa-
sions that this species has been noted in Kent.

Mr. N. Hammond submitted the following list of spiders taken:
Xysticus cristatus (Clerck), Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Meta segmentata
(Clerck), Araneus diadematws Clerck, A. quadratus Clerck, A.

94

umbraticus Clerck, A. redii (Scop.), Zygiella atrica (C. L. Koch) and
Gonatium rubens (Blackwall).

TILGATE FOREST—27th September 1959.
Leader: Mr. IF. T. Vatiiws.

A party of seven assembled at Three Bridges station, with the
weather promising to be fine and warm, in keeping with the dry and
sunny period which had persisted throughout the spring and summer.
Furnace Farm, at the entrance to the forest, was reached by car.

It was soon obvious that the hot weather had been detrimental to
both plant and animal life, the whole area being very dry and dusty.
Butterflies were scarce, the only species seen being Pararge aegeria
L. and Lycaena phlaeas lu. Imagines of the moth Peronea ferrugana
Schiff. were also taken, and pupae and larvae of this species were
common in spun leaves of birch. <A few larvae of Peronea hastiana I.
were taken on sallow and these produced some nice forms when the
moths emerged in October and November. Four fully-fed larvae of
Harpyia (Cerura) furcula Clerck were found on a very small bush of
sallow.

Other lepidopterous larvae beaten from birch and alder were Drepana
falcataria l., Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia Clerck auctt.
nec Clerck), Electrophaés corylata Thunb., Cabera pusaria L. (also
from sallow), C. exanthemata Scop., Campaea margaritata L., Biston
betularia l., and Swammerdamia heroldella Hiibn. Larvae of Drepana
binaria Hufn. were found on oak and those of Gracillaria stigmatella
F., on sallow.

Fungus was scarce, owing to the drought, which was a great dis-
appointment after the interesting species found on the last visit to
this locality. |The only species worthy of mention were Tricholoma
rutilans (Schaeff.) Fr., Clitocybe aurantiaca (Wulf.) Studer, Boletus
edulis (Bull.) Fr., and Peziza aurantia Pers. ex Fr.

The pretty little Ivy Campanula, Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.)
Rchhb. was in bloom, and near the station planted bushes of Hlaeagnus
angustifolia 1... with an abundance of fruit, were noted.

A female of the large ichneumon fly, Lampronota setosa (Geoff.)
was taken on the wing and another was seen. This fly is parasitic on
the larvae of the goat moth, Cossus cossus L., which it reaches by
means of its long ovipositor.

An unpremeditated and all too short visit was paid to the nursery
of the Forestry Commission, where the party was shown the stock of
seedling conifers, beech and oak, amounting to many hundreds of
thousands. The handsome leaves of Quercus maxima (Marsh) Ashe
(rubra L. sec Duroi) had previously been noticed, where they had been
planted to protect the young conifers.

Although insects had been so few, it was generally agreed that this
district holds much promise and more meetings should be held here.

95

OXSHOTT, SURREY—4th October 1959.
Leader: Dr. J. Ramssottom, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.

In addition to the leader, ten members and four visitors attended.
The day was warm and sunny. No rain had fallen for several weeks, so
that the Common was parched and conditions were very unfavourable
for fungus. By searching in damp spots, which in ordinary times would
have been unworkable, no less than 32 species were found. Three of
the bolets listed were in fair numbers (Boletus bovinus (L.) Fr., B.
variegatus (Swartz) Fr. and B. scaber (Bull) Krombh.), and there were
some very fine specimens of the first-named. A pleasing find by one of
the lepidopterists, was Gomphidius roseus Fr. Other interesting species
were T'richoloma leucophaeatum Karst., Inocybe lanuginosa (Bull) Fr.,
Psilocybe ericaea (Pers.) Fr., I’s. uda (Pers.) Fr. and Ps. polytrichi Fr.

The leader showed and explained the mycorrhiza on the roots of
Scots Pine and birch. He drew attention to the many species of micro-
fungi growing on bracken stems, tree stumps, leaves and on the larger
fungi.

The lepidophterists devoted their attention to the smaller species
and apart from larvae of Macrothylacia rubi L. their reports deal only
with the so-called micros. There was an unusually good crop of Spanish
chestnuts, and many members of the public were gathering them. It
was noted that the larvae of Laspeyresiau splendana Hiibn. were common
in the fruits. Imagines of Lyonetia clerkella L. were flying. Mined
leaves of Mountain Ash were collected for Lithocolletis sorbi Frey and
those of alder for JL. alnifoliella Dup. Larvae of Coleophora
albicornuella Bradley (paripennella auct. nec Zell.) and of CO. milvipennis
Zell. were taken. As regards the former see 1956, Ent. Gaz., 7: 145.

Mr. N. Hammond reported the following spiders: Xysticus cristatus
(Clerck), Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck), Meta segmentata (Clerck),
Araneus diadematus Clerck, Gnathonarium dentatum (Wid.), Savignia
frontata Blackw., Linyphia triangularis (Clerck). These are all common
species; the only unusual feature was that Argyroneta aquatica (the
well-known water spider) was taken not from the water but from the
sphagnum moss on the edge of the black pond on Esher Common.

List of fungi: Amanita rubescens (Pers.) Fr., Tricholoma leuco-
phaeatum Karst., Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cke., L. amethystina (Vaill.)
Cke., Mycena alcalina Fr., Collybia radicata (Rehl.) Fr., Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr., Lactarius plumbeus Fr. (=turpis Fr.), L. uvidus
Fr., L. glycyosmus Fr., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr., R. emetica
(Schaeff.) Fr., R. ochroleuca Fr., Naucoria escharoides Fr., Inocybe
lanuginosa (Bull.) Fr., Paxillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr., Stropharia semi-
globata (Batsch.) Fr., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., H. condol-
leanum Fr., Psilocybe ericaea (Pers.) Fr., I’s. uda (Pers) Fr., Ps.
polytricht Fr., Gomphidius roseus Fr., Boletus bovinus (L.) Fr., B.
variegatus (Swartz) Fr., Boletus piperatus (L.) Fr., B. scaber (Bull.)
Krombh., Polyporus betulinus Fr., Trametes gibbosa Fr., Merulius
tremellosus Schrad., Thelephora laciniata Pers. (=terrestris Pers.) and
Scleroderma vulgare Hornem. (=aurantium Pers.).

96

BOX HILL, SURREY—10th October 1959.
Leader: Mr. T. R. EHactes.

Six members and one visitor attended. It was raining as the party
set off along the bank of the Mole, starting near where the river runs
under the main road and working towards the Stepping Stones. They
sheltered from time to time hoping the rain would stop and this gave
an opportunity to admire the many fine trees growing here. Among
others there were Populus alba L. (White Poplar), P. canescens Smith
(Grey Poplar), Acer pseudoplatanus L. var. purpurewm Loud. (the
variety of the sycamore with leaves purple on the underside), Acer
plantanoides L. (Norway Maple), Salix babylonica L. (Weeping Willow).
In addition to typical trees of the last named there was a form with
the leaves twisted into rings. This is var. annularis Asch.

In the leaves of the White Poplar were mines of Lithocolletis com-
parella Zell. but no moths were obtained as many of the larvae had been
parasitized and the rest had pupated and the moths had emerged.
There is a very fine beech tree in the middle of the field and in its
leaves were the empty larval mines of Ornix fagivora Staint. Several
broods of Lithocolletis faginella Zell. had caused serious damage to
beech leaves. Seeds of sycamore were collected and larvae of Pammene
regiana Zell. were found to be present. Larvae of Coleophora erigerella
Ford were taken in the seed heads of Hrigeron acris L. (Blue Fleabane).
The leaves of Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz (White Beam) were mined by larvae
of Lithocolletis corylifoliella Haw. and those of Orataegus monogyna
Jacq. (Hawthorn) by L. oxyacanthae Freyer. Other larvae noted were
Ornix avellanella Staint., Lithocolletis nicel Staint., Bucculatrix
frangulella Goeze, Nepticula catharticella Staint., N. gratiosella Zell.,
N. marginicolella Staint., N. floslactella Haw., N. ignobilella Staint.,
Coleophora badiipennella Dup. and Antispila treitschkiella F.R.

As there seemed no prospect of the rain stopping the party decided
to make for the station early in the afternoon.

97

THE MALAYAN GLIDING REPTILES
By M. W. F. Tweeptis.
Read 12th February 1959.

The climate of the Malay Peninsula, with its high temperature, high
rainfall and humidity, and absence of any well-marked seasons, is
eminently suited for the development of rain forest. The dominant
feature of this type of vegetation is tall trees standing close together,
their tops interlacing to form a continuous ‘canopy’, their branches
heavily beset with epiphytes and creepers, the ground beneath them
perpetually shaded. In its primaeval condition, Malaya may be supposed
to have had an almost uninterrupted cover of rain forest, since none of
its mountains are high enough to approach the equatorial tree line.

Wherever rain forest is developed a great wealth of arboreal animal
life is associated with it. Of the vertebrates a host of birds and a few
bats are the only ones that can fly. Almost all the rest merely scramble
about in the branches as best they may, but a few, lacking the power
of sustained flight (which in a vertebrate always involves the complete
sacrifice of one pair of limbs) have acquired a capacity for air-born
progression that is intermediate between leaping and flying. These are
the gliders; to ‘fly’ they must attain altitude by climbing, spread some
sort of parachute-like surface and then dive into space. Most of them
can travel by this means a horizontal distance in excess of the height
that is lost as they glide, in other words they can glide at an angle
flatter than forty-five degrees, some being more efficient in this respect
than others. All can steer themselves accurately in the air to land on
a selected branch or on the trunk of another chosen tree. With few
exceptions they come only reluctantly to the ground, and so they can
be at home only in forest so dense that the trees stand at least as close
as their average height. It is easy to see that the rain forest environ-
ment is likely to be effective in promoting adaptation of this kind,
and the zoological subregion of Malaysia (Malaya and the East Indian
islands west of Wallace’s Line) is particularly rich in examples of it.

Among the mammals a similar type of parachute has been evolved
independently several times. It is seen in the different genera of Flying
Squirrels, in the so-called Flying Lemur (Cynocephalus) and (in the
Australian Region) in the marsupial Flying Phalangers. Here it con-
sists of a fold or web of skin on each side of the body, extending from
wrist to ankle, which is stretched taut when the animal spreads its
limbs out on each side. On the other hand, among the gliding reptiles
an interesting variety of morphological permutations is found.

Most highly modified, most efficient and surely the most attractive of
them are the wonderful little lizards of the genus Draco, the Flying
Dragons of the older text-books. These have the hinder five, six or

98

3

Fig. 1—Common Flying Lizard, Draco volans L., with the parachute
membrane extended. Fig. 2.—Kuhl’s Flying Gecko, Ptychozoon kuhli Stejn.,
with the parachute membrane extended. Fig. 3—wWallace’s Flying Frog,
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Blgr., it is not claimed that the attitude of “‘flight”’
is accurately shown.

99

seven pairs of ribs extending, in the form of cartilaginous rods, outside
the body, and supporting a membrane of skin (fig. 1). The ribs are
horizontally hinged at their bases and the whole apparatus can be folded
up like a fan and laid along the sides, when it is scarcely visible and uo
encumbrance to the lizard when it is running or climbing (Pl. VI, fig. 1).

The parachute is clearly an adaptation for gliding, but may be half
opened when two of them are courting, chasing or sparring with each
other. It is also fully spread in an aposematic display, particularly in
relation to snakes, which are probably the most serious predatory
enemies of these lizards. A captive Draco will invariably spread its
patagium and stand rigid if a snake, held in the hand, is brought near
ta it.

In flight these little reptiles are graceful and buoyant, and glide at
quite a small angle from the horizontal. The ‘wings’ are brightly
coloured, those of the common PD. volans L. being blue below in the
male and blackish spotted with orange above. The first one I saw in
flight I quite genuinely mistook for a butterfly and was most startled
when it landed on a tree and was transformed to a drab, skinny little
lizard.

All of them possess a scaly pouch on the throat with a smaller
‘wattle’ on each side of it. Rods of cartilage (branches of the hyoid bone)
project into these, and by means of the centre rod the pouch can be
flicked backwards and forwards in what is usually regarded as a court-
ship display. In D. volans it is yellow in the male, bluish and smaller
in the female. J have often seen males flicking the pouch in and out
when there was apparently no other lizard present, and I believed that,
as well as providing a courtship display, it serves as a signal to advertise
his presence to any other member of the species that may be in the
vicinity, to find a mate, that is to say, as well as to woo her. It is
very conspicuous and has frequently betrayed to me the presence of a
lizard that otherwise I should certainly not have seen. In most dis-
cussion of the theory of natural selection great stress is laid on the
idea of the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest, and less
on the fact that an animal must not only survive but must beget or
bear offspring if it is to contribute to its species’ future. Selection
will operate hardly less powerfully in favour of characters promoting
sexual success than of those which secure individual survival. When
survival depends upon concealment such adaptations are likely to con-
flict with each other, and a balance will be maintained between them.

Flying Lizards come voluntarily to the ground for one purpose only,
that of depositing their eggs in mould at the base of a tree.

Eleven species of Draco are recorded from the Malay Peninsula. In
the south part of it, at any rate, all but one are jungle lizards, never
found outside their primitive habitat. Draco volans, however, one of the
smallest of them, takes kindly to the sort of open park-like vegetation
which is fostered or tolerated by man in those parts of his artificial

100

environment in which anything is allowed to grow at all. Rubber and
coconut estates are specially favoured by this lizard, the spacing of the
trees seems well suited to its capacity for flight. It is common, too,
in gardens and I have often seen it on roadside trees in Singapore, even
well within the city limits.

It is possible that it has some robust versatility of temperament
which has enabled it to colonize where its congeners have remained
conservative. More likely, I think, it has always had a preference for
open country, the coastal fringe, perhaps, or those infrequent areas where
the soil is naturally so poor that even the exuberance of the rain forest
is curtailed. If this is so, volans was probably comparatively rare in
primaeval Malaya. If its appearance of being now the most abundant
species is illusory, due to the inaccessibility of the others’ habitat, this
illusion, with the continual destruction of primary forest, is rapidly
being translated into reality; possibly this species will survive after all
the others are extinct.

Here, perhaps, is a modern and synthetic version of a story far older
than most of the hills. Ever since life began these skirmishers outside
and around the environment of the dominant fauna have proved to be
evolution’s chosen people. The first vertebrates to colonize the land
could be described in these terms, and in the Mesozoic the mammals
probably bore this relation to the reptiles.

The Flying Dragons belong to the family Agamidae. The only other
lizards which are adapted in a similar way belong to the genus Ptycho-
zoon, members of a totally different group, the Geckos; their ability to
glide was positively demonstrated so recently as 1949 (Tweedie, 1950).
Of the two Malayan species Kuhl’s Flying Gecko, Ptychozoon kuhli
Stejn. is the more common. Its gliding mechanism, when compared
with that of Draco, affords an interesting example of how evolution can
attain the same object in two quite different ways. On each flank of
the gecko there is an outgrowth of rather thick skin, stiffened with
fibrous tissue, strongly near the line of union with the body, distally
progressively less so. It is not under any sort of muscular control and,
when not in use, lies curled round the body, the two flaps not quite
meeting in the mid-ventral line. From below it looks a little as if the
lizard were wearing a waistcoat, fitted in its younger and slimmer days,
and no longer susceptible of being buttoned up. On each side of the
head is a smaller outgrowth of skin similarly disposed. The tail has a
scalloped fringe of skin on each side, permanently extended, and the
fingers and toes are broadly webbed (Pl. VII, fig. 1).

When Ptychozoon takes to the air he starts with a sort of swallow
dive. As he accelerates the pressure of the air on his underneath forces
open the two flaps of skin so that they project on each side. The

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1—Common Flying Lizard, Draco volans L. Fig. 2.—Kuhl’s Flying
Gecko, Plychozoon kuhli Stejn. Both on the bark of a tree.

1.—Newly

hatched

your

of Kuhl’s Flying

PLATE VIE.

=

’ ie
tHe) Ps
les

Wf

I

Gecko, Ptychozoon huhli Stejn.

101

degree and distribution of their stiffening is such that, under the falling
lizard’s weight, the air pressure and their own natural tendency to
downward curvature are balanced when they lie in the horizontal plane
of the body. These, together with the flaps on the head, the out-
stretched webbed feet and the frilled tail (fig. 2), enable the lizard to
glide at an angle a little flatter than forty-five degrees (Tweedie, 1954).
It is a larger, more heavily built animal than Draco, and its total
spread of air-resisting surface, although so diversely constituted, is
considerably less, relative to its weight. It is accordingly much less
buoyant in the air.

The photograph (Pl. VI, fig. 2) shows how wonderfully well Kuhl’s
Flying Gecko is concealed when it lies motionless and flattened against
the bark of a tree; another point of interest is seen in this picture.
Inspection of the tail shows that only the proximal part is scalloped in
the normal way, distally the edges are entire. All geckos part readily
with their tails in an emergency and grow a new one, which is, however,
a mere cartilaginous rod, quite different in structure from the flesh-
covered series of vertebrae which constituted the original appendage.
Here, clearly, is a case of tail regeneration in Ptychozoon. As each of
the lobes on the scalloped fringe of the original tail corresponds to a
vertebra, these will not be reproduced in the regenerated part. It is
necessary, however, for the flattened shape of the tail to be preserved,
to maintain its function, and so, instead of the tapering secondary
cartilaginous tail of the ordinary gecko, Ptychozoon grows a laminar
one, its edges being entire because it is not segmented. The specimen
photograph in ventral view (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) has its original tail intact.

The eggs of Ptychozoon are most curious. They are always laid in
pairs (a general habit among geckos) and have the form of hemispheres
glued by their flat sides to the bark of a tree. Unlike Draco, Ptychozoon
need never come to the ground. The pair of eggs illustrated (Pl. VII,
fig. 2), which was found on a tree under a mass of epiphytic orchids,
shows an additional interesting feature. It can be clearly seen that one
of them partly overlies a circle of shell representing another egg, which
has hatched and of which only the adherent part remains. This circle
overlies, in turn, yet another. It seems unlikely that several individuals
should resort to this one spot in an area of dense forest offering in-
numerable sites suitable for geckonid oviposition. The most acceptable
explanation is that the female returns to the place where she has
previously laid.

These two eggs hatched sixty-seven and sixty-eight days after they
were found, and a pair laid in captivity are recorded as having hatched
seventy-three days later (Tweedie, 1954). If the female does return
to the same place to lay at intervals of over two months, she must be
credited with a remarkably retentive memory and well developed sense
of location, unless it is supposed that she inhabits, more or less per-
manently, a restricted territory with which she becomes intimately
familiar. I incline to this explanation and believe that one of these

102

geckos may live perhaps for the whole of its life among the branches of
one large tree.

There are several species of arboreal Colubrid snakes which have
the power of falling in a controlled glide, though they achieve nothing
approaching the floating swoop of Draco and are probably less efficient
than Ptychozoon. No special supporting surfaces are developed, and
buoyancy is obtained by flattening the body and hollowing its under
surface, so that a cushion of air is trapped, just as it is under the
inverted bowl of the fabric of a falling parachute.

The genus on which most observations have been made is Chrysopelea,
and the most circumstantial account published is that given by Shelford
(1906), who describes one as gliding from his hands, straightening itself
out, hollowing the ventral surface and falling not in a direct line to the
ground but at an angle. Shelford’s experiments were prompted by
accounts given by Dayaks of these snakes, and of another, a species of
Ahaetulla, gliding through the air from trees. Since that time there has
been published a number of accounts by reliable eye-witnesses of this
performance by Chrysopelea.

These snakes are less strictly arboreal than the gliding lizards, but
their capacity for climbing is nevertheless astonishing. A Chrysopelea
can glide quite rapidly up the vertical trunk of a large tree if the bark
is fairly rough, and among the branches it will leap and scramble about
almost as actively as a squirrel. I have encountered them on the ground
more than once, and on one occasion swimming a river on which I was
travelling by boat. Of all the reptiles of which I have experience vf
the living animal I account Chrysopelea the most versatile athlete, a
surprising victor ludorum without arms or legs. The species figured
(Pl. VIII, fig. 2) is Chrysopelea paradisi Boie.

The account by A. R. Wallace in his book The Malay Archipelago
of the Flying Frog of Borneo has been very generally treated with
scepticism. Since the species referred to, Rhacophorus nigropalmatus
Boulenger, occurs also in Malaya, and since I regard Wallace’s account
as not merely credible but convincing, I propose to present the case
for regarding this frog as a glider. Recorded observations since that
of Wallace have contributed so little to the problem of the Flying Frog
that I shall confine myself to his story and to the evidence to be deduced
from our knowledge of the nature and habits of the animal.

The frogs of the genus Rhacophorus are arboreal, spending their time
among, the branches and foliage of trees and other vegetation; they do
not enter the water even to breed. Those species whose breeding habits
are known lay the eggs in masses of froth over water and they are washed
down into it by rain, the tadpoles being aquatic as in normal batrachians.
These tree frogs are, therefore, not habitually swimmers. MR. nigro-

PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1.—Kuhl’s Flying Gecko, Plychozoon kuhli Stejn., photographed through
a pane of glass to which it is clinging. Fig. 2.—Paradise Tree Snake,

Chrysopelea paradisi Boie.

igen? te
data

sz
133
10988
ened te
aed

>=

cc
0S te

geet

103

palmatus (fig. 3) is well described by Wallace (I have seen a dead
specimen) as having ‘the toes very long and fully webbed to their very
extremity, so that when expanded they offered a surface much larger
than the body. The fore legs were also bordered by a membrane and
the body was capable of considerable inflation’. This combination of
characters in a member of a genus of arboreal, non-aquatic frogs, the
normal members of which are well known to be extremely active leapers
seem to me to be susceptible of only one reasonable explanation: that
they serve to give the animal buoyancy in the air. Other batrachians
are known to have the habit of inflating themselves with air, usually in
the presence of a predatory enemy, such as a snake; the performance is
probably aposematic. Since the apparatus for doing this is generally
developed in frogs and toads, it may well be resorted to, to give
additional buoyancy, by species that glide or make extensive aerial leaps.

Wallace’s specimen was brought to him by ‘one of the Chinese
workmen’, who ‘assured him that he had seen it come down in a slanting
direction, from a high tree, as if it flew’. This story has almost
universally been regarded as an unreliable testimony, but I regard this
scepticism as ill considered. In the first place, a story about a frog
fabricated by a Chinese workman of the mid-19th century would most
probably be more colourful and less in harmony with the laws of Nature
than the one reported by Wallace. Secondly, such a story as this would
almost certainly not be fabricated at all except as an attempt to support
an interpretation of the peculiar features of the frog’s morphology.
To attribute such a motive to the Chinese workman is, I think, quite
inadmissible. We are left with the alternatives of accepting the man’s
story as it was told or of impugning the integrity of Wallace himself;
I prefer the former one.

REFERENCES.

Shelford, R., 1906. Proc Zool. Soc, London, 1906: 227.

Tweedie, M. W. F., 1950. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1950: 13.
, 1954. Bull. Raffies Museum, No. 23: 107.

104

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE SOUTH
LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

CONTENTS

PAGE
Serial Publications sae) gp UG
Books and _ other Publications—arranged alphabetically
under authors .. 2 et Wo
Books and other Publications—arranged under subjects it .. 149
ENTOMOLOGY
General Works ... ae ar ay He on ae ain) Pees
Coleoptera i 5a ae snd ape a a ree Wo

Collembola Be fl 28, a if 433 re seth
Dermaptera ich Bis $i; ae “dt bee wee et joddd3
Diptera ... a): ae id 6% ae i ay sas mealies

Ephemeroptera =, * ae om “a2 See peep lliste’
Hemiptera ne ASG aa ai ap Aap sm cee OW
Hymenoptera ... sap me : an fs in re JAOeTLEO
Isoptera ... F a. dys Sex at JdacdliGh
Lepidoptera—General ‘Works : rf: a ach Tk
—Palaearctic (British) | a herd sid wosh Aloe
—Palaearctic eat 6 as 36% Sen ead
—Palaearctic (Others) . 6 a. Aa mea 166
—American f. xi Be B53 342 166
—Indo-Australian we a cae ae whittle
—African ae soc lad
—Exotic ae than listed separately) Bie cee, Og
Neuroptera bee PF. SOO

Odonata ... eee et ai ao es ae as os melee
Orthoptera aoe tee LY, a is ae Hee soul pallies
Plecoptera ae ato i mp He aa a ssa le
Siphonaptera _... Sep ie G3 ee ate wag ee
Thysanura and Diplura dee aise aioe ee Aa ee
Trichoptera aor we ua di acs a 8 pera 7/5)

Behaviour aS ra 458 ae ae a fe eas
Bibliography... ha — an bbe Se: aah Ae aS
Biography a foc te mee cx oy She wa» oe
Colours... oe ope a. Eee std on aie ove) eehoe:
Derivation a Da ee ste fom ae) aoe
Dictionaries and “Glossaries ee a baie au ee seep eos
Evolution, Genetics and ep ais e) _ she ibe ws) tS
Galls Be ae Sd cae es Peel Nat)
Historical a AU ae an ae Ke Net 6D
Lists : ae 4 ae %. a ne va Bere l(5H7/

Local Lists ane ae ase aie oat Lae Ane ..» 68
Medical ... 350 ae oe bce = ce Sa a PA
Mimicry ade a ae set ae a sat count eligall
Nomenclature ... ne ey oe ee bas er Fan lees
Pests ee re noe sob ae At 4 i ee uliis.
Photography ... oe Br BaP a ae Na wat pales
Techniques a o. ae sad ae aoe sa Aen alleges
Teratology sn ae See Bee =e ae see ween

105

PacE

OTHER NATURAL HISTORY SUBJECTS
Annelida ae we oe ae LAG
Arthropoda (ex. “‘Insecta)—Crustacea oe ee 1 = las
—Myriapoda ... Se bp Soe SLA
—Arachnida ad sa ey. Won LAG
Botany ... vid aA ap “we on fe af ee oO
Fungi ee ac Sele ES “as toy LOO
Cer cral Natural History ie ois sof e ae mala
Geology .. 45 es ae oat nes so) OY
Marine and Freshwater Life ... ae an be. Me sare Lz)
Mollusca a af be Ps nae cee ee ees eal
Systematics me ey sa he re ate a0 Sig liye
ravel +. *S:. nee en dls)
Vertebrata—Fish (see Marine and Freshwater Life) Aa ee slO
eg hens and eppiles me = ic ee AS
—Birds i Bhi re: soe ee tl)
—Mammals vs os As ae wee se dlyA0)

The compilers of this Catalogue hope that all members of the Society
will find it useful and that this information on the contents of the
Library will encourage members to take advantage of the facilities
provided for borrowing most of the books.

The Catalogue is arranged in three sections :—

1. Serial Publications.
2. All other books, arranged alphabetically under authors.
3. Subjects classification.

The Serial Publications have been arranged alphabetically, using
the abbreviated titles contained in A World List of Scientific
Periodicals. This was found to eliminate any doubts on the order of
arrangement. To avoid any misunderstanding, the full title of the
publication has been added in most cases.

The arrangement under authors of the other books, the main bulk
of the Library, was chosen as the only practical method, and that
usually adopted, but any volume of which the author is unknown to
the reader should be easily traced, if it is in the Library, by reference
to the Subjects Index.

It has not been an easy task to decide on the information to embody
in the description of each work, and, in most cases, no attempt has
been made to describe the scope of the contents or the degree of
authority. This must be deduced from the other data supplied, such
as date of publication and number of pages, coupled with the reader’s
previous experience of the subject. There are a few volumes which
must not be removed from the Library because of their extreme rarity
or because they are essential books of reference.

T. R. Eactes, Hon. Iibrarian.
F. T. Vatuins, Hon. Assistant Iibrarian.

106

SERIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Abstr. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (See Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.).

Adv. Sci. (The Advancement of Science), Vols. 13-> (1956). London.

Alexanor. Vols. 1— (1959->). Paris. (Continuation of Rev. frane.
Lépid.) (Revue des Lépidoptéristes frangais).

Amat. Papillons. (I? Amateur de Papillons), Vols. 1-9, No. 4 (1922-38).
Paris. (Continued as Rev, frang. Lépid.)

Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova. (Annali del Museo civico di Storia
naturale Genova), Vols. 65— (1951—>). Genova.

Ann. naturh. Mus. Wien. (Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums
in Wien), Vols. 538-> (1942->). Wien.

Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (Annales de la Société Entomologique de France),
Vols. 93-> (1924—>). (Imperfect.) Paris.

Beitr. Ent. Berlin. (Beitrige zur Entomologie. Berlin), Vols. 1>
(1951). Berlin.

Beitr. naturk. Forsch. Oberrheingeb. (Beitrige zur naturkumdlachen
Forschung im Oberrheingebiet), Vol. 7 (1942). (Continued as
Beitrige zur naturkundlichen Forschung in SiidwestDeutsch-
land.)

Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SiidwDtschl. (Beitriige zur naturkundlichen
Forschung in ‘Siidwestdeutschland), Vols. 8—> (1948->). (Con-
tinuation of Beitr. naturk. Forsch. Oberrheingeb.)

Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. (Bollettino dell? Istituto di entomo-
logia della R. Universita degli studi di Bologna), Vols. 19>
(1952—>). Bologna.

Boll. Lab. Ent. agr. Portici. (Bollettino del Laboratorio di entomologia
agraria (Filippo Silvestri) di Portict), Vols. 1-5 (1937-45); 11~
(1952). Portici.

Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. (Bollettino del Laboratorio de Zoologia gene-
rale e agraria della R. Scuola sup. (del R. Istituto-della Facolta)
@agricoltura), Vols. 1-18 (1907-25); 20-25 (1927-31); 27-30
(1932-38). Portici.

Bull. (Ann.) Soc. ent. Belg. (Bulletin (et annales) de la Société entomo-
logique de Belgique), Vols. 82-83 (1946-47); 86—~ (1950).
Bruxelles.

Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France),
Vols. 29-> (1924). Paris.

Canad. Ent. (Canadian Entomologist), Vols. 1— (1869). Guelph,
Ont.

Changing Scene, The. The Joint Transactions of The Eden Field Club,
The Penrith & District Nat. Hist. Soc. and The Kendal Nat.
Hist. Soc., No. 1— (1957->).

Doriana. Vols. 1— (1949->). Genova.

Ent. Gaz. (Entomologist’s Gazette), Vols. 1 (1950->). London.

Ent. mon. Mag. (The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine), Vols. 1>
(1864—). London.

107

Ent. News, (Entomological News), Vols. 65—> (1954->). Philadelphia.

Ent. Rec. (Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation), Vols. 1
(1890->).

Entomologist. (The Entomologist), Vols. 1~ (1840->). London.

Essex Nat. (The Essex Naturalist), Vols. 1 (1887->). Buckhurst
Hill.

Fieldiana, Zool. (Fieldiana, Zoology), Vols. 37> (1955->).

Fragm. ent. (Fragmenta Entomologica), Vols. 2 (1955). Roma.

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc, (Journal of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.),
Vols. 38-46 (1936-44). Bombay.

J. Soc. Brit. Ent. (Journal of the Society for British Entomology),
Vol. 1 (1934). (Imperfect.) Bournemouth.

Lambillionea. Vols. 31-40 (1931-40); 44-49 (1944-49). (Imperfect.)
Bruxelles. (Continuation of Rev. Soc, ent. namur.)

Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. Vols. 1953.
Lond. Bird Rep. (The London Bird Report), Vols. 1936->. London.
(Abstract of Lond. Nat.)

Lond. Nat. (The London Naturalist), Vols. 1921. London. (Con-
tinuation of Trans. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc.)

Mém. Soc. ent. Belg. (Mémoires de la Société entomologique de
Belgique), Vols. 25> (1948->). Bruxelles.

Mitt. Miinch. ent. Ges. (Mitteilungen der Miinchener Entomologischen
Gesellschaft), Vols. 31—> (1941—>). Miinchen.

Nachrbl. Bayer. Ent. (Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomo-
logen), Vols. 1— (1952—>). Miinchen.

Nat. J. (The Naturalists’ Journal), Vols. 6-9 (1897-1900). Huddersfield.
(Continued as Nature Study.)

Nat. Hist. Mag. (Natural History Magazine), Vols. 1-4 (1927-34).
London.

Norfolk Bird Report, The, No. 1— (1953). (Abstract of Trans.
Norfolk & Norwich Nat. Soc.)

Northw. Nat. (The North Western Naturalist), Vols. 1-21 (1926-46) ; New
Series, Vols. 1-3 (1953-55). (These are Vols. 24-26 of entire work.)
Arbroath.

Opusc. ent. (Opuscula Entomologica), Vols. 1— (1936+); Supplements
1— (1938). Lund.

Proc. Bgham. nat. Hist. Soc. (Proc. of the Birmingham Nat. Hist. &
Philosophical Society), Vols. 18> (1952->). Centenary Celebra-
tions Volume, 1958. Birmingham.

Proc. Bournemouth nat. Sci. Soc., Vols. 45—> (1954—>). Bournemouth.

Proc. Croydon nat. Hist. sci. Soc., Vol. 12-> (1956+). Croydon.

Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc. (Very imperfect series).

Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. (Proc. of the Iowa Academy of Science), Vols.
62— (1955—>). Iowa.

Proc. Is. Wight nat. Hist. Soc. (Proc. of the Isle of Wight Nat. Hist.
& Archeological Soc.), Vols. 1951.

108

Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., Vols. 1-10 (1926-35).

Then Series A, General Entomology, Vols. 11— (1936—).
B, Taxonomy, Vols. 5—> (1936-).
C, Journal of Meetings, Vols. 1— (1936-).

Series B is a continuation of Stylops.

Series C is a continuation of Abstract of Proceedings.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. (Proceedings & Transactions of the
South London Entomological & Natural History Society), Vols.
1— (1879->). London.

Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. (Proceedings of the United States National
Museum). Various entomological publications. Washington.

Rep. Chic. Nat. Hist. Museum (Annual Report of the Chicago Natural
History Museum), Vol. 1956—>. Chicago.

Rep. ent Soc. Ont. (Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario), Vols. 87-> (1956+). Ontario.

Rev. frang. Lépid. (Revue Francaise de Lépidoptérologie), Vols. 9 (No. 5)
to 16 (1938-57). Paris. (Continued as Alexanor.)

Rev. Soc. ent. namur. (Revue Mensuelle de la Société Entomologique
Namuroise), Vols 22-24 (1922-24). Namur. (Continued as
Lambillionea.)

Scot. Nat. (The Scottish Naturalist), Vols. 1-6 (1871-82). Edinburgh.

Stuttgart. Beitr. Naturk. (Stuttgarter Beitrige zur Naturkunde), Vols.
1—> (1958->). Stuttgart.

Stylops, Vols. 1-4 (1932-35). (Continued as Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.,
Series B.)

Tijdschr. Ent. (Tijdschrift voor Entomologie), Vols. 67-74 (1924-31);
76-95 (1933-52) ; 98> (1955+). s’Gravenhage.

Trans. Bishop’s Stortford & District Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, List cf
Lepidoptera; Part 1, Macro-Lepidoptera. 1950.

Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. (Trans. of the City of London
Entomological & Natural History Society), Vols. 1891-1913.
London. (Continued as Trans. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc.)

Trans. Herts. nat. Hist. Soc. (Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural
History Society & Field Club), Vols. 1955. Hertford.

Trans. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc., Vols. 1914-20. London. (Continuation of
Trans. Oy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.) (Continued as Lond. Nat.)

Trans. Norfolk Norw. Nat. Soc. (Transactions of the Norfolk d& Norwich
Naturalists’ Society), Vols. 1952->. (Imperfect.)

Trans. Perthsh. Soc. nat. Sci. (Transactions & Proceedings of the Perth-
shire Society for Natural Science). 1792.

Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., Vols. 1884; 1889-99; 1901-25; Vols. 74~
(1926). London.

Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. (Transactions of the Society for British Ento-
mology), Vols. 3-> (1936->). Bournemouth. (Imperfect.) (Con-
tinuation of Trans. ent. Soc. S. Engl.)

Torquay nat. Hist. Soc. (Very imperfect.)

109

Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. (Transactions of the Wisconsin
Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters), Vols. 42 (1953); 44>
(1955—>). Wisconsin.

Univ. Qd. Pap. ent. (University of Queensland Papers, Department of
Entomology), Vols. 1— (1955). Queensland.

Zool. Bidr. Uppsala. (Zoologiska Bidrag frén Uppsala), Vols. 1 (1911-12) ;
7 (1921); 9 (1924); 11 (1927); 13-19 (1931-41); 21-23 (1941-46); 25>
(1947—). Uppsala.

Zool. Rec. (Insecta). (Zoological Record (Insecta)), Vols. 84> (1947).
London.

BOOKS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THE LIBRARY.

ACLOQUE, A.
OrtHoPTeRES, NeuRopTeRES, HyYMENOPTERES, L&PIDOPTERES,
Hemirpreres, Dipreres, etc. Pp. 516, 1235 figs. Faune de France.
Paris, 1897.

ADKIN, ROBERT
Tue BurTrerFiies AND Morus oF Eastsourne. Pp. 266, with plates
and maps. [Butterflies, 1 part; Moths, 2 parts; bound in one
volume.] Hastbourne, 1928-31.

ADLER, H.
ALTERNATING GENERATIONS. A biological study of Oak Galls and
Gall Flies. Translated by C. R. Stratton. Pp. 198, and coloured
plates. Oxford, 1894.

ALBIN, ELEAZAR
[50 large hand-coloured plates of Butterflies and Moths with
larvae and their food-plants, each plate dedicated.] 1713.

ALDRICH, J. M.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part VII, Fascicle 1.

ALEXANDER, C. F.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part I.

ALLAN, P. B. M.
A Moru-Hunter’s Gossip. Pp. 269; the second edition revised.
London, 1947.
TaLKING oF Motus. Pp. 340. Newtown, Mon., 1943.
Morus anp Memortges. Pp. 316. London, 1948.

ANDRE, ED.
Species DES HyminopTérREs D’Eurorr rt D’AuGéRI£. Vol. I, pp.
excvi, 642 and 70, 24 plates, 1879. Vol. II, pp. xxii, 917 and 48,
46 plates, 1881. Beaune (Céte d’Or).

AUBERT, JACQUES
PuiecopTtERA. Vol. I of Insecta Helvetica, Fauna. [In French. ]
Pp. 140, 456 figures. Lausanne, 1959.

110

AUBERTIN, D.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part V, Fascicle 2,
and Part VI, Fascicle 3.

AUSTAUT, ‘J. L:
Les PARNASSIENS DE LA FauneE PafrarcTiqueE. Pp. 223, 32
coloured plates. Leipzig, 1889.

AUSTEN, E. E.
A Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies. Pp. x, 110, 10 coloured plates,
24 text figures and map. Published by the British Museum
(Natural History). London, 1911.

AVEBURY, LORD. See Lubbock, Sir J.

BAILLON, P. CAPPE DE
RECHERCHES sUR LA TéRATOLOGIE DES InsEcTES. Vol. VIII of
Encyclopedie Entomologique. Pp. 291, 9 plates (one coloured), 85
text figures. Paris, 1927.
RECHERCHES sUR LA TéRATOLOGIE DES INsEcTES, Vol. II, La
Descendance des Monstres des Phasmides. Vol. XIV _ of
Encyclopedie Entomologique. Pp. 301, 7 plates, 215 text figures.
Paris, 1931.

BALFOUR-BROWNE, F.
British Water Beeties. Vol. I, pp. xix, 375, 89 text figures, 5
plates and 72 maps, 1940. Vol. II, pp. xx, 394, 90 text figures, 1
plate and 56 maps, 1950. Vol. III, pp. liii, 210, 87 text figures,
67 maps, 1958. Published by the Ray Society. London.
CoLropTeERA HypRraApEPHAGA. Vol. IV, part 3 of the Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 33, 44 figs. London, 1953.

BARBUT, J.
Les GENRES DES INSECTES DE Linn&é&. Pp. 371, 76, 36 coloured
plates. [Includes molluses, spiders, echinoderms and worms. Text
in French and English.] London, 1781.

BARNES, H. F.
Gatu Mipces or Economic Importance. Vol. I, Root and Vege-
table Crops, pp. 104, 9 plates, 1946. Vol. II, Fodder Crops, pp.
160, 4 plates, 1946. Vol. III, Fruit, pp. 184, 9 plates, 1948. Vol.
IV, Ornamental Plants and Shrubs, pp. 165, 10 plates, 2 text
figures, 1948. Vol. V, Trees, pp. 270, 8 plates, 1950. Vol. VI,
Miscellaneous Crops, pp. 229, 14 plates, 1949. Vol. VII, Cereal
Crops, pp. 261, 15 plates, 7 text figures, 1956. London.

BARRETT, C. G.
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BritisH IstEs. Large Paper Edition, 11
volumes, 424 coloured plates. London, 1893-1904. Small Paper
Edition, 8 vols. London, 1893-1902.

BARRETT-HAMILTON, GERALD E. H.
A History or British Mammats. Three volumes bound as seven;
illustrations by E. A. Wilson. Pp. 1011, 71 plates (14 coloured),
2 portraits, 126 text figures. London, 1910-21.

11

BASTIN, HAROLD
I’reAKs AND MARVELS OF INsEct Lire. Pp. 248, 21 plates, 25 text
figures. London, 1954.

BATES, H. W.
Tue NatURALIST ON THE River Amazons. Pp. 394. Illustrated.
4th Edition. London, 1876.

BATESON, WILLIAM
MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF VARIATION. Pp. xv, 598, 209 text
figures. London, 1894.

BATH, W. H.
THe Youne Couiector’s HanpBook or ANTS, BEES, Dragon-ILiEs,

Earwics, CRIcKETs AND Tues. Pp. 108, 156 figures. London,
1888.
BEAUFOY, S.
Burterrty Lives. Pp. 128, 190 photographs. London, 1945.
BEDDARD, FRANK EVERS
See Mammalia, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. X.
BEIRNE, BRYAN P.

British Pyratip AND PLtuME Morus. Ist Edition, 1952, and 2nd
Edition, 1954. Pp. 208, 16 coloured plates. London.

CoLLEcTING, PREPARING AND PreEsERVING INsEcTs. Canada
Department of Agriculture. Pp. 133, 108 text figures. Canada,
1955.

BENSON, ROBERT B.
HyMeEnopTerRA (Sympuyta). Vol. VI, Part 2(a), Section (a), pp.
49, 127 figures, 1951. Vol. VI, Part 2(b), Section (b), pp. 137, 213
figures, 1952. Vol. VI, Part 2(c), Section (c), pp. 252, 475 figures,
1958. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects,
published by the Royal Entomological Society of London. London.
BENTHAM, GEORGE
HANDBOOK OF THE BritisH FLora. 2 vols., pp. Ixxiv, 1076, 1295
figures. London, 1865.
BEZZI, MARIO
DipterRA BRAcHYCERA & ATHERICERA OF THE I'1jt ISLANDS. Pp. 220,

54 figures. Published by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
London, 1928.

BINGHAM, C. T.
BurterFuies. Fauna of British India. Vol. I, pp. xxii, 511, 94
figures, 10 coloured plates, 1905. Vol. II, pp. vili, 480, 104 figures,
10 coloured plates, 1907. London.
BLESZYNSKI, S&S.
REVISION OF THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF THE GENERIC GROUP
Cramsvus. [In English.] Pp. 475, 66 plates. Krakow, 1957.
BLOWER, J. GORDON
British Mitirrepes (Diptopopa). Pp. 74, one plate, 85 figures.
No. 11 of the Synopses of the British Fauna published by the
Linnean Society of London. London, 1958.

112

BOISDUVAL, J. A.
EssalI SUR UNE MoNOGRAPHIE DES ZYGENIDES. Pp. xxvi, 132, 8 pp.
of errata et addenda, 8 hand coloured plates. Paris, 1829.
BOISDUVAL, RAMBUR, P. and GRASLIN, A.
CoLLEcTION IcoNOGRAPHIQUE ET HISTORIQUE DES CHENILLES. Vol.
1, pp. 236. Text. Vol. II, 128 hand coloured plates of larvae,
pupae and food plants. Paris, 1932.
BONNIER, G.
France (Historre NatureEtie), Part 18. Plantes, pp. xxxiv and
286, 2173 figures. Part 18b, pp. 183, 2028 figures. Paris, 1905.
BOULENGER, G. A.
See Fishes, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII.
BRADLEY, J. D.
AN IttustRATED List OF THE BRITISH TORTRICIDAE. Part II,
Olethreutinae, pp. 22, 19 plates, 12 text figures. Hnt. Gaz., 10:
59-80. London, 1959.
BRADLEY, J. D. & MARTIN, E. L.
AN Itiustratep List oF THE BRITISH TORTRICIDAE. Part I,
Tortricinae and Sparganothinae. Pp. 6, 10 plates, ex Entomo-
logist’s Gazette. Harrow, 1956.
BRAITHWAITE, R.
Tue British Moss-Ftora. Vol. I, pp. x, 315, 45 plates. 1887.
Vol. II, pp. 268, 39 plates. 1888-95. Vol. III, pp. 274, 44 plates,
1896-05. London.
BREWER, J. A.
Fora oF Surrey. Pp. xxiv, 367 and map. London, 1863.
BRIDGE, T. W.
See Fishes, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII.
BRIGHT, P. M. and LEEDS, H. A.
A MonoGrarH OF THE BritisH ABERRATIONS OF THE CHALK-HILL
Buve Burrerriy, Lysandra coridon Poda. Pp. ix, 142, 18 plates
(4 coloured). Bournemouth, 1938.
BRISTOWE, W. S.
THE Wor.p oF Sprpers. No. 38 of the New Naturalist Series. Pp.
xiii, 304, 36 plates (4 in colour), 116 text figures. London, 1958.
BRITTON, E. B.
CoLEOPTERA, SCARABAEOIDEA. Vol. V, Part 11 of the Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 29, 68 figures. London,
1956.
BROOKE, WINIFRED M. A.
SKETCHES FROM NATURE IN THE NortH OF IRELAND. Pp. 259 and
numerous text figures. Belfast, 1935.
BROWN, THOMAS
Tue Book or ButtTerFLiEs, SPHINXES AND Morus [2 vols.]. Vol.
I (only), pp. xxxvui, 216, 60 coloured plates. London, 1832.

113

BRUAND, C.

EssaIl MONOGRAPHIQUE SUR LA TRIBU DES PSYCHIDES. Pp: Ji,
MS. Introduction and Addenda, 3 plates (2 coloured). Besangon,
1850-52.

BRYK, F.

Parnassius Apotto L. UND SEIN FORMENKREIS. Pp. 181, 35 plates
(13 coloured) 36 text figures. Berlin, 1922.

BUCK, F...D.
CotropTerRA, LacrimpaAr to Metorpar. Vol. V, Part 9 of the
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects published by
the Royal Entomological Society of London. Pp. 29, 63 figures.
London, 1954.

BUCKLER, WILLIAM

LARVAE OF THE BritisH BuTTeRFLIES AND Morus. 9 volumes.
164 coloured plates. Published by the Ray Society. London,
1885-99.

BUCKTON, G. B.
A MonocrapH oF THE British APHIDES. 4 volumes. 145 plates
(133 coloured). Published by the Ray Society. London, 1875-82.

BURR, MALCOLM
British OrtHoPTERA. Pp. iv, 69, 6 coloured plates. Hudders-
field, 1897.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN Europe. Pp. 160.
London, 1910.
British GRASSHOPPERS AND THEIR ALLIES. Pp. xvi, 162, 6 plates,
40 maps, 56 text-figures. London, 1936.
Tue Insect Lecion. Pp. xiv, 321, 16 plates and some text-figures.
London, 1939.

BUTLER, COLIN G. See FREE, JOHN B.

BUTLER, EDWARD A.
A Biotocy or THE British Hemiprera-HETERoPTERA. Pp. viii,
682, 7 plates (83 coloured), text-figures. London, 1923.

CALWER, C. J.
KArersucn. Pp.715, 48 coloured plates. Stuttgart, 1893.

CAMERON, P.
A MonocrarH oF THE British PHyYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA.
[4 volumes.] Vol. I, pp. vii, 340, 21 plates (6 coloured), 1882.
Vol. II, pp. vi, 233, 27 plates (13 coloured), 1885. Vol. III, pp. i,
274, 17 coloured plates, 1890. Published by the Ray Society.
London.

CARPENTER, G. D. HALE
A NaturRALIst IN Hast Arrica. Pp. 187, 17 topographical plates,
8 entomological plates, 3 maps. Oxford, 1925.

CARPENTER, GEORGE H.
INSECTS, THEIR STRUCTURE AND LIFE. Pp. xi, 404, 183 text
figures. London, 1899.

114

CARR, J. W.
Tue INVERTEBRATE Fauna or NortiNGHAMSHIRE. Pp. viii, 618.
Supplement, pp. viii, 287. Nottingham, 1916 and 1935.
CARTHY, i. W-
An INTRODUCTION TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF INVERTEBRATES. Pp. xiv,
380, 4 plates, 148 figures, 15 tables. London, 1958.
CASTELNAU, LE COMTE DE
Historre NATURELLE DES INSECTES. CoLtopTéreEs. [2 vols. only. ]
Vol. I, pp. exxv, 325, 43 plates. Vol. II, pp. 564, 36 plates. Paris,
1840.
CHAPMAN, T. A.
Tue Genus ACRONYCTA AND ITs ALLIES. Pp. iv, 116, 9 plates (6
coloured). [with MS. notes by Dr. E. A. Cockayne.] London,
1893.
Separates on Lycaena alcon, Liparis dispar and the genus Curetis
(Lycaenidae). 34 plates. Rennes & London, 1912-18.
MISCELLANEA ENTOMOLOGICA. 3 vols. of separates. 1870-1912. See
also under Lepidoptera in subjects classification, ‘‘miscellaneous
separates’’.
CHARPENTIER, T. DE
OrtHOoPTERA. Pp. 120, 60 coloured plates. [Text in German.]
Leipsig, 1841-45.
LIBELLULINAE EKuropakaAg. Pp. 180, 48 coloured plates. [Text in
Latin.] Lezpsig, 1840.
CHEESEMAN, EVELYN

Huntine Insects IN THE SoutH Seas. Pp. vii, 243, 8 plates.
London, 1932.
CHENU, Dr.

ENcYcLopEDIE D’HistorreE NATURELLE. CoLéoprERES. 3 Vols., pp.
984, 121 plates, 999 figures. 1860-77. Papritons. 2 vols., pp. 622,
730 figures. 1857. Paris.

CHRYSTAL, R. N.
INSECTS OF THE BritisH WoopLanps. Pp. xiii, 338, 33 plates.
London, 1937.

CLAPHAM, A. R., TUTIN, T. G., & WARBURG, E. F.
Fora oF THE BritisH Istes. Pp. 1591, 79 figures. Cambridge,
1952 and 1957, with corrections.
Excursion Fiona oF THE Britisu Istes. Pp. xxxiii, 579, 3 pages
of diagrams to illustrate the glossary. Cambridge, 1959.

CLARK, A. H.
A MonocrapPa oF THE Existing Crinoips. The Comatulids. Vol.
I, Pp. 383, 32 plates. Smithsonian Institute Publication, Bulletin
82. Washington, 1950.

CLARKE, J. F. GATES
CATALOGUE OF THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN THE
British Museum (Naturat HIStory) DESCRIBED BY EpWwARD
Meyrick. Vol. I, pp. 332, 4 plates, 1 text figure. 1955. Vol. II,
pp. 531 (including 263 plates). 1955. Vol. III, pp. 600 (including
298 plates). 1958. London.

115

CLEGG, JOHN.
THe FRESHWATER LIFE OF THE BritisH Istes. Pp. 351, 67 plates
(16 coloured), 95 text figures. London, 1952.
Second Edition. Pp. 352, 57 plates (16 coloured), 95 text figures.
[Nomenclature and text revised, five coloured plates and several
figures changed.] London, 1959.

COCKAYNE, L.
New ZEALAND PLANTS AND THEIR Story. Pp. viii, 190, 70 photo-
graphs. Wellington, N.Z., 1910.

COCKERELL, T. D. A.
Tue Motuvusca or Kent, SuRREY AND Mippiesex. [A Noresook. ]
1884.
Pamphlets including Hemiptera of Colorado by Gillette and
Baker. One vol. America, 1895-1900.

COE, R. L.
Dierera (NEMATOCERA), TIPULIDAE TO CHrRoNomIDAE. Vol. IX,
Part 2 of the Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
published by the Royal Entomological Society of London. Pp.
216, 199 figures. London, 1950.
Diptera (Syrruipak), Vol. X, Part I of the Handbooks, as above.
Pp. 98, 46 figures. London, 1953.

CRESSON, EZRA T.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part VI, Fascicle 2.

COLLIN, J. C.
New Zeatanp Empipipan. Pp. viii, 110, 27 figures. Published by
the British Museum (Natural History). London, 1928.

COLLIN, J. E.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part IV and Part VI,
Fascicle 2.

COLYER, CHARLES N. & HAMMOND, CYRIL O.
Fuies or THE Britisu Isues. Pp. 383, 103 plates (48 coloured), 18
text figures. London, 1951.

COMSTOCK, J. H. & A. B.
A Manuva For THE Stupy oF INsEcts. Pp. xi, 701, 6 plates (one
coloured), 797 text figures. Ithaca, N.Y., 1895.

CONNOLD, E. T.
BRITISH VEGETABLE GALLS. Pp. xii, 312, 130 plates. London,
1901.
British Oak Gauis. Pp. xviii, 169, 68 plates, 17 text figures.
London, 1908.
Puant GaLus or GREAT Britain. Pp. xii, 292, 352 text figures, 2
plates. London, 1909.

COOKE, M. C.
INTRODUCTION TO F'RESH-WATER ALGAE. Pp. vil, 339, 13 plates.
London, 1890.
VEGETABLE Wasps AND Piant Worms. Pp. vii, 364, 4 plates, 51
text figures. London, 1892.

116

COUCHMAN, L. E.
A CavraLoGUE OF THE TASMANIAN LeEpIpopTeRA-RHoPALOCERA. Pp.
33. Hobart, 1956.

COWARD, T. A.
Lire OF THE WAYSIDE AND WoopiaANp. Pp. viii, 216, 111 plates
(40 coloured). London, 1923.
Tue Birps oF THE BritisH Isles AND THEIR EKaes. 3 vols. Pp.
xxiv, 1060, 445 plates (many coloured). London, 1926-28.

COX, H. E.
A HanpsBook OF THE COLEOPTERA OR BEETLES OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND. Two vols. Pp. 893. London, 1874.

CREW, F. A. E., and LAMY, ROWENA
Tue Genetics oF BupcEricars. Pp. x, 122, 23 figures. London,
1935.

CROTCH, G. R.
A REVISION OF THE CoLEOPTEROUS FAMILY CoccINELLIDAE, Pp. xv,
311. London, 1874.

CROTCH, W. J. B.
A SrmxmMotH Rearer’s Hanpsoox. Pp. 165, 26 plates, 27 text
figures. 2nd edition, published by the Amateur Entomologists’
Society. London, 1956.

CROWSON, R. A.
THe Natursat CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILIES OF COLEOPTERA.
Pp. 187, 212 text figures. London, 1954.
CoLEOPTERA: INTRODUCTION AND Keys to Famiuies. Vol. IV, Part
1 of the Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects pub-
lished by the Royal Entomological Society of London. Pp. 59,
118 text figures. London, 1956.

CUNNINGHAM, J. T.
SexuaL DimMoRPHISM IN THE ANIMAL Kinepom. Pp. xi, 317, 32
text figures. London, 1900.

CURTIS, JOHN.
British Entomotoey. 8 vols., uncoloured plates. London, 1823-
40.

CURTIS, W.
FunDAMENTA ENtomo.Lociar. [Translation of the Fundamenta
Entomologiae of Linnaeus.] Pp. 90, 2 plates. London, 1772.

DALLAS, W. S.
ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY: AN OUTLINE OF THE NATURAL HIsToRY
AND CLASSIFICATION OF BritisH INsEcts. Pp. vi, 424, 21 text
figures. London, N.D.

DARWIN, CHARLES.
THe Errects oF Cross AND SELF FERTILISATION IN THE VEGETABLE
Kinepom. Pp. viii, 482. London, 1876.
THe Power or MovEMENT IN Puants. Pp. x, 592, 196 text figures.
London, 1880.
THe Various CoNTRIVANCES BY WHICH ORCHIDS ARE FERTILISED BY
Insects. Pp. xvi, 300, 38 text figures. London, 1888.

Ly

THE ForMATION oF VEGETABLE MovuLp THROUGH THE ACTION OF
Worms. Pp. vii, 328, 15 text figures. London, 1888.

Tue ORIGIN oF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION. Pp. xxi,
458. London, 1888.

A Narurauist’s VoyaGE: JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES INTO THE
Naturat History AND GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRIES VISITED DURING
THE VOYAGE oF H.M.S. ‘‘BEAGLE’’ ROUND THE WoRLD. Pp. x, 519,
one plate (portrait). London, 1889.

THe ExprRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS. Pp.
vili, 394, 21 text figures. London, 1890.

THE Descent oF Man, AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX. Pp.
xvi, 693, 78 text figures. London, 1899.

THe VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.
Vol. I, pp. xv, 566, 43 text figures. Vol. II, pp. xii, 605. Lon-
don, 1905.

Tue MoveMENTS AND Hasits oF Crimping Puants. Pp. x, 208,
13 text figures. London, 1905.

InsEcTIVoRous Puants. Pp. xiv, 377, 30 text figures. London,
1908.

DAWSON, J. F.
GEODEPHAGA Britannica. A Monograph of the Carnivorous
Ground-beetles indigenous to the British Isles. Pp. xx, 224, 3
coloured plates. London, 1854.

DAY, Ce Dd:
British Tacuinrip Furs. Reprinted from the North Western
Naturalist, Vols. XXI and XXII (1946-47). Pp. 150, 11 plates.
Arbroath, 1948.

DEJEAN, LE COMTE
SPECIES GENERAL DES CoLiopTERES. 5 vols. bound in three. Pp.
lx, 2923. Paris, 1825-31.
CATALOGUE DES CoLnopTrERES. 5 vols. bound in three. Pp. xiv,
503. Paris, 1837.

DELANY, M. J.
THYSANURA AND DipturA. Vol. 1, Part 2 of the Handbooks for
the Identification of British Insects published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 7, 15 text figures. Lon-
don. 1954.

DEURS, WILHELM VAN
SoMMERFUGLE: TorTRICINA. Pp. 292, 31 plates, 36 text figures.
Copenhagen, 1956.

DIBB, J. R.
Fietp Book or Brettes. Pp. xxv, 197, 14 plates. Hull, 1948.

DIETZE, KARL
BIOLOGIE DER EupiTHecIEN. Vol. I, 86 plates (68 in colour) and
key. 1910. Vol. II, text, pp. 172. 1913. Berlin.

118

DILLENIUS, J. J.
Historra Muscorum: a General History of Land and Water
Mosses and Corals. Pp. 13, 85 plates containing 1,000 figures.
London, 1768.

DONISTHORPE, H. ST. J. K.
British Ants. lst Edition, pp. xvi, 379, 18 plates, 92 figures.
Plymouth, 1915. 2nd Edition, pp. xvi, 436, 18 plates, 93 figures.
London, 1927.
Tue Guests or Britiso Ants. Pp. xxiii, 244, 16 plates, 55 figures.
London, 1927.

DONOVAN, C.
A CATALOGUE OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND, pp. 106.
Cheltenham and London, 1936.

DONOVAN, E.
An Epitome or THE Naturat History oF THE INSECTS oF INDIA
AND THE ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN SEAS. Pp. 70, 55 hand-coloured
plates. London, 1800.
THe Naturat History or Britisu Insects. 1792-1813. 15 vols.
bound in 12 vols. 540 hand-coloured plates bound in 9 vols. and
arranged under Orders. 3 vols. of descriptive text. Also vols. 1-8
bound in 4 vols., pp. 794, 288 plates. The complete work is of 16
vols. with 576 plates, thus the Society has two incomplete copies.
London.
Tue NaturAList’s Repository orn Miscetuany or Exotic Naturau
History. 5 vols., 180 hand-coloured plates with descriptive text.
London, 1834.

DOUGLAS, J. W.
An AccentTuaATED List or THE BritisH LEPIDOPTERA. Pp. xliv, 118,
with hints on the derivation of the names and containing a list
of authors with biographies. London, 1858.

DOUGLAS, J. W. and SCOTT, J.
THe British Hemiptera: Vol. I, Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Pp.
xil, 628, 21 plates. Published by the Ray Society. London, 1865.

DUFFY, E. A. J.
CoLEoPTERA (CERAMBYCIDAE). Vol. V, Pt. 12, of the Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects, published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 18, 32 figures. London,
1952.
CoLeopTteRA (SCOLYTIDAE AND PLAtTypopIpAE). Vol. V, Pt. 15 of
the Handbooks as above. Pp. 20, 40 figures. London, 1953.
A MonoGraPH OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF BRITISH AND IMPORTED
TIMBER BEETLES (CERAMBYCIDAE). Published by the British
Museum (Natural History). Pp. viii, 350, 8 plates, 292 text
figures. London, 1953.

119

DUNCAN, C. D.
A ConrtRIBUTION TO THE Biotocy or NortH AMERICAN VESPINE
Wasps. Pp. 272, 54 plates. California and London, 1939.
DUNCAN, URSULA K.
A GurpE To THE Stupy or LicHens. Pp. xxvii, 164, 19 plates.
Arbroath, 1959.
DUZEE, M. C. VAN
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part V, Fascicle 1.

DUNNING, J. W. See Douglas, J. W.

DYAR, .H. 'G.

A List or NortH AMERICAN LeprpopTERA. Bulletin of U.S. National
Museum, No. 52. Pp. xix, 723. Washington, 1902. See also
under Lepidoptera in Subjects Classification ‘‘miscellaneous
separates’.

EALAND, C. A.
Insects AND Man. Pp. 343, 16 plates, 100 figures. London, 1915.

EARLE, JOHN
EneuisH Puant Names. Pp. exii, 122. Ozford, 1880.
EDWARDS, F. W.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part II, Fascicles
1, 3,5; Part V, Fascicle 2; Part VI, Fascicle 3.
EDWARDS, F. W., OLDROYD, H. and SMART, J.
British Bioop-suckinc Fuirs. Pp. viii, 156, 45 plates (44
coloured), 64 text figures. Published by the British Museum
(Natural History). London, 1939.
EDWARDS, JAMES

Tue Hemiprera-HomMopTeRA OF THE BritisH ISLANDS. [Large
Paper Edition.] Pp. xii, 271, 30 hand-coloured plates. London,
1896.

ELIOT, I. M. & SOULH, C. G.
CATERPILLARS AND THEIR Morus. Pp. viii, 302, 80 plates. [Con-
taining life histories of many North American Sphingids and Silk
Moths.] New York, 1902.

ELTRINGHAM, H.
HistoLocicaL AND InLusTRATIVE METHODS FoR ENTOMOLOGISTS.
Pp. xii, 139, 21 figures. Ozford, 1930.
Tue SensEs or InsEcts. Pp. ix, 126, 25 text figures. [Methuen’s
Monographs on Biological Subjects.] London, 1933.

EMBRY, BERNARD & YOUDEN, GEO. H.
Tue BurtrERFLIES AND Motus (Macro-LEPIpOPTERA AND PYRALES)
FOUND IN THE Dover AND Deat District oF Kent. Pp. ix, 61.
Dover, 1949.

EMDEN, F. I. VAN
DipTERA: CYCLORRHAPHA, CALYPTRATA (I), SEcTION (A) TACHINIDAE
AND CALLIPHORIDAE. Vol. X, Part 4 (a) of the Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects published by the Royal Ento-
mological Society of London. Pp. 133, 42 figures. London, 1954.

120

ENGRAMELLE, Rev. et ERNST, T.T.
Paprntons D’ EUROPE PEINTS D’APRES NatuRE. Pp. xxxiv, 1279,
305 hand coloured plates. [Eight volumes.] Paris, 1779-92.

EVANS, A. H.
See Birds, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. IX.

EVANS, W. H.
Tue IpENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BuTTERFLIES. Pp. xili, 302, 32
plates, 11 text figures. First Edition. Published by the Bombay
Natural History Society. Madras, 1927.

FABRE, J. H.
BRAMBLE-BEES AND OTHERS. Pp. viii, 456. London, 1919.
Insect Lire. Pp. xii, 320, 16 plates. London, 1901.
Fasre’s Book or Insects. Illustrations by E. J. Detmotp. Pp.
vi, 184, 12 coloured plates. London, N.D.

FABRICIUS, J. C.
Systema ELeuTHERATORUM. [In Latin.] Vol. I, pp xxiv, 506.
Vol. II, pp. 687. Kiliae [Kiel], 1801.

FAIRMAIRE, L.
HistorrE NATURELLE DE LA France, Part VIII, Coléoptéres. Pp.
iii, 496, 26 coloured plates. Paris, 1923.

FALCOZ, L. See Faune de France (under Entomology—General
Works).

FELT, E. P.
Insects Insurtous To Forrest Trees. Pp. 31, 3 coloured plates
and 11 text figures. New York, 1898.

FERNALD, H. T.
AppLigeD EntomoLoey. Pp. xiv, 386, 388 figures. New York, 1921.

FERRIERE, CH. and KERRICH, G. J.
HyMENopTeRA. 2, CHALCIDoOIDEA. Section (a). Vol. VIII, Part
2 (a), of the Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
published by the Royal Entomological Society of London. Pp.
40, 79 figures and 5 detailed figures. London, 1958.

FITTER, R. S. R.
Lonpon’s Naturat History. No. 3 of the New Naturalist Series.
Pp. xii, 282, 72 plates (40 coloured), 11 diagrams and maps.
London, 1945.

FITZGERALD, H. P.
DIcTIONARY OF THE NAMES OF BritisH Puants. Pp. 90. London,
N.D.

FORBES, E.
A Monocrapi OF THE BritisH NAKED-EYED MepusakE. 10” by 14”.
Pp. 104, 13 coloured plates. Published by the Ray Society.
London, 1848.

FORD, E. B.
PROBLEMS OF HEREDITY IN LeEprIpopTERA. [Reprinted from
Biological Reviews.] Pp. 43. Cambridge, 1937.

121

Burrerrurs. No. I of the New Naturalist Series. Pp. xiv, 368,
56 colour photographs, 24 plates in black and white, 32 distribu-
tion maps, 9 diagrams. London, 1945.
Morus. No. 30 of the New Naturalist Series. Pp. xix, 266, 77
colour photographs, 71 other photographs, 19 maps and diagrams.
London, 1955.

FORD, Ge'T:
A Guiper To THE SMALLER BritisH Lerrporrera. The Life Histories
and Foods of upwards of 1,370 species of our smaller Moths with
indices of the foods and of the Insects with cross references. [The
Society published this work and has a stock for sale.] Pp. 230.
London, 1949. Supplement to the above, pp. 16. London, 1958.

FOREL, AUGUSTE
Tur Senses or Insects. [Translated by M. Yearsley.] Pp. xvi,
324, 2 plates. London, 1907.
Tur Soctan Worip oF THE ANTS COMPARED WITH THAT OF MAN.
[Translated by C. K. Ogden.] Vol. I, pp. xlv, 551, 9 plates (5
coloured), portrait, 95 figures. Vol. II, pp. xx, 445, 15 plates (3
coloured), portrait, 43 figures. London, 1928.

FOSTER, Rev. Canon G.
LeprpopTera or County Down. Pp. 82. [Reprint from Proceed-
ings of the Belfast Naturalist’s Field Club for 1931-32.]

FOWLER, Rev. Canon W. W.
Tue CoLEOPTERA OF THE BritisH IsLANDsS. Large paper Edition,
5 vols. and one vol. supplement. Supplement by Fowler, W. W.
and Donisthorpe, Horace St. John. 200 coloured plates. [The
Society has also the small paper Edition without coloured plates. ]
London, 1887-1913.

FRASER, F. C.
Opvonata. Vol. I, Part 10 of the Handbooks for the Identifica-
tion of British Insects published by the Royal Entomological
Society of London. Pp. 49, 24 figures. London, 1956. Revised
Edition.
Mecortera, Mrcatoprera AND Nevuroptera. /Vol. I, Parts 12
and 13 of the Handbooks for the Identification of British
Insects published by the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Pp. 40, 13 figures. London, 1959.

FREE, JOHN B. and BUTLER, COLIN G.
BumsBieBeEs. No. 40 of the New Naturalist Series. Pp. xiv, 208,
25 plates (one coloured), 3 figures. London, 1959.

FRIDEN, FOLKE
Frass-Drop FREQUENCY IN LEPIDOPTERA. Pp. 60, 18 figures.
Uppsala, 1958.

FROHAWE, F. W.
NaruraL History oF British Burrerriies. Vol. I, pp. xiv, 207,
and Correction Brochure. Vol. II, pp. 206, 60 coloured plates
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122

VARIETIES OF British BurterFuies. Pp. 200, 48 coloured plates.
London, 1939.

A CoLLEcTION oF ARTICLES ON BritisH BUTTERFLIES appearing in
The Field. 1914 and 1915.

FUESSLY, T. G.
ARCHIVES DE L’ Historre pes Insectes. Pp. xii, 186, 46 coloured
plates. Winterthour, 1794.

GADOW, HANS
See Amphibia and Reptiles, Cambridge Natural History, Vol.
VIil.

GARDINER, J. STANLEY and TANSLEY, A. G.
THe Naturat History oF WickEN Fen. Pp. 64 and map.
Cambridge, 1923.

GARNER, ROBERT
THe Naturat History oF THE County oF StaFrorD and Supple-
ment. Pp. vi, 551, 61, 9 plates, 19 text figures and one map.
London, 1844.

GERHARD, B.
SCHMETTERLINGSKUNDE, [European Lycaenidae.] 39 plates,
mostly coloured. Hamburg, 1853.

GILLANDERS, A. T.
Forest Entomotoey. Pp. xxii, 422, 351 text figures. Hdinburgh,
1908.

GILLMER, M., & VERITY, R.
Evropran Burrerriies. [Bound Separates in various languages. |
ec. 1902.

GIROD, PAUL
PaPiInLONs DE FRANCE, SUISSE ET BELGIQUE. (Bibliothéque de
poche du Naturaliste.) Pp. vii, 179, 72 coloured plates, text
figures. Paris, 1912.

GOETGHEBUER, M. See Faune de France (in Entomology—General
Works).

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER
A History or tHe HartH AND ANIMATED Nature. 6 vols. with
illustrations. London, 1791.

GOSSE, P. H.
A History or THE British SEA-ANEMONES AND Corats. Pp. xl,
358, 12 plates (mostly coloured) and text figures. London, 1860.
A Naturatist’s RAMBLES ON THE DEVONSHIRE Coast. Pp. xvi,
451, 28 plates (some coloured). London, 1853.
Trenspy, A Sea-stp—e Honipay. Pp. xix, 400, 23 plates in colour.
London, 1856.

GRANGER, A.
France (Historrp NaturELLe), Part 6, Moriusques. Pp. 272,
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123

GREENE, Rev. JOSEPH
Tue Insect HuntTer’s Companion, Pp. 168. 2nd Edition with
chapter on Coleoptera by E. Newman. London, 1870.

GREER, THOMAS
Tue LEPIpopreRA oF THE NortTH or JRELAND. Pp. 28 and one
coloured plate. [Reprint from the Proceedings of the Belfast
Naturalist’s Field Club.] 1922-23.

GRINLING, C. H., INGRAM, T. A., & POLKINGHORNE, B. C.
A Survey anp Recorp oF WooiwicH AND WEstT Kent. Pp. viii,
526. [South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.] Woolwich,
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GROULT, P.
France (Historre Natureti£), Parr 15, Crustacts. Pp. viii
and 249, 20 text figures, 18 plates. Paris, 1905.

GROTE, A. R.
Diz ScHMETT, voN HILDERSHEIM, ETC, 1897. [See Jordan, Karl.]
[On spine ‘‘Antennae of Butterflies’’.] See also under Lepi-
doptera in Subjects Classification. Miscellaneous separates.

GUENEH, A.
Historrp NATURELLE DES JNSECTES. Species GENERAL DES
Léprpoptrrres. Vol. 5 being vol. 1 of Noctuélites, pp. xevi, 407,
1852. Vol. 6 being vol. 2 of Noctuélites, pp. 444, 1852. Vol. 7
being vol. 3 of Noctuélites, pp. 442, 1852. Vol. 8, Deltoides
and Pyralites, pp. 448, 1854. Vol. 9 being vol. 1 of Uranides
and Phalénites, pp. lvi, 515, 1858. Vol. 10 being vol. 2 of
Uranides and Phalénites, pp. 584, 1858. Paris.

GUIMPEL
Two vols. of coloured engravings of Coleoptera.

HALDANE, J. B. S.
Tue Causes or Evotution, Pp. vii, 235, 2 plates, 9 text figures.
London, 1932.

HAMPSON, Sir GEORGE F.
Fauna or BritisH INDIA INCLUDING CEYLON AND Burma. Moths.
Vols. I, II, IJ, TV. Many hundreds of text figures. London,
1892-96.
Tue Morus or Inpra.
Supplementary papers to the volumes in ‘‘The Fauna of British
India’. Separates from the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society. Four plates (3 coloured) and many text figures.
Bombay, 1897-1905.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA PHALAENAE IN THE BRITISH
Museum. 14 vols. and coloured plates and many hundreds of
text figures. Vol. 14—Descriptions of New Genera and Species
of Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the Subfamily Noctuinae
(Noctuidae) in the British Museum. (1926). London, 1898-1926.

HANBURY, F. J. & MARSHALL, E. S.
Frora or Kent. Pp. Ixxxiv, 444, 2 maps. London, 1899.

124

HARMER, S. F.
See Hemichordata, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VII.

HARRIS, J. R.
AN ANGLER’s ENtomMotocy. No. 23 of the New Naturalist Series.
Pp. xv, 268, 48 plates (32 coloured), 27 maps and diagrams.
London, 1952.

HARRIS, MOSES
THE AURELIAN. Pp. xii, 77, 41 plates (many coloured). London,
1766.
Exposition oF Eneuisu Insects. Pp. vii, 170, 50 hand-coloured
plates and frontispiece. London, 1782.

HARRISON, J. W. HESLOP
Separates from the JoURNAL oF GENETIcsS dealing with the Genus
Ectropis, the Genus Oporinia, Selenia bilunaria Esp., and Hybrid
Bistoninae. [On Spine, ‘‘Papers, Onslow and _ Harrison’’. ]
Cambridge, 1916-23.
Tue Genus IrHys1A (HB.) AND THE Hysrip Bistoninaz. 16 plates.
Extrait de Fascicle vii, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée and
Separate from the Journal of Genetics, vol. vi. Rennes, 1913,
and Cambridge, 1917.

HAYWARD, K. J.
GENERA ET SPECIES ANIMALIUM ARGENTINORUM. Insecta
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HEMMING, FRANCIS
THe GENERIC NAMES OF THE HoLArcTic BUTTERFLIES. Vol. I.
1758-1863. Pp. viii, 184. Published by the British Museum
(Natural History). London, 1934.

HENNIG, WILLI
Diz LARVENFORMEN DER DIPTEREN. Vol. I, pp. 184, 3 plates, 63
text figures; 1948. Vol. II, pp. vii, 458, 10 plates, 236 text
figures; 1950. Vol. III, pp. vii, 628, 21 plates, 338 text figures;
1952. [Vols. I and II bound in one: the bibliography (100 pages)
for the whole work bound in Vol. III.] Berlin.

HERDMAN, W. A.
See Ascidians and Amphioxus, Cambridge Natural History, Vol.
VII.

HERING, E. M.
Brotocy or THE LEAF Miners. Pp. 420, 2 plates, 180 text figures.
[A Translation by K. A. Spencer.] Gravenhage, 1951.

HESLOP, I. R. P.
New Bitineuat CATALOGUE OF THE BritisH LEPIDOPTERA. Pp. 131.
1938. First Supplement. 1953. London.

HEYDEN, L. V.
CataLocus CoLEorTERORUM FHuRoPAE, Cavcast ET ARMENIAE
ROSSICAE. Pp. vill, 420. [Preface in German and French.]
Berlin, 1891.

125

HICKIN, NORMAN E.
Cappis. Pp. x, 50, 4 coloured plates, 47 text figures. London,
1952.
Woopworm—Its Btiotogy AND EXTERMINATION. Pp. 84, 89
figures. [Deals with all species of beetle commonly attacking
wood, with Marine borers, with Termites and with insects, etc.,
commonly confused with woodworm.] London, 1954.

HINCKS, W. D.
DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA. Vol. 1, Part 5, of the Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 24, 74 figures. London,
1956.

HOFFMEYER, SKAT

Dr DANSKE SPINDERE. [Deals with Hawk Moths and ‘Bombycids’. ]
Pp. 198, 23 coloured plates of Moths and Larvae, text figures.
Aarhus, 1948.

Dr Danske UGLIER. [Deals with ‘Noctuidae’. ] Pp. 347, 32
coloured plates of Moths and Larvae, text figures. Aarhus, 1949.
De Danske Maatere. [Deals with ‘Geometers’.] Pp. 323, 24
plates of Moths and Larvae (23 coloured), text figures. Aarhus,
1952.

HOFMANN, E.
Die Gross-ScHMETTERLINGE EHuropas. Pp. xlii, 196, 72 coloured
plates of Butterflies and Moths, text figures. Stuttgart, 1887.
Die RavPEen DER GROSS-SCHMETTERLINGE Europas. Pp. xxiv, 318,
50 coloured plates, text figures. Stuttgart, 1893.

HOLLAND, W. J.
THe BurterFty Boor. [Deals with the Butterflies of North
America.] Pp. xx, 382, 48 coloured plates, 183 text figures.
Toronto, 1898.

HOOKER, J. D.
HIMALAYAN JouRNALS. Pp. xxxi, 574, 13 plates, many text figures,
2 folding maps. London, 1891.

HOPE, F. W.
THE CoLkroPpTEeRtst’s MANvAL. Vol. I, pp. 121, 4 plates (one
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Vol. III, pp. 191, 3 coloured plates; 1840. London.

HORN, WALTHER
2000 ZEICHNUNGEN VON CICINDELINAE. [Extract from Entomo-
logische Beihefte.] Pp. 71, 90 plates of drawings of external
structures of Beetles. Berlin, 1938.

HORSFIELD, THOMAS, and MOORE, FREDERICK
A CaTALoGus oF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS IN THE MUSEUM OF
THE Hon. East-Inp1a Company. Vol. I, pp. v, 293, 18 plates;
1857. Vol. II, pp. 176, 18 plates; 1858-59. [Bound in one
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126
HOWARTH, T. G.

A Revision or THE GENUS NEOZEPHYRUS SIBATANI AND ITO
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No. 6, Bulletin of The British Museum (Natural History),
Entomology. London, 1957.

HUDSON, G. V.
Tue BurrerFLigs AND Motus or New ZEALAND, Pp. xi, 386,
64 plates (53 coloured). Wellington, N.Z., 1928.

HULME, F. EDWARD
Famit1ar Witp Frowers. Five Volumes. Pp. Ixxviii, 808, 200
coloured plates. London, N.D.

HUMPHREYS, H. NOEL
THe GENERA oF British Morus. Pp. vi, 206, 62 coloured plates.
London, N.D.
Tuer GENERA AND SPECIES OF BritisH ButTTErRFuiEs. Pp. xii, 70,
32 coloured plates. London, N.D.

IMMS§, A. D.
Recent ADVANCES IN Entomotocy. Second Edition. Pp. x,
431, 94 text figures. London, 1937.
Insect Natura History. No. 8 of the New Naturalist Series.
Pp. xviii, 317, 72 plates (40 coloured), 40 text figures, 8 maps.
London, 1947.
A G®NERAL TEXTBOOK OF ENTomMoLocy. Ninth Edition, revised
by O. W. Richards and R. G. Davies. Pp. x, 886, 609 text
figures. London, 1957.

INGRAM, A.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part II, Fascicle 1.

JABLONSKY, C. G.
InsEcTEN. Natursystem aller bekannten in-und auslindischen
Insecten. Pp. 22, cxxviii, 216. Berlin, 1783.

JACKSON, B. DAYDON
CATALOGUE OF THE LINNEAN SPECIMENS OF AMPHIBIA, INSECTA AND
TESTACEA NOTED BY CARL von Linn&. Pp. 48. Published by the
Linnean Society of London. London, 1913.

JACOBY, MARTIN
Fauna or Britisn Inp1a. CoLzoprera. Vol. II. Chrysomelidae
(Vol. I). Pp. xx, 534, 2 coloured plates, 172 text figures.
London, 1908.

JANSON, E. W.
British Bererites. Transferred from Curtis’s British Entomo-
logy. Pp. vi, 58, 29 plates. London, 1863.

JORDAN, KARL
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Novitates-Zoologicae) and other separates by Jordan, Grote,
Rothschild and Felt. [On the spine ‘‘Antennae Butterflies,
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127

JOY, NORMAN H.
A PracticaL Hanpsoox or Bririsu Beettes, Vol. I. Text. Pp.
xxvii, 622. Vol. II, 169 pages of figures and 24 pages of index.
London, 1932.

JUUL, KNUD
Norpens KupirHecier. [Descriptions in English.] Pp. 147, 13
plates (6 coloured), many maps and some text figures. Aarhus,

1948.

KANE, V. F. ve V.
European Butterriiges. Pp. xxxi, 184, 15 plates. London,
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KENNEL, J.

DrEz PALAEARKTISCHEN TORTRICIDEN. Pp. 742, 24 plates (22
coloured), each with 80-100 figures, 40 text figures. Stuttgart,
1908-21.

KERNER, ANTON
THe Natura History or Piants. Translated by F. W. Oliver
and assistants. Vol. I, pp. xiv, 777, 8 coloured plates, 188 text
figures. Vol. II, pp. xiv, 983, 8 coloured plates, 294 text figures.
London, 1897.

KERR, W. MACKINTOSH
CoLour INHERITANCE IN Fancy Mice. Pp. 87, 3 text figures and
a chart. Bradford, 1941.

KIEFFER, J. J. See Faune de France (in Entomology—General
Works).

KILLINGTON, F. J.
A MownocrapH or THE British Neuroprera. Vol. I, pp. xix,
269, 15 plates (4 coloured), 68 text figures. Vol.. II, pp. xii,
306, 15 plates (4 coloured), 115 text figures. Published by the
Ray Society. London, 1936-37.

KIMMINS, D. E.
PLECOPTERA (STONE-FLIES). Vol. I. Part 6 of the Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects published by the Royal
Entomological Society of London. Pp. 18, 49 figures. London,
1950.
EpHEMEROPTERA (MayFiies orn Dayriiss). Vol. I, Part 9 of the
Handbooks as above. Pp. 18, 55 figures. London, 1950.

KIRBY, W. F.
European ButterFiuies AND Motus. Pp. lvi, 427, 62 plates (61
coloured). [Two Editions.] London, 1882 and 1889.
ELEMENTARY TEXT Book oF ENtoMotoecy. Pp. viii, 240, 87 plates.
London, 1885.
THE BuTTERFLIES AND Morus or Europe. Pp. |xxii, 432, 55 plates
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128

KIRBY, WILLIAM & SPENCE, WILLIAM.
An Inrropuction To Entomotocy. Vol. I, An imperfect copy;
date missing. Vol. I, Fourth Edition, 1822. Vol. II, 1817; two
coloured plates. Vol. II, Third Edition, 1823. Vol. III, 1826
with portrait (Kirby) and plates. Vol. III, 1826. Vol. IV, 1826,
with portrait (Spence) and plates. Vol. IV, 1826.

KLOET, GEORGE SIDNEY & HINCKS, WALTER DOUGLAS.
A Cuecx List or BritisH Insects. Pp. Ix., 483. Stockport, 1945.
KLOTS, ALEXANDER B.
Tue WortLp oF ButtTeRFLIES AND Morus. Living Nature Series.
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KROBER, O.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part V, Fascicle 2.
LACK, DAVID
Evo.iutTionary THEORY AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF, THE UNRESOLVED
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LACORDAIRE, TH.
GENERA DES CoLtoptrRES. Vol. I (Carabidae, etc.), pp. xx, 486.
Paris, 1854.
LANG, HENRY C.
THe BurrerFriies oF Europe. Pp. xii, 396, 82 coloured plates.
Two volumes. London, 1884.
LANG, W. D.
A Map showing the known distribution in England and Wales
of the Anopheline Mosquitoes, with explanatory text and notes.
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London, 1918.
LATREILLE, CITOYEN
PRicIS DES CHARACTERES GENERIQUES DES INsEcTES. [Facsimile
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LATREILLE, P. A.
EncycLopépig MitrHopiqur. Histotre NATURELLE, ENTOMOLOGIE.
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LEDERER, JULIUS
BEITRAG ZUR KENNTNISS DER PYRALIDINEN. [Reprint from Wiener
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Vienna, 1863.
LEECH, JOHN HENRY
BRITISH PYRALIDES INCLUDING PTEROPHORIDAE. Pp. viii, 121, 18
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LEEKS, A. D.
THE PuHystIoLocy oF D1APpAUSE IN ARTHROPODS. Cambridge Mono-
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LEEUWEN, W. M. DOCTERS VAN
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129

LESTON, D. See Southwood, T. R. E.

LHOMME, LEON
CaTALOGUH DES LEPIDOPTERES DE FRANCE ET DE BELGIQUE. Vol.
I (Macrolépidopteres). Pp. 800. Paris, 1923-35. Vol. II
(Microlépidopteres, Crambidae—Eucosmidae). Pp. 487. Paris,
1935-1946.

LINNAEUS, C.
Fauna Suecica. Pp. 578, 2 plates and frontispiece. Second
Edition (Hditio altera). Stockholm, 1761.
SysteMA NaruraE. Vol. I, Part 5, pp. 796 (1758). Vol. III, pp.
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LINSSEN, E. F.
Common BritisH INSECTS AND SprIpERS, THE OBSERVER’S Book OF.
Pp. 128, 64 plates (32 coloured). London, 1953.
BEETLES OF THE BritisH IstEs. Wayside and Woodland Series.
First Series, comprising the Superfamilies Caraboidea, Palpi-
cornia, Staphylinoidea and Diversicornia. Pp. 300, 39 plates
(19 coloured), 58 figures.
Second Series, comprising the Superfamilies Clavicornia,
Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Phytophaga, and Rhyncophora,
and including the Strepsiptera. Pp. 295, 87 plates (44 coloured),
13 figures. London, 1959.

LISTER, J. J.
Nores on Leprpoprera. [A manuscript Note Book of about 100
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LOCKET, G. H., and MILLIDGEH, A. F.
British Sprpers. Vol. I, pp. ix, 310, one coloured plate, 142
text figures; 1951. Vol. II, pp. vii, 449, 254 text figures, 1953.
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LONGCHAMPS, E. pr SELYS
MonoGRAPHIE DES GOMPHINES. Pp. viii, 460, 23 plates. Brussels,
1857.

LONGFIELD, CYNTHIA
THE DRAGONFLIES OF THE BritisH IstEs. Pp. 220, 38 plates (one
coloured), many text figures. London, 1987.

LOUDON, J. C.
TREES AND SHRUBS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Pp. Ixxi, 1162, 2251
figures. London, 1875.

LOWRY, J. W., and LANDSEER, T.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ZooLoecy. Pp. xii, 163, 89 folio plates and
many text figures. London, 1851.

LUBBOCK, Sir J. (Lord Avebury)
MonoGRaPH OF THE COLLEMBOLA AND THYSANURA, Pp. vii, 265,
78 plates. Published by the Ray Society. London, 1873.
ON THE ORIGIN AND MeErTamorPHOsEs or INsEcTs. Pp. xvi, 108,
6 plates, 60 text figures. London, 1874.

130

THe Beauties or Nature. Pp, xiv, 427, 55 text figures. London,

1893.
THe Scenery or Eneuanp. Fifth edition, pp. xxvi and 508,
197 text figures. London, 1912.

LUCAS, H.

Histoire NATURELLE DES LiprpopTERES ExotiquEs. Pp. 156, 4,
80 coloured plates of Insects aud 2 plates of Apparatus. Paris,
circa 1860.

Historrp NATURELLE DES LErrpopTEkREs p’EuRope. Pp. 288, 80
coloured plates of Insects and 2 plates of Apparatus. [2nd
Edition, containing Catalogue, 1869, of F. Savy, pp. 32.] Paris,
1864,

LUCAS, WILLIAM JOHN
Tue Boox or British Hawx-morus. Pp. x, 157, 14 plates, 15
text figures. London, 1895.
British DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA). Pp. xiv, 356, 27 coloured
plates, 57 text figures. London, 1899.
A MonocrarH or THE British OrtTHopTERA, Pp. xii, 264, 25
plates (6 coloured), 25 text figures. Published by the Ray Society.
London, 1920.
Tue Aquatic (Nartap) Stace Or THE British DRAGONFLIES
(PARANEUROPTERA). Pp. xii, 132, 35 coloured plates, 30 text
figures. Published by the Ray Society. London, 1930.

LUNDBECK, W.

Diptera DANICA. [Text in English.] Part 1, Stratiomyiidae,
Acroceridae. Pp. 166, 47 figures; 1907. Part 2, Asilidae,
Scenopinidae. Pp. 164, 48 figures; 1908. Part 3, Empididae.
Pp. 333, 141 figures; 1910. Part 4, Dolichopodidae. Pp. 416,
130 figures; 1912. Part 5, Lonchopteridae, Syrphidae. Pp. 603,
202 figures; 1916. Part 6, Pipunculidae, Phoridae. Pp. 455, 132
figures; 1922. Part 7, Platypezidae, Tachinidae. Pp. 570, 116;
1927. Copenhagen.

LUTZ, BoE:
Fietp Book or Insects. [Mainly N.E. United States.] Pp. ix,
562, 102 plates (24 coloured), 2nd edition. New York, 1918.

LYDEKKER, R.
Tue Roya Naturat History. Vol. I, Mammals. Pp. xvi., 583;
1893-94. Vol. Il, Mammals. Pp. xii, 583; 1894. Voll i
Mammals and Birds. Pp. xvi, 584; 1894-95. Vol. IV, Birds.
Pp. xvi, 583; 1895. Vol. V, Reptiles, Fishes, etc. Pp. xvi, 583;
1896. Vol. VI, Invertebrates. Pp. xvi, 580; 1896. Total work
includes 72 coloured plates, 1,600 text figures. London.

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[Reprint from the Entomologist, 1914-24.] Three plates, text
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131

LYONET, PIERRE
TRAITs ANATOMIQUE DE LA CHENILLE QUI RONGE LE BOIS DE SAULE,
Pp. xxiv, 616, 18 plates. The Hague, 1762.
MACFIE, J. W. S.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part II, Fascicle 1.
McINTOSH, W. C.
A MonocrapH or THE BritisH ANNELIDS, Vol. II, Part I,
Polychaeta. Pp. 232, 22 plates (8 coloured), 24 text figures [10”
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MacLACHLAN, ROBT.
A MonocrarpH oF THE British NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA.
[Separate from Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1868.] Pp. 80, 4 plates.
London.
A MonoGraPpHic REVISION AND SYNOPSIS OF THE TRICHOPTERA OF
THE EuropeEAN Fauna and Supplement, Parts 1 and 2. Pp. iv,
523, cili, 59 plates. London, 1874-80.
MacLEOD, R. D.
Key to THE NAMES OF BritisH BuTTERFLIES AND Motus. Pp. vii,
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MacQUART, MONS.
HisTorrE NATURELLE DES INsEcTES. Diptmres. Vol. I, pp. 586, 12
plates; 1834. Vol. II, pp. 714, 12 plates; 1835. Paris.
MAETERLINCK, MAURICE
Tue Lire or THE BEE. Pp. 356, 6th edition. London, 1902.
Tue Lire or THE WHITE ANT. Pp. 213, one plate. London, 1927.
MALLOCH, J. R.
See Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part VI, Fascicles
1, 3 and 5; Part VII, Fascicle 2.
MARR, J. E. & SHIPLEY, A. E.
HANDBOOK TO THE NatuRAL History oF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Pp. viii,
260, 4 maps. Cambridge, 1904.
MARSHALL, G. A. K.
OBSERVATIONS ON Mimicry In SoutH Arrican Insects. Pp. 2.
Consctous ProtrectivE RESEMBLANCE. Pp. 14.
Tue Bronomics or SoutH Arrican Insects. Pp. 298, 15 plates
(2 coloured). [See Poulton, E. B., Vol. 2, papers 12, 14 and 17.]
MARSHALL, J. F.
Tue British MosquitoEs. Pp. xi, 341, 20 plates (9 coloured), 172
text figures. Published by the British Museum (Natural
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MARSHAM, THOMAS.
Entomotoeia Britannica, Vol. I, Coleoptera. Pp. xxxi, 547. [In
Latin.] London, 1802.
MASSEE, A. M.
Tue Pests or Fruit anp Hops. First Edition, pp. 294, 26 plates.
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MASSEE, GEORGE
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MAYR, E., LINSEY, E. G., and USINGER, R. L.
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MELIN, DOUGLAS
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MOGGRIDGE, J. TRAHERNE
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MULLER, Dr. LEOPOLD, and KAUTZ, HANS
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NORDSTROM, F. & WAHLGREN, E.
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135

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OLDROYD, HAROLD
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DrpeTERA: INTRODUCTION AND Key to Famiuigs. Vol. IX, Part I of
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ONSLOW, H.
THe INHERITANCE OF WING CoLouR IN LEPIDOPTERA. Separates
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A TrExt-Book oF Entomoiocy. Pp. xvii, 729, one plate, 654 text
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PANZER, D. G. W. F.
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PATTON, W. S. and CRAGG, F. W.
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PEARCE, E. J.
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TypicaL FQLiss. A Photographic Atlas of Diptera including
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PETERSON, ALVAH
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THe GENITALIA oF THE GROUP TORTRICIDAE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF
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PLANET, L.
France (HistorreE Naturevie), Part 14, Araignées. Pp. ii and
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RAMBUR, P.
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RAMSBOTTOM, JOHN
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HYMENOPTERA: INTRODUCTION AND Keys To Famiuies. Vol. VI,
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ROLES, SYBIL J.
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Insects Crose Ur. A Pictorial Guide for the Photographer and
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ROTHSCHILD, MIRIAM & CLAY, THERESA
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CoENONYMPHA TipHON. Extract from Etudes de Lépidopteérologie
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THe Seas. Wayside and Woodland Series. Pp. xii, 379, 127
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BritisH Beettes. Pp. xv, 280, 16 coloured plates, 11 text figures.
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SAUNDERS, HOWARD
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British SprpERS, THEIR Haunts aNp Hasirs. Pp. xii, 180, 34
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SOUTHWOOD, T. R. E. & LESTON, D.
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SOWERBY, JAMES and SMITH, JAMES EDWARD
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SPRY, W. and SHUCKARD, W. E.
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STAINTON, H. T.
Tue EntToMoLoeist’s CoMPANION, being a guide to the Collection
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A Mawnvuat oF British BuTTERFLIES AND Morus. Vol. I, pp. xii,
338, many text figures. Vol. IT, pp. xi, 480, many text figures.
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STAUDINGER, O. and REBEL, H.
CATALOG DER LEPIDOPTEREN DES PALAEARCTISCHEN F'AUNENGEBIETES.
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STAUDINGER, O. and WOCKE, M.
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STAVELEY, E. F.
British Sprpers. Pp. xv, 280, 16 plates (14 coloured), 44 text
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BritisH Insects. Pp. xvi, 392, 16 coloured plates, 72 text figures.
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STEP, EDWARD
By Vocat Woops anp Waters. Pp. 254, many illustrations.
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WAYSIDE AND WoopLanp Buossoms. Series 1, pp. vii, 173, 156
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143

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THE Romance or Witp FLowers. Pp. 357, over 200 illustrations.
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SHELL Lire. Pp. 414, over 600 illustrations. London, 1901.

WAYSIDE AND WoopiLanp TreES. Pp. 182, 127 plates, many text
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WAYSIDE AND Woopianp [ErRnS. Pp. vi, 137, 143 plates (many
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AnIMAL Lire oF THE BritisH Istes. Pp. viii, 184, 111 plates (48
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TREES AND FLOWERS OF THE CoUNTRY-SIDE. Pp. 768, about 1000
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Marvets oF Insect Lire. Pp. viii, 486, 12 coloured plates, 636
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Messmates. A book of strange companionships in Nature. Pp.
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SKETCHES OF CountTRY Jire. Pp. vii, 216, 160 photographs.
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THe Harvest oF THE Woops. Pp.x, 191, 47 photographs. Lon-
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Spring FLOWERS OF THE WiLp. Pp. 192, 40 photographs. Lon-
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SumMMER FLowERs oF THE Witp. Pp. 192, 34 photographs. Lon-
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TOADSTOOLS AND MUSHROOMS OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. Pp. xvi, 143,
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STEPHENS, J. F.
A Systematic CaTaLoGurE oF BritisH INsEects. Pp. xxxiv, 804.
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Tue LeprpopTERA OF Devon, 1951. Pp. 74. Torquay, 1952.
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Tue CATERPILLARS OF THE British BUTTERFLIES. Wayside and
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TREMBLEY, A.
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TRIMEN, ROLAND
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PULTE, «dl... Wis
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VIEWEG, WILHELM
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WAGNER, H.
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WAINWRIGHT, COLBRAN J.
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WALKER, FRANCIS
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WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL
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WARREN, B. C. S.
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WHEELER, GEORGE
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WHEELER, WILLIAM MORTON
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WHITE, ADAM
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WHITE, GILBERT
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WIGGLESWORTH, V. B.
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Tue LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA AND THEIR Foop PLANTs.
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WOLLASTON, T. VERNON
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WOODS, HENRY
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WOOLDRIDGE, S. W. and GOLDING, FREDERICK
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WYNTER-BLYTH, M. A.
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ANNELIDA

Darwin, C.

McIntosh, W. C.

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Linssen, EK. F.
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Pickard-Cambridge, O.

Planet, L.

Savory, T. H.

Staveley, E. F.

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Rabaud, E.

Step, E.
Williams, C. B.

1901.

1927.

1888.

1908.

1958.

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1953.

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Animal Life of the British Isles.

The Formation of Vegetable Mould
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A Monograph of the British Annelids
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The World of Spiders.

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1873.
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British Spiders.

An Introduction to the Behaviour of
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How Animals find their Way About.
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Insect Migration.

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1874. A Handbook of the Coleoptera’ or
Beetles of Great Britain and Ireland.

Crotch, G. R.

Crowson, R. A.

Dawson, J. F.
Dejean, Le Comte

Dibb, J. R.

Donisthorpe, H. St.

J ede
Duffy, HE. A. J.

Fairmaire, L.

Fowler, Rev. Canon
W. W.

Greene, Rev. J.

Guimpel.
Hering, E. M.
Heyden, L. V.

Hickin, N. E.

Hope, F. W.
Horn, W.
Jacoby, M.

Janson, EK. W.
Joy, N. H.
Lacordaire, Th.

Linssen, E. F.
Marsham, T.

Mulsant, E.

Pearce, E. J.
Pope, R. D.
Redtenbacher, L
Reitter, E.

152

1874. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family
Coccinellidae.

1954. A Natural Classification of the Families
of Coleoptera.

1956. Coleoptera: Introduction and Keys to
Families.

1854. Geodephaga Britannica.

1825-31. Species général des Coléopteres.

1837. Catalogue des Coléopteres.

1948. Field Book of Beetles.

1927. Guests of British Ants.

1952. Coleoptera (Cerambycidae).

1953. Coleoptera (Scolytidae and Platypodidae).

1953. A Monograph of the Immature Stages of
British and Imported Timber Beetles
(Cerambycidae).

1923. Histoire Naturelle de la France. Part
VIII, Coléopteres.

1887-1913. The Coleoptera of the British

Islands.

1870. The Insect Hunter’s Companion.

n.d. Two volumes of coloured engravings of
Coleoptera.

1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners.

1891. Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Cauc-
asi et Armeniae rossicae.

1954. Woodworm—its Biology and Extermina-
tion.

1837-40. The Coleopterist’s Manual. Vols. 1-3.

1938. 2000 Zeichnungen von Cicindelinae.

1908. Coleoptera, Vol. II, Chrysomelidae.
(Fauna of British India).

1863. British Beetles.

1932. A Practical Handbook of British Beetles.

1854. Genera des Coléoptéres, Vol. I (Carabidae,
etc.)

1959. Beetles of the British Isles.

1802. Entomologia Britannica, Vol. I. Coleop-

tera.

1839-63. Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptéres de
France. Longicornes, Palpicornes, Sulci-
collis and Securipalpes.

1957. Coleoptera (Pselaphidae).

1953. Coleoptera, Coccinellidae and Sphindidae.

1849. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer.

1908-16. Fauna Germanica: Die Kifer des
Deutschen Reiches.

Rye, E. C.
Sharp, W. E.
Spry, W. and

Shuckard, W. E.

Stephens, J. F.
Tottenham, C. E.

White, A.

COLLEMBOLA
Lubbock, J.

COLOURS
Ridgway, R.

CRUSTACEA

Cambridge Natural
History (Vol. 4).
Groult, P.

DERIVATION
Douglas, J .W.
Macleod, R. D.

DERMAPTERA
Hincks, W. D.

1866.
n.d.

1843.
1839.
1954.

153

British Beetles.
Common Beetles of our Countryside.

The British Coleoptera delineated.

A Manual of British Coleoptera.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Piestinae to
Euaesthetinae.

1853-55. Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects in

1873.

1912.

1956.

the Collection of the British Museum.

Monograph of the Collembola and

Thysanura.

Color Standards and Nomenclature.

. Crustacea and Arachnids.
. France

(Histoire
Crustacés.

Naturelle). Pt. 15.

. An Accentuated List of the British Lepi.

doptera.

. Key to the Names of the British Butter-

flies and Moths.

Dermaptera and Orthoptera.

DICTIONARIES AND GLOSSARIES

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de

la.
Tuxen, S. L.

DIPTERA
Acloque, A.
Austen, E. E.
Barnes, H. F.
Bezzi, M.

Coe, R. L.

1950.
1956.

1897.
1911.

A Glossary of Entomology.
Taxonomist’s Glossary of Genitalia in
Insects.

Dipteres.
A Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies.

1946-56. Gall Midges of Economic Importance.

1928.

1950.

1953.

Diptera Brachycera and Athericera of
the Fiji Islands.
Diptera (Nematocera),
Chironomidae.

Diptera (Syrphidae).

Tipulidae to

Collin, J. C.
Colyer, C. N. &

Hammond, C. O.
Day, C.7D;

Diptera of Patagonia

and S. Chile.

Donisthorpe, H.
Jix dK;

Edwards, F. W.,
Oldroyd, H. &
Smart, J.

Emden, F. I. van

Faleoz, L.
Goetghebuer, M.

Hennig, W.
Hering, E. M.
Kieffer, J. J.

Lang, W. D.

Lundbeck, W.
Macquart, Mons.

Marshall, J. F.
Melin, D.

Oldroyd, H.

St.

154

1928. New Zealand Empididae.

1951. Flies of the British Isles.

1948. British Tachinid Flies.

Part I (bound) 1929. Pp. xvi, 240, 12 plates, 3
text figures.

Part II (fases. 1-5), 1929-31. Pp. 331, 11 plates,
56 text figures.

Part III. Missing.

Part IV (bound), 1933. Pp. viii, 334, 74 text
figures.

Part V (fascs. 1 and 2), 1930. Pp. 197, 5 plates,
13 text figures.

Part VI (fases. 1-5), 1929-34. Pp. 489, 8 plates,
84 text figures.

Part VII (fascs. 1 and 2), 1934. Pp. 346, 60 text
figures. Published by the British Museum
(Natural History), London.

1927. Guests of British Ants.

1939. British Blood-sucking Flies.

1954. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Calyptrata (I),
Section (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae.

1926. Diptéres Pupipares.

1932. Dipteres, Chironomidae, iv, Ortho-

cladiinae.

1927. Diptéres Nématocéres (Chironomidae,
Tanypodinae).

1928. Diptéres Nématocéres (Chironomidae,
Chiromariae).

1948-52. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren.

1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners.

1925. Dipteres Nématocéres piqueurs (Chirono-
midae, Ceratopogininae).

1918. A Map showing the known distribution
in England and Wales of the Anopheline
Mosquitoes.

1907-27. Diptera Danica.

1834-35. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Dip-
teres.

1938. The British Mosquitoes.

1923. Contribution to the Knowledge of the
Biology, Metamorphosis and Distribu-
tion of the Swedish Asilids.

1949. Diptera: Introduction and Key to
Families.

Parent, O.
Pearce, E. K.
Pierre, C.
Séguy, E.

Swynnerton, C. F. M.

Theobald, F. V.
Verrall, G. H.
Wainwright, C. J.
Walker, F.
Wingate, W. J:

155

1938. Dipteres, Dolichopodidae.

1921-28. Typical Flies.

1924. Dipteres (Tipulidae).

1923. Dipteres Anthomyides.

1925. Dipteres Nématocéres piqueurs (Ptychop-
teridae).

1926. Dipteres Brachycéres.

1927. Dipteres Brachyceéres (Asilidae).

1934. Diptéres Brachyceres (Muscidae, Acalyp-
terae et Scatophagidae).

1940. Diptéeres Nématocéres,
Bibionidae.

1936. The Tsetse Flies of East Africa.

1892. An Account of British Flies (Diptera).

1909 and 1901. British Flies.

1928. The British Tachinidae (Diptera).

1851-56. Insecta Britannica: Diptera.

1906. A Preliminary List of Durham Diptera.

Fungivoridae,

ENTOMOLOGY—GENERAL WORKS

Bastin, H.
Bath, W. H.

Burr, M.
Cambridge Natural
History (Vol. 5).

Carpenter, G.

Carpenter, G. D. H.

Cheeseman, E.

Chrystal, R. N.

Comstock, J. H. &
AB:

Congress,

Curtis, J.
Curtis, W.
Dallas, W. S.
Donovan, E.

Eltringham, H.

1954. Freaks and Marvels of Insect Life.

1888. The Young Collector’s Handbook of Ants,
Bees, Dragon-Flies, Earwigs, Crickets and
Flies.

1939. The Insect Legion.

1895. Peripatus, Myriapods and Insects, Part
I.

1909. (Vol. 6). Insects, Part IT.

1899. Insects, Their Structure and Life.

1925. A Naturalist in East Africa.

1932. Hunting Insects in the South Seas.

1937. Insects of the British Woodlands.

1895. A Manual for the Study of Insects.

1911-12. First International Congress _ of
Entomology, Brussels, 1910. Vol. I. His-
torique et Procés-verbaux. Pps 2iieno
plates, 1911. Vol. II. Memoires. Pp. 520,
27 plates. 1912.

1823-40. British Entomology.

1772. Fundamenta Entomologiae.

n.d. Elements of Entomology.

1792-99. British Insects.

1800. An Epitome of the Natural History of
the Insects of India and the Islands in the
Indian Seas.

1802. The Natural History of British Insects.

1933. The Senses of Insects.

Fabre, J. H.

156

1901. Insect Life.
n.d. Fabre’s Book of Insects.

Fauna of British India, The

Faune de France

Butterflies. See Bingham in Authors section.
Moths. See Hampson in Authors section.
Coleoptera. See Jacoby in Authors section.

[Bound in one volume and lettered Vol. I on
spine. |

(a) E. Séguy. Dipteres Anthomyides. Pp. xi,
393, 813 figs. 1923.

(b) E. Séguy. Diptéres Brachycéres. Pp. 308,
685 figures (13), 1926.

(c) E. Séguy. Diptéres Brachycéres (Asilidae).
Pp. 190, 384 figs. (17), 1927.

[Bound in one volume and lettered Vol. IT on
spine. ]

(a) C. Pierre. Dipteres (Tipulidae). Pp. 159,
600 figs. (8), 1924.

(b) M. Goetghebuer. Diptéres Nématocéres
(Chironomidae, Tanypodinae). Pp. 84,
105 figures (15), 1927.

(c) M. Goetghebuer. Dipteres Nématoceéres
(Chironomidae, Chiromariae). Pp. 174,
275 figures (18), 1928.

(d) J. J. Kieffer. Diptéres Nématocéres piqueurs
(Chironomidae, Ceratopogininae). Pp.
139, 83 figs. (11), 1925.

(e) E. Séguy. Dipteres Nématocéres piqueurs
(Ptychopteridae). Pp. 109, 179 figures
(12), 1925.

(f) L. Falcoz. Diptéres Pupipares. Pp. 64, 76
figures (14), 1926.

{In wrappers]
M. Goetghebuer. Dipteres, Chironomidae
iv, Orthocladiinae, etc. Pp. 204, 315
figures (23). 1932.

[Bound and lettered Vol. III on the spine]
E. Séguy. Diptéres, Brachycéres (Musci-
dae, Acalypterae et Scatophagidae). Pp.
832, 27 plates, 903 figures. (28) 1934.

{In wrappers]
O. Parent, Diptéres, Dolichopodidae. Pp.
720, 1002 figures. (35) 1938.

[In wrappers ]
EK. Séguy, Diptéres, Nématocéres, Fungi-
voridae, Bibionidae, etc. Pp. 368, 414
figures. (36) 1940,

Forel, A.

Fuessly, T. G.

Generic Names of
British Insects.

Gillanders, A. T.

Handbooks for the
Identification of
British Insects.

Harris, J. R.

Harris, M.

Imms, A. D.

Insects.

Jablonsky, C. G.
Kirby, W. &
Spence, W.
Kirby, W.. F.
Latreille, Citoyen

Latreille, P. A.
Lees, A. D.

Linssen, E. F.
Lubbock, J.

Lutz, F. E.
Marshall, G. A. K.

Maxwell-Lefroy, H.

Oldroyd, H.

Packard, A. S.

Panzer, D. G. W. F.

157

[In wrappers]
H. Ribaut, Homopteres Auchénorhynques
I (Typhlocybidae). Pp. 231, 629 figures.
(31) 1936.

[In wrappers ]
H. Ribaut, Homoptéres Auchénorhynques
II (Jassidae). Pp. 474, 1212 figures. (57)
1952.
All parts of Faune de France published
in Paris.

1907. The Senses of Insects.

1794. Archives de L’ Histoire des Insectes.

1934-48. Published by the Royal Entomological
Society of London. Parts 1-8. London.

1908. Forest Entomology.

Series published by the ‘Royal Entomological
Society of London.

1952. An Angler’s Entomology.

1782. Exposition of English Insects.

1937. Recent Advances in Entomology.

1947. Insect Natural History.

1957. A General Textbook of Entomology.

1792. The Natural History of Insects compiled
from Swammerdam, Brooks, Goldsmith,
etc. Pp. iv, 210, 20 plates. Perth.

1783. Insecten.

1817-26. An Introduction to Entomology.

1885. Elementary Text Book of Entomology.

1796. Précis des Charactéres génériques des
Insectes.

1819. Encyclopédie Methodique.
Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie.
1955. The Physiology of Diapause in Arthro-
pods.
1953. Common British Insects and Spiders.
1874. On the Origin and Metamorphoses of
Insects.
1918. Field Book of Insects.
The Bionomics of South African Insects.
1909. Indian Insect Life.
1958. Collecting, Preserving
Insects.
1878. Guide to the Study of Insects.
1898. A Text-book of Entomology.

1794-99. Deutschlands Insecten.

and Studying

Patton, W. S. &
Cragg, F. W.

Peterson, A.

Ross, E. S.

Schiffers, J. C.

Sepp, J. C.

Siebold, C. T. E. von

Staveley, E. F.
Step, E.

Stephens, J. F.
Westwood, J. O.

Wheeler, W. M.
Wigglesworth, V. B.

Williams, C. B.

EPHEMEROPTERA
Kimmins, D. E.

158

1913. A Textbook of Medical Entomology.

1951-53. Larvae of Insects.

1953. Insects Close Up.

1753-66. Collection of papers on Insects.

1762. Nederlandsche Insekten.

1857. On a true Parthenogenesis in Moths and
Bees.

n.d. British Insects.

n.d. Marvels of Insect Life.

1828-46. Illustrations of British Entomology.

1839-40. An Introduction to the Modern Classi-
fication of Insects.

1922. Social Life Among the Insects.

1939. The Principles of Insect Physiology.

1954. The Physiology of Insect Metamorphosis.

1958. Insect Migration.

1950. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies or Dayflies).

EVOLUTION, GENETICS AND HEREDITY

Bateson, W.

Crew, F. A. HE. &
Lamy, R.

Cunningham, J. T.

Darwin, C.

Ford, E. B.
Haldane, J. B. S.
Harrison, J. W. H.

1894. Materials for the Study of Variation.

1935. The Genetics of Budgerigars.

1900. Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal King-
dom.

1876. The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation
in the Vegetable Kingdom.

1888. The Various Contrivances by which
Orchids are fertilised by Insects.

1888. The Origin of Species by means of
Natural Selection.

1889. A Naturalist’s Voyage (Voyage of H.M.S.
“‘Beagle’’).

1890. The Expression of the Emotions in Man
and Animals,

1899. The Descent of Man, and Selection in
Relation to Sex.

1905. The Variation of Animals and Plants
under Domestication.

1937. Problems of Heredity in Lepidoptera.

1932. The Causes of Evolution.

1913-17. The Genus IJthysia (Hb.) and The
Hybrid Bistoninae.

1916-23. Separates on Lepidoptera from the
Journal of Genetics.

Kerr, W. M.
Lack, D.

Morgan, T. H.,
Sturtevant, A. H.,
Muller, H. J. &
Bridges, C. B.

Murray, D. P.

Onslow, H.

Poulton, E. B.
Punnett, R. C.
Wallace, A. R.

Wollaston, T. V.

FUNGI
Cooke, M. C.
Massee, G.

Pilat, A. & Usak, O.
Ramsbottom, J.
Smith, W. G.

Step, E.

GALLS
Adler, H.

Barnes, H. F.
Connold, E. T.
Kieffer, J. J.
Leeuwen, W. M. D.

van
Swanton, E. W.

GEOLOGY
Lubbock, Sir J.

159

1941. Colour Inheritance in Fancy Mice.
1957. Evolutionary Theory and Christian Belief
The Unresolved Conflict.

1915. The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity.

1955. Species Revalued.

1919-21. The Inheritance of Wing Colour in
Lepidoptera.

1908. Essays on Evolution, 1889-1907.

1912. Mendelism.

1892. Island Life.

1895. Natural Selection and Tropical Nature.

1897. Darwinism.

1856. On the Variation of Species with Especial
Reference to the Insecta.

1892. Vegetable Wasps and Plant Worms.

1892-95. British Fungus-Flora.

1899. A Text-book of Plant Diseases caused by
Cryptogamic Parasites.

n.d. [1959]. A Handbook of Mushrooms.

1953. Mushrooms and Toadstools.

1908. Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes.

n.d. Toadstools and Mushrooms of the Country-
side.

1894. Alternating Generations (Oak Galls and
Gall Flies).

1946-56. Gall Midges of Economic Importance.

1901. British Vegetable Galls.

1908. British Oak Galls.

1909. Plant Galls of Great Britain.

1902. Species des Hyménopteres d’Europe et
d’ Algérie. Les Cynipides.

1957. Gallenboek.
1912. British Plant-Galls.

1912. The Scenery of England.

HEMIPTERA

Acloque, A.
Buckton, G. B.
Butler, E. A.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Donisthorpe, H. St.
J. K.

Douglas, J. &
Scott, J.

Edwards, J.

Myers, J. G.
Newstead, R.

Ribaut, H.

Saunders, E.

Southwood, T. R. E.
& Leston, D.
Stichel, W.

HISTORICAL

Mayr, E., Linsley,
E. G. & Usinger, R.
L.

HYMENOPTERA
Acloque, A.
Adler, H.

André, E.

Benson, R. B.
Cameron, P.

Donisthorpe, H. St.
Pee
Duncan, C. D.

160

1897. Hemipteres.

1875-82. A Monograph of the British Aphides.

1923. A Biology of the British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera.

1895-1900. Pamphlets including ‘‘Hemiptera of
Colorado”’ by Gillette and Baker.

1927. Guests of British Ants.

1865. The British Hemiptera: Vol. I. Hemip-
tera-Heteroptera.

1896. The Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British
Islands.

1929. Insect singers. A Natural History of the
Cicadas.

1901-03. Monograph of the Coccidae of the
British Isles.

1936. Homopteres, Auchénorhynques I (Typhlo-
cybidae).

1952. Homopteres, Auchénorhynques II (Jassi-
dae).

1876. Synopsis of British Hemiptera-Heter-
optera.

1892. The Hemiptera Heteroptera of the British
Islands.

1959. Land and Water Bugs of the British
Isles.

1955 et seq. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen
der Wanzen.

1953. Methods and Principles of Systematic
Zoology.

1897. Hyménopteres.

1894. Alternating Generations.

1879 and 1881. Species des Hyménopteres
d’ Europe et d’ Algérie.

1951, 1952 and 1958. Hymenoptera (Symphyta).

1882-93. A Monograph of the British Phyto-
phagous Hymenoptera.

1915 and 1927. British Ants.

1927. Guests of British Ants.

1939. A Contribution to the Biology of North
American Vespine Wasps.

161

Fabre, J. H. 1919. Bramble-bees and Others.
Ferriere, C. & 1958. Hymenoptera, 2, Chalcidoidea. Section
Kerrich, G. J. (a).
Forel, A. 1928. The Social World of the Ants.
Free, J. B. &
Butler, C. G. 1959. Bumblebees.
Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners.
Kieffer, J. J. 1902. Species des ‘\Hyménopteres d’Europe et
d’ Algérie. Les Cynipides.
Lyle, G. T. 1914-24. Contribution to our Knowledge of the
British Braconidae.
Maeterlinck, M. 1902. The Life of the Bee.
Moggridge, J. T. 1873-74. Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders
and Supplement.
Morley, C. 1903-14. The Ichneumons of Great Britain.

1912-15. A Revision of the Ichneumonidae.

1910.
Nexon 'G2vE. J. 1957.

Peckham, G. W. & 1898.
EK. G.

Catalogue of Hymenoptera of the family
Chalcididae.

Hymenoptera Proctotrupoidea Diapriidae
subfamily Belytinae.

On the Instincts and Habits of the
Solitary Wasps.

Wasps, Social and Solitary.

Notes on British Ichneumoninae with
Descriptions of New Species.

Bumble Bees and Their Ways.
Hymenoptera: Introduction and Keys to
Families.

Wild Bees, Wasps and Ants and other
Stinging Insects.

Essay on the Indigenous Fossorial Hymen-
optera.
and 1891. Catalogue of the British Bees in
the Collection of the British Museum.

The Life of the White Ant.
Man and the Termite.
Dwellers in Darkness.

Coloured plates of Lepidoptera with
larvae and food-plants.

The Book of Butterflies, Sphinxes and
Moths.

1905.
Perkins, J. F. 1953.
Plath, O. E. 1934.
Richards, O. W. 1956.
Saunders, E. n.d.
Shuckard, W. E. 1837.
Smith, F. 1876
ISOPTERA
Maeterlinck, M. 1927.
Noyes, H. 1937.
Skaife, S. H. 1955.
LEPIDOPTERA—GENERAL WORKS
Albin, E. 1713.
Brown, T. 1832.
Chenu, Dr. 1857.

Encyclopédie d’ Histoire Naturelle. Papil-
lons. 2 vols.

Clarke, J. F. G.

Crotch, W. J. B.
Friden, F.
Guenée, A.

Hampson, G. F.

Hering, EK. M.
Jordan, K.

Klots, A. B.
Lederer, J.
Lyonet, P.

Matthews, P.

162

1955-58. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of
Microlepidoptera in the British Museum
(Natural History) described by Edward
Meyrick.

1956. A Silkmoth Rearer’s Handbook.

1958. Frass-Drop Frequency in Lepidoptera.

1852-58. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes.
Species Général des Lépidopteres. (Noc-
tuids, Deltoids, Pyrales, Uranids and
Phalenids),

1898-1926. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalae-
nae in the British Museum.

1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners.

1898. Contributions to the Morphology of Lepi-
doptera, etc.

1958. The World of Butterflies and Moths.

1863. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Pyralidinen.

1762. Traité Anatomique de la Chenille qui
ronge le bois de Saule.

1957. The Pursuit of Moths and Butterflies.

Miscellaneous separates by T. A. Chapman, A. S. Packard, H. G.

Oberthiir, C.

Portmann, A.
Schnack, F.
Sharpe, E. M. B.

Wagner, H.
Walsingham, Lord
PALAEARCTIC

British
Allan, P. B. M.

Barrett, C. G.
Beaufoy, S.
Beirne, B. P.

Bradley, J. D. &
Martin, E. L.

Dyar, A. R. Grote and Lord Walsingham.
[The description ‘‘Classification of Lepi-
doptera’’ appears, erroneously, on the
spine.] 1893-97.

1904-18. Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée.

1878-1920. Miscellaneous Extracts.

n.d. The Beauty of Butterflies.

1932. The Life of the Butterfly.

1898-1902. A Monograph of the Genus Tera-

colus.

1913-19. Lepidopterorum Catalogus: Sphingi-
dae.

1872-1912. Two volumes of Separates, mainly
Microlepidoptera.

1943. Talking of Moths.

1947. A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip.

1948. Moths and Memories.

1893-1904. Lepidoptera of the British Islands.

1945. Butterfly Lives.

1952 and 1954. British Pyralid and Plume
Moths.

1956. An Illustrated List of the British
Tortricidae (Part I, Tortricinae and
Sparganothinae).

Bradley, J. D.
Bright, P. M. &
Leeds, H. A.

Buckler, W.

Chapman, T. A.

Donisthorpe, H. St.

ao i:
Ford, E. B
Ford, L. T

Frohawk, F. W.

Greene, Rev. J.
Harris, Moses
Humphreys, H. N.

Leech, J. H.
Lister, J. J.
Lucas, W. J.
Macleod, R. D.
Merrin, J.
Meyrick, EK.
Morris, F. O.

Mosley, S. L.

Newman, EH.

Newman, L. W. &
Leeds, H. A.
Pierce, F. N.

1959.
1938.

163

(Part II, Olethreutinae).

A Monograph of the British Aberrations
of the Chalk-hill Blue Butterfly, Lysandra
coridon Poda.

1885-99. Larvae of the British Butterflies and

1893.

1927.
1945.
1955.
1949.

1958.
1914.

Moths.
The Genus Acronycta and its Allies.

Guests of British Ants.

Butterflies.

Moths.

A Guide to the Smaller British Lepi-
doptera.

Supplement.

Natural History of British Butterflies.

1914-15. A Collection of Articles in The Field

1939.
1870.
1766.
n.d.

n.d.
1886.

on British Butterflies.

Varieties of British Butterflies.

The Insect Hunter’s Companion.

The Aurelian.

The Genera and Species of British Butter-
flies.

The Genera of British Moths.

British Pyralides including Pterophori-
dae.

1917-25. Notes on Lepidoptera.

1895.
1959.

1860
1895.
1928.
1869.

1871.
1878.

1869.

1871.

1913.

1909.
1942

1914.

The Book of British Hawk-Moths.

Key to the Names of British Butterflies
and Moths.

and 1875. The Lepidopterist’s Calendar.
A Handbook of British Lepidoptera.

A Revised Handbook of British Lepi-
doptera.

A History of British Butterflies.

A Natural History of British Moths.
Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepi-
doptera.

An Illustrated Natural History of British
Moths.

An Illustrated Natural History of British
Butterflies.

Text Book of British Butterflies and
Moths.

Genitalia of the Noctuidae (male).

and 1952. Genitalia of the Noctuidae
(female).

Genitalia of the Geometridae.

Pierce, F. N. &
Beirne, B. P.

Pierce, F. N. &
Metcalfe, J. W.

St. John, J. S.
Scorer, A. G.

South, R.
Stainton, H. T.

Stokoe, W. J.

Tonge, A. E.

Turner, H. J.

Tutt, J. W.

Westwood, J. O.

Wilkinson, S. J.
Wilson, O. S.

Wood, W.

164

1941. The Genitalia of the British Rhopalocera
and the Larger Moths.

_ 1922. The Genitalia of the Tortricidae.

1935. The Genitalia of the Tineidae.

1938. The Genitalia of the Pyrales with the
Deltoids and Plumes.

1890. Larva Collecting and Breeding (Macro-
lepidoptera).

1913. The Entomologist’s Log-book.

1939. The Moths of the British Isles.

1852. The Entomologist’s Companion (Micro-
lepidoptera).

1854. Insecta Britannica. Vol. III. Lepi-
doptera: Tineina.

1855-73. The Natural History of the Tineina.

1857-59. A Manual of British Butterflies and
Moths.

1944. The Caterpillars of the British Butter-
flies.

1948. The Caterpillars of British Moths.

1907. Some Moths and Butterflies and their
Eggs.

1925-26. List of Geometers of the British
Islands, ete.

1926-35. Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae
and their Varieties.

1891. Melanism and Melanochroism in British
Lepidoptera.

1891-92. The British Noctuae and their Varie-
ties.

1896. British Butterflies.

1899-1906. A Natural History of the British

Lepidoptera.

1905-14. A Natural History of British Butter-
flies.

1901-05. Practical Hints for the Field Lepi-
dopterist.

The Pterophorina of Britain.

1860. The British Butterflies and their trans-
formations.

1860. The British Moths and their transforma-
tions.

1859. The British Tortrices.

1880. The Larvae of the British Lepidoptera
and their Food Plants.

1839. Index Entomologicus.

European
Acloque, A.
Bleszynski, S.

Chapman, T. A.
Deurs, W. van
Dietze, K.

Engramelle, Rev. et

Ernst, T. T.
Friden, F.
Gerhard, B.

Gillmer, M. &
Verity, R.
Girod, P.
Grote, A. R.
Hoffmeyer, S.

Hofmann, HE.

Juul, K.
Kane, V. F. de V.
Kirby, W. F.

Lang, H. C.
Lhomme, L.

Lucas, H.

Milliére, P.

Nordstrom, F. &
Wahlgren, E.

Rambur, P.
Robert, Léo-P.

Rowland-Brown, H.

Staudinger, 0. &
Wocke, M.

Vieweg, W.

Warren, B. C. S.

Wheeler, G.

165

1897. Lépidoptéres. (Faune de France).

1957. Revision of the European Species of the
Generic Group Crambus.

1870-1912. Miscellanea entomologica.

1956. Sommerfugle: Tortricina.

1910-13. Biologie der Eupithecien.

1779-92. Papillons d’Europe peints d’ apres
Nature.

1958. Frass-Drop Frequency in Lepidoptera.

1853. Schmetterlingskunde. (European Lycaeni-
dae).

c. 1902. European Butterflies.

1912. Papillons de France, Suisse et Belgique.

1897. Die Schmett. von Hildersheim, etc.

1948. De Danske Spindere. (Hawks and Bom-
bycids).

1949. De Danske Ugler. (Noctuidae).

1952. De Danske Maalere. (Geometers).

1887. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas.

1893. Die Raupen der Gross-Schmetterlinge
Europas.

1948. Nordens Eupithecier.

1885. European Butterflies.

1882 and 1889. European Butterflies and Moths.

1903. The Butterflies and Moths of Europe.

1884. The Butterflies of Europe.

1923-46. Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de France
et de Belgique.

1864. Histoire Naturelle des
d’ Europe.

1873. Catalogue raisonné des Lépidoptéres des
Alpes-Maritimes. Part 2.

Lépidopteéres

1941. Svenska Fjirilar, Macrolepidoptera.

1858. Lépidoptéeres de L’ Andalousie.

1931. Les Chenilles.

1913. Coenonympla Tiphon.

1871. Cstalogue des Lépidopteres de la Faune
Européenne.

1789. Tabellarischen Verzeichniss der in der

Churmark Brandenburg einheimischen
Schmetterlinge.
1926. Monograph of the Tribe Hesperiidi

(European Species).
1903. The Butterflies of Switzerland and the
Alps of Central Europr,

Other Palaearctic

Austaut, J. L.
Boisduval, J. A.

Boisduval, Rambur, P.

and Graslin, A.
Bruand, C.

Bryk, F.

Chapman, T. A.

Howarth, T. G.

Kennel, J.

Muller, L. & Kautz,
Et.

Nawa Entomological
Laboratory, Japan.

Rebel, H.

Seitz, A.

South, R.

Staudinger, O. &
Rebel, H.

Staudinger, O. &
Wocke, M.

Verity, R.

Wiltshire, E. P.

AMERICAN

Dyar, H. G.
Eliot, I. M. &
Soule, C. G.
Hayward, K. J.

Holland, W. J.
Packard, A. S.

Seitz, A.

166

1889. Les Parnassiens de la Faune Paléarctique.

1829. Essai sur une Monographie des Zygénides.

1932. Collection Iconographique et Historique
des Chenilles.

1850-52. Essai monographique sur la Tribu des
Psychides.

1922. Parnassius Apollo L. und sein Formen-
kreis.

1912-18. Separates on Lycuena alcon, LInparis
dispar and the genus Curetis (Lycaeni-
dae).

1957. A Revision of the Genus Neozephyrus
Sibatani and Ito. (Lycaenidae).

1908-21. Die Palaearktischen Tortriciden.

1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L.
Album of Pressed Specimens of Butterflies
and Moths.

1892-1917. Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands.
1912-38. The Macrolepidoptera of the World.
Palaearctica. Vols. I-IV.

1902. Catalogue of the Collection of Palaearctic
Butterflies formed by the late John Henry
Leech.

1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palaeare-
tischen Faunengebietes.

1861. Catalogue des Lépidopteres d’Europe et
des Pays Limitrophes.

1905-11. Rhopalocera Palaearctica: Papilioni-
dae et Pieridae.

1957. The Lepidoptera of Iraq.

1902. A List of North American Lepidoptera.

1902. Caterpillars and Their Moths.
(N. American Sphingids and Silk Moths).

1948-50. Genera et Species Animalium Argen-
tinorum. Insecta: Hesperiidae.

1898. The Butterfly Book.

1914. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of N.
America.

1924. The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol
5. Americana (Rhopalocera).

167
INDO-AUSTRALIAN

Bingham, C. T. 1905-7. Butterflies. (Indian).
Couchman, L. E. 1956. A Catalogue of the Tasmanian Lepi-
doptera-Rhopalocera.
Evans, W. H. 1927. The Identification of Indian Butterflies.
Hampson, G. F. 1892-96. Moths. (Indian, etc.).
1897-1905. The Moths of India. Supplement to
the above.
Horsfield, T. & 1857-59. A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous In-
Moore, F. sects in the Museum of the Hon. East-
India Company.
Hudson, G. V. 1928. The Butterflies and Moths of New
Zealand.
Moore, F. C. n.d. Six coloured plates of the Silkworm
Moths of India.
Seitz, A. 1927. The Macrolepidoptera of the World.
Vol. 9. Indo-Australica. (Rhopalocera).
Swinhoe, C. 1892-1900. Catalogue of Eastern and Australian
Lepidoptera Heterocera in Oxford Univ.
Mus.
Talbot, G. 1937. A Monograph of the Pierine Genus Delias.

Woodhouse, L. G. O. 1949. The Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon.
Wynter-Blyth, M. A. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian Region.

AFRICAN

Murray, D. P. 1933. South African Butterflies. (Lycaenidae).

Pinhey, *E:"C:"'G. 1949. Butterflies of Rhodesia.

Seitz, A. 1925. The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol.
13. Africana. (Rhopalocera).

Trimen, R. 1887--89. South African Butterflies.

EXOTIC (other than listed separately)

Lucas, H. 1860. Histoire Naturelle des Lépidoptéres
Exotiques.

Twidle, A. n.d. Beautiful Butterflies of the Tropics.

LISTS

Clarke, J. F. G. 1955-58. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of

Microlepidoptera in the B.M. (N.H.)
described by Edward Meyrick.

Dyer, H..G, 1902. A List of North American Lepidoptera.

Earle, J. 1880. English Plant Names.

Heslop, I. R. P. 1938. New Bilingual Catalogue of the British
Lepidoptera.

1953. First Supplement.

Jackson, B. D.

Kloet, G. S. &
Hincks, W. D.
Lhomme, L.

Newman, L. W. &

Leeds, H. A.
South, R.

Staudinger, O. &
Rebel, H.

Staudinger, O. &
Wocke, M.

Stephens, J. F.
Strecker, H.
Turner, H. J.
Wagner, H.

White, A.

Local Lists
Adkin, R.

168

1913. Catalogue of the Linnean Specimens of
Amphibia, Insecta and Testacea noted by
Carl von Linné.

1945. A Check List of British Insects.

1923-46. Catalogue des Lépidopteres de France
et de Belgique.

1913. Text Book of British Butterflies and
Moths.

1902. Catalogue of the Collection of Palaearctic
Butterflies formed by the late John
Henry Leech.

1901. Catalog des Lepidopteren des Palaearctis-
chen Faunengebietes.

1861. Catalogue des Lépidoptéres d’Europe et
des Pays Limitrophes.

1871. Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de la Faune
EKuropéenne.

1829. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects.

1899. Index of Species to Kirby’s Synonymic
Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera.
Vol. I. Sphinges and Bombyces.

1925-26. List of Geometers of the British
Islands, ete.

1913-19. Lepidopterorum Catalogus: Sphingi-
dae.

1853-55. Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects in
the Collection of the British Museum.

1928-31. The Butterflies and Moths of East
bourne.

Alps (Switzerland)—see Wheeler.

Bishop’s Stortford
Bournemouth
Brewer, J. A.
Carr, J. W.
Donovan, C.

Embry, B. &
Youden, G. H.

Foster, G.

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District Natural History Society.

1914. Bournemouth and District, a Natural
History of Bournemouth.

1863. Flora of Surrey.

1916. The invertebrate Fauna of Nottingham-
shire.

1935. Supplement.

1936. A Catalogue of the Macrolepidoptera of
Treland.

1949. The Butterflies and Moths (Macro-
Lepidoptera and Pyrales) found in the
Dover and Deal District of Kent.

1931-32. Lepidoptera of County Down.

Gardiner, J. S. &
Tansley, A. G.
Garner, R.

Greer, T.
Grinling, C. H.,
Ingram, T. A: &

Polkinghorne, B.C.
Hampstead Heath.

Hitchin.

Ilfracombe.

Lakeland.

London.

Marr, J. EH. &
Shipley, A. E.
Morey, F.

1923.
1884.

169

The Natural History of Wicken Fen.
The Natural History of the County of
Stafford and Supplement.

1922--23. The Lepidoptera of the North of Ire-

1900.

1913.

1934.

1946.

1943.

1946.

1954.

1958.

1908.

1904.

1909.

land.

A Survey and Record of Woolwich and
West Kent.

Hampstead Heath. Its Geology and
Natural History. Prepared under the
auspices of the Hampstead Scientific
Society.

The Natural History of the Hitchin
Region.

Pp. 256, 30 plates (2 coloured), 18 text
figures, a fold-in one inch map on cloth
and a Transect Chart. Published by the
Hitchin and District Regional Survey
Association. Hitchin, 1934.

The Fauna and Flora of the Ilfracombe
District of North Devon. Promoted by
the Ilfracombe Field Club. Pp. xiii, 266,
8 plates and a map. Exeter, 1946.

The Birds of Lakeland. Published by the
Carlisle Natural History Society (Trans-
actions, Vol. VI). Pp. vi, 170, 6 plates
and a map. Arbroath, 1943.

Lakeland Natural History. Compiled by
E. Blezard from Transactions of the
Carlisle Natural History Society (Trans-
actions, Vol. VII). [Deals with Birds and
Mammals.] Pp. xi, 149, 3 plates, 2 maps.
Arbroath, 1946.

Lakeland Ornithology. Published by the
Carlisle Natural History Society (Trans-
actions, Vol. VIII). Pp. 141, 3 plates.
Arbroath, 1954.

Lakeland Birds. Published by the Carlisle
Natural History Society. Vol. IX.
Carlisle, 1958.

The London Catalogue of British Plants.
10th Ed. Pp. 48. London, 1908.
Handbook to the Natural History of Cam-
bridgeshire.

A Guide to the Natural History of the
Isle of Wight.

Porritt, G. T.

Rochford.
Spurn Peninsula.

Stidston, 8. T.

MAMMALS

Barrett-Hamilton, G.
ee :

Cambridge Natural
History (Vol. 10).

Lakeland.

Step, E.

170

1883 and 1904. List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera.
(Two Editions.)

1956. Lepidoptera of the Rochford Hundreds.

1951-54. The Entomology of Spurn Peninsula
(S.E. Yorkshire). Pp. 94, 3 text figures.
Reprinted from The Naturalist. London,
1951-54.

1952. The Lepidoptera of Devon.

1910-21. A History of British Mammals.

1902. Mammalia.
1946. Lakeland Natural History.
1927. Animal Life of the British Isles.

MARINE AND FRESHWATER LIFE

Aquatic.
Balfour-Browne, F.

Cambridge Natural
History (Vol. 7).
Clark, A. H.

Clegg, J.

Cooke, M. C.
Forbes, E.

Gosse, P. H.

Harris, J. R.
McIntosh, W. C.

Russell, F. 8S. &
Yonge, C. M.

Step, E.

Trembley, A.

MEDICAL

Austen, E. E.
Kaland, C. A.

1903. Aquatic Insects in New York State.
1940-58. British Water Beetles.
1953. Coleoptera (Hydradephaga).

1904. Fishes, Ascidians, ete.

1950. A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids.
The Comatulids. Vol. 1.

1952. The Freshwater Life of the British Isles.

1959. 2nd Edition.

1890. Introduction to Freshwater Algae.

1848. A Monograph of the British Naked-eyed
Medusae.

1853. A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devon-
shire Coast.

1856. Tenby: A Seaside Holiday.

1860. A History of the British Sea-Anemones
and Corals.

1952. An Angler’s Entomology.

1908. A Monograph of the British Annelids
(Polychaeta).

1928. The Seas.

1901. Shell Life.

1744. Mémoires pour servir 4 l’Histoire d’un
genre de Polypes d’eau douce.

1911. A Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies.
1915. Insects and Man.

Edwards, F. W.,
Oldroyd, H. &
Smart, J.

Lang, W. D.

Patton, W. S. &
Cragg, F. W.

Rothschild, M. &
Clay, T.

Shipley, A. E.

Smart, J., Jordan, K.,
& Whittick, R. J.

Swynnerton, C. F. M.
MIMICRY

Marshall, G. A. K.
Poulton, E. B.
MOLIUSCA
Cockerell, T. D. A.
Granger, A.

Step, E.

MY RIAPODA
Blower, J. G.

Cambridge Natural
History. (Vol. 5).

1939.
1918.

1913.
1952.
1915.
1943.

1936.

n.d.
n.d.

171

British Blood-sucking Flies.

A Map showing the known distribution
in England and Wales of the Anopheline
Mosquitoes, with explanatory text and
notes.

A Textbook of Medical Entomology.

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos.

The Minor Horrors of War.

Handbook for the Identification of
Insects of Medical Importance.

The Tsetse Flies of East Africa.

Conscious Protective Resemblance.
Observations on Mimicry in South
African Insects.

1883-1902. Protective Resemblance in Insects.

1884.

1905.

1901.

1958.
1895.

The Mollusca of Kent, Surrey and
Middlesex (a notebook).

France (Histoire Naturelle). Part 6.
Mollusques.

Shell Life.

British Millipedes (Diplopoda).
Peripatus, Myriapods and Insects. Part
i

NATURAL HISTORY—GENERAL WORKS

Barbut, J.
Bates, H. W.
Brooke, W. M. A.

Carthy, J. D.

Coward, T. A.

Donovan, E.

Fabricius, J. C.
Fitter, R. S. R.

1781.
1876.
1935.

1958.

1923.
1834.

1801.
1945.

Genres des Insectes de Linné.

The Naturalist on the River Amazons.
Sketches from Nature in the North of
Treland.

An Introduction to the Behaviour of
Invertebrates.

Life of the Wayside and Woodland.

The Naturalist’s Repository or Miscellany
of Exotic Natural History.

Systema Eleutheratorum.

London’s Natural History.

Goldsmith, O.
Hitchin.

Linnaeus, C.

Lowry, J. W. &
Landseer, T.
Lubbock, J.
Lydekker, R.
Press Notices

Rabaud, E.
Step, E.

Swammerdam, J.

Thompson, J. A.
Tutt, J. W.

Wallace, A. R.
White, G.

Wooldridge, S. W. &
Golding, F.

NEUROPTERA

Acloque, A.
Killington, F. J.

MacLachlan, R.

Rambur, P.

NOMENCLATURE
Douglas, J. W.

Generic Names.
Hemming, F.

Heslop, I. R. P.

172

1791. A History of the Earth and Animated

Nature.

1934. The Natural History of the Hitchin
Region.

1758 and 1793. Systema Naturae. (2 vols.
only).

1761. Fauna Suecica.

1851. Illustrations of Zoology.

1893. The Beauties of Nature.

1893-96. The Royal Natural History.

Press Notices, Programmes, etc., 1873 et seq.
[A Serap Book. ]

1928. How Animals find their Way About.

1894. By Vocal Woods and Waters.

n.d. Sketches of Country Life.

1752. Bibel der Natur.

n.d. Natural History Studies.

n.d. Random Recollections of Woodlands, Fen
and Hill.

1891. Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

1895. Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

1906. The Malay Archipelago.

1891. Natural History and Antiquities of
Selborne.

1953. The Weald.

1897. Neuropteéres.
1936-37. A Monograph of the British Neurop-

teres.

1868. A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-
Planipennia.

1842. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Névrop-
teres,

1858. An Accentuated List of the British
Lepidoptera.

1934-43. Generic Names of British Insects.

1934. The Generic Names of the Holarctic
Butterflies.

1938. New Bilingual Catalogue of the British
Lepidoptera.

1953. First Supplement.

Jackson, B. D.

Kloet, G. S. &
Hincks, W. D.
Macleod, R. D.

Mayr, E., Linsley, E.
G. & Usinger, R. L.

Newman, L. W. &
Leeds, H. A.

Zoological Nomencla-
ture.

ODONATA

Charpentier, T. de
Dragonflies.

Fraser, F. C.
Longchamps, E. de §.
Longfield, C.
Lucas, W. J.

ORTHOPTERA

Acloque, A.
Burr, M.

Charpentier, T. de
Hincks, W. D.
Lucas, W. J.
Miall, L. C. &
Denny, A.

PESTS
Austen, E. E.
Barnes, H. F.
Chrystal, R. N.
Duffy, E. A. J.

Ealand, C. A.

1913.

1945.
1959.

1953.

1913.

1935.

1840.
1890.

1956.
1857.
1937.
1899.
1930.

1897.
1897.
1910.

1936.

173

Catalogue of the Linnean Specimens of
Amphibia, Insecta and Testacea noted by
Carl von Linné.

A Check-List of British Insects.

Key to the Names of British Butterflies
and Moths.

Methods and Principles of Systematic
Zoology.

Text Book of British Butterflies and
Moths.

Copenhagen decisions.

Libellulinae Europaeae.

An Illustrated Handbook of British
Dragonflies.

Odonata.

Monographie des Gomphines.

The Dragonflies of the British Isles.
British Dragonflies (Odonata).

The Aquatic (Naiad) Stage of the
British Dragonflies (Paraneuroptera).

Orthoptéres.

British Orthoptera.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western
Europe.

British Grasshoppers and their Allies.

1841-45. Orthoptera.

1956.
1920.
1886.

1911.

Dermaptera and Orthoptera.

A Monograph of the British Orthoptera.
The Structure and Life-History of the
Cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis).

A Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies.

1946-56. Gall Midges of Economic Importance.

1937.
1953.

1915.

Insects of the British Woodlands.

A Monograph of the Immature Stages of
British and Imported Timber Beetles
(Cerambycidae).

Insects and Man.

Edwards, F. W.,
Oldroyd, H. &
Smart, J.
Felt, E. P.
Fernald, H. T.
Gillanders, A. T.
Hering, E. M.
Hickin, N. E.

Lang, W. D.

Lyonet, P.

Massee, A. M.
Massee, G.

Miall, L. C.

Noyes, H.

Rothschild, M. &
Clay, T.

Shipley, A. E.

Skaife, S. H.

Swynnerton, C. F. M.

PHOTOGRAPHY
Oldroyd, H.

Ross, EK. S.

PLECOPTERA
Aubert, J.

Kimmins, D. E.

SIPHONAPTERA

Rothschild, M. &
Clay, T.
Smit, F. G. A. M.

SYSTEMATICS
Bibliography Associa-
tion.

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1942

174

. British Blood-sucking Flies.

. Insects Injurious to Forest Trees.

. Applied Entomology.

. Forest Entomology.

. Biology of the Leaf Miners.

54. Woodworm—its Biology and Extermina-

tion.

. A Map showing the known distribution

in England and Wales of the Anopheline
Mosquitoes, with explanatory text and
notes.

. Traité Anatomique de la Chenille qui

ronge le bois de Saule.

The Pests of Fruit and Hops.

A Text-book of Plant Diseases caused by
Cryptogamic Parasites.

Injurious and Useful Insects.

Man and the Termite.

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos.

The Minor Horrors of War.
Dwellers in Darkness.

The Tsetse Flies of East Africa.

. Collecting, Preserving and Studying In-

sects.

3. Insects Close Up.

. Plecoptera (Fauna) Adultes et Larves.

Insecta Helvetica.

. Plecoptera (Stone-flies).

52. Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos.
57. Siphonaptera.

and 1953. Bibliography of Key Works for

the Identification of the British Fauna
and Flora.

Copenhagen decisions on, pp. xxix, 135, photo-

graph of the colloquium. London, 1953.

TECHNIQUES
Beirne, B. P. 1955.
Eltringham, H. 1930.

Mayr, E., Linsley, E. 1953.
G. & Usinger, R. L.
Oldroyd, H. 1958.

Peterson, A. 1955.
St. John, J. S. 1890.
TERATOLOGY

Baillon, P. C. de 1927.

175

Collecting, Preparing and _ Preserving
Insects.

Histological and Illustrative Methods for
Entomologists.

Methods and Principles of Systematic
Zoology.

Collecting, Preserving and Studying
Insects.

A Manual of Entomological Techniques.
Larva Collecting and Breeding.
(Macrolepidoptera).

Recherches sur La Tératologie des
Insectes.

. Recherches sur La _ Tératologie des

Insectes, Vol. 2. (La Descendance des
Monstres des Phasmides).

THYSANURA AND DIPLURA

Delany, M. J. 1954.

Thysanura and Diplura.

Lubbock, Sir J. 1873. Monograph of the Collembola and
Thysanura.

TRAVEL

Bates, H. W. 1876. The Naturalist on the River Amazons.

Cheeseman, E. 1932. Hunting Insects in the South Seas.

Darwin, C. 1889. A Naturalist’s Voyage (Voyage of
H.M.S. ‘‘Beagle’’).

Hooker, J. D. 1891. Himalayan Journals.

Wallace, A. R. 1889. A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon
and Rio Negro.

1906. The Malay Archipelago.

TRICHOPTERA

Hickin, N. E. 1952. Caddis.

MacLachlan, R. 1874-80. A Monographic Revision and Synopsis
of the Trichoptera of the European
Fauna.

Mosely. M. E. 1933. A Revision of the Genus Leptonema

1939.

(Trichoptera).
The British Caddis Flies (Trichoptera).

176

A NATURALIST IN THE KINGDOM OF KERRY
By H. C. Hueetns, F.R.E.S.

Read 13th August 1959

I am using the title of the Kingdom of Kerry as it is a convenient
term to include the county of Kerry and all that mountainous part
of West Cork which geographically belongs to it. This division roughly
corresponds to the old Irish Kingdom of Kerry, as the late Philip Graves
pointed out to me, and older writers frequently used it; Kane con-
stantly alludes to Dursey and Glengarriff as in Kerry.

This area is largely rocky and mountainous, being mostly old red
sandstone, and the land is usually more or less peaty bog. Originally
no doubt it all had a superficial covering of limestone, but in many
places this is totally denuded, and sour acid bogland alone is left.
Many of the valleys and lower slopes are extensively wooded. The
predominant tree is birch, with a large admixture of oak, alder and
sallow. As, however, all the demesnes have been extensively planted
at some period, such trees as beech, several sorts of fir, and elm turn
up in many places. The agriculture is necessarily still somewhat
primitive, potatoes and hay in rather small fields being the general
order, together with cattle and sheep on the unenclosed parts. The
breeds of these have changed in the past 50 years; the sheep are now
largely black-faced instead of the long-horned Kerry type, which is an
improvement, but the small black Kerry cow has given place to various
nondescripts by no means so well suited to the country. Pigs are
chiefly Large Whites. Graves, who was born at Sneem, Co. Kerry,
told me that in his boyhood he often saw the Irish Greyhound Pig,
but this had disappeared when I first visited Ireland nearly 50 years
ago. It was by his description a fearsome-looking beast, very large,
lean and razor-backed, standing on legs double the length of those of
to-day’s breeds.

The fauna and flora of this part of Ireland includes a number of
Lusitanian species, to-day otherwise commonest on the southern shores
of the Bay of Biscay and in the Pyrenees. The localities shared by
these species deserve to be emphasised, as even the most eminent
authorities seem rather confused about them. Ford, E. B. (1955,
Moths, p. 162, London) gives four examples of Mediterranean species
found in Ireland—leaving aside the Mediterranean .Heath, which
according to Acton was introduced in 1648, though the point has been
disputed—two of the remaining three, ‘‘London Pride’’ and the slug
Geomalacus maculosus Allman, are found nowhere nearer the
Mediterranean than north-west Spain and are ecologically totally un-
suited to the Mediterranean region. JI shall return to these two
interesting species later. The three Hadeninae, Hadena barrettii

177

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178

Doubl., H. caesia Schiff. and H. lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup., all
have forms in Kerry agreeing with Pyrenean forms, and in the case
of H. barretti and H. capsophila, differing from those found at Howth,
Co. Dublin.

Kerry plants of especial interest include the Strawberry Tree
(Arbutus unedo L.), otherwise found in Ireland only at Lough Gill,
and two butterworts. Of these the superb Great Butterwort (Pingui-
cula grandiflora L.) grows on most of the bogs, it has flowers like a
very large violet, on stalks six inches high. The Pale Butterwort (P.
lusitanica L.), unlike its more handsome relative which is confined to
West Cork and Kerry, is also found locally in south-west England and
western Scotland, it has small pale lilac flowers and grows chiefly in
cracks in the rocks. Both species have a rosette of pale green, oily
looking leaves, and tiny thread-like roots, which have little grip on
either bog or rock. The leaves are viscid and insects are frequently
found adhering to them, the plants are usually characterized as
partially living on organic matter, like the Droseraceae (Sundews), but
I have never heard of any experiments having been made to prove
this. The butterworts grow from sea level to at least 1,200 feet, the
Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. sec Fernald) seems
to prefer the higher levels and I have only found it at over 600 feet;
it is particularly common at Windygap.

There are two saxifrages in the district of more than usual interest,
both Lusitanian species. Of these the Kidney Saxifrage (Saxifraga
hirsuta L.) is entirely confined to this district in the British Isles and
is otherwise found only in north-west Spain. The other one is the plant
alluded to by many writers as ‘‘London Pride’’. It is, however, a
different plant from the London Pride beloved of suburban gardeners
and celebrated in a little song by Mr. Noel Coward, which is a nursery
hybrid between it and the non-British S. wmbrosa L., and is usually
known to-day as the Kerry Saxifrage, though anyone who feels all
“‘Colleenbawnish’’ may call it St. Patrick’s Cabbage. It looks exceed-
ingly handsome growing freely in cracks in the rocks—abroad it is
confined to the mountains of north Portugal and north-west Spain.
Hybrids between the Kerry Saxifrage (S. spathularis Brot.) and S.
hirsuta L. are common in the wild.

The molluscs of the district are of great interest. Helix nemoralis
L., besides being very varied, is unusually attractive in many places
because of the thinness of the shell due to the entire absence of lime.
On the rocks in the acid bogs the shell is almost membranaceous. The
same factor is the cause of the extreme forms developed by Inmnaea
pereger Mull. in some of the mountain lakes of the district. Several
of these were formerly elevated to specific rank, such as L. involuta
Thompson and L. praetenuis Bowell. JL. involuta was supposed to be
confined to Lough Crincaum, Killarney, and its diagnostic was the
intorted spire of the shell. My late friend R. A. Phillips, however,
found it in Barley Lake, Glengarriff, and I subsequently did so in
several lakes in the Caha Plateau near Glengarriff, notably Loughs

179

Nambrack and Toberavanaha. A survey of these mountain tarns from
1914-1918 convinced me that all these isolated forms were simply
environmental races of L. pereger, as I stated in a paper in the Irish
Naturalist, 27: 119-128. The conclusions at which I arrived had a
mixed reception at the time but were entirely confirmed some ten years
later by Prof. A. E. Boycott, F.R.S., by dissections and _ breeding
experiments.

The slugs include the very local Limax cinereo-niger Wolf, our
largest native species, which is found in several ancient woodlands;
and extraordinary forms of the black Arion ater L., which range from
pure white through yellow, red, and leaden, to black; and also includes
curious combinations such as white with a black saddle and buff with
a chocolate saddle.

The most celebrated mollusc of all, however, is the famous Kerry
Slug (Geomalacus maculosus Allman). This is found almost through-
out the area; I have seen it at 1,000 feet above sea level on the rocks
in a sour bog, and climbing on trees below sea level in the demesne
at Glengarriff, whilst the most beautiful specimen I ever found, in
ground colour like a ripe banana, was crawling over a bed of Thyme
on the top of a cliff at Dursey, within ten yards of the sea. It is
found in several forms, all black with small yellow markings (form
allmant Heynemann), all yellow with black spots (form verkruzent
Heynemann) and with several longitudinal stripes (form fasciata
Cockerell). The last is probably a vestigial form, as the young mollusc
is striped; the other two environmental, allmani living on black rocks
in the bogs and verkruzeni in the woods at sea level. The requirements
of this slug for survival are an almost constant rainfall and absence of
frost, its only other known habitats are north-west Spain and Portugal.
Given these it is not fussy, in nature it lives on lichens and liverworts,
but specimens I sent to the late Charles Oldham in 1919 lived comfort-
ably on damp oatmeal in a vivarium, and bred; one of the progeny
which he reared from the egg living between three and four years.

There are few mammals of interest, the common and grey seals both
occur, and formerly the pine marten was generally distributed. It has,
however, been exterminated everywhere now except on the Kenmare
estate at Killarney, where also live the only surviving Irish red deer.
These, I am told, are larger than the Scottish animals.

Of the birds the most interesting seem to me the gannet and the
chough. These two birds are still on the increase. The principal
gannet colony is on the Little Skellig, which is plainly visible on a fine
day from either Dursey or Kenmare Head. The two islands, Great
and Little Skellig, are to be seen in June apparently floating in the
water like great galleons, but Great Skellig is entirely green and Little
Skellig white. The white colour of the latter is the gannets, with which
the island is packed (Fisher and Vevers estimated the colony at 9,500
pairs in 1939), yet although this rock is over full not one will go to the
Great Skellig, and the overflow is increasing the colony on The Bull,
20 miles away. The chough is now steadily on the increase, whereas

180

40) years ago it was a rare bird; I saw flocks of 30 or more in 1950 and
1952.

I have not done a great amount of work with the beetles but the
pretty and local Carabus nitens L. is found on many of the bogs, and
I found the local and scarce Strangalia aurulenta F. not uncommon
at Glengarriff. I was able to collect a series for the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), where there were no British specimens, in 1952. It is
fond of the flowers of purple loose-strife and ragwort, but most of mine
were taken on an oak stump on the side of the Kenmare road.

To turn to the Lepidoptera, Leptidea sinapis L. s.sp. juvernica Wil-
liams is to be found at Killarney, both at Muckross and on the Manger-
ton road, and Gonepteryx rhamni L. s.sp. gravest Huggins is in the
same district a month later. Huphydryas aurinia Rott. is generally
distributed but patchy, it has a habit of disappearing for years from a
locality after being common there. From 1914 to 1919 it was common
all round Glengarriff, in 1948 Graves told me it had quite gone from
there, but I found one or two small localities in 1950 and by 1952 it
was spreading again. Contrary to the general opinion, the form
praeclara Kane is not common in Kerry, the commonest being scotica
Robson. Maniola jurtina L. s.sp. iernes Graves is very common. Un-
fortunately collectors, especially professionals, have created a false
impression of this insect by picking out the extreme forms, which
writers not conversant with the butterfly have taken as the usual run.
The subspecific difference is in the underside, the upperside presents
endless variations in markings from the usual English form to the bril-
liant hispulla-like insect, usually called iernes.

Coenonympha tullia Miill. is found on most mosses up to 1,200 feet,
and varies very greatly, both on the upper and undersides, whilst C.
pamphilus L. is rare but oddly enough goes higher up the mountains
than C. tullia. Aphantopus hyperantus L. presents one feature of
interest, on the low ground it is very lke the usual British form, but
on the hillside over 600 feet it begins to be replaced by a dwarf form,
which at 1,000 feet is the only one. When [I first found this dwarf,
much worn, on the edge of a mountain bog in early July, I thought I
had hit upon Hrebia epiphron Knoch.

The Kerry Ewmenis semele L. varies greatly, many being suffused
with warm reddish brown, and others very large, most grass feeders
tend to run large in Kerry, possibly because of the open winters and
quality of the grass.

The last butterfly I shall mention is Celastrina argiolus L. Ford
(1945, Butterflies, p. 285, London) says there is a real distinction be-
tween the English and Irish races, inasmuch as the latter has no second
brood, even in the extreme south of the country, but it would not be
practical to treat them as subspecies because they are not visibly separ-
able. However, throughout Kerry the second brood is frequently very
large; in 1950 and 1952 I saw it at Goleen, Glengarriff, Kenmare and
Killarney, and at Glengarriff and Killarney it was the commonest

181

butterfly except for Maniola jurtina L. It is exactly the same in appear-
ance as the English second brood.

It is impossible in the time allotted to me to deal adequately with
the moths, but I will touch on those I think of the greatest interest. I
have never been lucky enough to find Leucodonta bicoloria Schiff. and
much regret I did not look for it seriously before 1948. The logic of
the records, both published and communicated to me privately, sug-
gests that it is becoming increasingly rare, though I have little doubt
it will be taken again. From 1859 to 1917 the perfect insect was taken
ai intervals in the Killarney and Kenmare districts, usually sitting on
tree trunks, though the last taken of these, by Bonaparte Wyse at Torc,
was beaten out of ivy on the side of the road and flew to a holly bush.
Such a capture would be most unlikely to-day because of the stream of
cars and buses using the road. From 1932 to 1936 Donovan beat 22
larvae, but only one in 1936. Since then it has not been taken, although
Kettlewell, Beirne, Baynes, Wright and myself worked hard at inter-
vals between 1947 and 1954, searching for the moth and larva, larva
beating, and with petrol and mercury vapour light, Baynes and Wright
actually trying mercury vapour light in Donovan’s best locality.

The local Lasiocampa quercus L. is the s.sp. callunae Palmer. It
is found from sea level to at least 1,000 ft. and eats whatever of its
foods is commonest, from bramble to bog myrtle and finally heather;
it has a one-year cycle.

Bena fagana F. (prasinana 1. auct nec L.) is not like the usual
British form: the males have very obscure white bands on the forewings
and deep golden hindwings. Lithosia quadra L. is endemic and com-
mon, as it is in the Burren and the Isles of Scilly, and not a temporary
settler as in most parts of England. It shows no local variation so is
probably reinforced from abroad at times. Another species, usually a
short dated settler, that is endemic in Kerry and the Isles of Scilly, is
Nycterosia (Nyctosia) obstipata F.

Polia nebulosa Hufn. is a most beautiful insect in southern Ireland,
being the white ab. pallida Tutt, it looks very pretty when feeding on
bramble blossom at night. Leucania pudorina Schiff. is not uncommon
at Killarney and Glengarriff and Mr. Riley also found several at Bally-
licky. I mention this as Donovan was very doubtful of the authen-
ticity of Irish records. Heliophobus anceps Schiff. (saponuriae Borkh.)
appears to be rather scarce but generally distributed; it is of the hand-
some continental form with deep purple brown forewings and bright
contrasting veining.

Eustrotia uncula Clerck and E. olivana Schiff. are locally common,
particularly in clearings in the woods at Killarney and Glengarriff,
though in the Caha plateau they may be taken up to 1,500 ft. The
Trish olivana is slightly larger and duller in colour than the Cambridge
ferm. These two species are accompanied by Huclidimera mi Clerck,
which should be carefully captured, as its light markings are nearly
white, not yellowish as in Britain.

182

Sterrha muricata Hufn. is very local, but is found at Cloonee near
Kenmare and also throughout the Coomerkane and Oowenacahena
valleys at Glengarriff, where in one or two places it is common. I
have seen 50 in an hour in a small space, flying in the afternoon sun.
Donovan seems very doubtful of the authenticity of the record of the
Lancashire form at Clonbrock but at Glengarriff it ranges from rather
paler than Cambridge specimens to the full Witherslack coloration.
Donovan’s record of Dysstroma concinnata Steph. from the Kerry
mountains is erroneous. The mountain form, which occurs at as low
a height as 600 ft. although it is commoner perhaps at places lke
Windygap, over 1,000 ft. above sea level, is only D. truncata Hufn.,
so the subspecific name of oressigena Donovan falls. Baynes has bred
this insect under normal conditions and it immediately becomes double
brooded, it is quite unlike the Arran insect.

Euphyia bilineata L. is most interesting and aggravating. On
many bogs and rocky cliffs it is perfectly normal and then a patch of
bog or cliff may be reached where the brown suffused form testaceo-
lata Staud. occurs; in extreme cases looking almost like Calocalpe
undulata L. In the same way sea cliffs by the dozen may be searched
and only yellow moths seen, even in the most break-neck clefts, and
then a patch may be struck with a small percentage of ab. hibernica
Prout. It was in such a place that my wife took the beautiful form I
have named ab. ethelae. I can find no reason whatever for the patchy
distribution of these aberrations. The highlight of Irish bilineata was
the aberration found by Kane on the Tearaght, the last of the
Blaskets, and named by him ab. isolata. This was uniform dark brown
in colour and the only kind found on the rock, whereas the other rare
forms found on the coast form only a small percentage of the moths
seen. It was, however, exterminated there by a storm which washed
away all the vegetation on which it fed. I have a specimen, given by
Kane to my old friend B. A. Bower. After his death it passed through
several hands and then found a place in the collection of my friend
Douglas Smart, at the sale of whose collection it was purchased by
Mr. H. D. Bessemer, and then secured by me at the sale of his
Geometridae. It is now earmarked for the Rothschild-Cockayne-
Kettlewell collection.

The Kerry form of EHupithecia pulchellata Steph. is the s.sp.
hebudium of Sheldon, with practically no red on its forewings. It
is rather curious what a wash-up of races seems to occur in Kerry;
pulchellata and the bird, the Stonechat, are of the Hebridean form,
whilst others, as I have already said, are Lusitanian.

The demesne at Glengarriff is the only place in which Pseudoboarmia
punctinalis Scop. has been found in Ireland, and it was here that I
first took Hctropis bistortata Goeze, said by Kane and Donovan not to
be found in Ireland, although Cockayne afterwards found some speci-
mens in a collection made at Killarney. Alcis (Cleora) repandata L.
is a very lovely insect in Kerry, the ground colour being often a clear
dove grey. However, in five years it fades to a muddy brown which

183

is heartbreaking to look at. The Kerry form of the allied Cleora
cinctaria Schiff. has been elevated to a subspecies, however all I need
say is that I can only distinguish my Kerry specimens from those of
the New Forest by the labels.

Aegeria scoliaeformis Borkh is found at Killarney, but after hard
searching I have found no trace of it elsewhere, although Graves told
me he had heard of it at Kenmare. It is an insect which sticks to one
tree like A. myopaeformis Borkh. so that one containing old burrows
in the bark will almost certainly also contain new. You can then dig
the full-fed larva, which is a bark feeder, or find the newly-emerged
moth on the tree if you are lucky. This has, however, occurred so
frequently that I have a theory that the moth sometimes returns to
sit on the bark in the sun as myopaeformis certainly does.

The only micro I shall mention is Polychrosis dubitana Steph.
(littoralis Westw.). On the rocks in the sea near Adrigole where
Hadena capsophila Dup., H. cucubali Schiff. and H. caesia Schiff. are
found this eucosmid is common. The form is of a dull colour and very
large; this is somewhat curious as the sea-coast form in the Isles of
Scilly is the smallest known. I have never seen such large dubitana
elsewhere, but unfortunately I did not bring back enough to be certain
of the range of size.

184

REPORT ON THE INSECTS COLLECTED BY THE E. W. CLASSEY
AND A. E. GARDNER EXPEDITION TO MADEIRA IN
DECEMBER 1957

By A. E. Garpner, F.R.E.S., anp E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
Read 12th March 1959.

“T do not know a spot on the globe which so astonishes
and delights upon first arrival as the island of Madeira’’
—Captain Marryat.

PART I
Introduction fn! an he ee oe cept pple
Dermaptera ... a 5s na ses we aw? Aes
Saltatoria ... Be 5 nis ae Ps: care melo
Dictyoptera ... rs 5 he ase a sen aio
Isoptera y ao ne oie be ats ee
Lepidoptera ois aie ee nie ai pena? Lee
Hymenoptera. sas Re sis siete ors set 204
Diptera as tie sa sae oe ~~ AUS.
INTRODUCTION.

When one of us (Gardner, 1955) discovered that the dragonfly
Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys), thought formerly to be a subspecies of
S. s. striolatum (Charp.) was, in fact, a good species confined to the
island of Madeira*, the seed that resulted in this Expedition was sown.

Only a few specimens in poor condition were known of this endemic
dragonfly, and nothing of its ecology or life-history. Subsequent
enquiries at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) gave strength to our
belief that a collecting trip would be well worth while. All specialists
were eager to receive recent material in good condition, Mr. J. D.
Bradley particularly wanting Microlepidoptera and Mr. R. L. Coe
specimens of the dipteron, Drosophila repleta Wollaston. This species
now widely distributed was described by Wollaston in 1858 from Madeira
but no material from the type locality had subsequently been obtained.

Thanks to the generosity of the Trustees of the Godman Exploration
Fund and the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, grants were obtained which
enabled preparations to be started. We were fortunate also that Mr.
W. H. T. Tams was able to arrange leave to accompany us and give
us the benefit of his vast entomological knowledge.

As Wollaston had taken specimens of the Sympetrum in December,
we decided to start our trip in that month, a time which also suited
both our business commitments. We agreed that one of us (E.W.C.)
should handle the travel, currency and accommodation problems and that

*Recently I have been able to examine four gd and 9 of S. nigrifemur
taken in Tenerife during March 1947. I am indebted to Dr. M. A. Lieftinck of
the Leiden Museum for the opportunity of studying this material.—A.E.G.

185

the other (A.E.G.) the collecting equipment and preservation of material.
This arrangement worked perfectly even though the senior author was
so careless as to lose some much needed currency from his pocket when
hanging by his feet over an inaccessible gorge in an effort to obtain a
very desirable specimen !

The results of our labours will, we think, speak for themselves. Over
one thousand specimens were obtained, including series of many rare
species. The dragonfly Sympetrum nigrifemur was found in fair
numbers, its habits studied, and eggs were obtained which resulted in
the senior author working out its life-history and obtaining a series of
the adult larvae. One lepidopteron new to science was taken and two
species are new to Madeira. One undescribed species of Coleoptera,
and two further species new to the Island will be dealt with in a
subsequent paper. A small series of the Drosophila resulted from our
efforts in the wine lodges of Funchal—a pleasant diversion from working
the steep and difficult montane regions. Had the weather been kinder
and enabled us to work the desolate west and northern regions, had
the propellor-shaft of our boat not broken or the Atlantic rollers pre-
vented our reaching the island of Porto Santo, our results might have
been even more encouraging. These setbacks, the knowledge that
another Sympetrum flies in the sunshine of Porto Santo, the magnetic
beauty of the scenery, all combine to make it certain that one day we
will return to wrest more secrets from the ‘‘Pearl of the Atlantic’’.

Before dealing with the insect fauna in some detail, we think it
advisable to give a brief outline of the topography, climatic conditions
and general natural history in order that our readers can appreciate
the diverse types of habitat and conditions which exist.

Madeira, a Portuguese island, lies in the Atlantic Ocean ten degrees
north of the tropics in the temperate zone. The largest of a group of
eight islands, it is 340 sea miles from Morocco, 480 from the Azores and
535 from Lisbon. Other islands of the Madeiran group are Porto Santo
—about twenty-five miles to the north-east—the three Desertas, Ilheu
Chao, Deserta Grande and Bugio—eighteen miles to the south-east—and
the three Salvages which lie between the Madeira and the Canaries
about 156 miles distant.

In shape, it is roughly oval, thirty-five and a quarter miles in length
and thirteen and a quarter miles in width, and has an area of 240 square
miles. Volcanic in origin, geologically ancient, it consists for the most
part of a ridge of mountains running east to west. The highest point
is the Pico Ruivo, 6,104 feet, and in all directions the island is cleft
by great ravines running down from the mountains.

Except for the Sao Lourenco promontory to the south-east the coast-
line is rocky, high cliffs rising steeply, of which Cabo Girao, 1,804 feet,
in the south, is the second highest headland in the world.

Largely due to the Gulf Stream, the climate is equable with little
variation between summer and winter. Naturally, the temperature
varies with the altitude and in this mountainous island habitats vary
from subtropical at sea-level to near alpine on the peaks. The mean

186

temperature (Gordon-Brown, 1956) varies from 60°F. in February to
72°4°F. in August. Absolute maxima range from 78:7°F. in January
to 102-6°F. in August; absolute minima from 47-3°F. in February to
64°F. in August. The prevailing wind is from the north-east and
occasionally during the summer months a hot dry wind known as the
leste blows across from the African desert, lasting, however, for only a
few days.

The rainfall in Funchal is about 22 inches a year. March has the
heaviest fall with over four inches, April just over one inch, and little
rain occurs from May to September. Between October and February
the monthly average ranges from two and a quarter to three and three-
quarter inches. Funchal may be basking in sunshine when on the
other side of the mountain barrier conditions may be very different.
The lofty peaks may be capped with snow, cold winds may be raging and
mist and rain may make crossing the Passes impracticable.

Rivers, ponds and lakes as we know them are non-existent. In the
misty tree-filled stretches of mountain rock-face the air condenses in
prodigious quantities, is transformed into streams and waterfalls and
from the cloudy uplands the life-giving water is conducted by ducts or
levadas to all the cultivated areas. No freshwater fish other than the
eel, Anguilla vulgaris Day, are to be found. Recently, an attempt has
been made to introduce the Trout, Salmo trutta L.

A very different picture is presented when we consider the marine
life. The sea around Madeira is deep, varying from 1,500 to 3,000
fathoms. A warm sea current flows past its shores towards the 8.S.W.
at the rate of from twelve to sixteen miles per day. Some six miles off
shore the big game fish, Tunny, Bonito and Blue Fish are encountered;
in deep water, Swordfish, Giant Tunny and the Blue Shark. Closer
inshore are found the Barracouta, Marbled Sea Perch and a multitude
of smaller exotic species. Visitors are recommended to visit the Museu
Municipal do Funchal where a fine collection of fish is housed and a
small but excellent aquarium displays many local species in all their
natural gaudy colours.

From Camara de Lobos in the south the fishing boats go out in the
evening three to five miles off-shore in search of the espada, Aphanopus
carbo Lowe. This, a large pitch-black eel-like fish is found below 800
fathoms, a line with 150 hooks being used. It is the principal
commercial fish and, despite its forbidding appearance, the flesh is
white and appetising—as well we can testify.

The vegetation ranges from sub-tropical to sub-alpine on the peaks.
Over 3,000 species of plants have been recorded, mainly related to those
found in south-west Europe, the Canaries and the Azores. About 100
species, including three tree ferns, are endemic. The rich volcanic
soil and equable climate both combine to make conditions ideal for the
cultivation of a rich and varied flora. Probably nowhere else in the
world are so many genera confined in such a small area. It is in the
south that the full brilliance and beauty of the vegetation is at its best.
At the lower altitudes every garden is a blaze of colour. Purple and

187

mauve Bougainvillaea, vivid red Poinsettia and Hibiscus, orange
Bignonia and blue Echium all grow in happy abandon against a back-
ground of stately Date palms and Dragon trees. Despite its mountainous
character every available square foot of land is cultivated. This by means
of terracing is an essential feature of the island. Often the retaining
wall is deeper than the terrace is broad, the red topsoil captive and loved.
In Africa, it escapes hourly down to the sea. Fruits and vegetables
from both the temperate zone and tropics flourish. Below 700 feet
bananas and sugar cane are cultivated extensively; up to 1,500 feet
vines grow on the terraces, planted generally at the edges; from 1,500
to 3,000 feet the principal crops are beans, cabbage, maize, wheat and
stone fruits.

It is, however, above this cultivated zone that the greatest
entomological prizes are to be found. First comes the area of thickets
and pines above which the mountain sides are thickly clothed with Tree
Heaths, Hrica arborea L. and E. scoparia L. In this zone is to be found
the endemic tree Til, Ocotea foeteuws Ait. The wood is black like ebony
and is much used locally for cabinet work. Found sparingly in the
south, it is a common feature of the northern landscape. The denuded
southern watershed contrasts greatly with the richly wooded northern
slopes. The reason for this is that when the Portuguese navigator
Joao Gonsalves Zargo returned to the island after his initial discovery of
Madeira in about 1419, it was decided to clear a portion of the thickly
wooded area in the south. The method adopted was to set fire to the
forests, the result being disastrous and far-reaching, for the fires burned
for seven years. Beyond the tree-line the vegetation is sparse but many
of the rare and endemic insects are to be found in this montane zone.

There are no mammals in Madeira except those which have been
introduced. A few bats and rabbits are to be found, and on the
Desertas feral goats and rabbits. The hundred acres of the Ilheu Chao
are quite waiterless during the summer months and Lockley (1941)
thinks that the many rabbits which breed there rely on the ice-plant
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. for water during the drought.

Over two hundred species of birds have been recorded, most of which
are migrants from the African coast. About 36 species breed on the
island. During our stay few birds were observed except for the
melodious flocks of Canaries, Serinus c. canaria L.

The beautiful little Blue Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs maderensis
Sharpe was seen often at intermediate altitudes and always so unafraid
of us that they could have been easily caught in our nets. In the Tree
Heath, Hrica forests a few Firecrests, Regulus ignicapillus madeirensis
Vern. Harc. were seen and in the northern Laurel and Til zone a pair
of the endemic Madeiran Pigeons, Columba trocaz Heineken were seen
feeding on the fruits of the Til.

Only one species of reptile has been recorded: this the endemic
Madeiran lizard, Lacerta dugesii Edwards, we found extremely common
in the south. Often a dozen or more were seen basking in the sunshine
on the stone walls, disappearing like a flash into the crevices as we

188

approached. At Ribeira das Cales (1,286 m.) a few were found under
large boulders. These were sluggish and could be easily caught and
handled.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

We gratefully acknowledge the grants made by the Trustees of the
Godman Exploration Fund and the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund. To
the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) our best thanks are
due for the loan of collecting equipment; to Mr. G. E. Maul and his
staff at the Museu Municipal do Funchal we acknowledge the great help
provided regarding information on localities of interest and for the
generous gift of specimens; to Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Maul, Major and Mrs.
C H.C. Pickering we remember with pleasure the hospitality shown us;
Professor Per Brinck gave us valuable information from his recent
expedition, and Mr. David S. Smith spared no pains to provide us with
maps and information from his previous trip. Our best thanks are due
to the following specialists who gave us great assistance in identifying
material from the Orders dealt with in this paper:—Professor L.
Chopard, Doctors V. M. Dirsh, W. V. Harris, W. D. Hincks, D. R.
Ragge, I. H. H. Yarrow, and Messrs. R. B. Benson, J. D. Bradley, R. L.
Coe, D. S. Fletcher, K. A. Spencer, and W. H. T. Tams.

LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED.

The Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Odonata are not in-
cluded in the following list. This is due to the amount of time needed to
make the necessary microscopical preparations and drawings to illus-
trate the life-history of the dragonfly Sympetrum nigrifemur and the
unavoidable delay regarding Coleoptera determinations. It is hoped to
publish Part IT dealing with these Orders in the Society’s subsequent
Proceedings and Transactions.

Specimens have been deposited in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
Hope Department, Oxford, Liverpool Public Museum and _ with
specialists who have given such valuable assistance. A representative
collection has been retained by the senior author.

With regard to the Orders Dermaptera, Saltatoria and Dictyoptera,
we have endeavoured to list all known species from Madeira and to
include as full a list of localities as possible.

DERMAPTERA

Thirteen species of earwigs have been recorded and, of these, seven
are endemic. Although we worked assiduously for the rare species
we were unsuccessful and only found the two Anisolabis and Forficula
auricularia (I.).

The moist sylvan districts of intermediate altitudes and the more
barren montane zones would appear to be the more favoured habitats.
It is probable that the comparatively unworked northern and western
mountain ranges support species yet to be described.

189
LABIDUROIDEA.

LABIDURIDAE.
Anisolabis annulipes (Lucas).

Burr (1912) refers to this species as the common earwig of the Island.
Chopard (1937) associates it with agricultural regions up to 800 metres.
Specimens were collected from under stones on Funchal beach in com-
pany with A. maritima (Gené) ; common under stones on the mountainous
region of Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.); Camacha (684 m.); Santana (436
m.); Chao das Feiteiras (1,278 m.) and at a slight elevation at Gorgulho.
There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Santa Roque (384 m.).

Other records: Borelli (1906), Funchal, Poiso; Burr (1912), Funchal;
Chopard (1937), Sao Vicente; MHincks (1938), Monte, Funchal,
Kstrella Calheta; Chopard (1942), Funchal, Ribeira Brava and Ribeiro
Frio.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Anisolabis maritima (Gené).

Although Chopard (1937) associates A. maritima with the littoral
zone, no localities are cited. From the lack of records it would appear
to be rare since this conspicuous insect can hardly be overlooked. There
are a few specimens in the Funchal Museum taken locally by Mr. G. E.
Maul. Three males and seven females were taken under stones and
refuse on Funchal beach near the mouth of the Ribeira de Santa Luzia.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Labidura riparia (Pall.).

This handsome species occurs on sandy areas in the littoral zone.
Recorded by Borelli (1906) environs of Funchal; Burr (1912), Funchal;
Chopard (1937), Santana, Canical, Deserta Grande. There are specimens
in the Funchal Museum taken by Mr. G. E. Maul from Porto Santo
Island about 25 miles north-east of Madeira where they were common
oa the sandy beach and attained a large size.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Labia minor (I..).

Chopard (1937) records a specimen from Funchal, and Burr (1912)
mentions that there are specimens from Madeira in the Kénigsberg
Museum.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Labia curvicauda (Mots.).

Borelli (1906) records this species from Funchal, Porto da Cruz;
Burr (1912), Funchal, common in the Seminario; Chopard (1942),
Funchal.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

190

FORFICULIDAE.
Anechura schmitzi (Borelli).
Recorded by Borelli (1906), Poiso, Funchal; Chopard (1937), Monte:
Hincks (1938), Chao das Feiteiras.

Distribution: Endemic.

Perirrhytus edentulus (Woll.).

First discovered by Wollaston (1858) at the base of the lofty per-
pendicular rocks near the upper extremity of the Ribeira de Santa
Luzia. ‘Chopard (1937) associates this species with the zone of Laurels
and Tree Heaths at 1,000 to 1,400 m.

Other records: Borelli (1906) Funchal; Chopard (1937 and 1942)
Rabacal, Sao Jorge, Encumiada, Camacha, Monte, Ribeiro Frio;
Hincks (1938) Rabacal, Funchal, Risco.

Distribution: Endemic.

Perirrhytus madeirensis (Borelli).

Occurs in similar localities as the preceding species. Recorded by
Borelli (1908) Funchal; Chopard (1937) Seixal; Hincks (1938) Rabagal.
Risco.

Distribution: Endemic.

Perirrhytus lundbladi Hincks.
Discovered by Dr. O. Lundblad, 12.viii.1935, at Caramujo. Other
records are: Hincks (1938) Ribeiro do Inferno, Chao das Feiteiras.
Distribution: Endemic.

Forficula auricularia (L.).

Chopard (1937) associates this species with mountainous areas above
the 1,500 m. level. Although a few specimens were found at lower alti-
tudes in the Pine and Tree Heath zone, it was in the more sparsely
covered montane zone at higher elevations that F. auricularia became
the dominant species. Odd specimens were found under stones at
Choupana (743 m.), Ribeira das Cales (1,286 m.) common, Chao das
Feiteiras (1,278 m.). At this latter locality, desolate and windswept,
auricularia was found under nearly every large stone. The macro-
labious v. forcipata Steph. was numerous. A number of specimens
have been examined but no brachypterous examples were found.

Other records: Borelli (1906) Funchal, Poiso; Burr (1912) Grande
Corral; Chopard (1937 and 1942) Monte, Camacha, Encumiada (1,100
m.), Santo Antonio da Serra, Paul da Serra (1,500 m.), Calheta, Ribeiro
Frio, Rabacal, Porto Novo; Hincks (1938) Chao das Feiteiras, Paul da
Serra (1,250 m.), Caramujo, Rabacal. There are specimens in the
Funchal Museum from Santo da Serra, Ribeiro Frio and Monte da
los Barreiros.

Distribution: Europe, Western and Northern Asia, North Africa,
North America, Australia and Oceania.

191

Forficula laeviforceps Chopard.
Apparently a montane species. Recorded by Chopard (1937) from the
Paul da Serra (1,600 m.), an elevated plateau in the west of the island.
Distribution: Endemic.

Forficula barroisi Bolivar.

Recorded by Chopard (1937) from Canical and considered by that
author to be a representative of the fauna belonging to the low, sandy
eastern extremity of the island.

Distribution: Endemic.

Forficula brevitarsis Chopard.

Described by Chopard (1942) from a single female taken by R. Frey,
5.v.38, from Porto Novo.

Distribution: Endemic.

SALTATORIA

If we include all the species, even those with a doubtful claim to
being on the Madeiran list, only 23 species are represented. Although not
presenting such an impoverished fauna as the Azores, Madeira is not so
rich in species as the Canary Islands. Four endemic species are repre-
sented, the rest being mainly Mediterranean species. Of the former,
Calliptamus madeirae Uvarov is associated with the rich vegetation of
the agricultural zone, Huchorthippus madeirae Uvarov and Metrioptera
barretot (Burr) are montane species and Psalmatophanes barretoi
Chopard is associated with the zone of pines and thickets.

It is interesting to note that Phaneroptera nana nana Fieber and
P. nana sparsa Stal both occur on the Island. Although both have
been probably introduced they appear to be kept apart by their different
temperature requirements.

ACRIDOIDEA.

AORIDIDAE.
Calliptamus madeirae Uvarov.

Despite a careful search, we were only able to capture a few specimens
of this interesting locust. Chopard (1937) associates it with the agricul-
tural zone. It is closely allied to the Canarian C. plebeus (Walker).
One male and two females were taken in rough ground at Pico da
Ponta Cruz, and a single female in a potato field on the mountainside
at Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.). Recorded by Burr (1912), Chopard (1937),
Funchal, Camacha, Santo Antonio da Serra, Grande Curral, Poiso,
Paul de Serra, Sao Vicente, Seixal; Uvarov (1937) Funchal, Grande
Curral, Machica. There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from
Choupana, Ribeiro Frio and Canical. Barreto (in Chopard, 1937)
records it from the Desertas. Specimens have been taken in the months
of July, September, October and December.

Distribution: Endemic.

192

Schistocera gregaria (Forsk.).
Recorded by Burr (1912). There are specimens in the Funchal
Museum taken locally 28.xi.50, 28.xi.53 and 5.x11.53.

Distribution: Hot palaearctic deserts, swarm migrants temporarily
extending beyond these limits both north and southwards.

Oedaleus decorus (Germ.).

Burr (1912) records this species as found sparingly at the lower
levels but in great numbers in the mountains. Chopard (1937)
associates it with altitudes above 1,500 m. Recorded by Chopard (op.
cit.) Santo Antonio da Serra, Grande Curral, Camacha, Paul da Serra,
Poiso; Uvarov (1937), Rabagal, 1,080 and 1,250 m., Paul da Serra. There
are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Choupana, Santo Antonio de
Serra and Funchal.

Distribution: North Africa, Southern Europe and Western Asia

Locusta migratoria danica (L.).

A single male was captured at Pico da Ponta Cruz on the edge of
a sugar cane plantation, two males and a single female on rough ground
at Choupana. Burr (1912) records the Migratory Locust as common
everywhere; Chopard (1937), Funchal, Santo Antonio da Serra; Uvarov
(1937) Machico. There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from
Choupana, Funchal, Canical, Ribeiro Frio and Santo Antonio da Serra.

Distribution: From tropics to temperate zone of the Old World.

Acrotylus sp.

Burr (1912) says ‘‘Serville deseribes a species which evidently
resembles Acrotylus insubricus Scop.; he names it Oedipoda maderae
(Orth., p. 730, 1839), which de Saussure sinks as a queried synonym of
Thalpomena algeriana, and for this reason, Kirby records it under the
name of Thalpomena maderae. Probably it is Acrotylus insubricus, as
this is a common European species, which extends as far as the Canaries,

and there is no improbability in its occurring in Madeira, though we
failed to find it’’.

Collecting at Pico da Ponta Cruz, a rich locality for Orthoptera, one
of us (A.E.G.) took a pink-winged grasshopper in long grass near the
extensive growth of Opuntia. On examination it proved to be an
Acrotylus but, on transferring the insect to a tube it escaped, and
despite a feverish search could not again be located. Thus was lost the
opportunity of settling the vexed question of an Acrotylus in Madeira.

Sphingonotus rubescens (Walker).

This species seems confined to the low, sandy Sao Lourenco
promontory and the Desertas. Recorded by Chopard (1937), Canical,
Desertas. There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Canigal
and Deserta Grande.

Distribution: Eremian Region.

193

Sphingonotus coerulans (L.).
Included on the strength of Burr’s (1912) statement, ‘‘ there are
specimens in the Museum; it is recorded from the island by Brunner’’.
Distribution: Central and Southern Europe, North Africa.

Aiolopus strepens (Lat.).

Common in the zone of pines and thickets. Numerous specimens
were collected from Ribeira das Cales (1,286 m.), Camacha (684 m.),
Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.), Choupana and Santana. Also recorded by
Burr (1912), Grande Curral; Chopard (1937), Camacha, Santo Antonio
da Serra, Canical, Santana; Uvarov (1937 and 1942), Calheta, Frio,
Poiso (1,400 m.), Rabagal (1,250 m.), Paul da Serra, Caramujo (1,250
m.), Chao das Feiteiras.

Distribution: Canary Islands, Madeira and Mediterranean region.

Aiolopus thalassina (F.).

The common grasshopper of the Island. Associated by Chopard
(1937) with the zone of pines and thickets but also found down to sea
level. Uvarov (1937) noted that the Madeira specimens were small com-
pared with European examples and preferred to leave them without
a name until the group is revised. A long series from various localities
in the Canary Islands collected by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and in the
collection of Gardner appear identical with the Madeira specimens.
Numerous examples were obtained from Pico da Ponta Cruz (261 m.),
Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.), Camacha (684 m.), Choupana and a few
from gardens in Funchal.

Burr (1912) mentions that it swarms everywhere; Chopard (1937),
Funchal, Canigal, Sao Vicente, Santana; Uvarov (1937 and 1942),
Funchal, Ribeira Brava, Machico (200 m.).

Distribution: Canary Islands, Africa, Mediterranean region and
Western Asia.

Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunb.).

Burr (1912) mentions that the species is recorded from Madeira by
Kirby but the authority is unknown.

Distribution: Very abundant in the Mediterranean region, Western
and Central Asia.

Chorthippus apicalis (H.-S.).

There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Santo Antonio
da Serra and Santa da Luta. Recorded by Chopard (1937) from the
former locality in the open regions of gorse and grass.

Distribution: Madeira, Southern Europe, Morocco.

Euchorthippus madeirae Uvarov.

Recorded by Burr (1912) as Chorthippus pulvinatus (F.W.) who took
three females in the Grande Curral on the steep mountain slopes above
the pines. It is a montane species and has been recorded by Chopard
(1937) from Rabacal, Paul da Serra, Poiso, Santo Antonio da Serra,

194

Camacha; Uvarov (1937), Rabacal (1,080 and 1,250 m.), Paul da Serra,
Caramujo (1,250 m.), Chao das Feiteiras. There are specimens in the
Funchal Museum from Santa da Luta, Santo Antonio da Serra, Pico
Ruivo da Santanna and Pico do Arieiro (1,800 m.).

Distribution: Endemic.

TETTIGONIIDAE
Decticus albifrons (F.).

This magnificent insect is recorded by Burr (1912) as common.
Chopard (1937) records it from the environs of Funchal, Santo Antonio
da Serra and very common on the southern slopes of the mountain
between Calheta and the tunnel of Rabacal. It frequents rough
herbage and betrays its presence with its loud clattering stridulation.
There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Santo Antonio da
Serra and Canigal.

Distribution: Madeira, Canary Islands, Southern Europe, North
Africa and Western Asia.

Psalmatophanes barretoit Chopard.

Another magnificent Tettigoniid which was discovered by Chopard
(1937) in the pine, thicket and gorse zone. It was detected by its
stridulation which is comparable with that of Tettigonia viridissima L.
Rare and only recorded from Seixal, Santana and Santo Antonio de
Serra.

Distribution: Endemic.

Platycleis falx (F.).

Recorded as Platycleis grisea (K.) by Burr (1912) who took specimens
on the higher slopes of the Grande Curral. Chopard associates it with
the zone of pines and thickets and records specimens (1937) from Monte,
Santo Antonio da Serra, Camacha, Grande Curral and Canical. There
are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Santo Antonio da Serra
and Santa da Luta.

Distribution: Mediterranean region, Madeira, Azores.

Metrioptera barretoi (Burr).

Burr (1912) discovered a pair of this curious brachypterous Tettigoniid
on the grassy slopes of the Grande Curral above the tree line, 2nd
October 1910. Chopard (1937) associates it with the montane zone and
records specimens from the Grande Curral and the plateau of the Paul
da Serra at about 1,700 m. Uvarov (1937) also records one female from
the Paul da Serra (1,250 m.) and two larvae probably belonging to
this species from Feiteiras. There are specimens in the Funchal Museum
from Pico do Arieiro (1,800 m.).

Distribution: Endemic.

Homorocoryphus nitidulus (Scop.).
This handsome green species was taken in a garden in Funchal and
on rough ground at Gorgulho and Pico da Ponta Cruz. All the specimens

195

were taken at night, our attention being attracted by its continued
and loud stridulation. Burr (1912) records it as not being rare in some
ribeiras; Chopard (1937), environs of Funchal, Santana; Uvarov (1937),
one larva at Monte.

Distribution: Widely spread in the tropics and subtropics of the
Old World, extending into Southern Europe.

Phaneroptera nana nana Fieb.

This more northern subspecies seems confined to the higher elevations
above 200 m. Ragge (1956) records it from Ribeira do Bento. There
are specimens in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) taken by Wollaston
but no localities are given. Chopard (1937), near Funchal. A single
female was flushed from grass on the barren southern slope near the
summit of Pico da Ponta Cruz (281 m.).

Distribution: Madeira, Azores, Mediterranean region, western
Arabia, Africa and Madagascar.

Phaneroptera nana sparsa. Stal.

Two male specimens from Madeira were examined by Ragge (1956),
but no localities could be cited. This author is of the opinion that this
southern subspecies has been introduced to Madeira comparatively
recently, also possibly Ph. n. nana. In view of the fact that a large
number of plants and ornamental shrubs have been introduced, this is a
reasonable theory. It is interesting that we took one male from an
ornamental shrub in Funchal, three males, three females and two
larvae from thickets at the southern base of the Pico da Ponta Cruz
at no great elevation. The specimens referred to by Burr (1912) as
common in the ornamental shrubs in hotel gardens probably refer to
this subspecies. Although the two subspecies have now been established
as occurring in the south of the Island each appears to be confined to
its typical habitat, Ph. n. nana being restricted to the more Mediter-
ranean-type vegetation and temperature and Ph. n. sparsa to the
warmer and more subtropical vegetation at low altitude.

Distribution: Africa south of the Sahara Desert, western and
southern Saudi Arabia, and northwards through the Levant. Madeira,
Canary Islands, Socotra, Madagascar, and some of the other islands of
the western Indian Ocean (Ragge, op. cit.).

GRYLLOIDEA.

GRYLLIDAE
Gryllus bimaculatus (Deg.).

Common from sea-level to intermediate altitudes and not uncommon
in the gardens of Funchal and environs. Although generally found under
large stones and logs, specimens were often seen during the day after
heavy rain, presumably having been dislodged from their retreats.
Specimens were collected from Funchal, Pico da Ponta Cruz (261 m.),
Ribeira das Cales (1,286 m.), Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.), Camacha (684

196

m.), Choupana and Santana. Also recorded by Chopard (1937 and 1942),
Funchal, Ribeira Brava, Santana, Camacha, Canical, Camara de Lobos,
Sao Vicente, Santo Antonio de Serra; Uvarov (1937), Rabacal, Paul
da Serra (1,250 m.).

Distribution: Tropics and subtropics of the Old World and South of
Europe.

Acheta domesticus (L.).
Recorded by Chopard (1937), Funchal; Uvarov (1937), Calheta. There
is a specimen in the Funchal Museum from the Island of Porto Santo.
Distribution: A native of Palaearctic deserts. Now widely distri-
buted by introduction.

Gryllulus hispanicus (Ramb.).

One adult male taken at night on a wall at Gorgulho where immature
specimens were abundant under stones on the beach. Also recorded by
Chopard (1937 and 1942) from Funchal.

Distribution: Atlantic islands and Mediterranean region.

(Ve aie
Mogoplistes squamiger (F.R.).

This delicate apterous cricket was found to be common under large
stones on the beach at Funchal in the vicinity of the mouth of the
Ribeira de Santa Luzia. Searching for this rare species during the
day only produced the odd specimen but a long series was obtained by
collecting at night. They are extremely active and easily damaged so
experience taught us to look for specimens under large stones on the
firm sand some way above the high tide mark. Here they were more
easily observed and more readily captured. One specimen was watched
feeding on an old apple core. Mr. Maul (in litt.) records that when the
Atlantic gales bring abnormally high tides the crickets are driven from
their stony fortress and invade the nearby road and pathways. Chopard
(1937) also records M. squamiger from Funchal.

Distribution: Atlantic islands and shores of the Mediterranean.
Bowen and Williamson (1950) discovered this species in England on
Chesil Beach, Dorset, where it has since been taken several times.
Although thought by many to be an introduction we were particularly
impressed by the striking likeness between the squamiger localities at
Funchal and Chesil Beach.

Oecanthus pellucens (Scop.).

This delicate little cricket is recorded by Chopard (1937), environs of
Funchal, Santa Marinho, Santo Antonio, Santana.

Distribution: Widely distributed in the Old and New World.

Oecanthus sp.
Uvarov (1937) records two larvae from Rabacal.

197

DICTYOPTERA

Nine species of Blattids are recorded of which only one, Arbiblatta
infumata (Brunner) is endemic. Zetha chavesi (Bol.) is restricted to the
Atlantic Islands, whilst Ectobius panzeri Stephens has in the male the
glandular depression on the seventh tergite of a shape different from
that of the French examples examined by Chopard (1937). This species
also inhabits a higher altitude and different type of habitat as compared
with its normal distribution. The remaining species, mainly cosmo-
politan, have most probably been introduced and, finding the climate in
the south congenial, have become established. The single Mantis Mantis
religiosa (lu.) is another probable introduction but appears to be rare.

BLATTOIDEA.
EicTOBIIDAE.
Ectobius panzeri Steph.

A number of specimens found under large stones at Ribeira das
Cales (1,286 m.). Several very dark females are referable to v. nigripes
Steph. Chopard (1937) associates this species with the zone of pines
and thickets; these at some altitudes are in great contradistinction to
the more normal coastal habitats. Also recorded by Chopard (op. cit.),
Santo Antonio da Serra, Camacha.

Distribution: Madeira, Europe.

Arbiblatta infumata (Brunner) = Blatta ericetorum Wollaston.

First recorded by Wollaston (1858), who wrote, ‘‘occurring principally
beneath the loose outer fibre of the gigantic Heathtrees, on the upper
limits of the sylvan districts, from about 4,500 to 5,000 feet above the
sea’’. Also recorded by Burr (1912), Poiso; Hanitsch (1938), Rabacal
(1,080 m.), Caramujo (1,250 m.), some under stones, a few in the Erica
forest ; Chopard (1942), Rabagal.

Distribution: Endemic.

Battella germanica (UL.).
As far as we are aware this species has not been recorded from

Madeira. There are specimens in the Funchal Museum collected recently
by Mr. G. E. Maul from the new market at Funchal.

Distribution : Cosmopolitan.

Loboptera decipiens (Germ.).

Chopard (1937) associates this species with the zone of pines and
thickets. A few immature specimens were found under stones at
Gorgulho. Burr (1912) found larvae common in all localities; Chopard
(1937 and 1942), environs of Funchal, Santo Antonio da Serra, Canical,
Rabacal, Catheta ; Hanitsch (1938), Machico, Chao das Feiteiras, Monte;
Bolivar (1915), Deserta Grande. There are specimens in the Funchal
Museum from Ribeira de Joao Gomes, Choupana and Canical.

Distribution: Southern Europe and Asia Minor.

198

BLAtTIDAE.
Blatta orientalis L.

Numerous specimens were found at night on refuse in the harbour at
Funchal. Immature specimens under stones at Palheiro Ferreiro
(616 m.). Chopard (1937 and 1942) records the species from Funchal,
Sao Jorge, Sao Vicente; Hanitsch (1938), Funchal, Estrella Calheta.
There are specimens in the Funchal Museum from Funchal and Sao
Roque.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Periplaneta americana (L.).

Common in the harbour area of Funchal. At night numerous
specimens were collected from walls and pavements both in the town
and environs. Recorded by Chopard (1937 and 1942), Funchal; Hanitsch
(1938), Funchal.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Leucophaea maderae (F.).

A single example found at night in Funchal. Chopard (1937) records
it from Funchal and found commonly in the provision warehouses. Local
Specimens are also in the Funchal Museum.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan in the tropics and subtropics.

Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.).

A single specimen taken at night in Funchal. Also recorded from
Funchal by Chopard (1937). There are specimens in the Funchal Museum
from the town, Camara de Lobos and Barreiros.

Distribution : Cosmotropical.

Zetha chavesi (Bolivar).
Chopard (1937) records a single male from Camara de Lobos.
Distribution: Madeira and Azores,

MANTOIDEA.

MANrTIDAE.
Mantis religiosa (l.).

Apparently rare. Three oothecae found on bramble at Pico da Ponta
Cruz (261 m.) on rough ground among Opuntia. There are specimens in
the Funchal Museum, also recorded by Chopard (1937), Funchal.

Distribution: Central and Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia.

ISOPTERA
The following termites have been recorded from Madeira:
KCALOTERMITIDAE.

Kalotermes barretoi Grassé.
Recorded from dead branch of chestnut.

199

Neotermes praecox (Hag.).
Recorded from dead branches of a wide variety of trees. An endemic
species.

Cryptotermes brevis (Walk.).

This, the West Indian drywood termite has been introduced into
Madeira and has caused considerable damage to dwelling places and
public buildings in Funchal. It has also been recorded from Central
America, Caribbean, West Africa, Natal, Pacific Islands, Hong-Kong,
St. Helena and the Canaries.

RHINOTERMITIDAE
Reticulitermes lucifugus (Rossi) 1792 = Termes madeirensis Heer vide
Hagen (1858).

This European subterranean termite is recorded from Madeira by
Burr (1912) and McLachlan (1883). The latter mentions specimens
common near Arrabento, where fully-winged specimens were found on
25th April and near Palheiro, 9th May. We found several colonies under
large stones above the Ribeira das Cales (1,286 m.), both workers and
soldiers being present.

LEPIDOPTERA

Considering the climate and rich vegetation the lepidopterous fauna
of the Madeira Islands is meagre, only about 180 species being known.
Nevertheless, the fauna is interesting as a fair number of endemic
species and forms are represented, and almost certainly new species
await discovery in the west and northern mountainous regions.

Considering the time of the year, poor weather, and time available
for collecting, we were not displeased with the results obtained. Fifty-
seven species were recorded, Blastobasis acuta Bradley being new to
science, Homoeosoma nesiotica Rebel and Psara bipunctalis F. new to
Madeira and series of several species required for the National Col-
lection were obtained.

In the main the fauna is Mediterranean with a small North African
element. Many cosmopolitan species have no doubt been introduced.
The American element represented by Cobaliodes dubiosa Baker can be
discounted as Mr. W. H. T. Tams finds that dubiosa must be removed
from the American genus Cobaliodes and placed in Huplezxia.

Thirteen species of Rhopalocera are recorded. Pieris brassicae
wollastont Butler, a dark insular form approaching the Canarian
cheiranthi Rebel, occurs at Rabacal, Caramujo and Chao des Feiteiras.
Martin (1941) records it as common in ‘‘Kulturgarten von Santo da
Serra’? and the fields of Ribeiro Frio. Gonepteryx cleopatra v.
maderensis Felder, a handsome form with the forewings nearly all
orange, is not common and appears restricted to the more northern
part of the Island. Other interesting species not recorded by us
include Satyrus semele maderensis Baker, also recorded from the Azores,
and Danaus plexippus L. This latter species is not common in Madeira

200

but occurs in some numbers on the Island of Porto Santo some 25 miles
to the north-east. Since it also occurs in the Azores and is common in
the Canary Islands could not specimens taken in Britain have come
from the Western Atlantic Islands rather than America, assisted or
otherwise by shipping, as is more generally supposed? The first
plexippus appears to have been taken in Britain in 1876 (Williams, 1958)
yet it was well established and common in the Canary Islands in 1894
(Holt White). Support to this theory is given by the fact that at times
meteorological conditions are also ideal. It will be remembered that in
October 1954 specimens of the Desert Locust (Schistocera gregaria
(Forsk.)) were reported from Cornwall, the Scillies and South Ireland.
The locust swarms originated in Southern Algeria and the Rio de Oro
when strong southerly winds were established over most of the eastern
Atlantic.

Hypolimnas misippus ab. inaria Cramer is another migratory species
which does not appear to be established.

The Sphingidae are represented by five species: Acherontia atropos
L., Herse convolvuli L., Celerio euphorbiae L., C. livornica Esp., and
Macroglossum stellatarum L. At times H. convolvuli is so common in
June and July the children use them as playthings, holding them by the
proboscis and letting them flutter. The Arctiidae are so far represented
by a single species, Utetheisa pulchella L., which was recorded by
Cockerell (1923) as having been taken by him at Funchal early in May
1879.

Other interesting species not seen by us include the endemic Noctuid,
Chutapha wollastoni Bethune-Baker; the Geometrid, Cosymbia
maderensis Bethune-Baker which is a very variable species, and the three
endemic Ptychopoda—P. maderae Bethune-Baker, P. zargi Bethune-
Baker and P. atlantica Staint.

Cockerell (op. cit.) observes that there appear to be only two endemic
species from Porto Santo and the Desertas. These are Lita porto-
sanctana Staint. from Porto Santo and Lita pulchra Woll. from the
Desertas. This is interesting as these widely separated islands of
different geological formation have in the Coleoptera closer affinites with
each other than each has to the central mass of Madeira.

Species collected include the following species:

PIERIDAE.
Colias croceus Fource.
Palheiro Ferreiro, one ex.; Pico da Ponta Cruz, one ex.

SATYRIDAE.
Pararge xiphia ¥.
Palheiro Ferreiro, two freshly emerged specimens.

NYMPHALIDAE.
Vanessa atalanta Lh.
Funchal, one ex.

201

Vanessa cardui L.

Funchal, one ex.; Choupana, one ex.
Pyrameis indica occidentalis C. & R. Felder.

Funchal, one ex. This handsome species was seen several times in
the ornamental gardens at Funchall; also at Gorgulho and Pico da
Ponta Cruz.

Argynnis lathonia L.

Choupana, one ex.

LYCAENIDAE.
Tycaena phlaeas phlaeoides Staud.

Fairly common at intermediate altitudes in the pine and thicket
zone flying in the open spaces. Specimens were collected from Palheiro
Ferreiro, Choupana, and Pico da Ponta Cruz.

Lampides boeticus L.

Common from sea-level to intermediate altitudes. Specimens were
collected from Gorgulho, Choupana, Pico da Ponta Cruz and Palheiro
Ferreiro.

SPHINGIDAE.
Celerio euwphorbiae L.

A number of larvae were collected from Huphorbia sp. growing on
waste land at Pico da Ponta Cruz. No adult specimens were bred as
every larva was parasitized.

Nocrurpag.
Agrotis segetum Schiff.
Funchal, three ex.

Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.
Funchal, one ex.

Peridroma saucia Hiibn.
Funchal, one ex.

Mythimna unipuncta Haw.
Funchal, three ex.

Leucania loreyi Dup.
Funchal, two ex.

Cryphia simonyi Rogenhofer.
Funchal, one ex. Confined to Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Sesamia nonagrioides Lef.
Funchal, one ex.

Callopistria latreillet Dup.
Funchal, one ex.

Euplexia dubiosa Baker com. nov.

Funchal, one ex. This endemic species was formerly placed in the
American genus Cobaliodes Dyar but Mr. W. H. T. Tams has examined
the genitalia of our male and other specimens in the British Museum

202

(Nat. Hist.) and finds that the structure has greater affinities with
those of species of Huplexia.

Athetis rebeli Staud.
Funchal, 55 ex. Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Perigea conducta Walk.
Funchal, one ex.

Prodenia litura F.
Funchal, ten ex.

Plusia limbirena Guen.
Funchal, two ex.

Plusia circumflexa L.
Funchal, one ex.

Plusia chalcites Esp.
Funchal, two ex.

Plusia orichalcea F.
Funchal, one ex.

Plusia gamma L.
Funchal, one ex.

Hypena obsitalis Hiibn.
Gorgulho, one ex.

Hypena lividalis Hiibn.
Funchal, one ex.; Gorgulho, three ex.

GEOMETRIDAE.
Scopula irrorata Bethune-Baker.
Funchal, two ex.; Monte, one ex.; Choupana, one ex.; Gorgulho, one
ex. Endemic species.

Nycterosia obstipata F.
Funchal, one ex.

Eupithecia latipennata Prout.
Funchal, one ex. Endemic species.

Gymnoscelis lundbladi Prout.
Funchal, nine ex. Endemic species.

Gymnoscelis pumilata insulariata Staint.
Monte one ex. Madeira and the Canary Islands.

PYRALIDAE.
Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliére.
Funchal, seven examples; Gorgulho, two ex.

Homoeosoma nesiotica Rebel.

Funchal, three ex.; Choupana, one ex.; Gorgulho, one ex.
Previously known only from the Canary Islands and new to the Madeira
list (Bradley, 1958).

203

Pyrausta farinalis L.
Funchal, one ex.

Eudoria stenota Wollaston.
Ribeira das Cales, three ex.; Palheiro Ferreiro, one ex.; Santana, one
ex.

Eudoria angustea Stainton.
Funchal, two ex.; Terreira da Lucta, one ex.; Ribeira das Cales,
one ex.; Camacha, one ex.

Uresiphita gilvata F.
Funchal, one ex.

Udea martialis Guen.
Fourteen examples from various localities. A common species in
Madeira.

Psara bipunctalis F.
Gorgulho, two ex. New to the Madeira list (Bradley op. cit.).

PYRAUSTIDAE.
Margaronia wnionalis Hiibn.
Funchal, one ex. Not included in Bradley’s 1958 list.

PTEROPHORIDAE.
Pterophorus monodactylus L.
Funchal, one ex.; Gorgulho, one ex.

TORTRICIDAE.
Crocidosema plebejana Zell.
Funchal, two ex.

Bactra venosana Zell.
Gorgulho, one ex. Reported only once before in Madeira (Rebel,
1940c).

Enarmonia leplastriana Curtis.

Funchal, three ex.; Gorgulho, one ex.; Santana, one ex. Bradley
(op. cit.) finds this species conspecific with Hphippiphora maderae
Wollaston.

OECOPHORIDAE.
Oegoconia fasciata Stainton.

Funchal, two ex.

BLASTOBASIDAE
Blastobasis lavernella Walsingham.
Funchal, one ex.; Choupana, one ex.

Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston.
Funchal, one ex.

Blastobasis desertarum Wollaston.
Twenty-three examples from various localities. Widely distributed
and common in Madeira,

204

Blastobasis lignea Wals.
Terreira da Lucta, one ex. Bradley (op. cit.) considers this species
to be conspecific with flavescentella Rebel.

Blastobasis acuta Bradley. (1958. Hntomologist, 91: 194.)

Type male: Funchal. Paratypes: two males Gorgulho, one male
Terreira da Lucta, one male Funchal. Type and paratypes in the
British Museum (Natural History). The specimens of this new species
were taken by us from Funchal and Gorgulho at light.

LITHOCOLLETIDAE.
Lithocolletis messaniella Zell.
Palheiro Ferreiro, one ex.

LYONETIIDAE.

Opogona subcervinella Walk.

Funchal, two ex.; Gorgulho, one ex.
Opogona omoscopa Meyr.

Funchal, seven ex.

TINEIDAE.

Monopis crocicapitella Clemens.

Palheiro Ferreiro, one ex.
Niditinea spretella Schiff.

Funchal, one ex.

HYMENOPTERA
Despite the luxurious subtropical vegetation at the lower levels few
species of Hymenoptera were seen. Species collected include the follow-
ing:
IcHNEUMONIDAE.
Ctenichneumon hermaphroditus Tschek
Palheiro Ferreiro, one female.

FORMICIDAE.
Tapinoma erraticum Lat.
Ribeira das Cales; Chao das Feiteiras. Four females, ten workers.
Common under stones.

PoMPILIDAE.
Priocnemis sp. Choupana, one specimen,

VESPIDAE.

Vespula germanica F.

Ribeira das Cales, one female; Palheiro Ferreiro, one worker;
Santana, one worker.
Polistes gallicus L.

Funchal, one worker; Sao Jorge, one worker.
Ancistrocerus gazella Panz.

Palheiro Ferreiro, one female.

205

Ancistrocerus maderae Sauss.
Palheiro Ferreiro, two females.

SPHECIDAE.
Liris nigrita Lepeletier
Gorgulho, one female of this fine insect taken over a stone wall which
it persistently revisited.

APIDAE.
Bombus terrestris L.
Funchal, 19 females, all at a row of white-flowered shrubs in the
gardens near the harbour; Palheiro Ferreiro, one male and female.

Apis mellifera L.
Gorgulho, one worker.

DIPTERA

Although over 300 species including many endemic forms occur, we
were only able to make a small collection. These have been deposited in
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and await identification. The most
interesting species taken appears to be Drosophila repleta Wollaston.
A short series was taken in wine lodges and hotels in Funchal and
represents the first specimens taken in the type locality since the species
was originally discovered by Wollaston in 1858. From leaf-mines brought
back, Mr. K. A. Spencer bred out the following species :—Phytomyza
atricornis Meig., Santana, 3 examples; Scaptomyza sp., Funchal, 1
example from Nasturtiwm sp.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.
Bolivar, I., 1915. Extension de la fauna en Marruecas. Trab. Mus. nac. Sc.,
Zool., No. 10, 83.
Borelli, A., 1906. Di alcune forficole dell’isola di Madeira. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat.
Comp. Torino., 24 (520): 1-3.
, 1908. Descrizione di una nuova forficola di Madeira. Boll. Mus.
Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino., 23 (582): 1-3.
Bowen, H. J. M., & Williamson, M. H., 1950. Mogoplistes squamiger Fisch. (Orth.,
Gryllidae) in Dorset. Ent. mon. Mag., 86: 81.
Bradley, J. D., 1958. Pyrales and Microlepidoptera collected by Mr. E. W.
Classey in Madeira, 1957. Entomologist, 91: 192-197.
Burr, M., 1910. A synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe. Oliver Janson.
London.
, 1912. The Orthoptera of Madeira. Ent. Rec., 24: 29-33.
Carthy, J. D., 1955. Aspects of the fauna and flora of the Azores. VIII. Orthop-
tera. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., §: 831-833.
Chapman, G., 1954. Aspects of the fauna and flora of the Azores. I. Introduction
and notes on the littoral conditions. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 7: 673-677.
Chopard, L., 1937. Les Dermaptéres et Orthoptéres de Madére. Rev. franc. Ent.,
4: 219-239.
, 1942. Insectes Orthoptéroides (Blattidae, Mantidae, Gryllidae,
Phasmidae, Dermaptera) récoltes dans les iles atlantiques. Soc. Scient.
Fenn., Comm, Biol., § (4): 1-43.
—, 1943. Faune de Vempire Francais. I. Orthoptéroides de VAfrique
du Nord. Librairie Larose. Paris.
, 1951. Faune de France. 56. Orthoptéroides. Paul Lechevalier. Paris.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 1923. The Lepidoptera of the Madeira Islands. Entomologist,
56: 243-274, 286.

206

Cooper, G., 1954. A Fortnight in Madeira and Canary Islands. Percival Marshall.
London.

Gardner, A. E., 1955. A study of the genitalia of the two species Sympetrum
nigrescens Lucas and S. nigrifemur (Selys) with notes on their distribu-
tion (Odonata: Libellulidae). Ent. Gaz., &: 86-108.

Gordon-Brown, A., 1956. Madeira and the Canary Islands. Robert Hale Ltd.
London.

Grabham, M., 1942. Madeira: Its Flowering Plants and Ferns. H. K. Lewis & Co.
London,

Hanitsch, R., 1938. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen der
Reise von Prof, Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August, 1935. Ark. Zool., 30
(5): 1-2.

Hincks, W. D., 1938. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen
der Reise van Prof, Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. Ark. Zool., 30

(12): 1-8.

Holt White, A. E., 1894. The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe. L. Reeve & Co.
London.

Hutcheon, J. E., 1951. Things seen in Madeira. Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd.
London.

Huxley, E., 1951. A Madeira Holiday. Geographical Mag., 24 (6) : 267-274.

Lockley, R. M., 19414. Bird Islands off Madeira. Geographical Mag., 13 (5):
252-255.

Martin, K., 1941. Schmetterlinge von Madeira. Zo6él. Meded., 23: 1-12.

McLachlan, R., 1883. The Neuroptera of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Linn.
Soc. J. Zool., 16: 149-183.

Meinertzhagen, R., 1925. May in Madeira. Ibis., 1: 600-621.

Nicholas, E., 1953. Madeira and the Canaries. Hamish Hamilton. London.

Ragge, D R., 1956. A revision of the genera Phaneroplera Serville and Nephop-
tera Uvarov (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), with conclusions of zoo-
geographical and evolutionary interest. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 127
(2) : 205-283.

Rebel, H., 1940a. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen der

Reise von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. XXI. Lepidoptera :

Microlepidoptera. Ark. Zool., 32A (2): 1-23.

1940b. XXIII. Uhersicht der Lepidopterenfauna Madeiras. Op. cit.,

No. 5: 1-13.

1940c. Die Lepidopterenfauna des Azorischen Archipels. (Mt I.

Anhang: Eine Lepidopteren Ausbeute von Madeira). Soc. Scient.

Fenn., Comm. Biol., 8 (1): 1-59.

Seitz, A., 1907. The Macrolepidoptera of the World and Supplements. 1. The

Palaearctic Butterflies.

1913. 2. The Palearctic Bombyces and Sphinges.

1913. 4. The Palaearctic Geometrae. By L. B. Prout.

—————., 1914. 3. The Noctuid Moths.

Uvarov, B. P., 1937. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen
der Reise von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. Ark. Zool., 29
(15) : 1-6.

, 1942. Tettigoniidae and Acrididae collected in 1931 on the Atlantic

Islands by R. Frey and R. Stora. Soc. Scient. Fenn., Comm. Biol., 8
(45) : 41-7.

Vieira, R., 1954. Lista de trabalhos sobre Insectos do Arquipelago da Madeira
Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal., No. 7, Art. 19: 68-77.

Williams, C. B., 1958. Insect Migration. New Naturalist (36). Collins. London

Wollaston, T V., 1858. Brief diagnostic characters of undescribed Madeiran
Insects. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 1: 1-22.

207

LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY
BUCKLER

PART IV
Compiled and illustrated by G. Hacerrr

Laphygma exigua Hiibner. Small Mottled Willow.

Since the practice of rearing from rare moths has become more
regularly adopted the larva of L. exigua has become better known to
British collectors and the moth, like so many migrants, no longer looked
upon as a prize; even so it has only occasionally appeared in numbers
in Britain and especially in 1938, 1947 and 1952. Migration records
(Table 4E of the South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies supplement)
show only one other year (1941) when more than fifty moths were
recorded since 1930. Abroad the species has an astonishingly wide
distribution from the Americas to China and Australia and in these
warmer climates it may become a pest of agriculture; in the tropics I
am told it can grow from egg to pupa in ten days. In Britain, as in
other parts of northern Europe, it seems to be unable to pass the
winter months or even to breed freely enough during the summer to
build up large autumnal broods. R. F. Bretherton (1957, Proc. S. Lond.
ent nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 123) records wild larvae found on Persicaria
in early October 1952 and suggests that the species breeds, in some years
at least, in Surrey. But for the main part, breeding wild in this country
is still only presumed, however probable.

There are records of the moth from most parts of Britain as far north
as the Hebrides and they have mostly occurred in August and the
autumn; but there were a couple in February 1950 and more in 1958
and a good many in March 1952 with others in March 1955 and 1957
and there are records throughout the early summer as well.

To Mr. Austin Richardson I am indebted for the chance to rear this
species on a large scale, the moths being caught by him in the Scilly Isles
in August 1958. The eggs hatched on 24.viii.58 and pupation began on
16.1x.58; newly hatched larvae were at first yellowish and became in turn
dull green and blackish olive with a pale yellow spiracular stripe.

Description of the last instar larva. Length to 30 mm. The shape
dumpy, plump, narrower at the thoracic rings becoming gradually fuller
until the 7th-8th abdominals, cylindrical, the rings well differentiated
with only narrow folding between them. The cuticle smooth and very
thin with only the sparsest of fine short hairs from minute tubercles.
The head rounded, flattened in front, dappled towards the top, smooth
and shining but set with numerous stiff bristles, dark brown to olive,
darker on the lobes, even blackish at the sides. Prothoracic plate weak,
squared, crossed by the fine whitish dorsal stripe and rather broader
subdorsals. Anal plate soft and ill-defined. Spiracles white-centred

208

oval black rings placed at the centre of a pale cushion along the fine
sinuous spiracular line, the last pair much the largest.

There are two principal forms, a darker striped one and a plain green
one, but there are numerous variations linking them.

The usual dark form has a pinkish broad dorsal area etched in little
wriggling, longitudinal reddish lines along the abdomen. The lateral
space filled with dark purplish brown, again composed of minute irrora-
tions and paling towards the spiracular band which on the abdomen
is yellowish, tinged and flashed with orange and which is edged above
by a fine black wavy line. There is a white dot that stands out boldly on
each of the abdominal segments. The whitish subdorsals much clouded
with reddish along the abdomen. Spiracular stripe is whitish and
bolder on the thorax. The pale dorsal stripe is mostly open (i.e. not
pinched across and so is unbroken at the intersegmental divisions) and
bounded by a narrow dark-brown line that ends on the eighth abdominal
ring.

The green form has a simpler pattern, having the dorsal stripe
weakly dusted in olive green across the back of each ring and loosely
joined across to a broader lateral band of the same colour. The sub-
dorsal lines are reduced to the slight division of colour between dorsal
and lateral spaces. A weak black crinkly line at the upper edge is all
that remains of the spiracular band but each spiracle is set in a warm
reddish or pink patch. All legs olive green, tipped with pinkish
crochets.

Each of these major forms may be decorated along the dorsum by
black freckling and subdorsal streaks along the abdominal rings, better
marked on the 6th-8th. Amongst the dark banded forms some are so
heavily clouded with velvety black along the sides that the spiracular
line and associated patch show up with great clarity. In others the
black mottling takes the form of lateral dappling, alternating with
patches of fuscous ochreous. In these darker examples the dorsal line
is much obliterated and dark wedges appear at the intersegmental folds.

Green forms vary from bright yellowish to deep olive.

This larva has nothing in common with the true Caradrina but
rather shows the characters of Hadena, and I would place it nearer to
Discestra trifoli Hufn. (H. trifoli Rott.); certainly it would be more
realistically grouped with the Hadeninae.

Figures—Pl. IX, figs. 1-5, all last instar, 29 days old, reared on
dandelion ab. ovis Tresco, Scilly Is. 22.ix.58.

Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. Pale-lemon Sallow.

Numerous accounts of the occurrence and habits of this noctuid in
Britain have been given since the original discovery in 1893 at
Wimbledon, Surrey (there was earlier mention of two Brighton captures
in 1858, recorded in 1858, Ent. Weekly Intelligencer, but these appear
ta have been discounted by most authors). The present distribution is
known to extend over the greater part of East Anglia in pockets north-
wards from the Surrey and Thames valley stations to the east coast, to

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1959 PLATE IX

Figs. 1-5, Laphygma exigua Hubn. (x14 approx.)
Figs. 6-8, Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. (x14 approx.)

209

north Norfolk and westwards to Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire;
within that region there are well-known centres where the species may
be collected in plenty, especially in the larval stage. Outside Hast Anglia
the moth has been recorded once from Bognor, Sussex (in the year
following the first British capture) and by Meyrick (1927, Revised Hand-
book of British Lepidoptera, p. 122) for Gloucestershire; the Anglesey
record (1950) was withdrawn by the recorder, K. C. Greenwood (1950,
Entomologist, 83: 60).

Of the many contributions to our knowledge of this species, that given
by F. Stanley-Smith (1937, Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
1836-7: 73-79) is one of the most complete, while the more recent summary
by H. C. Huggins (1953, Ent. Rec., 65: 347-8) is also especially useful.

The insect passes the winter in the egg which is laid on or very
near to the large poplar buds; the larva feeds at first in the expanding
buds and catkins but the manner in which subsequent growth is made
is still not exactly known although it has been the subject of some
speculation and scrutiny. What is certain is that by gathering both
newly-shed buds and catkins from beneath Italian Black Poplars in late
spring the tiny larva can be collected in great quantity. Mr Stanley-
Smith records the finding of small and half-grown larvae, the former
in bud sheaths on the ground, the larger ones between layers of old
dead poplar leaves or between them and the soil. He argues that small
larvae in the wild state might ‘‘desert the catkins before they drop
and bore into the high leaf buds. Against this is the fact that in the
early stages they seem rather to prefer catkins to leaves, so long as the
former could be supplied’’. Mr. Huggins suggests that the larvae might
spin up in the expanding shoots on the tree until the last instar and
then drop to the ground, to complete their feeding by crawling up the
tree each night. The most widely held opinion is that the small larvae
diop with bud scales and catkins, and spend the rest of their days
foraging in litter beneath the trees and eating a great variety of low-
growing plants in addition to any suitable poplar debris.

When reared in captivity larvae will eat plants such as dandelion,
chickweed and groundsel but they always prefer poplar leaves. Stanley-
Smith quotes Mr. Worsley Wood for the following foodplants—elm,
sallow, aspen, apple, plum, red currant and raspberry, while he himself
found the larvae took readily to privet. Worsley Wood said that
Treitschke had gathered wild larvae from Artemisia campestris L.

Times for collecting larvae depend on the state of leafing of the
variety of poplar, the particular season and the locality; in 1951 I
collected some on 6th May and in 1957 at the same place on 13th April.
The larvae feed up very quickly in captivity, becoming fully grown in
three to four weeks, but tiny larvae will appear throughout that period
from the original catkins as if successive hatchings were taking place.
Like other species of this genus and its allies, the larva of C. ocellaris
lies unchanged in a tight earthen cocoon for upwards of two months
before pupating.

210

Description of fully-grown larva. Length to 30 mm., of the
characteristic Cirrhia build, with thoracic rings much the smaller,
cylindrical, the rings distinct, abrupt taper at the last abdominal to
small and weak claspers, the skin soft and velvety.

Colour a deep purplish-brown composed of minute dense freckles on a
paler ground. A weak very fine pale dorsal line, deeply edged and much
suffused by blackish-brown, totally obliterated at the anterior part of
the segment and diffused laterally to form an obscure diamond, the
posterior angle of which is better defined by two oblique arms that reach
ts the subdorsal. On rings 10 and 11 the diamond is broken into a W
formation, the centre of which is filled with dusky shading. Subdorsals,
a series of very delicate short dark streaks, joined to the dorsal line by
the oblique arms of the diamond. Spiracular band very pale, inclined
to whitish but much mottled and diffused into greyish ochreous; a darker
patch surrounds each spiracle, placed immediately above the spiracular
band. Spiracles very thick black ovals, placed centrally on the segment.

Prothoracic plate deep black, semicircular, weakly notched on the
posterior margin, crossed by an exceedingly fine dorsal line and very
clear white subdorsals. Anal plate blackish, crossed by strong white
subdorsals. Head orange-brown with darker reticulation and two dark
vertical stripes in front that edge the clypeus.

There is some variation in the intensity of markings along the dorsum.
Some larvae may have well etched diamonds while in others the pattern
may be extremely weak.

The only similar larvae I have encountered whilst collecting C.
ocellaris from poplar litter have been Agrochola macilenta Hiibn. and
A. circellaris Hufn.; the former is easily distinguished by its more rosy
colour and series of stark white streaks along the dorsum; A. circellaris
has a pale-greyish ground colour with a series of very clearly marked
spade-shaped patches along the dorsum.

The larva of C. ocellaris is indistinguishable from those of Citria
lutea Stroem and Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., but neither of these appears
tv frequent poplar in the usual way although P. B. M. Allan (1949 Larval
Foodplants) records the first named as doing so. I have never had
either from the enormous quantities of material collected in Suffolk.

Figures—P1. IX, figs. 6-8, all last instar, collected when small from
fallen Italian Black Poplar catkins and leaf scales. Milden-
hall, Suffolk, 4.v.57.

Leucania favicolor Barrett. Mathew’s Wainscot.

Doubt has often been cast on the specific distinctness of this insect
since its discovery in 1895 and its description by Barrett in the following
year. As recently as 1952 (Hnt. Rec., 64: 257-8) A. H. Sperring, who is
well acquainted with the moth at Hayling Island, Hants, suggested that
it was best treated as a subspecies of L. pallens L. and stated that as a
rare event he had found both insects in cop.; and Beirne (Origin and
History of the Brit. Macrolepidoptera; 1947, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.,
98: 305) has no doubts at all that favicolor is a subspecies that has “. .

211

probably developed as a result of the isolation of a population of the
species in the Dogger Land region ...’’. Certainly the morphological
differences between favicolor and pallens are slight, but to my mind
they are at least as convincing as the slender evidence that distin-
guishes the ‘‘genitalia species’? and indeed more compelling than the
delicate separation of Diarsia florida Schmidt from D. rubi View.
There is rarely much difficulty in separating the moths of favicolor from
pallens for the lovely rufous, buff and yellow variations are never to
be found in pallens; the fresher the insect the more striking the soft
silky sheen of favicolor in all its forms. It is true that Pierce (1909,
Genitalia of the Group Noctuidae of the Lepidoptera of the British
Islands, p. 27) could find no difference in the male genitalia except in
size, but in his second volume (1942, Genitalia of the Growp Noctuidae
of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, p. 21) Pierce recorded slight
differences in the female organs; Sperring (loc cit.) said the only dis-
tinction he could find were the more numerous cornuti of favicolor.
Cockayne (1952, Ent. Rec., 64: 220-1) wrote that a chromosome count
of both species proved both to have the same number, but that this
condition was well known in other more obviously separated species.

So far as its distribution in this country is concerned, its western
extent is still only to Christchurch, Hants, and it has long been known
from Hayling in addition to the original Suffolk and Essex stations and
along the north Kent coast. Robin Mere took a moth at Chidding-
fold, Surrey, in 1952 but thinks it might have been accidentally trans-
ported ; it is the only inland occurrence.

Description of the fully grown larva, The largest measure to rather
over 40 mm. long, and have the usual plump cylindrical shape of
Leucania. General colour a warm pinkish brown, dusted so finely with
grey along the dorsum as to merge smoothly into the rosy outer shade.
Paler beneath, a soft ochreous pink or stone colour. There is a fine
white dorsal line bounded by a broad belt of greyish brown, then a
narrow stripe of pinkish and a dark edging to the thin white sub-dorsal ;
immediately below this there is a pale pink band finely bordered above
and below in reddish orange, then a whitish line that immediately sur-
mounts the conspicuous broad band of slate grey, followed below by a
band of similar width of pale stone colour. The spiracles are situated
where these bands meet. Below the pale band the skin retains a simi-
lar pinky stone colour. There is a row of small dark dots along the
ventral line on each of the second to sixth abdominal segments, and
another at the intersegmental fold of the metathoracic and first
abdominal segments.

Head pale brown, marked with two brown vertical stripes on the
lobes, mouthparts darker. Thoracic legs suffused with greenish, pro-
legs and claspers pale pinky brown. Prothoracic plate weak, yellow
brown, crossed by clear white dorsal and subdorsal lines. Spiracles
pale centred, deeply black ringed.

212

In the wild it is thought to feed on Puccinellia maritima (Huds.)
Parl. and other grasses of the salt marshes, but in captivity it is usually
reared on Dactylis and is mostly forced through in the autumn; it is
easy enough to collect wild at Hayling in May.

Figures—Pl. X, figs. 1-8, last instar, reared ab. ovis en Dactylis, Hay-
ling Island. 22.viii.53.

Leucania l-album L. White L Wainscot.

Whereas the first British specimen was taken in 1901, it was not
until 1933 that it was found in numbers in Britain: to-day it is known
to have a broken distribution along the south-west English coastline
from the Isle of Wight to Cornwall and according to Dr. de Worms
(1957, Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 99) also in South
Wales.

Like some others of the genus this larva is rarely recorded in the
wild and our knowledge of the early stages is based chiefly on material
bred from the egg, being forced through during the early winter, but
F. H. Lees (1952, Ent. Rec., 64: 101) records that Mr. P. P. Milman
found wild larvae.

The full life-history is given by Cockayne in (1988, Ent. Rec., 50:
13-18), from which the following description has been taken.

Description of the last instar larva. ‘‘Head yellowish-brown marked
with brown only slightly darker; on each lobe is a broad vertical line
running down on each side of the clypeus, and external to this is
another line in front and two lateral lines. Between the two lateral
lines are two faint vertical lines with side branches forming a reti-
cular pattern, a single similar line runs between the inner lateral
line and the line down the middle of the lobe, and another between
this and the innermost and darkest line. The outer edge of the
labrum is dark brown. Pattern, from the dorsum to venter — There
is a thin white dorsal line with a dark brown line just external to it,
then an ochreous stripe, covered with many broken wavy lines of dots,
and bordered by a darker and more complete line, just inside which
lie the anterior trapezoidal tubercles, then a stripe of bright ochreous
ground colour. Next comes a rather broad brown stripe, at the inner
edge of which lie the posterior trapezoidals. In one form of larva
this is uniform in colour throughout, in another form on each somite
from the metathoracic onwards that part of the stripe in front of
the posterior trapezoidal is black or very dark brown, but intermediate
forms occur. The rarest, as in albipuncta, is the form with no darkening
of the stripe.

“Outside this is a narrow ochreous stripe, then a narrow brown line,
then a slightly broader ochreous stripe, then a narrow grey-brown
stripe, then a narrow greyish-white stripe, then a broader grey-brown
stripe, touching the external edge of which are the supraspiraculars.
Next is a pale ochreous stripe, then a narrow red-brown line, then a

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1959 PLATE X

6 a NP IR oe

Figs. 1-3, Leucania favicolor Barrett (14 approx.)
Figs. 4-6, Arenostola brevilinea Fenn (approx. natural size).
Figs. 7-9, Leucania |-album L. (approx. natural size).

213

very pale ochreouz stripe, and then a grey-brown band above the legs and
prolegs. The whole surface is irrorated with fine wavy lines of dots.
The pale lines run across the prothoracic plate and there the white
dorsal line is widest. The spot on the mid-ventral surface of each
abdominal somite is pale red-brown and very inconspicuous. The skin
is very thin as in favicolor and pallens, thinner than in most Leucanias,
and this accounts for the wet appearance noticed by Wightman and
for the pale red intersegmental lines noticed by Wynn. The larva, when
full grown, is more slender than that of albipwncta, and the head is
yellower and smaller and the colour is redder in tone .... Length
32-33 mm.,”’

Figures—Pl. X, figs. 7-9, last instar reared ab. ovis from Torquay
parent taken by G. E. Hyde, reared on Dactylis 12.viii.53.

Arenostola brevilinea Fenn. Fenn’s Wainscot.

Fenn’s Wainscot is still confined in Britain to the broads district of
Fast Anglia with its most southerly stations at Southwold and other
Suffolk records from Fritton and Barnby (Cat. Lep. Suffolk, 1937).

The larva feeds within the stems of reed until the last instar, boring
into the upper part of one of the smaller stems; it behaves rather like
A. phragmitidis Hiibn. but moves more often from stem to stem and
chooses the more slender, less dominant ones. It has the habit of
extruding its frass from the entrance hole and, although the larva is
restless when out of its stem, I found it would move about its fen
habitat freely enough by day so that changing from stem to stem
may be done then as well as at night. After the last moult reed leaves
are eaten but the larva still bores into stems to hide away during day-
light. It is fully-fed by the third week of June. Pupation is passed in a
loosely-spun cocoon placed outside the stem amongst fen litter, like A.
phragmitidis.

The habitat is like that favoured by Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., not the
densest and most vigorous reed beds but instead the sparser, more
stunted and open wastes at fen margins; it particularly seems to like
reeds that are cut over at intervals and it likes them best a couple of
years or so after cutting.

There are several descriptions of the larva given by British authors,
but few are comprehensive: there are no good illustrations available,
even those given by Barrett (1899, Zep. Brit. Is., V, Pl. 200, fig. 1d) are
quite poor.

Description of the last instar larva. Length to 35mm. The shape very
cylindrical, a little flattened along the dorsum, abdominal segments
rather longer than broad, little constriction or folding between them
but with much lateral crinkling of the spiracular flange.

Basically the larva is a coarse orange-brown colour but so heavily
dusted with grey and blackish above the spiraculars that the dorsum
appears a uniform dusky olive-grey with the skin greasy-looking, and
much wrinkled transversely. Dorsal and subdorsal stripes of equal width

214

and running from behind the prothoracic plate to the anal plate, being
of the orange ground colour but centred with a finer line of more
reddish, and being pinched at the intersegmental divisions.

Spiracular band broad, undulating, bright primrose-yellow, edged
immediately above and throughout by a narrow blackish band. Below
the spiraculars the body is a uniform pinkish-brown, inclined also to
some degree of greenish ochreous depending on the age of the larva.

Prothoracic plate weak, greyish, bearing two pairs of tiny black
tubercles at the centre and with a group at each side, the plate crossed
by a weak pale dorsal line. Anal plate pale brown, crossed by narrow
pale dorsal and subdorsals. Dorsal tubercles very tiny, black. Spiracles
small, oval, black, weakly centred with paler, placed at the centre of
the band on each abdominal segment except the last pair which are
above it. Head flattened in front, pale brown, shining, darker mouth-
parts. True legs pale greyish-ochreous like the prolegs, but these are
well tinged with pinkish towards the crochets.

A. brevilinea has long been a problem to the systematist for the moth
shows no real affinity with any well recognised group. It has been
joined to various Wainscot genera including Leucania, and to-day,
while its closest associations may remain in dispute, it is at least held
to belong to the Nonagria-Hydraecia group rather than to the very
different and Hadena-like Leucania. Pierce found (1909, Genitalia of
the Group Noctuidae of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, p. 36)
(1942, ibid., p. 23) that the male genitalia accorded with the Hydraecia
form, but the female rather with Nonagria. The unbeaked pupa is of
the regular noctuid form, being placed in a very different resting place
from those of Nonagria. The larval habits are similar to those of A.
phragmitidis but the larva itself is so very different, while neither species
has any real claim to belong to the rest of Arenostola (formerly and
better called Tapinostola) which without these two is then tolerably
definite. The larva of brevilinea has only a superficial likeness to the
LTeucania larva, there being differences in pattern and pigmentation,
spiracles and head structure; brevilinea is vastly different from the
ill-marked weak-skinned and small-headed Tapinostola larva, nor has it
the obesity and pattern of Hydraecia, or the form and head capsule of
Nonagria. I find the closest parallel to this larva in the true Apameas
like A. sordens Hufn. and Hremobia ochroleuca Schiff. and I believe
that brevilinea occupies much the same position in relation to them as
does Simyra albovenosa Goeze to the Acronyctas.

Figures—P1|. X, figs. 4-6, last instar on Phragmites, Catfield, Norfolk,
16.vi.57; fig. 4 soon after last moult.

215

BOOK REVIEWS

Dragonflies. By Philip S. Corbet, Cynthia Longfield and N. W. Moore.
81” x 51”, pp. xii and 260, 32 plates (24 coloured), over 200 text
figures. London: Collins. New Naturalist Series, No. 41. 1960.
Price 42/-.

Much has been written on Dragonflies and this book takes its place
amongst the best. One is accustomed to works of a high standard in
the New Naturalist Series, and one expects competent workmanship
from these authors. The volume reflects credit on both authors and
publisher.

All aspects of Odonata are covered: distribution, the egg and egg
laying, the larva, emergence, maturation and longevity, behaviour of
the adult, dispersal, fossil history, relationship with other animals—
and with man, etc.; each chapter clearly indicates which of the three
authors were responsible.

One is left with the thought that it is a pity with such a small
Order, means of distinguishing imagines is not covered more fully,
especially as the excellent work of Mr. A. E. Gardner on the larvae
is reprinted, including his superb drawings. This provides the reader
with the most up-to-date information on the determination of larvae
whilst Miss Longfield’s chapter on the British species does not cover the
determination of imagines nearly so thoroughly. Keys, it is felt, could
have been included without extending the work too much. Thus we
have the situation in which the imagines, which the non-odonatist is
more likely to encounter than the larvae, are dealt with in a more
casual manner.

Distribution is covered from world-wide aspect and figures show the
circumboreal distribution of some of our species. British distribution
is shown by a series of small maps (four to a page) which give adequate
information for a work of this character.

The chapter on Fossil History gives a fine account of the antecedents
of the Order, an aspect frequently overlooked in other Orders, though
of course the fossil evidence is seldom so plentiful as in the dragonflies.

Understandably, with several authors involved the standard of the
figures varies; most are of a high order, indeed, and all adequately suit
their purpose. It is unfortunate that the eggs have been neglected in
this respect. The coloured plates, which perhaps go a considerable
way towards selling a book of this kind to the general naturalist, are
a mixed bag. Some, such as plate 10, are as good an example of top-
quality colour printing as one can find; others, like plate 3 (particularly
figs. a, b and d) are so poor that they could well have been omitted. In
between these are instances, plate 9 for example, which in this copy is
too green, but may vary from copy to copy, particularly as the blue plate
in this case is a little out of register.

216

Appendices, in addition to Mr. Gardner’s Key to the larvae of the
British Odonata covering 33 pages, includes one on venation, another
on methods for preserving colours and one on marking living specimens
for movement studies. An excellent list of references provides a source
from which all the information that the general naturalist, and others
beginning the study of these insects, require can be obtained.

A first-class work—and not too expensive at forty-two shillings.

Pre. es

Hydrophilidae Europae. By Dr. Aldo Chiesa. 93” x 63”, pp. 199, 325
text figures. Bologna, Senola Graphica Salesiana.

This work, in Italian, is a series of dichotomous keys for the deter-
mination of the hydrophilid Coleoptera of Europe, and includes some
distributional information with a heavy Italian bias. All our species
are included but they form only a small part of the entire work. The
keys are extensive and cover some most difficult genera, Helophorus,
Octhebius and Hydraena, being typical examples. Sub-species and
aberrations are included, though in the case of the latter it is very
doubtful if many are worth separating by name.

The figures are, unfortunately, extremely crude and a very long way
from the accurate entomological drawings we have become used to;
which until the work has been used for some time and confidence
established will almost certainly raise some doubts in the mind regard-
ing their value. The method of production is puzzling—they look almost
as if drawn direct onto an offset plate in an attempt to reduce costs.

For some reason, unknown to your reviewer, the index is not in
alphabetical order but in page order. One would expect the object of
an index to be to enable one to find things quickly in the text—this one
is little quicker than searching through the pages. A pity, because
though it does not rob the work of any of its basic value, it makes it
very irritating to use.

Keys of this nature are very valuable because they include those
species most likely to occur with us and with such close and complicated
genera as we have in this family it is possible that some may have been
overlooked.

A work for the specialist, but one which the general Coleopterist
should keep in mind.

BW. Do

Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. By T. R. E. Southwood and
D. Leston. London: Frederick Warne & Co., Ltd. 436 pp., 63
plates (32 in colour) and 153 text figures. 30/-.

This welcome addition to Warne’s Wayside and Woodland series
deals with all the British Heteroptera. There is a brief introductory
chapter, after which each family and the species it comprises are
described. The space allotted to each species varies from only four
lines to over two pages; this probably reflects the state of our

217

knowledge. One of the most useful features of the book is the keys,
at family, genus and species level. On the whole, these work very well,
although, of course, the ‘difficult’ genera, such as Orthotylus and Psallus
are not easy to key simply. In marked contrast to Messrs Warne’s
recent work dealing with the Coleoptera the authors are clearly right
on top of the literature, both British and foreign, and there is a very
full list of references at the end of each chapter. Occasionally one
wonders whether the Continental literature is not stressed too much;
for instance, Malacocoris chlorizans (Panz.) is said to be double-brooded,
on the authority of the Swiss Geier and Baggiolini, ignoring the work
of Collyer in this country which clearly indicates that this species is
single brooded here, hatching six weeks later than in Switzerland.

In a work of this size there are bound to be some errors, though
these are few. On plate 43 the captions to Lygus pratensis and L.
rugulipennis have been transposed.

Despite the statement on p. 68 there is no doubt that Hrodium is
one of the hosts of Corizus hyoscyami (L.) in this country.

Taphropeltus hamulatus (Thom.), treated here as doubtful (p. 134),
is now thought to be a good species.

The complete absence of synonyms in the book makes it very difficult
to use in conjunction with other works. Surely even a short synonymy
is more important to the average reader than the chromosome numbers,
which are given for many of the species?

The book is particularly well illustrated with very many good line
drawings and 32 fine coloured plates by the late H. D. Swain.

A useful appendix on collecting methods and a glossary complete the
work.

This excellent and relatively inexpensive work should provide a
stimulus to even greater activity in studying the British Heteroptera;
it can be thoroughly recommended, and for the Hemipterist, whether
a beginner or experienced, it is a ‘‘must’’.

M. G. M.

‘the Buzzard. By Frank Wenzel. 86 pp. Demy 4to. George Allen and
Unwin Ltd. Price 35/-.

This delightful work, which is excellently translated from the original
Danish by Reginald Spink, tells of the life history of a pair of buzzards
in their lakeland haunts in Denmark. The author took great trouble
to go into every aspect of their breeding and nesting habits by con-
structing a hide quite close to the nest in a high tree. From this he
took some amazing photographs with which the book is amply illustrated.
Some of these, in colour, show the parent birds in their forest and water
background; while others illustrate the gradual development of the
chicks from the hatching of the eggs. There are many photographic
studies of them and their parents in several positions, including some
remarkable silhouettes taken at dusk.

218

Besides this particular pair of fine birds, the author remarks on
many others he has had contact with; quite 100 in all. He makes a
critical analysis of their respective habits and nesting sites. A good
deal of space, too, is devoted to the types of prey brought to the nest
by the adult birds, of which the female only incubates.

Few birds, especially among the Raptores, have been so compre-
hensively treated. This monograph, which is most clearly printed,
with its first rate photographs makes most entertaining reading. It is
indeed a valuable addition to ornithological literature.

C.1G) iY DE WE

ERRATA—1957 Vol.

Page 26, line 7, ‘‘on the Camber Peninsula’’ should read ‘‘ on the
Gower Peninsula’’.

219

INDEX

It does not follow that because a page is given once only that there is not more
than one entry.

PAGE
EME MEELLB II PRMNTR SNE Netcast teeta e caee crac arkn eine <aenns pen den cloes ciste bsp oscceaeamster ceaeeseanenen 26, 31, 33, 52
ROMAN MeN rere et het cm En ec ulac cae an sSebacadociedses tee ds thacas os vaca aumeannoese soanvensecedabaesasod seve se a
Eoin etl ” See eases Peer eter as. eocete ite: acc lee COCEE BaRE SOC Bere EERE EER ROE e baa ce sono dc as ae ae cepaa 30, 51, 52
RScURe Ba MNVIREINT GTS 7E | och ea cotateS idea Suid ids xs guesoenso oleae vie KenmmenswencrWeamaacedadsUNeesuvncats steep Q7
Book Reviews :
PUT oe eee BNE RE ATU VV CMA CUE | 2.06 osu nicsas4 oa «sr esinspuph ode ncatedcasaeconcacenassduandieess 217
Dragonflies, by Philip S. Corbet, Cynthia Longfield and N. W. Moore ... 215
Hyvarophitidae Buropae, Dy JDregAIdOCRICSAy ga. seccesncesesconcauenderuree-canuaeennon 216
Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, by T. R. E. Southwood and
CST OTe Se coe i. oe ae Sed Red ass aisaic einen sta gasnmninco=kiaprere eter asches os sn dae es eeneeee 216
eA Cent BOAT ee ON Neetu her ah Bs ot Haney Eee ED Seed oe nce d's Soide Ae o's Rowe deep ew deis ooo asede apc saesenewsouaae 9
MP ar aL ate PN et he ace Pa tN IAT wa otis Ss, BERR Ass wide Sais wate euins slash saline daivelcs 29) 30,44, 45; 202
SB TRaS eee VO tere petraam ts daa bgukiniae clade Se ges » duic’s Sue elveldels wad doctors bake Sanclowinae omelets eeaccitebrataaias 218
Field Meetings :
/NUGIMEA TOI |) = cecteec ee Hetpocn act boo cr EERE CROC nC once rrce et cree hemor ncter ci trcouneee aeeroeeccaey ee 86
ASHOOWI MOPEStig| moire w, --ctd ties tte te deoes ova seceseeshentodea ena cneme te mamta eee nes aneesartae 83
PASTOR ascs. <prete theres te th. an ander ess sacha Mbotu cave echo dacs mee atateacte eee does detec om meeee 87
AG TP AS pee tere Bano Be Sas BE ae at oe Soedee «nice arw dete cere ea wiaretdla ares siswinincia ates teaecaeetceee s eaten dees 84
13 yo0o-¢o 017 Dae 8 = Rose BBE french RRC RAC Rep CREPE CACCOCE BCC Ecco nce cn eae 75, 96
GTENOUUEL. cose tepe eee et «cde tMtece Stare Mas Jaeh duties cigieeanbanacastawbenecwes cel Gactceeemn aces automated 719
CeO RN ay COUNTY Ome a0). esRte erat seaan. dus «ete adeaae a asdomaay o-wedaecs te ectcwae ener tee rmeh eden avenad 93
PLT OTIOSS: _ | Gag seen eee ences « anh ERE Ra tasra< tars « Aesas Selttem sisihise cig occ mt wcionibinneReeRen terendeteansaes 84
Bast Malling eReseanen SHAULOMIME 2:2 5.sces sess dias caevowdneewede'sddvcs qaapehteaccasucnaseetes 92
PIMA AM KAO OCMMAIIE |. Site ttcas. oc. ceeaadeten. «vdasvereadvivcatstss <issnasansoncvascroenaeeee 73
UAT TV ATED. SPREE GAL. RESIS Sooke ws toc. Sete bs Tees bh ccheva tee Sereteepehes teak veteaccasach edabioes 93
ETON, PAE MU ETI), . aah Sra sivclcy ev aancetenc se stesceedaes se cradveacccustecssadcesccdancesceqeoes 91
EPA SEPCC,. sae eet O He... deci s toda tow cs dade Hvac dh aaalad oddenialeceen neste ccs eokcaveseencene 76
UBS IVAN ges stacie trate REMC ane cus tneh Ged teee Ph eice tes eee ee See OPN See etane ons sy oo atnseeh Mreetenee ste esoectneaeteD 88
EAE EV ALSTOM MEee Ties bc todctecccstevett ahaa es fam cceneendasees soescaeh oteatatee eee castenstenueecoetenes 81
LOTS Oy Gees eee SAIS, oc EAP SERS, bocBose bodes nate eet aa nada Sentence ddees oh Sewmeeesenecae 89
ING GI, ETC angle Tessa A eet dw. <x eee ae ance Sutra tae edad cate eee. Saeed oeec cae ees eee Medes deca secaniecits 80
OTT OT GL yo vacectere ce US teeta as wick HR re Detles dios aOR GATOR letra tate as CaM EL AMRIT, Lo Sasescadene 82
FES TEOU Gs on bint zach peer ae tase Naas Tae eee eee bins anes Thea aac IM torneteteeaseeceecevgdeassceese’ 75, 95
PRINCES PRISHOEOUL TM 1. fh ER eS Se scl eandectowncves oc dane cvdevagektnevercaenssdadesesevsersed 90
RATAN OE Co he sets 2. ROTEL See tee ode oF ate aire Pa secede pea awe n eave es stcacavavesuevevedesWasereles 85
RAG GUESS COWIE ree Sekt pees Sa anodaade cid case ete tee ree tans Latinas phat caadessettcecsasande das 73
LACM OMES aes Arteta. wcak seeks ete Uae dowd caceaee nce aten toes ree en eet cee eh te sae delveciag Sidletien 94
MYLO DOMCLEU FO OGM Mwe scence ens rete od atasdcvaustse tet totaet strat its cs sc once raves edsesesastoa suisaes 718
Wimbledon Goninon! -PS Ae MAUS S.A cdesscckssetas: solos: shidencans -soceedattoasetexnasvencsss 74
GAMA LOMO DNS ries. kee est eteesmget cess sess Seebdvaen Seles tact arctesencs 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 44, 52
Melanism ...... OPA1OlN 46: 18 2b. 26.) 28 s2Or 32.836) Sis, 40) 42643) A558; 54) 85s
and Pl. II (fig. 6)
INTL ATG eV VC sores Sees. . SEI 5 OS UES A, Rata le Lads Saacaceceuetatcatetes fe dees beacvsceascssensecadiesvasecees 35
Papers read but not published :
SAmateurany Panama, An? —R. Mid on BUTSO ..2eiidcsccscs-ccessaseesorcendsconcs acs 9
Se UN iter TRAMISDOUIOND | Ylscttascecactessaeht cece ces sot coceccet bers cesshonebicgnenlans<\saisaepls 23
“Lepidoptera of Gloucestershire, The’’—Austin Richardson _.................. 56
“Natural Control of Orchard Pests, The’’—Dr. A. M. Massee ................0 6
SNavkeeeonservanion «Dr en. Ax) (Gy sey, Aussies, osc ddeonesaneuegedeessaay 22

“Reflections on similarities and differences between European and
North American Lepidoptera’’—Dr. C. L. Remington .................. 5

220

PAGE
“Some faunistic and distributional problems in the _ British
Coleoptera’=AS A. Alen "sic. fewacs ves deve ov eve sccunewscauae cs peatetes hereon eee 17
“Three dimensional photography’—P. F. Shenton .............c cece eeceeeceeeee 2
PER OLORY. A coczes ss ceaamconeveeu cane cap Wkpieos suck oak ceene oabeteds sete ad ee ava imetee a cc aaeees eneena: eae nee 51
iPpyrex. Tain. cover: for imercuryevapour Lampe... he Se ee eee 1
Special” MECUNS © ...2225.ccssccsecswnvesades tree tas tees te ee a ean aisweie une Piet dujacs cee nee canes eed 3
MMISLCS* CLECUIOIM OT isc. chs cancassiacsa tees snacks sunaveavtelds on sade waus basesacene oheapeaeacen eee eee 3
PAGE PAGE
AMPHIBIA extensa, Tetragnatha ... 82, 84, 85, 87, 88
eatmnitatenen ret a eae 40 | falcata, Evarcha ...........cceeeeeeees 89
MGR ETO” 680s, csc dos enad nee epertee 76 | flavipes, Entelecara 0.0... 87
TOT EETE pea Ro) © ome yaaa pepeR epee to 76 | flavipes, Heliophanes .................. 82, 90
BuenNomlcn “MAMA Cease te cere 76 | frontata, Savignia ......... 82, 95
Blying Brom 00k. 98 (fig. 3), 102 furcatas Hiro: 228 resected eee 91
Natierjnck TUAG 1 .rsc...ccccleececsnacuteessetes 40 | fuscus, Oedothorax ......eeceeeserees 83
nigropalmatus, Rhacophorus ...... 98 SUDHOSUS,) ALAMECUS 5 or...sacsscasusarseeeeneees 88
(fig. 3), 102, 103 heterophthalmus, Oxyopes ......... 22. 98
errrcariordss = fen. -cscceeee tee eee 103 | histrio, Philodromus ......e sees 93
fommporariay amar jiecn cers ayes 76 | hortensis, Linyphia .............0. 82, 8&3
IMpieTa, Linyphia. ..cche eee 88
imperator, Pandenus. {232 ee. 24
ARACHNIDA Imperial. Scorpion’. 2 ee 24
AGHRYV Dia, | Man POUAy, occurence teaazevsadscsierd 83 insignis, Helophorantt:.2% tee 90, 93
accentuata, Anyphaema ............... 82, 86 labyrinthica, Agelena ............ 83, 86, 87
UTITAU Spee UVES i oe ree reetcve essa. weet oceeceeas 83 latens,. DiChyIai «ss... stt seers 82
MEME ANUS: SE LSUINIS oe ene oecsspscssanssonssces 82 lividus, . TRobertuSs) 4.15. ee 83
AMERICA, ATS Y TONE, .. <a.scsssescrancaoansps 95 lugubris;, Lycosatnee.t.26- 84, 89, 90, 91
EGU Atay BiveeE UA: oie cp accesstanawmasceves 83, 93 lunatum,. Theridion: ...2222 eee 84
ArUROMACEA..DICEVUOR., . cpcancessnpeonasnsnent 82 macians/* Latrodectus! ti... Shanes 24
eUbeee me Part ONO. 02, van satyaneancccnsuacsssnnsa 82, 88 mengei, M. segmentata s.sp. ... 82, 83, 86
BLBIGA VZV EVO | sccccccucsrsveseisalesasees 90, 94 mirabilis, Pisaura ... 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 93
aureolus, Philodromus ... 82, 84, 86, 88 montana, Tetragnatha .................. 82, 84
avigilarta, “AviCUIATIC. |. .cccccccsssscssesate 24 muscosa,,. Marpissa, ...0:5.ts ere 93
DiirOMS: DISMIOGLCUS \. <2. .ss.cexescnmenve 88, 89 DIFTICEPS; WWYCOSA \.caacccosceeeeeee eee 82, 83
bimaculatum,; Theridion ................. 82 oblongus, Tibellus .................. 87, 88, 90
Bind Matins (SPraGl” v..2.s.cs<etnssuacsveessoes Q4 obscurus, Lepthyphantes .................. 84
Bek WillOw SDIGOT: «cc. ssscstscscssscscesess 24 obtusa, Tetragnathar t.ho ee 82
DEeEmIpeS: \CUIMDIOMA, 2.c0cc:: scx: sSsasapcesssene nas 82 OnUSTUS; TROMISUS) .c.<..<0.c0s-t eee ee 93
caespiticolis, P. aureolus s.sp. ... 82, ovatum, Theridion ......... 82, 84, 86, 87
2 158 parvulvus, Bathyphantes .................. 82
cambridgei, Psamopoeus ...............06+ Q4 peltata, Ginyphia: ....::.. sehen 86
ClErCkin AGHVENALMA, t..ccccccccesssseacsceve 88 phragmitis, Clubionay .:25.e-ceee 88
COMICS, ABV CLOSAL coos ceciscececscseksesesaces 83, 84 plumipes, Tapinauchenium ............... 24
COMMUMIIS. ANOANCUS | jcsectessadstaccccavcceenceens 88 prativaga, Liycosay:.t2.eeen ee 88
cristatus, Lepthyphantes .................. $0 prominens, Cercidia) .2..22-— 89, 90
cristatus, Xysticus ... 82, 87, 88, 90, 91, pullata, Lycosa. 2<:...4¢4¢eee 83, 86, 91
93, 95 purbackensis, GyCosa.) ........:.«ssesceeeees 88
CUGHEDRAMUS, AAT AMES. (,ccssscessaes cos’ 83, 86 pusilla, Jbinyphiae -i)2s0nces ee ee 88
degeeri, Pachy@natha. ......ccs....ccsce 89, 91 pyemaca, SILA. 4::...ccccemeneee see 87
dentatum, Gnathonarium ................ 95 quadratus, Araneus ... 87, 88, 89, 90,
denticulatum, Theridion ............ 83, 84 91, 93
Gen PAIDISS WTI OME. (coscseeck. cacesscccs 88 redii, Araneus ............ 87, 90, 91, 93, 94
Gepressus. “Balls” 5... cscscoccedues sees sacnse 82 reclusa, , Cluibiomai «.:<. <eeersdoeerteee 82, 88
diadematus, Araneus ... 87, 88, 89, 90, rubellum,, -Gonatimia, . £accceeece ees eee 91
91, 93, 95 rubens, Gonatium ... 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94
GIOUTAS Zea oa ren aceon eter einnsaes 82 rufipes, GONgylidiuM ..............0.ce.0000 82
dispar; “P: “AUPCOMS SiSPs i ecec.cesssesepss 82 FUPESEPIS. » NMGIOMETA A ccctecuace-cncesseuee eres 90
erraticum, Cheiracanthium ............ 93 scenicus, Salticus

PAGE

segmentata, Meta ... 82, 83, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91, 93, 95
SISVDMLUE oT NCTIGION cc. eccsc000008 82, 83
Seat aN Se STAD CLISCA conc nscspseosacosesoasesns 91
SLU ME LS MADINA es scaeecncnesap env asnceeceeens 88
TA SHUTS MUN COSELM 22 cbc eeeenanaceeeqsccdpacesrese 82
TELTLESULIS I OUIDIONA. ascapeccanprccsoneses 84, 93
PCO ty) EP OGMOSA 4 ic cccasanascsscaseesssesecss 93
GED OOD. HS DIGET |: : ic psachawegacsswsuessecanes 83

triangularis, Linyphia ... 86, 87, 88,
90, 91, 938, 95
Loin on 6 Brg 9) 00 ae eee ere 91
PGR GUNE US 2 NOI curs sonntn say aseascenssi eos 93
umbraticus, Araneus ...... 83, 84, 93, 94
vagans, Brachypelma .................. 24, 88
EERE TT ED a 20) 0 > 88
ise, RIRCTAQLOWM cess acs wowwasacaue sacctcue 82
vatia, Misumena ... 82, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93
virescens, Micrommata ............... 83, 84
VANE ye PCT OLON 5 pene sis cacwsccmeds cusncee 82
WINER ETO ISY OVC (Cy he ee ee 95
Rata MAA gE ZV ULOU A ccc ccnrcens ppanseasecesnses 83

zimmermanni, Lepthyphantes ... 84,
86, 90

BIRDS

PIMNHED AN LOR EAL Eee sce ses noe tutecbacbeteaeden hae. 40
Fie Sie o-qiee Asse Sere A eee eee ia Annan 39
RULE Me UU Lee fs ow, WALA CEaR Sas 39
EPULIINS 3 « FALE CUS R Ask, ote tee ececean teow eae 39
eee Lik 4.62 eR CAA PRE 40
Eee Oi ATM <M sed te sixes chek Bis gh. << dgetee 187
SUM oel With bec ee cee teas cee teat ea leeds SiotiD Way
AGATA, SC TLINUIS 9 Gh vas bettie. .catete ates 187
NEE IV AT Voter ciuinch ccct eve sassamessecbecelietaees 187
Camdatis, -Aerithalosy ....2aie...08e 39
MATACOUT OU iailrce ccf keesd cveenaw ite ca one dhl dntdeks oo adedies 179
CUNESHCAS MMOTAGHLL A». 5.¢c08b AEE event 39
NUCH Naa des even vn ctaws ve as aca casasctarmbere oars taeaade 39
MPGHET RTOS Tah sacs vasacmess ccbovtweebencbs antes lddelde’s 187
RET ANCL SU INA ws vies aenkyettd sia tau'eactad eRe ded Giacews oats tem 179
Greater Spotted Woodpecker ............ 39
CE HESN a WHOGDECKER. (4.68208 os 39
VOTO Medics s owe cst Heth A Me OSA TGs ot hb Ste 81
MGTIO LIVE bap) hain s. Mees eae lie tee seccreceeen acct ines 39
RUT -O sel ed eee bee 5 RARER 40
LTE NMA OAM ce site dacvscaeesenanscacicosdee tenes 39
LGB W heen Aubiss ava waidmoetteat ccskstebaeborertstes 40
PGT SHOVE C4 rcacetasksuscoveses denencsscdoeteseenes 39
MAOMEAL AUS. PADUCOME RT Wes cates cccteddoteecetocee 39
Madeiran. PIgeom | his. el Siesesdcte 187
madeirensis, Regulus ignicapillus ... 187
maderensis, Fringilla coelebs ............ 187
Major, DWenaGrocopuUs<:.. 2st... ss dota eees 39
MmoncOula,...COmvuasSe... Fai aes 40
MIRITGRMS WAND. -dccscesccecseassoMbesiee dee oneoaubeds 40
Mocha WATER se «2c he SEES 40
OLORF MSY BUS aan eceen ec ceav neve: s atarcuaeeuens 40
Osprey 22

221

PAGE
palumbus, Columbay .2...cccs.:s-crssacensseus 39
TOCAZ (OOLUMUD Ars ieee sce ete vaca 187
Vanellus;: Vanellus! see. ai 39
VEEIGIS=" “PICUS) lcddoce oven sckorsn ci a oeoeeeet ss 39
MIEN UV ys: ONVL | iis tect aire Suice ov coneb eos eee ah oanacee aves 39
Wood! \PILCOM | 2.01 hic ciceldccsecssscvesdaseswene 39
WOOUCOCK: coe ciicoienssocktcectectercaudeh weeeees 73

CACTI
GPP ULIN DED Pe saccesat) ewe eadecnacete cece tnecemeeenenece 192
COLEOPTERA

ACuleatal MMOFGSI Ay hike kedbstesdecandeedeesee 78
Aeailis. AGANTHOCINUS oii... cb. <teceees 19
aeneovirens, Caenorhinus .................. 78
AETICUII HN PA DVOM Hiss. J.b:0 ins wos dee sak oe Stee 91
aethiops, Pterostichus) 22.03 s.c..cs<cissseszes 1
agaricinum, Scaphisoma .................. 82
ATiMIS SPA TPOCIUIS Veissienkucisedecsoc~ccadesacme 7
BVT ay) AO TOMUS yer fertect .sisthescnwncetaseree 9
AlbInNUWS.) PlatyStOnwOs. :..cx sik. soeebeee 241
alma.) RnyMenaenuUs vee jabs iss asscevcscteces 82
angulatus, Neuraphes ...............0.see000- 77
angustatus, Xantholinus .................. 77
antirrhini, Gymnetron ......... 16°) 21" 285
ADO CSD DS. cetccsitinscsshecsscaetsssuetesPessagnanne 91
aquaieus, INOtOpHINWS. ..y.....:ssnesacaees 76
ENC UGA | MMUSCOMGLO: 1.2. .ccntctess ss isseveseusaeaed 19
ALPENTAUUS sO YLLODUIS Es... .c1scsccssessunne 78
PTCES: CUYUUS cucexs<cse osene «de doneucpsaancanenes 78
ASSUMES...” AWM o. aaeepeteussccetsccuarereecssees 78
UTE A. GHALCOLMES, vp: eccccc.cssesnctscssmansn es 78
AUPULEM tA: SULA SALA. tecnss-sscsercccsccests 180
biguttatus, Notiophilus ............0..-..... 76
HipUsSiMlatus: ASADUS! :-..ccccccscecenewscessee we
bipustulatus, Malachius ..................... 82
bispinus; “Xylocleptes” ..26) 2S 73
DPreCVICO]NIS: NGDRAN eyecare enna cena tacos 77
brevipalpis, Helophorus _ ................6 82
canaliculata, IDrUsillay Mee. ecko 77
capreacy Lochmiaeal Oe aire. «ce 716, 78
carbonaria, ‘Gniypetal’ Sii..cijeeces 82
Cargmal -BeCHG)’ 7. cctssts ssh coteheseiee ete 78
Caraguorum, Apion’: | WA Tees weeeesees 85
castaneus, Salpingeus 7 l.0ii2.5...naee 14
CeLramMbYCUGAS™ -c.dccasocwe cc dekeaeecactteeees 38
Corvus, EALCAMUSG Ait hadi scseteeesn cee 14, 15
ECOWAS 1.6 ev... ener desen etek aes Setccemaes 38
cacruleus, Helops: * 7 2itekeas cities 14
GOStaLP, JAMASDIS \ o.c22.fetiss wsiscdcewcnceereeee 78
GIOMUIS. VAPVAG coca sassccaecceetseeee cone 9
COCCINEGA,. Py TOCDTOAT Wet. s...ceceeee eee 78
collimum, “GymOMetromin! Vate.s-sennas 20 e SL
CKONIATLIUS, | PTLOTINIS (ie eteict, . asteadeeaneeses 29
crassicornis, Atheta (Tetropla) ......... 82
curtirostre,. Aplowmyy i... aeteeetl. eee 85
j@epressa, OMOSI£a, ° atevitciwisedeeee xlili
depressus, Calopidius ..aGhnh..t6 xliii
Gichrpumy “APIO. , 2... .acaeteasceoeeek aceeeeeeee 91

222

PAGE FAGE
dorsale: A@OmUMy \aeeccte: creer aeensae 74 cn pa ae la Seeders: ie =
dorsalis, ACUPALPUS .......eseeeeeeeeseeeeeee es 76 miniatum, APiON — ...........:sseeeeeees D5
dulcamarae, PsylliodeS ...........:: 88 molitor, Tenebrio : sean fasarccactwenvesaeeee 16

MVC CUT ADM oon cise sct teneszeocoeaa <BR eee 1 moraei, Cryptocephalus ............:....... 82
ape si aah Meligethes’ (.issccee se 77 Lae Pera (Limnoxenus) ......... 11
fami ATIS. | AMNALA, oGenc-2--06-oceeereetys 16 NLS, CaM os ccexasescnccnesgag-s hae teenens 180
fasciatus (villosus), Bruchidius ... 78, 91 MIGwluiM, BEML cc .ccaseensrcsusees 77
fastuosa, Pilemostoma .........:..see 75 nobilis, GUOTUUNUS) Gece menccesy ee eae 29
flavimanum, APiON — ........eceseeeeeeee 91 nubilis, HelopNorus ..........10-:eeeseeeeees 82
fulvus, Cryptocephalus ............... g2, 85 | Oblongopunctatus, Pterostichus ......... 1
fuscipes, HyGrobDius — «..........eeeeeee 11 ovatus, Otiorrhynchus ................-. 16, 85

f y : Palhiavus, ELyWIT OPS ceecee cere teeeeaeens 76
eolhieni (thoracicum), Cephennium 77 parallelepipedus, Abax ..................00 77
Ballicus, G. Dr ODI Stes i Ss pedicularius, Anthonomus ............... 73
penmanicus,.<Carmenbinuse) .eaeises 78 | pellucida, Cantharis ......0.c..ccceceeee 77
germinyi (hypocrita), Notiophilus ... 7 peruvianus, Dermestes ........cc0ee 18
geographicus, Ceuthorhynchus ... 16, ’ picirostris, Miccotrogus .............. 73, 91

; 5 . 17, 85 Tint. PISSOMES” =22..scc.eecreeecae ore 76
giganteus (= goliathus), Goliathus ... 3 Dlanitaris, “AMOpIUS* ce... ee ene 78
globosus, DYSCHIPIUS —«....-eeeeeeeeeteeeees 76 pomorum, Anthonomus ...........:ee 73
Goliathus beetle Mocseanaste a 3 porcatus, Otiorrhynchus ..............0.+ xliii
goliathus (giganteus), Goliathus ...... 3 problematicus, Carabus .................006 88
graminis, Chrysolina ..........sse 2 | Plepohelteds "tcc. ttre ke come rT
guttula, Bembidion — ..........c0seee 82 pulicarius, Rhamphus ............:.c0000 78
haemorrhoidalis, Athous’ ...:........... 77 pyrrhoceras, Curculio (Balanobius) 78
RE USOUS Mer cattce: tonensdaactit seccavenendtise seamen il quadrimaculatum, Bembidion .......... fig
RCRA CIMAC trate nc cn creccceem ch iprascesengessceccas 1 quadrimaculatum, Scaphidium ... 74, 82
TEHIRSENG Lee 0” pesec eRe re con Rebate are aeneer 38 quadrimaculatus, Dromius ............... TA
hypocrita (=germinyi), Notiophilus 177 quadripustulatus, Exochomus ... 76, 77
AUTON, ADLOW GS acc.svatec seas sdeascars-carrece 85 quadripustulatus, Mycetophagus ...... 78
NIUE TNA TA cons sactcsctac es ecarren aes ig quadrinotatus, Dromius. ............ 7h
AIMS TUOMAS TUM cns.cssasccastuceeene 19 quercus, Rhynchaenus ...................:. 82
investigator, Necrophorus _............... 58 quattuordecimguttata, Calvia ......... 74
jungermanniae, Smicronyx ...... 16, 85 radiolus, ADION) © oo. .csc550deaksh ieee ete 91
labiatus, Cryptocephalus — .........:..-+- 82 regensteinensis, Sitoal cciivdsceest eee =
laevioctostriatus, Cylindronotus ... 74 nih her eae tre aed Rae bieh eaeeee e
Pstte ne dee thog en | seal aac nomonitia See aeons 82, 91
lampros, Bembidion .......c.css.s.e+. 16, 77 rubi, Batophila seeeeenseneeeeseaeantecscaseesanes 78
limbata, Rhagonycha ceseessscescoseosess 77 TUlabris? -ANASPIS.\ \osceeee dan <cca seen 78
Mimariae. «Gy WME Gr OM sep ices Se... Aden ss eee 20 HS Baggs See D iket Wp. 2
LimeartSs sD TOMMUS: naqn se qoccedde. ses 77, 88 Sep ee ee i i
Dipporalis SINCCLOMES) |. sescrh.dssenscbseeeee’ 58 gE Baal gs ie fed a a
IOPANIS. “PACOETUS 2 grass ase Ss aco meee 91 HURDLE iets 7 ‘ =
ete : g ) Tschmodes, \\..::es20e 4
sate oe ih ae nas wake bibl i sanguinolenta, Chrysolina ............... 19
eanbas MEMediiOr e) 2. Bateees 89 Sbite eseeeees soresneeaeenerenenaeeesansnneeass 1
Teeiiea Poneieaie), anaes. re 78 scrophulariae, CULOIUUS 2 22525i yacence see 9
laycidae » ai 38 SECS TAO, ce. cceeecncnevensnasqunenes ose 16, 85

Sp crews MISE eS ener seerd rege OS Renae I ? serraticornis, PyYrochroa .............00++ 78
AMVC ADL OMIA coer cock oe 91 setiger, Orthochaetes .............:c0eceeeeee 85
marginalis, Dalopius .................. 12, 76 splendidulus, Gabrius: | .........cs.cse0e- 77
PlIacsimMalis, Wy tiSCUste ek sec cece 12 Sstaphylea, CHrysolina ....:<.....<5:sc.cssse= 82
marmoratus, Nanophyes .......... 16, 85 Strawberry Seed Beetle .........c.c..csse0ee 92
melanogrammus, Strophosomus ...... 78 striatellus (tibialis), Sitona ............... 78
MmelanoOpa,. LOM, \. 2... eeeeewese eee eneteees 74 striatum. “ADIOM! .. 22. 2csceccqacresceageeeeseoseas 85
meéelanura,..Nacerdes, 223. -eee 14 Striatum,.. ASCUTUIM: Maui. seeder scene ot eeboeee 76
meliloti, Apion. ...2.....00004 fe Re 85 subspinosa, ZeugOPNora. ..........ceceeevevee 78

MCMLOTI 2 “DY CHAS: ---.....0-Peeeeteee< cnet 16, 85 Sus* StraphosOnvuS: \-<ccracec: seceney-- eee 74

223

PAGE PAGE
sylvatica, Cicindela .........ccccccccsceeeeeee 7h infumata, Arbiblatta (ericetorum,
SLED MOTE AC Ig? aoe. Peron en eh see are, 3 Blatta) esecececeeeeeseeeeeeeseseseees 197
fOnCeBAMLOTIN,. es AONE, Pes to 91 | maderae, Leucophaena .........e-- rete
testaceus, Gonopalpus (4.0.6.8. xliii mantis Mivaisksaeegs preg spitphawsdeoseea sedennae cedad 197
thoracicum (=gallicum), WEA NTT AC? of oterrncsotltaee tees oad re se e<eeeaees 198

Gephenniumi stk... 17 IMPATVTOLOC A 0 Vee occcccccecceuctees cecacs este acme ates 198
thoracicus, Lordithon .................000006 74 nigripes, E. PanZeri V. ........seeeeeeee 197
tibialis (=striatellus), Sitona ......... 78 OLientalisy Bilatitial, ec<-.scteeeen eee cae 198
tibialis Ty chits |... cet... cel 16, 85 PaANzZeris PCOS hisses eee ooo 197
MMM ETMAM! 4. s50.5ees.bdtesscieoees tae eels 19 TeligiOSa, MANS ......sesceceeeese 197, 198
troglodytes, Ceuthorhynchidius ....... 91 SPHOULOMEAMTS.” seetcasscsssec see cecadooesescenes 24
trinotatus, -Lordithon. ............c.0000..0-: 74 surinamensis, Pycnoscelus _............ 198
URTV CrS Ee DeNT C) KC) 11 Us ane he ee Ae WaeeOd
TUS UMOSUS eA PADUS is tiiesse lessee esedeoss 23 DIPTERA
unigolor,;Aryenis [MSI IS Ne. 6 albimanus, Platycheirus ..2............... 89
venustus, Phytonomus ............... 16, 85 albipila, Chilomyia (Cheilosia) ......... 87
Werbasci, Bradycellus. ......0..02.ss:....0+-s ag arbustorum, Eristalis 9 J220...A0s.0c...0 89
villiger, Heterostomus .................. xliii NSMUGAGi 13.3 2s0ssssuetstricdece. ee 38
villosus (=fasciatus), Bruchidius ..... 78 ALICOPMIS-Eby OnLy zawya eee 205
WIOLAGCUMI APIONM .....:526 elle eeellselils 78 Hhalteatusy ‘Sivymplmas.--csrccssccceeeareee ee 89
viridescens, Meligethes ..............000.. 77 DUCcata, May Opa: 4 c.055....4 eee 411i, 80
ANTE Seema VE UL ACHIUIS ©. ceayvce-hechale toc teee 82 Canipesiris; Rhingial sk eee 89

carduiny Urophorat i LAkkt.. ee 87
GYUSTGE fry OFSSie heey Se ae 54
CRUSTACEA COLOMLAC; Sys) Po Rete. eee eee 89
ACM MELON OBA 5. ccaccccsecsuercccesocoeevtes Q4 Drosophilat! —. tee MS. 62, 92, 185
IOS hi OUST ODS: praiicwscvccawesuaseensetee dete Q4 LEME PUCAL USA MECLS TCLS erseseeee sss tee 89
iridis, Phytobia (Dizygomyza) ... 15, 16
DERMAPTERA TUL MCA SVG PWUS + e2cccescct. Meek oe ee 89
aAnMUlipes, AMISOIADIS ...c.......60.......00- 189 maculata, Limonia (Rhipidia) ......... 79
qmrioadaria, PRorhewla s,s. sssnk- 199 | Margimata, APEMON ow... eee 79
PAM OL CHD:. <5 isessseveetcceunrcoscesecss 191 | melanogaster, Drosophila .................. 62
brevitarsis, Porficula .:.........4!.00 98 191 | mellinum, Melanostoma _ .................. 89
Curwneatida:-Tabiay vaio thee 1g9 ) notata, Thaumatomyia — ......... 23
Re IASG, TS AINE 13 | Ocellaris, Epiphragma _ ...............4.. 79
endentulus, Perirrhytus ..ecccccccccccee. 190 GLEP ACCA Dp We peo ee, ee 79
forcipata, F. auricularia, v. ............ 1490 pendulus;, Helophilus %) 4.0...2200 89
Meare ieesentt lene PKs. vor. EE, 190 | persimilis, Drosophila... 63
MONI AG 6 Gees ccdaliée cede ReMi kiisssdsens 189 | pertinax, Eristalis 0... ee 89
laeviforceps, Forficula .........c:ccccsccees 191 pilosella, Diploneura _.................. 54
LUMO bDlAGis Perini ytus’ Pi. sets: 190 pseudoobscura, Drosophila ............... 63
madeirensis, Perirrhytus .................. 190 quadrifaria, Nephrotoma _ ............... 79
Maritima. Anisolabis® .2/.-),... 22202: 189 repleta, Drosophila .................. 184, 205
TREN OV 9 JUG OS 2 ae Seen i leg as A 189 ADE SHO VEDIO avieeeeneaceesssasaneneaeens 89
mpacashabidura. |. eNO. .. aan: 189 mMmidiss#Polleniiat Asie ce. Ae 54
SeHmntzi. AMeCMUMAN . 2.52.00. eee. cedesee des 190 EAD TOMMY ZA) (SI WON .ty.is.shet. bebe eseeoaseteceee 205
Stutatus; Platycheirus: ..t......-.5. see 89
SVE DUA mews stag eck ccedeSeacencb nets T4
oe Tae Wibilaciorsset<::.. SU) LES, 38, 74
americana, Periplaneta on eeeel los cecececees 198 tripunctata, TDIMONIa Oe ee 79
LESUG Ti A F: 0c ee eco 2 oo ta Be ea 198 VETMANSHEE TD Wate. son sostece ees 719
Blattoidea onnses eves vursecencacsrsceseeeceetcniee 197 vitripennis, Syrphus CS. ee Ce 89
chavesi, Zetha ever cessuvecdecdsenesveesos 197, 198 westermanni, Tetenicar’ eee 87
EICTODING ACs acnccsiacaattneetseceta. caters oe 197
RODS ASTID sy pacecovnenec.- PL DOL 90 FISH
ericetorum Blatta (=infumata, PRAT AC OWL +s silsircrelacgousieasels naltdeccctete nantes 186

ANE D LDV AGA) ge +. aeecwecwancsorbes eee oe ecces 197 PESTO MEST, o4 tdczatgesaveeetay santos igadvacd eros tseeeee 186

decipiens; Goboptera .. ..wecwn.<dckees. 197 BUG SAK 6 ccunicece.cocscosswarswon eee 186

Permaniea,, Blattellan.. sciscccccccassseeecehe 197 PFOWMMULO ree waearacouneaade rasa cerede teeters sxe teerete 186

224

PAGE
CALHDO, A PWaAMOPUS O heil iets, cccodeasecend 186
CL tantectes stews asbeabusbivtesscnncvseedsws sacseueveesees 186
BISDALGA™ e! cesesens scot vtovesesdbecadtateesvsctercede 186
(GACEMie LIDIA 8. sce siacnsssavces verdsedscosesemecte 186
Marbled: (Sed. (POrch .c..ssvccccssescetesdoees 186
NOR GGS Dn osrescacsusscrsdvevcvoscescsasstevseeeeert 186
WIMOUIL els ceesatcstas seiassaratetes ctietieascotccueret te 186
PRUE TAR. SLIMLON «» --c ceive ccnp dace soneuvus vate aemeees 186
PUUDNINY — - cudssccoevstencsacevcsacsteeeatdsessteteweserstee 186
WUNLGATIS AGW. -....Assekteeens aeeeeere 186

FLOWERING PLANTS

AERIS eur OVOMs Meter css cctatesakaeta.wentecees 96
DCTISH RAMUINCUINGSIN Wirvdeves scareserscsneseuses 34
aizoides, Saxitrapiaie |aeuts. seer 45
Na) AAT CSivs Meck tack. lA sats ed elititeny bess eee 44
alba, Nymphaea. sihc.tiecet.., 2eesesteenes 84
Bub alt SP OPUS) boeken ceecesoct es akeoeeaeeeee 96
GLOWS: EDYOSC YAMS Ww icccesaaitaas. tke eos 31
ACTER ES BR crepco anc aROP EOE 39, 84, 94, 95, 176
AT GSPRB UCKIHONM |i i..c-scsndeteeseb ents < 0 ickaee 83
americanum, Gisichitum) .2....0didenes 84
angustifolia, Ela@agnus — ...:..cc.c....000 94
angustifollum, Chamaenerion ...... 33
angustifolium, Sisyrinchium _......... 178
annularis, S. babylonica var. ...... 96
ULC cose see he van wv csan ctadeen s Sv eeee ss eae eaieee 209
aquatica, ‘Scrophularia © jsaceusitteses 9
BEDOTCA: MELICH) sa. vuscss weddadset sees oaths 187
dias SOPDUSE hci Asks. ate enh bc .p teeedds 96
CUEVeERSEn (Ou SET. . .eeaccevedaAns<sertanshecue 87
ORVENSIS: JL ViGODSIStwleaetd. 22k tebonss ek 80
FAS Teepe 5c bedn stan < cabedadvacmotee maker Pa cask Uae shy io
ASDOM — aisccnsnccs 18, 76, 77, 78, 88, 90, 209
ASPELUMN. SVL OM YUM | eeebersd.... Pease 86
ETM OR oss vee sa sncepcacesnsntehisenarnt ateeee 89
ALLOCIMETOA, WVBR we sisissseteesk ..cekk BAe ait
PANG. SILER 9 an SESSA ee seus ack... oedeba cats 57
BNSILiACa.. OLY ODTELIS pi) s.t.ccc-00--.dedsthee 719
ARNON PPUINIIES. cre petencdecdueecsetesecite 80
Hab VLONCa, — Saline chs... weeeseaeseoerosene 96
LCLETS(CLIN yal eee 56, 78, 85, 90, 94, 96, 176
helladtond,’ “Atropa,. ..adccescsesati..csetesd 89
ESMOND his on nan cucne cae acu cde thavaraRotoeess steed 187
binervosum, Limonium ..................... 48
LOTT 6 eae 31, 33, 73, '74, 76, 78, 90, 94, 176
BMTGSLOOD y — scscsccanceescebaeceooeer ie ieccmeeeses 80
RA CKSUIOTI ecccsccnceh she tecds soc conc ceac ee Paee 33
black Italian popular ............... 209, 210
TOMNTED EINE we ccccaatsecvaadet photon te tees sa vecteeatiens 78
BMIe=S VEC) (GTASS! We. s.csisecsudrtee etre. aoe deans 178
BUS BIGAD ING) sis52 re aiid eedede es ocomcteneine samne 96
BOE VASPHOGO a iissusben guste scbavecae cece ses 83:
BORMNE VICI O! iii ccscowszocexe hae tense rch tssawecdues 181
BOUSaAMVINICA FPA Ricker swscenewsasaceeoss 187
ATID LOS, Vaceteeene hk ewacsneemec tec asset raeee 81, 181
tO Gms (RS cca eawcthcenkincbecauncanseedeert ten oe 78
BACK UROMTN tan, abatecsestoseontesarsceeadedtetes te 93
ESIPSNOSS: fo cn cnncsskacbuesurcasnvarsuseeeunebas sree tttde 80

PAGE
CADDARC isk ccvasesecssasecatanatycadenssaps eese eens 7
Cacrulea, MOlMIG .cctssdsusce«cacsseepeeeeeee 31
caespitosa, Deschampsia ................+. 87
Calcarea, POLY Gala casacsurmescunieysscececren 75
CW UM a, aca. sana dauacnead th ccta castes chaepea aeons 13
Gampestre, ACET «1... ..:c.ccsseewedscpasuaeeunes 34
CamMpestris, ATTCMVISIO trapeccecs. screenees 209
Ganescens., -PODUIUSgceinctessecteeeestes eee 96
cannabinum, Eupatorium. ................. 37
€ADENSIS,, TNIDAtICDS. ...<.05.sce00 sepa TSO
Carboniferous tree fern? ................. 56
cerasifera. Prunus. z.ceccetsuer. eee eriae 86
Chalke MAME WORE o.ci0-ssepcceesscapees tree creas 7
Gherry, | PYG. co.cc ccc: seencecvte does 86
eicuiarimm:., rod. esranese scenes 80
Claviculata,.. Corydalis, cs.st. see 80
GLOVER). ooseecass--0ssc0cnaensd donde undp vee eer eee 73
GOTUSLOOU. | ciccicccccseappeaseWexn nthe clare 73
COMPLY: (1) 4 sedearess F3o0s den av gpa erent 74, 85
Common, (Storksbill,, 723.4... sere 80
compressus, Ornithopus .............csse0se. 4
CONYZA,;, PMU, ou ccsswcedeshetecydatdeke. cotta ie 715
CRATA CETUS y6 » bis cieda cs kahesnx os tesueee ae eae 87

crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum ... 187

CYDBESS wy mipiswaksAtenedeacee dsm eee so wantas ieeeeeeeeee 54
DA Cty lS ws. <s.sasseacssoxcseen dete eee 212, 213
DAN Gellom: 4 cncsscverornacedeetased aebetse cian 208
Date cP ali ie rs sasoncvestaeiccoseacaw kere ee eee 187
DelpHiniuimM:, give ewvesves heaters deusan sees Th
DeSChaMDSIG, ©. Gi ecwaveceecscscetcs ae eee 87
DOCK yoo aug rencanes bn vataldvoean unesesp ait ee beeen 78
IDTASOM VERGE 5 sds ccatas acaeunen eee 187
IDNOCOPAC EAN Ie Geiss soescesSaused tos ees eee 178
Dwarts Sallow.. sii/titesisd-<cse eee 83
dysentericas. Pulicariaa 1.02 one 87
Barly; Purple. Orchish,..4-c.05--.eeeteeee 81
CI TU oats abs antea reps aaiome cil de eee 187
GMUSUSs s DUNCUS,. ..c.0.cacéses-seccseacsee tae 87
GUGET i, auch Sete OSS ceo esa ep saa 81
CTD. 5. SERRA ASE oe ca eh cee 79, 176, 209
CTUCILOMUS) “SCNECIO»...i0s.:e0.88-s-. seen 87
Buphorbiaiwsp'). ascites staccaavecss se eee 201
EUropaecus) HWOnyM WS iy so-sh-n.cceaenes 81
fartaras Dussilagoy yt: uke eee 73
flix-snas:\DryOpteris) Aiserasdes tees 719
AUIS OP 2 Boccia mcinswisaeionsjecteaigh eemegh eee alee eee 176
flacca:)(slauica) i Ganex: eccceec eee 73
avium: | “Ch alierrun ec cssecsssseeeeeeeeeeee AT
foeteus; cOCOtEa Aes A eee 187
foetidissima;, Trismnnigiet...< Rae 15
glauca (=flacca), Carex ............ccccseer 73
POT SO! i och HE RR woke vate eee 74, 85
grandiflora, Pinguicula ..................... 178
Sranwilata,\Saxifragayeyn.....<. eee 80
Great) Buther wort, ...c:..0s.c<. ctkeceeeeen 178
Great WaterwDock \...s42(46. niet a
grey: DoOplar Awa... = eee 96
hawthorn (240s. 13,. 33; 78, ‘79, 81, 96
Wazel boc. lsccsacocccsacees Ree etre: 13, 78, 93

PAGE
RRC RONUR ye ite xh wos oeawadoagdediwck lec denemeeantes 76
hederacea, Wahlenbergia ................65 94
PERETAMMTILOUUINY, io cocansapitebepminanvsds os atnsinas 73
PTAC cna iccdcacecSuiiesacncxagapanses taeckes ode 31
MGT SUES Meelis a cSttasandee adapt Seagate «= <Soprenyeswate 187
hippocastanea, Aesculus .................... 8
HAUSA SARIIT ACA cosct iwc dis oomuegatioes 178
hirsuiiim, EpPwWobiwamM 6 .ccscessids. ccs 79, 87
SHOTS MCCS TIN Gin: on carats saspheeuwas fade cto. sckebet 8
hydrolapalLhum:,RUMECR ci. icecsesseesves a 78
TV EM GUI ee ova cuvvessacatipcashcs tose ces domeeee 90
MC STIEMEM NY awe sci NevacSey bac Hosa zaaiens eetegioetehice 187
indian, Horse. Chestnut, . s.ctt...sessseseve 8
TMGTGay MACSOULUS « ...sasadedecst sciadtda.odeteaenes 8
RV RMOA TAIT A ccna cane cephy.petani tesa esteness 94
PUTTS OM ca acti nc's desisiansappeeates tecek aes s+ Hane iie
ER eS URLEP ALO! voce cucudesnagees las dees seeds 178
iidite Waken Aisle. ah it > Min Pre are Sere eer, 178
AVN MGA MES CLLUKC) cascasenastp ieee Beephos 2 usbaaeRaaee 57
LISTHCUT RR IRa ar ee ner BtOe tee eee rk corey cree 71550) 79
PATO TV... tae} dad ea kewaaddsdde bacesee 85
PC ir seee aencocncn ac cat tee Sve ve ley ce vvapnecetetere 187
SU EV AACN Mere fcc cn saitasy cs anpechletea scacecbwante ees 20
GMO PTC. ascacatttecsseceetecs. 176, 178
MIE Noda hin sco c's vad adelalv aceite oashbeansenguce 33
husitanica. Pinguicula isis keels 178
MUU CINURTOIIANE 5 5 sacpaaddenoct sdeddabeadeoneupeece 84
WsCHMALIS, WeEEDASCUIM) iste tescccekb tienen 91
PRAM LAA OVCDIS - . cacevadeteveebnceswaseeeeet 81
MUR O NU Dh rat, Sie. Sax n ans Remsen ulchcmetene «ne teuuaee 91
Deprruniosd., ATUCMINISIO...2..csbesossseresoso tees 33
mManiima.. Pwecineliay 8s...5 cet ae 212
TOU LLIN ss (SLL CIIO: y..npicasileacsaarwenessroeates vs cee 31
mariamMus, LAthyrus 221i Reddo Q
NUTT OR AUN — a. cast ddidttacddudsitevecesvdubecscccies 80
MASCULA (OTCHIS pyicteecrst sit. scassseaasoceee 81
maxima (rubra), Quercus ................ 94
WTEC AGOW. TRUE 5, cocncacetetetee se hevsaat heeceshbete 17
Meatow “Saxitrace, 2 Hiek.. .t2e 80
ICUS (0181 ag ASE EARS ER fe a Deep Sie meee | 9
UNO SO UOUOK. Con taresceataaascun Gece dec tencs seed 87
MONOLYNA, CLATACLUS .......ccccececeseseees 96
IOUT AEN AST Mee ocscadb th scenee teteaonttene 95
Mi rOMALam.: PUM” “es desdbetecuncteetahiiess 86
IN ASU MAMIYN DM atch tke. wa deecteskscadeccteees aateecs 205
MOMIOCUIN, Ty SUMACHIA Wasccdeccsccosccess 79
PRCT OT entrance OL EMILE ccatacceaicaes 81
Nettle-leaved Bell-flower _............... 86
TSEC. EMVOSG WALLIS: Jsc.vccepeeateee aoatpees 31
INGOUAV AWA TINADILE:. « cacce scenic ck anecotwapsundgesenace 96
Oak «.. 1, 76, 77%, 78, 81,,,.85,.875, 945; £76, 180

Genmoledea.. TPIS. eiasccac.tees. ances ooeepene 15
officinale, Symphytum ._............. 20, 74
OTE SE ALSALIN clctinsactcscesccsseteseate 78, 79
ossifragum, Narthecium .................. 83
Pale BUtterWwOLb \).cetdseecerd>-semadensbets 178
WANITSGLE, CUPS | giicsedieces 3 caahod <nsbat ages 87
DENG. CAPO scsccevcccuyssoekeoacceanenos 85
perpusilius, Ornithopus _................ 80

225

PAGE
Menolata,, ALMWVariiaiesvphetncbsssstenaehh estas 719
petraca. X TObUr, Quercus! scansecsce. 86
PWPASTATECS oak. so nsnje ase aeturecdss secerenmeryes 214
TEIN EVN sceaccsdss os scececacccseases Rappece 79
MPIC foo e vues couch ceiacetshnnceeveasauseegeeeeeene Teseeh
VATA OR |. .c escsceetecuashauss tenes <4. 2. OE Rees 15
Dlatamordes “ACERS |. 0. \scmesees. eee sueeeneeeee 96
[eT tO RaReter snctone racer” a coccec: ecco 56, 93, 209
OMSCCHA.. eis.c0s. 2c cedcusinhosberetepescde candeees 187
PROD TA tesee teers os chosen cer ssstonvess oe cov sewaeeeene 210
POPU AT COMO Ey whe wie vce esceacsossenaneeehencseter 96
PAINE Gee aes eheietees vos iencaseesceuatecs 90, 209
IPTIMITOSE as. sist dares eile we pea dandooeee Ceeemee 5
GTN Shree ance eeeeee acc edareseetwctterateusscecere 90
PSCUGACOTUS, MIS Mi cers. seers rieacecsucwnseoteeee 37
pscudoplatanus, AGEr © iissic.ccsvsspersonce 96
pharmica, Achillea? oc iiccee tc2<sde. cone 16, 87
Purple ToOse-strile ....cdccsaccsestnntessncese 180
Purple sMOOrsSCASS) cnccadecaucees sescndesesees 31
purpureum, A. pseudoplatanus ...... 96
TUG TUITEIVES of) Ve. crasaes ve sc ucsuceleoamsees¥ saseerawes 87
POD OV bi o crs teavece teanas suesh se s'se « Saweomnseetes eae 180
FRAINISOMS! 9 varcvciecscu-unncessuapes btaddetosBeadvdae 15
TASC Ys 9 ocecsvsec devs scesasuecs cctegalente caret 209
TOQICUPLANG —csKeeiicasiatd J tasee aos set 209
REPCUS, “Rane MNWIS. «is. saesteeeeetecces 34
FRESCGAr (SDD iu os ccees cides sscwontes acetate eee 91
ROCK, SCa. WAVeMGer — ivscecc:.ceseeeueaetae 48
Rose-bay Willow-herD __ ............scs.0000- 33
BOUMOMOLIAe MOPOSEPA c.....c0ceceete 48, 76
Round leaved Sundew ............... 48 76
rubra (=maxima), Quercus ............. 94
TUDLAse SUCTRUTAT ing Misccescsavessssascceuse 80
EVUTINGNS a rss janes acne gence tveerasdaesey ocavaesieees 34
FRY GL: po situa cccuwas ontewddavsemaectuses bancsaesdecanteceee 31
S ULES © ga cokc sah nodesasdsnanen-antecaaneaesneee stone Sie 43
Sallows eid, Sie 8374s 16, 7 os Sle eas
94, 176, 209
SAMG-SPULECY! | .ccerietecossseteecsonceaeciers 80
SAULVay MP ASUIMACH) he amacdhiesescustccssabastieees 87
Saxitraca, Pimpinelila) ..ccccc..<ssscscess 23
SOUT OMG. Os cccdcenscecaisascvensenaiae<ssanmedesaeee 178
SEU PWS. 7 e552 a aaee epee teat ncee cwapencleasarcty 13,
SGOMaTias PICA, © Mies iecnessnes ty cots s epee 187
SCa) WOLM WOOG)y tse st tecessts.- cons ats eerscenee 33
serpyllifolia, ATeMaria ........s....ssseeeee 80
SHV GEO TI oe SAAS eaters eapeeade taeenta 44
Sitka! SPLUCS. si scsssncessocceecuceenpaensesapeee 18
Shunk? Cabbage! /Ateraawek.s.qelvevascec 84
SHO Ce noo dsn sccandantansdaewedadans sti eeeeteteet tees 86
spathularis, Saxiira wan ..iic.t<ccakeesees 178
bs) SV LOY Ie pee eet Cea ROR CPPCC Ea cr 13,79
spinulosa, DryoOpteris —.............s.cesees 719
Spotted vOnchid) (\’...-..ccdcc.cpstestanseetaesnutee 81
SP LUGES | o tesciseatsscncersernstossassesnsspetee 44, 719
SPUHA, WEIS) ioe acaveus caeeee ce aiveceee. vom eeeae 16
SUA CHEV... renseccentanatstotetne atc eas aemeeaet eee 18
Stone. Pine, (CONE). Peas neeehi. ci wees 8

PAGE
St. Patrick’s Cabbage — .........-:sesseeeeee 178
stramonium, Datura — .......eceeeeeereeeeers 23
Strawberry TYPee@ —.....ccsececesseeereeees 15, 178
RTT Vie sitsssstrwicetsesttcesesccssbscuswerssneneree 178
Sweet William ...:........ccceeessosseesese ene 33
SYCAMOLC — cceesccsccsestccceevencuescees 56, 74, 96
sylvestris, Malva& —.....ssssseseeeeetteereeees 89
tagala, ATistOlOChia —..........:ssseeeeeeeee 50
tenuifolia, DiplotaxiS — ..........eseseeeee es 20
TRVUSELG: ~sicicacecssctseessostocenmnstensosdscbocecssnsas 81
THOTT APPle © ...:c2ec.ceeceesceeeeceesccssecenees 23
4 Wh) 00; ec 179
Thyme-leaved Sandwort .....:.:-:+--+ 80
Til dadzogs sessuctscoane otters canseovabacesencesmnne= 187
trachelium, Campanula —..........-.:..++ 86
MPEG MEL@AGI Seccsacecectseestontcrsesvevssncenansar 187
umbrosa, SAaXifPaGa —....seeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 178
unedo, APDUTUS —......eeeeeeeeeeree eens 15, 178
ursinum, ALLiUM ......eee cesses eee eee resent 75
vulgare, ECHiUM —.......-..eeeeeeeeeeree ASOT
vulgaris, Limaria ..........-sseeeeeeeeees 20, 91
Water BetoOmy — ...ccccccecsecseceeseeeerereeeees 9
Weeping Willow — .........escseeeeseeeeeteeeees 96
White Bam — .o.cccccsseeceeeeecsedecsceeeceeeees 96
White Climbing Fumitory _........... 80
White POPLAL ...e..ceeeeeeeeesceeeeeeeeeeeane tees 96
Wil CNELTY ciceecceceeeeececeecneceeeeeeeereecess 80
WO0d SAaPe ccccsescccccceeececcesececceeeererseees 80
Yellow pimpernel —........-:::eceeeeeeeeeeees 719
DUH ee cathsase eecsidoen-sdeceaccseccretensvervesresanansrcs 63)

FOSSILS

Carboniferous Tree Fern?, Leaf 09 igshe

FUNGI

alealina, Mycena
amethystina, Laccaria
aurantia, Peziza
aurantiaca, Clitocybe
aurantium (=vulgare), Scleroderma
betulinus, Polyporus
Bird’s Nest Fungus
bombycina, Volvaria
pbovinus, Boletus
candoleanum, Hypholoma
caninus, Mutinus
concentrica, Daldinia
cornea, Calocera
cyanoxantha, Russula
Dog Stinkhorn
echinatum, Lycoperdon
edulis, Boletus
emetica, Russula
erebia, Pholiata
Ergots
ericaea, Psilocybe
escharoides, Naucoria
esculenta, Morchella

226

PAGE
fusciculare, Hypholoma~ ...:................. 95
Puriuraceas ULUDATIAr fie. cceersceseccersaeesene (
DUD DOSAy MEPAMICLES | cemctcescvscssereenresssseeeee 95
PU Vas: UCUULOGYDCR wereesceesscsectestrass ene eecenty 31
elycyosmus; Lactarius 2.0..0-c22...cceesse 95
HISDIGUS> Oly PONS" <2. ccecceessecosent eet 23
TMPUGICUS PAWS) .i2722...scccescececsteeae 39
WLVOlU pax AR ASUS, Seeccccecetts.cesesctneer sens 95
Taiecata, . LaGGaria: e..ctisicctsecssseteeeseecees 95
laciniata (tenestris), Thelephora ...... 95
lanuginosa, MOG YD) a1 ee<.-.--0.ceeeereenes 95
leucophaeatum, Tricholoma ............. 95
ochrolewcan JRUSSUMGP Sit cctcer eee seers 95
OSTPEATUS. PLEUROUIS ote cones reece rete 95
Paludosa,, TUDARIA psc: .cdescceveet secrete ees 31
Parasol... MuSbTOOM) 2issccissecssestccseoeare 39
Picipes,. LOlyDOLWS tee 78
piperaitus,. Boletus <:..4esc eee 95
pistillaris. ‘Clawawias <2..c.1.cceseee ese eee 39
plumbeus (turpis), Lactarius ............ 95
polymorpha,. Xyilavia:...otrse.0..sseeeeee 39
polytrichi, Psilocybe ncsccceesste- eset 95
PLOCELA, TEED LOCA. vicscccsecscsestsasteecssc eee 39
purpurea,..ClawiGeDs) ........scssess-aaeeeere 31
purpureum, Stereum) <..ccccscsccs-c-oceeee 56
radicata, \Colly Dia Mica dateueetes 95
roseus, Gomphidius........... eee eee 95
rubescens,. Trametes site ccese 78, 95
TuUtilans,; : PEZIiZaA >... icca.scececodetenss ates eae 75
TUWtWANS” “EPLCWOLOMIG \cccnecmeeeesseeeeeeeeee 94
scaber,. Boletus... S40 Riots. 10,) 995
semiglobata, Stropharia ..................... 95
Sliver Veal, c.icic. Ravi cows oleleeen eee 56
striatus; (Cyathus 209 Nee eee 39
sulphureum, Tricholoma .................. 31
sulphureus, Polyporus “ii28:t2cceee 80
terrestris (=laciniata), Thelephora ... 95
tremellosus;,.Meruliusy.......celizecce meee 95
titubans;, Bolbitius, 224322"... 23
turpis (=plumbeus), Lactarius ......... 95
Wda, -PSUILOCYDGcecutenenctee meee eee 95
WImMAarilis; FOMES 4 ARR Aoit. scenes 23
WUVIGUS,)) LACTALIUS ccecsdcccccdoretecsoeeeeeaee 95
variegatus. “Boletus, :.:. 403i ieee 95
vulgare (amanteum), Scleroderma ... 95

HEMIPTERA
aN Usta eT ypOlOGYWd. =: 2. .:2:eceneeeeeeee 90
BPteLrUus: INADIS 82s .c.csscseescostenetesecn at eee 91
DED: OADSUS eerie. ccccs cacaacepane ate esteae eee 81
ater. RMOPALOTOMMUS: Acccctcpecssracecteeseeee 13
atropunctata, Cicadella 2...01.c2..cccaeen 90
CADSTO AG: —* e54 ccc teennch tee ete deteens coco teat 38
COPCIRAG > ree ikca iiescueeecn ete eee 38
cruenta,,- ‘EyphlocyDa™ vi...:.:c+.cs-ceseeeene 90
GUMINUTUSs PSAUIS ss... cctas see. rene senee eee 81
dolabrata, Leptoterna, <i2.0..0.00.8-ee 81
HMPOaSCA SDs. «sizes sacs scaes.tevanes eae eee 90
ENUODIL, DicyDUWUSM ieee ceseescssseceoeetoeees 91

227

PAGE PAGE
PUD eS UOUUIAL, eects tens nas sssceadeteaeers 719 viminalis, Nematus (Pontania) ...... 43
SPE TTESS PUNE O CU e e ene eeeee 91 ViridOsata. \OINGWEAy | c...cs.c.cstareaetteee en 79
HETPUAta,, LePtTOCCLNA ~...0.005-.-.-.csese0es' 81 Vule aris; Vespullanie\henerastttedscctedeseaes 39
Greate WiwlOw ADNIG .....cscncsescccessesssone 41 WidSDSey | fxcnss Poids aie notes REE ARIE cc ae 20
flammigera, Erythroneura ............... 90
TAR GPSEECH ee PrViCSIT A: vers sacha Coasnen dips eaceue 90 ISOPTERA
MAJOL, NADIS osetia 91 barretoi, Kalotermes — ......cee.cceseeee- 198
majusculus, Orius ceiseeeeeeecneeeteeeeenaeeenes 91 brevis, Cryptotermes — ...cccccesseeeeees 199
ee COS on erogt es Ange || Malotermitiiae va cA ae 198
notata, GNC 10 Io pie asm Pee eee er 90 lucifugus, Reticulitermes (madeiren-
obliquus, Cymus ..... oenereneeseneeseneneneenes 13 sis: Termes)!» sel l86.. 499
pedestris, SV POC OL Sara souanes coabe casuvanen 91 madeirensis, Termes (=lucifugus,
DErrisi, HY1OPSAlUs ........--neerecsserseons se Reticulitermes) ..ecccecccssseessesesees 199
CCTs ML VOMLOCYUA — ..cccarcesscssvesnns. 90 praecox, Neotermes 499
ENG MRVINNOAG™ TP ercyres aise ssurccacsrasscessasnsnccrcse 38 : NE eg Terry Me
SoM iehlocyha suet. Las 90 RHIMOCErINITIGAC? TEiiis.ceacscnseee eee ae 199
EOSIN OIG! ssthc.ctecsonescsmsccactscnses es 91
MUSMCUSe SLY INOCOLIS® — v.ctcccsccssccccacess 91 LEPIDOPTERA
Scuiemaris, DWCTACOCOLIS s....c.s0sccsesce 13 abruptaria, Menophra _............ 7, 9, 48
SIomaupenmis) CICAGEILA Ol... ccc .ce.cseeeee 90 absinthii, Cucullia ......... 19, 26, 49, 53
SMIVAICUS, DEV INIS, s.0...c0cscevacnccvoveses 91 achillea (=loti), Zygaena ......... 414, A5
Wall Nae SGIUS® YF. 2. isi. ceeccetcoctecssescwees 81 AGUA ElaStObasiswnsct. tees 199, 204
WEL GS] METI TOCOLIS! © ........c.cse-neessecese 91 acuta, oP» icarustiabit24..2h..<ce ee 52
viminalis, Tuberolachnus © ............... AL Adank. slacteola.if:...c:5. eee eee 52
adusta, HUMICHtIS 7252... 8, 20, 28, 44, 53
HYMENOPTERA aegeria, Pararge ... 7, 24, 48, 53, 73,
PAA MM te aaa. a oC ois inc cipcais «pees <Llaa pase 'sas 205 75, 76, 80, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 94
armata, AMNGPEMA ......... eects rr) aemise? Phirisuray ey .. eee. alien ee 53
PERI CMG OME MG cai wss cucs'cclaiciasigcaas aevavenaecasvscoss 38 AemiUulaman HWGosmial eel teeees 89
bridgmanii, Nematus (Pontania) ... 43 HEMESCENSH SCythrisy 6 Veees-cecesehacseee ee 82
COarctata, POMETA — ........eeeeeeeeees of || aescullaria.pAlsophilia, 20.02)...2....cre Q
COMMON VWASD) Csi se.ctdestsccctsecscesctecees 39 ACTALOPS,) VEDA scteeceues ws ees osaenceees %, 31
dolichura, Nematus (Pontania) ...... 43 | aoathina, Amathes 0.0... 26, 46
erraticum, Tapinoma 0/00)... 204 | agestis, ATICIA oo... 31, 89, 90
Guropacas Mutillas.-... ils ticede steeds 55 AP Laliay AAMo Ie MMS a” ee sttb.s.cckcees sees 29, 82
OLIMUCTOAC=-<scssszspeaieaceees ssteeescedecssees sce 204 TAUCAMID AD VU GMEE Uc etek. wacttereateacan 50
Tilvipes, Aglaostipmiar Ti. ..stete.. ses 79 ahenella, Hypochalcia ............ 32, 82
PAINS SIP OMSTCS ey! tone ccs detector noe oot eeeat 204 al aeaconidonmabs aca. 2 turns 48
Sazella., ANCIStYOGETUS ©... t.cccer0sc.necs 204 “alba-sagittata’’, characteristics in
MErMTAMIG As. VESDUMLAF Mutt. 22. 0 sesvaceecs acct 204 Tay Hellamaiiss an eee: ee eee AT
hermaphroditus, Ctenichneumon _ ... 204 albersana, Eucosmorpha _ ............+ 77
HGMMCMMOMUA AG gir... seecsscscnsestectudcasenars 204 albescens, L. coridon ab. ...... 45, 49, 51
MiMaGeraewmATCISILOCELUS! | Vie. ce-reeson: 205 albicomana, AT@yPOtoZa ......eeeeeeeeeeee 4
TRC LMITO AY MI SiG WF ereciscscssetaccadetrcoeders 205 albicornuella (peripennella),
RCT OP ASUCTAN Sire Milk cswncaccesenatecceceetes 22 Colecuhiona oct 2 Pee nea 95
TOMEI ly MN MILS! Pes tasers. i Pescl ea secrsscores ctvcedee 205 ADM A MAD DVAS es Be coadodosttecthacccgacesnees eek 53
nylanderi eptothorax wisiiicc-.. 2... 74 albipunctata (pendularia), Cosymbia
GHNISSAN! TPOTNUN COO? is .....cccc. cock cccceadeeneces 58 22,75, 77, 94
PAMCHeSee OS rlLOWMOLUS | Mscccccatesecstacctsces 19 albipuncta, Leucania ... 23, 26, 30, 31,
AGRI ONNGAC me Mevorcdscnccsccrseseccnecet teese 38, 204 32, 42
LOM SD cescertccsstacscauscheeneceettras 204 albitarsella, «Coleophora <......:.........- 80
proxima, Nematus (Pontania) _...... 43 albovenosa, Simyra ...... 43, 53, 214
Mibis, Macrophyay °2.....2.-.--..2eeeeccceenes 79 Alito Tailed), WIN Oars 28 screenees ee rae acest 26, 42, 49
setosa, Lampronota .................... 55, 94 albulata sth ental ta ees et. eagee 77
DE CCHCAC IES. vnssttoretraatodcassansaeerabasrastaes 205 aichimiellas*Gracillaria *<:....4.c.c..deeees “
PLETIPULCOOMSISO SIN: oo crevccsescconciccessmen sere ao aleippe;» Phalanta Wi cic.ttcerctscectscbectses Pail
ETOP EC CUT GCN A acon once canssneudaas~cnesoamecs 38 alcyonipenella, Coleophora ............... 73
TOLTNESUALS Sh B OMDB a... Ae a eecwcash tens 205 alexandrae, Ornithoptera .................. 39

WVESPidae:: FTI it ccctthtaccvccccsceue ee 204 digas; NOMASRIa See owtiveskeeceneceses 56

PAGE
a ea WU DIOGE ES cauaksves dese ccetoucteesateees 27
alni, Apatele ......... 8, QE 3i, 38.722" 46
alnifoliella, Lithocolletis .................. 95
AUDUDAILS s EVAD ALTA: vievcceasnstrecatseescccentees 30
SUGGES. “PLAUVUES 2.ascs.ccceccatasescestacs 49
alternaria, Semiothisa ................cs.s00+ 26
alternata, Epirrhoé ............... 37, 45, §&9
albreola, . DYTeENC” Pa ics hive se 53
amata, CalothiysamisS’ ....:..42etakeebwes 92
am bis Us, | CALA GUNA) «cs ies ete. sw Beoseees 43
ambigualis, Scoparia .................. 44, 84
AaMYyMONEe: Ey. COTE SiSPy cees.e.<ssssaceeans ves 50
anceps (saponariae), Heliophobus ... 181
AMMGeTSOMIS “"MOrtaS? -jo.eeyekuajseseereccsseeee 52
angelicella, Depressaria ...........ccceceeees 42
AMPUSCd. QBUGOLLA « jsccdaccccdscaseenes steers 44, 203
anminlatellas VPITHeA, sc.cccarc.osdccdscestess 44
AMOMAlaL eS CUILA, vescsvicsbevspeusevneeeace sede 34
anommata, M. jurtina ab. ............... 28
DEUS WE ADIOS ccc cccaedbhteseey ctl 1
antidigitata, L. coridon ab. ............... 29
antidiscoelongata, L. coridon ab. ...... Q4
antidiscreta, L, coridon ab. ............ 45
ATC TOM A MOM) 2.1. oe ee ss ede den es. « 19. adit
antipallidula, L. phlaeas ab. ............ 48
antisinispartimtransformis,

EAR CORUGON wa Dig eee tes. Setcccssewsss aces 45
apicella (siculana), Ancylis. ......... 49, 83
arbutella,, Olethreuwtes. << :cac0cci3,0<0sness0ecs 42
PAUSE LAC ooh eceakas sacncsscambenebdoges the axahrs 11, 200
areuatd, Po VGALUS) Bj eaecetshoccdsts 45, 52
PRO TIGSUOLA, | ugar sceeteee eet Stocco RE vcaieseee Q14
anette wA: by pPeranNtUs: ADje. ccccccccesccewenas Q4
argiolus, Celastrina ............ 85, 86, 180
argus, Plebejus ...... 29, 48, 52, 65, 67, 68
ALE VTODEZA, INCDUCULA. <2... .ccscasccseeae<coes 32
aristolochiae, Atrophaneura ....... 41, 50
amstolochiac,” POlyG@Orus, « ¢...<.....s + Q7
ALMA, « HELMOTNIS! s 2:<:.cie-dasect ORE ieee 4 |
NE IRM ADS MelGy (oe ae ee me es Eres 42
SEL SALA OA CLOMISN orc cvacteasvercte sents 87, 90
ASPLGISCAMA. UCOSINA ) \ ..cccsosiessssntdesns 77
assimilis, Apamea. _................ 30; 35, 46
ISS HOMUIS » EPCSHIUN A) sc case. sacverearsee states ays 50
ASPOLES VOU CIIINLA, - 5 ve ccrcavesgiaces deans 18, 53
atalanta, Vanessa ... 15, 20, 22, 23, 73,

85, 200
Dania, ELyCHOPOUA) © sc.cssc.cccesessscees 200
atomaria, Ematurga ............. BP 7 a7 (5)
BETESCeNS. ir. COLTUOMs AD. oecs.csce-- ses, 48
auropos, ACHETON TIA. | ccca.tscses-.-- 19, 46, 200
AIPAILOS MEITIACCA |. toane tance tits s adteon cues 34
aurantiana, Pammene .......... 21, 49, 56
aurantiella, G. sulphurella ab. ...... 43
waratal,, ROU Ara ¢ bicdece ses cokes cetes 85, 87
aurinia, Hiphyaryas ) eters. 52, 180
aurogutella, Gracilaria) ...c..cccc.ssecees 719
auronulla, I. coridoneabs os. .cawttssce 45
auroradiata, L. coridon ab, ............ 28

228

PAGE
auroradiata, L. phlaeas ab. ............ 28
aVellanay APOWd .ce ee eS eee 26
avellamelia, YORK “vt ..ecce cee 96
aversata,. Sceoria. Mees ec seers O87
Hbadvania, “ANGVMS —~ wsc.nctcanccteneeeer yee 77
badiata, harophila. “haces QT Ay
badiipenella, Coleophora ...... 78, 81, 96
hanksiella,” Dionyvettia,” “sassssccee eee 2
havacasd,.Delias) iy ccsscecnssuowe reese 53
Darvercli, FtAGGM ay « s.ssc-cuceuucsesteces 176, 178
HasiMneta,.ia. COPIMOnN. AG. cscs 52
baumanniana, Chlidonia _............... 77
Hella donna DCA) «cussed eeecueeees teens 53
bellargus, Lysandra _............ 47, 52, 81
Henmetii; VASGISGS: -<scdieccctsspveseut 48, 89
berberata, Coenotephria _...:..........00+ 46
bergmanniana, Argyrotoza _............ 4
betullac,, (OFM 9 ia... duc screen eee eee 77

betulae, Thecla 29)..33;) Pk. Fi

(fig. 4), 49, 81

betularia, Biston ... Pl. IT (fig. 6), 34,
35, 36, 49, 94
betulella, Coleophora)’ i224. 14

bidentata, Gonodontis ... 9, 11, 12, 35,
36, 46

bicolorana (=prasinana), Pseudoips
Dae
bicoloria, Teucodonitas sin t..<ceetreeres 181
bicuspis, Harpyia (Cerura) ......... 32, 46
bifidia (hermelina) Harpyia ............... 18
bifidaria, ©. pennaria. ab: -..2.%.:.1cmeke 35
bilineata, Euphyia ......... 37, 80, 90, 182
bilunaria, Selenia. ......0.0:)2..c00 2, 40, Al
bimaculata, Bapta —....::.-...0-ccseesseeee 77
binaevella, Homoeosoma _............... 89
binaria, Drépana ~ ....:..secseeeee 76, 94
bipunctalis; PSara case-s.scss eee 199, 203
bipunctaria, Ortholitha ............... 90, 914
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia ...... 77, 90
biviviata, Xanthorhoé .+.:..7.i.dcsseeeee 78
bistortata, Ectropis ... 18, 27, 30, 54, 182
bistrigella, Phylloporia ............... 42, 77
blanda, ‘TeridS. ....<.c.cc.cc:-0sseee eect eens 53
blomeri, Discoloxia ............... 10, 30, 31
Blastobasidae “ecdedscresstevt dances de oc bguntenes 203
boeticus, LampideS.. ......i.0..cesnsssscecone 201
hoisduvaliella, Phy cita. ..:.0...005...s0c«s 3
bolina. (HypoOlimmas' <...xcc..c.<es eeeke 42, 50
bohivarellus) CramDus q..ccs.seqecessesesssere 58
Domb y cinayy Had War Ke sensecacsenee sce 46, 53
bRACcteay, “PIUSIA, | Aor. se.deccnccssttoesees 31, 35, 46
brassicae, MAMEStTa ..cscccocccocevacsves veces 35
DEASSICAG) FPICTIS) bees. + caeees 76, 80, 90, 199

brevilinea, Arenostola ... 34, 35, 213,
214, Pl. X (figs. 4-6)
brigitia, BUreme ici. cisiSiicsdieos ceentee 53
britanniodactylus, Capperia ........... 80

PAGE
brockeella, Argyresthia ..............0..00. 84
bryeniae, <P: napi abd .it...2c48 Dany a2
Capatindes. (palit aicehd..tee 199
cabeaui, A. hyperantus ab. ......... 28, 52
caeca, ©: pamphilus ab. .....)....ciciec0. 28
caeca, L. bellargus ab. ....:...0...... 47, 52
Caccan. coridon. ab. csnuis...28 24, 29
GAG eke. VOUS Ab cee tBle. dic sd 29
eadernensis, P: areus, )S.Spil eiib.... 832s: 68
caerucuneata, L. phlaeas ab. ......... 28
caeruleopunctata, L. phlaeas ab. ...... 51
caesia, Hadena ......... 30; °35,) 37, 11'78;.183
aaesiata;. Entephria,,..c.niisonls....6e 31
Caja, Arctia...°28; PP 1h (fig. 3), (35;

36} 4D 8
c-album, Polygonia ............... GPO eS
callunae, L. quercus ab. .................. 181
CAMBTICT,- VEOTUSTA: issccsc. ti eccie scenes QB AB
GaMilla, LAMEWITIS: -iccccclcccteeseeaes 15s 'Se
campoliliana, Eucosma. ...................68 §8
Canela iGymNanCyla hia 32
Canidiaw Pieris, ete AL cat. ae 53
Ganiola. Milemma: 225555..2 eee xlvi
capsophila, Hadena ............... 30, 178, 183
captiuncula, Phothedes ..................... 31
capucina, Lophopteryx ......... 28, 46, 75
Carbonaria, Istureia «..c.cciccsiccc.cecelisocccs 53
cardamines, Euchloé ......... Teo, Meg
Gardena -Appiasy ':... 6. ewes aes 52
Cardi = WVanessay 2a. 19, 89, 201
carmelita, Odontosia ...... DOG.) 158
Carpinata, TrichopteryX ......05sce.ceccc00es 16
CASLAMPMEINRAIUA) Ses. cdeh ticeee seston ten esden ees 84
castanea, Amathes ................ go, (44. 45
castanea, C. pamphilus ab. ............... 29
catharticella, Nepticula ..................... 96
BECLOMUA I SAINI cr css caveocesette near ettncs OT
CELEMIO SHEP POO hacked sete seekes eth xlvi
GENIUIVACH SCOPALIA) ie. .cceinescccdscossencvace 26
centaureata, Eupithecia ............... 38, 89
ceronus, L. bellargus ab. j...:.2.00...0663. 52
cespitalis, Rhodaria .................0088 44, 82
COSPulisaye NOTA) elt thee sushi te vote bless bo
CEVAAMICS, \ VALETIA |. ..oi ss 0cadebeeret acu oteReset 42
céylonica; P\. alcippe'Sisp!\4i...8.1008 27
ceylonicus, P. aristolochiae s.sp. ...

Sis AL
MA OMUES EMIUISET © co scectecsctt cienccchateeness 202
Chamonmilae @ucwillia” 2....%7...fer.ct. 8
cheiranthi, P, brassicae s.sp. ............ 199
chenopodiata, Ortholitha ... 36, 87, 88,

89, 90
CINOEOS Dts MUU. © fatsendncauass wes saccaseae 80
christiernana (citrinalis), Hypercallia

9, 32; 49
GHULISHY in 1 OBOMIMI Ais <ias.5..8. «cc aporleeess 37
GCHFYSIPPUS;) DANAUS ....cceiuuctdnss 42, 50
GHUVSON, PIUSIO. .c:.-.gegepssst sie eh aid 37

PAGE
CHV SILIS, VBUISIa eee eee Sie. he cts le 80
Gidarella= (BUGcwlatrim .....s.cteeneeeenes: 93
ciliclla, .Depressaria. citi et.. 7 et. 44
Cintiaria, < Cleorarteentecsetictsscateree 26, 183
cinereopunctella, Elachista ............... 73
cingala,,4Hs madinawsisp../....201e 27
cinnameus, Li. coridom ab. ..............006 48
2cinnameus, L. coridon ab. ............ 52
cinnamomeana, Pandemis ...... 21549 ceiip
cinxia, Melitaea ...... Pil, fir. 5.325052
eurcellaris) -Aprocholawie.. cece! .ccntetgeees 210
Gircummile xa, SPiusia. z..<4:.62 see 202
citrate. DySsiromal witettett....ceeenarte 45
citrinalis (=christiernana), Hyper-
COLA « Fee eS. eels eee 32
clathrata, Chiasmia ......... 16, 77. 8%, 89
cleopatra, GomepteryxX .......:c....:cscs000 199
Glerkellas oyOmeta w.c..s.sccserseees ofc sadaeese 95
CLOT ANA ELAR TAS) We cueccussstecoadsde dst a sc eeeeee 85
eliyitia.) Chilasanccc cies 41, 42, 50
COG MOG wires. ceca nce ae 92
cognatella, Hyponomeuta ... 11, 13,
32) St
COAST RR ek oen ccs eae 65
COlMUNOUNAMALs MANA Geer ses hss tee eee 44
Gomariana, Areyrotozar ts icis.c.t..cteeese 4
GOMES; NOCUUGK sare. iicssevenssereetece 29, 41, 46
Goma, MLW GaNIa) . csc ee 30
commaculo, M. jurtina ab. ............... 51
comparella, Lithocolletis ..:...:......00.. 96
BOM pba, FAAS ayy. ch i ees ween 33
concinnata, D. truncata ab. ... 45, 56, 182
concolor (=extrema), Arenostola ...... 35
CON UU CTA AIP CTIBES ASE... sacscsescsoncaeeeate 202
conflaay Di Testiva: ADDY Mesccscts....zaceanae 37
eonfiuens, P! J¢anus maby sect bce dces 45
confluentiae, L. coridon ab. ............ 45
coniferana, Laspeyresia ...............600. 74
conspersa, Hademna .............0008. 35; 37,, 46
conspicillaris, Xylomyges ... 10, 11, 34
contaminellus, Crambus_ ................. 26
COMES y EASE |. acdsee dG: con ehee eaeees 83
convolvuli, Herse ...... xlvi, 23, 41, 200
conwaygana, Pseudoargyrotoza ... 4,
79, 90
COFACIN GL ePSOLOS® |... .ossueecth access 28
Gore. EBEVMploCae. cccaates dttentaedee.« 27, 42, 50
coronata, Chloroclystis ...................0. 84
coridon, Lysandra ... 24, 25, 28, 29,

45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 82, 85, 89, 90
corylana,. PanGemis <iisessccek....ccbetes 89
corylata, Electrophaés. .....5......0s.cseecs 94
GOryl),,.Calocasiam.. .dcssledcdeices 6, 7, 85
corylifoliella, Lithocolletis ............... 96
GOSSUS) COSSUS ciscdactcosperkehasess cackons 55, 94
costajuncta, JL. CoOrlidon, AD: ........<:-..- 45
costajuncta, P. icarus ab! s....0.<..c00.sei 52
Costalis, -—PyTalisS. ...... chested. cooks seas 26
castana, CIEDSIS .....:c.checdbtddeteeaes. «canes 79

PAGE
costellus, Y. parenthesellus ab. ......... 90
GOS Visa), SP: \.cc ccc scBeeedene eee eek 43
Cotion,) Boll Worl We aretiteesteccweee 6)
cramerella, Lithocolletis .................. 77
crassalis (fontis), Bomolocha ............ 26
crassipuncta, A. hyperantus ab. ...... 52
crassipuncta, L. coridon ab. ............ 45
Cravaesy,, Pereira ss .2e8...cse. ote 30, 38, 43
crepuscularia, Ectropis ..................... 85
erelaceus, SP? areus s:Sp. 20st 68
eribrawia.. COSC me Rae Ree 36
Gribrella,, .Myelois a. ea eae 89
crinanensis,, Eiydraecial tetieee. ees 35
Crocale; ¥ Catopsiliia) na aeeh ees 2
eroceus; Colias...5 19). 21,.22,..23. Pls ii
fig. 1, 29, 31, 33, 50, 93, 200
erocicapitella, Monopis ..................... 204
Cruciana . HpinOtis':4. eh RA vi
eucubali,... Hadena> 05.5.2 48s ee 183
Cocwlatat> Biupnyia-<.57.ce eS 28
euctlatella. WINOLas s:ls<shiecc tee ee eee 73
cuculina, Lophopteryx ......... 26, 44, 46
CULUCTTOVMIS, ACRELIA oll. ci.ccceisacsecneses 77
culmellus, Crambus ......... 44, 87, 88, 90
cultraniay sDrepana, Mises... Stee es 90
cuneata, C2 pennariaiab id....A8 6.04 46
CuprelilanerAGel a: -..c.20).4..2 te mete Re 74
GUrSOrta. | MBURO. «272 2k ee 36, 404 753
Gurtisil, N. ‘comlesabt) 2:2... i...032 29, 46
Gydippe: Aglais: athe: S... ets DAs 152
eyusella, Palfodord <...:.22s22i2.. 49, 87
Galea ee LuGelian Peteeeatsas..cscseaseaceereers 44
CLALIT PASIAN Gs csc ctoccesee: cee eee cee. 632035
DV ARRAN DCs crass ear saccacoshceace hence Pao beetenees 50
dealbana, Gypsonoma ...............0.0s00: 84
décempmuttella, Bthmiia’ .....2.7...cc keke 49
decolorella, Blastobasis ............... QOS
Gecovata Halpe, We as cade eee eet 27
decrescens, -b. ‘coridon’ abi... ee 25
Geowaria. Hranwisy 0) 42.) Gene ee 5)
dececerella,- Nemotois' 2.2....08ic a: 81
@dereneraria-. Sterrha 202/22. 42
GenUbatan So LuUtea abl ssc. acteerere: 46
deplana, Eilema ......... 26° Sae 7b: (84. BD
depuncta, Amathes ......... pei als asyAe 5)
descombesi7 “Delias 5.2 ee a ee 53
desertarum, Blastobasis ..................... 203
desfontainii, Metitaea ..........000.. 41
didymata, Colostygia © .......c..ccc.ccscce.0e 45
GUUWtabhay "OPO 2c..htes tes oscetecesecccces 73
dulntella: “Pempelia: eee ean. 82
Gimidiata,, 4Sterrha le Stee ee. Q7
dipsacea (=viriplaca), Heliothis ...... 26
discoelongata, L. coridon ab. ............ 51
discreta, L. coridon ab. ... 28, Pl. IT,
hee 2) 45
dissimilis, C. clytia s.sp. ......... 42, 50
adissolutas Nonagria...cctee eos QS tbs
distans:-“Oxyptilus? i. Seat 26

PAGE
adistinctata,.~Baptal Heneik ii crates 32
ditrapezium, Amathes s2.0...5)...<d8iisce. 53
dubiosa, Euplexia (Cobaliodes) 199, 201
dubitalis; “Scoparid TLR AER..ccee. opeeter 80
dubitana (littoralis), Polychrosis ...... 183
adumerilii, huperinal ..Ste eee xlvi
eburnata; AStenthial ioe. 40
Ga WA». Slaneosar sd. JAM pete tens eeseets 40
etformatas nAmai tis: %.25.04i.....,. eee Q7
egerides, P.) aeweria. SSP. ...0..2.. lease Q4
electa, (Catocalawae..£nt Ae eee 41
elinguaria, Crocallis ..........::...cs006 35,45
ellisoni;, Albulina. ....34 eee xlv, 60
elpenor,; «Deilephilay:...2¢....s.<teaeee 33
elymii, AVeEnOStOIA” .iivweccccccsscaneceeeeeeeee 31
emaculata, .O%. hirtiullatiag fae tact c eee 43
emutaria, ,SCOpUlAn sisccaeres-.ce eee 26
epiphron, Brebia. ......<scesseree: 31, 33, 180
epistyene, Erebia ..c..2tieses Set 41
epycides, Paplli0s csic.d:22 eee 3
erigerella, Coleopnoraly ccceccsesscech ost ade 96
ethelac, E bilineata: 1. .)-ectee eee 182
eucharis; Delias. ...2......cteseeee eee eee Q7
euphorbiae, Celerio ........:...00....06. 200, 201
euphrosyne, Argynnis ... 9, 28, 32, 38, 76
BY DIOCA i) ciscso.snconsaroneeeeceeeeeed ooee 21,042
Buplekia. «...csscecizsesncetaceesn eee eee ee 199
evombaroides, P. antheus s.sp. ......... 1
exanthemata, Cabera ...2.cstte-.oeee 94
excessa, © pamphilus ab, ...1.20..0s8 28
exclamationis, Agrotis ... 30, 34, 35,
37, 43, 81
exigua, Laphygma ...... D4: O69 207.
Pl. IX, figs. 1-5
expallidana, Eucosma .................. 27, 88
exprompta, Dy! 'simillis) ft. o.cntie eee 42
extimalis, Evergestis ...... 20, 49, 88, 89
extrema (concolor), Arenostola .........
xlvi, 26, 34, 35
fabriciana, Anthophila ......... 79, 80, 81
fagana (prasinana), Bena 76, 85, 181
lagi. ‘Stauropus. <<... eee 18, 19, 53
faginella, Lithocolletis ............... 74, 96
farivora,,.OGNIX: -<.2..84 eee 96
falcataria, Drepana ............... 53). 755! (94
fariarac,,PUCOSM Ay, sestas6 .<1 ae osceee eee 89
farinalis;, Pyvalsta’. coccsssscsteeseeeeeeeee 203
fascelina, DasSychira, ~..ccesite- eee Q1
fasciaria, EVM OD1a . stvcn<ccre:-0 uncer 30
fasciata,, OCLOCONMD Ans ia. ccc. <acees Roe 203
fasciata, 8. JItGa ab: | .c.c.:ccsenee eee eee 53
fasclomcula, PPOCUS ...c.cce.eccscaee sees 44
TaAUSta, \COLOUOIS) - cosse0c scx sex tonde erctenee eens Q7
favicolor, Leucania ... 210, Pl, X, figs.
1-3, 212
favillaceama.. (Capa ss cucccccces-ceeeesereete 77
feminicolorata, L. quercus ab. ......... 40
Ben’ SV WalnsCOt! <2ics eee eee 213
ferrugana, Peronia "2 4..2.H:.ncseee 94

PAGE
festaliella, Schrekensteinia ............... 7
LESLIE GID Su Alea ae ee es oe A 37, 44
PESUUGAC, SeMISTA, . 5. 0x0<cceanuadatacse ay ere)
HieraAmmMaria, OPOLTINIA: .....cc<:-cienee 45
MMM IAIIS. TMAVETA s socctcwe tense Sel IG Ry
ET ETENE AAO TVER! ceases. arcehodsnasobae ceases 49
fischeriella, Glyphipteryx .................. 79
INVES MOU ERUILTICT © ic, .caitss:ccctsceteeteecseae ce 80
Aammeas TTIPOMOPNOTA, ..s..6c- esses ccceces 41
flammealis, Endotricha ............... 84, 8)
flammeolaria, Hydrelia ............... 40, 82
EEeD Vaden CIITA UC AND. veces cece cues rnbentaceet 35
havaso. GOPTYNA. ....c.:.-:20s0005. 40, 81, 87
Teavescens, I, COTIGON: ADs %. c.pcc.cescccsses 48
flavescentella, Blastobasis ................ 204
HAVACITICLALCATMIEIGY DC sc..ssecssceedsestce, 3D, 258
havyemeota. PNtepHTiay sc. sccv.cecccviencece 30
HMAWAGOLMESS A CHTY A. Sscccc..ccscssscccscses. Dy a2
ALCOR tL LAS IIO VTL! ccecoueessccctoeseeicees vases 75
AUOMU et WITALSIO 186. .ciecccsceeccs cesses 43, 211
floslactata (=lactata), Scopula ......... 77
floslactella, Nepticula ........................ 96
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé ... Pl. II, fig.
9 30; 53
fluxa (hellmanni), Arenostola ............ 35
fontis (=crassalis), Bomolocha ......... 26
LOKHCAMIS, MESOSTAPNE ........ccceslcccessceee 89
fomskaledMay CMOLITIR ..c..cc.csscevctecesceeee 4
fowleri, L. coridon ab. ... 45, 47, 51, 52
fowleri + margino, L. coridon ab. ... 51
frangulella, Bucculatrix ............ 93, 96
fraterna, E. hypermnestia s.sp. ......... 42
fraternana (proximana), Epinotis
((TOENCEEISTOT EY hae eo Bee 9 eel a ed i 44
PUG AAT ETT ORs. ct se chceseneceosteeth ct os 41
PUCHEOPIONISS VERCMATIS® .--~...0.0.2.220.-0028. oe 76
MichsP ete pOpUIT Abe. ee 46
fuliginaria, Parascotia ............ OF BOR
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .................. 26
fulvescens, Ii. ‘coridon ab.) 2.2.0.2... 49
DULVAAR MO: AUSTANS/SD: ....c.ceehcccesececcsete Q7
fulviguttella, Cataplectica ............... 44
fumosa. A: ychnidis abi .222.8...202 46
funebrana;s| .Grapholita) 2222....6.5.20). 93
puncbrisAmania: Aisa 77
MEMS Ma BSG IITA eewecks alee enee se ee 20, 49
furcata, Hydriomena .................. 45, 46
fugcatellus Crambus wWeleca...eee 31
furcula, Harpyia (Cerura) ... 27, 83, 94
HoevarseAmamea. ee es), Ante 30
furvescens, L. coridon ab. ............... 48
fuscedinella, Colephora ......... 74, 79, 81
fuscescens, L: coridon !ab.. ...:20.4cs:.: 49
fuscocuprella, Coleophora ............... 93
fusconebulosa, Hepialus ...... 16, 26, 44
fuscoviridella, Glyphipteryx ............ 79
galathea, Agapetes ... Pl. III, fig. 8, 51
Pediat. DITO cnet eet cas... & 28.) 237
AU SOOLOTIL OM cc wassccsccuccet eet. FREE 30

231

PAGE
gallicus, H. fusconebulosa ab.
gamma, Plusia ...

geminipuncta, Nonagria? ................ 29
SEN Ua); WAM AS pees. ee ee ee 42
GeOMELIICAe. <2 ee. pee 10, 202
gerningana, Philedonme .....:....c..0000-- 44
germarana, Pammene ........-..cs--.cicceee 7
Siler. ©. jacobaedes dh. ae sneer 16
SUVA O, Cuenta ea ee 34, 42
Siivata. WPresipiitay: -1t aes eee 203
Plabrata i COLidoie aly. - 71a ee 48
glareosa, Aimatines 2... Oey aay A)
SlauCatal. Cllin eee nfs ee ee ee 38
Flaucippe: Heébomoin ee by
ELitzella | COLOpl Ola, tes ee eee 42
glomerata + fowleri, L, coridon ab. 45
PLY DING dR Ene UV Da eect ee renee iO; 1S
pnidielia. Cryptoblabes! 0 ee 202
Goat Moth ee eee ey eee 5)
foedartella, Argyresthia .................. 84
gonispetia, A. aristolochiae s.sp. ...... 50
gonodactyla, Platyptilia ............ 73, 89
gonostigma (=recens), Orgyia ......... 12
gothica, Orthosia’ ............ Oe OO aan
gothicina, O. gothica ab. ............ 37, 54
eracuus, "Orthosia, i... cee eee 25

graminis, Cerapteryx 265 Ei ie

fig. 8, 35, 44, 46

Prandipenmis, ‘Scythris |.2.805 28 83
Sratiosella, Nepticula .......000.. 0000 96
Sraves!,.G. rhammni’ ssp!) 15 Shean 180
frisea, L. coridon ab. -.......... 48, 49, 52
priseata, Lithosteze 2578s a 26; “ac
Srossulariata, “Abraxas t....2 ee 3
gryphipennella, Coleophora ............... 77
HOGEN ae ices ee 208
Ea Genimaes sche e e 208
hadrianus, Charaxes) ies, 5) wee 3
HAM Analy BIPM uhish 1. Lee eee 89
Kanata: EAs sete eele see ee 42, 50
MATING Gan daca, Gti. 1. eens 52
Hastata,.-Bulypes stevie ..e Sepia 77
HaSiiania, sPeronca sos. leesien oer hee 94
haworthii, Celaena 7.24)... 28 30
hebudium, E. pulchellata s.sp. ...... 182
MCCADE CROTIAG « '4/..25-455,,. etn ee 52
hecta, Atrophaneura .........c0...ccc.c0000 41
eGta; Hep LaANISs, 22242: 40
MELEMA MEL TIDES: Mss success. ee eee 50
Mnelice, C:. Croceus vals ents. .se ee 22) a0
helimanni (=fluxa), Arenostola ....... 35
MEP ALIGa, POW A wis sccsich de ee 31
LSD AIIS) 0 ¢ Fos, A ee he 43
hermelina (=bifida), Harpyia ......... 18
herodella, Swammerdamia ............ 94
hera (=quadripunctaria), Euplagia . 26
hibernica, C. undulata ab. ............... 182
Larter Weel One teteee SAU STE Roi Less) ee 6

PAGE
MISMPaMia, HXPEDIA “lise .sc.ctseacernn-mnsnnenese 4A
hispida, Leucochlaena ...............ss.00c0se 42
hispidaria, Apocheima ...... QO Os Doe
hortulana, Eurrhypara ............. 241 el
hospita, P. plantaginis aD. ............... 31
Mmeheraroie HyOTaACCla. 1... crasssceaseceren 28
humperti, P. punctinalis ab. ...... 16, 18
EVEN ERO DPALILS! ceesecscascs san taunacnrsances 37
iyvalinalion WMCTOStGRa .....cocsasencsourens 82
EUV AGG Vetetenen: fener ranpsccbonveceeaens te 46, 214
THY AMOUe MCCS atrcnes const cle ask enenissvan 52
hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 14, 24, 25,
28, 31, 44, 52, 180
PIVICCOTUS w ARE VTCUS: co.o uc satpcocancnsorees 50
hypermnestra, Elymnias ................ 42
FID OTUOL ICU ths false. s -thunwandnaceteacsce acer annsenee 32
icarus, Polyommatus ... 25, 28, 29, 36,

40, 45, 52, 67, 80, 82, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91
VGLORUGUA OUD EULA, ceccccten dvs uaxcpraaateaccns 210
TOPMCS. Nis ACCU S-SDi a andor +05 yaptesexbn 180
FONIODLLE UG 7 NCD DIGI) gy aswschedenaabcames te 96
AUREL. DUOM ODS econo plonwaees vo acdeyeansdiene 49
UNMET UE eS COMMUTE rene anceiias Sos pence sous 27
inaequalis, L. coridon ab._ ............... 29
italia, He THISIDDUSMSiSD., _ Ks.-«ssexraece 200
DICE IA, OFTMOSIA: | seccastisracptacetessse3 Sue
incipiens, P,,pulchrina, ab: .:...<.5 sa. 16
WOU we VGOICIS apovcascssccnscreverecesspesne 201
INK GAD DLASS, sdontnctccecsaapeb ston Q7, 52
inframarginata, L. coridon ab. ... 28, 51
INMISCAva, Hy TUTCATA aD Ss den... 4. anes, 46
iEniorum, 1. COTIG@D ADs pecs..-ct->. des0% 52
“Tnigrum”’ characters in M. cinxia 52
inguinatella, Agriphila ...................+ 90
maquinatellus, Crambus 4. sescwnrsctet 89
IOSCTUD UA, E> LOU AD. vccececqesckcsanapetheee 16
IMsienis. LD; PyLeMA SSP. ...2.ceeqerebeae Q
imsularia, B. betularia abs :..:s...d.. 36
insulariata, G. pumilata ab. ............ 202
intermedia, B. viminalis ab. .......:..:. 46
intermedia, L. phlaeas ab. ............... 51
intermedia, ©. luiteolata abi: 2...:< fe. 35
INtOLLOMALIONIS, PIUUSIA: \ acess. oscabanece 18
interrupta, A. flavicornis ab: ..:0...: 12
io, Nymphalis ....... Sifkos Ds) 09, 188,0689
POMC MOP ACOUIS: .: cawchacnees eden see ees ceeee ee 52
LOL aee LEST Alien ce occen wate cevaes can tees eee 16, 49
PPSHON AGLORS! yc... .ccuodeet sseereaaes 7, 201
MISS ADU oheaissa ces 9, 15424, 83d, 38;ie45
Ire glans, ANCA iec.cszeevaceseessccce 35, 46
irregularis, L. coridon ab. .........:.... 49
IPPOLA TAS \SCOMULA -cossccesesdst fesse. cE 202
irrorella, Hyponomeuta ... 11, 13, 32,

49, 81
ischnusoides, A. urticae ab. ............ 25
isolatay H., bilineatay alut sc. ceeeeesses.. 2 182
jacobaeae, Callimorpha ... 16, 17, 42, 88
jacobaeae, Rothschilds, fete... 37

PAGE
Jalone Ei. 1ONE OStia recresteeee terete 52
Tass, .ClraraKes’” “tetiie.ccraccressees 15, 38
JODLOM POlVQOTUS "oc, iscesescccsesstaseniere Q7
JOSEDWY, WaATASAM A, | csccnacstcnaasscesceeer eee 67
WUpata, ALIS (ClTCORA)! ....--ccomecrence 26, 45
JUN, Hap hing, os: asp aneeanteee eee 52

jurtina, Maniola ... 24, 28, 31, 36, 50,

52, 67, 68, 80, 89, 91, 180, 181

JUVEIDICa. La. SUVA OIS: ais nanesce eee 180
kezia.,. FE; DOUM A: S.SDt ccc, :centascccgs esses 50
KOCHI, (DRIACAG GIO. <.ceceecaventeesmeene ot
kutokovi, E. cardamines ab. ............ 25
lactata (floslactata), Scopula ............ a
TacteOld,. SROLIAS . cscs acgasdecaedeasaeeneeeeeee 52

lacunana, Olethreutes (Argyroploce)

27, 44, 80, 84
Laetama, eAMCYLS oo sc. cupapewaecee eens 42, 77
lalassis; “ADDIAS — .sessscassccanannetee sete ee 52
l-album, Leucania ...... 49" 949" Pl eke
figs. 7-9
lamdella:, Batias, access. sess sactees seep eee 84
lanceolania., SBaGlla. wo swcsseersssaae 44, 77
lanceolata, A. hyperantus ab. ......... 28
lankeswara;, \C.. Clytia af. jcsssscaueer ane 41
lapidata, Coenocalpe ................ 4, 34, 36
lapidella, TGA, cAscansversascee cee 74
laponmia, EXTCDLA, cpscpsyscce--sssanesauseree eae 4A
lapponaria,,. PCOCIODSIS, ssce->-c¢-s-seeneee 44
lariciatay eu piPWeCia, « cctswseces---asedenee 84
lathonia, APE YMIIS . ts iiss0.s5->s.bheebwreees 201
latiora; cs .cOnridon. Wal. ciect:. een 45, 52
latipennata, Eupithecia ................. 202
latistrius, (Cramobus . ..../25. ccseesa=see 43, 89
latreillel, Callopist@Tia. (i..csssotee 201
JatTunCula,, “PLPOCIS) \iesnensostescaeeae 35, 43
lavendula, L. coridon ab, ...<...%.--see 52
lavernella, Blastobasis..., jrz<cesemeerecens 203
Lavinia, . DUMOMIG, 4 s oieseeeeett eee 67
leautieri (lapidea), Lithophane
xlvi, 30, 32, 35, 44
lecheana, Ptycholomay » %.....ss-cssded-erws 80
leechi,, KaraSOmia «| m.teschivest. «cd «meee 67
legatella, :Cesiasis |) osicscerecks-sdncaeeeenes 77
lemnata, Cataclysta, lzi.d.s.denn.seesneeee 89
lepida,, MadeNas «.:..5.. 85%: Seabee 31, 178
leplastriana, Enarmonia ...............+ 203
leporina, Apatele ............ 16, 34, 35, 46
LeuGAaDiay ....5.bdeeebeiect).. si een ene 214
leucographa, GYPSitCa — ....ccc eset. eeceee |
leucomelanella, Phthorimaea ......... 44
leucophaearia, Erannis _...............00. 58
Leucostigma, Celaenia) i 0%...:5. .ccltencseees 46
liberia; \Saletarant(ivticd:1...cdsacanseaaenees 52
libythea} Appiast') Eke. is. veteran 53
lichenea, Eumichtis ...... 35, 40, 42, 44, 53
lignea, Blastobasis ............ 21, 22, 75, 204
ligustri, Craniophora: ..22...02)... 36, 44
ligustri, oSphink-<-%s:0 ae 15, 33

PAGE
MMA EPONA VE NUSES Cia. cieates<censec tees cuteess 202
RNAS A LC UN TNNILS ksi cosa siase= dines ecraose 50
MIMGaria | COSVIMDLA 1. cncs.cccces sconces 43, 85
HMA pass PUPPENCCLA |" s..c.sesccrnsn esses 18
Hineatas TMVMCHCUS isle. ci scecasseeee 37, 89
Tog iL ay ISSi(0 EXER MAL GSE ae leet eat alae wrest a as 38
NSTC OMGDLGAC” — S.csreredasssasevcsnesanseeseaes 204
EMPRESS! AOWIGSU A Moco b ies cacscmaws ohese neve 44
littoralis (=dubitana), Polychrosis ... 183
NER Ae ATICMOSOECMS: lott. J cresacess alan etiendncs 40
RIPPER POCGMUA) ve ccctsscocscaceassvecscsavacs 202
Litiraitd., SCMUOTNISA |... ..s.c0.es. 8, 35, 84
MPU cELES EODCST A” ods-casdsecsewctsaseesiuves 44
WGC cee COPVOOM CAND: cccecscetetecchcedsccusns 48
TVA aise EDS CTIA ek etre ccsescsandversoss 202
PUM Oey MOCIOPION css ccsccccteceresdesccses 200
NOM C Mase MGCU CAMLAL Gcuccorces sete ct vess dese 46, 201
NOT ARNE TOCMOL A, acssreurseetssseacesacssssnsxese 40
NOL MECLICONUGT A) ©". s...cecccss ros sudeasenes 88
loti (achilleae), Zygaena ............ 41, 45
lubricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma
16: Tegal, Ze; 146." 53
MCEMS TEV OU ACCUD, sucicseseovesstaancne oe, oD
lucernea, Ammogrostis _............ 40, 44
MUU eREM AIM GUD Ess cco dnc vcaccteceatente ceasenes 76
TAC ULV G LA, cccscevsicesescusates 49, 77
MICMiStiaz MelpMUSA ~.2.....ccossoesstesceees 17
lunaedactyla, Marasmarcha ......... 82
TUTE APT Ape SCLETLANY scacsactetictcastacasceses 26, 33
lunacuspidis, L. coridon ab. ............ 45
lundbladi, Gymmnoscelis _.................. 202
luneburgensis, A. lutulenta ab. ... 30, 46
LN eA Mee IS(SPl oo sone sttcncceret cc 42
lunula, Calophasia ............... Rly. fhe, so
NIDOUAUNA 2 PVELCDTANUS. “7..c0.s.suetaescoceoenes 43
VER LaCEMSUAY Wn e cen bance: sho sceatsateccdcceteae 210
Teal Spimosoma. \.:2..-<.211- 30, 38, 46, 53
LIVE Ete li Sas 8 12 0 fF aia re Bi 85, 88
luteolata, Opisthograptis ... 33, 35, 43,
foe (or
PMIESGENS @ Cisperlay aD. . i yc.ccosccscecesoe 46
TERLESCONS 7s 2) UBIEOLM AD. .2c.<coseseeccac ee 37
lutipennella, Coleophora ............... 81
OSA TRIMZEGTA 2.2..o25: acess re aes Fae eb
lutulenta, Aporophya ......... 30, 40, 46
NERV AMINE As. va neactwetian.cooe weSse cs sane eo 15, 201
lychnidis, Agrochola ............ 40, 41, 46
BVOVGI Ola, SAD DIAS! ucccdccocsceecect ut aditec: tee 52
ORV AO RTE HL Ca tare, cscs cas ast osvdenseecouces uscee 204
EVGHALE Vira. TCWGANTA. \\,..:.ck..de<cespecce 34
macienia, APTOCHOILA |... .c.c-ssccaccssosecss 210
macularia, Pseudopanthera ... 30,
PY tis. 16, 77. 80
macwlipennis, Plutella’ ~........<.csc-.0e- 48
maculosana, Phtheocroa ...............66 tL
maderae, Ephippiphora. _.................. 203
MAGgerae, HPEVeNOPOMay c:c.s2t:.<ssssscecee 200
MaAGderensis; \COS¥IMDIA: %../.s.),..<ceceaccars 200

233

PAG
maderensis, G. cleopatra s.sp, ......... 199
maderensis, S. semele s.sp. ............... 199
Mal VASE! PMU SII eae cee 76
margaritata, Campaea ............ 73, 85, 94
mareinarias PVAMUMIS® 22,c.tse.scaceess-eeeeee 2
Marerinata. i. Cordon abs <s.2..\hne ee ot
mMarcinata, MOMASDMIS~ e.crs.ccccseeeese 37
marginata, L. lythargyria ab, ......... 34
Marginata, is coridon abr .2...0822k. 51
marginicolella, Nepticula .................. 96
marginellas WDiehromerisS® s.s4t..0.0- 73
marginepunctata, Scopula ............... 19
maribimas "CHILOGES) ey.cets sc ce. ssccoeene ee 16
MAT CLALIS) MMe ae cache acesce oss soe eee 203
Maithew Si WalnSe@Ot e. oc.....c2-cccseeescereee 210
Makivas “DialpOpOila, Hi. ctssce exceeseceres 46
MieaidOw? SBEOWI eects cee eaccr eee 67, 68
megacephala, A. leporina ab. ......... 73
megera, Pararge ... 52, 76, 80, 81, 85,

86, 89, 90, 91
INE AUN SA DIAS eo tecccsdeee: sate sets ceehidoes 52
melanocephala, Apatele ................... 46
melanoides; D. agled ...0....sic.cct.ccnsee 50
melanoleucus, P. epycides s.sp. ...... 3
mehanopay AMaMia, laeccrtess.+-s.ccesss coeseee 20
Melinda wives! Ce sees, eT Aes 89
mellonelila, WGaleria kisceccc:ssccccccsesecsce 29
ing Wey ad brs Paes O.% Gi 0h C2 RR one tr mae rece 76
menthastri (=lubricipeda),

SUULOSOMIA Me cer teessotee: cceeecrees eet 16, 18
menyanthidis, Apatele .................. 12, 34
MICK CULEATICS SIDINGS? coos. sce esnceesseeneees 44
mesomed}lia, “Cy DOSiar vectte...cseeceessdecsee 83
messaniella, Lithocolletis ................. 204
metallica, L. coridon ab. ............ 45, 48
meticulosa, Phlogophora ......... 2, 48, 57
TUL BUC ILCTIMEIAN oh erts cies cetescces 77, 80, 181
Matar Chlonaclystaien.scscescdere: soecs seenere 32
MN GAGEa. GOL UVIG ie. teceeeret es seers «cr ccee ete 40
Midamus, BWuploear e...5.1 eee ce 27,7 50
Milkkwee@MButverthy: ’ ..00.22 2. sive. cscocoseewe 21
milvipennis, Coleophora .................. 95
MUM aba, eMALTOCMPISTA) c.cresctsscscccseesacees 35
miinimelia. eINGNAOLOIS 90s wcesce eee en eee 48
MMINVOSA, OMG OST aer.. sees cette: scsecdceecee Cori
PUA SOPRA OED rc sec or cecec sos beaters ceoenee 77
miscelilaMWomphar wie ele eee: 49, 73
misippus, Hypolimnas ............ 42, 50, 200
MAUS. CATON AMP a ove choc tes cca eee ceeeraees 3
Mivipennis’= Coleophora \.si..c..2ccscse ees 95
TMOWStay MEVUSIA It Aceon occas cstv esercanteeee 74
monacharia, P. pilosaria ab. ............ 26
monodactyla, Pterophorus ............... 203
monoglypha, Apamea ...... 10, 31, 35, 44
montana. E.“SVEVEStEr DT.” .t..cos.sd-secusenee 41
montanata, Xanthorhoé ... Pl. II, fig.

4134, (Sigs
morplrelus: \Caragrinas...ccc.tc.cseeeee ees eee 27
MmrOMtetelia SMuUupltneciay ..ceccestese eee 49

PAGE
niucronata. Ortholitha. «. 44... 2c. 28, 83
mucronellus, Donacaula ................. 26
mMUlcwber, BWPlOCa > ssc. scceecusssvedescoweteert 50
moulimella, ‘Gel@chia scicecs..avcedeceaatess 5 (3)
miaumcdanas . INUGAPDAD 6c sccees se scapsceeeopeaeep 31
murals’ Cryphitalyite.ses...-- 305 poh 4b). 649
muricata, Sterrha ......... 26, 3i,.. 40; ABS
TOUT Abas, IMI OA pce anas reach ers ean tere aeaas 28
musaiaria, GL \populata, ab: \se2.:t.. 45
musculamna, SYyNGemis. «...2:2¢-:2....ts.<n-s 77
musculosa, OVia\....415, 26.34, Pl. iit,
AGS: td
musikanos, D. hamata S.SDp. ............... 42
miyllerana., CHOTCUTIS ..2...s52.+:.acceese cos 42
myopaeformis, ACPeLIA «......5...<...20006> 183
MUVRUN VANATA, oct deewessvtsonas HS. eels sO
NAGING, HUNG), ¢..2:.~...-creecemades eeces iis ede
mana: PHalonre), ccs... 9s.-sesk ode teense 77
Napis Pieris: i. .25, 32, Al, A4,075,. (16;
80, 90
Dap oxXoDLVOMEMPIGLIS: deveteve se---: eoradues 32
narenda; A. IMGT «S:SD. sia <tessccsrcees QT
Mehwlata: “AVIGHOCCE, co 2... 2+» .pcekat. 40, 79
MEDULOS Ace LOWMAN Facerses -schaess de aeessses’ 36, 181
Nnemorella, Ypsolophus ..................06+ 74
MEMONIVAL A.) Pi COSINA a | cara: ch ->«<edpouns cee 42
neophanes, Euzophera ..............s.c0s++- 73
BOPISA. SELIG: | vances cee deuvctasee .--ananaas 53
TOTO: AT PLAS seas c. cnet th Panccenhwapt-<aa5 da st aas 52
nesiotica, Homoeosoma ............... 199, 202
neustria, Malacosoma. ...........s...sseee 53
Mewura. fs. COTIGON, (AD. . .27. .csscsescanseeere 48
MEVAGEHSIS,, LV TACOMA cc cdoadts sc cstdeasonees 3
US « PUUIST OL ycccapdeateusseeesenn ets Xlvi, 36, 46
MIGEU, JMO CONETIS) s.ccc cas. <<actsoenwa peace 96
MS, cA DOL ODER pccesed ites. smeectaassed 35
mena AS UTtiCae AD, |. .cqsavesateets, 24, 25
mora CG. MP USEI Qs ccteccpacad ah as spe 36
mera, JG. Didentata AD» cevc<cuis---<seesce- 46
TOTAL, PY LAUSD, ....ccsncstescsceeis -cckeee eet 90
nigrobasalis, A. lychnidis ab. ............ 46
nigrocostana, Endothenia ................ 77
nigrescens, L. coridon ab. ...... PASE E esl
MISTICanS. > SAMI, pA. see. ceete aes sene 34
nigristriata, C. maritima aD. ......... 16
nigrobasalis, A. lychnidis ab. ......... 46
MUTI SEGCPLOSIA «Co. \veseedawseee soak ossarntes ae 52
MINUS, QOCLAS': vx. auetipeetteeee ase aketeyeens 53
noctuella, Nomophila ............... 7, 89,, 90
INGCTUUGBO ,...25 saeeccctavtaehastes - ean res 11, 204
MOCUeEOLELals WOT Ian oan es ech oc cect 89
INOTNA TA 8 fa, cee dun ch Padme e salar nomena anramale das 214
NonNagrvioides, SeSAMIA «........c0.-eecsseee 201
MOTDA> \OCNEIS: “locsiscesas pease ss sseseeeey excaws 41
motatella.. TelpMuSa: ca veraras: sb soccer sees 77
NUDWA. Wa. \COLVT OMI SADA yen see e< kes oeoses 45
WUpPtas j\OAtTOCAVAY Lio .cesescn ccc senceboccsssseces 29
nutantella. ColeOpHOTay o.vcctesssessect-eno> 90
NVI DNAlIGAG”” cewetescpeecusecte nc suckourt ates 200

PAGE
ObOliscay HUK@al 7A.) cake sede ects 37, 45
obeliscabarvRWera, cisco aed coder oee 77
oblitella, Heterographis ......... 19, 41, 938
obliterata, L. phlaeas ab. ......... 48, 51
obsemrata, Gnophoss. cc. /ticcscccaees- 37, 89
ONSOLET A. CUGANTS.. scccc.ceesu este aes 35
obsoleta, L: bellargus' abs ...5.s0.se.csse 52
obsoleta,. Li. Coridon abi, 22.20.54. ee 52
obsoleta;. Ly. PHIACAS . alD.4 as... tana 49
obsoleta, *Ps Wcarus? arr. sce eecee 52
obsoletissima, C. pamphilus ab. ...... 29

obstipata, Nycterosia (Nyctosia) ... 7,
26; 128, 31,43; 50% 56, 151) 4202

ODSItalis, BIyPCMa a. ccexc-b beeeee cae 202
OGCUIba), SEULPOIS 3.00. ikd cas ccknseee ee eee 18, 44
occidentalis, P. indica S.sp. ............ 201

ocellaris, Cirrhia ... 33, 208, 209, 210,

Pl. ix, figs. 6-8

ocellata: (SMIETINGNUS, oe sccece eee eee 88
ochraceella, MoOmpha.. <c-. sss. des.peeetes 89
ochrearia-) ASDIDALCS. of «cou senescecreseee 46
ochrolewea,; BESMODIG, ..2c.s--s<2--seese 82, 214
ocularis:. Tetheay »*2ankta tegen 53
OCUIEAS TELY ALAC CLAM yh biccex.samganss eee 35
OeGOPHOLidVeds «652i s.<i.ssceusnepseee eee 203
olivacea, C.igustri_ aD; .c..-..0--caseneres 4A
Olivana,. FUWIStVOtLA.. cncnccdcedutieetaeekeutes 181
OMOSCOPAa,, OPOL OMAN aicia.c «csseaspencdasaeeee 204
ononaria, AplaSta:: — .....0c-qads5es-seeeee 32
ONONIGIS, PaReclOpa,.....--%.<aesespeeee 73
OOS WDLCY Chae! tisha Ais. co ote eee 19, 26
ophiogramma, APamMea — ...........sseseee 46
oporana {podana), Archips _............ Q7
Orana;: AGOXODDYVES © _.s.qcodcseente eer 49
orichalcea, PYUSia. . s.2..dancdec-seesexaeeeee 202
oressigena, D: truncata: S.SD2 geen 182
ornatella,. Pempliia:: \..c..<sccasneceeaee eee 82
OrmaihhOpt[eay ? \ acs sscacaces. cansaqusess hese 39
OSSCAD As. HAMA | i vanes oxqukseeteconeaiheoeandemeeree 44
otregiata, Lampropteryx _......... 28, 32
oxyacanthae; Allophivies 0. ..ss.ceceseeaes 713
oxyacanthae, Lithocolletis _............... 96
padella, Hyponomeuta ............ 13, 79, 81
palaemon, Carterocephalus ............... 14
Paleaceay EMAL SI Ay esp accesesees sh aaae isis
Pale-lemon SalloOw —.............ssesecseeeenes 208
pallens, Leucania ......... 21, 32). Did 212
pallida, C. cCroceus abl o.-..0s-c-eene 32
pallida, P. nebulosa ab. ............s..05: 181
pallidula, L. cOridons abs cc. -s: oneness 48
pallidula, L. phlaeas ab. ............ 48, 51
palluta; Pe CpYGlGES ab... nn---.ssestaeee 3
palpinia, LBieCrOSsLOMNA, -...-...cncseseieeureenn 18
paludata (=sororiata), Carsia ......... 37
paludis; Hy GPracClan _..-<csess eee 32
paludum,: JErichoptilis. 5 soca. 48
palumbella, -DiOryCtvia, ©... cq sessing 83
palustraria, Eupithecia ................ 14, 26

PAGE

BEUISEEISt a ELV rulliTl alm yet eiet, tvaecdes 35
pamphilus, Coenonympha ... 20, 28,

29, 51, 52, 76, 81, 89, 90, 91, 180

PAIS, IMICTOSTER A, WW. Santee kee ecd 717

Bannione,,, Appias:§ Aiiscduslh. tases 53

paphia, Argynnis ... 15, 32, 33, 44, 85, 86

See PSA Cm Ape meaeets oo. Scene tate se. Sec enacts i530 65

parthenias, Archieris (Brephos) ...... 76

parenthesellus (costellus), Ypsolophus 90
paripennella (=albicornuella) Coleo-

AOU ch aess es cesencas sca dasacs asst secs REAS 95
partimtransformis, L. coridon ab. 49, 52
parva, Eublemma ......... 17, 18, 41, 42, 43
Parvadactyla, OxypPPNUS) |...60..ccdectes 82
parvilunaria, Scopula (tetralunaria

SpMUnaria hybrid) mess ..00 see: 4A
parvipuncta, L. phlaeas ab. ............ 51
parvipunctata, P. icarus ab. ............ 52
pascuellus, Crambus ............... 83, 84, 88
pastinum, Lygephila .................. 30, 37
Pawling As, melainay f: veld .ccceddtedews 52
pavonia, Saturnia ............ 215) 35; 732 183
WEChINeA, TMCUT VATA ise becca ve. ead Leeceteets 74
pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia ... 26, 36, 44
DeMaria a elLOLMIS 220, stun be tesee bh vesteees 26
pendularia (=albipunctata),

GUS MTD TA, BBs. ickesenwarse teens 16, 94
pennaria; Colotois -..2......:.0. 2, 35, 43, 46
pentadactyla, Stenoptilia ............... 90
percontationis. P. iota ab. ............... 16
percontatrix, P. pulchrina ab. ......... 16
peripennella (=albicornuella),

COlCOpNOL AM x ecedeacs hoochie 95
pera. Cry phiai 8 iisasitie.. 1, 34, 46, 53
memlelins;, ‘Crambus errs... ed cesterces 89
perlucidalis, Pyravistan v.06. 14, 54
petasitis, Gortyna (Hydraecia) ... 26,

30), 34,453
BHUsiANay PICOSMA, ..i.k5issechesss-.cebh 81
TSUMTECT NES, 9 RR esa ne ae ee ee ee 61
BHUAONOME, “PLRIONCKIS ..c.ccsccsieecossvedees 52
poiloxenuss. Ce \tullliay ais :.223:...2e2 bocce 25
phlaeas, Lycaena ... 21, 23, 28, Pl. II,

fig. 7, 40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 86, 89,

94, 201

phlaeoides, L. phlaeas s.sp. ............ 201
phoeniceata, Eupithecia Piet.

fig. 25.954

PHOT CAS UP Api On tics. see 1. kane tact 1

phragmitidis, Arenostola ............ 213, 214

(EDEN UCR 0 aE enPror eo aasee 8 os Co EE Bees eee eres 200

misnage Clostera les see ixac:.3....cccee Tis 83
pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia ... 2, 26,

36, 44, 58

pimpinellata, Eupithecia .................. 23

PINASELIS, Hy LOLCUS Mrs wastes. bere. anosbaeeees 8

piniaria, Bupalus ... 30, 37, Pl. III, fig. 3

pisi, Ceramica 35,

58

235

PAGE
placvata; sAWATIS"...ccsvtpendresesvertdss 89, 90
plantaginis, Parasemia ...........s...006 31
plebjana, Crocidosema. ............... 42, 203
plexippus, Danaus ............... 50, 199, 200
plumbella, Hyponomeuta ............ Sous
plumigera, “Prilophond yes. cso seer 55
WSIAUSUD, SNS sics Soocecicavesacsetseanscunveseovceveneveuwe 16
podana (=oporana), Archips ............ QT
policenes, Papillion wenceccstscs. eee cueteee 1
DOlyles, (Papilio cic wccBee.cedoohe <a sceee 41, 50
DOMON At CatOpSilia: c.s.ccsssniseeeveaseence 2, 52
pomonella, Laspeyresia ...............00600 92
popullarish “DHOVR An ss 2.c< ac0c55--- eens 28
DOD U Lata tev OS occa vcoessaeausote corer 45
populetorum, Gracillaria .................. 49
DOD MEAOTNOEN cess ccscscsceeewses 40, 46, 76
DOvalAR MACOS Vay 2-65.2.5-2728.0- cca cere ee 77
porphyrea, Peridroma) ............0.<c00ss 44
Dortosamctana, Tita a.sccc...cnaieacecesseere 200
MostalhaycE. COriGOM aN, ...27sccch..ccrenes 49
postaurolancea, M. jurtina ab. ...... 28
“postcaeca”’ characteristics in L.

Ty CATES a 658 os. 6o te has Pandas 48
postcaeca, L. coridon ab. ...... 24, 45, 48
postradiata, L. cordon ab. ............... 51
Potatoria, PAULI sasadeve.. oc ceesssedes 40
pracclara., . He cAUTinia Ga bec aves 180
DPTACCOR, VA CHEDIC, oso. cse. oayecwecbevasstte 30, 46
prasina, Anaplectoides ..................... 31
prasinana (=fagana), Bena ... 76, 85, 181
prasinana (bicolorana), Pseudoips ...

26, 93
prasinaria, E. fasciaria.abi, ...2...2e 3
pracelhas, (Craw US) y-cckcs ee. oes eee 81
Priamus;, Ornithopierawesse..-n-ee 39
proboscidalis, Hypena .................. Pa Pema il
procellata, Melantinia’ ....::e-se.kee.c. tee 87
IPTOCUG) ~ |S cassteeet tio 4 pence La or 3
pronuba, Noctua (Triphaena) ... 28,

41, 44
protea; Dryobotodes 2.42604. 35
proximana (=fraternana), Epinotis

CBYUC OSI Vee a hae ae te sa kd So te 44
UM ay, PIV IS ba ere cee ls 30, 45
PLUM | SéryMOnMidiae- cece sts. 33, 65
prunianas ANoOvOmiss nce sheets. «cst teed 77
pseudospretella, Borkhausenia ......... 44
POSIs PPA DULCE) eee seta ieiee. 8o ie) eas pees Aine 7
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia .................. 82
PUCLOMMOTACAE 8... dass as nhesc eee 203
PiyenOpoda .28e2 ee oA. jedecass ates 200
pudibunda, Dasychira ... 18, 42, 44,

46, 8d
pudorina; Heucania i.c...ainestes 83, 181
pulchella, Utethesia ...........0.0..0.... 46, 200
pulchellana, Argyrotaenia ............... 74
pulchellata, Eupithecia ............... 84, 182
PU CMNy T Ga) ayes ccceosvaes'sardees etek oom 200
pulechrina, Plusiay <kesswste.s 16, 43, 49

DuUllay Wp COMOPLER Yk s.r. .ccee ones steesncece 74
pulla, L. coridon ab, ...... 29, 45, 48, 49
Pulveraria, ANALPOSA .. 60. .c:..cor..cccosonse 37
Pumilata, GyMNOSCelis’ i. Aes. sce se 202
BUN CvA ta, tz. | COPLGOM "ADs" wes ssscreencaer => 28
punctinalis, Pseudoboarmia ... 16, 18,

27, 77, 182
punctulata, Aethalura ............ OL ea.
puppillaria, COSyMDia’ 3 ..c...c.c.tessees< xlvi
PuTrpuralis; RHodarias<..26 esas 89, 90
purpuralis, Zygaena ...... Boe faye de) aD
WUSARIA; "CADCIA lice. seccccdtcescasesteeces 77, Q4
pustulata, Comibaena .................. Die
PD IVUG “APL OMS PAs stecd. theese tectocetetestenes 42
putrescens, Leucania. ...............060.. OG ae
Vittan UA” tere seat cetera eee teconemtacucincsrs 202
pyramidea, Amphipyra’ ...............:....- 77
Pyranthe: Catopsilia 2244-1 .2 5. cccesesdecs 53
EVICONISUIULA GM Ales isa cte te stevedeer seene tte sence s 203
DY TONS ERIAS) voctisccccs-cecccsecssccescseses 2; Woo
pyrella, Swammerdammia ............... 93
pyritoides, Habrosyne .................. 35
pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora ............ 74
pythonissata, D. citrata ab. ............ 45
CURTAIN LEMOS, Seeuseack ot: tec secec sree 32, 181
Cuadranay WPrlOpselay yl. Acc.steccssssers 77
quadrifasciata, Xanthorrhoé ............ 80
quadripunctaria (hera), Euplagia, 26, 42
quercifolia, Gastropacha .................. 33
(UCTCINATIA, “RMMOMIOS! 2.2... .c..ccccesccrees 90
quercus, Lasiocampa ............ 36, 40, 181
NEMOUS. SHINE CIA oc. posses. cuss cecex cece Ooh. Eee
radiata; G. phiacas ‘ab: ..:......... 48, 51
PACUAbeas hs WEABUS IS oie cc wcececoncn cous 29
PACES Olye CORUGOUM QDS .tecccsssctesscserar ees. 45
rapae, Pieris ............ xiv, “7,76, 90)" 91
EGUOUU HT AGHCUIS crc: icc-sttcscete cca tescecrtenesoeee 202
recens (gonostigma), Orgyia ...... 2 von
OC ULLIVE, WELVADINA” ut cascccccececscctaudexanenst 35
regiana, Pammene ............... 57, 74, 96
POMEUATI A, NODOSA) ..22.ccccctsssvaccrcetscscsss< 77
renigera, A. lucernea ab. .................. 40
TeNAES, DICV Cla OO ADs: ose lcs. cccsess 26
repandata, Alcis (Cleora) ... 26, 36, 84, 182
resinella, Petrova (Evetria) ............... 42
Heteulata, | PUSLLOMA! oli... 7... ..eneee 28, 46
rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 33, 76, 83, 85,

87, 89, 180
THAME, WalSbia si.ck.cscccstevceceses se 49
PHedella,, PAMMENE ° vive... .c ol caceseecceces es 42
rhomboidaria, Cleora ............ Oi 3b,» 4
riheata Wellepteniay 2. 2icc...c.ccescccssses 1D
PICS S: ee OL MILO A we. csarccerecdestasstasusins sss 7
PUPAE VAS TOUS citnetswoctec cates scacs otters 18, 44
FOHOTATIA, “BOAPINI A orate cceccsceSevessccess 54
romulus, P: polytes’ Sispo ..000055..0.5.; AA
TUDE Cadlophrys Steet Ae tt. .secee cess SoG
TUDT; + DIAESLA: tees eves sceecsestecdeaccsess 211
TUDE Macrouhylacsia =. eess.cc-scwesteeo ee 89, 95

PAGE
rubidata,. Mup by la Mies ace te. aa.deeeenee 28
rubiginata,. SCOpUlas Wek)... ceasstees 26
rubiginea, Dasycampa .......... 5, 9, 44
ruta,. N.. GOMES ab. AR staes. «se eavenee 46
TUfescens; .Brachmia H.HE...ceceveee 79
rufescens, Le, coridon. abA ha wd. 48
rufimitrana, Zeiraphera (Eucosma) ... 43
rutocineréas Hilagehistay V.7Ac. .cceseccssenes 75
NUMUGIS) MAM ALLE AA eneces se eeael eho ten eee 31
Tupicapraria, ‘Theriay )) &.)..sheesaeene 58
TUralis,..NOtALrCWa». cits <ccccnnschus Moreen 719
Trusticella; MOMOpIS! ieee eee 44
sacraria; BRhodometra seiiviiiie.. 19, 26
Sarittata,. A. Jeporita ab. Biases 34
sagittata; Ly (coridonm vabh .2. 27 ewiiiese 25
Sagittata,, PerizOmmay!) <..,b.7cceeeene ee 17
‘sagittata’ characteristics in P.

icarTus) able. As... seas eee 52
Sarittifer, IN: COMES! DIF iiie..eeeeees 46
sagittifer + rufa, N. comes ab. ......... 46
salaciella, Opostegal ) 2.004. .0...seenapee 49
Salicalis, Golobochyla 2) .05ii.a5 30, 77
Sambucalis, Perinephelay Tish....msse 32
sambucaria, OurapteryxX! © Vl..00.. ses. 27
SANN1O;. DiaGTiSlay. wxsrees cree neubes 40, 83
saponaria {=anceps), Heliophobus ... 181
SANT TOPS + auciicctiseredecessseeeeeee eee 52
SALYPLGAG > sc. cnystetccaskt cceostineedans Sete 200
saucia,. Peridromial WAtt....&s seca eee 201
Saxicola;,_HomocGosoma,. *..<:..b1tt2e.yeeues 44
saxifragae, (Zelleria: /'2.:..1..issaneuenees 45
scabiosella,’ Nemotois 92... iat 87
Scabrellus;. Ypsolophus: ..222007Wiseese. 89
schmidtii, L.\phlaeas: ab. .1).02.....2...c08 ot
schrankella,.. Momphan'™ (iid... .sses-eaeee 79
scoliaeformis, Aegeria ............... 45, 183
scotida; 2) -auriniatt. VAL. eee 180
scuttlana.. Epiblema. .....5....<csesese 77, 87
scylia, ‘Catopsilia; ...: thas. 53
sedi,: A. litulenta, alin ccccccsscssssandeemseens 46
Secetwm; .ASTObISh....daesceses. vosseeene 26, 201
selasellus; Crambus)) © i....:...cscttewesees 89
selene, Argynnis ...... 412, 25; 28) Sa)) 47
semele; Eumenis ......:.....:... 29, 31, 85, 180
Semele... Savy lus.» cs... cssesacsccesacrenegeenees 199
semipurpuana, Argyrotoza _............ 4
semirubella,». Plyertall on. ..csemseseeee 82
Senescens; SCytREIS) ss.....5.-s0cescaeeeaee 82
septentrionis, D. hamata S.sp. ......... 50
sequana, Dichrorampha (Hemimene) 80
sericealis; Rivilaes apiece 80, 89
servillana, Laspeyresia, © ..2...i..ses. 77
sessilis, I. coridon ab’ 120.024. 24 psesne 45
siculana (=apicella), Ancylis 49, 83
signatipennis, C. elinguaria ab. ...... 45
Silaceata, Ecliptoptierdy i..t4....cesccnere 45
silvellus,,. CramDUs +.t.0ic.sseecs. + taster sae 26
Silver-studded Blue _................. 67, 68

237

TAGE
Similetia. “Nephopterix’ “is... 54
SUMMUMES TE PV ATVAUS ™ tases cacesescavesteneeress 42, 50
SIMUL E EP TOCUIS: <t csisecs onda te detoaaeews’ 46
Srp nix MBORIASY piatccstessnceel oeescteeetee 52
SAMO T Te (OLY PMLA tes yucca iieoweccores cates 201
Sumplama, \GIDDEPLET A —visacessececoecsveses 32
Smaps: eplideas )4.25.42..4. 2:8. 9, 12, 14, 180
Sinelinea, A. brevilinea ab. ............... 34
SM DIANNE ES | eb os 8 JeSie Seta cope ks + soacnistiesnasvne 50
Sei EOWA, | <2. -ccasvnsccdeivsievacedacescsanest Q7
Small Mottled Willow _..................... 207
smaragdaria, Thetidia (Euchloris) 32, 33
sobrina, Noctua (Triphaena) ...... 20 a5
SOlANAEIana; HPUMOTIS,....scberinceescecnace 84
solidaginis, Lithomoia ......... 35, 37, 46
SOLOW A GClOCHIA) Wc. .resestvetae ses seaeeccs 42
SOV I PHOCOMOEIS, (1.6.55 500 euenet sesh cman 95
BOCES CAD AMICA © .vscccscocksssc. naemamence 214
sororemlella, “Gelechia, «+ ..6::..2i....eces000s 83
sororiata (paludata), Carsia ............ 37
spadicearia, Xanthorhoé ............ 43, [td
SparPanit, NOMASTIA ......0.0..0.s0c.006 43, 49
SMO D Re ROROEIS occ5csscacescosslescseaseoesne 90
SMP OECD tL ATA, csaseactxsoncsesachestete oe 49
spartifoliella, Leucoptera .........s.....00 ag
PemrPI TSN Oy ecco ee ce shana cs nee ocala 200, 201
soulodactyla, ALUCital:.. i. cccsndederens 42, 49
SN Otic eB CLOTS: RAINY, HG othe ota tob8 oa 50
Splendania.» LiaASPCYTESIA, cicesep-vcseveves 95
Splendida, (Ma JUrtING: PB. ......asc%.se0. 36
splendidulana, Pammene ................ Hil
SEVSPe Ma INIGUDIMCA)<.\.,ccu0rces archon scne 204
SHAS “OTGHOSLA, *)....0:0c8.cwee¥ecs ved ad
Sracnydalis: AMANITA ....01...0.cccedase vs pace 32
Stapiiata, Catachy sta .¢........verdesde ake <0 84
GHEMRESGL: Ay ANN NALS. a. sc scssveeesrehe carta’ 46
stellatarum, Macroglossum ... 18, 22,

30, 200
SICN Ota, HUGOria “s.ciire tend. A Ae 203
stigmatella, Gracillaria _.................. 94
SHPeMd, ATISHOLCIIA. — ..cscssccanencenaeased =p 89
Swramimalis; JHVELRSESTIS 6. .conseersenes 89
SULA, GEISLOM. © cecscsescacsacssecensns Oy ad
Sumida Pie COLILONM SAID) .eeec.asetceees cacses 29
Sie A POC 8s fccleevedastericanstedes<aeeee 35
SUAVELH PEVUZOPMCP A vcccsenmasncnaacae cate 82
subbaumanniana, Chlidonia ............ 87
subcerivinella, Opogona ............ 34, 204
subsequana, Epinotis (Eucosma) ...... 44
BebSsericeata,, SELINA, 2...a<cceeseects <5 Q7
suffumata, Lampropteryx _............... 75
Suiusa; Ex, DNIACAS AD ce sissc.c.ceke.vwesusn’ 51
Seiphures, Po nap <aD ge. . esse. Hs: seedecds 25
Ssulphurella.DASYCEPA — p....ccecereseowu 75
sulphurella, \GracuMarians cisctceee soe 43
susinella, Leucoptera. .............c00eeede- 42
Suspecta,, Parastichtis: ....2¢.06.0ecsee ees 35

swammerdamella, Nemophora ......... 77

PAGE
SVUV Abas ADMARAS sivawos ooteencterdiedete ss anes 10
SVLVESLER, Up loeas esas... oeeee eee Dy pemes |
SYLVCSULALIA, i SLCLPINE Oasccect cathe eee 26
sylvestris, Thymelicus 31, 85, 87, 89
SVLVilla. . iep TAS erties cece. dee one eee a 30
syngrapha, L. coridon ab, ...... 28, 47, 48
Ssyringariay AMOI NA, | caoauss sim vsteeten segeeees tes
syringella., “Gracillaria: ....c.ccccstescsoets 49
taenialis, Sehipankian?..at.:ciienenne 26
taeniolella, Stomopteryx ..............0... 89
tages, Erynnis ...... S8Pl. TIP ieeay iG
tanacetella, Isophrictis ............... 16, 87
tantillaria, Bupithecia § ........0..c.cccc8. with
TPADINOSTOTE, eee, sh atddeeereeeneees 214
Tedella; HPINOUS! cise dredece cect T7, 84
telekiellus, CramMbDus .........6:..c.cveessceeees 58
TEMerAtas Bap tai cc NN. detent 85
templi, Dasypolia ............ 31, doy 044 mod
tenebrata, Pamemeria ...............cccceses 76
tenebrella, Buzophera ........:c....cccce00 26
teeniattes. SCOWULASE oo cs.ccccacccacaccasse 31, 40
terrella, Mniophaga) ioc... cedeeascee 44
testacea, Luperina ... 30, Pl. III, fig.
tee aes
testaceolata, E. bilineata f, ............... 182
tetradactyla,. Alucita iiit..0.0s.0cee 82
tetralunaria, Selenia .................. BT oe
tetraquetrana, Epinotis# 2 ...2...c8 77
thalassina, »-Hadenial (ie .t2.teek 8
THeSEYLIS,. . PLUMMETS: css. tA A oct 52
twWaha,. ..RETIQSB, Ae ee, Fe. SA, 53
DIM ACOLM CA eieccrs Avteassasaseedseen keh eae 38
PNM GUAGE scsi vicntannauesssurwede IUou tet lees 204
tithonus, Maniola ............ 29, 48, 88, 89
ROWENTA ess e5 te tee esen cecteeat cee eee 203
transformis, L. coridon ab. ......... 48, 49
transiens, (Py icaruse aby... .c...0.-.4 25, 29
transversata; Phillerente™.....:......c.c..c. 82
treitschktetlas Amptispilays.....-....0..c..2. 96
trianeulum, eAmathes io. eee eee 40
THIGeNnS rCalamaet eae eee hecteceaes xlv
trifasciella, Lithocolletis .................. 74
CLALOL ee DISCEStPAr i... etc e ieee eee 208
MALOM: "Ay Gaertn tee eka ceatschee. 25 air
trigeminana, Epiblemma .................. 88
tri-I-nigrum, L. coridon ab. ............... 45
trimacuiana, Epivotta <i....<.cee<ceceeccee 81
tringipenneila, Gracillaria ”..?..,.0..... 32
TrIipAarella “LeUPWUSA cece ccc- tenets cutee dee iH
tripunctaria, “Eapithnecia: .........<c..-c.-. 45
tristelims, (Cran, 2::.:...-<0-e.. 88, 89, 90
[TREAT CH baad 50. (0° Vm PR A id eee aa 45
troglodytella, Coleophora ................ aa
truncata, Dysstroma ... 45, 56, 77, 80, 181
TIEN g APT OL Saat tee sn La st ances vat uakdves pee 30, 42
tullia, Coenonympha ... 25, 31, 38, 66, 180
PUT OMS. MEME DTO CA iis. sebavraess<eonesacssscescens iff

turfosalis, Tholomiges ... 36, 37, 45, 49

PAGE
typhae, NONagria .........eeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeees 85
uddmanniana, Notocelia ...........- 81, 84
uliginosellus, CraMbDuUs .........::.:sse++++ 83
ulmella, BUCCUIAtTIX ..........ceeceeeeeeeeees 88
ultracaeruleo, L. coridon ab. ............ 48
ultradiscreta + arcuata + limbo-
punctata + metalica, L. coridon
Plyae esc bee aceon aeecemeeeeeas seerevesecostneeee sans 51
ultralavendula, L. coridon ab. ......... 48
ultramelaina, L. coridon ab. ...... 25, 48
ultranubila, L. coridon ab. ............... 49
ultrapunctata, L. coridon ab. ......... 51
ultraradiata, L. coridon ab. ............ 29
ultraviridescens, L. coridon ab. ...... 48
UMDLA, PYTLHIA ............ceceeseeesreeceeesnes 40
UNcula, BUSHlOtia ......0208ccecscnnens seccdenene 181
undulata, Calocalpe .........5..0c--.sseeee~- 182
unguicella, ANCYLIS ........ceeeeeeseeeeeeeeees 42
unicolor, T. aurago aD. .............-0000--- 34
unionalis, Palpita ... xlvi, 23, 26, 30,
44, 42, 44, 47, 203
unipuncta, Mythimna .............-..:..+6 201
unipuncta, Leucania ......... mivi. 42. (53
urticae, Aglais ............ 15, 24, 48, 85, 90
vacciniella, Coleophora ............+.:..+ 42
valentini, A. galathea ab. ............... 51
Valeria, PATCTONIA ...........:0.ceseeseeereeees 52
valesina, A. papbia ab, .:......-.:.s...--. 44
vacciniella, Coleophora ...........::.:+:-+ 42
Varia, LYCOPMOtia ..............eeeeeeseeeeeeees 44
yv-aureum, P. pulchrina ab. ............ 43
velocella, Gel@CHIa ............c.ceccceceeeeees 49
venata, Ochlodes ..............-.s000. 29, 80, 81
VeNOSatia. SACHA Joe. .ncsestesavcchss-cneraas QW3
venosata, EUpithecia ...............-sseeeeeee 36
venustula, Hapalotis ..........0..++.0. 26, 33
VETDASCL, CUCIIITA« ...0...:.05.c000cesessnneesrsn U
VGLSICOLOT, PLOCUS ..ncccesesesecccccnsseresscees 46
Verhuella, DeLCAS .......c.5..seeesensseeseeene 52
versicolora, EMGTOMIS ...........c0.-.-secse- 32
Werna | MeV UCC! f-- <.<c.nnceacnesbancereecne== 3
vestigqialis, ASTOLIS ........cc.ccssesesceeeeere 46
WAMU AN- WATIIOILA: ©. .scveus as tacncysesress+s3ies 74
viminalis, BombyCia ............... AG oe a hil
VINA (CCLULA. welissroassersscosrs snus 7, a0; 83
virgata, MeSOTYDE ........cceeeeeeereeeeeeeeeees 26
virgatus, L. coridon ab, ............:..1++ 52
ViTiGana, TOLtViR ....0...c..ccccerevesenseeeee 81
viridaria, Phytometra ...............-.:+.+ 76
viridella, Adela .............-..+0++ fm (see 17
viriplaca (dipsacea), Heliothis ......... 26
wailesella, Leucoptera ...........seeseeeeee 49
w-album, Strymonidia ......... 33, 80, 87
walkeri, S. lubricipeda ab. ............ 18
wollastoni, Chutapha — ............:s.seeee 200
wollastoni, P. brassicae S.Sp. ......... 199
White L. Waimscot. .............--.-....252.-- 212
xanthographa, Amathes ... 35, 40, 41,
46, 58, 90

238

PAGE
xanthomista, Antitype ............... 42, 53
Xiphia, PALVAT YO —....-sesccseceesseceseceeees 200
ZATGZI, PtCNHOPOA ........cceeeeeereseeeeeeneees 200
ZiIGZAC, NOtOGODTA — .......cesseenece-n-nese 42, 53
ZYGACNIAAC on... seceeeeereeecsereesveceeceeesees Us

MAMMALS
ALAMECUWS! SOLER) Visi secece-consenneececocs sauce 39
avallanarius, Muscardinus ..............- 39
BRAGG OR Reioiii soe cccecccwsncnrreesersnnessnsrebues 40
Bate et Met a nee cee maschumentene aes 187
Bilack-faced (SHEED ....-....0:e-sserer-sese=ss 176
Brower CRAG ec srscevcake a aeeves sonseeenameemes 81
Gommont:Séall te0gsiiiwc.c-cceecsccoesenversene 179
COMMON SHOW “iecasltereccecscseasccereeeaatene 39
Crucigera, VUIPES —..........ceeeeeeeees 39, 40
CYMOCEPHALUS —o.....eeeeeeeeeeeeeecesesseeeeeeeess 97
PIOTUMOUSE) Bae retacsssacuc-onceeseeepeestnes eee 39
europaeus, Erinaceus ...........--.++ 39, 40
Flying Lemur oe... cecceeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeees 97
Flying Phalangers —.......-sssssseeeeseeees 97
16) Cee rere eater Rone rocct concchiie nce 39, 40
(ie i ye Leer perrerercecareh cco oo cok acerca ececiicct: 187
Grey S@al ....c..cssessescssseecerseeesconercscwese 179
FICG MOH OR) Gii-tsecne.ctede aster esenndenanness 39, 40
House MOUSE © siNiiesce see teee ve eee 39
Trish Greyhound Pi€. ..........:-.-.-0-ssc00- 176
Trish REG Deer: oic.c20iie sees ce soeer cet eeentenes 179
JAPANESE DCCL .......seecceseccseeeeeeeeeseeees 86
Berry COW \...ce.cccccccceeconstessavscosecsscenee 176
Large White Pig .......cccececeesesesseeeeeees 176
melés: Meles 9 :.ii2i.2) acetates seecnsess 40
WTUSCUIUS;* MUS .setkctitcccsccesencursceneeeune 39
MIPPON, Sika 2 u.....csecceeeeceeeeseeeseneeeeeesees 86
PING Marten icin cs.iccssceccvecerseseseeveseen 179
Rabbitt eee cee hee Fe eee 187
Rat: AS 38 na i ee 81
Sika Peete 2e SEGISSS avs cana ste dante pomeeeee ween 86
sylvaticus, APOG@MUS —.......eceeeeeeeee ee 39
WO0d “MGUse+ 1: s.A:t REL HERG. .cdeercoten 39

MEGALOPTERA
ANGOCL PLCS cco. sogt conc coon tvavnpphinscteon eae 78
SPAMS | ceisivacansandcbuessessos>snpyameeneees aan 78

MOLLUSCS
allmaniy Ge maculosusef. Ak iaswscen 179
aSpersa, Heli 7. ntticcecseceescsinc=wenesentene 39
QTOTE SAME OTI ieee sseeset- sen ccec gence ses sen etn 179
cinereo-niger, Limax _ ..........:..--.0008 179
fasciata, G. maculosus f. ............... 179
involiuta; TLAMNaACa ” co. sess ceoseroneensas 178
Werry’ "SUIS fee veatecesrsecccovescrueccuennceneeneee 179
Large Garden: Snail oor... i .s.c.ccceenasess 39
maculosus, Geomalacus ............ 176, 179
TEMOTALIS: HEM ete cescenteseeesr rane 178
pereger, LiMMNACA —.........eceeesereeveneeeee 178

PAGE
PLrActenius LAINNACA, .....5......ssecseseneee 178
verkruzeri, G. maculosus f. ............ 179
MOSSES, LICHENS AND LIVERWORTS
Pataca, RANVALIMA ...ccccseccercccssass 1
Hiatus, RICCIOGALPUS — s...<.c.-e2.s-ses-000 3
MIO Ne CO LAGOWEG, © ci vo.pur-accocseaeccsonvsse 13
Mea aMs A COLOGALDUS! © | c.ctsecsecvecstsesece 3
parietina, Xanthoria ...............0.csseeee 1
Tanemterina, ClaGOMLA ..:c.sc2-.c... cect eeoes 13
PRGMAGCEP AMIOSS: © scc.cdceascoaessssceuravscencsoos 13
PX ACUI de ceseqsseacaseccedorccsses eesees 23, 95
MYRIAPODA
TA MITISS PONY REMUS: ....cuscesiscsaccesveces Men hee
RICCHMOPIOTIOUR A) 0 cobcaccdads cechscudavesaaretasesceenes QA
IVTMMESCLES™ eoee foaraccevcawaan ve taeueecossewevdaons Q4
ODONATA
ALCtiGa, SOMAtOCHIOLA ..........s..csscesesse 33
cyathigerum, Enallagma .................. 85
GERTESSoes RaMOCULULA cc ccesusestanw'envaccesss 77
nigrescens, Sympetrum ............... 193) 33
nigrifemur, Sympetrum ............ 184, 185
quadrimaculata, Libellula ............... 76
striolatum, Sympetrum ab. nov, ...
33, 184
SMUG UGIMIN “cssscceccataecssvacssachcees sve’ 184, 185
PHASMIDAE
ANAL SICK EMNSCGU .c.ccacssccssevsccecessuesoas Qh
ESN ATI VEATIIS secccaccsasecavtensstscdoeaveres Q4
SPHOUVOMMAMUIS: 2 oe2o. keke ec yedesckeassevesesive Q4
REPTILIA
PG Gl ieee ences A tak cue sen sccwesee setts 39, 83
NIP ATTUVEMES | Foocosateentecans chagusewscwrusstacenecaces 100
RUDD RUULD Oe Meo aces icaevnks stan snweadesaaaeSescweanes 102
Misiriaca. COPOMECITA, co clicccwwesteecoeccesee 40
REE PECMRVIEID OTA e- toca caccad de caasconoussaesets acta 39
GHEVSODCIGA: (saSicd.vccactcneseesescsscvscoteaseess 102
COMM TUG OSNANES: eo locicecccsccsccasstaceeeassees 102

Common Flying Lizard ... 98 (fig. 1),
PLUViEstige

PTF COM Se eete stones. det 97, 99, 100, 101, 102
TPP CSUAN NGAGCOLDAS . casevcsccesessetees cavesueeoscens 187
WaT EDTA MOINS © ce cacecnwaseess-scaaenvenasseeces 97
OM PAM MIS) A cctooscavessstatascawasnevcesse 40
MCIO wr etivas sane calc osiscoansen’ oskason tesnedte 100, 102
CUE AUSS SEL ACO te secre ccdauows secades cavaweens seiandaues 40

kuhli, Ptychozoon ... 98 (fig. 2), Pl.
VI, fig. 2, 100, Pl, VII, figs. 1 and
2. Pl, Vil Teed
Kuhl’s Flying Gecko ... 98 (fig. 2), Pl.
VI, fig. 2, 100, Pl. VII, figs. 1 and
2101) ele Ve tes dl

PESTON SIN AUT hes ocasct os ck Uncas Aca vostes sascees 40
paradisi, Chrysopelea ... 102, Pl. VIII,
feo
EEE VAGHIO ZOOS oc ccoache enc esdcc cee 100, 101, 102
SLORY NRO AIO Ree ee Aes Aner a tenn Soe oe 40

PAGE
SIMOOUDY SMAKE: ciicccdesasenscesasecssccstesuesens 40
AVANT, « .b.Gcsdosvoscetasccksueteccadescanwessuch een sesace 39

volans. Draco... 98 (fis: 1), Pi vi

fig. 1, 99, 100

SALTATORIA
MGV HOUGAGY jvcssscunecadcdanetesse de teeeoouyspaneeene 191
A CVIGOUGCAS Aciscsasvasceccesbencasactvevertsensaeaee 191
MECTOEVEUG! (SIMS J occc sacccdaccdevesteevescteneewenese 192
ab irons: BCUICUS © ...2....sccesseeeeeeeeeneeee 194
algeriana, Thalpomena. ..................0+ 192
ADICAIIS: CHOLERUD DUS: ....<.<ccesneepennnsenes 193
barretoie, Metrioptera ............... 191, 194
barretoi, Psalmatophanes ......... 191, 194
Dimraculatuss sGryllus: .v.cscesccscscosh ones 195
coerulans, Sphinonotus ...............0c000 193
danicas Tey mieratioriac Sp) ..ccccccrssecstee 192
(MOCOKUS) (Oedalews: si cecccccssacaceanacesscaness 192
Desert, THeBuUst! cocivevcsctwvsssanecsese ecru 200
GOMMESTIGUS: VACHELA: ..o...ccc.cc.ccevs ee ncvenee 196
failixes PTA V GlCIS Sc ccc .wescnsvtec cet evexedesbeses 194
gregaria, Schistocera .................. 192, 200
erisea) Pla yiGleis o24s.ncccescestatezcesseoceees 194
Gary GAG Weei tees sceceactances-scss aqnsncseoctenene 195
GrVyATOVGGay sacsase locseckcat nevancecsnenacets estates 195
Dispanicus) (Grylls) A eecccecsccseeseowen 196
INsSUbTrICUS: AICLOUVIUS: Jacscccsscscacecscoceene 192
BAM HeSr TOCUSTA .: scacecdncscedeesseos ices taceunes Q4
madeirae, Calliptamus ..................0. 191
madeirae, Euchorthippus ............ 191, 193
MaGderae. OCAMPO, cise. sess sedosedeceseste 192
maderae, Thalpomena. ...........:.cs0scsss 192
maroccanus, Dociostaurus ................ 193
micropterum, Rhomaleum ............... Q4
MENA ES OS SUSI. ccereercksnssteceaes 191, 195
nitidulus, Homorocoryphus ................ 194
OGCAMMAUS (SD. seisagevescsensssdepacesessswmcnevete 196
pellwcens., OccamWOAws Bercesccssaeccncweseeeee 196
plebeus; (Cavin lamiis 22... -s-ee.2senesnceeere 191
pulvinatus, Chorthippus .................. 193
rubescens, Sphingonotus .................. 192
Sparsa, Pe WManaySiSPs cectesecscr-sesons 191, 195
squamiger, Mogoplistes ...............:60005 196
SHVCDENS) ATOLODUS ce..20-.-eececcenacccucencases 193
TOvyiOOMULGAEG) .c.ccoseadevcecavccueusaxvccensesees 194
GHalaSssinia. ATOLODUS Ues.ccc.se--creeee casera 193
VIEUGISSIMA, “TNEtW@OMIA, slscc.-cvecesse sce 194
VERMES
SEATS 9 Wintel ss evues veces sacs cence vencnee knee awenes 61
CAGDIOWVORIIS: “caapesccceceucecssosuseceececause 47, 54
chlorotica, Allolobophora .................. 47
caliginosa, Allolobophora .................. 47
Gyaneum: ‘Octolastumd .........scessecceocsaee 47
longa. Allolobophord) <....c:cc.scsevecee--0e% 47
FOGTIGA, HISEMUA” v2.ccccacv. ese ceoesedcoxemsapente 47
WHER TIVES A) oo Ac aen nice nessa wapacgacthcestudecetouvetesbet 13
INEMIALOGES “WOLD 2h. .ccs oe cecsexctsccossoessensee 13
nocturna, Allolobophora. _................+ 47
subrubicunda, Dendrobaena ............. 47

terrestris: Lambvricus: .oi.e.ccccussceseses 47

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By

line.

The Society’s Publications

The volumes of the Society’s publications still in print are listed below

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SPHADADOAMRDDODOD

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the moment there are available the following volumes in good condition:—

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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA

by L. T. FORD, B.A.

NAY’onn @
DAAQAY

1938-39
1939-40
1940-41
1942-43

8.

15

14
8
‘4

D.

6
0
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At

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at the published price.

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SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

by L. T. FORD, B.A.

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MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and include the well-known

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, which takes place in October in the Libraries

of The Royal Society and of the Geological Society of London

at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind permission of those two

Societies. Frequent Field Meetings are held at week-ends in the

Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current Programme
Card can be had on application to the Secretary.

7

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te BY AN aiid esa ME ine caine aero vf
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al ea y, Paige et Wore: ieee He se ;

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y

Proceedings and Transactions of —
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

1960

19/0

December 1961

a

Trustees: S. N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J., F.R.E.S.
R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.

Officers and Council for 1960

President: ,
R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

F. T. VALLINS, A.C.I.1., F.R.E.S.
A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.Se., F.R.E.S.

Treasurer :

J. L. HENDERSON,
6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey.

Secretary:

B. GOATER, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.,
71, Grants Close, Mill Hill East, London, N.W.7.

Tabrarian:

T. R. EAGLES,
32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

Curator :

M. G. MORRIS, F.R.E.S.,
Dungallain Cottage, Oakwood Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Lanternist :
L. CHRISTIE,
137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16.

Council:

G. J. ASHBY, F.R.E.S. G. H. MANSELL, L.R.I.B.A.
H. G. DENVIL, F.R.E.S., J. L. MESSENGER, B.A.

FER. H:S: N. D> BILEY> C.B.E., F283
A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S.
N. E. HICKIN, B.Sc., Ph.D., W. H. T. TAMS, F.RES.

F.R.E.S. M.. W. FF. TWEREDIN, Mess:
J.0.T. HOWARD; M°A. F.Z.S.

Editorial

Editor: F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors: T. R. EAGLES; J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A.
Papers Panel: C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S.

T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.Se., Ph.D., A.B.C.5,,
M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.

R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. (ad hoc. Microlepidoptera

papers).

Proceedings & Transactions of
The South London Entomological
& Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960”

1960

The Society gratefully acknowledges the
receipt, through The Royal Society, of
a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £125
towards the cost of this Volume

DECEMBER 1961

Published at the Society’s Rooms, Pepys House, 14 Rochester Row, Westminster,
London, S8.W.1, and Printed by T. Buncle and Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath

li

CONTENTS

Officers and Council, 1960... ao A =: Inside front cover

List of Plates

Objects, etc., of the Society ...
Instructions to Exhibitors
Instructions to Speakers
Past Presidents

List of Members

Council’s Report for 1960
Treasurer’s Report for 1960 ...

Obituaries—

Mra is ord
Mr. F. Rumsey

Report of the XIth International Congress
Indoor Meetings

Annual Exhibition

President’s Address

Field Meetings
Butterfly populations on the North Downs. J. F. D. Frazer
Miridae (Hemiptera) of Bedfordshire, The. Dennis Leston ...

Odonata and Orthopteroid insects of Wood Walton Fen, The.
A. E. Gardner : So = 2 a ihn

Larvae of the British vay dae not eee by Buckler.
G. M. Haggett ... sue 3 sf Pa She a

How some insects, especially the egg stages, avoid drowning
when it rains. H. E. Hinton

Editorial Notes on Nomenclature
Book Reviews

Index

iil
lV
1V

Vv

vi

XXXKV
xXXXV

XXXViil
sh

24

62

75

98
111

124

130

138
155
159
164

ll

LIST OF PLATES

Annual Exhibition, 29th October
Field Meeting Personalities

Larvae of British Lepidoptera not
figured by Buckler Ms a

Larvae of British Lepidoptera not
figured by Buckler va Sa

Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., surface
view of chorion; and diagrammatic
view through eggshell of a ‘typical’
member of the Muscinae sa

Structure of eggshells

Structure of eggs

General form of eggs

. to face page 28

. to face page 78

. to face page 131

. to face page 137

... to face page 154
on reverse of Pl. V
to -ftace Pl) Vi

on reverse of Pl. VII

1V

OBJECTS & ACTIVITIES
OF THE SOCIETY

The Society has for its objects the promotion and advancement of
research in Biological Science, and its diffusion by means of meetings
at the Society’s Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions
and lectures, by public exhibitions, by field meetings, by the issue of
publications, the formation of typical collections and of a library, and
by such other means as the Council may from time to time determine.

Meetings. Indoor Meetings at Rochester Row are generally held
twice monthly, on second and fourth Thursdays at 6.30 p.m. Field
Meetings take place throughout the Summer.

The Council invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading
papers and exhibiting specimens,

The Society possesses representative collections of most orders of
insects and an extensive library. These are available at all Ordinary
Meetings. Members may borrow books at meetings or by post. Dona-
tions of suitable insects and books are much appreciated.

There is also a big collection of lantern slides, mainly of insects
in all stages, from which series may be borrowed. Microscopes are
available for home use.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Entrance Fee, 7/6. Ordinary Members, £1 : 11 : 6 p.a.; Country
Members, £1 : 1 : O p.a.; all members under 21, 10/0 p.a. Life
Membership, Twenty Guineas.

COMMUNICATIONS

Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, B. J. MACNULTY,
B.Se., Ph.D., 74, High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex.

INSTRUCTIONS TO EXHIBITORS

(These apply to all meetings, not only to the Annual Exhibition.)

Attention to the following points will greatly add to the scientific
value of the exhibits and our Proceedings, besides assisting the Publica-
tion Committee in preparing the reports for publication, a task which,
in the past, has involved a quite unjustifiable amount of labour and
time.

V

LABELLING OF EXHIBITS.

Adequate labelling of all exhibits is essential; such labelling to
include : —

(a) name and address of exhibitor,

(b) order and name (generic and trivial, with author of the
trivial name) of each species,

(c) locality (at least County or Country), or, in the case of bred
specimens, the place of origin,

(d) date (at least the month and year) of capture or breeding
(or, in the case of a series, first and last dates),

(e) any other information of scientific interest, such as
“Gynandromorph’’, etc., relating to any particular specimen.

REPORT FOR PROCEEDINGS.

A report, including all the points mentioned above for labelling,
and amplified to give short details of any special aberrations,
gynandromorphs (e.g. left side male, right side female), or other points
of interest, must be handed to the Recorder when the exhibit is taken
in (at the Annual Exhibition) or to the Editor (at Ordinary Meetings).

Such report must be written or typed (preferably typed) on
ONE SIDE OF THE PAPER ONLY, WITH A 2 INCH MARGIN ON THE
LEFT SIDE, witH AT’ LEAST DOUBLE SPACING BETWEEN LINES,
in the form used for the record in the Proceedings.

Where the author of a trivial name is not known, a blank space should
be left for its insertion, but every endeavour should be made to furnish
this in the first instance, to avoid misunderstandings.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SPEAKERS

Speakers wishing to submit papers for publication, after reading,
should give them to the Editor at the end of the meeting or send them
to him as soon as possible afterwards, for consideration by the Publica-
tion Committee of the Society.

Naturally, not all the papers read or talks given to the Society are
suitable for publication in the Transactions of the Society, and the
Council, acting through the Publications Committee, reserves the right
to refuse those papers it considers unsuitable.

The relevant Bye-law (26) (d) states that ‘‘all papers read or
announced at any meeting and accepted for publication in the Society’s
publications shall become the property of the Society, unless otherwise
stipulated before the reading or announcement thereof’.

The Society will be very pleased to receive papers for consideration
that may be suitable for reading in title. These should be sent to the
Editor.

vi

PAST PRESIDENTS

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.).

1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1930 F. B. CARR (dec.).

1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1930 C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). 1931 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.Z.S.,

1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). F.E.S. (dec.).

1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.).

1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,

1882 T. R. BULups, F.E.S. (dec.). A.I.C., F-R.EIS.. M.B.0.U.

1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES.

1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.). 1935 E. E. SyMs, F.R.E:S.

1885 R. SoutH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLETT.

1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. COULSON.

1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1938 FF. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

4890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.

1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,

1892 CC. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). 1941 F. D. CooTE, F.R.E.S. (dec.).

1894 EE. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). 1942 S. WAKELY.

1895 TT. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.). 1943. R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.

1896 R. SoutH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,

1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E:S.

1898 J. W. Turt, F.E.S. (dec.). 1945-46 Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,

1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). F.R.E:S.

4900 W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). 1947 L. T. FORD, B.A. (dec.).

1901 H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., 1948 Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.).
L.R.C.P., F.E-S. (dec.). 1949. J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. (dec.)

1902 F. NOAD CLARK (dec.). 1950 Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,

1903 + &E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). K.B.E:, C:B.,) MC, (DIRS

1904 A. SIcH, F.E.S. (dec.). A.F.C., F.R.E.S.

1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.). 1951 T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.

1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). E:ZS.

1908-9 A. SIcH, F.E.S. (dec.). 1952 E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.

1910-14 W. J. KAY, F.E.S. 1953 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.

1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.). 1954 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,

1914-15 B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S.

1916-17 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.). 1955 F. D. Buck, A.M.1I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S.

1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. 1956 Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.
(dec.). 1957 B. P. MOORE, B.Sc., D.Phil.,

4920-21 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S.

1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.). 1958 N! E.o-HICKIN, PRD PBse

1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. F.R.E.S.

1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E:S. 1959 F. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1.,. F.R:E.S.
(dec.). 1960 R. M. MERE, F.R.E:S.

1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,

F.E.S. (dec.).

vii

LIST OF MEMBERS
(Revised to 26th June 1961)

Chief subjects of Study:—b, Botany; bi, Biology; c, Coleoptera; cr,
Crustacea; d, Diptera; ec. ent, Economic Entomology; ent, Entomology,
General; e, Exotic; g, Genetics; hem, Hemiptera; hym, Hymenoptera;
1, Lepidoptera; mi Microscopy; ml, Micro-lepidoptera; mo, Mollusca;
n, Neuroptera; nat. hist, Natural History; nat. phot, Nature Photo-
graphy; od, Odonata; 00, Oology; orn, Ornithology; orth, Orthoptera;
r, Reptiles, rh, Rhopalocera; ¢, Trichoptera; z, Zoology.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
Including Honorary Members appointed under Bye-law 10(a), (Hon.);
and Special Life Members appointed under Bye-law 10(b), (S.L.).

DATE OF DATE OF
APPOINT- JOINING

MENT. SOCIETY. CLASS. NAME, ADDRESS AND INTERESTS.
28. 1.1960. 1909. Hon. Covutson, F. J., ‘‘Burnigill’’, 24,

Springfield Avenue, Merton Park,
London, S.W.20. c, hem, l.

10 9.1959. 10.11.1927. Hon. Eactzs, T. R., Hon. Librarian, 32,

Abbey Road, Enfield, Middx. 1, c.

b, nat. hist.

10. 1.1951. 10. 1.1951. Hon. Grrrorp, Watter S., R.F.D., No. 2,
Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A. I.

28. 1.1960. 1916. Hon. Syms, E. E., F.R.E.s., F.Z.8., 22, Wood-
lands Avenue, Wanstead, London,
E.ll; 67, orth, od, .4.

1. 1.1950. 12.10.1899. S.L. Carr, Rev. F. M. B., M.a., 1.1H.,
Martin’s Close, Mudeford, Christ-
church, Hants. l, n.

1. 1.1951. 25. 1.1900. S.L. Day, F. H., F.n.8.s., Blackwell Lodge
West, Carlisle, Cumberland. 1, c.

1. 1.1953. 1902. S.L. Hare, E. J., ©.B.E., F.R.E.s.. Harrow
Place, Pinden, Dartford, Kent. l.
1. 1.1959. 1908. S.L. Ruozy,, Capt. .N.. D., .0.3.8., F.B.E.8.,

F.z.8., Council, 7, McKay Road,
Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. 1.

LIFE, ORDINARY, AND COUNTRY MEMBERS.
YEAR OF
ELECTION.

1960 Apams, B. A., 26, Wellingborough Road, Broughton, nr. Ketter-
ing, Northants. heterocera.

1961 Apams, R. G., lla, Hyde Park Mansions, London, N.W.1. ent.
arachnology.

YBAR OF Vill
ELECTION.

1957

1956

1956
1950

1951

1959
1956

1960
1953

1956
1953

1950

1946

1957

1934

1952
1952

1961

1939

1953

1947

1942

1958
1948

1948

1933

Acassiz, D. J. L., Weald Cottage, Heyshott, Midhurst, Sussex.
c, l, ml.

Axester, W. J., F.R.P.S., 1, Holland Court, Natal Road, Avon-
dale, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. nat. phot.

Atrorp, D. V., 7, St. Martin’s Approach, Ruislip, Middx. l.

ALLEN, Miss D. M., ‘‘Cedars’’, Furzedown College, Wellham Road,
Tooting, London, S.W.17. nat. hist.

Auten, Rev. P. V. M., 1, Flint Cottages, Tunstall, nr. Sitting-
bourne, Kent. l.

Auston, H. N. E., 31, Ebbisham Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. /.

AnsorGE, Sir ERic, €.8.I., 0.1.E., F.R.E.8., ‘‘Timbers’’, Welders
Lane, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks. l, c.

Arcuer, E. N., 25, The Fairway, Barnet, Herts. I.

Asautna, S., D.sc., Totsuka 3-chome, 123, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,
Japan. od.

Asusy, Miss F. A., 20, Westbrook Road, S.E.3. c.

Asupy, G. J., F.R.E.S., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s
Park, London, N.W.8. ent.

AsuweE, D. A., ‘‘Scolt’’, Parsonage Lane, Bishop’s Stortford,
Herts. g, od, hym, nat. phot,

Astsury, C. F., c/o 69b, St. Helens Park Road, Hastings,
Sussex. l.

Aston, A. E., B.A., F.R.E.8., 1, Aysgarth Road, Dulwich Village,
London, S.E.21. 1, d.

Arxinson, J. L., No. 2, Gatcombe House, Littlehempston, Nr.
Totnes, Devon. l.

Barry, Karu E. J., 8.p.s. HON., 73, Botley Road, Oxford. .

Baker, B. R., B.sC., A.M.A., F.R.E.S., 7la, Berkeley Avenue,
Reading. lI, t.

Baker, C. R. B., 19, Douglas Road, Harpenden, Herts. 1. early
stages.

Baker, Major D. B., R.A.0.C., F.R.E.S., c/o 67, Cheam Road,
Ewell, Surrey. hym.

Baker, J. A., B.A., 53, Cambridge Road, Middlesbrough, Yorks.
Lents

BatFour-BrowneE, Prof., W. A. F., M.A., F.R.S.E., F.R.E.S., F.L.8.,
Brocklehirst, Collin, Dumfries. c.

Banner, JOHN V., M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Wykehurst,”’ 41,
Varndean Gardens, Brighton 6, Sussex. l.

Baruam, C. S., B.sc., 19, Westbury Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. c.

Baxter, L. N., 16, Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7.
lL. breeding.

Baxter, R. N., 16, Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7.
l. breeding.

Baynes, E. S. A., 0.B.E., F.R.E.8., 2, Arkendale Road, Glena-
geary, Co. Dublin, Eire. l.

YEAR OF 1x
ELECTION

1954

1957

1949
1960

1947

1960
1949

1949
1948
1926
1960
1959
1925
1948
1948
1948
1944

1946
1948

1960
1946

1947

1933

1958
1930

1954

1961
1952

Beavroy, S., B.SC.(ENG.), A.M.I.E.E., F.R.P.S., F.R.E.S., 98 Tudden-
ham Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. ent.

Berstry, W. N., M.sc., F.R.E.S., 26, The Grove, Addlestone, Wey-
bridge, Surrey. d.
Bett, C. L., F.R.E.8., 77, Mayfield Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. l.

Bernuarvi, Dr. G., Labor d’Entomologie Museum Paris, 45bis
Rue de Buffon, Paris Ve. 1. rhop.

Best, A. A., 131, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Weybridge,
Surrey. l.

Brcoxnett, M. R., St. Anthony’s Avenue Road, Fleet, Hants. l.

Brrxett, Nevinie L., M.A., M.B., B.cCHIR. (CANTAB.), 3, Thorny
Hills, Kendal, Westmorland. l, ¢, d.

BuatHwayt, C. 8S. H., m.a. (oxon), F.R.E.s., ‘‘ Amalfi,’? 27, South
Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. l.

Biaxin, A. D., ‘‘ St. Marthas,’’ Braiswick, Colchester, Essex. I.

Buss, A., ‘‘ Golden Mist,’’ Whitford, near Axminster, Devon. l.

Buockxey, Air Vice Marshal P. S., c.B., c.B.8., B.A., Vanfold, Fern-
hurst, Haslemere, Surrey. l.

Buunt, W. H., 106, Bardesley Green, Birmingham, 9. enfé.

Brytu, S. F. P., 6, Hatherley Road, Winchester, Hants. l.

BoLIncBROKE AND ST. JOHN, THr Viscountess (née FRonHAwK,
Valezina), Old Toll House, Pulborough, Sussex. nat. hist.
ent.

Botton, E. L., Lyncombe, Stagbury Avenue, Chipstead, Sur-
rey. l.

Bowater, Lt.-Col. W., M.c., B.D.8., T.D., D.L., 41, Calthorpe Road,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. l, heredity.

Bowpen, S. R., B.SO., A.R.C.S., F-R.E.S., 53, Crouch Hall Lane,
Redbourn, Herts. l, g.

Boyce, B., 16, Highland Road, Chichester, Sussex. 1.

Boves, J. D. C., B.80., A.R.I.c., A.R.P.8., Wimborne, Millfields,
Nantwich, Cheshire. I.

Braprorp, FE. S., 124 Upper Street, London, N.1. ent, ml.

Brapiey, J. D., F.R.£.8., Council, 53, Osterley Road, Isleworth,
Middx. lI.

BRETHERTON, R. F., ©.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Ottershaw Cottage, Otter-
shaw, Surrey. l.

Brett, G. A., B.SC., A.R.C.S., D.I.C., F.R.E.8., 2, Claygate Lane,
Hinchley Wood, Esher, Surrey. ent.

Bripvcrs, Lt. Col. H. C., Berisal, Ashford Road, Challock, Kent.

Brooxs, Miss W. M. A., F.u.s., Greenglade, Malvern Road,
Liss, Hants. ec, ent, b, marine life.

Brown, F. C., F.z.s., 6, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey.
Giant Silk Moths.

Bruce, C. G., 16, Harland Road, S.E.12. J, orn.

Brusu, H. J., 3, Oakdene Road, Bookham, Leatherhead, Surrey.
ent.

YEAR OF x

ELECTION.
1936 Buck, F. D., A.M.1.pTG.M., F.R.E.Ss., Hon. Editor, 36, Besant
Court, Newington Green Road, London, N.1. ce.
1955 Buckter, H. A., Sutton Bassett, Market Harborough, Leics. |, ml
1958 Burcess, Gp. Capt. L. W., B.a., ‘‘Knoleforth’’, 1, Brittons Cot-
tages, North Weirs, Brockenhurst, Hants. 1.

1946 Burxnarpt, Col. V. R., late R.A., D.S.0., 0.B.E., 86, Main Street.
Stanley, Hong Kong. lI.

1944 Burns, B. S., 2, Mead Way, Fareham, Hants. l.

1948 Burton, P. J., L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG., F.R.E.S., ‘‘Paysanne,’’ Godshill-
wood, near Fordingbridge, Hants. lI.

1938 Borron, R. J., L.p.8., R.c.S.ENG., Dinky Cottage, 4, Stanway
Road, Stanton, nr. Broadway, Worcs. l.

1953 Butrrerrietp, A. W., 124, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, London,
1 i ee

1951 Byers, F. W., 59, Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. l.

1948 CatpErArRA, P., A.M.1.E.E., ‘‘Stratton Lodge’’, 26, Manor Road,
Barnet, Herts. l, c.

1957 OampBELL, A. M. G., M.A., D.M., F.R.c.P., 79, Pembroke Road,
Clifton, Bristol, 8. ent.

1945 Carer, Stuart E. W., F.R.£.s., 6, Warwick Buildings, Warwick
Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. l, c.

1950 CarotsreLp-Kravuset, A. G., Slotsherrens Have 97, (Kobenhavn)-
Vanlose, Copenhagen, Denmark. l.

1956 Carter, C. I., Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge,
Farnham, Surrey. ent. arachnology.

1946 Carter, R. A., M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P., F.Z.8., ‘“The Chestnuts’, Old
Church Road, Water Orton, nr. Birmingham. ce.

1959 Carrer, Lt. Col. W. A. C., Briarfields, Sandels Way, Beacons-
field, Bucks. l.

1946 CHatmers-Hunt, J. M., F.R.E.s., St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close,
West Wickham, Kent. /.

1956 CnateLaIn, R. G., 65, East Drive, St. Mary Cray, Kent. l.

1958 CurpperFIetD, H. E., ¥.R.£.s., 27, Chilton Avenue, Stowmarket,
Suffolk. 1, hym, c.

1952 Cnristiz, J., 137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, S.W.16. d.

1945 Curistm, L., Lanternist, 137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham,
S.W.16. ent.

1954 Crarx, J., 7, Park Road, Bognor Regis, Sussex. ent.

1951 CiarKE, C. ASTLEY, M.D., F.R.c.P. (Lond.), High Close, Thorsway,
Caldy, Cheshire. l.

1936 Crassey, E. W., F.R.E.8., 22, Harlington Road East, Feltham,
Middlesex. l.

1960 Crece, J., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.
aquatic insects.

1934 Conn, G. A., M.A. F.c.4., Abinger Manor Cottage, Abinger Com-

mon, Dorking, Surrey. l.

YEAR OF xi
ELECTION.

1953
1946

1960
1960
1936

1947
1922

1918

1947
1950
1953

1960
1960

1937
1918
1933

1947

1960
1949

1932

1950
1954
1959
1947
1937

1946

1956
1951
1927
1956
1951

Coteripcz, W. L., The Gnoll, Bishops Teignton, nr. Teignmouth,
S. Devon. ent, orn.

Coriier, Major A. E., M.c., B.A., F.R.E.S., Lynher, Horsham Rd.,
Cranleigh, Surrey. l.

Cotmins, M., 27, Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, 8.K.5. l.

Cottins, M. S., 27, Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, S.E.5. I.

Cooper, B. A., B.8SC., A.B.C.S., F.R.E.8., Entomology Dept.,
Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby. c¢ (Hlateroidea), ecology,
ec. ent, 1, nat. phot. (Life Member).

Cornetius, J. A., B.SC., A.B.I.c., 15, Ringmore Rise, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.23._ .

Coucuman, L. E., F.R.£.8., 35, Browne Street, West Hobart,
Tasmania. l.

Court, T. H., F.z.¢.s., ‘‘The Pingle’’, Mill Road, Market Rasen,
Lincs.

Cox, W. A. A., 65, Bamford Road, Bromley, Kent. ent.

Coxry, S., ‘‘Balcombe’’, 109, Regent Road, Bolton, Lancs. 1.

Coxon, G. F., ‘‘The White Cottage’’, Weald, Sevenoaks, Kent.
ent, nat. hist.

Cramp, A. C., 11, Craigton Road, Eltham, London, S.E.9. arach.

Cramp, J. K., 60, Stillness Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23.
nat. hist.

Crasxke, R. M., The Old Court House, Battle, Sussex. ent.

Craururp, Cuirrorp, ‘‘Denny,’’ Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. 1.

Crewpson, R. C. R., F.R.E.s., ‘‘ The Grange,’’ Delamere, North-
wich, Cheshire. l.

Crieps, C. H., m.a., Bulls Head Farm, Eakley Lanes, Stoke Gold-
ington, Newport Pagnell, Bucks. 1, rh. (Life Member.)

Cross, D. J., 62, Upper Poole Road, Dursley, Glos. hym.

Cross, G. S. E., A.c.t.s.1nc., 31, Avenue Road, Finchley,
London, N.12. I.

Crow, P. N., F.R.£.8., c/o Westminster Bank, Ltd., Harpenden,
Herts. 1.

CruttwELt, G. H. W., Old Ford House, Frome, Somerset. ent.

Cur, P., ‘‘ Lhasa,’? Malvern Road, Ashford, Kent. ent.

Cumtne, N. Sr. J., 82, Maldon Road, Colchester, Essex. lI, c.

CunnINGHAM, D., m.a., 42, Rae Street, Dumfries. 1, flora.

Curtis, A. E., F.R.B.8., ‘‘ The Cottage,’’ Ifold Estate, Loxwood,
Billingshurst, Sussex. 1.

Curtis, W. PARKINSON, F.R.E.S., M.8.B.E., Ladywell Cottage, Tower
Road, Branksome Park, Bournemouth, Hants. lI.

Dacrz, J. V., m.p., 10, Alan Road, Wimbledon, §8.W.19. 1.
Daty, D. W., P.O. Box 1670, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. ent.
Dansy, G. C., 11, Devon Road, Cheam, Surrey. l.

Davinson, W. F., F.c.s., 9, Castlegate, Penrith, Cumberland. 1, ¢.
Davis, G. A. N., M.R.C.S., L.R.0.P., Holt Wood, Aylesford, Kent. 1.

YEAR OF Xll

ELECTION.

1933. Demutn, R. P., M.A., U.R.1.B.A., ‘“‘Watercombe House’, Water-
lane, Oakridge, Stroud, Glos. l.

1930 Denvit, H. G., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Council, 4, Warwick Road,
Coulsdon, Surrey. l, ¢

1947 Dewick, A. J., Curry Farm, Bradwell-on-Sea, Southminster,
Essex. l.

1958 Ditton, T. J., 4, Alleyn Crescent, West Dulwich, London,
S.E.21. lL.

1945 Drxon, C. H., Northbrook Farm, Micheldever, Hants. ent.

1958 Dotimore, G. F., Willerby, Ashley Park Estate, St. Ives, Ring-
wood, Hants. ll.

1961 Dontne, W., 61, Rede Court Road, Strood, Rochester, Kent.
hem.-heteroptera, c.

1921 Doron, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading, Berks. I.

1960 Dover, B. N., Chalfont, Wayneflete Tower Avenue, Esher,
Surrey. Insect phot, d.

1958 Downes, Cdr. A. S., D.S.0., R.N.. Southways, Montserrat Road,
Lee-on-Solent, Hants. ent, orn.

1930 Duvsrivce, B. J., B.a., c/o The Secretariat, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika. ent.

1949 Durrietp, C. A. W., M.c., J.p., F.R.E.8., Pickersdane, Brook, near
Ashford, Kent. 1, ¢, hem, homoptera.

1956 Dunn, T. C., B.so., D.t., p.t., The Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Co.
Durham. I, especially ml.

1952 Dyson, R. C., N.D.H., F.R.E.8., 112, Hollingbury Park Avenue,
Brighton 6, Sussex. l.

1937. Easton, N. T., p.F.H., 25 Blenheim Road, Caversham, Reading,
Berks. 1, g, nat. phot.

1960 Epssacr, I., 51, Cholmley Park, Highgate, London, N.6. I.

1959 Epmonps, M. H., 938, Warwick Road, Solihull, Warwicks. ent.

1949 Epwarps, F. H., Rosecroft, Links Road, Worthing, Sussex. .

1945 Epwarps, G. Gravetry, Talbot Croft, St Albans, Herts. l.

1945 Epwarps, R. C., Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. ent.

1933. Exeoon, W. S., m.a., North Brink, Wisbech, Cambs. l.

1961 Exuerton, H. B., Cherry Hay, Meopham, Kent. J/.

1960 Etuerton, Capt. J., D.S.o., R.N., Cherry Hay, Meopham, Kent. l.

1951 Exuitson, Exnpon F. D., 60 Heathhurst Road, Sanderstead,
Surrey. l.

1937 Empry, B., F.R.E.8., Brocks Ghyll, Newick, Sussex. l.

1932 Ennis, L. H., F.c.A., Sandford Lodge, Wonersh Park, Guildford,
Surrey. l, orn, b.

1947. Evans, Miss E., c/o Royal Entomological Society of London, 41,
Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. nat. hist.

1945 Evans, L. J., 73, Warren Hill Road, Birmingham 23. l.

1960 Ever, A., 78, Grosvenor Avenue, Carshalton, Surrey. ec.

YEAR OF XL

ELECTION.

1946 FarrctoueH, R., ‘‘Blencathra’’, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey.
ent.

1947. Farwe tu, I. G., F.R.5.s., ‘“Mayfield Villa’, Portmore, Lymington,
Hants. l.

1955 FearnenoucH, T. D., a.met., 13, Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Nr.
Sheffield. l.

1947 Frmpen, G. St. Ciarr, c/o Lloyds Bank, Exeter. ent.

Frercuson, L. F., u.p.s., B.c.s., ‘Harley House,’’ Gloucester
Road, Teddington, Middlesex. c.

FFENNELL, D. W. H., Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester, Hants. l.

FIrRMIN, JOSEPH, F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U., 12, Worthington Way, Lexden,
Colchester, Essex. l.

Forp, E. B., M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., The University Museum,
Oxford. ent, g.

Forp, R. L. E., F.R.8.s., F.Z.s., Dunkeld, Park Hill, Bexley,
Kent. ent.

Forster, H. W., 32, Park Mead, Harlow, Essex. c.

Foster, T. B., ‘‘Downlands’’, 24, York Road, Selsdon, Surrey. l.

Fox, Dr K. J., B.4., M.B., B.CHIR.(CANTAB), 20, Scotsdale Road,
Lee, London, E.12. l.

Fraser, Lt.-Col. F. C., 1.M.8.RETD., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E:8., 55, Glenferness Avenue, Winton, Bournemouth,
Hants. od, n.

Frazer, J. F. D., M.A., D.M., PH.D., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Stone House,
Harbourland, Boxley, Maidstone, Kent. rh, r.

FRIEDLEIN, A. F. E., ‘‘St. Andrews’’, 85, Priests Lane, Shenfield,
Brentwood, Essex. l.

Frrenp, M. J., 160, Brockenhurst Avenue, Worcester Park,
Surrey. l, ent.

Fronawk, Mrs. M. J., Old Toll House, Pulborough, Sussex. ent,
nat. hist.

GARDINER, B. O. C., 43, Woodlark Road, Cambridge. 1.

GARDNER, A. E., F.R.E.S., Vice-President, 29, Glenfield Road,
Banstead, Surrey. od, l.

GARFIELD, J., End Cottage, Linden Grove, Gedling, Notts. 1, c.

Garand, W. A., 1, Testard Road, Guildford, Surrey. rh.

GeraRp, B. McC., 68, Fern Lane, Heston, Hounslow, Middx. ent.

Gent, P. J., 3, Irthlingborough Road, Wellingborough,
Northants. l.

Giutman, Lt.-Col. H. C. R., m.B.n., k.A.,. Maddington Manor,
Shrewton, Wilts. ent.

GoaTeR, B., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., 71, Grant’s Close, Mill Hill East,
N.W.7, 1, orn, b.

GoopBaNn, B. S., 99, Lime Grove, Eastcote, Ruislip, Middx. l.

GooppEN, R. C., Seafields House, Charmouth, Dorset. 1.

YEAR OF X1V

ELECTION.

1935 Goopurre, F. D., m.a., Lord Wandsworth College, Long Sutton,
Basingstoke, Hants. ec. ent, d (Chloropidae), ¢ (Dytiscidae).

1942 Goopson, A. L., 26, Park Road, Tring, Herts. l.

1955 Goosreman, M. P., F.n.z.s., ‘“Lonicera’’, Bottesford Road, Bottes-
ford, Scunthorpe, Lincs. 1, c.

1961 Gounp, A., Governor’s House, Western Heights, Dover, Kent.
ent., orn.

1949 Govunp, A. W., 20 Westbrook Road, Blackheath, §.E.3. c.

1936 Gowrnc-Scorgs, E., F.R.E.8., ‘Oakhurst’, Oakwood Road,
Crofton, Orpington, Kent. c.

1961 GrEreNwoop, B. M., B.A.(canTAB.), Middlesex Hospital Medical
School, Middlesex Hospital, London, W.1. l.

1958 Greenwoop, J. A. C., 0.B.E., F.R.E.8., Woodcote, Horsell Park,
Woking, Surrey. l.

1960 GnrirritH, A. C., Trevorren Hill Road, Haslemere, Surrey. l.

1953 GrirritHs, G. C. D., F.R.n.s., 13, Woodlands Avenue, Finchley,

London, N.3. d (Agromyzidae).
Groves, EK. W., 3, Richmond Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. hem, d,
hym. ec.
Gutiy, J. G., Howells Bank Farm, Ringmer, Sussex. l.
Gurpon, J. B., Furnell House, Frensham, Surrey. l.

Hageett, G. M., F.x..8., 1, Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. l, ent.

Hau, D. G., 34, Ellerton Road, Wandsworth Common, London,
S.W.18. oc.

Hay, Stewart Soort, 0.B., M.SC., F.R.AE.S., 9, Laurel Court,
Hawthorne, Melbourne, E.3, Australia. 1.

HausteaD, D. G. H., 1, Barry Avenue, Windsor, Berks. c.

Hammonp, H. E., F.R.u.s., 16, Elton Grove, Birmingham 27.
Ll, ent.

Hammonp, N., 1, Red Lion Court, St. Mary Cray, Orpington,
Kent. arachnology.

Hanson, 8S. M., F.n.u.8., 11, The Close, Spring Grove Road, Isle-
worth, Middx. l. (Life Member.)

Harportte, The Rev. A. H. H., m.a., 6, Ranelagh Grove, St.
Peters, Broadstairs, Kent. 1.

Harps, C. H., F.R.£.8., 40, Riverdale Road, Plumstead, London,
S.H.18. l.

Harpy, D. E., District Bank House, Heswall, Wirral, Cheshire. l.

Harper, Comdr. G. W., B.N., F.R.E.8., Neadaich, Newtonmore,
Inverness-shire, Scotland. l.

Harper, M. W., Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, Scot-
land. lt, ent.

Harris, W. H. A., ‘‘ Kemel,’’ Oak Tree Close, Stanmore, Middle-
sex. l,

Harrison-Gray, M., 14a, Lancaster Grove, London, N.W.3.
Saturnudae.

YEAR OF XV

ELECTION.

1961 Harvey, D. H., 9, Queen Mary Avenue, Morden, Surrey. rh.

1953 Harvey, J. G., s.n.N. (Staff), R.A.F. Hospital, Ely, Cambs. c.

1961 Hawarp, Kk., 9, Argyle Road, North Harrow, Middlesex. ent.

1924 Hawkins, C. N., F.R.E.8s., 238, Wilton Crescent, Wimbledon,
London, S.W.19. I, ¢, g.

1958 Haxsy, C. R., 4, Windermere Terrace, Bradford, 7. ent.

19388 Haynes, R. F., 29, Fairfield Drive, Dorking, Surrey. l.

1923 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.8., Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo, 205, Tucuman, Republica Argentina.
l, orn, c.

1960 Haywarp, R., 41, Suffolk Road, Southsea, Hants. l.

1954 Heatu, JOHN, F.R.E.S., c/o The Nature Conservancy, Merlewood
Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Lancs. ml.

1920 Hemmine, A. FRANCIS, ©.M.G., C.B.E., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., 28, Park
Village East, Regents Park, London, N.W.1. lL.

1924 Henperson, J. L., Hon. Treasurer, 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley,
Surrey. c.

1951 Hersutot, C., 31, Av. d’Hylau, Paris 16e, France. l.

1954 Hervey, The Rev. Canon G. A. K., m.a.(oxon.), Great Salkeld
Rectory, Penrith, Cumberland. ent, orn, b.

1945 Hesutop, Mrs E. A., “ Belfield,’’ Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea,
Somerset. lL. nat. hist.

1931 Hestop, I. R. P., M.A., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Belfield’’, Poplar Road,
Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. Jl, nat. hist.

1946 Hewson, F., F.R.u.8s., 23, Thornhill Drive, Gaisby, Shipley,
Yorks. 1, hym. parasitica.

1948 Hickin, N. E., PH.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S., Council, Home Farm,
Fetcham, Surrey. f.

1960 Hieeins, L. E., m.p., Gracieu’s Pond Farm, Chobham, Woking,
Surrey. l.

1956 Hiecins, W. J., Standard Nursery, Old Worthing Road, East
Preston, Sussex. l.

1948 Hiirasy, J. D., F.z.8s., F.R.E.S., 85, Cholmley Gardens, London,
N.W.6. ent.

1945 Hinton, H. E., PH.D., B.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., Department of
Zoology, Bristol University, Bristol, Glos. ent.

1949 Hoare-Warp, J. W., Box’s Farm, Horsted Keynes, Sussex. l.

1959

1953

1956

1950

1945

Hockine, Miss S. K., Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort
Road, London, S.W.7. ent, arachnology.

HopcGkKINSON, ALEXANDER, A.R.C.A., 12, Kitson Road, Barnes,
London, S.W.13. .

Homer, T. J. G., M.A., A.M.INST.T., Yelton Hotel, Hastings,
Sussex. l.

Honeypourneg, T. J., F.R.E.8., ‘‘ Laceys,’’ 97, Birchwood Road,
Wilmington, Dartford, Kent. l.

Howarp, A. P., 65 Hale Lane, London, N.W.7. ent.

YEAR OF Xv1

ELECTION.

1953 Howarru, Mrs. Heten, ‘‘Arrochar’’, Barnet Gate, Arkley,
Hientsay ls iD:

1931 Howartu, T. G., B.E.M., F.B.E.S., F.Z.S., ‘‘Arrochar’’, Barnet
Gate, Arkley, Herts. l.

1934 Hueerns, H. C., F.R.5.s., 65, Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-
Sea, Essex. 1, ent.

1947 Humpurey, S. W., Pear Tree House, Roade, Northamptonshire.
l, rh. (Life Member.)

1957 Hurwortu, P., 10, Linden Grove, Rumney, Cardiff. rh. c.

1950 Hyps, G. E., F.R.£.8., ‘‘Pantiles’’, Warnington Drive, Bessacarr,
Doncaster, Yorks. l, od.

1950 Hypr-Wyartr, B., 108, Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey.
od, ¢, lt.

1956 Imper, 8. F., 27 Glebe Road, Ashstead, Surrey. rh.

1953 Ives, Major D. H., r.a., Highbreak, Princes Road, Rhuddlan,
Flintshire. l.

1956 Jackson, Miss D. J., North Cliff, St. Andrews, Fife. c, hym. par.

1940 Jackson, Capt, Recinatp A., C.B.E., R.N., F.R.E.S., Middle
Farm House, Codford St. Mary, Warminster, Wilts. end, I.

1923 Jacogs, S. N. A., 8.B.ST.J., F.R.E.S., Trustee, ‘‘Ditchling’’, 54,
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ml, e.ml.

1955 Jacosy, M. C., Battle Abbey, Sussex. ent.

1948 Janson, D. B., 44, Great Russell Street, London, W.C.1. ent.
(Iafe Member).

1961 Jarman, R. A., 182 Blackamore Lane, Maidenhead, Berks. 1.

1960 Jarratt, W. J., Ash Tree Cottage, 111 Dulwich Village, London,
S.H.21. 7.

1925 Jarvis, C. MacKercunts, F.L.Ss., 19, Sloane Gardens, London,
ve) pe a

1938 Jarvis, F. V. L., B.sc., F.R.E.s., ‘‘Corbiére’’, 33, Greencourt
Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex. l, g.

1947 Jay, EH. P. Present address not known. I.

1951 Jerrerson, T. W., 37, Riversdale Terrace, Sunderland, Co.
Durham. l.

1948 Jrrrs, G. A. T., Nunsholme, Nuns Corner, Grimsby, Lines. l, ent.

1958 JennER, D., Walnut Row, Park Farm, Larkfield, Maidstone,
Kent. ent.

1961 Jerrarp, P. C., Belvedere Hotel, 6, Grenville Place, London.
S.W.7. araneae.

1960 Jonnson, C., 65 Chapel Street, Dukinfield, Cheshire. lI, c.

1957 Jounson, Major F. L., M.B.£., 7.D., F.R.E.S., 25, Fermoy Road,
Thorpe Bay, Essex. rh.

1945 Jounson, Major-General Sir GrorcE F., K.C.V.0., ©.B., O.B.E.,

p.s.0., Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumberland. l, orn.

YEAR OF XVil
ELECTION.

1956
1946
1956
1943

1928

1960

1958

1947
1944

1955
1959

1958
1961

1959
1951

1956

1941

1946

1927
1957

1952

1952
1948

1947
1961
1951
1933
1937

1948

Kerrn-Jounston, Corin, 350, Finchley Road, London, N.W.3. l.

Kemp, J. K. C., 57 Court House Road, Maidenhead, Berks. 1.

Kennarp, H. A., Torns, Ashburton, Devon. 1, ml.

Kersuaw, Col. S. H., p.s.o., Alderman’s Place, Aspley Heath,
Bletchley, Bucks. l.

KETTLEWELL, H. B. D., M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.O.S., L.R.O.P.,
F.R.E.8., Dept. of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford. g, l.

Kinesspury, G. M. Farnboro’ House, Kirkdale, Sydenham,
S.E.26. l.

Kinsewia, Mrs. Y. P., Chy-an-Gwel, Crippas Hill, St. Just, nr.
Penzance, Cornwall. J, c.

KuimescH, J., Donatusgasse 4, Linz-a-Donau, Austria. ml.

Kuort, G. S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., 4, Devonshire Park Road, Daven-
port, Stockport, Cheshire. ent.

Kuors, Prof. ALEXANDER B., B.S., M.S., PH.D., 215, Young Avenue,
Pelham, New York, U.S.A. 1, systematics, ecology.

Kwnicut, J. E., F.n.£.8s., Doughton Cottage, Ross-on-Wye, Herefs.
l, nat. phot.

Kwnitt-Jonges, R. P., Brooklands, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. l.

Kyue, Dr. D., M.a., M.B., B.cH., Glasfryn, Brecon, S. Wales. od.

Lang, C. F., 55, Garlichill Road, Epsom Downs, Surrey. l.

Lanemaip, J. R., B.A., M.B., B.cHIR., 9, Craneswater Park, South-
sea, Portsmouth, Hants. lI.

Laneton, P. H., B.A., F.R.E.S., ¢/o The Grammar School, March,
Cambs. ¢, l.

Last, H. R., r.n.g.s., 12, Winkworth Road, Banstead, Surrey.
caus

Larnam, F. H., ¥.n.5.s., ‘‘The Elms’, Mapplesborough Green,
Redditch, Worcs. l.

Lawson, H. B., ‘‘ Churchmead,’’ Pirbright, Surrey. l.

Lawson, P. H., 3.a., ‘“‘The Mount’’, Chobham, nr. Woking,
Surrey. l.

Leeco, M. J., ‘‘ The Spinney,’’ Freshfield Road, Formby, Nr.
Liverpool. l, c.

Lees, F. H., ¥.n.z.s., ‘‘ The Gables,’? Maidencombe, Torquay. l.

Leston, D., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., 44, Abbey Road, London, N.W.8.

hem. (life Member.)
Lewis, E., F.2.u.s., 8, Parry Road, South Norwood, London,
S.H.25. c.
Lewis, Brigadier H. L., Wyck, Rissington, Gloucestershire. rh.
Line, R. B., The Severells, Rectory Lane, Sidcup, Kent. l.
Lipscoms, Maj.-Gen. C. G., H.Q., J.S.L.0., Bonn, Germany. 1.
Lisnry, A. A., M.A., M.B., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Dune Gate,’’ Clarence
Road, Dorchester, Dorset. 1.
Lizwetyn, Mrs. J. R., B.so. (aort.), ¥.R.u.8., 88, Fernleigh Rise,
Ditton, Maidstone, Kent. ent.

YEAR OF Xvlil

ELECTION.

1960 Luoyp, D. M., 134, Elgar Avenue, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey.
t. ¢.

1948 Looxineton, N. A., M.A., A.R.I.c., 19, Spring Grove, Loughton,
Essex. ent.

1961 Lone, R., 107 Bath Street, St. Helier, Jersey, Channel Isles. ent.
ml.

1960 Lorimer, J. A., B.A., M.B., B.CHIR., Roycroft, 23, King’s Avenue,
Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 1.

1948 Lorimer, R. I., 8, Southway, Totteridge, N.20. l.

1950 Lovet, R., 27, Athenaeum Road, Whetstone, London, N.20. l.

1959 Lurr, M. L., Flat 3, 8, The Downs, Wimbledon, London, 8.W.20.
Cc.

1957 LypeaTe-Bett, H. G., 74, Belgrave Avenue, Watford, Herts.
l, orn.

1954 Lyon, F. H., m.B.E., F.R.E.8S., Green Headland, Sampford Peve-
rell, Tiverton, Devon. l.

1958 McCuerery, Dr. C. H., M.s., B.s., c/o Director of Medical Services,
Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanganyika. ent.

1953 McCuure, A. M., Bowyers Court, Wisborough Green, Sussex. l.

1961 McCormick, R. F., 11 Lilian Road, Streatham Vale, S.W.16.
l, c, hym.

1952 McCrag, A. W. R., P.O. Box 41, Kampala, Uganda. l.

1950 McDermott, Miss C. A., ‘‘ The Dene,’’ Borough Green, Kent. rh.

1952 MackworrtH-Praezp, C. W., F.R.E.8., Castletop, Burley, Hants. ent.

1960 MackwortH-Prarp, H. W., Tunbarr, Headley, Epsom, Surrey. l.

1949 Macnicot, D. A. B., M.B., cH.B., 52, St Albans Road, Edinburgh
9. Ll. ml.

1931 MacNutrty, B. J., PH.D., B.SC., F.B.I.C., F.B.E.S., Hon. Secretary,
74, High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex. 1, c.

1956 Marrnanp-SmitH, Capt. Greratp, 2/10 P.M.O., Gurkha Rifles,
Falis, Claremont Road, Claygate, Surrey. l.

1961 Masor, R. F., 48 Broadcroft Road, Orpington, Kent. 1.

1949 Manuey, G. E. L., 151, Ebury Street, London, 8.W.1. .

1945 Manuey, Lt.-Col. W. B. L., F.n.z.s., Greenways, Shoreham Rd.,
Otford, Kent. ené.

1960 Manse, C. G., 28, Dorset Road, Merton Park, London, S.W.19.
‘ie

1956 Mansetu, G. H., u.R.1.B.A., Council, 28 Dorset Road, Merton Park,
London, S.W.19.

1960 Mansextzt, Mrs. G. H., 28, Dorset Road, Merton Park, London,
S.W.19. l.

1932 Marcon, Rev. J. N., Loxwood Vicarage, Billingshurst, Sussex. J.

1930 Marsu, Capt. Dupiey G., ‘‘White Gates’’, Wingham Rd., Little-
bourne, Nr. Canterbury, Kent. l.

1956 Marsu, Capt. J. C. S., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox’s & King’s

Branch, 6, Pall Mall, S.W.1. l.

YEAR OF XLX

ELECTION.

1950 Martin, E. L., 35, Goddington Road, Bourne End, Bucks. J, ft.

1922 Masses, A. M., 0.B.E., D.sCc., F.R.E.S., President, East Malling
Research Station, Kent. hem, c, acarina.

1960 Masurier, P. tz, Alt na Craig, Aviemore, Inverness-shire. l, ent.

1959 Marusson, I. C. C., 109, Alleyn Park, West Dulwich, S.E.21. l.

1955 Martruews, D. P. L., 1.p., Council, Flat 5, 51, Cadogan Place,
London, 8.W.1. 1.

1947 Maxwett, Sir Recrmatp M., M.a., G.O.1.E., K.0.8.1., Barford
House, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hants. ent.

1951 May, J. T., Homeland, Beech, Alton, Hants. l.

1946 Metitows, CuHares, Alliott House, The College, Bishop’s Stort-
ford, Herts. l, hym.

1952 Menzies, I. S., ‘‘Eden Roc’’, Florida Road, Ferring-by-Sea,
Sussex. ¢, l, orth.

1946 Mere, R. M., F.R.u.s., Trustee, Vice-President, Mill House,
Chiddingfold, Surrey. l.

1951 Messrencer, J. L., B.A., Stonehaven, Wormley Hill, Witley,
Surrey. l.

1951 Micuarius, H. N., 10, Didsbury Park, Didsbury, Manchester, 20.
i.

1945 MicwHaup, J., pH.D., 22, Routh Road, London, S.W.18. ent.

1988 Muinnion, W. E., 40, Cannonbury Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex. l.

1960 Muircuetyt, G. A., 5, Longhill Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. l.

1952 Montcomery, Major J. R. P., m.c., 17 Parachute Bn. (9 D.L.I.),
T.A., Burt Terrace Drill Hall, Gateshead, Co. Durham. l.

1957 Moon, H. N., 319, Coniscliffe Road, Darlington, Co. Durham. rh.

1946 Moors, B. P., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., C.S.I.R.O. Divn. of Ento-
mology, P.O. Box 109, City, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia.
od, ¢.

1947 Moore, D. R., Manor Cottage, Blackthorne, nr. Bicester, Oxon.
l. (Life Member.)

1947 Moprrrr, A. A., B.A., 39, Fairdale Gardens, Hayes, Middlesex.
ent,

1951 Mors, D., The Little House, Hockley Road, Rayleigh, Essex. ent.

1949 Morean, H. D., F.R.£.8s., 110 Victoria Avenue, Porthcawl, Glam.
ent.

1920 Morison, G. D., B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S., Dept. Advisory Entomo-
logy, N. of Scotland Agricultural College, Marischal College,
Aberdeen, Scotland. ec. ent.

1930 Moruny, A. M., 0.B.E., M.A., F.R.E.S., 9, Radnor Park West,
Folkestone, Kent. 1.

1953 Morris, M. G., F.n.u.s., Hon. Curator, Dungallain Cottage, Oak-
wood Road, Maidstone, Kent. 1.

1961 Morris, W. H. H., m.p.s., 66, Wells Road, Penn, Wolverhampton.

1945 Murray, Rev. D. P., F.R.z.s., The Lodge, Stoke Golding, Nr.
Nuneaton, Leics. .

1957 Murray, E. G., 22 Evelyn St., Deptford, London, S.E.8. l.

YEAR OF xx

ELECTION.

1960 Myers, A. A., 34, Crundale Avenue, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9.
Ll, ec, b.

1949 Newman, D. E., Sunnymeade, The Croft, Brightwell-cum-Sotwell,
Wallingford, Berks. J.

1926 Newman, L. Hueu, F.R.z.s., Betsoms, Westerham, Kent. l.

1950 Newton, J., B.Ssc., 11, Oxlease Close, Tetbury, Glos. l.

1945 Newton, J. L., M.R.0.8., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 8, Stainburn Crescent,
Leeds 17. 1, b.

1930 Nuistett, M., F.R.£.s., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. galls.

1953 Nissen, C. L., r.z.u.s., Flat 10, 250, South Norwood Hill, Lon-

1961

1955
1958

1938

1932

1934

1943

1952
1945

1961

1942
1946

1949

1950

1940

1957

1955

1959
1940

1959
1958

don, §.H.25. l.
Nixon, G. E. J., B.a., 8 Upper Edgeborough Road, Guildford,
Surrey. hym.
Nose, F. A., 2, Newton Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham, 11. l.
Notpz, W. F., 83, Hazelbank Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. e.

Opp, D. A., F.z.s., F.R.E.s., ‘‘“Herons Ghyll’, Stall House Lane,
North Heath, Pulborough, Sussex. l.

O’Farreit, A. F., B.sc., A.B.C.S., F.R.E.S., New England Univer-
sity, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia. od, cr, ent.

Oxuiver, G. B., ‘‘Corydon’’, Amersham Road, Hazlemere, High
Wycombe, Bucks. l.

Outver, G. H. B., ‘‘Corydon’’, Amersham Road, Hazlemere,
High Wycombe, Bucks. l.

Oxusren, E. T., Hersegade 5, Roskilde, Denmark. ml.

Owen, Goprrey V., Orford, 63, Manor Park Road, West Wick-
ham, Kent. l.

Owston, A. J. W. 173, Riversmead Court, Hurlingham, London,
S.W.6. rh.

Parritt, R. W., ‘‘Penpethy’’, Manor Rd., Farnborough, Hants. l.

PARMENTER, L., F.R.E.8., 94, Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath,
Surrey. d. (Life Member.)

Parsons, R. EH. R., F.R.£.8., 1.P., Woodlands Lodge, Woodlands
Close, Ottershaw, Surrey. l.

Payne, J. H., 10, Ranelagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants.
rh, breeding.

Payne, R. M., 8, Hill Top, Loughton, Essex. c, od, orth, b.
(Life Member.)

Pearce, C. J., 2, Head Street, Rowhedge, Colchester, Essex.
ent.

Pearson, A. J. R., Dower Cottage, Feering, Colchester, Essex.
rh.

Pret, T. N. D., Beaconswood, Rednal, nr. Birmingham. l.

Pretuam-Ciinton, Epwarp C., F.R.E.s., 34, Craigmillar Park,
Edinburgh, 9. l.

Penertiy, Miss K. M. I., 5 Grosvenor Road, Weymouth, Dorset. 1.

Penrose, R. J., 86, Mildred Avenue, Watford, Herts. ent.

d

YEAR OF XxXi

ELECTION.

1928 Perkins, J. F., 3B.sc., F.n.u.s., 95, Hare Lane, Claygate,
Surrey. hym.

1944 Perry, K. M. P., 15, Roundwood Way, Banstead, Surrey. c.

1958 Puitirs, Miss A., 56, Park Avenue, Maidstone, Kent. c.

1960 Puruups, A. F., 117, Engadine Street, Southfields, London,
S.W.18. lL.

1958 Puiurs, J. H. C., m.a., F.R.0.8., 29, Headlands, Kettering,
Northants. l.

1945 Puitpott, V. W., F.R.E.Ss., ‘Elmendene’, 1144, Wyke Road,
Weymouth, Dorset. l.

1933 Pinnicer, E. B., ¥.R.n.s., ‘‘Littlecote’, 19, Endlebury Road,
Chingford, London, F..4. od, n, l.

1960 PuantrRov, J. E., 57, Boulevard Murat, Paris 16. l, rh.

1949 Puatts, J. H., Green Shutters, Manthorpe Road, Grantham,
Lines. ke

1947 Ponacek, V. B., Brandys-nad-Lahem, c.p. 601, 1 patro, Komen-
skeho-ulice, Czeckoslovakia. 6, ent, orn.

1958 Poriak, P. M., 5, Matlock Court, Kensington Park Road, Lon-
don, W.11. ¢, arachnology.

1933 Pootrs, S. W. P., 154, Thorpe Road, Peterborough, Northants. I.

1949 Popruam, W. J., 89, Frederick Place, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. I.

1955 Porter, N. B., The Mill House, North Warnborough, Hants. I.

1961 Prior, A., 6, Mansfield Road, Reading, Berks. c¢. (hydradephaga).

1950 Price, G. C., ‘‘ Alpha,’’ 67, Cornyx Lane, Solihull, Warwick-
shire. lI.

1948 Pripeaux, A. G., B.A., Union Club, St. James’ Street, London,
S.W.1. ent (rh), orn.

{957 Prine, M., 3, Park Homer Road, Colehill, Wimborne, Dorset. 1.

1945 Pureroy, J. Bagwetu, c/o Upper Tilt Works, Cobham, Surrey. I.

1961 Quvrtnuan, J., 25, Ronaldstone Road, Sidcup, Kent. hym.

1946 Ransome, Major-General A. L., c.B., D.s.o., mM.c., The Close,
Braishfield, Romsey, Hants. rh.

1955 Raven, Rev. Canon C. E., D.D., D.8C., F.B.A., F.L.8., 10, Mad-
ingley Road, Cambridge. 1.

1953. Rawuines, C. J., 5, Berther Road, Emerson Park, Hornchurch,
Essex. l.

1946 Ray, H., Mill House Cottage, Bishopstoke, Hants. rh.

1960 Reap, D. K., 76b High Street, Bushey, Herts. I.

1955 Reperave, A. C. R., Cowncil, 2, Connaught Way, Tonbridge
Wells, Kent. 1.

1952 Rew, J. F., 19, High Street, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. I.

1950 Rerp, W., a.m.1.c.£., 6, Whirlow Park Road, Sheffield 11, Yorks.
ent.

1945 Rrionarps, Prof. O. W., M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., Department of

Zoology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South
Kensington, London, S.W.7. ent.

YEAR OF XXil

ELECTION.

1957 Ricwarps, R. F., 25, Bishops Road, Fulham, S.W.6. l.

1948 RicHarpson, A. E., 391, Malden Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. l.

1942 RicHaRDSON, AUSTIN, M.A., F.R.E.8., Beaudesert Park, Minchin-
hampton, Glos. l.

1936 Ricuarpson, N. A., 11, Windsor Street, Bletchley, Bucks. l.

1953 Riorpan, B. D., 75, Blenheim Road, North Harrow, Middlesex. c.

1953 Rivers, C. F., F.R.z.s., 98, Windsor Road, Cambridge. 1 (virus
diseases of insects).

1949 Rosinson, H. §S., F.R.E.s., c/o Employees’ Provident Fund,
Brickfields Road, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. l.

1954 Rosrnson, P. J. M., B.sc., A.M.1.c.£., c/o John Mowlem & Co.,
P.O. Box 1578, Teheran, Iran. l.

1953. Rocug, C. G., A.c.a., 6 Aberdeen Court, Aberdeen Park, London,
N.5. hym.

1942 Rocug, P. J. L., M.R.c.8., L.R.c.P., F.R.E.S., Medical Officer, H.M.
Prison, Pentonville, London, N.7. c, hem, e.l.

1953. Ross, Ian C., ‘‘White Lodge’’, Mistley, Essex. ent.

1960 Rowserry, D., Loxley House, Maybury Hill, Woking, Surrey.
ent.

1932 Rupuanp, W. Lewis, F.R.E.s., 452, Hythe Road, Ashford, Kent. l.

1960 Russert, Major A. Beprorp, R.H.Q., Coldstream Guards, Bird-
cage Walk, London, S.W.3.

1952 Russwurm, A. D. A., F.R.E.s., Coridon, Ober Road, Brockenhurst,
Hants. l.

1961 Sapuer, E. A., No. 1, New Farm Cattages, Knowle Lane, Cran-
leigh, Surrey. l.

1946 Saunpsy, Air-Marshal Sir Ropert H. M. S., K.c.B., K.B.E.,
M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C., F.R.E.S., Oxleas, Burghclere, near New-
bury, Berks. 1.

1947 Saunpers, J. M. K., 22, Francis Road, Pinner, Middlesex.
l (especially rh).

1958 Savace, L. E., 65, Cranmer Avenue, Hove, 4, Sussex. l.

1956 Scuorretp, Wing Comdr. C. H., Grey Barn, Worth Matravers,
Swanage, Dorset. 1, b.

1927 Scortr, Col. E., p.s.o., M.D., s.B.sT.J., ‘‘Suomi,’’ Westwell, Ash-
ford, Kent. l.

1960 Skracomg, R. J., m.a., 59 East Street, Helens, Abingdon, Berks. l.

1946 Sextr, K. W., 53b, Earls Avenue, Folkestone, Kent. ent.

1923 Srvastoruto, D. G., F.R.£.s., c/o Reynolds & Co., P/O Box 5026,
Mombasa, Kenya. 1. (Life Member).

1961 SHarrer, M., 28, West Bank, Amhurst Park, London, N.16. 1.

1958 SwHarman, A. J., Pallavaram P.O., South India. rh.

1951 Suaw, R. G., 5, Barnham Road, Chingford, London, E.4. 1, hem.

1947 Suort, H. G., m.sc., ‘‘Leaholme’’, 8, Milbourne Lane, Esher,

Surrey. l.

YEAR OF XXill

ELECTION.

1954 Snowrer, A. J., m.sc., 19, Harvel Crescent, Abbey Wood,
London, S.E.2._ l.

1960 Srp, K. C., 107, London Road, Stone, Dartford, Kent. c.

1948 Siees, L. W., Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, nr. Lyndhurst,
Hants. l.

1957 Sxinner, B. F., Council, 85, Elder Road, W. Norwood, S.E.27. 1.

1960 Smirn, A., a.R.c.A., 255, Kent House Road, Beckenham, Kent.
ent.

1956 Smitu, F. G., Shenstone Lodge, Cokes Lane, Chalfont St. Giles,
Bucks. l.

1941 SmirH, Lieut. Fox. Wm., R.N.v.R., South Fawley Cottage,
Wantage, Berks. 1, hym. (Life Member).

1946 Sournwoop, T. R. E., 8.sc., PH.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.,
Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunninghill,
Nr. Ascot, Berks. ent, hem, c, ecology.

1961 Sprient, M. C. D., 28, Richmond Wood Road, Queen’s Park,
Bournemouth, Hants. Syrphidae, ent.

1949 Spencer, K. A., B.A., F.R.E.S., 19, Redington Road, London,
N.W.3. I, d.

1947 Sperrine, A. H., Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Hants. l.

1956 SpoczynsKa, Mrs. J. O. I., ‘‘Jasmineholm’’, 100, Kupley Park
Terrace, Northampton. l,

1943 Spreapsury, W. H., 3 Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex. nat.
hist.

1953 Sratuwoop, B. R., 17 Claremont Avenue, Sunbury-on-Thames,
Middlesex. 1.

1949 Sranutny, F. C., F.r.z.s., ‘“Swanmore’’, Bowes Hill, Rowlands
Castle, Hants. l, c.

1927 Srantey-Smira, F., ‘‘Hatch House’’, Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood,
Essex. l.

1958 Srewart, R. H. A., B.A., Downs House Flat, Highfield,
Lymington, Hants. l.

1942 Srrpston, Eng. Capt. S. T., R.N., F.R.E.S., ‘‘Ashe’’, Ashburton,
Devon. l.

1955 Stockitey, R. E., 18 Leighton Gardens, Sanderstead, Surrey. l.

1952 Srorace, Lucrano, Museo Storia Naturale, Via Brigata Liguria, 9,
Genoa, Italy. [.

1924 Storry, W. H., Fairstead, Long Road, Cambridge. ent.

1945 Sroventon-Harris, G., M.A., F.C.A., F.R.E.S., ‘‘Rosegarth’’,
Waldens Road, Horsell, Woking, Surrey. l.

1948 Srrurners, F. M., 143a, Gander Green Lane, Cheam, Surrey. l.

1929 Srusss, G. C., Egremont House, Ely, Cambs., and Survey Office,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.

1934 Surron, Gresuam R., 6, Kenilworth Gardens, Loughton, Essex.
Lae.

1960 Swan, B. M., pH.c., M.P.S., F.R.E.8., 2, Rosemary Road, Bearstead,

Maidstone, Kent. l.

YEAR OF XX1V
ELECTION.

1950

1942

1922

1960

1950
1958

1949

1961

1952

1952

1950

Symes, H., m.a. (oxon), 52, Lowther Road, Bournemouth, Hants. I.

Tarsot pE Mananipr, THE Lorp, o.m.c., Malahide Castle, Dublin,
Ireland. l.

Tams, W. H. T., F.R.z.8., 20, Ranelagh Avenue, Fulham, London,
S.W.6. ent.

Tatum, J. B., B.s.c., F.R.A.S., 34, Brangwyn Avenue, Brighton, 6,
Sussex. orn. ent.

Taytor, A. S., 364, Burley Road, Leeds 4. 1.

Taytor, R. C., Vinnicks Cottage, Highclere, nr. Newbury, Berks.
l.

TemeLE, Miss Vere, F.R.E.8., King’s Chase. Tollard Royal, Salis-
bury, Wilts. 1, hym, orth, od.

Tuimann, R. G., 53, Burlington Road, Sherwood, Nottingham.
é:

THorN, Miss B. A., ‘‘Paviott’’, 16, Springfields, Broxbourne,
Herts. 1.

THORNTON, J., 43, Barnes Street, Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington,
Lancs. 1.

THorPe-Youne, D. W., A.1.A.c., F.Z.8., 11, Waverley Way, Car-
shalton Beeches, Surrey. ent.

TipmarsH, A. C. B., Furzefield, West End Lane, Nr. Haslemere,

Surrey. l.
TripmarsH, J. S. C., Furzefield, West End Lane, Nr. Haslemere,
Surrey. l.

Timms, C., F.R.E.S., 524a, Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12. d.

TorLEssE, Rear Admiral A. D., o.B., D.s.o., Trentham, Burton
Joyce, Notts. l.

Torstentus, Stic, Foreningsvagen 10, Stocksand, Sweden. 1.

Tremewan, W. G., 56, Hart Road, Byefleet, Surrey. Zygaenidae.

TroucHt, TREVOR, M.A., F.R.E.S., Brookland, Tysoe, Warwick-
shire. 1.

TrunvDELL, E. EB. J., ‘‘Camilla’’, Bowesden Lane, Shorne Ridge-
way, Gravesend, Kent. ent, l.

Tusss, Mrs M., 9, Lingfield Road, Wimbledon Common, §.W.19.
rh.

Tupsss, R. S., 0.B.E., F.R.1.B.4., 9, Lingfield Road, Wimbledon
Common, S.W.19. rh.

Tunstati, H. G., 11 St. James Avenue, Ewell, Surrey. 1.

Turner, A. D., 19, Manor Close, Kingsbury, London, N.W.9. ent.

Turner, A. H., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.MET.S., Mariarti, Star Lane,
North Curry, Taunton, Somerset. ent, insect migration,
conchology. (Life Member.)

Turner, H. J., 4, Browning Avenue, Boscombe, Nr. Bourne-
mouth, Hants. l.

Tweepiz, M. W. F., m.A., F.z.S8., Barn House, Houghton Green,
Rye, Sussex. l.

YEAR OF XXV
ELECTION.

1952

Urren, R. W. J., ¥.n.£.8., 4, Vaughan Avenue, Stamford Brook,
W.6. 1; hym, d.

VALENTINE, ARTHUR, Ivey House, West Shepton, Shepton
Mallet, Somerset. ent.

Vatiins, F. T., A.c.1.1., F.R.E.8., Council, 4, Tattenham Grove,
Tattenham Corner, Epsom, Surrey. Lycaenidae. (Life
Member.)

Variey, Prof. G. C., M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., Hope Dept. of
Entomology, University Museum, Oxford. hym, d.

Viertr, P. E. L., Paris Museum (Entomology), 45 bis, Rue de
Buffon, Paris 5, France. l.

Wacner, P. B., Petham House, Petham, nr. Canterbury, Kent.
l

Wane, D., 17, Waldegrave Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull, Yorks.
l, orn.

WAINWRIGHT, CHARLES, B.SC., F.R.1.C., 42, St. Bernards Road,
Olton, Warwickshire. Il.

Wast.y, L. J. D., 0.3.5., m.a., Long Meadow, Forest Row, East
Horsley, Surrey. l.

WaxrLY, S., 26, Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, 8.E.5. I.

Waker, D. H., B.Sc. (ENG.), A.M.1.C.E., ‘‘Bellargus’’, Elmfield
Way, Sanderstead, Surrey. l.

Watuis, J. L. P., a.pn.1.c.s., C.E. in C. Dept., Admiralty, Cham-
berlain Way, Pinner, Middx. ent, l

Wats, R. B., 156, Great Tattenhams, Epsom Downs, Surrey. I.

Warp, W. J. V., B.A., A.R.c.SC., ‘‘Haslemere’’, 23, Darlington
Road, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham. l.

Watkins, N. A., M.A., F.R.E.8., Soldon, Druid Road, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9, Glos. .

Watrins, O. G., F.R.E.s., 20, Torr View Avenue, Peverell,
Plymouth, Devon. lI, od.

Watson, BR. W., ¥F.P.0.A., F.A., F.C.0.8., F.COMM.A., F.B.E.S.,
‘‘Porcorum’’, Sandydown, Boldre, nr. Lymington, Hants. l.

Warts, W. J., 6, Capel Terrace, Southend-on-Sea, Essex. c.

Wear, R. D., 124, Marmion Avenue, South Chingford, London,
E.4. c.

Wess, Harry E., F.R.E.8S., 20, Audley Road, Hendon, London,
N.W.4. l.

Wess, N. G. G., Fernshaw, Rockfield Road, Oxted, Surrey. l.

WeppDELL, B. W., 13, The Halve, Trowbridge, Wilts. ent.

West, B. B., a.R.1.B.A., 37, Cardington Road, Bedford. 1, od.

West, B. K., 193, Shepherds Lane, Dartford, Kent.

WueeteEr, A. §., 26, Ashurst Road, Tadworth, Surrey. l.

Wurcuer, L. S., F.R.#.S., A.I.AE.E., 6, Chisholm Road, Richmond.
Surrey. c.

YEAR OF XXVi

ELECTION.

1958 Wuirr, G. B., 65, Virginia Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
ent, orn.

1954 WuirrneaD, J., 16, Westbourne Arcade, Bournemouth, Hants. 1.

1946 Wuirrnorn, K. P., F.R.£.s., ‘‘Spindles’’, Windsor Road, Graves-
end, Kent. l.

1920 WicutTman, A. J., F.R.E.S., 67, The Spinney, Pulborough,
Sussex. 1. (Noctuidae)

1958 Wiping, N., 66, Brabourne Rise, Beckenham, Kent. 1.

1946 WitprRipce, W., ‘‘Flavion’’, Penn Road, Park Street, Nr. St.
Albans, Herts. ent.

1960 Wirkinson, A. D., M.B.o.U., Tynedale, Enton, Godalming, Surrey.
local records; migration.

1960 Wrttcox, H. N. A., 19, York Road, Windsor, Berks. 1.

1945 Wiitams, E. F., F.n.z.s., The Cottage, Navestockside, Brent-
wood, Essex. l.

1957 .WiaiamMs, E. ©.,. .M.A., §F.R.C.8.,° M.B.0.0.G.,. ““‘Bonnets —
Hambledon, Surrey. l.

1948 WiiiaMs, L. H., pu.p., B.sc., 31, Armour Road, Tilehurst, Read-
ing, Berks. ent.

1932. Wiiuiams, S. W. C., Lyndore, 27, Colmere Gdns., Hinton Wood
Avenue, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. l.

1960 Wits, D. A., 41, Fore Street, St. Just, Penzance, Cornwall. 1.

1956 Woopwarp, R. J., B.PHARM., 65, Valleyfield Road, Streatham,
S.W.16. rh.

1927 Worms, C. G. M. DE, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F-R-E.S., M.B.0.U.,
Council, ‘‘Three Oaks’’, Shore’s Road, Horsell, Woking,
Surrey. l. orn.

1960 Wratcut, C. A., 10 Windermere, Lytton Grove, Putney, London,
S.W.15. l, ent.

1957 Wrieut, A. E., 9, Albert Court Mansions, Kensington, London,
S.W.7. rh. esp. Satyridae.

1955 Wricut, Davip, Whitehill House, Whitehill, Bordon, Hants. l.

1949 Wricutson, A. L., 93, Morse Street, Lower Brunshaw, Burnley,
Lanes. l.

1957 Yano, J., c/o Iwai & Co., Capel House, 54, New Broad Street,
London, E.C.2. rh.

1960 Yarptery, Miss C. C., 68 Selworthy Road, Catford, London, S.E.6.
l.

1945 Youpen, GrorcE H., F.R.£.8., 18, Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent. l.

1950 Youne, Miss G. M., 30, Cranley Gardens, Palmers Green, London,
N.18. 1

1952 Youne, L. D., 72 West Farm Close, Ashtead, Surrey. ent.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Secretary of any
errors in, additions to, or alterations required in the above addresses
and descriptions.

XXV1i

COUNCIL’S REPORT, 1960

This has been a vintage year in the history of the Society. At the
end of 1960, the membership stood at the record total of 518, which
represents a net increase of 29. The total is still far short of the
ambitious target set by your President in his letter, but it is hoped that
the trend will be continued in the coming year by the recruitment to our
ranks of many of the keen entomologists not yet enrolled. The present
membership is made up of 4 Honorary, 4 Special Life, 13 Life, 239
Ordinary, and 258 Country Members. Six members died during the
year, and will be greatly missed. They were Major B. C. Barton, Dr.
G. S. Robertson and Messrs. A. H. Lanfear, C. C. Phelps, F. Rumsey
and 8. G. Wallis-Norton. In addition, notification was received of the
death in August 1959 of Mr. D. J. Gordon. Forty-seven new members
joined the Society in 1960, 5 resigned, and 7 were struck off.

On 28th January, Messrs. F. J. Coulson and EK. KE. Syms were made
Honorary Members in recognition of their many years of service to the
Society.

One of the most important decisions made by your Council during
the year was that which resulted in the opening of a Housing Fund.
The Society has always benefited from the good will of other bodies
for the provision of Rooms in which to hold our indoor meetings and
to house our libraries and collections. Your Council is of the opinion
that a logical next step would be the purchase of our own Rooms in
London, though almost certainly this will not take place for some years.
Meanwhile, the Housing Fund has been opened to enable benefactors
to give or bequeath money for the specific purpose of contributing to a
permanent home for the Society. Over £240 has already been sub-
scribed, mostly anonymously.

It is appropriate, while referring to premises, to record again the
best thanks of the Society to the staff of the Junior Institution of
Engineers for their help and co-operation during the past year.

Another important step has been made in connection with the
Society’s Collections. At present they are housed in a variety cf
cabinets, some good, some bad. Most of them are crowded, and expan-
sion and rearrangement are extremely difficult. Thus it has been
decided, again as a long term policy, to change gradually to Hill’s
units, which are more compact, easier to handle and more adaptable.
This matter will be referred to again shortly.

The Proceedings and Transactions for 1959 were published in
November. They contained xlvi + 239 pages, 10 plates (2 coloured) and
4 text figures. The coloured plates illustrate Part IV of Mr. G.
Haggett’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler. A
catalogue of the books in the Society’s Library occupies 73 pages, and
is obtainable as a separate. Our thanks are due to Mr. K. A. Spencer
who gave the two blocks of the field meeting groups.

XXvili

Your Council gratefully acknowledges the receipt, through the
Royal Society, of a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £100 towards the cost
of production.

The Annual Dinner was a great success, and 72 members and their
guests attended. The event took place at the Grosvenor Hotel on
Friday, 28th October.

The Annual Exhibition at Burlington House was held on the follow-
ing day, and though there were fewer exhibits than usual, the standard
was good. The subject for special attention was Aquatic Insects. Once
again the outstanding exhibits were selected and photographed by
Messrs. T. G. Howarth and W. H. T. Tams, to whom our hearty thanks
are due. Similarly, our thanks are extended to Mr. D. W. Thorpe-
Young, who for many years has attended to the receipt and recording
of the exhibits as they come in. This task entails spending the whole
day at the desk, with little chance to meet friends or study the exhibits.
The Attendance Book was signed by 272 members and visitors.

Twenty-one Ordinary Meetings were held during the year in the
rooms of the Junior Institution of Engineers, Mr. Howarth again
arranging the programme. He is thanked particularly for taking
advantage of Dr. S. H. Skaife’s unexpected visit to this country from
South Africa, and persuading him to lecture to us on ‘‘Ants as
Laboratory Subjects’’. Some rearrangement of the programme was
necessary, and Mr. N. D. Riley is especially thanked for postponing his
talk. Fortunately, we were able to hear him in November.

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen was responsible for the arrangement of the
programme of Field Meetings. It was decided to send details of these
meetings to all members resident in London and the Home Counties, in
the hope that more would attend, but the response was small. Mr. and
Mrs. Loarridge were again our hosts at Cosford Mill in May, and made
the party most welcome, and Mrs. Mere is thanked also for providing
tea and hospitality after the meeting at Chiddingfold. Twenty-eight
meetings were held, and Mr. Uffen is to be congratulated on making
another very interesting programme.

Christmas Cards were produced by the Society again this year, the
design once more coming from the pen of Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie. The
sales were disappointing, and failed to cover the cost of production.

During the year a start has been made on building up the collection
of 2” x 2” colour transparancies. Some 57 have been acquired or
presented, and your Council wishes to thank Messrs. S. Beaufoy, J. D.
Bradley, R. C. Dyson, R. F. Haynes, E. Lewis, J. Yano and, in particu-
lar, J. E. Knight for their kindness and help in this work.

The Hon. Curator reports that Messrs. L. Christie, B. Goater, J. O.
T. Howard and H. S. Robinson have given two Hill’s units to the Society
during the year, in connection with the standardization of the Society’s
cabinets. The best thanks of the Society are due to these members for
their generosity.

During the year your Council has passed a number of resolutions
designed to help the Curator in his work, in addition to those concern-
ing the cabinets. One such has been the decision to dispose of all

XX1x

non-Palaearctic material, comprising 17 drawers. The material, which
includes some very fine butterflies, is being offered to members. The
I. T. Grant collection of Coleoptera has been received and the best
beetles are being added to the Society’s representative collection, the
remainder being passed to Imperial College Field Station at Silwood
Park. The arrangement of the Leston collection of Heteroptera has
been postponed pending Council’s decision on whether the Wells cabinet,
originally earmarked for these bugs, or Hill’s units, should be used.

Coleoptera have been presented to the Society in 1960 by Dr. Massee
and Mr. Buck, Hymenoptera by Mr. Uffen, and Lepidoptera by Mr.
Mere. The Society’s thanks are extended to these members for their
specimens, all of which are of rare or local species.

The Hon. Librarian reports that the binding of serial publications
is up to date, but there is always work to be done as new issues arrive.
The Society wishes to thank members for their donations towards the
cost of binding.

In our publication for 1959 there will be found ‘‘A Catalogue of
Books in the Library’’. This represents a great deal of work by the
Librarian and his assistant, and by the editorial staff. It is hoped
that more use will be made of the Library, especially by Country
Members. Suggestions for, and gifts of, additions will be welcomed.
From time to time lists of addenda and corrigenda will be issued.

Again the Society is indebted to the generosity of members: to
Dr. A. M. Massee for a copy of the third edition of his book, The Pests
of Fruit and Hops, to Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs for continental books and
journals, to Mr. A. H. Sperring for a complete set of Penguin New
Biology and to Messrs. Siviter-Smith, E. S. A. Baynes and others for
separates.

The Curator of the Horniman Museum has presented a copy of A
Survey of the Animal Kingdom. In addition to being a guide to the
exhibits at the Museum, this is a very readable elementary textbook
of zoology.

Part II, Flora of the British Isles, by Sybil J. Roles has been

purchased. It contains 460 figures and covers Rosaceae to Polemoni-
aceae,

Two further parts of the Handbooks for the Identification of British
Insects have appeared and have been purchased. One is by Walter J.
Le Quesne and deals with Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha; the other is by
J. F. Perkins and deals with a further section of the Ichneumoninae.
A Polish work by J. Razowski (text in English) has been acquired. It is
entitled European Species of Cnephasiini (Lep. Tortricidae).

Exchange arrangements have been entered into with Dr. Remington
for the Journal of the Lepidopterist’s Society (a United States publica-
tion) and with the Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde, Dresden for their
Abhandlungen und Berichte.

We continue to receive the usual journals.

xxx

TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1960

The year has been an expensive one to the Society in more than one
direction, as you will presently hear. One item properly belongs to
1959 and others might be carried forward in part to succeeding years;
but we finished with a larger bank balance and more investments to
augment future income.

HOUSING FUND.

This was opened in March, to commence making provision for the
Society’s needs at some future date. So far, £241 15s 1ld has been
subscribed in amounts varying from a few shillings to fifty pounds, with
a fine gift of £100 from Mr. Edgar Hare in memory of Edward Step,
our late member and Past President. Some deposit interest brings the
total of this Fund to £243 19s at 3lst December.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT.
There is an increase in the balance here by the addition of £178 17s
6d, the cost of £250 Savings Bonds 1965-75, invested by the Trustees for
the Housing Fund.

LIBRARY FUND.

The amount received from members for binding current periodicals
was £21 10s. The Fund also takes the entrance fees of forty-nine
members, £18 7s 6d. No grant could be made from current income this
year, and after paying for books purchased and binding, etc., the
closing balance is £53 1s 7d.

PUBLICATION FUND.

The production of our annual volume is always the major expense,
and this year it was more costly than usual. The ‘‘Proceedings’’ for
1959, with ten plates and containing some 50 pages more than any
previous issue, cost £649. In addition, a supply of copies of ‘Bye-laws’
was printed, separates of the ‘‘Catalogue of Books in the Library’’, and
Christmas cards to a new design by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie.

The invoice for the 1958 issue of ‘‘Proceedings’’, which had not been
rendered at the time of our last Annual Meeting, was finally settled
at £30 more than the estimated provision in the Accounts for 1959.
In all, £767 is charged to this Fund in 1960.

The very late arrival of ‘‘Proceedings, 1959’’ prevented distribution
in time for payment to be received by me for the copies ordered by
regular trade customers, and also for the extra separates supplied to
authors. Over £21 for these items will come into the next Account.
Sales of back numbers of ‘‘Proceedings’” and of ‘‘A Guide to the
Smaller British Lepidoptera’”’ were higher than before at £38 10s. The
Royal Society once more provided £100 from the Parliamentary Grant-
in-Aid of Scientific Publications. £415 from Current Income and £170
from Accumulated Revenue, with the interest on the Misses Chapman’s

XXX1

gift in War Loan and sales of Christmas cards, made up the required
amount.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

Current subscriptions and arrears collected were almost identical
with the previous year at £595 16s. Interest from Investments and
Deposit, £136, is £17 higher. On the other hand our general expenses
increased, mainly owing to more frequent use of the epidiascope and film
projectors, and heavier secretarial postages and stationery. The account
closes with a surplus of 19s 3d.

BALANCE SHEET.
The increases in Capital Fund and the corresponding Investments
T have already explained. No Debtors are shown in the Assets this time.
Cash at Bank and in Hand amounting to £631 14s 11d is £56 more than
last year, and Accumulated Revenue stands at £332 15s 11d.

Again we have to thank Messrs G. Stoughton-Harris and R. M.
Mere for their good offices in acting as honorary auditors.

The Honorary Treasurer, who may perhaps be forgiven for wishing
to devote more of his leisure time to Entomology, desires to remind
those Members not already using the method, of the advantages and:
economy, both to them and to the Society, of the payment of subscrip-
tions by Bankers’ Order.

The appropriate form can always be obtained from the Secretary or
the Treasurer.

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XXXV

OBITUARIES

LEONARD TALMAN FORD

Leonard Talman Ford died at Bexley, Kent, on 9th January 1961,
aged 81. He was educated at Dulwich College, and later went to Merton
College, Oxford, where he obtained an honours degree in Chemistry.
He was called to the Bar in 1906 and practised in Lincoln’s Inn. Some
time afterwards he joined the Civil Service and was Assistant Charity
Commissioner when he retired in 1939. He was interested in the micro-
lepidoptera, and was an acknowledged expert on this group. He
specialized in the Stigmellidae and his skill in setting these minute
moths was remarkable. Living all his life in the faunistically rich
area of North-East Kent, he was able to rediscover a number of obscure
species which had been lost or overlooked since Stainton’s days, and
by careful and accurate observations added considerably to our know-
ledge of their life-histories. He was an outstanding field-worker, and
was most successful in breeding many difficult species from their early
stages. He discovered two species new to science, Coleophora erigerella
and Nepticula marionella. In 1946 the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society published his revision of the British
Psychidae. He became President of the Society for 1947-48, having
joined in 1920, his Address being a review of the microlepidoptera
which had been added to the British List since the publication of
Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera in 1928. In 1949
the Society published his main contribution, A Guide to the Smaller
British Lepidoptera, being an account of the life-histories and foodplants
of 1370 species of the microlepidoptera. In the 1952-53 Proceedings
appeared a paper by him entitled The Glyphipterygidae and Allied
Families. Leonard Ford has helped materially to increase the interest
in the microlepidoptera, and we all regret the passing of a good
naturalist. He leaves a widow, two sons and a daughter, to whom
we express our sincere sympathy.

S. C. S. Brown.

FREDERICK WILLIAM RUMSEY
(1885-1960)

Few members of the Society were better known to those who
regularly attended both indoor and outdoor meetings than the late
Mr. ‘‘Fred’’?’ Rumsey, who passed away after a sudden heart attack on
17th December 1960.

Born at Folkestone in 1885, he was introduced to entomology at an
early age by his father, who was a keen collector of Lepidoptera. He
became a carpenter and joiner by trade and worked for the late L. W.

XXXVI

Newman, a well-known entomological dealer, at Bexley from 1909 until
the outbreak of war in 1914. With his love of entomology one can easily
understand how this arrangement worked out to their mutual advantage.

In November 1914, Mr. Rumsey volunteered to serve in the Armed
Forces and became a dispatch rider with the rank of Petty Officer Air
Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service. Later this branch became
amalgamated with the Royal Air Force, in which he served as First Class
Air Mechanic.

On demobilisation in 1919 he worked for Vickers, near Dartford, and
subsequently for several well-known building contractors. In 1926 he
set up as a master builder at Banstead, Surrey, and continued in
business for nearly 30 years until he retired a few years ago.

In 1954 he became a member of the Natural Historical Society of
Sutton, Croydon, Purley, etc., a local society formerly called the
Streatham Entomological and Natural History Society, of which F. W.
Frohawk was at one time a member. The members of this Society used
to take it in turns to have their meetings at the various members’
houses, when happy times were spent together browsing over their
respective collections and recalling episodes of entomological excursions
in the past. His connection with the South London dates back to 1947.

In addition to the larger moths, Mr. Rumsey became very interested
in the microlepidoptera some years ago and took many interesting
species including Heterographis oblitella Zell. in Norfolk in 19538.

One of his great pleasures was to follow the Chiddingfold Farmers’
Foxhounds on a bicycle. This interest was shared by the writer of this
obituary notice and hundreds of miles of Surrey by-ways and bridle
tracks must have been covered by us during our Saturday outings
together over many years. Often these excursions brought to light some
interesting entomological items, such as the discovery of a number of
larvae of Ostrinia (Anania) nubilalis Hiibn. in stems of Artemisia
vulgaris L. on the high ground just south of Bramley, Surrey, and the
finding of a colony of Parascotia fuliginaria L. at Selhurst Common, near
Hascombe, where we once found the larvae fairly common on sawn birch
trunks stacked by the roadside. These bicycle excursions invariably
started from Guildford Railway Station, and it was at the start of one
of these trips that he collapsed.

On more than one occasion the Society had a field meeting at
Banstead, and those attending enjoyed tea at Warren Road, where all
were made welcome by Mr. and Mrs. Rumsey and their two daughters
at their house. An inspection of Mr. Rumsey’s methods of rearing
Lepidoptera was full of interest and his various original breeding cages
were an inspiration to all.

For some years he bred numbers of Lycia hirtaria Clerck from a
dark female captured at Walthamstow. Eventually by selective breed-
ing he obtained a very fine black form which many members must have
bred themselves from his stock. A number of cripples used to emerge,
through inability to cast off the empty pupa shell, so he hit on the
simple method of anchoring the ‘‘tail’’? of each pupa by glue to a piece

XXXVi1

of cord sewn to a piece of sacking. He assured me this worked, and
that the moths on emergence were able to drag themselves clear of
the empty pupa case more easily. As well as all the other species which
he bred he sometimes had five or six hundred pupae of the melanic
L. hirtaria in a season. This will give some idea of the scale of his
rearing activities.

In his last years he was really a very sick man, not that it was
noticeable from his manner and enthusiasm for outdoor recreation. In
1959 he had a serious illness and was in hospital for some months.
Those who knew him well realised that he had never really got over
this illness, but he was able to attend most of the 1960 Field Meetings,
thus renewing old friendships and making new ones.

His friendly and helpful nature endeared him to those with whom he
came in contact, and he is missed by all who knew him, especially
perhaps by the younger members to whom he was always helpful and
understanding.

S20

XXXVIil

ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY
held in Vienna from 17th to 25th August 1960
Report by Dr. C. G. M. pE Worms

Vienna was indeed a happy choice of venue for this Congress; being
in the centre of Europe it brought together a very large number of
delegates from all adjoining countries, as well as from many lands
overseas. In fact, some 1,750 persons attended from all the leading
nations, outnumbering those who were at the 1956 Congress in Montreal.
As was to be expected, the Iron Curtain countries were very well
represented, with delegations from Russia, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia,
Roumania and Poland. On the morning of 17th August the Congress
was formally opened by the President, Professor Dr. Karl Schedl, in
the presence of a very distinguished gathering which included the
Austrian Minister of Agriculture and the Rector of Vienna University.
The ceremony was held in the Great Hall of the Hofburg, the former
Royal Palace, and in the warm sunshine delegates had the opportunity
of seeing some of the most imposing buildings bordering the Ringstrasse
in the vicinity. Thereafter, for the rest of the Congress the Old
University building on the Ringstrasse served as headquarters. It was
there that the majority of the papers were read. The subjects were
divided into 14 sections, the first of which was divided into seven sub-
sections, chiefly connected with some of the main Orders of insects. The
other sections embraced a very wide range of subjects such as
Morphology and Anatomy, Genetics, Geographical Distribution, Social
Insects, Agricultural Entomology, Forest Entomology, Medical and
Veterinary Entomology, Beekeeping, Insect Parasites and Viruses, and
Pathogenic Organisms. On these subjects no less than 620 papers were
submitted, and most of them read. A further 110 papers were read at
17 symposia, covering such subjects as Insect Acoustics, the Migration of
Locusts, the Chemistry of Insects, Chemical defensive Mechanisms in
Arthropods, the Transmission of Disease by Ticks, etc., the Economic
status of Pests, Insecticide Resistance, Plecoptera, Odonata, and
Systematic Nomenclature. In addition 36 films were shown on matters
of special entomological interest.

Always a very welcome feature of these Congresses is entertainment,
both indoors and in the country, and this is carried out on quite a lavish
scale. On the opening evening, 17th August, all delegates were invited
to a reception which was held in the Grand Salon of the fine Rathaus
where the Biirgermeister was host. This was a most delightful evening
which ended with dancing and was supplemented by a large and
elaborate buffet. On subsequent evenings a number of leading delegates
were received by various important Government officials, while on
several afternoons there were meetings of delegates interested in special
branches of entomology or insect Orders. A special reception was

KK

held on 24th August in the fine Museum of Natural History, with its
marble staircases and ornamental ceilings. The museum was again
opened to delegates on the last evening of the Congress which had its
closing meeting in the Auditorium of the University on the morning
of the 25th.

The outdoor meetings and excursions were most popular, since the
weather was mainly very fine and warm. Most of the visitors had an
opportunity of seeing some of the sights of the City itself, in particular
the famous Schénbrunn Palace and other fine buildings and places of
interest. A good many excursions were arranged further afield, and
on Saturday, 20th, three were on the programme. They took the form
of a large field meeting transported by motor coaches in which those
interested in various insect Orders travelled together. Three collecting
areas were visited. One was in the vicinity of the Neusiedler See, the
most westerly European salt lake, which lies about 30 miles south-
west of Vienna and is some 20 miles long by five miles wide, but is
nowhere deeper than 4 feet. It is a great haunt of rare birds and of
some scarce species of Lepidoptera. This excursion also included a
visit to the edge of the great Hungarian plain. Another trip visited
the Rax, a high mountain range of about 7,000 ft., not far from the
Semmering Pass, 60 miles to the south of Vienna; and the third took
participants along the Danube valley to Hainburg, only four miles from
the Czecho-Slovak border. The day was very fine and good catches
of insects were made by all who wished to indulge in fieldwork.

On Sunday, 21st August, a visit was paid to the large and well-
known Monastery at Melk, which contains a wealth of art treasures,
after which the large party embarked on a steamer which took them
through the valley of the Wachau. A number of stops were made,
notably at Aggsbach and Diirnstein, the scene of the imprisonment of
Richard Coeur de Lion. Here the party was welcomed by a local choir
in festive costumes. During the week several other special excursions
were made by sections to study some subject closely connected with the
interests of the section concerned. There was a visit to the Wienerwald
to see a bee-keeping institution, and another to study Forest
entomology in this region, also trips to silo-making organisations and
to a chemical firm near Krems.

Three larger excursions were arranged to take place after the Con-
gress, one covering three days with headquarters at the biological
station at Lunz-am-See and coincided with a heat wave, whilst the
other two lasted just over a week and toured the alpine regions of
Austria.

All who went to Vienna for this Congress were impressed with the
kindliness and great hospitality shown by their Austrian hosts and the
people in general. They came away feeling that they had attended a
most instructive and enjoyable gathering, where many friendships had
been made and many others renewed.

It was announced that the next Entomological Congress would be
held in London in 1964.

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

INDOOR MEETINGS

llth FEBRUARY 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr. A. C. Cramp was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. B. Goater—Forms of Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae)
from the west of Britain (f. pallida Tutt); Hants; N.W. London; the
Midlands; and Delamere Forest, Cheshire (f. robsoni Collins, hetero-
zygous melanic, and f. thompsoni Arkle, homozygous melanic). The
series showed a range of variation from nearly white to black. Mr.
Goater pointed out that the three dark grey forms, from London, the
Midlands and Cheshire (robsoni), appeared to be genetically distinct
from one another and he suggested that all were heterozygotes. The
Cheshire specimens were taken in 1910 and since little seems to have
been heard of them since, he queried whether these melanics were
now extinct.

Dr. C. G. M. pt Worms—A photograph depicting a specimen of
Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (Lepidoptera), a noctuid new to the British
Isles, taken at Sheringham, Norfolk, 29.v.58, by Mr. P. R. Clarke. The
species has a much more eastern range that either H. peltigera Schiff.
or H. armigera Hiibn., being found in Palestine, Egypt, and around
the Red Sea to the borders of India. Its appearance approximates much
more to that of H. armigera with which Mr. Clarke confused another
specimen of H. nubigera he took a few days after the one in the photo-
eraph shown. Yet a further example was taken in Dorset in early
May 1958 at the time of a big immigration of H. peltigera.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—The fungus Sarcoscypha coccinea (Jacq. ex Fr.)
Cooke from near Salisbury, Wilts. He quoted Massee, 1911, British
Fungi, p. 496: ‘‘Readily known among the large stalked Pezizae by
the brilliant coloured disc with an entire edge and the whitish outside
and stem. One of the most beautiful of our indigenous fungi, and not
by any means uncommon, but often passed unobserved as it is in
perfection during the late winter and early spring. It is collected in
the woods in the district of Scarborough, and sold, along with a setting
of moss, as a table decoration’.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) A preserved larva of Heliothis armigera
Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae) from a tomato bought locally by Mr. E. W.
Classey at Feltham, Middx., January 1960. (2) Drawings of the egg and

2

early instars of Lestinogomphus africanus (Fraser) (Odon., Gomphidae).
Eggs were obtained from females taken at Kuru, N. Nigeria, by Mr.
R. M. Gambles in June 1955. On immersion in water it was found
that a filament approximately 30 mm. in length became uncoiled from
the posterior pole of the egg. It is thought that the filament serves to
anchor the egg in the streams chosen by this species in which to breed.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Referring to Mr. Goater’s exhibit, Dr. B. J. MacNutry said he
had worked the Delamere Forest extensively from 1946-48 without
meeting either of the two forms shown. Dr. p—E Worms expressed the
opinion that the form thompsoni Arkle was always bred and never
taken in the wild. Mr. T. G. Howartx was of the same opinion.

Mr. K. A. Spencer said that he had recently done a little collecting
in Ceylon and that the mountains in this island have distinct
Palaearctic affinities in their fauna. Mr. Howarrta said that in almost
all parts of the world, particularly in Africa, higher altitudes in
mountains have a very distinct fauna. Mr. J. L. Messenger, who
had also collected in Ceylon, said there is a vanessid and a fritillary
which are very close to ours, but these were the only two cases which
immediately came to mind. The affinity was, however, much more
marked botanically.

A talk on ‘‘The British Seedbeetles (Col., Bruchidae)’’ was given by
Mr. B. J. Sourueare, who illustrated the talk with lantern slides.

25th FEBRUARY 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. J. K.
Cramp, J. A. Lorimer, A. A. Myers, G. M. Kingsbury and D. Rowberry.
Mr. R. L. E. Ford was declared re-admitted to membership.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. J. L. Messencer—Examples of up-country butterflies taken in
Ceylon, 1942-5, in connection with some comments made by Mr. K. A.
Spencer at the previous meeting. The species shown were: Papilio
helenus L. s.sp. mooreanus Rothschild, Danais fumata Butler, Argynnis
hyperbius Joh. s.sp. taprobana Moore, Vanessa indica Herbst s.sp.
nubicola Fruhst., and Ypthima avanta Moore s.sp. singala Fd.

Dr. B. J. MacNutty—A pair of Thymelicus lineola Ochs. (Lep.,
Hesperidae) taken on a field meeting at Brockenhurst, Hants, 2.vii.50,
with the spot on the underside of the tips of the antennae appearing
to be a deep dirty maroon instead of the normal black.

Mr. T. R. Eaetes—(1) Portions of fronds of the ferns Dryopteris
borreri Newm. and D. filix-mas (L.) Schott. He explained the differ-
ence between the two and referred to Pugh, J.P., 1953, Watsonia, 3:
57. (2) The lichen Baeomyces roseus Pers. (3) The moss Orthodontiuwm

3

lineare Schwaegr., a fairly recent arrival in Britain now widespread.
(4) The hepatic Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum. All from Leith Hill,
Surrey.

COMMUNICATIONS.
Dr. H. B. D. Kerritewett gave a talk illustrated by coloured slides
and by a coloured cinematograph film on ‘‘Insect adaptation in Brazil
with special reference to Darwin’s visit’’.

Following the talk questions and discussion were primarily directed
around African similes to the points Dr. Kettlewell made. Replying
to a question regarding melanism in Brazil, Dr. Kettlewell said he
had always been looking for melanism in tropical regions. In the
environments of such places as Bombay and Calcutta where one might
reasonably expect to encounter industrial melanism, he had failed to
find it. He suggested that the advantages of melanism could, in the
tropics, be out-weighed by the disadvantage of heat absorption.

10th MARCH 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following members were declared elected: Messrs. K. C. Side,
H. W. Macworth-Praed, and J. Clegg.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. T. R. Eacites—A flowering spray of Daphne lawreola L. (Spurge
Laurel) from Enfield, Middx.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Odonata taken by Dr.
B. J. MacNulty in Nigeria, all of which were apparently new to that
country: Gomphidia balli Fraser (male), Porpacithemis dubia Fraser,
both from the Sobo Plain, near Sapele, 25-30.xi.57, and an undescribed
female Teinobasis sp. from the Assob Falls, taken in November 1957.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Some interesting weevils (Col., Curculionidae)
taken in Kent. (1) ex F. T. Grant coll., Otiorrhynchus porcatus
(Herbst), discovered by Grant at Gravesend; the exhibitor knew of no
other Kent locality. Jizrus paraplecticus (L.), discovered in Kent by
Dr. A. M. Massee, that exhibited being one of his specimens. Lpipolaeus
caliginosus (F.), a species associated with hops, and widespread in Kent.
(2) Taken by the exhibitor during 1959: Apion waltoni Steph., A.
spencet Kirby, Ceuthorhynchus depressicollis (Gyll.), and from East
Malling Polydrusus sericeus (Schall.) of which there seems to be no
Kent record in the literature, though it has been taken for many
years at East Malling by Dr. Massee and has been taken by the exhibitor
at Shoreham also.

Mr. A. A. Myrers—A female Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn. (Lep.,
Geometridae) taken at mercury vapour light at Kingsbury, N.W.
London, 16.x.59; and a female Huphyia cuculata Hufn. (Lep.,
Geometridae) from the same locality, 8.vii.59. He read a note.

4

Dr. B. J. MacNuttry—Two drawers of Nigerian Lymantriidae to
illustrate his talk.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Several members reported that many of the early spring Lepidoptera
were on the wing and some, such as Achlya flavicornis (L.) (Lep.,
Thyatiridae) were plentiful.

Dr. B. J. MacNutty gave a talk, illustrated by specimens and the
epidiascope, on Nigerian Lymantriidae with special reference to their
larvae. Several species which were new to science, and others whose
larvae were hitherto undescribed, were mentioned.

Afterwards, in reply to questions, Dr. MacNutty said that the
Nigerian Lymantriidae he had studied seemed fairly free from parasites,
the chief of which appeared to be certain Platyhelminthae and fungi.
Many of the larvae caused urtication.

24th MARCH 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Air Vice Marshall
P. S. Blockey, c.8., c.B.E., B.A.; Messrs. T. K. Bailey, A. D. Wilkinson,
and J. B. Tatum.

EXHIBITS.

The PrREsIDENT—Six examples of Diarsia festiva Schiff. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) from Tresco, Scilly Isles, closely resembling the Scottish
form, consisting of both bred and feral specimens.

Mr. J. L. Henperson—A large male Mesosa nebulosa (F.) (Col.,
Cerambycidae), brought by a neighbour to our President at Chidding-
fold, Surrey, 10.iii.60. The beetle was thought to have emerged from
wood fuel cut from trees grown on the estate; this species emerges from
pupa at least three months before leaving the pupal chamber and
presumably the warmth of the house prompted the early emergence.

Mr. B. Goater—A tick, Ixodes reduvius (Acarina, Ixodidae) normally
associated with sheep, taken from the ear of a cat in Somerset.

Mr. J. L. Messencer—Short series of three successive generations of
Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep., Geometridae) descended from a female
taken at Tresco, Scilly Isles, 18.ix.59. Whilst the females showed little
variation apart from a tendency for the discal spot to be dull or obscured,
the second and third generations of males were much more lightly
marked than the first, and the central fascia was often broken or
reduced to one or two spots instead of being entire.

Dr. A. M. Massrr—Examples of Corizus hyoscyami (L.) (Hem.,
Rhopalidae). The host plant of this rhopalid bug does not seem to be

5

generally known to the hemipterists of this country. The host plant is
in fact Hrodium cicutarium L. (Storksbill). In 1959 he bred some 50
specimens of this bug on Storksbill, and the immature stages were not
interested in either Galium or Ononis which in the past have been said
to be host plants. Specimens collected at Harlech, Mer., many years
ago, were also bred on storksbill.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following specimens of Odonata: (1) Aeshna
juncea (L.) (Aeshnidae), two females of the all-blue form and one with
typical coloration, caught 1-12.vili.59, Insh, Inv. (2) Hnallagma cyathi-
gerum (Charp.) (Coenagriidae), an aberrant male in which the abdominal
colour pattern resembles Coenagrion hastulatum (Charp.), Loch an
Eilean, Inv., 1-12.viii.59.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—Twigs of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse-
chestnut) and Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. (Tree of Heaven). He drew
attention to the fact that both had large leaf scars with marks suggest-
ing the nails of a horse-shoe.

Mr. S. Waxkety—Leaves of Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.
(Hart’s-tongue Fern), found by Dr. E. Scott at Westwell, near Ashford,
Kent, showing among the sori mines and feeding places of the larvae
of the local moth Teichobia verhuellella Staint. (Lamproniidae).
Specimens of the moth from his collection were also shown. He com-
mented on the way the mining larvae carried the sori with them, even
right up to the midrib of the leaf, though he could offer no explanation
of how this was accomplished.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Commenting on the President’s exhibit, Dr. C. G. M. ps Worms
said he had seen no examples of Diarsia festiva Schiff. closer to those one
finds on Unst, Shetland Isles.

The PResIDENT said he had recently had Orthosia miniosa Schiff.
(Lep., Noctuidae) in his mercury vapour trap at Chiddingfold, Surrey.
Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae) had also occurred sporadically.
Gypsitea leucographa Schiff., Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. and Orthosia
gracilis Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) were recorded by Mr. J. L. Mressencer.

Dr. A. M. Massee said that Anthocoris limbatus Fieb. (Hem.,
Anthocoridae) was already out, a remarkably early date.

Mr. T. N. D. Peer said he had obtained a melanic Polyploca ridens
F. (Lep., Thyatiridae) and added that Dr. Kettlewell would lke further
information on melanism in this species. In answer to the question how
melanism affected this moth, he said the white is a dull brown-green.
Mr. S. Waxety said that Mr. Fairclough had been taking a similar
form at mercury vapour light at Leigh, Surrey, whilst Dr. pz Worms
said the form was not uncommon at Woking, Surrey. The PRESIDENT
added that one of the forms of this species he had obtained had the
tendency Mr. Peet described, but he would not have called it melanism.
It was generally thought the form Dr. Kettlewell was interested in
was something different from those mentioned.

6

14th APRIL 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Capt. J. Ellerton, p.s.c., R.N., was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpENt—Three examples of Polyploca ridens F. (Lep.,
Thyatiridae) as a result of the discussion at the previous meeting, and
representing what were, in his experience, the three ‘‘standard’”’ forms
in this species.

Mr. T. R. Eacitrs—(1) The fungus Pholiota aurea (Mattusch.) Fr.,
from Bookham, Surrey, 10.iv.60. (2) On behalf of Mr. W. H. Spreap-
BuRY, Cochlearia danica L. (Danish Scurvy Grass) in flower, from
Newhaven, Sussex.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Secretary read the regulations, approved by the Council, of the
new Housing Fund.

The Liprarian reported that Mr. P. Siviter Smith had presented
five important separates to the library.

Commenting on the Teichobia verhuellella Staint. (Lep., Lam-
proniidae) exhibited at the previous meeting, Mr. S. N. A. Jacozss
said one of the larvae, now in his possession, had left the mine in the
leaf, had travelled across the top of the leaf, and up the side of the box,
still carrying its case containing the sori. An interesting fact concern-
ing this species is that it does not construct its case until it leaves the
mine.

Mr. Jacobs also reported a young thrush which he had observed
sitting in a gooseberry bush two evenings previously. It was thought
that the recent warm weather had been responsible for the bird’s
parents encouraging it from the nest at such an early date.

Members were asked by Miss W. M. A. Brooke if they would watch
for the dipterous larva Arthrocnodax wissmanni Kieffer (Cecidomyidae),
an ectoparasite on the mite Vasates schlectendali (Nalepa), which
occurred on the underside of neglected apple leaves. It had been
recorded in 1931 and, as far as she was aware, had not been recorded
since. Dr. A. M. Massee said the fly had occurred regularly since
then and at times was quite common in derelict apple orchards.

Mr. E. J. Hare, c.B.E., F.R.E.S., gave an interesting and amusing
account of his ‘‘Recollections of early Members’’.

28th APRIL 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. G. H.
Mansell, Messrs. P. le Masurier, C. G. Mansell, and H. N. A. Willcox.

y
‘

EXHIBITS.

The Prestpent—Aberrations of four species of noctuid moths:
Amathes xanthographa Schiff. from Feltham, Middx., and Orthosia
cruda Schiff., Lewcania impura Hiibn. and Agrochola lychnidis Schiff.
from Chiddingfold, Surrey.

Mr. M. W. Harreer—(1) A bred series of Rhodometra sacraria L.
(Lep., Geometridae) from a female immigrant taken 31.vii1.59 at
Worthing, Sussex. Thirty-one eggs were laid and all the larvae were
fed on Polygonum aviculare agg. (Knotgrass) at room temperature, one
only being lost. The larvae pupated between 4th and 5th October and
the pupae were separated into three batches. The first batch consisted
of six pupae incubated at a temperature of 35-40° C., which approxi-
mates blood heat (37° C.). When they emerged, between 14th and 16th
of the same month, these all produced fairly normal forms; three ab.
labda Cramer and three ab. atrifasciaria Stefan. The second batch of
14 pupae were maintained at room temperature, 17-18° C., and these
emerged between 24th October and 11th November. All except one had
the brown oblique stripe as in ab. atrifasciaria Stefan, but all of them
had the background colour fulvous rather than yellow. The third batch
of ten pupae were mainly kept at a temperature of 3-4° C., but were
warmed to room temperature for short periods, and emerged between
17th November and 10th December. Three of the resulting imagines
were moderately severely crippled, no doubt due to the low temperature,
but the seven remaining specimens expanded satisfactorily. Six of these
showed a marked melanistic background of greyish-brown, with the
darker brown stripe superimposed. It is perhaps remarkable that the
remaining specimen from this batch, and also the only specimen out of
30 imagines proved to be an extreme form of ab. sanguinaria Esp.,
and in only one other specimen was there any trace of pink pigmenta-
tion. (2) A single specimen of Operophtera brumata L. (Lep.,
Geometridae) taken in Epping Forest, Essex, 23.xi.59. The specimen is
probably an intersex; the antennae are not pectinate, but both fore
and hindwings on the right side are much enlarged. The left forewing
is a little enlarged from the normal female pattern.

Mr. T. G. HowartH—(1) A pair of the oriental theclid butterfly
Favonius ultramarinus Fix., of which he gave the following details.
The genus Favonius (Sibatani & Ito) is closely related to Quercusia
(Verity), the genus to which quercus L., the Purple Hairstreak, now
belongs. Favonius contains some half dozen species, none of them
coming further west than Yunnan, W. China, the majority occurring
ou the islands of Japan and the adjacent mainland. The species ex-
hibited is typical of the genus in being sexually dimorphic, the male
having the upperside metallic green and the female being brown with a
paler post discocellular patch. (2) On behalf of Mr. T. J. Honeybourne,
four species of lycaenid (Lep.) larvae bred from ova from Japan as
follows: Wagimo signata Butler, Favonius cognatus Staud., HF. ultra-
marinus s.sp. hayashii Shirdzu and one undetermined.

Dr. A. M. Masstr—A series of Hypocoelus oxelai Palm. (Col.,

8

Kucnemidae), a local and uncommon species. The beetle was first dis-
covered in this country by Dr. H. Lindberg who captured a single
example at Box Hill, Surrey, 21.vii.51. Several more were taken at the
end of August 1954 in a dead standing beech at Otford, Kent, by Mr.
A. A. Allen. The exhibitor obtained his specimens in the same locality,
also in dead standing beech, taking the first examples 14.v1i.57. Speci-
mens were presented to the Society.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Living and set examples of Polydrusus
(Metallites) marginatus Steph. from the East Malling, Kent, district.
This weevil is described as very local by Joy, and very local but not
uncommon where it occurs by Fowler. It occurs in abundance on birch
and other trees in the locality in April and May. Although Fowler
says it is taken on broom, P. marginatus is absent from this plant,
which is plentiful under the birches from which the exhibited specimens
were obtained.

Mr. S. Waxety—(1) Larvae of Hidophasia messingiella F.R. (Lep.,
Plutellidae) taken on Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.; hemlock stems contain-
ing larvae of Lozopera beatricella Wals. (Lep., Tortricidae); and larval
cases of Nemotois fasciella FV. (Lep., Adelidae) taken at the roots of
Ballota nigra L., all from Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. (2) Larvae galls of
Aegeria flaviventris Staud. (Lep., Sesiidae) from the Effingham, Surrey,
field meeting. (3) Specimens from his collection of Lozopera beatricella
Wals., Hidophasia messingiella F.R., Bucculatrix maritima Staint. (Lep.,
Lyonetiidae) and Nemotois fasciella F., bred in previous years from
larvae taken at Stanford-le-Hope, and Aegeria flaviventris Staud., from
Effingham.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Skcretary reported on behalf of the Librarian that Dr. A. M.
Massee had presented a copy of his book, The Pests of Fruits and Hops,
to the Library.

A discussion took place on the aberrations of Rhodometra sacraria
L during which experiments conducted by Dr. E. A. Cockayne were
recalled.

All the local lepidopterous specialities which one might expect at
Aviemore, Inv., during Easter, had been seen. Odontosia carmelita Esp.
(Notodontidae) and Orthosia gracilis L. (Noctuidae) were reported from
the Carlisle, Cumberland, area. It was thought that most lepidoptera
were out to time, but Amathes alpicola Zett. (Noctuidae) seemed to be
scarcer than usual.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins reported Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.,
Lycaenidae) in his garden at Wimbledon, Surrey. He also reported
Aglais urticae (Lep., Nymphalidae) and Pieris rapae L. (Lep., Pieridae)
and added that he had seen four young Mistle-thrushes.

Mrs. J. O. I. SpoczynsKa, who had been to Hayling Island, Hants,
said she had seen the Great Grey Shrike there and also a bird resem-
bling a small Yellow Hammer which she could only determine as a
Yellow Breasted Bunting, but as the locality was so unusual the
determination was in some doubt.

9

12th MAY 1960.
The PreEesIDENT in the Chair.

Dr. G. Bernardi, a distinguished visitor from the Paris Museum,
was welcomed by the President.
Mr. A. F. Phillips was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. A. H. Sperrinec—Feral larvae of Aporophyla lunula Stroem
(nigra Haw.) (Lep., Noctuidae) of both the purplish-brown and green
forms, and larvae of Selidosema brunnearia Vill. (Lep., Geometridae).

Mr. T. R. Eacres—Galls of the agamic form of Biorhiza pallida Oliv.
(Hym., Cynipidae), found at Effingham, Surrey, 16.iv.60. The alternate
sexual generation makes the large highly-coloured oak apple.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Spring butterflies were reported to be plentiful in Kent the previous
week-end, particularly Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae), and since
then Clossiana (Argynnis) euphrosyne L. (Nymphalidae) had been seen.
Many of the Sphingidae were also reported to be out; the PrestpeNT had
caught Mimas tiliae L. in his mercury vapour light trap at Chiddingfold,
Surrey, and he added that Hyloicus pinastri L. had been out in April.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms said he had recently visited Dungeness,
Kent, and so far little of the collecting area had been affected by the
nuclear power station project, though to date work on the power
station itself had not begun.

Celastrina argiolus L. was stated to be common at Wimbledon,
Surrey, but all the examples examined had been males. However, a
female was reported from Ranmore, Surrey.

H. E. Hinton, B.sc., PH.D., F.R.S., F.R.E.S., read a paper ‘‘How some
insects, especially the egg stages, avoid drowning when it rains’’, which
he illustrated by projected drawings and which provoked a great many
questions (see p. 130).

26th MAY 1960.
A Vice-President, Mr. F. T. VAuutins, A.c.1.1., F.R.E.S., in the Chair.

Monsieur Jacques Plantrou, a prominent entomologist from Paris,
was welcomed to the meeting by the Chairman.
The death was announced of Mr. D. J. Gordon.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. J. L. Henperson—A series of Acalyptus carpini (F.) (Col.,
Curculionidae) beaten from sallow catkins at Wicken Fen, Cambs.,
2.v.60. He gave brief details of previous records.

Dr. A. M. Massrr—The eggs of Petrobia latens Miiller, a tetranychid
mite closely related to the Bryobia Mite, the Greenhouse Red Spider
Mite and the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite. Its hosts are mainly mono-
cotyledonous plants such as onions, iris, wheat, barley, gladiolus, and

10

grass. The Kentish specimens were recorded from cherry, plum and
grass. P. latens reproduces parthenogenetically, and males are un-
known. The summer eggs are red and spherical, but the overwintering
eggs are coated with a white material and in shape have the appearance
of miniature pork pies. These white eggs are deposited on stones and
other debris, and occasionally on the lower portions of tree trunks.
Sometimes swarms of adults invade houses where they disperse from
grass growing nearby on which they feed. Distribution is world-wide,
the mite being known from Europe, N. Africa, Australia and N.
America. In England it has been recorded from Kent, Gloucestershire,
Worcestershire, Hertfordshire and London.

Mr. T. G. HowarrH—A sprig of cultivated broom from his garden
at Arkley, Herts., exhibiting fasciation to a marked degree.

Mr. T. R. Hacres—(1) Galls of Rhodites mayri Schlech. (Hym.
Cynipidae) on Rosa rubiginosa L. from Buckland, Surrey, 1.v.60. (2)
A variety of Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia Clerck auct. nec
Clerck) (Lep., Geometridae) heavily suffused with pink, bred from
larvae beaten from birch at Tilgate, Sussex, 1959.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A series of Librodor hortensis (Geof.) (Col.,
Nitidulidae) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., taken at various times
in heaps of vegetable litter. He pointed out that this insect was
more usually taken on blossom or at sapping tree trunks.

Mr. S. Waxety—Two larvae of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. (lapidea
Hiibn. auct. nec Hiibn.) which had been taken in the Isle of Wight,
Hants, by Mr. J. Lobb. They were obtained by beating a tall cypress
tree over a sheet at 10 p.m. with a pole some 15 ft. long. This is the
first time the larva of this insect has been taken in the wild in this
country. A discussion revealed that the young larvae feed only on the
male flowers which occur high on the tree. When the flowers are no
longer available the larvae feed on fresh growth. Early attempts to
breed the moth from ova failed because this fact was not realised.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Series of the following species of Coleoptera:
from Monks Wood, Hunts., 15.v.60, Osphya bipunctata (F.) (Melan-
dryidae), Zschnomera caerulea (L.) (Oedemeridae), and Anaglyptus
mysticus (L.) and Rhagiwm mordax (Deg.) (Cerambycidae); from Wood
Walton Fen, Hunts., 1.v.60, a series of Badister sodalis (Dufts.). He
also exhibited some foreign journals of particular interest.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The LiprartaAn reported the following gifts to the library: (1)
Fascicle 4 of Alexanor, Tome 1., given by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs.
(2) A complete set of the Penguin ‘‘New Biology’’, Nos. 1-31 to be bound
at the expense of the donor, Mr. A. H. Sperring. (3) A signed copy
of his book on Orchard Pests presented by Dr. A. M. Massee.

A discussion took place on botanical fasciation and another on the
variation of secondary sexual characters in Coleoptera in relation to
size.

11

A large number of queen wasps were reported, which augured ill
for the autumn; and the dipterous Syrphidae also appeared to be
numerous.

Dr. A. M. Masszz said he had found Odontoscelis dorsalis (F.) (Hem.,
Pentatomidae) during the past week-end on Witley Common, Surrey,
feeding on Hrodium, and though there seems to be some doubt about
its food-plant, the larvae taken home were feeding quite happily on it.

From the Brighton, Sussex, area Mr. R. C. Dyson said he had taken
Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Lep., Notodontidae) at light about six miles
out of the town, just off the chalk and getting onto the weald. Apatele
alni L. (Lep., Noctuidae) had recently occurred at sugar, also in the
Brighton area, where the mercury vapour light had failed to produce it.

Mr. C. N. Hawxrns mentioned a sallow in his garden at Wimbledon,
Surrey, which in the past had been subject to a heavy infestation by a
mite. Successful efforts had been made to clear the tree of the pest
and it had remained free for some two years, but now the mite was
returning. He raised a query regarding the mite’s method of dis-
persal. Dr. Massge said the mite, an eriophyid, is wind-borne. It is
very small indeed, has only two pairs of legs just behind the head, no
wings, and a curious sucker ‘‘foot’’ at the anal end. With this ‘‘foot’’
it is able to stand on end; then bends its body into a U-shape, and by
snapping itself upright and releasing the sucker it is thrown into the
air.

9th JUNE 1960.
The PresIpENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Dr. G. Bernardi,
Major A. Russell, Messrs. Ian Ebbage, E. S. Bradford, A. Smith, and
W. G. Tremewan.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. W. H. Spreapsury—Utetheisa pulchella L. (Lep., Arctiidae)
taken at Seaford, Sussex, 15.v.60.

Mr. T. N. D. Prrer—A melanic Polyploca ridens F. (Lep.,
Thyatiridae) as a result of the discussion on the dark forms of this
insect on 24th March (see p. 5). The specimen shown was taken
at Harpenden, Herts., 19.iv.57. On examining the insect the President
said this example was more uniformly dark than any he had seen.

Mr. T. G. HowartrH—A male example of Papilio bianor Cr. s.sp.
dehaani Feld. (Lep., Papilionidae) taken in Korea in 1945 and two draw-
ings of a larva of this species made at that time. The larva was found on
9th September on a small thorny shrub, possibly Phellodendron amurense
Rupr., after watching a female ovipositing. The larva in its first two or
three instars resembled a bird dropping, being brownish-black with
white markings. Later it changed to a privet green colour with
darker bars and stripes, it spun up on 18.ix.45, pupated on 22.ix.45,
and emerged on 25.1i1i1.46 (1951, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,

12

1949-50: 103). He also exhibited on behalf of Mr. T. J. Honeybourne
four living larvae of the above species bred from ova from Japan. These
were in the ‘‘bird dropping”’ stage and were feeding on Choisya ternata
Kunth.

Mr. T. R. Eacres—(1) A pupa of Pterophorus (Alucita) pentadactylus
L. (Lep., Pterophoridae) from Enfield, Middx. (2) Leaves and flowers
of Rhynchosinapis wrightu: (O. E. Shulz) Dandy (The Lundy Cabbage)
from Lundy Island.

COMMUNICATIONS.

A further example of Utetheisia pulchella L. was reported to have
been taken at Dungeness, Kent.

The PRrEesIDENT, who had recently returned from a visit to Russia,
said butterflies did not appear to be common there. Pieris brassicae L.
and P. rapae L. (Pieridae) were seen, and he also noticed what he
thought to be Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae).

In a letter to Mr. S. Waxety, Dr. J. V. Dacie said the Aegeria
flaviventris Staud. (Lep., Sesiidae) taken at Effingham, Surrey, on 16th
April had already emerged. Mr. Waxety said he had never had this
insect out before Ist July; but in response to a question he said that
Dr. Dacie had kept the insects indoors.

Mr. R. A. FRENCH, B.SC., F.R.E.S., gave a talk on ‘‘Insect Migration’’,
using the lantern for illustrations. The talk was followed by a lengthy
discussion centring mainly around the migration of Danaus plexippus
L. (Lep., Danaidae) and the movements of Lepidoptera within these
islands.

23rd JUNE 1960.
A Vice-President, Mr. F. T. Vatuins, in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. J. EH.
Plantrou, R. J. Seacome, D. M. Lloyd, R. Hayward, and C. A.
Wraight.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. M. W. F. Twerreprr—Photographs showing how a caterpillar
climbs up its thread. He quoted Professor Alexander Klots as stating
the caterpillar eats its thread as it climbs. His own observations and
photographs did not bear this out, though he was prepared to accept
that more than one method may be used in different families. It would
appear, he said, that the caterpillar having fallen on its thread and
checked its fall, then separates the thread from its spinerets and clasps
it against its thorax. Next, reaching upwards with its head, it takes
the thread in its mandibles and, with a circular sweep of its head,
makes a loop of thread round its legs, thus raising itself on the thread.
By repeating this movement of the head and transferring the thread
to its legs at the end of each movement it proceeds upwards, collecting
a ball of ‘silk’ between its legs as it goes. As each ball of ‘silk’ becomes
inconveniently large it is released and another started, the ball becom-
ing eventually detached by its own weight. This method had been

13

observed in Ligdia adustata Schiff. (Geometridae) and in Malacosoma
neustria L. (Lasiocampidae); in view of the diverse characteristics of
these two insects it would appear that this method was quite widespread
in the Lepidoptera. Mr. S. Wakely agreed with Mr. Tweedie’s
observations and said nearly all the Geometridae and Tineidae used this
method. Mr. M. G. Morris, who knew somebody working on this aspect
of larval behaviour, said his acquaintance suggested there were two
different methods used by lepidopterous larvae to climb their thread,
but he could give no details.

Mr. S. Waxety—(1) Two full-fed larvae of Lithophane leautieri
Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae) from cypress on the Isle of Wight, which had
been shown previously in earlier instars on 26th May (see p. 10). In
captivity the larvae had taken juniper as well as cypress. (2) Several
examples of Galerucella tenella (L.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) which had
been bred from larvae found feeding on Spiraea ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
(Meadowsweet) on the Eashing, Surrey, field meeting, 4.vi.60.

Mr. M. G. Morris—(1) A female Cimbex femorata (L.) (Hym.,
Cimbicidae), the Birch Sawfly, taken at rest on a pavement in Maid-
stone, Kent, 3.vi.60. (2) Three male and three female Mecinus janthinus
(Germ.) (Col., Curculionidae) swept from Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Toad-
flax) in a private sand pit at Aylesford, Kent. A new Vice-County
record.

Mr. T. R. Eactrs—(1) Juvenile and adult foliage of Morus nigra L.
(Black Mulberry). <A seedling in his garden, though five or six years
old, was still producing nothing but deeply lobed leaves like those of
the fig; the adult leaf is entire. He showed a fig leaf for comparison.
The family Moraceae includes the genus Ficus as well as Morus. (2)
Pellets found during the Princes Risborough, Bucks., field meeting, on
19.vi.60. Part of the hillside was strewn with these and there were
many rooks’ feathers near-by. The pellets were 23-inches long and
3-inch wide, and seemed to consist almost entirely of the remains of
grass or a cereal. It was thought that rooks were in the habit of
resting or roosting there. Kirkman, E. B. (1911, The British Bird
Book, 1: 17) describes a raven roost and says: ‘‘The ground .... was
strewn with pellets or castings, for the raven, like his congeners and
many other species, is in the habit of regurgitating the indigestible
portion of his food’’.

Mr. F. D. Buck—Three examples each of Byturus ochraceus (Scriba)
and B. urbanus (Lindemann) Col., Byturidae) all, with the exception of
one B. urbanus which came from Box Hill, Surrey, from Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts. He gave details of the complicated synonymy which
surrounds these species.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Librarian reported that Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs had presented
Fascicle 5 of Tome 1 of Alexanor, Revue des Lépidoptéristes frangais,
and Fdunula Lepidopterdlogica Almeriense by Ramon Agenjo. He also

14

reported the addition of the following two books to the library:
Dragonflies by Philip S. Corbet, Cynthia Longfield and N. W. Moore,
and Hydrophilidae Europae by Dr. Aldo Chiesa.

The larva of Cacoecimorpha pronuba Hiibn. (Lep., Tortricidae)
had been found by Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss in the autumn feeding in a
Bramley Seedling. The apple rotted during the winter and became
mouldy, but the larva continued to feed. Mr. Jacobs thought it re-
markable that the frass remained quite dry under these unusual
conditions. The larva spun up on 5th May and pupated in the middle
of the same month; the imago emerged on 20th May.

Mrs. J. O. I. SpoczynsKa reported taking Apamea ophiogramma
Esp. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Wicken Fen, Cambs., between 29th and 30th
May 1960, and since her previous experience of this moth was in August,
she asked if the species could be double brooded. Mr. B. Goater said
the season for this insect is rather long, but he could recall seeing
this moth at no earlier date than 10th July.

14th JULY 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. A. H. ‘Lanfear.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. M. G. Morris—(1) Specimens of Bagous frit (Herbst) (Col.,
Curculionidae) from the New Forest Hants., 8.vii.60. This species was
added to the British List by Dr. K. G. Blair (1935, Ent. mon. Mag. 71:
249) on specimens collected by Mr. P. G. Harwood from this locality and
from Dorset. It has also been found in Norfolk, but the New Forest is
the locality from which most of the specimens in collections come.
Bagous frit is no unfamiliar name in lists of British Coleoptera, having
been used for two other species, namely B. subcarinatus Gyll. and B.
collignensis (Herbst). The very involved synonomy was cleared up by
Blair in his 1935 paper, but for some reason Kloet and Hincks omit the
true B. frit (Herbst) from their Check List, though it has more right
there, than for instance, B. arduus Sharp or B. rudis Sharp. (2)
Young larvae of EFustrotia uwncula Clerk (Lep., Noctuidae) from ova
laid by a female taken at Hothfield Bog, Kent, 26.vi.60.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—Choiromyces meandriformis Vitt. (White Truffle)
from Bayiord, Herts., 19.vii.60.

COMMUNICATIONS.
The Secretary read to the meeting the message of greeting which
the President was to carry to the Royal Society on the occasion of the
Tercentary of its foundation. The text of the message was as follows :—

15
Tue SoutH Lonpon Entomotocican ANd Naturat History Society.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
FOR IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE.

Greetings.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, in
sending Greetings to The Royal Society, offers its most sincere and
hearty congratulations on the occasion of the tercentenary of the lat-
ter’s foundation, and, both as one of the leading Entomological
Societies of England and as a Society which has received much generous
hospitality and aid from The Royal Society, welcomes this opportunity
of recognising the unique and pre-eminent services already rendered by
The Royal Society to the advancement of man’s knowledge of the uni-
verse. It is this Society’s privilege to express its heartfelt wish that
The Royal Society may long continue to carry on its work in the service
of mankind.

(signed) Ronin M. Mere,
President.
(signed) BARRY GOATER,
Secretary.
Pepys House,

14, Rochester Row,
Westminster, S.W.1

July 1960.

Mr. C.N. Hawesins said that Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.,
Lycaenidae) was plentiful and he also read a cutting from a local news-
paper in which concern was expressed about the draining of the Black
Pond on Esher Common, Surrey. The concern was primarily with re-
gard to the probable disappearance of Rana esculenta L., the edible
frog, which had occurred in the pond.

At the Folkestone Warren, Kent, 29.vi.60, the PrestipENT in com-
pany with Mr. E. C. Pelham Clinton had taken a fairly good example of
Itame brunneata Thunb. (Lep., Geometridae) at mercury vapour light.
He had since learned that at about the same time others had occurred
in Hants and in Surrey. His specimen appeared to be different from
the Scottish form, being a little larger and brighter. It was his
opinion that it was a migrant from the Continent, for on the same
evening Lithosia quadra L. (Lep., Arctiidae) had also come to the light.
Lithosia quadra L. was also reported from Kent by another member.

Actinotia polyodon Clerck (Lep., Noctuidae) was reported to have
been taken at Bradwell in Essex.

Mr. H. E. Goto, F.R.E.S., read a paper on Collembola illustrated
by the lantern, which was followed by many questions covering feeding
habits both in nature and in the laboratory, their value as genetic
material, parthenogenesis, swarming, and the discolouration of snow by
their presence.

16

28th JULY 1960.
Dr. A. M. Masses, Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. B. A
Adams, E. N. Archer, R. M. Bicknell, B. N. Doutil, J. Garsfield, A.
C. Griffith and D. A. Wills.

EXHIBITS.

Dr. A. M. Masszte—(1) A series of Dorytomus affinis (Payk.) (Col.,
Curculionidae) taken during the field meeting at Ham Street, Kent,
12.vi.60; and although usually associated with sallow it was, on this oc-
casion, taken on oak. (2) A series of Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter)
(Hem., Miridae) taken in Great Culand Chalk Pit at Eccles, Kent,
16.vii.60. This species, which is very rare, is predacious on Myrmica
scabrinodis Nylander (Hym., Formicidae) and has been recorded from
only three English counties; Kent, Gloucestershire and Somerset. This
locality for H. montandoni was discovered by Mr. Side last year. Ex-
amples of both insects were presented to the Society for incorporation
in its collections.

Dr. B. J. MacNutty—A white form of Centaurea scabiosa L.
(Greater Knapweed) from Tuddenham, Suffolk, with for comparison,
the normal purple form. Step, E. (n.p. Trees and Flowers of the
Countryside), Benthan, G. (1865, Handbook of the British Flora) and
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Warburg, E. F. (1952, Flora of the
British Isles) do not mention this white form.

Mr. F. D. Buck on behalf of Mr. A. E. Garpner—A living example
of Trichius fasciatus (lu.) (Col., Scarabaeidae) from Aviemore Inv.,
24.vii.60.

Mr. A. S. Wureter—Ova of Apatura iris (Lep., Nymphalidae) laid
on 27th July by a female taken on the field meeting at Alice Holt
Forest, Hants., 17.vii.60.

Mr. J. A. C. Greenwoop—A teratological example of Smerinthus
ocellata L. (Lep., Sphingidae) taken at mercury vapour light at
Woking, Surrey, 22.vi.60. The moth had a double stranded thread twice
the length of its body springing from the right side of the thorax.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The President reported by letter on his presentation of the Society’s
greetings to the Royal Society at the function celebrating the tercen-
tenary of the Royal Society’s foundation.

Colias croceus Foure. (Lep., Pieridae) was reported by Dr. A. M.
Massrx to have been seen whilst he was collecting in Great Culand Chalk
Pit, 16.vii.60, a female during the morning and a male during the after-
noon. He also reported that at Wicken Fen, Cambs., on 9th July, he
had noticed Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) in unusually
large numbers. Papilio machaon L. (Lep., Papilionidae), he continued,
appears to have re-established itself, but surprisingly, more butterflies
appeared to occur in the village gardens than in the fen. It was
suggested hy another member that this could be due to a shortage of

7

foodplant in the fen, resulting in the insects visiting the village gardens
for carrot on which to lay their eggs. A discussion on the Swallowtail
butterfly followed which included remarks on its habits abroad.

Mr. F. D. Buoxk suggested that the Smerinthus ocellata L. exhibited
by Mr. Greenwood had been attacked by a fungus and was not an
example of teratology.

Apatura iris I. (Lep., Nymphalidae) was reported from Chidding-
fold Woods, Surrey, on 10th July and again on 16th.

It was thought by Mr. C. N. Hawx1ns that Mormo maura L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) was becoming much scarcer in the Wimbledon area of
Surrey. He had recently seen a specimen, but it was the first for
several years; at one time it had been comparatively common in the
district. Dr. A. M. Masseg said the same trend had occurred at East
Malling, Kent, where the moth was once a regular visitor to the light
trap, but now no longer came.

During a discussion on conservancy techniques, Mr. F. T. VaLuins
commented on possible dangers of scrub clearing if not done with the
utmost care and forethought. He cited an instance of clearing to en-
courage one species which had destroyed the only known locality for
another.

llth AUGUST 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

A welcome was extended to a member from New York, Dr. Alexander
Klots, and his wife; also welcomed to the meeting was Mr. Gothburg,
a visitor from Sweden.

EXHIBITS.

Dr. C. G. M. De Worms—Two larvae of Cucullia lychnitis Ramb.
(Lep., Noctuidae) form Salisbury, Wilts.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—A short series of Zygaena exulans Hochen.
(Lep., Zygaenidae) from Nordseter, Norway, which suddenly emerged
in thousands after a single fine day during a week of wet weather, on
the high rocky moorland of the district. Arising from a suggestion
that the main food-plant of the species in this country is vetch, Mr.
Jacobs said there was no appreciable amount of trefoil in the area.

Sir Ertc ANsorge—An example of Itame brunneata Thunb. (Lep.,
Geometridae) taken in a mercury vapour light trap at Chalfont St.
Peter, Bucks., 27.vi.60. In all, some six examples have been taken in
the south of England this year and are assumed to be migrants, the
exhibited specimen being lighter and larger than the Scottish form.

Mr. A. A. Myers—A mosaic Agrotis puta Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae)
exhibiting homoeosis, taken at Kingsbury, N.W. London, 10.v.60. The
left antenna of the moth appears to have developed into a leg and the
tarsal segments of the left anterior leg are flattened.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) A series of Chrysolina menthastri Suft.
(Col., Chrysomelidae) taken on the margins of Obelisk Pond, Windsor

18

Great Park, Surrey, 3.vii.60. (2) A series of Bembidion litorale (Ol.)
(Col., Carabidae) from the Rothiemurchus Forest, Inv., 29.vii.60. (3)
Helobium multipunctatum (.) (Col., Carabidae) from the margins of
Water-lily Loch, Rothiemurchus Forest, 29.vii.60.

Mr. T. R. Eacites—Leaves of Prunus spinosa L. (Sloe) from Lee, N.
Devon, 30.v1i.60, with the brick-red spots caused by the fungus Poly-
stigma rubrum (Pers.) D.C., known as Plum-leaf blotch.

THe Prestpent—An example of Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col.,

Prionidae) which occurred in his mercury vapour light trap at
Chiddingfold, Surrey, 23.vii.60.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. T. R. Eacres said the white form of Centaurea scabiosa L.
(Greater Knapweed) shown by Dr. MacNulty at the previous meeting
occurs at Broadstairs, Kent, where sometimes can be found a half-and-
half form.

Mr. D. Leston said that some two or three years ago Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen had collected for him a quantity of moss growing in association
with Caltha palustris L. (Marsh Marigold) in a sunny position at Godal-
ming, Surrey. This had been dried under a lamp, carefully sifted, and
from it was taken Pachycoleus rufescens Sahl. (Hem., Cryptostem-
midae). On the Cosford Mill field meeting at Thursley, Surrey, 15.v.60,
(see p. 78), he searched out Caltha palustris L. in a sunny situation and
collected the moss around it. Applying the same technique, he again
obtained the species. He suggested the bug could be obtained in these
circumstances only; the same technique having failed to turn up the
insect from shady positions. Dr. A. M. Masser, who had collected the
species in the better-known New Forest, Hants, localities, said his ex-
perience was quite different from that of Mr. Leston. His technique
was to gather sphagnum from the middle of a bog, wring the water
from it and sift onto a sheet. In this way he had obtained both the
brachypterous and macropterous forms. He was unaware of any as-
sociation with Caltha palustris L. Immature stages taken in the New
_ Forest he had fed on Rose Thrips, so the bug was, at least partially,
carnivorous.

Field meeting reports were given for Boxley Downs and Mickleham.

Mr. C. W. MacxwortH-Praep, F.R.E.S. read a paper ‘A Naturalist
in Spain’ illustrated by colour transparencies and followed by many
questions.

25th AUGUST 1960.
The PreEstIpENT in the Chair.
The death was announced of Mr. C. C. Phelps, m.B.5.

The following new members were declared elected: Miss C. C.
Yardley and Mr. G. A. Mitchell,

19

EXHIBITS.

Mr. F. D. Buck—An example of Ocypus fuscatus (Grav.) (Col.,
Staphylinidae) taken in vegetable litter in Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.,
14.viii.60.

Mr. A. H. Sperrrnc—A series of moths belonging to the genus
Zygaena (Lep., Zygaenidae) which he could not satisfactorily de-
termine as either Z. lonicerae von Scheven or Z. trifoli Esp.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Coleoptera: (1)
Arhopalus rusticus (L.) (Cerambycidae) taken in a mercury vapour
light trap, Aviemore, Inv., 5.viii.60. (2) Living examples of Rhagiwm
inquisitor (l.) (Cerambycidae) bred from larvae found under pine
bark in Black Wood. Rannoch, Perthshire, 26.vii.60, (83) A series of
Hypophloeus bicolor (Ol.) (Tenebrionidae) taken under the bark of a
dead elm, Egham, Surrey, 18.viii.60.

Dr. B. J. MacNurry—A series of Chrysolina graminis (I..) (Col.,
Chrysomelidae) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 21.viii.60. One
occurred on nettle, three on reed and three more on Stachys palustris
L.; there was no mint in the area.

Mr. S. Waxety—(1) A specimen of Caloptilia pyrenaeella Chrét.
(Lep., Gracillariidae) which was bred from some maple leaves sent
by Mr. A. Lobb, from the Isle of Wight. The only previous record
of this species being of several examples bred by Mr. L. T. Ford in
1933 also from the Isle of Wight. (2) Specimens of Teichobia
verhuellella Staint. (Lep., Lamproniidae) bred from larvae found in
leaves of Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. (Harts tongue Fern).
These were found by Dr. E. Scott in a garden at Ashford, Kent. (3)
Specimens of Teichobia filicivora Meyr. from Bournemouth, Hants,
where it occurs in Mr. S. C. S. Brown’s garden in leaves of Dryopteris
filiz-mas agg. (Male Fern), The only other previous recorded
locality is Dublin, Treland, but this year Dr. Scott has found the
larvae locally common on Male Fern at Ashford, Kent.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The TREASURER announced that Mr. E. Hare had donated £100
to the Housing Fund in memory of Edward Step. The fund now
stood at £230.

Tt was announced that Mr. J. D. Bradley had presented to the
Society a coloured transparency of the beetle Trichius fasciatus (L.)
(Scarabaeidae) which had been exhibited at a recent meeting.

Reports of field meetings at Bookham and Horsley were given by
Mr. T. R. Eagles.

Commenting on Mr. Wakely’s exhibit, Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said
that when the sori containing the spores are not ripe the larvae of
Teichobia filicivora. Meyr. will mine the leaves of the fern.

Mr. F. D. Buck gave details of a new and economic method of
reproducing out-of-print books, in single copies if necessary, using
microfilm and xerography.

20

The previous Saturday morning (20th August) the Presipent had
found a single Herse convolvuli L. (Lep., Sphingidae) in his mercury
vapour light trap at Chiddingfold, Surrey, though there had been
little else of interest in it recently.

Mr. C. N. Hawxkrys commented on the strange occurence of two
examples of Catocala nupta I.. (Lep., Noctuidae) resting on the same
brick in Wimbledon, Surrey, at three weeks interval. However, Mr.
WAKELY mentioned an instance of a specimen being disturbed from a
tree trunk at Tiptree, near Colchester, Essex, and returning to the
same spot. On being disturbed again it once more returned to the
same spot, and again a third time. The President said this insect
was reasonably common in Central London where he had seen it in
the environs of the Victoria Embankment, and knew of its occurrence
in Hyde Park. Mr. J. O. T. Howarp reported it from Kensington
Gardens and from Putney Bridge.

Arising from a query by Mr. A. H. SpERRING on a species in a
check list of Lepidoptera, a discussion took place on the compilation
and composition of check lists generally.

Mr. Sperring also asked if Hupithecia millefoliata. Rossler (Lep.,
Geometridae) had been noticed this year, he having failed to find it
in one of the recognised localities. The President said he had received
larvae from the Chichester, Sussex locality but all were stung.

8th SEPTEMBER 1960.
The PreEsIpDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. S. Waxety—(1) Dasypoda hirtipes F. (Hym., Apidae) from
Wimborne Dorset. (2) Pseudepipona herrichii Saussure (Hym.,
Vespidae) from Arne, near Wareham, Dorset. (3) Two examples of

Sehirus dubius Scop. (Hem., Cydnidae) taken on their foodplant
Thesium humifusum D.C. (Bastard Toadflax) at Badbury Rings, Dorset.
All taken in mid-July. (4) Strangalia quadrifasciata WL. (Col.,
Cerambycidae) taken on the Ockham, Surrey, field meeting, 23.vii.60.

Mr. M. G. Morris—The British species of Rhinoncus Schon. The
species in this genus may be very briefly characterised as ceuthorhyn-
chine weevils with a short broad rostrum and a _ seven-segmented
funiculus. They are associated with Polygonaceae. R. pericarpius
(L.), from East Malling, Kent; the commonest species, widespread on
various docks (Rumezx spp.). In spite of Fowler’s recorders the exhibi-
tor has not found it on Polygonum. R. inconspectus (Herbst.), from
Aylesford, Kent, and Frensham, Surrey, found less commonly than the
preceding species, possibly because of its more obscure habits. It is
often common at the roots of the foodplant and is sometimes swept in
abundance in the evening, but only occasional examples are obtained by
sweeping during the daytime It is almost exclusively associated with

21

Polygonum amphibium L. &. castor (¥.), from Fleet, near Aldershot,
Hants. Said to be common but the exhibitor has only met it once. It
is associated with sheep’s sorrel (tumex (Acetosella) acetosella agg.) and
found on a bare sandy soil. &. bruchoides (Herbst), from Nether Hay-
ford, Northants. and swept from Persicaria (Polygonum persicaria L.)
and it is possibly the species least often met with. It appears to be as-
sociated with Polyyonwm spp. IR. perpendicularis (Reich.), from
Aylesford, Kent, and Frensham, Surrey. A common species often
found in company with &. inconspectus (Herbst), but more easily and
commonly swept. It appears to have a much wider host range than
that species and is found on spp. of Polygonum other than amphibvum
L. The exhibitor has also found it on dock (Rumex spp.). R. denticollis
Gyll., which appears in the genus in Fowler is now known as Phytobius
quadrinodosus (Gyll.).

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze), (Col., Carabidae),
a series taken at the foot of the Black Rock cliffs, Brighton, Sussex,
4.1x.60.

Mr. J. B. Tatum—Colour photographs by J. P. Grabet from She
showing the emergence of the butterfly Charaxes jasius L.
(Nymphalidae).

COMMUNICATIONS.

Reports of the field meetings at Higham, Kent, and Newlands

Corner, Surrey, were read by Mr. S. Wakely and Mr. T. R. Eagles.

22nd SEPTEMBER 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. J. G.
M. Gouillard and Colin Johnson,

EXHIBITS.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Referred to the question, raised at the
previous meeting, of the correct generic name for filicivora Meyr. (Lep.,
Lamproniidae), exhibited by Mr. S. Wakely on 25.viii.60 (see p. 19) as
Teichobia filicivora Meyr. He showed the original description of
Mnesipatris filicivora Meyr. (1937, Entomologist, 70: 194) and also an
illustration of the congener, M. phaedrospora Meyr. (1957, Icones
Heterocerorum Japonicorum in coloribus Naturalibus Pl. 1) mentioned
by Meyrick in his description of M. filicivora*.

*The question of the correct generic placing of filicivora Meyr. has been
raised with Mr. J. D. Bradley of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) who ex-
presses the following opinion: ‘“‘I have looked into the Mnesipatris question
and it seems to me that the species filicivora Meyrick belongs more properly
in the genus Teichobia H.-S. with verhuellella Staint. Pierce & Metcalfe (1935,
Brit. Tin.) put filicivora and verhuellella in Teichobia; and Petersen (1958,
Beitr. zur. Ent. 8: 415) does too; and I agree with them. The genus Mnesipatris
Meyrick was erected for a Japanese species, phaedrospora Meyrick which ac-
cording to Petersen is an incurvariid, not a tineid as is filicivora—so it cannot
be used for the latter species in any circumstances’’.—Editor,

22

Dr. A. M. Massee—A series of Ceuthorhynchus viduatus (Gyll.)
(Col., Curculionidae) which occurred in numbers at Wood Walton Fen,
Hunts., 17.viii.60, on the ‘‘Copper’’ field (a reclaimed portion of the
Ken) on Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosestrife). This hostplant is
unusual since the weevil is usually associated with Stachys sylvatica L.
(Hedge Woundwort) and S. palustris L. (Marsh Woundwort). This
insect is widespread in England, but very local. It occurs also in Scot-
land.

Mr. S. Waxety—The following species of Lepidoptera taken in
Suffolk during the first fortnight of August this year: Schoenobius
gigantellus Schiff. and KHvergestis extimalis Scop. (Pyralidae),
Anerastia lotella Hiibn., Phycita boisduvaliella Quen. and
Nyctegretis achatinella Hiibn. (Crambidae), EHucosma maritima Westw.
(Tortricidae), all from Southwold, and Platytes alpinellus Hiibn.
(Crambidae) and Oxyptilus distans Zell. (Pterophoridae) from Thorp-
ness.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—(1) The leaf-mining larva of Lyonetia clerckella
L. (Lep., Lyonetidae) on birch, from Silwood Park, Berks., together
with pupating larvae in their cocoons. (2) Living examples of the
dipteron Paroxyna misella (Loew H.) (Trypetidae).

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following local species of Coleoptera:
Endomychus coccineus (l.) (Kndomychidae) from Banstead, Surrey,
10.ix.60; Necrodes littoralis (L.) (Silphidae) in mercury vapour lght
trap, Aviemore, Inv., 4.vill.60; and Pytho depressus (L.) (Pythidae)
bred from larva found under Scots Pine bark, Aviemore. 28.vii.60.

Mr. T. R. Eacites—(1) A frond of Thelypteris oreopteris (Kheh.) C.
Chr. (Mountain Fern) from Tilgate Forest, Sussex, 18.ix.60. (2) Lar-
vae of Pelurga comitata L. (Lep., Geometridae) from Enfield, Middle-
Sex.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Both Mr. A. KE. Garpner and Mr. F. D. Buck also reported
Ceuthorhynchus viduatus (Gyll.) from Wood Walton Fen, having taken
a single example each (14 and 28.viii.60) in vegetable refuse in the
same area as Dr. Massee. They had assiduously swept the Stachys
palustris L. in the area without obtaining the beetle and had swept
Lythrum salicaria L. in that spot for several years without finding it.

Reporting on a visit to the Scottish Highlands from which he had
only just returned, Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms said Lepidoptera were
plentiful both at light and during the daytime. Xylena vetusta
Hiibn. (Noctuidae) and Trichiura crataegi L. (Lasiocampidae) were re-
ported, and Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. (Geometridae) was found to be
plentiful, the females being on the wing at 3 p.m. B.s.t. Referring to
migrants he said an example of Acherontia atropos L. (Sphingidae) had
appeared at light on two consecutive nights and that Spaelotis ravida
Schiff. had also appeared. In the Edinburgh district of the Lowlands
Dr. de Worms said Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L. and P. napi L.
(Pieridae) were common and in fresh condition. Cirrhia gilvago
Schiff. (Noctuidae) was also reported.

23

Dr. H. B. D. KerrLewe_i expressed surprise at Dr. de Worms’s
reference to Npaelotis ravida Schiff. as a migrant. He agreed it was,
but said most authorities on migration were of the opposite opinion.

On the subject of migration Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs said Plusia gamma
L. (Noctuidae) were fairly common in the City of London; he had
noticed some 15 examples recently, mostly sitting on walls.

Referring to Mr. Uffen’s exhibit, Dr. A. M. Masse said Lyonetia
clerckella L. is a major pest in apple orchards this year on the
Continent. He recalled that this was so in Kent in 1920, but to his
knowledge the insect had caused no great damage since. The larva of
Endomychus coccineus (L.) exhibited by Mr. Gardner fed, he said, on
Stereum purpureum Pers. (Silver leaf Fungus) and occurred commonly
in derelict orchards in Kent. Other members reported the larvae from
fungus on birch and beech.

Plusia gamma L. was reported in the Wimbledon area as was Poly-
gonia c-album L. and Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae).

Dr. Kettlewell said a series of eight mercury vapour light traps had
been running in the Shetland Islands, which showed migration to have
been poor this year in these islands. He went on to say that Pieris
brassicae L. (Lep., Pieridae) was now well established in the Shetlands
and was doing excessive damage to the cabbage crop.

The PreEsipEent said he had obtained four Herse convolvuli L. (Lep.,
Sphingidae) in his mercury vapour light trap at Chiddingfold, Surrey,
this year, and two Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep., Geometridae).

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen read a paper on ‘‘Alternating larval biology in
Trypetidae (Dipt.)’? which he illustrated by slides. A cinematograph
film, ‘‘Journey into Spring’’, was also shown.

13th OCTOBER 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.
Dr. A. M. Massee—Two examples of Notaris bimaculatus (F.) (Col.,
Curculionidae), one in refuse and the other on a willow, taken near
Kast Malling in September last.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Odonata: (1)
Sympetrum nigrescens Lucas (Libellulidae), a series taken from a
loch in the Craigellachie National Nature Reserve, Aviemore, 29.vii.60.
This represents a new locality for the species in Inverness-shire. (2)
Coenagrion hastulatum (Charp.) (Coenagriidae), a female taken near
Pitlochry, Perthshire, 26.vii.60, Although known from this locality
for some time, published records do not appear to include Perthshire
for this species.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Some weevils (Col., Curculionidae) associa-
ted with birch, collected at East Malling, Kent, 1 and 5.ix.60; Apion
simile Kirby, Strophosomus subrotundus (Marsh.) Curculio betulae

24

(Steph.), OC. rubidus (Gyll.), Coehodes rubicundus (Herbst),
Rhynchaenus rusci (Herbst) and R. stigma (Germ.). Most of the
weevils which can be found in May and June can also be obtained in
the Autumn. There may be some exceptions to this rule; the atte-
labids appear to be absent and so do Phyllobius and Polydrusus. Most
of the species exhibited are common. The most notable are Apion
simile Kirby (very common this year, but usually only occuring in
ones and twos). Curculio betulae (Steph.) and C. rubidus (GylL.),

Mr. S. R. Bowpen—Pupae of Pieris napi L. (Lep., Pieridae)
formed without wings, from two or three related broods, inbred from
previous broods.

THe PRESIDENT—a cutting from The Times recording Plathypena
scabra F., (Lep., Noctuidae), a common moth in N, America hitherto
unrecorded in the British Isles. It is most likely to be confused with
Hypena rostralis L. (Noctuidae).

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. J. O. T. Howarp said the fungus Phallus impudicus (L.) Pers.
(Stinkhorn) was becoming a nuisance in his garden; he asked how it
could be eradicated. It was the general opinion of members who
knew this species that it was difficult to remove permanently,

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen said that the young larvae of Coleophora
alnifoliae Barasch (Lep., Coleophoridae), which he had added to the
British List from fully fed larvae found on field meetings
last spring, made two small cases before hibernating. The
young larvae of related species are not well-known, but probably make
only one case before their final full-sized case.

Field meeting reports were given as follows: Ashtead, Mr. M. G.
Morris; Druids Grove, Mr. T. R. Eagles; and Oxshott, Mr. Eagles
for Dr. J. Ramsbottom.

Dr. S. H. Sxarrg read a paper ‘‘Ants as laboratory subjects’? which
he illustrated with coloured transparencies. The paper was followed
by questions and discussion covering the size of populations and their
limitation according to food supply, radiation tests and effects,
parthenogenesis, cytology, the association of smell and food, and
swarming.

3lst OCTOBER 1960.
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. Aston—(1) Spilosoma lubricipeda IL., aberration with
spots united on forewing, Northfield Wood, Onehouse, Suffolk,
Q21.vi.51; Hamearis lucina UL., Newlands Corner, Surrey,
22.v.60; Galleria mellonella L., four females and one male, at light,
Stowmarket, Suffolk, August 1959 and August 1960; Pareulype
(Coenotephria) berberata Schiff., series beaten in drizzle from barberry
and maple in lane near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 11.viii.60;

25

Coenonympha pamphilus L., underside aberration with dark bar across
forewing, Featherbed Lane, Addington, Surrey, 4.viil.60; Menophra
(Hemerophila) abruptaria Thunb., variation in Dulwich area, 8S. EH.
London, from sooty through mahogany to dusky and normal, 1958-60 ;
Alcis (Cleora) repandata L., dusky aberration at light, Dulwich,
25.vi.60; Polygonia c-album L., with the C-mark almost completely
circular, Bury St Edmunds, 10.viii.60; Arctia caja L., asymmetrical
aberration with left forewing plain brown and right forewing usual
reticulated pattern, hindwings slightly crippled, at light, Bury St.
Edmunds, midnight 7.vili.60; Xanthorhoé fluctuata L. ab. costovata
Haw., at light, Dulwich, 5.vi.60; Lampropteryx suffwmata Schiff.,
Newlands Corner, 22.v.60; Ectropis consonaria Hiibn., Netley, Surrey,
22.v.60; Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop., at rest, Hashing, Surrey,
4.vi.60; Amathes c-nigrum L., three examples of an aberration in
which the pale costal mark is restricted to orbicular stigma and is
round, Stowmarket, and Hepworth, Suffolk, August 1960; Arenostola
fluxa Hiibn., at light, West Stow, Suffolk, 19.viii.60; Gonodontis
bidentata Clerck, melanic series from sooty grey to pale with dark
borders, Dulwich; five zygaenids of unknown identity from Dearleap
Wood, 26.v.60 and White Down, Surrey, 22.v.60; Huchoeca nebulata
Scop., a series from Eashing, Surrey, 4.vi.60; Orthonama lignatu
Hiibn., a series at light, Barton Turf, Norfolk, 15.vili.59. (2) Micro-
lepidoptera: 38 unidentified specimens from Dulwich and Surrey, May
to July 1960; and 37 unidentified specimens from Suffolk, August
1960.

Dr. N. LL. Brrxerr—(1) British Lepidoptera: Fabriciana
(Argynnis) cydippe L. ab. suffusa Tutt, taken in Kendal district,
Westmor., in 1917; Hrebia aethiops Esp., from Arnside, Westmor. ;
Apatele alni L. from Kendal district, in general approaching ab.
suffusa Tutt; Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. from Silverdale area,
Westmor. ; Gonodontis bidentata Clerck ab. nigra Prout, the first of this
aberration taken in Westmorland; Parasemia plantaginis L. ab. hospita
Schiff., a series bred some years ago by Mr. T. Smith of Kendal and
given to the exhibitor recently; Hustroma reticulata Schiff., from
Windermere, Westmor.; EHurhodope (Euzophera) advenella Zinck.,
taken in a light trap at Kendal and the first record for the area;
Evergestis pallidata Hufn. (straminalis Hiibn.) taken at light at Sand-
scale Warren, and the second Lancashire record; Acleris (Peronea)
hastiana L., a series bred from larvae taken at Walney Island, Lancs. ;
Epinotia (Eucosma) nisella Clerck, taken at light near Silverdale;
Mompha fulvescens Haw., bred from larvae taken at Kendal; Paltodora
cystisella Curt., two specimens taken in Roudsea Wood, a new Lanca-
shire record. (2) Foreign Lepidoptera: Melitaea didyma Oberth. ab.
meridionalis Staud., taken at Vernet les Bains, Pyr.-Or.; Lysandra
bellargus Rott. ab. polonus Zett., from Monte Bisbino near Como, Italy;
Colias nastes Boisd. s.sp. werdandi Zett, a single example brought to
the exhibitor by friends after a visit to Abisko, Sweden; Spirothyrus
althaea Hiibn., from Vernet les Bains; Hrebia neoridas Boisd., from

26

Vernet les Bains. (3) Some Diptera with aquatic larvae: Liancalus
virens (Scop.) (Dolichopodidae), a short series from Grasmere, Westmor.,
taken on the side of a house by a stream; Procladius sagittalis (Kieff.),
Protanypus morio (Zett.), Brillia modesta (Meig.), Hydrobaenus
(Smittia) aterrimus (Meig.), Chironomus anthracinus Zett., C. dorsalis
Meig. and C. (Microtendipes) pedellus (Deg.) (Chironomidae).

Mr. C. S. H. Buarawayt—A patele rumicis L., a few melanie and
intermediate forms taken at light at Weston-super-Mare, Somerset;
Agrotis exclamationis L., two aberrations taken this year; Plusia
gamma L., an aberration taken at Weston-super-Mare this year, with
the gamma-mark unusually formed; Xanthorhoé montanata Schift., two
forms with the dark band on the forewings much reduced; Colotois
pennaria L., a banded specimen taken at light at Weston-super-Mare;
Biston strataria Hufn., some melanic and intermediate forms taken at
Weston-super-Mare; Biston betularia L., some intermediate forms takeu
at Weston-super-Mare including an example with aberrant forewings
and typical hindwings.

Mrs. S. R. BowpEn
ing plants.

Mr. R. F. BrerHerton—(1) Selected butterflies taken in Italy and
Switzerland during 1960. In all some 56 different species or subspecies
were shown, including a female aberration of Pyrgus malvoides El. & Ed.
with white markings blurred, from the Pallanza district of Italy near
Lake Maggiore, at 2,000 metres, taken 3-15.vii.60. (2) Some aberrations
of British moths captured in 1960: Drepana falcataria L., a male with
all wings suffused with smoky brown, the ordinary markings being
almost obscured, Ottershaw, Surrey, at light, 9.v.60; Asphalia diluta
Schiff., a male with forewings almost unicolorous chocolate-brown, with
single central band broad and slightly darker, Durfold, Surrey, at light,
27.ix.60; Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (trimacula Esp.), a male with basal
area of forewings and the thorax sooty black, Ottershaw, at light,
22.v.60 (Plate I, fig. 8); Apatele alni L., a male with very pale markings
on forewings unusually white and extensive, Alresford, Hants, at light
4.vi.60; Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., a male with all wings pale greyish-
white, Ottershaw, at light, 4.v.60; Polia nebulosa. Hufn., female re-
sembling ab. robsoni Collins, Ottershaw, at light, 28.vi.60. (8)
Selected British moths captured or bred luring 1960; From
Ottershaw, Surrey: WSpaelotis ravida Schiff., a male at light,
3lst August; Cossus cossus L., 18th June. From Southwold
district, Suffolk, 30th July to 1st August: Arenostola elymi
Treits., A. brevilinea Fenn, Nonagria neurica Hiibn., Eremobia
ochroleuca Schiff., Hadena suasa Schiff., Simyra venosa Borkh.,
Malacosoma castrensis L., Cucullia asteris Schiff., Sterrha ochrata
Scop., Anerastia lotella Hiibn., Homoeosoma cretacella Réssler (bred
from tansy blossom), Schoenobius gigantellus Schiff., Platytes cerussellus
Schiff. From Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk: Heliothis viriplaca Hufn.
From Alresford, Hants: Craniophora ligustri Schiff., Alispa angustella
Hiibn. taken and bred, Euphyia cuculata Hufn. From Brook, Kent:

Colour transparencies, mostly of British flower-

27

Pachetra sagittigera Hufn., Idaea lineata Scop. From Portland, Dorset:
Leucania l-album L., Palpita unionalis Hiibn. (two examples at flowers,
2nd October), Nephopteryx (Phycita) semirubella Scop., Gen. Il. From
Wittering, Sussex: Agriphila (Crambus) selasellus Hiibn. From
Surrey: Hupithecia irriguata Hiibn., HEH. gpimpinellata Hiibn.,
Trichiura crataegi L., Hepialus fusconebulosus Deg. From
Dawlish, Devon: Huplagia quadripunctaria Poda (hera L.), bred ab.
ovo.

Mr. F. D. Buck—Living and set examples of the following aquatic
Coleoptera: Colymbetes fuscus L., Rantus notatus F., Agabus
nebulosus Fo., A. bipustulatus L., Hydroporus spp. and Haliplus spp.
All taken at Benfleet, Essex 22.ix.60.

Mr. S. E. W. Carirer—Lepidoptera from Aviemore, Inv., and the
surrounding district taken between 4 and 11.vi.60, At sugar on posts
of a deer fence: Apatele leporina L., A. psi L., A. menyanthidis View.,
A. euphorbiae Schiff. s.sp. myricae Guen., Hyppa rectilinea Esp.,
Apamea crenata Hufn., A. remissa Hiibn. (obscura Haw.), Eumichtis
adusta Esp., Ceramica pisi L., underside aberration of Hadena
thalassina Hufn., H. contigua Schiff., H, conspersa, Schiff., Hada
nana Hufn. At rest on posts: Tinea picarella Clerck, Scoparia
truncicolella Staint. (an August insect in the Birmingham woods
area). At mercury vapour light: both normal and melanic examples
of Ortholitha plumbaria F. (wmbrifera Prout), also Electrophaés cory-
lata Thunb., and ab. albocrenata Curt., Opsibotys (Perinephela)
fuscalis Schiff., Apotomis (Argyroploce) sororculana Zett., Laspeyresia
coniferana Sax. and Roeslerstammia erzlebella F. On moorland heaths
near Loch Garten, Newtonmore, etc.: Scoparia ambigualis Treits., f.
atomalis Doubl., Ancylis unguicella L. including an albino, Epinotia
nemorivaga Tengst., Hedya atropunctana Zett. (Argyroploce
dimidiana Sodof.), Olethreutes (Argyroploce) arbutella L., O. (A.)
mygindana Schiff., Gelechia longicornis Curt. Beaten from Juniper:
Borkhausenia subaquilea Staint. and B, similella Hiibn. Sitting on
pine trunks: Laspeyresia cognatana Barr. (pactolana Zell.). Findhorn
Valley: Hydriomena coerulata F., on alders at Coignafearn;
Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., including ab. degenerata Prout. and
Microstega (Perinephela) terrealis Triets., at Dulcie Bridge, Nairn.,
which would seem to be the most northerly record for this species,
Beirne, B. P. gives ‘‘ . . . southern Scotland.’’ (1954, British Pyralid
and Plume Moths, p. 150, London), Merrick HE. gives ‘‘Devon, N.
England to the Clyde .. .’’ (1927, A Revised Handbook of British
Lepidoptera, p. 426, London), and Barrett, C. G. gives ‘In Scotland
in Kirkcudbrightshire and Argyll, also in Fife .. .’’ (1904, Lep. Brit.
Is., 9: 198).—See also Mr. F. A. Noste.

Mr. L. Curistiz, see Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie.

Mr. H. E. Cureperrrerp—(1) A selection of moths taken or bred as
a result of ten days in the Aviemore district of Inverness-shire at the
beginning of June 1960: Apatele psi L., A. menyanthidis View., A.

28

euphorbiae F., Hadena contigua Schiff., H. bombycinw Hufn., H.
thalassina Hufn., H. conspersa Schiff., Hada nana Hufn., Eumichtis
adusta Esp., Hyppa vrectilinea Esp., Anarta melanopa Thunb.,
Ortholitha mucronata Scop. s.sp. scotica Cockayne, Thera cognata
Thunb., Electrophaés corylata Thunb., Hydriomena furcata Thunb.,
Eupithecia satyrata Hiibn., E. sobrinata Hiibn., Itame brunneatu
Thunb. (fulvaria Vill.), Selenia lunaria Schiff., Psolos coracina Esp.,
Olethreutes (Argyroploce) schulziana F. (2) Some Suffolk captures:
Hadena compta Schiff., Stowmarket, 14, 18 and 25.vi.60; Procus
latruncula Schiff., Stowmarket, 13 and 18.vi.60; and at light at Alde-
burgh, Ellopia fasciaria L. 10.1x.60, Blastobasis decolorella Woll,
9.vii and 10.ix.60, Apomyelois (Euzophera) neophanes Durr. 9.vii.60, and
Crambus hamellus Thunb., 10.1x.60. (3) Depressaria heraclhiana L.,
bred from pupa found in a stem of Heraclewm sphondylium L., (Cow
Parsnip). Nineteen other pupae from the same stem were all parasiti-
tized and produced ten Barichneumon heracleanae Bridgeman (Hym.,
Ichneumonidae) and about 80 of a small chalcid wasp which Mr. J. F.
Perkins of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) thinks is probably
Litomastix hartmanni Meyr. (4) Living larvae of Thalpophila matura
Hufn.

Major A. E. Cotiier—(1) Aberrations of Rhopalocera captured or
bred in Surrey during 1960; Clossiana (Argynnis) selene Schiff., melanic
and rayed upperside with extreme rayed underside (Plate I, Figs. 4 and
5); Maniola jurtina L., female upperside and female underside, each
with two extra spots; Coenonympha pamphilus L., male with very
dark underside, male ab. antiparvipuncta Leeds, female antiexcessa
Leeds, male showing ‘‘postsinisunicolor’’* characteristics; Lysandra
bellargus Rott., a female showing the ‘‘sinisnubila’’ characteristics as
given by Bright & Leeds (1938, Monograph of the Chalk Hill Blue
Butterfly), a male showing the ‘‘postdexcaeca’’ characteristics as given
by Bright & Leeds (loc. cit.); Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab. lanceolata
Shipp, four bred females, one with remarkable upperside hindwings,
female ab. arete Mill + lanceolata Shipp; Lycaena phlaeas L., two bred
males, one with the characters of ab. discreta Tutt of Lysandra coridon
Poda, the other with both hindwings exhibiting homoeosis; Lysandru

*This name was not published as an aberration of C. pamphilus L. by Leeds
(1950, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 80-122) but is a combination
suggested by him to cover several species and is consequently not a valid
aberrational name.—E£ditor.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 29th October 1960.

1. Arctia caja L. aberration, Air Marshall Sir Robert Saundby. 2. Pararge
aegeria L. aberration, Mr. A. 8S. Wheeler. 3. Colias croceus Fourc, aberration,
Mr. R. Hayward. 4. Underside and 5. upperside of Clossiana@ selene Schiff.
rayed aberration, Major A. E. Collier. 6. Melanargia galathea L. ab. aperta
Rebel, Mr. B. K. West. 7. Upperside and 9. underside of Lycaena phlaeas L.
aberration, Mr. D. L. Young. 8. Drymonia dodonea Schiff, aberration, Mr. R. F.
Bretherton. 10. Aberration and 12. typical example of J/sturgia carbonaria
Clerck, Mr. S. W. P. Pooles.

Proc, S. Lond. ent, nal. Mist, Soc., 1960. PLATE I.

29

coridon Poda, a male underside ab. ultrafowlert B. & L. (2) On behalf
of CuristopHEeR Nixon, Heodes tityus Poda, female caught near Sea-
ford, Sussex, August 1958 (see Collier, A. FE. 1960, Ent, Rec. 72: 263);
Polyommatus icarus Rott., male underside ab. discreta Tutt which also
includes the same characteristics as the Lysandra coridon Poda ab.
alba B. & L. + fowleri South, Dorset, August 1960.

Mr. S. Coxry—The following Lepidoptera: From Aviemore district,
Inv.: Apamea exulis Lef., Amathes agathina Dup., A. depuncta L.,
Enargia paleacea Esp., Carsia sororiata Hiibn., (paludata Thunb.),
Xanthorhoé munitata Hiibn., Plusia interrogationis L., Eurois occulta
L., Entephria flavicinctata Hiibn., Anaitis efformata Guen., Gnophos
obfuscata Schiff. (myrtillata Thunb.) and Crocallis elinguaria L., Scot-
tish forms. From S. Devon: Mythimna turca L., Leucania putrescens
Hiibn., LZ. l-album L., Agrotis trux Hiibn and Epirrhoé galiata Schiff.
From Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.:Leucania pudorina Schiff., L.
obsoleta Hiibn. and Arenostola extrema Hiibn. From the Forest of
Dean, Glos.: Alcis repandata I.., Abraxas sylvata Scop., Discoloxia
blomeri Curt., Horisme tersata Schiff. and Melanthia procellata Schiff.

Mr. Gordon F. Dotimorr—(1) Four specimens of Hydrillula
palustris Hiibn., taken at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., June 1960; a
series of bred Dasychira fascelina L., with for comparison captured ex-
amples from Ringwood, Hants, 1959-60; a series of bred Orgyia recens
Hiibn., (gonostigma F. auctt. nec Scop.); a series of bred hybrid, from a
female Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. x male S. bilunaria Esp., Ringwood,
1960. (2) Some Lepidoptera taken on the Dorset coast this autumn,
1960: Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Leucania
unipuncta Haw., Aporophyla australis Boisd., Dasypolia templi Thunb.
and Palpita unionalis Hiibn.

Mr. R. C. Dyson—Hyppa rectilinea Esp., two bred specimens which
emerged in September 1960, from eggs laid by a female collected at
Aviemore, Inv., by A. J. Wightman, Five larvae pupated in August
and September, producing the two moths exhibited, two deformed speci-
mens and one further perfect example emerged on 19th October. The
remainder of the brood, apart from losses, fed until the middle of
October and are now resting. Humichtis lichenea Hiibn., specimens of
the pale form bred from larvae collected at Freshwater, I.0.W., in
April 1960. A normal form from Eastbourne, Sussex, was shown for
comparison.

Mr. T. R. Eactes—Some cryptogams collected recently, fungi,
mosses, lichens, leafy liverworts and thallose liverworts.

Mr. R. Farrctoucu—Short series of Lepidoptera bred from captured
females: Hnargia paleacea Esp., Wyre Forest, Salop; Colobochyla
salicalis Schiff., Kent; Acosmetia caliginosa MHiibn., Hants;
Lampropteryx otregiata Mete. and Epirrhoé tristata L., Montg.: and
Apatele tridens Schiff., Leigh, Surrey. Bred as second broods: Minoa
murinata Scop., Hants; Epirrhoé rivata Hiibn., Leigh, Surrey. Bred
from Aviemore, Inv., female and assembled Wyre Forest male, Endromis
versicolora L: Five Harpyia biscuspis Borkh., taken on one night at

30

Balcombe, Sussex. Four species taken in a mercury vapour trap in
1960: Apamea_ scolopacina FEsp., Celaena leucostigma Hiibn.,
Aporophyla lunula Stroem (nigra Haw.), and Lithophane leautieri
Boisd. new to the Leigh, Surrey area; the last named being believed to
be the first Surrey record. Two live second brood Panaxia dominula L.,
from a small number of larvae which continued to feed up.

Mr. Jan G. Farweti—tThe following Lepidoptera: Herse convolvult
L., a perfect female which made a sudden appearance on a television
screen near Lymington, Hants, September 1959; Arctia caja L., a fe-
male aberration almost completely void of cream markings on forewings,
and with strongly banded hindwings, bred from a larva found in the
garden at Lymington, July 1959; Huphydryas aurinia Rott., a male
with very suffused wings, captured in Dorset, May 1958; Melitaea cinxia
L., two series, one consisting of one male, two females with decreased
black markings, two females with excess black on forewings, and one
female underside, bred, I.0.W., 1960; the other, of six females with
pale ground colour, two females undersides showing ‘‘obsoleta’’
characteristics, one male with decreased black markings, one female
aberration with almost entirely black hindwings and suffused forewings,
all bred, June 1960 from larvae found in a neighbour’s garden at
Lymington, from a few specimens which had escaped in June 1957,
nearly all these larvae were feeding on Vicia cracca L. (Tufted Vetch);
Nymphalis antiopa L., an extreme aberration with the yellow border
broadly suffused towards the centre of all four wings, of European origin
with, unfortunately, no further data.

Mr. R. L. E. Forp—A case showing the different geographical races
of the butterfly Hebomoia glaucippe L. with a map of their distribution.

Mr. Brian FE. Frost—Photographs of lepidopterous subjects all
taken in the studio with the exception of Aglais urticae L. Unless
otherwise stated, all specimens were captured or reared at Colchester,
Essex. None of the insects photographed were controlled, i.e.
anaesthetised, ete. Photographed on Ilford H.P.4 33” x 23” plates,
using a lens of unknown vintage with a focal length of 6”. Subjects
shown were: Ova of Smerinthus ocellata L., on sallow, magnification
x 14; newly emerged Nymphalis io L., magnification x 2; Thymelicus
lineola Ochs., resting on bracken, magnification x 4; freshly emerged
Deilephila elpenor L., magnification x 2; a close-up of freshly emerged
male Sphinx ligustri L., showing frenulum and retinaculum, this
photograph shows the position of frenulum and retinaculum in relation
to the rest of the insect, magnification x 12; frenulum and retinaculum
of Sphinx ligustri L., magnification x 16 approx.; Aglais urticae L.,
Berechurch, Colchester, 1960; newly emerged Celastrina argiolus L.,
magnification x 4; pupa of Leptidea sinapis L., photographed on the
larval foodplant, tuberous pea, ex Hog Wood, Sussex; freshly emerged
Leptidea sinapis L., bred from ova obtained at Hog Wood, magnifica-
tion xX 3.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A collection of British Odonata comprising 45
species represented by 840 specimens. Adults and larvae of all the

31

British species were shown including the male Sympetrum meridionale
(Selys) taken at Dawlish, Devon, and formerly in the Turner collection.
Introductory notes on the Odonata were provided and photographs and
specimens of the early stages were also shown. To illustrate coloration
in foreign species the following were exhibited: Mecistogaster modestus
Drury, Megaloprepus coerulatus Selys, Huphaea subcostalis (Selys),
Chalcopteryx rutilans Ramb., Hetaerina americana F., Chlorocypha
caligata Selys., Neurobasis chinensis (L), and, N. chinensis s.sp. kaupi
Brauer. Living examples of the hemipteron Ilyocoris cimicoides (L.)
from South Benfleet, Essex, 23.x.60, were shown; and Coleoptera were
represented by living examples of Rhagium inquisitor (L.) bred from
larvae taken at Black Wood, Rannoch, Perthshire, 25.vii.60, together
with the life history of Dytisews marginalis L.

P. J. Gent—NXanthorhoé fluctuata L. ab. costovata Haw., and an-
other lightly marked example greyish overall. Bapta temerata Schiff.
practically devoid of markings. Typical examples of both species were
shown for comparison.

Mr. B. Goatrer—The following species of Lepidoptera mostly in
short series, taken or bred during 1960: Phalonia tesserana Treits.,
Betchworth, Surrey; P. roseana Haw., bred ex Dipsacus spp., Scratch
Wood, Middx., P. cnicana Doubl., Curdridge, Hants; P. hybridella
Hiibn., Betchworth; Huzxanthis straminea Haw., Mill Hill, Middx.,
and Winchester, Hants, H. hamana L., Middx., and Surrey;
E. zoegana L., Mill Hill; Archips oporana L., Mill Hill;
Pandemis cerasana Hiibn., bred ex Crataegus spp. Ranmore, Surrey;
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hiibn., Cricklewood, London, N.W.;
Syndemis musculana Hiibn., Surrey and Middx.; Clepsis consimilana
Hiibn., Mill Hill; C. costana F., bred ex Epilobiwm hirsutum L.,
Watford, Herts.; Amelia paleana Hiibn., bred ex Trifolium spp. and
Carduus spp., Mill Hill; Ptycholoma lecheana L., bred ex Ulmus spp.
and Salix spp., Mill Hill; Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F., Betchworth;
Eulia ministrana L., Watford and Scratch Wood; Tortrix viridana
L., bred ex Quercus spp., Surrey, Herts. and Middx.; Ptycholomoides
aeriferana H.-S., at light, Mill Hill, 1.vii.60; Cnephasis interjectana
Haw., bred ex Genista tinctoria L., Scratch Wood; Dichrorampha
petiverella L., D. alpinana Treits., D. plumbagana Treits., D.
plumbana Scop., and D. sequana Hiibn., all from an old railway bank,
Mill Hill; Laspeyresia succedana Schiff., Oxshott, Surrey and Ivinghoe,
Bucks.; [. pomonella L., melanie examples, Mill Hill; LZ. splendana
Hiibn., Mill Hill; Grapholita compositella F., Curdridge and Mill
Hill; @. jungiella L. Scratch Wood; Neosphaleroptera nubilana Hiibn.,
Kingsbury, Middx., Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff., from young pines on
Chobham Common, Surrey; Epiblema farfarae Fletch., Mill Hill; £.
foenella I.., Mill Hill; Pardia cynosbatella L., Ranmore; Notocelia
uddmanniana L., bred ex Rubus fruticosus agg., Mill Hill; N. aquana
Hiibn., bred ex Rosa spp., Mill Hill; Epinotia bilunana Haw., on
birch trunks, Curdridge; FH. demarniana F.R., one specimen found
on a birch trunk, Curbridge; 6.vi.60, Ancylis badiana Schiff., Scratch

32

Wood; Endothenia gentianaeana Hiibn., bred ex Dipsacus spp., Scratch
Wood; Apotomis turbidana Hiibn., Curdridge; A. pruniana Hiibn.,
Mill Hill; Hedya salicella L., bred ex Salix spp., Scratch Wood;
Celypha striana Schiff., Betchworth; Olethreutes lacunana Schiff.,
bred ex Filipendula spp., Watford; Enarmonia formosana Scop., Mill
Hill; and Batodes angustiorana Haw., Betchworth.

Mr. A. L. Goopson—see Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell.

Mr. B. S. Goopspan and Mr. W. E. Minnton—A series of Selenia
bilunaria Esp. from Cheshire stock with very dark forms, and a
short series of a recessive melanic. A series of F, examples from pairings
between the other two forms, showing recessive melanie with modifica-
tions, presumably from the Cheshire stock.

Mr. E. J. Hare—Lepidoptera as follows: (1) From Yarmouth,
T.o.W., October 1960: Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff. (gilvata F.), also
three Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., showing melanic tendency. (2) From
Pinden, Kent: aberration of Agrotis exclamationis L., 24.vi.59, and
Platytes alpinellus Hiibn., 25.vi.60, an unusual locality. (3) The follow-
ing taken in 1960: Huzxoa cursoria. Hufn., two examples from E. Suffolk
showing extremes of size; Rhyacia simulans Hufn., three examples from
Gloucestershire; single examples of Leucania unipuncta Haw. and L.
vitellina Hiibn.; two examples of Amathes glareosa Esp., the pink form
from S. Devon; three minor aberrations of Agrotis exclamationis L. and
a minor aberration of A. segetum Schiff., from Pinden, Kent; Coeno-
calpe lapidata Hiibn., two males and two females from Perthshire;
Pyrausta perlucidalis Hiibn., three examples from Wood Walton Fen,
Hunts.

Comdr. G. W. Harrper—(1) Lepidoptera taken or bred in 1960 in
the Badenoch district of Inverness-shire: an uncommon yellowish
female Pieris napi L., a rare all blue female Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
an immigrant female Celerio livornica Esp., a bred series of Tiliacea
citrago L., new to the area in 1959; a bred series of Lygris prunata
L.; a series of the melanic form of Ortholitha mucronata Scop. s.sp.
scotica. Cockayne; two specimens of Apamea assimilis Doubl., illustrat-
ing the two extremes of pale and dark variation; two aberrations of
Hada nana Hufn.; an example of the rare ab. suffusa Tutt of
Conistra vaccini L.; two Apamea unanimis Hiibn., a new species to
Badenoch, an earlier record probably being the result of a misidentifica-
tion; and the second specimen to be taken of the new aberration of
Allophyes oxyacanthae L., which was exhibited in 1958. (2) Some
Lepidoptera taken in the south and west of England during a holiday
in July this year: an aberrant Fabriciana (Argynnis) cydippe L. with
very dark underside hindwings; examples of Heliothis maritima Grasl.,
Endotricha flammealis Schiff. and Coscinia cribraria L., from Wareham,
Dorset, and short series of Leucania putrescens Hiibn., Lygephila
craccae Schiff., Hilema caniola Hiibn., and Euschesis (Triphaena)
interjecta Hiibn., from North Devon.

Mr. M. W. Harrper—(1) Rhodometra sacraria L., a bred series from
an immigrant female captured 31.viii.59, near Worthing, Sussex. The

33

pupae were divided into three groups. The first group was maintained
at a temperature of 35-40° C., the second at room temperature (17-18?
C.), and the third at 3-4° C. The first group produced equal num-
bers of typical specimens and ab. labda Cramer. The second group
produced specimens of a fawn colour with darker brown stripe, while
the third group produced specimens of a greyish ground colour with
darker grey stripe. Only one example in this third group was referable
to the pink form ab. sanguinaria Esp. The experiment demonstrates
that the laying down of melanic pigment was inversely proportional to
pupal temperature, but not so conclusive for pink pigmentation. (2)
Lepidoptera from Inverness-shire, June 1960, including a short series
of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall., the melanic form of Ortholitha
mucronata Scop. s.sp. scotica Cockayne, and Udea (Hapalia) decrepitalis
H.-S.; two specimens of Huschesis (Triphaena) sobrina Boisd., bred
from larvae found at night on small birches; single specimens of
Xanthorhoé spadicearia Schiff. ab. salicaria Haworth, Electrophaés
corylata Thunb. ab. albocrenata Curt. (effusaria Strand.), Pseudopan-
thera macularia L., a confluent aberration. (3) Lepidoptera from South
Uist and the Outer Hebrides, July 1960, including a short series of
Dysstroma concinnata. Steph., and a dark race of Huphyia bilineata
L., single specimens of Alcis repandata L., and Abraxas grossulariata
L. The first three species mentioned were all sitting on rocks and
all were moorland species. (4) Miscellaneous Lepidoptera, including
a short bred series of melanic Alcis repandata L. from larvae found in
N.W. London; two specimens of Lysandra coridon Poda, including an
ab. fowleri South; single specimens of Lycaena phlaeas L. captured
30.viii.47 and shown as an upperside aberration the same year (1949,
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist., 1947-8: 29), now shown as an underside;
and Operophtera brumata L., an intersex, mainly female, with marked
enlargement of the fore and hindwings on the right side; finally two
examples of Zygaena trifolii Esp. ab. lutescens Cockerell captured
29.v.60, Surrey, together with two specimens of pink coloration bearing
no resemblance to specimens suffering from weather exposure.

Mr. Rocrr Haywarp—Lepidoptera as follows: Pararge megera L.
ab. xanthos Frohawk, Portsdown, Hants, 23.viii.55, and a _ typical
example from the same locality, June 1953; Coenonympha pamphilus L.
aberration with the upperside of the hindwings showing ocelli, Ports-
down, 26.vil.59, another aberration with blackish suffusion, also
Portsdown, 24.vii.56, and a typical example from Swanage, Dorset,
8.1x.55; Mesoacidalia (Argynnis) charlotta Haw. (aglaia L.) f. scotica
Watkins, Wickham, Hants, 16.vii.60, with a typical example from
Portsdown, 2.vii.57; Argynnis paphia L., underside of left hindwing
showing homoesis above vein six, New Forest, Hants, 9.vii.60; Plebejus
argus L., aberration with orange markings on right wings replaced by
white, Portsdown, 28.vi.59, another aberration showing markings
visible on forewings and blue areas above orange band on hindwings,
Portsdown, 3.vii.60, with a typical example also from Portsdown,
June 1953; Lycaena phlaeas L, ab, obsoleta Tutt, first brood, New

34

Forest, 25.v.60, with a typical example from Swanage, 24.ix.60; Colias
croceus Foure., aberration showing black markings of hindwings almost
completely replaced by lemon yellow, and heavy clouding of lemon
yellow at apex, Swanage, 23.1x.60 (Plate I, fig. 3), with a typical example
from Swanage, 23.1x.60; Herse convolvuli L., Tresco, Scilly Isles,
19.ix.59, Portsmouth, 17.ix.60, and Swanage, 19.ix.60; Arctia caja L.,
aberration showing maximum extent of natural variation to date in
trapped specimens, Portsmouth, 8.viii.59, with typical example from
same locality, 9.viii.58; Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. plaga Steph.,
Portsmouth, 6.vi.60, with a typical example from same locality, 2.vi.60;
Mamestra brassicae L., aberration showing extensive areas of grey
and white shading on forewings, Portsmouth, 8.viii.59, with a typical
example from the same locality, 9.vii.58; Discestra trifolii Hufn.,
aberration showing markings of right forewing washed out and obscured,
Portsmouth, 22.viii.60; Leucania albipuncta Schiff., Portsmouth,
8.x.59; Laphygma exigua Hiibn., Swanage, 8.ix.57, and Portsmouth,
i.vii.57; Procus literosa Haw., melanic aberration, Portsmouth,
31.viii.60, with a typical example from the same locality, 30.vii.60;
Cryphia perla Schiff., white form, Portsmouth, 6.viii.60, white and
ochreous form, Portsmouth, 5.vii.59, grey and ochreous form, Ports-
mouth, 6.viii.59, grey form, Portsmouth, 17.vi.59; Aplasta ononaria
Fuessl., Portsmouth, 15.vili.59; Sterrha humiliata Hufn., Portsmouth,
1954, no further data available as no detailed records kept prior to end
of 1955; Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, showing homoeosis on left
hindwing, Stansted Forest, Hants, 26.v.56; Hupithecia absinthiata
Clerck, banded form, Portsmouth, 17.vii.59, with a typical example
from the same locality, 30.vii.60.

Mr. C. R. Haxsy—(1) Polia nebulosa Hufn. showing extent of
variation in a large number reared from larvae from Deffer Wood,
S.W. Yorks., as a result of Mr. B. Goater’s query (1960, Entomologist,
93 : 214). (2) Coenonympha tullia Miull., a series from Goathland,
Yorks., 21.vi.59.

Mr. I. R. P. Hestorp—The following British Rhopalocera all taken
wild by the exhibitor: (1) a female Colias australis Verity, taken on
the downs above Polruan, S. Cornwall, 23.viii.60. (2) A male Danaus
plexippus L., taken at Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, 18.x.58. (3) A
male aberration of Apatura iris L. ab. maximinus Heslop (1960, Entom-
ologist, 93:251) taken in Wiltshire, 25.vii.60, together with a large
typical male and female for comparison. (4) A series of five examples
of Aglais urticae L., grading from extreme ‘black’ to extreme ‘white’,
all taken in Somerset between 1950 and 1960 (both years inclusive).
These comprise forma typica, ab. nigra Tutt, ab. seminigra Frohawk,
ab. semialba Frohawk, and ab. bellieri Cabeau (alba Raynor).—See
also Mr. R. E. Stockley.

Mrs. E, A. Hestop—The following British Rhopalocera taken by
John Heslop: (1) A very fine, large, typical male Apatura iris L.,
Wiltshire, 30.vii.57. (2) A dwarf male Polygonia c-album UW. ab.
hutchinsoni Robson, Wiltshire, 27.vii.60.

35

Mr. & Mrs. T. G. Howartu—A teratological example of Maniola
jurtina L., with wavy veins. The specimen, a female, was captured
at Arkley, Herts., 3.vii.60. It seems as if very few examples of this
kind of abnormality are known.

Mr. G. R. Hypre—see Mr. R. E. Stockley.

Capt. R. A. Jackson—An aberration of Mesoacidalia (Argynnis)
charlotta Haw (aglaia L.), female with heavy dark markings on a
yellowish ground colour, the marginal lunules being very pale yellow.
He also showed an aberration of Arctia caja L. taken wild, in which
the white markings on the forewings were much reduced, the hind-
wings yellowish-orange with heavy marginal spots confluent. Both
specimens were taken at Codford St. Mary, Wilts.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—A collection of microlepidoptera from the
Lillehammer district of Norway.

Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis—(1) Three males and two females of Aricia
agestis Schiff. s.sp. artaxerxes F., collected by Mr. L. Christie and Mr.
M. W. F. Tweedie in Sutherland, July 1960. From one female 25
fertile ova were obtained. Ova and the resulting larvae were kept in
continuous light, using a 60-watt lamp, eight inches from the subject
between sunset and sunrise, maintaining a temperature of 75° F.
Diapause was completely suspended and 22 imagines were obtained at
the end of September 1960. This race differs from s.sp. artaxerzes
from southern Scotland (shown as a comparative series) in the larval
colouring and in several imaginal characters. From nine ova of A.
agestis collected at Blackhall on the Durham coast, 10.vii.60, nine
imagines emerged at the end of September 1960, by using the same
method of continuous light. The Sutherland and Blackhall series (ab.
salmacis Steph.) were exhibited. A Sutherland artaxerxes male and
a Durham female were paired, 24.ix.60. About 70 ova were laid in the
next few days. Again by suspending diapause with continuous light at
75° F. practically all the larvae grew without check. Specimens of
adult cross-bred larvae were exhibited. The exception was a batch
of five larvae from ova which had been subjected for three days to the
normal day and night rhythm. These larvae entered diapause in instar
III. Emergence from the cross-bred larvae is expected in mid-
November. In normal conditions of daylight and temperature both the
Sutherland and Durham races of A. agestis are univoltine. (2) Two
living imagines of Lysandra coridon Poda, the first to emerge from an
experimental second brood raised in continuous light at 75° F. Ova
deposited 24.viii.60. Emergences from 29.x.60. A hundred per cent
suspension of diapause was obtained.

Mr. C. JoHnson—A selection of some Coleoptera taken by the
exhibitor this year. Of particular note are several local species which
occur on the sand dunes at Freshfield, just south of Southport, Lancs.
They include Cicindela hybrida L., Broscus cephalotes (L.), Demetrias
atricapillus (L.), Harpalus neglectus Serv., Saprinus rugiceps (Dufts.),
Aegialia arenaria (F.), Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.), as well as more

36

common species like Melanimon tibiale (F.), Phylan gibbus (F.), Philo-
pedon plagiatus (Schall.), Orobitis cyaneus (L.), Sitona griseus CHS)
S. macularius (Marsh.) (crinitus (Herbst)), and Cryptocephalus fulvus
Goeze. Also from Freshfield, the attractive longhorn, Aromia moschata
(L.) and the scarce Arhopalus (Criocephalus) ferus (Muls.), which is
abundant in the pines. The second species of Arhopalus, A. rusticus
(L.) (mainly a Scottish species), is from Petty Pool, Cheshire. It occurs
also at Delamere, but is uncommon. Another scarce longhorn, bred
from a Petty Pool larva is Saperda scalaris (L.). The larvae of this
species are not very difficult to find, although it is hard work. Also from
the same locality is Megatoma undata (L.). Several species from Dela-
mere, Cheshire, were also shown: Hylecoetus dermestoides (l.), Asemum
striatum (L.) (bred from pupae), Leistus spinibarbis (F.) and Librodor
quadriguttatus (F.). Of the moorland species several are very local,
like Miscodera arctica (Payk.), Trechus rubens (F.) from Shaw, Lancs. ;
Aphodius lapponum (Gyll.), A. tenellus Say., A. depressus (Kug.),
Timarcha goettingensis (l.), from the Glossop area, Derbyshire; and
Carabus arvensis Herbst s.sp. sylvaticus Dej. from Hoo Moor, Goyt
valley, Derbyshire. By far, one of the best Cheshire species is
Chrysolina fastwosa (Scop.) from Carrington Moss; just one specimen
was obtained last year but they were fairly plentiful this year. Also
from this Moss was Hister purpurascens Herbst. Various other
interesting species include Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank),
Aphodius plagiatus (L.), Melasis buprestoides (L.), Otenicera
(Corymbites) pectinicornis (L.), from the Wyre Forest, Salop; Athous
hirtus Herbst, Amara aulica (Panz.) from Bagley Wood, Berks.; and
Carabus granulatus L. from Alderley Edge, Cheshire. Bred specimens
include Pyrochroa coccinea (L.), ex pupa, Wyre Forest; Melandrya
caraboides (L.), ex larva, Goyt valley; Hylobius abietis (L.), ex larva,
Delamere; Leiopus nebulosus (L.), ex larva, Torside Clough; Saperda
scalaris (L.), ex larva, Petty Pool; Asemum striatum (L.), ex pupae,
Delamere; Arhopalus (Criocephalus) ferus (Muls.), ex larvae, Freshfield;
Leistus rufescens (F.), ex larva, Glossop.

Major-General Sir Grorcr F, Jonnson—Rhopalocera caught bevween
7th July and 18th July this year at Abisko, Swedish Lapland, 120 miles
north of the Arctic Circle. Short series of Colias palaeno L., C. nastes
Boisd. s.sp. werdandi Zett., CO. hecla Lef., Boloria pales Schiff. and
the s.sp. sifanica Gr.-Gr., Erebia lignea L., E. pandrose Esp., Lycaeides
idas Rambur, and Lycaena optilete Knoch; pairs or individual examples
of Clossiana freija Thunb., C. improbula Bryk, 0. euphrosyne L., Oeneis
jutta Hiibn., O. norna Thunb., Euphydryas idune Dalm. and Pyrgus
andromedae Wallengr.

Mr. H. A. Kennarp—(1) A selection of Lepidoptera from St. Kilda
during August and September 1960, with specimens from Benbecula for
comparison: Cerapteryx graminis L., Diarsia mendica F. (festiva
Schiff.), Paradrina (Caradrina) clavipalpis Scop., Euschesis (Triphaena)
comes Hiibn., Apamea monoglypha Hufn., Xanthorhoé munitata Hiibn.,
Colostygia didymata L., Lygris testata L. and Hydraecia paludis Tutt.
(2) Lepidoptera from St. Kilda only, August and September 1960:

37

Amathes glareosa Esp. and A. xanthogrupha Schiff. (3) Lepidoptera
from Benbecula and South Uist, May to August 1960: Diarsia rubi
View., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Euxoa tritici L., Lwperina testacea
Schiff., Perizoma albulata Schiff., Abraxas grossulariata L., Selidosema
brunnearia Vill. (plumaria Schiff., auct. nec Schiff.), Rhewmaptera
(Hulype) hastata L. s.sp. nigrescens Cockerell, Epirrhoé alternata. Mill.
ab. obscurata South, Nanthorhoé montanata Schiff. ab. shetlandica
Weir, Lyncometra oceilata L., Carsia sororiata Hiibn. (paludata
Thunb.), Huphyia bilineata L. ab. atlantica Staud. and Coenonympha
tullia Mill.

Dr. H. B. D. Kerriewett & Mr. A. L.. Goopson—Lepidoptera from
the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell Collection: Cycenia mendica Clerck,
hindwing with terminal row of spots, Tring, Herts., Goodson; Orthosia
advena Schiff., with extreme banding, Tring, 15.v.60, Goodson; Lithina
chlorosata Scop., melanic form, Tring, 14.v.60, Goodson; Agrotis
exclamationis L. ab. lineolatis Tutt, Tring, 9.vii.60, Goodson; Apatele
leporina L. ab. nov., Tring, 23.vi.60, Goodson; Deilinia (Cabera)
pusaria L. ab. inornaria Meves, Tring, 7.vii.60, Goodson; D. (C@.)
pusaria LL. ab. heveraria H.-S., Tring, 7.vi.60, Goodson; Itame
brunneata Thunb., (fulvaria Vill.), continental immigrant, Tring,
2.vi1.60, Goodson; Ochropleura plecta L., costal streak reduced to thin
line, Tring, 8.vii.60, Goodson; Apatele rumicis L. ab. nov. with pale
margins, Ham Street, Kent, 18.vi.60, James Cadbury; Aethalura
punctulata Schiff. ab. intermedia Lempke, with typical example for
comparison, Tring, 7.v.60, Goodson; Spilosoma lubricipeda L. with
darkened terminal area, underside more extreme, Tring, 6.vi.60, Good-
son; Huxoa nigricans L., ab. striata Tutt, Tring, 8.viii.60, Goodson ;
Plusia interrogationis L., continental immigrant, Tring, 19.viii.60,
Goodson ; P. gamma L. ab. nigricans Spuler, Eastbourne district, Sussex,
October 1960, Kettlewell; Drepana lacertinaria L., median lines greatly
approximated, Tring, 2.viii.60, Goodson; Amathes glareosa Esp.,
somatic mosaic (typical form and ab. edda Staud. combined), Shetland,
September 1960, James Cadbury on Kettlewell expedition; A
zanthographa Schiff. ab. nigra Tutt, a large form from Shetland,
September 1960, James Cadbury on Kettlewell expedition; EHllopia
fasciaria L., white transverse lines developed, Eastbourne district,
October 1960, Kettlewell.

Mr. R. P. Kyi Jones and Mr. S. A. Kn Jonrs—A selection of
Lepidoptera taken during the last eight years, and not previously
exhibited : Vanessa atulanta L., a remarkable specimen showing varia-
tion towards ab. klemensiewiczi Schille, on the right side only, the
left side being normal, taken on Buddleia at Freshwater, I.o.W.,
24.vilil.55; V. huntera F. a very good specimen taken in their garden
at Freshwater, 19.viii.56, the second record for the Isle of Wight:
Notodonta tritophus Schiff. (phoebe Sieb.), mercury vapour light trap,
Freshwater, 20.viii.56, the last two species have been recorded and
illustrated (1957, Ent. Rec. 69:74 and PI.1); a female aberration of
Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, in which a single narrow band of dark

38

grey replaces the cross-lines on all wings, the ground-colour feature-
less light fawn; also a typical female for comparison, both from an
otherwise normal brood in May 1955, from eggs obtained by Mr. D.
A. Eckford from a normal female taken at Boston, Lincs.; Abraxas
grossuluriuta L., a male aberration closely approaching ab.
albomarginata Raynor, taken on the Isle of Wight, 1952, also a less
extreme female example of the same aberration taken at rest on
Euonymus europaeus L., Bewdley, Wores., 15.vi.58; an unusual aber-
ration of Opisthograptis luteolata L., a female with white hairs
replacing yellow on the upper surface of the head and thorax, and on
the tip of the abdomen, features noted to be present before death,
Cleveland Stones, Malvern, Worcs., 21.vi.60; Arenostola pygmina
Haw., a deep golden-red form with dark grey hindwings, at rest on
Carex, Keswick, Cumb., 7.1x.59, with a typical example from the
same area; a short series of Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S. from a small
colony at 2,400 ft., Skiddaw, Cumb., 3.ix.59; Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn.,
from larva, Keswick, Cumb., 10.v.60. The following species were
taken in a mercury vapour light trap unless otherwise stated:
Acherontia atropos L., Keswick, 8.1x.59, Herse convolvuli L., Keswick,
8.ix.59, also a male, female and _ preserved’ larva, bred
during late autumn 1957, from a female taken at Freshwater, I.o.W;
Celerto galit Schiff., Freshwater, 14.vi1.55; three examples of Nolu
albula Schiff., from Freshwater 6.viil.58; Noctua pronuba L., an aber-
ration with lemon-yellow hindwings, Freshwater, 8.vili.58; a dark-
grey suffused form of Hada nana Hufn., Malvern, Worcs., 18.vii.58,
with the typical form from the same area; two Xylomiges
conspicillaris L., from the grounds of Malvern College, May, 1956 and
1958; Luperina dumerilii Dup., Bolberry, Salcombe, Devon, 10.ix.59,
a grey form of Gortyna (Hydraecia) micacea Esp., Doncaster, Yorks.,
13.ix.59; Chilodes maritima Tausch., Freshwater, August 1959 and
1960; four Leucania favicolor Barr., Feshwater, August 1959; JL.
unipuncta Haw., Freshwater, three September 1957 and three examples
from four taken in September 1960; two L. vitellina Hiibn., Fresh-
water, 2.ix.58 and 30.viii.60; two LZ. albipwncta Schiff., Freshwater,
26.vilil.57 and 3.x.59; Laphygma exigua Hiibn., Freshwater, one
8.ix.58 and a female 28.vili.59, from which were obtained the three
imagines and three preserved larvae also shown; Acosmetia caliginosa
Hiibn., Freshwater, July 1956; Orthosia advena Schiff. (opima Hiibn.),
two ab. brunnea Tutt, and two of the usual grey form, Freshwater,
March 1956 and April 1957; two Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff., Fresh-
water, 21.iv.55 and 24.iii.59; Catocala sponsa L., Freshwater, 12.viii.58,
apparently only the third record for the Isle of Wight; Plusia
limbirena Guen., Freshwater, 26.viii.60; three Hapalia fulvalis Hiibn.,
Freshwater, 1.ix.58, 16.viii.59 and one disturbed from a hedge in
August 1955; Antigastra catalaunalis Dup., two from Mawgan,
Helston, Cornwall, 10 and 11.ix.56, and one from Freshwater, 14.1x.58
—the three last-named species having not previously been recorded

39

from the Isle of Wight; a series of Palpita wnionalis Htibn., Fresh-
water, August and September 1955 and 1957-60,

Mr. M. J. Leecu—The following Lepidoptera: From Wicken Fen,
Cambs. : a gynandromorphous example of Gonepteryx rhamni L., left side
male, right side female, together with a typical specimen of each sex; a
series of Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn., and a series of Nonagria dis-
soluta Triets. From Owston Woods, Leices.: a bred series of Polygonia
c-album L.; a female Maniolau jurtina L., showing considerable bleaching
on the right side; a series of Aphantopus hyperantus L., showing under-
side forms; a specimen of Hadena contigua Schiff., a series of Cosmin
pyralina Schiff.; specimens of Polia nitens Haw. From Duddington,
Rutland: a bred series of Triphosa dubitata L., and a series of
Strymonidia prunt L. From Formby, Lancs.: a short series of Rhizedra
lutosa Hiibn. From Delamere, Cheshire: a short bred series of
Rheumaptera undulata L. From Dunstable, Beds.: a specimen of
Lysandra coridon Poda ab. semisyngrapha Tutt, and specimens of
Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. From Castor Hanglands, Soke of Peter-
borough: a series of Arenostola fluxa Hiibn., together with a series of
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. From Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.: Hilema
complana L. and E. griseola Hiibn. From Barnack, Soke of Peter-
borough: an unusual underside form of Maniola jurtina L., the usual
orange coloration being replaced by a dusky yellow; also specimens of
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. From Mildenhall, W. Suffolk: a short series
of Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh.

Mr. [an Lorntmer—See Mr. R. M. Mere.

Lt.-Col. & Mrs. W. B. L. Manizey—A selection of butterflies taken
in Spain during the summer of 1960 consisting of a series of each of
the following species and subspecies: Parnassius apollo L. s.sp.
nevadensis Oberth., a race which occurs locally on the Sierra Nevada;
the usual red spots of the females are replaced with orange in the
majority of the specimens; this difference is much less marked in the
males. P. apollo s.sp. asturiensis Pagenstecher; this subspecies comes
from the Cantabrian Mountains. Melitaea desfontainii Godart, from
Teruel; this unnamed race differs from the south Spanish race in that
the undersides of the wings are much more heavily marked. M. trivia
Schiff., from Leon on the southern slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains,
where it is locally common at around 3,600 ft. Hrebia palarica Chap-
man; although this species is regarded in this country as coming only
from the Puerto de Pejares in Oviedo, the exhibitors found it to be
abundant in the Provinces of Leon, Santander and Valencia between
3,300 and 5,800 ft. EH. gorge Esp, s.sp. gigantea Oberth.; this race
comes from the Picos de Europa in Santander and, as its name sug-
gests, it is much larger than other races of the species. Satyrus actaea
Esp. s.sp. podarcina Fruhstorfer, from Sierra de Alfacar near Granada.
Epinephele lycaon Rott., a series from Leon where the females are much
less heavily marked than in the race boopis Sheldon from Albarracin.
E. lupinus Costa, from the Sierra de Alfacar. Laeosopis roboris Esp.,
a series from Riano, Leon; Spanish specimens are generally larger than

40

those from France. Thecla spini Schiff. s.sp. lynceus Hiibn., this species
is abundant around Riano where all the females have at least a small
patch of fulvous colouring on the upperside of the hindwings; some
of those shown have nearly all the upper surfaces of all four wings
of this colour. Heodes hippothoe L., this species is common in damp
valleys around 5,000 ft. in Leon and Santander; one small colony pro-
duced one aberration in every eight or ten examples examined; some
of these were exhibited. H. virgaureae L., very abundant in the
Province of Leon where most of the males have three additional small
black spots towards the apex of the forewings. Plebejus pyrenaica
Boisd. s.sp. asturiensis Oberth., this is the local race from the higher
altitudes of the Pico de Europa. Polyommatus escheri Hiibn. s.sp.
agenjou Higgins; Dr. L. G. Higgins first noted this small race from the
Sierra Nevada in 1948; it is to be found at about 8,500 ft., elsewhere in
the district specimens are much larger. P. argester Bergstr. s.sp.
atlantica Elwes., this insect is common around 8,500 ft. on the Sierra
Nevada; although it is generally accepted as a subspecies of P. argester
Bergstr., the exhibitors consider that it may be specifically distinct;
this is suggested by the shape of the wings, the colour of the males, the
underside markings and by the fact that the females are plentiful,
whereas the females of ?. argester are usually difficult to find.

Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Mantey—A specimen of Cnephasia gueneana Dup.,
a tortricid moth previously unrecorded in Britain. It had been bred
from a larva found in Jonquils and Anemones purchased in London,
S.W.1., February 1960, of unknown origin.

Dr. B. J. MacNutry—West African Lymantriidae (Lep.) represented
by 107 species in 30 different genera, some of which are the exhibitor’s
additions to the West African list.

Rev. J. N. Marcon—Lepidoptera as follows: Clossiana (Argynnis)
euphrosyne L., a male with banded and blotched forewings and dark
hindwings; another male with the outer row of spots becoming con-
fluent with marginal spots; C. (A.) selene Schiff., a male nicely banded
on all four wings, and spots on forewings coalescent near the base.

Captain D. G. MarsH—A short series of Harias clorana L., taken
in a light trap at Ickham, Kent, 1960; Hvergestis extimalis Scop., taken
on a bombed site, Dover, Kent, 1960; Anthophila pariana Clerck, taken
in a garden, Ickham; four Bombycia viminalis F., including one banded
form and two melanie forms, Witherslack, Westmor., 1960; three
Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., including one unusual grey aberration
determined by Mr. W. H. T. Tams, from a trap at Ickham, 1960; two
Apamea assimilis Doubl., from Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire, 1959; a
short series of aberrations of Cerapteryx graminis L., from Aviemore,
Inverness-shire, 1959, and an extreme aberration taken by the late
Wilfred Cope at Royston, Herts., 1931; a short series of Lophopteryx
cucullina Schiff., including an extreme pale aberration; two typical
Colocasia coryli L. and one non-banded form; and two Plusia bractea
Schiff., one with silver spots and the other typical, from Aviemore,
1959.

4]

Dr. A. M. Massezs—The weevils contained in the genera Bagous and
Hydronomus (Curculionidae) include some of the rarest species of
British Coleoptera, and it is exceptional to find more than two or three
species in British collections. All the species are aquatic or sub-aquatic
and are extremely sluggish in their habits; they have no power of
swimming, but cast themselves off their host-plants and allow the current
to carry them along. These weevils occur at the banks of rivers, ponds
and more especially in sphagnum in bogs. They are also found in dykes
and some species are locally common in the dykes at Higham marshes,
near Gravesend, Kent. The dykes on Pevensey marshes, Sussex, and
in the bogs in the New Forest, Hants, may be regarded as the head-
quarters of these interesting weevils. They are difficult to collect
because of their sluggish habits, but some species can be obtained by
sifting sphagnum, moss, etc., through a fine mesh sieve onto a sheet,
when after some time any weevils present will become active and are
then readily detected. On hot, oppressive days in June the weevils
climb up the stems of aquatic plants, and on such occasions may be
obtained by sweeping. On one such occasion no less than seven species
were obtained in one day at Higham marshes. These insects can also
be obtained by trapping: balls of sphagnum (tied with string, and
weighted with a stone) can be put in dykes and ditches and left for two
or three weeks. These can then be taken home and examined at leisure.
Some good species may be taken by this device. The known host plants
of the adult weevils are as follows: Hydronomus alismatis (Marsh.),
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Water Plantain); Hphimeropus petro
(Herbst), Utricularia vulgaris agg. (Greater Bladderwort), Cerato-
phyllum submersum L. (Horn-wort) and Elodea canadensis Michx.
(Canadian Pondweed); Bagous cylindrus (Payk.), Callitriche spp.; B.
frit (Herbst), host plant not known; B. collignensis (Herbst),
Equisetum fluviatile L. (Water Horsetail); B. suwbcarinatus (Gyll.),
Ceratophyllum submersum L. (Horn-wort); B. lutulosus (Gyll.), Juncus
subnodulosus Schrank (Blunt-flowered Rush); B. tempestivus (Herbst),
Potomogeton densus L. (Opposite-leaved Pondweed) and P. pectinatus
L. (Fennel-leaved Pondweed); B. limosus (Gyll.), Potomogeton lucens
L. (Shining Pondweed) and P. natans L. (Broad-leaved Pondweed);
B. diglyptus Boh., Cladiwm mariscus (L.) Pohl. (Sedge); B. nodulosus
Gyll., Butomus umbellatus L. (Flowering Rush); B. binodulus (Herbst),
Stratiotes aloides l.. (Water Soldier); B. argillaceus Gyll., host plant
not known; B. lutosus (Gyll.), Sparganiwm ramosum Huds. (Bur-reed);
B. glabrirostris (Herbst), Stratiotes aloides L. (Water Soldier); B.
puncticollis Boh., Stratiotes aloides L. (Water Soldier) and Elodea
canadensis Michx. (Canadian Pondweed) and Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
L. (Frogbit); B. lutulentus (Gyll.), Hquisetum fluviatile L. (Water
horsetail); B. longitarsis Thom., Hquisetum fluviatile L. (Water horse-
tail).

Mr. Parrick Martaews—Volume I of a series of scrapbooks for
which the exhibitor has collected articles from magazines, letters,
photographs, paintings, newspaper cuttings, etc., all of which include

42

butterflies and moths in some form. In this particular scrapbook are
examples of butterflies and moths used in decoration schemes, textile
designs (the earliest shown is dated 1645), reproductions of Old Masters
(the earliest of which is a Pisano, circa 1400), and in advertising; also on
Christmas cards, birthday cards, foreign stamps, etc. More personal
are the Press cuttings of ‘‘The Pursuit of Moths and Butterflies’’
published in October 1957 by Chatto and Windus, a copy of which was
presented by the author to the Society during the same year.

Miss C. A. McDEermott—The following Heteroptera: Pachytomella
parallela M.-D., near Betty Hill, Sutherland, 22.vi.60; Chlamydatus
wilkinsoni (Douglas & Scott), Inchnadamph, Sutherland, 14.vi.60; Saldo
morio Zett., near Betty Hill, 25.vi.60; Saldula scotica (Curt.), bred
from nymph found by Loch Assynt, Sutherland, 25.vi.60.

Mr. R. M. Mere—Lepidoptera as follows: a series of Diarsia
mendica F. (festiva Schiff.), and a series of Lasiocampa quercus L.,
from Tresco, Scilly Isles; Harpyia bicuspis Bork., Cirrhia gilvago
Schiff., Pelosia muscerda Hufn., a melanie Asphalia diluta Schiff.,
Luperina testacea Schiff., and Agrochola lychnidis Schiff.; a bred series
of Pammene aurantiana Staud.; Itame brunneata Thunb., continental
form from the Folkestone Warren, Kent; Epischnia (Dioryctria)
banksiella Richardson; Orthosia gracilis Schiff.; a series of Pediasia
(Crambus) contaminella Hiibn., including melanics from London; and
a bred series of Perizoma sagittata F. For Mr. Ian Lortmer—Leucania
unipuncta Haw., from Portland, Dorset and Tresco, Scilly Isles, those
from the former locality having a very small or obscured white dot.

Mr. W. E. Minnton—see Mr. B. G. Goopsan.

Mr. J. L. Messencer—(1) Various migrant, or presumed migrant,
Lepidoptera taken during 1960 as follows: Herse convolvuli L., two
examples from Studland, Dorset; Leucania unipuncta Haw., an ex-
ample from Portland, Dorset; L. vitellina Hiibn., two from Stud-
land; Itame brunneata Thunb., a specimen probably of continental
origin taken at Witley, Surrey, 23.vi.60. (2) A selection of Lepidoptera
taken in the Highlands of Scotland during April 1960: single examples
of Endromis versicolora L., Phragmatobia fuliginosa L., bred, Amathes
alpicola Zett., bred, Anarta melanopa Thunb., bred; short series of the
local forms of Orthosia incerta Hufn., O. gothica L., Cerastis rubricosa
Schiff., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. and Lampropteryx suffumata
Schiff.; and three specimens of Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp., two of
Dasypolia templi Thunb., from the Aviemore district of Inverness-shire,
and a short series of Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd., from Perthshire.
(3) A selection of aberrant Lepidoptera taken at Witley, Surrey, during
1960: Spilosoma lutea Hufn., a specimen devoid of upperside dark
markings except for a small black mark on the costa near the base;
Arctia caja L., a specimen with the dark blotches on the centre of
termen missing, and a dark specimen closely resembling that illustrated
by South (The Moths of the British Isles, 1939 Kd. Series I, plate 84, fig.
1); Macrothylacia rubi L., a very dark female with the first line absent
and the second line only faintly indicated; Xanthorhoé designata

43

Hufn., a form without definite markings other than a very narrow
irregular central fascia; Semiothisa liturata Clerck, a form possibly
referable to ab. nigrofulvata Collins.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Species of Weevils (Curculionidae) to illustrate
the adaptations to aquatic life shown by the group. The species shown
are arranged in order of increasing aquatic specialisation, culminating
in Hubrychius velatus (Beck) which has a most efficient type of plastron
respiration (Thorp & Crisp (1949, J. exp. Biol., 26: 219-260)). The
exhibit starts by showing how in one genus a species may be more
aquatic than its congenors because of its attachment to a more aquatic
foodplant. Species are shown which have only the slightest relation
to water, both fresh and sea water. I+ is suggested that the influence
of foodplant is important in considering the aquatic associations of
these species. Weevils which live aquatic lives, but are unable to
swim; those which are active swimmers; and finally those with respira-
tory adaptations to aquatic life are considered. The following are
some of the more aquatic species exhibited: Lixus paraplecticus (L.)
Bagous (Cyprus) cylindrus (Payk.), B. (Bagous) argillaceus Gyll., B.
(B.) limosus (Gyll.) B. (B.) frit (Herbst), B. (Probagous) tempestivus
(Herbst), B. (P.) heasleri Newb., Hydronomus alismatis (Marsh.),
Tanysphyrus lemnae (Payk.), Litodactylus lewcogaster (Marsh.),
Eubrychius velatus (Beck), Drupenatus nasturtii (Germ.), Poophagus
sisymbru (F.) and Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyll.

Mr. F. A. Nosie and Mr. S. E. W. Caruiimr—A selection of Lepi-
doptera captured during 1959 and 1960 when working the main lime-
stone area of the Birmingham plateau. The plateau is an area in the
west Midlands mostly above the 300 ft. contour with Birmingham
situated, more or less, in the centre. Parts of the plateau are near
900 ft., and those under 300 ft. are where rivers have worn valleys in
the plateau. It was felt that the plateau had a number of interesting
features, such as its height and the effect on weather conditions, and
large industrial areas, which would make research into its lepidopterous
population of interest to people throughout the country. I+ is in the
course of this survey that we have worked the southern tip of the
plateau over the last two years. This is the only limestone area on
the plateau large enough to have any effect upon the lepidopterous
population. Open country and woodland were worked; mostly at night
with a mercury vapour lamp or with sugar. The following are the
species exhibited: Karophila badiata Schiff., a range of forms, one
very light; Anticlea derwata Schiff.; Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., show-
ing evidence of melanism; Biston strataria Hufn.; Lycia hirtaria
Clerck.; Xylocampa areola Esp.; Cucullia chamomillae Schiff.; Polyploca
ridens F.; Orthosia advena Schiff.; O. incerta Hufn.; O. munda
Schiff.; O. populeti F.; O. gracilus Schiff.; O. gothica L.;
Diurma fagella F.; Heliozela sericiella Haw.; Eriocrania salopiella
Staint.; Acleris ferrugana Schiff. & Denis; Depressaria chaerophylli
Zell., a new record; Hpigraphia steinkelleriana Schiff., a new record.
All these moths were taken in March and April. The following are a

44

selection of species recorded for May: Biston betularia L., one ab.
insularia Th.-Meig., and one melanic form showing traces of white;
Menophra abruptaria Thunb.; Selenia lunaria Schiff.; Anagoga
pulveraria L.; Anaitis plagiata L.; Plagodis dolabraria L.; Rheumap-
tera hastuta L.; Lobophora halterata Hufn.; Xanthorhoé montunata
Schiff. ab. limbaria Hiibn.; X. spadicearia Schiff.; Hupithecia insigniata
Hiibn., a new record; Asthena albulata Hufn.; Perizoma flavofasciata
Thunb.; Celama confusalis H.-S.; Pheosia gnoma F.; P. tremula Clerck;
Lophopteryx capucina L.; Notodonta ziczac L.; Drepana falcataria L. ;
Dasychira pudibunda L.; Apatele alni L.; Harpyia bifida Brahm
(hermelina Goeze preoccupied); Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., three
examples showing variations; Meristis trigrammica Hufn.; Clostera
curtula L.; Agrotis puta Hiibn.; Mimas tiliae L.; Nemotois degeerella
L.; Ancylis laetana F.; Apotomis (Argyroploce) prumana Hiibn.;
Nemophora panzeriella F. (schwarziella Zell.); Endrosis sarcitrella L.;
Elachista rufocinerea [Haw.; Epinotia tetraquetrana Haw.; E. sub-
ocellana Don.; Hucosmomorpha albersana Hiibn., a new record; Hedyu
nubiferana Haw. (tripunctana F.); Depressaria purpurea Haw., a new
record; Swammerdamia heroldella Hiibn., Dasycera sulphurella F¥.;
Tischeria marginea Haw., a new record; Monopis weaverella Scott., a
new record; M. rusticella Hiibn.; Hypsopgyia (Pyralis) costalis F.;
Acedes ganomella Treits.; Tinea parasitella Hiibn.; 7’. cloacella Haw.;
Coleophora leucapennis Haw. (murinipennella Dup.); C. sylvaticella
J.H.W., a new record; TYelphusa proximella Hiibn.; Lampronia
oehlmanniella Treits.; Phtheocroa maculosana Haw.; Eulia ministrana
L.; Syndemis musculana Hiibn.; Adela viridella Scop. The following
are a selection of the June captures: Deilephila elpenor L.; Sphine
ligustri L.; Stauropus fagi L.; Tethea ocularis L.; Gastropacha
quercifolia L.; Cucullia umbratica L.; Apamea infesta Ochs.; Amathes
triangulum Hufn.; Apatele megacephala Schiff.; Lygephila pastinwm
Treits.; Procus latruncula Schiff.; P. strigilis Clerck; Apamea mono-
glypha Hufn.; Thyatira batis L.; Pseudoips prasinana L.; Malacosoma
neustria L.; Agrotis exclamationis L.; Hoplodrina blanda Schiff.;
Caradrina morpheus Hufn.; Miltochrista miniata Forst., a new record;
Laspeyria flexula Schiff., a new record; Polia nitens Haw.; Apatele
leporina L.; Sterrha dimidiata Hufn.; Perizoma albulata Schiff.;
Apeira syringaria L.; Horisme tersata Schiff., a new record; Philereme
vetulata Schiff.; P. transversata Hufn.; Rivula sericealis Scop.; Lygris
pyraliata Schiff.; Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn.; Comibaena pustulata
Hufn.; Ligdia adustata Schiff.; Plemyria rubiginata Schiff. (bicolorata
Hufn.); Hydriomena furcata Thunb.; Ortholitha plumbaria F.;
Aphantopus hyperantus L.; Lozopera francillana F.; a new record;
Batia lunaris Haw.; Ethmia decemgutella Hiibn., a new record; Hbulea
(Psammotis) crocealis Hiibn., a new record; Swammerdamia lutarea
Haw.; Aphomia sociella L.; Crambus perlellus Scop.; Udea (Hapalia)
olivalis Schiff. ; Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw.; Salebria (Phycita) betulae
Deg.; Phalonia cnicana Doubl.; Cnephasia interjectana Haw.
(virgaureana Treits.); C. icertana Treits.; Isotrias trifasciana Don.

45

(rectifasciana Haw.); Argyrotoza bergmanniana L.; Pseudargyrotoza
conwagana F.; Notocelia uddmanniana L.; N. suffusana Dup.
(trimaculana Haw.); O. lacunana Sechiff.; Sciaphila branderiana
L.; Celypha (Argyroploce) striana Schiff., forma typa, and f.
purpurana Haw.; Apotomis turbidana Hiibn. (corticana Hiibn.
nec Schiff.); Orthetaenia undulana Schiff. (variegana Hiibn.); Heyda
ochroleucana Frol.; Apotomis pruniana Hiibn.; Laspeyresia pomonella
L.; Lathronympha strigana F. (hypericana Hiibn.); Prays curtisellus
Don.; Coleophora anatipenella Hiibn., a new record; Telphusa
fugitivella Zell.; Ypsolophus alpellus Schiff., a new record; Phthorimaea
costella Westw.; Hucosma fulvana Steph.; EH. expallidana Haw.; E.
cana Haw.; Epinotia trimaculana Don.; Ancylis achatana F.; Stomop-
teryx vorticella Scop.; a new record; Perinephela lancealis Schiff. ;
Sitochroa (Loxostege) verticalis Hiibn.; Cacoecia crataegana Hiibn.;
C. rosana L.; Mniophaga terella Hiibn.; Amelia paleana Hiibn.;
Lozotaenia forsterana F.; Aleimma loeflingiana L.; Endothenia
gentianana Hiibn.; HE. nigrocostana Haw., a new record; Dichrorampha
plumbagana Treits. July species shown were as follows: Geometra
(Hipparchus) papilionaria L.; Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff.; Perizoma
bifaciata Haw., a new record; Xanthorhoé spadicearia Schiff;
XY. quadrifasciata Clerck; X. ferrugata Clerck; Sterrha straminata
Borkh. (inornata Haw.); Crocallis elinguaria L.; Deuteronomus
alniaria L.; Apatele leporina L.; Mormo maura L.; Eilema griseola
Hiibn., typical examples and ab. flava Haw., a new record; E. lurideola
Zinck; EH. complana L.; Pterostoma palpina Clerck; Drepana binaria
Hufn.; Huschesis (Triphaena) comes Hiibn., one dark form and another
very red; Procus furuncula Schiff.; Lampra fimbriata Schreb.; Apamea
secalis L.; Bombycia viminalis F.; Zenobia subtusa Schiff.; Cerapteryx
graminis L.; Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.; Cosmia trapezina L.; C.
affinis L.; EHuxoa nigricans L.; Thalpophila matura Hufn.; Hydraecia
oculea L.; Agrotis clavis Hufn.; Leucania lythargyria Esp.; Amathes
baja Schiff.; Cilia glaucata Scop.; Pyrausta cespitalis Schiff.; Swam-
merdamia caesiella Hiibn.; Haritalia (Notarcha) ruralis Scop.; Batodes
angustiorana Haw.; Aristotelia atrella Haw.; Batrachedra praeangusta
Haw.; Brachmia gerronella Zell., a new record; Archips (Cacoecia)
xylosteana L.; Epinotia (Hucosma) solandriana L.; E. brunnichana L.. ;
Eucosma hohenwarthiana Schiff.; (scopoliana Haw.); E. campoliana
Schiff. (nigromaculana Haw.), a new record; EH. cana Haw.; Phycita
spissicella F.; Phalonia smeathmanniana F.; P. badiana Hiibn.;
Ypsolophus (Cerostoma) nemorellus L.; Y. parenthesellus L. (costella F.);
Y. vitellus L.; Y. xylostellus L.; Anacampsis betulinella Vari., a new
record; A. populella Clerck; Hyponomeuta padella L.; H. evonymella
L., a new record; Huzophera pinguis Haw.; Platyptilia gonodactyla
Schiff.; Cataclysta lemnata L.; Udea (Hapalia) lutealis Hiibn.;
H. prunalis Schiff.; Huxanthus zoegana L.; EF. hamana L.; Tinea
arcella F.; Mompha conturbatella Hiibn.; Pandemis corylana F.; P.
heparana Schiff. & Denis; Tortrix forskdéleana L.; Spilonota ocellana
Schiff.; Notocelia aquana Hiibn. (roborana Treits.); Hedya salicella L.;

46

Aristotelia atrella Haw., a new record; Depressaria subpropinquella
Staint.; D. applana F.; Homoeosoma binaevella Hiibn.; Agriphila
(Crambus) tristella Schiff.; A. (C.) culmella L.; Catophria (Crambus)
pinella L.; Maniola tithonus L.; Gonepteryx rhamni L. The selection
of August species are as follows: Coenonympha pamphilus L.; Diarsia
rubi View.; Amathes sexstrigata Haw.; A. xanthographa Schiff.; A.
c-nigrum L.; Cosmia pyralina Schiff., a new record; 0. diffinis L.;
Apamea monoglypha Hufn.; Mamestra brassicae L.; Scoliopteryx
libatriz L.; Amphipyra pyramidea L.; A. tragopoginis Clerk; Ewproc-
tis similis Fuesl.; Harpyia furcula Clerck, second brood; Notodonta
dromedarius L.; LIuperina testacea Schiff.; Huschesis (Triphaena)
interjecta Hiibn.; Abrostola (Unca) triplasia L. (tripartita Hufn.);
Trichiura crataegi L.; Paradrina (Caradrina) clavipalpis Scop.;
Catocala nupta L.; Epione repandaria Hufn.; Horisme vitalbata Schiff.,
a new record; Anaitis plagiata L.; A. efformata Guen., a new record;
Acasis viretata Hiibn., second brood; Cosymbia punctaria L., second
brood; Plusia festucae L.; Zeuzera pyrina L.; Eurhodope (Huzophera)
advenella Zinck.; EH. suavella Zinck., a new record; Gypsonoma
(Notocelia) dealbana Frél. (incarnatana MHiibn.); Lathronympha
strigana F. (hypericana Hiibn.); Zeiraphera (Eucosma) insertana F.
(corticana Hiibn.); Epinotia paykulliana F. (ramella H.-S.); E.
solandriana L. f. sylvana Hiibn. and f. parmatana Hiibn.; FE. stroemiana
F. (stmilana, Hiibn. nec Schiff.); H. nisella Clerck; Ypsolophus scabrellus
L.; Acedes ganomella Treits (lapella Hiibn.); Apotomis (Argyroploce)
betuletana Haw.; Celypha (Argyroploce) striana Schiff. f. purpurana
Haw.; Hudemis (Argyroploce) profundana Schiff., a new record;
Pandemis heperana Schiff & Denis; P. corylana F.; Anthophila
(Simaethis) fabriciana L.; Epithectis mouffetella Schiff.; Acentropus
niveus Ol.; Notarcha rwralis Scop.; Mesographe forficalis L.; Monopis
weaverella Scott, probably second brood; Endothenia antiquana Hiibn.,
a new record; Depressaria heracliana L.; D. hypericella Hiibn., a new
record; D. douglasella Staint., a new record; Laspeyresia splendana
Hiibn.; Pyrausta (Rhodaria) purpuralis L.; Argyrotoza latifasciana
Haw.; Acleris variegana Schiff. & Denis; Borkhausenia unitella Hiibn.,
a new record; Endrosis sarcitrella L. (lactella Schiff.). The following
are a selection from the September records: Aporophyla lutulenta
Schiff.; Tiliacea citrago L.; T. aurago Schiff., and one ab. fuscata Esp.;
Citria lutea Stroem; Cirrhia gilvago Schiff.; OC. icteritia Hufn. ab.
flavescens Esp.; Atethmia xerampelina Esp.; Allophyes oxyacanthae L.,
and ab. capucina Mill.; Nycteola (Sarrothripus) revayana Scop.;
Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., several forms; A. lota Clerck.; A. circellaris
Hufn., a dwarf example; Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw., an ab. agrotoides
Guen., and another with dark hindwings also; Dryobotodes eremita F.
(protea Schiff.); Anchocelis litura L.; Agrotis segetum Schiff.; A. puta
Hiibn., a rather dark example; Gortyna flavago Schiff.; LInithophane
semibrunnea Haw.; Arenostola pygmina Haw.; Tholera popularis F.;
Conistra ligula Esp.; Hypena proboscidalis L., second brood; Dysstroma
truncata Hufn.; Sterrha seriata Schrank.; Nycterosia obstipata F.,

47

Scopula imitaria Hiibn., second brood; Deuteronomos fuscantaria
Steph.; Archips (Cacoecia) oporana L. (podana Scop.); Hucosma
expallidana Haw.; Olethreutes (Argyroploce) lacunana Schiff.;
Ypsolophus (Cerostoma) parenthesellus L. (costella F.); Hapalia
(Phlyctaenia) ferrugalis Hiibn.; Nomophila noctuella Schiff. ; Hmmelina
(Pterophorus) monodactylus L.; Acleris (Peronea) sparsana Schiff. &
Denis; Depressaria arenella. Schiff.; D. alstroemeriana Clerck;
Phthorimaea costella Westw.; EHpinotia (Hucosma) tenerana Schiff.
(penkleriana F.R.). The following were captured in October and
November; EHpisema caeruleocephala L.; Anchocelis helvola_ L.;
Agrochola macilenta Hiibn.; Oporinia dilutata Schiff.; Operophtera
brumata L.; Epinotia (Hucosma) maculana F. (ophthalmicana Hiibn.;
Acleris (Peronea) rhombana Schiff. & Denis (contaminana Hiibn.); A.
boscana F.; Carcina quercana F.

Mr. J. H. Payne—A female Maniola jurtina L. ab. caeca Rebel,
Northamptonshire and a female aberration of Pieris brassicae L., bred,
Northamptonshire.

Mr. E. C. Perham Crinton—British Lepidoptera taken or bred dur-
ing 1959-60: Myrmecozela ochraceella Tengst., Braemar, Aber., 9.vii.60;
Argyresthia glaucinella Zell., Lyndhurst, Hants, 24.vi.60; Zelleria
saxifragae Staint., Braemar, 10.vii.60, and bred from pupae collected
on the same date; Ethmia bipunctella F., Lydd, Kent, June 1960; E.
terminella Fletcher, Lydd, June 1960; Hyponomeuta irrorella Hiibn.,
Old Alresford, Hants, 24.vi.60; Blastodacna (Mompha) | stephensi
Staint.., Richmond, Surrey, 3.vii.60; Dichomeris juniperella L., Brae-
mar, 9.vii.60; Stomopteryx sangiella Staint., Scremerston, Northumb.,
4.vii.59; Pseudeucosma caecimaculana Hiibn., Portland, Dorset, June
1960; Huxanthis alternana Steph., Folkestone, Kent, 27.vi.60; Aegeria
muscaeformis Esp., Lizard, Cornwall, June 1960; Pyrausta perlucidalis
Hiibn., Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 12.vi.60; Perinephela (Pyrausta)
verbascalis Schiff., Folkestone, Kent, and East Hoathly, Sussex, June
1960; Dioryctria (Epischnia) bankesiella Rich., Portland, 18.vi.60;
Zygaena trifolii Esp., ab. lutescens Cockerell, Heytesbury, Wilts.,
18.vi1.60; Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., specimens from Scotland (Bunarkaig,
Inv., 4.vi.60) for comparison with a series from the south of England
(Baleombe, Sussex, and Hindhead, Surrey, June 1960); Malacosoma
castrensis L., Faversham, Kent, bred from larvae collected in June
1960; Harpyia (Cerura) biscuspis Borkh., Balcombe, 16.vi.60;
Eupithecia pint Retz., Scremerston, 4.vii.59; Sterrha degeneraria
Hiibn., Portland, 18.vi.60; S. ochrata Scop., Deal, Kent, 29.vi.60;
Hoplodrina (Caradrina) blanda Schiff., (taraxaci Hiibn.)?, melanic
aberration, Port Appin, Argyll, 25.vii.59; Apamea ophiogramma Esp.,
Inveresk, Midloth., 12.vii.60; Agrochola lota Clerck, Killarney, Kerry,
and Skibbereen, Cork, November 1959; Hadena barrettii Doubl.,
Lizard, 20.vi.60.

Mr. S. W. P. Pootes—Aberrations of Isturgia carbonaria Clerck

(Pl. I, figs. 10 and 12), with a typical example for comparison, Avie-
more, Inv., May 1958 and 1960.

48

Mr. N. B. Porrer—Aberrations of British Lycaenidae including:
Aricia agestis Schiff., two male undersides, an extreme ab. radiata
Oberth. and another with similar characteristics to ab. alba B. & L. of
Lysandra coridon Poda; Lysandra coridon Poda, male undersides, ab.
transiens B. & L., ab. anticaeca B. & L., and female underside ab.
nigricans B. & L. + nubila B. & L.; Lysandra bellargus Rott., male
undersides, one exhibiting ab. alboradiata B. & L. characteristics of
Iysandra coridon Poda, another showing ab. postradiata B. & L.
characteristics of the same species, and the third with ab. transradiata
Courv. characteristics also of LZ. coridon Poda.

Mr. Avustry RicHarpson—Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1960;
(1) series of Arenostola morrisiti Dale, Dorset; A. extrema Hiibn.,
Hunts. ; A. fluxa Hiibn. Oxon.; Orthosia incerta Hufn., a varied series,
Rannoch, Inv.; Achlya flavicornis L., including heavily banded and
violet forms, Rannoch; Brachionycha nubeculosa Hsp., the dark form
from Rannoch, with a lighter series for comparison from Aviemore,
Inv.; Perizoma (Coenotephria) sagittata F., bred from Cambs., Hunts.
and Norfolk, with four blown larvae; Amathes depuncta L., Aviemore;
Dysstroma concinnata Steph., two generations bred from Arran
stock on strawberry, with two blown larvae. Euschesis
(Triphaena) sobrina Boisd., Aviemore and Ross, and JDiarsia
rubi View., dark and banded aberrations from Mr. A. V. Hedges’ trap,
Isle of Man. (2) Atethmia xerampelina Esp., one reddish aberration,
from the Isle of Man; Chaonia (Drymonia) ruficornis Hufn., suffused
aberration, Glos.; Luperina testacea Schiff., banded aberration,
Scilly; three Agrotis exclamationis L., two of which were
ab. plaga Steph., Glos.; Apamea remissa Hiibn. (obscura Haw.),
extreme form, one Hunts., one Glos.; two Zygaena lonicerae von
Scheven, one red, one ab. citrina Speyer, both confluent, Glos. ;
Lampropteryxz otregiata Metc., Glos., second county specimen; two
Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb., Cornwall, second and third British
specimens; Pyrausta perlucidalis Hiibn., Hunts.; Palpita wnionalis
Hiibn., Mon., Anthocharis (Euchloé) cardamines L., aberration with
very heavily marked tips to forewings, Worcs.

Mr. Donatp Rowserry—The following Lepidoptera: Pieris brassicae
L., four males including a dwarf, each with creamy-yellow ground
colour and purplish-brown apical markings, seeming to approach ab.
flava Krul; all four were taken on lucerne at Dover, Kent, 9.viii.59; a
typical male was shown for comparison. P. rapae L., a female with
clearly defined discoidal spots on both hindwings, taken in a lucerne
field at Lympne, Kent, 14.ix.59. P. napi L., an extremely fine large
male taken in Alice Holt Forest, Hants, 11.vii.60, and a dwarf female
taken at Ranmore, Surrey, 5.viii.60. Anthocharis (Huchloé) cardamines
L., a small male, very pale and partially transparent, and another
small male with yellow suffusion on right forewing, both taken at
Chiddingfold, Surrey, 24.iv.60. Colias croceus Fourc., a male aberra-
tion taken on lucerne at Lympne, Kent, 14.ix.59; the upperside has

49

irregular, wedge-shaped white marks on both forewings and irregular
silver patches on hindwings with silver discoidal spots, the underside
has irregular white patches on three wings; a typical male was shown
for comparison. Papilio machaon L., a male approaching ab. obscura
Frohawk, and a female with slight tendency towards ab. obscura Frohawk
on forewing tips; both emerged from purchased pupae, June 1960.
Gonepteryx rhamni L., a gynandromorphous male with streaks of female
colouring on left forewing, taken at Wanborough, Surrey, 23.viii.59.
Pararge aegeria L., a male with generally dark markings and suffused
hindwings, Plaistow, Sussex, 29.v.60; a female ab. quadriocellata
Meves., Woking, Surrey, 28.v.60; and a female with characters approach-
ing the ab. xanthos Frohawk of Pararge megera L., Woking, 28.v.60.
Maniola jurtina L., a male with bleaching on both hindwings, Woking,
26.vi.60, and a very pale female, Henley-on-Thames, 9.vii.60. Aphantopus
hyperantus L., a male with bleached right hindwing, Wanborough,
17.vii.59. Coenonympha pamphilus L., an example of homoeosis with
pronounced streak of forewing colouring on underside right hindwing,
Ranmore, 20.viii.60. Polyommatus icarus Rott., ab. iphis Meig., Folke-
stone, Kent, 12.viii.59; three ab. caerulea Fuchs, Beckley, Oxon.,
4.vi.60, and Ranmore, 27.viii.60; ab. icarinus Scharf., female, Folke-
stone, 3l.viii.60. Lysandra coridon Poda, ab. fowleri South, Ranmore,
5.vili.60; ab. marginata Tutt, Ranmore, 5.viii.60; ab. arcuata
Courv., male, Dover, 12.viii.59, and a female, Ranmore, 27.viii.60; also
a dingy male with overall ground colour a very dull greyish-mauve and
with marginal markings light brown, Dover, 12.viii.59. Iysandra
bellargus Rott., ab. arcuata Courv., female, Ranmore, 4.ix.59, and a
female with underside and upperside ground colour a much paler brown
than usual. Mimas tiliae L., a one-spot aberration of the deep, brick-
red form, bred from pupa found at Woking, emerged 23.vi.60. Laothoé
populi L., three interesting forms taken at mercury vapour light at
Woking, May, June and July 1960; a dwarf male with maximum wing-
span 54 mm., an asymmetrical male; and a male with an unusual
bronze ground colour. Parascotia fuliginaria L., one of three examples
taken at mercury vapour light in a garden at Woking during the third
week of August 1960. Arctia caja L., a male aberration with both
brown forewing markings and blue hindwing markings greatly enlarged,
at mercury vapour light, Woking, 26.vii.60.

Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm—Some variation in butterflies and moths
taken during the summer of 1960. Pararge aegeria L., a male with
cream spots nearly obsolete, and one female with markings normal but
heavily suffused, New Forest, Hants, July; P. megera L., a female with
angled forewings, distorted apical spot, and markings on hindwings
partly obscured by suffusion, Hod Hill, Dorset, June; Maniola jurtina
L., a male underside with complete absence of orange colouring, ground
colour lilac-grey, forewings with orange area replaced by greyish-white,
New Forest, July; M. tithonws L., a female with light straw-coloured
ground colour, a female ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, four very dark
males, one of which has orange-fulvous area in hindwings obsolete, the

50

three others approaching this form, two male undersides with additional
spots below the sub-apical spot, New Forest, July; Argynnis paphia L.,
two males with outer spots enlarged and joined, New Forest; Nymphalis
io L. ab. exoculata Weym., bred from web of young larvae taken at
Brockenhurst, Hants, and which emerged 38rd August, the remainder
of the brood were typical and were released; Vanessa atalanta L., a
male with red markings reduced and broken in centre of forewing,
black spots on band in hindwing greatly enlarged, and another with
these spots absent, Brockenhurst, September; Aglais urticae L., two
dark forms, one upperside with nervures on forewings covered with
black scales, and one underside heavily suffused, bred, Hod Hill;
Euphydryas aurinia Rott., two females bred from Hod Hill, including
one fasciated aberration; Plebejus argus L., a female underside with
ground colour silver-grey similar to male, lemon-yellow lunules and
hindwings, ab. basijuncta Tutt, six female undersides with striated
hindwings, from a colony in the New Forest, July; Diacrisia sannio
L., a female with black hindwings and four males including one albino,
New Forest, July.

Air-Marshall Sir Rosert SaunpBy—Lepidoptera taken in the wild
in the Newbury District. Vanessa atalanta L., a specimen in which the
usual red markings are replaced by brown; Aglais urticae L., with the
yellow markings almost obsolete; Lycaena phlaeas i. ab. schmidtii
Gerh. ; a fine Herse convolvuli L. male in excellent condition, taken at
light; two examples of Arctia caja I., one with plain cream coloured
forewings, the hindwings suffused with yellow, and the black spots re-
duced to three (PI. I, fig. I), the other with very heavy dark markings
on both forewings and hindwings; a male Macrothylacia rubi L. ab.
fasciata Tutt, bred from a larva found after hibernation; a male
Miltochrista miniata Forst. ab. crocea Bign. (flava Meyer); one
Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn., taken at light 13.x.59.

Miss C. Scoerwatp—see Mr. F. G. Smith.

Col. E. Scorr—(1) A female Uresiphita polygonalis Hiibn. (gilvata
F.), taken in good condition by Mr. C. A. W. Duffield at Brook, Kent,
14.ix.60, at mercury vapour light; Cryphia muralis Forst., Ashford,
Kent, a rare moth away from the coast. (2) A selection of micro-
lepidoptera taken or bred during the past season.

Mr. L. W. Stces—Lepidoptera taken at mercury vapour light in
the New Forest, Hants, at Minstead, 1958-60: Notodonta dromedarius
IL., a male aberration with forewings reddish brown and with a dark
brown cloud in centre of wing and on outer edge, 12.v.59; Odontosia
carmelita Esp., 26.iv.59; Dasychira fascelina L., 20.vii.60;
Macrothylacia rubi L., a pretty brown female aberration, 27.vi.60;
Nola strigula Schiff., 27.vi.60; two examples of Nola albula Schiff.,
15 and 18.vii.58; Lithosia quadra L., male with forewings wholly grey
except for the basal yellow patch, 20.vii.60; two specimens of Hilema
griseola Hiibn. ab. flava Haw., 4 and 10.vii.59; Polia nebulosa Hufn.,
two pale specimens (? ab. pallida Tutt), 10 and 30.vi.59; two specimens
of Hadena contigua Schiff., 19.vii.58 and 5.vi.60; Apamea scolopacina

51

Esp., 24.vii.60; Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn., 16.vii.59; Leucania
obsoleta Hiibn., 27.vi.60; Meristis trigrammica Hufn., melanic aber-
ration, 5.vi.60; Orthosia advena Schiff., 3.v.60; Anchoscelis helvola L.,
two examples of a pretty brownish red and olive-green aberration,
24.ix.60; Dusycampa rubiginea Schiff., 5.v.59; Eustrotia wuncula
Clerck, 5.vii.59; Catocala promissa Schiff., 9.vii.59; Oporinia dilutata
Schiff., ab. latefasciata Prout, 1.ix.59; Bapta distinctata H.-S.,
5.vi.60; Hrannis defoliaria Clerck ab. obscurata Staud., 10.i1x.60;
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn., an aberration with well defined
cross lines enclosing darker central area, 20.vii.60; two specimens cf
Cleora cinctaria Schiff., 13.v.59 and 2.v.60; Alcis (Cleora) repandata
L. ab. nigricata Fuchs., 24.vi.60; A. (C.) jubata Thunb., 20.vii.58;
Ectropis biundularia Borkh. (bistortata Goeze auct nec Goeze), melanic
aberration, 2.iv.59; Palpita wnionalis Hitbn., female, 18.x.60, male,
19.x.60.

Mr. Bernarp F. Sxinner—Lepidoptera from various localities.
Aviemore, Inv.: Heliothis scutosa Schiff., Diarsia dahliit Hiibn.,
Apamea furva Schiff., s.sp. britannica Cockayne, A. assimilis Doubl.,
Enargia paleacea Esp., Plusia interrogationis L., Amathes depuncta
L., Euschesis (Triphaena) sobrina Boisd., Ewurois occulata L.,
Coenonympha tullia Miill., and Erebia aethiops Esp. Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts.: Arenostola extrema Hiibn. Wicken Fen, Cambs.;
Meliana flammea Curt., Chilodes maritima Tausch. and Leucania
obsoleta Hiibn. The Breck district, Suffolk: Anepia irregularis Hufn.,
Hadena compta Schiff., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. N. Hants: Plusia
chryson Esp. Tilgate, Sussex: Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., Harpyia
(Cerura) bicuspis Borkh., and Hyloicus pinastri L. Surrey: series of
Apatura iris L. and Odontosia carmelita Esp. Middlesex: a series of
Xanthorhoé biriviata Borkh. Camber, Sussex: Humichtis lichenea
Hiibn. Eastbourne, Sussex: a series of Iithophane leautieri Boisd.
Charmouth, Dorset: Leucania vitellina Hiibn. S.W. Kent: Hydraecia
hucherardi Mab. and Dasychira fascelina L.

Mr. F. G. SmirH and Miss C. Scnetwatp on behalf of the
Rothamsted Experimental Station—Material collected from brooks of
shallow, almost stagnant, water intersecting fields at Lewes Levels,
Sussex, 22.x.60. The brooks contained various aquatic plants such as:
Lemna minor LL. (Duckweed), JL. trisulea L. (Ivy Duckweed),
Ceratophyllum demersum WL. (Hornwort), Elodea canadensis Michx.
(Canadian Pondweed), Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. (Frogbit), and
Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Fairy Fern). Living animals of various
Classes were shown including Dendrocoelum lactewm (Miiller),
Polycelis nigra (Miller) and Dugesia lugubris (O. Schmidt) (Turbel-
laria); Piscicola geometra L. (leech) (Hirudinea); Asellus meridianus
Recovitza (Water Slater) (Crustacea); Acarina (water mites),
Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) (Water Spider) and Pirata piraticus
(Clerck) (Surface Water Spider), (Arachnida) ; Pygosteus
pungitius (L.) (Ten-spined Stickleback) and a_ three’ to
four-year-old elver Anguilla vulgaris Day (Pisces); and water snails

52

of the genera Bithynia, Limnaea and Planorbis (Mollusca), Live
insects shown were: may fly nymph Clofon simile Eaton (Ephemerop-
tera); water beetles of the genera Hydrophilus, Helophorus and
Graptodytes; and the Lesser Water Boatman, Corixa (Hesperocoriza)
linnei (Fieber) (Hemiptera). The following mounted insects were
included in the exhibit: Dytiscus semisulcatus Miill., D. marginalis
L., D. circumflerus L. D. lapponicus Gyll., D. cirewmcinctus Ahr., D.
dimidiatus Bergstr. and Hydrophilus rufifrons (Mill) (piceus L.)
(Coleoptera); Notonecta glauca L., N. maculata F. and Corira
(Hesperocorixa) linnei (Fieb.) (Hemiptera).

Mr. W. H. Spreapsury—An example of the scarce immigrant
Utetheisa pulchella L., taken at Seaford, Sussex, 15.v.60.

Mr. R. E. Srocxtey, Mr. I. R. P. Hestop and Mr. G. R. Hype—A
selection of photographs of Apatura iris L., taken by Mr. Hyde,
together with some excerpts from their monograph ‘‘Notes and Views
of the Purple Emperor’’.

Miss Vert TempteE—(1) Watercolours: Myrica gale L. (Bog Myrtle);
Bupalus piniaria L. (Lep.) larvae on the foodplant; Quercusia (Thecla)
quercus L. (Lep.) larva on Quercus robur L. (pedunculata Ehrh.);
Limnophilus rhombicus (l.) (Trich.) imago, larvae and_ cases;
Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulz.) (Od.) nymphs and imagines; Coenagrion
puellum (L.) (Od.) imago emerging from pupal case and nymph; Aeshna
cyanea (Miill.) (Od.) imago and nymphs. (2) An example of Gilpinia
hereyniae (Hartig) (Hym., Symphyta) female bred from larva taken
in Farnham Wood, Dorset, October 1959. The fly emerged in May
1960. Also a water colour of the larva on its foodplant.

Rear-Admiral A. D. Tortrsse—Lepidoptera taken on the Island of
Mull, Argyllshire, between 9 and 30.vi.60: Humenis (Satyrus) semele
L., four males with three from the New Forest, Hants, for comparison;
Coenonympha tullia Mill., a short series of s.sp. scotica Staud.; Polyom-
matus icarus Rott.; Harpyia (Cerura) furcula L.; Spilosoma lubricipeda
L.; Diacrisia sannio L.; Apatele leporina L.; A. menyanthidis View.;
Amathes ditrapeziwm Schiff.; Polia nebulosa Hufn.; Anaplectoides
prasina Schiff.; Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hiibn.); Apamea
oblonga Haw. (abjecta Hiibn.); Hustrotia uncula Clerck; Plusia bractea
Schiff.; P. festucae L.; Perizoma blandiata Schiff.; Hupithecia
subumbrata Schiff. (scabiosata Borkh.); Dyscia fagaria Thunb.;
Crambus ericellus Hiibn.; Catophria (Crambus) furcatella Zett., taken
at 2,500 to 3,100 feet; Udea (Pyrausta) alpinalis Schiff. s.sp. wliginosalis
Steph., taken at 1,500 feet; U. (P.) decrepitalis H.-S.; Zygaena lots
Schiff. (achilleae Esp.); Z. purpuralis Briin.; Hepialus fusconebulosa
Deg.

Mr. M. W. F. Tweep1e—A pen drawing of moths at a sugared fence-
post, Camber, Sussex, July 1959. Species depicted are: Noctua
(Triphaena) pronuba L., Thalpophila matura Hufn., Leucania impura
Hiibn., Diatarazia oleracea L. and Amathes c-nigrum L.

53

Mr. M. W. F. Tweevire & Mr. L. Curistre—Seven male and two
female Aricia agestis Schiff. of the race artaxerzes F. (Lep., Lycaenidae)
taken in Sutherland, 18.vii.60, by the exhibitors.

Mr. D. H. WaLxer—A female Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. radiata Tutt,
Surrey, 3.vi1.60: two males and a female Humenis (Satyrus) semele
Schiff., of the dwarf race thyone Thompson, Great Orme’s Head, N.
Wales, 23.vii.60. The males of the latter measure 39 mm. across the
wing, the female 47 mm., against the normal wingspan of 48 mm. and
52 mm. respectively. One male shows very heavy white banding on
the underside hindwings.

Mr. S. Waxety— Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1960, including:
Simyra venosa Borkh. (albovenosa Goeze auct. nec Goeze), Huxroa
cursoria Hufn., Apamea oblonga Haw., Celaena leucostigma Hiibn.,
Hremobia ochroleuca Schiff., Nonagria neurica Hitibn., Arenostola elymi
Treits., Plusia festucae L., Schoenobius gigantellus Schiff., Evergestis
extimalis Scop., Epischnia (Phycita) boisduvaliella Guen., Nyctegretis
achatinella Hiibn., Agriphila (Crambus) selasella Hiibn., Phalonia
atricapitana Steph., Hucosma maritima Westw., Brachmia gerronetla
Zell., all from Southwold, Suffolk ; Calophasia lunula Hufn., Dungeness,
Kent; Nonagria sparganii Esp., Chattenden, Kent; Lithophane
leautieri Boisd., bred from larva found on cypress in the Isle of Wight
(see also pp. 10 and 13); Hapalotis venustula Hiibn., Bookham, Surrey;
Colobochyla salicalis Schiff., Ham Street, Kent; Aplasta ononaria
Fuessl. and Sterrha ochrata Scop., Sandwich, Kent; Crambus
dumetellus Hiibn., Princes Risborough, Bucks; Calamotropha (Crambus)
paludella Hiibn., Higham, Kent; Oxyptilus distans Zell., Thorpness,
Suffolk; Grapholita molesta Busck., bred from a peach; G. gemmiferana
Treits., Luccombe, Isle of Wight; Selania leplastriana Curt., Folke-
stone, Kent; Hypercallia christiernana L., Wrotham, Kent;
Depressaria pallorella Zell., Studland, Dorset; Hyponomeuta vrrorella
Hiibn., High Halstow, Kent; Hthmia funerella F., Chartham, Kent;
E. bipunctella Dungeness, Kent: Caloptilia pyrenaeella Chrét., Isle
of Wight; Gracillaria cuculipennella Hiibn., Horsley, Surrey. @.
populetorum Zell., Ockham, Surrey; Teichobia verhuellella Staint.,
Westwell, Kent; 7. filicivora Meyr., Bournemouth, Hants.

Mr. Norman A. Watkins—Three series of Melunargia galathea IL.
aberrations. (1) A series taken in Somerset and Gloucestershire during
1960 including a male and female trans. ab. valentini Williams, Glos.
and Somerset; males and a female ab. valentini Williams, Somerset,
two of which are the very extreme form and one being the most extreme
form that has yet come to the notice of the exhibitor, with only one
very small patch of white scales remaining on the affected part of each
forewing. (2) A series of males from Gloucestershire including: an
example with typical forewings, but with the left hindwing with white
background and enlarged marginal lunules and all the usual black
scaling grey and reduced in size, and the right hindwing with suffused
margin and greatly reduced lunules; a dark male with additional

54

scales below central black patch on forewings (similar females were
also shown); an example with apical markings on forewings reduced,
giving a rayed effect; two dark males with forewing marginal white
spots partially obliterated; an example with all black markings replaced
by brown; an example with asymmetrical hindwings, the right with
bleached margin similar to the aberration margotransformis Leeds of
Maniola jurtina L.; an example having forewings with suffused dark
grey marginal markings, hindwings with all black replaced by grey
and reduced, and with greatly enlarged white marginal lunules; a
trans, ab. valentini Williams with asymmetrical hindwings, the left
hindwing having suffused black marginal markings, the right hindwing
being typical; a teratological aberration with left forewing having
rayed marginal spots. (3) Female aberrations from Gloucestershire:
a teratological example with forewings nearly devoid of scales; an
underside example having hindwings with reduced dark marginal spots
and pale and enlarged marginal chevrons; another underside having
forewings with black markings reduced and replaced by grey, right
hindwing with reduced markings, left hindwing similar but with con-
tinuous grey-brown border outside lunules; two contrasting forms with
rayed apical markings to forewings; two examples similar to the second
item in (2) above; trans. ab. nigricans Culot, another female was taken
from which eggs have been obtained—it is hoped to discover the
genetics of this aberration by further breeding; an example with rayed
apical markings to forewings and asymmetrical hindwings, right hind-
wing lightly marked within typical range, left hindwing with suffused
marginal chevrons and two sub-marginal black spots radiated. (4)
Four aberrations of Aricia agestis Schiff.: a male from Wilts., 27.viii.60,
ab. radiata Oberth. and showing ‘‘postalba’’ characteristics as used by
Leeds (1949, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1948-49: 80-122); a
male with large orange coloured spots to all wings, Wilts., May, 1960;
a male underside approaching ab. salmacis Steph., Wilts., August,
1960; and a large female with greatly enlarged red spots to all wings,
Glos., September 1960.

Mrs. N. I. Warson—Maniola tithonus L.: a series of very dark
forms with orange-fulvous area on hindwings greatly reduced in both
sexes; one male with bleached forewing; two male ab. pallidula Leeds;
one male ab. antiparvipuncta Leeds + postobsoletissima Leeds: a
series of male ab. excessa Leeds; and one female with light cream areas
in ground colour. Maniola jurtina L.: a series of males and females
partly bleached; two female undersides with enlarged apical spot; a
series of females with orange area varying through shades of crewn
and buff to white. Aphantopus hyperantus L.: five uppersides with
rings prominent on all wings, one of which is asymmetrical; two males
with ‘‘posteaeca’’? characteristics; one male with bleached left
forewing, one male with increase of yellow in rings; one
asymmetrical male with pale patches which is_ also _ ab.
lanceolata Shipp; four males approaching ab. lanceolata Shipp, and

55

a series of ab. crassipuncta Burkhardt. Argynnis paphia L., two
females with enlarged spotting, one having partly bleached hindwing.
EKuphydryas aurinia Rott.: a bred series showing various characteristic
forms including one male with albinistic patches; a uniform red male;
an extreme fasciated male; one male with markings obsolete on crzam
ground colour and almost black hindwings; and one pale female.
Aglais urticae L.: six specimens illustrating colour forms; one femaie
with pale ground colour and extended blue lunules on hindwings; one
male with central spots missing on right forewing; one female ab.
polaris Staud.; one female with left forewing bleached; and two large
female colour forms. Plebejus argus L.: a series of male and female
undersides including enlarged spotting on some of the males; one ab.
basijuncta Tutt and another with ‘‘partimtransformis’’ characteristics ;
one female underside extremely striated on all wings; one male upper-
side with ‘‘partimtransformis’” characteristics; and a male upperside
with black border extended. Polyommatus icarus Rott.: series of male
and female underside colour forms; male upperside with ‘‘partimtrans-
formis’’ characteristics and with half the right forewing white; females
with underside ab. arcuata Courv., ab. melanotoxa Pincitore-Marott,
and with ‘‘limbojuncta’’ characteristics ; series of blue female uppersides
including one with blue rays on hindwings and another with prominent
orange lunules on forewings; and a blue female with black borders
divided into wedges. Lysandra coridon Poda: series of male colour
forms; a female with yellow lunules on all wings; male and female
underside ab. i-nigrum Tutt, ab. limbojuncta Courv., ab. fulvescens Tutt
and ab. glomerata Tutt. Lysandra bellargus Rott.: series of blue
females approaching ab. ceronus Esp.; male underside ab. obsoleta
Tutt; female underside with left hindwing ab. caeca B. & L., and
greatly reduced in size.

Mr. B. K. West—Aberrations of Lepidoptera: (1) Melanargia
galathea L. ab. aperta Rebel, Anglure, Marne, France, 4.vi.60 (Pl. I
fig. 6); (2) Coenyra hebe Trim., a specimen with an extra, large ocellated
spot, between the normal ones on the forewings, from the Nqueleni
valley, Zululand, 15.iv.56. (3) Huproctis similis Fuessl., with consider-
able dark scaling on forewings, Orlestone Woods, Kent, 24.vi1i.60.

Mr. A. S. Wureter—The following Lepidoptera: Pararge aegeria
L., a rather worn male, darker than usual, caught at Headley Heath,
Surrey, 14.v.60 (Plate I, fig. 2); Apatura iris L., the wreck of a female
taken on the Alice Holt Forest, Hants, field meeting in July, the
butterfly was in captivity nine days before laying the first of about
80 eggs on sprigs of sallow in a cheese tub; Lycaena phlaeas L., three
specimens bred from a number of females caught near [Eastbourne,
Sussex, two males with dark hindwings unsuccessfully kept alive as
breeding stock, and a female with the left forewing straw-coloured.

Mr. L. S. Wuicuer—Fossil Cephalopoda etc., from the middle and
upper Lias of Ilminster, Somerset.

Mr. A. J. WiguHtman—Long series of Hadena (Dianthoecia) lepida
Esp., for the most part bred from wild larvae and pupae taken during

56

the period 1920 to 1949. The exhibit was arranged to show both the
general variation and also the way in which this species produces
specialised local forms, including form or s.sp. capsophila Dup. from
England as well as from Ireland and the Isle of Man.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms—(1) A selection of moths taken in the
British Isles during 1960. Series of Stauropus fagi L., from Kent and
Surrey; Polyploca ridens F¥., dark form from Horsell, Surrey; Moma
alpium Osbeck, from Ham Street, Kent; Amathes ditrapezium Schiff.,
from East Suffolk; Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., from the Breck area on
the Norfolk /Suffolk border; Polia hepatica Clerck (tincta Brahm),
from Horsell; Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., from Aviemore, Inv.; Orthosia
advena Schiff., from Cumberland; Pyrrhia wmbra Hufn., from the
Breck area; Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. (dipsacea L.), from the Breck
area; Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., from Aviemore; Coenocalpe
lapidata Hiibn., from the Rannoch area, Inv.; Angerona prunaria L.,
normal and dark forms from Ham Street; Ectropis biwndularia Borkh.
(bistortata Goeze auct nec Goeze), from Aviemore; Lycia hirtaria
Clerck, a variable series from Aviemore. (2) Uncommon species and
aberrations of British moths taken and bred during 1960: Acherontia
atropos L., a male and a female taken in a mercury vapour trap at
Struan, Perthshire, 17th and 18th September; Herse convolvuli L., a
male taken at Ham Street, 26th September and a female from Studland.
Dorset, 7th October; Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (trimacula Esp.), a
male with black thorax and melanic wings, Horsell, 16th June;
Asphalia diluta Schiff., a specimen with melanic wings and with the
cross-lines obscured, probably an undescribed form, Chiddingfold area
of Surrey, 24th September ; Trichiura crataegi L., a male f. ariae Hiibn.
from Struan, 16th September; Cryphia perla Schiff., a dark form taken
at Horsell, 29th July; Hadena conspersa Schiff., three examples of the
dark form bred from Unst, Shetland; H. lepida Esp., a male of the
yellow form without markings from Walberswick, Suffolk, 25th July,
and a female of the white form with few markings from Dungeness,
30th July; Cerapteryx graminis L., a female with very bright band on
costa taken at Struan, 16th September; Apamea sordens Hufn., a
melanic male taken at Horsell, 24th May; Orthosia gothica L., a male
with the gothic mark almost absent, Horsell, 27th April, and two males
of the extreme gothicina H.-S. form, Newtonmore, Inv., 24th April;
Xylocampa areola Esp., a very melanic example, Ham Street, 7th May;
Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., two examples of the smoky form,
Witherslack, Westmorland, 15th April; Alsophila aescularia Schiff.,
a melanic male, Horsell, 12th March; Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff., a
melanic example, Horsell, 8th August; Biston betularia L., an example
of the ab. insularia Th.-Meig. form with very pale hindwings, Horsell,
24th May; Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., a melanic male, Horsell, 12th
March; Ectropis biundularia Borkh. (bistortata Goeze auct. nec Goeze),
a male with cross-lines merged in a sub-marginal band, Horsell, 24th
March. (3) A selection of 57 species of butterflies taken in Piedmont,

57

N. Italy, in June, at Pontresina in Switzerland in July and in the
Vienna district of Austria in August.

Mr. L. D. Youne—Lycaena phlaeas L. aberration, Hertfordshire,
4.viii.60 (Pl. I, figs. 7 and 9).

10th NOVEMBER 1960.
The PresipENt in the Chair.
The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. K.
Hayward, C. J. Pechey, and R. A. Jarman.

EXHIBITS

Mr. R. L. E. Forp—A cone of Abies alba Mill (Silver Fir).

Mr. A. A. Myrrs—Three examples of Paradrina clavipalpis Scop.
(Lep., Noctuidae) all taken at mercury vapour light in N.W. London.
One, taken 31.v.59 has the forewings suffused with black; another, taken
4.x.60, has the ground colour darkened, the markings between the
antemedial and postmedial lines obscured, the orbicular stigma obsolete,
the reniform stigma present and the nervures darkened, giving a striate
effect; the third normal example taken 22.v.60, was shown for compari-
son.

Mr. H. N. E. Auston—Larvae of Leucania unipuncta Haw. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) bred from ova laid by a specimen taken by Mr. E. W.
Classey at Portland, Dorset, early in October. The larvae have been
feeding on various grasses.

Dr. B. J. MacNutry—A short series of Chrysolina brunsvicensis
(Grav.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) taken on Hypericum in Monks Wood,
Hunts., 1.x.60.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Two species of Coleoptera (Carabidae) taken
at South Benfleet, Essex, 23.x.60; Pterostichus macer (Marsh.) and
Agonum marginatum (L.). Mr. Gardner also commented on the
deterioration of the Thames marshes at South Benfleet as a locality of
entomological interest. In this he was supported by Mr. F. D. Buck.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. B. Goatrr said he had seen a specimen of Vanessa atalanta L.
(Lep., Nymphalidae) sitting on an oak in N. London on 1st November.
He had seen another in flight in the New Forest, Hants, on the 6th
November, when he had also seen a Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae),
Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.) (Od., Libellulidae) and a Great Grey
Shrike had also been seen in the New Forest on the same occasion.

Referring to the Leucania unipuncta Haw. larvae shown, the
PRESIDENT said that during the week which ended 15th October he
had collected in the Portland area, and had taken seven imagines, all
at mercury vapour light near Swanage and Weymouth in particular.
He knew of other captures in the area and suggested that the moth
may be breeding on this stretch of the coast; he further suggested that
the insect might become more common here. Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms
said the species had been known from this part of the country for some
time now but had never been common there. He cited a collector who

58

had worked the district for some 20 years and had only acquired two
examples. The species, he said, never had a foothold here and could in
no way be likened to Leucania l-album Haw., which had first obtained
a foothold at the Lizard in Cornwall and then fanned out.

A discussion took place on the Annual Exhibition, the general opinion
of the meeting being that though the exhibits were a little fewer than
previously, the standard was quite as high as we have come to expect.
Special mention was made of the extreme forms of Arctia caja L. (Lep.,
Arctiidae) which were caught wild, and it was queried whether this
species was affected by the extraneous larvae released by lepidopterists
breeding on a large scale. The President expressed the opinion that
few of these larvae released from the protection of the breeding cage
to the more severe natural conditions, did in fact survive. Of particular
interest, too, was the black Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) of
which Mr. Tams had photographed both upper and underside (see pl. I,
figs. 7 and 9). Comment was also made on the interesting nature of
Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis’s experiments.

24th November 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs M.
Collins, M. S. Collins, M. A. Eve, P. B. Wacher, J. W. Jarrett, R. F.
McCormick and Dr. L. G. Higgins.

EXHIBITS.

Dr. A. M. Massee—An example of Paratillus carus (Newm.) (Col.,
Cleridae) an introduced Australian predator on Lyctus spp. (Col.,
Lyctidae), which turns up in Britain from time to time in all sorts of
odd situations—not only in timber yards—so that it rather seems to
have established itself, or to be in the process of doing so. The
example shown was taken at Seal Chart, in a Maidstone and District
bus, travelling from Maidstone to Sevenoaks, and is probably the first
Kent record.

Mr. A. KE. Garpner—The following Coleoptera from Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts., 20.x1.60: Agonum mulleri (Herbst) and Badister sodalis
(Dufts.) (Carabidae), and Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Grav.)
(Chrysomelidae).

Mr. T. R. Eacies—(1) Leaves and berries of Arum italicum Mill., of
garden origin. The plant is a rare British native and is exhaustively
dealt with by Prime, C. T., (1960, Lords and Ladies, New Naturalist
Special Volume, No. 17). (2) A dead branch of larch with fructifica-
tions of the discomycete fungus Trichoscypha calycina (Schaum. ex Fr.)
Boud., the cause of Larch Canker, from Great Munden, Herts. The
fungus was long known as Dasycypha calycina Fuckel.

COMMUNICATIONS.
Mr. W. E. Mrynton said he had seen a Great Northern Diver on
a flooded gravel pit at Harefield, Middx., recently. The bird was still

59

in its summer plumage. Several members commented on the occurrence,
and it would appear from their observations that the bird regularly
occurs in the London area at this time of year but only in odd speci-
mens. Of more interest, however, was the plumage which usually
changes much earlier.

The LisprariIaAN announced that Mr. EK. S. A. Baynes had presented
to the Society about 70 miscellaneous separates and a run of the
Transactions of the Suffolk Nauralist’s Society. The separates deal
mainly with migration and phenological records but there are many
important items concerned with British and Continental Lepidoptera,
and two on the dragonflies of Sussex.

Mr. N. D. Ritey gave a talk on ‘The history of the Department of
Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)’, which he illustrated
with a series of slides.

8th December 1960.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The deaths were announced of Dr. G. S. Robertson and Major B.
C. Barton, O.B.E.

On a proposition by Mr. C. N. Hawkins, seconded by Mr. S. N. A.
Jacobs, Mr. G. Stoughton-Harris was again elected to serve as the
Members’ auditor. It was announced that Mr. R. M. Mere had been
elected to serve as the Council’s auditor.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. M. G. Morris—Six living examples of an Anthonomus (Col.
Curculionidae) sp. which he believed to be A. rosinae Des G., and which
is sometimes given as a synonym of A. ulmi Desbr., or as an aberration
of A. ulmt Bedel. Kloet and Hincks (1945, A Check List of British
Insects, Stockport, p. 213) synonymizes A. ulmi Desbr. with A.
inversus Bedel. The specimens exhibited were beaten from hawthorn
at East Malling, Kent, 7.xii.60.

COMMUNICATIONS.
A discussion took place on albinism in birds.
Dr. F. E. Zeuner gave a talk on ‘‘Fossil Insects’’ which he illus-
trated with the lantern.

12th January 1961.
The PreEsrIpENT in the Chair.

The deaths were announced of Messrs. L. T. Ford, F. Rumsey and
S. G. Wallis Norton.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. J. A. C. GREENwoop—(1) A gynandromorphous example of
Bupalus piniaria L. (Lep., Geometridae) from the collection of the late
S. Taylor, probably caught at Oxshott, circa 1920. The left side and

60

left antenna is female and the right side and right antenna is male.
(2) Leptidea sinapis L. (Lep., Pieridae) taken in the Burren of Clare,
Ireland, 5 to 19.viii.60, where the species was restricted and not
numerous, ten examples were taken. (3) Insects taken in the U.S.A.
(New York City and Chicago) and Canada (Toronto, Montebello and
Montreal), 26.ix. to 4.xi.60. Almost all were taken at rest by day or on
lighted windows after dark.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms—An example of Erebus walkeri Butler
(Lep., Noctuidae), a central and west African species, found on an
outward bound aircraft at London Airport, Middx.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The giant water bug Lethocerus indicus L. &
S., taken in Ceylon, January 1960, by Mr. W. H. Reay.

Mr. D. P. L. MatrHews—A case of Insects from an island off the
Yugoslav coast, taken in June 1960.

Mr. T. R. Eacires—(1) Elm leaves galled by Eriosoma lanuginosum
(Hartig) (Hem., Aphididae) and (2) the liliaceous plant Ruscus
aculeatus L. (Butcher’s Broom) with ripe fruits and flowers on the
cladodes. Both from Enfield, Middx.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Extracts were read by Mr. F. D. Buck from a letter received from
Dr. B. P. Moore now in Australia.

Referring to Mr. Gardner’s exhibit, Mr. M. W. F. Tweepir said
he had kept this bug alive in an aquarium in Malaya and he drew
attention to the unusual feeding habits. The insect injected into its
prey, possibly a fish, digestive juice which liquifies the flesh, which the
bug then sucks out. When the bug is finished the fish is then a skin
bag containing little more than the bones.

Dr. A. M. MassrE commented on the aphid responsible for the elm
leaf galls shown by Mr. Eagles. He said that the aphid only occurred
on elm during the winter and spring. In the summer it migrated to
the roots of Ribes where it feeds.

A specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep., Pieridae) had been
seen on the wing on lst January by Mr. W. E. Mrnnton, who suspected
it had been disturbed from hibernation in some near-by holly.

Slides were shown by Dr. C. G. M. de Worms, Messrs. W. E.
Minnion, D. P. L. Matthews, S. Wakely and M. W. F. Tweedie.

26th JANUARY 1961.
89th ANNUAL MEETING
(With which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)
The President, Mr. R. M. Merg, v.R.D., M.A., F.R.E.S., in the Chair.
The Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. lL. Henprerson, presented his Report

and Accounts and moved their adoption; they were seconded by Mr.
R. W. J. Urren and carried.

61

The Hon. Secretary, Mr. B. Goarrr, read the Council’s Report and
moved its adoption; the motion was seconded by Mr. R. G. CHaTELAIN
and carried.

The President declared the following Officers and Ordinary Members
of Council elected for 1961:—President: A. M. Massee, 0.B.E., D.SC.,
F.R.E.S.. Vice-Presidents: R. M. Mere, v.R.D., M.A., F.R.E.S., and
A. E. Gardner, F.n.ze.s. Treasurer: J. L. Henderson. Secretary: B.
J. MacNulty, B.sc., PH.D., F.R.E.S. Editor: F. D. Buck, A.M.1.pT¢.M.,
F.R.E.S. Curator: M. G. Morris, F.R.e.s. Librarian: T. R. Eagles.
Lanternist: L. Christie. Ordinary Members of Council: J. D. Bradley,
F.R.E.S., H. G. Denvil, F.B.E.S., F.R.H.S.. N. E. Hicken, B.sc., PH.D.,
F.R.E.S., G. H. Mansel, D. P. L. Matthews, t.p., A. C. R. Redgrave,
N. D. Riley, c.B.E., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., B. F. Skinner, F. T. Vallins, a.c.1.1.,
F.R.E.S., C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. C. R.
B. Baker and P. J. Baker.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. A. E. GarpNer—Odonata from Gan, Maldive Islands, taken by
Mr. W. H. Reay during 1960: Anazx guttatus (Burm.) male and
female, and a female Agriocnemis pygmaea (Ramb.), one of the smallest
dragonflies known.

Mr. B. Goatrer—A female Mutillla europaea L. (Hym., Mutillidae),
an apterous species parasitic on bumble bees.

COMMUNICATIONS.

A discussion took place on a reported possible danger to the Hell
Coppice, Oxfordshire, locality for Strymonidia prunt L. (Lep.,
Lycaenidae).

The PREsIpDENT commented on the difficulty of rearing Macrothylacia
rubi L. At the suggestion of Mr. R. I. Lorimer he placed two larvae
in a plastic box and put them into a refrigerator for five weeks. They
were then transferred to an airing cupboard, and one spun up
immediately, the other spinning up three weeks later. The first moth
had emerged the previous evening (25th).

The President then read his Address, and vacating the Chair
inducted the new President, Dr. A. M. Masseer.

Dr. Massee thanked the meeting for honouring him in this way
and moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Mere with which he combined a
request for permission to publish his Address. "When replying Mr.
Mere gave this permission.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss moved a vote of thanks to the Officers and
Council which was seconded by Mr. S. Waxerty. Mr. F. T. Vatuins
replied.

The TREASURER proposed a vote of thanks to the Auditors to which
Mr. R. M. Merz replied.

62

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
Read by Mr. R. M. Merg, F.B.E.S.
Read 26th January 1961.

It is customary for the outgoing President to give an address divided
into two parts. In the first he states how unworthy he was to have
been given the honour of the Presidency; he says how easy his year
of office has been made by the assistance of the other Officers and
Council; and he continues with a few comments, saying kind words
about some of the Officers. This is followed by a short obituary of
members who have died during the year, and then comes the main
part of the address devoted to the President’s chosen subject.

I had thought to keep the first part of my address very short, but
I must take this, my one opportunity, to record what is owed to the
Officers and Council.

All your Officers and their Assistants have their own profession or
business to carry on. Yet they willingly devote much of their strictly
limited spare time to this Society. I have been greatly helped by the
wise advice and support of Mr. Vallins and Dr. Massee, the vice-
Presidents. Few realise the volume of work carried out by other
officers. Mr. Henderson, for example, keeps the accounts and collects
over 500 subscriptions, some of them needing several letters to obtain.
You have seen the long list of the books in our library in the 1959
Proceedings. The length of that list indicates that Mr. Eagles has
much to do. The work of Mr. Morris, our new Curator, is sub-
stantial. It is carried out efficiently and without fuss by him and the
Assistant Curators, to all of whom we owe a great deal. Year after
year, Mr. Howarth arranges a splendid series of indoor meetings. We
have been particularly fortunate in 1960 in having some outstanding
talks. Many of you will long remember the evenings when we had Dr.
Kettlewell, Dr. Skaife and Professor Zeuner here. Mr. Uffen arranges
our field meetings with imagination, and I believe they are known for
their interest by a wide circle outside our members. A special word is
due to our Editor, Mr. Buck, and his assistants for the excellence of our
Proceedings and Transactions. We are fortunate that Mr. Buck is
professionally connected with printing, for we have the advantage of
his professional as well as his wide entomological knowledge and advice.
Finally I owe a special word of thanks to our retiring Secretary, Mr.
Goater. You probably do not realise the large amount of hard and
dull work which he has so quietly and efficiently carried out, mainly on
Saturday afternoons and Sundays.

In short, the Officers and Council of 1960 were enthusiasts. So long
as this state of affairs continues, the ‘‘South London’’, under whatever
name, will continue its happy and successful course.

I would like to welcome Dr. MacNulty, our new secretary, who, I
am sure, will prove as helpful to Dr. Massee as Mr. Goater has to me.

You have heard the reports of the Council and Treasurer for 1960.
You will agree that both are satisfactory, although we overspent our
income. We have had surpluses in recent years, so there is no great
harm in having overspent in 1960.

63

We have again suffered heavy loss by death.

Dr. G. S. Robertson joined the Society as long ago as 1910, and
was a well-known lepidopterist. We had not seen much of him recently.
but I understand he frequently attended meetings in the past. He
was generous to the Society. Within the last few years he gave us the
illustrated edition of Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British Islands.

Captain G. S. Wallis-Norton was a life member who joined us in
1935. He lived at Eastbourne, and at meetings told us of many
interesting observations he made at Beachy Head and elsewhere near
his home.

Mr. C. C. Phelps, m.B.z., became a member in 1946, Mr. A. H.
Lanfear in 1947, and Major B. C. Barton, 0.B.£., in 1953. We did not
see as much of any of them as we would have liked.

Mr. F. Rumsey became a member in 1947, and was a welcome and
well-known figure at both our indoor and field meetings, which he
attended regularly. He was interested in Lepidoptera, and some years
ago extended his interest to the ‘micros’. He was a successful breeder,
and a good field entomologist, always generous and helpful. We shall
all miss. him greatly.

Finally, although his death was not until 1961, I must record the
passing of Mr. L. T. Ford, who joined the Society in 1920, and was our
President in 1947. He was a leading authority on the microlepidoptera
of Britain. His collection contained bred series, beautifully set, of
most of the micros, and was unrivalled outside museums. He attended
our meetings regularly until prevented by ill-health, and it was a great
pleasure to see him at our Exhibition as recently as last October. He
was outstandingly successful as a breeder. He discovered in England a
species new to science which he named after his wife, Nepticula
marionella. He was the author of A Guide to the Smaller British
Lepidoptera, and contributed a number of valuable notes to the
entomological press. His outstanding characteristic was his modesty.
He was always kind and generous, very willing to impart knowledge
and help the beginner. He will be greatly missed.

We have already stood in memory of these members, and I am not
asking you to do so again.

I now come to the second part of my address, which I have called : —

THE RECENT COLONISATION OF ENGLAND BY NEW SPECIES
OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA.

The boundaries of human knowledge are being enlarged at an ever
increasing rate. We, in this the second half of the twentieth century,
accept this new knowledge as something which is natural and normal.
It is neither natural nor normal save in two restricted senses: the
inborn curiosity of the human mind, and the momentum to further
knowledge and discovery which each new discovery produces.

A hundred years ago, it was still possible for a brilliant man to have
a good knowledge of the sciences as then known, and to propound his
philosophy, based on a large part of the sum of human knowledge. This

64

is now utterly impossible. Each subject is too specialised. It is obvious
that a number of factors may affect the insect population of an area.
This evening I shall be talking of changes in the distribution of some
macrolepidoptera in Britain, and a possible cause of the changes. But
because of my lack of knowledge of so many subjects, it may well happen
that I am unaware of some possible reasons for the change.

There are many British Lepidoptera with a wide distribution, some
continuous, some discontinuous, in which it is impossible to distinguish
any difference between series taken in different localities in the British
Isles. Noctua (Triphaena) pronuba L. (Large Yellow Underwing) is an
example with continuous distribution; Anarta myrtilli L. (Beautiful
Yellow Underwing) with discontinuous distribution. By way of con-
trast the appearance of some species varies from district to district.
Such are Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Grey Arches) and Humichtis lichenea
Hiibn. (Feathered Ranunculus). This is likely to be because the constant
form species move about on a large scale all over their range. Conditions
in different parts of the range must differ considerably, so that the
appearance of the insect best suited for survival in one extreme of these
conditions is likely to differ from that best suited to the opposite
extreme. Yet the appearance is identical. This is probably the result
of the flow of genes caused by a large movement of individuals through-
out the area. An individual specially suited for one extreme of the
range will be ill-adapted for the greater part of the range, and will not
be evolutionally successful. The gene which produces viable combina-
tions in the greatest number of different genetic backgrounds, or, put
in another way, the form which is on average best suited to the whole
area of distribution, will, if the movement within the area is sufficient,
be the form found throughout the area (see Mayr, 1954).

From the large number of our Lepidoptera which are invariable in
form and widely distributed, it is clear that much movement of in-
dividual insects is contantly taking place, without regard to any change
of climate or other ecological change. There are comparatively few
species which are widespread, invariable from district to district, and
which we can say now occur in areas where, before, they certainly did
not occur. There are a few, for example, Polygonia c-album L.
(Comma), Limenitis camilla L. (White Admiral), and Pararge aegeria
L. (Speckled Wood) which have recolonised large areas from which they
had disappeared. Cucullia absinthii L. (Wormwood Shark) has in the
last 15 years spread to the Midlands and around London where it was
formerly completely unknown. There are other insects which may
have spread. Nonagria spargani Esp. (Webb’s Wainscot), N. gemini-
puncta Haw. (Twin-spotted Wainscot), Chilodes maritima Tausch.
(Silky Wainscot), and Lewcania obsoleta Hiibn. (Obscure Wainscot) were
all discovered in the marsh on Tresco, Isles of Scilly, within the last
few years (Richardson & Mere, 1958). This was a considerable extension
of the known range. It is likely that these insects would have been
recorded from the Scillies had they been present forty years earlier.

Though more examples might be given, so far as our limited

65

knowledge extends it is clear that the spread of our indigenous
Lepidoptera in recent years is a limited phenomenon. Not many species
are involved.

Conversely, there are some species which now have a more restricted
distribution than in the past. Bretherton (1951) has written com-
prehensively about our lost butterflies and moths. He considers that
change of climate may have led to the extinction of a few species, but
the major cause, where cause can be postulated, was drainage with
resulting changes, including possibly an increase in the numbers of
birds.

Since our climate has tended to become warmer in the last 40 years,
one would expect some species to have been driven northwards, and
some northerly species to have become extinct. Drepana binaria Hufn.
(Oak Hooktip) and Vanessa io L. (Peacock) have both spread north-
wards in recent years, but this tendency is not particularly marked.
Except for Apamea pabulatricula Brahm. (Union Rustic), none of the
extinct species was predominantly northern in distribution. Of the
existing species, Endromis versicolora L. (Kentish Glory) has a pre-
dominantly northern distribution abroad, and with us appears to be in
retreat northwards, over the last 80 years or more.

Right up to the 1870’s, a new species of macrolepidoptera was found
nearly every year in Britain. By 1880, it was something quite out of
the ordinary for a new species to be discovered. This state of affairs
continued at any rate till the late 1930’s, since when the discovery of
new resident Lepidoptera has approached the rate of discovery of the
1850’s and 1860’s. In those days the discoveries were made in working
previously unworked places. Almost all our modern discoveries are
of insects that simply were not here a few years previously. I exclude
the cases in which what was once thought to be one species has been
found to be two, or three, or even four different species.

Now here is a change we can regard as reliable. There is no longer
the problem of trying to decide whether a species has or has not
increased or contracted its range. New knowledge of distribution
resulting from the use of mecury vapour light becomes irrelevant if the
species was previously absent altogether.

There are four reasons for saying that many of our new discoveries
of recent years are not indigenous species, but have established them-
selves here from abroad.

First, many collectors of former times were hardworking and
persevering. They would not have overlooked insects such as Hadena
compta Schiff. (Varied Coronet), Xanthorhoé biriviata Borkh. (Balsam
Carpet) and Calophasia lunula Hufn. (Toadflax Brocade). All these,
and others too, are easy to find as larvae, and H. compta and X.
biriviata would have been found in the imaginal state, as indeed they
were on first discovery, without the use of mercury vapour light.

Secondly, some of our new species feed here on introduced food-
plants not available some 100 or 120 years ago. Thus XY. biriviata
feeds on Impatiens capensis Meerburgh (biflora Walt.), and Lithophane

66

leautieri Boisd. (Blair’s Pinion), and possibly Eupithecia phoeniceata
Ramb. (de Worms’ Pug) on Cupressus macrocarpa Gord.

Thirdly, it is well known that attempts to introduce or reintroduce
Lepidoptera have almost invariably failed; witness the many failures
to establish Nymphalis antiopa L. (Camberwell Beauty) and to re-
establish Aporia crataegi L. (Black-veined White). There is not the
slightest evidence to suggest that any of our new species have been
deliberately brought here by man.

Fourthly, through the modern increase in both volume and speed of
travel, such as car ferries by air, and the increase in the amount and
kinds of artificial light, such as mercury vapour lamps, the accidental
introduction of insects has become more likely.

De Worms (1951) wrote about those new species discovered here in
the first half of the 20th century. I want to acknowledge the help
which his article has been to me.

The most recent discovery is a remarkable one, EF. phoeniceatu
Ramb. The Eupithecia group is not one noted for migration. Yet
one specimen of E. phoeniceata was taken at mercury vapour light by
Mr. J. L. Messenger in company with Dr. de Worms during September
1959 in South Cornwall (de Worms & Messenger 1960). In September
1960 two further examples were taken by Mr. Austin Richardson in the
same general area. He has informed me that they were captured in the
vicinity of a garden where Cupressus macrocarpa was growing. A
fourth specimen was taken in September 1960 by Mr. Frank Lees at
his home at Maidencombe, South Devon. Mr. Lees has run a light
trap at his home ever since the war, and it is inconceivable that he
would not have taken H. phoeniceata in the past if it had been there.
The south Cornish coast is not a well worked district entomologically,
but there are resident collectors, and it is impossible that this striking
Eupithecia could have been overlooked in September had it existed
there in the past. Not a great deal seems known about this insect
abroad. Culot (1919-20) states that it inhabits both shores of the
Mediterranean, that the larva feeds in December and January on
Juniperus phoenicea L., and that the insect flies in September-October.
Lhomme (1923-35) states that so far as France is concerned the larva
feeds on J. phoenicea, Dorycnium suffruticosum Vill., Cupressus
sempervirens I.., and generally on Cupressus. He gives various
localities on the Mediterrean coast from Marseilles eastwards, On the
Atlantic coast, I understand it occurs as far north as Bordeaux. I do not
know if EH. phoeniceata occurs in Spain. It is interesting that in 1959
one was recorded in Brittany, and another taken in Jersey in 1960.
What is clear is that it has come a very long distance and from a
very different and much warmer climate, On the existing evidence it
seems likely that it is established here, and is spreading.

Xanthorhoé biriviata Borkh. (Balsam Carpet) was first found in May
1955 (Minnion & Goodban 1956) in the Thames Valley north of the

67

Thames, and has since been found in Surrey. X. biriviata is found in
northern France, Belgium and Denmark, and may have reached us from
any of these countries. The remarkable fact about this insect is that its
continental foodplant is Impatiens noli-me-tangere L., confined here to
the Lake District and North Wales, while XY. biriviata’s foodplant here
is I. capensis Meerburgh, an introduced plant, recorded from the
Thames Valley, Dorset, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, and Glamorgan.
Tt seems not unlikely that X. biriviata will gradually spread to other
areas in the Thames Valley, and perhaps further afield.

Hydraecia hucherardi Mab. (The Marsh Mallow) was first recorded as
taken in England in Sussex in 1952. A second specimen was taken in
Sussex, and a third in Kent in 1953. It was then found to be well
established in the Romney Marshes (Goodson, 1955). H. hucherardi
does not seem to have spread beyond the Kent-Sussex coastal area,
though its foodplant, Althea officinalis L., is widespread in suitable
coastal localities as far north as southern Scotland. I used to regard
H. hucherardi as a resident of long standing, but overlooked. I
have now changed my mind, and regard it as a recent addition to our
fauna, probably emanating from the coast of Brittany.

Euphyia luctuata Schiff. (The White-banded Carpet) was twice
recorded in the 1920’s, once in Essex and once in Kent, but these
specimens were apparently quite casual. Nothing more was heard cf
E. luctuata until it was again taken in Kent in 1950 (Haggett 1952),
where it was subsequently found to be well established over a limited
area. This is still the case, though it has spread into Sussex. The
foodplant, Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., is now widespread
and common. I find it surprising that EH. luctuata has not spread
further afield. It probably reached us from France or Belgium.

LTithophane leautieri Boisd., which was earlier believed to be L.
lapidea Hiibn., was first taken in 1951 in the Isle of Wight. The
second British record was at Eastbourne, Sussex, where it was taken
by the late Mr. Eldon Ellison in his garden at mercury vapour light
in 1954 (Ellison 1955). Mr Ellison had worked light in his garden in
previous years, and it looks as if LZ. leautieri did not reach Eastbourne
until 1954. Mr. Ellison continued to observe LD. leautieri in his garden
in increasing numbers until he left Eastbourne in 1958. In the mean-
time, there was no further record from the Isle of Wight until 1956
(Mere 1956), where it was later found to be well established. Nearly
every year, the Freshwater marsh was worked in early October for
Sedina buettneri Hering (Blair’s Wainscot). It is certain that L.
leautieri would have been recorded several times at Freshwater before
1956 had it then been well established. More recently LZ. leautieri
was found at Swanage in 1959, and in South Devon (F. Lees in litt.),
Surrey (Fairclough 1960) and north-east Hampshire (D. Wright verbal
communication) in 1960. It seems that this species is now in process
of rapid expansion, and that it will speedily colonise the south of
England wherever there are good growths of mature Cupressus
macrocarpa Gord. It is interesting to note that, like VYanthorhoé

68

biriviata Bork., ZL. leautieri has changed its foodplant. On the
continent it is recorded on Juniper and species of Cypress, but not so
far as I know on C. macrocarpa Gord. L. leautieri has a number of
forms abroad: that occurring here is stated to be identical to the form
from the Gironde area of south-west France, and is likely to have
originated from there (see Boursin 1957).

In his article already referred to, de Worms (1951) listed 11 species
in a class which appeared to have only a very slender foothold on these
shores, or might have owed their existence or record here to importa-
tion inadvertently through human agency. He added that in each
instance there seemed to be no evidence that the species had any
permanent residence here. This is no longer true of two species listed,
and is perhaps untrue of a third species.

The first species, Calophasia lunula Hufn., de Worms (1951) refers
to a 1939 and to a 1950 record, both from Sussex. It was taken in
Kent, Sussex and Essex in 1953, and found to be breeding (Classey
1954). It does not appear to have spread: indeed I am not aware of
any recent Essex records. It is still to be found in some plenty in
Kent, and probably also in Sussex. C. lunula probably reached us
from the French coast.

The second species is Thalera fimbrialis Scop. (The Notched
Emerald). This has been taken once at Eastbourne since 1950, and is
apparently still breeding in one locality in Kent, where it has been
established for at least ten years. Unfortunately its status is some-
what precarious, and I fear it may be wiped out. It is possible that it
is a species which secures a foothold here for some years from time to
time, but is liable to disappear. But I prefer to regard it as
permanently established, though in danger from road widening and
other works of man destroying its limited breeding area.

The third species is Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn. (Blair’s Mocha).
De Worms (1951) mentions one in the Isle of Wight in 1946, one in
Dorset in 1947, and refers to an old record of two in the Scillies in the
latter part of the 19th century. He says it is a species of more
southern climes, and that it is doubtful if it can become resident.
However, it was found to be breeding on Tresco, Isles of Scilly, where
it was taken in 1956 and 1957 (Richardson & Mere 1958). It is
possible that it had bred there for many years. During the last five
years it has been recorded from Devonshire, Dorset, Somerset and
Sussex (French 1957), Kent (Manley 1956), Surrey (Dacie 1960), also
Bucks. and Middlesex. It may be resident on the mainland, but it is
more likely that it has increased its migratory range, or started regu-
larly to migrate from France. There it is found mainly in the south
from the Pyrenees to the Alps, and has been recorded from the
Department of Seine-et-Marne, but whether as a resident or casually
I do not know. It does not seem to occur in Belgium, but has been
recorded in Denmark as a migrant.

There are some more species to be mentioned, all of which are in a
somewhat different category from the foregoing. Hadena compta

69

Schiff. had already in 1948 established itself at Dover (Youden 1950).
Since 1950, it has been recorded as far west as Dungeness (Haxby 1960).
Its main spread has been north eastwards. It is now well established
in Herts. (Craufurd 1960), Cambridgeshire (Ford 1960) and Suffolk.
This spread is likely to continue. H. compta presumably first reached
Dover from the nearby coast of France.

Eupithecia miliefoliata Rossl. (The Yarrow Pug) was first noted here
in 1939, though it was not identified accurately until later. It is now
well established along the south coast from east Kent to west Sussex.
I would expect this species to spread, but it does not seem to be doing
SO.

Apart from some half dozen odd examples, Leucania l-album L.
(White L Wainscot) was unknown in England until 1933, when several
were noted at The Lizard, South Cornwall. By 1935 it had spread to
Prawle, South Devon, and in 1938 large numbers were taken there (de
Worms, 1951). By 1950 it had spread in both directions along the
south coast, was taken regularly at Portland and Swanage, and was
recorded from Freshwater, Isle of Wight. It has recently become much
more plentiful from Swanage to Penzance, and at Freshwater; and has
also occurred in the Christchurch area of Hampshire. I¢ is one of
the commonest Lepidoptera in early October at Portland, perhaps
being exceeded in numbers by none but Plusia gamma L. (Silver Y) and
Phlogophora meticulosa L. (Angle Shades). Yet the Rev. Guy Ford,
who lived and collected at Portland from 1935 to 1939, has told me
that he never saw ZL. l-album there. This species is widespread in
France, and doubtless first reached England from there. From its
recent strong increase in numbers, it must sooner rather than later
reach Sussex and Kent, and in the other direction spread along the
north Cornish and Devon coasts, probably reaching South Wales.

Finally, there is Leucania unipuncta Haw. (White Speck Wainscot).
This has long been known as a migrant, occurring as a great rarity on
the south coast from Kent to Cornwall and in South Wales. South
(1946) states that about a score were recorded in England and Wales
up to 1930, and some 58 were taken in Co. Cork in 1928. It was first
met with in England in quantity in the Isles of Scilly, some 80 being
taken in the autumn of 1957 (Richardson & Mere, 1958). It is now
breeding there. During the last three or four years the frequency of
records has become much greater than in the past from the coasts of
Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, and the Isle of Wight. I personally know of
some dozen taken on the Dorset coast in the autumn of 1960; it appears
to be breeding at Portland and probably elsewhere, too. I expect that
L. unipuncta will become well established and as common as its close
relation LD. l-album, and will extend its range fairly rapidly eastwards
to Kent and northwards to south Wales. I prophesy this with some
hesitation, knowing that it is quite at variance with the views of at
least one learned expert for whose opinion I have the highest respect.

There are, of course, other moths of which interesting records have
occurred in the 1950’s, such as Lithacodia (Jaspidia) deceptoria Scop.,

70

Plusia confusa Steph., Plusia biloba Steph., and other members of
Plusia and allied genera, well known for their migratory habits. But
the records are too sparse for reliable conclusions to be drawn. It is
possible that similar records would have been made regularly in the
past had mercury vapour light been in use on the present-day scale.

There is also Sedina buettneri Hering to be considered. It was
discovered in the Isle of Wight in 1945 in Freshwater Marsh. I am
informed that until the early 1930’s this marsh was rough grazing,
and not covered with reed, Carex, ete., until later, though there were
always ditches with reed, Carex, etc. in them. It follows that S.
buettneri could not have been in this marsh for long. I assume, with
some hesitation, that the species arrived a year or so before 1945. It
seemed well established, but was wiped out by fire.

From what I have said it is clear that some seven to ten species
have succeeded in the last 15 years in colonising an area in southern
England in what appears to be a permanent manner. I refer to
Nanthorhoé biriviata Bork., Hydraecia hucherardi Mab., Huphyia
luctuata Schiff., Lithophane leautiert Boisd., Calophasia lunula Hufn.,
Hadena compta Schiff., and Leucania unipuncta Haw. and, with some
reserve, to Hupithecia phoeniceata, Ramb., Thalera fimbrialis Scop.
and Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn.

De Worms (1951) refers to six further species considered in 1900 to be
only casual migrants, which have since proved to be or to have become
regular breeding species. These are Oria musculosa Hiibn. (Brighton
Wainscot), Minucia lunaris Schiff. (Lunar Double Stripe), Catocala
fraxini L. (Clifden Nonpareil), Cirrhia (Mellinia) ocellaris Borkh. (Pale
Lemon Sallow), Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Waved Black), and Aplasta
ononaria Fuessl. (The Rest Harrow). I take the view that all these
except A. ononaria, and possibly M. lunaris, were in fact breeding
species in the 1930’s.

I know of no species which colonised England between 1880 and
1930 except Polychrisia moneta F. (Golden Plusia).

Thus from 1880 to 1945, say, a period of 65 years, there were five
colonists, namely Polychrisia moneta F., Aplasta ononaria Fuessl.,
Leucania album Haw., Eupithecia millefoliata Roess. and Sedina
buettneri Hering. During the next 15 years the number is seven to ten.
This difference cannot be fortuitous. Put another way, 1880 to 1930, 50
years, one; 1930 to 1960, 30 years, 11 to 14.

It is true thatin two or three cases lack of suitable foodplant might
have prevented a species establishing itself here 60 or 100 years ago.
But that does not apply to the period 1900 to 1945.

What can have caused the remarkable differential, one in 50 years,
11 to 14 in 30 years?

It might be due to a lessening number of predators or parasites. It
might be due to acquiring greater resistance against disease. It might
be due to some man-made change in ecological conditions. I know of
no evidence whatever to support any of these possibilities.

The most likely cause is change of climate. It could be that the

71

climate here, or the climate in the country of origin, or both, have
changed. It could be that the last 30 years have been favourable, or
the previous 50 years particularly unfavourable, or again both.

If a favourable change of climate occurs, it is not to be expected
that a sudden rush of new arrivals will invade our shores. We do not
know how many attempts to colonise are failures. We can only know
of the successful attempts. Many of our new species are unlikely to
cross even the narrows of the English Channel every year. It must
also be realised that some years may well pass before a new resident
species is discovered. Xanthorhoé biriviata could have been breeding
here for a few years before it was discovered in 1955,

The recent waye of colonisation started about 1933 with Leucania
l-ulbum LL. This would seem reasonable, on the basis of an improvement
in climate starting in the 1920’s, The main wave of new species appears
to have arrived between 1945 and 1955. This, allowing for unsuccessful
attempts to colonise and delay in discovery of new colonists, tallies well
with what is known of temperature.

Writing in 1959, and dealing with ten year moving average oi
atmospheric pressure and temperature in Britain, Glasspoole (1959)
says:—‘‘The most outstanding trend is undoubtedly the increase of
temperature from about 1922-31 to 1943-52’’.

De Worms (1958) in a most interesting paper contributed to the
Tenth International Congress of Entomology, 1956, gave evidence for
a distinct northward movement of a number of species of Lepidoptera,
mainly from the more southerly parts of Europe, which had resulted
in the colonisation of England, with a similar and parallel movement
to other parts of Europe, especially Denmark. ‘He discussed the
possible relationship of this northward trend and apparent recent
climatic change in the light of the fact that the northward trend had
also been observed in both birds and fishes. By climatic change,
increase in temperature is meant, as evidenced by retreat of glaciers, etc.

Lewis (1950) has produced enlightening charts showing mean winter
spring, summer, autumn, and annual temperatures at Oxford on a 20
year running average terminating at the year stated. These charts
are reproduced here by the kind permission of The Meteorological
Magazine in which they were first published. The charts run from
1834, which shows the average temperature of the years 1815 to 1834,
to 1950, which similarly shows the average temperature of the years
1931 to 1950. It is clear how low, that is unfavourable, the curve has
been since 1880, (1860 to 1880 average), until well into the 1930's,
(1910’s to 1930’s). If winter is ignored, when it may be assumed that
the ova, larva or pupa is unaffected by, or sufficiently protected from,
cold, all seasons have shown startling rises from about 1940, (1920 to
1940 average), to 1950, (1930 to 1950 average). I have been unable to
attempt to bring these charts up to date. The general trend during
the last ten years has been as follows. The autumn temperature has
been indeterminate: it is not clear whether there has been a turning

72

39.5 WINTER Average 39.31°

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

SPRING

Average 47.00°

46.0

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

Average 60.11°

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

50.57) AUTUMN

50.0

Average 49.55%

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

4954, YEAR

OO ear a ee i el VO me ae we hw a ee eS

184 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

OXFORD, 20-YEAR RUNNING AVERAGES TERMINATING AT THE STATED YEAR

73

point or whether it is still continuing to rise. The summer tempera-
ture has fallen. The spring temperature has started to fall.
Nevertheless, from the high point on the charts of 1950, the extension
to 1960 would show that temperatures have remained above average for
spring, summer, and especially autumn.

Here then is evidence to support the contention that increases in
our spring, summer and autumn temperatures is a cause of the recent
colonisation,

I would add that evidence is available to show that in the 1940's
and early 1950’s new species of the microlepidoptera established them-
selves in the south of England in contrast to the previous 50 year
period from 1880 to 1930.

It will be interesting to see how new species fare in the years to
come. Can they survive a cooler spell? And what species will comprise
the inflow of new insects if our climate continues to become warmer?
There is still plenty of room for an increase of temperature before we
are as warm as in the days of William the Conqueror. In the Domesday
Book 38 vineyards were recorded in England in addition to those of the
King!

With this thought I will end my talk, having perhaps suggested the
subject of some future Presidential Address.

My thanks are due to the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office for
permission to reproduce the figure from Mr. L. F. Lewis’ paper.

APPENDIX.

PART I. Resident Species first discovered or recognised since 1880

1883 Apamea exulis Lef. It is assumed that this is a different species from
A. assimilis Doubl.

1888 Thymelicus lineola Ochs.

1895 Leucania favicolor Barr. Possibly previously confused with L. pallens L.

1907 Zygaena loti Schiff. (achilleae Esp.).

1909 {about) Luperinia nickerlii Freyer s.sp. guenéei Doubl. Although dis-
covered here and named in 1861, was not recognised earlier as a species.

1925 Aegeria flaviventris Staud.

1949 Calamia tridens Hufn. (Luceria virens L.).

NOTE.—There are numerous cases of a species being separated into two,
three or even four species, such as Hydraecia nictitans Borkh. which was
found to comprise H. oculea L., H. lucens Freyer, H. paludis Tutt, and dH.
crinanensis Burrows. All these are excluded. It was not the occurrence of
the insect that was discovered, but its identity.

Part II. New Species first discovered or re-established since 1880, excluding
casual records
1890 Polychrisia moneta F. First record.
1933 Leucania l-album L., excluding six records before 1930.
1937 Aplasta ononaria Fuessl. Re-established.
1939 Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl. First record.
1945 Sedina buelineri Hering. First record.
1948 Hadena compta Schiff., excluding one post 1930 and some suspect old
records.
Lithacodia (Jaspidia) deceptoria Scop. First record. Status doubtful.
1950 Euphyia luctuata Schiff., excluding two records before 1930.
Thalera fimbrialis Scop., excluding one record before and three after 1930.

74

1953 Calophasia lunula Hufn., excluding two records after 1930.
Hydraecia hucherardi Mab., excluding a 1952 record.
1954 Lithophane leautieri Boisd., excluding a 1951 record.
1955 Xanthorhoé biriviata Borkh. First record.
1956 Leucania unipuncta Haw. Many migrant records, but now breeding.
Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn., excluding two old and two post 1930 records.
1959 Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur. First record.

REFERENCES,

Boursin, Ch., 1957. Description d’une Lithophane nouvelle de l’Alai et de
nouvelles races de Lithophane lapidea et leautieri. Bull, mens. Soc. lin.
Lyon, 26: 60-65.

Bretherton, R. F., 1951. Our lost butterflies and moths. Ent. Gaz., 2: 211-240.

Classey, E. W., 1954. Calophasia lunula Hufn. in Britain, Ent. Gaz., 5: 66-68.

Craufurd, C., 1960. Current Notes, Ent. Rec., 72: 251.

Culot, J., 1919-1920. Noctuelles et Géométres d’Europe, 4: 38.

Dacie, J. V., 1960. Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn. in Wimbledon. Ent. Rec., 72:
22.

Ellison, R. E., 1955. Migrants and other rare species taken at Eastbourne in
1953-4. Entomologist, 88: 9.

Fairclough, R., 1960. Some interesting records from Surrey. Ent. Rec., 72: 272.

Ford, G. A., 1960. Notes for 1959 from East Anglia and elsewhere. Ent. Rec.,
72: 8-11.

French, R. A., 1957. Migration records, 1956. Entomologist, 90: 227-238.

Glasspoole, J., 1959. Recent seasonal climatic trends of pressure and tempera-
ture variability over Great Britain. Met. Mag., 88: 187.

Goodson, A. L., 1955. Hydraecia hucherardi Mab. and its foodplant, the Marsh
Mallow (Althaea officinalis). Ent. Gaz., 6: 65-67.

Hagegett, G., 1952. Euphyia luctuata Schiff. (lugubrata Staud.): A recent
British record and notes on the life history. Ent. Gaz., 3: 27-29.

Haxby, C. R., 1960. Hadena compta Schiff. at Dungeness: A Belated Record.
Rite Ree: 12 =) 13:

Lewis, L. F., 1950. Recent Climatic Trend. Met. mag., 79: 189-212.

Lhomme, L., 1923. Calalogue des Lépidoptéres de France et de la Belgique. 1:

553.
Manley, W. B. L., 1956. Cosymbia pupillaria Huebner in Kent. Entomologist,
89: 121.

Mayr, E., 1954. Change of Genetic Environment and Evolution. In Evolution
as a Process, London, pp. 157-180.

Mere, R. M., 1956. Lithophane lapidea Hiibner breeding in England? Ent. Gaz.,
Tis ines

Minnion, W. E. & Goodban, B. S., 1956. Nanthorhoé biriviata Bkh. (Lep.,
Geometridae) in southern England. Ent. Gaz., 7: 3.

Richardson, A. & Mere, R. M., 1958. Some preliminary observations on the
Lepidoptera of the Isles of Scilly, with particular reference to Tresco.
Ent. Gaz., 9: 115-147.

South, R., 1946. The Moths of the British Isles, Wayside and Woodland series,
London, 1: 337.

Worms, C. G. M. de, 1951. New additions to British Macrolepidoptera during
the past half century. Ent. Gaz., 2: 153-168.

——, 1958. The Northward Movement of Certain Species of European Lepi-
doptera and its Relationship to Climatic Changes and Other Factors with
Special Reference to the British Isles. Proc. 0th Int. Congr. Ent. 1956,
1: 737-740.

— —, & Messenger, J. L., 1960. Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur (Lep.,
Geometridae): A Pug New to Great Britain. Entomologist, 93: 93-94.

Youden, G. H., 1950. Hadena compta at Dover (Lep., Noctuidae). Entomologist,
$3 : 121-122.

FIELD MEETINGS, 1960.

BOOKHAM, SURREY—10th April 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. M. SrrutHers.

On this, the first field meeting of the year, a party of six were
fortunate to have a fine day. The temperature was around 50° F. and
there were long sunny spells. Very few insects were flying, probably
due to the blustery south-west wind. The only butterfly seen was
Nymphalis io, L., but there were a few Hriocrania species flying around
the birch trees. There was also an abundance of sallow catkins but
the males were nearly over. The blackthorn was in bloom, some prim-
roses were also out, and a few of the earliest flowers of Stellaria
holostea L. were noticed. The only moss doing well was Dicranoweisia
cirrata (Hedw.) Lindb. Imagines of Eupithecia abbreviata Steph.
and Ectropis crepuscularia Hiibn. were found at rest on tree trunks.

Larvae of Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn., Opisthographis luteolata
L., Campaea margaritatta L., and Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria
F.) were obtained by beating hawthorn. Sallow twigs were
searched for the galls of Aegeria flaviventris Staud. and several were
found. Larvae of Phthorimaea tricolorella Haw. were discovered in
spun shoots of Stellaria holostea L., whilst those of Apeira (Selenia)
syringaria L. and Lithocolletis trifasciella Haw. occurred on honey-
suckle.

Coleoptera noted were Elaphrus cupreus Duft., Rhynchites
coeruleus (Deg.) and Drupenatus nasturtit (Germ.) five of which were
found at the base of a Typha plant; and although the hawthorn was
not in bloom many Lochmaea crataegi (Forst.) and Anthonomus
pedicularius (L.) were beaten from it.

At the foot of a sallow, on the ground in a damp place, a flourishing
growth of the uncommon fungus Pholiata awrea (Maitusch) Fr. was
found, and Bulgaria inquinans Fr. was noted on a fallen bough nearby.

The Tawny Owl was seen, and the Willow Warbler, Chiff-chaff and
Great Spotted Woodpecker heard. A nest of the Long-tailed Tit was
found in a dense clump of blackthorn.

Among the Diptera the following were reported: Ormosia lineata
Macq., Bibio johannis (L.), Lonchoptera lutea Panz., Chilomyia
(Cheilosia) corydon Harris (grossa (Fall.)), Metasyrphus (Syrphus)
luniger Meig., M. (S.) consisto Harris (carollae (F.)), Tubifera tenax
(L.), Platycheirus albimanus (F.), Sepsis cynipsea (L.), Dichaeta
caudata (Fall.), Phytomyza ranunculi Schr., Elachiptera cornuta
(Fall.), Scopeuma stercorarium (L.), Gymnochaeta viridis (Fall.),
Lypha dubia (Fall.), Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.), Dasyphora

76

cyanella (Meig.), Egle muscaria (K.), E. parva R.-D., Helmia lucorum
(Fall.) and Nupedia dissecta (Meig.).

Nemoura variegata Ol. (Plec.) was also reported.

An enjoyable tea at the Grange Hotel concluded the day.

BARNSTHORNS WOOD, EFFINGHAM, SURREY—16th April 1960.
Leader: Mr. 8. WAKELY.

In spite of a cold wind the woodlands were sheltered and a sunny
day was much enjoyed. The wood was entered from the south-west
corner, and the path followed led upwards until some cottages were
reached. On the way, a number of galls were collected from the
sallows in the hope that they would prove to be the work of Aegeria
flaviventris Staud., but it was realised that some would be the work
of the beetle Saperda populnea (L.). The search for larvae of
Parascotia fuliginaria L. was not so successful as it had been on
previous occasions, but a lot of log turning did bring to light a couple
of small larvae, showing that this local species was still present.

After passing the cottages the party reached higher ground over-
looking the Horsley road where it was decided to stop for lunch.

A single larva of Limenitis camilla L. was obtained by beating
honeysuckle. Although small, it looked very healthy and others were
sought, but without success. The party then proceeded eastwards and
eventually reached the Effingham-Wisley road near a small caravan site
in the woods. Hereabouts more galls were collected from the sallows.

Some of the rides were waterlogged and muddy boots were obtained
by all who completed the circuit. Some large clumps of primroses were
admired in parts of the wood and several of the party were surprised
at both the extent of this wood and also at the entomological possibili-
ties, together with the great variety of trees.

Birds noted included the Chiff-chaff, Willow-warbler, Whitethroat
and Cuckoo, and a Blackbird’s nest with two eggs was seen.

A coniferous tree with small cones which caused some interest was
identified by Mr. T. R. Eagles as Tsuga heterophylla Sargent (Western
Hemlock); and some nodular galls found growing on the roots of oak
were those of the agamic form of Biorhiza pallida (Ol.). The insects
emerging from these galls would be all females and would lay their eggs
on the oak twigs and cause the familiar soft galls known as oak apples.

Lepidoptera seen included Gonepteryx rhamni L., Aglais urticae L.,
Nymphalis io L., and Xylocampa areola Esp.

The party numbered 14 and enjoyed a nice tea at the refreshment
hut by the station.

77
STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—23rd April 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. D. Buck.

This locality, like most Thames estuary localities, requires good
weather conditions if collecting is to be comfortable, and unfortunately
the ten members composing the party had to work in chill, overcast,
conditions with a steady east to north-east wind which persisted all
day. The entire day was spent working the sea wall and marshes
where the plentiful clumps of Ballota nigra L. received much atten-
tion. At the roots the beetle Chrysolina banksi (F.) was fairly plentiful,
both imagines and larvae, and in the same _ situation the
microlepidopterists found Nemotois fasciella F. larvae, in their fiddle-
shaped cases, sparingly. On the leaves of the plant the case feeding
larvae of Coleophora lineola Haw. were making conspicuous blotches
where they had fed.

In thistle stems the larva of Myelois cribrella Hiibn. was found, and
the larva of Arctia villica L. with its characteristic red head was
found whilst grubbing at the roots of various plants. Lozopera
beatricella Wals. was taken in its larval form from the stems of Coniwm
maculatum. L. (Hemlock), whilst the cocoons of Bucculatrix maritima
Staint. were common on Aster tripolium L. (Sea Aster).

Ostrinia (Anania) nubilalis Hiibn. larvae were plentiful in the stems
of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Mugwort), and Philudoria potatoria L. was
also reported.

A careful search of Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. produced a larva or
two of the plutellid Kidophasia messingiella F.R. The _ beetle
Ceuthorhynchus turbatus Schultz, which we seldom fail to find here,
Was again in profusion on this plant, together with a few examples of
C. quadridens Panz. and a single example of C. contractus Marsh.

A lepidopterous larva taken on ivy in the churchyard was sub-
sequently determined as Cacoecia pronubana Hiibn.

The coleopterists, who spent much of the day grubbing at the roots
of plants, included amongst their captures Brachinus crepitans (L.), a
species more often associated with chalk in the minds of coleopterists,
but which occurs in several places along the Thames estuary. Other
beetles taken in this situation were Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Harpalus
anxius (Dufts.), H. servus (Dufts.), Amara montivaga Strum., A.
similata (Gyll.), Staphylinus ater Grav., Silpha tristis Ill. and Agriotes
sputator (l.); whilst two welcome captures in this way were Nargus
anisotomoides (Spence) and Hister purpurascens Herbst.

Sweeping produced few beetles—Micrambe villosa (Heer), Rhyzobius
litura (F.), Cyphon padi (L.), Apion ulicis (Forst.) and A. tenue Kirby.

Only three imagines of Lepidoptera were recorded, Aglais urticae
L., Orthosia gracilis F. and Depressaria alstroemeriana Clerck.

Adders, slow-worms and lizards were seen and a single swallow
was noted.

78

A brief visit was paid to the mill in the town just before catching
the train home. On the window sills and in crevices Attagenus pellio
(L..) was found together with the larva of Tenebrio molitor L. and the
Silver Fish Insect, Lepisma saccharina L.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—7th May 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. M. SrrurHers.

A party of 11 members and friends met at the station and started
collecting on the heather slopes nearby. It was a fine sunny day with
little or no wind.

The moths Saturnia pavona L., Anarta myrtilli L., Eupithecia
nanata Hiibn., Chiasmia clathrata L., and Gelechia betulea Haw., were
flying over the heather. The micros Laspeyresia succedana Schiff.
(ulicetana Haw.) and Grapholita internana Guen., were flying round
the gorse blossom, the former in large numbers. Larvae of Phthorimaea
fraternella Dougl., were found in spun shoots on a large patch of
Stellaria media (L.) Vill., which was growing at the foot of the slope.

The party made its way towards the Black Pond after lunch and
the spring insects Anthocharis cardamines L., and Pararge aegeria I..,
were seen on the wing, also the hibernators Nymphalis io L., and
Gonepteryx rhamni L. of which there was an abundance of males.
Imagines of the hook tips Drepana falcataria L., and D. lacertinaria 1.
were seen, also Cosymbia albipunctata Hiibn.

Larvae of Achlya flavicornis L. and Eriocrania and Coleophora
species were collected from birch trees, galls of Aegeria flaviventris
Staud. and Laspeyresia servillana Dup. were taken on sallows.

After an enjoyable day the party had tea at the hut near the
station.

COSFORD MILL, SURREY—15th May 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. T. Vattins.

Before a party of 27 members and friends assembled at the mill,
heavy rain had fallen, but fortunately this soon ceased and the re-
mainder of the day was fine though with a somewhat overcast sky.
The herbage dried rapidly and conditions became very pleasant for
collecting.

Ferns were growing in great abundance and variety and a
spectacular clump of Dryopteris borreri Newm. and a lovely cluster of
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. with dark reddish rachis were
admired.

From moss growing in a wet and sunny position in association with
Caltha palustris L. (Marsh Marigold) the very small bug Pachycoleus

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist, Soc, 1960, PLATE 11,

(1) Mr. F. Rumsey on the Ranmore, Surrey, field Meeting, 28th May.

(2) Mr. Dennis Leston working for the bug Pachycoleus rufescens Sahl. at
Cosford Mill, Surrey, 15th May.

(3) Messrs W. H. T. Tams (left) and S.N.A. Jacobs (right) at Cosford Mill,
15th May.

79

rufescens Sahl. (Hem., Crytostemmidae) was taken. It is believed
that there exists an ecological connection between this bug and the
Marsh Marigold (see communications, 11th August, p. 18).

Another extremely interesting find was cases of Coleophora
alnifoliae Barasch, on alder which is a new record for Britain. Other
cases found were those of C. badiipenella Dup. on elm and C. politella
Scott, previously synonymized with (. binderella Kollar, on hazel or
alder.

The Orange Tip butterfly, Anthocharis (Euchloé) cardamines L.,
was seen on the wing and its ova and larvae were taken plentifully.
Three nests of young larvae of Orthosia miniosa Schiff., were also
found.

By beating broom, good sized larvae of Chesias legatella Schiff.,
were taken. Two of these were of the yellow variety which feeds on
the broom blossom to which it closely assimilates.

Other lepidopterous larvae taken were Luproctis similis Fuessl.,
Dryobotodes eremita F. (protea Schiff.), Phycita spissicella F.,
Epinotia (EHucosma) sordidana Hiibn. and Depressaria pulcherrimella
Staint. The last named is a very local species and only one larva was
found on Conopodium majus (Gouan.) Lor. & Barr. (Earth Nut).

Imagines of Huchoeca nebulata Scop., were taken among the alders
on which the larvae feed and Adela viridella Scop., was flying over the
young oak trees.

The Alder Fly, Sialis lutria L. (Meg., Sialidae) was exceptionally
abundant and clusters of its eggs were noted on alder leaves.

The following Coleoptera were taken: Cyrtotriplax bipustulata
(F.), Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.), Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scop.),
Phaedon cochleariae (F.), P. tumidulus (Germ.), Hydrothassa
marginella (L.), Galerucella lineola (F.), Lochmaea capreae (L.), LZ.
crataegi (Forst.), Phyllotreta vittula (Redt.), P. flexuosa (111.),
Chalcoides aurata (Marsh.), Psylliodes hyoscyami (I.), Cassida viridis
L., Apion aestivum Germ., Otiorrhynchus singularis (L.), Phyllobius
pomaceus Gyll. and Curculio (Balanobius) salicivorus Payk.

A delightful tea was provided in the mill by Mrs. Loarridge and her
daughter, and the Society is once more most grateful and appreciative
of the kindness extended to its members on these occasions.

WIMBLEDON COMMON, SURREY—22nd May 1960.
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN.

In the Middle Ages Wimbledon Common formed part of the manor
of Mortlake, belonging to the See of Canterbury. Later the area was
divided among the multiplying adjacent parishes, and came under
the manor of Wimbledon. Squabbles over the rights of lord and com-
moners in the nineteenth century almost led to the sale of the Common,
which was eventually sold to the public under terms settled by Act of

80

Parliament in 1871. The area is now administered by a panel of eight
honorary Conservators, five elected triennially by ratepayers, one
appointed by the Home Secretary, one by the Secretary of State for
War, and one by the Minister of Works. Maintenance is paid for out
of a special rate levied on householders residing within three-quarters
of a mile of the Common, the rate being halved in the outer quarter-
mile zone. Some of the team of mounted and foot Rangers, who are
kept busy policing the Common, live in some of the old farmhouses and
cottages dotted over it.

By 1812, it is recorded, the Common was so despoiled that scarcely
a tree was left of the woodland, which accounts for the absence of old
oaks such as are found in Richmond Park. The woods on the western
slopes towards the Beverley Brook have been replanted, but the gravelly,
heathy plateau is to-day scourged by fires started mainly by malicious
children who often come several miles for the purpose. Heather, young
birch, gorse, and a few scrubby oaks are as far as the succession can
get, despite the complete absence of grazing in recent years. To-day
the bogs, formed where water accumulated in the gravel seeps cut
across clay hollows, are largely spoilt for the naturalist by local drainage
and dumping.

Eight members met at the Wimbledon corner of the heath in dull
weather and made their way northwards until lunch, which was taken
by the windmill, where there is still a large hay meadow. Panemeria
tenebrata Scop. was taken here. During the morning, the day improved
beyond hope and became very warm and sunny, and many insects were
disturbed from the heath. Mallards were noted nesting a long way
from the ponds in an effort to escape disturbance. Lizards and the
tiger beetle Cicindela campestris L. were among the ground dwellers
surviving the periodic burning and trampling of the heath. Other
attractive beetles seen included Clytus arietis (L.), Melolontha
melolontha (L.), and Elater balteatus L.

The afternoon was spent exploring the wooded slopes and beating
for larvae, which were plentiful, but were for the most part, common
defoliators. Pseudoips prasinana L. (bicolorana Fuessl.) larvae, and an
imago of Lobophora halterata Hufn. were taken here. The Buckbean
(Menyanthes trifoliata lL.) was still to be found in Farm Bog. The
collection of alien oaks around the war memorial near Stag Lane was
inspected, and other examples of some species were noted in the woods.
Included were: Quercus palustris Muench. (Pin Oak), Q. maxima
(Marsh.) Aske (rubra Duroi nec L.) (Red Oak) and Q. coccinea (Scarlet
Oak). A stark group of old Bedford Willows (Salix alba L. x fragilis
L. (russelliana Sm.)), cut right back to their ample trunks, made the
leader wonder whether Batrachedra praeangusta Haw., which abounds
on them later in the year, would survive.

Several examples of the fungus Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. in perfect
condition were noted under a birch tree in a spot where there were no
pines. Other fungi were Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., Pholiota

81

praecox (Pers.) Fr., Psathyrella gossypina Bull. ex Fr., P. obtusata
(Fr. sensu Lange) A. H. Smith.

Lepidoptera—imagines: Lycaena phlaeas L., few as yet; Phlogo-
phora meticulosa L.; Deilinia (Cabera) pusaria L.; Aethalura
punctulata Schiff.; Laodamia (Dioryctria) fusca Haw.; Laspeyresia
succedana Schiff., Gelechia betulae Haw. (ericetella Hiibn.);
Glyphipterix fuscoviridella Haw.; Gracillaria alchimiella Scop.;
Coleophora juncicolella Staint., several; Monopis rusticella Hiibn.
on oak trunks with Tinea parasitella Hiibn. and T. cloacella Haw. group;
Adela viridella Scop.; Bucculatriz ulmella Zell.

Larvae: Euproctis similis Fuessl.; Cosmia trapezina L.; Amphipyra
pyramidea L.; Hrannis marginaria F.; EH. leucophaearia Schiff.; LE.
defoliaria Clerck; Colotois pennaria L.; Phigalia pilosaria Schiff.
(pedaria F.); Operophtera brumata L.; Phycita spissicella F.; Aegeria
vespiformis L. in living oak bark, at the junction with the sap-wood;
Acroclita naevana Hiibn. on holly; Eucosma cruciana L. and Acleris
hastiana L. on Salix repens L.; Tortrix viridana L.; Coleophora
nemorum Hein. (ardeaepennella Scott) scarce on oak; C. betulella
Hein. numerous on birch; C. lutipennella Zell.; C. flavipennella Dup.;
CO. fuscedinella Zell.; C. genistae Staint. plentiful on a few plants of
Genista anglica Iu., near the Beverley Brook; and Ypsolophus vittellus
L.

RANMORE, SURREY—28th May 1960.
Leader: Mr. B. Goater.

The day was rather cool with a light north-east wind, and was cloudy
with periods of sunshine. Hight members met at Boxhill Station and
proceeded along the lane towards Ranmore. The main party turned
left and worked up on to the bracken-clad top of the common, where
Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. was sought without success. Two others
who became separated early on worked round via Tanner’s Hatch and
unfortunately failed to re-establish contact, though they later
reported some interesting finds. After lunch the main party spent its
time along the downs overlooking the Pilgrim’s Way, and returned by
way of the mixed woodland on the common.

Chelidonium majus I.. occurs every year on the roadside by Boxhill
station and appeared to be particularly abundant on this occasion.
Further along the road luxuriant growths of the comfrey Symphytum
asperum Leprech. were found in full bloom. It was noticed that
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. was being utilised in places as a roadside
hedge. The colony of Lathraea squamaria L. growing amongst nettles
under elm, and known for many years, was visited and found to be
flourishing.

The day produced some interesting insect species of groups not
often noticed on field meetings. One such was the flat, inactive, bark-
like larva of the the local homopteron, Ledra aurita (L.) (Membracidae).

82

This is the largest British homopteron, and our only representative of
the family. A snake-fly, Agulla maculicollis (Steph.), was beaten from
oak, and Chrysopa perla (L.) and Panorpa cognata Rambur were in
evidence. Sawflies associated with bracken on the top of the Common
included Strongylogaster lineata (Christ.) and Priophorus varipes
(Lepeletier) (padi auct. nee (L.)).

The following Lepidoptera were seen: (1) imagines: Pieris napi L.,
Anthocharis cardamines L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Pararge aegeria L..,
P. megera L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Hamearis lucina L.,
LIycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Lysandra bellargus
Rott. (quite common locally), Pyrgus malvae L., Erynnis tages L.,
Drepana binaria Hufn. (amongst oak), D. cultraria F. (amongst beech),
D. falcataria LL. (amongst birch), Callimorpha. jacobaeae L., Hilema
sororcula Hufn. (one beaten), Phytometra_ viridaria Clerck,
BHuchdimera mi Clerck, Ectypa glyphica L., Scopula ornata Scop.,
Cosymbia linearia Hiibn., Electrophaés corylata Thunb., Xanthorhoé
spadicearia Schiff., X. montanata Schiff., Hpirrhoé alternata Miill.,
Euphyia bilineata L., Ligdia adustata Schiff., Bapta bimaculata F.,
Pseudopanthera macularia L., Lithina chlorosata Scop., (abundant in
the bracken), Hctropis consonaria Hiibn., Ematurga atomaria IL.,
Scoparia dubitalis Hiibn., Pyrausta aurata Schiff., Crambus pascuellus
L., Anthophila fabriciana L. (over nettles), Alucita baliodactylus Zell.,
Zygaena trifolii Esp. (an interesting colony of small specimens), Hulia
ministrana L., Pardia cynosbatella L., (beaten out of dog rose),
Glyphipterix fishcheriella Zell. (common), Coleophora. olivacella Staint.
(one male, possibly a new county record), C. nemorum Heine
(ardeaepennella Scott) and Micropterix thunbergella F. (on sycamore
flowers). (2) Larvae: Quercusia (Thecla) quercus U., Pseudoips
prasinana I. (bicolorana Fuessl.), Amphipyra pyramidea L., Cosmia
trapezina L., Orthosia stabilis Schiff., Hupsilia transversa Hufn.,
Eupithecia abbreviata Steph. (several beaten from oak), Theria
rupicapraria Schiff., Erannis marginaria F., E. defoliaria Clerck,
Colotois pennaria I. (heavily parasitised), Marasmarcha lunaedactyla
Haw. (on Ononis), Alucita baliodactyla Zell., (on Origanum),
Stomopteryx taeniolella Zell. (in spun shoots of Lotus),
Coleophora albitarsella Zell. (cases on Origanwm), C. binderella
Koll. or C. politella Scott (on Coryluws—not reared), Ypsolophus
rylostellus L. and Y. nemorellus L. (on Lonicera) and Y. sequellus
Clerck (on Acer campestre L.).

EASHING, SURREY—4th June 1960.
Teader: Mr. R. W. J. UFren.

A party of less than ten was disappointing for the locality and the
brilliant weather. All were primarily lepidopterists. The long list of
species recorded contains remarkably few local species, but Coleophora
alnifoliae Barasch was a notable, if expected find on the alders along

83

the Wey. The Cosford Mill meeting earlier, provided the first definite
British record of this insect. A Coleophora feeding in a case made of
several pieces of leaf was assumed to be C. binderella Koll., but was
not reared.

Males of the cockroach Ectobius lapponicus (L.) were already
mature and the beetle Melolontha melolontha (L.) was noted.
Sweeping did not seem to produce the quantities of Diptera,
Hemiptera and other groups usual here. Among the Heteroptera,
Coreus marginatus (L.), Eysarcoris punctatus (L.) and Laccostrephus
fabricti Kirkaldy, caught the eye. The lacewing Chrysopa carnea
Steph. was in evidence.

Perhaps the most interesting observation was of numbers of the
wasp-like hoverfly Chrystorwm cautum (Harris) ovipositing at about
4 p.m. B.s.t. at random on the grass and other vegetation in a sunny
hedge bottom. Females brought home unfortunately suffered from
confinement on the hot journey home and died overnight. The larvae
of the Chrysotoxinae are very little known.

Lepidoptera were reported as follows: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae
L., P. napi L., Anthocharis cardamines L., Gonepteryx rhamni L.,
Polygonia c-album L., Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L., Pararge
aegeria L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Celastrina
argiolus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Pyrgus malvae L., Erynnis tages
L., Spilosoma lutea Hufn., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Agrotis
exclamationis L., Rivula sericealis Scop., EHuclidimera mi Clerck,
Ectypa glyphica L., Hemistola immaculata Thunb., Sterrha trigeminata
Haw., Calothysanis amata L., Xanthorhoé ferrugata Clerck, X.
montanata Schiff., X. fluctuata L., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch,
Huchoeca nebulata Scop., Epirrhoé alternata Miill., Melanthia
procellata Schiff., Ligdia adustata Schiff., Deilinia (Cabera) pusaria L.,
Chiasmia clathrata L., Lithina chlorosata Scop., Phigalia pilosaria
Schiff. (pedaria F.) larvae, Pseudobormia punctinalis Scop., Aethalura
punctulata Schiff., Crambus pratellus L., ©. hortuellus Hiibn.,
Phalonia atricapitana Steph., Syndemis musculana Hiibn.,
Pseudoargyrotoza conwagana F., Eulia ministrana L., Grapholita
jungiella LL. (perlepidana Haw.), Endothenia nigricostana Haw.,
Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Anthophila fabriciana L., Fumaria casta
Fall. cases, Oecophora geoffrella L., Depressaria applana F., D.
angelicella Hiibn., Glyphipterix fischeriella Zell., Elachista argentella
Clerck, Coleophora badiipenella Dup., larvae, C. solitariella Zell.
larvae, Adela fibulella Schiff., Micropterizx calthella L.

HAM STREET, KENT—12th June 1960.
Leader: Mr. J. M. Cuatmers-Hount.

Altogether 15 people attended this meeting, which was held in
conjunction with the Kent Field Club and, as usual, took place on the
Forestry Commission property at Orlestone Woods.

The weather on this occasion was rather warm with some sunshine

84

at first, later however it clouded over, but the rain kept off, probably
on account of the wind which was fairly strong.

Despite rapid deterioration of this entomological paradise, due to
the planting of conifers, a number of the very local Colobochyla
salicalis Schiff. were disturbed from among aspen saplings, but it is
questionable how much longer this interesting species—now known from
nowhere else in Britain—will survive under such changing conditions.

Other Lepidoptera noted included: Clossiana (Argynnis) selene
Schiff., Bena fagana F. (prasinana Ll. auct. nec L.), Inthacodia
(Jaspidia) fasciana L..(pygarga Hufn.), Sterrha trigeminata Haw.,
Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop., Phalonia cnicana Doubl., Pammene
germarana Hiibn., one, Chlidonia baumanniana Schiff., Ptycholoma
(Cacoecia) lecheana L., Ancylis laetana F., Gypsonoma dealbana Frdl.,
of which both light and dark forms were numerous. Also the following
larvae were reported: Orthosia gracilis Schiff., on Potentilla erecta
(L.) Rausch.; Harpyia bifida Brahm, on sallow; Colocasia coryli L.,
on hornbeam.

A curious fact was that no one reported seeing the pretty white and
black moth Euphyia luctuata Schiff. This species, whose larva feeds on
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., was first noted in this locality
in 1950, since when it has become increasingly numerous here as well as
elsewhere in S.-E. England. It is interesting to note that prior to its
appearance in these woods in 1950, the moth had only occurred twice
before in Britain, i.e., c. 1925, in Essex and West Kent. It is possible,
however, that this was an early year for it and that we were a little
late.

Mr. J. L. Henderson has kindly supplied the following list
of Coleoptera, all of which were either taken or seen by him: Elater
elongatulus F., Otenicera (Corymbites) nigricornis (Panz.), Strangalia
nigra (L.), Tetrops praeusta (l.), Saperda populnea (L.), Lagria atripes
(Muls.), Apoderus coryli (L.), Caenorhinus tomentosus (Gyll.),
Lasiorhynchites cavifrons (Gyll.), Polydrusus flavipes (Deg.), Dorytomus
tortrix (l.), D. dejeani Faust, D. rufatus Bedel (rufulus Bedel),
Rhynchaenus pilosus (F.), R. stigma Germ., Ceuthorhynchus chrysan-
themi Germ., and many other commoner species. It is believed that
Strangalia nigra (li.) may be a new record for this locality.

Mr. R. Ling kindly reported the following Diptera: Tabanus
bisignatus Jaen. and Dioctria bauwmhaueri Meigen.

Tea was taken at the small teashop in the village of Ham Street,
thus bringing to an end an enjoyable day, which though certainly
interesting, would doubtless have been more so had the wind been less
strong.

CHATTENDEN, KENT—26th June 1960.
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHatmers-Hount.

For this meeting, another held in conjunction with the Kent Field
Club, the day turned out to be fairly warm and sunny with not too

85

much wind. Some 12 people met at Cliffe Station and proceeded by car
to Chattenden Woods, a locality seldom visited nowadays, though
formerly considered one of the finest entomological hunting grounds in
Britain. ;

The party entered the wood from the north-east and proceeded along
a track to a field where the local Lygephila pastinum Treits. was found
not uncommonly among its foodplant Vicia cracca L., much to the
delight of a number of those present. In this particular field (which
was completely surrounded by woodland) it was rather surprising to
find a clump of Typha latifolia L., of which the stems contained larvae
and pupae of Nonagria typhae Thunb. and the more local N. sparganii
Esp.

In the wood itself and along the rides, many other species of
Lepidoptera were noted, among which may be mentioned: Fabriciana
(Argynnis) cydippe L., two; Aphantopus hyperantus L., male freshly
out; Macroglossum stellatarum L., one; Batodes angustiorana Haw.,
Argyrotoza bergmanniana L.; Hndothenia gentianana Hiibn., Batia
lunaris Haw., one; Coleophora palliatella Zinck., two cases on oak;
Lithocolletis cerasicolella H.-S., pupa in mine in Prunus avium L.,
from which the imago emerged 30.vi.60; Leucoptera spartifoliella Hiibn..,
cocoons abundant on Sarrothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer.

PRINCES RISBOROUGH—19th June 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. G. Smiru.

On a gloriously sunny day, probably the last of this typical English
summer, thirteen members and friends—met at the station by two cars
—made their way to the little village of Cadsden, a charming spot on
the scarp of the Chilterns.

In the morning, many interesting species, mainly microlepidoptera,
were taken on the lower slopes of the hillside. Pempelia dilutella
Hiibn., Oxyptilus parvidactyla Haw., Alucita tetradactyla L., Phalonia
tesserana Treits. and Dichrorampha plumbogana Scop. were among the
commoner species taken, and Mr. S. Wakely took a single specimen of
Crambus dumetellus Hiibn., species probably overlooked because of its
resemblance to the common C. pratellus L., which was also noted.

Lunch was taken in fine style at the Plough Inn, after which most
of the party made a short excursion to the bottom of Coombe Hill, two
miles away, where, five days prior to the meeting, the leader had noticed
large numbers of Adela croesella Scop. performing their courtship flight
over the privet bushes. Good luck was not with the party, however, and
not a single specimen was seen. Mr. Wakely explained that while A.
croesella flies in sunshine it also likes plenty of moisture. The day in
question was extremely warm, without a cloud in the sky. Earlier in
the week, when A. croesella was seen in large numbers, the day, although
mainly sunny, became heavy at times with one or two heavy thunder-

86

storms, and it was shortly after one of these that the observation was
made.

The trip was not entirely in vain, several Ancylis wnculana Haw.,
Laspeyresia fagiglandana Zell., and a single Pancalia lewwenhoekella
L. being netted, and a dozen or so young larvae of Saturnia pavonia
L. being found on Rhamnus cathartica L. (Buckthorn).

The remainder of the afternoon was spent back at Cadsden on the
upper slopes among the juniper, but very little was added to the morn-
ing’s list.

An enjoyable tea was taken at Fourbear House in Askett.

The following additional Lepidoptera were noted: Polyommatus
icarus Rott., Cupido minimus Fuessl., Agrotis exclamationis L., Orthosia
gracilis Schiff. larvae in spun shoots of lucerne, Anaitis efformata Guen.,
Nanthorhoé montanata Schiff., Huphyia bilineata L., Pyrausta
(Rhodaria) aurata Schiff. larvae on marjoram, Crambus_ perlellus
Scop., Anthophila fabriciana L., Chlidonia subbaumanniana Wilk.,
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F., Endothenia gentianana Hiibn., Celypha
striana Schiff., Scythris senescens Staint., Ypsolophus scabrellus L.,
one cocoon on hawthorn. One Depressaria pimpinellae Zell. from
Pimpinella saxifraga L. (Burnet saxifrage) and a Plutella porrectella
L. from several small larvae on rocket, were reared later.

The beetles Dascillus cervinus (L.) and Oedemera lurida (Marsh.)
were recorded.

CHIDDINGFOLD, SURREY—2nd July 1960.
Leader: Mr. R. M. Mere.

Kighteen members and visitors attended this meeting which was
favoured with a fine day. We were glad to have Mr. E. C. Pelham-
Clinton from Edinburgh with us. Hog Wood, Ifold, was again visited.

Coleoptera were scarce, and nothing of note was found. Lepidoptera
were not plentiful, but a fair number of species were recorded. Among
the more interesting were Limenitis camilla L. in fair numbers, Leptidea
sinapis L., Sterrha straminata Borkh. (inornata Haw.), Minoa murinata
Scop., Hbulea (Psammotis) crocealis Hiibn., Choristoneura diversana
Hiiba., Strophedra weirana Dougl., and Orthotaelia sparganella Thunb.,
the last named being found as larva, pupa and imago.

There was a magnificent display of several species of Hypericum in
flower.

Tea was kindly provided by Mrs. Mere at Mill House, Chiddingfold.

HAM STREET WOODS, KENT—10th July 1960.
Leader: Dr. E. Scort.

In spite of rain a party of nine enthusiasts met at 1l a.m. At first
the square used as Forestry headquarters was explored. This area was

87

full of interesting plants and trees, including Calluna vulgaris (L.)
Hull (Ling), Aquilegia, Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer (Broom),
Quercus lex L. (Holm Oak), Populus alba L. (White Poplar) and most
plants common in waste places. The Holm Oak was infested with mines
of Lithocolletis messaniella Zell. Senecio erucifolius L. (Hoary Rag-
wort) produced larvae of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. and a brood of the
local pyralid, Homoeosoma cretucella Rossl. It was too wet at this time
for insects to fly freely, but after lunch the rain stopped and the party
explored a long ride in Fagg’s Wood. Lepidoptera became readily
_disturbed, including a few common butterflies. Most of the moths were
flushed from oak and hornbeam.

Other lepidoptera noted included: Polygonia c-album L., amongst
which was a female ab. hutchinsoni Robson; Aglais urticae L.;
Melanargia galathea L.; freshly emerged Maniola jurtina L.; M.
tithonus L.; Aphantopus hyperantus L.; Coenonympha pamphilus 1.;
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda; Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey; Cerura vinula
L., larvae; Clostera pigra Hufn., larvae; Paradrina (Caradrina) clavi-
palpis Scop.; Laspeyria flexula Schiff.; Geometra (Hipparchus)
papilionaria L.; Jodis lactearia L.; Sterrha emarginata L.; Asthena
albulata Hufn.; Lomaspilis marginata L.; Deilinia (Cabera) pusaria L.;
Alcis (Cleora) repandata L.; Scoparia ambigualis Treits.; Psammotis
crocealis Hiibn.; Endotricha flammealis Schiff.; Crambus perlellus
Scop.; Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop.; Hpagoge (Capua) grotiana F.;
Archips (Cacoecia) oporana L. (podana Scop.); Aleimma (Tortriz)
loeflingiana L.; Gypsonoma sociana Waw.; Zeiraphera (EHucosma)
insertana F. (corticana Hiibn.); EHucosma campoliana Schiff. (nigro-
maculana Haw.); Coleophora lutipennella Zell.; Argyresthia goedartella
L.; Lithocolletis tenella Zell., mines; Leucoptera spartifoliella Hiibn.,
cocoons; Tischeria marginea Haw., mines.

After the meeting, tea was taken at the Duke’s Head.

ALICE HOLT FOREST, HANTS—17th July 1960.
Leader: Dr. C. G. M. pE Worms.

The day broke with a very wet and windy morning, but this did not
deter quite a large number attending, until by afternoon the total
reached 25, including a few members of the Alton Natural History
Society and four boys from Lord Wandsworth College at Odiham with
their master, Mr. S. Goodliffe. As on previous occasions, the route lay
along the main ride through the forest, leading from Bentley station,
where the party had assembled at 11.30 a.m. Fortunately, by then the
sky had cleared a little and sunny periods occurred at intervals,
though a high wind persisted.

Argynnis paphia L. soon made its appearance, together with a good
number of Limenitis camilla L., most of which were past their best.
There were also a few Quercusia (Thecla) quercus L. and Celastrina

88

argiolus L. about round the oaks and ash, while Aphantopus hyperantus
L., Maniola jurtina L. and Pararge aegeria L. were really abundant.

Soon after mid-day the first Apatwra iris L. was seen and by 2 p.m.
this fine insect was to be seen in several parts of the forest, sailing
round the oak tops sometimes in twos and threes, while a very large
female was observed by one of the younger members at rest in a small
tree and was eventually coaxed into the net. During the afternoon
several Lasiocampa quercus L. were seen dashing over the undergrowth.
After a picnic tea, the party broke up at about 5 p.m., after what proved
to be a most enjoyable and profitable day.

OCKHAM, SURREY—23rd July 1960.
Leader: Mr. E. E. J. TrRunNDELL

Seven members and friends attended this meeting. The weather was
fine and warm, but cloudy all day; and as a consequence less than half
a dozen butterflies were seen, and very few moths.

The micro-lepidopterists collected large quantities of curled and
folded birch leaves in the hope of obtaining larvae of Gracillaria
populetorum Zell., which had been taken in the locality. The most
interesting record, however, was that of the beetle Strangalia quadri-
fusciata (l.) taken by Mr. Wakeley.

A pleasant day was completed by tea, taken at the Station Cafe.

The more interesting Lepidoptera recorded are as_ follows:
Miltochrista miniata Forst; Abrostola (Unca) triplasia L. (tripartita
Hufn.), two larvae on Acer campestre L. (Maple); Anarta myrtilli L.;
Epiblemma (Hucosma) trigeminana Steph. (costipunctana Haw.);
Dichrorampha (Hemimene) simpliciana Haw.; Mompha_ nodicolella
Fuchs, larval galls on Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Rosebay
Willowherb); Paltodora cytisella Curt., one taken on Pteridiwm
aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, (Bracken); Aristotelia ericinella Dup., common
on Erica (heather).

BOXLEY DOWNS, KENT—2lst July 1960.
Leader: Mr. B. F. SKINNER.

Only two members joined several members of the Kent Field Club,
under whose leadership they proceeded from ‘The Cock’, Detling, to
Boxley Downs. The weather was warm and sunny for most of the
day and there was little wind.

The area worked was typical chalk scrub bordered on one side by
a beech wood. In spite of an abundance of flowering vegetation and,
one would imagine, ideal conditions, insects were exceedingly scarce.
This is exemplified by the appearance of only one Polyommatus icarus
Rott. Other butterflies on the wing included: Maniola jurtina L.;
Coenonympha pamphilus L.; Mesoacidalia (Argynnis) charlotta Haw.

89

(agluia L.), two only; Nymphalis io L.; Pieris napi L.; Gonepteryz
rhamni L.; Celastrina argiolus L., one only; Lycaena phlaeas L. The
moths on the wing included: Ortholitha chenopodiata L.; O. bipunctaria
Schiff., one only; Chiasmia clathrata L., one only; Aspitates gilvaria
Schiff., one only; Plusia gamma L.; Nephopterix (Phycita) semirubella
Scop., one only; Pyrausta (Rhodaria) purpuralis L.; Pyrausta
(Rhodaria) aurata Schiff.; Pyrausta mgrata Scop.; Lozopera
dilucidana Steph.; Ancylis upupana Treits.; Olethreutes rivulana Scop.;
Argyresthia nitidella F.; Coleophora lizella Zell.; C. onosmella Brahm;
Ypsolophus scabrellus L. Empty mines of Antispila pfeifferella Hiibn.
were noted on dogwood. Most of the moths were swept from dense yew
and other bushes.

MICKLEHAM, SURREY—6th August 1960.
Leader: Mr. C. L. NIsseEn.

The weather on this occasion was fine but generally cloudy, and
although a little rain fell, this soon dispersed.

Four members joined the leader at Boxhill Station and the party
made its way to Headley Lane by car, the day being spent in collecting
on Mickleham Down and in the adjacent woodlands.

The following Lepidoptera were noted: Pararge aegeria L.,
Aphantopus hyperantus L., Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L., Aricia
agestis Schiff., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Celastrina argiolus L.,
Lycaena phlaeas L., Pieris napi L., Gonepteryx rhamm L., Thymelicus
sylvestris Poda, Lygephila pastinum Treits., Anaitis plagiata L.,
Calothysanis amata L., Sterrha biselata Hufn., Mesoleuca albicillata
L., Zygaena filipendulae L., Pyrausta aurata Schiff., P. purpuralis L.,
Mesographe forficalis L., Stenoptilia pterodactyla L., Crambus
culmellus L., and Olethreutes (Argyroploce) lacunana Schiff. Larvae
of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. were noted, also a heavily parasitized
satyrid larva.

A pleasant tea was had afterwards at The Highway Café, Mickleham.

BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—14th August 1960.
Leader: Mr. Dennis LEston.

Bad weather limited the attendance. It was too wet for any serious
collecting and the meeting dispersed early.

The walk across the plain from the station to the Isle of Wight pond
was most enjoyable because the many flowering plants were fresh after
the heavy rain. Perhaps the most noticeable species was Achillea
ptarmica L. (Sneezewort), which seemed to be in greater profusion than
in past years. Tangled masses of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. (Smooth
Tare) were everywhere. The white flowers and reddish seedheads of
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Upright Hedge-parsley) were conspicuous.

90

On the edge of the Isle of Wight pond the usual water plants were
in abundance, particularly Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Water-
Plantain).

It being a wet season, some 20 species of fungi were noted. The
genus Russula was well represented. At one spot under oaks there were
about 50 examples of a large Russula with a red pileus and ochraceous
gills. These were Russula pseudo-integra Arn. & Goris. According to
Pearson (1950, The Genus Russula, Second and Revised Edition) this
is a common species but it is not often recorded.

Where the wood had been cleared there were many species of mosses
and a beautiful clump of the hepatic Calypogeia trichomanis (L.) Corda
with clusters of light green gemmae.

HORSLEY, SURREY—20th August 1960.
Leader: Mr. T. R. Eacies.

The party numbered ten and they were favoured with good weather.
No rain fell during the meeting and there had been none for some
hours before, so that the vegetation was dry. There was a good deal
of sunshine.

As the cars were being parked near the church, a pair of Celastrina
argiolus L. (Holly Blue Butterfly) were noticed on bramble blossom.
Prompted by this, some of the party searched the ivy near by and
found many eggs. These were laid ‘‘underneath’’ the clusters of flower
buds, i.e., where the several pedicels of the flowers spring from the
main stem. Some had hatched but in such cases the young larvae were
on the same cluster of buds.

Larvae of Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. (Lep., Geometridae) were beaten
from beech, and a larva of Sphinge ligustri L. was found on Viburnum
lantana L. <A few imagines of Lysandra coridon Poda (both sexes)
were seen.

Much attention was paid to micro-lepidoptera and larvae of the
following species were collected: Mompha terminella Westw. on
Circaea lutetiana L., Acleris boscana F. on elm, Antispila treitschkiella
F.R. on Cornus sanguinea L., Gracillaria tringipennella Zell., on
Plantago lanceolata L., Leucoptera scitella Zell. on Crataegus monogyna
Jacq. (Hawthorn) and Argyrotoza schalleriana L. on Viburnum lantana
L. Imagines taken were Argyresthia semitestacella Curt., Ypsolophus
parenthesellus L., Microstega hyalinalis Hiibn., Agriphila (Crambus)
geniculea Haw., A. (C.) tristella Schiff., A. (C.) culmella L., Ancylis
mitterbacheriana Schiff., Lathronympha strigana F. (hypericana
Hiibn.) and Pyrausta (Rhodaria) purpuralis L.

A tall specimen of the introduced plant Melilotus alba Desr. (White
Melilot) was noticed.

In the woods there was a fine display of fungus, and over 50 species
were represented. Perhaps the most spectacular were the numerous
fine examples of Geaster triplee Jungh. and groups of Coprinus

91

picaceus (Bull.) Fr. in beautiful condition. In one place about 20
specimens of Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Fr. were growing. There were
many Coprinus plicatilis (Curt.) Fr.—some very large—and a great
number of Hypholoma velutinum (Pers.) Fr.

Tea was taken at the Thatchers.

HIGHAM SALTINGS, KENT—27th August 1960.
Leader: Mr. E. EH. J. TRuNDELL.

This meeting, held jointly with the Kent Field Club, was well
attended, fourteen members and friends being present.

The party arrived on the collecting ground in a thunderstorm, but
this lasted only a matter of minutes and the rest of the day was hot
and sunny. Members who had travelled long distances to obtain
specimens of Evergestis extimalis Scop. were well rewarded; the species
occurred commonly on Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Perennial Wall
Rocket).

Butterflies were comparatively scarce, and in spite of the proximity
of the locality to the Thames estuary no migrants were reported. One
or two Humenis semele L. were seen; a most unlikely setting for this
species.

Botanists, lepidopterists and coleopterists reported an interesting
day, and reports are awaited from arachnidists who had good finds on
last year’s meeting in this area.

When searching the stems of Typha latifolia L. (Great Reedmace)
for lepidopterous pupae, members noticed small fungi growing low
down on the decaying leaves. These were Marasmius menierit Boud.
Other slightly larger fungi, Pholiota mycenoides Fr., were growing in
the mud at the base of the plants. In the stems of Typha latifolia were
found specimens of the large dark weevil Notaris sciryi (F.). Other
Coleoptera noted were Amara apricaria (Payk.), Agonum viduum
(Panz.), Anacaena globulus (Payk.), Berosus affinis Brullé, Laccobius
biguttatus Gerh., Oxytelus inustus Grav., Philonthus varians (Payk.),
Staphylinus ater Grav., Quedius nemoralis Baudi, Q. rufipes (Grav.),
Alianta incana (Erich.), Rybaxis longicornis (Leach), Anthocomus rufus
(Herbst), Telmatophilus typhae (Fall.), Phalacrus fimetarius Payk.,
Corticaria impressa (Oliv.), and Rhyzobius litura (F.). Fine plants
were noted of the fairly local Melilotus alba Desr. (White Melilot), and
amongst other interesting plants Bupleurum tenuissimum L. (Smallest
Hare’s ear) and Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kittel (Greater Sand
Spurrey, were also noted.

Lepidoptera recorded included: Smerinthus ocellata L., larva on
sallows; Nonagria typhae Thunb., pupae in stems of Typha latifolia L.;
Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., in roots of Phragmites communis Tren.;
Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh., larvae in flowers of Senecio jacobaea L.;
Calamotropha (Crambus) paludella Hiibn., one moth and an empty
pupa case in stem of Typha latifolia L.; Acleris (Peronea) hastiana L.,

92

a few larvae on sallow; Dichrorumpha (Hemimene) simpliciana Haw.,
flying among Artemisia vulgaris L.; D. consortana Steph., one taken;
also larvae of Callimorpha jacobaeae L., were seen on two occasions to
be feeding on Tussilago farfara L. (Colt’s foot).

Tea was taken at the Checkers Inn.

NEWLANDS CORNER, SURREY—3rd September 1960.
Leader: Mr. S. Waxkgty.

The party met at Clandon Station just after 11 a.m. and numbered
14, including members and friends. The weather was most unpleasant,
and those who arrived by train were glad that two cars were available
to convey them to the top of the downs at Newlands Corner. From here
it was decided to work westwards along the edge of Merrow Down golf
course, where some larvae of Alispa angustella Hiibn. were found in
the berries of Huonymus europaeus L. (Spindle). The wet herbage was
rather against an intensive search, otherwise no doubt more would have
been found. There were a few junipers (Juniperus communis L.) grow-
ing in one place, and larvae of Thera juniperata L. were taken by
beating—not a pleasant task under such wet conditions, the beating
trays soon becoming waterlogged. A single larva of Abrostola (Unca)
triplasia L. (tripartita Hufn.) was also taken.

However, before 1 o’clock the rain ceased, the sun shone, and it was
fine for the rest of the day. Retracing steps back to the top of the
down, lunch was taken near the parked cars, after which the southern
slope of the down was worked, back towards Weston Wood. A female
Gonepteryxe rhamni L. was netted, and worn Lysandra coridon Poda
were still on the wing. The spindle bushes hereabouts were almost devoid
of fruits and proved unrewarding in our search for more larvae. A
solitary plant of Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale L.) was all we saw,
so hopes of finding larvae of Hthmia decemguttella Hiibn. vanished.

Several pupae of the local plume moth Oidaematophorus carphodac-
tylus Hiibn. were found in flowers of Inula conyza DC. About 30
species of fungus were noted. The one that attracted most admiration
was a large example of Amanita muscaria (L.) Fr. (Fly Agaric) in per-
fect condition. Another pleasing find was a cluster of Marasmius
androsaceus (l.) Fr. growing at the foot of one of the yew trees. The
younger members found some handsomely coloured fungi belonging to
the genus Hygrophorus—not many individuals but nevertheless four
species were represented: H. conicus Fr., H. nigrescens Quel., H.
miniatus Dr. and H. chlorophanus Fr.

At about 4.30 p.m. the party had tea at The Barn, after which the
car owners conveyed us back to the station.

While waiting at Clandon Station for the train, several larvae of a
very local tineid, Gracillaria cuculipennella Hiibn., were found on a
privet hedge nearby. A single moth was subsequently bred.

93

WHIPPENDELL WOOD, WATFORD, HERTS.—11th September 1960.
Leader: Mr. W. E. MiInnton.

On a beautifully sunny day a party of twelve joined the leader at
Watford Metropolitan Station. The marshy area west of Cassiobury
Park, between the river and the canal, was visited. The route was
then across the West Herts. Golf Course, via the magnificent row of
limes to the wood. Here lunch was taken, and as the interests of those
present were so varied, the party broke up, each to explore in his own
way, arranging to meet again at the refreshment hut on the far side
of the wood. The party returned to Watford at a leisurely pace tq
enable further collecting to be done.

The larvae of Perizoma alchemillata L. were swarming on Galeopsis
tetrahit agg. A few larvae of Cataplectica fulviguttella Zell. were
found in the seeds of Angelica, whilst larvae of Scardia boleti F. were
common in fungi on large fallen trees. In the marshy area a fine
growth of Orange Balsam (Impatiens capensis Meerburgh) and a good
area of Butterbur (Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn.) were noted, but
fungi were the main target of the botanists.

Over 60 species of fungi were noted. The first to be seen was an
imposing cluster of Lactarius vellereus Fr., a large stoutly built white
species. These were in the lime avenue. An intriguing little group of
Tycoperdon echinatum Pers. was photographed, as also was a row of
tufts of Clavaria stricta Pers. growing conveniently in a line on a piece
of bark. For eating, there was a sufficient number of Boletus elegans
(Schum.) Fr. and B. scaber (Bull.) Krombh. in good condition. Perhaps
the most spectacular find was a large specimen of Pleurotus palmatus
(Bull.) Fr. with a vivid pink pileus and pink gills. It was growing on
timber stacked near the tea place.

TILGATE FOREST, SUSSEX—18th September 1960.
Leader: Mr. F. T. Vauuins.

A beautiful sunny day greeted the party of ten which assembled ai
Furnace Farm, the usual entrance to the forest from Three Bridges.
They were met by a representative of the Forestry Commission, who
very considerately provided an up-to-date map of the district and made
a few useful suggestions. Unfortunately, he was unable to spend the
day with the party.

The route taken was in the direction of the ‘‘Cinder Bridge’’ near
the Balcombe Tunnel, but progress was rather slow, most members of
the party finding much of interest on the way.

One of the first insects was the colourful froghopper Graphocephala
coccinea (Forst.) (Hem. Tettigoniellidae), which is associated with
rhododendrons. It was in exceptional abundance, as many as six being
found on a single leaf.

94

In one part of the forest there were many fine plants of Thelypteris
oreopteris (Khrh.) C. Chr., (Mountain Fern). Fungi were in profusion,
73 species being listed. The more interesting were Tricholoma
bulbigerum (A. & S.) Fr., Lactarius flexuosus Fr., Cortinarius
armillatus Fr., and Gomphidius rutilus (Schaeff.) Fr. (viscidus (L.) Fr.).
The last named is rarely seen on field meetings and one only was found
on this occasion. There were plenty of edible species in good condition,
such as Cantherellus cibarius Fr., Boletus scaber (Bull.) Krombh. and
B. versipellis Fr.

Lepidoptera on the wing were very scarce but the following larvae
were taken: Plebejus argus L., one found on heather; Notodonta
dromedarius L., one on birch; Phalera bucephala L., on birch; Colocasia
coryli L., on birch; Ceramica pisi L.; Anarta myrtilli L., on heather;
Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia Clerck auct. nec Clerck), on
birch; Rheumaptera (Calocalpe) undulata L., on sallow; Biston betularia
L., on birch; Acleris (Peronea) ferrugana Schiff. & Denis, larvae and
pupae on birch; A. (P.) hastiana L., scarce on sallow; Telphusa notatella
Hiibn., on sallow; T. proximella Hiibn., on birch; Swammerdamia
heroldella Hiibn., on birch, and one moth was taken; Gracillaria
betulicola Hering, on birch and one moth was taken; G. stigmatella F.,
on sallow; Lyonetia clerckella L., one pupa on an alder leaf; and
Tischeria complanella Hiibn., mines in oak leaves.

This is a rather strenuous meeting unless transport is obtained to
Furnace Farm and it is necessary to take both lunch and tea, as there
are no tea-rooms near the area visited. However, it is still a very
promising district, despite the changes brought about by the Forestry
Commission and the menace of Crawley New Town, which is rapidly
skirting the northern edge of the forest.

ASHTEAD, SURREY—25th September 1960.
Leader: Mr. M. G. Morris.

The weather for this meeting was fine and warm, though the very
heavy dew hampered collecting very early in the day. The ground
between the station and the woods was worked in the morning and the
woodland was explored in the afternoon. Insects were in good variety,
some interesting species were taken and most of the eight members
who attended had a good day.

Lepidopterous imagines were scarce, Lycaena phlaeas L. being
almost the only one noted. Larvae were more abundant: ‘‘pug’’ larvae
collected from the flower heads of Senecio jacobaea L. (Ragwort) were
thought to be Hupithecia centawriata Schiff. and EF. absinthiata Clerck.
Odontites verna (Bell.) Dum. (Red Bartsia) was gathered for larvae of
Perizoma bifaciata Haw. Beating hawthorn produced Ciliz glaucata
(Scop.), very small Nola cucullatella L. and a few Gastropacha quercifolia
L. Lygephila pastinum Treits. was shaken from vetch. Bena fagana

95

F. (prasinana Il. auct. nec L.) was beaten from oak. Drepana
lacertinaria L., Apatele tridens Schiff., and A. rumicis L. were also
taken. The larval cases of Coleophora fwscocuprella H.-S., C. discordella
Zell., C. troglodytella Dup., C. peribenanderi Toll. (therinella Tengst.
auctt. nec Tengst.), and (. albicornuella Bradley were found.

Few bugs were seen, only Malacocoris chlorizans (Panz.) and
Stenodema laevigatum (I.) but Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) lutescens
(Schill.) was abundant on various trees.

The bright blue weevil Rhynchites caeruleus (Deg.) was not un-
commonly beaten from various trees and specimens could be seen sitting
on leaves of hawthorn and shining brightly in the sunshine. Apion spp.
were very common on many trees, though almost absent from their
foodplants beneath. Apion craccae (L.) was particularly abundant and
A. carduorum Kirby, A. loti Kirby, A. viciae (Payk.), A. ervi Kirby,
A. dichroum Bed., A. nigritarse Kirby, and A. apricans Herbst all
occurred in numbers. Apion ulicis (Forst.) was in its usual abundance
on Ulex europaeus L. (Furze) with some Sitona humeralis Steph.

A few specimens of the attractive Yyphosia (Icterica) westermanni
(Meig.) (Dipt., Trypetidae) were swept.

The following notes on fungi were kindly supplied by Mr. Eagles:
“48 species were noted. True to its reputation the wood contained
some magnificent specimens of Fistulina hepatica Fr. (Beef-steak
fungus). These were on a fallen oak. On this there was also a beautiful
patch of Phlebia merismoides Fr. The dominant species were Lactarius
quietus Fr. and LZ. mitissimus Fr., and there were fine examples of ZL.
pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr.’’

As tea could not be obtained, the party dispersed at about five p.m.,
having had an interesting day.

DRUID’S GROVE, DORKING, SURREY—lst October 1960.
Leader: Mr. T. R. Eacuss.

Rain was falling heavily when the party assembled at Boxhill Station.
The attendance was five only, but this was not surprising in view of
the bad weather forecast and accounts of flooding not 100 miles away.

After about 20 minutes the rain stopped and no more fell; indeed,
the sun came out at times in the afternoon.

Near the station there is a low wall with masses of ivy blossom.
Here members found a few full-fed larvae of Celastrina argiolus L.
and one of Acasis viretata Hiibn. On a higher wall nearby was a
specimen of the plant Hydrangea petiolaris Sieb. and Zucc., a species
which climbs as ivy does.

The rainwater had been shaken off the sycamore leaves and so they
could be searched. Larvae of Lithocolletis geniculella Rag. were found in
fair numbers. The colony of Lithospermum officinale L. (Gromwell) was

96

flourishing and the plants were adorned with the little hard white
seeds from which it gets both its English and its scientific name. Larvae
of Ethmia decemguttella Hiibn. were found on the leaves.

Mosses were growing luxuriantly owing to the wet season, and the
somewhat uncommon capsules of Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.) B. &
S. were noticed.

Fungi were plentiful in some parts but surprisingly scarce in others.
The total number of species was 56. The beech woods in this area
are well known for the earth star Geaster triplex Jungh. It was plenti-
ful in places and some were very large. Only one Geaster fornicatus
(Huds.) Fr. was seen.

Among beech leaves was found a large and beautiful example of
Tricholoma ionides (Bull.) Fr. with blue cap and stem. Another pleas-
ing find was a young Cortinarius glaucopus (Schaeff.) Fr. with charac-
teristic bulbous base and blue gills.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—9th October 1960.

Leader: Dr. J. RaAMSBOTTOM, 0.B.E., M.A., D.SC., F.L.S.

A party of 14 attended. Mr. P. C. Holland, a visitor from the
London Natural History Society, listed the species noted. There were
two visitors from the Brighton Natural History Society. After a wet
start the weather improved and the day was enjoyable. Fungus was
abundant after the rains, and it was a great pleasure to find Hydnwm
auriscalpium (L.) Fr. growing on the fallen cones of Scots Pine. This
interesting little fungus was known to occur at Oxshott but had not
been seen for several years. Other noteworthy finds were Gomphidius
rutilus (Schaeff.) Gr. (viscidus Fr.), Clavaria argillacea (Pers.) Fr. and
Leotia lubrica Pers. Altogether 68 species were seen and these are
listed hereunder.

The Lepidopterists reported Drepana lacertinaria L. (larvae on
birch), Swammerdamia heroldella Hiibn. (larvae on birch), Ancylis
mitterbacheriana Schiff. (larvae on oak) and JLithocolletis mespilella
Hiibn. (larvae in abundance on Mountain Ash). The only imagines
seen were a few such as Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. and Conistra vaccinu L.
which fell on the beating trays. Eggs of Selenia tetralunaria Hufn.
were found. The lepidopterists took home some bolets for the pot.

The party enjoyed tea at the hut near the station.

List of fungi: Amanita excelsa Fr. (spissa Quel.), A. muscaria (L.)
Fr., A. rubescens (Pers.) Fr., Amanitopsis fulva (Grev.) Rea, Tricholoma
fuluum Fr., Clitocybe aurantiaca (Wulf.) Studer, C. clavipes (Pers.)
Fr., C. odora (Bull) Fr., C. vibecina Fr., Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cke.,
L. amethystina (Vaill.) Cke., Mycena galopus (Pers.) Fr., M. epipterygia
(Scop.) Fr., M. inclinata Fr., Collybia maculata (A. & S.) Fr., Maras-
mius androsaceus (L.) Fr., Omphalia maura Fr., Hygrophorus
hypothejus Fr., Lactarius torminosus Fr., LT. plumbeus Fr. (turpis F.),
L. rufus (Scop.) Fr., L. theiogalus Fr. non Bull., Russula cyanoxantha

97

(Schaeff.) Fr., R. emetica (Schaeff.) Fr., R. ochroleuca Fr., Clitopilus
prunulus (Scop.) Fr., Nolanea stawrospora Bres., Hebeloma mesophaeum
(Pers.) Fr., Flammula gummosa (Lasch.) Quél., F. sapinea Fr.,
Cortinarius semi-sanguineus Gillet, C. hinnuleus Fr., C. hemitrichus
(Pers.) Fr., CO. acutus (Pers.) Fr., Pazillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr.,
Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., H. capnoides Fr., H. hydrophilum
(Bull.) Fr., Gomphidius rutilus (Schaeff.) Fr. (viscidus Fr.), Boletus
luteus (L.) Fr., B. bovinus (L.) Fr., B. variegatus (Swartz.) Fr., B.
badius Fr., B. holopus Rostk., B. versipellis Fr., Calocera viscosa (Pers.)
Fr., Clavaria argillacea (Pers.) Fr., Claviceps purpurea Tul., Coryne
sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul., Dacryomyces deliquescens (Bull.) Duby., Fomes
annosus Fr., Hydnum auriscalpium (L.) Fr., Leotia lubrica Pers.,
Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. (gemmatum Batsch.), DL. pyriforme (Schaeff.)
Pers., Phlebia merismoides Fr., Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr., P.
schweinitzii Fr., Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr., Scleroderma aurantium
Pers., Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr., Sphaerobolus stellatus (Tode) Pers.,
Stereum sanguinolentum (A. & S.) Fr., S. hirsutum (Willd.) Fr., S.
purpureum (Pers.) Fr., Xylaria hyporylon Grev., Hypoxylon coccinewm
Bull., and Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr.

KNOLE PARK, SEVENOAKS, KENT—16th October 1960.

Leader: Professor C. T. INGOLD, D.SC., PH.D., F.L.S.

The Society was invited to join the Kent Field Club’s Fungus
Foray. The contingent who accepted this kind invitation were greatly
helped by our member, Miss Christine McDermott, who is treasurer of
the Kent Field Club. She guided them by a short cut to the rendezvous
and after the meeting showed the way across the park to the same
short cut back to Sevenoaks. Last, but not least, she found a place
where tea could be had.

It was a fine day with sun at times. The only rain was at the very
end, as some of the party were nearing the station.

The leader is familiar with the micro-fungi. There is much fallen
timber lying about in the Park and Professor Ingold was able to show
and explain many species. It was a great treat to learn something in
the field about this interesting group. Over 70 species of the larger
fungi were noted. Special mention should be made of Fomes
fomentarius (L.) Fr. This has been recorded from many places in the
South of England but many such records are wrong. In fact, the
species though common in the North of Scotland and on the Continent
is rare in Southern England. Fine specimens were admired on one of
the trees in the Park, possibly the only station for the species in the
South. Both the generic and the specific names arise from the fact
that in bygone days the dried fungus was much used as tinder. It
caught the spark made by striking flint with steel.

Other species of note were Cordyceps militaris Fr. and Rhizina inflata
(Schaeff.) Quel.

98

BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS ON THE NORTH DOWNS
By J. F. D. Frazer

Read 8th September 1960.

I must at the start stress that this study has been carried out as
part of the research programme of the Kent Field Club, and that a
number of members of that Cluh have participated in it. Tn par-
ticular, a large amount of the field work has been done by Dr. G. A. N
Davis, Miss C. McDermott, and Messrs. A. M. Tynan, G. H. Morgan,
E. G. Philp and C. Turner, so that the findings I wish to bring to your
notice are in every sense the result of a joint effort and cannot be
ascribed solely to any one person.

The investigation was originally undertaken in 1955 as a part of
the ecological study of the fauna and flora of the Burham Down area
of the North Downs which the Kent Field Club had decided to carry
out. After two years’ investigation of the insects in a small area of
some seven acres near Burham village, the inquiry was extended to a
further small area roughly two miles to the east along the same ridge
of Downs. This was previously intended to be a possible alternative
site which was easier of access, but it soon became apparent that cer-
tain differences between the results obtained on the two sites made it
advisable to continue work simultaneously upon them both. Accord-
ingly, population numbers have been investigated in both areas since
the start of the 1957 season.

To our knowledge the only studies made in this country on the num-
bers in butterfly populations have been those by Dowdeswell, Fisher
and Ford (1940, 1949) on the two species Polyommatus icarus Rott.
and Maniola jurtina L. We originally attempted to extend our study
to cover several species, and with that in mind, during the first season
estimates were obtained for the numbers of five species of butterfly
(three of these in one brood only); while individuals of two other
species were marked, but insufficient numbers were recovered to give
an adequate basis for computation (Frazer, McDermott, Morgan, Philp
and Tynan, 1957). As it became apparent that the inclusion of so
many species in our survey was putting too great a burden upon the
workers as well as resulting in less accurate overall figures being ob-
tained, it was decided to reduce the species investigated to two, one a
lycaenid (Lysandra coridon Poda) and one a satyrid (Maniola jurtina
L.), while also maintaining our watch on Lysandra bellargus Rott.
in one of these two areas which it inhabited.

The method used was a slightly modified form of that described by
Fisher and Ford (1947), and consisted of catching as many insects as
possible over as long a period as possible, marking them on one wing
with a quick-drying cellulose paint (using a different combination of
colour and wing for each day), and keeping a careful note of the num-
bers captured on each day as well as of any recaptures. By this

99

means it is possible to estimate the numbers in the community as well
as the average death rate in it during the period of observation.

Dowdeswell, Fisher and Ford (1949) have pointed out that the
underside of the hind wings of M. jurtina may bear any numbers of
black spots (with or without white pupils) between none and five. They
have also shown that the mean number of spots visible differs between
the two sexes, so that in most parts of southern England (Dowdeswell
and Ford, 1952) the majority of males bear two spots and females show
none at all. We have recorded our findings in this field also, and
have extended this to cover the actual position of the spots on the
wing. If one takes the potential series of spots from before backwards
as a, b, c, d and e, then findings over the first two years (Frazer et al.,
1957) show that in both sexes spots b and d were far more likely to
appear, spot c being the rarest. The findings in this field have now
been extended to cover the period of five years, and the fact that the
spots have been recorded from start to finish of the long period when
the species is on the wing has helped to extract some new information.

In addition to this, note has been kept of any especial variation
in the markings of the insects, and in particular of the occurrence of
dwarf specimens (minor Leeds) of M. jurtina and of individuals of
this species bearing albinistic patches on their wings.

TECHNIQUE

In working each piece of ground, butterflies were taken as evenly
as possible over the whole area, marked with cellulose paint and
released at once. Thus, insects were not removed any appreciable dis-
tance from their site of capture. At the same time, every precaution
was taken to ensure that they were not damaged by handling (Dowdes-
well, Fisher and Ford, 1949; Sheppard, 1951); we have already given
reasons why we believe that the actual coloured mark applied is not
disadvantageous to the individual (Frazer et al., 1957). The day-to-
day population numbers were worked out by the method devised by
Fisher and Ford (1947) and explained in detail by Ford (1953), and
the total population number was estimated by the method of Sheppard
(quoted by Ford, 1953). These estimates give a true figure for the
population number if there is no straying of individual insects to and
from the experimental areas. In general there was felt to be suffi-
cient of an ecological barrier around the two areas to prevent the spread
of L. coridon, L. bellargus and M. jurtina (Frazer et al., 1957) but a
further investigation of the areas adjacent to the first area was under-
taken in 1958, and showed no cause why the previous opinion should
be altered.

The two areas investigated are isolated areas of downland. The
first of these (area A) is above the village of Burham (National Grid
Reference TQ 730626 for centre of the area). This consists of approxi-
mately seven acres of chalk grassland, roughly four times as long as
it is broad, and faces south-east near the foot of the scarp face of the
Downs. To the north and west this area is limited by a belt of tall

100

scrub (Viburnum lantana I. dominant), which is 50 yards or more
thick and separates it from cultivated fields above. To the east it is
separated by a path and some 20 yards of scrub from a much smaller
area of downland which is the only chalk grassland lying within seve-
ral hundred yards of it. A rough hedgerow and hayfield le to the
south of this area. The second area (area B) is a similar one of rough
grass downland lying near the foot of Bluebell Hill between Chatham
and Maidstone (Nat. Grid Ref. TQ 751608). This site also faces to
the south-east, but is only approximately three acres in extent and is
similarly isolated from all other suitable downland by roads, culti-
vated fields, houses and gardens.

The field notebooks used are available for consultation by interested
workers at the Nature Conservancy, 19 Belgrave Square, London,
S.W.1, where also the triangle diagrams and mathematical analyses
from which the final figures have been derived can be seen.

RESULTS

The numbers of the three species of butterflies chiefly investigated
have been shown to fluctuate markedly from year to year, the fluctua-
tions in any one species being apparently independent of those in
another. In particular, in area B L. bellargus diminished from a
total of some 3,400 individuals in the first brood of 1956 to complete
extinction in this area by 1959, despite the fact that in the same area
I. coridon still remained present in considerable numbers.

In all three of the species investigated, the number of males in the
population was found to exceed that of the females. It is to be re-
corded that in 1957 a deficiency in the observations has resulted in
the appearance of blanks in the table.

Lysandra bellargus Rott.
Fluctuations in this species are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1

ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF LYSANDRA BELLARGUS ROTT.
FLYING IN AREA B

First Brood Second Brood

3 Q 3 2
LODGHIE, este ean he 2,700 700 70 20
ROSA BRIR Pe os... 100 25 25+ 20+
OSS AE ABET Se 50? 5+ il 0
OE Odes Kore pe hele ee) 0 0 0 0

TRGO 2A RNAS AL 0 0 0 0

There was an explosive emergence in June, 1956 (Davis, Frazer and
Tynan, 1958), but a rapid falling off in numbers thereafter. Search-
ing on several occasions during 1959 and 1960 failed to show a single
specimen in area B.

101

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104

Lysandra coridon Poda
Numbers of this species and of M. jurtina are given in table 2.
In addition, the survival rate for both species is given in table 3.

Maniola jurtina L.

The results (see tables 2 and 3) are perhaps fuller for this species
than for the other two, and also again there are marked fluctuations
in numbers. The year 1957 is noted as a particularly good year for
the species.

The spotting on the hind wings of M. jurtina has proved of extreme
interest. It has been found in area A to vary between the first part
of the emergence and the latter part, although there is no change in
the spotting at area B throughout the whole season. The findings for
1955-57 in area A have been published by Creed, Dowdeswell, Ford
and McWhirter (1959). These results are here supplemented by others
in table 4.

The occurrence of major variations in the species examined has been
remarkably infrequent. From 1957 to 1959 inclusive, a total of 2,200
L. coridon and 2,861 IM. jurtina have been examined for such varia-
tion. One female of L. coridon with striate underside has been noted,
but otherwise no variation has been apparent, other than a few ab.
arcuata Courv. in either area and a few form semisyngrapha Tutt in
area B in 1956. Among the M. jurtina figures in table 5 assessing the
occurrence of bipupillate eyespots on the forewings, it will be seen
that not only is there a much greater incidence of this variation in
the female, but that the degree of occurrence of this form changes
with the month of examination.

TABLE 5.

INCIDENCE OF BIPUPILLATE EYESPOTS IN FOREWING OF
FEMALE MANIOLA JURTINA L. FROM 1957 TO 1959.

June July ee and Total
e

te

Number with d

bipupillate eyespots 11 16 5 32
1957

Total number of

females checked ali 81 16 214

Number with

bipupillate eyespots 3 60 28 91
1958

Total number of

females checked 11 147 72 230

Number with

bipupillate eyespots 11 28 14 53
1959

Total number of

females checked 50 116 35 201
ToraLs With bipupillate spots 25 104 A7 176

Number checked 178 344 18 645

105

Among some 2,216 males of M. jurtina, there were 12 with extra
spotting on the forewings (ab. excessa Leeds), five dwarfs (ab. minor
Leeds), 11 with albinotic patches on the wings, five bearing bipupillate
discal spots on the forewings, and one with these spots ‘‘blind’’, i.e.
not containing any white centre. Among 645 females of this species
examined, there were 11 ab. excessa, one ab. minor and three with
albinotic patches on the wings.

The totals of other species occurring in area A during the mark-
ing season of 1955 are given in table 6 (taken from Frazer e¢ al., 1957).

TABLE 6.
NUMBERS OF OTHER BUTTERFLY SPECIES ON AREA A IN
1955, WITH DAILY AVERAGE SURVIVAL RATE.

The figures for Polyonmatus icarus Rott. refer only to the early part
of the second brood.

C. pamphilus A. agestis P. warus
(second brood)
Population
numbers 500 700 36 430+
Q 300+
Daily survival 3 0:94
rate 0-86 0-77 9 0:93

DISCUSSION

The total disappearance of L. bellargus from area B in a matter of
three years from its abundance there, stresses once again how little
we know of the ecological factors which affect butterfly populations. It
is well known that this species has become much scarcer of recent years
yet it may still be found abundantly in some localities. It may be
postulated that this disappearance is related to the way in which down-
land management by traditional grazing methods has declined. But
even if such a relationship exists, we do not know the means by which
the one affects the other. Area B has not been grazed for a number of
years, apart from the slight effect of rabbits now that we are in the
era of myxomatosis. Scrub is certainly invading it, but there is enough
open grassland for both M. jurtina and for the allied species JL.
coridon, whose larvae utilise the same food plant as DL. bellargus. Why
has the latter species not been found on area A at all during this in-
vestigation, although ZL. coridon is plentiful there, and LD. bellargus
occurs within a few hundred yards of this area? Perhaps the clue is
to be found in the sudden decline in numbers from the summer brood
of 1955, so that the autumn brood contained only about a fortieth of
these numbers.

Examination of table 1 suggests that some factor is interfering with
the production of the second broods, whereas L. coridon on the same
area has survived the winter to emerge successfully the following sum-
mer. This suggests a disease, parasite or predator which affects larvae,

106

pupae or the emerging insects. Since the allied D. coridon is not affec-
ted, this implies that the eggs are not attacked. Further, L. coridon
emerges over a long period from mid-July, and in area B freshly
emerged individuals of both sexes occur as late as early September, l.e.
when L, bellargus of the second brood would normally emerge. This
implies that neither pupae nor the newly emerged insects can be vic-
tims if one assumes that the same destroying agent would (given the
opportunity) also attack L. coridon. The suggestion then is that the
larval stage of L. bellargus is where it is vulnerable; further, since it
is noticeable that the species is still plentiful on sites where the grazing
regime is associated with grassland from which scrub is eliminated,
the destruction caused to the larvae seems to be associated with the
bushy undergrowth. Since small passerine birds occur equally in the
presence or absence of scrub, presumably these are not destroying the
larvae directly; but it may be that mice, voles or lizards (which are
abundant in area B) are proving dangerous predators. What seems
apparent is that some agency has been destroying larvae in July or
August, but in the absence of any observational or experimental proof
it would be dangerous to dogmatise further on the means by which
such larval destruction is brought about.

The numbers of L. coridon have already been noted as fluctuating
markedly from year to year, although in the female such fluctuation
is not so great. One caveat must be entered when the figures in table
2 are studied. Females of L. coridon are not so conspicuous as males,
and therefore may be overlooked more easily on the ground, so that
it is not so simple to catch adequate numbers of them. Thus, if one
works out the day-to-day totals, there may be a gap of a week or more
when no estimated total can be inserted because no marked females
have been taken. Thus, it is conceivable that there was a sudden rise
in the female population during such a period, which went unnoticed
by the investigating team; this does not seem likely, unless it were
accompanied by an equally high death rate, but it is a possibility that
must not be overlooked. During 1960 special efforts have been made
to avoid any such gap, but the results of this season are not yet to
hand. In general, the numbers of females are less than those of males,
and in the great majority of cases there is one female to something
between two and four males. While this fact, coupled with the general
earlier emergence of the males, must be significant in contributing to
the mating of most females, and so presumably aiding the survival of
the species, it is not known how it is brought about. Presumably,
either the eggs when laid are biased in number so that more potential
males are present than females, or else there is greater loss of females
before the imaginal stage is reached. In view of the number of eggs
each female lays, loss of eggs, larvae and pupae must be enormous, so
it seems probable that it is during these early stages when more females
than males are lost; if this is the case, then this can account for the
wide fluctuation found in the proportions between the two sexes among
the adults.

107

Variations in the population of M. jurtina are equally large, but
here again there appears to be a predominance of males. Once more,
the reasons for this are not clear, but it is hoped to check these
findings when the 1960 results are available. The variations in the
markings as shown in table 4 are of extreme interest, since it is notice-
able that the spotting of both sexes in area A changes gradually about
halfway through the season, and this change is particularly marked
in the female. This has subsequently been confirmed by further in-
vestigations elsewhere in Britain by Creed et al. (1959). They have
suggested that this intra-seasonal shift in the degree of spotting might
be one of the means by which changes in the stabilisation of spotting
can come about. They have produced evidence to show that at Ipswich
such a change took place at a time just before the whole emergence
developed the new type of spotting which in earlier years had never
been found during the latter part of the season. It may perhaps be
suggested that the fact that the abnormal spotting only occurs in the
latter part of the flight period, implies that the causative factor for
this type of spotting must be associated with any factors concerned
with lateness of emergence. The reason for this polymorphism is then
found in the fact that presumably environmental differences favour
the survival of one genetic type over the other. The differences
appear not to be solely ones of temperature, since the effects are only
brought about in area A and not in area B, so that apparently other
ecological factors are playing a part in this.

At first sight, the daily death rate of the order of 10-25 per cent
of the population (table 3) may seem rather large, but it must be re-
membered that this figure relates only to the mean rate. Thus, in
1957, the day-to-day survival rate in L. coridon from 26th August
onwards in area B was 0.76 for males and 0.75 for females. This was,
of course, at a period when the majority have been flying for some while,
although fresh specimens of both sexes were still to be found. In
contrast with this, in the early part of the season in the same locality,
M. jurtina males were examined and a survival rate of 0.99 was
found. This is in accordance with the fact that on occasion males of
this insect have been taken as long as four weeks after they were
marked. It should perhaps be emphasised that any variation in the
mean survival rate at different parts of the season has been stated by
Fisher to introduce a negligibly small error into estimates of population
numbers (Ford, 1953).

Finally a factor of interest is the number of butterflies which a
small acreage such as area A can support during one summer, as is
shown partially in table 6. Apart from Pararge megera L. and
Aphantopus hyperantus L. both of which were common in the area,
the estimated adult satyrid population was of the order of 3,800
during July and August, excluding some migratory Humenis semele
L. In addition, other species whose larvae feed on grass in the area
include at least three members of the Hesperiidae which are common
there also: a minimal total of some 3,000 lycaenids were present on

108

the ground during the same summer, Although this poimts to the
vast number of butterflies which a small area can support, some em-
phasis should be given to the fact that the level of insects present will
vary from species to species and also from year to year. Thus, although
L. coridon was equally common in area A during 1955 and 1956, the
two other ‘‘Blues’? abundant there in the first year (Polyommatus
icarus Rott. and Aricia agestis Schiff.), were seen only in very small
numbers in the area from 1956-58, although again having a good year
in 1959. P. megera did well there from 1955-58, but was hardly seen
in 1959 and 1960. Since no absolute figure has been attempted for the
number of these species seen from year to year, it would not be proper
to try to discuss here the factors concerned with their rapid changes
in numbers, other than to point out that the numbers of the various
species fluctuate independently, so that different sets of ecological
factors must be involved in the various cases.

In conclusion, I should like to thank those who assisted in making
this work possible, especially the owner of area A, who has kindly
allowed us to work on it; also the members of the team, and particu-
larly Dr. G. A. N. Davis, Miss C. McDermott and Messrs. A. M. Tynan,
G. H. Morgan, E. G. Philp and C. Turner.

SUMMARY

1. A marking technique has been used to assess population numbers of
various butterfly species in two localities over a period of five years.

2. During this period, L. bellargus has completely died out in this one
locality (area B) apparently as a result of some unknown factor
affecting the larvae.

3. Fluctuations are recorded in M. jurtina and L..coridon over the
years.

4. In both species, males are more abundant than females.

5. The polymorphism of the spotting on the under surface of the hind
wings of M, jurtina has been investigated.

6. Other species examined during one season were P, icarus, A. agestis
and VCoenonympha pamphilus lL. It is stressed that violent fluctua-
tions in the numbers of these have occurred, different ecological
factors affecting different species.

REFERENCES.

Creed, E. R., Dowdeswell, W. H., Ford, E. B., and McWhirter, K. G., 1959.
Evolutionary Studies on Maniola jurtina: the English Mainland, 1956-7.
Heredity, 13: 363-391.

Davis, G. A. N., Frazer, J. F. D., and Tynan, A. M., 1958. Population numbers
in a colony of Lysandra bellargus Rott. during 1956. Proc. R. ent. Soc.
Lond. (A), 33: 1-3.

Dowdeswell, W. H., Fisher, R. A., and Ford, E, B., 1940. The quantitative study
of populations in the Lepidoptera. 1. Polyommatus icarus Rott. Ann.
Eugen., 10: 123-136.

, 1949. The quantitative study of populations in the Lepidoptera. 2:
VYaniola jurtina L. Heredity, 3: 67-84.

109

Dowdeswell, W. H., and Ford, E. B., 1952. The distribution of spot-numbers
as an index of geographical variation in the butterfly Maniola jurtina L.
Heredity, &: 99-109.

Fisher, R. A., and Ford, E. B., 1947. The spread of a gene in natural conditions
in a colony of the moth Panaxia dominula L. Heredity, 1: 143-174.

Ford, E. B., 1953. The experimental study of evolution. Proc. Austral. N.Z. Ass.
for Advancement of Science, 28: 143-154.

Hirazer, J. Fo D., McDermott, C., Morgan, G. H., Philp, E) G., ‘TRynan, A. M.,
1957. Butterfly populations on Burham Down, 1955 and 1956. Trans.
Kent Field Club, 1: 10-20.

Sheppard, P. M., 1951. A quantitative study of two populations of the moth
Panaxia dominula L. Heredity, 5: 349-378.

110

HUNTS

4

BEDFORD

BUCKS

Woburn
Sands -

jaeegs

we
a

YY
DUNSTABLE

5 miles ;

Map of Bedfordshire showing the five major zones and collecting points:
1. Chalk (stippled: chalk downs)

Gault clay

Lower Greensand

Oxford Clay

Lower Oolite

X marks position of the Cardington suction traps (Southwood, 1960) and
tow-nets (Johnson and Southwood, 1949).

gt oto

111

THE MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA) OF BEDFORDSHIRE

By Dennis LEsTON, D.I.C.

The county list of Bedfordshire bugs is excellent not so much for
the number of species recorded as for its documentation, based largely
on papers by H. K. Airy Shaw (1945) and Bernard Verdcourt (1950).
Bedwell (1945) introduced some species to the list but the tabular
manner in which this was presented meant the absence of supporting
data; the second edition of this list (Massee, 1955) contains a few
omissions and carries over one dubiety in the Miridae. Requiring
mirids for an investigation of internal anatomy (Leston, 1961), it was
decided to collect them in the county; collecting was confined largely
to some cool and wet afternoons in early and mid-August. Additional
interest is centred on Bedfordshire in that it is at Cardington that
experiments on trapping at heights have taken place (Johnson and
Southwood, 1949; Southwood, 1960).

That there is a diminution in the number of species present as one
goes north of the Thames or North Downs is probably true, but the
northern limits of most southern forms are unknown, Buckingham-
shire, at least in the south, has been well explored, but the relatively
great north to south length of the county makes it an awkward unit
to use in distributional studies. The Midland or south Midland limits
of East Anglian species are also imprecise. In this context study of
Bedfordshire insects assumes importance, though that three of the con-
tiguous counties, Northants., Hunts., and Cambridgeshire—save for one
or two classic spots in the last named—are poorly known to hemip-
terists is realised: however, Scudder (1956, 1957) has done a little to
remedy the Northants. lacuna.

What makes Bedfordshire so interesting to those collectors and
ecologists who have hitherto worked only in more southerly counties
is its wonderfully varied geology; areas are present identical in strati-
fication or similar in lithology to well known parts of Middlesex,
Surrey or Kent: hence any differing features in the fauna may in
general be ascribed to climatic factors (Chambers, 1949).

The present paper is conceived as the first of a series of studies on
the counties of south or south-eastern England: others on Middlesex
and Hertfordshire are in preparation. The aim is to map the distri-
bution of the mirids found, and especially to confine the records to
limited periods of time: to keep a bug in a county list, when it is
elsewhere a common enough insect, on the fact of a capture or two
made 70 years earlier is a practice which militates against the purpose
of county lists, that is, as providing data for the zoogeographer in
both the static and dynamic sense.

112

Below is given a list of the mirids captured, with brief field notes
where these may have a bearing on distributional or life-cycle pro-
blems, together with a synopsis of earlier records. The list follows
Southwood and Leston (1959) in nomenclature and enumeration; an
asterisk denotes a species hitherto unrecorded for the county. Follow-
ing this, notes are given on the mirids characteristic of each main
geographical zone. A note on the unrecorded species concludes the
study.

Tue BEDFORDSHIRE MIRIDAE

BRYOCORINAB
225. Monalocoris filicis (l.) Coopers Hill, Ampthill, 6.viii.60,
females only; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60; previously recorded by Shaw
(1945) and Verdcourt (1945, 1950). At Coopers Hill and Woburn
Sands the bug occurred on bracken growing at the edges, or in clear-
ings, of oak-birch and oak-pine woods on Lower Greensand.

DERAEOCORINAR

228. Deraeocoris lutescens -(Schilling)*, Cooper’s Hill, Ampthill,
6.viii.60, larvae on oak; Haynes, 8.viii.60, larvae on oak; Millbrook,
8.viii.60, larvae on elm; Stotfold, 17.viii.60, larvae on maple; Everton,
17.viii.60, adults on lime; Sandy, 17.viii.60, adults on oak. The examples
collected to 8th August, all larvae, coincided with the capture of adults
in Middlesex and South Herts. The absence of earlier records of this
easily identified and now widespread insect may perhaps indicate a
recent extension of range. Work on the testis follicles (Leston, 1961) sug-
gests that the bug is dubiously congeneric with the next species.

229. Deraeocoris ruber (L.) Flitton, 3.v1ii.60; Flitwick Moor,
6.viu1.60; Kensworth, 12.viii.60; previously recorded by Butler (1928) ;
Shaw (1945) and Verdcourt (1944, 1950). Occurs chiefly amongst nettles,
more abundantly where these grow in marshy places as at Flitton and
Flitwick along the valley of the Flit; this partiality for damp locali-
ties is perhaps characteristic of the bug at its northern inland peri-
phery.

PHYLINAE

The writer has not been in the field during the Psallus season, June
and July; there are undoubtedly many of this genus to add to the list.

233. Lopus decolor (Fallén)* Woburn Sands, 18.viii.60; swept from
thin grass at the edge of rides in an oak-birch-gorse locality—the
date, and the considerable numbers collected, showed that the bug
was at least ten days later than populations examined the same year
on the Middx.-Herts. border around Boreham Wood, 28 miles to the
south. Sandy, 17.viii.60, a singleton from grass in an oak-broom area.

234. Oncotylus viridiflavus (Goeze) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60, a female
off hardheads growing on chalk; previously reported by Verdcourt
(1950). Probably near the northern inland limit of the species.

113

238. Hoplomachus thunbergi (Fallén) Recorded by Shaw (1945) and
Verdcourt (1950); their localities are both on the extension of the Chil-
terns into Beds., the host-plant being Mouse-Eared Hawkweed.

240. Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén)* Ampthill Park, 3.vili.60, on
Yarrow; Dunstable Downs, 20.vili.60, on Yarrow.

(242. Amblytylus delicatus (Perris) Recorded, without details, by
Bedwell (1945). Dr. T. R. E. Southwood has tried unsuccessfully to
trace the origin of this record; there are no specimens from this
country in the Bedwell collection (Norwich City Museum), the Plant
Pathology Laboratory, Harpenden, or in the British Museum (N.H.)
collections, nor are there any further details in the Bedwell records
(Dr. A. M. Massee) or in B. S. Williams’ papers (C. Mackechnie
Jarvis). Dr. P. Roche has informed him that he did not collect it.
Under the circumstances, therefore, this record must be regarded as
erroneous).

244. Amblytylus nasutus (Kirschbaum) Recorded by Massee (1955),
no further details. This is near, apparently, to the bug’s northern
limit inland but it is abundant around Radlett, in south Herts.

245. Macrotylus solitarius (Meyer-Diir) Recorded by Verdcourt
(1950).

246. Macrotylus paykulli (Fallén)* Dunstable Downs, 5.viii.54
(T. R. E. S.); Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Upper Sundon, 8.viii.60. Abun-
dant on Restharrow growing on chalk and probably distributed
throughout the chalk downs,

247. Orthonotus rufifrons (Fallén)* Millbrook, 8.viii.60; Kens-
worth, 12.viii.60. On nettles in a damp woodland ride at the former
and on nettles under elms at the western margins of fields at the
latter; absent, apparently, from nettles growing in sunny places.

248. Harpocera thoracica (Fallén) Recorded by Verdcourt (1950);
probably common but only taken by collecting between mid-May and
very early June.

254. Phylus coryli (L.) Recorded by Massee (1955), no further de-
tails.

261. Psallus variabilis (Fallén) Recorded by Massee (1955) but
more recent work (Woodroffe, 1957-8) has shown that almost all records
are not, in fact, of this species. The specimens are probably P.
perrist Musant.

263. Psallus roseus (F.)* Flitton, 3.viii.60, a few, probably be-
lated stragglers, on sallows in a marsh.

265. Psallus lepidus Fieber* Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60, a few on
ash.

266. Psallus falleni Reuter Recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

271. Psallus varians (Herrich-Schaeffer) Recorded by Massee
(1955), no details.

272. Psallus obscurellus (Fallén)* Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Woburn
Sands, 12.viii.60; common on Scots pine.

114

274. Psallus salicellus (Herrich-Schaeffer)* Woburn Sands,
13.viii.69, on bramble growing at the margins of rides in a pine-broom
area.

275. Atractotomus mali (Meyer-Diir) Recorded by Massee (1955).

276. Atractotomus magnicornis (Fallén)* Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60,
very common on spruce.

277. Plagiognathus albipennis (Fallén) Recorded by Bedwell (1945).

278. Plagiognathus arbustorum (F) Dunstable Downs, 2.v1i.49;
Flitton, 3.viii.60; Harlington, 4.viii.60; Sharpenhoe, 4.vili.60; Flit-
wick Moor, 6.viili.60; Kensworth, 12.viii.60; Studham, 12.vii1.60;
Sandy, 17.viii.60. Taken generally by sweeping nettles but often
absent when these grew in shady woods. Also reported by Shaw (1945)
and Verdcourt (1950).

279. Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60;
Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60; Dunstable Downs, 2.vii.49, 20.viii.60; also
recorded by Shaw (1945). Found on many composites and other herbs,
on chalk or sandy soils.

287. Sthenarus —roseri (Herrich-Schaeffer) Flitton, 3.v111.60,
sallows; Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60, White Willow; previously recorded by
Scudder (1955) from willow. The Flitton and Sharpenhoe captures
were of belated individuals, all female.

288.-Sthenarus rotermundi Scholtz* Flitton, 3.viii.60. A few
males, abundant females, on Grey Poplar in a marsh.

289. Asciodema obsoletum Fieber* Ampthill, 3.viii.60, scarce on
gorse, females only; Sandy, 17.viii.60, two females on broom.

DIcyPHINAB

295. Macrolophus nwbilis (Herrich-Schaeffer) sensu stricto* Ampt-
hill Park, 3.viii.60, a single female on Hedge Woundwort.

297. Dicyphus epilobii Reuter Flitton, 3.viii.60, on Great Hairy
Willowherb; previously recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

298. Dicyphus errans (Wolff) Recorded by Massee (1955). The bug
was not found in Beds. in August, 1960 and was very scarce in Herts.
and Middx. at the same period.

299. Dicyphus stachydis Reuter Flitton, 3.viii.60, larvae and
adults; Ampthill, 3.viii.60, larvae only; Kensworth, 12.viii.60, larvae
only; Steppingley, 10.ix.60, adults only. At Kensworth a dozen or so
larvae were taken in each sweep;; all were parasitised. Previously
reported by Shaw (1945).

301. Dicyphus annulatus (Wolff) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Upper
Sundon, 8.viii.60; recorded previously by Shaw (1945) from Totternhoe.
All localities are on the chalk downs, where the host-plant, Restharrow,
is abundant.

302. Dicyphus globulifer (Fallén) Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60;
Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Dunstable Downs, 20.viii.60, including larvae.
On White Campion only, at all three localities. A male from Sharpen-
hoe was much darker than usual and had a red mite—six-legged stage
—on each side of the dorsum of the abdomen, forcing the wings up.

115

These were identified by Mr. D. MacFarlane as Metatrombidium
poriceps Oudemans, which is the larval stage of Trombidium
holocericeum (L.). I am not aware of these epibionts having been re-
ported from mirids before.

303. Campyloneura virgula (Herrich-Schaeffer) Ampthill Park,
3.viil.60, on ash; Haynes, 8.viii.60, on oak; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60,
on oak; Kensworth, 20.viii.60, one on elm; also recorded by Verd-
court (1950). In my experience the bug, when found at the peak of
its season—in 1960, mid-July in Herts. and Middlesex—occurs in greater
numbers on ash rather than on oak; larvae are found some two weeks
before those of Pseudoloxops coccineus are noted.

ORTHOTYLINAE

312. Sitrongylocoris leucocephalus (L.) Recorded from Dunstable
Downs, 3.viii.49 by the writer (1950), the record overlooked by Massee
(1955).

317. Malacocoris chlorizans (Panzer) Houghton Regis, 8.viii.60;
Kensworth, 12.viii.60; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60; Kensworth, 20.viii.60;
on hazel, or trees adjacent to hazel, at all localities and frequent in
hedgerows. Also recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

318. Fieberocapsus flaveolus (Reuter)* Dunstable Downs,
20.viii.60. Beneath grasses with tangled old roots growing on humus
at the edge of a chalkpit; no marsh plants were present but some
delphacid larvae were there. Two females, one male.

319. Cyllecoris histrionicus (Iu.) An early oak species, recorded by
Verdcourt (1950).

320. Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus (Degeer) Another pre-
August oak species, recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verdcourt (1950).

326. Heterotoma merioptera (Scopoli) Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60;
Harlington, 4.viii.60; Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Millbrook, 8.viii.60;
Kensworth, 12.viii.60; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60. Common amidst
rank vegetation, including nettles, and also ascends deciduous trees,
including birch and hawthorn. Previously reported by Verdcourt
(1950).

327. Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fallén) Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60,
abundant on alder; Houghton Regis, 8.viii.60; on maple; Kensworth,
12.viii.60, on elm and hazel; Everton, 17.viii.60, on lime; Kensworth,
20.vili.60, on elm. First recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

331. Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum)* Kensworth, 12.v1ii.60,
on Wych Elm.

332. Orthotylus marginalis Reuter Flitton, 3.viii.60, females only,
on sallow; Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60, on White Willow. Also reported by
Scudder (1955).

(333. Orthotylus flavinervis (Kirschbaum) Recorded by Shaw (1945),
from sallows, and the record repeated by Massee (1955): the original
report appeared before the revision of the genus by Southwood (1953)
and, in view of the reported host, probably refers to 0. marginalis. O.
flavinervis is principally found on alder).

116

335. Orthotylus nassatus (F)* Kensworth, 12.viii.60, common on
hazel.

336. Orthotylus ochrotrichus Fieber* Sharpenhoe, 4.vi11.60,
nettles at side of a wood; Kensworth, 12.viii.60, nettles in a woodland
clearing: 20.viii.60, maple (but adjacent to elms and nettles).

337. Orthotylus prasinus (Fallén)* Houghton Regis, 8.viii.60, male
and females on hazel (male genitalia checked); Millbrook, 8.viii.60, on
elm, including a pair in cop. (genitalia checked); Sandy, 17.viii.60,
females only, on elm.

338. Orthotylus ericetorum (Fallén) Coopers Hill, Ampthill,
6.viii.60, larvae and adults under heather in a pure Callunetum.
Previously recorded by Shaw (1945).

340. Orthotylus virescens (Douglas and Scott)* Millbrook, 8.viii.60;
females only; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60, females only; Sandy,
17.vili.60, one male, females abundant. Only taken on broom.

341. Orthotylus concolor (Kirschbaum)* Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60,
a female on broom; Sandy, 17.viii.60, two females on broom. At the
time of collecting 0. adenocary (Perris), almost certainly present in the
area, was probably over; O. virescens the dominant broom mirid (but
males almost over), O. concolor infrequent. Asciodema obsoletwm
(see p. 114) was almost over but was found on both broom and gorse;
Phytocoris varipes (see p. 119) also occurred sparingly on both hosts—
but of course is not confined to these.

342. Orthotylus flavosparsus (Sahlberg) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60, on
chenopod weeds in cornfield; Kensworth, 12.viii.60, on chenopod weeds
in allotments; Dunstable Downs, 20.viii.60, on chenopod weeds in an
old chalkpit; Steppingley, 10.ix.60, on primary colonising chenopods
on newly made sandy clay ground. Also recorded by Verdcourt (1950)
and from suction trap samples at Cardington by Southwood (1960).

346. Pseudoloxops coccineus (Meyer-Diir)* Ampthill Park,
3.vili.60, a female on ash; Stotfold, 17.viii.60, a female on ash. Prob-
ably the peak of the season was in mid to late July.

347. Cyrtorhinus caricis Fallén) Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60, amidst
rushes (Juncus spp.) in a marsh.

349. Mecomma ambulans Fallén* Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60, both
sexes in a marsh; Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60, both sexes in a marsh; Mill-
brook, 8.viii.60, females in rank vegetation in a Scots pine plantation.

350, Mecomma dispar (Bohemann)* Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60, a
male amidst marsh vegetation.

MIRINnAE

352. Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaeffer) Dunstable Downs,
3.vu.49; Ampthill Park, 3.viii.60, in grass in a marsh. Previously
reported by Verdcourt (1950).

(355. Lygus pratensis (L.) sensu stricto Reported by Shaw (1945)
and Verdcourt (1950) before the appearance of the various revisionary
papers on the Lygus complex; the records almost certainly apply to
one or other of the next two species).

117

356. Lygus maritimus Wagner* Coopers Hill, Ampthill, 6.viii.60,
on gorse.

357. Lygus rugulipennis Poppius Flitton, 3.viii.60, docks; Upper
Sundon, 8.viii.60, Scentless Mayweed; Studham, 12.viii.60, larvae and
adults on Black Mullein; Dunstable Downs, 20.viii.60, docks; Stepping-
ley, 10.ix.60, larvae and adults abundant on weeds of newly made
sandy-clay ground. Previously recorded, as Lygus pubescens Reuter,
by Verdcourt (1950) but the record was overlooked by Massee (1955) ;
also taken in suction trap samples at Cardington (Southwood, 1960)
and the records of Johnson and Southwood (1949) from tow-nets at
Cardington, 22.viii.47 to 20.x.47, of LD. pratensis (L.) are referable to
this species,

358. Liocoris tripustulatus (F.) Flitton, 3.vili.60; Harlington,
4.viii.60; Millbrook, 8.viii.60; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60; Dunstable
Downs, 20.vili.60: on nettles almost everywhere these grow, larvae
equally abundant with adults on the first two dates but scarcer later.
Also recorded by Butler (1923), Johnson and Southwood (1949) and
Verdcourt (1950).

360. Orthops rubricatus (Fallén)* Woburn Sands, 12.viii.60, two
females on spruce in a plantation.

361. Orthops cervinus (Herrich-Schaeffer) Flitton, 3.viii.60, a few
on Grey Poplar; Haynes, 8.viii.60, abundant, including tenerals, on
_lvy growing on oak trunks in an open position—must have bred on
the site. First adults of the year were taken on 16.vii.60 in Middlesex ;
it is difficult to say whether the Haynes population was first generation
or of a possible second. The first county record is that of Southwood
(1960), from the Cardington suction traps, 2.x.53.

363. Orthops campestris (L.) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Steppingley,
10.1x.60; previously recorded by Shaw (1945), Southwood (1960) and
Verdcourt (1945, 1950).

364. Orthops kalmi (L.) Recorded by Johnson and Southwood
(1949) from Cardington tow-nets, 8.viii.47 and 27.viii.47, and by Verd-
court (1950) but the records overlooked by Massee (1955). The most
abundant mirid in suction trap samples at Cardington in the period
22.ix. to 28.x.53 (Southwood, 1960).

365. Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Millbrook,
8.vili.60; on elm; Kensworth, 12.viii.60; Steppingley, 10.ix.60.
Previously reported by Verdcourt (1950),

366. Lygocoris viridis (Fallén) Kensworth, 12.viii.60, on hazel.

368. Lygocoris contaminatus (Fallén)* Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60, birch
and alder; Beechwood Wood, Studham, 12.viii.60, birch, Woburn
Sands, 13.viii.60, birch.

370. Lygocoris lucorum (Meyer-Diir) Upper Sundon, 8.viii.60;
also recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

377. Polymerus nigritus (Fallén) Recorded by Shaw (1945) and
Verdcourt (1950).

118

378. Charagochilus gyllenhah (Fallén)* Dunstable Downs,
20.viii.60; adults on, 5th instar larvae under, a bedstraw growing in a
chalkpit.

381. Miris striatus (L.) Reported by Verdcourt (1950).

382. Calocoris quadripunctatus (Villiers) Reported by Verdcourt
(1950).

383. Calocoris sexguttatus (F.) Recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verd-
court (1945, 1950).

384. Calocoris fulvomaculatus (Degeer) Recorded by Verdcourt
(1950).

386. Calocoris roseomaculatus (Degeer) Recorded by Verdcourt
(1950).

387. Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin) Sharpenhoe, 4.vili.60; Kens-
worth, 12.viii.60; Studham, 12.viii.60; Dunstable Downs, 20.vi1i.60;
previously recorded by Butler (1923), Shaw (1945), Southwood (1960)
and Verdcourt (1945, 1950).

(T.R.E.S.); Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; previously recorded by Verdcourt
(1950).

391. Megacoelum infusum (Herrich-Schaeffer) Coopers Hill, Ampt-
hill, 6.vii1.60; Haynes, 8.viii.60; Woburn Sands, 13.viil.60; Sandy,
17.vii.60: all captures of larvae, which were abundant on oak growing
on sandy soil, but apparently absent from oak growing on clay—the
four localities are spread right across the county on the Lower Green-
sand. Previously reported only from a single male in suction trap
captures at Cardington, 23.viii.55 (Southwood, 1960): this locality is
on the Oxford Clay a few miles north of the Lower Greensand belt.

392. Megacoelum beckeri (Fieber)* Millbrook, 8.viii.60, larvae on
Scots pine; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60, larvae and an adult on Scots
pine. The localities are probably close to the present northern limit
of the bug inland.

393. Stenotus binotatus (F.) Flitton, 3.viii.60; Sharpenhoe,
4.viil.60; Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60; Kensworth, 12.viii.60; previously
recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verdcourt (1950).

395. Phytocoris tiliae (F.) Harlington, 4.viii.60, elm; Houghton
Regis, 8.viii.60, maple; Haynes, 8.viii.60, elm; Kensworth,
12.viii.60, elm; Woburn Sands, 13.viii.60, oak; Stotfold, 17.viii.60,
maple; Kensworth, 20.viii.60, elm; the bug occurs on deciduous trees
equally on chalk and on the Lower Greensand.

396. Phytocoris populi (L.) Beechwood Wood, Studham, 12.viii.60,
oak; previously recorded by Verdcourt (1944, 1950).

397. Phytocoris dimidiatus Kirschbaum* Stotfold, 17.viii.60, one
on oak, The bug is much more common in north-west London (Middx.).

398. Phytocoris longipennis Flor Kensworth, 20.viii.60, adults and
larvae on maple; recorded by Verdcourt (1950).

399. Phytocoris reuteri Saunders Houghton Regis, 8.viii.60, on
maple; the first county record is of two females from the Cardington
suction traps, 23 and 25.viii.55 (Southwood, 1960).

119

401. Phytocoris ulmi (.) Flitton, 3.viii.60; Harlington, 4.viil.60 ;
Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Houghton Regis, 8.vili.60. On hedgerow trees
such as elm, maple and hawthorn, less common on trees of the heathy
Lower Greensand. Previously recorded by Verdcourt (1950) but the
record was overlooked by Massee (1955).

402. Phytocoris varip2s Bohemann Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60, in chalk
scrub; Coopers Hill, Ampthill, 6.viii.60, beaten from gorse; Upper Sun-
don, 8.viii.60, swept from thick scrub in a disused chalkpit; Sandy,
17.viii.60, beaten from broom, common. Previously recorded by Verd-
court (1944, 1950). The male genitalia of all heath specimens were
checked but no P. insignis Reuter were found; in view of the marked
similarity of Coopers Hill to many of the Surrey heaths, the home of
insignis, it may be that the apparent absence of P. imsignis from
Bedfordshire reflects a climatic barrier,

404. Capsus ater (L.) Flitton, 3.viil.60, in marsh vegetation;
Cardington, 31l.v.60, larvae only; previously recorded by Verdcourt
(1945, 1950).

406. Pantilius tunicatus (F.) Recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verd-
court (1950).

411. Stenodema calearatum (Fallén) Flitton, 3.viii.60; Flitwick
Moor, 6.viii.60: both localities are marshy, Steppingley, 10.ix.60,
roadside grasses. Previously recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verdcourt
(1950).

413. Stenodema laevigatum (L.) Harlington, 4.viii.60; Kensworth,
12.viii.60; Studham, 12.viii.60; Sandy, 17.viii.60: the dominant bug in
damp roadside verges. Previously recorded by Verdcourt (1944, 1950).

415. Notostira elongata (Geoffroy) Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Harling-
ton, 4.vii.60; Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60; Steppingley, 10.ix.60, a single
male only. Previously recorded by Verdcourt (1944, 1950).

416. Megaioceraea’ recticornis (Geoffroy) Flitton, 3.vili.60;
Sharpenhoe, 4.viii.60; Flitwick Moor, 6.viii.60: in woodland clearings
save on sandy soil, also in grass in hedgerows. Previously recorded by
Verdcourt (1950).

418. T'rigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy) Flitton, 3.viii.60; Sharpen-
hoe, 4.vili.60, thin grass on chalk; Sandy, 17.viii.60, fine grass on
sand in an oak-broom area; Steppingley, 10.ix.60, grass on newly made
sandy-clay ground. First reported from the Cardington suction trap
24.vili.55 (Southwood, 1960).

422. Leptopterna ferrugata (Fallén) Dunstable Downs, 3.vii.49;
also recorded by Shaw (1945) and Verdcourt (1950).

423. Leptopterna dolabrata (L.) Flitton, 3.viii.60; recorded by
Verdcourt (1944, 1950), the earlier report was overlooked by Massee
(Bedwell, 1945).

COMMENTS ON THE LIST

The present study increases the number of mirids known to be
present in the county by 27 species to a total of 94: four species re-
ported before 1955 but overlooked by Massee (1955) are included in the

120

total as well as species added to the list by Seudder (1955) and South-
wood (1960). Four names, Amblytylus delicatus (Perris), Lygus
pratensis, (Li.) Orthotylus flavinervis (Kirschbaum) and Psallus
variabilis (Fallén), are deleted, All of the 94 species have been col-
lected in the period 1944-1960, that is, within 17 years.

An admirable introduction to the study of insect distribution in
Bedfordshire has been given by Chambers (1949); he recognises six main
areas, separating the clay-with-flints drift area from the true chalk
(here lumped together as zone 1—see map). The present study must
be read in conjunction with Chambers.

The zones recognised, correspond to those of the solid geology
(Chatwin, 1954) save that the small area of Corallian to the south west
of Sandy is included in the Oxford Clay zone (zone 3): it is for the
most part covered by the drift formations of the Ivel valley.

Zone 1: Chalk. This area is one of rolling low hills given up, in
the main, to growing corn: much of the southern half is covered by a
calcareous drift, the chalk-with-flints (Chatwin, 1954). On the drift
the mirid fauna is not, as far as can be detected, differentiated from
that of the London Clay of Herts. and Middlesex. The chalk scarp is
locally steep at Dunstable Downs, around Upper Sundon, at Sharpen-
hoe (scenically and faunistically the best chalk area in the county) and
the Barton Hills—this scarp, unlike the main Surrey one, faces north
or north west but the artificial scarps of the many disused chalk-pits
(notably around Upper Sundon) are varied both in direction and the
degree of colonisation by plants. The land between Upper Sundon and
Dunstable Downs abounds with chalk-pits—chalk is quarried for lime
and cement manufactories. The characteristic chalk-down species in-
clude: Hoplomachus thunbergi, Macrotylus paykullii, Dicyphus
annulatus, Strangylocoris leucocephalus and_ probably Calocoris
roseomaculatus.

Zone 2: Gault Clay. Mirids of this belt are also found on the
Oxford Clay and wherever humus or drift lies thick on the other areas,
for example in hedgerows—which in this part of England are thick
and often incorporate large examples of field maple, hawthorn, hazel,
ash, oak and elm. The hedgerows carry a rich and varied Phytocoris
fauna. Characteristic of the Gault clay are Deraeocoris ruber
(especially in damp places), Macrotylus solitarius, Orthonotus rufifrons,
Phylus coryli, Psallus lepidus, Atractotomus mali, Dicyphus stachydis,
Malacocoris chlorizans, Heterotoma merioptera, Orthotylus nassatus,
Pseudoloxops coccineus, Pithanus maerkeli, Lygocoris pabulinus, L.
viridis, most Phytocoris spp. and Capsus ater. At its northern edge
the clay merges into the Lower Greensand along the valley of the Flit,
giving rise to a stretch of marsh at Flitton and Flitwick Moor; the
latter is much altered by peat cutting in various stages of working or
colonisation and shows mingling of marsh with bog conditions—an oak-
birch wood interdigitates with alder-willow swamp and a large area of
great reedmace (Typha latifolia l.). Characteristic species here

121

include: Psallus roseus, Sthenarus rotermundi (probably not exclusively
so), Dicyphus epilobii, Orthotylus marginalis, Cyrtorhinus cariéis,
Mecomma ambulans and M. dispar.

Zone 3: Lower Greensand. Here one meets gentle undulations
with some steeper slopes, often in part man-made, at Sandy, Ampthiil
and Woburn Sands—the area includes some of the finest woodlands in
Britain and incorporates magnificent tracts of landscape gardening at
Woburn Park, Ampthill Park and Old Warden. The parklands alternate
with treeless callunetums and modern coniferous plantations of
Scots pine, larch and spruce; mixed oak-birch, oak-birch-pine and oak-
hawthorn-broom localities abound, with grassy rides and clearings—on
cuttings and old sand-pits gorse-broom areas are found. Mirids typical
of the grassy clearings are Lopus decolor and Trigonotylus ruficornas ;
of the coniferous woods Psallus obscurellus, Atractotomus magnicornis,
Orthotylus rubricatus andMegacoelum beckeri; of the oak-birch com-
munity Psallus varians, Psallus salicellus, Lygocoris contamunatus,
Megacoelum infusum and probably a number of the early oak bugs
not taken by the writer; of the heaths Asciodema obsoletum, Orthotylus
ericetorum, O. virescens and QO. concolor. In the east of the county
much of the Lower Greensand is covered by alluvial drift, the market
gardening area of the Lea Valley.

Zone 4: Oxford Clay. This Lower Oolitic area is less wooded than
the Gault Clay but probably carries much the same mirid fauna; at
Cardington, the Oxford Clay is covered by the alluvium of the Ouse
Valley, while elsewhere, large tracts are covered by boulder clay.
Zoologically the differences between superficial clays and the Oxford or
Gault clays are probably unimportant. The large flooded workings of
old brickfields give rise to lake-like conditions, but so far their margins
have not been examined for mirids.

Zone 5: Lower Oolite. This small zone is a mixture of limestone
and clay deposits, much of it, but not all, overlain by the alluvium or
boulder clay of the Ouse Valley. It has not been sampled.

ABSENTEES

To discuss absentees is dangerous unless the reader bears in mind
how little the county has been collected in comparison, say, with Kent,
Surrey or southern Bucks. With that proviso we may now mention
certain species not so far found.

Deraeocoris olivaceus (F.) now occupies a triangle whose apex is
north of Slough, Bucks., and basal angles at Whitley Common, Surrey
and Epsom Common, Surrey (Leston and Woodroffe, 1961), this triangle
covers parts of Bucks., Berks., Middx. and Surrey. The detectable
spread is towards the south from a Thames Valley centre and the bug is
unlikely to be found in Beds.

Alloeotomus gothicus (Fallén) was deliberately looked for and, if
present, would have occurred on Scots pine in August: it is adjudged
a true absentee. Although spreading from a Surrey centre the bug

122

has not, apparently, reached the Chilterns: it is reported from Suffolk
but not Essex, Middx. or Herts. (Southwood and Leston, 1959).

Tinicephalus hortulanus (Meyer-Diir), its known distribution sug-
gests, has probably been so far overlooked in the county, as has
Megalocoleus pilosus (Schrank).. Tytthus spp. were searched for but
probably overlooked; the absence of Phylus melanocephalus (U.) and
many Psallus is almost certainly due to little early collecting.

Pilophorus spp. are the most interesting of the absentees; they were
deliberately looked for throughout early August on Scots pine, sallow
and oak. Their absence, it is suggested, is probably a real one—they
are rare in Herts. and Middx. and perhaps inland do not cross the
Chilterns. P. cinnamopterus (Kirschbaum) is a common insect on
pine, on the Bagshot Sands and Wealden Greensands south of the
Thames, so its absence from the Lower Greensand of Bedfordshire must
be ascribed to climatic factors; the same may be said for the oak species
P. perplerus Douglas & Scott.

The absence of all but one of the Halticini is probabiy due to under-
collecting, as is the absence of Heterocordylus spp. Agnocoris reclauvrer
(Wagner) is so rarely caught in East Anglia that little can be said of
it: it might be found around Flitwick Moor, which looks a suitable
locality both for this and for Capsus wagneri Remane.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dr. T. R. E. Southwood kindly amplified the published data on the
Cardington traps, undertook the search for the origin of the Amblytylus
delicatus report, and supplied some new records.

REFERENCES.

Bedwell, E. C., 1945. The county distribution of the British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 81: 253-273.
Butler, E. A., 1923. A biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. London.
Chambers, V. H., 1949. The Hymenoptera Aculeata of Bedfordshire. Trans. Soc.
Brit, Ent., 9: 197-252.
Chatwin, C. P., 1954. British regional geology : East Anglia and adjoining areas.
London (3rd edn.).
Johnson, C. G., & Southwood, T. R. E., 1949. Seasonal records in 1947 and 1948
of flying Hemiptera-Heteroptera, particularly Lygus pratensis L., caught
in nets 50 ft. to 3,000 ft. above the ground. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond (A),
94: 128-130.
Leston, D., 1950. A note on Strongylocoris leucocephalus (L.) (Hem., Miridae).
Ent. mon. Mag., 86: 109.
, 1961. Testis follicle number and a higher systematics of Miridae
(Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. (in Press).
Leston, D., & Woodroffe, G. E., 1961. An introduced insect after ten years.
Nature. Lond. (in Press).
Massee, A. M., 1946. The county distribution of the British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera Supplement, 1. Ent. mon. Mag., 82: 94-95.
———. 1955. The county distribution of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera.
Second edition. Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 7-27.
Scudder, G. G. E., 1955. Sthenarus roseri (H.-S.) (Hem., Miridae) new to
Bedfordshire. Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 283.
. 1956. Heteroptera in Northamptonshire. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 21.

125

, 1957, Additions to the county distribution tables of the British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 93: 49-51.

Shaw, H. K. A., 1945. Additions to the list of Bedfordshire Hemiptera-
Heteroptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 81: 183-185.

Southwood, T. R. E., 1953. The morphology and taxonomy of the genus
Orthotylus Fieber (Hem., Miridae), with special reference to the British
species. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 104: 415-449.

——., 1960. The flight activity of Heteroptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.,
112: 173-220.

Southwood, T. R. E., & Leston, D., 1959. Land and water bugs of the British
Isles. London,

Verdcourt, B., 1944. Records of Bedfordshire Hemiptera. Ent. mon. Mag.,

$0: 75.
, 1945. Further records of Bedfordshire Hemiptera. Ent. mon. Mag.,
Sit. 12.

——, 1950. Further records of Bedfordshire Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Ent.
mon, Mag., 86: 6-8.

Woodroffe, G. E., 1957-8. A preliminary revision of the British Psallus Fieber
(Hem., Miridae), with a description of a new species. Ent. mon. Mag.,
93 : 258-271.

THE ODONATA AND ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS OF WOOD
WALTON FEN, HUNTINGDONSHIRE

By A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.

Odonata

If we include the old records for Aeshna isosceles (Miill.) and
Sympetrum flaveolum (.) 26 species of Odonata have been recorded
from Huntingdonshire. Of these, 17 species have been taken
within the boundaries of the Fen.

Thanks to the industry of all concerned with the upkeep of Wood
Walton Fen, the water level in the numerous dykes and drains is now
maintained and the Odonata fauna continues to flourish. Of the
species recorded from Huntingdonshire but not yet seen in the Fen
we may expect to find Aeshna juncea (L.), Libellula depressa L., Cor-
dulia linaenea Fraser and Sympetrum danae (Sulz.). Aeshna isosceles
(Miill.), Libellula fulva Miill., and Lestes dryas Kirby probably in-
habited the area in the old fenland days. The occurrence of the not
infrequent migrant Sympetrum flaveolum (L.) must remain a matter
of chance.

Before listing the species recorded it is interesting to compare the
Wood Walton fauna with that of Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire. In
this latter county, 26 species have been recorded, 19 of which have been
seen in Wicken (Lucas, 1925 and 1928). Recorded from Wicken and
not Wood Walton are Aeshna juncea (L.), Orthetrum coerulescens (F.),
Libellula depressa L., Sympetrum danae (Sulz.), Lestes dryas Kirby
and Ceriagrion tenellum (de Vill.). From Wood Walton and not Wicken
are recorded Aeshna cyanea (Miill.), A. mixta Lat., Anax imperator
Leach and Platycnemis pennipes (Pall.).

Except where specifically stated all the following species have been
observed by the author. Sporadic visits were made from 1947 until
1958 when the Fen was visited monthly from April to November, The
location numbers refer to those as used by Dr. E. Duffey (1957).

ANISOPTERA
AESHNIDAE
Brachytron pratense (Miill.)

A spring species flying from early May until the middle of July.
Seen flying over the Great Raveley Drain and specimens taken in
areas 92 and 93.

Aeshna cyanea (Miill.)

This summer species appears early in July and is often flying until
mid October. Specimens have been seen in all parts, most common in
the areas 80 and 92.

125
Aeshna mixta Lat.

Most plentiful at the end of August although it is on the wing
from the end of July to the end of October. Odd specimens have beer
seen in the vicinity of the Great Raveley Drain where it was excep-
tionally common during September 1958. A regular immigrant which
has become increasingly common in the south during about the last 20
years.

Aeshna grandis (L.)

Locally common in Huntingdonshire, this species is usually flying
at the same time as A. cyanea. A few specimens are seen every year
hawking along the oaks in the vicinity of the Bungalow (area 80).
Often observed flying late in the evening until dusk,

Anaz imperator Leach

Not seen by the author but there is a male in the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) taken in the Fen, 27.vii.39, at Tay Bridge. This fine
species is rare in Huntingdonshire and has a long flying season ex-
tending from early June to the middle of August.

LIBELLULIDAB
Tibellula quadrimaculata L.

This common and well known migrant is a spring and summer
species. Specimens are seen most years over, and in the vicinity of
the Great Raveley Drain.

Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.)

On the wing from late June to the end of October it is the common
libelluline of the Fen and has been seen in all areas. During the
exceptional summer of 1959 it was last seen on 15th November. Held
by the male in tandem formation the normal method of oviposition
is for the pair to fly slowly over the surface of the water dipping
rythmically for the female to wash off her eggs by slapping the surface
with the tip of her abdomen. During this period of drought when
little water remained in the dykes a number of females were observed
ovipositing alone and by pushing the eggs into the moist peat some
twelve inches above the water level.

The red species of Sympetrum are subject to little variation in
colour pattern therefore it was of great interest to take a male strio-
latum on 18.x.59, flying alongside the drain bisecting area 79 which
exhibited exceptional markings. (Fig. 1, on page 126).

Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.) ab. masoni ab. nov.

Male.—Abdomen 25 mm. Hind wing 27 mm. Head, thorax and
abdominal segments one to six coloured as typical specimens.
Abdominal segment seven with lateral mark heavily pigmented with
black; eight with dorsal carina red, this flanked with a narrow black
band for half the length of the segment then extending as a hori-
zontal band to the ventral carina where it extends slightly towards
the base; nine with dorsal and posterior carinae red, remainder black;

126

Fig. 1—Sympetrum s. striolatum (Charp.) ab. masoni ab. nov. Lateral view of
abdominal segments 7-10.

ten with dorsal carina and apical half red, basal half black; anal
appendages red.

Wood Walton Fen, Huntingdonshire, 18.x.59, A. E. Gardner.
Specimen in Gardner coll. I have pleasure in naming this aberration
after Mr. G. Mason, the Warden.

Sympetrum sanguineum (Miill.)

A local southern species on the wing from the middle of July to
early September. Not uncommon most years on the drain near the
entrance to the Fen (5) and on the drains in areas 92 and 93.

ZYGOPTERA
AGRIIDAE
Agrion splendens (Harris)

Two males of this beautiful species were seen in 1947 by Mr. R.
Mason flying over the Great Raveley Drain. Usually on the wing
from the end of May to the middle of August it is common in the
Midlands, breeding in quiet streams and canals with a muddy bottom.
The Great Raveley Drain appears to be a most suitable habitat and
it is hard to understand why this species is not more in evidence.

LESTIDAE
Lestes sponsa (Hanse.)

Very common and found in all areas although it seldom strays far
from the reed beds. On the wing from early July to the middle or
end of September.

PLATYCNEMIDIDAE
Platycnemis pennipes (Pall.)

Common flying over the Great Raveley Drain but not found far up
the drains fed by it. This species prefers running water and is on
the wing from early June to the middle of August.

CoENAGRIIDAE
Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulz.)

This is one of the first species to gladden the heard of the Odonatist.
It may, in good seasons, fly from the end of April until the middle
of August. Found in all parts of the Fen where the larvae can sur-
vive in water with a low oxygen content.

Ischnura elegans (V. d. Lind)

This common species also has a long emergence period, being on
the wing from the middle of May to the middle of September. Found
along the Great Raveley Drain and in all parts of the Fen.

Hrythromma najas (Hanse.)

This local species is common along the Great Raveley Drain but
does not penetrate very far into the Fen. Usually on the wing from
the end of May to early August.

Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.)
Flying from the middle of May to early September, this common
species is found in all areas.

Coenagrion puella (L.)
Flying at the same time as the preceding species, puella is equally
common in all areas served by the drains.

Coenagrion pulchellum (V. d. Lind)

Less common than C. puella and on the wing from about the middle
of May to early August. There is a single male in the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) taken in the Fen, 22-31.vii.39. I would expect it to occur
along the Great Raveley Drain.

Orthopteroid Insects
Despite the rich fauna found in many of the other Orders, the
Orthopteroid insects are poorly represented in Wood Walton. Only
ten species can be accounted for, three of which appear to be new
county records. These three are Conocephalus dorsalis (Lat.), Platy-
cleis denticulata (Panz.) and JJeconema thalassinum (Deg.)

DERMAPTERA
ForFICULIDAE
Forficula auricularia L.

The Common Earwig seems to be widely distributed although rarely
met with. Usually beaten from sallow or oaks and rarely under sedge
litter.

The Lesser Earwig, Labia minor (L.), recorded from Wicken ought
to be met with in hot weather.

SALTATORIA
TETTIGONIIDAE

Meconema thalassinum (Deg.)
Several specimens beaten from oak and alder in areas 62 and 79.
This species was found commonly during 1960 at the nearby Holm Fen.

Conocephalus dorsalis (Lat.)
Very common in the reed beds throughout the Fen. At night they
become active and are often found on the lepidopterists’ sugar patches.

128

Tettigonia viridissima L.
Dr. E. Duffey informs me that this fine insect has once been re-
corded. Lucas (1919) records the species from Ramsay.

Platycleis denticulata (Panz.)

During the late summer the adult insects are common on nettles
and are often seen basking in the sunshine on the upturned boats at
the entrance to the Fen. Specimens have also been swept in area 92.

TETRIGIDAE
Tetriz wndulata (Sow.)

These little groundhoppers may easily be overlooked as they do
not become adult until late in the year. During November 1960
several specimens were secured by the edge of Coleman’s Drain.

Tetrix subulata (L.)
Two specimens of this marsh-loving species were obtained 14.v.61 at

the edge of drain 5.

ACRIDIDAE
Omocestes viridulus (1.)

This widely distributed grasshopper has been found in long grass
bordering the trees in areas 104 and 105.

Chorthippus brunneus Thunb.
Occasionally found near the entrance to the Fen and along the

Main Drive.

Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.)
This very common species, like the preceding, has only been noted
near the entrance although it is common outside the Fen.

Chorthippus albomarginatus' (Deg.), a species not uncommon at
Wicken, might well be found within the limits under survey.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Grateful thanks are accorded to the Nature Conservancy for the
facilities provided to carry out this survey and to Mr. R. Mason, the
Warden, for much help and information,

To my colleague and fellow collector Mr. F. D. Buck I gratefully
acknowledge his assistance in securing many specimens.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.

Duffey, E. 1957. Wood Walton Fen National Nature Reserve. Ent. Gaz., 8:
143-150.

Kevan, D. K. McE. 1952. A summary of the recorded distribution of British

Orthopteroids. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 2: 165-180.

1953. Notes on the distribution of British Orthopteroids. Trans. Soc.

Brit. Ent., 4: 120-122.

1953. Additional notes on the distribution of British Orthopteroids.

Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 4: 183-185.

, 1954. Further notes on the distribution of British Orthopteroids.
Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 5: 65-71.

>

Longfield,

Lucas, W.

>

129

1956. The known distribution of British Orthopteroids, Fourth Supple-
ment. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 6: 187-192.

Cc. 1949. The Dragonflies of the British Isles. Frederick Warne &
Co., London. 2nd Edition.

J. 1920. A Monograph of the British Orthoptera. The Ray Society,
London.

1925. The Natural History of Wicken Fen. Part 2, 65-86. 5. Insects
of the Natural Orders: Orthoptera, Paraneuroptera (Odonata), and
Neuroptera. Bowes & Bowes, Cambridge.

1928. The Natural History of Wicken Fen. Part 4, 329-333. 31. Further
notes on the Orthoptera, Paraneuroptera, Neuroptera, etc., of Wicken
Fen. Bowes & Bowes. Cambridge.

130

LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY
BUCKLER

PART V
Compiled and illustrated by G. Haccert

Heliothis armigera Hiibn. Scarce Bordered Straw.

It had long been known that the larva of this species came to
Britain as an accidental import in soft fruits from the Canary Islands
and western Mediterranean lands; yet it is only in recent years that
we have come to think of this as other than a rare happening and to
suspect that most appearances of the moth, at least from November
until May, may be due to it. The records of larvae being found in
shipped fruit go back to the last century and were recalled by South,
R. (1908, Moths Brit. Isles, 2: 52-53). That these introductions may
take place regularly is indicated by the specimens found by BE. W.
Classey and his Feltham greengrocer who have had them over the
years (1960, Ent., Gaz., 11: 12). H. C. Huggins (1952, Entomologist,
85:42) wrote of a similar experience, saying that his greengrocer had
20 or 30 larvae in 1950, and we can fairly suppose that if other mer-
chants and shop workers were as enthusiastic in reporting them these
records would be greatly multiplied.

The moth then, may appear in any neighbourhood where imported
fruits are stored or sold. So far as the summer and autumnal records
go they have occurred oddly in most years in the southern counties of
England with others from Ireland and only a few from the north.

Abroad the species is at home only in warmer climates and there
it may occur in such large numbers as to constitute a pest of agricul-
ture. Barrett, C. G. (1900, Lep. Brit. Isles, 6: 153) gives a very full
account of the habits abroad, but with a very poor figure of the larva
(pl. 245, fig. 16). There is in Buckler, W. (1894, Larvae of the Brit.
Butterflies and Moths, 6: 73) a good account by Tugwell of rearing
the insect from the egg and of its cannibalism.

EK. W. Classey has always been generous in helping me to obtain
rare or little known lepidopterous larvae and I am glad to acknow-
ledge my debt to him particularly with regard to H. armigera which
he at last sent me alive after numerous postal disasters. I am pleased,
too, to record my thanks to H. E. Hammond who had earlier given
me details of imported larvae found in Birmingham and who also is
a long-standing colleague in these matters. One of Mr. Hammond’s
larvae ate tomato and orange until the penultimate moult and then
took to groundsel; those in my care have eaten only tomato and grape-
fruit. South and Barrett (loc. cit.) and Allan, P. B. M. (1949, Larval
Foodplants, p. 73) each list the wide range of foods attacked by the
larva and it seems that few kinds of plants will be rejected.

PSE] ae

ny heey
all ae

r

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960 PLATE Ill

Figs. 1-6, Heliothis armigera Hiibn. (x14 approx.)
Figs. 7-9. Heliothis maritima Graslin s.sp. septentrionalis Hoff.
(<1 approx.)

131

Description of the fully grown larva. Length to 40 mm, There are
two very differently coloured forms, a green one with dark suffusion
and black patches and heavily developed dorsal tubercles, and a pale
yellowish, or orange or purplish-brown form in which the tubercles
are much smaller and less conspicuous.

The pattern is common to both forms. The narrow chain-like
dorsal stripe is composed of double dark bowed lines that join at the
beginning and end of each abdominal ring. The rest of the dorsum
is occupied by narrow wriggling longitudinal lines that are expressed
darker at the anterior half of each ring. There is a broad dark lateral
band swept downwards on each segment that carries above and at the
centre of each ring a patch of black striations which are heavily
developed on the first two abdominal rings and again on the eighth and
which are associated with large tubercles. Below the dark band there
is a broader pale spiracular stripe which is better seen in the brown
forms. Ventrally there is a broad pale broken central stripe. Head
olive brown to ginger, much freckled on the lobes and clypeus. Pro-
thoracic plate smooth, shining, densely black mottled, the dorsal line
rather darker, crossed by broken white subdorsals which continue only
to the first abdominal ring. Anal plate weak and crossed by the
double dorsal line. Prothoracic legs green or brown; prolegs green or
brown each with a clear white streak ventrally in front, Spiracles
oval, thickly ringed in black, those of the eighth abdominal ring very
Jarge. All tubercles lightly raised, shining black and round, the
dorsals becoming oval and twice the size of the rest at the first, second
and eight abdominal rings; each tubercle supports a stiff short dark
bristle.

Shape cylindrical, humped at the first abdominal and eighth
abdominal segments, the head held well into the thorax at rest and
beneath the rather hood-like plate. The skin bears the dense minute
spiny projections that distinguish the Heliothis larva.

The green form is a lovely velvety sap tint that darkens above almost
to olive. Intersegmental folds narrowly yellow tinged when con-
torted. On the first two and eighth abdominal rings the dark laterai
band merges into suffused black patches which in their turn are
joined to the enlarged dorsal trapezoidal tubercle; the short black
striations of each patch stand on a clear yellow base and there is an
associated bright orange spot placed immediately below, in the lateral
band. There is a crisp narrow white flange on all segments at the
lower edge of the broad spiracular band which is itself edged below
in contrastingly dark green and especially at the intersegmental divi-
sions. Just as other characters of the green larva become darkened
and more strongly developed, so the four tubercles of the last segment
are large and deep black.

The brown forms are remarkable in that their tubercles are slighter
and the patches associated with the lateral band are comprised of ill-
developed black lines. By contrast, however, the broad spiracular
band shows up pale primrose yellow, touched with vermilion at the

132

centre of each ring, and here the pair of small tubercles that accom-
panies each abdominal spiracle stands out black and clear.

Figures—Pl. III, figs. 1-6, immediately after the last moult, 21.iv.57;
figs. 3 and 5, fully grown, 12.xii.59 and 25.xii.59; fig. 6, from
a colour transparency by J. Bradley, xii.59, the same larva.
All from larvae in tomatoes imported from Canary Is., found
at Feltham, Middlesex, E. W. Classey.

Heliothis maritima Graslin s.sp. septentrionalis Hoffmeyer.
Shoulder Striped Clover.

Amongst the numerous twin species separated in recent times from
what had formerly passed as one species, H. maritima is one of the
few whose separation is supported by differences in biology and ecology.
For not only are there evident differences between the moths and larvae
of H. maritima and H. viriplaca Hiifn. (dipsacea L.) but the two
occur in the contrasted habitats of acid heathland and alkaline soils
respectively, and never the two on the same ground. Dr. de Worms’
supposition (1939, Entomologist, 72: 132) that ‘‘... H. maritima was
confined to the southern counties, while H, viriplaca had the eastern
area as its headquarters’’ has proved correct.

H. maritima has a very restricted distribution in Britain, being
confined to the larger heathlands of Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset-
shire; amongst the better known localities are Horsell and Chobham
Commons, Studland and Wareham Heaths, Parley Cross and the exten-
sive heather lands of the New Forest. Even here the insect may by
no means be present in all parts of its district but it is not confined
to the wetter hollows as was once thought.

The moths fly in June and July, once recorded as late as Ist Sep-
tember. Larvae may in some years (like 1958) be still numerous
by the end of September while in others the bulk may have gone down
by the first week of that month.

In the wild larvae seem to eat the flowers of Calluna as readily as
those of Erica, while Kettlewell found some also on Bog Asphodel
seed heads. In captivity they take readily to runner beans.

The larva was first discovered in Britain by Dr. H. B. D. Kettle-
well in 1957, recorded by him in 1958, (Entomologist, 91: 27), and was
described by the present writer on page 30. Since publishing the
description of the pupa (Ibid., 91: 30) I have seen a good many living
pupae of both species and have had both available for comparison at
the same moment. H. maritima is much the more slender, its wing
cases the more translucent green and the medio-dorsal stripe darker
and bolder. Indeed, the differences between the two are rather greater
than might be expected.

H. m. maritima is not known from Britain, although the Dunge-
ness form of H. viriplaca sometimes may look very like it. Hy. J.
Turner discussed the three insects in Proc, S. Lond. ent, nat, Hist.
Soc., 1938-39: 110 (1939).

133

Description of the lust instar larva. Length to 33 mm. In shape
rather slender and cylindrical, flattened along the dorsum and with
considerable taper at the llth segment. The skin soft and velvety
due to a complete covering of the short backwardly directed spines
that are a feature of this genus (and of Pyrrhia). There is little
yellow folding of the skin between segments so the larva has a firm,
uniform appearance however its movements.

Colour a deep velvety olive green shading lighter at the sides.
Dorsal stripe an obscure darker green, very finely centred by a weak
and broken whitish line and edged by a similarly broken pale border,
the stripe barely perceptible on the thorax and ending immediately
before the anal plate. Subdorsals very clear, pale yellow, arched but
slightly above on each segment, continuous from the prothoracic plate
on to the anal plate where they meet at its posterior margin,
and bordered throughout with darker green below. Subspiracular
bands a little broader and bolder than the subdorsals, clear white and
sinuous, continuous from the prothorax to the sides of the anal
claspers, slightly curved downwards on each segment. The lateral
space between the subdorsals and subspiraculars is evenly divided into
darker green above and more yellowish below, with broken traces of a
fine white line at the division. The subspiraculars are edged below by
darker green shading off to a paler blue-green ventrally. There is a
whitish broken central line ventrally; to each side of the ventral surface
there is a short irregular white streak on the anterior half of the second
to seventh abdominal rings, better marked before each proleg.

Head pale green, the lobes prominent and bearing tiny black freck-
ling above and again in narrow bands to each side of the epicranial
suture, the ocelli set on a white are. Prothoracic plate usually pale
green and shining but black in some specimens, sparsely or densely
dotted with black, bounded by the subdorsals; anal plate similarly
pale green, dotted and bounded by the subdorsals which also run
around the posterior margin. True legs green, tinged with ochreous,
prolegs pale green, anal claspers green edged with white of the sub-
spiracular stripe. Tubercles small, jet black on a pale base, each with
a very short fine hair, Spiracles oval and black centred with white,
and very small except the first and last pairs, placed just above the
white subspiracular in the paler part of the lateral space, and at the
centre of the segment.

There is little variation for septentrionalis seems to lack the pink
and mottled forms of viriplaca. A much darker form has the dorsal
stripe obscured and the subdorsals a dirty white. The green of
septentrionalis is rather darker and richer than is usual with viriplaca
in a way that is impossible to describe but that is readily discernible:
in markings and pattern both species are identical, even to the minute
markings on the head and plates, except when the black prothoracic
plate is present in septentrionalis.

Figures—Pl. III, figs. 7-9, all last instar, on flowers of Erica, New
Forest, Hants, 30.vili.57, H. B. D. Kettlewell.

134
Calophasia lunula Hufn. Toadflax Brocade.

This neat little moth belongs to that spectacular band of post war
discoveries made along the south-east coastline of England, the species
evidently having become established in but a few years after the initial
impetus of migration; such at least is my opinion, for I cannot believe
that such a conspicuous larva could for long escape notice at so popular
a collecting ground as Dungeness, Kent.

Last century British records of C. lunula have been soundly
debunked by P. B. M. Allan (1940, Entomologist, 73: 203) and the
Shoreham, Sussex, specimen of Rait-Smith in 1939 is one of the few past
genuine occurrences. There was a moth again from Sussex at Bexhill
in 1950 with another from Essex in the year following and one also
from Dungeness. The first larvae were discovered in 1952 at Dunge-
ness, Southend and Dartford and in succeeding years large numbers
were collected from along the south-east coast, from Bradwell in Essex
around the Kent coast to Dungeness and as far west as Shoreham and
Lancing in Sussex: all these localities were hard by the sea or at most
within a short distance of it, but by August 1954 larvae had been found
inland at Tonbridge. Since that time the species seems to have lost
ground everywhere but at Dungeness.

The moth can be double brooded with us, emerging throughout
June well into July, and again in August, when most wild caught ones
have been taken. Larvae can be found from early July until the
middle of August (late ones) and again throughout September. They
normally feed up very quickly. Wild larvae have been found feeding
mostly upon the common Yellow Toadflax with some on the scarcer tall
purple Linaria purpurea L. (Mill.) and on the dwarf pale L. minor L.
(Desf.): Dr. Birkett (1956, Ent, Rec., 68: 274) fed larvae in captivity
on the leaves and flowers of Ivy-leaved Toadflax (L. cymbalaria L.
(Mill.)) and Symes (1956, Ent. Rec., 68: 201) fed them on L. repens L.
(Mill.).

The first records are discussed in 1954, (Hnt. Gaz., 5: 66), together
with an account of the early stages which was supplemented by a
further note in 1955, Ent. Gaz., 6: 152. The description given here
is as my original note.

Description of the last instar larva. This gaudy larva is quite
unlike any other British noctuid. In shape it is very cylindrical, a
little flattened along the dorsum, with a pronounced taper to each end
and especially to the small head. It is only sparsely hairy, the hairs
being exceedingly short and fine. The thoracic segments are much
puckered along the lateral folds. In length measures to 36 mm.

The general scheme of markings and colour is divided into a broken
black area along the back with three bright yellow stripes, and pale
blue grey along the sides and below, adorned throughout with black
dots, Dorsal stripe thick, deep yellow, much narrower along the
thoracic rings and again on the later abdominals. Subdorsals of same
colour, broad but more restricted between the segments. Subspiracular

135

bands broader still, yet wavy and broken, being composed of large
yellow smears. The space between the dorsal and subdorsal lines is
broken into irregular transverse black streaks and blotches which along
the middle abdominal rings follow a sequence of two larger, rather
rounded, marks surrounding a small dot or wedge on each side of the
dorsal line and separated from the next segment by three or four very
narrow streaks. On the thoracic rings the black marks continue as 2
simple series of shorter and thicker strokes which form a thick uninter-
rupted band when the rings are contracted, and merge smoothly with
the black marks above the head.

Below the subdorsals the skin is marked with large rounded black
spots set amongst finer dots and freckling; the largest is placed cen-
trally, immediately above the subspiracular band and posterior to the
spiracle, and two more adjacent to the subdorsal line are widely set,
the rear spot frequently streaked ventrally. Below the subspiraculars
two large rounded spots and additional freckling continue the pattern
to beneath where the skin is clear but for tiny flecks.

Prothoracic plate so weakly chitinised that it is hidden by the bright
colours that cross it; anal plate narrowly bisected by yellow. Spiracles
small except those on segment eleven which are twice as large, oval,
biack, situated immediately above the yellow band. Prolegs blue-grey
with a black spot at the extremity; anal claspers marked with four
large black patches; thoracic legs plain blue-grey. Head small with a
large black blotch above divided by blue-grey, two small dots in the
centre of the clypeus with a large dot to each side and another on each
side of the head.

There is some variation of the black dorsal pattern which may be
so heavily developed as to obliterate all but the fine pale intersegmental
fold and a single fine transverse line; associated with this the lateral
spotting becomes coarser and heavier, The wild larva is a beautifully
coloured contrast of pale blue, black and yellow but larvae reared from
the egg may have the colours dulled and lustreless.

Figures—Pl. IV, figs. 1-3, all last instar, on Linaria vulgaris Mill.,
Dungeness, Kent, 25.1x.53.

Minucia lunaris Schiff. Lunar Double Stripe.

For many years the Lunar Double Stripe was of exceedingly rare
occurrence in Britain and the genuine records from Kent and Sussex
in the last century were as few as the fraudulent dealers’ specimens
were many. In 1942 two larvae were found at Ham Street in Kent by
Dr. G. V. Bull, a find that ushered in the post war collecting boom
at those woodlands. Further records came from South Essex in 1951,
Selsey (West Sussex) in 1952 and South Hampshire in 1954 but what
may be called the home of the species continued to be the oak woods
of the Ashford area of Kent extending into East Sussex. In 1956 (Ent.
Kec., 68: 248) J. M. Chalmers-Hunt called attention to the apparent

136

decline in the Kent populations since 1952, and present trends suggest
that the moth may again become uncommon.

The post-war abundance could be attributed to the large scale cut-
ting of woodlands during the war and soon after which provided an
unusually large amount of tender coppice shoots on which alone the
larva feeds; in normal times it doubtless subsists on epicormic shoots
at the oak bole. It feeds at night only on the juicy summer shoots
and could at one time be beaten freely from stool growth that showed
signs of foliage stripped from the tips or even the tender shoots part
bitten through. Foliage from the crown of the tree is quite unsuitable.
The powdery white oak mildew disease appeared to have no ill-effect
upon the larvae, indeed they seemed to be as common or more common
amongst infected foliage.

The moth is single brooded, emerging from mid May until the end of
June: during its period of plenty it came to sugar and to light and
could be flushed by day from rest amongst dried leaf litter; at dusk
it could be seen flying amongst the oak stools. The larva feeds up
during July and August and the winter is passed in the pupal stage.

The egg and pupa are described in 1953 (Ent. Gaz., 4: 266).

Description of the lust instar larva. This large noctuid larva
measures to 70 mm. at full growth, In shape it is slender and cylindri-
cal, only a little broader at the centre. It moves and rests in the
postures characteristic of Catocala.

Colour variable, usually some shade of brown, being mostly van-
dyke or inclined to sienna, even reddish, but there are also
greyish-umbrous examples and even sooty velvet. One of the most
handsome forms is black with bright red subspiracular bands.

There are three paler bands along the back, a central broader band
and a narrower subdorsal to each side of it, followed by another later-
ally and then the bold subspiracular stripe below. All bands and their
interstices bear fine black wriggling striations that run the full length
of the body although obscure at the abdominal intersegmental divi-
sions, The subspiraculars may be bright vermilion or deep black or
a beautiful mottled combination; less often they may be reduced and
dull brown. Beneath, the skin is much paler and on segments 6-9
there is a large purple brown patch between the claspers and a smaller
spot on the tenth.

The subdorsal band carries a conspicuous yellow squared patch on
the fourth segment which may be orange centred. It is usually edged
below by a smaller black spot and in well marked examples there are
still smaller black markings to each side, These bright spots give the
appearance of eyes, and can be thrown into prominence by humping
of their segment. Also on the subdorsal band are smaller yellowish
patches on segments 7-9; and between the subdorsals of segment 11
there are twin short conical prominences edged behind in dark red
or they may be wholely orange.

J
.

wy)

: " “4 oeiin by gy
i D oF DU; at,

id miter ts a

-

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960 PLATE IV

Figs. 1-3, Calophasia lunula Hufn. («14 approx.)
Figs. 4-7, Minucia lunaris Schiff. (x 14 approx.)

137

In the duller, more sombre specimens the subdorsal ornamentation
is suppressed and instead the pale dorsal warts of the abdominal seg-
ments show up as bright points.

Prothoracic and anal plates weak and ill-marked. True legs pale
brown, claspers with a plate of white or yellow and freckled with black
above. Head large, red-brown with two short fine stripes in front and
striped like a clove by a broad lanceolate yellow stripe to each side.
Spiracles broadly oval, black and pale centred, placed above the sub-
spiracular band.

Figures—Pl. IV, figs. 4-7, last instar, reared on oak shoots, ab. ovis,
Ham Street, Kent, 4.viii.52.

138

HOW SOME INSECTS, ESPECIALLY THE EGG STAGES, AVOID
DROWNING WHEN IT RAINS

By H. E. Hinton
Department of Zoology, University of Bristol

Read 12th May 1960.

CoNTENTS

Page

I. Introduction ae = Kate a & 138
II. The plastron and the envy ieanmaend ait Se ie be 141
Tlf. Three kinds of chorionic plastrons ... ee + 143
IV. Independent evolution of plastron-bearing horns sie #8 145
V: Summary “<.: Bie ze aie ae ae Be Poe 151
VI. Acknowledgments a. ae ant see ve oe 151
VII. References ee he 5 a ae Uae dei nee 151

INTRODUCTION

A great many terrestrial insects are exposed to the danger of
drowning whenever it rains at all heavily, a frequently recurring
hazard in most climates. This danger would seem to be particularly
acute for their immobile stages, the eggs and pupae, which are nor-
mally glued or otherwise fastened to the substrate and so are necessarily
submerged beneath a layer of water whenever it rains heavily. At
first sight it would appear that the stages of insects that are regularly
exposed to flooding must be adapted in some fashion to survive such a
contingency, but surprisingly little is known about how they are so
adapted. This paper is chiefly concerned with the recently discovered
physical gill known as a plastron that is used by the terrestrial eggs of
many insects when they are covered with water. Before discussing the
ways in which the eggs are adapted to avoid drowning when it rains,
the very meagre information we have on how other stages of insects
survive the same hazard is reviewed.

Little is known of the ways in which larvae and adults avoid drown-
ing when it rains heavily. They are often trapped in temporary pools
and sink to the bottom. Many species cease to struggle after a
relatively short time and become comatose, that is, they cease to re-
spond to stimuli and do not recover their capacity for response until
they have been dried for some minutes or even hours. When immersed
they absorb water. Many absorb enough water to stretch the inter-
segmental membranes. Recovery after immersion for hours or even
days is possible because they have obtained enough oxygen from the
ambient water, perhaps sometimes largely through their intersegmental
membranes, to satisfy their requirements so long as they are comatose.

Judging from preliminary experiments, there would appear to be

139

some relation between survival and the rapidity with which the ani-
mals become comatose. For instance, when dytiscid beetles are
prevented from coming to the surface to replenish their supplies of air,
they struggle for a long time before they become comatose. In con-
trast, carabids of similar size become comatose far more quickly and
survive immersion much longer. The staphylinid, Ocypus olens Miill.,
becomes comatose on being dropped into water far more quickly than
any other insect so far tested. Some specimens become comatose within
30 seconds. It scarcely seems likely that such rapid response is due to
shortage of oxygen: it would seem to be a response to contact with
water rather than to lack of oxygen, but the phenomenon is being in-
vestigated.

Many adult insects remain at, or float to, the surface of pools and
either crawl out at the edges or onto objects projecting through the
surface. Since most natural objects are in some degree wettable, the
immediate surface of the water around them is inclined steeply up-
wards. It is of some interest to note how small insects negotiate such
inclines up which they cannot walk or swim. The insect normally
overcomes the upward slope of the water surface by the simple device
of distorting the surface so that a miniscus similar to that of the edge
of the pool is formed against some part of the body of the insect.
Having done this, and being sufficiently close to the edge so that no
stretch of relatively flat surface intervenes between the miniscus it
has formed and that at the water’s edge, the insect will be pulled
rapidly up the incline without any further activity on its part as the
free energy of the system diminishes and the minisci move together
(Hinton, 1954, p. 138). The degree to which there is a special be-
haviour pattern associated with the distortion of the water surface varies
greatly, but, as pointed out by Hinton (loc. cit.), in all floating ter-
restrial insects that were observed, the surface film was found to be
bent upwards at some points and downwards at others. Thus floating
terrestrial insects are provided with a means of overcoming the up-
wardly inclined surface at the edges of pools.

Many pupae that are found in places likely to be flooded are en-
closed in cocoons. Preliminary experiments show that such cocoons
are rigid enough not to collapse under the hydrostatic pressures to
which they are likely to be exposed. Thus the volume of gas contained
in the cocoon is not altered by the pressure differences actually ex-
perienced. The interstices in the meshwork of the cocoon provide a
large water-air interface. In those cocoons in which the outer layers
of silk are hydrophil, the water-air interface is established below the
outermost surface of the cocoon, and per unit area of interface the
plastron must be less effective since it is surrounded by a relatively
stationary layer of water that permits a thick diffusion boundary layer
to be formed. It may be noted here that any cocoon, and more
especially those in which the outer layers of fabric absorb water, must
also damp down the humidity fluctuations of the environment (Hinton,
1953). In most instances, the chief selective value of cocoons probably

140

lies in the immunity they confer against casual predators and parasites
(Hinton, 1955), but this is not to deny that they also have an important
role to play in respiration when it is raining and in damping the
humidity fluctuations of the ambient air when it is not raining.

The functions subserved by terrestrial egg cocoons and the silk mats
used to cover the egg mass, especially in many groups of spiders, are of
course similar to those subserved by pupal cocoons. The acquatic egg
cocoons of many Hydrophylidae have a hollow ‘‘mast’’ or stalk that
opens at the surface of the water. These cocoons are thus provided
with a direct route for the entry of atmospheric oxygen into the body
of the cocoon that contains the eggs (e.g. see Vlasblom and Wolvekamp,
1957). The egg cocoons are usually found in ponds and ditches, en-
vironments in which the oxygen pressure is apt to fluctuate widely and
is often very low at night. Tests show that the layer of air entangled
by the meshwork of the cocoon resists considerable pressure differences.
It is therefore possible that these cocoons may sometimes function as
plastrons when the stalk becomes entangled so that a rise in the water
level prevents it reaching the surface.

The possession of a plastron enables an egg to extract oxygen from
the ambient water and therefore to continue its development during
the period when it is flooded. Most insect eggs, however, do not
possess a plastron. They may be laid in sheltered situations where they
are protected from flooding, or on leaves, twigs, and similar places
where the drainage is particularly good and so are only covered by a
thin film of water when it is actually raining or for very short periods
after it has stopped raining.

Some insect eggs that have a relatively impermeable chorion and
lack a plastron, such as those of some Staphylinidae, are, however,
found in places that may become flooded when it rains. The respiratory
system of such eggs usually consists of an inner layer of air in the
chorion that can be replenished through minute aeropyles extending
from the inner chorion to the surface. The total area of the water-air
interface at the external openings of the aeropyles is so small as to be
ineffective in extracting sufficient cxygen from the water to meet de-
mands. Thus, even when these eggs are flooded with well-aerated
water, they are unable to secure enough oxygen for normal develep-
ment. Such eggs often resist prolonged flooding, ani their particular
adaptation to this contingency thus appears to be their capacity to sur-
vive a very great reduction in their metabolic rate: they tolerate a
switch over from a metabolic rate necessary for rapid growth and
development to one adequate only for maintenance or a little more.

Figures for oxygen uptake under these extreme conditions are not
available, but Lincoln (1961) has found that the 0, uptake of the egg
of the staphylinid, Ocypus olens Miill., is reduced from 1.6—1.8 »l/hour
to 0.4 «l/hour when it was covered by a 2 mm. film of well-aerated water.
Experiments show that it will recover and develop normally after its
respiration has been continuously reduced to 0.4 y»l/hour for four
days. The egg of Ocypus does not illustrate my point very well because

141

the reduction in 0, uptake is not particularly great. The reason for
this is probably that around the equatorial band of the egg there are
about 4,000 aeropyles with a combined water-air interface area far
greater than normal. The egg of Ocyp™s could, perhaps, be considered
to have a rudimentary plastron.

THE PLASTRON AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The term plastron has been restricted to describe a gas layer of
constant volume and an extensive water-air interface; held in position
by a system of hydrofuge structures that resist the entry of water under
pressure. In well-aerated water a plastron enables an insect to remain
immersed indefinitely, when it obtains the oxygen it requires from the
ambient water.

Until very recently the plastron method of respiration was thought
to be confined to aquatic insects. Nearly all aquatic insects with a
plastron are found in waters in which the oxygen pressure is maintained
at a fairly high level, such as rapidly flowing streams, the littoral of
large lakes, and intertidal areas. This ecological distribution is no
accident but is due to the fact that a plastron also serves as an
efficient means of extracting oxygen from the tissues should the oxygen
pressure of the environment fall below that of the tissues.

The well-aerated waters in which most plastron-bearing aquatic
insects occur are characterised by the fact that they are subject to
frequent and often large fluctuations in the level of the water. That
is, they are environments that can fairly be said to be alternately dry
and flooded; and the great selective advantage of the plastron can only
be understood in relation to this particular feature of the environment.
In water the plastron provides the insect with a relatively enormous
area for diffusion without necessarily involving it in any reduction in
the impermeability of its cuticle. Since the tracheal system of plastron-
bearing insects is an open one, a direct route for the entry of atmos-
pheric oxygen is provided by the spiracles. Thus the capacity of the
insect to avoid the loss of water when the environment is dry is in no
way necessarily impaired by the provision of a plastron. Similar
considerations apply to the chorionic plastron of many insect eggs,
especially those that have horns.

Once it becomes possible to specify the features of aquatic environ-
ments that confer a great selective advantage upon the plastron method
of respiration, it also becomes possible to distinguish the same features
in other environments that at first sight may appear to be very different
indeed. As we have seen, the essential features of the aquatic
environment with respect to the plastron method of respiration are: (1)
that it is alternately flooded and dry, and (2) that when flooded the
oxygen pressure of the water is maintained at a high level. Now,
these two essential features of the aquatic environments in which
plastrons are evolved are reproduced in the environment of terrestrial
insects: the difference is merely that for the terrestrial insects the
flooded periods are less frequent and shorter.

142

If the analysis given in the preceding paragraph is correct, we
should expect to find the plastron method of respiration widespread
amongst terrestrial insects. That this is indeed so has already been
indicated in the introduction A plastron was first reported in terres-
trial insect eggs in 1959 (Hinton, 1959), and from more recent work
(Hinton, 1960a, b, c), and the new instances cited in this paper, it is
clear that amongst eggs, to say nothing of other terrestrial stages,
more instances of the independent evolution of a plastron are already
known than amongst all aquatic insects. That this should be so is
not perhaps surprising when we consider the relative numbers cf
aquatic and terrestrial species.

If the plastrons of terrestrial insect eggs are to be efficient respira-
tory structures they must of course resist wetting by the pressures
exerted by raindrops falling on them. That they do so has been
determined by direct observations on the eggs of two species, Hebecnema
umbratica Meig. and Scopeuma stercorarium L. (Hinton, 1960a). These
two species have plastrons that are amongst the least resistant to wetting
by excess pressures. Assuming a rain drop to be spherical (it is in fact
pyriform), the pressure it exerts on striking a plastron is equivalent
to a head of water about 1,000 times its diameter. A large rain drop
of a diameter of 4 mm. will thus exert an excess pressure equivalent
to about 31 cm. Hg. But this pressure is exerted for only about a
millisecond, and experiments show that 93 per cent of the eggs of
Scopeuma and 30 per cent of the eggs of Hebecnema retain over 90 per
cent of the plastron gas when such a pressure is applied for 30 minutes
(Hinton, 1960a). It therefore follows that the species with the least
resistant plastrons are more than adequately protected against being
struck by rain drops. In the first microsecond the pressures exerted by
the rain drop may be very much higher, but as the time interval is
so short they can probably be disregarded.

The resistance of the plastron to wetting by excess pressures varies
directly as a surface tension of the water. For instance, the surface
tension of a two per cent solution of isobutyl alcohol is only about
46 dynes/cm. In such a solution a much lower pressure is required
to wet the plastron than in clean water (Hinton, 1960a, fig. 14). The
surface tension of the pools of rain water that accumulate on the
organic materials in which many terrestrial insect eggs are laid is
appreciably lowered by surface active substances that pass from such
materials into the water. These facts help to explain why the plastrons
of terrestrial insect eggs resist pressures far in excess of any to which
they are likely to be subjected even in the most severe flooding. They
also provide an explanation of the paradox that such plastrons are
often more resistant to excess pressures than are the plastrons of many
wholly aquatic insects: under natural conditions the terrestrial forms
are often exposed to concentrations of surface active substances rarely
if ever encountered in unpolluted streams.

It has been shown (Hinton, 1960a) that egg plastrons may be placed
in two groups according to their resistance to excess pressures: (1)

148

those normally found in cow dung, and (2) those normally found in
decaying vegetable and animal materials. In the first group the
resistance of the plastron usually falls off rapidly on exposure to excess
pressures of over 30 cm. Hg for 30 minutes, whereas the second group
resists excess pressures of 60 to 100 em. Hg for 30 minutes or more.
It would appear that this difference in resistance is related to the
degree to which surface active substances reduce the surface tension
of water in contact with the two sorts of materials. The surface
tension of pools of rain on cow dung is reduced to about 50 dynes/cm.,
whereas the surface tension of water standing on decaying meat is
reduced to about 40 dynes/em. It is of some interest to note that
the Sepsidae, which are the only flies of the first group that will some-
times also oviposit on dead animals, have egg plastrons that are more
resistant to excess pressures than those of the species restricted to cow
dung.

THE THREE KINDS OF CHORIONIC PLASTRONS

For the sake of convenience egg plastrons may be placed in the
following three groups: (I) plastron confined to the median area be-
tween the hatching lines, as in many Calliphoridae and Muscidae; (IT)
plastron extending over most or all of the surface of the shell, as in
some Sphaeroceridae and most Muscinae; and (III) plastron either
confined to the horns, as in the Nepidae and Encyrtidae, or present
both on the horns and other parts of the shell, as in many Muscidae.
The arbitrary nature of this classification of chorionic plastrons needs no
stressing, and is only too clear when the third group is considered. For
instance, it is often very difficult to decide, especially amongst the
Muscidae, whether or not the dilated sides of the median area between
the hatching lines are sufficiently produced anteriorly to be called horns.
Thus, whether some eggs are placed in the first or in the third group
may rest on a decision that is largely subjective or at best purely
arbitrary. Furthermore, each of the three kinds of chorionic plastrons
has been independently evolved on numerous occasions.

Group I

The respiratory system of the shell of Calliphora erythrocephala
Meig. is typical for the group. A continuous film of air is held between
the vertical columns in the inner part of the chorion (fig. 1). The
vertical columns are arranged, as in most other egg shells that contain
an inner film of air, in somewhat irregular hexagons, the boundaries of
which correspond to the boundaries of the follicular cells (fig. 5). The
film of air is continuous with that held in the median area between the
hatching lines, since the opposed surfaces of the median area and the
shell laterad from the median area consist of an open network in the
plane of the hatching lines (figs. 1, 2). The shell between the hatching
lines (fig. 3) consist of three distinct layers (fig. 2). The outer and inner
layers consist of struts or columns that arise perpendicularly from the
middle layer. A continuous film of air is held between the columns of

144

both layers, and holes through the middle layer effect the continuity of
the air films in the outer and inner layers (fig. 2). The columns of
the outer layer are branched in a plane normal to their long axes (fig. 4).
These horizontal branches form an open hydrofuge network that pro-
vides a large water-air interface when the egg is immersed. Anderson
(1960) has shown that if the interstices between the plastron network
of the egg of Calliphora are blocked almost 100 per cent of the eggs
die, and the incubation period of the very few that survive is greatly
increased. He has also shown that partial blocking of the plastron
greatly increases the incubation period.

Group IT

Most genera of the subfamily Muscinae belong to this group, e.g.
Musca (s. str.), Ortheliia, Dasyphora, Pyrellia, Mesembrina, Morellia,
Polietes, Stomoxys, Haematobia, and Lyperosia. The structure of the
chorion of the median area between the hatching lines and that of the
chorion outside the hatching lines (fig. 6) is similar. The chorion
nearly everywhere consists of three layers basically similar to those of
the median area of the species in group I. In all oviparous Muscinae
so far examined the vertical struts of the inner layer do not connect
to a continuous sheet of chorionin, as in the Calliphoridae, many
Phaoniini (Muscidae), and other groups. Instead, the inner apices of
the vertical columns or struts of the inner meshwork layer are branched
in a plane normal to their long axes to form an open inner network
(fig. 6). In a previous paper (Hinton, 1960c) I implied that this type
of shell structure was confined within the Muscidae to the subfamily
Muscinae, but I have since found that the shell of some genera of
Anthomylinae, e.g. Leptohylemyia, is similar.

Some other eggs also have a plastron that extends over most or all
of the shell, e.g. Copromyza equina Meig. (Sphaeroceridae). The shell
of the latter is not so complex, but the innermost surface of the chorion
also consists of an open network. In most Muscinae, and in Copromyza
and other eggs of similar structure, there are thus canals or aeropyles
that open over most or all of the surface of the shell and permit the
direct entry of atmospheric oxygen to the subchoral membranes. The
width of these aeropyles apparently always exceeds the mean free
path of the oxygen molecule. They do not much impede the diffusion
of oxygen inwards, and by the same token do not impede the outward
diffusion of the smaller water vapour molecule. Thus a shell like that
of the Muscinae can play little part in preventing water loss except
in so far as tidal movements are prevented in the film of air it holds
and so the formation of a thick humidity gradient is made possible.
The subchoral membranes of the Muscinae are not particularly water-
proofed, as might have been expected from the open nature of the
shell. For instance, Larsen (1943) has shown that when the relative
humidity falls to 83 per cent less than 15 per cent of the eggs of the
housefly hatch, and when it falls to 93 or 94 per cent only 5 per cent
of the eggs of Lyperosia hatch.

145

The shell of the Syrphidae consists of a meshwork that holds a
film of air between a continuous inner sheet of chorionin and an inter-
rupted outer sheet of chorionin. The outer sheet of chorionin is broken
up into many small “‘islands’’ (figs. 7-11, see especially fig. 9). When
the egg is submerged in water, the air trapped in the meshwork is
often held against a considerable pressure difference. For instance, the
meshwork of Rhingia campestris Meig. was not wetted when subjected
to an excess pressure of 60 cm. Hg for one hour.

Group III

As already stated, the species included in this group are characterised
by possessing plastron-bearing horns. The horn consists of a meshwork
of some kind (e.g., fig. 13) that forms a fine but open network (fig. 14)
over part or all of the horn. The only exception to this rule so far
known is the horn of Saltella scwtellaris Fall. (Sepsidae). In this species
the surface of the horn consists of a sheet of chorionin that is broken into
hexagonal islands (Hinton, 1960a, fig. 2). When the egg is immersed
in water, the water-air interface is confined to the channels between the
islands. Species with plastron-bearing horns may also possess a plastron
elsewhere. For instance, the Muscidae with respiratory horns also have
a median longitudinal plastron between the hatching lines. In such
species the surface area of the plastron between the hatching lines may
be as great as in species which have no other plastron but that between
the hatching lines, e.g., many Muscidae and Calliphoridae.

The air film contained in the meshwork of the respiratory horn is
continuous at the base of the horn with the film of air held in the shell.
In most dipterous eggs with horns, the air in the shell is held between
a system of vertical columns, as in the shell of Drosophila (fig. 15).
However, in some groups, such as the Nepidae, the air-containing part
of the shell may be much more complex, and there may be two distinct
but communicating films of air.

INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION OF PLASTRON-BEARING
HORNS

In order to establish the independent evolution of similar organs or
structures in two or more groups it is only necessary to show that such
organs or structures have no phyletic continuity, that is, that the
nearest common ancestor of the groups concerned lacks the organs or
structures in question. A demonstration that two organs or structures
are of independent origin is, of course, also a demonstration that they
are not homologous, however close and detailed may be their resemblance.
Conversely, lack of resemblance between organs or structures of different
groups is of itself no argument against homology, since phyletic con-
tinuity may exist between organs or structures that have had a long
history in quite different environments and may even have come to
subserve quite dissimilar functions.

Although the respiratory structures of few insect eggs have been
adequately described, enough is now known about the general form of

146

the eggs in the Class to show clearly that eggs with respiratory horns
are very infrequent. Their extremely sporadic occurrence not only with-
in the Class but also within particular families seems to be sufficient
testimony to their independent origin in the absence of evidence of
any kind to suggest that the ancestral egg of the Insecta was provided
with horns. Horns bearing a plastron at present appear to be a primi-
tive feature in only two families of insects, namely, the Nepidae
(Hemiptera) and the Sepsidae (Diptera). So far as is known, the eggs
of all species of these two families have plastron-bearing horns. It
seems very unlikely that any Nepidae will be found without horns;
half of the known genera have been examined. It is possible that some
Sepsidae will be found not to have horns, since up to now only four
of the genera in this family have been examined. All other families
that have eggs with plastron-bearing horns also include species that
have no such structures in the egg stage.

In the following pages, 15 instances of the independent evolution of
plastron-bearing horns are listed. The number of times that such horns
have been evolved is, of course, much greater. For instance, the
Drosophilidae are cited as a single instance of the independent evolu-
tion of plastron-bearing horns, but within the genus Drosophila such
horns have probably been evolved on several occasions unless we are to
suppose that the common ancestor of the recent species had a large
number of respiratory horns and that differences in their number are
due to reduction rather than to, as appears most probable from the
available evidence, the acquisition of additional pairs of horns. No
attempt has been made to list instances of the independent evolution
of the plastron on other parts of the shell, such as between the hatching
lines, but it seems clear that instances of the independent evolution of
the plastron that do not involve horns far outnumber those that do.

(1) The family Nepidae (Hemiptera) includes 12 genera. The eggs
of species in six of these genera have been examined: Nepa, Telmato-
trephes, Borborophilus, Laccotrephes, Ranatra, and Cercotmetus. All
have anterior respiratory horns. The Ranatrinae (Ranatra, Cercot-
metus) have only two horns. Most Nepinae have five to ten horns, but
some have as few as four (Laccotrephes fabricii Stal) and others
(Borborophilus primitiva Mont.) as many as 25 or 26. Amongst the
Nepinae the number of horns usually varies intraspecifically, and the
same female may lay eggs with different numbers of horns. For
instance, of the 695 eggs examined of Nepa cinerea L., 40 had six, 326
had seven, 247 had eight, 77 had nine, and 5 had ten horns. It has been
found that the same individual of Nepa cinerea will produce eggs with
different numbers of horns (Hinton, 1961a). An account of the structure
of the horns of 16 species has been given by Hinton (1961a).

(2) In the Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) two types of eggs may be
recognized, the stalked and the encyrtiform (Clausen, 194()). The
ovarian egg of both types is two-bodied. The contents of the anterior
body or bulb are forced into the posterior body or bulb during the
process of oviposition. The tube that connects the two bulbs is left

147

as a slender stalk projecting from the anterior end of the posterior
body. In the stalked type of egg, the stalk is said to be functionless
after the egg is deposited, or it may, in some species, serve to attach
the egg to the integument or to one or other of the internal organs of
the host. In the encyrtiform egg a small to large part of the chorion
contains a continuous film of air in a space supported by fine vertical
columns. The air is thus held in the egg shell precisely as in
many Diptera and other insects. This air-containing chorionic
structure extends up one side of the tube: it is in fact a thickened
strip of the wall of the tube of the ovarian egg. The air-containing
part of the chorion was called the aeroscopic plate by Silvestri (1919),
and it has since been known by that name. Previous views as to the
structure and function of the aeroscopic plate have been summarised
by Maple (1937) and Clausen (1940). I have been able to study the eggs
of Microterys flavus How. and Leptomastix dactylopi How., which are
similar in all essential features of the respiratory system.

In his study of Odencyrtus johnson How., Maple (1937, p. 151) con-
cludes that, ‘... there is little reason to suppose that the structure
of the plate at the apex of the stalk is any different from that of the
rest of the ‘‘granulated’’ area... .’ In Microterys flavus, however.
that part of the aeroscopic plate that is external to the host is opex
between the vertical columns, whereas the surface of the part of the
aeroscopic plate that is inside the host consists of an unbroken, con-
tinuous sheet of chorionin. As might be expected from such a structure,
paraffin oil applied to any part of the aeroscopic plate external to the
host immediately displaces the air, whereas it does not displace the
air in the aeroscopic plate when applied to the surface of any part of
it inside the host.

When it rains or when the host is otherwise submerged in water,
the air is not displaced in the external part of the aeroscopic plate,
which provides the parasite with a fairly large water-air interface
through which oxygen diffuses into the aerosocopic plate and then down
the air-containing part of the stalk. The air held in the aeroscopic
plate external to the host functions as a plastron. In tests with a few
parasitised scale insects it was found that sometimes more than 50 per
cent of the plastron gas was retained when the eggs were subjected
to an excess pressure of 14 em. Hg for two hours. All of the material
used had been preserved in alcohol. It seems very likely that the
hydrofuge properties of the plastron network were reduced by the
alcohol and that the plastrons of fresh eggs would resist greater
pressures,

Thorpe (1950, p. 383) says, ‘‘It is not impossible that the aeroscopic
plates of the stalked eggs of certain chalcids (Encyrtidae) parasitic on
scale insects may prove to be in part a plastron mechanism for extract-
ing oxygen from the host’s blood and making it available in gaseous
state for the parasite’. The fact that the outer surface of that part
of the aeroscopic plate that is inside the host always appears to be a
continuous and often rather thick sheet of chorionin tells against such

148

a hypothesis. Furthermore, when an aeroscopic plate is present in
encyrtid eggs, it always appears to extend to that part of the tube or
stalk that remains external to the host, and the outer surface of the
chorionin does not form a continuous sheet over the part of the aero-
scopic plate exposed to the air. That is, there is a direct route for
the entry of atmospheric oxygen into the respiratory system of the shell
when the host is not covered by water. When it rains or the host is
otherwise submerged in water, the externally open aeroscopic plate on
the tube outside the host provides a large water-air interface for the
extraction of oxygen dissolved in the ambient water.

In the Encyrtidae that have an encyrtiform egg, the first three
larval instars are metapneustic. The posterior spiracles are closely
applied to the inner surface of the aeroscopic plate of the shell. The
precise manner in which the spiracles are attached to the aeroscopic
plate is unknown, but it is the general opinion (e.g. Thorpe, 1936;
Maple, 1937) that during the first three instars the larva is using the
aeroscopic plate to obtain oxygen. It would appear probable that
the inner surface of the aeroscopic plate of the body of the shell is an
open network, as is the inner surface of the chorion of many egg
shells that contain air, e.g. all Muscinae (Hinton, 1960c) and some
other Muscidae as well as some Sphaeroceridae (Copromyza). For one
stage of an insect to employ the plastron of a previous stage is a
phenomenon that is already known: the plastron of the spiracular gill
of the pupal stage is always the chief respiratory organ of the pharate
adult (Hinton, 1957, 1961b).

The functional significance of the two-bodied eggs of the Encyrtidae
(fig. 17) would appear to lie in the fact that in order to insert any
given volume of egg into the host a smaller puncture need be made in
the skin if the egg is two-bodied: the first body is inserted into the
host and the second body is then squeezed in the ovipositor until its
contents move down the stalk and are emptied into the first body.
Presumably it is to the advantage of the parasite to damage its host
as little as possible in the process of oviposition.

(3) The egg of Dryomyza flaveola F. (Dryomyzidae) has a pair of
long anterior horns (fig. 21). The structure of the horns and the
plastron they support has been described in some detail by Hinton
(1960a). It is not known if any other Dryomyzidae have horns, but
such structures are absent in Neuwroctena anilis Fall.

(4) All of the Sepsidae examined (Sepsis, Sepsidimorpha, Nemopoda,
and Saltella) have a single anterior respiratory horn. It therefore
seems probable that the eggs of all species of the family may also be
provided with a horn. So far as is known, the horn is always several
times as long as the egg (fig. 18). The structure of the horn and
plastron of Sepsis violacea Meig. and Saltella scutellaris Fall. has been
described (Hinton, 1960a).

(5) One of the Coelopidae, Orygma luctuosa Meig., has a pair of
long anterior respiratory horns. Other Coelopidae such as Oedoparea
buccata Fall., Coelopa pilipes Haliday, and C. frigida F. lack respiratory

149

horns. The only eggs of Orygma examined were dissected out of a dry
museum specimen, and the resistance of the plastron to wetting has not
been tested.

(6) The species of Coprophila (Sphaeroceridae) have a pair of long
anterior horns, e.g. C. acutangula Zett. and C. lugubris Haliday.
Horns occur in some other genera of the family, whereas still others,
e.g. Copromyza, lack horns. The eggs of only a few species of Sphero-
ceridae are known, but even from this small number it would appear
that the family may well rival the Muscidae in the number of times
plastron-bearing horns have been independently evolved.

(7) Leptocera moesta Vill. (=Limosina moesta) (Sphaeroceridae) has
about ten anterior respiratory horns (Hammer, 1941). Their disposition
is such as to strongly suggest that they are independently evolved from
either those of Coprophila or those of the species cited below.

(8) Leptocera (=Limosina) sp. ? (Sphaeroceridae). This entry is
based upon the illustration given by Hammer (1941). On the antero-
lateral and anterior margins of the egg there are over 54 small,
papilla-like horns.

(9) Most of the known species of Drosophila (Drosophilidae) have
at least one pair of horns. A few species have more than one pair
of anterior horns, e.g. D. lebanonensis Wheeler has three to five pairs
and sometimes seven to nine horns (Wheeler, 1949). The structure of
the horns and plastron of several species has been described by Hinton
(1960a), who has also given tables showing the resistance of the plastron
of D. gibberosa Patt. & Main., D. melanogaster Meig., and D. funebris
I. to wetting by excess pressures. The structure of the respiratory
system of D. gibberosa is shown in figs. 12-15. Plastron-bearing horns
do not appear to be a primitive feature of the family. According to
Basden (in litt.) they appear to be generally absent in the Steganinae
(Amiota, Stegana, Leucophenga, Protostegana, and Phortica),. Such
structures are also lacking in Clastopteromyia inversa Walk., Rhino-
leucophaga obesa Loew, Sinophthalmus pictus Coq., and Gitona ameri-
cana Patt. According to Basden, horns are also absent in a few
species of Drosophila (s. lat.), e.g. D. (Phloridosa) flavicola Sturt. and
D. (Hirtodrosophila) sexvittata Okada. In the subgenus Hirtodroso-
phila there are both species with and without respiratory horns. The
absence of respiratory horns in a few species of Drosophila (s. lat.)
does not necessarily mean that they have been independently evolved
on more than one occasion within the genus: they may have been
secondarily lost in a few species.

(10) In the Cordiluridae the eggs of Scopewma stercorarium L. (fig.
20), S. lutartum F., and probably other species of Scopeuma have a pair
of anterior horns. The structure of the horns and the plastron of
S. stercorarium has been described (Hinton, 1960a).

(11) In the genus Musca (Muscinae, Muscidae) some of the species of
the subgenus Hwmusca have a single anterior respiratory horn (fig. 19),
whereas no such structure is present in other genera of the Muscinae
examined (Hinton, 1960c). The horn and plastron of Musca (Humusca)

150

autumnalis Deg. has been described (Hinton, 1960a). The African M.
(E.) xanthginelas Wd. has a similar horn. According to Dr. H. EK.
Paterson (in litt.), the ovo-viviparous species of Humusca lack horns.

(12) Myospila meditabunda F. (Phaoniinae, Muscidae) has a pair
of anterior horns. Many genera of the Phaoniinae have a narrow
or wide flange on the inner side of each hatching line. In a few
genera all or some of the species have the anterior ends of the flanges
produced to form distinct respiratory horns, as in Myospila. The
plastron supported by the horns will resist an excess pressure of 7 em.
Hg for 28 hours, but it is completely wetted by 20 cm. Hg for 30
minutes. It is thus the least resistant plastron of all the eggs tested
that are laid in cow dung.

(13) Mydaea urbana Meig. (Phaoniinae, Muscidae) has a pair of
anterior horns formed as in Myospila. In addition it has a long
median respiratory horn. On all three horns there are numerous very
small papilla-like branches. The plastron remained intact in 11 eggs
kept at an excess pressure of 7 cm, Hg for 28 hours,

(14) Hebecnema umbratica Meig. (Phaoniinae, Muscidae) has three
anterior respiratory horns (fig. 22) constructed somewhat like those of
Mydaea urbana. The structure of the horns and plastron has been
described by Hinton (1960a), who has also given a table of the resistance
of the plastron to excess pressures. An allied species, H. affinis
Malloch, lacks the median respiratory horn, and the anterior ends
of the flanges, although a little more produced than the posterior ends,
are yet not sufficiently produced to be called horns.

(15) Limnophora (Calliophrys) riparia Fall. (Phaoniinae, Muscidae)
has a pair of anterior horns formed by the prolongation of the anterior
ends of the flanges. The egg has been illustrated by Keilin (1917).
Eggs of an unidentified species of Limnophora (s. lat.)* have been found
by me inserted in the egg mass of another fly (Dixa?) beneath stones
in a small stream at East Allington, Devon. The egg of L. riparia is
laid on moss in streams, and much or all of its incubation period may be
passed beneath the surface of the water. Not enough is known about
the eggs or the oviposition habits of other species of Limnophora to
decide if respiratory horns were evolved before, during, or after the
invasion of semi-aquatic or aquatic habitats by some of the species.
However, the plastron of the median strip between the hatching lines,
apparently present in most oviparous Muscidae, clearly pre-dates the
invasion of water by some groups in the family. The evolution of
the plastron as an adaptation to meet the demands of an environment
that may be dry when it is not raining and flooded when it is, also
results in the egg stage being pre-adapted to a wholly aquatic environ-
ment providing only that the oxygen pressure of such an environment
is constantly maintained at a high level. This requirement is met by
the streams in which Limnophora is found.

*Since this was written it has been found that this egg is a species of
Corduluridae.

151

SUMMARY

The little that is known of the ways in which the different stages
of terrestrial insects escape drowning when it rains heavily is reviewed.
Attention is drawn to the fact that cocoons subserve other functions
besides defence: they function as plastrons when it rains and they serve
to damp down the humidity fluctuations of the ambient air when it is
not raining. Similarities between features of aquatic and terrestrial
euvironments that confer a selective advantage upon the plastron
method of respiration are discussed. The three principal kinds of
chorionic plastrons are described. It is shown that the ‘‘encyrtiform’’
eggs of the Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) have a plastron. Evidence is
provided for the view that egg shells with plastron-bearing horns have
been independently evolved at least 15 times amongst insects.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My best thanks are due to Professors R. L. Doutt, H. Lange, and
E. G. Linsley, and to Mr. J. C. Hall for eggs of the Encyrtidae. I
am very grateful to Mr. EK. B. Basden for much information about the
eggs of the Drosophilidae. My thanks are also due to Mr. D. S.
Anderson for fig. 5 and to Dr. J. C. Hartley for figs. 7-11.

REFERENCES.

Anderson, D. S., 1960. The respiratory system of the egg-shell of Calliphorea
erythrocephala. J. Insect Physiol., 5: 120-128.

Clausen, C. P., 1940. Enlomophagous insects. New York.

Hammer, O., 1914. Biological and ecological investigations on flies associated

with pasturing cattle and their excrement. Vidensk Medd. dansk
naturh. Foren. Kbh., 105: 141-393.
Hinton, SH. (hi. 5 1953: Some adaptations of insects to environments that are

alternately dry and flooded, with some notes on the habits of the
Stratiomyidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 11: 209-227.

——,, 1954. On the structure and function of the respiratory horns of the
pupae of the genus Pseudolimnophila (Diptera: Tipulidae). Proc. R.
ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 29: 135-140.

———, 1955. Protective devices of endopterygote pupae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.,
12: 49-92.

——, 1957. The structure and function of the spiracular gill of the fly
Taphrophila vitripennis. Proc. roy. Soc. (B), 447: 90-120.

——., 1959. Plastron respiration in the eggs of Drosophila and other flies.
Nature. Lond., 184: 280-281.

——., 1960a. The structure and function of the respiratory horns of the eggs
of some flies. Phil. Trans., 243: 45-73.

——,, 1960b. Plastron respiration in the eggs of blowflies. J. Insect Physiol.,
4: 176-183.

——., 1960c. The chorionic plastron and its rdle in the eggs of the Muscinae
(Diptera). Quart. J. micr. Sci., 101: 313-332.

——., 1961a. Plastron respiration in the eggs of the Nepidae. J. Insect Physiol.
(In Press.)

——, 1961b. The structure and function of the spiracular gills of Dewtero-
phlebia (Deuterophlebiidae) in relation to those of other Diptera. Proc.
zool. Soc. Lond. (In Press.)

Keilin, D., 1917. Recherches sur les Anthomyides a larves carnivores.
Parasitology, 9: 325-450.

152

Larsen, E. B., 1943. The influence of humidity on life and development of
insects. Vidensk Medd. dansk naturh. Foren. Kbh., 107: 127-184.
Lincoln, D. C. R., 19614. The oxygen and water requirements of the egg of

Ocypus olens Mill. (Staphylinidae, Coleoptera). (In Press.)

Maple, J. D., 1937. The biology of Ooencyrtus johnsoni (Howard), and the role
of the egg shell in the respiration of certain Encyrtid larvae (Hymen-
optera). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 3Q: 123-154.

Silvestri, F., 1919. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza degli insetti adnnosi e dei loro
simbionti. IV. La cocciniglia del nocciuola (Eulecanium coryli L.).
Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 13: 70-192.

Thorpe, W. H., 1936. On a new type of respiratory interrelation between an
insect (Chalcid) parasite and its host (Coccidae). Parasitology, 28:
517-540,

———, 1950. Plastron respiration in aquatic insects. Biol. Rev., 25: 344-390.

Vilasblom, A. G., and Wolvekamp, H. P., 1957. On the function of the ‘‘funnel”
on the nest of the water beetle Hydrous piceus L. Physiol. comp., 4:
240-246.

Wheeler, R. M., 1949. The subgenus Pholadoris (Drosophila) with descriptions
of two new species. Univ. Texas Publ., no. 4920: 1438-156.

153

middie layer outer meshwork hatching line
| layer

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hatching line

Fig. 1—Cross section through middle of egg-shell of Calliphora
erythrocephala Meig. (After Anderson.)

Fig. 2—Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. Transverse section through the
right side of the median area between the hatching lines. (After Hinton.)

154

0.01 mm

median area

Figs. 3-4.—(3) Dorsal view of the egg of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.
(4) Plastron network of median area between hatching lines of the same species.
(After Hinton.)

EV

PLAT

1960.

Bond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,

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0.02 mm

Figs. 7-11.—(7) View of the edge of the shell of Rhingia campestris Meig. (8) ;
Surface sculpture at the anterior pole of the same species. (9) Transverse section
of the shell of Helophilus pendulus L. (10) Surface of the shell of Eristalis
intricarius L. (11) Surface of middle of shell of Rhingia campestris Meig.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960. PEALE Vit

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21

22

Figs. 18-22.—(18) Right side of egg of Sepsis violacea Meig. (19) Dorsal view
of egg of Musca (Eumusca) autumnalis Deg. (20) Dorsal view of egg of Scopeuma
stercorarium L. (21) Right side of egg of Dryomyza flaveola F. (22) Right side
of egg of Hebecnema uwmbratica Meig. (After Hinton.)

EDITORIAL NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE

Nomenclature has been a thorny problem for a considerable time,
one might almost say since the introduction of the binominal system,
without which of course it would be chaotic. The compilation of the
Rules of Nomenclature is necessarily complicated, to cover as many
eventualities as possible; but this apart, the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature and its Opinions have really done little to
alleviate the position, at any rate so far as entomology is concerned.
One can, however, hardly lay the responsibility at the door of the Com-
mission, as it cannot be expected to look for these problems over the
whole field of Zoology. Rather one could say that the specialist, or
interested entomologist, has failed in this respect in not presenting
his problem to the Commission for use of its plenary powers instead
of persisting in controversy.

In the independent periodical, where an author can be held to be
responsible for his own paper or note, an editor may in doubtful cases
leave this responsibility with the author; but in Proceedings and
Transactions such as ours, whilst the same line can perhaps be adopted
in certain respects with regard to papers, the editor himself writes
the account of indoor meetings and uniformity in nomenclature must
be maintained. This uniformity must also be extended to field meeting
reports; a leader of a field meeting cannot be regarded in the same
light as a normal author—he relies for his nomenclature on the reports
(often verbal) of those attending his meetings. In the opinion of your
editor and those appointed by the Council to work with him in the
production of our Proceedings and Transactions, it is also desirable to
extend this uniformity to papers; except of course where particular
circumstances decree otherwise.

It would appear quite simple to follow the latest list of any group
—ordinal, family or even generic—but most lists of any size contain
errors of some sort, some more obvious than others, and if we are to
correct obvious errors we must, as far as possible, correct the less
obvious or even obscure error where it is known. One must also recog-
nise current research and endeavour to keep abreast of it, though this
may at times deal with only a part of a genus or perhaps even only a
single species.

Since taking office some four years ago, your Editor has been
conscious of the need for keeping the nomenclature in our publication
uniform and up-to-date; and for some time the feeling has been growing
that attention should be drawn to changes from the most recent list
that are being adopted for our Proceedings, both as an explanation of
these differences from the current list and as an indication (subject to

156

the results of further research or ruling of the International Commis-
sion) of acceptable nomenclature for the future.

The commencement of the publication of a new list of British
Lepidoptera with its introduction of a number of variations from the
previous list, which itself has caused a certain amount of controversy
(as indeed most new lists seem to do), presents an opportunity
to commence recording changes which we propose using in our
publication. Wherever possible, or necessary, the opinions of authorities
or other knowledgeable persons have been considered, and will be of
course in the future.

Quite obviously, it will not be possible for the editor to watch all
orders of insects in all publications; the editor will be grateful, there-
fore, to receive a separate of any published paper on entomological
nomenclature from the author, or to receive notification of such
publication.

K. D., Bucx,
January 1961.

NYMPHALIDAE (Lep.)

The tribe Argynninae in this family appears to require some
comment. List compilers in the recent past have overlooked or mis-
interpreted the work on nomenclature of Reuss (1922-35) and of
Warren, B.S.C. (1944, Review of the Classification of the Argynnidi:
with a systematic review of the genus Boloria (Lepidoptera, Nym-
phalidae), Trans. R. ent. Soc., 94: 1-101) which includes consideration
of the works of Reuss. Mr. T. G. Howarth has drawn the editor’s
attention to the following changes clearly indicated by Warren (loc cit.)
to the Revised Indexed Check List of the British Lepidoptera by Mr.
I. R. P. Heslop (1959, Ent. Gaz., 10: 180):

No. 40 and No. 41 becomes Fabriciana cydippe L. and F. niobe
L. instead of Argynnis cydippe L. and A. niobe L.

No. 42 becomes Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. instead of Argynnis
aglaia L.

No. 43 becomes Issoria lathonia L. instead of Argynnis lathonia
L.

No. 47 becomes Mellicta athalia Rott. instead of Melitaea
athalia Rott.

LYCAENIDAE (Lep.).

There is also a change in the Lycaenidae to which Mr. Howarth has
drawn attention. This concerns No. 52 Thecla quercus L. which should
now be plaecd in the genus Quercusia; betulae L. is correctly in Thecla.

SPHINGIDAE (Lep.).

The authority for Celerio galii should be Schiffermiiller and not
Rottenburg.

157

Piusupae (Lep.).

The changes of some genera from Noctuidae to Plusiidae and others
from Plusiidae to Noctuidae in Heslop’s recent list as compared with
his earlier list underlines the difficulty of satisfactorily separating these
two families. With the fact in mind that some authorities consider
Plusiidae is not a valid family, and the confusion that may be caused
by the change in composition of these two groups, combined with the
difficulty for us to show previous family associations, we are regarding
all Plusiidae as Noctuidae; relying on Tribe groupings to show
affinities within the Family.

HyLopHinipak (Lep.).

Bena fagana F. (prasina L. auctt. nec L.) and Pseudoips prasinana L.
(bicolorana Fuess.) are causing some trouble; though, since we quote
synonomy, there should be no confusion. This publication has in fact
followed Lempke (1947, Entomologist, 80: 128). Mr. W. H. T. Tams
informs the present writer that whilst working on the Linnean material
he discovered the example bearing the label ‘‘prasinana’’ was a specimen
of the Scarce Green Silver-lines, which provided type support to
Lempke. However, Lempke (1951, Cat. Ned. Macrolep. pt X) withdrew,
apparently on de Lattin’s suggestion that Linne’s description ‘‘margine
postico . . . fulvis’’ could not possibly apply to bicolorana Fuess. Mr.
H. C. Huggins (in litt.) believes this may be a case of innocent sub-
stitution of labels in the Linnean material, and that in these cases the
type requires the support of the description, and not vice versa. He
regards the case for the type as ‘‘not proven’’. It would not, however,
be the first case where a lapsus calami had been responsible for such
confusion, and a case of ‘‘not proven’’ is arguable in this direction
also. If the argument of innocent substitution of the label on the
‘“type’’ is seriously considered, then the type is lost; and the selection
of a lectotype not only settles the issue, but becomes essential. To
reduce changes in the Proceedings to a minimum we shall continue
to use Bena fagana F. and Pseudoips prasinana L. with synonomy as
heretofore, at least until the selection of a lectotype or stronger evidence
is forthcoming.

Nocruipar (Lep.).

Scotogramma trifolii Hufn., No. 355 in Heslep’s List should be
according to the information I have from Mr. Tams Discestra trifoli
Hufn.

Heliophobus reticulata Vill. we have till now considered a synonym
of anceps Schiff. Boursin disagrees on this point and therefore in
Tams’ opinion the name should be calcatrippae View.

The genus Caradrina covering six species in the recent list should
in fact include one only of our species. They should be generically
grouped as follows: Caradrina morpheus Hufn.; Hoplodrina alsines
Brahm, H. blanda Schiff., H. ambigua Schiff., and H. superstes Ochs, ;
and Paradrina clavipalpis Scop.

158

Apamea furva Schiff. is shown as forma typica; it is understood that
our insect is in fact s.sp. brittanica Cockayne, and therefore should be
shown as such, otherwise it becomes confusing particularly when
continental material is beginning to figure more prominently in our
Proceedings.

The genus Unca is given for tripartita Hufn. and triplasia L. which
Tams says should be Abrostola.

The species are also given incorrectly and should be:

Abrostola triplasia L. (tripartita Hufn.) and A. trigemina
Werneb. (tripartita Hufn. auctt. nec Hufn.).

The Heslop list gives Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (crassalis Treits.) this
should be Bomolocha crassalis Fabricius (fontis Thunb.).

CoLEOPHORIDAE (Lep.).

There are several changes in the genus Coleophora since the publica-
tion of Heslop’s Indexed Check List of British Lepidoptera in 1947.
Straightforward additions are: C. alnifoliae Barasch, C. milvipennis
Zell., C. binderella Kollar, C. teidensis Wals., C. clypeiferella Hofm.,
C. versurella Zell. and C. granulatella Zell.

Other recent additions and changes are: C. albicornuella Bradley,
which until the discovery of the true C. paripennella Zell. in Britain
appeared in our lists as that species; C. politella Scott which in the
past has erroneously been considered synonymous with C. binderella
Koll.; and (@. nemorwm Heine which appeared in the 1947 list as C.
ardeaepennella Scott.

An addition with somewhat more complicated syonomy is C. peri-
benanderi Toll.; a species we have confused with C. therinella Tengst.
Mr. J. D. Bradley has been good enough to give the following synonomy :

Coleophora peribenanderi Toll.
(benanderi Toll. nec Kanerva)
(Hupista therinella Tengst., Pierce et auct. nec Tengst.).

Coleophora therinella Tengst. remains on our list.
Two changes in nomenclature as appears in the 1947 list concerns
CO. caespititiella Zell. and C. agrammella J.H.W. The former should
now appear as (. alticolella Zell. (caespititiella Zell. auct nec Zell.);
whilst the latter should be (©. caespititiella Zell. (agrammella J.H.W.).
Thanks are due to Mr. R. W. J. Uffen for much of this information.

159

BOOK REVIEWS

Les Insectes Il. (Hymenoptéres Lépidopteres, Rhynchotes, Dipteéres).
By Paul-A. Robert. Delachaux & Niestlé S/A, Neuchatel.

This book is of a size similar to our Wayside and Woodland series
and is admirably suited to the pocket. It is a model for presentation of
a scientific subject to the interested layman and the author has treated
his readers as intelligent beings, capable of taking an interest in the
subject, even though the repast is neither pre-digested nor spoon fed.
The obscure small orders have been omitted as being unlikely to attract
the ordinary nature-lover. The introduction gives a diagram of insect
anatomy, enabling the reader to take in what is said about the orders
treated. This is followed by a simplified key to the major orders of
insects so that insects noted may be referred to their correct orders
without undue difficulty but none the less with the exercise of thought.
There follows information on life cycle and collecting, and also touches
on scientific names, but while these are mentioned with the species in
the descriptive text later on, and the reader is made aware of their
importance, the matter is not overdone, and popular names are used,
but these bear a much closer relation to the scientific names than do
the popular names so insidiously infiltrating into British popular
literature. Thus, Anthidiwm manicatum is referred to as L’ Anthidie,
and our welcome visitor Deilephila euphorbiae L. is Le Sphinx de
l Kuphorbie.

There are 32 beautifully accurate coloured plates by the author
illustrating selected insects in situ, and there are many text figures to
help the reader.

The Hymenoptera are the first order to be treated, and after general
remarks on the order, the chapter is sub-divided into sections covering
the main families. The Lepidoptera follow, and these are skilfully
treated and the families exemplified by well selected species; the micro
families receive their share of attention, as, of course, they should.
The Rhynchota follow, well illustrated by examples of land and water
bugs well known to most of us, including plant lice and hoppers, and
finally the Diptera are treated, with a very fair share of the fine plates,
including a cleg enlarged to a size which might make one fear
exsanguination by a swarm of them! The last chapter covers the ravages
and, be it noted, the utility of insects.

This is a book which could well find a place in the pocket of the
nature lover visiting the continent. The French text is beautifully
lucid and can be read and understood by anyone with a reasonable
understanding of the language.

SAD sa ea

160

British Flies. Vol. Vi, Empididae. Part 1. Tachydrominae. By J. E.
Collin. 8vo., pp. viii and 219. 73 text figures. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 1961. Price 30/-.

Francis Walker’s Insecta Britannica, 3 volumes, of 1851-1856, gave
us the only work in the English language that has attempted to describe
all the Diptera of this country; 2,074 species were described. G. H.
Verrall proposed a series of volumes, and produced British Flies, Vol.
VIII, Platypezidae, Pipunculidae and Syrphidae on Ist January 1901
and Vol. V, Stratiomyidae, etc., on lst January 1909.

Mr. Collin’s work is the first of three parts of Volume VI of that
series. The first volume to fill the gap after 52 years! The author, a
nephew of Verrall, drew the figures for his uncle’s volumes and made
the original drawings for those in this 1961 volume. He was elected
to the (Royal) Entomological Society of London on 15th February 1899,
a fortnight after the election of the late H. W. Andrews. His first
diptera note appeared that year in the Hntomologists’ Monthly
Magazine, whose editorial board he joined in 1906, serving to January
1945. Verrall introduced several species of Empididae to the British
List, and on his death, Mr. Collin continued to add species. His main
paper on the British Empididae was a serial in the Ent. mon. Mag.,
1926-7, when he described 82 species and subspecies new to science,
This helped British dipterists who were basing their identifications on
the English descriptions in W. Lundbeck’s 1910 volume on the Danish
Empididae.

Now we have this first part from the pen of one who has, for 50
years, dominated British dipterology and has been one of the great
international figures in entomology during this time. The Empididae
have been his main interest and he has described many exotic species,
but nevertheless 139 species or varieties of other families of diptera bear
Collin’s name as describer, in Kloet & Hincks Check List of British
Insects.

In this part of the empid volume, 12 species and one subspecies from
this country and one from abroad, are described as new. Each genus
has a figure of a complete fly but most of the figures are of genitalia.
These include a novel linking of 2-3 views to emphasise the shapes of
each part. It is, we believe, the author’s practice to isolate his new
species by genitalia differences and then seek reliable diagnostic
characters that can be more easily recognised, before preparing his keys.
The genera are briefly described before the key to each genus. Each
species is treated first with a brief description, the date and title of
the original publication is mentioned followed by the detailed descrip-
tion. This is not so long as that by Verrall who used 3,600 words for
the common Cleg, whilst Collin needs but 677 for Sicodus arrogans L.
Next comes a brief comment, often a comparison with closely related
species, followed by a few lines covering habits, distribution in Britain,
dates of fiight of the adults and finally a note on synonymy.

Unlike the two volumes by Verrall and the method used by Lundbeck,
the descriptions of the species, which are numbered, do not follow the

161

same order as the keys. The numbering in the keys permits the descrip-
tion to be quickly located. This is necessary if only to obtain the full
name, for authors’ names are omitted in the keys. The index will be
appearing with the third part.

The author indicates in the text 239 species out of the 354 British
Empididae, of which he has seen the original types.

One can but admire the excellence of the work as a whole. The
product of a lifetime study of one who is a great field naturalist, a
distinguished amateur systematist and an authority on nomenclature and
its laws. The result of a study of collections from all over the world
and particularly of this country. The only regret is for the slimness of
the space allotted to habits and distribution. The data given seem
sometimes to be an indication rather than a complete appreciation, as
specimens bearing ‘det. J. E. Collin’ from counties not mentioned by the
author are in several collections.

Mr. Collin gives some explanation of his descriptive terms and of
his choice of system of venation nomenclature, with figures for the last.
It is felt, however, that a full illustrated glossary would have been
most helpful. It would have encouraged many to choose this family of
flies that have such interesting habits, with which to commence the
study of Diptera. This would, of course, have increased the size and
cost of production. As it is, the price is modest and obviously should
contribute to the encouragement of Diptera studies.

Of the printing, production and proof reading, the highest praise
is due. The volume is probably one of the finest British entomological
monographs published.

LP,

British Flies. Vol. Vi. Empididae. Part Il. Hybotinae, Empidinae
(except Hilara). By J. E. Collin. 8vo., pp. 223-551. Figs.
74-205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1961, Price
30/-.

This second part has followed promptly on the first, in the same
excellent manner and at the same modest price.

As before, each genus is illustrated by a front view of the head and a
side view of a whole insect, except of the genera Syndyes and
Trichinomyia, But the 132 figures consist of 287 drawings and cover
most of the species described. I+ is pleasing to see the acknowledgement
given to the artist J. H. Burman for the beautifully drawn wing of
Syneches muscarius F. which with Syndyes nigripes Zett. were first
discovered in this country in 1954 and 1953 respectively.

Four new species are described, three from this country and one
from Italy. Bicellaria vana Collin, Empis biscuspidata Collin and #.
planetica Collin are now accepted as full species. There are a few other
changes of names etc. and an acceptance of Tuomikoski’s genus
Trichinomyia for flavipes Mg., removed from Trichina.

162

The passage of time since Verrall’s two volumes of the series 1s
emphasised by the reminder that Platycnema pulicaria Fln., regarded
by Verrall as a Platypezid in 1901, has since become an Empid under
the name of Atelestus pulicarius Fln. and thus appears in two volumes.

The author pays tribute to R. Frey’s grouping of the species of
Rhamphomyia but does not accept all his subgenera. One is struck by
the status given to the subgenera of Hmpis and Rhamphomyia. Mr
Collin uses the subgeneric name as a generic one in his comments
following the specific descriptions and each subgenus is numbered as a
genus.

The synonymic notes, showing the amount of study given to the
many types scattered over the European collections, are most informa-
tive. Often these notes give instructive commentary on the
International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature and the note on
Meigen’s 1800 names on page 238 is typical of the author’s views.

There are more bionomic details in this part. Naturally, fewer
terms are defined, but it is felt that it would have been useful to have
those given at the end of the Hybotinae section, illustrated by figures.

Two small corrections—my capture of Hmpis concolor Verr. was at
Headley, Surrey, not Sussex (I have since taken it at Panshanger,
Herts. on 29th June, 1952). The other point—Rhamphomyia hirtula
Zett. was taken by I. H. Burkhill, the well known Kew botanist who
has studied flower pollination by insects so long and so successfully.

Undoubtedly this work will enable collectors to extend our know-
edge of the distribution and habits of the members of this very interest-
ing family. L, ParMENTER.

Butterflies. By Arthur Smith and Vernon Shearer. 74” x 9”, 22 pp.,
Harmsworth, Penguin Books Ltd., Puffin Picture Book, No. 115,
1961. Price 7s. 6d.

This is a book for children; and as a book to introduce children to
our British butterflies, it is an outstanding work. Most of our species,
including a full life history of the Swallow-tail Butterfly, are illustrated
in colour, beautifully drawn and competently printed. Many are shown
in natural positions with the plants reduced to delicate black and
white. Other black and white illustrations show ova greatly enlarged
and ova, larvae, pupae and imagines in situ; also parasites and the basic
parts of the larva, pupa and imago.

Although described as a picture book, and this is its prime function,
there is sufficient text to describe life history, to deal with the egg,
caterpillar, chrysalis and adult. The life history of the Large Blue is
given and illustrated, in this case after Frohawk, which one would
think a little out of place in a work of this nature. It would soon come
to the child’s notice if the subject proved of sufficient interest to cause
further enquiry.

Local rarities receive attention, but not the excessive attention
that one finds usually given to them; and hibernation, parasites,

163

vagrant rarities and aberrations are all introduced. Rearing butterflies
is also briefly dealt with and inside the front cover is a table showing
the periods of the year when most of our butterflies are on the wing.

The text is very well written in a language that children can under-
stand and much personal investigation has been undertaken by the
authors to ensure accuracy.

A first-rate book, well worth three half-crowns, and one which will
delight our children, nephews and nieces,

BF: DB:

164

INDEX

It does not follow that because a page is given once only that there is not
more than one entry.

PAGE
ASDINATRE SIND gegeas seen ee kde s LESSEE kB OA Oa, ea ee Re ne ce ee 27, 50; *55
AG YMC Hoe ee ek Se LASER oes 00 eee ate ce oe eeu, VP Te 49, 54
Book Reviews
British, Blies: , Mimpidvdae nn Mactt Us ©... Meeks cecades es Sees eee. ae eee eee 160
Brilish sbliess Mm plordaes Martell oo 28: <.-cc8ss case wav encase eceea ten eee ee 161
BS IDUCTELVOS ke cccetcscactoctecsmeewave va conan cancsctnenss Waaresesncast ooh enet se. Tene Ee 162
EGS CINSCCTES HATA, NAA ee A SAD on een ete re ica cs te oa 159
PPG UTS BAER, Sees Ee oc Re te ees coat AREER cree, ee, ene oe 46, 48, 49, 53
BASCRA UOT OMS hie seaees a See ead aes PIRES cca a ce PER ene ol Cee ee rc ore De eee ee 10
Field Meetings :
AliGe; HO Ores bit: . Fe ceseis thos 2 occa tek Begs RD. ee ee vi
TTA 12.2 5 OA ne aE ES 8 oo ER RS, ie UO Son Bo See, be Py ec ce 94
d 2:10.01 a1 0 Raging aN Ne ee aS Ps FOIL > OR VR Pen OI NIM RY Oe tL es cashes 75, 89
IB GRLGy MDG WVIS cats ternn ter ctcce tree artoc see ctioee nema s ana este tener ie tials ceetd tS OPER ce eate eee EE 88
Ghavienden) Wer, ..2225 0. RE Ae eae, ee 84
CHUAN TOUT 4 4.0.b.-sdasdeartan=cpe ge enon eee ane eee e este wad as eee os He RE eae 86
GOSTOR OE NTT oe «sash nessssncteoubsvtaavanctinea nt sete catiews oc ahoe eee icons. s sae ate aia ence 78
PUTS GOVE! Vc ccssccsensh veesecotwacpe ea terncet oomiue colds t sce Brsaviise daa ccoee seas ae eee 95
MHP DUTIES © Vases deer ac curwia cv sauce ncsdhcbsuee arn tteces eaten pee eee ae ae 82
DESETUON TNE 7 eave creas cers sacenes vapeneach megane teceieen os eens Coe Tae Ue et 76
ERAN ULC bis x sdsctabns's duc ctdaaaea dae vngawedtece er acee elatuti meta sade seesen ce cene ents ok ae eee 83, 86
PEND PSENRUIIN ust ate oSeseicc. ce cacecus Atle, Cones eee ee aise sbbeecke sansa 1 Pace 91
TVGUSISY tea css cocrctccce onc site cas cassictwapmecs ye swarte nett ei catan vec tanee ok succes e et cs a 96
TECH MGA Ts Kae Were Aes o PERE Sone scses igaic ave tecewe's ub ccsines eeeehas Ranaae oe Rede Cok eee tee ee 7
IVERCISLOTPAINY |» oc cect apictagatveedaacinsa scot eaeaacidus iscdsaaareSeczacdes ste Sites Cases Saeco ea 89
MVS WilanGS “CORMEL Uivissncacscgesentbecoentacs sovve Ceca custsveckerin drei ce taeen Paias hace enna eae 92
COFe tl NGTis CURA Cone ee Soa Ee ee bef OER ti a BO i cc cite 88
CO>CUING THAI gee aes eri GSoC CRE AE EERE AaTCCRGG: cic S cee nGL SER tt AGB Ae OP oa ao 78, 96
PLINCES. RISHOT OU LI ie anes ctw ac’ > vanpaal's deanauity s pensans some Pens coe ata oe engae sas cc tek Re See 85
TRVELINEIVOPG, © = at caves cc cob srecacacesis sos nda wases Reesey Sapo mae Nae Sateen ROR ore ee 81
SLAMOPU A= ODE) ce tenesevs sa ccescueacteanenenes avvtca pasaiacay SoRee ee cee ele: his eee eee ee 77
FATT SA GORIBIOT OSU TA ciate teas sec coved as A eee eed teee eee era a Oe Une URC On Ee Ra 93
Whippendell, WOO)» 25508: cee Aga eicnadice Reece ke Peat eaoe een Une tee nee 93
Wimbledon; \COMMIOM) «cies ensensaeey-nacsdeceecenoacate cee cweuhis tate vnsagad oneeene Cotereeentaee 79
GRY TATUM OT OPIS cise See Sos suse «eerste a set ns ds'nos onus 12 -ow de eee ca ee =e Ae 39, 49, 59
HCE POZY COLE AM, ioscns, <ccudaces. sages» avFacwoss btn baste» cestgtes + pease tN eheany s vabeee «RRR Con eee EE 1
LOU OGOSIS shoe. ssp trre eee deep as sagan gh saints Sota > ssa henge oe eae: «see eee eee eee 17, 33, 34, 49
Mela ISM es .t.. Sees ee BR aocceste ateaeet sees aeameeens 4,25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32) 33; 37; 40; 42s
Papers read but not published :
“Alternating larval biology in Trypetidae (Dipt.)’—R. W. J. Uffen ...... 23
“Ants as laboratory Subjects — Dr. S, Eh. SKAMC «occ. caskese uv caustaaeeeeeeceeeee Q4
“British: ‘Seed: beetles; The’—B. J. SOwWth Gate) <siccc.scasconvsgsencvusvondoasebeaccccseteas Q
*Collem bola? Fi wise GOTO s Asis 3.2 ocho ns wa bodea neds Baeee ea ose ose ee eR ee 15

“History of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.)”
me, DL RTLG Ys, Seve at roca wees seu cae coveed sqacesatecs oust veneeae oveseas ace cost arses nuae arenes emeeen 59

“Insect Adaptations in Brazil’—Dr. H. B, D. Kettlewell .......................0005 3

IMS COheVeTauOmMe— APSE TEMG) 3. thw atieceveaess sd gue suse bowvascdueiodedededve thst eee see 12

“Naturalist in Spain, A’”’—C. W. MackwWOrth-PLraed .........scccsecscsvscconcscnseceees 18

“Nigerian Lymantridae’—Dr. B. J. MacNullty ................ccccecssencessecedsseseees 4

SRecollectionsoL early “members —B. ., BLAVe ih todicbales ceded dectd oven ne Seebane 6

BS ROBE UUTLe MINING ELC nna: Rate c ia tas ove daecec a ante’es oc ates cau eeee eee oe Oe ARE TEINS Bae Bas Aad TSE E ER UR EOE on

BU eRrHSTL CS aa Deere ST eee Se score up raph iGank osc e~ccnev ted efaaalee cet tos tere eeeteee cree eee OS aa
PAGE PAGE
ACARINA JAibOD OTN Sigtasats ieee ee peace tok s. 32 ee 59
iyiie a NT ie i.e. fee al adls 9 ANRMUS, HAT PAIS ar.scccsressaase thse deasts 77
BODHI NNANARItEN A Ik 11 ANIOMs sascBiceces she sadesecve Tose aehe Ree eee econ 95
Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite ............... 9 ADELCAMNS:, ALON re soc. .c. esses eae 91, 95
Greenhouse Red Spider mines ih}...% 9 arctica. MISCOUOTA) a: dceessesscnenese es soe 36
holosericeum, Trombidium ............... 115 arduus, BRAG OMS) Wersscadsnnsltidhaewesnetateenes 14
jagens. UPetrobia L.A ee.....iA. 9, 10 amenaria, ACRIONIAN icsccsatesane.ssteeedeas 35
poriceps, Metatrombidium ............... 115 ALS UWIACCUS BAP OUS perc. cccenncnnenane 41, 43
VET CIERES MERUMOS | 0 face canccdcncitesdceeeedeccedee 4 Arhopalus ains'e sinslaceka’s anpaetmemnnitons Ree < aeReenied 36
schlectendali, Vasetes ..:.........deccccecce0e 6 AUUCTIS GUY GUISE. tis 4/) access hee Gaede sa raecene a 80
WWE TeV OUT ES. y cavccncusecascetcbtbtwitostcandtte eee 51 AUVEMSIS), CALAIS 6 vescs crs cadss<couanc-coeseeera 36
ater. SScapPMy lise 23.2... ses.icaewtse Sees Hite weil
ARACHNIDA atricapillus, Demetrias .................000- 35
aquatica, Areyroneta ......cccccccccccseeeee 51 atripes, Le eer) ae ence pe ene Sy oe 84
piraticus, Pirata ......ccccccccsssssceseseees 51 aulica, Amara . AA sero Pet earae 36
Surface Water Spider ..............c::0+6+ 51 i ae CHALCOIMES «se eeeeseseeeseseseees fe

T ; DYDD — cea e nent eeeneretreeennnneeeseeeseeseseeesenee

eee a i er ee ie HaliGapiis Ratt... 000,ay eae sess 80
BACTRIANS banksi, Chrysolina Hives neat huelgates etesa tenes 77
by: : it TIGiA Ce GUE GUI Oe aon. eatcs aeceece eee 23, 24
Eaible Frog Cece e census eecenscnaccsessceesecsesnuese 15 bicolor, Hypophloeus $Date Von ¥ POT 49
BSMUURGE a PEVING) . .osvssss cnn csnansecenesmnetsiaees 15 biguttatus, Laccobius .......ccccccsccccccs- 1
DUMACMILAUS, INOUATIS rc. esaeacasssscesre 23
BIRDS binodults, Bagous: .............-c0<scs<-- 4A
EARS AM te tena Oe ch dis dd ste a c's de giclerede tha vedo eae 76 bipunctatay Ospliyia: . ....-.-..0cces 40
(CUMS TE ee eS nan eee re 75,1 76 bipustulata, Cyrtotriplax ................. 79
ETT OR OG i aatwnucs cd datcadea deh os seep ht eeedeaeeeeee 76 Hipustmatus: Acabus) ....) ones 27
Great iGRey, SNTIKC. «23.3 c94-2053 00-0002 8, 57 bipustulatus, Chilocorus .................. 35
Great Northern . DIVE 4 sistreds..ndoreee 58 bruchoides, RhimOncus 2.4. .-s.cc. QA
Great Spotted Woodpecker ............... 79 brunsvicensis, Chrysolina ............ 57, 58
Pig e ale TUG) x52 i cescmnmpyieebdye.>-cbaa mide 75 buprestoides;” Melasis” <1 ...c.-.cesccssceenses 36
UA scsethak feceweancoagaph cdcviench ade eyanOe 80 caermles, “TSCHMGMIETA: cic. .c-nees cee 10
NESHANRUSD. — Weccesiecdepsbaatssepehs.. mah eae 8 caeruleus, Rhynchites .................0..00 95
NGOs os Seite cane jdckonss sem boeesadeey «5 ates 13 caliginosus, Epipolaeus ..................... 3
OMT, odewrevavtnes <sos tens suse egeasaeeeebe aes cal 7 Gampesirisy Cieimdelan fs... -.s 80
TPA VIL FU We ieaseas 55 aie «sive va se Cees dee ee stcb eta 75 Capredae, WiOehimMaeay \.. co licsc. seen 719
PORTA ooh | pins ceva 0 sk satsons'ae'x clog hp gab «ae TS 6 caraboides, Melandrya ..............0...00 36
Yellow Breasted Bunting .................. Bh cameo, "ADIOU ....-lc.sese stents 95
MEMO WEL AMINACT, 5../.0.5.000s0qaessearaessean’ 8 Carpini “Alcaliypius!e.c...ce<.ccc.cseeee ee 9
INMESUD TET OD be cce ss... sss0ssedaceeahteaeh --2 Eee aaee 76 CATuUSpMPArabnyas: |e oi ects 58
WaLLOWAWaAMDIOR ics cncsecdesacensdeseanes 7, 76 Cavilrons: asioriynehus. ..........ccs<c 84
Castor, RNIMON CUS r.-3sceccccu anaes eceeme 21
COLEOPTERA Cephalotes! Broscus. .....,2.cs-0ssskoe 35
BISHIS A SEV LOWIISA Oise ws0essct hi eeteeee. om 36 cerambyciformis, Julodia .................. 36
ARSULYA A ADLOIIN Nissi. Sti hae hase aconeen ane 79 Cenvilnitst: "DASCHIMIMS Hac c.0 aw scccapentee 86
DPANIS: MBETOSUSTM AL ae. BER 91 chrysanthemi, Ceuthorhynchus ...... 84
amnisy Dory tomusmitw As. 2 16 CIECWINAEKUS; DD yWtISGUS) 62.2.5 .ceccceccaeecs 52
alismatus, Hydronomus ............... 41, 43 CIVEWMIMCINGHUS: DytiSCus! ccs... eee 52
anisotomoides, NargusS ...........cccceceeee 77 coccinea, Endomychus ............... QF, 2s

PAGE PAGE
7 ve « 16 « C
coccineus;. Pyrochnoa,, tivities th. Sbid |. eh Cana, co ee be tseriel = -
cOchleariag., Phaedon 1.5... 79 ee wen MR ODEMSY, . csr es io =i
coeruleus, Rhynchites ..........0ht vB nah oT bi SnD Nan rat aeaees ie
collignensis, Bagous ..........c.cc.60... nae de. | EES OMS, ee pislciihin Mecmacenie sca ss
contractus, Ceuthorhynchus ............ 17 ee a OROBMES shia aa Lae 3
COP Tis, Prionys i. >. ek 18.) JERS 9 MOCUINIS 23a see pome st eeae a4
Pad ABOMONUS 3.352.104 Jeena se Be | Apponlcus, -DytisCMs ae
ae 95 | lapponum, Aphodius .........0.0. ccc. 36
ee pee he SN a Saeed 7, 79 | lemnae, Tanysphyrus .......... 43
iat aaah Tomuaaea Tee eee ace a 4 leucogaster, Litodactylus .................. 3
Crepirans,, Brachinus. s545.2c40.. eee 77 limosus, Bagous 41. 43
crinitus (—macularius) Sitona ......... 2 lineola _Galerucella ..... aie ae 79
CUDTCUS, ELAPNTUS o......seeeseeesseessseen Fe |_litorale,. Bembidion.. gash aan 18
CYADCUS, “OTODILCS crecsesss.sapsaeseteceeseee littoralis, Necrodess«t.:.0.)20..200 22
cylindrus, Bagous ..........:.0 lc. pS Lifuta,, Rh yZobiis .ehae. See Wi, ok
dejeani, Dorytomus .......00020..... Sanaa oy longicornis, Rybaris yw... .iuestres 91
denticollis, Rhinocus (=quadrino- longitarsis, Bagous ae
dosus; (Phy toObis) iter ee 24 loti. anion 8 (cee - Re
ancl ees oman INGLE SCA Ar ee ceamnes
GepressusAMhoOGINS wee 36 lutulentus, aaaous Rey ae Pe 4A
GEDTeSSUS, “PYtMO: tessi.c2ieecceresnteneractens e lutulosus, (Bagous: .......... eee 41
dermestoides, Hylecoetes .................. ees, |) netaa Oedemera ..... 86
GICH POUR, A DION 2. cee t seeectendeere aos: oe Lyctus \.........cchee ed. 4 58
aistypuus, wicking ot a ae OG Game SS bs macer, Pterostichus . u.ccusews 2. cue 57
GUI atsS A Dy tiscusewe..t. oe 52 macularius (crinitus), Sitona 236
clone atulus eilater Son ot teen 84 marginalis, Dytiscus .................. 31, 52
ervi, Apion sieteeeeeteteeeeesesteeceeseeeneens 95 marginatum, Agonum ................. 57
fasciatus, Trichius Bree acamest eee srk tit 16, 19 marginatus, Polydrusus (Metallites) 8
fastuosa, Chrysolima 0.0.1... cesses. i marginella, Hydrothassa .................. 79
HELLULUTEUS! SMEIStUS) ..o.c cece ee 77 melolontha, Melolontha ......... 80, 83
ferus, Arhopalus (Criocephalus) ...... Be menthastri, Chrysolina ..................... 17
fimitarius, Phalacrus ...........0.cc0000 o) | wiolitor, Tenebrio |... eae ‘
flavipes, POlYGrusus ...........0...ceceees 84 montivaga. “Amara \ os... 77
flexuosa, Phyllotreta 0.0.0.0... 79 mordax, Rhagivm 77)... ee 10
DEG, EONS, IE nt scse ser ees-+ 14, 41, 43 moschata; Aromia. ....:.cc<:: ee 36
fulvus, Cryptocephalus .......0......00.... 36 mullerl, AgonUM 4 .c.c.0.6...50. eee 58
fuscatus, OCYPUS ......0....0..seseeeeeees 19 multipunctatum, Helobium ............... 18
fuscus, Colymbetes oo... 21 mysticus, Anaclyptus ........................ 10
ENS VUNG, no cise cated cc api'bagices 85 | nasturtii, Drupenatus 43, "I
Slabrirostris, Bagous ...............000.. 41 hebulosa;. Mesosa "Wc // iam 4
Slobulus, Anacaena ................0cc.0.. 91 nebulosus, Agabus- ¢.::/...:.:...00 eee 27
goettingensis, Timarcha ..................... 36 nebulosus, Leiopus ceicic.ecic oe 36
BLATT Chiy SOLMM Ar eet scerec-t.- vase 19 heelectus, Harpalus ....._- eee 35
Sranulatus, Carabus .............0:....00 36 Hemoralis; Quedius ....c..cc2 91
CE TARIOO Vtea te tet eee sn o2 || nigra, Strangalia <.......... 84
RTISCUS 4 (SILOM) ee. nea is 36 nigricornis, Ctenicera (Corymbites) 8h
Hap NIS® tees eee ce Q7 Higritarse, Apion 0/05 <.s0.c5 ae 95
heasleri, Bagous (Probagous) ......... 43 Nodulosus, BaQous ..........cccccecccscccese., 4A
ERCUOR UTES Meet va asoge kereedeaegnsernes yet o2 | notatis, Rants: (0. eee 27
DUCTUS ALN OUS ie eet et nate set 36 ochraceus, Byturus 12.12 eee 13
hortensis, Librodor ............0.c0ccceces $0. | | OGY DMS acs drsneceicece Se 140, 144
DURAN S spon a eee see 95 Olens, OcypuUsie...:..25..05 eee ee 139, 140
hy bridar "Oicin delat es ey. 35 oxelai, Hynacdelus {Nit ae DY)
Hypconarinsy $k je es 41 Pai, CYDNOD is:cnceson. ic ee ae 77
Ey CTO DAS vires 17. eee 52 paraplecticus, Lixus ...........0......... 3 A
ELV AVON GAe ms. eee ee eee wee a 140 pecticornis, Ctenicera (Corymbites) ... 36
FEV CLODOLUS A Ett.. tey a eee eee Q7 pedicularius, Anthonomus. ............... 15
Hyoscyami, Psylloides ..................... 79 bellio; » Attagenis «ie uth sui 78
impressa, Corticaria

pate eLearn NBG eee te 91 perpendicularis, Rhinoncus 21

PAGE
DEPICATDLUS, ROINONCUS: sosicc.cdn..ceweens 20
DELEO, VE DOUMELOPUS: sv.a.c0s0veccosseesescdvee 4A
ESTNCMOUUS © one ete: fneinpetncavecenasaressaces ce Q4
piceus (=rufifrons), Hydrophilus 52
BILOSUS: RD YNCHACNUS. <....c.c.00..<c5secescs 84
Digests. ADROGUS ....6.......ccesssacscasees 36
Biastavs. PNUMODSAON 9. ..cccecesscsssccscunces 36
PCPUN UNMIS 8 woccccasesctiece acces clack ens aaese 24
DOMACeUS,” PIVILODIWS® .......c5.cccnescenceren 79
populmeay SAPCLGA. .....5:..0.cecssedenees 76, 84
PoOrcavs: OWOLTOYNCHUS. 6.5csccsc0...c86 3
PIELOES Ue CULODS: force civecssanvcise casv'vicasncou 84
PAUMNICICOUIS BAP OUS. ii. c.cc.sccen-0denecoaene 4A
PMUEpUrASGeNS, BUSTER oo. cc.ccsssace 36; it
puadrifasciata, Strangalia ......... 20, 88
quadridens, Ceuthorhynchus ............ it
quadriguttatus, Librodor .................. 36
quadrinodosus, Phytobia (denticollis,
ECHPUTICOTECULS) eee eo cada asa eda eu cneaceessauees 21
quattuordecimguttata, Calvia ......... 79
PALM ILC NUS ee tet y ste vevcccveectacsanapessesses 20
VOSLMAG, ATUNONOMUS ..iiii ic. eccsesaadesose 59
ACTIN CCHS Moret: i scesececcsdscgessautececes 36
TUMICUNGUS, COEILOMES. ........0 0. cc ecc anes 24
PALO SCI CULEO oi .csducacdcrscvecsgatecsesss Q4
PICU MES OUS auctscsstcccsccstnccatsvct@esss canes 14
rufatus (rufulus), Dorytomus ............ &4
PUOMCKGCTISCNTGISULIS Sl.ct,ccrcccccoctectercsceses 36
rufifrons (piceus), Hydrophilus ......... 52
rufinasus, Stenopelmus ..................... 43
MCMC EVUIIGOIUIS: (o7i2iicatescevewececalecessterses 91
rufulus (=rufatus), Dorytomus ...... 84
PMLISe PAT CMOCOMLUS! \..i5i..cdieesee.e rest sceees 91
HOLE CUSe HSA PL MRIS s.cetsccscscntaccsesees wearers 35
TUSCIY Ty ACIACIUS * Lids. <.Soeecseeees 24
rusticus, Arhopalus (Criocephalus) ...
19, 36
salicivorus, Curculio (Balanobius) ... 79
SC baeiss SaAper day sci: sees. cheese 36
SCULPT INGUATIS® cl bres ie 91
Semismicatus, —DytiSCus © 4 Atecc..cscieckies 52
Ssericeus, “Polyarusus. ..s0.1it.8. eee 3
sauraticornis: Pyrochroa (:.:...eeeee 19
SELVES s AED ALUIS! | t38.2. PARR see 77
SUM aa. (“AMO Ta ” Jal PWIA aera ene 77
SMM PAT OM Hikes ..cscscecscncseertersceweead DES sh
singularis, Otiorrhynchus .................. 79
SisvIMOCiis FOOPHALUS J... hilaeeteisateoreek 43
SOU AMS. SAOUSUCI «ci cacsscuceeseectedtens 10, 58
SPENCE CAMO ac. 20 bweneodoecoten teuans ances 3
SHINE ARO ISM IUCIS HUG oe Uden ace oa seotoddeees 36
SPUTALOL, ~ALTIOVES! (iii! es eli abi wes cdeceeens 77
HUELVA eS RU Flan). .Sasceee ents sonearnenes eee 140
stigma, Rhynchaenus ................+. 24, 84
Sl ui ASCIMNUED! F555. ccccensrsoneeseeestens 36
SUPCATIMNATUS, BaP OUS* ic...c.cccretsecee 1, Tad.
subrotundus, Strophosomus ............... 23
sylvaticus, C. arvensis S.Sp. ............... 36

tempestivus, Bagous ...............s.008 AA,

fenebrUOMles; ZaDrus ys cops casan. ccneee-eekee 21
tenella. iGalerUceUg Ci havi cosccsereccwccnses 13
fenellus; sADDOGUUS .....8pberdetscese--deenens 36
enue: APLOM iis.céscccssdedeassaeedee eters 77
ibialS: ~ Melanin ssecae.ceseeseens 2 Saeco 35
GIEer MESS... oh i ecclhsdedawesvescouwee seep eeeeeere 80
tomentosus, Caenorhynus ................ 84
torinix, Dorytomus “.:...c-i.5.-.seeeeeeeres 84
LPISTIS: “SINHA. 55s..sccehanscoseces | same eae iE
HaMITGwLUS, PNaedon)..<........seseeeee eee tas 719
turbatus, Ceuthorhynchus ............... rat.
typhae, TelmatopbhyuUs isjvccn::. deters 91
WALGTS: “ADLONE 2... ncscuessevonavesetemerees ae, OS
Wim, ANTHOMONIUS! jetcteec esate reseeetes 59
WnGata, Meratoma 2) sdcuscbes-rosueeye 36
(ERD ANUS.” By TUS: \.-cessas-sccasc snot eeeenes 13
Yarians, Philonthus. .../iividies..-seaees 91
yelaiws, Mb My Cus foe) ceesasnsteeeuceeh ena 43
viclac, APIO ........-ceesssencbeeeete eevee ee 95
viduatus, Ceuthorhynchus ............... 22
ViduumM, AP OMUM ~ ..2....5.:...secusenceseseeera 91
willosa, Micramibe™.....25./.cc-cccsteeamereeee 7
WITS, VCASSIGA | ....scscdsnces cageer eee eee 79
vittula, Phyllotreta 2eeiueccesase -cscetee 79
Waltonites APLOM) yniatn. cetera 3
CRUSTACEA
MEGETVGUATIUS:” ASCIVUS .ciisccsce.cseescvarevesess 51
WiatGre UAT os 20. tscenccapessassceeanaatgnuaes ayih
DERMAPTERA
auriculania. Forticullay i cecid. ....eeeee 127
COnmMe4n Bat wil thy. .ekee cee stort aes 127
ROVACUIGAG. Tio. casiscccagsanes cvsece Seetocteants 127
TEGSSEM AP We vu .s.ccesavacacacsanecceotrertoeees 127
MUN OES WADA, sce escuereasvacncovs seeritereneee 127
DICTYOPTERA
lapponicus, BLCtODIUWS ives cescecss core ees 83
DIPTERA
acutanewla. COPLTOPDUWA cise decane 149
albimanus, Patycheirus casccwccassee 75
GiIMAS, “ELEDECNCMIAs tress cawes-scaueteagiawtens 150
AMerGanA. GILONE ccna tousiaeiee eae 149
AITO A Le ddocth acces saudezosten Rides deeeeeantecass 149
AMS. NCULOCTEDA, .2.-ccceccsssepetens ar erems 148
AMPNONNY IMAC” . coisctdceseneyscsemann sev haksomame 144
anthracinus, Chironomus. ..........:....++- 26

aterimus, Hydrobaenus (Smittia) .... 26
autumnalis, Musca (Eumusca) ... Pl.
VIII (fig. 19), 150

DAUMMAUETT, DLOCULLAs : rcvecc coves eveeemens 84
DESIEMATUS, Tabaniisy -..7c..<¢--- sacs conesente 84
BuUcéata, Oedoparea "swiss csvcecsussaseauepes 148
GAM DNOVAY |< cui sdscaeacsiesesdedsadaces ae esohaten 144
Caiipnoridae | ics. ..-s-asccaners 143, 144, 145

PAGE

PL vie (Ges:
7, 8 and 11), 145

calpestris, Rhingia

carollae (=consisto), Metasyrphus ... 75
caudata- Dichaeta +. ee 75
cautim: Chirysotoxuml 22. 83
WOCLODIGER™ | Ae omrcc eee ee 148
consisto (carollae), Metasyrphus ...... 75
COprOMYyZa -eiinan eee 144, 148, 149
Coprophila®’ “sic. ee 149
Cordilunidae: * 2 es a 149, 150
cormuta,. Elachipteray ines. 2 75
corydon (grossa), Chilomyia

(Cheilosa)” “Sb.c.cenn SO At 75
cyanella, Dasyphora “ose ae 75
CYNIpPSed, (SEDSIS' *).4... ae ee! 75
Dasyphora) «+i ee Fe eee 144
dissecta;. Nupedia. 2202 heue we 5)
POUR A Ma bodies eter eee a ee, SO, 150
dorsalis;) ChirOnomus. ives tte eee Q
Drosophila. /) Fee Lee 145, 146, 149
DFOsOphilTd ac: On. eRe eA... SRR 149
DYYVOMYZLAAEM OY... sc.c0. A, 148
GUD Tas AE DBR seis ccccccckcaeeee et eo no
equina) 'Coptoniyza Nee ee 144

erythrocephala, Calliphora ...
(fig. 5), 75, 143, 1538, 154

(D601) UIS(CE AM ssa 53, ene Se naa 2 Oa 149
flaveola, Dryomyza ... Pl, VIII (fig.
21), 148
flavicola, Drosophila (Phloridosa) ... 149
AINA COCLOD Ame es 148
MIMCHIES PO LOSOPMU tes. ces ace cnccsees 149
fibberosa, Drosophila ...........06..0s.50s86. 149
grossa (=corydon), Chilomyia
(Ghellosal iwi Hl Ses 2c3.c.: SE 75
Leleisiimevitofoiet, | 1) Pa eee eeenane ba oS Bike it 144
Lae! \CCUM=N 19%)! Ps nos cee eee rane ee See Pe 142
EUUENOGPOSOMI A: 1 5c 20 252 lacdececdsbescceacesebes 149
intricarius, Eristalis, Pl. VI (fig. 10)
inversa, Clastopteromyza .................. 149
TL OATNEL DS pW MES LN On pees se deestosas ccassess sc oveesa ee 75
lebanonensis, Drosophila .................. 149
Heptocera: (LaMOSOMA) ...:-..:.-<.ces-00050s: 149
enrohviemvia' Seal eee sae 144
HOMCOPNEMAP A itis cee ccsie trees 149
MInOITODMOT AN Wek h., Senter se eee ts 150
Mime ataeOnrmosinks eters et ee ce Wi)
TWcommmns elma: See es 76)
LE GHGS ae Oyen ween tent tere ere. fe 148
LU risi Coprophiilan estes... ccs ese 149
luniger, Metasyrphus ..................06..+. 15
Luar, ISCOPCUMa f.-.-.0. css dee cee: 149
LUT {ee ey el 0) AG aN OY 0 1 1S) Gee Nit emneetenty Spee tl ak da 75
TASTIGEO SURE Ty Bivona: sseseeckas oct conte aes reser foe 144
meditabunda, Myospila ..................... 150
melanogaster, Drosophila _............... 149
Mesomibninma: ageiactitscacs. ote eee eee 144
MMISella yy IPArORy Aan << .scsccoes eek am ee 22
moesta, Leprocera (Limosina) ......... 149

168

PAGE
MOS ta VEU Wel, cosa nese cree eee 26
MOTCII aT” Wes. ss ireas ssc tcerccet cee Reena 144
TORO; ROL y DUS. so ee eee 26
INDUS Galt “caeticcestcnccehn teeter eee 144, 149
MUSCAT A, BiSIC oes t os tee 75
Muscidae .......... 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150
Muscinae ... Pl. V (fig. 6), 143, 144,
148, 149
WEY OSD LUA." crccshonaas tensensatdesa. teens eee 150
INCHTODO GS cng ticnurcectiascasceccets Oe eee 148
obesa, Rihinolewphatd. 5... eee 149
OPVONI, «gy asaunteSedren ons edcccaet, cae See 149
COP GIGMT SA” Gis. sa canaduad saaesenw aaeeoee at eee 144
ACV, MCMC) socio. fa cunsnkens ae ee ee 75
pedellus, Chironomus (Microten-
MUD), «ee cisuitcanneanyetet uote eel eee 26
pendulus, Helophilus ......... Pl. VI (fig. 9)
RTD VOMITING oa ect esten casos ccveks s eee oS 144, 150
PROD UG Ok to. chet wiry cant eas dace aces octane 149
pictus; Sinophthalmus) <...c:ssuesaeees 149
Dulines; CoclOpac4...::437 sae eee 148
IPOMICTES) Oo ave cdzaianrasence avast eae ee 144
PLOTOSTC LAMA » | wits scsneleeetebtunsceear neces remem 149
PV PONTE: ey os siaceailh ved geen de oe ebay eee nee 144
Fanunculi, PHytOmyza, ::.....9seeeenwe 73
riparia, Limnophora (Calliophrys) .. 150
Sagiitalis, “Proclagiws) cccsnsaueeceennemes 26
DALGSUL AL | hasg ba Medeneeehetann tera eee eee 148
SCODCUMA, . 2.4. assesscatad oewres cote aoe 149
scutsllaris:. Salsellar ocx. .gselsnmes 145, 148
SCpSIGAC Pirnecsen(® sdnetae 145, 146, 148
SOPSLGIMMOL PMA, i isc.) iceseeseswarewege eee 148
SODSIS» . ..Pi.iigaacnestis oso + saergeebe ae eee 148
sexvittata, Crosophila (Hirtodroso-
DH) 4 eas temivedins . zach pe vedrr et eee 149
Sphaeroceridae _.......:. 143, 144, 148, 149
SPOS aap: jheese: eetlh nces} beer esee td. eee 149
SteSamiMAe )) - isissessp ess saidat set ose 149

stercorarium, Scopeuma (Scatophaga

Pl. VIII (fig. 20), 75, 142, 149
SPHOMLORMYS: . bdieodsece: a ddawepsdeee eee eee 144
Syrphidae Misc wisewtes 0 neem 145
tenax, »Tubifera) (Eristalis); s<22.-...2 FN
umbratica, Hebecnema Pl. VIL
(fig. 22), 142, 150
urbana; My GaGa lease vatedecthes. eee ees 150
violacea, Sepsis ... Pl. VIII (fig. 18), 148
virens; Liamcalus...........eiehesiresc-ctaee 26
Viridis; (GymMmochacta, s....:-ce-ssessecsaeeee 75
westermanni, Xyphosia (Icterica) 95
wismanni, Arthrocnodax ...........:..5..- 6
xanthginelas, Musca (Eumusca) ...... 150
EPHEMEROPTERA
SImile, ‘CLOCOIL “Soe crcse eer eo ee 52

PAGE
FERNS
POM GSPN cocce. 5. cdseeo neces cecns 88
HOM OVOP CCTUS: sores sss cesuonseee 2. 8
PaTNO OID REECE ates ie. vases cone tmkanesnar ee 82, 88, 112
Hiex-mas. DrYOPtCr is: «...cs.0ssc55. 2-19; 78
RUS DOMME HOTT Ts, oc. creee cc oove scenes be 19
EEC CHET ey ees. conethee cake seas epveuee rene 19
WVUO MeN CPIM ESTES veces ssccesesees 22, 94
oreopteris, Thelypteris s.../....--:- 22, 94
scolopendrium, Phyllitis ............ 5, 19
FISH
FOE EE Peach cre tee v's haiencid iy daanen toe ads 51
DUMSUGIIS: SEV EOSTCUS me aspicevscieas scree’ 51
Men-spPINed, StCKIGHDACK \...2. cscccpeueessn ene 51
Mea AAMT cedacowip vanes top ets. sans 51
FLOWERING PLANTS

acetosella, Rumex (Acetosella) ......... 241
POMS IRUSCUS: Tak. Asi cakeit ede: 60
YG" ANIC ES) 0 tare ee a 57
elllapel, Wi (2) hl Fo. Reon ae ae 90, 91
AAW) aE TOUT LATS ip titkE csc sb eSack Sova ae atures 87
ETAT oS ATK ir... ddaet yectaeceees 80
ANGST Gare tereres Qi; 795 82, 94) ado iii, 120
DOLLS SULA ULOLES.. «vias... swieewsScee ventas cones 41
amphibium, Polygonum .................. 21
amurense, Phellodendron .................. 11
OD ESTEV OE CMD Mcp saic ace 40a cso us ee seeveausenantbecacs 40
PEN EEN OD is docs eesiv nin wining ost wine CRM Cae eae 93
NU MREMISUA: « soaaceasssnessensetteetentte vanes 81

angustifolium, Chamaenerion 67,
84, 88
LEDs cc vadaee <codk ieessskvehes sudan. sxchgcteewstietescts 6
RCV OPU A eM vii cacti sssetsanvaesenteagsensssaeerees 87
ASD « “oe 88, 113, 115, 116, 120
PPCM ge ee Lc a cue ssc dnaete date e decease eeaes 84
asperum, Symphytum ....................6 81
amicilare, POlYLONUM.: w.ci.ncccsscceeserncashe 7
VANTIN OR ULINVES te. sc ae csetarcknrncits «fe ccikeacetioedeee 85
MICA sic tue ceacevcanscnoarsacevody esa sercee cee 24
MP ASUS eee nae cores vc 6c aise's dhalveas dae sacionuceaee ee canen 9
Siete POAGILAS: ~ acasevsaneccsacceceiecanrtee 20
ISOS EMI moc icnecraseen coae ce vohe dcexecanseounenens 118
MES RIME et or ckerosoas ccc senqeen cbwasernenen 8, 82, 96
biflora (=capensis), Impatiens ......... 65

MivCh eee: 8) OD Oe ode oo ads

fer OU. Sl vee.. 94. 96, 112,115, Te
120, 121
LBB MeL gyi 10 0725 0 ia ee ee 13, 80
Ebel ee NINUVCLIN ec etr cer en oacssres cece ce sommes 117
ROD CKIMOMT Stan sc etacccasvacccscaartereecanmenc 75
Biwnttowered! FUSH <2 ...2.0:0:cscssssacceenens AA
EDA SIO EL reese tioscvseeste cucu cotcntetenserts 132
ESGES EOIN IUULGr econ str cecon cscs tic dssaceteseaaeetcenee 52
PURER meee Cron si cece eres esannccratecen crs 90, 114
OPIN) COUNTS nes ccsisnsccccenatenseeetners 14
Broad-leaved Pondweed .................:0005 41

PAGE

WrOOMMN =. Se 105) 79) 8) Ane ze 16,
4119, 121
SULIT | eatacadesececoseerecaneeas Untrncearerene 7
BUICK Gan Ue tercvusssectccndasres tatcmtcoeet reece &0
PO CIR OUI cccete si stecrecece erect eens meee eres 86
BuIMet Sa miirames Oe es cesacsar thease eeaee 86
BAYT Teed ee ree a race crarcereen aenaee eee 44
Butchers I rOOMe yersteccec teas sense seneeee 60
UDOT Pr eee cs vactkcee sarees neces eerste aecaene 93
CAMITICIC? SSO: - Mes ceertetnocarar keene Al
Ca aT ecto tespe ns cieecte cere tanta eee on 132
CaTIMEStIC) ACEI eee. eecee eee ccneee ce 82, 88
Camadense? WIOMGS vcs eancsteeeeets 4, bt
Canadian Pond weed .............0..s0006 41, 51
capensis (biflora), Impatiens ...... 65, 92
CATGWUUS" SDDS fo scccss sty ercestsssccescctegegemmec es 31
GABOR ORM AES ea eat teat cee hes fe ee oe noeene 38, 70
CAVA CUS) VR IMAMMTTIS eseeeocnccon enone see 86
Gerasilera, VPTUMUS onc. sssscacsstereveeeoee 81
GHG TYE Altre tires cares sede vente escalates see 10
CLOUD) BIPOMLMMI s+ -seechereseseeneeeee 5
COUCINGa (OUCTCUS, ...01.s:.sccesocneseeceeeeeeee 80
CORPS BOTs aticeeeccssceua cocoon eel cad cueutncae 92
COMITLOY Oe cer tea che acoek canecnsnese tien sel seeesoeee 81
COMMNIUMTMSS OUMELUS o.. cece caventneesees 92
COMMIMUMIS! TNA MIPeS io, ..ce...csceceeene 91
COW Aa OMIT ccccccnovsaancerepabiants sectesonen 92
COTA cee ncc cost occ leceaonacaideusetorenemaeeeeeee 82
COW SE AEST sccevctizivas seacoeasstes Pateeeaeette 28
CU OGal AVILCTAY cee cearaccoscunsteesetonateterere 30, 85
GHAUACE USE SOI ecevscecute to caucdeniedasantaseeenes 31
GUID ESSTIS enn crruvccstveurseetencurbectoneeneeetirte 66
GYMNOAlaMlae MalMALTA, Sacacecsesucceterecrateeees 134
GAYTIMASS OF Rrch cure cote cnercneorseweet cl 10, T3353.) (68
Danish Scurvy Grass itsees ss ene 6
Ganicar? Cochleartia W.. ....--cscoseecssnn 6
demersum, Ceratophyllum .........:..... 51
adensus;” PoOltomiogetony scts.c.csscccusvecsress 4\
DUDSACUS) (SDP ie acs cessscneseestneseneres ai, 32
RTS OSE eee eetce re ee ean conte cee eine mene ete §2
COE WOO Ul PAN Lire rscah od ctetenteancakettecenaee 89
draba, ‘(Car darian tesccectscstsccteaccore Sa ait
IDURE WCE Mi. tiassccenccatac: con scuecca atrake eae mereoms 51
aT U INU. etcnowewcee cect ore eaee dese come oer eee 79

Glm) “S218: 90) 11S nSs tis. ho, Adige
118, 119, 120
Evecla, “RObAMUMMal \eiccctescas athe etereees 84
TO ek a i ed ata ete aegia ah dee Lie 132, 133
DEYECUMUNIAY cece tenscctteccveseserest res des coat meee ene 41
CRUCTIOUNIS | FSCIMCCION itis sccceesccssceeee 87
europaeus, Euonymus ............. 38, 92, 95
EURO PACUS. WIG. ca stsssevcevcasmeecerineee 95
ava PGI Tena. i.e hoes ayeneameecauee terete ne 51
fepiaee) | USSU Varies cuncnenet. scomeet ceate 92
Fennel-leaved Pondweed ................. 41
ECU Gt east ceantcnaecun tere esti meret niect os oer ann 13
11) Le ae ee aun Seg es oe Se et a Le 13
MUENCIMOUMES TAZOM A eres eicecote leaaeacs 51
BUTS Ula SDM, (aisnccssetctccmesreniee es eoee 32

PAGE
LOW GIN, RUS tired et vececcaasers oh ce seseae en 41
fluviatile, Equisettm ......<..:c----t..cc05.- “1
BLORDLL: + wesitaseredsees. sheet eet meee 41, 51
APUTICOSUIS: CHMDUS., ..-s)cscrcsceresse>nuasaneeds 31
LINN Ac Me Meta trcesioasar Asta reer emer eacne etree es 95
PANS MYCE, coccaccsversrevseaastnchcuseaarevewene 52
Gali |) tessdieeets. RIS RA etic 5
PUA GION Ae | x sciasssesdessessso000vacehspmey esate ee 9
olandulosa, AiWanthus 5...0525.-pes0sareeeene 5
POLSE) poise. nea ocs once 78, 80, 112, 114, 117, 119
PTADCEUULL) bey Mecdaces Paee sc cssc ts seve aves sz coeapeen 130
Great Hairy Willow-herb .................. 114
Great PREEGMAGCE. ...c.cccs-xencvosetiesesnan 91, 120
Greater BladGeTWOTLt . .....<:..c.00s..sss0cs0s 41
Greater KNaPWeed ............seseceeeeee 16, 18
GreatereSand. ‘SDUriCY: .sccécasceun-seanaee 91
GO Vaee ODM Trttte sti. ccen eee Oawecescacnoscanewene toes 117
GROW WE. asics ss se-repenaaetppeeceees ss acees 92, 95
PPOUNGSEL ey cceecter eas cnenigacqneeteeakonp kis 130
hawthorn ... 59, 75, 86, 90, 94, 95, 115,
119, 120, 121
WUAZCNN ES b dees Greve seasacaascescaece gin 6. A edeO
(SAB CT Sw anete ceees ence cacwsecsceees 78, 80, 94, 116
MEN LE. WOURMWORE: ©... ..00ccncscnecsssceapesed 114
15 Feveok Corel. Ge) ee eee ee Ree cee ere eee ree sae Pomel
Heteropliyila. VAUPAL «soscw.scp ese sasstescasn 76
hippocastaneum, Aescula ..............00 5
HITSMtUMS HpwoObiuM 2.....00..s.cs0sedensee 31
EGA RAL WOL, scacsissetscexssovsspsswdaenesees 87
ROU Woes < us dct ences te NS oe Rae eeh ites Daman 60
Ti ae ON ee enc an cance saeesncaepesenacainnee 87
MOLAStea, ShCMATIAIM. ... vccs. cesesevesaneemancs 1
AVERT YSU CHL Waact ues sash ccatsenecs os stretses cs ae rts
UOT CATING petee css. ook hedtee Sah obs ss nese semnids 84
ETON OL Later: conccesoe 5 ekan eo etse seepsicencaet 44, Sp
ELOTSCMO MES HWUG « ococ.icaxeccce ver quskasacGawenanes 5
UMASS NESTING) eons. ccsnsty se camnenteane 20
MOT VOUS MUP CHASIUIS (i. cnecsnanssestsenty vosdsse 3
PEE MASODUGULIUN Beene tt ae ss ccctess co chien peaches Dw ise
PPE) INSET Sic cs syrecelde ak dae sacicass cobs ve eiae aie 87
FUEL SMR ois eee eieea vas 22 a/n nica ss eecah etav ade <hiddnaebs 9
TU CHNEN et A PULA ere ee eect os< senieddae ac 6ass eens 58
PE: «at cada vase a taternsseaesiscnsees Zire lO CB
TVAVAHUIGIE WCET siccccosaisc casscecasecsamsatsl snes 51
Mviyaleaved TOA G Mam: «5 cecenes tas svedsceucese 134
FACONAED, SENCCLO. ....-.ccscsccecsescsvercces 91, 94
FADOMILCAW LOTUUS, cccssavcasbeespes secanhesstpw 89
SUOUVOUUEL | Diogente etek sc cai <ses pacssaahs boccctsessesense 40
MCW \SPWUMR Sart oovsencatencscassdersatoanac 116
UUUBIPED..... Ldsacee veer tekess an enesae 13, 27. 68; .92
TOUR ASS a ae see aa aca tongs Raich aniens os 7
lanceolata, BlantaSo ccs ccccfeeesateaeancces G0
lantana, “VibUrAUR) © ..2502:.c255s0caea0< 90, 100
MARC iis 0s vc sckess-cssovansaaases gaeweamas tee eee os de 121
Dati Folia: s, TY DAs veces asia cacmene nes 85, 91, 120
aureola. DMapHnnee otis cc.cscesteccursaxtes 3
VC ek loct, casas ageecia sanzecentectuacnsngses Gemens sas 112
UVR a ees bos Aechavoe ee So vices bo vgn eae eee eines 87
ViGMICOL A. naovsacceveca . o4. Sadesose eats ouebos teenes 82

170

PAGE
EQUUS) | siteedtdisas suse terete. ne acaeedoneae eee &2
hucens.. PotOmoPetom: ...cccccccseseeneeeeee 4A
VUCOL IG sy ae cc eceacesdinas ves ssiseate ce terete eee 86
Bundy, Cabbage eos us .asxtesventeceneeseeseee aces 12
Hwtetiama, CibCPOd . cc. ose eae eee 90
macrocarpa, CUPeSSUS, 2.5... cece 66, 67
maculatum, iConivwm) ) ...5... <a. 77
MarisGus, ClAGiUN .o-..+.:-<ssneesdes eee “A
MAjUS, CONMOPO MMU oc wcncanateyen cae 79, 81
maple ... 19, 24, 88, 112, 116, 118, 119, 120
marginata, Spereularia ........cccessecessse 91
TAT FORA. cacseccssatuaeuihtaccsasvacceee amar 86
Marshy MarifOlg) ciara: scconessenesceeteees 18, 79
Marsh Wound wort, i222 Fccch.s cccacesecneneees 22
maxima (rubra), Quercus .................. 80
MCAGOWSWEEL Ont.. cncccreccssscuceccaucsseesaetet 13
media. Stellaria ya.c..2.000 10s eee saree ee 78
WMUMNOT: JUEMOMA: vo. cieccsenste sees cares eee eee 51
minor, Linkaria™... (425.4 tcn a neeeereeeeeee 134
Mant, dcssvcieedb apices, os. Seated cee 19
monogyna,, Crataeceus, «cccnete..:eekees 90
MOTACEHC — .cnsecisicecconansecpieunces eee 13
morsus-ranae, Hydrocharis ......... 44 ab
MOTUS). cicesiessessisossecncusdece. s/o 13
Mountain, ASD. x..235..2t eee 96
Mouse-ear Hawk weed. ..ic....cccscececescees 113
MU WOE 6). vccnsevtiaces.- sucass aera epee eee 77
natans,..Potomogeton AAS. ..cse eee AA
nettles ... 19, 81, 82, 112, 113, 114, 115,

4167 417128
Mp Ta Ballota, -cistedeciccsancsspresudoeceeec an si
THETA;) MODUS, -cckissacacbadetieeeeeeeee 13
noli-tangere, Impatiens ..................... 67
Oak *f.. 76, 79,80) 84}, 825" Shy Neer

95; (96, 112; 195, 407; 48) ano pe202

121, 122, 137
officinale, Lithospermum ............. 92, 95
Ofticinalis-: “Alth@ed °.ts.ici7ssceeeenecse eee 67
ONION” ) cht Pu a Aton teeters eae eee 9
QOnNONIS* INI E. coher e eee ceeeeeee oe oe
Opposite-leaved Pondweed .................. al
OTANEGE RS eRe Re eee 130
Orange "Balsam a See eee 93
Onigamuna ) eee ose ene ost renee 82
palustris; Calta visctccccssctessssmneveses 18, 78
DAlUSUris: “QUBLCUS” fires tenpaccsaas eee 80
DalUSEVISE STACDYS Gace «nce cececeepeeee see 19
pectinatus, Potomogeton _............... 41
pedunculata (=robur), Quercus ...... 52
Perennial Wall Rocket ..............0c0.++ 91
persicaria, Polygonum) .....c-c.ns.cmaeecs Q1
(PRESUCATIA 0 lca hence cote knee tea ean tare 21
petiolaris, Hydrangea. coy. ooc.-nc<csee 95
phoenicea, JUMIPeErUS © .....c.cr.ceppspener 66
IM (OAK © cccoccces nosconsduaesehaeaeeenee coe 80
Pine ...... 97, 30. 36; 80) 119s 41a. eee
plantago-aquatica, Alisma ......... 41, 90
DUM, etisth sth sss ae ete tee ee 10

PAGE
TO EM AAG cee seas tagcat sc s.qseRaceaanes 20
EAD HER CIENT 2 ea a Neer i ae OL TAOS b
LE IPINTALIT ISVS), ae a aati ea ey Wt ein mee Re ise
TEEPIORELD » ne 2S see ae teens teeter 85, 92
EMU CACIIULLCA, oc ccccaurosanestocupissncnas 89
Me OOS SULILC cainu sana coun see avesvchner’ noes 22
POUEMTC OR LMALCA coccencasrdersessaspsnece 134
(UT ETC SSP AST OY TAI Sa am ear =e ee 31
PEP AUTRES Uk ch ath wt Me vans sag bacem unaided «a's nsivws 94
TaMosum, SparEanivM .....6...cccsesses 41
PMI MISHA aan con hoa cub im cantidan cles 6s Secye se sale 94
eid OAR Pee eis sas oho eS nau araibie wagisdieat 80
TWETEVSTEIS *TSYSTLITES ph Re es ett See 81
ERE ELS TD Oe eee eee 113, 114
PANU OEM OMAL rors anne oa sacacnsichie'e ebay 93
[RALORS! 3958) SOR eel een 60
robur (pedunculata) Quercus ......... 52
TOCLE), ae ee ae, Sane Seen 86
TPC) SO) To eae eee eee eee 31
ROSehay -WILLOW-NEPD. .. pisvsnceaceodssecosshe 88
PHI ROS a ROSA: coc tavdkhot sucsauh.< raaceieeaas 10
rubra (=maxima), Quercus ............... 80
UTEP RRM Ls teat ok ea cneoeaceasdaes Seeteeba 2055 24.
russelliana (=alba x fragilis), Salix 80
SaliGariay «Wye UM) 23... celia eee Akl 22
STIRS STT)2 gaan Gea ee eeCEee ns 31, 32

sallow. ... 9, 14,°°55; 5. UG M8847 91;

92, 94, 113, 114, 122

SaMeMIneds \COLNUS, . ..../27-000) 08. eee 90
Sampara; Pimpinella, ....hbtaciise.sccee 86
Scabiosay Centaurea? 5.0.0 k see 16, 18
SSA hey i CG W gt A Ake ne ie ree OR 80
scoparius; Sarothamnus' ..:......... 85, 87
Seots) Pine ...:.. 92°196; 118; 4169 1485 1215 122
EAST Ss chins ss skbces lpi ctt teandndocnaeteneae Tice
SOU ah eres chee itlnt LL tata, age ee 41
SEMpErvirens, CUPLeSSUS 25. /.2..5...c000s 66
NEMO MP OMG WEG © "issn. STk os edecre ene “A
SLY Bick PM hss sees ascites eee 57
PRO Clem isa i hd cd Sikdadk tec. td ok ta eeeecacovaees sone 18
SO MeSiEEARG? Se Bair) xc. hadhteecces deters 91
SMmOOuhIMenaAres. [ist Ls esiesseeete ae ee oceee 89
MMCCHOWOLE < Siicidcdidsccteccesscccsterdteel ee eee 89
Sy oj UC Re nee Reee a EC ee eee Roe eestor erates 92
SPOS AME PUTING) Geycevecce te tags cave Meet ences 18
sphondylium, Heracleum .................. 28
SGI OG i Warr eceeer eres ou idcade sat cneee ah head i brie (Oa |
IPC IARI yb ities. acces i coanenccssaet cremate 3
SOMATA LIA. eGo APMP ACAS iio. cnnscerecceeteee 81
RGTELCG LOT 7 ae eee Eee Sc 5
submersum, Ceratophyllum _............ 41
SUbDNOGULOSUS, JUNCUS ~ .......cers.s.0sseees 4A
suffruticosum, Dorycnium _............... 66
SMG AN ORE WE Cees ies snc.cscscatcsnsimaieensseres 82, 95
SVMVATICAN SHAGINVIS © ...csc+c0nscee- teens oracle 22
PEAT VETO! soso Oe oss csacctencesscticesats conaasndes 26
TEMUITOLINT, DIPLOtAKIS:. \o..eus.:s-csenare 91
tenuissimum, Bupleurum .—............... 91

nit

PAGE
LELVMatay CHOISTA +.--ccon eee ean tte eee 12
Letrabhite? GaleGOpSis” 'S.. mc..-7,.canseaeetvaees 93
TOULASPOTIM A! MP VECTA. Ms scac-cesansece Steer arete 89
UIUC NL ie ree Soh er ey Sen Sse SR a 77
WINELOTLA GeMISt | .cre ss sac. cumnastecnaence ee 31
Pa tae ee Se cae ere eee ators oe ee ae 13
HOUVAUOs 2 Seen oe eee alt : basesterneen cence 130, 132
"EPEC; Of ELCAV EH! ORE. thee eres ee ten cnn snt 5
HriLOliataly WEEN WaNeMeS ©” 7... snc. cana 80
TEUPOUUTIG SEI? © hac vsaneeeceen see eae 31
LTIPOLMIIM CASTER WS. oka ners- senor eceee eee HE
PEISUICA, WuGMIW A) 7 Senase ecenaceevaccectnnasaee 51
TODEFOUS** PEAS Utresrstwaneaemesssemanshemeeneepe 30
TITEEORM” ViSUCLION EY. ceaenaasentsscar sete caareseereee 30
TBP Oo an Tarek Shea ee cae rate tie cae date meee Bees 75
UUMATIAY SPLVYACA! che. csnscsseapeeaee- eee 13
WETS? Sp.” Gere Rds cccseaasteaneeaet eee 31
WMHSMatus; BUTOMUIS) » cveeeasasadetecaste 41
Vpright Hedee-parsley ge core. ..ccncseeae 89
VELrOia, (OGOMTITES Cee tune. dec aattecnaspp nents 94
WEG Wr. deec rowed crash sewas ds ncdnvea Sieh ecto 94
Winlsaris; APTCNQISIA) cu cesceessnnsuctes dames
Wulearis: ‘CaM! 9 Wis wacaseste os« seeders 87
WIVES? | LTDA Lae ed ect caedaeeusee 135435
VO aris WUriCularial. sevetesbunarte-ceesee “A
Water POrsetail) > ....c0:agaaepeceeehetteeee AA
Waters Planta tr cccoretecceaty.« eee’ 41, 90
Walter SOLGICD. « acstacicedeyearscseeekeee 41
Western Hemlock ¢ pcaders as... atetecres 76
WHI AG | sens bend veaws tere raat esceavageeSeecw cpa ee tee 9
WHITE: CAM PLODiay | mntawiees~.ciee Aaeeeeee 114
WEI teMEILOU: ss dnc sccgonetaedectete ose 90, 94
White "Poplar? 2) Akcsicusede gests. meeedeee 87
Witte “Willow? Ut...:.sceeeneee is See 115
WOO Sees sitet eh edeact cae 23, 80, 114, 120
wrightii, Rhynchosinapis _............... 12
Woychy Bn Wi, hoa isshecoues copenesstereas 115
MAPLOW ojn05cccaeee sete eee. eee test 143
Yellow Toadilax jcmieeiekh ceive 134
OW? i oprecesies os oo steecceea eed Laat eee oa teeey 89, 92

FOSSILS
Cephalopoda i hicwu. ee peeew ee ee eckeseeeeces 55
FUNGI

SEMUISsCOGMMATIUS) 5. e.ccnevcenensseee see 97
AmMethyStima,, IuACCATIA — \iss...cs.cusnsreaens 96
androsaceus, Marasmius ............... 92, 96
UNMIS Ss PROTINES 0 vcsieoe cose arcs une ceaces oneenente 97
PERMIT ACCA OLAVALIA. «cc scccapenceocadoeees 96, 97
armiMatus, (Cortimanvs. 1...4-c.s<caaecseue 94
AMMrAMhiaGa, CHUOGWOC scctscoeaceeeceuees 96
aurantium, Scleroderma .................. 97
Med. PHOMAA. ..ccrwscmsspanan sine tand (agers
auriscalpium, Hydnum ............... 96, 97
OAMUIS 5. BOLGMUIS. \ticnctacc.tacdunsiescyeceereee 97
Bee-steak, PUMES1IS ..ccsecstsccna:utacetscnsende 95
MOVINUS. OLELUS ccccyessersesecavatnctsomrsceeee 97

PAGE
bulbigertm, “richolonia, jase -ssapeu G4
CalyCina, DaSySCY DNA) c.c-.cs-srecee<-eos es 58
BALVeING, UETLCNOSCY DUAN ct r-vunceckansaares 58
capnoides, Hypholoma. ..................... 97
chlorophanus, Hygrophorus ............ 92
Cibarius, Cantharelliys: <t....<.ctccsgacseane 94
ClavIDes: CLLCOCWDE asecenrasseerseececeratenns 96
coccinea, SarcosCypha 2..-2..c..sse.crs.ss0 il
COCEINCUM: ELV POR WION oo.c coe eeacee wees 97
COMNLGUS, LLVETODNOLUS) cect. usectsceser aa 92
GRISHAL. SPALASSIS.: vc. ccccverappasaeeentaracesuhg 97
CyanOxantha, IUSSUWMA vrs. .escese- see seeee 96
deliquescens, Dacrymyces ................ 97
EAMG SUAT acsscscecssac.vacceeveunave eusqueepheueuss 96
echinatoum, EyCOperdOn <.........-..s0ceccs- 93
SICLANS, BOLGUIS: 2-5..---csnachcrascvens ses sptaves 93
CMEUIGHs. EWUSSULd .cctcvieccscosnencesecaseetetc 97
CHIDCEr Veda, MEY CONG. “oo .caceg+0s so vuvanpeces 96
excelsa (spissa), Amanita .................. 96
fasciculare, Hypholoma ............... 80, 97
MOMUOSUSs Ma CLALITS ccc cevresedcoscescnet eres 94
UE PANDA TG) cercerecs sat or cee tote ades eeasaee toes Or 92
GME TIUATAUISs| HOURGS -vccncscaapp scares cocccen ee 97
TOVIICAUUS, “GEASTER. Jclecspocsesstassees estes 96
TMEV, AMMNATISODSIS os .cncsesecovsacee or tacos 96
MC VCN a EVO WM OLOMIA *.c.seerterecsscte seek cee 96
CAO US: HEVIGEM Oh ttrciccs iacccrerateccerscetacoerae 96
gemmatum (perlatum), Lycoperdon 97
STAUCOPUS? COLTMATIUS 5.5 cc.tcevececoeses 96
SOssypina. “Psathyrella® Aik... cecesccsnces 81
SUMIMOSA, MIAMI esi seeicedecsaccees 97
hemitrichus; Cortinarius .................. 97
HED ACIGAs” HSEUITMAD Atate.c.ceccseescoreanscens 95
hinnweus, Cortinaritis’ 2.0... 97
PEVESTOOUID: SUCT OUI: 23.5 55.025... csesceteecterece 97
OTOP US. TUS OUOUUIS sestesciscccce cacecvadacavsctece 97
hydrophilum, Hypholoma ............... 97
RED VOSE OD ITOMUS) 9 octets: sccceeacseececs ttetateeces 92
hypothejus, Hygrophorus .................. 96
HYPGKVION; NVVATIA so... eveeeteeccessseeen 7
MPU LCI MTS ct odes saeceweses st¥ecy cous ch
POUT VEY COM 1c. s cuctecces suwcanovesse 96
AUbE Hue: CURA ZNL RY Oa cretkec ste saceacsiaccsccaccls 97
AIONANS, "Bude aria ..c.1...ccccdeeeveatess anc 75
MOVOUMNGUS, Noes le ciccscs estes tenes 97
LOMUGAES, LCTCHOLOMIAYE Ire. .c-ossnssseccensece 96
WAC CA MAC CATIA \-...cnacuss aoceussncctes «scene 96
UE CAM OAT OM > hans crocuses apes gph ives sede, 58
MUTT). COMA ee a aetiee disse an ees -aeeees 96, 97
MUP SUSe AESOLCIN Siren rcence te ecoeccceeacses camera encss 97
AOU. COUMWMVA) Glaacarassonssoccessse ca et6 96
MAPA Ae ie MOAKEP) ELAR eee enemies ah sec lcinc des 96
meandriformis, Choiromyces ............ 14
MONIC,” MATASMINS, oo. ctesiecseasesctescs. 91
merismoides, Phiebia ...............<.. 95, 97
mesophaeum, Hebeloma. ...................55 96
MUTA. MCOLAVCEDS, «<sssccuetebeess seeceanc 97
MMIAvUs. EVeTOpNOLTUS) . cactewineeebess 92
GIUUISSUTNUIS.) (aC UAPINIS -.cccahcneaeetecnad es 95

172

PAGE
TOUUSC ara: ATT erates oee ct eeeneeetes 92, 96
mycenoides, PROMO 2.(......0.ccsuceos 91
nigrescens, Hygrophorus ................5 92
obtusata Bsathyrella iccs.c.ssesscesseeene o1
OCHTOLEUCa, RIESSUMD se.ncys cecanees-caeeeeee gees 97
Odora. ‘ClitOCyY be...) eect enone 91, 96
Dalmatus: RICWTOUIS, jaccccscce<ssteteeee 93
DGLENDIS; POLYDOLUS: ivcsccsconescsseaeenceene 97
perlatum (gemmatum), Lycoperdon 97
DICACCUS) ‘COPTUDUS, Wo. cose cece eee 91
PUCGATINIS, “COPMMHS: <.+.. ccs. eermeeeeeeen 91
Phum-leat BROUCID “cacchteretecee sees eee 18
plumbeus (turpis), Lactarius ............ S6
PLACCOS, JPWOMOTA oe corse eee ee 81
PLUMUNIS: ChUOPUNIS +. cece. tee 97
pseudo-interra, Hussula ......-.seetee 90
purpured, ‘ClaviCeps: =... si teenc-c nese eee 97
PUTLpUTEUNT,” STErOUM” Vioccsecesecrs Ae ats?
pyriforme, Lycoperdon. ..................... 97
Pyroecalus, “Wactariws. Ieee. ee 95
(uletus, Hactarius Foes: ccs.cas-chcuresteeees 95
rubescens, AMAA tects cseentecstee 96
rubrum, “PolySivemal vre..-ttere. 1 ners 18
FULUIS= E:aAChATuUSe ec eeerse cette eee 80, 96
RUSSUIRO : AE ee eee ee eee 90
rutilus (viscidus), Gomphidius ... 94,
96, 97
sanguinolentum, Stereum .................. 97
sapinea; Wlammied! +... ssvcctssscenecentieseeee 97
Sarcoides, (COryime: ..c..b.e eee ceteeeeneene 97
scaber, Boletus, .....Uacie#ieoee 93, 94
schweinitzii, Polyporus «.............ccce00 97
semi-sanguineus, Cortinarius ............ 97
Silver Leal Funsus: tite eee 23
spissa (=exelsa), Amanita .................. 96
staurosperma, Nolamea_ ..:...:.:..msssses. 97
Stellatus, Sphaerobolus: .....-174...0eee 97
stricta; « ClaVabiai wesccceeshises: okie eee 93
terrestris, 'Thelephora: } cc 6dasnchet weeks 97
ireiogalus, Wactarivis) ....:::..:-.8eeee 96
torminosus, Gactarivis’ ...5.$::..0..ees 96
iWiplex,:/Geastersic Saath ater 90, 96
turpis (=plumbeus), Lactarius ......... 96
yariegatus; Boletus. ;.........0..;.a9s:eeee 97
vellereus; Lactarius: <....:0s::.c.c.«:cesemenen 93
velutinum, Hypholoma. ..........::....00. 91
Versicolor, .POLYSUICTUS.~ .22.....7.eneeeee $7
MGPSIDGUIIS pS OLGGUS: cscc sce soe eee eee 94, 97
vaibecina,. ClitoGy be, \c.cs-.:.teae eee 96
viscidus (=rutilus), Gomphidius ...94,
96, 97
WISCOSA,, CAlOC ORAM ala ctck asain: deste neeneeae 97
WHDTTE ETE esa: isnaeouaceey se onesie eee 14
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA
AGenocarpl, (Orihotylus.ee.ece eee 116
albipennis, Plagiognathus _............ 114
ambulans, Mecomma ................. 116, 124
angulatus, Blepharidopterus _......... 115

PAGE
AMMMLATIS es DICYPRUS — ....5.-.c6. 114, 120
arbustorum, Plagiognathus ............ 114
PILE MMO OSI ST hese hietdes oceans vaecese secu. 119, 120
PaNUsit eA CTUM ON RIS itete rcs eceste fsedaccseseteaee 81
beckeri, Megacoelum ............... 118, 121
PEMA ARIIS: MELO USO lish 2. hoe soso ccereecsese 118
OOM OMG A MS ees oki tenis carccanseaseacr dieses 146
PT UMCO LTS OMNES R TORE RS Sec acn cc Semneniseesrseee 112
GalGaratuIm, “StCMOGEMIA. oo. co.cc acces 119
Gamestriss OLPGHOMS! sie. .ces-aecneecsenenae 117
BAUGIS MOV RLOUMITIUIS. © oc... .ncesecceases 116, 121
PRCT IMSUIIE UU SRE sto. otie one ec uee bbe cdeualdcusddes 146
AVES POMUNOPS) \cakcccesccccscrcecsesscecessss 417
chlorizans, Malacocoris ...... 95, 115, 120
chrysanthemi, Plagiognathus ......... 114
CIMA COMIES A LIM OCOTIS: a f-.cccssodeersasccvses 31
PITMAN CIE ll cprietiss sratma-ascccklesvesasnne 146
cinnamopterus, Pilophorus _............ 122
coccinea, Graphocephala .................. 93
coccineus, Pseudoloxops 115, 116, 120
CONCOLORy OLTVOTYIUS ©. ..........cceee 116, 121
contaminatus, Lygocoris ................6 ali lied
Orvis We by TUS, . re. 2ecctedescseesecesoenes 113, 120
TSCQUOT, IO DUS! so. ee ces as tcissecsecavases sacs 1412, 121
delicatus, Amblytylus ............... 113, 120
VENPAC COUNT Cl shea teens cnc sneccanes snaneenadice = 112
Ae NOTIN IO Wh Mic eiictisse. oienas cscs escacecenaaases casa 114
TIO TUSt EP EIVILOCOLIS, ..ac..cssusccesssaces 118
GisMat. ONCCOWIMVA ic .. dee. scccdees ae 116, 121
Golabrata, LeEptOpterMa. scvcscsessisaecens 119
BOUSAUIS TOUOMTOSCELIS:” <..5.5.sc0cdenuseeceoc 41
BLOM aay INGLOSUUIA: o)..ccdunncedsscisncns pene 119
SpUODIa: DIGYPDUS. sssc5....000s sees 114, 121
ericetorum, Orthotylus ............... 116, 121
RAM St OMPNS. «uu cece cud saacs<nonasvansace 114
fADTICU, MUACCOTLEDHUS, .........0.see6 83, 146
Rem MOT A eee AULT yer 48 rah ae iciasiac sea cpeawdeidie ndeesan 113
ferrugata, Leptopterna — z...... ses... 119
flaveolus,. Fieberocapsus ...............0.00 115
flavinervis, Orthotylus ............... 115, 120
PCTS ee OMALOGOTIS |< vupcdusser acne euense 112
flavoquadrimaculatus, Dryophilo-

(OT ES SS ee eer eee re 115
MAavOSMaTSUus...OTLNOUVIUS, \)...des-siusaecteos 116
fulvomaculatus, Calocoris ............... 118
PLACA INOUODECTA — ceviesiweschtandous’ ou taidte 52
LOUDEST SDIGVDDUS: |....0.ceceqeseers anauent 114
Fopmcus; ALOcotamUS: . ..et:,..scsiievbeaues 121
gyllenhali, Charagochilus ............... 118
PPCTEROGCOTAV LIS. 6 wycevs saves si cans onctinss sun dealer 122
aStPrOnI GUS): \OVLICCOLIS . cs: snes soeesssbaen 115
hortulanus, Tinicephalus ............... 122
PROSCADMIE » COLIZUSt | ties risarstavtesstaesstacest 4
MOAQIUCHS s IGOCHOCETIIS., wxccscuiiss svasedsss coavteer 60
infusum, Megacoelum ............... 118, 121
ISIS NIS, (PD VTOCOMS erm ccewweded «6 dees 119
MOM SOL TODS vec casceavesrkaphth vs.nechee 117
HE AGCCOGOCDIMES: | pence; tots ss ancieeteeeRes cat 146

173

PAGE
laevigatum, Stenodema ............... 95, 119
lanuginosum, EriosOMa ..........s.0ce0.c00 60
L6piGuUs; -PSallUsy cccicronsccdestineee. 113, 120
hesser Water Boatman’ viii: 52
leucocephalus, Strongylocoris ... 115, 120
Nimbawws) Agithocoristiites.c.sstetmeernee 5
linnei, Corixa (Hesperocorixa) ...... 52
LONSIPENNIS "PHY TOCOLIS THis ecceeeseaeee 118
WUEOVUML, AySOCOTISN | i ieasckteea eeeeee 117
lutescens, DeracOGOLis! 7. hs. ..cackesees 95, 112
EROS... ie taidadvacescackanceeeeee tere meee anes 116
maculata, Notonection......cc.sescse im. .some 52
MAerKe, (PitbamuSr ti. y-cee. cncetess 116, 120
magnicornis, Atractotomus ...... 114, 121
Malin’ AtractotomiuUs: “A..u. sc ceees-we 114, 120
marginalis, Orthotylus ............... 415 7421
MArsimnatUS,\COPEUS: — au...ieceent eee 83
MMaritimMuS; Tayeus: ae swceeaeies 117
melanocephalus, Phylus _............... 122
merioptera, Heterotoma ......... 115, 120
VITA BA hia saiintcaaede toc ee tats on a arene eae eee 116
molliculus, Megalocoleus _............... 113
montandoni, Hallodapus _............... 16
THOTIOY SAU + ceecagcobuancenererteeee eee 42
Massabus, Orthotylus sees. 116, 120
nasutus, Amblytylus. «2. ce ivses.. come 113
INGO AIOE Sh iawitinncwsone ss Pee dedates acadeede ens tame 146
IV ODUGANG y evsaxwsiheonteas deh dsce ct bees 143, 145, 146
IN GD UM AG ig «18 Reveae areata eee aa oes cee 146
Isis) PoliymMentis:t Heed... bases 117
NOrvericus: Caloconis iil cnet 118
Hubs! Macroltophits: seeds see 114
obscurellus,, -Psallwus! .:AAek2.4. 4113; 121
obsoletum, Asciodema ...... 114, 116, 121
ochrotrichus:, Ortho tyAUsy Pe... coc... 116
OlWVaAGeUS;, DETACOCONIS) \se.csctianceeeeseat 121
Orihotylinaen <4... A eos... cee 115
pabulinus, Lygocoris ........:.......6+ 117, 120
paralicla,. (Pachy tomeliai yy i... ae 42
Daya, Macrotyims cei. 113, 120
perplexus. Pilophorus oes 122
WOMMISA MPSAMIUS, | GER aetiy tctace sso nd bhanees 113
PVN... tee eR 112
ED TO COLUS in ) Y sckcseniaae abbr ie taneene. ccc ae cen 120
BPILOPHOEUS, SPDs Meese eke ee 122
POW, PNYVLOCOLIS) a. eee 118
prasinus;, .Orthotyluss yaw eee 116
DPRALEMSIS MLVSUSH Ase ake 116, 120
PLiniitiva, Borborophilus® <)/2022...20 146
SaaS hs, 3, tee eee el. eRe 112, 122
PUbDESCONS,. LLYVSUSh 20.00.58 Desks decease 117
PUNGLALUS; SHY SALCOLISH Vee. ..ccceeeretee 83
quadripunctatus, Calocoris ............ 118
VIVAL A 9. vesue ehatee Re AEE AME iad cocwactseeoebe 146
RAMMING. \ i cserogsdaveup ee seehht caaeeaehetee 146
reclairei,, HeterocOrdylus, <.s....3..0000s 122
recticornis, Megaloceraea _.........5..6. 119
RUG. nev LOGOS: 5 os papustendarercaaeantes 118

roseomaculatus, Calocoris
roseri, Sthenarus
roseus, Psallus
rotermundi, Sthenarus
ruber, Deraeocoris
rubricatus, Orthops
rufescens, Pachycoleus ...
ruficornis, Trigonotylus
rufifrons, Orthonotus
rugulipennis, Lygus
salicellus, Psallus
scotica, Saldula
sexguttatus, Calocoris
solitarius, Macrotylus
stachydis, Dicyphus
striatus, Miris
Telmatotrephes
thoracica, Harpocera
thunbergi, Hoplomachus
tiliae, Phytocoris
tripustulatus, Liocoris
tunicatus, Pantilius
Tytthus
ulmi, Phytocoris
variabilis, Psallus
varians, Psallus
varipes, Phytocoris
virescens, Orthotylus
virgula, Campyloneura
viridiflavus, Oncotylus
viridinervis, Orthotylus
viridis, Lygocoris
waeneri, Capsus
wilkinsoni, Chlamydatus
HYMENOPTERA
Birch Sawfly
dactylopi, Leptomastix
BUG Ys AG hte tetgscaniteeionteeeet
europaeus, Mutilla
femorata, Cimbex
flavus, Microterys
hartmanni, Litomastix
heracleanae, Barichneumon
hercyniae, Gilpinia
herrichii, Pseudepipona
hirtipes, Dasypoda
johnsoni, Odencyrtus
lineata, Strongylogaster
mayri, Rhodites
padi (=varipes), Priophorus
pallida, Biorhiza
scabrinodis, Myrmica
varipes (padi), Priophorus
LEPIDOPTERA
abbreviata, Eupithecia
abjecta (=oblonga), Apamea
abruptaria, Menophra (Hemerophila)
5:

117,

Facts eee 119,

13
147
148

61

44

PAGE
absinthiata, Eupithecia ............... 34, 4
abSIMNthi, Wwe la aia tre ees: eeeereeeee 64
aghatlanas, AM CYL Six. 2.0. cce-ssesaeeeeeeeeaeee 45
achatinella, Nyctegretis ............... OD ae
achilleae (=loti), Zygaena ......... Eye Mr
ACTED :eSaAliyMUS,.....c.cc.caiaaueneatetes = Meee 59
agusta:, SHuUmMCHUS: :<:....c...easeeeeneee DAE Me
aAgustatal Mile diary... ..0.ctese 13, 44, 82, 8&3
advena (opima), Orthosia ... 37, 38,
AS) sola O
advenella, Eurhodope (Euzophera) ...
25, <6
aegeria, Pararge ... Pl. I (fig. 2), 49,
55, 64, 78, 82, 83, 88, 89
aeriferana, Ptycholomoides, ............. 31
aescularia., ATSophi ais. -casc-peee-ssee eee 56
aestivaria, Hemithea .................. 44, 75
AGUMIODS; HRCI sres.cssag <span OR hail
agrotoides, O.. lumosa, aD. .............0 46
AMMNIS . COSI «ci: cccas oa esanceusee eee nero 45
agathinay -AmMatheS) .:.c.:c..1scsee eee 29
agenjou, P! escheri, S.SD.,<..:.2s:.<sssiees 40
agestis, Aricia ... 35, 48, 53, 54, 89,
105, 108
aglaia (charlotta), Mesoacidalis
(Amys): sassecese-esseaee Hers Het eta.
agrammella (=caespititiella),
COMODO, vis. ccccscse. otasceeaseee eee 158
alba (=bellieri), A. urticae, ab. ...... 34
‘alba’ characters in Aricia agestis ... 48
“alba + fowleri’’, characters in P.
POABUS: ho cc5 sce Sewssdotns dapanweunwecn gene ene 29
albersana, Eucosmomorpha ............ 44
albicillata, MesolewGa. -ccccc.sc.0sssesvesuate 89
albicornuella, Coleophora ............ 95, 158
albipuncta. Teweania, .7cccccceeeseese 34, 38
albipunctata (pendularia), Cosymbia
10, 78, 94
albitarsella, Coleophora ..................... 82
albocrenata (effusaria), E. corylata,
AD oe Ueeicucisteacsssensctiscsseenarteeenmee Qi, uo
albomarginata, A. grossulariata ...... 38
‘alboradiata’ characters in Lysandra
DEW ALHUS i, a ce vc sscencaetee eeeee eae 48
albovenosa (=venosa), Simyra ......... 53
Alias NOVA sey oeicassccsvehcneeeere eee eee 88, 50
albulata;Asthena: <).....0-.<cceseeteen 44, 87
albulatas PerizOmia: f2i.c.cecssctecneeeee 37, 44
alchemiella, Gracillaria .................. 81
alehemillata, Perizormia2.-..+-.seeeee 93
alm «AmatGlar isto tcee.. 41, 25; 26,5 "42
alniaria, Deuteronomos ....................- 45
alnifoliae, Coleophora ...... 24, 79, 82, 158
alpellusy “YpSOLOPWUS servers an. nce eeeee 45
alpicola; Ammathes)./.2uiisccc..shsccsene 8, 42
alpinalis, Udea (Pyrausta) ............... 52
alpinana, Dichrorampha ................... 31
alpinellus,.. PlabyitesS: s:sc:.<.cccesceescr ee Bia) L524
alipium, “MOM as sciictstssseecctuce eee eee eee 56

ESTP MTODIOGTINMAl s.c.+s csccetescweseeeeces
alstroemeriana, Depressaria ...... 47,
aiternata, Epirrhoé .:..../........ 3 7i spay
pilternatas FUXANGHIS 121...c..c cle cece
ERACA. WSPITOUNVTUS |....chs.kesssseceeeseees
alticollela (caespititiella), Coleophora
anata) \CALOTMYSANMIS® wi.c.. see ce ee 83,
MOA, VEHOPIOGTIMNG «.........cesereeeesesees
ambiewalis, ‘SCOPATIA v.00 .....ccdcse.. Q7,
anatipenella, Coleophora. ..................
BMOFOMEHAG, PYTEUS i... cccceccdeceeeee
anceps (=calcatrippe), Heliophobus
angelicella, Depressaria ...................6
SMEAR TM I RECHIASS ens ws awasarras copes suoeeesssuxsbesvess
VEUISUGIT A MPALISDA. os... scccceseeseesescece 26,
angustiorana, Batodes ............ 32, 45,

amticacca. —, coridon ab. .....:2.....3..
anticrassipuncta, M. tithonus, ab. ...
antiexcessa, C. pamphilus, ab. .........
FROTLOD aS INVIMIPHALIS ...cc.c.cccee scene 30,
antiquana, Endothenia .....................
antiparva, C, pamphilus, ab. ............
antiparvipuncta + postobsoletissima,

IV URINOIMUS A Tei s ce iced vacescsseeees

aperta, M. galathea, ab. ... Pl. I (fig.

6),
POLLO AIVASSIUS © oo. cocacccsusvarcnaenaan’
applana, DEpPYeSSaria —........ccseo 46,

aquana (roborana), Notocelia ... 31,
arbutella, Olethreutes (Argyroploce)
SVAEVEL N15 oT PHA 22 ia a ie ae nn
arcuata, L. bellargus, ab.

aLOudianwis: COPIGON, ab. . s..tc.aa- 49,
a Dic etos LCALIIS., AU)... 2s. oc caves ny sacuents
ardeaepennella (=nemorum)

ON COTNOTA, © s.ccccccccs-shacsestehs 81, 82,
meet, DEPLESSALTA: . » -ccecenhnercudsngob hs
BECOlAe MYLOCATIDA 2.0... -snecees 43, 56,

argentella, Elachista
argester, Polyommatus
arete + lanceolata,
UR ME CES dicots acta cae aese bassin scitian
POORCAITVTIN AG hones, se ercrces cone afi Seu ms am cil
argiolus, Celastrina .:. 8, 9, 12, 15, 16,
30, 83, 88, 89, 90,
So pO: Os
Pl. III (figs.
1-6), 1, 29,

A. hyperantus,

ONES LCICT US: Vapreccs sass sf
ariae, T. crataegi, f.
armigera, Heliothis ...

artaxerxes, A. agestis, S.Sp ......... 3D,
assimilis, Apamea ............ 32: 40; 51,
PSUCIIS. OWUCUIMI A seer. cctv see bd..sseahsnees
danmriensis, PP: apollo; S.spsiae..asc0
asturiensis, P. pyrenaica, s.sp. ......
atalanta, Vanessa ............ O38 S7e503

athalia, Mellicta (Mellitaea)
atlantica, E. bilineata, ab.
atlantica, P. argester, s.sp.

PAGE
ALOMAELAL MONA ORE A 2c coagusssscesiass le 82
atomalis, S. ambigualis, ab. ............ Dati
Dinella. ATIS(OUCUIA «5. <5 ssacccavesnges cases 45, 46
atricapitana, Phalonia ............... 53, 83
BLritaSGlarlas ctw, SAChatiay wllls. pesca a
alropos;, ACHETONTIA, sacs. cccsnses DP ees at
atropunctana, Hedya _ (dimidiana,

ACE TODLOCEI yc. anaaesnacecenachecmesecteee QT
Chal ge ropes Wu liG ctor aeneeena anepeeroncenar tuner: Loe 46
RIPaAn tana. Pam coc caentecen usecase 42
aurata, Pyrausta (Rhodaria) ... 82, 86, 89
aurinia, Euphydryas ............. 3055 DOs pe
AUSLELALS, ADOLODUY Lal cee rasan 29
DUIStELALS:, | COMMAS a unas toate asus angeameseae heels 34
avanta, YOUN: eis cacrce eae ee a
Hadiana, “ANCYlIS) .. 20. .cc-vescccaaadeaee cme 31
Dadiana, PMalomig, gy cn. sin-ncccsanaeatene wemes 45
HAadiata-qParOphila, cscc-.cssracoutecmeneces 43
badiipennella, Coleophora ......... 79),.483,
baja, AWMAUNES:.. vetiisssepaeteq-ocaeseains 45
baliodactyla, AMICUIAS secs: gecstteseee 82
Balsam (CAPpetic ao sceussnce.c ese apes tome 65, 66
banksiella, Epischnia (Dioryctria) ...

42, AT
LoFe Tre prt iim 3 20 Kes a Ree eeeticetee: Sono sodnod 47
basijuncta, P. argus, ab. ............ 50),..55
TOA CLS sD GLE ies Scuvosis cnc -ctushamentehe- cae 44
baumanniana, CHINGONILA, .csctt...cs000ce> 84
beatricella, Lozophera ................+. Sonat
Beautiful Yellow Underwing ............. 64
bellargus, Lysandra ... 25, 28, 48, 49,
55, 82, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 109
bellieri (alba), A. urticae, ab. ............ 84
berberata, Pareulype (Coenophria) ... 24
bergmanniana, Argyroploce ...... 45, 85
betulae (ericetella), Gelechia ... 78, 81
betulae, Salebria (Phycita) ............... 4h
WSR BRUNO CLA 8 cccenveseiteens sea od aseecsss 156
betularia, BisStOM) .2:.c.c.200 26, 44, 56, 94
Henulella, (Coleophora), sehr. sae-reeer 81
betuletana, Apotomis (Argyroploce) 46
Hetulicola, GracilWlatiandssasas....ceeeser 94
betwlinella,. AnacGampsiac yotiuc... tse 45
HMO. PADI) «...-ehe, «cateade dace nee oa 11
bicolorana (=rubiginata) Plemyria 44
bicolorana (=prasinana), Pseudoips
80, 82 157
bicuspis, Harpyia (Cerura) ... 29, 42,
Ai, 51
bidentata, Gonodontis ............... 25, 37
Ditasciata: Perizonyal titers). ...t. teens 45, 94
bifida (hermelina), Harpyia ......... 44, 84
bilineata, Euphyia ............ 33, 37, 82, 86
BLOW AR PUUISUA: «ccna ccvaden Cnc honbeodeceentene 70
HiluMaMae Mpim Ota, csc oieeces seers oc ates 31
PMUMArias® SelemMalp . .... ovecssccswerses tepcasens 32
bilunaria x tetralunaria, Selenia
DDG. sae sdehesananexenocien sca Meee ne me man tears 29

PAGE
bimvacuiata,,, Baia, washes sc aeaeeas 82
binaevella, Homoeosoma _............... 46
DIDATIA, DLCD AINE oces.eceppacr 45, 65, 82
binderella, Coleophora ...... 79, 82, 83, 158
Dipumctaria, OLGDOUMNA 2. ..-ctsseen 89
DUN CREM... Bebo. scene pacar aceon ‘AT PORES
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia ...... 84, 87
biriviata, Xanthorhoé ... 51, 65, 66, 67,

G85 70. ee
Diselata,, SUCMGN a sense cc sncs cage aswtceescn sus 5 89
bistorata (=biundularia), Ectropis ...
St. D0
biundularia (bistortata) Ectropis 51, 56
IBIACK-VEINCG!) WWINNC. a. acsesecaceroecsecnanes 66
beats) MORWE coc. 5.5. a0ssren cane cecrsmpeaaees 68
BLS PANTO) vocsncsesvse gasaseccapeeetncse ss 66
STATS VV ANEISCOD | cnccrtiteuener. coepeaee ton ys 67
blanda (taraxaci), Hoplodrina
(CAVAGTING) «op cccsasaccecs-s2595 Nh, AT, 157
TAU e gee) SE OLI ZOLA cones ay nage oa cnseas 52
OMIT: | TOTS HOLOM La sce tancra supsevascconpagee 29
boisduvaliella, Epischnia (Phycita)
plas Eee,
ES OVOP cas tec honsdes ssecs ncmaeasresetae dens onceseee 156
bombycina (glauca), Hadena ...... 28, 52
BOOpISe Pe LyCAOM! LAGE. csc.c<carevuscerecess 39
OSGAITAS CA CIODIS vot cc.sccteressanateatcr ssn ares 90
WOU NESE, cuctensnacas skees see eects BA i apes
DrassiCae? MaAMESITA cen ccsccesccescerens 34, 46
brassicae, Pieris ... 12, 22, 23, 47, 48, 83
DrevilimGa: “ATCNOStOUA, “0. .ccc.cscedecencasese 26
PSLISUIVOM VWVaTTISCOD c...cc-cosceseoseresaceaecnses 70
Dritannic¢a. A’ TUrVvVas SSP. .2:::....<-. 51, 158
brumata, Operophtera ...... esos “hie eae
Hrunnes. Oradvena, AD oi. .c:. vcs 38

brunnearia (plumaria), Selidosema ...
Febcits

brunneata (fulvaria), Itame ... 15, 17,
28, 37, 42
brunnichana, Epinotia (Eucosma) ... 45
Hiucephala> “Phalera oj Ree kissteciowe 94
buetnerl Sedina. .... ees... CVO is
Huoliana. Rbyaciomian ti. : ieee 31
Gacca iE. bellarews; tabs si ivs.dierncese 55
caecas ME jJuUrningd ab acta a sdnes 47
caecimaculana, Pseudeucosma ......... 47
caerulea, YP 1carus aD) No.s.c.. a 49
caeruleocephala, Episema ................ 47
caesielle, Swammerdamia ................ 45

caespititiella (agrammella), Coleo-

phoran (Ris. 2 BP eeeres a dlctencete 158
caespititiella (=alticolella) Coleo-

PUDONG |) A ciate erate tassdk eesteeeeectanh revere ses 158
caja, Arctia ... Pl. 1 (fig. 1),°30; 34; 35,

42, 49, 50, 58
c-album, Polygonia ... 23, 25, 34, 39,
64, 83, 87
calcatrippae (reticulata, anceps),
FGM OPRODUS: ciccancsecssenwnuesomhaeeren 157

caliginosa, Acosmetia
calthella, Micropteryx
Camberwell) Beauty: -cncctocctosi-.ceppees
camilla, Limenitis 64, 76, 86,
campoliana (nigromaculana),
Eucosma
cana, Eucosma
caniola, Eilema
capsophila, H. lepida, f. or s.sp.
capucina, A. oxyacanthae, ab. .........
capucina, Lophopteryx
Caradrina
carbonaria, Isturga

awl. (figs
and 12),
cardamines, Anthocoris (Euchloé) ...
48, 78, 79, 82,
carmelita, Odontosia 8, 14,050:
carphodactylus, Oidematophorus
carpinata, Trichopteryx
casta, Fumaria
castrensis. Malacosoma
catalaunalis, Antigastra
centaureata, Eupithecia
cerasicolella, Lithocolletis
cerasana, Pandemis
ceronus, LL. bellargus, abi s..seu.em
cerussellus, Platytes
cespitalis, Pyrausta
chaerophylli, Depressaria
chamomillae, Cucullia
charlotta (aglaia), Mesoacidalia
(Argynnis) ... 33, 35, 88,
chenopodiata, Ortholitha ..................
chlorosata, Lithina
christiernana, Hypercallia
chryson, Plusia
cinctaria, Cleora
circellaris, Agprochola \<......ccss.teeeeeee
citrago, Tiliacea 32,
crtirina, Ze lonicerae: abr ..c eee
clathrata, Chiasmia
clavipalpis, Paradrina (Caradrina) ...
36, 46, 57, 87,

clavis, Agrotis
clerckella, Lyonetia
Clifden Nonpariel
cinxia, Melitaea
cloacella, Tinea
clorana, Earias
clypeifera, Coleophora
cnicana, Phalonia
c-nigrum, Amathes
coerulata, Hydriomena
cognata, Thera
cognatana (pactolana),
cognatus, Favonius
Coleophora
Coleophoridae

comes, Euschesis

Laspeyresia

(Triphaena)

PAGE
POM. Pele eat es Aietttees ces cations Q2
ATMA Rt cas ciks brecneas ceteserteresncatedes 64
Boma. Bema i... ssansii ees: 3931 45
Eoniplanciia. Lischerial 6.eit.....6...005 94
compositella, Grapholita .................. 3
compta, Hadena ... 28, 51, 65, 68, 69,
YO 1%
eoncinnata,’ DYSStromar .e.t....tkies: 33, 4
MOU SAM LUST su wece Meee deckes tbh deere 70
Montusalis, “Celama - .cis.issadeeesssedeecss 4h
Coniferana, LaSPeYTLesha. ©.........0.-eccesee OF
Sansimilana ClEPSIS \ sei lei. .ccssaeses 31
BoOnsoOMavria, HeClrOpis) Acie. seseew es O54 162
consortana, Dichrorampha
GEROTMIMMECTIG) (1.2 Wee aa daneeeies capes oda wnd 92
eonspersa, Hadena .....2....k2..000 Q7) 28; 56
conspicillaris, Xylomiges .................. 38
contaminana (=rhombana), Acleris
(Peron): oe Atatadie Ges. teal 47
contaminella, Pediasia (Crambus) ... 42
contigua, Hadena, i.e....3.:.: 27, 28, 39, 50
conturbatella, Mompha ..............0.0066+ 45
convolvuli, Herse ... 20, 23, 30, 34, 38,
42, 50, 56
conwaygana, Pseudoargyrotoza ...31,
45, 83, 86
GUANINE EXSOLOS) (ehescuics. ctkentgrasvspheeceses 28
coridon, Lysandra ... 28, 29, 33, 35, 39,

48, 49, 55, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100, 101,
102, 104, 105, 106, 107,
corticana (=turbidana), Apotomis ...
corticana (=insertana), Zieraphera
(Eucosma) 46,
corylana, Pandemis 45,
corylata, Electrophaés
coryli, Colocasia
cossus, Cossus
costana, Clepsis
costalis, Hypsopygia (Pyralis)
costella (=parenthesellus) Ypsolophus
Cerostoma) 45,
costella, Phthorimaea
costipuncta (=trigeminana),
Epiblemma (Eucosma)
costovata, X. fluctuata, ab. °........ 25,
craccae, Lygephila
crassalis (fontis), Bomolocha
crassipuncta, A. hyperantus, ab. ......
crataegana, Cacoecia
crataegi, Aporia
crataegi, Trichiura
erenata, Apamea
crepuscularia, Ectropis
cretacella, Homoeosoma
cribrella, Mylois
cribraria, Coscinia
crinanensis, Hydraecia
crocea (flava), M. miniata, ab.
crocealis, Ebulea (Psammotis) 44, 86,

40, 84,

31
4A

158

fT

PAGE
eroceus, Colias ... Pl. I (fig. 3), 16, 34, 48
GNOCHENaee Ae Later en ictcat. sce thctensetnes reve 85
CMUICraAMa yy MENICOSINA: Saccuctcecsceveurececsee 81
cruda, Orthosia te
cuculata, Euphyia 26
cuculatella, Nola 94
cuculipennella, Gracillaria ......... 53, 92
cucullina, Lophopteryx ('iiis....ccee 40
culmella, Agriphila (Crambus) ... 46,
89, 90
Cultraria-iDrepaitay esse ce nnrs creas 82
GUTSOM Ae HWSO s ioicccrsseerecoeceste css 32, a
CUELISOUMIS e PRAVS sv cadenenes isnot rotons cares 45
GuULtLas CLOSTCI AN Jett stirccctccnters tats 44
cydippe, Fabriciana (Argynnis) 25,
32785; 156
cynosbatella, Pardia ................... i Ra 2
@xtisella,,.. Paltodoral' Si 2Ati:. ore 25, 88
ChAT. DUA S TG ou cde eee oot tae ca eeseere eeenc? bil
dealbana (incarnatana), Gypsonoma
GNGOMOGE Dai) Mette ena ctetee ote ees 46, 84
decemgutella, Ethmia ............ 44, 92, 96
deceptoria, Lithacodia (Jaspidea) 69, 73
decrepitalis, Hapalia .................. Gay HOw
defoliaria, Erannis .............:. 51, 81, 82
dégeerelia, Nemotois; <i. 60.65... ccccenccesee 44
degeneraria;; Sterrha eA Al ties. ees 47
degenerata, X. montana, ab. ............ Q7
dehagnin iP" bianore'Sisps, Aisieiscecsees.s 11
demarniana, Epimotia—................0006. 3
depuncta, Amathes ................ 29, 48, 51
debrivata, Amticlea: .AYh...s. bhe...seess anes 43
GeESTOn tains Melitear ON. NT .atesccsss sere 39
designata, Xanthorrhoێ _.................. 42
GES AWOTDIAS MERU ae. Siete sceserecescescteesoers 66
CGI e Melua a) + scene teteectceness 25
dudiyimatian® :\Colostyetazice--.--sscec-tseee es 3
CHERISH COS aR en erecta ctesss ses ccserser 46
CUMGIGAMaANTMOZOMONA, coccc.sccen-soccwseuse rs 89
Ghia, “Asphallias 2.20 Ries 26), 42" "56
GihuitatasOporiniar Aw...0.8...: (A ast Wate)
CUT eHMas VE CIMMElIA Cie vacencnorcenasee snes seine 85
dimidiana, Argyroploce (atro-
PUNChana eMac Necee ee cssonenes OT
GMA atawSterL Ma, TWK.ccezctecese sees 44
dipsacea (=viriplaca), Heliothis ... 56, 152
discordella, Coleophora ..................... 95
Gistretay (PP vCaruse ae Clee. srcees =<: 29
“discreta’” characters in L. phlaeas 28
Gissohutar NOWASTIA" .csccessescsaensceeceenr es 3
Gstanss - ORV TLS Neen ee cone OO Oo
GISHMCtAta; "BaD Ua! Cio iic-. ensc wokenngaes 51
ditrapezium, Amathes: .................. 52°" "56
diversana, ChoristoMeura |... 5.5..2).00cn. 86
dodonaea (trimacula), Drymonia
Pl. I (fig. 8), 26, 56
Golabrarin, “PlAPOGIS eiswste.s-cse<--cueees 44
Gommmulas PAMARVA Wie cwecccertrcnseeses eens 30

douglasella, Depressaria .............0600
dromedarius, Notodonta ...... 46, 50,
GQuUbitalis.. SCOPAPTA” . Acicpssesstd- soe eee
dubitata, Triphosa
GUIMEeTUT.. LAST), pce. aseepe ceed a.oeehares
dumetellus, Crambus ........4....0.- 53;
edda, A. glareosa

efformata, Anaitis ................:. 29, 46,

effusaria (=albocrenata), E. corylata,
ab.

elinewaria, CROGAMIS nc cceee tana 29,
elpenor, Deillephilia, 3.5.0..eeunseeh.2ss 30,
ebyimit, - A@EMOSTOLA, & ncs.ccsct deel conaeayd 26,

emarcinata. Stervna . cquccetaeses beset ee
eremita (protea), Dryobotodes ... 46,
CHiCCHUSsCOLAMIDUS: Ficccescs.aceseeecan vere ces
ericetella (betulae), Gelechia ............
ericinella, Aristotelia
erigerella, Coleophora

PE LLOCR ALA paras schacetdeadtederetanccne tates. at isha als)

erxlebella, Roeslerstammia
escheri, Polyommatus

euphorbiae, Apatele:nns+.3.13.4....8% 27,
euphrosyne, Clossiana (Argynnis) ...9,

36,
BUD UG ME CT Ay i cyst save eens te eewmees sane Pees eee
evonymella, Hyponomeuta ...............
excessa, M. jurtina. abinc...%.:. des 54,

exclamationis, Agrotis ... 26, 32, 34,

37, 44, 48, 83,
exiSwa, shaphy lima) «-.secticedete os 34,
exoculata, N. io, ab.
expallidana, Eucosma
extimalis, Evergestis ...... 22; “40:53;

extrema, Arenostola ........c0.. 29, 48,
ORUULAMS SAV ACM awe 5. ayes pete saacwets
emis; “APAMGd «...catccebeceterenccd 29;
fabriciana, Anthophila (Simaethis)

46, 82, 83,

fagana (prasinana), Bena ... 84, 94,
fagaria, Dyscia
fagella, Diurnea

PAO ng SHALLOWS Sec tes fee sepnc erie dass cad: 2 4h,
fagiglandana, Laspeyresia ...............
falcataria, Drepana ......... 26, 44, 78,

farfarac:, (SpiDLE Manion eters ance nceesoss
fascelina, Dasychira ............ 29h 150
fasciana (pygarga), Lithacodia

(FASDIGEA) pit eeMOA ON ook Ma acats
fasciaria, PEW Opa yee cece 28,
Pasevaas <Me TUD I, (ANOS 2 eres Phe ceraen
fasciella; INemOtGish Paes.eee..--e koe 8,
faMiGolor: Tew Ganiagess creeks sedess- 38,
BOOTIE LY, sc0. 0 steas gee ee eens othe kia
Heathered Ranunculus.) cytes. -es a. seven:
ferrugana, Acleris (Peronea) ...... 43,

ferrugalis, Hapalia (Phlyctaenia)
ferrugata, Xanthorhoé

festiva (=mendica), Diarsia ... 4, 5,

festucae;, PIUWSia: > ...c.;...teteters oe 46, 52,
fibulella, Adela A).00428:4.... ees
filicivora, Teichobia (Mnesipatris) ...
19, 21,

filigrammaria, OPOFiMia ......0....c.cssesee
filipendulae, Zygaena .....0.....08
fimbrialis, "Thallera: 2:.:5:;..te0ceees= 68, 70,
fimbriata,: Lampra’ 7. E area
fischeriella, Glyphipteryx ............ 82,
flammea, Meliama. -2iAt2y.t.:<secceecrens
flammealis, Endotricha ............... 32,
flava (=crocea), M. miniata, ab. ......
flava,.E. griseola,; abi. <...Aiteeeieteets
flava, PS brassicae; aly eiirst..--ecemes
flavaso,. Gortyiia 2 an. coeneveeerecreeee
flavescens, C. icteritia;’ ab. Sivan.
flavicinctata, Entephria: \\..i.cc-sesr
flavicornis) VACHIy al tee..-2- 2 s.stere 4, 48,
flavipennella, Coleophora ................+
flaviventris, Aegeria ... 8, 12, 73, 75,
76,

flavofascrata, PerizOma’ <...:.%..atheevsssee
flexula,. Taspeyriay ik. 44,
fluctuata, Xanthorhoe ......... 5 tons
fluctwosa.,” Tethea: ois... ceetenees 38, 47,
fluxa; Arenostola™.......03i2 25, 39;
foenella,. Hipiblemmma: ....%....2%.- sseecenee
fontis (=crassalis), Bimolocha .........
forficalis, Mesographe \......)...5....4:: 46,
formosana, BMaArMlOnia titi... -s-seeeeee
forskaleana, TOrtrix ........1.1eenteee
fosterana, Lozotaeniat 7c. s...taeers
fowleri, “L. Coridony aby tiie oa,
francillana, Lozopera. .. ie teiiveseeds
fraternella, Phthorimaea ..................
fraxina, Catocala. «......: istieeencee
freija, ‘Closstamearl....::.S.4geeeer ete
fucatas TE avira oys Bibs esl eee eee eee
fugitivella, Telphusa ........teeeeenenees
fuliginaria, Parascotia ... xxxvi, 49

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ......... 42,
fulvalis;” Hapalia. .=. scsi-025- eee
fulvana, EUCOSIMG ”..:.2 Sisecte nus scutes
fulvaria (=brunneata), Itame ... 28,
fulvescens, L. coridon, aD. ...............
fulvescens, Mompha. «........:...0cdesnerecee
fulviguttella, Cataplectica ...............
fumata, -Danais’ ~.....:anmeistaie eee
funeréella. Ethmia .....esavee eee
furcata, Hy driomenay 2.0%: 28,
furcatella, Catophria (Crambus)

furcula, Harpyia (Cerura) ............ 46,
furuncula, Procus™ ...-cceessasiee-cee
furva, APAMea: 5 Alassio kiesaes Bis
fusca, Laodamia (Dioryctria) .........
fuscalis, Opsibotys (Perinephela) ......

fuscantaria, Deuteronomos ...............
fuscedinella, Coleophora ..................
fuscocuprella, Coleophora ................
fusconebulosus, Hepialus ............ Die:
fuscoviridella, Glyphipteryx ............
galathea, Melanargia ... Pl. I (fig. 6),
Ghiy mE,

a Mae BYPUET INO: s cctissudisindeesase labs osx
PONT EMOITO) csceencevcicenasastvesviededaien vs 38,
Bammea, Phisia ... 23, 26,,.37,,57, 69,
ganomella (lapella), Acedes ......... 4A
gemmiferana, Grapholita .................
geniculea, Agriphila (Crambus) ......
geniculella, Lithocolletis ..................
PEMIStIe.. COLCOPNOTA conceswwesencttes.ves tone
gentianana, Endothenia ... 32, 45, 85,
Heotirelia, OCCOPNOTA | ....c0--sseeneccoreocoas
SOrMaraldh, Se AMMEME ...fcccccvscstsecceees
gerronella, Brachmia .................. 45,
Pra nved, Ei. POLLS, SSP. ...cccscceeeereess
gigantellus, Schoenobius ...... 22. 26;
PUA Os ORETINEA oes. ccc castes ssc Pe Oe
UV UE ee PASDLCAUES! lo..2. 5. sc2ks Facts ienscaesaee
gilvata (=polygonalis), Uresiphita ...
oe,

PVAMGOSAS PAUMAUNES ois .cccveeeces + cos enn aoe
glauca (=bombycina), Hadena .........
PA MULG UA OWLURS wae ceuvs sc cvacdspsteenesecgne 45,
glaucinella, Argyresthia ..................
flaucippe, Hebemoia ............s5cc0cssenns
Slomerata, . cOridon, ab. ...........0..:
UVC, MCU DA .is.cvecivcdssastsssases 82,
PSN OMIA PEN COSLA. | 6.05 ..c.0xcsancesestdcaseaterene
goedartella, Argyresthia ..................
REO OMMAENNIST Ns» oc. 2.scchesesinsssstevsssanbeenees
gonodactyla, Platyptilia .................
gonostigma (=recens), Orgyia .........
GRPTEVOE (SOUS) OI Vee sae ie Sa ae ee
FORMGds SOTUMOSIA .2.cs.5sccccencene ane AQ) As,
PHtaeiva vO.) Ounica, ‘aby %...f.c.c cc
gracilis, Orthosia ... 5, 8, 42, 43, 77,
84,

graminis, Cerapteryx ......... 36, 40, 45,
granulatella, Coleophora ..................
GTO AM CMCSA Gtr atitsns occyisuecnccneacsaccuneuceecs
USCC eye MET TOTAL Scena, scc2ssteek caee ates 39,
grossulariata, Abraxas ............... Sule
grotiana, Epagoge (Capua) ...............
Pveneana,. CMEPMASIA: <:..<.sc.ec.cccer+sccon
PUGKERI Ee “MICKOrlil 'S:SPl ......c.e.ce.ks
Halieratae LODOBROLTa® %!........:-.-:-- 44,
ne ane ia G ew Dib e- <0 1S ne ae 8 all
PaAMeligS. (OCLAMIDUS. Leo. ct... .s.ce ec ccnsecees
hastata, Rheumaptera .................. ore
hastiana, Acleris (Peronea) ... 25, 81,
91,

hayashii, F. ultramarinus, s.sp. ......
re Cet" O OCA Mian a vidasisaceervassesisnadences oduct
NTICR Tai C OAS rss ceavcgacess wdvcascacvosserncsegere

PAGE
helenus;, “Papi Opeaeeteeteses< sau. soeencceeeees Q
helvola, ANCHOSGELIS: iets 2-22.10 47, 51
hepaticag(tineta). Poliaey ce. aense 56
heperana; Pang eniis os. x .c.v-eheseeeas 45, 46
heracliana, Depressaria ............... 28, 46
hermelina (=bifida), Harpyia ............ 4A
heroldella, Swammerdamia ... 44, 94, 96
HeESPeRiOAe Wet dinnishicssacccunccenne neers 107
heverarias Dy pisariak eae d... cokes 37
hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia ......... 51
Hippothoe; HeCOWMeES w.cnnssacasgesevensee.casesdeee 40
hirtaria, Lycia ... Xxxvi, xxxvii, 43, 56
hispidaria,ADOGHCIMA .....ccc0ccccesvesres 56
hohenwartiana (scopoliana),

BUCOSMA): Opin Roamer ancee eect 45
hortwellus: ») Cram DUSiwicie.bs.0s-0..cce ects 83
hospita;., P..plantagzinis,, abs. .2.:.csses. 25
hucherardi, Hydraecia ......... aL, (67, 70
DumMit ates STORER. 2. cc.ccs chet ewemeoos 34
DAINLER AG. VAMESS Aigo ee tes. Seen ee dan ears 37
hutchinsoni, P. c.-album, ab. 34, 87
Hryalimalis:. MicGTOStEE A) » .:.in.<csetesesvees 90
hy bridella, THaAlOMUAG \o.00s.00.ssvepecieeeous 3
FAV LOD IMMIGA Cs ac sncswadeaseneatacaetacetenad 157
hyperanthus, Aphantopus 28, 39,

44, 49, 54, 85, 87, 89, 107
NY DELON eATEVMMIS: <u..c.-snes sense ssees 2
hypericana (=strigana),

Lathronympha. _............... 45, 46, 90
hypericella, Depressaria.......:........-. 46
LC AVIS GAUSS ADs sacscakeaceias ve 49
icarus, Polyommatus ... 29, 32, 49, 52,

55, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89, 98, 105
LOUCT Miia e GUE 52. .c2cenncacsssnce ace 46, 96
1Gas UVCACIMES\ cee sedis esc cadh. es icawone 36
LOUMMe, LEV GIVAS. < hs ccwsacetencet <a cenmaxoe 36
LAMAN ewe COMUILAY bac... 0. tenacese ose seccayen 47
imimacuiata, sHemist@lde:-...0....0-s++¢+<cne 3
Ini probulla. Clossiamay cis... oekec cece 36
LMU teas PVC UGA cpyaeeert scacsaoccn- sant if mia
incarnatana (=dealbana),

Gypsonoma (Notocelia) ............... 46
Iceni Orihosiaras.. 5 sears 42, 43, 48
INCA LAM a wi CMe pi aides teow... sccscecse sees 44
OCA A VaANlESSay ean wie Senne cae 2
IME Sian PA ATCA. ree enc, hee 4h
Ae COPTMOMNE aL ct eee 55
INGUMATIA, wy WUSATIA. ADs shrcs.1e ace 37
inornata (=straminata), Sterrha

45, 86
insertana (corticana), Zeiraphera

WENUGOSTIa)) 22.3400 eA tee, 46, 87
insigniata, Bupitheciay.-.0.45.01%2..8! 44
insularia, B. betularia, ab. ......... 44, 56
internjectas .Cnephasia, .2i ee. 31
interjecta, Euschesis (Triphaena) ...

32, 46
interjectana (virguareana),

Ghephasiar 4... hw ese eee 4h

PAGE
intermedia, A. punctulata, ab. ......... 37
intermMana <Grapholita seh eee 78
interogationis, Plusia ............ 29; 37, SL
io, Nymphalis ... 30, 50, 65, 75, 76, 78,
83, 89
LDDISS > ACALISS AUS Bee eh Sea 49
TPSiLON, KASTOUS? Wet Sree ces 5
APTS) CAD Ata sess: 16334, - 54. (520 sass ae
inrecularis; sAMOp lat eel t.ssesese ee 51
inigwata: BUpipyecial 7. eer eee Q7
irrorella, Hyponomeuta ............... 47, 53
jacobaeae, Callimorpha ... 82, 83, 87,
89, 92
Jasius? \Charamesey ee. ween eee ee en
jubata, Alcis (Cleora)aienent ee a
yuncicolelta® Coleophora” 72 ec.......-- 81
jungiella (perlepidana), Grapholita
31, “$3
POMC Al A, ee GPa ree st catcc ees cree 92
jUMIpPereila “Dichomenris~ 2)... c...2:0-00. 47
jurtina, Maniola ... 28, 35, 39, 47, 49,
87, 88, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,
107, 108
MUU UO GTICTS Peay te ree nent Soe tec ae 36
GTI SLY Mind OISV Es weeet, ace eccaem ava a eree rcwnr eee 64
klemensiewiczi, V. atalanta, ab. ...... 37
La DGay ERA PSO Crane sabe nities .c casas ces 7, oe
lacertinaria, Drepana 37, 78, 95, 96
PAGCGARL ar mehOGIS etna thc. 7. cdiae oceete once: 87
lactella (=sarcitrella), Endrosis ...... 46
lacunana, Olethreutes (Argyroploce)
32, 47, 83, 89
STEAMING VOLES ete ons ockgcnkaacaseecees sane 44
l-album, Leucania ... 27, 29, 58, 69,
LC ae is Uy (53
Tamcgealis; MPCVINGDICLA) inca: sscnegcsesokace 45
lanceolata, A. hyperantus, ab. ...28, 54
lapella (=ganomella), Acedes ......... 46
lapidata, Coenocalpe ............ 92) A200
lapidea (=leautieri), Lithophane 10, 67
lapponaria; POCCHODSIS vic: scccccndncreneess 42
Large Yellow UNdGerwiné ......<..0....c00» 64
lathonia Issoria (Argynmnis) ............ 156
latitasciatas, » ATSYTOLOZA) hes ciescetas<onon 46
latifasciata, O. dilutata, ab. ............ 51
TA URUTC Wa ECO CUE Va. seb atnnics sade sans 28, 44
leautieri (lapidea), Lithophane ... 10,
13; 29. 30;..51,. ba, 66,. 67, , 70
lecheana, Ptycholoma (Cacoecia) 31, 84
teeatelilia, CHESS a apse dbe tre sa szsrerted: 79
lemmatia, “CalaGhy stat... ....c.--dersspsnaesssts 45
lepida, Hadena (Dianthoecia) 55, 56
leplastriana, S@VAMgan pi iivestsneh.: niet. 53
leporina, Apatele ...... Q7,, 37, 44, 45, .52
leucapennis (murinipenella) Coleo-
DHOMA)... Adi iiela, Sie iecke ss. sccseses 44
leucographa,’ Gypsibe@a: wiiisc wea sin. 5
leucophaearia, Eranmnis —...............00 81

180

PAGE
leucostigma, Celaena™ ...i5.:.5.....000 30) Vis
leuwenhoekella, Pancalia .................. 86
ibatrix,, Scoliopteryxis....- cee 46
lichenea,. Bumichtis! 2ath...20 29, 51, 64
henata; Orthonamvat sek... 25
ligsnea, Hrebia'’!.....; 0.03 ee eee 36
i wlar COnMIStr a iether dc....scccsn eee 46
ligustri, (Craniophora: .cititsensoeee 26
IWS uUStrL, Sphinmiwsy ..cecceeces 30, 44, 90
limbaria, X. montanata, aD. ............ 44
limbirena,. ‘PIUSia 20:2 ee 38
limbojuncta, L. coridon, ab. ............ 55
“limbojuncta”’ characters in P.

TC AUS Yee. eee eee eee ee ees 55
linearia,:: Cosymbiawv. ee .sseseee cee 82, 90
Timeatas Lda@earey Pin acces ee ee nae eee Q7
linéola: Coleophora, = iiiret-cst essen 77
lineola, Thymelicus V7. 2:30; 39) “to
lineolatis, A. exclamationis, ab. ...... 37
iterosa,? PLOCUsS*Tht.,..c. seep ee neehee ene 34
Hitura, * ANiCHOSCCMSM NTS. t--aeaccseaereees 46
liturata; SeCmiOthisa +.\...i25.-ssserseteee ote 43
livormica,; Celerto’ .4u..c.cceee dhe at teen 32
lixelia,, Coleopmoray hin. .cestessdeescsaaenes 89
loeflingiana, Aleimma (Tortrix) 45. 87
lonsicornis, “Gele@CHig™ ..:.-cacccncaneteneetee Q7
lonicera; ‘Ay SACWA 4i..cc..sstseseeesapaeee 19, 48
Tota,’ AGrOCHOla clic oteonserc cee 46, 47
lotella, »AnNGrastia’ --.....-c-senssaneeenwe oa, 0
loti (achillaea), Zygaena ............ 52) io
lubricipeda, Spilosoma ......... Qh al, oe
lucens, Hydraecial.202)....neccuee eee 13
licin'a, “EFAMCGaATIS’ s.s.cccscee eee 24, 82
HactWata, HUM ytd nesses 672° 10; Woe Oe
lunaedactyla, Marasmarcha ............ 82
Lunar Double Siripe +... .s.-e7. nee 70, 136
lunaria; Selenia. 226...+.002t-sadeceete 28, 44
TUNaTIS, JBatia es: a..c. scnceteeeaerneaeaee 44, 85
lunaris, Minucia ... Pl. IV (figs. 4-7),

70, 135
lunosa, Omphaloscelis .-..cereaee 46
lunula, Calophasia Pl. (TV, (hes,
1-3), 53, 65, 68, 70, 134
lunula (nigra), Aporophyla ......... 9, 30
lupinus, Epinephele) \-2...15,.cceusseen 39
lurideola. Hulemia: os. -cs-ncey-ae cea 45
lutarea, Swammerdamia. ................ Ah
Wied, Curia, \.....-+c.-mceess vesehaaghte ees 46
LUC, SPLLOSOMMA a a. cematoapa cee 42, 83
lutealis, Udea (Hapailia). .7.4.-smees 45
luteolata, Opisthograptis ............ 383.19
Imtescens, Z. trifolil, aly cctssencs 33, A7
lutipennella, Coleophora ............ 81, 87
lutosay RDIZCOP a) a acctts--upecscers cet 39, 914
lutulenta, Aporophyla ............... 40, 46
EY CaCTIGGOy Wu anteaaiw-copeseee ako. othe ce eee 156
lycaon,. Epinephele, .::..:.... anes 39
EM AN CPG AS chavs seontacce: eee ad 40

PAGE
BECO US ek, SOIT. SSI) (oc. 2a denceacs toecens 40
lychnidis, Agrochola ......... Te, Odin Mey AO
Aen tS. CALCU A ec. svecuccacrsee see -csaeeeeee 17
LL AEs 2s a a a re eee ee 4
IRAE y Ta, LeUCAIIA ©. z¢..cce.s.ansedso 45
MC OMOTT, AIL: 22. x, ctv es evidte «+ uae 16, 49
MIACUUCNta, ASTOCDOIA. .....ccccivees..csenepse 47
maculana (ophthalmicana),

Hipinoiia) (BUWICOSINA))..<c.casc-vasennseac 47
macularia, Pseudopanthera ...... Oa5) Oe
maculosana, Phtheocroa .................. 44
“TEEN RG Vela] 2801221) a en ee 82, 83
PAVE LESH MEV NOUS Scots haa wicGeiccaes eetanase 26
Marearivtata, CAMPACA ......sccceccesosece 75
WAPOA AIA, BANOS vivscevsncass cos 81, 82
Margeinata, LOMASPLUUS, 2...0..6..0cc0csone0e 87
mareinata, Gi. COTIGON, AD. ...:.s.cccces-s- 49
Date ined. LISCHETIA «oo s..ccesccessssecas 44, 87
“margotransformis”’ characters in M.

Die laehe ty Ae ae re ee 54
marionella, Nepticula ............ DS. aS)
MATIMIMA, “BUCCUIAUTLE « ...0.5..000660.00s Pew
maritima, Chilodes ............... 38:)..51,. 624
MMUEUEUINI,.. FUGOSIING . oi..00000c%00- sevens 22. bo
maritima, Heliothis ... Pl. III (figs.

7-9), 32, 132
RUPesISS AISNE LON eB oss cshansecateeesnaeetee ee 67
matura, Thalpophila ............ O85 4s ox
dG PNG 8h 014000 rr 17,, 45
TAOS. AT TIS: ADs occsscnssaracuascowse 34
IMEPACCONALA. AMALCIC 5:..scscceccsscedeaessos 44
megera, Pararge ...... 33, 49, 82, 107, 108
iiitWeh 2 10V0) €2 ay S18 eH Ge ac OR ued
MeimoOuokd,. ©s ICATUS, 20)... .0c-ce ee 55
MOCLOMES Nh. GAllOTTA. ¢..cucasurevscvs-vevedeonse 24
MGA OVD CNID vcc.c saeets~< asd dandcvedaan de 37
mendica (festiva), Diarsia ......... 36, 42
menyanthidis, Apatele ............... Diam oe
meridionalis, M. didyma, ab. ......... 25
mespilella, Lithocolletis ................... 96
messaniella, Lithocolletis ................. 87
messingiella, Eidophasia ............... Sait
meticulosa, Phlogophora ............ 69, 81
ene ET CIUGIIMIGIAN sos ssc cscosuctavde os odes 82, 83
micacea, Gortyna (Hydraecia) ......... 38
millefoliata, Eupithecia ... 20, 69, 70, 73
milvipennis, Coleophora .................. 158
miniata, Miltochrista ............ 44, 50, 88
POIMUUIAUES,: BECUDIGO: fo. boinc sedccescdeseevan dee 86
PAMEGSAL OE LUOSIAS 2b.5...2. <0. scasecseveenes 5, 79
ministrana, Eulia ............ 31, 44, 82, 83
TUN OM PML SHUT, AD.) .c.<:sssascesns 99, 105
mitterbacheriana, Ancylis ......... 90, 96
MOleSta.,, GLAPWOMLA, ......:.s0c0sescoeedeceevess 53
TLOMETA, OLY GUTUSLA? «<4 soos caxeswasaddsa Ose ic
monodactylus, Emmelina

NETISUOMEOIUIS MR toe, cle oo ae, 47
monoglypha, Apamea ............ 36, 44, 46

PAGE
montanata, Xanthorhoé ... 26, 27, 37,
44, 82, 83, 86
mooreanus, P. helenus, Ss.sp. ............ Q
morpheus, Caradrina ..:.:........0<<0s 44, 157
INOLISU. | ATCTOSUOLAL. 2 cesseptor ozehe cena 48
mouffetella, Epithectis ..................... 46
mucronata, Ortholitha ............... 2855 ie
TMs Se OLRGMOSEA ..ssa.ces.aae ease eoaeea tees 43
munitata, Xanthorhoé .................. 29, 36
LEVIS OV UN deers ccs ceee ta ses cages cenaee es 50
AUT hea VII Oe sc ceette Sareces oceaces 29, 86
murinipenella (=leucapennis),

COLGODN OTA piace. co iest pe cnaane eee 44
muscactormis, AeCPEria \....s.0l...asessz vie 47
IMUSCELOAy TECLOSIAG .cdctesscarieeseiheee terse 42
musculana, Syndemis ............ 31, 44, 83
HAISCULOSAR "OLA ee eect coe ence rere ri
mygindana, Olethreutes

(ATE YTODIOCE)M co tata: ca eaeee Q7
myricae, A. euphorbiae, ab. ............ Q7
myrtillata (=obfuscata), Gnophos ... 29
IY TOU AMAT ...Percsceesat 64, 78, 88, 94
Naevanar VA CTOCISUAl<...:ctassesye cts cnedorest 81
Wan aad ae te cvtsrewes: seo eus Qs 283, 732, 38
MANA, LUPO Cids -.:,.csc tects sence ec 78
napi, Pieris: +. 22, 24° 32°48. 82." 83) "89
TASES OlUAS I. eton cs cc aetera, tere 25, 36
nebulata, Euchoeca. ............... 25, 79, 83
nebulosa, Polia ............ Hee 260, oan ee
nemorellus, Ypsolophus

(Gerostonia) rset k 2 cee 45, 82
nemorivagza, Epinotia ).2..1.5.......2025.-. ait
nemorum (ardeaepennella),

GOlCOPNOTA, .occcctre cesses 81, 82, 158
neophanes, Apomyelois (Euzophera) 28
MCorides, IBTCDIA: -..0. Asceceese oes stesso 25
meuisca.. Nonarria Feil. 28 Bb do
neustria, Malacosoma .................. 13, 44
nevadensis, BP. apollo, “sispy <...2720. 39
MIcCkerli, Biuperinate sentence 73
wMichtans, -Hydraeeia’) 3)... Bee ae 73
nigra. As. ULtiCde, Wabs eee. eee 34
nigra (=lunula), Aporophyla ...... 97/330
nipra, AC xanthosrapha. oft 37
pipra,.G., bidentata, abyss. nit. . eee 25
migrate,” Pyrausta swe... 4 eee 89
Nigrescens. RR. hastataaby 2:.4.. eke 37
MiPTiCANs) (HUG. 22.) Sees eee Saran
nigricans, M. galathea, ab. ............ 54
nigricans + nubila, L. coridon, ab. 48
misTiGans, » P_ PamMmea Ws. alse: 37
nigricata, A. (C.) repandata, ab. ...... 51
nigrocostana, Endothenia. ............ 45, 83
nigrofulvata, S. liturata, ab. ............ 43
nigromaculana (=campoliana),

ABUEBOSUUAS Pathan carttece ete ek eee ee 45, 87
niobe, Fabriciana (Argynnis) ......... 156
nisella, Epinotia (Eucosma) ......... 25, 46
PENS! POA chee een padre 39, 44

PAGE
miidclay Ark yresthia ee. 89
MIVEUSH eA CENLTODUS &e...20.0000.1.062ch ee 46
nociuellay ANOMmOpMILA” .8:.: 5. ee 47
INOCHHIAAGE Te or. AE ee eee eas 157
nodicolelia, Momphae'.-.2)..4..0h ee 88
HOM OCNECIS eur ares. tee 36
Movanella, “Melisa +. see eee ee 94
NOTCH Gr Emer al tts ere een eee eee 68
nubeculosa, Brachionycha ......... 42, 48
Hubicola. Vesindical's sp) eensct ee Q
nubiferana (tripunctana) Hedya ...... 44
nubigera ny HeMothes’ osc 1
nubilalis, Ostrinia (Anania) ... xxxvi, 77
nubilana, Neosphaleroptera ............ 31
Dupta. CavOCalar ye sk—.. ae ee 20, 46
Nymphalidae "Site e eee we eae 156
OAKMEVOOKAIID) (cases anke.ceee ee eee 65
oblitella, Heterographis ............ XXXVi
oblonga (abjecta), Apamea ......... Bit 158}
obscura (=remissa), Apamea Dy ee)
obscuray Po macnaon: sabe o-es..0..0k. ee 49
obscurata, BE. alternata, ab. ...:.... 3”
obscurata, EB. defoliaria, ab. .:.......... 51
ODSCUTE mW alNSCOUs %:.s6cktsc acc sddeataied ice 64
obfuscata (myrtillata), Gnophos ...... Q9
“obsoleta’’ characters in M. cinxia 30
obsoleta; Lewcania 2.2... ssc. 29, 51, 64
obsoleta; f.* bellarcus; abi -.ic.0is104 55
obsoleta, TH. ~phlaeas, all. .ccccsseecccoee. 33
obstipata, Nycterosia ............... 4.23. (46
OCCUlata, TROUT OIS recreate. ee 29, 51
ocellanay Spilonota ..2.....tsccsentae. 45
ocellaris, Cirrhia (Mellinia) ...... 39, 70
ocellatay Inyncometra: -25.t..08...2etee 37
ocellata, Smerinthus ......... 16417307 491
ochraceella, Myrmecozela .................. 47
ochrata, Sterrba 2th...) Disp Area 153}
ochroleuca, Eremobia ............ 26, 39, 53
ochroleucana, (Hey dans 2ee ee... 2 45
OCularis; Tetheay was. eee A a 44
Gculea; Hydraecia.7.:...s2eel 45, 73
oehlmanniella, Lampronia ............... 44
oleracea, Didtaramiia, 2e siete oh. oe 52
olivacella, Coleophora .........2..s....:.:. 82
olivaliss Udear (apalis)it i... 2ee eee. 4A
ononaria, Aplasta ............ iia rile Ba}
onosmella, (Coleophoral yi. eee. 89
ophiogramma, Apamea ............... 14, 47
Epinotia (Eucosma) .................c00. 47
opima (=advena), Orthosia ............ 38
oporana (podana), Archips (Cacoecia)
Ole ai. Se
optilete, "ty caena ee. eee eee: 36
OLAN Ge Me. cece eee ee ener ns 79
Ornata, SCOPMlay te. e eee tenes eee 82
otregiata, Lampopteryx ............ 29, 48
oxyacanthae, Allophyes ............ 32, 46

PAGE
pabulatricula, Apamea ..................... 65
pactolana (=cognatana), Laspeyresia 27
padella, Hyponomeuta ..............c..00.. 45
palaemon, Carterocephalus ............... 33
Pale “Lemon Sallow =... 2... eee 70
Paleacea, bnareia scot ee 29, 51
Daleania, “Amelia-y, 2.) co aes eee 31, 45
palacno, Colias’ 5 ee 36
Palarica;, Brebia 3. ee 39
pales: (Boloria, oe. ee 36
Dallens,, Weucaitia. 1... teen eee 73
palliatella, Coleophora ..................... 85
pallida, P: nmebulosaiy. cre ee 1, 50
pallidactyla; Platyptilita” 10 44
pallidata (straminalis), Evergestis ... 25
Dallidula, WM: tithonus, ab...) ee 54
Dallorella, Depressaria <:.0.00. ee 53
Palpina,: Pterostoma ~.0 eee 45
paludata (=sororiata), Carsia ... 29, 37
paludella, Calamotropha (Crambus)
538, (91
Daludis; seydraecia ... ee 36, “73
Palustris; syria’... eee 29
Pamphilus, Coenonympha ... 25, 28,
33, 46, 49, 82, 83, 87, 88, 105
DaAnOrose, ABECDIaly oa.cscsce eee 36
panzeriella (schwarziella), Nemo-
DOTA, tr cgissattecsts: sth. nee 44
paphia, Are ynnis)) 33, 50, 54, 87
papilionaria, Geometra (Hipparchus)
45, 87
Darasitelia,y cinea’ ie5.. eee 44, 81
parenthesellus (costella), Ypsolophus
(CEROSTOMI A ee eee eee ee 45, 47, 90
Pariana,, Anthophila, ..-..... eee 40
paripennella, Coleophora. .................. 158
parmatana, E. solandriana, f. ......... 46
“partimtransformis” characters ‘in
PAR EUS” shinee. seente cee yn eee 55
“partimtransformis’ characters in
Poy IC AEUS, 2. s.cdtas ss poste ee 55
parvidactyla, Oxyptilus’ 4... 85
Dascuellus (Cramibusyeren seat eee 82
pastinum, Lygephila ......... 44, 85, 89, 94
PaVOnta,, Savurmige:.........0 +s 78, 86
paykulliana (ramella), Epinotia ...... 46
PRAGOCIGS) Bethe lease ontensiace ose tee ee 65
pectinataria, Colostygia ............ 34, 83
pedaria (=pilosaria), Phigalia ... 75,
81, 83
peltigera, “Heliothis! -)4-5..-20- ee 1
pendularia (=albipunctata),
COSVIMD IG tetste-.-.tdeseue acer 10, 94
penkleriana (=tenerana), Epinotia
(HuGosmia)’ 47
pennaria, \COlOTOIS! A... cee 26, 81, 82
peribenanderi (therinella),
COLEOpNONa, teen 95, 158

pentadactyla, Pterophorus (Alucita)
ECM ARMSCOLAOUILA sasicencs cneseesines ssn 34,
peMellus. CramDus’ .......:.<..---;. 44, 86,
perlepidana (=jungiella) Grapholita
perlucidalis, Pyrausta ......... Spe ael(A
petiverella, Dichrorampha ...............
BLCMMEPEIA, ATIUISDILA oll sess cacinacexccsaee
phaedrospora, Mnesipatris ...............

phlaeas, Lycaena ... 28, Pl. I (figs. 7
amd 9); 33, 50, 53) 55, 57) °58., 81), ‘82,

83, 89,
phoeniceata, Eupithecia ...... 48, 66,
phragmitidis, Arenostola ...... Qo, aoe
Pee epee) RR TE tog. ste anecascteoscs
PPA GCLOSTORA prnwadesces tec seetevs ded edes cob eede
pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia ... 75, 81,
pimpinellae, Depressaria ..................
pimpinellata, Eupithecia _...............
Pindiriaa es BULPAUISe eR 2. Snenneee...
DiNASHel, MEVVIOUGUS, AOL ie sccdicetee ke 9,
Pineilas eC atoplmia yest csansieteodees
PIMs. HPO DRET As ....ccncseres ces teoese
PAUP EGU LULCCLA. can cvcessess sesasgemcasenuericens
IIa ESUPVANIIS) j.cc.ccsccses cessareaeneeteane
PRES M MOG AUG A cocaine gnc nascnceadssoapanranaee Balle
plaga, A. exclamationis, ab. ...... 34,
TORIC An 44, 46,
Blan aewMNIs: PATASOMTA. ccc. scryscnescoas
BLEGta- nO CHEODICUMA. . ssacdewqsates satgalosanen de
PLEO DUS: DAMA Sich acsscaveasseeyuevtenes 12;
plumbagana, Dichrorampha ...... 31,
plumbana, Dichrorampha ............ 31,
plumbaria (umbrifera), Ortholitha ...
Q7,
PES UTSHAE Meee LAS IRIN Sc TORR eae eee
plumaria (=brunneata), Selidosema
TEACH EVEo9 Ih SE SRR nn ER OA 5
podana (=oporana), Archips
(GAGOecia ia Te) Aes A. ee
podareina: S: actéa: ssp. nuke AGS
polaxis: AY urticae; “abs 32... Ree eS
politella, Coleophora ............ 719, 82,
polonus:;'-L. “bellareus;) abs #)..2..420
polygonalis (gilvata), Uresiphita ......
aoe
BOLVOOOM ACHINIOUA ..cc..rccec-ecauteeeeeseess
pomonella, Laspeyresia ............... on,
PODUIARIS SU MOLOV Ae. cc iccccccsaxsveuetecass aan

populella, Anacampsis (Cerostoma) ...
populeti, Orthosia
populetorum, Gracillaria
populi, Laothoé
porrectella, Plutella
“postalba’”’ characters in A. agestis
“postcaeca’”’ characters in

A. hyperantus

PAGE

12
56
87
83
48
31
89
21

70
ot

83

39
55
158
25

183

PAGE
“postdexcaeca’’ characters in
Absa} oyeN BEAL 24 DEST FY A RRA A a del 28
“postradiata’”’ characters in
1S aXe [ha 522) 0 PRR a I ee A 48
“postsinisunicolor’ characters in
CP pspaMip OWS. occas ncn deneaesecae- these 28
poOvlOriay Se NUT OtiaS ....c.ceteeeenee 77
praeangustata, Batrachedra ...... 45, 80
prasina, Amaplectoides ..............-<..<+. 52
prasinana (=fagana), Bena ... 84, 95, 157
prasinana (bicolorana), Pseudoips ...
44, 80, 82, 157
DEATCMUS ACEAMADUS ye oi csce0s cass ececonaeas 83, 85
DFOHOSCIOATISS EVENS... es tocsexcce cere 46
procellata, Melanthis .................. 29, 83
profundana, Eudemis (Argyroploce) 46
DVOUMSS As MOAGOCALA. oo cescwacscvaneecgumeasocnen bit
pronuba, Noctua (Triphaena) ... 38,
52, 64
pronubana, Cacoecimorpha ... 14, 31, 77
protea (eremita), Dryobotodes ... 46, 79
proximella, Telphusa .................. 44, 94
pruinana, Apotomis (Argyroploce) ...
32, 44, 45
PLUMAS. Rapala: soho 1 erecta 45
| prunaria, ANgeronia .........ssiecee 56
PMUNAtA:. Tye... STAR cc eee 32
prumi, Strymonidiawsx6..e....0te 39, 61
DSi; AMA TCIEW ee oon. 2. PRC Q7
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia ............00.... 89
pudibundar’ Dasychiray .fh..sce.- see 44
DuGoOrina. WeuGAMTA ©. .....<:5-<ccce--cezesse2s 29
pulchella, Utethesia ............ Dee Lore ree
pulcherimella, Depressaria .............. 79
Pulverarials ANALORMA™ cce-ceortec costes teens 44
WuNnctaria, COSVMDIA vce. t.c..e ee eee 46
punctinalis, Pseudoboarmia ......... Daye, th
punctulata, Aethalura ............ of, 81, . 8c
puppillaria, Cosymbia ...... 3, 50, 68, ‘70
APUG PION Olin taser case cgenesee nese eeton 52
Pune HatrStred, -csscssasecesunceeeetoeaseosn 7
purpuralis, Pyrausta (Rhodaria) ...
46, 89, 90
UP ANIS: ZY eM al coc s.2. es cence eeen eee 52
PurvUraAna., CO. SUPVAME, Se. csce.c-seces 45, 46
DUTpurea; DEPTESSAVIA). occ. ccescsecaseuere 44
pusaria, Deilinia (Cabera) ... 37, 81,
83, 87
pustmata, COMIPAGNA. ....--.cs.-60suseees 44
Pla NO TOUS reece cance naneeees 17, 44, 46
putrescens, Leucania ................-: DA wee.
pygmina, Arenostola ........... .......0 38, 46
TOV, MLV TLS wtcnvachaaatetenacde-eaemeres 44
Wyre COSI, ..ocscesscenne--ncesses eke 39, 46
pyramidea, Amphipyra ......... 46, 81, “22
pyrenaeella, Caloptilia ............... 19, 53
ByNeMaAlCA. PLCDSPUS c.c.e0ccaccasecdvese cose 40

PAGE
pyrgarga (=fasciana), Lithacodia

(ELIS Sy 0 1 162)) Wid Os is me a 9 oe eet a 84
DYyaMial, PLC WAC) dee cakes cas cs vance sn ven incense 46
(PVaTDU aad Soc odee ve soos ceeeeaweracecenontnoacscaeaerad 133
CUBES) AAT OSTA oocc. sccvewcececcacacsacs 15, ‘50
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoé ............... 45
quadriocellata, P. aegeria, ab. ......... 49
quadripunctaria, Euplagia ............... QT
MUerCAN A.) CALCIN A Geiecmte.sscascsecsaee 47
quercifolia, Gastropacha ............ 44, 94
Quercus: WaStOCaAmMMA: wc, ccrs. sve cost <aces 42, 88
quercus, Quercusia (Thecla) ... 7, 52,

82, 87, 156
TEN CUISTA! pa erceuce tech sia Shak senes soot ats oe es 7
Tadlata, Ai. agestis, a. 5; ccc-ssccae 48, 54
TACAtA, Gu DOLACAS AD. vi cscscccercccz.sesss 53
ramella (=paykulliana), Epinotia ... 46
TADAR;, PLCLIS,” <.scectcsceres te PR ae oa}
TaAviday *SPaAGlOUS! scc-ccee eee DT or ae
recens (gonostigma), Orgyia ............ 29
rectifasciana (=trifasciana), Isotrias 45
rectilinea “Hy pDa! vo.s.ssedcsts. D1; 28; "29
remissa (obscura), Apamea ......... De ras
repandata, Alcis (Cleora) ... 25, 29, 33,
BL, Si
Fepandaria,.. EEPIOME. ...0rtesciges denceae see tues 46
CST VE ALTOWinssansianacsteente tectaad vs wate ent ene 70
HETICWULATAy y EUSECOMIA,. 4.Bs0 tae idesadeectete 25
reticulata (=calcatrippe),

ELELTOP MODUS i. siecccecsseseeccsceteeeiors tees 157
revayana, Nycteola (Sarrothrippus) 46
rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 39, 46, 49, 60,

76, 78, 82, 83, 89, 92
rhombana (contaminana), Acleris

((PPBTOTI CE te fae eecaceco ee ce hehe: Seth noah 47
rhomboidaria, Cleora (Alcis) ... 45, 47, 56
ridens, Polyploca ............ ovo, Ato. 50
Vaal MDLEP MOC uw. cs.cotuceeneeeceth eects Q9
Ervillania,. OlOGMT CULES) 2ietcceceeveecesscaccs 89
roborana (=aquana), Notocelia ...... 45
POWOLISS Lid COSOMLA) vc. ceccxcasestcecvederssases 39
robsoni, P. nebulosa, ab. ............... (ce May
TOS Aaa OM ROCGIea he eet io eeneeee tac 45
MOSGAM As PMA LOTUA) ccorcececccteaateersscercss se 31
BOSUAUISS = UWPIGTAn ots eee nie tea cane Q4
TUN MLE SLAM eee yes crcckesceotesee ie 37, 46, 48
MUD, IWeACTOULYLACIO: eco se. seertaes 42, 50, 61
PUDCOSa) 5 CORASUIS: .n:-sssanscrseconeertee Lo EG
Tubiginata (bicolorata), Plemyria ... 44
rubiginea, Dasycampa ............ 5, 38; 51
ruficornis, Chaonia (Drymonia) ... 44, 48
TufoOcinerca, “EVACHiStal | wives. cscsc.c0-s0- 4h
TOMICIS 1 APaAtGle es... sett netectee 265 37, 95
TUPiCApraArla.. PMCLCA. a. ccceseceresetenaece 82
turalis, Haritala (Notarcha) 45, 46
TUSTLCEMA), IMONOPIS “co. asastsecsysesscaceseos 44, 81
sacraria, Rhodometra. ............... 7p YS
sagittata, Perizoma (Coenotephria) ...

42, A8

184

PAGE
Sarittivenra, \PACHEUAR c.s.:secesacsereseeneees Q7
salicalis, Colobochyla ............ 29, 53, 84
Salicella. Ted Van ciccctesce-sps-svecreee 32, 45
salmacis, A. agestis, ab. ............ 35, 54
Salopiella, JATIOCFANIA \oce.cssusccee seas A3
sangiella, StomopteryX ...........:......00- AT
sanguinaria, R. sacraria, ab. ...... 7, 33
SaANMNIOw DVATSIAw 63 .c5:. to, Baer ac seoeeaenmee 50. ae
sarcitrella (lactella), Endrosis ... 44, 46
Satytata, BWUpitheciaies ..cws.caies eens 28
saxicola, Homoeosoma. ............csce00+- 91
saxiinagac, Zelleriano’.... «ds ./cnscveanees AT
scabiosata (=subumbrata),

EWUpithecia, .)is.5.kts sce eencenwithonen race 52
scabra,, Plathypbdaena: \..):Ansseeyee cee 24
scabrellus, Ypsolophus ......... 46, 86, 89
schalleriana, Argyrotoza, «.......::..ss1e0 90
Scarce Green Silver-lines .................. 157
Scarce Bordered Straw ..............s0.0008 150
schmidtil, L. phiaeas, abo nian. aeeaee 50
schultziana, Olethreutes

(Areyroploce) — ..:é3acieae ee 28
schwarziella (=panzeriella),

NeMmODNOTAy —” fssc- cuss eagenie tapes roahiaeee 4h
scltella. Leueoptera! i iv.cccaceeaeeee 90
scolopaciana, Apamea ...............06. 30, 50
scopoliana (=hohenwartiana),

PUCOSIN ni vanes scape ua estan eee 45
scotica, "Cy "tulliial’ SiSpr fo. y.cveccauteneee Be
Scotica, Mo charlotta, i (chee 33
scotica, O. mucronata, s.sp. ... 28, 32, 33
Sscutosa, Heltovnis’ (iis... iene 51
séecalis, Apamiea. (12is Satine. seeeeceenen 45
segetum, APTOTIS 1.421). Ae ee 32. 46
selasellus, Agriphila (Crambus) ... 27, 53
selene, Clossiana (Argynnis) ...... 28,

Pl. I (figs. 4 and 5), 40, 84
semele, Eumenis (Satyrus) ... 52, 53,
91, 107
semialba;, A. urticae, abs Annee 34
semibrunnea, Lithophame ................. 46
semirubella, Nephopteryx

(Biiryiciitia,)) | Sa Sie ey iheceenn ozo otercee 27, 89
seminigra, A. urticac, ab: «i. .:.8ccsewse 34
semisyngrapha, L. coridon, ab. ... 39, 104
semitestacella, Argyresthia ............... 90
SCHESGENS,, (ScyUHT1S | .csssccscaseeeeeeaeeeee 86
sequana, Dichrorampha ..................... 31
septentrionalis, H. maritima, s.sp. ...

132, Pl. III (figs. 7-9), 133
sequellus: Ypsolopnus ..\.2...0<c..ecssenee 82
Seriata, StCrrinay Mice vusaacspeaencee 46
SCQrIGeBS oIVILLAn 22. ;svevn. sete cana 44, 83
Sericiella,,, Heliozelay < ksih...;c+casnthentee 43
servillana, LASPCYTeSia ..............c.ceee 78
sexstrigata, Amathes <i ....-.c.,-...aenee 46
shetlandica, X, montana, ab. ............ 37
Shoulder Striped Clover .........3....:08 132

PAGE
Siig IGa ME PALS, SSD. Ashe. decteaddedecs 36
SP eite AVY CLESLIDIONY So 2d Runacee acane ss oteeecdoe 7
Ue RN ATISCOT in. cc nceulet oh seebetsendecerteccene 64
Co LSP EL Oa eae nee et eer some Sa 69
similana (=stroemiana), Epinotia ... 46
Smmumelian, BOTKHaUSeNia) sicc.)..5csteesacces 27
SUNS, EUIPLOCTIS. cccccecess 46, 55, 79, 81
simpliciana, Dichrorampha
ENE UMUMNT OTE)! 55 =. voces suet deo ccas 88, 92
SUMMERTIME Y ACTA: ay ic.cccacherbitdec.steaped 32
SINADIS. MUSPLLGESA, .o..02..ceusncens 30, 60, 86
Sra NY AVANT, S;SDe pspdeasoues «osteo 2
“sinisnubila”’ characters in
OCU ATUIS) a ols osc sedagcatamseth + eats 28
smeathmanniana, Phalonia ............... 45
sobrinata, Eupithecia .................. DA Sail
sobrina, Euschesis (Triphaena) ... 33, 48
SOGHA Ay © CVA SOMONT A | cacy ox neicilecnn cas svenaes 87
SOCLEM eA TOMA. “ass aac taxcscaeiosstncpscccees 4h
solandriana, Epinotia (Eucosma) ...
45, 46
solitariella, Coleophora ...................68 83
SOMMONS ARAMINCA: a. vaasgsascctesscesecuacvaces 56
sordidana, Epinotia (Eucosma) ...... 79
SOO ete BOUND: Sc saya coapassseccagteagere wees 82
sororculana, Apotomis
CAEP VTODLOCE) | ccccaccancasansccucetrareseans 7
sororiata (paludata), Carsia ...... 29, 37
spadicearia, Xanthorhoé ... 33, 44, 45, 82
sparganella, Orthotaelia .................. 86
sparganii, Nonagria ............ ae Ge 5
sparsana, Acleris (Peronea) ............ 47
spartifoliella, Leucoptera ............ 85, 87
SPEUMLOM NV GOG! fou. cc ccccseeecsecsseteeenerce 64
PSPPIMET NGAGE ay covecectscosccussateaarte noe re tees 156
splendana, Laspeyresia ............... BL, 46
STOMA al Un Tell AES Bins apa taste aan el ee 40
SDISSIGEM a, PRYyCitae sc. wc. ee 45, 79, 81
SCs MO ALOCHLOM oop elecssseececentietnseeene 38
SUADANS OT ONOSTAN <<: ue aio teens 82
steinkellneriana, Epigraphia ............ 43
stellatarum, Macroglossum. ............... 85
stephensi, Blastodacna (Mompha) 47
Spemateilay Gracilaria. ee 94
straminata (inornata), Sterrha ... 45, 86
straminalis (=pallidata), Evergestis 25
SUMMA Le SUS UOIN 222 coiheecs teen oor are 26, 43
Suramined, HEX ANTMIS® <.....c8-otesteecose ee 31
striana, Celypha (Agroploce) 32,
45, 46, 86
Speiava ws Mi OTiGams: “Als... /ccatseeee 37
strigana (hypericana), Lathro-
(TAI 00 1 0) 002 eee Ae ee ee RS an 45, 46, 90
SUOV MIS, LOCUS eee tee. hosters mee ecaate ee 4A
SULTS UMA, NOLAN esos eek eta Moc kn conde 50
stroemiana (similana), Epinotia ...... 46
SILAS AG EL ALG ILA winseateccc tee ee eee ecee tere Tae 26
suavella, Eurhodope (Euzophera) 46
subaquilea, Borkhausenia .................. Qi

185

PAGE
subbaumanniana, Chlidonia ............ 86
Subocellamas Hpinotia .2:2 00.0 eee ee 4A
subpropinquella, Depressaria ............ 46
SMOCUSase LEMON La sete aee eee 45
subumbrata (scabiosata), Eupithecia 52
succedana (ulicetana), Laspeyresia
31, 78, 81
suffumata, Lampropteryx ......... Ob AD
Shiaisas e Ax -almie alpvi Alls ot Eee 25
Suiiusask eydippe,ab. 2.0.0 as. see 25
Ssuitusaty Heemamna. aby 2 ...0 tet ee og
suffusana (trimaculana), Notocelia ... 45
Sulphurella: DASycera WO)Ase..cttee nee 4h
superstes; “Hoplodrina (ie! 157
SWE ALLO With mare ciases sec rasteeeta sedces taaweeeee 17
sylvana, E. solandriana, f. ............... 46.
Salata; wADPARAS) ei sacere ccs cs iesdeetesecet 29
sylvaticella; Coleophora: :..... 2.2: 4226.00 44
sylvestris, Thymelicus ............ 39, 87, 89
Syrinearia, Apeina, GA #eee..kecs 44, 15
taeniolella, StomopteryxX ........0........- 82
TALSS SPV MINIS 9h .c22 seeathoktccte soe abe needa 82, 83
taprobana, A. hyperbius, S.sp. ......... Dy
taraxaci (=blanda), Hoplodrina

(Ga Ginitia)) asses ese tivo lve co sbet eee 47
KELGENSIS;: GOLCODNOLA .. sees... edactheneee 158
LemMenvaitareB apibay bis ee tant. sesacenaed 31
REMIT DAS WMOLUA seks ie cceascnst.co tee 29, 42
tenehnrataysPamemonrkay cies ss... .deeeeee 80
Ren eH oa Seis GMOCOMETIS! \ ses .c.cssscecseee rete 7
tenerana (penkleriana), Epinotia

(ENC OSM), g....5/ Peet cs. ee 47
terminellasiMomphia: @ eitshc si... tiene 90
Leroi Cla VE CMAN teisse.naspcscnveie eeene AT
terrealis, Microstega (Perinephela) ... 27
Lerrelia,, MiniOphagal «.:.ccvessississeeetcune: AD
LErSatas GELOTISUINC) Wess. mace, oh wsttaeceenpemset 29
Tesserana), PHalomia nesta racecerscsenes ioe
LeSstaceay UP CLINAy oe. yrcnes 37, 42, 46, 48
NES UA SiN TUS 06-85 tu:.birde ks voegibw renee 36, 44
Leta Gactvilaly: AUCH As 2 cccasseeeesnty coasts 85
LetraluManria SClGMIAY jacerewscsea. sus 43, 96
tetralunaria x bilunaria, Selenia

Hybrid: eee Aee eee acat dee dale ae 29
fetraquetrana;, FEXpimotia. .....c-s.ccccsscsr 44
Hialassima:, Hagemal 2.5. sc-nceccecnssse Ditties Os!
therinella (=peribenanderi) Coleo-

1 O10 GE? Ve the Vane anc. to cs 5 SRS 95, 158
thompsoni, P. nebulosa, f. ......... LH RLED
thunbergella, Micropterix ............... 82
WHY: ONE: .C. “SCMLCLO PL o ccdeenhermedtountone 53
GUTTAG s IMENAS) «| eA. ckh desea 9, 44, 49
winGha: (hepatica), Poliatyy teens 56
tithonus, Maniola ............ 46, 49, 54, 87
WLUVATSS) LCTOALES © 2.. 5. te ietceray. tas .ctecatadetee 29
MOadhAx BYOCAGMC »....ctireteetscredee 65, 134
tragopogonis, Amphipyra .................. 46
KLAMSLens,, ay CORLGOM Mal yerrsc..tteesety oe 48

PAGE
“transradiata”’ characters in L.
DOTA OUES cash eee proc and times 48
{CraANSVersa, UPS en-.aceucemcneeress 82
transversata, Philereme.:s.cpa00-2. cass 4h
LLADEZINA, « COSMIB. Lore Micucet<- 45, 81, 82
treitschkiella, Amtispilay sie: yaecdecss 90
TREN eee MOOS. a cunee-naec: coset tree eae 44
tran wlum, AmvatheSpccsve. &....caaeceer 44
tricolorella, Phthorimaca, ./<....2....<-0c6 1D
fridena,, ADALCIC <4... crpeenteeee cee. 29, 95
tridens (virens), Calamia (Luceria) ... 73
trifasciana (rectifasciana), Isotrias ... 44
trifasciella, Lithocolletis ................... ae
trifolii, Discestra (Scotogramma) 34, 157
WLIO, ZY SACNA, « csessscc scene 19, 33, 47, 82
trigemina (tripartita), Abrostola
(UMUC) a cannnss's apie cacabasemaneinbae sccm aes 158
trigeminana (costipunctana),
Epiblemma (Eucosma) _............... 88
irigeninata,. Sstervha Meets. es 83, 84
trigrammica, Meristes .................. CSA.
trimacula (=dodonea), Drymonia 26 56
trimaculana, *Epinotia ./24..250) 45
trimaculana (=suffusana), Notocella 45
tripartita (=triplasia), Abrostola
(IMO D We scvccsvencseocette 46, 88, 90, 92, 158
tripartita (=trigemina), Abrostola
(UNG 2) ee eae ee ee 158
triplasia (tripartita), Abrostola
(UB CANA Re: 46, 88, 92, 158
tripunctana (=nubiferana), Hedya ... 44
Mmistata,. -EpIrrhos &, 2.0. AA ee 29
tristella, Agriphila (Crambus) 46, 90
UEUEUCT SS LDR ON re ACen eater! Serene ee 37
EELUOPEUS. NOUOCMOMUA atc.c.ccsrcccchieteccete 37
UVM Ar LCLILACA) Cicer eters: eaten ato. tte teers 39
troglodytella, Coleophora .................. 95
iRUC aod, VSStUPOMMG .tccctcccscas tose sacs 46
SLUNCLCOLEM a, | SCOPALIA -..cet--tecosvecces « Q7
TEETER ope THO) HI dei ta ae a ce a ae 29
tullia, Coenonympha. ......... apd Saito W /rsuat a | ell 32)
turbidana (corticana) Apotomis ... 32, 45
HUG NL VIGLEDL AL ct itees acute scctes csanenascere 29
Ewin-spotied WainStOt) 2.....:-.1-.-..-6-.- 64
VOU AG) SINGIVART Ais pcs eeceacetens Gaecasen tt «se 85
uddmanniana, Notocelia ............ O15 aD
ulicetana (=succedana), Laspeyresia 78
uliginosalis, H. alpinalis, ab. ......... 52
pimella, “BulcGallatuime Bae ee ies mee'ct 81
ultrafowleri, L. coridon, ab. .........:.. 29
ultramarinus, Favonius ................. 7
Lint as: Pyrat oaeres teehee mak. chee 56
mMbrahica, wCucuUira scssseeee ~..8 sess. 44
umbrifera (=plumbaria), Ortholitha 27
URAawimMis; ApamMiea, v./esedevest ee s.ctee 32
uncula, BuStrotia eines ee 14s 51s 9/52
UUMLCMULAMa, AMCYMIS Qestesieeie- scot s-meraereess 86

PAGE
undulana (variegana), Orthotaenia .. 45
undulata, Rheumaptera ............... 39, 94
unsuicella,; Anmcylis, .:2:2.50 eee eee Q7
WNTOM: RUS tiC the. iocss).onocuhi hese eee 65
unionalis, Palpita ............ OF; “SOAS Tos
unipuncta, Leucania ... 29, 32, 38, 42,
D1, =695a7 0.
unitella, Borkhausenia) :\')...00aiaeee 46
upupana,- ANCYLISi.<...5 cee ere eee 89
urticae, Aglais ... 8, 30, 34, 50, 55, 76,
TT, 83; S789
VacCeinii;; Comistrale.....0.cis.c- cee eee 32, 96
valentini, M. galathea; ab. ......... 53, 54
Varied Coronet, ..)c305.ce eae eee 65
Variefzana,: ACIEris® -\: =... eee eee e eens 46
variegana (=undulana) Orthotaenia 45
venata; ‘(OcChHIOdES 22... eee 87
yenosa (=albovenosa), Simyra 26, 59
venustula, Hapalotis 2s ce 5S, SL
verbascalis, Perinephela (Pyrausta) .. 47
verhuellella, Teichobia ...... 5, 6, 195 753
versicolora, Endromis ............ 29, 42, 65
versurelia, Coleophora, ......cc.ccec.sesenecenp 158
verticalis, Sitochroa (Loxostege) 45
VeSplformis; AGSCPIa i... cai.) .ccee ere 81
westigialis, AG@TrOUS), >.....r-eee oi DLO
yetullata, PDMerGmG) >). .:..-.4csereceeee ee 44
VGOUST Ase Ok VRCWLA oc: na cainns date ase ce 22
MNCS. APCULA. x c-med: os qiac cop osemeee eens 77
ViMinalis.. BOMDY Cla, ....- ocpscsecen pees 40, 45
MTU LA: “CORUB Aig o siusiretecnspic iden eee aera 87
virens (=tridens), Calamia (Luceria) 73
WATetaita: . AGASIS: ....--c0.sssmenaeaqaeeeeee 46, 95
virgaureana (=interjectana),

CNEPDASLA, » o.dsonstsgecnsntecceeeesaeceennne 44
ViTrsawureae., PCOUES) ..vsc..n-5--ssesnseiRpedeaee 40
Viridana, TOPERTX: ..<sececeereeeee Esl cil
viridaria,. PhytOmetra o<.<::ccoee-seeeee 82
wiridella, AG@Gla, <.25-.ct-ayscnveee 44, 79, 81
viriplaca (dipsacea), Heliothis ... 26,

56, 132, 133
Vitalbas HORI » swcuseseees aos nceuhin-uneareene 46
vitellina, Leucania ............ 32, Sno
vitellus, Ypsolophus (Cerastoma) .. 45, 81
vorticella;, Stomoplery:s.. s.5..-.<-teesaees 45
wallkenris | WreDus) secs ti ccsssutet- ones eeee 60
Waved: Blacks ti. ...ih2tomncsnysees acdsee 70
weaverella, MOnopis ............00.++ 44, 46
WebbS iW aLNSCOTt) 6 acc iepsccmec see taees- cereee 64
weirana. Strophe@taw.iciccen..teeerneene 86
werdandi, C. nastes, S.sp. ......... pia ate)
White CAGMITAal oo. 2..c65,+<0s500- stare 64
White-bordered Carpet ..............:s0000 67
White LI Wainscot. ...-......--a-seset>s-cmseree 69
White Speck Wainscot ............cc.cecee: 69
Wormwood) Shark ....:.:;.:.acwessetee nee 64
xanthographa, Amathes ......... 7, odes 46
‘‘xanthos” characters in P. aegeria 49

PAGE
ManMwVos,, >. MLC VAD. Ac. caseecsences oe
xerampelina, Atethmia ............... 46, 48
xylosteana, Archips (Cacoecia) ......... A5
xylostellus, Ypsolophus (Cerastoma)
45, 82
“ECW TONS, SLEIGH tee a eee 69
MAAC OCOMOMUA xtsserdaomekessocmhaecere 44
ZOCSAMA, HUAN THIS: seid lies 3f, 45
APEC RNG CL eR BRE ROC Eee Se ae 19
MAMMALIA
THUR OUMMEM AEA: s 5 cakcoa' Ne eaes de anpnesaacsseaneneehhens 106
HES MME CAREY cic oesxtoecstuacssanneedernth ages sade 105
NES MS tee eon, IS wh ick. oc Saharan ecu aanor as renee 106
MECOPTERA
COMMA HANLON Vesecsccccccssienthivssesabese 82
MEGALOPTERA
MUA MA MMS Gee sister tau sere acareeetacaer ceases s 79
PPCM COLLIESS ACUI A) 500. cece. save sce oct 82

MOSSES, LICHENS AND LIVERWORTS

PLOPSCULMM,. LMA MNWVIUIM © Tiss. ceenscnaes 96
Gireatd, DICLAMOWEISLA ....:...cdeekcederss« ¥6)
MiWeare me rENOGOMtIODD ..:..c01scessdeeres 3
PODS GGCPLOOZLA: i¢cucececd-ccesascneemenes 3
MOSGUS MES ACOMNVCES: sa icatascs<sctepaceostndmeneve Q
STH SUMNER, coe dosnt ncn esconeanascuosasebor ston 441
trichomanis, CalyPO@ela —.....cccccewssvene 90
MOLLUSCA
PSM ee Mx, caneetind sana nebsiesis veulrs tanaunepteeae 52
MOUNTS rscate taisetna ve saad ds sacs cease aan wesemaee 52
EACARREDRUDE GH aN. cteasjcaiecanls ves cues s saecco Gunes Saceeeetn 52
AIC ePSIUCUTIES: 43. cacern ce tinee seats sae reandecuretede 51
NEUROPTERA
Garnea, COLYSOPA. ....c.000ccnsatetseacseen cents 83
MOA CHU VSOD A dos. secseiescecedsvacccitbvescans 82
ODONATA
PNOS TO AOR™ fra Pen os Oe de oor de Stes tas deeds Seana 124
africanus, Lestinogomphus ............... Q
NEU AC Pees ceca cetotte creed icdaccdsasteecaneuneses ed 126
AMEKIGANA, CLACTINA, .2.2.dccccc<aaeuse ten 31
PEOESOMMCM An | Lotscuvtemseketcassnessvacea Sereeaerne 124
i eG OM WTGUD, os so.pesscdaes coeanubwcenleeen 3
Caligatas ‘ChloroGypla: <ccisce.cdecostances 31
GUHIMNENSIS: INGUTODASIS <....5.c.csnssecerecenns 31
MOC ACTION ye peices aineadasces escananevecevemeate 126
coerulatus, Megaloprepus ......... 31, 124

187

PAGE
Cyanea, Acshnd. elles. 525) 124, 25
cyathigerum, Enallagma ............ 5, 126
GAMACs MS VMPC EPUMNA icsdcrcetcencsemmec eee 124
Gepressas Woibellula, A.cvccesesstwacmre teeter 124
GEVAS, WIbEStes, <.AeRL Ae eee 124
Uubia,-Porpacithemis: & Ties... seers 3
elesans,, Ischnurak Wye Sk. 126
flaveolum, Sympetrum ..................... 124
MUA AE TOCUIL AY. co ccvssccdeccardhosstomentemene 124
PRAMS: IACSIMANTT Rieck ae den.ccneiecneraes 125,
OUD UULESS, ANU «cc ee aan eee 61
hastulatum, Coenagrion ............... 5128
TOP er AOR: AMAR” 2s .c.cie.cesaeeaesseee 124, 125
isosceles; -AeShmMar Ses... steeeenasdeaecetaet 124
UNG. NCSU ai tac ecvereesteeseutee aaa eeme 5, 124
Kaw pL, IN. GHIMENSIS, “SSDs. ..eccsceeaeemes 31
NESTING LE O cospoetscdcceubenahod suede ee eeencae 126
TMNT AOS). Reed cache wadeu seeps eeeeere meena ce 125
lingenes: <Corduliia’ © s..ceeea corres 124
masoni, 8S. striolatum, ab. ......... 125-7126
meridionalis, Sympetrum .................. 31
Muha NCSHINA: 2.2 J cduceucen sebedeeeenes 124, 125
MLOGeStUS: © MeCISLOMASLer <.-cce-seuenemee 31
hajas~ Bry throng. 0h. .00...c.s tees eke 126
NISTESCENS. HS YMPEPEUM 9 vince ese eas 23
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma ............... 52, 126
pennipes;.PlatyCnemis2.e.cre.s sence 124, 126
PLAVVCMEMTGAC? © ssssscsccsscestecveseoa-re eee 126
pratense: ArachytLOM eieccrss...cntec cee 124
pucliuim, \Coemasrion 5). keds -decu: 52, 126
pulchellum, Coenagrion .:.......0s:....-..< 126
Dygmaca, ASTIOCNEMIS .........c...ss.000+ 61
quadrimaculata, Libellula ................ HOG
Putians., ‘Chalcopterye ..c.<.ccescceseees 3
sanguineum, Sympetrum ................... 126
SHICMMENS « ASTION) wa. .esrsheidasstoe-«osnmone 126
SDOMSG ju IGESTCS © ..6.tb Benes crests semana teenie een 126
subecostalis,. Wupha@a) <.c.c..cc0s-soeseeeeee 31
striolatum, Sympetrum ......... 57, 125, 126
SVMUDCEPUNY, «ccccceaulen rod ecaxewaaceatensseceeaeeas 125
MEIMODASISY SUSPs | calecisscewsvcsabeosmarected oe 3
Lenelhmnn., \CETiaSTIOM wic.cs.escaesveoeetages 124
ZV SOMUSH A acecstcaresvecmvworrestaccee nea meeeeD 126

PLECOPTERA
Wariemaiia, “INGNVOUWRA, yc. -wasescondrur teens 75
REPTILIA
FACCIOOIY p RA Aiiantva des gue ches stonaeeeapeet sa nsesnenes 77
LIVCCS S| SESE aes eee os eee 77, 80, 106
SLOWENVODIN at Awe eine thea vr toatcvenenasesememes 17
SALTATORIA

NOPIMNGDAG oo deadaet «ave cetgees<degeass Bebra Ae 128
albomarginatus, Chorthippus ......... 128
Hrunneus.. ChorthipPuUs 2.2... sssses- sees 128
denticulata, Platycleis ............ 127, 128
dorsalis; ‘(COMOCEPMAMIS) <..ctecs.c..e.caree = 127

PAGE
parallelus, Chorthippus ........::.....0..00 128
SHOULATA, “VOLUN s ajemddertese +: -manseeeeassactes 128
MOTTA AS csc. catvsanosetatsten aa diter ee espe 128
POTLICONUGAS | We ssces vsceeepregewen east ee eeenee 127
thalassinum, Meconema .................. 127
uUnaulata; Werrix> pasta ctessuteeeet cts 128
viridissima, Tettigonia .............00c00. 128
VWITIAULUS, ‘OMOCESTCS ? arpectae cess: caver aren 128

THYSANURA

Saccharina, Lepismia ...05400... ness 78
Silver BSH, cac.c Ahsan dee ete azantoteen en 78

188

PAGE -
TRICHOPTERA
rhombicus; Gimnephilws ooh ccwecene 52
VERMES
Reometra, Piscicola. ...t:iiteeds seen 51
Jacteum, Dendrocochum ii Ais...coeene Bye
TE QOIY: ccrcvarcrdcrecenserosn eats iceceeeeee ae 51
Peers! TWSCSIa ee sees eee eee 51
migra, POLyCelS i .i.c..scs nae eee DL
PlatyMelmiiidewt Manaeas.eek ces scesete eee 4

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Proceedings and Transactions of ”
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

1961

30/-

October 1962

Trustees: S. N. A. JACOBS, S:B.St.J., F.R.E.S.
R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.

Officers and Council for 1961

President:
A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.
A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.

Treasurer :

J. L. HENDERSON,
6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey.

Secretary:

Bed. “MACNHOULTY, Pu.Dy Bide, FRAC ae ase
74 High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey. Essex.

librarian:

T. R. EAGLES,
32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

Curator:

M. G. MORRIS, F.R.E.S.,
Dungallain Cottage, Oakwood Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Lanternist :

L. CHRISTIE,
137, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16.

Council:

J: D: BRADLEY, P:R:E:S. A. C. R. REDGRAVE
H. G. DENVIL, F.R.E.S., N. D.. RILEY, CBE. fae

PRES F.R.E.S.
IN. 4. HICKIN, B.Se.;Ph.D., B. F. SKINNER

KR. HS: F. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1., F.RES.
G. H. MANSELL, L.R.1.B.A. C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
D. P. L. MATTHEWS, T.D. ERA...) FER.ELS:, SEB Osa:

Editorial

Editor: F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S.
Assistant Editors: T. R. EAGLES; J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A.
Papers Panel: C. N. HAWKINS, F.R.E.S.
T. R. EB. SOUTHWOOD, B:Sc., Ph.D. AReGa,
M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. (ad hoc. Microlepidoptera

papers).

Proceedings & Transactions of
The South London Entomological
& Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
"Proc. 3S. Gond@ ent. nat Hist. Sac; 19617

1961

The Society gratefully acknowledges the
receipt, through The Royal Society, of
a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £125
towards the cost of this Volume
and further acknowledges a donation ot
£100 from a member of the Society.

OCTOBER 1962

Published at the Society’s Rooms, Pepys House, 14 Rochester Row, Westminster,
London, S.W.1, and Printed by T. Buncle and Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath

ii

CONTENTS

Officers and Council, 1951 .. ah . .. Inside front cover

List of Plates

Objects, etc., of the Society
Instructions to Exhibitors
Instructions to Speakers
Past Presidents

Council’s Report for 1961
Treasurer’s Report for 1961
Obituary—John Oliver Tunley Howard
Indoor Meetings

Special Meeting

Annual Exhibition
President’s Address

Field Meetings

A Provisional List of the Coleoptera in Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.
BoD: Buck 7 :

Field Observations on Some West African Hymenoptera.
B. J. MacNulty

Larvae of British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler
G. M. Haggett a, “ & 43

Report on the Insects collected by the E. W. Classey and A. E.
Gardner Expedition to Madeira in December 1957. A. E.
Gardner and E. W. Classey Ce oe a

Editorial Notes on Nomenclature ..

Book Reviews

Corrigenda

Index

ili

iv

iv

73

93

118

134

149

160

165

170

171

IX.

XI.

XII.

ill

LIST OF PLATES

Obituary—J. O. T. Howard ..

Annual Exhibition, 28th October

Field Meeting Personalities ..

Field Meeting Personalities ..

Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.

Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.

Some West African Hymenoptera ..

Larvae

Larvae

Larvae

Larvae

A new

of British Lepidoptera not figured by
Buckler

of British Lepidoptera not figured by
Buckler

of British Lepidoptera not figured by
Buckler

of British Lepidoptera not figured by
Buckler a x. i. ae

species of Brachypeplus (Col.) ..

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

face page
face page
face page
face page
face page
face page

face page

face page

face page

face page

face page

face page

Xvi

30

78

88

98

108

120

134

144

148

154

iv

OBJECTS & ACTIVITIES
OF THE SOCIETY

The Society has for its objects the promotion and advancement of
research in Biological Science, and its diffusion by means of meetings
at the Society’s Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions
and lectures, by public exhibitions, by field meetings, by the issue of
publications, the formation of typical collections and of a library, and
by such other means as the Council may from time to time determine.

Meetings. Indoor Meetings at Rochester Row are generally held
twice monthly, on second and fourth Thursdays at 6.30 p.m. Field
Meetings take place throughout the Summer. ;

The Council invites the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially
those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading
papers and exhibiting specimens.

The Society possesses representative collections of most orders of
insects and an extensive library. These are available at all Ordinary
Meetings. Members may borrow books at meetings or by post. Dona-
tions of suitable insects and books are much appreciated.

There is also a big collection of lantern slides, mainly of insects
in all stages, from which series may be borrowed. Microscopes are
available for home use.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Entrance Fee, 7/6. Ordinary Members, £1 : 11 : 6 p.a.; Country
Members, £1 : 1 : O p.a.; all members under 21, 10/0 p.a. Life
Membership, Twenty Guineas.

COMMUNICATIONS

Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, B. J. MACNULTY,
B.Sc., Ph.D., 74, High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex.

INSTRUCTIONS TO EXHIBITORS

(These apply to all meetings, not only to the Annual Exhibition.)

Attention to the following points will greatly add to the scientific
value of the exhibits and our Proceedings, besides assisting the Publica-
tion Committee in preparing the reports for publication, a task which,
in the past, has involved a quite unjustifiable amount of labour and
time.

LABELLING OF EXHIBITS.

Adequate labelling of all exhibits is essential; such labelling to
include :—

(a) name and address of exhibitor,

(b) order and name (generic and trivial, with author of the
trivial name) of each species,

(c) locality (at least County or Country), or, in the case of bred
specimens, the place of origin,

(d) date (at least the month and year) of capture or breeding
(or, in the case of a series, first and last dates),

(e) any other information of scientific interest, such as
““Gynandromorph’’, etc., relating to any particular specimen.

REPORT FOR PROCEEDINGS.

A report, including all the points mentioned above for labelling,
and amplified to give short details of any special aberrations,
gynandromorphs (e.g. left side male, right side female), or other points
of interest, must be handed to the Recorder when the exhibit is taken
in (at the Annual Exhibition) or to the Editor (at Ordinary Meetings).

Such report must be written or typed (preferably typed) on
ONE SIDE OF THE PAPER ONLY, WITH A 2 INCH MARGIN ON THE
LEFT SIDE, witH AT LEAST povuBLE SPACING BETWEEN LINES,
in the form used for the record in the Proceedings.

Where the author of a trivial name is not known, a blank space should
be left for its insertion, but every endeavour should be made to furnish
this in the first instance, to avoid misunderstandings.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SPEAKERS

Speakers wishing to submit papers for publication, after reading,
should give them to the Editor at the end of the meeting or send them
to him as soon as possible afterwards, for consideration by the Publica-
tion Committee of the Society.

Naturally, not all the papers read or talks given to the Society are
suitable for publication in the Transactions of the Society, and the
Council, acting through the Publications Committee, reserves the right
to refuse those papers it considers unsuitable.

The relevant Bye-law (26) (d) states that ‘‘all papers read or
announced at any meeting and accepted for publication in the Society’s
publications shall become the property of the Society, unless otherwise
stipulated before the reading or announcement thereof’’.

The Society will be very pleased to receive papers for consideration
that may be suitable for reading in title, These should be sent to the
Editor,

1872-4
1875-6
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886-7
1888-9
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906-7
1908-9
1910-11
1912-13
1914-15
1916-17
1918-19

1920-21
1922
1923-4
1925-6

1927-8

vi

PAST PRESIDENTS

J. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.)

J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.).

R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.).

A. FICKLIN (dec.).

V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.)

T. R. BILtups, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. R. WELLMAN (dec.).

W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.).

R. SoutH, F.E.S. (dec.).

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

T. R. Bitups, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.).

. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.).

G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.).

J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.).

Srep, F.L.S. (dec.).

W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.).

. SouTH, F.E.S. (dec.).

_ ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.).

HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.).

"J, UCAS, JB lA. w EES. (dec.):

. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S.,

TROP MES. (dec:

NOAD CLARK (dec.).

Step, F.L.S. (dec.).

sicuH, F.E.S. (dec.).

. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S.

. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.).

Siem, EF-B-S. (dec:).

Sys KAYE, E.ESS:

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.).

B. H. SmitH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.)

Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.).

STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.
(dec.).

K. G. BLAtR, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.)

E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.).

N. D. RILey, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Ty

E

(dec.).

. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
(dec.).

_ A. COCKAYNE, D.M.,
FES !)"(dec:).

PER GSE,

1929
1930
1930
1931

1932
1933

1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940

1941
1942
1943
1944

1945-46

1947
1948
1949
1950

1951

1952
1953
1954

1955
1956
1957

1958
1959

1960
1961

H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.).
F. B. CARR (dec.).
Cc. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
K. G. BLAIR,’ B.Se., F-.Z.S.,
F.E.S. (dec.).
. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.)
G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D.,
A.I.C., ‘F.R.E.S., M.B-0.U:
R. EAGLES.
. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S.
. NIBLETT.
. J. COULSON.
. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
HR Esse (Gee,):
D: CooTr, F.R.EIS:
WAKELY.
. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng.
TANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,
F.R.E.S.
Capt. R. A. JACKSON,
F.R.E.S.
L; Ba FORD ).B-A. (dec:).
Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.).
J. O. T. HowaRD, M.A. (dec.)
Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,

an

be pt dt

(dec.).

be tn i

io)

R.N.,

K.B-E.,'» C.B.4,,M.Cy,) Digs
A.F.C., F.R.E.S.
T. G. HowartH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S

E.ZS.
TI. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J.,
F.R.E:S.
F. D. Buck, A.M.I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S
Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.

B. P. Moore, B.Sc., D.Phil.,
F.R.E.S.

SE, HICKIN, Ph.Dy Bsc,
F.R.E.S.

N
F. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1., F.R.E.S.
R
A

. M. MERE, F.R.E.S.
M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.Sc,
F.R:E:S.

vii

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1961

In this extremely busy year, during which much time and thought
has been given to the possibility of changing the name of the Society,
there has been one item almost unnoticed that has made the period
unique in the annals of the Society. For the first time in our history
our membership has been over 500 throughout the entire period; the
total at 3lst December stood at 539 and comprised 4 Honorary, 4 Special
Life, 13 Life, 221 Ordinary, 258 Country, and 39 Junior Members.
During the year five members died. Two were past presidents of the
Society, Mr. L. T. Ford whose valuable contributions to the biology of
microlepidoptera did much to foster the rapidly increasing interest in
that group, and Mr. J. O. T. Howard who died after a short illness and
was in many ways a generous benefactor to the Society. Sir Leonard
Wakely was well known and frequently attended our meetings. The
deaths of Dr. J. Michaud and Mr. A. Valentine were reported towards
the end of the year. All five will be greatly missed. Thirty-eight new
members joined the Society in 1961, 12 resigned, and 4 whose subscrip-
tions were overdue were struck off.

The subject which has occupied much of your Council’s time during
the year has been the vexed question of whether the name of the Society
should be changed. This matter had been raised during the previous
year and a circular seeking the opinion of members had been sent out.
The response to this circular was so inconclusive that the Council felt
that it did not give them the guidance they needed. It was decided to
send out a referendum, with a prepaid return envelope, to all members
except those resident abroad. A member of the Council offered to bear
the expense so that no cost fell on the Society, and to him our grateful
thanks are due.

Approximately 500 copies were sent to members and 359 replies were
received; 229 of these favoured a change of name, 121 were against any
change and 9 papers were unmarked. There was a clear preference
for the name ‘‘The British Entomological and Natural History Society’’.

Accordingly, your Council called a Special Meeting for 28th
September 1961, at which the following was moved: ‘‘The designation—
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society—shall be
discontinued as from midnight on 3lst December 1961 and be replaced
by—The British Entomological & Natural History Society’. This
motion was lost by 32 votes to 23, and the name of the Society remains
unchanged.

During the year a committee was appointed by the Council to make
proposals for bringing the Society’s Bye-Laws up to date. The amend-
ments proposed by this committee were approved by your Council and
accepted at the Special Meeting held on 28th September. They will be
printed in due course, The amendments were routine and require no

viii

comment except in two instances. For some years now Ordinary and
Country Members under the age of 21 have paid the same reduced
subscription. It was decided to simplify the position and to permit
all those under the age of 21 to become Junior Members at a subscription
of 10/- per annum. It was also decided that in these days of improved
travel facilities, it was unfair that members who lived in the eountry
but attended regularly at busimess in the London area should have the
advantage of Country Membership of the Society, and the require-
ments for country membership were amended accordingly.

The Annual Dinner on Friday, 27th October, was again held at the
Grosvenor Hotel, and the 73 members and guests who attended had a
most enjoyable evening.

The Annual Exhibition was held on the following day, Saturday,
28th October, when some 295 members and guests attended. We must
again thank The Royal Society and the Geological Society for placing
their rooms at our disposal on this occasion. There were slightly more
exhibits than in previous years and the subject for special attention,
‘Entomological Illustration’? produced some very fine drawings and
paintings as well as numerous coloured slides. In previous years
dissatisfaction had been expressed over the tea served at the exhibition.
However, the tea provided by the new caterers, despite the increase in
cost to 3/6d, was greatly appreciated. Finally, our thanks are due to
those who spent the day in helping with the administrative details,
selling Christmas cards and other unspectacular duties, to whose unselfish
devotion much of the success of the exhibition is due.

Twenty-one ordinary meetings were held during the year in the
rooms of the Junior Institution of Engineers to whom our thanks are
due for their help and co-operation during the past year. The pro-
gramme was again arranged by Mr. Howarth and a notable addition
was the meeting at the Linnean Society where Mr. Tams gave an
introductory talk on the Linnean collection which was open to inspec-
tion.

An attractive programme of field meetings was arranged by Mr.
Uffen and it is a pity that in many cases these were so poorly attended.
Our thanks are due both to him and to those members who led meetings
and submitted reports, and also to Mr. and Mrs. Odd, who once more
kindly provided tea in their home after the Pulborough Field Meeting.

The Society once again produced a Christmas card. As a result of
previous criticism a special effort was made to produce a cheaper card.
The card was produced to sell at 6d. and this year a small profit was
made. The drawing of the Comma butterfly at rest was presented by
Mr. A. Smith, to whom we express our gratitude.

Owing to various difficulties, the Proceedings and Transactions for
1960 did not appear until December. They contained xxxix + 188 pages,
8 plates (2 coloured) and 4 text figures. The coloured plates illustrate
Part V of Mr. G. Haggett’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not
figured by Buckler. Your Council gratefully acknowledges the receipt
through the Royal Society of a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £125

ix

towards the cost of the volume but it was specifically stated that the
grant was not to be used for the coloured plates.

The list of members has been brought up to date as at 26th June
1961 but for reasons of expense the Geographical list has been dis-
continued. Owing to the continued rise in cost of production of the
Proceedings and Transactions it has been decided that in future the
Members list will be published as a separate every three years.

During the year the honorary lanternist, Mr. Christie, informed
your Council that owing to business commitments he would be unable
to continue in office. We take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Christie
for his past services. Mr. Denvil has succeeded him. The Society’s
collection of 2” x2” colour transparencies continued to grow during the
year. Additions to the collection were received from Miss C. A.
McDermott, and Messrs. J. E. Knight and M. W. F. Tweedie to whom
the best thanks of the Society are due for their generosity.

The Hon. Curator reports that twenty cabinet drawers in two of
the Hill units have been repapered to take the Leston Collection. One
of the Society’s old cabinets has been disposed of at a reasonable price.
The following members have presented specimens: Messrs. H. G. Denvil
(Diptera), A. E. Gardner (Odonata), and R. S. Tubbs (Diptera). The
thanks of the Society are due to these members for the valuable addi-
tions to our collections.

The Hon. Librarian reports that the publication of ‘‘A Catalogue of
Books in the Library’’ has stimulated interest. Members have noticed
gaps and have presented many books, errors and omissions have been
pointed out and more books have been borrowed. Our thanks are due
to all who presented works to the library, and particularly to Mr. F.
T. Vallins for the magnificent gift of some 42 volumes on the modern
views on evolution. So that members may be kept aware of the contents
of the Library a list of additions during 1961 is given. <A note of how
the item was acquired is placed in parentheses.

Peters, W., 1952, A Provisional Check-List of the Butterflies of the
Ethiopian Region (K. W. Classey); Haworth, A. H., 1802, Prodromus
Lepidopterorum Britannicorum, a facsimile copy (EK. W. Classey);
Victoria County History, 1920, Surrey, Section Zoology (KE. W. Classey);
Fraser, F. C., 1957, A Reclassification of the Order Odonata (The
author); Fraser, F. C., 1956, Fawne de Madagascar I, Insectes Anisop-
teres (The author); Schmidt, Erich, 1951, The Odonata of Madagascar,
Zygoptera (F. C. Fraser); Boorman, John and Roche, Patrick, 1957 and
1959, The Nigerian Butterflies, Papilionidae and Nymphalidae (S. N.
A. Jacobs); Imms, A. D., 1959, Outlines of Entomology (F. T. Vallins);
South, R., 1921, The Butterflies of the British Isles (H. G. Tunstall);
Miall, L. C., 1895, The Natural History of Aquatic Insects (H. G.
Tunstall); Turrill, W. B., 1948, British Plant Life (H. G. Tunstall);
Dennis, R. W. G., 1960, British Cup Fungi and their Allies (A. M.
Massee); Britton, Harry, 1943-46, The Coleoptera of the Isle of Man
(J. L. Henderson); Marsh, J. C. S., 1960, Hong Kong Butterflies (M.
W. F, Tweedie); Hannemann, H, J., 1961, Tortricidae (purchased);

x

Robert, Paul A., 1946, Les Insectes, Vol. II (review copy); Craveri, M.,
1938, Atlante Entomologica (esclusi 1 Lepidotteri) (P. M. Pollak);
Morrell, R., 1960, Common Malayan Butternies (M. W. F. Tweedie);
China, W. E., and Miller, N. C. E., 1959, Check-List and Keys to the
Families and Subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera (purchased)
Collin, J. E., 1961, British Flies Empididae, Parts I and II (review
copy); Stoll, N. R., 1961, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(review copy); Thorpe, W. H., 1961, Bird-Song (review copy).

The following were presented by Mr. F. T. Vallins: Avinoff, A. and
Sweadner, Walter R., 1951, The Karasana Butterflies, A Study in
Evolution; Bateson, W., 1913, Mendel’s Principles of Heredity; Beale,
G. H., 1954, The Genetics of Paramecium aurelia; Bonner, John Tyler,
1958, The Evolution of Development; Brown, R. and Danielli, J. F.
(editors), 1953, Hvolution. Symposia of the Society for Biology; Bucks-
baum, Ralph and Milne, Louis, J., 1960, Living Invertebrates of the
World; Cain, A. J., 1954, Animal Species and their Evolution; Carter,
G. S., 1951, A General Zoology of the Invertebrates; Carter, G. S., 1954,
Animal Evolution. A Study of Recent Views of its Causes; Darlington,
C. D., 1958, Evolution of Genetic Systems; Darlington, C. D. (editor),
1953, Symposium on Chromosome Breakage; de Beer, G. R. (editor),
1938, Evolution, Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology; Dobzhansky,
Theodosius, 1957, Genetics and the Origin of Species; Dowdeswell, W.
H., 1952, Animal Ecology; Dowdeswell, W. H., 1958, The Mechanism of
Evolution; Elton, Charles S., 1958, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals
and Plants; Fisher, Ronald A., 1958, The Genetical Theory of Natural
Selection; Ford, E. B., 1949, Mendelism and Evolution; Hurst, C. C.,
1932, The Mechanism of Creative Evolution; Huxley, Julian, 1942,
Evolution, The Modern Synthesis; Huxley, Julian (editor), 1940, The
New Systematics; Huxley, Julian, Hardy, A. C., and Ford, EK. B.
(editors), 1954, Evolution as a Process; Jeans, James H. and others,
1925, Evolution in the Light of Modern Knowledge; Lack, David, 1947,
Darwin's Finches; Mayr, Ernst, 1949, Systematics and the Origin of
Species, Moore, Ruth, 1955, Man, Time and Fossils; Newbiggin,
Marion [., 1950, Plant and Animal Geography; Patterson, J. F. and
Stone, W. S., 1952, Hvolution of the Genus Drosophila; Pilat, Albert
and Usak, Otto, 1959, Mushrooms; Ramsay, J. A., 1957, Physiological
Approach to the Lower Animals; Rensch, Bernard, 1959, Hvolution
above the Species Level; Riley, H. P., 1948, Introduction to Genetics
and Cytogenetics; Roe, Anne and Simpson, George Gaylord (editors),
1958, Behaviour and Evolution; Savory, Theodore, 1959, Instinctive
Tiving; Schmalhausen, I. I., 1949, Factors of Evolution. The Theory
of Stabilizing Selection; Sheppard, P. M., 1958, Natural Selection and
Heredity; Shull, A. Franklin, 1959, Evolution; Simpson, George Gay-
lord, 1949, Tempo and Mode in Evolution; Waddington, C. H., 1956,
An Introduction to Modern Genetics; and White, M. J. D., 1948,
Animal cytology and Hvolution.

Many separates and lists have been given to the Society and we
continue to receive the usual journals,

x

TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1961

It is always a pleasure to be able to give a satisfactory report on
the Society’s finances at the end of a year, and I am glad to say the
income in 1961 was sufficient to cover all expenses without resorting to
accumulated revenue. While we owed our Creditors some £47 less than
at the beginning of the year we had £23 more ready Cash.

BALANCE SHEET

Our Investments remain unchanged. In Cash we had £654 at the end
of the year, most of it on deposit. On the other side the Special Funds are
increased by £40, and the small surplus of Income brings the amount
of Accumulated Revenue to £389 13s 9d. Council decided to increase
the amount of Insurance on the Society’s library of books and the
eabinets and other furniture, which are now covered for £5,000, the
other items of insurance remain unchanged.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT

Receipts for the year, apart from interest on investments belonging
to the Special Funds, and donations, etc., to them, amounted to £760,
which is £27 more than in the previous year, and this increase was in
the Subscriptions collected (current and arrears). After paying out of
this our various expenses, which were remarkably similar to those of
1960, there was left sufficient to transfer the £405 needed in the
Publication Fund, £40 to the Library Fund (which had to go without
any transfer from Income last time), and we still had left a surplus of
nearly six pounds to carry forward.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT

There is an addition of £25 here: the proceeds of the sale of one of
the older insect cabinets.

LIBRARY FUND

This fund started with a balance of £53 at the beginning of the
year; donations for book-binding amounted to £21 15s., and the Entrance
Fees of thirty-eight Members, together with the £40 from Current
Revenue mentioned above, made the sum of £129 available to the
Librarian. Out of this, £51 was spent on books, periodicals, binding,
and slides, leaving a balance of £78 13s 9d.

HOUSING FUND

This being an accumulating Fund, I have shown it differently from
the other Accounts. Additions during the year were £5 10s 6d in
donations; £7 10s, interest on Savings Bonds; and £2 8s, deposit in-

xii

terest, making the total to date £259 7s 6d, of which £178 17s 6d is
invested.

PUBLICATION FUND

The fund that swallows the greater part of our income. But this
year the demand has not been quite so heavy.

The 1960 issue of ‘‘Proceedings and Transactions’”’ cost £20 less than
that for 1959. The Royal Society allocated £125 from the Parliamentary
Grant-in-Aid to this issue. Sales of ‘‘Proceedings’’, ‘‘Guide to the
Smaller British Lepidoptera’’, Christmas cards, and other items which
belong here, were all a little higher than in the previous year; so that
the amount needed to pay the Printers could all be found from the
year’s income.

In a footnote to his Report last year the Treasurer pointed out the
advantages of the use of BANKERS’ STANDING ORDERS for the
annual payment of Subscriptions.

This note produced gratifying results. The matter is mentioned
again because there is still quite a number of Members who have not
yet availed themselves of the advantages of this method of remitting
their dues,

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xvi

OBITUARY

JOHN OLIVER TUNLEY HOWARD
(1905-1961)

A large number of members must have felt a real sense of personal
loss on learning of the passing of Oliver Howard on 12th October, 1961,
at the age of 56. He was born on 11th April, 1905, the son of Walter
Howard who, with his family, lived at Hampstead for many years. He
attended our meetings regularly and took such an interest in all the
affairs of the Society that this grievous event seemed hard to realise.
Only the previous May he was planning, with his usual enthusiasm, a
trip to Shetland, but soon this enterprise had to be abandoned when
grave illness overtook him and though he rallied for a time, his health
steadily deteriorated and he eventually succumbed, mercifully with little
suffering.

Howard joined our Society in 1927 and served on the Council several
times. He had been Assistant Editor of our Proceedings and was our
President in 1949. Many will remember his illuminating and scholarly
Address on the history of Entomological Literature, for he was well
versed in every aspect of Natural History and the literature connected
with it. He was a recognised and eminent authority on old and rare
books of which he had a fine library. In quite early days he
joined the well-known firm of Bernard Quaritch and was one of its
directors at the time of his untimely death.

But it was as a keen and energetic field collector of Lepidoptera that
we knew him best. The flair for this pursuit first seized him when he
was at Sandroyd School where he was encouraged to chase fox moths on
Oxshott Common. When at Repton and later at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, he continued to the full his interest in this favoured pastime.
After leaving the University he used to collaborate a great deal with his
close friend, the late John Bowes who lost his life during the early part
of the War. They made expeditions together to many noted haunts
and in particular to the Highlands whence they brought back most of
the local specialities. On one such trip, Howard obtained some of the
finest Alcis (Cleora) repandata L. f. conversaria Hiibn. ever recorded.
The writer first met him in 1930 in Wicken Fen and has many happy
memories of collecting with him, These numerous journeys were inter-
rupted during the War period when he served in the R.A.F. Coastal
Command as a Squadron Leader. He was at first based on Gibraltar at
the time of the North African Landings in 1942. Soon afterwards he
was posted to Ceylon and then to India where he remained for a consider-
able period. It was while in this area that he was stranded during a

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 196f Plate T.

J. 0. T. HOWARD, M.A.

‘
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XVil

flight on one of the remote atolls in the Indian Ocean and spent quite a
lot of his time there collecting the local Lepidoptera which comprised
some choice species, most of which he generously presented to the
National Collection at South Kensington.

A few years after the War he and his wife went to live in the fine
hilly country above Dorking overlooking Box Hill. Here he had ample
opportunity of furthering his keenness for gardening, especially the
growing of rhododendrons, and also for running a mercury vapour light
trap there to advantage. Over the years it attracted several species new
tu the district and in 1955 he had the good fortune to take in it a Celerio
galii Schiff. from which he bred a superb series. In fact he was a very
good breeder of many other scarce species. During these post-war years
his enthusiasm never faltered and during his holidays he made trips
almost every year to noted spots or to some of the less well-known
localities, nearly always writing up very interesting accounts of his
ventures in the pages of the Entomologists’ Record of which he was a
Governor for several years till his death. His fine collection was meticu-
lously set and arranged, as he always had an eye for the neat and
beautiful.

We shall indeed miss the tall and imposing figure which used so
often to grace our gatherings, for he had the interest and welfare of
the Society so much at heart, and can be counted among its benefactors.
Though by nature somewhat reserved, all who knew Oliver Howard
found him most kindly and charming and always ready to impart his
knowledge to those who came to seek it. They have lost a very good
friend and his passing leaves a big gap in the ranks of field entomol-
ogists. Our wholehearted sympathy goes out to his widow and brothers
in their great bereavement which has been shared alike by so many
of us.

Cc. G. M. de W.

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nil Yo atngunne gaia winner ae bait Aa
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fury ViO% 8 240) OHS. 79 iT ti aoe a tt guitho oily enithi oy
Fou 1alne iybes 1 i aeeey ott i : f nid a vena Roleag: Rut
ays snags Pyyitt bi ff OF Ti feb. genesyy Ay finpninGe badamats lowly. ut
me ‘die ai aid a4 :

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

INDOOR MEETINGS

9th FEBRUARY 1961.
The PresrpEent in the Chair.

A welcome was extended to Professor Slater of the University of
Columbia, U.S.A.

The following new members were declared elected: Brigadier H. L.
Lewis, Messrs. R. G. Adams, C. G. Bruce, D. J. Clark, P. C. Jerrard,
D. H. Harvey, J. Quinlan, M. Schaeffer, C. D. Speight.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. A. E. Garpner—Two males of the beautiful Asian dragonfly
Pseudophaea splendens (Selys) from Central Province, Ceylon, 20.iv.54.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lrprarian reported the following additions to the library: A
Provisional Check List of the Butterflies of the Ethiopian Region by W.
Peters, Prodromus Lepidopterorum Brittanicum by A. H. Haworth (a
facsimile copy), Supplements 1, 2 and 3 to the Indexed Check List of
British Lepidoptera by I. R. P. Heslop, A List of the Butterflies and
Moths (Macrolepidoptera) occurring in the neighbourhood of Folkestone
by A. M. Morley, and Victoria County History of Surrey, Section
Zoology, all presented by Mr. E. W. Classey; Common Malayan
Butterflies by R. Morrell presented by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie; 4A.
Reclassification of the Order Odonata by F. C. Fraser, Faune de
Madagascar, I Insectes, Odonates, Anisopteres (in French) by F. C.
Fraser and The Odonata of Madagascar, Zygoptera by E, Schmidt
(translated from the German by I’. C. Fraser), presented by Dr. F. C.
Fraser; and Atlante Entomologico (esclusi i Lepidotteri) Presented by
P.M. Polak.

Members commented on recent appearances of Lepidoptera at light
which included Alsophila «aescularia Schiff., Phigalia pedaria F.,
Hrannis leucophaearia Schiff. and Theria rupicapraria Schiff.
(Geometridae) and Tortricodes tortricella Hiibn. (Tortricidae).

Series of coloured transparencies were shown by Messrs. J. D.
Bradley, R. F. Haynes and R. M. Mere.

23rd FEBRUARY 1961
The Presipent in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. W.
Dolling, R. Long and G. E. Nixon.

EXHIBITS.
The PrestpeENt—An example of the mirid bug Zygimus nigriceps
(Fall.) taken by Mr. K. C. Side from scots pine at Glen More, Inv.,
31.vii.60. This is only the third example recorded in the British Isles.
The species was added to the British list by Mr. G. G. E. Scudder
(1958, Hnt. mon, Mag. 94:171-2) who discovered two examples in the
collection of Mr. J. J. F. X. King, in the department of Zoology, Glas-
gow University. The insects were mounted together and collected at
Nethy Bridge, Inv., 10.vii.11.
Mr. A. KE. Garpner—Orthoptera from the Canary Islands collected
by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lisprartan reported that Dr. H. EK. Hickin had presented re-
prints from Timber Technology, Nos. 1 to 6 dealing with unusual wood
boring beetles; also a reprint of the paper ‘‘An introduction to the
Study of the British Lyctidae’. Mr. S, N. A. Jacobs had presented
Fascicle 8, Tome 1, of Alexanor, Revue des Lépidoptéristes frangais.

Lepidoptera this season were reported to be two to three weeks
ahead of normal. Recent warm days had brought Gonepteryx rhamat
L. (Pieridae), and Nymphalis io L. and Aglais urticue L. (Nymphalidae)
out of hibernation. Leucochlaena hispida Gey. (Noctuidae) had been
seen and many species of Orthosia (Noctuidae) were out. Achlya
flavicornis 1.. (Thyatiridae) which normally occurs about the middle of
March was also reported.

Mr. R. F. Haynes said that at Chiddingfold, Surrey, one sallow was
seen to be in full bloom.

The PresipeNT was of the opinion that Hemiptera were also in ad-
vance of normal. Lygus kalmii (L.) (Miridae) was already out; it is a
species which hibernates as an adult and is attracted to sallow. It
usually appears about the first week in March.

Two cinematograph films were introduced by Mr T. G. Howarth.
One dealt with the life of Linnaeus, a Swedish film in sound and colour;
and the other, entitled ‘‘Woodpeckers’’, was made by Heinz Sielmann.

8th MARCH 1961.

In the rooms of the Linnean Society, Burlington House.
The Presipent in the Chair.

The death was announced of Sir Leonard Wakely, K.c.1.£., C.B.

A welcome was extended to Dr, Young, a distinguished coleopterist
from Indiana, U.S.A.

Dr. D. Kyle was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.
Mr. B. Goarer—The moss Aulacomnium androgynum (Hedw.)
Schwaegr., bearing gemmae; and the liverwort Lophocolea heterophylla

3

(Schrad.) Dunn., in several stages of development. The two plants
were found living together on rotting wood in Scratch Wood, Middx.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The season in the south appeared to be still well in advance of
normal. Many spring Lepidoptera were reported, but at Wood Walton
l'en very few of the sallows showed any signs of blossoming.

Lepidopterous larvae, according to Mr. A, H. Sperring, were not
early; and though Leucania lythargyria Esp. (Noctuidae) was out,
Diarsia brunnea Schiff. (Noctuidae) had not yet been seen.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs said that under some grass in his garden the
previous Sunday (4th March) he had found a number of dead larvae ot
Hepialus lupulina 1.. (Lep., Hepialidae). He counted 30 dead and
only one alive; he suggested that this could be caused by an infection
since the dead larvae were soft and flaccid.

The PRESIDENT said that fruit insects were about two weeks early in
Kent; and an instance was cited where hibernating larvae had become
active before the plant on which they were sleeved had come into leaf.

Mr. W.. H. T. Tams gave an interesting talk on the Linnean collec-
tions, which included a account of how they came into the possession
of the Linnean Society. Drawers from the cabinets containing insects
and other animals were laid out for members’ examination,

23rd MARCH 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The President announced the election of our member Dr. H. E.
Hinton to the Royal Society. He also extended a welcome to Dr.
Woodward from Queensland University, Brisbane, and to Professor J.
A. Slater of the U.S.A. who was paying the Society a second visit.

EXHIBITS.

The PresipENtT—(1) Leaves of the evergreen shrub, Viburnum tinus
L. on which were small scale insects killed by an entomophagus fungus
of the genus Hmpusa. The white flocculent fructifications produced by
the fungus were distinct to the naked eye. (2) The uncommon
Drymus pumilio Puton (Hem., Tygaeidae) which is rarely represented
in collections. It seems to be confined to the south and south-west of
England, is a ground-loving species usually found on chalky soils, and
occurs amongst low-growing plants where the vegetation is sparse. The
bug occurs at Critel Down, Blandford, Hod Hill, Charmouth and
Witchampton in Dorset, and at Pitt’s Deep near Lymington, Hants.

Mr. Dennis Leston—Examples of the lygaeid (Hem.) genera
Oncopeltum and Blissus.

Mr. S. Waxkenty—An example of Acrocercops imperialella Mann
(Lep., Gracillariidae) which he had taken as a larva at Wood Walton
Fen, Hunts., 24.ix.60. The insect had been forced and the moth emerged
on 16.11.61, He also showed A, ononidis Zell, which it closely resembles

and he pointed out the differences. The larvae he said, had been found
not uncommonly on Symphytum (Comfrey) at Wicken Fen, Cambs., by
W. Farren in 1886; but there have been very few records since. A few
have been taken in Dorset and in the New Forest, Hants., where the
larvae feed in the leaves of Pulmonaria (Lung-wort), the last record
being of one bred in 1940.

Mr. F. D. Buck—Four species of Coleoptera taken in vegetable litter
on the Copper field at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 6.i11.60: Conosomus
littoreus (F.), C. testaceus (F.) and Ochthephilum fracticorne (Payk.)
(Staphylinidae) and Ptenidium nitidwm (Heer) (Ptiliidae). According
to our standard works on British Coleoptera, vegetable litter heaps are
unusual places to take Conosomus littoreus (F.). Fowler (1888, Col.
Brit. Is. 2: 191) says ‘‘In faggots, bottoms of woodstacks, under loose
bark, in fungi, rotten wood, etc.;’’ whilst Joy (1932, Brit, Beetles, 1:
88) contents himself with ‘‘chiefly in faggot stacks’. Reitter (1909,
Fauna Germanica 2: 93) gives no habitat at all, and Donisthorpe (1939,
Col. Windsor Forest, p. 36) agrees with Fowler and Joy, and states
“under wood-stacks and logs’’. None of these habitats suggest the
dampness of vegetable litter on the Copper field in March and Novem-
ber, though not all the habitats given by our three authorities are as
dry as the only habitat common to all three—faggots. The only other
time the exhibitor had seen this insect in the field was when Mr. W.
H. Forster obtained an example at High Beech, Essex, at a sapping
birch stump in April (Buck, 1955, Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 181). This too
was a dry situation apart from the dampness of the sap. The insect
is not always easy to recognise in the field when it occurs in company
with C. testaceus (F.) as it does here. The example taken in November
was not recognised in the field but was bottled to ensure its congener
was recorded. Mr. A. KE. Gardner, who also works the area, subse-
quently found he had examples awaiting determination. On 6th March
this year the beetle was searched for and several were found, most of
which were not definitely recognised in the field. The coloration, i.e.,
the light markings on the elytra and on the basal angles of the pronotum
are not always reliable; the absence of close pubescence, the more elon-
gate elytra and more elongate antennal segments much more easily
distinguish (. littoreus from C. testaceus.

Ochthephilum fracticorne (Payk.) is another species which also occurs
in EKpping Forest. The species is in its natural habitat; it likes wet,
boggy situations. The interesting association here lies in the fact that
one of the spots in Epping Forest (Cuckoo Pits) where it was taken is
the only spot outside fenland or broadland localities where the exhibitor
has taken Agonum thoreyi Dej. (Carabidae) which occurs in the same
situations as O, fracticorne in Wood Walton Fen and also in Wicken
Fen, Cambs.

Mr. T. R. Eacrrs-—(1) Dead stems of Pteridium aquilinum (L.)
Kuhn (Bracken) with the short black lines caused by the Fungus
Rhopographus filicinus (Fries.) Nitschke apud Fuckel. (2) The moss
Orthodontium lineare Schwaegr. Fifty years ago it was unknown in

5

the British Isles. It was first observed in 1920 in Yorkshire, since when
it has spread rapidly. In 1946 Mr. J. H. G. Peterken found it in
Epping Forest, Essex, and it is now found in most of the woods around
London. Both exhibits were from Epping Forest.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The season was still quite early, blackthorn was now in bloom and
the sallow was nearly over. The butterflies Pieris rapae L. and P. napi
L. (Pieridae), Pararge aegeria L. (Satyridae) and Celastrinu argiolus Li.
(Lycaenidae) had been seen on the wing; and the moths (Gypsitea
leucographa Schiff. (Noctuidae) and Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff.
(Geometridae) were also reported.

The PRESIDENT opened a symposium on ‘‘Recent developments in
the study of the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) in which the principal speakers
were Mr. Dennis Leston, Professor J. A. SuaterR and Dr. T. R. E.
SourHwoop. The symposium covered such aspects as morphology, bio-
logy and the structure of the ova. It was shown that systematics in the
Lygaeidae had reached an important and interesting stage.

13th APRIL 1961.
The Presipent in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Dr. K. J. Fox

and Mr. A. Gould.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpeEnt—The very local weevil Cathormiocerus myrmeco-
philus Seid. (Col., Curculionidae) from Fairflight Glen, East Sussex,
30.111.61. The insect occurs in grass tufts at the side of a track leading
to the cliffs. The late Mr. W. H. Bennett, a local coleopterist, found
this weevil in the same locality at the beginning of this century.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Two rare staphylinid beetles, Geodromicus
globulicollis (Mannerh.) and Oxypoda tirolensis Gred. taken from the
top of the Cairngorms, Inverness-shire, 9.v11.60. The exhibitor ex-
pressed his thanks to Mr. H. R. Last who determined the species.

Mr. T. R. Hactes—(1) Seeds of Lithospermum. officinale L. (Grom-
well) from Druids Grove, Surrey. The white seeds remain on the plant
all winter after the leaves have fallen (2) Catkin-bearing spray from a
monecious form of Salix atrocinerea Brot. (Common Sallow) from
Ranmore, Surrey.

Mr. T. G. Howarts-—Two fully-grown larvae of Favonius yuasai
Shir6ézu (Lep., Lycaenidae), a Japanese Hairstreak which has the male
a dull brown instead of the usual brilliant green.

COMMUNICATIONS.
Pieris rapae I. (Lep., Pieridae) was reported to have been seen on
the 24th March and again on the same day as the meeting.

6

The PresipEnT said that in the past few days he had seen Hurydema
dominulus (Scop.) (Hem., Pentatomidae), a species confined to Kent
and East Sussex and not normally out as early as this. The bug is
associated with Cardamine pratensis lL. (Cuckoo Flower).

Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Lep., Notodontidae) was reported, by Mr.
J. O. T. Howarp, to have been seen on Ist April.

A talk was given by Mr. R. G. Dyson on “Interesting plants for
the entomologist’s garden’’ which he illustrated with some excellent
coloured transparencies,

27th April 1961.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. H. B.
Ellerton, W. H. H. Morris, A. J. W. Owston, EK. A. Sadler and R. G.
Thimann,

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpEnt—Lasiorhynchites ophthalmicus (Steph.) (Col., Cureu-
lionidae) from Chattenden Roughs, Kent, where it is associated with
hazel and birch, and occasionally with scrub oak. The beetle occurs in
April and May, and can also be found in Kent at Darenth Wood, but it
is a very local species.

Mr. F. D. Bucx—Five species of Hydradephaga (Col., Dytiscidae) :
Dytiseus circumflerus F., D. circumcinctus Ahrens, D. semisulcatus
Muell., Hydaticus transversalis (Pont.) and H. seminiger Deg. All
from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 15.iv.61. Taken in conjuction with
Mr. Gardner’s exhibit following, this shows all the British members of
the genus Dytiscus to have been present in the Fen over a seven-day
period, with the exception of D. lapponicus Gyll. Also the two
Hydaticus spp. are our only representatives in that genus. All these
species have been previously taken in the Fen with the exception of
D. circumflexus F.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Set examples of two water beetles (Col.,
Dytiscidae): Dytiscus dimidiatus Bergstr., from Wood Walton Fen,
Hunts., 10.iv.61, and Cybister lateralimarginalis Deg., from Fooshan,
Manchuria. The latter species having been found in England (in Essex
and Middlesex) on only three or four occasions from 1826 to 1831. Also
shown were living examples of the following Coleoptera (Dytiscidae) :
Dytiscus marginalis L., females; D. dimidiatus Bergstr., male; D.
circumcinctus Ahrens, male and female; D. circumflerus F., female; a
mature larva of a Dytiscus sp.; Hydaticus transversalis (Pont.); and
Agabus wndulatus (Schrank). All being taken during a few hours at
Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 26.iv.61.

Mr. M. G. Morris—(1) Weevils (Col., Curculionidae) collected from
January to mid-March 1961, chiefly to show a few of the species which
can be obtained by winter work. By beating the bare branches of haw-
thorn: Anthonomus chevrolati Desbr. (at first thought to be A. rosinae

7

Des G., and exhibited as such 1961, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist., Soc.
1960: 59), East Malling, Kent, 6.1.61. By sifting moss collected on
chalk downs: Trachyphloeus scabriculus (L.) and T. oliviert Bed.,
Boxley, Kent, 12.11.61; Orthochaetes insignis (Aubé), Detling, Kent,
6.11.61 and O. setiger (Beck), Boxley, 12.11.61. By sifting moss collected
in woods: Caenopsis waltoni (Boh.), East Malling, 5.111.61; Barynotus
moerens (I'.), Ashow, near Kenilworth, Warwicks., 20.11.61. By cut-
ting and shaking clumps of rushes (Juncus): Notaris scirpi (F.) and
Epipolaeus caliginosus (F.) (an unusual situation), East Malling,
20.i111.61. At the roots of grasses and low plants: Smicronyx reichi
(Gyll.), Aylesford, Kent, 22.1.61. By sweeping Cardamine amara L.:
Ceuthorhynchus suturellus Gyll., Blean, Kent, 17.i11.61. (2) A pre-
served larva and pupa of Anthonomus chevrolati Desbr., Kast Malling,
14.iv.61. (3) The larval gall made by Anthonomus chevrolati Desbr. in
trusses of hawthorn leaves at Kast Malling, 27.iv.61.

Mr. H. N. E. Atston—Galls of the mite Phytoptus tiliae (Pagst.)
(Acarina) on lime leaves found in Cambridgeshire, 23.iv.61. It usually
occurs at least a month later than this.

Mr. S. Waxkety—lLarva of Pachythelia villosella Ochs. (Lep.,
Psychidae) from the New Forest, Hants; and three species of lepidop-
terous larvae beaten from birch at the Chilworth, Surrey, field meeting,
23.iv.61: Achlya flavicornis LL. (Thyatiridae), Oporinia autumnata
Borkh. (Geometridae) and Coleophora wbipennella Zell. (betulella auct.
nec. Hein. & Wocke) (Coleophoridae).

Mr. T. R. Eacres—Flowers of Cytisus adami Poit., a chimaera or
graft hybrid, from Enfield, Middx. The tree bears three kinds of
flowers (1) Laburnum anagyroides Medic. (ordinary laburnum), (2)
Cytisus purpureus Scop. (Purple Broom) and (3) flowers of the laburnum
type but in smaller trusses, and pink. He read a note and referred to
Mr. Dyson’s recent talk to the Society and to the account published
by the Society (1942, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1941-42:
69-71).

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Hon. Liprarian reported that Mr. H. G. Tunstall had presented
the following books to the library: (1) British Plant Life by W. B.
Turrill (No. 10 of the New Naturalist Series). (2) The Natural History
of Aquatic Insects by Prof. lL. C. Miall. (3) The Butterflies of the
British Isles by Richard South (Wayside and Woodland series).

A brief discussion took place on the biology of Smicronyx reichi
(Gyll.) and S. jungermanniae (Reich) (Col., Curculionidae).

Mr. J. O. T. Howarp reported a bat in flight in full sunshine at
3.30 p.m. in N. Wales shortly before Easter this year.

Mr. A. H. Sprerrine gave the following account of two much-
travelled jackdaws, received from his daughter who was on board the
s.s. ‘‘British Patrol’? which at the time was near Socotra in the Indian
Ocean. She reported that in March 1959 a message came from an ore
carrier in neighbouring waters enquiring whether anything had been
seen of her jackdaws which had been with the ore carrier since the
Malta Channel and had travelled with that vessel up to Kuwait and

8

back down the Arabian coast. A few hours later, two jackdaws did
arrive on the ‘‘British Patrol’’ and stayed with the vessel right down the
African coast and into the South Atlantic until well to the east of
Tristan da Cunha when they were both lost, apparently as a result of an
autumn gale. They had been fed while on board and roosted at night
in one of the after lifeboats. It seemed fairly certain that had they
not been badly buffeted by the gale and so weakened and lost, they
would have survived to reach land at Buenos Aires, the vessel’s im-
mediate destination.

Reports were given by Mr. S. Wakety on the field meetings at
Newlands Corner, Surrey and Chilworth, Surrey.

llth MAY 1961
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.
Mr. L. G. Stimson was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpENt—The bug Aradus aterrimus Fieber (Hem., Aradidae)
first recorded in England at Darenth Wood, Kent, in May 1861. A
second example without locality is contained in the Scott collection; and
further specimens were recorded from East Malling, Kent, in 1933 and
1934. This spring the bug was again found in Oaken Wood at East
Malling in wood chips left by wood-cutters when the chestnuts were cut
down in the winter of 1959-60. The bug is confined to Kent, and has
been found sparingly in five localities only.

Dr. B. J. MacNurtry—Several species of Coccinellidae (Col.):
Anisosticta novemdecimpunctata (L.), from Hickling Broad, Norfolk,
September 1960; Adonia variegata (Goeze) and Coccinella undecim-
punctata (L.) from Tuddenham, Suffolk, July 1960; Suwbcoccinella
vigintiquattuorpunctata (L.), from Mucking Creek, Essex and Wood
Walton, Hunts; Micraspis sexrdecimpunctata (L.) from Tuddenham.

Mr. G. M. Krvnessury—A larva of Habrophlebia fusca (Curtis)
(Ephem., Leptophlebiidae) from the river Brett, Suffolk, 25.iv.61. The
only previous records in southern England are one each from Cambridge-
shire and Hampshire. The water was about a foot deep with a medium
rate of flow, the vegetation slight and the river unpolluted, but rather
filled with rubbish. The exhibit was found on the underside of a brick.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Coleoptera: (1)
Grammoptera ruficornis (F.) ab. holomelina. Pool (Cerambycidae) and
Osphya bipunctata (F.) (Melandryidae) from Monks Wood, Hunts,
30.iv.61. (2) A series of Hydrobius niger Zschach (Hydrophilidae) from
Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 3 and 16.iv.61.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Larvae of Ypsolophus nemorellus L. (Lep.,
Plutellidae) from Westerham, Kent.

Mr. T. R. Eacres—A branch of Forsythia intermedia Zabel with
terminal fasciation from Enfield, Middx, He referred to the two works

published by the Ray Society, Masters, M. T., 1869, Vegetable
Teratology, and Worsdell, W. C., 1915-16, The Principles of Plant
Teratology. There has been much dispute about the mechanism of
fasciation, and doubtless this differs from case to case. He thought that
in the present instance the following extract from page 81 of volume 1
of the second work would apply—‘‘At the base and for a varying dis-
tance upwards, it has the usual cylindric contour; sooner or later,
however, this becomes more and more flattened, until, in the upper part
of the axis, a band-shaped structure is assumed which is due to the
great increase in diameter of the stem in one place only ...’’.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Dr. C. G. M. pE Worms said that despite the warm weather few
insects had come to his mercury vapour trap. The most interesting
capture was a gynandromorphous example of Cycnia mendica Clerck
(Lep., Arctiidae). Major F. L. Jonnson referred to a recent issue of
the journal of the Lepidopterist’s Society (formerly the Lepidopterist’s
News) in which was an account of the capture of siamese twins of
Parthenos salentis Hopffer (Lep., Nymphalidae) in the Philippine
Islands. The insect had two normal bodies with the usual number of
legs and antennae, and which were joined at the thorax. Each body,
however, had only one forewing and one hindwing.

Field meeting reports were given by Mr. S. Wakely for Otford, and
Dr. A. M. Massee for Deal and Sandwich.

25th MAY 1961.
The PresipEnt in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. B. M.
Greenwood, R. F. Major and A. Price.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpENT—Six examples of Anthonomus cinctus Koll. (Col.,
Curculionidae) bred from the buds of Cox’s Orange Pippin apple at
Keston, Kent, 1l.v.61. This weevil was added to the British List in
1921 on specimens from Darenth, Kent; it has since been recorded from
Wisbech, Cambs., Ashtead, Surrey, and Hast Malling and Wilmington,
Kent. It is never very common, but seems to survive in orchards where
even organo phosphorus chemicals are in use.

Mr. F. D. Bucx—Three species of Tenebrionidae (Col.). (1) Hegeter
subrotundatus Woll. from Grand Canary, 29.11.60. This insect is repre-
sented in the collections in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by the
type only which is in the Wollaston collection, two of the exhibited
series of five will be deposited in the general collection of the British
Museum. (2) Anthracias curvicornis Chev., males, from Gan, Maldive
Islands, January 1961. This is an interesting genus in which the males
have a pair of long curved horns on the head, It is closely allied to

10

Toxicum from which it differs in having the horns glabrous at the tips
and the eyes completely divided, whilst in Toxicum the horns are
pubescent at the tips and the eyes are incompletely divided. Both these
genera are reasonably closely allied to our Tenebrio, but the phenomenon
of the completely divided eye is very similar indeed to, though not so
marked as in, our Gyrinus. The distribution of the two genera
Anthracias and Toxicum is interesting too, inasmuch as Anthracias is
Afro-Indian (including Ceylon), though it has a representative in
southern Russia; whilst Toxricum is mainly Australian, from the islands
to the north and north-west, and from south-east Asia. However, these
two genera do come together in Japan and New Guinea. One exception
to the overall pattern of distribution is Toxicum cribrarium Blanch.
which occurs in Chile—it is very doubtfully a genuine Toxicwm but as
there is no material in the British Museum it is not possible to investi-
gate it. (3) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) also from Gan, Maldive
Islands. These arrived alive amongst a collection of dead insects con-
signed to Mr. A. E. Gardner under circumstances which led him to
believe they may have been feeding on the dead insects. T. castaneum
is at times a major pest in stored grain and similar foodstuffs, and will
sometimes feed on fungus, but it is doubtful if it will feed on dead
insects. The species is cosmopolitan and in its normal pabulum would
be as likely to occur in the Maldives as elsewhere. The beetle is not
exceptionally hardy and is unlikely to recover after being ‘‘killed’’
by anyone experienced in killing and despatching insects, as in this
case; but since the material was despatched by airmail, and the
chances of infestation in transit are considerably reduced, it is difficult
to account for this occurrence in any other way.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following species of Coleoptera: Oreodytes
halensis (F.) (Dytiscidae) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 3.v.61;
living examples of Chrysolina. menthastri (Suff.) (Chrysomelidae) from
Virginia Water, Surrey, 20.v.61; and a teratological example of Carabus
violaceus L. ab. sollicitans Hartert (Carabidae) from Dalwhinnie, Inv.,
2.viii.60 taken by Mr. B. F. Skinner. The left antenna of this beetle
having five segments arising from the base of the sixth and at right
angles to it.

Mr. S. Waxery—A larva and two pupae of Hemistola immaculata
Thunb. (Lep., Geometridae) taken on the Otford field meeting, 30.iv.61;
and a female Fumaria casta Pall. (Lep., Psychidae).

Mr. J. O. T. Howarp—(1) Larvae of three moths, Gypsitea leuco-
grapha Schiff. and Jodia croceago Schiff. (Noctuidae) from near Friday
Street, Surrey, and Polyploca ridens F. (Thyatiridae) from Dorking,
Surrey. (2) Three specimens of the melanic aberration monacharia
Staud. of Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.) (Geometridae) and a
bred series of Bupalus piniaria L. ab. funebris Cockayne (Geometridae)
from Dorking showing a strong tendency, particularly in the females,
to suppression of white markings on the underside of the hindwings,
with the exception of the central white streak, and a general darkening
of colour,

11

Mr. A. Priczk—A series of Dytiscus circwmcinctus Ahrens (Col.,
Dytiscidae) showing: the male, the smooth female, and the sulcate
female, all taken in the Reading district of Berkshire where the sulcate
female seems to be commoner than the smooth. He also showed a pair
of living examples, and for comparison set specimens of D. marginalis
L. and D. circumflexus L.

Mr. E. S. Braprorp—A series of Jinea granella L. (Lep., Tineidae)
bred from dried Italian mushrooms.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lirprarian reported the following additions to the library: No.
48 of Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, Tortricidae, by Dr. Hans Joachim
Hannemann; Les Insectes, Vol. IL, Hyménopteres, Lépidopteres,
Rhynchotes, Dipteres, by Paul A. Robert; Fascicle 1 of Tome II of
Alexanor, presented by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs; An Illustrated List of
the British Tortricidae, Part II, by J. D. Bradley; Lepidoptera of
Haslemere and District, Science Paper No. 5, Haslemere Natural
History Society, presented by Mr. R. M. Mere; British Cup Fungi and
their Allies by R. W. G. Dennis, presented by Dr. A. M. Massee; The
Coleoptera of the Isle of Man, by H. Britten, presented by Mr. J. L.
Henderson; and Hong Kong Butterflies, by Major J. C. S. Marsh, pre-
sented by Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie.

Referring to Mr. Buck’s exhibit, Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said that it
was his experience during the time he was engaged on food infestation
work that Tribolium castanewm (Herbst) would eat almost anything,
and that he would not be surprised to find the species eating dried
entomological specimens,

Dr. C. G. M. pg Worms said he had recently been to Sauley Forest,
Northants., and the blackthorn had been drastically cut back. He
added that Captain Jackson, who visited the area frequently had found
only a single Strymonidia pruni L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) during the whole
season. Continuing to comment on Lepidoptera he said that Huphydryas
aurinia Rott. (Nymphalidae), Hamearis lucina L. (Nemeobiidae) and
Strymonidia w-album Knoch (Lycaenidae) were out. In Shropshire,
Hadena bombycina Hufn. and Apatele menyanthidis View. (Noctuidae)
were on the wing. There was, however, little at light.

Contrary to recent opinion that the season was early, Dr. B. J.
MacNutty had recently been taking Orthosia incerta Hufn. and QO.
gothica L. (Noctuidae) in perfect condition.

In the experience of Mr. R. S. Tusss butterflies were scarce. During
a day’s collecting at Chiddingfold he had seen only three Leptidea
sinapis L. (Pieridae) and one Clossiana euphrosyne L. (Nymphalidae),
though a number of Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Pieridae) were out and,
he added, it was the same in West Sussex. Another member said he
had found Clossiana euphrosyne L. plentiful at Ham Street, Kent, and
Clossiana selene Schiff. (Nymphalidae) was just coming out.

Mr. S. Wakety said he had taken Huphyia luctuata Schiff.
(Lep., Geometridae) at Westwell, Kent, 21.v.61.

12

Fieid meeting reports were given by Mr. B. Goater for Whippendell
Wood and by Mr. 8S. Wakely for Challock.

8th JUNE 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Dr. H. M. Chappel was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

The PRresipent—Liparus germanus (L.) (Col., Curculionidae), a local
and uncommon weevil found mainly in Kent. The adult feeds on the
leaves, and the larva on the roots, of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Hog-
weed), and the insect occurs as an adult in April, May and June.

Mr. A. Price—(1) Two females and a male Ilybius guttiger (Gyll.)
(Col., Dytiscidae), taken at the margins of a Carex swamp in Queens
Mere, Berks., 4.vi.61; the mere is being fenced in as a bird sanctuary.
Also 12 examples of Agabus affinis (Payk.) (Col., Dytiscidae). (2) A
female Ilybius aenescens Thoms. which is normally extremely abundant
in Kings Mere, Berks., for a short period, after which it is harder to
find. The exhibit was taken 4.vi.61. (3) Two examples of Gyrinus
urinator Ill. (Col., Gyrinidae) taken in the river Gwendraeth, Kid-
welly, Carmarthenshire, 28.vili.58, where they are not abundant.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Examples of Pterostichus lepidus (Leske) (Col.,
Carabidae) from Woolmer, Hants., 6.vi.61.

Mr. A. A. Myers—A bred gynandromorph example of Luothoe
popult L. (Lep., Sphingidae) ex ova from a Kingsbury, London,
N.W.9, female; left side male, right side female.

Mr. T. R. Eacires—Plants found at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., on
the field meeting, 4.vi.61; Viola stagnina Kit. (Fen Violet) and
Thalictrum flavum L. (Common Meadow Rue).

Mr. R. M. Mere—(1) Cycnia mendica Clerck (Lep., Arctiidae) males
from the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, showing variation in colour and
spot marks, with English males for comparison. (2) Spilosoma
lubricipeda L. (Lep., Arctiidae) from western Ireland, with buff fore-
wings.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lrprarian reported the following additions to the library: (1)
The Nigerian Butterflies by John Boorman and Patrick Roche, Part I:
Papilionidae and Part V: Nymphalidae (Section 3). Presented by Mr.
S. N. A. Jacobs. (2) Outlines of Entomology by A. D. Imms, fifth
edition revised by O. W. Richards and R. G. Davies. Presented by Mr. F.
T. Vallins. (3) A List of Irish Butterflies by E. S. A. Baynes, and a
separate from the Irish Naturalists’ Journal, “Report on Migrant
Insects in Ireland for 1960’? by E. S. A. Baynes. Both presented by
the author. (4) A separate from the Journal of the Lepidopterists’
Society, ‘‘The preservation of lepidopterous larvae using the inflation
and heat-drying technique’? by H. E. Hammond. Presented by the
author.

13

Mr. R. M. Merz referred to the Lepidoptera noted on his recent
visit to Ireland, which consisted of ten days in the Burren area of Co.
Clare, and four days in the vicinity of Killarney. The weather was
sunny with very cold nights, and the wind predominantly in the east
to north-east quarter, On 15th-16th May on the Burren coast he had
taken Hadena caesia Schiff. (Noctuidae), whilst in most parts of the
area Orthosia gothica l.. and O. incerta Hufn. (Noctuidae) were in fair
condition. At mercury vapour light Leucania vitellina Hiibn. and L.
unipuncta Haw. (Noctuidae) were taken, the former in the Burren and
the latter at Kenmare. Leptidea sinapis L. (Pieridae) was common in
the Burren and the noctuids Apatele alni, A. menyanthidis View. and
Hadena bombycina Hufn. were also present. Many interesting micros
were taken, most of them being as yet undetermined, but Hypercallia
christiernana L. (Oecophoridae) larvae, and some pupae, were found in
a very restricted area on Polygala (Milkwort). Though Polygala was
searched in other places the insect occurred in the one spot only. Other
micros taken included: Glyphipterix schoenicolella Staint. (Glyphipteri-
gidae), Alucita tetradactyla L. and A. icterodactyla Mann.
(Pterophoridae), At Killarney, Stauropus fagi L. (Notodontidae) and
Apatele alni L. (Noctuidae) were both taken at night, but though
search was made for Leucodonta bicoloria Schiff. (Notodontidae) none
were found.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms reported taking a remarkable black
Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (Lep., Notodontidae).

At Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., Arenostola extrema Hibn. and
Leucania obsoleta Hiibn, (Lep., Noctuidae) were reported to be well out
but there was little else of interest.

A discussion took place on mite larvae on Dytiscus spp. (Col.) and
other aquatic insects.

Field meeting reports were given for Effingham by Mr. T. R.
Eagles and Wood Walton Fen by Mr. A. E. Gardner.

Mr. S. Beravuroy gave a talk on “Insect Photography’’ illustrated
by the lantern and followed by an interesting discussion.

22nd JUNE 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr. C. J. Goodall was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

The Presipent—A rare and very local mirid bug, Pachytomella
parallela (Meyer-Duer), recently added to the Kent list, and which
occurs amongst the roots of fine grass at Lunsford, East Malling, Kent.
It has been recorded from Essex, Surrey, Dorset, Devon, Gloucestershire
and Scotland. It is said to occur in July and August, but the Kent
specimens have been obtained in May and June, so it seems likely that
there may be two generations each year.

14

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Laphria flava (l.) (Dipt., Asilidae), a robber
fly taken in the Cairngorms Nature Reserve, 5.viii.60.

Mr. T. R. Eacies—Racemes of seed pods of Laburnum alpinum
(Mill.) Berchtold & Presl. (Scotch Laburnum) and of Laburnum
anagyroides Medic. (Common Laburnum). The pods of the former are
glabrous and shining green whereas those of the latter are downy and
duller green. Moreover, the former has a thin edge to the seam at the
top of the pod while the latter has a thicker edge. (See Harrison, §.
G., 1960, Garden Shrubs and Trees, The Kew Series, p. 118).

Mr. A. Price—Water beetles taken in the river Pang at Hampstead
Norris, Berks. (1) A series of Agabus biguttatus (Ol.) (Hydradephaga)
including a red female; one example taken 11.vi.61 and the rest 17.vi.61.
The beetles were very abundant in the part of the river which was a
trickling stream over gravel. They extended for half a mile down
stream, becoming less abundant as the water got deeper. (2) Seven
examples of Hydroporus marginatus (Dufts.) (Hydradephaga), 17.vi.61,
which was not so plentiful as the Agabus but occurred in much the
same place. (3) Helophorus spp. (Hydrophilidae) which were extremely
abundant in the river in the shallower, swift flowing reaches.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A specimen of Oidaematophorus lenigianus
Zell. (Lep., Pterophoridae) from Chiswick, Middx., 17.vi.61.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. A. Price said he had recently made several attempts to breed
Dytiscus water beetles and had lost all his material, usually at the
pupal stage when they had developed mould or turned black and died.
Very little constructive advice could be given though several suggestions
were made,

The PReEsIpENT said that on a recent visit to Dungeness, Kent, he
was distressed to find that in widening the road to the new power station
the shingle had been bulldozed for ballast in spite of promises to leave
this intact. All the scrub had been destroyed. Dr. Massee is making
enquiries but fears that this part of the locality is now lost.

Field meeting reports were given for Princes Risborough and
Groombridge.

13th JULY 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

Mr. R. W. J. Read was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

The PRrestp—Ent—The rare and very local mirid bug Trigonotylus
psammaecolor Reuter which occurred in numbers on Agropyron
junceiforme A. & D. Love (Sand Couch Grass) growing on Sandwich
dunes, Kent. The adult bug is found in June and has a very limited
adult life. Much confusion has arisen in the past because the bug was

15

thought to be associated with Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. (Marram
Grass). In this country it does in fact occur on Agropyron junceiforme,
and over 30 specimens have been bred on this grass from the first and
second instars. The insect also occurs at West Wittering, Sussex, and
also in Cambridgeshire, Lancashire, Hants, Lincolnshire, Glamorgan-
shire, and Carmarthenshire.

Mr. A. Price—(1) Water beetles from Benfleet, Essex, 1.vii.61:
Haliplus apicalis Thom. (Haliplidae) and Hygrotus (Coelambus)
parallelogrammus (Ahrens) and Agabus conspersus (Marsh.) (Dytiscidae).
(2) Three living examples of Triturus helveticus Razoumowski (palmatus
Schneider) (Palmate Newt), from an acid pond on Wokefield/ Common,
Berks., 9.vii.61. One example was normal while the other two appeared
to be neotenic, i.e., they retain larval characteristics. It was sub-
sequently discovered that they were in fact not neotenic. More than 50
of these pseudo-neotenic examples were found in the pond which was
rapidly drying up. No Smooth Newts were found and only one Great
Crested Newt, which was normal. The water in the pond was very low,
was brown and acid, and as a result of the pond drying up the animal
life was very crowded.

Mr. B. F. Sxinner—Larvae of Hemaris tityus L. (Lep., Sphingidae)
found on Succisa pratensis Moench. (Devil’s-bit Scabious) at Welsford
Moor, Bideford, N. Devon.

Mr. A. EH. Garpner—(1) Cantharis abdominalis F. ab. cyanea
(Curt.) (Col., Cantharidae) taken at Alston, Cumberland, by Mr. W. F.
Davidson, 3l.v.61. (2) A series of the water beetle Platambus maculatus
(L.) (Dytiscidae) from the Oberwater, New Forest, Hants; Aviemore,
Inv.; and Ullswater, Cumb,; showing the variation of colour. Also a
series of Deronectes elegans (Panz.) (Col., Dytiscidae) from the Ober-
water, 9.vii.6l.

Mr. C. N. Hawxins—A living example of Volucella zonaria (Poda)
(Dipt., Syrphidae) taken at Wimbledon, Surrey, 13.vii.61.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Hon. Lrsrartan reported that Mr. F. T. Vallins had presented
39 books to the library. With two exceptions, these relate to evolution
and constitute an up-to-date and comprehensive library on the subject
in themselves. Mr. 8S. N. A. Jacobs had presented Fascicle 2 of Tome II
of Aleranor, and A List of Butterflies and Moths (macrolepidoptera)
occurring in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent, had been obtained.

In answer to a question, Dr. A. M. Masse said that the locality for
Trigonotylus psammaecolor Reuter was new and that he suspected that
the species produced two generations a year.

Specimens of Volucella zonaria (Poda) it was pointed out were
usually male when taken in the latter part of the year, while the female
occurred earlier.

Dr. H. E. Hinton, F.R.S., read a paper ‘‘The taxonomic significance
of the structure of insect egg shells’’, which he illustrated by the lantern.
The paper was followed by an interesting period of questions and dis-

16

cussion which covered such aspects as the relationships of the structure
of the egg with the structure of the female; the structure of the chorion
compared with the oviposition site; terrestrial eggs compared with eggs
that are entirely submerged; and the use of the horns in the eggs of
Nepidae (Hem.).

27th JULY 1961.
Mr. R. M. Merz, F.R.8.s., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. D. R. M. Long, uu.B., was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. R. M. Mere—Three Zelleria saxvifragae Staint. (Lep., Hypono-
meutidae) bred from larvae found in May, in South Kerry, Ireland,
mining the leaves of Saxifraga hirsuta L., S. spathularis Brot., and a
cross between the two. He showed coloured transparencies of the insect’s
habitat, mines, etc., photographed by Mr. J. D. Bradley. The larva
which was very local, though plentiful when found, was discovered in
this locality by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton.

Mr S. N. A. Jacoss—Leaves of Carlina vulgaris L. (Carline
Thistle) with the feeding webs of the larva of Choreutis bjerkandrella
Thunb. (Lep., Choreutidae). He pointed out that the feeding web was
spun from side to side on the leaf making a tube over the midrib, and
that the pupating tube was spun across the two opposite lobes of the
leaf. He added that the moth, a mountain species from Saas Fee,
Valais, Switzerland, was added to the British list about 20 years ago
and is recorded in Great Britain, in the south, from Kent to Cornwall.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—(1) Larvae of Coleophora lineolea Haw. (croco-
gramma Zell.) (Lep., Coleophoridae) from Chiswick, Middx., in their
first instar mines and cases. He remarked that some bored through
the base of their eggs straight into the leaf, filling the shell with frass,
whilst others left through the side of the egg and made their first
mines some distance away. (2) A female example of Coleophora
clypeiferella Hof. from Chiswick, 25.v1i.60.

Mr. J. A. C. Greenwoop—Almost full-grown larvae of Selenia
lunaria Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) from ova laid by a female taken at
mercury vapour light at Woking, Surrey, 3.vi.61; the young larvae
hatched 17.vii.61.

Mr T. R. Eactes—Flowering plants gathered on the Hothfield field
meeting, 23.vii.61, including Scutellaria minor L. (Lesser Skull-cap)
and Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. (Bog Asphodel).

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. R. M. Mere said he had taken a female Celerio galii Schiff.
(Lep., Sphingidae) in his mercury vapour trap at Chiddingfold, Surrey,
a week earlier. Another member reported that Mr. R. F. Bretherton
also had a female C. gali Schiff. in his trap on the 25th.

ube)

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss queried the name lineolea for the Coleophora
spp. exhibited by Mr. Uffen. Mr. Urren said he had followed Toll (1952,
Eupistidae of Poland, Documenta Physiographica Poloniae, Krackow)
who gave with it the synonym crocogramma Zeller*. In reply to Mr.
Jacobs who then asked what was the species that occurred on Stellaria
graminea L. (Lesser Stitchwort) Mr. Uffen said C. striatipennella
Nylander and Tengst.

10th AUGUST 1961.
The PrestpEnT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpentT—A series of the beetle Ips cembrae Heer (Scolytidae)
together with larval galleries in Larix spp., from Grantown-on-Spey,
Morayshire, 4.viii.61. He said that this species was first recorded in
Gt. Britain in 1955, from the north of Scotland, by Crooke and Bevan
(1957, Forestry 30: 21-28). It is associated with larch and may prove
very destructive, killing established trees up to 45 years of age.
Numerous specimens were found in felled larch logs. This species is
readily separated from other members of the genus, and the galleries
made by the larvae are also typical.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—Specimens of the following local and rare
Coleoptera taken in Aviemore, Inv., 27.vii. to 4.vill.61: Carabus
glabratus Payk. v. lapponicus Born. (Carabidae), Trichius fasciatus
(L.) (Scarabaeidae), Pogonocherus fasciculatus (Deg.), Strangalia
quadrifasciata (L.) and Arhopalus rusticus (L.) (Cerambycidae), and
Thanasimus rufipes (Brahm) and T. formicarius (L.) (Cleridae).

Dr. C. G. M. ve Worms—Young larvae of Zygaena loti Schiff.
(achilleae Esp.) (Lep., Zygaenidae) bred from imagines from the Isle
of Mull, June 1961.

Mr. M. G. Morris—The following Coleoptera taken at Dungeness,
Kent, 28.iv.61: Dryophilus anobioides Chev. (Anobiidae) which was not
uncommon in dead broom. He said that Dr. Hickin (1959, Proc. S.
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 56) states that this species is
‘very rare’. Laemophloeus spartii (Curt.) (Cucujiidae) which also
occurred in dead broom. The larva is said to feed on scolytid larvae in
their galleries. Ceuthorhynchus posthumus Germ. (Curculionidae), a
local species associated with Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br., and which
was found plentifully on that plant and occasionally by general sweep-
ing. Phloeophthorus ibivenobee. Ose iil )s a oes which occurs on

*Mr. Uffen has since checked the ienatine and finds that aaarorin s descrip-
tion of Coleophora lineolea is misleading and inaccurate, and could in fact
apply to many species. However, Stainton, who saw the original specimens,
established (1859, Nat. Hist. Tineina, 4: 250) C. crocogramma Zell. to be a
synonym of C. lineolea Haw.; and since Zeller was co-editor of the above journal
it is assumed that he must have agreed. Meyrick applied the name lineolea to
quite a different species.—EDITOR.

18

broom and was found abundantly by sweeping this plant. From Dunge-
ness, 1l.vii.61, a single example of Smicronyx coecus (Reich) (Col.,
Curculionidae), found among about 40 S. jungermanniae (Reich). <A
sketch showing the tarsal claws of the two species was also shown.

Mr. S. Waxkety—Larval mines of Lithocolletis scabiosella Doug.
(Lep., Gracillariidae) on Scabiosa columbaria L., found at Addington,
Sussex, 5.viii.61.

Mr. R. W. J. Urrexn—Newly-made larval cases of Nemotois fasciella
(F.) (Lep., Adelidae), from Chiswick, Middx.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms said that Mr. A. J. Wightman had taken a
specimen of Celerio galii Schiff. (Lep., Sphingidae), on thistles at
Aviemore, Inv., during the latter part of July, and that Mr. Dixon
had one at mercury vapour light near Winchester, Hants.

Mr. A. E. GarpNer remarked that during the 14 days he was at
Aviemore, only one specimen of the burying beetle, Necrodes littoralis
(L.) (Silphidae) came to the mercury vapour traps. On the previous
two years it had not been uncommon during late July and early
August.

Mr. D. H. Harvey read a paper ‘Travelling in Anatolia during
1960’’, which he illustrated by coloured slides.

24th AUGUST 1961.
The Presipent in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

The PresipeNtT—Specimens of Velia saulii Tamanini (Hem., Veliidae)
from Loch Morlich, Inv., August 1961. This species was recognised first
in Britain in 1951. It occurs in the valleys of the Highlands and also
occurs in the north of England. There is one record from Herts. It is
less common than the Water Cricket, Velia caprai Tamanini, and the
former species prefers larger expanses of water,

Mr. J. L. HenpERson—Chaetocnema aerosa Letzn. (Col., Chrysome-
lidae) a species new to Britain. The single female was taken from Book-
ham Common, Surrey, 3.vi.61. For comparison he showed the following
six species: Ohaetocnema confusa Boh., C. arida Foud., C. subcoerulea
Kuts., C. hortensis (Geoff.) C. sahlbergit (Gyll.) and C. concinna
(Marsh.).

Mr. A. E. Garpner—The following Cerambycidae (Col.) bred from
larvae and pupae taken in the Aviemore, Inv., area, 27.vi. to 4.vili.61:
Rhagium mordax (Deg.), RP. inquisitor (..), R, bifasciutum F., and
Acanthocinus aedilis (l.).

Mr. M. G. Morris—The following Curculionidae taken on the Wrot-
ham, Kent field meeting, 12.viii.61: Apion millum Bach., associated
with Prunella vulgaris L., about a dozen examples were taken at one
spot where the host plant grew by a patch of bare chalk. Apion
flavimanum Gyll., associated with Labiatae on the chalk, especially

19

Origanum. vulgare L., only three were taken by sweeping the food
plant. Apion atomarium Kirby, associated with Thymus spp., three of
the examples were taken by sweeping the food plant but the species is
more usually obtained by searching at the roots of Thyme, Aliurus
campanulae L., associated with Campanula rotundifolia L., the speci-
mens exhibited were found by searching the ‘‘beli’’ of the plant, the
beetles are easily dislodged from the flowers and are lost if the plant
is roughly handled.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms—lLarvae of Thera juniperata L. (Lep.,
Geometridae) taken on Hackhurst Down on the Gomshall field meeting,
20.vii1.61. Also larvae of Ewupithecia extensaria Freyer (Lep.,
Geometridae) bred from ova obtained from specimens bred from the
Norfolk coast by Mr. Percy Cue and exhibited on his behalf.

Mr. S. Waxety—-A series of Caloptilia pyrenaeella Chret. (Lep.;
Coleophoridae) which he had bred in June from larvae found on maple
in the Isle of Wight, its only known British locality. Also a series of
Gracillaria semifascia Haw. (Lep., Gracillariidae) were shown for com-
parison, both species occurring together on maple.

Mr. P. N. Crow—Thirteen species of Rhopalocera, collected in a few
days early in March, 1960, at Teneriffe, Canary Islands, The majority
of species taken in Santa Cruz.

Mr. T. R. Faces on behalf of Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs—an infloresence
of Zea mays lL. (Maize). The upper branching panicle usually contains
male flowers only, but in this instance it had borne female flowers also
and these had produced seeds. This phenomenon is described by
Masters, M. T. (1869, Vegetable Teratology, p. 191). The plant shown
was also abnormal in that one of the leaves had produced on either side
small leaflets about 23-inches long. The specimen was taken at Bromley
Kent.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A copy of Haworth’s Lepidoptera Britannica
(1803). He read a number of amusing passages.

COMMUNICATIONS.

- The Lrprartan reported that Sir Reginald M. Maxwell had presented
seven volumes of the Bombay Natural History Society to the Society.
They covered the years 1950 to 1956 inclusive. He also reported the
purchase of volume 8, No. 1. of the Bulletin of the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) Entomology, Check-list and keys to the families and sub-
families of the Hemiptera-Homoptera, by W. E. China and N. C. E.
Miller.

Dr. C. G. M. de Worms reported that few migrant Lepidoptera had
been recorded. Mr. Morley had taken two examples of Acherontia
atropos Li. (Lep., Sphingidae) in Kent, and Hoplodrina (Caradrina)
ambigua Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) was abundant in the Woking district
of Surrey.

Mr. R. S. Tusss said that when in Scotland he was very struck by
the two colour forms of the female EHrebia aethiops Esp. (Lep.,
Satyridae),

20

Mr. F. T. Vatuiins remarked on the few Cuckoos heard this year.
Members agreed and Dr. A. M. Massz said that it had not been heard
in the Maidstone district of Kent this year, the first time in living
memory. Mr. Vallins also related how he observed a female Robin
unable to regain her nest because of his presence, going through the
actions of squatting on the eggs. He thought the action was automatic.
Mr. A. E. Garpner disagreed saying that he thought the bird was
feigning injury to distract attention from the nearby nest.

14th SEPTEMBER 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. P. J. Rogers
and Mr. S. A. Williams.

EXHIBITS.

The Prestpent—(1) Liliocerus lilii (Scop.) (Col., Chrysomelidae)
found feeding on Lilium bellingham hybrid in an area of Battleston
Hill, Woking, Surrey, 4.ix.61. The beetle was first recorded in Britain
many years ago, but became scarce until about 20 years ago when it be-
came more plentiful in the Woking district. (2) Saldula c-album (Fieber)
(Hem. Saldidae). The bug occurs in almost all northern counties and
is locally common in Scotland. It normally occurs under stones, shingle
and boulders at the margins of rivers, and is often found in company
with other species of the family Saldidae. The exhibited examples were
taken on the banks of the river Nethy in the Scottish Highlands.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) The following Coleoptera from Braunton
Burrows, Devon: Cicindela maritima Dej., Hurynebria complanata
(L.) and Agonum marginatum (L.) (Carabidae); Cardiophorus asellus
Er. (Elateridae); Cylindronotus pallidus (Curt.) (Tenebrionidae) ;
Geotrupes vernalis (L.) (Scarabaeidae); Chrysolina haemoptera (L.)
(Chrysomelidae); and Sitona grisea F. (Curculionidae). (2) A living
Blaps mucronata Lat. (Col., Tenebrionidae) from the basement of Pepys
House, 14.ix.61.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—(1) Larvae and cases of a coleophorid moth
on Chenopodium seeds from Chiswick, Middx., thought to be Coleophora
clypeiferella Hof. The cases were completely covered with whole florets.
(2) A living Lipoptena cervi (L.) (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) taken at the
Knole Park, Kent, field meeting, 9.ix.61. (3) Two thousand sepsid flies,
a sample from an aggregation estimated at 100,000 individuals of both
sexes, found at the same meeting.

Mr. S. Waxkety—The following insects: (1) Larvae of Cucullia
absinthii L. (Lep., Noctuidae) found on Artemisia absinthium L. in
his garden at Camberwell, S.E. London. (2) Apamea scolopacina Esp.
(Lep., Noctuidae) bred from a larva taken on the Otford field meeting.
(3) Strangalia quadrifasciata (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) taken on the
Godalming field meeting. (4) Carabus nitens L. (Col., Carabidae) taken
at Parley Heath, Dorset, 28.viii.61,

21

Mr. A. Prick—Gyrinus natator (L.) (Col., Gyrinidae) cocoons. Five
cocoons were shown including a specimen of G. natator (L.) which
emerged from one of the cocoons, 6.viii.61. They were found on the
concrete sides of a static water tank, some six inches above the water,
at Pembrey, Carm. Also one cocoon of a Gyrinus sp. on Juncus sp.,
found at Mynydd-Y Garreg, Carm., in August 1959.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. C. N. Hawkins said butterflies were now scarce: he had seen
only one Vanessa atalanta L. (Nymphalidae) in his garden, and a single
Aglais urticae L. (Nymphalidae) hibernating in his house. He had also
seen a single male Celastrina argiolus L. (Lycaenidae) and the moth
Mormo maura L. (Noctuidae).

Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep., Geometridae) was reported by Mr. B.
Goater from Mill Hill, Middx., 5.ix.61.

Amathes agathina Dup. (Lep., Noctuidae) was said to be abundant
and A. castanea Esp. was also reported to be common. Amongst the
immigrants the following species were mentioned: Rhodometra sacraria
(Geometridae), Leucania vitellina Hiibn. and ZL. albipuncta Schiff.
(Noctuidae), Utetheisa pulchella L. (Arctiidae), and Plusia gamma L.
(Noctuidae) was seen in thousands on the Isle of Wight recently.

28th SEPTEMBER 1961.
The PrestpEent in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestipeENt—The rare and very local lygaeid bug Drymus latus
Dougl. & Scott, which was recorded for the first time in Kent in
September 1921, when the late E. C. Bedwell caught three examples in
moss at St. Margaret’s Bay. It has not been found again until this
month, when seven examples were obtained in thick grass and moss in
a chalky situation at Coney Hill, Chatham. (2) Lathridius bifasciatus
Reitt. (Col., Lathridiidae) an Australian beetle first recorded at Esher,
Surrey, in October 1951. Since that time it has spread rapidly in
Surrey, Kent and Sussex, and is abundant amongst all types of vegeta-
tion in the East Malling district of Kent.

Mr. A. Prick—Three examples of Helichus substriatus Mill. (Col.,
Dryopidae) taken in a well-oxygenated pool in the river Gwendraeth
at Kidwelly, Carm., 13.viii.61. Five examples of Dryops luridus Er.,
were also shown for comparison. These were taken in a slow flowing
ditch at the Royal Ordnance Factory, Pembrey, Carm., 15.viii.61.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Some of the weevils (Col., Curculionidae) collected
during a week’s holiday in the Isle of Wight, September 1961: Apion
laevicolle Kirby, a local species found in some numbers at Culver Cliff,
15.ix., Sandwich and Deal, Kent, are also well-known localities for this
species; Cathormiocerus socius Boh. a specialty of the Island, only one
example was found at Culver Cliff, 15.ix; Sitona waterhousei Walton,

22

a species which seems to be commoner in the west than in the east, one
example taken at Ventnor, 14.ix; Mononychus punctum-album (Herbst),
a well-known speciality of the Island, abundant in the seed pods of Iris
on Niton undercliff, 14.ix; Ceuthorhynchidius dawsoni Bris., a local
species associated with Plantago coronopus L. (Buck’s-horn Plantain),
and taken very sparingly at Ventnor, 14.ix., and Culver Cliff, 15.ix and
16. ix.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) A series of the rare beetle Boletophagus
reticulatus (li.) Tenebrionidae) bred from Fomes fomentarius Karst.
on birch in Blackwood, Rannoch, Perthshire, 24.vii.61. (2) A series and
one larva of Pytho depressus (L.) (Pythidae) bred from larvae found
under the bark of Scots Pine at Glen Afric, Inv., 28.vii.61.

Mr. T. R. Eacites—(1) Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. (Tree Lung-
wort) from Kyle of Lochalsh, Ross & Cromarty, a lichen formerly used
on the Continent to cure coughs. (2) Hymenophyllum wilsoni Hook.
(Wilson’s Filmy Fern), the fronds of which had sori in different stages
of development, from Ben Tarmachan, Killin, Perthshire. (3) Fronds
of Thelypteris lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Holly Fern) also from Ben Tar-
machan.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—Larvae of the tortricid moth Hucosma
maritima Westw., together with a spray of Artemisia maritima (L.)
(Sea Wormwood) from Cuckmere Haven, Sussex, showing the feeding
galleries of the larvae among the florets.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The LrpraRtaN announced the acquisition of the 79th, 80th and 81st
Annual Report of the Lancashire d&: Cheshire Natural History Society
and The Geology of Norfolk, published by the Norfolk and Norwich
Natural History Society.

SPECIAL MEETING.
Held at Pepys House at 6 p.m., 28th September 1961.

The PresrpEent in the Chair.

The PRESIDENT opened the meeting by reading the following motion:
“The use of the designation—The South London Entomological &
Natural History Society—shall be discontinued as from midnight on
31st December 1961, and be replaced by—The British Entomological &
Natural History Society’’.

The motion was moved by Mr. F. D. Buck who drew attention to
the referendum which the Council had caused to be taken; 359 replies
had been received out of a total membership of 524, and had resulted
as follows: in favour of changing the name 229, against 121, unmarked
papers received 9. Mention, was made of the failure of Institutions to
recognise the nature of the Society’s membership as against individual
recognition,

23

Dr. B. P. Moore seconded the motion.

Opposition centred around the desirability to retain the name which
the Society had held so long and the possible damage which could be
caused by changing.

The voting on the motion was: for 23, against 32. The PREsIDENT
then declared the motion lost.

The next item of business concerned the amendments to the Bye-
laws recommended by the ad hoc sub-committee set up by the Council.
The circulated amendments were moved en bloc by Mr. R. M. MERE
and seconded in several places. The motion was carried by an over-
whelming majority.

12th OCTOBER 1961.
The PreEsrIpENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

The PrrEstpENT—Three examples of the clavicorn beetle, Dendro-
phagus crenatus (Payk.) (Cucujidae) which were bred from larvae found
under birch bark on the Burma Road, Aviemore, Inv., 30.vii.61. The
species, which is very active in the larval state, lives under the loose
bark and is probably predaceous on other wood-boring larvae. It is
very local and is recorded only from Scotland.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Larvae of Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand,
C. fuscocuprella H.-S., and first instar linear mines with older larvae
of C. badiipennella Dup. (Lep., Coleophoridae).

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) A series of the rare water beetle
Graphoderus cinereus (.) and Dytiscus circumflexus F. from Woolmer,
Hants, 2.x.61. <A typical male and a sulecate female (v. dubius Serv.)
were shown of the latter species, and also a smooth female which is
very rarely found in Britain. (2) A series of Ctenicera (Corymbites)
pectinicornis (L.) (Col., Elateridae) from Etheron Valley, Cheshire,
29.v.61, collected by Mr. C. Johnson.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Examples of Apion semivittatum Gyll. (Col.,
Curculionidae) from Mercurialis annua IL. growing in allotments,
Queen’s Road, Maidstone, West Kent. Mr. A. A. Allen in a recent
note (1961, Hnt. mon. Mag., 97:21) describes this species as ‘‘ . . . one
of the most local of our species of this very large genus...” and
enumerates the records, which in his note are not complete. He omits
the record of J. A. Parry (1954, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1952-53: 43) for Canterbury and also that of J. A. Stephens for Chat-
ham. The publication of Stephens record cannot be traced but it was
known to several coleopterists. On the Higham field meeting (see
p. 90), Dr. Massee took two examples of this weevil from M. annua L.
and another was taken by the exhibitor. Since then, Dr. Massee has
found a single example at East Malling, Kent, and the exhibitor has
found it abundantly at Maidstone; all three places are new localities,

24

In the textbooks (Fowler, Hoffman, etc.) the species is said to occur in
the autumn, although Parry (loc. cit.) took his in July. On the
Continent, A. semivittatum Gyll. has a wide distribution and it seems a
little odd that it should be so local with us. On the other hand, Clap-
ham, Tutin and Warburg (1952, Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge,
p. 681) treat MW. annua J. as only doubtfully native so that the weevil
may be a comparatively recent arrival in this country.

Mr. H. R. Last—An example of a species of Staphylinidae (Col.)
new not only to Britain but also to science. About three months ago
the Rev. C. E. Tottenham showed the exhibitor an example of a new
species of Philonthus taken at Ulcombe, Kent, this year in chicken food
by Mr. Light. A description will shortly be published in the Ent. mon.
Mag. under the name of Philonthus felix Tott. It is rather strange
that the exhibitor’s son brought home from his holidays two staphy-
linids from Egerton, Kent, of which one was the common Quedius
laevicollis (Brullé) and the other this new species. Fortunately, it was
a male, and the aedeagus proved its identity beyond doubt. In every
way it ig identical with Philonthus cephalotes (Grav.), except that the
alutaceous microsculpture of the head is more broken and irregular
and on the pronotum it is absent on the disc and is only irregularly
evident elsewhere—it therefore gives a more shining appearance. The
arrangement of pegs on the paramere is very different from P.
céphalotes (Grav.), but this does bear some resemblance to Philonthus
pachycephalus Nordmann; examples of both these other species were
shown for comparison. It may repay coleopterists to look through
their series of P. cephalotes (Grav.) especially those from Kent.

Mr. L. ParmentErR—A selection of Empididae (Dipt.) as follows:
Empis tessellata F., EH. nigritarsis Meig., Syneches muscaria F.,
Tachydromia pallidiventris Meig., Stilpon sublunata Collin, Hilara
pilosa Zett., Ramphomyia sulcata (Meig.), Sciodus arrogans L.,
Microphorus crassipes Macquart and Chersodromia arenaria (Halliday).

COMMUNICATIONS.

Comment was made on migrant Lepidoptera; Utetheisa pulchella
L. (Arctiidae) had been appearing sporadically, some 20 records having
been made to date this year, ranging from Cornwall to Kent, two ex-
amples had been taken at Dungeness, Kent, this month, and the species
had been seen in southern Scotland and southern Ireland. Other
migrants mentioned included the noctuids Plusia chalcites Esp., P.
orichalcea F. (aurifera Hiibn.), Leucania vitellina Hiibn. and L. wuni-
puncta Haw., also the geometer Rhodometra sacraria L. and the pierid
Colias croceus Foure..

Capt. N. D. Rinry drew attention to the imminent publication of
the revised International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature in
parallel English/French translations. The expected cost was about £1.

Mr. R. Rerp, A.M.1.c.E. showed a coloured film of a holiday in East
Africa, with special reference to the game reserve.

25

28th OCTOBER 1961
THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORD OF EXHIBITS

Mr. A. A. Aten (Visitor)—Two very rare British Beetles, both
recent additions to the Fauna. (1) Leistus rufomarginatus (Duft.), a
carabid which had been recorded only twice previously in Britain,
single examples having been found at Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1942, and at
Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, in 1954. A few specimens, of which this
was one, have been taken between 1958 and the present year, at Holk-
ham, Norfolk, by Mr. C. S. Barham. The beetle occurs in wooded
areas, under stones, leaves, bark, etc. (2) Stenelmis canaliculata Gyll.,
the largest of the British Elmidae yet known. This species was dis-
covered in Lake Windermere in July 1960, by Mr. A. Amsden (see
Claridge, M. F. & Staddon, B. W., 1960, Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 141-144).
Canon W. W. Fowler had suggested as long ago as 1889 (Col. Brit. Is.,
3: 375) the probability of its occurrence in this country. The beetle is
found in only one small area of the lake, under flat stones, in about
18 inches depth of water.

Sir Eric ANsorae—see Dr. C. G. M. de Worms.

Mr. J. V. Banner—Lepidoptera bred during 1961 as follows: Orgyia
recens Hiibn., S. Yorks.; Cirrhia gilvago Schiff., Taunton district of
Somerset; Hadena contigua Schiff., Ashdown Forest, Sussex; Gortyna
(Hydraecia) petasitis Doubl., from pupae taken in E. Hants; Hremobia
ochroleuca Schiff., from larvae taken in Sussex; Dysstroma truncata
Hufn., from ova obtained from a female taken at Ashurst, Sussex;
Ennomos autumnaria Werneb., an aberration bred from an egg ob-
tained from a female taken at Ashurst.

Mr. S. Bravuroy—A series of photographs as follows: the life history
of the dragonfly Anaxr imperator Leach; the emergence of the dragon-
fly Libellula depressa I.; the life history of the butterfly Apatura iris
L.; and a set of colour prints in Ektacolor.

Dr. Nevinte L. Brreerr—(1) Continental butterflies: Hrebia
aethiops Esp. from Bavaria and the Tirol; H. pronoe Esp. from Voral-
berg and the Tirol; Satyrus dryas Scop. from Murnau, Bavaria;
Maculinea arcas Rott. from Murnau; two examples of Mellicta aurelia
Nickerl with British data, but probably of Continental origin. (2)
British moths: Craniophora ligustri Schiff., from N. Lancashire and S.
Westmorland; Discoloxia blomeri Curt., from Witherslack, Westmor-
land, and Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., from N. Lancashire; Dasychira
fascelina L., from Sandsecale, N. Lancashire; Leucoma salicis L., also
from Sandscale; Atolmis rubricollis L., from Newby Bridge, N. Lanca-
shire; Pterophorus (Alucita) spilodactyla Curt., bred from larvae from
Deganwy, N. Wales; a series of Acleris (Peronea) comariana Zell., bred
from larvae in Marsh Cinquefoil, Ratherheath, near, Kendal, Westmor-
land, showing most of the named British forms and including two
examples of the typical form reputed by Sheldon not to occur in
Britain. (3) Chironomidae (Dipt.). A small selection of species from
the Lake District: Pentaneura carnea (F.), Microtendipes tarsalis

26

Walker, Pentapedilum. (Sergentia) coracinus Zett., Oryptochironomus
biannulatus Staeger, Cryptochironomus (Harnischia) vulneratus Zett.,
Polypedilum laetus Meig., Glyptotendipes gripekoveni Kieffer and
Stictochironomus pictulus Meig.

Mr. C. S. H. Buarnwayt—Some examples of Luperina testacea
Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) taken at Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, show-
ing considerable variation, together with two moths of a similar species
also from Weston-super-Mare.

Mr. E. L. Bouron and Mrs. M. V. Botron—Rhopalocera as follows:
Aricia agestis Schiff., a striking example of a female ab. graafi Huell,
caught in Surrey, September 1960 (K. L. Bolton); Anthocharis carda-
mines L., two males, one having very broad black tips to the forewings
and with the adjoining area yellow instead of orange (K. L. Bolton),
the other is presumably ab. schepdaeli Derenne, having a black costal
streak on each forewing from the base to beyond the discoidal which is
continued as a broken line into the forewing tips (Mrs. M. V. Bolton),
both caught in Sussex, April 1960; Maniola jurtina L., ab. antiexcessa
Leeds, female taken in August 1960 in Surrey (Mrs. M. V. Bolton);
M. tithonus L., male ab. mincki Seebom., caught July 1961 in Hants (EK.
L. Bolton): Lysandra bellargus Rott., female showing the charac-
teristics of ab. glabrata B. & L. of Lysandra coridon Poda, caught
September 1961, in Dorset (Mrs. M V. Bolton); Polyommatus icarus
Rott., male ab. opalizans Frohawk caught September 1961, in Dorset
(Mrs. M. V. Bolton); Aglais urticae L. ab. discolor Heine. + tripunc-
tata Rayn. male with interesting borders, bred from wild larva from
Gloucestershire, August 1960 (E. L. Bolton); another A. urticae L.
with blacked-in central areas on forewings rather more extreme than
ab. polaris Staud., it possibly approaches ab. connexa Butler (japonica
Fisch.), caught September 1961, in Dorset (EK. L. Bolton).

Mr. S. R. Bowpen—(1) Specimens of Pieris napi L., P. bryoniae
Ochs. and hybrids, illustrating genetic polymorphism at the locus cf
the hybrid sulphurea Schoyen. The gene controls the alternative
ground-colour pigmentation, lemon-yellow/white, but not the ochreous
biochrome present in many of the females. Dominance is in the order,
all-white (hybrid subtalba Schima) > parti-coloured (wild type) > very
pale yellow replacing white (Thompson’s form) > all-yellow (Head’s
form). The balanced polymorph ‘‘subtalba’’ is probably allelic with the
recessive yellow forms; if not, it is very closely linked. (2) Insects pro-
duced by a single hybrid sulphurea Schoyen female paired with a hybrid
subtalba Schima male heterozygous for sulphurea. All are either sub-
talba or sulphurea; so far there has been no crossing-over (which would
produce wild-type). Both parents were heterozygous for the recessive
‘‘albino’’, which has segregated independently. Swiss, Carinthian and
British stocks were used. The deficiency of males in the partial emer-
gence is to be noted (63 females and 6 males, with 45 pupae lying over
the winter).

Mr. R. F. Breruyerton—(1) A new subspecies of Zygaena lonicerae
von Scheven; a long series, bred 25.vi. to 4.vii.61, from pupae collected

27

12.vi.61 in the Island of Skye. Z. lonicerae has not hitherto been
reliably recorded from anywhere in Scotland. The new subspecies differs
strikingly from the English Z. lonicerae s.sp. transferens Verity, ex-
amples of which were shown for comparison. It is probably nearest to
Z. lonicerae s.sp. insularis Tremewan from Northern Ireland. (2) Scarce
migrants taken in 1961: Herse convolvuli L., male, Studland, Dorset,
at tobacco flowers, 30th September; Celerio gulii Schiff., female (eggs
infertile), Ottershaw, Surrey, at light, 25th July; Leucania vitellina
Hiibn., male, Torcross, Devon, at light, 3rd October; Nycterosiu
obstipata F., four, Ottershaw, at light, 12th July, 2nd and 3rd Sep-
tember and 15th October; Diasemia ramburialis Dup., two, Ottershaw,
at light; ? Heterographis oblitella Zell., Ottershaw, indoors, 14th
August. (3) Aberrations: Notodonta dromedarius L., extreme melanic,
Onich, Inv., 8.vi.61; Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., male with spots on all
Wings joined so as to form slender zig-zag lines; (rortyna (Hydrauecia)
micacea Esp., very pale red male, Ottershaw, 23.viii.61. (4) Selected
Lepidoptera caught in 1961, the more notable being: Carterocephalus
palaemon Pall., Fort William, Inv., 10th June; Pieris napi L., dark
females, Isle of Skye, 12th June; Zygaena filipendulae L., large form,
bred, Skye; Cautoptria permutatella H.-S. and Crambus myellus Hiibn.,
Calvine, Perthshire, 16th June; Arenostola brevilinea Fenn, Celaena
haworthu Curt. and Pelosia muscerda Hufn., Norfolk Broads, 2nd to
9th August; Pediasia (Crambus) fascelinella Hiibn., Horsey, Norfolk,
7th August; Amathes agathina Dup. and Huxoa tritici L. (heath race),
Thursley, Surrey, 2nd September; Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., Surrey
Downs, llth July; Scopula rubiginata Hufn., and Anepia irregularis
Hufn., Breck, Suffolk, 10th August, and bred; Heliophobus albicolon
Hiibn., Frensham, 19th May.

British Museum (Nat. Hist.)—A series of line drawings of aradid
bugs by Mr. Arthur Smith, and a series of photographs of various in-
sects taken by Mr. J. B. Brown in the museum studio.

Miss W. M. A. Brooxke—A selection of drawings of various marine
animals, mostly in pencil.

Mr Freperick C. Brown—Adult and young of the Smooth Snake
(Coronella austriaca Laurent). Adults from the coastal areas of Dorset
in August, 1961; young born from them in September 1961. This
suake is the least known of the British species and was first recorded
by Dr. J. E. Gray in 1859, when a specimen was taken near Bourne-
mouth, Hants. Its distribution in England is confined mainly to
Dorset and Hampshire, although in the past it has been recorded from
Devon, Kent, north Wiltshire, Surrey and Sussex. It is widely dis-
tributed on the Continent. Although not often seen, the Smooth Snake
is by no means rare where it occurs, and a diligent search of any of its
localities is usually rewarded by the sight of several specimens. Its
chief food is the Sand Lizard, but the Viviparous Lizard and Slow-
worm are also taken, as are young field mice, voles and shrews. Young
specimens take spiders and insects, but there is no record of
amphibians or fish being eaten. In England, this snake is an in-

28

habitant of heaths and semi-wooded country, usually on sandy soil.
It may be found within a hundred yards of the sea shore, but only
where there is a thick carpet of heather covering the ground. It is
said to be a lover of water; many specimens are certainly found in
boggy areas where they have been recorded as having taken to the
water when disturbed. It burrows freely in loose soil, and this habit
may be one of the reasons why it is only rarely seen. |The Smooth
Snake is less active in its habits than the Grass Snake or the Viper and
makes little or no attempt to avoid capture. It has been known to bite
when first handled, but soon becomes tame in captivity, and has been
known to take food whilst being held in the hand. Several writers have
stated that it will emit an offensive smell when first caught. The young
when born carry a reserve of fat that enables them to live through the
winter and even to grow a little.

Mr. F. D. Bucx—A series of line drawings on both Bristol Board
and on Scraper Board to illustrate a paper on Central African
Anthicidae (Col.).

Mr. B. S. Burns—Two male Huphydryas aurinia Rott., captured in
S. E. Hampshire, in May 1961. One, which was captured on 20th May,
has the central and inner areas of both fore and hindwings suffused
with black. The second specimen has several black markings missing
from the central area of both forewings, leaving a yellow band. The
hindwings of the latter specimen are both normal. It was captured
on 22nd May.

Mr. C. J. Cappury—see Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell.

Mr. S. E. W. Cariter—Two fairly recent immigrant species which
appear to be extending their range here. (1) Lozotaenoides (Hulia)
formosana Frol. First taken in N. W. Surrey, 4.viii.45 by Mr. R. W.
Parfitt, and again on 26.vii.46 and 1.viii.46. It was recorded from
Canterbury, Kent, in 1947, and by 1956 had spread to various localities
from Kent to Hants and the Isle of Wight. On 2nd July last year,
two examples came to mercury vapour light by the edge of a mixed
conifer plantation near Tuddenham, Suffolk, and six more occurred
again this year at the same place on 30th June. These, it is believed,
are the first recorded from north of the Thames. (2) Ptycholomoides
(Cacoecia) aeriferana H.-S. Recorded by Dr. E. Scott at Westwell,
Ashford, Kent, in 1951, and again in 1952 and 1953; and by Mr.
Wakely from EKlham Park Woods, 8.vii.53, and also in 1955. It has
also been recorded from Brook, Wye, Kent. Mr. R. Fairclough recorded
it from Balcombe, Sussex, in 1954, and Mr. J. H. Styles from Harling
Forest, Norfolk, in 1955. A single example came to light near the same
mixed conifer plantation at Tuddenham, 1.vii.60, four more on 24th
June this year, and a further four appeared on the 30th.

Mr. J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt—An original series of humorous drawings
with pen and ink, made while the exhibitor was in India during 1945-6,
depicting entomology in the East.

Mr. H. EK. Cutrrerrrenp—Short series of the following Lepidoptera:
Endromis versicolora L. and Selenia lunaria Schiff. both bred from ova

29

obtained from Aviemore, Inv., during 1960; Leucania albipuncta
Schiff., Scopula rubiginata Hufn., Sterrha ochrata Scop,. Anerastia
lotella Hiibn., Epischnia (Phycita) boisduvaliella Guen., Nyctegretis
achatinella Hiibn., Agriphila (Crambus) latistria Haw., Batia lambdella
Don. and Blastobasis decolorella Woll. all captured on the Suffolk coast;
Catocala sponsa L., bred from ova deposited by a New Forest, Hants,
female captured by Mr. P. J. Burton in 1960.

Mr. E. W. Crassey—Some interesting species and aberrations of
macrolepidoptera, taken wild in Feltham, Middx., including:
Thymelicus lineola Ochs., Dasychira fascelina L., Euschesis interjecta
Hiibn., a specimen of Anchoscelis litura L., taken on 20th July, and
extreme aberrations of Arctia caja L. and Apamea monoglypha Hufn.,
both of which have been given to the National collection (Rothschild-
Cockayne-Kettlewell coll., Tring). (Pl. IT, fig. 3).

Mr. G. A. Core—The following Lepidoptera bred or caught during
1961: Perizoma sagittata ¥., bred from larvae found in Nottingham-
shire during August 1960; Plusia bractea Schiff., bred from eggs laid
by a female taken at Aviemore, Inv., 26.vii.61, kept throughout at a
temperature of about 70° F., from a total of 71 eggs, 35 full-sized
specimens emerged during September; Nycterosia obstipata F., bred
from a female taken at Abinger, Surrey, 8.vii.61; a caught series of
Carsia sororiata Hiibn. (paludata Thunb.), from Aviemore; two male
Epione vespertaria L. (parallelaria Schiff.), taken in Yorkshire,
19.vii.61; an aberration of Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff., taken
4.viii.61, and a pale second brood specimen of Huphyia wnangulata
Haw., taken 28.viii.61, both from Abinger, Surrey.

Major A. E. Conimer—(1) Aberrations of Rhopalocera, taken or bred
in Surrey during 1961: Maniola jurtina L. ab. excessa Leeds, male and
female undersides and a male upperside; M. jurtina L. ab. partimtrans-
formis Leeds, a male upperside; Coenonympha pamphilus lL. ab.
untiexessa Leeds, a male and a female; Pararge uegeria L., a very dark
male, 1.ix.61; Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab. lanceolata Shipp, four
bred females from Surrey stock; Pyrgus malvae L. ab. taras Bergstr.
(2) A series of asymmetrical specimens taken between 1956 and 1961 in-
cluding two Lysandra bellargus Rott., L. coridon Poda, Clossiana
selene Schiff., Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L. and
Thecla betulae L. (see Pl. II, fig. 4).

Mr. S. Coxry—Lepidoptera from Aviemore, Inv.: Hudenu
bombycina Hufn., Apatele menyanthidis View., A. euphorbiae Schiff.
s.sp. myricae Guen., Anarta melanopa Thunb., Isturgia carbonaria
Clerck, Electrophaes coryluta Thunb., and Thera cognatau Thunb. From
Lydd, Kent: Nonagria sparganiit Esp., N. geminipuncta Haw., N.
dissoluta Treits. with the pale Wicken form for comparison, and
Scopula promutata (Guen.) (conjugata Borkh., marginepunctata Goeze
auctt. nec Goeze). From Brecknockshire: Mythimna turca L., Cleorodes
lichenaria Hufn., and Plusia interrogationis L. From Bolton, Lanes. :
Apatele alni L. melanie form, and Cucullia absinthii L. From Walney
Island, Lanes.: Celerio galii Schiff., taken at the lighthouse. From

30

Burnt Wood, Staffs.: a bred example of Bomolocha crassalis F. From
Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk: a bred example of Pareulype berberata
Schiff. From Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.: Lygephila pastinum Treits.,
Sterrha emarginata L., Scopula immutata L. From Uppingham, Rut-
landshire: a rayed form of Spilosoma lubricipeda L. From Studland
and Swanage, Dorset: Dasypolia templi Thunb., Humichtis lichenea
Hiibn., Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Leucania Lalbum L. and JL,
vitellina Hiibn.

Mr. P. Cur—An example of Utetheisa pulchella L. from Dungeness,
and a series of Hupithecia innotata Hufn., which had fed on Hippophae
rhamnoides L. (Sea Buckthorn).

Mr. C. F. DoxttrmorE—An example of Utetheisa pulchella L., taken
at mercury vapour light in the New Forest, Hants, 1.ix.61; three
examples of Moma (Diphthera) alpium Osb., from the New Forest,
2.vii.61, with three bred specimens, which were in pupa for 30 days
without abnormal heating; they pupated 22.viii.6l1 and emerged
22.ix.61.

Mr. R. C. Dyson—Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1961: Maniola
jurtina L., two albinistic specimens taken in Sussex and Wilts.; Polyom-
matus icarus Rott., four specimens bred from a normal female, all four
specimens showing on the undersides elongation or joining of the
spotting to full ab. confluens Tutt; Hada nana Hufn., an unusually
marked specimen, Sussex, 3.vi.61, with a normal specimen for compari-
son; Agrotis denticulata Haw. (cinerea Schiff. nec Hufn.), a black
female, taken at mercury vapour light, Sussex, 3.vi.61, the first female
to be taken at light by the exhibitor and a most unusual occurrence;
A. ripae Hiibn., a series bred from larvae collected in north Lanes. ;
Apamea sordens Hufn., with heavy cross bands on forewings, Brighton,
Sussex, 5.vi.61, with a normal specimen for comparison; Leucania albi-
puncta Schiff., Pevensey, Sussex, 19.vili.61; Arenostola pygmina Haw.,
a series showing wide variation in ground colour from buff to copper,
Sussex, August and September; Gortyna (Hydraecia) petasitis Doubl.,
three specimens bred from pupae collected in east Hants; Cryphia perla
Schiff., a series taken at mercury vapour light during normal
emergence period, July to August, in a garden at Brighton and a further
series from same locality taken in September, with some dark forms;
Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., a series of the pale silvery form bred from
larvae collected at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in March 1961; Lithophane
leautieri Boisd., from the Isle of Wight, 7.x.61; Suturnia pavonia L.,

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 28th October 1961.

1. Apatura iris L. ab. sari Heslop, Mrs. E. A. Heslop. 2. Apatura iris L. ab.
sorbioduni Heslop, Mr. I. R. P. Heslop. 3. Arctia caja L. aberration, Mr. E. W.
Classey. 4. Aphantopus hyperantus ab. lanceolata Shipp, Major A. E Collier.
5. Agrotis exclamationis L., female aberration, Dr. J. R. Langmaid. 6. Drymonia
dodoneae Schiff. (trimacula Esp.), Mr. J. L. Messenger. 7. Lycaena phlaeas L.,
aberration, Mr. D. L. Young. 8. Cycnia mendica Clerck, gynandromorph, Dr. C.
G. M. de Worms.

PrOCS. Lond. Cl. nat. Hist: Soc., 1967. PLATE: If.

31

a specimen with irregular colour of wing pattern, exhibited on behalf
of Antony Hemmingsley.

Mr. T. R. Eacies—Fronds of some of the species of British ferns:
Blechnum spicunt (L.) Roth. (Hard Fern), Tilgate Forest, Sussex;
Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. (Hart’s-Tongue Fern), Helston,
Cornwall; Asplenium viride Huds. (Green Spleenwort), Kyle of Loch
Alsh, Ross and Cromarty; Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. (Lady Fern),
Ilfracombe, Devon; Dryopteris borrert Newm. (Sealy Male Fern), Leith
Hill, Surrey; D. spinulosa (Maull.) Kuntze (Narrow Buckler Fern),
Killarney, lreland; D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray (Broad Buckler Fern),
Ilfracombe; D. aemula (Ait.) Kuntze (Hay-Scented Buckler Fern),
Crawley, Sussex; Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar (Soft Shield
Fern), Seaton, Devon; P. lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Holly Fern), Ben Tar-
machan, Perthshire; Thelypteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) C. Chr. (Mountain
Fern), Tilgate Forest; 7’. phegopteris (L.) Slosson (Beech Fern), Kyle
of Loch Alsh; Polypodiwm vulgare L. (Polypody), Lyme Regis, Devon.

Mr. Nicex T. Easton—(1) One of the four Anthocharis cardamines
L. which were found at Mortimer, Berks., as fully fed larvae, 18.vi.59,
on the seed pods of Hesperis matronalis L. (Sweet Rocket). This female,
which passed 20 months in the pupal stage under normal breeding con-
ditions, shows abnormal black marginal markings on the hindwings and
was bred on 12.iv.61. The batch of four larvae was probably the
progeny of a single female, and, as described (1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 32-33
and 165-166), produced a normal female on 1.x.60, a normal male on
14.iv.61, a normal female on 17.iv.61, and the female exhibited on
12.iv.61. All were of normal size. No other larvae of the species
were found in the exhibitor’s garden in 1959 even after a thorough
search and, in 1960, the butterflies were flying around 12th May. The
exhibitor had never seen this form of the Orange Tip and presumably
it is uncommon. (2) An aberration of Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn.,
with rosy pink suffusion covering the base and almost the whole of the
forewings, except the margin. This appears similar to ab. decoraria
Newman, which occurs in Kent and Surrey. The specimen shown was
taken at rest on a Scots Pine trunk in 8. Berks., 12.vi.60. (3) A small
but representative series of Huphydryas aurinia Rott., bred from small
larvae found feeding individually in a new and very restricted breeding
ground, 25 and 26.11.61, in S. Berks. It can be seen that one of the
chief characteristics of this small colony is the partial, and sometimes
total, eclipse of the straw-coloured, sub-marginal, lunular spots on the
hindwings by heavy black sealing. In some cases these almost totally
obscured spots appear blue instead of yellow. The series approximates,
in the intensification of the black marking on all wings, to the northern
forms of this variable butterfly and a pair from the Somerset peat de-
posits was also shown for comparison. There is one striking, though not
extreme, aberration in which the forewing black marginal spots show
a tendeney to streak inwards and, in addition, the black band just
outside the discal is completely absent, whilst the marginal lunular
spots on the hindwings are reduced to tiny pinpoints by a heavy black

32

border, characteristic of this colony. Bred individuals have, of course,
been liberated on the original habitat.

Mr. R. C. Epwarps—Some moths taken near Rannoch, Perthshire,
between 4 and 12.ix.61, several in good condition, a full month later
than normal time of appearance: such as Apamea assimilis Doubl., A.
furva Schiff., s.sp. britannica Cockayne, and Hntephria flavicinctata
Hiibn. Others shown were: Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., Celaena leucostigma
Hiibn., Huxoa nigricans L., Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., A. lunula
Stroem. (nigra Haw.), Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn., Amathes glareosa
Esp. (dark form), A. agathina Dup., Dysstroma truncata Hufn.,
Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S., Bombycia viminalis F., Celaena haworthii
Curt., Arenostola pygmina Haw. (red form), Amblyptilia punctidactyla
Haw., Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. caught September 1960 and 1961,
and three further examples very much larger, bred in 1961. Also
shown were some migrants taken in the exhibitor’s garden during 1961:
two Herse convolvuli L., one very small; a female Utetheisa pulchella
L.; Nycterosea obstipata F.; Palpita unionalis Hiibn.; also an unusual
form of Agrotis clavis Hufn., and an unusual form of A. exclamationis
L. taken at Westerham, Kent, 20.vi.61 and 9.vu1.61 respectively.

Mr. R. FarrctoucH—(1) Lepidoptera bred during 1961: Xylomiges
conspicillaris L., Somerset; Orthosia advena Schiff. and Nanthorhoe
quadrifasciata Clerck, Berks.; Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. and Jodia
croceago Schiff., Surrey; Aputele ewphorbiae Schiff. and Thera cognata
Thunb., Inverness-shire; Stauropus fagi L. and Lampropteryx suffumata
Schiff., Sussex; Scopula promutata Guen. (marginepunctata Goeze
auctt. nee Goeze), Portland, Dorset; Rhewmaptera (Calocalpe) undulata
L., Hants.; Hupithecia expallidata Doubl. and EH. virgaureata Doubl.,
Westmorland; and Perizoma. (Coenotephria) sagittata F., Nottingham-
shire, see Fairclough (1960, Hnt. Rec., 72: 191) for an account of the
discovery. (2) A collection of 42 species of Lepidoptera taken while on
holiday on the east Suffolk coast, July and August 1961.

Mr. I. G. Farwetir—WMelitaea cinxia L. specimens as follows: a
typical male upperside, a typical male underside and a typical female
upperside; a very suffused male upperside; a white male underside, with
hardly any markings; a suffused female upperside which was shown last
year, but included again to show continuation of breeding; a shght
male aberration; and a female suffused on the forewings. All except the
female shown last year were bred, and are the fifth generation which
are breeding in the exhibitor’s garden at Lymington, Hants, after
release.

Mr. Brian O. C. Garptiner—(1) A series of photographs and living
larvae of Hemileucidae (Saturniinae) bred this year from ova received
from Panama through Dr. A. D. Blest. Most of these had not pre-
viously been bred. Living larvae shown were final instar Automeris
janus Cramer, Dirphiopsis ewmedide Stoll, Periphoba hircia Cramer,
Lonomia cynira Cramer; P. hircia from Trinidad were also shown which
differ from the ones obtained from Panama and it is suspected may be
a different species. Black and white photographs were shown of A.

33

janus, P. hircia, Dirphia avia Stoll and two unknown larvae from
Mexico, believed to be hemileucid species, both of which were also
exhibited alive. Colour prints were of Automeris foucheri Bouv., A.
junonia Walker and A. aurantiaca Weym. (2) Photographs of Pieris
brassicae L. ab. albinensis Gardiner (1962, Ent. Gaz., 13: 97), a reces-
sive form bred this year from a continuous brooded stock obtained
originally from Cambridge. The majority of specimens fail to get clear
of the pupal case, and larval mortality is very high: (3) A plate of un-
known origin, circa 1800, illustrating some interesting Irish Lepidop-
tera from the artist’s imagination rather than nature.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—(1) Thirty-eight species of water beet!es
(Hydradephaga) taken at Wood Walton Fen, Huntingdonshire, during
1961. The species represented were: Haliplus lineatocollis (Marsh.),
H. ruficollis (Deg.), H. immaculatus Gerh., H. heydeni Wehncke,
Noterus clavicornis (Deg.), Hyphydrus ovatus (L.), Hygrotus inaequalis
(F.), Oreodytes halensis (F.), Hydroporus pictus (F.), H. dorsalis (F.),
H. memnonius Nicolai, H. angustatus Sturm, H. palustris (L.), H.
tessellutus Drap., H. erythrocephalus (L.), H. planus (F.), Laccophilus
minutus (L.), Agabus undulatus (Schr.), A. sturmi (Gyll.), A. bipustu-
latus (L.), Ilybvus fenestratus (F.), I. fuliginosus (F.), I. ater (Deg.),
I. quadriguttatus (Lac.) (obscurus (Marsh.)), Copelutus haemorrhoidalis
(F.), (agilis (F.)), Rantus grapi (Gyll.), R. exsoletus (Forst.), R.
pulverosus (Steph.), Colymbetes fuscus (L.), Dytiscus semisulcatus
Miill., D. marginalis L., D. circumcinctus Ahrens, D. circumflecus F.,
D. dimidiatus Bergs., Hydaticus transversalis (Pont.), H. seminiger
(Deg.), Acilius sulcatus (L.) and Gyrinus natator (L.). The specimens
of Haliplus heydeni, Dytiscus circumflecus and Acilius sulcatus repre-
sent new records for the Fen. (2) A series of the rare Graphoderus
cinereus (L.) and the smooth form of the female Dytiscus circumflexus
F. from Woolmer, Hants, 2.x.61. The latter is believed to be only the
fourth occasion for the smooth form being recorded from Britain. (3)
Living examples of the Squeak Beetle Hygrobia hermanni (F.) from
Woolmer, 2.x.61, Dytiscus circumflexus F. from south-west Surrey,
23.x.61, D. marginalis L. and Acilius sulcatus (L.) from Wood Walton
Fen, 15.x.61. See also Mr. J. L. Henderson.

Mr. P. J. Gentr—Selidosema brunnearia Vill. (plumaria Schiff. auctt.
nec Schiff.), a large male, heavily marked with the base greyish purple,
taken at Swanage, Dorset, 4.viii.59.

Mr. B. Goater—Lepidoptera as follows: Utetheisa pulchelia L., male
caught flying in sunshine on the sea wall at Lymington, Hants, 19.ix.61
by Mrs. J. Goater. From Findhorn, Morayshire: Agrotis vestigialis
Hufn., Huxoa cursoria Hufn. and Actebia praecoe L. From Aviemore,
Inv.: Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. and a bred series of Petrova
resinella L. with a hymenopterous parasite. From Hayling Island,
Hants: Leucania favicolor Barr. with L. pallens L. for comparison.
From Sawston, Cambs.: Arenostola fluxa Hiibn., a varied series. From
Pagham, Sussex and Ilfracombe, N. Devon: Cryphia muralis Forst.
From Southwold, Suffolk: Huxoa cursoria Hufn. From Mill Hill,

34

Middx.: a bred series of Hupithecia pimpinellata Hiibn. From Wat-
ford, Herts.: a bred series of Hupithecia inturbata Hiibn.

Mr. A. L. Goopson—see Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell.

Mr. G. M. Haceerr and Mr. A. J. Wigurman—Ammogrotis lucernea
L., two examples from Aviemore, Inv., with two from Sussex for compari-
son; Diarsia mendica ¥. (Amathes festiva Schiff.), a series of small males
from Dalwhinnie, Dunf.; Amathes glareosa Esp., examples from Avie-
more, Isle of Wight, Hants, and Hayle, Corn.; A. castanea Esp., colour
forms from Inverness-shire; Humichtis lichenea Hiibn., pale forms from
the Isle of Wight where the females have pale hindwings like the males;
Hadena conspersa. Schiff., examples bred from Aviemore, and Shetland
Mainland larvae; H. caesia Schiff., a series from the Isle of Man;
Aporophyla australis Boisd., a short series from Hayle; A. luneburgensis
Freyer., a series from Aviemore, with examples from the Isle of Lewis
(Argyll), Arthog (Wales), Hoy (Hebrides), and the Isle of Man for
comparison; A. lunula Stroem (nigra Haw.), from Aviemore and Hayle;
Antitype flavicincta Schiff., examples from Sussex and Cornwall;
Apamea assimilis Doubl., a series from Dalwhinnie; A. crenata Hufn.,
extreme form from Dalwhinnie; Leucania l-albuin L., a series from
Hayle; L. vitellina Hiibn., examples taken at Hayle; Hnargia paleacea
Esp., a series from Aviemore; Tiliacea citrago L., examples bred from
Inverness-shire larvae; 7’. aurago Schiff., a series showing several colour
forms from a single female; Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., series from Pul-
borough, Sussex, bred in various years; CU. gilvago Schiff., series bred
in various years from Sussex and Kent larvae, including ab. palleago
Hiibn.; C. ocellaris Borkh., a series of forms bred from Suffolk larvae,
mostly from the Quibell collection; Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn., a few
examples from Aviemore; Dryobotodes eremita F. (protea Schiff.),
a few examples from Kincraig and Aviemore, Inv.; Agrochola helvola
L., a series of a small form from Aviemore; and Utetheisa pulchella L.,
an example taken at Arundel, Sussex; Rhodometra sacraria L., a short
series from Hayle; Nycterosia obstiputa F., an inbred series of moths
reared from an Arundel female; Hupithecia innotata Hufn., a long
series of broods bred on Sea Buckthorn, Tamarisk and Ash, showing
little difference between moths reared on different foodplants or between
moths of summer and autumn feeding larvae.

Mr. E. J. Hare.—Lepidoptera as follows: (1) From the Isle of Mull,
20-25.vi.61. Six examples each of Zygaena loti Schiff. (achilleae Esp.)
and Z. purpuralis Briin., two examples of Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg.,
and a dull-coloured male Macrothylacia rubi L. (2) From south Devon,
9-18.ix.61, seven examples of Leucania vitellina Hiibn., from a long
series, Luperina dumerilii Dup., and a pale form of DL. testacea Schif.,
(3) From Pinden, Kent, four examples of Alispa angustella Hiibn.,
June 1961, Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. ab.?, 31.viii.61, Nycterosia
obstipata F. ab. obsoleta Mathew, 25.ix.61, Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff.,
28.ix.61, grey form, and Hepialus lupulina L., a well-marked female,
5.vi.61.

35

Comdr. G. W. Harprr—(1) Short series of Lepidoptera taken on the
coast of north Cornwall and north Devon in June, 1961: Maculinea
arion L.; very dark Hadena conspersa Schiff., with yellow markings;
Hadena barrettii Doubl.; very fresh Ammogrotis lucernea L., all of
which came to mercury vapour light on a single night; and a curious
and rare aberration of Agrotis exclamationis L. (2) A bred female
Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. (dipsacea L.) from Wiltshire which exhibited
an unusual life-cycle; it was found as a last instar larva feeding on
Knapweed blossom, 16.vii.60, and pupated 4.viii.60, it did not begin
to form up until mid-August 1961 and emerged on 31st August. (3) A
short bred series of Hupithecia innotata Hufn. s.sp. fraxinata Crewe
from larvae found wild on ash in the upper Spey valley, Inverness-shire;
Amathes alpicola Zett. taken at mercury vapour light, 2.ix.61, which is
another record for this species in an odd-numbered year; very
fresh specimens of the dark form of Rhyacia simulans Hufn. taken at
mercury vapour light in September 1961; and several Rhodometra
sacraria L. taken by day in the Badenoch district of Inverness-shire,
where the species was of common occurrence in early September 1961,
probably direct immigrants, though possibly offspring of earlier immigra-
tion.

Mr. M. W. Harprer—A short series of Huschesis (Triphaena) sobrina
Boisd., bred from larvae found on young birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.
(alba auct.)) in Inverness-shire during May 1961; a series of Itame
brunneata Thunb. and of Hydriomena furcata Thunb., bred from larvae
found on Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Inverness-shire during
June 1961; the last-named series demonstrates the wide variation of
pattern and colour found in the moorland race of this species.

Mr. R. Haywarp—(1) Pararge megera L., an upperside, banded form,
from Portsdown, Hants, 19.v.56, and a typical example also from Ports-
down, July 1953, for comparison; Humenis semele L., an upperside
aberration showing enlarged areas of light markings, Portsdown,
19.viii.58, with a typical example from the New Forest, Hants, 6.vii.59.
(2) Aberrations of Polyommatus icarus Rott. as follows: an underside
with enlarged spots on forewings, Portsmouth, Hants, 7.vi.60; ab.
icarinus Scharf., 8.vi.57; ab. arcuata Courv., Rowlands Castle, Hants,
8.ix.56; and eight underside aberrations from Portsmouth, Portsdown,
and Farlington, Hants. A typical example from Ifold, Sussex, was
shown for comparison. This small group of minor aberrations of the
Common Blue butterfly is the total reward for ten years searching for
aberrations of this species. (3) Moths taken during 1961, except for
those otherwise indicated: Utetheisa pulchella L., Swanage, Dorset,
29th September; Arctia caja L., yellow form, Tresco, Scilly Isles, 14th
June, with a typical example from Portsmouth, Hants, 7.vii.60;
Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Swanage, 29th September; Leucania
unipuncta Haw., Swanage, 23rd September; Z. vitellina Hiibn., Tresco,
14th and 20th June, Swanage, 28th September, and Northwood, Middx.,
4th October; Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Swanage, one on 23rd and
three on 28th September; Catocala nupta L., an aberration with red on

36

the hindwings replaced by dark brown, Northwood, 29th August, and a
typical example from Portsmouth, 3.viii.58; Sterrha biselata Hufn.,
an aberration suffused with grey, Purbrook, Hants, July, and a typical
example from the New Forest, 8th July; Rhodometra sacraria L., Swan-
age, 23rd September.

Mr. J. L. Henperson and Mr. A. E. Garpner—A short series of
Chaetocnema aerosa Letan., a beetle new to Britain, taken at Bookham,
Surrey this year. Also six other British species of the genus; C.
subcoerulea Kuts., C. confusa Boh., C. hortensis (Geof.), OC. sahlbergi
(Gyll.), C. arida Foud., and C. concinna (Marsh.).

Mrs. E. A. Hestop—The following two aberrations of Apatura iris
L. (Purple Emperor) both taken wild in Wiltshire. (1) Male upperside
ab. romaniszyni Schille, taken by Jane Heslop, 29.vii.55 (2) Upperside
ab. sari Heslop, co-type (see 1961, Hnt. Rec., 73: 58), male, taken by
John Heslop, 30.vii.57 (Pl. IT, fig. 1.).

Mr. I. R. P. Hestop—The following Lepidoptera taken wild by the
exhibitor. (1) A series of the little-known, and now very scarce and
local, western race of Mellicta athalia Rott. (Heath Fritillary), south
Cornwall, 3.vi.61, The species was very numerous in the locality, which
unfortunately, is now doomed. (2) The type of the male underside ab.
sorbioduni Heslop of Apatura iris L. (Purple Emperor), Wiltshire,
25.vii.60 (1961, Ent Rec., 73:59); the upperside is full ab. jole Schiff.,
but the underside is very different both from the usual jole Schiff. and
from forma typica. (Pl. II, fig. 2.).

Hore DepartTMENT, UNiversitry Musrum, Oxrorp—see Professor G.
C. Varley.

Mr. T. J. G. Homer
Beauty.

Mr. T. J. Honrysourne—A pair of Actias selene Hiibn. (Indian Moon
Moth); full grown larvae of Antheraea pernyi Guér. (Japanese Oak
Silk Moth); and a pair of Ecpantheria deflorata F. (Mexican Leopard)
with their larvae.

Mr. and Mrs. T. G. HowartH—A female Apatura iris L. bred ab
ovo from a female captured by A. S. Wheeler. The following Heterocera
all taken in a mercury vapour trap at Arkley, Herts.: Huschesis comes
Hiibn. ab. grisea Tutt; Agrotis segetum Schiff., an aberration having
dark termen to forewing; Amathes xanthographa Schiff., an aberration
having dark grey termen to forewing; Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., a
somatic mosaic male having darker wings on the left side than on the
right; Conistra vaccinii L., a somatic mosaic male having slightly darker
wings on the right side than on the left, it was the only specimen seen
in 1961, being taken on 21st January; Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., the
first recorded specimen from Arkley;Rhodometra sacraria L., a male
taken 31.vili.61, one of the first recorded this year; a male Hrannis
defoliaria Clerck, taken 29.ix.61, an exceptionally early date; Diasemia
ramburialis Dup., a male taken on 22.ix.61.

Mr. G. E. HyprE—Twelve coloured slides of Lepidoptera,

Examples of Alcis repandata I.., the Mottled

37

Capt. R. A. Jackson—Two specimens of Coenonympha pamphilus
(L..), a male with normal left wings, but with those on the right very
thinly scaled, and almost white; and a female with all the wings a very
pale straw colour. On the wing the male looked quite white. Both
insects came from the downs near Warminster, Wilts.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss—A small general collection of microlepidoptera
collected mainly in the Valais Canton of Switzerland during July 1961.

Mr. R. A. Jarman—(1) A series of Acherontia atropos L., together
with empty pupa cases and blown larvae, collected in the late autumn
of 1960 in Berkshire and reared in home made, heat controlled cage at
a constant temperature of 87°F. (30.5°C.). These were accompanied by
photographs of the moth emerging in the early hours of the morning.
One of the moths shown was a melanic form, apparently undescribed.
(2) Two fine aberrations: Mellicta athalia Rott., which closely resembled
ab. eos Haworth, and MVelitaea cinxia LL. Both specimens were extreme
on both the upperside and the underside.

Major F. L. Jonnson—A selection of gynandromorph butterflies
from Formosa which included some mosaics and covered six genera and
seven species. Also four species of Ornithoptera (Bird Wing butter-
flies) from New Guinea and Palawan. Some of the species were shown
in 1958 (1959, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 47) and some
others in 1959 (1960. ibid, 1959: 2).

Major General Sir Grorcr JoHNson—Short series of 30 species of
Continental butterflies representative of the Engadine and neighbour-
ing parts of Switzerland from elevations between 3,000 and 7,000 feet.

Mr. C. JoHnson—(1) A selection of Coleoptera taken during 1961.
CaraBipaE: Cicindela sylvatica L., Studland Heath, Dorset; Carabus
arvensis Herbst s.sp. sylvaticus Dej., Hoo Moor, Derbyshire; C.
glabratus Payk. ab. lapponicus Born. Glen Affric, Inv., C. granulatus
L., Delamere, Cheshire; Nebria salina Fairm. (degenerata Schaufuss),
Rothiemurchus, Inv., Clivina collaris (Herbst), Etherow Valley,
Cheshire; Miscodera arctica (Payk.), Hollingworthall Moor, Cheshire
and Clachaig, Inv.; Asaphidion pallipes (Dufts.), River Nethy, Inv.;
Licinus punctulatus (F.) (silphoides (F.) nee (Rossi)), Chesil,
Dorset; Harpalus (Ophonus) puncticollis (Payk.), Chesil; Ptero-
stichus lepidws (leske), Clachaig; P. cuwpreus (L.), Bucknell,
Oxfordshire; P. vernalis (Panz.), Mobberley, Cheshire; P. oblongopunc-
tatus (F.), Duack Burn, Inv.; Stomis pumicatus (Panz.), Dukinfield,
Cheshire; Anisodactylus binotatus (F.), Morley Moss, Cheshire;
Calathus micropterus (Dufts.) Duack Burn; C. ambiguus (Payk.),
Chesil: Cymindis vaporariorum (l.) Clachaig; Masoreus wetterhah
(Gyll.), Chesil;. Smpurpar: Xylodrepa quadripunctata (L.), Ogden
Valley, Lancs.; Ablattaria laevigata (F.), Chesil. HISTERIDAE :
Onthophilus striatus (Forst.), Lyndhurst, Hants.; Plegaderus dissectus
Er., Lyndhurst; Carcinops quattuordecimstriatus (Steph.), Niton, Isle
of Wight. LycipaE: Dictyopterus affinis (Payk.), Duack Burn.
CANTHARIDAE : Cantharis paludosa Fall., Culbin, Morayshire.
Dasytipar: Psilothriz cyaneus (Ol.), Chesil. CiEripar: Tillus elongatus

38

(L.), Wood Crates, New Forest, Hants. Osromatipar: Thymalus
limbatus (F.), Matley, New Forest and Duack Burn. Nrrrpvunipar:
Soronia. punctatissima (Ill.), Denny Wood, New Forest; Pityophagus
ferrugineus (L.), Glen Affric, and Rannoch, Perthshire; Glischrochilus
quadripunctatus (L.) (quadripustulatus (L.)), Rannoch. Hroryiimar:
Biphyllus lunatus (F.), Water Eaton, Oxfordshire. MycrroPHAGIDAE:
Mycetophagus piceus (F.), Bollin Valley, Cheshire. CoccINELLIDAE :
Coccidula scutellata (Herbst), Hatchmere, Cheshire. ELATERIDAE:
Hypnoidus dermestoides (Herbst), Etherow Valley; Ctenicera
(Corymbites) pectinicornis (.), Etherow Valley, Athous villosus (Geof.),

Matley, New Forest. ANOBIIDAE: Xestobiwm rufovillosum (Deg.),
Water Eaton; Hedobia imperialis (L.), Ochina ptinoides (Marsh.)
and Grynobius excavatus (Kug.), Moccas, Herefordshire. |OrDEMERI-

pag: Ischnomera caerulea (L.), Moccas. Morpeniipar: Tomoxia
biguttata (Gyll.), Matley New Forest; Mordellistena abdom-
inalis (F.), Bucknell, Oxfordshire. MELANDRYIDAE: Tetratoma
fungorum F., Broadbottom, Cheshire; 7. anchora F., River Nethy;
Hallomenus binotatus (Quens.), river Nethy; Orchesia undulata Kraatz,
Wood Crates, New Forest; Abdera flexuosa (Payk.), River Nethy; A.
triguttata (Gyll.), Duack Burn; Phloiotrya rufipes (Gyll.), Wood Crates,
New Forest. ALLEcuLIDAE: Prionychus ater (F.), Denny Wood, New
Forest. TENEBRIONIDAE: Hledona agricola (Herbst), Knightwood, New
Forest; Boletophagus reticulatus (li.), Glen Affric. ScARABAEIDAE:
Typhaeus typhoeus (l.), Aphodius tenellus Say., A. lapponum Gyll., and
A. depresssus (Kug.), Glossop, north Derbyshire; A. distinctus (Miill.)
A. granarius (L.) and A. plagiatus (.), Ainsdale, Lanes.; A. tristis
Zenker, Lyndhurst, Hants.; A. borealis Gyll. and A. equestris (Panz.),
Moccas; A. constans Dufts., Water Eaton; A. nemoralis Er., River
Nethy; Aegialia sabuleti (Panz.), Clachaig; Oryomus sylvestris (Scop.),
Ainsdale; Hoplia philanthus (Fuess.), Lyndhurst and Knightwood;
Trichius fasciatus (L.), Culbin Forest and Darnaway Forest, Moray-
shire; Serica brunnea (U.), Freshfield, Lanes. and _ Clachaig.
CrramByciDAE: Leptura scutellata F., Wood Crates, New Forest; L.
sanguinolenta L., Duack Burn; Strangalia quadrifasciata T.., Culbin
and Glen Affric; Pogonochaerus hispidus (1..), P. hispidulus (Pill. &
Mitt.), Anaglyptus mysticus (L.), and Pyrrhidium sanguineum (I..),
Moccas; Phymatodes testaceus (L.), Lymington, Hants.; Tetrops
praeusta (l.), Whixall Moss, Shropshire and Witherslack, Westmor.
CHRYSOMELIDAE: Donacia semicuprea Panz., Hyde, Cheshire; D.
marginata Hoppe, Lyndhurst; Cryptocephalus aureolus Suff., Wood
Fidley, New Forest, C. pusillus F., Freshfield, C. parvulus Miill.,
Whixall Moss; Chrysomela (Melasoma) aenea I., River Nethy;
Chrysolina (Chrysomela) fastwosa (Scop.), Carrington Moss, Ches.
CurRcCULIONIDAE: Otiorrhynchus atroapterus (Deg.), Studland, Dorset;
O. arcticus (F.) v. blandus Gyll., River Nethy; Rhinocyllus conicus
Frol., Chesil; Cionus tuberculosus (Seop.), Matley, New Forest;
Polydrusus mollis Stroem, Witherslack: Oaenorhinus (Rhynchites)
interpunctatus (Steph.), Pettypool, Cheshire; EHremotes ater (L.), Glen

39

Affric; Pentarthrum huttoni Woll., Denny Wood; Magdalis carbonaria
(L.), Witherslack; M. armigera (Geof.), Bucknell; Pissodes pint (L.),
Rothiemurchus and Rannoch; Hylobius abietis (L.), Rannoch; Curculio
(s. gen. Balaninus glandium (Marsh.), Moceas. PLatypopipaE: Platypus
cylindrus (F.), Moceas. Scotytrpar: Hylastes brunneus Er., Rannoch.
(2) Coleoptera bred: Cucustmpar; Dendrophagus crenatus (Payk.) from
larvae, River Nethy. Derrmestipar: Ctesias serra (F.), from pupae,
Pettypool. CrRAMBycIDAE: Leiopus nebulosus (L.), from larvae and
pupae, Delamere and Pettypool; Arhopalus (Criocephalus) rusticus (L.),
from pupae, Duack Burn; Acanthocinus aedilis (L.), from pupae, Glen
Affric; Rhagium inquisitor (L.), from larvae, Glen Affric, PyTHIDAr:
Pytho depressus (1..) from larvae, Glen Affric. MrnanpryipaE: Xylita
laevigata (Hellen.), from pupa, Glen Affric. (38) Diptera (Tabanidae) :
Tabanus verralli Oldroyd, Knightwood, New Forest; TJ. bisignatus
Jaennike, Lyndhurst; T. bromius L., T. fulvus Meig., T. maculicornis
Zell. and 7. distinguendus Verrall, Matley, New Forest.

Dr. H. B. D. Kerrtewert and Mr. C. J. Capsury—A selection of
Shetland Lepidoptera taken in August and September 1959, 1960 and
1961, with special reference to non-industrial melanism. During these
three years we and five others of our team have carried out an extensive
experimental programme on the problem of the occurrence of non-
industrial melanism among Shetland Lepidoptera (one third of the
indigenous macros have melanic forms). Much of the experimental
work was based on a study of Amathes glareosa Esp. A series of this
species was exhibited showing forma typica (the majority of which are
darker than English specimens) and the melanic f. edda Staud., both
the homozygous and the usually recognizably lighter heterozygous
forms. (The inheritance of f. edda, which is controlled by a single
dominant gene, was established 1960-61 (Heredity, December 1961)). <A
frequency map was also exhibited showing the distribution of forma
typica and f. edda throughout the Shetland archipelago. This map,
built up on over 27,000 captures, showed a north-south cline in the
frequency of f. edda in the glareosa population with the melanic at 97
per cent on Unst, and as low as 2 per cent in Dunrossness, 60 miles to
the south. The cline is somewhat interrupted by one or more geo-
graphical barriers in the vicinity of Tingwall, a broad agricultural
valley, and not at the two water barriers as might be expected. Series
of certain other Shetland species were also displayed with local melanic
forms: Huxoa cursoria Hufn., including an extreme blackish specimen ;
Lycophotia varia Vill.; Ammogrotis lucernea L.; Amathes ranthographa
Schiff., 97 per cent melanie throughout Shetland; Diarsia mendica F.
(festiva Schiff.) s.sp. thulei Staud., ranging from dark chestnut-brown
specimens to those that were ashen-grey and sooty-black; Hadena con-
spersa Schiff.; Apamea monoglypha Hufn., 0.5 per cent of a sample of
1,500 were black; Dasypolia templi Thunb. with both dark purplish and
hight buffish specimens; Lygris populata L., 18 per cent melanic, 67
per cent intermediate in sample of 94; the later hatching L. testata L.,
a very small proportion of Shetland population dark; Nanthorhoe

40

fluctuata L.; Colostygia didymata L.; and Hydriomena furcata Thunb.,
both green and blackish specimens. Also included among the Shetland
melanics were a fine series of Apamea exulis Lef. from north-west Shet-
land where this species was found to be common at sea level. Over 95
per cent of a sample of 150 were melanic, contrasting with the low
proportion of melanics among the erulis taken by other entomologists
at 300 feet and above on Unst. Local Shetland forms included Para-
drina clavipalpis Scop. with red orbicular and reniform cells outlined
in white; the reddish f. pythonissata Milliere of Dysstroma citrata L. ;
the ochreous form of Xanthorhoe munitata Hiibn., which shows sur-
prisingly little variation throughout Shetland, and the remarkable X.
montanata Schiff., f. shetlandica Weir with pale washed-out central
band and heavy marginal banding to the forewings. Eurois occulta L..,
represented by two dark grey and two light grey specimens was shown,
and two aberrations of Cerapteryx graminis L., one pale buff and the
other with light central area of the forewings, were also included.
Single specimens of two scarce Shetland species Eumichtis adusta Esp.
and Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., both from Hillswick, North Mainland. A
male Parasemia plantaginis L., reared from a larva taken on peat hags,
Wodbister Voe, South Mainland, may be the first Shetland record this
century. Specimens of four species previously unrecorded in Shetland
were exhibited: one Diarsia rubi View.; two Apamea crenata Hufn. ;
Heliothis armigera Hiibn., one taken at light at Hillswick, North Main-
land 6.1x.61; a number of Plusia festucae L., which is almost certainly
breeding in Shetland; and P. interrogationis L., one 1.viii.59 and ten
13-17.vi1i1.61. The 1959 insect was probably a migrant from northern
Kurope. In connection with this it is worth drawing further attention
to the P. interrogationis taken by H. C. Huggins in Essex, 2.viii.59,
and H. A. Kennard’s record of a migration of this Plusta in southern
Denmark early in the same month of that year (see Proc. S. Lond. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 18).

Dr. H. B. D. Kerritewert and Mr. A. L. Goopson—Lepidoptera of
special interest from the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection,
Pelosia obtusa H.-S. with P. muscerda Hufn. for comparison. The
former is new to Britain and was netted at Barton Broad, Norfolk,
31.vii.61. Its range in Europe, so far as is known, is Italy, N. Germany,
Denmark, and more recently Holland. Karly stages are not known
except that a pupa is said to have been found in Germany in a reed.
The specimen ignored the mercury vapour lamp which was within ten
yards and was netted on the wing. (A. L. Goodson). Malacosma
neustria L. ab. ochracea-unicolor Tutt., yellow form with no markings,
Tring, Herts., 25.vii.61 (A. L. Goodson). Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn.
ab. tenebrata Dietze, a strong melanic form, Chobham, Surrey, bred
l.vii.61 (A. L. Goodson). Pelosia muscerda Hufn. ab. immaculata
Oudemans, without the usual spots on the forewings, Barton Broad,
Norfolk, 2.viii.61 (A. L. Goodson). Deilinia (Cabera) exanthemata Scop.
ab. crassesignata Lempke, with the transverse lines of all wings heavy,
Ham Street, Kent, 15.vi.61 (A. L. Goodson). Nanthorhoe spadicearia

41

Schiff., a melanic ab. nov., Tring, 30.v.61 (A. L. Goodson), Lyncometra
ocellata I., three extreme bandless forms, more extreme than ab.
costimacula Cockayne, shown with one typical example from the same
brood, Ham Street, bred 27-28.vii.61 (A. L. Goodson). Perizoma
albulata Schiff. ab. nov, with median band represented only by a thin
line, St. Annes-on-Sea, Lancs., bred 17.vi.61 (A. L. Goodson). Cerastis
rubricosa Schiff. ab. pallida Tutt with pale pink ground, Tring, 16.111.61
(A. L. Goodson). Utetheisa pulchella 1.., Skerries, N.W. Anglesey,
21.ix.61 (P. Hope-Jones), and another W. Hythe, Kent, 10.x.61 (Kettle-
well and Cadbury). Amathes c-nigrum L. ab. nov. with black costal
markings completely absent on right forewing, Tring, 8.ix.61 (A. L.
Goodson), and another ab. nov. with black costal markings reduced to
small spots, Steeple Barton, Oxon., 17.ix.61 (H. B. D. Kettlewell).
Allophyes oxyacanthae Ih. ab. capucina Mill., extreme black form,
Steeple Barton, 10.x.61 (H. B. D. Kettlewell).

Mr. J. E. Kyigutr—Ten 35mm, transparencies depicting: larvae of
Smerinthus ocellata L., Malacosoma neustria L., Phalera bucephata L.,
Bomolocha crassalis F., Amphipyra pyramidea L., Lygris testata L..,
Anagoga pulveraria L.; and the imago, larva and cocoon of Apatele
menyanthidis View.

Mr. R. P. and Mr. S. A. Kwiii-Jonss—Lepidoptera taken in a mer-
cury vapour light trap unless otherwise stated. Harpyia bicuspis Borkh., at
light, Malvern, Worcs., 13.v.61; Apatele alni L., Malvern, 13.v.61;
Agrotis segetum Schiff., a small male measuring 32 mm. across the wing-
tips, Malvern, 28.v.61; Leucania vitellina Hiibn., five examples from a
series of 12 taken at Freswater, I.o.W., between August and October
1961; Lithophane leautieri Boisd., two preserved larvae and a short
series of imagines, including one small specimen, wingtip measurements
29 m.m., bred from ova from females taken at Freshwater; Humichtis
lichenea Hiibn., Freshwater, 30.ix.61; Antitype xanthomista Hiibn s.sp.
statices Gregs., six taken at Nolton Haven, Pemb., 2 to 12.ix.61; Cirrhia
gilvago Schiff., showing variation, Keswick, Cumb., 12.ix.59, Bewdley,
Worcs., 12.1x.60 and Freshwater, 21 and 23.ix.61; Lwperina testacea
Schiff., a series showing variation, from Freshwater, I.o.W., Barton-on-
Sea, Hants, and Nolton Haven, Pemb., including a specimen showing
unilateral variation—with the right side normal and the left forewing
having a smudged appearance, the inner and outer lines and the shade
between them absent, being replaced by the fulvous ground colour,
Nolton Haven, 5.1x.61; Luperina dumerilii Dup., two males taken at
Freshwater, the first records for the Isle of Wight, including a typical
example on 16.ix.61, and a pale form approaching ab. desyllesi Boisd.,
18.ix.61; Stilbia anomala Haw., Nolton Haven, 2.ix.61; Celaena
haworthi Curt., female, Nolton Haven, 2.ix.61; Plusia orichalcea F.,
the first record for the Isle of Wight, Freshwater, 20.ix.61; Lithosia
complana L., a single example, Freshwater, 20.viii.58, and three from
a series of 20 taken at Malvern during July 1961; Cosymbia porata L.,
six specimens and a preserved larva, bred from a female taken at Mal-
vern, 1960; Rhodometra sacraria L., four males, Nolton Haven, 1-3.ix.61,

42

one male and one female ab. aucta Krausse, Freshwater, 4 and 6.x.61;
Lobophora halterata Hufn., Malvern, 20.v.61; Bapta bimaculata F.,
found at rest, Freshwater, 17.iv.61; Semiothisa liturata Clerck, two
typical examples, Malvern, 8 and 10.vii.61, and three females ab.
nigrofulvata Collins, showing variation in the strength of the orange
line, and a preserved larva, all bred from a female of the same aberration
taken at Malvern, 1960; Aphomia sociella L., a series of seven taken at
Malvern, May to July 1961; Hypochalcia ahenella Schiff., an unusual
aberration in which the cross lines are absent, leaving the forewings
a uniform reddish-fawn, Malvern, 9.v.61; and Diasemia ramburialis
Dup., Freshwater, 24.1x.61.

Dr. J. R. Lanematp—The following Lepidoptera: Herse convolvuli
L., Plymouth, Devon, 11.ix.61; Utetheisa pulchella L., Swanage, Dorset,
29.ix.61; five aberrant examples of Agrotis exclamationis I.., taken in
Hampshire, May to July 1957-58; Lithophane leautieri Boisd., a series
of four specimens taken at Swanage, 25-29.ix.61; Leucania unipuncta
Haw., Plymouth, 13.ix.61; LZ. vitellina Hiibn., three specimens taken at
Copthorne, Sussex,, 6.1x.61, Plymouth, 11.ix.61 and Swanage, 27.ix.61;
Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Swanage, 29.ix.61; Chiasmia clathrata 1..,
aberration, Droxford, Hants, 3l.v.58; Hupithecia phoeniceata Ramb.,
Swanage, 23.1x.61; and Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.)., aberra-
tion, Droxford, 24.11.59. (2) A watercolour painting by Mrs. Shirley
East, together with the original specimen (previously exhibited in 1955),
of Leucania unipuncta Haw. ab. nigrosuffusa Richardson. The moth
was taken at Southsea, Hants, 28.1x.54. (see Pl. II, fig. 5.).

Mr. M. J. Leeco—(1) Insects from the Nature Conservancy’s
Reserves at Wood Walton and Holme fens, and from Castor Hang-
lands, Northants., taken during 1961: Mimas tiliae L., a short series of
Stauropus fagi L., a series of Leucania pudorina Schiff., and Lygephila
pastinum Treits., Eilema griseola Hiibn., E. complana I., Sterrha
emarginata I., Leucania obsoleta Hiibn., Zanclognatha cribrumalis
Hiibn., Laspeyria flerula Schiff., Anticollix sparsata Treits., Scopula
immutata L., Sterrha subsericeata Haw., Horisme tersata Schiff., an
example of Lyncometra ocellata L., with the central band very much
reduced, and with a typical example for comparison; a bred, and a
feral, specimen of Perizoma. sagittata F., a specimen of Lycia hirtaria
Clerck, taken at mercury vapour light at Holm Fen, 10.vi.61, an un-
usually late date. (2) from Aviemore, Inv., short series of the following :
Kumichtis adusta Esp., Hadena bombycina Hufn., Apatele menyanthidis
View., Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Isturgia carbonaria Clerck, Ortholitha
mucronata Seop., s.sp. scotica Cockayne, Anarta melanopa Thunb., a
bred series of Thera cognata Thunb., T. firmata Hiibn., T. obeliscata
Hiibn., Crocallis elinguaria L., specimens of Apatele euphorbiae Schiff.,
Ss. sp. myricae Guen., Anarta cordigera Thunb., Dyscia fagaria Thunb.,
EKlectrophaes corylata Thunb. (3) from Ben Lawers and Rannoch dis-
tricts of Perthshire: series of Hrebia epiphron Knoch, Amathes ditra-
pezium Schiff., Rhewmaptera subhastata Nolck., Colostygia salicata
Hiibn., Epirrhoe tristata L., Ortholitha plumbaria F., Cleorodes

43

lichenaria Hufn., Coenonympha tullia Mill. (4) from Salcey Forest,
Northants.: a series of Leptidea sinapis L.., and a bred series of Mala-
cosoma neustria L. (5) from Cannock Chase, Staffs.: two specimens of
Harpyia bicuspis Borkh., taken at mercury vapour light, 1l.v.61. (6)
Insects taken or bred in Leicestershire, all taken within a 20-mile
radius of the city centre. Bred series of Dysstroma truncata Hufn.; a
case showing examples of the F,, F, and F, generations of Selenia bilunaria
Esp.; short series of Tethew ocularis L., Orthosia populeti ¥., Meristis
trigrammica Hufn., Apatele alni L., Selenia lunaria Schiff., Atethmia
xerampelina Esp., Trichiura crataegi L.; a specimen of Herse convolvuli
L.; and two new county records, Rhodometra sacraria L. and Nycterosia
obstipata F., both taken at mercury vapour light at Countesthorpe, on
the nights of 1 and 2.ix.61. (7) a series of 35 mm. colour transparencies
of insects.

Major General C. G. Lipscomp—Extreme temperature aberrations of
Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L. and Vanessa atalanta L. bred during
the last three years. Those of A. urticae and N. io were produced by
submitting the pupae to temperatures below 32° F. for periods of up
to three days. Those of V. atalanta by artificially delaying emergence
for seven or eight weeks.

Lt.-Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. Maniey—A series of 16 species of
Zygaenidae taken in Italy, France and England during 1961. Various
races and forms were shown, making a total of over 500 insects. The
more interesting species included Mesembrynus cynarae Esp., M.
erythrus Hiibn., Agrumenia hilaris Ochs., Zygaena oxytropus Boisd. and
Z. dalmatina Boisd. All determinations are by Mr. W. G. Tremewan
(Dept. of Entomology, British Museum, Nat. Hist.).

Mr. G. H. Mansetir—A series of Polygonia c-album L., and two
Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Argynnis aglaia L.).

Capt. D. G. Marsu—The following Lepidoptera: Plusia gamma L.,
a male, 29.v1i.61; and a female, 18.vii.61, both without a tail to the ‘Y’,
taken at Ickham, Kent; P. festucae L., two Diarsia rubi View. and a
fine female Polyommatus icarus Rott., all taken at Lochinver, Suther-
land, July 1961; Leucania vitellina Hiibn., a male taken at Ickham,
29.vii.61; Cucullia absinthii L., a male taken at Ickham, 29 vii.61;
Phlogophora meticulosa L. a red suffused form taken at Ickham,
26.ix.61; a short bred series of Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. from Thornden
Woods, Kent, 1961; Cosmia trapezina L. ab. rufa Tutt, Ickham,
29.vii.61; Anaplectoides prasina Schiff., Ickham, 6.vi.61; a female
Eublemma ostrina Hiibn., taken in a mercury vapour light trap at
Ickham, 16.ix.61; two male Nycterosia (Nyctosia) obstipata ¥., Ickham,
29.vili.61 and 16.ix.61; Drepana curvatula Borkh., two females and a
male bred by the exhibitor from a female taken in a mercury vapour
light trap at Dover, Kent, by George Youden, 13.viii.60; Dioryctria
formosa Haw., Ickham, 30.vii.61; and Huzanthis alternana Steph.,
Ickham, 30.vii.61.

Dr. A. M. Massee—(1) A species of mirid bug new to science, which
has been named Globiceps woodroffei Wagner after the well-known

d4

British hemipterist, Mr. G. KE. Woodroffe. This species has been
recorded from Blackdown, Sussex, and Witley Common, Surrey. It is
associated with heath and heather growing among scots pine and birch.
(2) Representatives of the stilt bugs (Berytinidae). Forty species are
recorded in Europe, of these 13 occur in the British Isles. Some species
are very local and rare, e.g., Berytinus hirticornis (Bruellé) is confined
to Devon and Cornwall; while Cymus obliquus Horvath occurs only in a
few localities in Kent, Surrey, Berks., and Sussex, The large and
handsome bug Metatropis rufescens (H.-S.) is associated with
Knchanter’s Nightshade. (3) A signed copy of British Entomology,
Hemiptera, by John Curtis, r.u.s., formerly belonging to the celebrated
hemipterist J. W. Douglas. (4) Volume I of The British Hemiptera by
J. W. Douglas and J. Scott. The plates illustrating the genera were
executed by EK. W. Robinson, and represent some of the finest engrav-
ings ever depicted of British Hemiptera.

Miss C. A. McDermort—Coenonympha tullia Miill., bred from a
female caught at Betty Hill, Sutherland, 22.vi.60. Eggs were laid
23.vi.60 and hatched 7.vii.60. The larvae pupated 12.vii.61 and imagines
emerged 27.vii.61.

Mr. Rosin Mere—(1) Amathes glareosu. Esp., 18 specimens bred as
F, generation from a Shetland female, ova were kindly given by Dr.
Kettlewell. These comprised two specimens of typical though rather
dark colouring, and 16 ab. eddu Staud., some more extreme than others.
It is thought that both parents were heterozygotes, and that the F,
generation represented a 1:2:1 ratio of typical, normal dark hetero-
zygote ab. eddau, and very dark homozygote ab. edda. There were
gradations in the colouring of the ab. edda specimens, and it was a
matter of opinion how many were heterozygotes and how many were
homozygotes. Additional to those shown, one typical form had been bred
but had escaped. Some typical examples from Cornwall were also
shown. (2) Lepidoptera of interest as follows: Cycnia mendica Clerck,
a varied series of Irish males, with English males for comparison;
Kpinotia (Hucosma) nemoriwaga Tengst., a short series from the Burren,
Co. Clare, new to the Irish list; Olethreutes (Argyroploce) arbutella L.,
also from the Burren, and new to the Irish list; Zelleria saxifrugae
Staint., a series bred from larvae mining Savifraga hirsuta L., S.
spathularis Brot. and S. hirsuta x spathularis hybrid in Co. Kerry at
a height of some 1,000 feet, new to the Irish list, previously known from
the highlands of Perthshire and Aberdeenshire but not elsewhere in the
British Isles; Hypercallia christiernana L. (citrinalis Seop.), a short
series bred from larvae on Polygala spp. from the Burren; Pyrausta
funebris Stroem., a short series from the Burren, and from Surrey, the
Irish examples have larger white spots and a small extra spot on the
forewing; Drepuna harpagula Esp., two examples taken at mercury
vapour light in June 1961, from a new locality not in Somerset; Amathes
castanea Esp., some very dark specimens of the red form from Aviemore,
Inv.

Mr. J. L. Messencer—Lepidoptera from North Wales, including

45

examples of Ammogrotis lucernea L. and Sterrha eburnata Wocke; and
a short series of Amathes ashworthii Doubl., taken in June 1961.
Lepidoptera from the Isle of Mull showing examples of the buff form
of Spilosoma lubricipeda L., with series of Zygaenu loti Schiff, (achilleae
Esp.), and Z. purpuralis Briin. A melanie example of Drymonia
dodonaea Schiff. (trimacula Esp.) from east Kent, on which the only
conspicuous marking is an irregular white line representing the second
line; a specimen of Heliothis armigera Hiibn., taken 10.x.61, at Witley,
Surrey; with specimens of Leucania unipuncta Haw. and L. vitellina
Hiibn. from south Devon, the last named also from Surrey. (see Pl. II,
fig. 6).

Mr. H.N. Micnagenis — Lepidoptera including: Pterophorus
(Alucita) spilodactyla Curtis, North Wales; Grapholita internana Guen.,
North Wales and Cheshire, new to Cheshire; G. tenebrosana Dup., Formby,
Lancs., and Spurn, Yorks., bred, scarce in both areas; Elachista poae
Staint., Cheshire and Lancashire, not previously recorded from either
county; Epinotia pygmaeana Hiibn., Macclesleld, Cheshire, scarce in
the county; EH. maculana ¥., Aviemore, Inverness-shire; Plebeius argus
L., Llandudno, North Wales.

Mr. W. E. Minnton—Twelve slides of natural history subjects as
follows Perizoma sagittata L., the larva of Suturnia pavonia L., Hyloicus
pinastri L., Apatole leporina L., sea urchin shells, the Edible Frog, a
young hedgehog, a Meadow Pipit’s nest, a Blackbird’s nest, a Bank
Vole, Cepaea (Helix) nemoralis L. on lichen, and bracket fungi.

Mr. A. M. Mortey—(1) Lepidoptera from Folkestone, Kent, except
where otherwise stated: Polygonia c-album l., a male the colour of P.
egea Cramer and with dark markings reduced enough to alter its ap-
pearance, also a female similar form, set to show underside, from Ham
Street, Kent, 6.vii.43; Lymantria dispar L., a battered male, 30.viii.61 ;
Artica caja L. ab. conflwens Rebel, 24.viii.60; Philudoria potatoria L.,
two males differing in colour, 2 and 9.vili.58; two examples from a
series of Phlogophora meticulosa L., bred from a female taken 26.x.60,
all of which were dark and, like their parent, greener than the common
English form (ab. pallida Tutt), when they faded it was the green, not
the pink as Barretl says, that remained; Hepialus sylvina L., a dwarf
male, 27.vili.60; Amathes c-nigrum L., a male with the costal triangle
prolonged to the base of the wing, 31.viii.60, and another male suffused
with brown, 9.1x.61; Agrotis puta Hiibn., ab. nigra Tutt, 28.vii.61; a
worn female A. exclamationis L., with rather curious markings,
10.vii.60, and another female with traces of a broad central band,
16.vi.60; a male Allophyes oxyacanthae L., very close to ab. capucina
Mill., 12.x.61; a male Humichtis lichenea Hiibn. as dark as the females
are in the Folkestone area and as dark as specimens from the north-
west, 2.x.61, and a typical example from the Folkestone area; a small
reddish Plusia gamma L., 15.vii.58, and a dark brown, melanic, male, to
which the exhibitor can find no reference, 24.x.60; a male Alcis repan-
data L., darker brown than is usual in the Folkestone area, where grey
specimens are in a small minority, 5.vii.58, a male ab., conversaria
Hiibn., 2.vii.61, the fourth in the area in 34 years; a male Ortholitha

46

chenopodiata L. (limitata Scop.), with the central band narrowed,
19.vii.61; three Abraxas grossulariata L., taken in 1958 since when the
species has become scarcer and no aberrations have been taken; a male
Ennomos autumnaria Werneb., representing the paler form, 30.ix.61,
a dark female, 23.ix.60, and four examples from the numerous progeny
of the above, bred in August 1961, all of which were very much alike,
with dark undersides; three forms of Cryphia perla Schiff., a yellow,
1961, a grey, 1961 (in which year several appeared), and a darker form,
1960 (of which several appear each year). (2) a male and female
Oenosandra boisduvalli Newman from Perth, Western Australia, May
1955, where it occurs on White Gum, the male on the grey bark, and
the female on white patches where the bark has fallen from the tree as it
grows older.

Mr. M. G. Morris—Line drawings of the egg, all larval instars, and
male and female imagines of Psallus ambiguus (Fall.) (Heteroptera,
Miridae).

Mr. J. H. Payne—A male Aphuntopus hyperantus L. ab. pallens
Shultz, and a female Coenonympha pamphilus L. ab. antiexcessa Leeds,
both from Northamptonshire 1961.

Mr. E. C. Peruam-Crinton—Lepidoptera collected in Ireland during
May 1961. Glengarriff, Cork: Eustrotia bankiana F. Ballyvaghan,
Clare: EHupithecia intricata Zett., new to Ireland; Pyrausta funebris
Stroem; Platyptilia tesseradactyla L.; Olethreutes arbutella L., new to
Ireland; Epinotia augustana Hiibn., larvae on Salix repens L.; E.
nemorivaga Tengst., new to Ireland; EHucosma aspidiscana Hiibn.;
Mniophaga (Bryotropha) umbrosella Zell.; M. (B.) mundella Dougl. ;
Hypercallia christiernana L. (citrinalis Scop.), larvae on Polygala;
Glyphipterix schoenicollela Staint.; Pancalia latreillella Curt., Kenmare,
Kerry: Zelleria saxifragae Staint., new to Ireland, larvae on Sazxifraga
spathularis Brot., S. hirsuta L. and hybrids.

Mr. A. pe Porocuin (visitor)—A collection of 50 species of Coleoptera
from Finland, most of which do not occur in this country. The coliec-
tion did however contain such interesting species as Pelophila borealis
(Payk.), Lebia crwx-minor (L.), Necrodes littoralis (L.) and Diaperis
boleti (L.).

Mr. ArtHur Price—(1) Coleoptera from the Tinworks Pond at
Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire. S. Wales. The exhibit also included a pre-
liminary list of the fauna of a well-oxygenated pool in the swift flowing
river Gwendraeth. The lists of the beetles and leeches are given in some
detail, whilst some records are offered of: Kphemeroptera, Odonata,
Plecoptera, Diptera, Mollusca and fish. The exhibit showed some of
the more typical beetles which live in a fast-flowing river. Two
coloured photographs were also shown of the Tinworks Pond. The
beetles were: Brychius elevatus (Panz.) and Haliplus fluviatilis Aubé.
(Haliplidae); Deronectes latus (Steph.), D. duodecimpustulatus (¥.),
D. elegans (Panz.), Oreodytes rivalis (Gyll.), O. septentrionalis (Gyll.),
Hydroporus tessellatus Drap. and Platambus maculatus (l.) (Dytiscidae) ;
Gyrinus urinator Ill., G. caspius Méné., G. natator (L.) and Orectochilus

47

villosus Mill. (Gyrinidae); Latelmis volkmari (Panz.), Elmis maugei
Bedel ab. aenea (Miill.), Esolus parallelopipedus (Miill.) Limnius
variabilis Steph. (rivularis Rosen.), Helichus substriatus (Miill.) and
Dryops luridus Er. (Dryopidae); Hydraena gracilis Germ. (Hydrophili-
dae). (2) Monochrome photographs as follows: a series of prints of
Iwcanus cervus (L.) taken in Reading, Berks., in February 1961 from
a dead specimen; a series of prints of Sepia officinalis L. (Common
Cuttlefish) taken of a living specimen at Kidwelly, 2.iv.61; Wokefield
Common Fish Pond, Berks., 5.ii1.61; Lacerta vivipara Jacquin (Common
Lizard), Kidwelly, 29.viii.61; inflorescence of Eryngium maritimum L. ;
Crabro sp., Kidwelly, 29.viii.60. (3) Photographs in colour: a series of
six prints of Utricularia vulgaris L. (Bladderwort), including views of
the plant in the ditch at Littlejohn’s farm at Reading, the flowers, the
plant showing the bladders, and one photomicrograph showing a single
bladder, 25.vi.61; three prints of the damsel fly, Agrion splendens
(Harris) taken at Reading, 24.vi.61; two pictures of Cicindela maritima
Dej., taken at Kidwelly, 26.viii.60.

Major-General A. L. Ransome—Lepidoptera taken in recent seasons
in Hants and Dorset: Maniola jurtina L. ab. partimtransformis Leeds
and three females, all pale and including one ab. bipupillata Leeds;
Cupido minimus Fuess., one ab. minor Tutt, and one underside ab.
obsoleta Tutt; Plebejus argus L., one male upperside with ‘“‘partimtrans-
formis’’ characteristics, two male undersides, one paler and one darker,
than typical, two male undersides with ‘‘obsolescens’’ characteristics,
three female uppersides with ‘‘partimtransformis’”’ characteristics, one
female underside with ‘‘nigrescens’’ characteristics, and one female
underside with ‘‘postradiata’’ characteristics and with white fringes to
the hindwings; Aricia agestis Schiff., one male underside with ‘‘partim-
transformis’’ characteristics, two female undersides with spot on
forewings elongated, a female underside ab. discreta Tutt, but with other
characteristics that approach ‘‘antiradiata’’ ag used by Bright & Leeds;
Polyommatus icarus Rott., one female upperside with homoeosis on left
forewing, one female underside ab. arcuata Courv., one female under-
side with ‘‘fowleri’’ characteristics; Lysandra coridon Poda, two male
uppersides, one ab. infraviridiscens B. & L., and one ab. punctata Tutt,
and two females with homoeosis on the uppersides.

Mr. Austin RicHarpson—(1) Lepidoptera taken or bred from the
isles of Skye and Canna, 5 to 15.viii.60: Pieris napi L., including
heavily suffused females; Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Argynnis aglaia
L.) male and heavily suffused female; Aglais urticae L., three bright
and strongly-marked examples; a female Maniola jurtina L. ; two Coeno-
nonympha pamphilus L.; four male Polyommatus icarus Rott., two from
Canna and one of the two from Skye showing an obsolescent under-
side; Cerura vinula L., a dark bred specimen; Notodonta ziczac L.;
Agrotis vestigialis Hufn.; Hwxoa cursoria Hufn.; Ammogrotis lucernea
L. s.sp. renigera Steph.; Amathes castanea Ksp., deep red; Hurois
occulta L., grey; Euschesis comes Hiibn., including ab. nigra Tutt

48

and ab. curtisii Newman, with an extreme example of ab. sagittifer
Cockayne from the Scilly Isles for comparison; Hadena caesia Schiff., a
bred specimen which is a new record for Skye, iron-grey, and four more,
also bred, of a similar colour but heavily speckled with orange, from
Canna, with bred examples for comparison from the Isle of Man, Co.
Clare, and Co. Cork; H. conspersa Schiff., bred from Canna, blackish
except for pale stigmata and apical patches, with bred examples from
the Scilly Isles for comparison; Bombycia viminalis F.; Apamea furva
Schiff. s.sp. britannica Cockayne; Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. ab.
luneburgensis Freyer; Celaena haworthu Curt.; CU. leucostigma Hiibn.
s.sp. scotica Cockayne, including ab. fibrosa Hiibn. and intermediates;
Gortyna micacea Esp. ab. aurantia Richardson; Leucania impura
Hiibn. s.sp. scotica Cockayne; Anaitis plagiata L. s.sp. scotica
Richardson, including ab. fasciata Garbsk.; Cursia sororiata Hiibn.
s.sp. anglica Prout, with, for comparison, a typical example from Unst,
believed to be the only Shetland specimen; Dysstroma truncata Hufn.,
four examples very closely approaching D. concinnata Steph., D. citrata
L.; Yanthorhoe fluctuata L. s.sp. thules Prout; Colostygia salicata
Hiibn.; Ortholitha chenopodiata I..; Orthonama lignata Hiibn.;
Kuphyia bilineata L. s.sp. atlantica Staud. ; Hydriomena
furcata Thunb., including a brown and two reddish aberrations;
Eupithecia goossensiata Mab.; E. icterata de Vall.» osispe
cognata Steph.; Gnophos obfuscata Schiff. (myrtillata Thunb.),
including two examples speckled with brown; Ellopia fasciaria
L.; Crocallis elinguaria L., brownish forms; Selidosema brunnearia de
Vill. s.sp. scandinaviaria Staud., Zygaena purpuralis Briinn.
s.sp. caledonensis Reiss, with three s.sp. segontii Tremewan,
and two blown larvae from Carmarthenshire for comparison;
Z. lonicerae von Scheven, which may prove to be a _ distinct
subspecies, being large, heavily-spotted and hairy, caught flying
on llth August along with the Z. purpuralis, an incredibly late date. (2)
Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1960: Melicta athalia Rott., Devon;
Notodonta trepida Esp., including two ab. fusca Cockayne, Westmor-
land; Lophoterye capucina L., very pale aberration, W. Ross;
Polyploca ridens F., long series of a very dark form, Glos., with examples
from Carmarthenshire for comparison; Apatele megacephala Schiff.
ab. nigra Shaw, with a typical specimen from Yorkshire for comparison ;
Agrotis ripae Hiibn., a bred series from the Scilly Isles, very bright;
Amathes baja Schiff., aberration with very distinctly marked cross-lines,
Inv.; Anaplectvides prasina Schiff., W. Ross; Hadena lepida Esp. s.sp.
capsophila Boisd., bred from the Isle of Man; Humichtis lichenea Hiibn.,
two bred from Caer., with a specimen of s.sp. scillonea Richardson from
the Scilly Isles for comparison; Luperina testacea Schiff., an almost
obsolete aberration from the Scilly Isles, and a second taken in the
same spot two years previously; L. dumerilii Dup., Cornwall, taken
immediately after the hurricane ‘Debbie’, 16th September, together with
Plusia orichalcea F., also shown; Apamea exulis Lef. s.sp. assimilis
Doubl., W. Ross; Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. ab. luneburgensis

49

Freyer, Inv.; A. lunulu Stroem (nigra Haw.), bred Caer., with
five blown larvae; A. australis Boisd., Cornwall; Antitype flavicincta
Schiff., seven pale typical forms, Somerset, with two dark forms from
Cornwall, and three intermediate from Portland, Dorset; A. xantho-
mista Hiibn. s.sp. stutices Gregs., Cornwall; Gortyna micacea Esp. ab.
aurantia Richardson, Scilly Isles, with a grey aberration from Yorks. ;
G. petasitis Doubl., Dumb.; Leuwcania wnipuncta Haw., Scilly Isles; L.
vitellina Hiibn., Scilly Isles; LD. albipuncta Schiff., Scilly Isles; a new
record; Tiliacea aurago Schiff., a varied series, Glos. ; Plusia gamma L.,
a very pale aberration, Hants; Dysstroma truncata Hufn., varied series,
Scilly Isles and Cornwall; Thera obeliscata Hiibn., a strongly banded
aberration, Dorset; Lampropteryx otregiata Metc., third Gloucestershire
specimen; Nanthorhoe biriviata Borkh., a long series of first brood
specimens, Bucks., with three second brood specimens from Surrey, and
two blown larvae, one green and one brown; Rhodometra sacraria L.,
including ab. labda Cramer, Wilts.; Venusia cambrica Curt., a long,
varied series of dark specimens, including several ab. bradyi Prout,
with a typical example from Lancs.; Entephria flavicinctata Hiibn.,
Yorks., with s.sp. ruficinctata Guen., Perth., for comparison ; Earophila
badiata Schiff., bred Cheshire, including ab. eckfordii Smith;
Eupithecia virgaureata Doubl., three examples including two approach-
ing ab. nigra Lempke, bred Scilly Isles, a new record; Alcis repandata
L. ab. sodorensium Weir, W. Ross. 15th August; Diasemia ramburialis
Dup., Hants, 3rd September. (3) Living larvae, last instar, of
Leucania vitellina Hiibn., from the Scilly Isles.

Mr. C. F. Rivers—An exhibit dealing with the use of viruses in the
biological control of pest insects together with colour transparencies of
insect virus diseases. The use of viruses against pest insects is a highly
selective and inexpensive method of control. These diseases occur
naturally in insect populations and are a factor in controlling their
numbers. They are specific to the host, non-toxic to man and animals
and they reproduce themselves in the insect tissues. The combined
effects of residual polyhedra and sub-lethal dosages ingested by the
current population will induce epidemics in the successive generations.
Dying larvae contaminate the trees with fresh polyhedra and the virus-
carrying survivors interbreed with neighbouring colonies. An extensive
infestation of Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geof.) at Loch More
in the Reay Forest, Sutherland, was sprayed with a suspension of sawfly
polyhedra virus in May 1961. The insect presented a serious problem
due to the absence of sufficient natural predators and parasites. The
virus from 20 diseased larvae was applied to an acre of trees. A powered
knapsack spray machine which produced micro-droplets made it possible
to use the minimum of water. On the 200 acres treated the pest was
checked whilst severe defoliation continued in the unsprayed acres.

Mr. P. J. Rovers (visitor)—Celerio gala Schiff., the Bedstraw Hawk
Moth.

Major A. Breprorp Russperr—(1) A collection of water colours and
drawings from actual specimens of butterflies, mostly of aberrations in

50

the exhibitor’s collection. (2) A case of butterflies from Malaya, includ-
ing a new species of Nucaduba, awaiting description; the allotype male
of Hyarotis stubbst Eliot; a pair of the recently discovered Malayan
subspecies, Hrites medura Horsf. s.sp. russelli Eliot; a pair of the
Malayan race, Artipe eryx L. s.sp. excellens Eliot, and other unusual
items. Taken during 1959-61. (3) A halved gynandromorph Maniola
jurtina L., left side male, right side female, from the Warminster,
Wilts., area, June 1961.

Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm—Some varieties of British butterflies taken
during 1961. KHumenis semele L., four females including one showing
‘“‘excessa’’ characteristics, two others with extra spotting on the fore-
wings, and one with cream areas heavily suffused, New Forest, Hants,
August. Maniola jurtina L., one dwarf male; one male with ‘‘radiata’’
forewings and pearl-grey hindwings; one female ab. commaculo Leeds;
one dark suffused female with orange area of forewings almost obscured;
two female undersides, one a reddish colour form and one exhibiting
homoeosis, with four patches of upperside forewing scaling on the left
underside hindwing, New Forest, July to August. Maniola tithonus L.,
one female ab. excessa Leeds, and two male ab. antiparvipunctata
Leeds, New Forest, July. Plebejus argus L., one dwarf male, New
Forest, July. Aglais urticae L., a short series bred from a number of
different webs of young larvae from Dorset, including one ab.
nigrocaria Haverkampf, which emerged 26.vi.61.

Air Marshall Sir Rosert Saunppy—Races of Humenis semele I. (1)
The chalk down race: this has the palest undersides. (2) The heathland
race: slightly darker undersides and more unicolorous. (3) The north-
west coast of Scotland race: This lives amongst large black rocks near
the sea shore, It is generally darker and smaller, the under-sides of
the hindwings are conspicuously darker, especially in the males, and the
uppersides of the hindwings of both sexes show a consistently different
pattern from that of the southern races.

Mr. L. E. Savage—Specimens of Apamea exulis Lef., four taken at
sugar at Mangaster, Shetland Isles, July 1960. A. assimilis Doubl.,
taken at mercury vapour light at Dalwhinnie, Inv., July 1955. A.
monoglypha Hufn., taken at sugar at Mangaster and Nibon, Shetland
Isles, July 1960. Hadena conspersa Schiff., bred from larvae taken on
Silene maritima With. at Hillswick, Shetland Isles, in July 1960, the
moths emerging from 6.v.61 to 9.vi.61, with approximately three-
quarters lying over until 1962. H. caesia Schiff., bred from larvae also
taken on S. maritima on the Isle of Man, 1958. H. caesia Schiff., bred
from larvae taken on S. maritima at Slea Head, County Kerry, and
Doolin and Black Head, the Burren, County Clare, Ireland, 1953. H.
capsophila Dup., bred from larvae taken on S. maritima in County Kerry
and County Clare, Ireland, 1953; and the same species bred from larvae
also on S. maritima around the southern coast of the Isle of Man, 1958.
H. lepida Esp., bred from larvae on S. maritima at the Lizard, Cornwall,
1951.

51

Dr. E. Scorr—Two specimens of Depressaria astrantiae Hein., first
taken at Stroud, Glos., 25 years ago, with a third taken at light at
_ Westwell, Kent; Acleris (Peronea) shepherdana Steph., a fen species,
common in a marshy field on the gault below the Wye Down, Kent;
Meesia argentimaculella Staint., an uncommon tineid, from Westwell
and Boro Green, Kent; Pandemis ? dumetana Treits., taken at light by
Mr. C, A. W. Duffield, near Wye.

Mr. E. J. Scorr (visitor)—Drawings of Lepidoptera taken in Tener-
iffe, Canary Islands, by A. J. Dewick, between January and March,
1957.

Mr. K. W. Serr—A book of about 250 photographs of British
Lycaenidae showing aberrational and local forms. Some of the original
specimens have been shown from time to time, they were obtained mainly
in Dorset, Hants and Kent, in their appropriate seasons from 1941 to
1953. The species were Lysandra coridon Poda, L. bellargus Rott.,
Polyommatus icarus Rott., Plebejus argus L. (aegon Schiff.), Aricia
agestis Schiff. (astrarche Bergst.) and Lycaena phlaeas L.

Mr. L. W. Sta¢s—Specimens of Lepidoptera taken at mercury vapour
light at Minstead, Hants (New Forest), 1961. Lewcania ? albipuncta
Schiff., 9th October; ZL. vitellina Hiibn., 1st, 4th and 5th September;
Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. ab. aurantia Tutt., 21st September; Conistra
vaccinu L., with ground colour dark red-brown, subterminal band and
stigmata light chestnut, 8th October; and with ground colour dark
red-brown powdered with grey, subterminal band and circumscription of
stigmata grey, 10th October; Hupsilia transversa Hufn., with ground
colour very dark brown, large and small spots white, 2nd October; and
with ground colour mid-brown, large and upper small spots red, lower
small spot white, 8th October; Sterrha muricata Hufn., 7th July;
Rhodometra sacraria L., 30th September and 9th October; Agriphila
(Crambus) latistria Haw., 11th August.

Mr. Arraur SmitH—Pen and ink drawings of Ichneumonidae and
Chalecidoidea (Hym.). See also British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Mr. R. E. Srocxtey—Aberrations of Rhopalocera taken during recent
years: Lysandra coridon Poda, a series of four specimens including ab.
radiata Courv., ab. striata Tutt and one extreme aberration of the
female ab. extrema Courv., from the south downs, 6.viii.55; Coenonympha
pamphilus L., one male underside albino and one melanic upperside;
Maniola jurtina L., melanic female? ; set underside, Surrey, 14.vii.60.

Miss VerE TempreE—(1) Watercolour drawing on thin Chinese paper
showing the Japanese Hairstreak, Zephyrus signata Butler, on a spray
of oak, including caterpillar, chrysalis and imago. (2) A watercolour
drawing in designers colours on thick Chinese paper showing the Japan-
ese Owl Moth, Brahmaea japonica Butler on privet, including
caterpillar, pupa and imago.

Mr. R. Tusss—EHrebia aethiops Esp., imagines taken at Morar,
Inverness-shire, between 6 and 16.viii.61, illustrating in particular the
two colour forms of the female underside; the ochre banded form, which
seems to constitute the aberration ochracea Tutt, and the silver banded

52

form. Also shown were larvae of the species hibernating in their second
and third instars, and the foodplant, Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench.

Mr. M. W. F. Tweeprr—(1) Some moths characteristic of the coast
between Rye and Lydd, Kent: Spilosoma urticae Esp., Huxoa tritici L.,
Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., A. clavis Hufn., Hadena lepida Esp., H.
conspersa Schiff., H. suasa Schiff., Aporophyla australis Boisd. s.sp.
pascuea Curt., Hydraecia paludis Tutt, Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw.,
Hoplodrina (Caradrina) blanda Schiff., Ortholitha plumbaria F., Meso-
type virgata Hufn., Aspitates ochrearia Rossi, Agriphila inquinatella
Schiff., Pediasia aridella Thunb., Platytes cerusellus Schiff., Schoenobius
gigantellus Schiff., Homoeosoma sinuella F., H. binaevella Hiibn.,
Eurhodope marmorea Haw., Synaphe punctalis F., Pyrausta cespitalis
Schiff. (2) An album of photographs of British Insects.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Chrysolina banksi (F.) (Col., Chrysomelidae)
larvae, with adults taken at Higham, Kent.

Professor G. C. Varitey—Peculiar structures in the males of moths.
The males of many moths have ‘‘scent brushes’’ on various parts of the
body, or extensile ‘‘coremata’’ which can be inflated. Detailed observa-
tion by Master Gaden Robinson of Kuala Lumpur of the Arctiid moth
Creatonnotus gangis L. supported by very fine colour transparencies
show that males assemble to the ‘‘calling’’ female, settle a yard or so
away and then inflate their enormous coremata. Eventually one male
mates and the other males then quickly retract their coremata and rest
until next evening. Comparable, but smaller coremata are present in
many British species. They can be inflated by air pressure and dried
as one dries a caterpillar skin. This method also extends scent fans
and scent stars in various parts of the bodies of the male Geometridae,
Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Thyatiridae, etc. The scent fans near the base
of the abdomen of noctuids like Apamea (Xylophasia) monoglypha Hufn.,
smell strongly of valerian oil when first extended. Other species smell
of almonds, or like carabid beetles. I can find no record of anyone
observing these structures in life in this country. Observations of
mating displays would probably reveal their function.

Virus ResearcH Unit, Cambridge.—see Mr. C. F. Rivers

Mr. S. Waxety—Lepidoptera bred or caught during the current
year from different localities as follows: Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.:
Aristotelia morosa Miihl., Gelechia sororculella Hiibn. and Acrocercops
imperialella Mann., all bred; also Lampronia praelatella Schiff. Isle of
Wight, Hants: Apoda avellana L., Mecyna asinalis Hiibn., bred,
Caloptilia pyrenaeella Chrét., a fine bred series, and Nemotois
cupriacella Hiibn. Kent: Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., Apamea scolo-
pacina Esp., Hydraecia hucherardi Mab., Hana incanana Steph.,
Brevisociaria (Phalonia) curvistrigana Staint., Acleris shepherdana
Steph., Telephila schmidiella Heyd., Hypercallia christiernana L.,
Enicostoma lobella Schiff., Hthmia bipunctella F. and Coleophora
olivaceella Staint., all bred, also Adela croesella Scop. Camberwell, S.E.
London: Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. and Coleo-
phora clypeiferella WHofm. Suffolk: Leucania favicolor Barr.,

53

Nonagria neurica Hiibn., Apamea oblonga Haw., Scopula emutaria
Hiibn., Witlesia reticella Newm., Nephopterix formosa Haw., Epischnia
boisduvaliella Guen., Nyctegretis achatinella Hubn., Melissoblaptes
zelleri Joan., Platytes alpinellus Hiibn., Crombrugghia distans Zell.,
Phalonidia manniana F.R., Eucosma maritima Westw., Aristotelia
palustrella Dougl., A. pictella Zell. and Batia lambdella Don. Surrey:
Chloroclystis debiliata Hiibn., Epinotia immundana F.R., Gelechia
velocella Dup. and Amphibatis incongruella Staint. Sussex: Hypenodes
turfosalis Wocke, Gymnancyla canella Schiff., Choristoneura diversana
Hiibn., Hudemis porphyrana Hiibn., Stomopteryx vinella Bankes and
Ypsolophus horridellus Treits. These are only the most noteworthy
moths of some 200 different species exhibited.

Mr. D. H. Watxer—A series of fossils comprising the brachiopod
Terebratula biplicata Brocchi found in the upper chalk at Purley,
Surrey, April 1961, a very complete and beautiful example; a piece of
fossilized timber found in the desert near Albuquerque, Arizona,
U.S.A., August 1943, which is an interesting example of molecular
replacement retaining exactly every detail of shape and colour; two
examples of the sea urchin Micraster cor-anguinum Leske (Hchinoidea),
found in the upper chalk at Purley, Surrey, 1937; and three tests of
the sea urchin Hchinocardium caudatum Muller (Echinoidea) found on
the sea shore at Amroth, Pembs., August 1961. The two sea urchins
are very similar in almost every detail but separated in their lives
by several million years.

Mr. Norman A. Warxins—British Rhopalocera as _ follows:
Melanargia galathea L., including three ab. valentini Williams; a male
transitional form bred from a similar female taken in Gloucestershire,
1960; two similar females caught wild in Gloucestershire 1961 and
Somerset 1961; an albinistic male, from Gloucestershire 1961; two male
ab. nigricans Culot, one wild Gloucestershire specimen 1961: and the
other bred 1961 from a wild caught female ab. nigricans taken in 1960,
both males have been paired in captivity with ab. nigricans females
bred from a female taken in Gloucestershire, 1960. Lysandra coridon
Poda, a male ab. caeca Courv., Wilts., 1961; a male ‘‘juncta’’ form
approaching ab. parallela Courv., Wilts., 1961; a female ab. antialbescens
B. & L. + antiradiata B. & L. + postdiscreta B. & L. (which also
approaches ab. basiextrema B. & L.), Sussex, 1961. Lysandra bellargus
Rott., examples from a small race discovered by Mr. N. B. Potter on
greensand in Hampshire 1960. These represent the 1960 summer brood
and 1961 spring brood. During the summer this year this locality was
burnt, ploughed and planted with buckwheat for feeding pheasants. No
specimens of the summer brood were seen this year and it can reasonably
be assumed that this race is now extinct. Uppersides: a male ab.
metallica Tutt, with thin sealing on all wings; four male forms approach-
ing ab. metallica Tutt, with hindwings very thinly scaled and forewings
with rayed melanic striations. Undersides: four males and a female
radiated form extending to full ab. radiata Oberth., summer 1960, pre-
viously exhibited by Mr. Potter at our Annual Exhibition 1960; four

54

males and one female of a similarly radiated form, spring 1961.

Mrs. N. I. Watrson—Melanargia galathea L., male underside with
black markings reduced, and an asymmetrical female underside from
Dorset, July 1961; Maniola tithonus L., one dark male, three male ab.
excessa Leeds, one male with pale right forewing, another approaching
the albino form, one female with pale areas on both forewings, and a
female albino, New Forest, Hants, July and August 1961; M. jurtina
L., one dwarf male and another with bleached right forewing, a lavender
coloured male, one approaching the albino form, a series of six upperside
females, some with apical spot reduced and another with divided spot,
a dark female with bright orange areas on forewings, a female approach-
ing the albino form, another with rayed forewings, a dwarf female with
apical spot almost obsolete, a series of eight female undersides showing
considerable variation in colour and marking, a female with strikingly
barred hindwings, a male underside with peculiar pale patches, New
Forest and Dorset, June to October 1961; Aphantopus hyperantus L.,
three ab. arete Mill, a series with greatly reduced spots, a male with
bleached left forewing, another with hindwings suffused with black -
scales, and a female with spots greatly enlarged, New Forest, July 1961;
Coenonympha pamphilus L., a large female upperside and another under-
side, a male underside with apical spots obscured by pale patches, an
upperside with cream areas and another completely white form, New
Forest and Dorset, July to September 1961; Melitaea cinvia L., a male
with albino hindwings, bred ex Isle of Wight, June 1961; Huphydryas
aurinia Rott., a series of 12 selected forms bred from Hod Hill, Dorset,
which emerged during May 1961; Aglais urticae L., various colour forms
including one with central spots joined and extended outwards, and one
partly emerged variety bred ex Stourplaine, July 1961; Plebejus argus
L., three males with “‘latiora’’ characteristics, a female with ‘‘partim-
transformis’’? characteristics, and a series of male and female under-
sides from the New Forest, July 1961; Aricia agestis Schiff., a series of
four undersides including one extreme ab. discreta Tutt, Dorset, July
1961; Polyommatus icarus Rott., a series of male and female upper and
undersides including ab. arcuata Courv., etc., and one with greatly
enlarged orange lunules, Dorset, June to September 1961; Lysandra
coridon Poda, four male upperside aberrations, fowlerimargino B. & L.,
caeruleo Tutt, viridescens Tutt and lavendula B. & L., also the male
underside aberrations i-nigrum Tutt, arcuata Courv. and confluentiae
Courv., and female underside aberrations postobsoleta B. & L., 7-nigrum
Tutt, etc., Dorset, July to August 1961; DL. bellargus Rott., a series of
male underside aberrations including minor Tutt, caeca B. & L., postico-
obsoleta. Tutt, parvipuncta Courv., arcuata Couryv., examples with
‘‘anticaeca’’, ‘‘glomerata’’ and ‘‘semilimbojuncta’”’ characteristics, and
an un-named form with two streaks running parallel to the costa, a
series of female uppersides with blue suffusion approaching ab. ceronus
Esp., and a female underside ab. posticoobsoleta Tutt., Dorset, Septem-
ber 1961.

Mr. A. J. WigutTman—see Mr. G. M. Haggett.

55

Dr. C. G. M. p—E Worms—(1) A selection of butterflies and moths
taken in the British Isles during 1961. Series of the following species :
Coenonympha tullia Miill., from Meathop Moss, Witherslack, Westmor. ;
Harpyia (Cerura) bifida Brahm (hermelina Goeze preoc.), from Ham
Street, Kent; Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (menthastri Esp.), from the Isle
of Mull; Agrotis trux Hiibn., from north Wales; Ammogrotis lucernea
L., from North Wales; Amathes agathina Dup., from Thursley, Surrey ;
Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., from Portland, Dorset; Leucochlaena oditis
Hiibn. (hispida Gey.), from Portland; Antitype flavicincta Schiff., the
dark form from South Devon; Orthosia gothica L., the dark form bred
from Aviemore, Inv.; Leucania l-album I., from south Devon; L.
vitellina Hiibn., from south Devon; Plusia pulchrina Haw., from the
Isle of Mull; Hnnomos autuwmnaria Werneb., bred from Ashford, Kent;
Zygaena loti Schiff. (achilleae Esp.), a variable series from the Isle of
Mull; Z. purpuralis Briin., from the Isle of Mull; Hepialus
fusconebulosus Deg., a variable series from the Isle of Mull.
(2) Uncommon species and aberrations of British moths taken or
bred during 1961: Asphalia diluta Schiff., a melanic specimen taken at
Chiddingfold, Surrey, 5th September, and another with very faint mark-
ings taken at Virginia Water, Surrey, 2nd September; Huproctis
similis Feussl., a male with heavy spotting from East Suffolk, 5th
August; Spilosoma lutea Hufn., a male and a female with very light
markings bred from Ham Street, Kent, in August; Cycnia mendica
Clerck, a gynandromorphous specimen with left wings white female and
with right wings dark male coloration and markings, taken at Horsell,
Surrey, 7th May, possibly a unique form (PI. IT, fig. 8); Cybosia mesom-
ella. L., a male with the forewings yellow, from Ham Street, 4th June;
Cruphia perla Schiff., a deep grey example from Horsell, 9th September ;
Utetheisa pulchella L., a male captured at Prawle, south Devon, 17th
September; Huxoa tritici L., an example with very dark markings,
taken in east Suffolk, 5th August; Diatararia oleracea L., an example
with the outer white line absent, taken at Witherslack, Westmor., 27th
June; Procus literosa Haw., a male with very pale coloration, from
Woking, Surrey, 3rd September; Nonagria neurica Hiibn., two males
taken in east Suffolk, 6th August; Leucania albipuncta Schiff., a male
taken near Rye, Sussex, 25th August; Sterrha eburnata Wocke, two
males taken in north Wales, 30th June; Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn., a
mal@ bred from Rannoch, Inv., 24th August; Menophra (Hemerophila)
abruptaria Thunb., a melanie example, ab. fuscata Tutt, taken at Hor-
sell, 26th April; Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., a melanic male taken at
Horsell, 7th March; Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop., a melanic male
taken at Horsell, 25th May, and a female with very pale markings taken
at Ham Street, 4th June. (3) A selection of butterflies taken in the
Canary Islands and in Central Spain during April 1961. (4) On behalf
of Sir Ertc Ansorer, Tiliacea awrago Schiff., a specimen of unicolorous
marking with the usual cross bands on the forewings absent, probably
referable to ab. unicolor Tutt.

Mr, L. D. Youne—(1) A series of six Iycaena phlaeas L. ab. radiata

56

Tutt, showing the following additional variation: a male upperside with
left forewing exhibiting ‘‘transformis’’ characters, another with right
forewings with ‘‘transformis’’ characters, and one without basal spots,
all bred Surrey, July 1958; female uppersides—an example with raying
extended towards the centre of the wings, bred Surrey, May 1960; and
ab. cupreopunctata Tutt, bred, Surrey, September 1958; female under-
side—an example with basal and discoidal spots on the right forewing
joined, bred Surrey, July 1958. (2) Three further L. phlaeas L.: an
extreme female upperside aberration captured 4.viii.60 in Herts., also
exhibited last year; a heterozygote female underside from a back cross
between a normal but heterozygous male and a homozygous female ab.
radiata Tutt (Ford,, E. B., 1945, Butterflies, London, p. 182) with
darker scaling on the ground colour of the hindwings which could pos-
sibly be another recessive character, bred Surrey, May 1960; a male
underside having hindwings with grey scales raying outwards from the
submedian spots, bred Surrey, July 1959. (see Pl. IT, fig. 7).

9th NOVEMBER 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The death was announced of Mr. J. O. T. Howard.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpENtT—A species of mirid bug new to science, Globiceps
woodroffei Wagner, which has been recorded from Blackdown, Sussex,
and from Witley Common, Surrey.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A living example of the cockroach Nawphoeta
cinerea (Ol.), found in bananas at Newtonmore, Inv., by Comdr. G. W.
Harper, 25.ix.61. It is a tropicopolitan species, omnivorous and kills
and eats the cypress roach, Diploptera dytiscoides (Serv.).

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Blotch mines and cocoons of Nepticula
(Stigmella) subbimaculella Haw. (Lep., Nepticulidae) from Wimbledon
Common, Surrey, with a gallery mine more typical of the family for
comparison.

Mr. T. R. Eacrtrs—Seed spikes of Plantago maritima lL. galled by
the beetle Mecinus collaris Germ. (Curculionidae) from Higham, Kent.

Mr. S. R. Bowpen—Two larvae of Pieris napi L. ab. bryoniae Ochs.,
of the Carpathian subspecies neobryoniae Sheljuzhko (Lep., Pieridae)
showing what is suspected to be spiral segmentation, part of an F,
brood of about 200 individuals.

Capt. J. Etnerton—Male and female Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep.,
Geometridae), bred from larvae which were reared by Mr. S. Wakely
from ova laid by a female caught near Chiddingfold, Surrey. The
larvae pupated about 3lst October and the moths emerged seven days
later.

COMMUNICATIONS.
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. R. C. Dyson which accompanied
a gall on beech and which requested information. The gall had

57

disintegrated and determination was difficult, but the PrestpEent
suggested it might have been made by an eriophyid mite.

Mr. G. E. NIxon, B.A., F.R.E.S., gave a talk on ‘‘The habits of
some parasitic Hymenoptera’’, which was followed by a series of ques-
tions covering such aspects as the determination of these parasites,
hyperparasitism, family characteristic in cocoon formation, tertiary
parasitism, ete.

23rd NOVEMBER 1961.
Mr. A. E. Garpner, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. G. M. A.
Barker, W. V. D. Bolt, D. O. Chanter, J. E. A. Ranger, A. Robertson
and P. F. G. Twinn.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A series of Rhagonycha elongata (Fall.) (Col.,
Telephoridae) beaten from Scots Pine, Aviemore, Inv., 1.viii.61.

Dr. C. G. M. p—e Worms—A female Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep.,
Geometridae), taken in mercury vapour light trap at Woking, Surrey,
23.xi.61 and a Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae) from the
same trap, 22.xi.61.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Two of the three volumes of Hering’s Keys
to the leaf miners of Europe.

Mr. F. D. Buck—A copy of the recently published International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature (see review on p. 166).

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. T. R. Eactres referred to the note about the fly Thaumatomyia
notata Meig. (Dipt., Chloropidae) in Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1959: 23. These flies had again occurred in his house at
Enfield, Middx., in vast numbers. He also said that the fungus Boletus
chrysenteron (Bull.) Fr. had appeared abundantly in October in the
roadside verges at Enfield. Almost every example had been attacked by
a secondary fungus. The galls on oak leaves, he also reported, caused
by Newroterus albipes (Schenck) f. lenticularis (Ol.) (Hym., Cynipidae),
the alternate generation of N. baccarum L. were unusually numerous
this year.

Mr. R. M. Mere referred to the Drepana harpagula Esp. (Lep.,
Drepanidae) he showed at the Annual Exhibition. He said he wished to
make it clear that he did not discover the new locality, but was told of
the area in which one was taken and had been fortunate on the night he
had used his light there.

An article in the Canadian Entomologist regarding Thymelicus
lineola Ochs. (Lep., Hesperidae) was referred to, in which it was stated
that since the species was introduced into Canada a few years ago it had
become a pest. The distribution in Britain was discussed and it ap-
peared to occur in southern Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and as far

58

west as Wilts. It was also thought that it might even have reached
Somerset.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren drew attention to a complicated group of micro-
lepidoptera in the genus Coleophora (Coleophoridae). We used to have
two species in our list, (. troglodytella Dup. and (C. therinella Tengst. ;
but it was subsequently shown that there were two other species, C.
derivatella Zell. and C. peribenanderi Toll respectively. It was then
discovered that the two original species also occurred with us, and a
further species, C. ramosella Zell. has been added. Mr. J. D. Bradley,
by an examination of types, recently showed (. trochilella Dup. to be
the species now known as (. troglodytella Dup., and not a synonym of
('. therinella Tengst. as has commonly been supposed. The type of (.
troglodytella Dup. is imperfect, so it is not yet certain whether it will
become a junior synonym of (. trochilella Dup. To relate these with
their host-plants we have (. troglodytella Dup. bred from Hupatorium
in Ireland, but from several Compositae abroad; (. ramosella Zell. bred
from Solidago in Ireland; (. derivatella Zell. from Eupatorium and
Inula in Ireland, Norfolk and Surrey; C. peribenanderi Toll, from
Carduus arvense (L.) Scop. in Middx., Kent and Surrey; (. therinella
Tengst., taken in Ireland, but not as yet reared in Great Britain. On
the Continent it feeds on thistle.

Mr. R. F. Haynes reported taking Ptilophora plumigera Schiff.
(Lep., Notodontidae) at Ashford, Kent, 18.xi.61.

Coloured transparencies were shown by Messrs. M. W. F. Tweedie,
W. E. Minnion, J. D. Bradley and F. T. Vallins. Mr. Tweedie drew
attention to the Catocala frarini L. (Lep., Noctuidae) bred from Con-
tinental stock which had been liberated in the Rye area of Sussex,

14th DECEMBER 1961.
The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

EXHIBITS.

THe PrestpeNt—Braula coeca Nitzsch (Dipt., Braulidae) a minute
louse-like insect with short thick legs, vestigial eyes, and devoid of
wings and halteres. The adult attaches itself to the thorax of queen
and worker bees. Its eggs are laid among the brood combs, and: hatch
into musciform larvae which enter the capped cells of the combs. The
larvae do not cause much harm.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A living example of the cockroach Pelmato-
silpha marginalis Brunner, found in bananas at Feltham, Middx.,
3.x11.61.

Mr. T. R. Eacrzs—A frond of the fern Polypodium interjectum
Shivas with ripe sori. This was gathered in his garden at Enfield,
Middx., but the plant came from Ilfracombe, Devon. He drew atten-
tion to the statement by Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. and Warburg,
EK. F. (1952, Flora of the British Isles, London, p. 50), ‘‘The three
chromosome forms are morphologically separable and should be regarded

59

as distinct spp. but the details have not yet been worked out’’, The
three species have now been dealt with in J. Lin. Soc. (Bot.), 58, 370,
p. 13, and are Polypodium australe Fée, Ll’. vulgare L. sensu stricto
and P. interjectum Shivas. The reasons for saying the exhibited
specimen is P. interjectum Shivas are: (1) ripe.sori appearing at this
time of the year (December); (2) sori oval and not round; (3) lower
pinnae projecting forward; (4) the fourth and fifth pinnae from the
base the longest; and (5) no paraphyses traced.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss gave preliminary notice of a nepticulid (Lep.)
new to the British list from a locality near East Malling, Kent, which,
occurs on Acer campestre LL. (Common Maple). The insect is Stigmella
aceris Frey.

Lt.-Col. W. B. L. Manley read a paper ‘‘Collecting Lepidoptera in
Spain’’. This was followed by a series of both coloured and monochrome
slides related to the subject and showed by Capt. N. D. Rmgey. The
meeting concluded with questions and a discussion.

lith JANUARY 1962.
Mr. A. E. Garpner, Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. H. White-
head and Mr. T. K. Brown.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. A. KE. GarpNner—(1) A series of the northern clavicorn beetle
Anisotoma glabra Kug. (Leiodidae) taken under fir bark at Nethy Bridge,
Iny., 3.viii.61. (2) The very local weevil Otiorrhynchus scaber (L.) (Col.,
Curculionidae) beaten from pine, Aviemore, Inv., 24.vii.61.

Mr. K. A. Spencer—Three species of South African Diptera which
he had taken as pupae on Senecio pterophorus DC. at Pietermaritzburg.
The species included a chloropid, Polyodaspis sp. near robusta (Lamb.)
and a trypetid, Stenotrypeta vivac Munro.

Mr. S. Waxety—A dozen selected examples of Rhodometra sacraria
L. (Lep., Geometridae) which he had recently bred. The original
parent was taken near Chiddingfold Surrey, by Mr. R. Fairclough, and
four generations were bred. The fourth generation emerged during
Christmas week, but no fertile ova were obtained.

COMMUNICATIONS.

The Lrprarian reported on the following additions to the library:
2ird Song by W. H. Thorpe, the biology of vocal communication and
expression in birds, No. 12 of the Cambridge Monographs in experi-
mental biology, Cambridge, 1961. International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology,

60

H. R. Stoll (Chairman), London, 1961. Coleoptera of Somerset by W.
A. Wilson, F.R.£.s., published by the Somerset Archaeological and
Natural History Society, Taunton, 1958. Check List of the British
Lepidoptera with the English name of each of the 2,299 species, by I.
R. P. Heslop, London,.1945. Indexed Check List of the British Lepi-
doptera with the English names of each of the 2,313 species, by I. R. P.
Heslop, London, 1947. Supplements 2, 3 and 4 to the last foregoing
work. British Flies, vol. VI, Empididae, by J. EK. Collin, parts I and
II, Cambridge, 1961. The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants
by Visual Symptoms, by T. Wallace, London, 1951, H.M.S.O. (Presented
by R. G. Chatelain). The hbrarian also reported that our member, Mr.
Roger Long, had presented two items published by the Société Jersiaise.
(1) Sectional Reports for 1960 dealing inter alia with the local Lepidop-
tera and (2) Ecological notes by another of our members, Lt.-Col. F. C.
Fraser, I.M.S. (RETD.), on two species of Odonata found in Jersey,
Lestes viridis v.d. Lind. and Aeshna mixta Lat.

Mr. A. Price said that during the Christmas holidays he had
observed two pairs of Dytiscus marginalis L. (Col., Dytiscidae) in cop.
under some 44 inches of ice in a pond in west Wales. He said there
was a gap of approximately } to 4 inch between the ice and the water.
Though he made a hole in the ice, the beetles did not show any par-
ticular interest in it. Later in the week the thickness increased to 6
inches. A discussion followed on the formation of ice on ponds with
relation to the possibility of a gap between the ice and the water.

Lantern slides were shown by Dr. C. G. M. de Worms, Mr. R. F.
Haynes and Mr. F. T. Vallins.

25th JANUARY, 1962.
90th ANNUAL MEETING
(With which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)

The President, Dr. A. M. Masses, 0.8.£., F.R.E.S., in the Chair.

The minutes of the 89th Annual Meeting were read, confirmed and
signed.

The Hon. Treasurer presented his Report and Accounts, and as the
auditors had not completed their work, moved their adoption subject
to audit. These were seconded by Mr. Arthur Smith and carried.

Dr. B. J. MacNulty read the Council’s Report for 1961 and moved
its adoption. Mr. §. N. A. Jacobs seconded the Report and it was
carried.

The President declared the following Officers and Ordinary Members
of Council elected: President, A. E. Gardner, ¥.R.E.s.; Vice-Presidents,
A. M. Massee, 0.B.E., D.SC., F.R.E.S., J. L. Messenger, 3.a.; Treasurer,
J. L. Henderson; Secretary, B. J. MacNulty, 3B.sc., PH.D., F.R.I.C.;
Editor, F. D. Buck, A.M.1.pTG.M., F.R.E.8.; Curator, M. G. Morris,

61

F.R.E.8.; Librarian, F. T. Vallins, a.c.1.1., ¥.R.E.8.; Lanternist, H. G.
Denvil, F.R.u.S., F.R.H.8.; Ordinary Members of Council, J. D. Bradley,
F.B.E.S., L. Christie, E. W. Classey, F.n.z.s., D. P. L. Matthews, 1.p.,
B. F. Skinner, A. Smith, a.z.c.a., D. W. Thorpe-Young, A.1.4.c., R. W.
J. Uffen, r.r.z.s.. S. Wakely, C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., PH.D., F.R.I.C.,
F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

Under Bye Law 25 (b) Mr. R. F. Haynes asked for details of the
qualifications for Country Membership. The Hon. Secretary explained
these to Mr. Haynes’ satisfaction.

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. T. W.
Harman, T. J. Goodman and A. Woolacott.

EXHIBITS.

The PrestpeEnt—The Snow Fly, Boreus hyemalis (L.) (Mecop.,
Boreidae), the only British species of the family. It is locally common
in the British Isles, and the exhibitor has examples from Kent and
Scotland, those exhibited were from East Malling, Kent. The insect
lives amongst moss or under stones, and is peculiar in that it feeds upon
vegetable matter. The adults occur in the late autumn and winter and
are occasionally found walking on snow. The larva is strongly curved,
the thoracic legs are large but there are no abdominal feet.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacops—A mine of Stigmella aceris Frey (Lep., Nepti-
culidae) in Acer campestre (L.), from Comp Farm, Malling, Kent. The
moth flies in July and again in late August and September. Mines were
found empty on 20.vili.49. The species is new to the British List.

Mr. T. G. HowarruH—A living male example of Conistra ligula Esp.
(Lep., Noctuidae), which came to light at Arkley, Herts., 20.1.62.

Mr. A. E. Garpner—A short series of the local European earwig
Pseudochelidura sinuata (Germ.). The male is referable to ab. dufowri
(Serv.) which differs from the typical form by having sinuate forceps.
All specimens were from Cauterets, Hautes Pyrenees, France, 18.v.54
and were collected by Dr. B. P. Moore.

COMMUNICATIONS.

A query was raised regarding the habitat of the Snow Fly and where
it could be found when there was no snow on the ground. Dr. MAsseEE
said he could give no further information than that already given—he
had in fact tried to find the insect himself when there was no snow, but
had not been successful. Mr. L. Curistie said he had found them on
West Wickham Common, Kent, in the autumn, in moss on trees.

The President then read his Address; following which he called
upon Mr. A. E. Gardner to occupy the Chair. On doing so, Mr. Gardner
moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Massee and asked permission for the
Society to publish his Address. To which Dr. Massee agreed.

A vote of thanks to the Vice-Presidents, Officers and Council was
moved by Mr. E. W. Classey and seconded by Mr. 8. Wakely. Mr. R.
M. Mere replied.

62

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
By A. M. MASSEE, 0.B.E., D.SC., F.R.E.S.
Read 25th January 1962

The year 1961 has followed the same pattern as previous years, and
the most outstanding event was the Annual Exhibition at the end of
October, when 100 exhibits were on show for members and friends to
view and comment upon with fellow entomologists. At the end of
September a Special Meeting was held to discuss the proposed change
of name of the Society, as the present name was considered by some to
be too parochial for a Society of such distinction. Fifty-three members
attended the meeting and the motion to change the name was lost by
nine—32 votes to 23; thus the Society retains its old identity of ‘South
London’.

During 1961 the membership has reached a tota] of 539, higher than
in any former year, and this achievement is undoubtedly due to the hard
work put in by Mr. R. M. Mere during his term of office in 1960.

Our finances, always a matter of concern to the Council, have again
been in the care of Mr. J. L. Henderson, and as always his sound
judgment and skill in monetary matters proves invaluable to the Society.

The Society has suffered loss by the death of five of its members, and
I shall refer briefly to these gentlemen : —

Leonard Talman Ford died on 9th January, and an Obituary Notice
concerning his services to entomology appeared in the 1960 volume of
the Proceedings and Transactions of this Society.

Sir Leonard D. Wakely died on 27th February at the age of eighty.
In 1902 he entered the India Office. He was Secretary of the Political
Department from 1924 to 1930 and then was appointed as Under-
Secretary of State and Clerk to the Council of India. In 1934 he was
appointed Deputy Under-Secretary of State. He was made a K.C.I.E.
in 1935.

Sir Leonard’s interest in Lepidoptera started when he was an
under-graduate at Cambridge. He was interested only in the macro-
lepidoptera, and collected widely in many famous localities, including
Wicken Fen, The New Forest, the Isle of Wight, Aviemore, Cannock
Chase, Wood Walton Fen and Witherslack, to mention only a few. He
preferred beating and sugaring to the more modern methods of obtaining
specimens. His very representative collection of Lepidoptera and that
of his relative—A. R. Kidner, have passed to John Wakely, a member
of the ‘South London’.

Mr. J. Oliver T. Howard died in October. He joined the Society in
1927, and was President in 1947. He was also an Assistant Editor.
His interest in entomology was mainly confined to the Lepidoptera.

The deaths were reported recently of Dr. J. Michaud and Mr. A.
Valentine. They both joined the Society in 1945 and were interested in
general entomology.

63

In the Birthday Honours, Her Majesty the Queen was graciously
pleased to honour our member, Col. E. Scott, with the Order of the
British Empire.

We also wish to congratulate Dr. H. FE. Hinton, a distinguished
member, on being admitted to the Fellowship of the Royal Society.

My period of office has been a very pleasant one because of the help
and support I[ have received from Dr. B. J. MacNulty, our new Secretary,
and the assistance and wise council given to me by my Vice-Presidents,
Mr. R. M. Mere and Mr. A. E. Gardner,

Mr. F. D. Buck has fulfilled his duties as Editor with calm distince-
tion, and the Society is greatly indebted to him for all the work he
does on our behalf,

Mr. T. G. Howarth selected a number of competent speakers for the
indoor meetings, one of the special features of the Society. Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen arranged a varied selection of famous localities for the Field
Meetings for those interested in field entomology. Many were well
supported.

It was a sad day for the Society when Mr. T. R. Eagles decided to
relinquish the post of Librarian, but there is some real consolation in
the fact that Mr. F. T. Vallins has agreed to fill the vacancy. He was
formerly Assistant Librarian.

It is my real pleasure to express my gratitude to members of
Council, Officers and members of the Society for their help and courtesy
to me during my year as President.

Finally, for the entomological section of my address I have chosen
to discuss the ‘Apple Orchard Fauna’ because as the result of 40 years
research in fruit entomology I have formed quite definite views on
measures which should be adopted to control fruit pests.

APPLE ORCHARD FAUNA

A great variety of harmful phytophagous arthropods were associated
with deciduous fruits in the south-east of England during the first
20 years of the present century. In addition, large numbers of
predacious, parasitic and neutral arthropods were also present, but
they are not so well-known to the fruitgrower or the entomologist as
the more harmful species.

The fruit insects of this country have been studied in detail for over
a hundred years, and it has long been the custom of economic entom-
ologists to work out the life histories and habits of the more important
pests, to determine the critical stage of their life when contro] measures
can be effectively directed against them. Following these studies care-
fully thought out spraying trials are planned with a view to testing a
wide range of chemicals aimed at the destruction of the pests. Such
trials are frequently made against a specific pest, with little or no
regard being paid to the numerous other arthropods present in the
orchard; or indeed without taking into account other insecticides and
fungicides which are included in the spray schedule.

64

Before the first World War the commercials orchards were rarely, if
ever, sprayed, because the appliances available were crude hand manuals
and barrel pumps, which made the application of chemicals a very
tedious and lengthy business. The chemicals used were the hot-lime
wash and caustic soda preparations, The grease banding of the tree
trunks was commonly practised to prevent the wingless females of the
Winter Moth group ascending the trees. In fact, the apple orchards
of 50 years ago would be regarded as derelict by present-day standards.

Before discussing the population and species changes of the fauna in
detail, and citing classic examples of these changes, it will be expedient
to discuss in some detail the arthropods associated with the apple orchards
before spraying became a recognised routine of orchard hygiene (Massee
1954).

The amateur entomologist does not have ready access to commercial
orchards, and consequently may not be familiar with the very varied
fauna which covers a wide field of the Insecta. Actually, nine Orders
of the Insecta are represented. They are as follows:

DeRMAPTERA, PsocopTreRA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA,
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,
HyMENopTERA, DipTERa.

Most of the insects associated with the unsprayed orchard have been
determined, and about 120 species are known. In addition the Orders
Acarina and Arachnida contribute important species to the fauna.

The species of Arthropods associated with apple may for convenience
be divided into three groups, (a) the injurious phytophagous species,
(b) the true parasites and predator species, and (c) those conveniently
described as neutral species.

Time will not permit discussion of all the species associated with
the unsprayed apple orchard, but reference will be made to some of
the more important harmful and beneficial species (Wigglesworth 1960).

HARMFUL SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNSPRAYED
APPLE ORCHARD

DermapterRsA: Forficula auricularia L.

TuysaNopTerRa: Thrips angusticeps Uzel.

HeMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Plesiocoris rugicollis (Fall.) (Apple Capsid
Bug), Lygocoris pabulinus (1,.).

HemieTers-HOMOPTERA: Lhopalosiphum insertum (WIk.) (Apple-grass
Aphid), Aphis pomi (Deg.) (Green Apple Aphid), Sappaphis mali
Ferr. (Rosy Apple Aprid), S. devecta (Wlk.) (Rosy Leaf-curling
Aphid), Hriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (American Blight or
Woolly Aphid, Psylla mali (Schmidberger) (Apple Sucker);
Lepidosaphes ulmi (1.) (Mussel Scale), Eulecanium coryli L. (Nut
Seale), Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curt. (Oystershell Seale),
Typhlocyba froggatti Baker, T. rosae (L.), Erythroneura alneti
(Dahlbom), Cercopis vulnerata Germ.

65

Levipoprrrs: Macrolepidoptera species including Operophtera brumata
(L.), Alsophila aescularia Schiff., Erannis defoliaria (Clerk),
Malacosoma neustria L., Zeuzera pyrina L., Chloroclystis
rectangulata 1.., Orgyia antiqua L., Aegeria myopaeformis
Borkh., Cossus cossus L., Orthosia incerta Hufn., Gastropacha
quercifolia L., Euproctis similis Fuess. Microlepidoptera species
including Archips (Cacoecia) oporana (L.), Batodes (Ditula)
angustiorana Haw., Spilonota ocellana (Schiff.), Pandemis
hepurana (Schiff.), Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) (Codling Moth),
Yponomeuta matlinella (Zell.), Argyresthia conjugella Zell.,
Blastodacna atra (Haw.), Lyonetia clerckella (L.), Coleophora
anatipennella. Hiibn., C. nigricella (Steph.), Simaethis (Antho-
phila) pariana (Clerck).

CoxteopteRA: Melolontha melolontha (.), Otiorrhychus singularis (L.),
Phyllobius oblongus (L.) (Brown Leaf Weevil), P. argentatus (L.)
(Green Leaf Weevil), Anthonomus pomorum (L.) (Apple Blossom
Weevil), Caenorhinus aequatus (L.) (Apple Fruit Rhynchites),
Anisandrus dispar (F.), Scolytus rugulosus (Ratz.).

HyMenopTerRA: Hoploccampa testudinea (Klug) (Apple Sawfly).
Diptera: Thomasiniana oculiperda (Ruebsaamen).

AcarinaA: Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite),
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Greenhouse Red Spider Mite), Aculus
schlectendali (Nal.), Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (Apple
Bryobia Mite).

Among the large number of insects and mites associated with the
unsprayed apple orchard the following are regarded as the most
important. The Apple Sucker, the Oystershell Scale, the Nut-scale,
the Mussel Scale, the Apple-grass Aphid, the Green Apple Aphid, the
Rosy Apple Aphid and the Rosy Leaf-curling Aphid; the caterpillars
of the Winter Moth group including the Winter Moth, the Mottled
Umber Moth and the March Moth. The Codling Moth is another very
important pest which has been known in this country for hundreds of
years. The American Blight or Woolly Aphid is an important pest that
was introduced into this country from America at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. The Apple Bryobia Mite is another prevalent pest
of the unsprayed orchard—it is invariably present, and on occasions
large aggregations build up on the trunks and main branches of ageing
trees. On the other hand both the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite and
the Greenhouse Red Spider Mite are frequently present in very small
numbers, but never reach pest proportions. Also it is curious that the
Apple Capsid Bug formerly regarded as a major apple pest rarely
inhabits unsprayed orchards. Amongst the beetles, the Apple Blossom
Weevil, the Apple Fruit Rhynchites and the Brown and Green Leaf
Weevils are commonly found in unkempt orchards.

66

PREDACIOUS SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNSPRAY ED
APPLE ORCHARDS

THYSANOPTERA: Aeolothrips melaleucus Hal.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Anthocoris confusus Reuter, A. nemoralis
(F.) A. gallorwm-ulmi (Deg.), A. nemorum (L.) Orius niger
(Wolff), O. majusculus (Reuter), O. minutus (.), O. laevigautus
(Kieb.) Phytocoris tiliae (F.), P. reutert Saunders, P. ulmi (L.),
Deraeocoris lutescens (Schilling), D. ruber (L.), Campyloneura
virgula (H.-S.), Pilophorus perplexus (Dougl. & Scott),
Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.), Orthotylus marginatus
Reuter, O. ochrotrichus Fieb., Heterotoma merioptera (Scop.),
Malacocoris chlorizans (Panz.), Psallus ambiguus (Fall.), P.
variabilis (Fall.), Atractotomus mali (M.-D.), Plagiognathus
arbustorum (F.) Campylomma verbasci (M.-D.).

NevuropteRA: Humicromus angulatus (Steph.), Chrysopa carnea Steph.,
Conwentzia psociformis (Curt.)

CoLgopteRA: Oligota flavicornis Boisd. & Lac., Tuchyporus hypnoruin
(F.), Adalia decempunctata (L.), A. bipunctata (L.) Coccinella
septempunctata L., Exochomus quadripustulatus (l.), Stethorus
punctillum Weise, Xylodrepa quadripunctata (L.).

Diprera: Feltiella tetranychi Reubsamen, Arthrocnodax wissmannti
Kief., Syrphidius (Syrphus) ribesui (L.), Scaeva pyrastri (L.).

AcaRINA: Allothrombium fuliginosum Herm., Anystis agilis Banks.,
Typhlodromus pyri (Sch.) T. finlandicus Oud., T. masseet Nes.,
Phytoseius spoofi Oud.

ArAcHNIDA: All the true spiders are predacious, but only those con-
tained in the families THERIDIIDAE and LINypPHIIDAE and in
particular Theridion pallens Bl. have been noted.

Fifty species of predacious insects and mites have been recorded in
the unsprayed apple orchard, of which half are represented by the
Hemiptera-Heteroptera. The latter belong to the families Mrrrpakr and
ANTHOCORIDAE, and include some of the most important species
associated with fruit. They are Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.),
Psallus ambiguus (Fall.) and Anthocoris nemorum (Iu.). These three
species prey upon many pests including the Fruit Tree Red Spider
Mite, and are present in both sprayed and neglected orchards, but are
more plentiful in the latter.

The Coleoptera are also important, and three species, namely, the
Two- and Seven-spot Ladybird Beetles, and the minute black ladybird,
Stethorus punctillum Weise, feed on all stages of aphids and phyto-
phagous mites. The most important Acari are Typhlodromus finlandicus
Oud., and Anystis agilis Banks, that prey upon the Fruit Tree Red
Spider Mite and the eriophyid mites found on apple.

It must be emphasised that in the unsprayed orchard there is a
continuous succession of beneficial species throughout the year, and
when the active forms of phytophagous insects are not available as prey

67

during the winter months, the predators feed on the overwintering
eggs, scale insects and the hibernating larvae of tortricid species.

Before spraying became a general practice in both commercial and
neglected orchards, the trees housed the same kinds and population
densities of insects. Fruit growers mainly relied upon ducks, geese o1
poultry to eradicate their pests, plus the annual grease banding of the
trees in the autumn which was the fashion of the day. Im addition
some of the larger standard trees were pruned, but genera] orchard
hygiene was only conducted on a small scale.

The first real changes in the fauna and population density of the
commercial apple orchard followed the introduction from Holland of
the hydrocarbon oil or tar oil winter wash, which was first used in this
country in 1921. The marked effectiveness of this new winter wash
became strikingly apparent when the eggs of many serious apple pests
failed to hatch in the spring months. Some of the most important pests
which were completely eliminated were the Mussel Scale, the Oyster-
shell Scale, the Nut Scale, the Apple Sucker, the Apple-grass Aphid,
the Rosy Apple Aphid, and the Rosy Leaf-curling Aphid; while some
control was obtained of the three injurious Winter Moth species and
the Woolly Aphid.

Many unsprayed apple trees support epiphytic plants, mosses and
the unicellular green alga, Plewrococcus sp. The tar oil washes removed
these foreign growths as well as most of the loose bark from the tree
trunks. This new winter wash caused an unexpected effect on the
fauna. Those species that normally hibernated under loose bark were
killed by the Winter wash or moved away to find more suitable winter
quarters (Massee 1952). Amongst other species affected was the
predacious bug, Anthocoris nemorum (l.). In fact, the absence of
several species of anthocorid bugs was noteworthy in the spring months.
However, the next generation of these bugs returned to the orchard
again in the late summer, dispersing from the adjacent hedgerows, only
to be wiped out again the following winter.

The tar oil winter washes were toxic to so many noxious insects that
the fruitgrower applied them each winter as a matter of routine. After
some years, however, it was found that large populations of the Fruit
Tree Red Spider Mite were building up in orchards where winter washes
were used each season (Lord 1949). Indeed by 1930 the Fruit Tree Red
Spider Mite proved to be one of the most important fruit pests in
commercial orchards in the south-east of England, and remains so
to-day.

Many hypotheses have been advanced to account for the increase of
the mite. The facts are as follows. First it was found that the over-
wintering eggs of the mite were not killed by the tar oil winter wash.
And as already stated the anthocorid bugs which normally hibernate
on the trees were killed or dispersed elsewhere following the winter wash
application. The ladybird beetles and the minute predacious mites
were also affected, so when the eggs of the Fruit Tree Spider Mite

68

hatched in the spring, the immature stages fed on the foliage without
being preyed upon by beneficial insects and mites.

The next notable change in the fauna occurred when the Apple Capsid
Bug, Plesiocoris rugicollis (Fall.) increased in enormous numbers in
commercial orchards and became a major pest. The Apple Capsid Bug
was originally associated with Salix spp. and Myrica gale L. and was
first recorded feeding on apple at Wisbech, Cambs., in 1917, By 1926
this bug had spread to most fruitgrowing districts of England, the
exceptions being a few orchards in the Tenterden district of Kent and
the whole of Essex except the Colchester district. There appears to be
no explanation why the capsid did not infest the Tenterden and Essex
orchards.

It is noteworthy that the Apple Capsid Bug is never common in
unsprayed orchards, if indeed it ever occurs there, and the few published
records may well refer to other species of mirids, some of which are
similar to the Apple Capsid Bug in their immature stages.

The fact that the immature bugs fed on the young fruitlets, distort-
ing them and rendering them unsaleable, brought a crisis to the
industry.

The fact that the capsid bug and the mite were the two most serious
apple pests led to a further modification of the spray programme by
largely replacing the tar oil winter wash by the introduction of
petroleum oil and the DNC/petroleum wash, The new winter wash was
applied to kill the winter eggs of the capsid bug and of the mite, and
the DNC which was usually used with an admixture of petroleum, and
applied at the delayed dormancy period of fruit development, to control
aphids and Apple Sucker. However, in spite of these new washes the
problem of capsid and mite control became more urgent.

Undoubtedly the most striking changes in the fauna of the apple
orchard were brought about in 1946 and 1947, following the introduction
of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (Ripper 1956). Both DDT
and BHC were available in several formulations, and these synthetic
chemicals reduced still further the number of important pests present in
the apple orchard, such as the Apple Capsid Bug, Apple Blossom Weevil,
the Apple Aphids, Apple Sawfly and gave moderate control of the
populations of the Winter Moth group, tortricid caterpillars and
Codling Moth.

Unfortunately it was soon discovered that DDT and to a lesser
degree BHO were toxic to most beneficial insects, and many species
were eliminated from commerical orchards when these chemicals were
used as post-blossom sprays (Pickett 1955; Hinton 1955).

However, the progressive fruitgrower soon appreciated the
limitations of both DDT and BHC since following their introduction
mite populations were continuing to build-up in Kentish and Eastern
Counties orchards.

In a further endeavour to control the mite the organophosphorus
chemical parathion was added to the spray programme. This spray was
applied twice post-blossom (at the fruitlet stage) causing a marked

69

reduction of the mite population. However, by the end of July large
mite populations were building up again—and the mite problem was
as serious as ever. In a determined effort to wipe out the mite a few
fruitgrowers applied three, four or even five applications of parathion,
only to find an even greater mite population build-up in late summer.
In addition a second species of phytophagous mite, Tetranychus
urticae (Koch) increased to pest proportions, and added to the harm
already caused to the trees by the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite.

In 1953 and 1954 further modifications of the spray programme had
a marked effect upon the orchard fauna, The introduction of the
chemicals, chlorfenson and fenson, so-called summer ovicides, were
very welcome since they were not related to the organophosphorus
chemicals, These new sprays proved toxic to the eggs and immature
stages of the mite, and also killed some of the mature forms. Indeed,
these sprays were so efficient that for a few years the mite was no
longer regarded as a pest in orchards where efficient spraying was
practised. In addition these summer ovicides did not harm many
beneficial insects.

By the latter part of 1958 fruitgrowers were complaining that the
summer ovicides were no longer providing adequate control of the mite,
and high populations were building-up again in Kent and Hssex
orchards. In fact this phenomenon was the first indication of mite
resistance to these summer ovicides which is now an accepted fact in
Kent and Essex orchards. As a result the summer ovicides are rarely
used to-day to eradicate the mite. Now the grower has returned to
the use of organophosphorus chemicals and systemic pesticides and
many other new chemicals which appear as regularly as clockwork each
year.

In spite of the continued influx of new organophosphorus chemicals
of various formulations and of other new pesticides, the official recom-
mendations are not adequate, since high mite populations still build
up in orchards in the late summer, when it is too late in the season to
apply further sprays.

In fact in the Eastern Counties alone there are 17 authentic
examples where mites are known to be resistant to organophosphorus
chemicals. Positive mite resistance to these chemicals has not been
noted in Kent, but it may well be that the ‘writing is on the wall’, and
in a year or two the mite problem may be as serious again as it was
in the years prior to World War II.

During all these years the spraying machine manufacturers have not
been idle, and to-day, innumerable up-to-date mobile appliances are
available for rapid application of sprays. The new machines include
the autoblast, the low-volume appliances and those used for applying
chemicals in a concentrated form. The machines have proved a boon to
the fruit grower on account of the considerable saving in labour, and
their capability of spraying large acreages each day, and not least the
conservation of water since some modern machines use as little as thirty
gallons per acre.

70

One of the chief objections to these modern machines is the problem
of spray drift, for in addition to spraying the orchards in inclement
weather, the spray may drift through the hedgerow on to adjacent
property. Most growers endeavour to minimise spray drift as much as
possible by spraying only when weather conditions are suitable, but in
some seasons this is difficult to achieve if the spray is to be applied at
the correct time.

Another important factor must be taken into account when assessing
the populations of the orchard fauna, namely the hedgerow that
surrounds the orchard. Large populations of beneficial, pollinating,
parasitic and neutral insects and mites have their headquarters in the
hedges and rough grass at their base, and from these sites many
beneficial insects disperse into the orchards and help in keeping down
pest populations. The drift of noxious chemicals from the mobile
machines greatly reduces the populations of the hedgerow as well as the
insects on the headland adjacent to the hedge.

Still more alarming is the wholesale destruction of hedges which
is being practised to-day. On many fruit farms the hedges are
grubbed, and are being replaced by unsightly wire-netting and posts
to mark the boundary. The ruthless destruction of the heritage of the
countryside is accepted because certain petty officials state that certain
species of plants growing in the hedges are carriers of ‘fire-blight’ an
important disorder of certain varieties of pear.

In the days before the routine spraying of orchards was practised
about 80 potential pests were associated with the so-called ‘commercial
orchard’, and not infrequently the ravages of these insects defoliated
the trees. To-day the situation has changed considerably, and the
number of important pests of apple number about six, of which the
Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, the Codling Moth, the Aphid species, the
tortricid moths, the Woolly Aphid and a comparatively new apple pest,
the Apple Bryobia are the most serious. It is rather ironical when
one reflects that the number of important apple pests has been reduced
from 80 to about half a dozen, and those remaining to-day may prove
as serious as the numerous species of former days. This state of affairs
is still more unpalatable when one notes the continued floooding of the
market with new pesticides, the introduction of new spraying equip-
ment, and not least the greater knowledge available of the habits of
fruit pests, and more accurate information regarding the timing of
sprays for their destruction. A ban on the introduction of new
chemicals until they have been tested from all angles may well be the
answer to this vexed problem.

There is another very important aspect of this problem which must
not be overlooked. Now it has become the fashion to apply organophos-
phorus chemicals as pre-blossom sprays, the influence of the economic
entomologist must be used to ensure that these noxious chemicals are
not applied late: than the ‘green cluster’ stage, or at the very latest
at least ten days before the blossom period. That this advice is
followed is imperative because if applications are made at the ‘pink

71

bud’ stage or just prior to the blossom period, pollinating, beneficial,
parasitic and neutral insects will be destroyed as well as any pests
present in the orchard. Further, and probably more important, a
fact often not appreciated by the fruitgrower or indeed many economic
entomologists is that in addition to the destruction of the fauna resi-
dent in the orchard, those beneficial species attracted to the orchard
during the blossom period from the hedgerow, nearby woodlands, and
the surrounding districts, are also killed. Much harm may not occur by
ruthless spraying in any one season, but if practised year after year
the effect on pollination may prove very serious.

After over 40 years experience in relation to the control of fruit
pests it is clear to the writer that the use of chemicals alone will not
provide the answer to the problem. What is needed is a team of
research workers, including ecologists, entomologists, pathologists, bio-
assay biologists and chemists to study the problem in detail. A long.
term programme should be drawn up by qualified members of these
specialists. Some of the subjects to be studied might include a
comprehensive study of the orchard fauna, including the pests, bene-
ficial, parasitic, neutral and pollinating species and the study of
chemicals with specific reference to the production of selective
chemicals (both insecticides and fungicides), A short term research
project should be undertaken with a view to using selective chemicals,
thus ensuring a build up in the orchard of beneficial species which
are essential to the balance of the fauna of the orchard (Massee 1958;
Kuenen 1958).

It must be emphasised again that such a programme of research
must be drawn up by specialists familiar with the implications envisaged
in such a project, and not by administrators or Heads of Departments,
solely interested in the chemical control of pests.

Finally, this Address has been written in an endeavour to illustrate
to the reader some of the pitfalls encountered while attempting to control
fruit pests by chemicals. It would be an understatement to say the
battle has been won.

To-day potent chemicals are being applied against horticultural
pests, in agriculture, in forestry, as weed-killers and to roadside verges.
Also chemicals are used against pests of heaths and commons, and
even against mosquitoes and midges of our wayside ponds. And now
we are informed that chemicals are likely to be used to control weeds
which are choking up some of the waterways of the Norfolk Broads.

Broadminded naturalists and entomologists everywhere must be
very apprehensive of the future, and it is hoped that the powers that
be are equally awake to the dangers of this folly before it is too late.

REFERENCES.
Hinton, H. E., 1955. Science Progress, 43: 634-647.

Kuenen, D. J., and Post, A., 1958. Influence of Treatments on Predators and
other limiting factors of Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch). 10th Int. Congr.
Ent., 1956 (1958), 4: 611-615.

72

Lord, F. T., 1949. The influence of spray programmes on the fauna of apple
orchards in Nova Scotia. JIT Mites and their predators. Canadian Ent.,
81: 202-214.
Massee, A. M., 1952. Fluctuations in orchard fauna. Rept. 13th International
Hortic. Congr., 1-5.
, 1954. The Pests of Fruits and Hops. 3rd Edition, Crosby Lockwood &
Son Ltd., London.
, 1958. The effect on the balance of arthropod populations in orchards
arising from the unrestricted use of chemicals. /0th Int. Congr. Ent.,
1956 (1958), 3: 163-168.
Pickett, A. D., 1955. Modified spray programs for Fruit Pest Control. Agric.
Chem., 10, 36-37.

Ripper, W. E., 1956. Effect of pesticides on balance of arthropod populations
Ann. Rev. Ent., 1: 403-438.

Wigglesworth, V.B., 1960. The Fauna of the Orchard. Rep. E. Malling Res. Sta.
for 1959 (1960), 39-43,

73

FIELD MEETINGS, 1961.

NEWLANDS CORNER, SURREY—15th April 1961.

Leader: Mr. ¥. M. SrrutHERs.

A party of 13 members and friends attended this, the first field
meeting of the season. From Clandon Station the party was fortunate
enough to have transport to the top of Newlands Corner. The day was
fine and sunny with temperatures in the upper fifties and with a vari-
able light breeze.

The party worked along the top edge of the hill through the wood-
land paths, and after lunch, the lower chalk slopes.

Soon after starting some fine specimens of the mycetozoan Lycogala
epidendrum Fr. were found on a fallen log. Three stages were present,
i.e., the red plasmodium, young pink aethalia and older brown ones.
Alongside the track were plants of Adoxa moschatellina L. (Moschatel
or Townhall Clock), with five flowers, one pointing upwards and the
others on a level and pointing in each of the four directions; hence the
second English name. The track was much churned up by horses, and
in compensation, and no doubt arising from the horse droppings, there
were some examples of the fungus Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Fr.

As the party turned downhill after lunch, the moss Pseudosclero-
podium purum (Hedw.) Fleisch. was noted in great abundance and there
were big patches of Mnium affine Bland and beautiful clumps of
Fissidens adianthoides Hedw.

Many spring butterflies were on the wing, including freshly
emerged specimens of Pieris rapae L., P. napi L., Anthocharis (Huchloe)
cardamines L. and Pararge aegeria L., as well as hibernated Gonepteryx
thamni L., Polygonia c-album L. and Nymphalis io L.

Amongst larvae found were Arctia villica L., Oidaematophorus
carphodactyla Hiibn., Elachista magnificella Tengst. and larvae and
pupae of Plutella (Ypsolophus) porrectella WL. Stems of Viburnum
lantana L. (Wayfaring Tree) were searched and those with evidence of
workings of the clearwing larva Aegeria andrenaeformis Lasp. were
collected.

Other imagines noted during the day were: Lampropteryx suffumata
Schiff., Anticlea (Coenotephria) derivata Schiff., Eupithecia nanata
Hiibn., Schreckensteinia festaliella Hiibn., Laspeyresia ulicetana Haw.,
Grapholita jungiella L. (Laspeyresia perlepidana Haw.), Antispila
treitskiella F. R., Pancalia leuwenhoekella ., Elachista rufocinerea
Haw., Ornix fagivora Staint. and Adela viridella Scop.

The trek to the station after tea was interrupted to inspect a White
Beam tree on which were many plants of mistletoe.

74

CHILWORTH, SURREY—23rd April 1961.
Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY.

Meeting at Chilworth station, the party proceeded southwards to the
extensive heathlands of Black Heath. The weather was bright and
sunny and the few butterflies seen included Anthocharis (Fuchloe)
cardamines L., Pararge aegeria L. and Celastrina argiolus L. Moths
noted were Drepana falcataria L., Cycnia mendica Clerck, Anarta
myrtilli L., Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn., Aethalura punctulata Schiff.
and Gelechia velocella Dup. The last named species was fairly common
in one small area. A single specimen of Roeslerstammia erzlebella F.
was also taken.

Lunch was taken on the higher ground with a good view of the
country stretching away to Farley Heath in the distance. In the after-
noon the activities were chiefly confined to beating the birch trees for
larvae, when the following species were taken: Achlya flavicornis L.,
Amathes castanea Esp., Geometra (Hipparchus) papilionaria 1..,
Oporinia autumnata Borkh., Perconia strigillaria Hiibn., Ellopia
fasciaria L., Campaea margaritata L., Salebria (Phycita) betulae
Deg., and Coleophora ibipennella Zell. (betulella auct. nec Hein
& Wocke). Larvae of Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana Schiff. on pine
were also found.

The following botanical notes were supplied by Mr. T. R. Eagles :—

A feature of the heathy ground was the abundance and beauty of
the lichens. There were innumerable plants of Cladonia coccifera (L.)
Willd. with bright red apothecia like sealing wax on the margins of
the cups. Also conspicuous were grey masses of the so-called Reindeer
Moss. This is in fact a lichen, and though very like that eaten by the
deer, is another species, Cladonia impexa Harm. There was also (.
sylvatica Hoffm. Almost every dead twig was adorned with the grey
rosettes of Hypogymnia physodes (.) Wats.

The mosses Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. and P. piliferum Hedw.
were growing vigorously where there had been fire. The male ‘‘inflores-
cences’’ were most noticeable; capsules seemed comparatively scarce.
Another abundant moss was Dicranum scoparium Hedw. By the side
of a ditch were patches of the liverwort, Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dum.,
with the little moon-like ridges full of gemmae.

The only fungus of note was Boletus variegatus (Swartz) Fr.

At about 4.30 p.m. those present converged on the local inn, ‘‘The
Volunteer’’, where a welcome tea was enjoyed by all.

OTFORD, SURREY—30th April 1961.

Leader: Mr. EK. E. J. TRUNDELL.

This meeting was held jointly with the Kent Field Club and was
well supported. A total of 21 people attended.

75

The day was fine and warm, but a fresh breeze kept the somewhat
exposed hillside free from flying insects. The only butterflies reported
being a few ‘‘whites’’, a single Anthocharis cardamines L. and a few
Pararge aegeria L.

The hillside has many beautiful flowering plants, perhaps the most
interesting being the two species of milkwort, Polygala vulgaris L. and
P. calcarea F. Schultz. In the woods at the top of the hill were ex-
amples of the Spurge Laurel (Daphne laureola L.) and the Early Purple
Orchis (Orchis mascula L.).

On the fringe of an adjacent cornfield the identification of Corn
Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense L.) caused considerable dispute; and
on a damp spot by the roadside the moss Physcomitrium pyriforme
Hedw., was found with many spore capsules.

Tea was taken at the Old Oat House, Otford.

The following Lepidoptera were recorded: Luclidimera mi Clerck,
Ectypa glyphica L., Phytometra viridaria Clerck, Lomaspilis marginata
L., Bapta bimaculata F., Lithina chlorosata Scop., Grapholita jungiella
L. (Laspeyresia perlepidana Haw.), Elachista argentella Clerck (cygni-
pennella Hiibn.), Incurvaria masculella ¥., Adela viridella Scop. and
Nemophora swammerdamella L. The larvae noted were: Hemistola
immaculata Thunb., Harophila badiata Schiff., Hana incanana Steph.,
Depressaria nanatella Staint., Coleophora gryphipennella Bouch., C.
olivacella Staint. and Apamea scolopacina Esp.

DEAL, KENT—7th May 1961.
Leader: Mr. M. G. Morrts.

The weather was fine, but with a strong breeze blowing, at the
Society’s meeting in this famous locality, held jointly with the Kent
Field Club. The sands along the shore from Sandgate Castle to the
Royal Guildford Hotel were worked.

Lepidoptera were not numerous, but the following were recorded:
Aricia agestis Schiff., several; Huproctis chrysorrhoea L., larvae in webs
on Sea Buckthorn; Phragmatobia fuliginosa L., a single example;
Mesotype virgata Hufn., several; Aspitates ochrearia Rossi; Phalonia
atricapitana Steph.; Coleophora lineola Haw., larvae on Ballota nigra
L.; @. discordella Zell., larvae on Lotus corniculatus L.; Gracillaria
tringipenella Zell., a single example.

Rather few Hemiptera (Heteroptera) were found, but they included
some interesting species: Odontoscelis fuliaginosa (L.), HEurygaster
maura (L.), Podops inuncta (F.), Sciocoris cursitans (F.), Megalonotus
praetextatus (H.-S.), M. chiragra (F.), Trapezonotus arenarius (L.),
Beosus maritimus (Scop.) a single example, Anthocoris nemorum (L..),
A. confusus Reuter.

Some local Coleoptera were taken. The species represented were:
Dyschirius globosus (Herbst), Bembidion assimile Gyll., Panagacus

76

bipustulatus (IF.) a single example, Hurpalus anxius (Dufts.), Amara
spreta Dej., A. tibialis (Payk.), Pterostichus vernalis (Panz.), Agonum
marginatum (l.), Metabletus foveatus (Fourc.), Phylan gibbus (F.),
Melanimon tibiale (F.), Opatrum sabulosum (.), Crypticus quisquilvus
(L.) a single pupa, Aphodius plagiatus (L.), Apion marchicum Herbst,
A. sedi Germ. at the roots of Sedum spp., A. malvae (F.), A. aeneum
(F.), A. radiolus Kirby, A. loti Kirby, A. ononis Kirby, Otiorrhynchus
ovatus (L.), O. atroapterus (Deg.) unusually scarce, Trachyphloeus
scabriculus (L.), Phyllobius virideaeris (Laich.), Philopedon plagiatus
(Schall.) abundant, Sitona grisea (F.), Limobius mixtus (Boh.) three
under EHrodium spp., Ceuthorhynchidius troglodytes (F.), Mecinus
pyraster (Herbst) and Tychius tibialis Boh.

WHIPPENDELL WOOD, HERTS.—13th May 1961.
Leader: Mr. B. Goaver.

It was disappointing that on such a fine sunny day only five people
assembled with the leader at Watford Metropolitan Line Station. The
party made its way first to the marshy woodland alongside the canal
at the bottom of Cassiobury Park, thence working across the golf course
te Whippendell Wood in which the afternoon was spent.

There was a dearth of insects in all stages. In particular, the
larvae of Hupithecia inturbata Hiibn. were sought, but the maple
flowers were already over and not a larva was seen. Similarly, the

wych elms, which can usually be relied upon to yield quantities of in-
teresting larvae at this season, produced but three, Strymonidia w-album
Knoch, and a few Agrochola circellaris Hufn. and Eupsilia transversa
Hufn.

A handful of Lepidoptera were seen on the wing. The most interest-
ing were some Adaina microdactyla Hiibn., which appeared to be
associated with a single small patch of Hemp Agrimony by the canal.
Quantities of Glyphipterix fischeriella Zell. were flying over patches
of Speedwell. Other Lepidoptera included Pieris brassicae L.,
Nymphalis io L., Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L., Coenonympha
pamphilus L., Scopula lactatu. Haw. (floslactata Haw.), Epirrhoe alter-
nata Mill., Kupithecia vulgata Haw., Bapta temerata Schiff., Deilinia
(Cabera) pusaria L., Pseudopanthera macularia L., Lithina chlorosata
Scop., Aethalura punctulata Schiff., Anthophila fabriciana L., Aethes
(Phalonia) smeathmanniana F. and Eulia ministrana L.

One plant of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Star of Bethlehem) in
flower was found by the canal.

Two members of the party concentrated on the Bryophyta, a group
rarely studied on our field meetings, and about three dozen species
were recorded. These included Tortula muralis Hedw. (cum fructu),
Bryum capillare Hedw. (cum fructwu), B. argentewm Hedw.,
Kurhynchium riparioides (Hedw.), FE. praelongum (Hedw.), E. confertum

77

(Dicks.) (cum fructu), Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) (cum fructu),
Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.), Aulacomnium androgynum (Hedw.)
(cum gemmis), Mnium hornum Hedw. (cum fructu), M. affine Bland.,
M undulatum Hedw., Dicranum scoparium Hedw., Dicranella hetero-
malla (Hedw.), Campylopus spp., Hynum cupressiforme Hedw.,
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. (cum fructu), Atrichum wundulatum
(Hedw.), Fissidens tuxifolius Hedw., F. bryoides Hedw., F. crassipes
Wils., Thuidium tamariscinum (Hedw.), Polytrichum formosum Hedw.,
P. gracile Sm., Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) (cum fructu), Fontinalis
antipyretica Hedw., Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) (cum fructu), Brachy-
thectum populeum (Hedw.), Orthodontium lineare Schwaegr. (cum
fructu), Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) (cum fructu), Cirriphyllwm
piliferum (Hedw.), C. crassinervum (Tayl.) and Ceratodon purpureus
(Hedw.). The liverworts Lunularia cruciata (L.), Lophocolea hetero-
phylla (Schrad.) and Scapania curta (Mart.) were also noted.

CHALLOCK WOODS, KENT—2Ist May 1961.
Leader: Dr. E. Scorr.

The terrain is included in the Challock State Forest, planted in
squares with conifers (larch, spruce, pine, etc.), and also beech and
chestnut. The rides are wide enough to take cars, acting partly as fire
breaks, with grass verges, which also contain many flowering plants.

The day was bright with a very cold north-east wind. About 20
people attended, including members of the Kent Field Club in con-
junction with whom the meeting was held. The party proceeded to the
woods by cars, which were parked in a central place near a large static
water tank, well inside the woods, which formed a convenient place for
lunch. Four rides met at this point providing different routes to ex-
plore. Most of the party proceeded towards Godmersham, where much
of the collecting was done in a rough grassy area with a lot of scrub.
Here Hamearis lucina L. was fresh and common, providing many oppor-
tunities for photography. There were not many insects on the wing,
but the spruces were buzzing with the little tortricid Epinotia (Hucosma)
tedella Clerck in mint condition. A few plants of interest were found,
including colonies of Orchis purpurea Huds., Lithospermum officinale
L., Aquilegia vulgaris L., and the handsome grass Calamagrostis
epigejos (L.) Roth. Near the static water tank a large colony of Sedum
telephium L. was coming up.

Lepidoptera reported were: Pieris napi L., Coenonympha pumphilus L.,
Pararge megera L., Hamearis lucina L., Pyrgus malvae L., Erynnis tages
L., Huclidimera mi Clerck, Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff., Pseudo-
punthera macularia L., Lyncometra ocellata L., Epirrhoe alternata
Miill., Hmaturga atomaria L., Deilinia (Cabera) pusaria L., Epichnop-
teryx pulla Esp., Pyrausta (Anania) funebris Stroem., Olethreutes
(Argyroploce) lacunana Dup., Epinotia (Eucosma) tetraquetrana Haw.

78

(triquetrana Haw.), lL. tedella Clerck, Ancylis obtusana Haw., Phalonia
nana Haw., Lathronympha strigana F. (hypericana Hiibn.), Pseudar-
gyrotoza conwagana F., Incurvaria masculella F., Elachista argentella
Clerck (cygnipenella Hiibn.), Nemophora swammerdamella L., Dasycera
sulphurella F., Antispila treitschkiella F. R., and Glyphipterix
fischeriella Zell.

Tea was provided in a bungalow at Challock by the kindness of Mrs.
EK. Scott and Miss G. Lester. In the garden of the bungalow was a
large variegated holly where shoots were infected by the larvae of the
tertricid Rhopobota (Acroclita) naevana Hiibn.

EFFINGHAM, SURREY—27th May 1961.
Leader: Mr. T. R. EaGtes.

Seven members attended; an eighth came late and missed the party.
Mostly the weather was threatening and there was one slight shower.

Barnsthorns Wood was worked. There was little on the wing and
lepidopterous larvae were not plentiful. Almost the only imago of note
was Acrolepia granitella Treits. Lomaspilis marginata L. was seen. The
following species were noted in the larval stage: Achlya flavicornis L.,
Orthosia populeti F., O. munda Schiff., Archiearis notha Hiibn., Hydrio-
mena furcata Thunb., Hupithecia abbreviata Steph. and Epinotia
nisella Clerck.

Much time was devoted to searching for the larval cases of
Coleophora palliatella Zinck. About a dozen were found but no moths
resulted. Towards the end of the day plants of Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum lL. growing on the railway bank were examined for
tortricid larvae in the stems and a few were found.

The Nightingale was heard and it was thought that a Cuckoo was
calling in the distance. It was clearly a poor year for the latter bird.

It was noticed that almost everywhere the young tips of bracken
were ‘‘scorched’’—either by frost or dry winds. One small patch of
the flowering plant Serratula tinctoria L. was seen.

Mosses and liverworts were studied and many species found, including
the mosses Pleuridium acuminatum Lindb. and Bryum pseudotriquetrum
(Hedw.) Schwaegr. and the liverwort Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi.

Some specimens of the fungus Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Fr. were seen.

Tea is no longer served at the shop near the station.

WOOD WALTON FEN, HUNTS.—4th June 1961.
Leader: Mr. F. G. Smirz.

By courtesy of the Nature Conservancy the Society visited this
reserve for the first time. Several members travelled up during the
previous afternoon to run lamps over sheets or in traps on Saturday

Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961. Plate III.

Mr. A. Gardner working drain 5 at
Wood Walton Fen for water beetles.

Mr. A. Price working for Hydrade.
phaga at Benfleet.

FIELD MEETING PERSONATITIES

79

night. Both mercury vapour lamps, run from portable generators, and
paraftin pressure lamps were used.

The evening was mild (force one wind with temperatures in the
upper sixties—some 19°C.) and humid, but few insects took wing at
dusk. Orthotaenia undulata Schiff. (later one of the most abundant of
the Lepidoptera at light) and Apotomis pruniana Hiibn. were seen.
Slugs, earwigs and millipedes were the chief visitors to sugar, the only
moths being Scoliopteryx libatrix L. and Dypterygia scabriuscula. L.

The lights proved disappointing and few new species were seen after
the first hour of running. There were few fenland species in the catch
and flies were little more plentiful than moths. Two Perinephela
perlucidalis Hiibn. were by far the most notable visitors. Hlachista
cerusella, Hiibn. was undoubtedly the most common moth at light, but
few other micros were seen. Mr. P. J. Baker remarked that all the
Biston betularia L. which he saw were melanic.

The sun shone only fitfully on the Sunday, but the day was warm
enough. Few insects were on the wing and everyone commented how
few insects could be beaten. The most common macro moth larva
seemed to be that of Lygris testata L. Vigorous sweeping produced
only a handful of insects in the bottom of the net.

The Copper field was swept for Perinephela perlucidalis Hiibn.
without success and only one Hthmia funerella F. could be flushed from
the comfrey in the process.

Mr. Wakely took larvae of Aristotelia morosa. Mihl. (previously
recorded only from Wicken Fen, Cambs.) and Cnephasia interjectana
Haw. in spun shoots of Yellow Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.),
Gelechia sororculella Hiibn. and Anacampsis populella Clerck in spun
shoots of sallow. Moths of Lampronia praelatella Schiff. were seen.
Meyrick gives only Fragaria as the foodplant of this species, but
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., far more likely here, is given in Ent.
Ann., 1856: 49.

Two coleopterists, Mr. F. D. Buck and Mr. A. E. Gardner, worked
the drains throughout the day for aquatic Coleoptera with moderate
success and give the following list: Haliplus ruficollis (Deg.),
H. lineatocollis (Marsh.), H. wehnckei Gerh., Hydroporus memnonius
Nic., H. planus (F.), H. melanarius Sturm., H. pictus (F.), Hyphydrus
ovatus (L.), Dytiscus dimidiatus Bergstr., D. marginalis L., Rantus
exsoletus Forst., Ilybius fenestratus (F.), Laccophilus minutus L.,
Laccobius striatulus (F.) (nigriceps Thomson), Anacaena limbata (F.),
Helophorus minutus F. (affinis (Marsh.)), Hydrobius fuscipes (.), H.
niger (Zsch.), Helochares lividus (Forst.) (griseus (F.)), Hnochrus
testaceus F., and Dryops luridus Er. In addition to the aquatic Cole-
optera Chrysolina polita (L.) was noticed once or twice sitting about on
the vegetation in various parts of the fen. Mr. Wheeler whilst working
for Lepidoptera beat a single example of Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) on
drove 5, and a single example of Phyllobius virideaeris (Laich.), also on
drove 5. Both these beetles are quite common and would be expected
by beating in any part of the fen at this time of the year.

80

Lepidoptera recorded at light were: Notodonta ziczac L., N.
dromedarius L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Pheosia tremula Clerck,
Lophopteryx capucina L., Dasychira pudibunda L., Deilephila elpenor
L., Humichtis adusta Esp., Apatele megacephala Schiff., Axylia putris
L., Hadena thalassina Hufn., Diarsia rubi View., Apamea unanimis
Hiibn., Procus fascituncula Haw., Lithacodia fasciana L., Arenostola
extrema Hitibn., Lobophora halterata Hufn., Hupithecia centaureata
Schiff. and Biston betularia L.

This was a disappointing first visit, both for the Society and for the
Nature Conservancy who hope to gain information on the fauna from
such meetings. The fen vegetation hid its inmates well that day, but we
hope to return on a more propitious occasion.

PRINCES RISBOROUGH, BUCKS.—10th June 1961.
Leader: Mr. F. G. Smirn.

In very inclement weather conditions only three members braved this
trip into the Chilterns. A few micros were disturbed from the wet
undergrowth, and these included one or two crambids, Phalonia
tesserana Schiff. and Pempelia dilutella Hiibn. Larvae of Gonepteryx
rhamni L .were apparent on Buckthorn, and three pupae of Platyptilia
(Pterophorus) galactodactyla Schiff. were taken on the underside of
burdock leaves.

The small party decided by mid-afternoon that they had had enough.

GROOMBRIDGE, SUSSEX—18th June 1961.

Leader: Mr. J. M. Cuaumers-Hunt.

Ten people attended this meeting which was blessed with fine
weather; there being a fair amount of sun, the temperature was rather
warm, and there was little or no wind. The party proceeded to the
Eridge Estate, where on the open heathy ground, now planted with
monotonous rows of young conifers, the following Lepidoptera were
noted: Gonepteryer rhamni L., larvae on Rhamnus frangula L.;
Clossiana (Argynnis) selene Schiff.; Macrothylacia rubi L., large cluster
of ova on the topmost shoot of a sallow bush; Cerura vinula L., ova and
larva on sallow; Diacrisia sannio L.; Cybosia mesomella L.: Rivula
sericealis Scop.; Lithina chlorosata Scop.; Zygaena lonicerue
von Scheven, plentiful by the roadside, freshly emerged; Hpiblemma
(Scutulana f.) cirsiana Zell.; Epinotia tetraquetrana Haw. (Hucosma tri-
quetrana Haw.); Amelia viburniana Schiff., larva on sallow; Coleophora
alnifoliae Barasch, larvae on alder.

After lunch some of the party set off to visit the High Rocks at Tun-
bridge Wells, Kent, some five miles distant, in the hope of finding the
very local Odezia atrata L., but were unsuccessful, and very little of

81

the food-plant, Conopodium majus (Gouan.) Lorr. & Barr, (Karthnut),
was found. A number of Pararge aegeria L. were noted here, and a
full-fed larva of Anthocharis cardamines L., was found on Alliaria
petiolata (Beib.) Cavara & Grande (Garlic Mustard). By the stream
the conspicuous bright yellow and red spotted flowers of Mimulus
guttatus DC. (Monkey-flower), made an attractive sight.

Back at Eridge Estate, Mr. T. R. Eagles reported a number of fine
plants of Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. (Lady Fern), many of which
were of the form with a dark reddish stalk and rachis.

ASH VALE, SURREY—24th June 1961.
Leader: Mr. B. F. SKINNER.

Only three members met the leader at the station. Another, who
missed the train, joined the party in the late afternoon. The day was
continuously sunny and the heat was intense, especially on the open
heaths.

Both sexes of Diacrisia sannio L. were flushed from the heather,
together with a few Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. and Pachycnemia hippo-
castanaria Hiibn. <A larva of Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw. (Hulia
politana Haw.) was also found on the heather.

After lunch the party decided to work the more wooded areas. Here
a few larvae of Drepana falcataria L. were taken from alder, and two
larvae of Saturnia pavonia L. were found feeding on Frangula alnus
Mill (Alder buckthorn), a rather unusual foodplant for this species.
Lepidoptera on the wing included: Plebejus argus L., Pararge megera
L., P. aegeria L., Bupalus pimaria L. and Hmaturga atomaria L.
After an unsuccessful search for Gracillaria elongella L. in the alder
swamps, the party returned to the station café for refreshments.

BENFLEET, ESSEX—I1st July 1961.
Leader: Mr. F. D. Buck.

It was an exceptionally hot day with no wind at all on which the
party of seven proceeded onto the marsh, well behind the sea wall. The
locality is poor since the widespread flooding which caused such damage
along our south-eastern coast several years ago. At that time most of
the shorter cross dykes were silted up and were not re-dug afterwards,
they can now be traced only by the shallow depressions in the ground
under the turf. The main dyke immediately behind the sea wall was
efficiently re-dug, but now supports little vegetation. This dyke was
never one of. the best, being far too brackish, but is of little entomological
interest at all now. The very interesting and productive dyke right at
the back of the marsh now contains very little water, and its appearance

82

was most disappointing. However, it still produced a_ substantial
number of aquatic Coleoptera.

Three members of the party worked all day for water beetles and
reported a good number of species, but the lepidopterists failed to re-
port anything but a few of the commoner species.

Mr. Eagles comments on the plants as follows: on the collecting
ground, the fields were bright with the flowers of Ranunculus sardous
Crantz, a local plant of damp meadows. In the dykes were fine ex-
amples of another local buttercup, R. sceleratus L. Growing on the
drier ground near the railway were two other local plants, Trifolium
squamosum L. and Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange. Some of the
party were taken to see the scarce umbelliferous plant Tordyliwm
maximum L. The fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae (Paulet) Pers. was
growing in masses in fresh condition on dead elm branches.

Coleoptera reported were as follows, and unless stated otherwise
were taken from the dyke at the back of the marsh: Bembidion lunu-
latum (Fourc.), a single example was found in the water net; Haliplus
laminatus (Schall.), H. apicalis Thom., H. lineatocollis (Marsh), nae
ruficolliis (Deg.), H. fluviatilis Aubé, rns capricornis (Herbst. 3
Laccophilus minutus (L.), Hygrotus inaequalis (F. - Graptodytes lepidus
(Ol.), G. lineatus (F.), Hydroporus palustris (L.), H. memnonius (Nie.),
H. discretus Fairm., H. pubescens (Gyll.), H. planus (F.), Dytiscus
semisulcatus Miill., D. circumflexus F., Colymbetes fuscus (L.), Agabus
conspersus (Marsh.), A. bipustulatus (L.), Gyrinus caspius L.,
Helochares lividus (Forst.), Laccobius biguttatus Gerh., Helophorus
(Megalelophorus) aquaticus (L.) (aequalis Thom.), H. minutus (Forst.),
H. (Atractelophorus) brevipalpis Bedel, Ochthebius impressicollis Cast.,
Coccidula scutellata (Herbst), a few examples were taken on the vege-
tation in the dyke, Cyphon variabilis (Thunb.), on vegetation at the
edges of the dyke, Leptura livida F., not uncommon on Yarrow towards
the back of the marsh.

The Odonata reported included Libellula depressa L., Sympetrum
striolatum (Charp.) the imagines of which were just emerging, and
Ischnura elegans (v. d. Lind). Whilst the Hemiptera Nepu cinerea L.
and Ilyocoris cimicoides (L.) were also noted.

PULBOROUGH, SUSSEX—9th July 1961.
Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp.

Thirty-four members were met at the rendezvous by the leader and
although this meeting started with the sky a little overcast, it finished
with bright sunshine. West Chiltington and Wiggon Halt Commons
were worked and the following lepidopterous imagines were noted:
Pararge aegeria L., Maniola jurtina L., M. tithonus L., Coenonympha
pamphilus L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Plebejus argus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Vanessa atalanta L., V. io L.,

83

Fabriciana (Argynnis) eydippe L., Polygonia c-album L., Pieris rapae
L., P. brassicae L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Zanclognatha nemoralis
F. (grisealis Schiff.), Deilinia (Cabera) exanthemata Scop., Cybosia
mesomella L., Anarta myrtili L., Pachyenemia hippocastanaria Hiibn.,
Plusia gamma L., Lygris testata L., Alcis repandata L., Pseudoterpna
pruimata Hufn., Lycophotia varia Vill. and Hypenodes (Tholomiges)
turfosalis Wocke. Among the micros were: Agriphila (Crambus)
culmellus L., Scoparia ambigualis Treits., Argyresthia nitidella F.,
Olethreutes (Argyroploce) lacunana Schiff. and Glyphipterix thrasonella
Scop.

Larvae of Lepidoptera were found as follows: Callimorpha jacobaeae
L. on Senecio jacobaea L., and the fully fed larvae of Nonagria typhae
Thunb. in the stems of Typha latifolia L.

In the marshy ground near the West Chiltington golf course there
were large clumps of the moss Polytrichum commune Hedw. growing
luxuriantly and ‘‘fruiting’’ freely. Here also was much Sphagnum
moss among which were dozens of the fungus Collybia palustris (Peck)
in excellent condition. Two local marsh plants were abundant, Gewm
rivale L. and Viola palustris L.

In the damp woodland on the way to the golf course the fern
Dryopteris spinulosa (Mull.) Watt was prevalent.

The meeting ended at the leader’s home where members were enter-
tained to tea by Mrs. Odd, to whom our thanks are due. Thus ended
a very pleasant day.

THURSLEY COMMON, SURREY—15th July 1961.
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD.

The weather on the previous day had been very wet, and the morn-
ing seemed unpromising, which may have accounted for the party only
reaching a maximum strength of six. In fact, the day turned out to be
warm and fine until we were safely under cover and enjoying tea, when
there was a torrential rainstorm.

The area worked was the large bog stretching for a considerable
distance from the Elstead road. In spite of the previous day’s rain, the
going was relatively dry and firm. The bog is of particular interest to
naturalists and would well repay further visits.

Some 24 species of macrolepidoptera were seen. These included:
Plebejus argus L., Heliothis maritima Gras., Eustrotia uncula Clerck,
Sterrha sylvestraria Hiibn., Thera firmata Hiibn., Hilema griseola
Hiibn. f. stramineola Doubl., Cybosia mesomella L. and larvae of
Saturnia pavonia L., Macrothylacia rubi L., Anarta myrtilli L. and
Dasychira. fascelina, L. (a dead specimen).

Microlepidoptera were numerous, but nothing of special interest was
noted.

Dragonflies were especially plentiful, and added to our enjoyment
of a pleasant day,

84

HOTHFIELD COMMON, KENT—23rd July 1961
Leader: Dr. E. Scorr.

After a dull morning the sun broke through in the afternoon. Mem-
bers arrived at 11 a.m., and were joined in the afternoon by a party from
the Kent Field Club. Fresh specimens of Argyresthia goedartella L.
were obtained early and a sprinkling of tortricids were disturbed from
the foliage of birch, sallow, aspen and other trees. Lunch was taken on
a rise crowned by fine specimens of Pinus sylvestris L.

In the afternoon the central bog was explored. Most of the botanical
specialties were readily found, including Narthecium ossifragum (L.)
Huds., Orchis (Dactylorchis) maculata s.sp. ericetorum Vermeul,
Epilobium palustre L., Hypericum elodes L., Drosera rotundifolia L.,
a few patches of Anagallis tenella (L.) Mum. and Sphagnum spp., some
of which were in fruit. Earlier, in their restricted locality near the
hospital, Menyanthes trifoliata L., Carex rostrata Stokes, Orchis (Dac-
tylorchis) praetermissa Druce, Viola palustris L., Myosotis secunda
Murr. and Mentha x niliaca Jacq. (alopecuroides Hull.) were seen; in
most cases past their best. Ulex minor Roth. and Genista anglica L.
were common in the heath. Butterflies were fairly common, including
worn Olossiana (Argynnis) selene Schiff. and fresh Lycaena phlaeas L.
Other Lepidoptera seen or taken were Lasiocampa quercus L. and
Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. which was not uncommon in wet places
among rushes. Capt. J. Ellerton took an example of the local tortricid
Epinotia (Eucosma) angustana Hiibn. not previously recorded from this
district, though common in Blean Woods where the larva feeds on aspen.
The ‘character of parts of the Common is being altered by the growth
of seedling trees of birch and aspen, and the bracken encroaches on some
of the paths. In spite of this Calluna vulgaris L. (Hull) (Heather)
flourishes in extensive areas and the central bog is as wet as ever, and
almost unaltered. In the wetter part the fungus Galera spahgnorum Fr.
was fairly abundant on the moss.

Lepidoptera observed and not mentioned above were: Pieris brassicae
L., P. rapae L., P. napi L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., Coenonympha
pamphilus L., Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey,
Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Plusia gamma L. (about six), Apatele
megacephala Schiff., Leucania pallens L., Apotomis (Argyroploce)
capreana Hiibn., Acleris emargana Hiibn. (Peronea caudana F.),
Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Dichrorampha (Hemimene) petiverella UL.
Nymphula nymphaeata U., Lomaspilis marginata L., Geometra
(Hipparchus) papilionaria L., Anagoga pulveraria L., Deilinia (Cabera)
pusaria L., Acasis viretata Hiibn., Argyresthia retinella Zell. and
Tithocolletis ulmifoliella Hiibn.

GODALMING, SURREY—30th July 1961.
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN.

A group of five members enjoyed this ramble along the bank of the
Wey through its marshes between Godalming and Eashing, where lush

85

vegetation typical of fens having little surface water in summer occurs.
The party moved along a vague path, trampled through the tall herbage
by fishermen, dense patches of nettles sometimes exacting their toll.

Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.), was flowering by
the acre amongst the reed-grasses (Phalaris arundinacea L. and Glyceria
maxima (Hartm.) Holmb.), whilst large patches bore a mauve sheen of
flowers and seed-pods of the Great Hairy Willowherb (Epilobiwm
hirsutum L.). Fine clumps of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.)
and Marsh Ragwort (Senecio aquaticus Hill) glowed in the sun in the
more open spots, with Orange Balsam (Impatiens capensis Meerburgh)
lower down; and in the river itself, Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar lutea
(L.) Sm.).

Plants which attracted attention amongst the general vegetation
included Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench, Symphytum officinale L.
(mostly with pale pink flowers), Dipsacus pilosus L. (a strong colony),
two shaded plants of Heracleum sphondylium lL. at least 8-ft. tall,
Scutellaria galericulata L., and Thalictrum flavum L.

The sun was warm enough to dull the reactions of the collector, and
seemed to keep most insects from flying above the level of the herbage.
The Angelica flowerheads were noticeably devoid of visitors other than
a few soldier beetles and an unexpected Strangalia quadrifasciata (L.),
but the hum from the more shaded vegetation told of an abundance of
diptera among the stems. The meadows across the river scintillated
with white butterflies, and Pieris rapae L. and P. brassicae L. were
common closer at hand. Single examples of Gonepteryx rhamni L.,
Vanessa atalanta L., Nymphalis io L. and Polyommatus icarus Rott.
were seen, but a partly wooded path which is a favourite territory cf
butterflies was not being patrolled.

Gerris pond-skaters were in large patches all along the river-bank,
whilst several dragonfly species soared overhead.

A few leaves of the abundant old alders were rolled by Gracillaria
larvae, and the ‘‘snail-track’’ mines of Phyllocnistis suffusella Zell.
were plentiful on poplars near the station. Other microlepidopterous
larvae were: LElachista cerusella Hiibn., Mompha fulvescens Haw.
(mostly pupated), Epermenia illigerella Hiibn., Anthephila (Simaethis)
fabriciana L.

After refreshment with cold drinks at Eashing, the party returned
to Godalming, tired by the hill climbing diversions, initiated by a
member who was believed to know a short way back. At one stage
this involved sliding down a 20-ft. road-cutting when the path at the
top petered out, and one fence vaulted over, proved to be the bottom
of a garden. Quite the most unusual meeting of the season.

ADDINGTON, SURREY—5th August 1961.
Teader: Mr. N. Witpine.

Due to prolonged and heavy rain in the morning the leader found
himself alone at the meeting place. Collecting was impossible and he

86

returned home. In the afternoon, however, the weather cleared and
two members turned up who collected for some two hours. They
recorded the following lepidopterous larvae: Hupithecia haworthiata
Doubl., in flower buds of Clematis vitalba L.; Hysterosia (Phtheocroa)
sodaliana Haw., in the berries of Rhamnus cathartica L.; Lithocolletis
scabiosella Dougl., in leaves of Scabiosa columbaria L. The two micros
are specialities in the district and L. scabiosella Dougl. is not found
outside Surrey.

WROTHAM, KENT—12th August 1961.
Leader: Mr. E. J. Hare.

Only four members were present at this meeting. No doubt the
holiday season was largely responsible for the poor attendance. The
weather was certainly not to blame, for it was fine and reasonably
warm throughout the day.

The party met at the Vigo Arms and proceeded to the downs over-
looking the village of Trottiscliffe (locally pronounced ‘Trosley’) and
the Pilgrim’s Way, working first the wooded part at the top and then
moving to the open part of the chalk downs below. Insects were scarce
on the whole, an exception being Aspitates gilvaria Schiff., which was
plentiful on the downs.

Other Lepidoptera noted were: Scopula ornata Scop.; Ortholitha
bipunctaria Schiff.; Nephopterix semirubella Scop.; Stenoptilia
zophodactyla Dup., larvae in seedheads of Centaurium erythraea Rafn.;
Oidaematophorus carphodactylus Hiibn., larvae commonly in the flowers
of Inula conyza DC.; and Mompha terminella Westw., larvae scarce in
the leaves of Circaea lutetiana L.

Only one beetle was reported, namely, Smicronyx reichi (Gyll.), the
larvae of which were found in seedheads of Centauriuwm erythraea Rafn.

The party adjourned at 4.30 p.m. for tea and gossip at the Pilgrim’s
Rest on the A20 road.

GOMSHALL, SURREY—20th August 1961.

Leader: Mr. R. F. BretHerton.

Eight members met at Gomshall Station and walked by the lane and
fields to Hackhurst Downs, near the top of which sandwiches were
eaten. The weather was cloudy until after noon, and insects seemed
to be generally scarce. Sixteen species of butterflies were seen. These
included [ysandra coridon Poda, which was fairly numerous but past
its best, and a very dark aberration of Lycaena phlaeas L., but nothing
was seen of Hesperia comma L., for which these Downs are a well-known
locality. Among the moths, only Scopula ornata Scop. and Hupithecia
sobrinata Hiibn, were noteworthy. Larvae of Thera juniperata L. were

87

obtained freely by beating, and two or three of Hupithecia denotata
Hiibn. from the seeds of scattered plants of Campanula trachelium L.
A few heads of Inula conyza DC., gathered as a speculation, yielded in
the following fortnight half a dozen adults of that very local plume
moth QOidaematophorus (Leioptilus) carphodactylus Hiibn. Descending
from the Downs, some members explored a promising lucerne field and
also a marsh beside the main road which contained a fine growth of
Angelica sylvestris L. Tea was taken at the Old Cottage, Shere.

BASTED, KENT—27th August 1961.

Leader: Miss Curistins McDermott.

Soon after entering the private road, two specimens of the fungus
Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr. were noticed growing on a log. Along
the same road were several plants of Symphytum peregrinum Ledeb.
(Blue Comfrey) still in bloom, and some handsome plants of Pimpinella
major (L.) Huds. (Greater Burnet Saxifrage) including a fine example
of the pink form.

Much time was spent in a marshy clearing away from the road. It
was crossed by a stream along which was an attractive display of
Myosotis palustris L. Two species of liverwort, Conocephalum conicum
(L.) Dum. and Lunaria cruciata (L.) Dum., flourished here. Everywhere
in the clearing were plants of Cardamine flexuosa With., no longer in
bloom.

It was too early in the year for much fungus to be about, but
examples of several species were seen. On a moss-covered willow log
were some 30 specimens of the fungus Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lamb.
The bright red cups surrounded by black hairs were admired. Other
fungi noticed were Collybia radicata (Rehl.) Berk., Lactarius quietus
Fr., Galera tenera (Schaeff.) Fr., Bolbitius fragilis (L.) Fr., Coryne
sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul., Polyporus radiatus (Sow.) Fr. and Trametes
rubescens (A. & S.) Fr.

The moss Dicranoweisia cirrata (Hedw.) Lindb. had evidently been
common on the trees when growing and was now plentiful on the fallen
logs. One mycetozoan was noticed, probably Craterium minutum Fr.

In rough marshy ground near the clearing, Hypericum tetrapterum
Fr. (Square-stemmed St. John’s Wort) was plentiful and in flower.

The Kingfisher, Grey Wagtail and Great Spotted Woodpecker were
seen.

By the waterside on the way back to the public road the introduced
plant Mimulus guttatus DC. (Monkey-flower) was in bloom. Other
plants seen were: Acer platanoides L. (Norway Maple), Chrysosplenium
oppositifolium I. (Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifrage), leaves only,
Caltha palustris L. (King Cup), leaves only, Campanula trachelium L.
(Nettle-leaved Bellflower), Hrigeron acris Ll. (Blue Fleabane).

Lepidoptera recorded were: Lycaena phlaeas L., Pieris rapae L.,
P. napi L., Pararge megera l., Nymphalis io L., Aglais wurticae L.,
Polyommatus icarus Rott,

88

The long-horn bush cricket, Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) was
reported and the Hairy Snail, Trichia hispida L. was also seen,

A number of spiders were recorded as follows: Araneus diadematus
Clerck, Meta seqgmentata (Clerck), Clubiona terrestris West, Linyphia
triangularis (Clerck), Meioneta rurestris (Koch, C. L.), Lepthyphantes
zimmermanni Bert., and Hrigone dentipalpis (Wider).

TRING, HERTS.—3rd September 1961.
Leader: Mr. B. Goater.

Five members assembled at Tring in a heavy thunderstorm, and after
whiling away nearly an hour with entomological reminiscences in a shop
doorway, three of the party decided to yield to the weather and go home.
The two survivors waited a little longer, and as the storm showed some
signs of abating, passed on to the local reservoirs and Nature Reserves.
The vegetation was sopping wet and very little insect life was observed.
A considerable quantity of the rare rush, Juncus compressus Jacq., was
found on the shore of one of the reservoirs. Butomus umbellatus L.
and Bidens cernua L. were seen by the canal. The mosses Tortula
ruralis (Hedw.), Bryum spp. and Orthotrichum spp. (some of them
fruiting), occurred on the walls of the reservoir, and the heavily-shaded
ground in the Nature Reserve woodland was covered with loose heaps
of Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.).

The reservoirs are noted for their birds, but on this day the only
noteworthy species was a pair of Great Crested Grebes and a dozen
or so Herons.

~KNOLE PARK, SEVENOAKS, KENT—9th September 1961.
Leader: Dr. A. M. MaAssese.

Seven members attended this meeting on a beautiful, warm, sunny
day. The following Coleoptera were noted: In deer dung—Aphodius
cenkert Germ., A. ater (Deg.), A. rufipes (L.), A. sphaecelatus (Panz.)
and A. quadrimaculatus (L.) (Searabaeidae). Under beech bark:
Cerylon histeroides (F.), C. ferrugineum Steph. and Bitoma crenata
(F.) (Colydiidae). In beech bark: Trypodendron domesticum (L.) and
Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst) (Scolytidae).

The Hemiptera-Heteroptera (Miridae) reported were: Megacoelum
infusum (H.-S.) on oak, LTygus contaminatus (Fall.) on birch, LZ. ruguli-
pennis (Popp.) in grass tufts, and Monalocoris filicis (.) on bracken.

FIELD MEETING PERSONALITIES.

(1) Mr. F. J. Coulson (left) and Mr. C. N. Hawkins, Wimbledon.
(2) Mr. F. D. Buck (left) and Dr. B. P. Moore, Higham.

(3) Dr. A. M. Masee, Knowle Park.

(4) Mr. E. J, Hare, Wrotham.

Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Mist. Soc., 196%. Plate LV.

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89

CHIPSTEAD, SURREY—16th September 1961.
Leader: Mr. T. R. Eactes.

Mr. F. T. Vallins who should have led this meeting was in hospital
for an operation, which was happily successful.

Despite perfect weather only three attended and they devoted their
attention to Coleoptera and fungi. The most interesting beetle taken
was Panagaeus crux-major (L.). Others were Aphodius rufipes (L.),
Rhinosimus ruficollis (L.), Sermylassa halensis (L.) and Sphaeroderma
rubidum Graélls. On an ash tree near the entrance to the wood was a
very handsome example of the fungus Polyporus hispidus Fr. As usual
here, Polyporus giganteus Fr. was abundant. Unhappily for fungus
hunters, the Banstead Urban District Council had tidied the rides by
sawing up or burning much of the fallen wood but the locality is still
well worth visiting. Species of Russula were plentiful, including R.
lepida Fr. and R. lutea Fr. Curled up under the cap of a specimen of
Coprinus plicatilis (Curt.) Fr. was a larva of the moth Rusina tenebrosa
Hiibn.

The mosses Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. and Pseudo-
scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Fleisch. were noticeably abundant.

The party walked round the field where Teucrium botrys L. grows.
There were small patches of the plant in most parts of the field. The
vegetation was short as the field had been cut a year or so ago.
Many downland plants were, or had been, in flower.

WIMBLEDON COMMON, SURREY—23rd September 1961.
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN.

The day was warm, overcast and very humid, the sun only appearing
very briefly in the afternoon. To all but one of the five members who
gathered at the War Memorial at Wimbledon this was home ground.

Young black poplars (Populus nigra L.) planted along a horse ride
yielded a solitary caterpillar of Laothoe populi L. and a variety of leaf-
miners: Phyllocnistis suffusella Zell., Nepticula (Stigmella)
trimaculella Haw., Gracillaria stigmatella F., and an _ unidentified
agromyzid fly.

Coleophora argentula Zell. cases were plentiful on the seed-heads of
Yarrow (Achillea millefoliwm lL.) and other species were conspicuous on
the heads of Juncus, but several species known to occur here in the
autumn had not yet appeared.

The small copper (Zycaena phlaeas L.) was the only butterfly in
flight, but the dung beetle Aphodius prodromus (Brahm) was very active
over horse droppings.

Gorse pods contained numbers of adult Apion ulicis (Forst.) and
larvae of Laspeyresia succedana Schiff.

90

Some time was spent searching areas where rubbish has been tipped
to fill up damp hollows, in the hope of finding larvae of Coleophoridae
on seeds of Chenopodiaceae, but most had already left the plants. One
case resembling that of Coleophora clypeiferella. Hof. was found on
Atriplex. Phthorimaea seminella Pierce & Metcalfe larvae were found
on Chenopodium in spinnings amongst the seeds. Numerous, mostly
alien, plants were seen in flower, the mild autumn doubtless prolonging
the display. Linaria pupurea (L.) Mill., Cymbalaria muralis Baumg.,
Malva neglecta Wallr. were amongst these.

Other insects noted included the Lepidoptera Platyptilia gonodac-
tyla Schiff., and Plutella maculipennis Curt., together with the larvae
of Swammerdamia heroldella Hiibn. and Gracillaria syringella F. The
only Diptera noted were imagines of Paroryna misella (Loew) and the
larvae of Acidia cognata (Weid.).

HIGHAM SALTINGS, KENT—lst October 1961
Leader: Mr. E. E. J. TRUNDELL.

In spite of heavy and prolonged rain in the early murning, this
meeting was very well supported, over 20 members and friends being
present. A couple of heavy showers failed to spoil an otherwise fine
day.

The saltings consist of large areas of rich vegetation just above the
tide level, but occasionally washed by very high, wind-driven tides, and
there are large accumulations of tidal refuse against the sea wall. Be-
hind this are stretches of the now disused Thames-Medway canal, and
low-lying pasturage which is divided and sub-divided by many dykes.

The meeting was favoured by a large contingent from the ranks of
the coleopterists, who worked the salt marsh on the foreshore in front of
the sea wall for most of the day and found Coleoptera scarce. Sweeping
the vegetation produced Amara convexiuscula (Marsh.), Coccinella
undecimpunctata L., Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt., Anthicus quisquilius
Thoms. and an occasional example of Dromius linearis Ol.; whilst a
search beneath tidal refuse turned up Dicheirotrichus pubescens Payk.,
Dromius linearis Ol. again and Metabletus obscuroguttatus F. Whilst
searching at the roots of plants generally in the drier situations Dromius
linearis Ol. was once again found together with D. melanocephalus Dej.
and Microlestes maurus Sturm. <A concentrated and definite search for
Mecinus collaris Germ., at the roots of Plantago maritima L. did in
fact turn up that species, but only a few were found. In the same
situation a single Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. was taken, a remarkably
damp spot for this insect which had probably fallen from the higher
vegetation. Chrysolina banksi F. was found at the roots of Ballota
nigra L. Other Coleoptera reported but not mentioned above were:
Noterus clavicornis Deg., Hygrotus inaequalis F., Berosus affinis Brulleé,
Oxrytelus inustus Grav., Tachyporus hypnorum (F,), Coccidula rufa

91

(Herbst.), Scymnus suturalis Thunb., Adalia decimpunctata (L.),
Longitarsus rubiginosus (Foud.) CUhaetocnema concinna (Marsh.),
Phyllotreta undulata WKuts., Apion aeneum (F.), A. malvae (F.), A.
semivittutum Gyll., and Sitonw suturalis Steph. ab. ononidis Sharp.

Several examples of the dragonfly Aeshna mixta Latr. were noted.

A few common butterflies were seen, and one or two Larentia
clavaria Haw. were netted. Microlepidoptera reported were: the
larvae of Voleophora lineola Haw. and CU. erigerella Ford. The milk
thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. was reported by the botanists
and also the fungi Hypholoma hydrophilum Bull., Lepiota naucina
Fr., and Marasmius androsaceus L., also the moss Bryuwm argentum
Hedw. which was fruiting abundantly.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—8th October 1961.
Leader: Mr. T. R. Eacues.

The weather was perfect. Twenty-two members and their friends
attended.

The only Lepidoptera noted were larvae of Macrothylacia rubi L.
sunning themselves on the heather.

Fungi were abundant. The bolets Boletus bovinus (L.) Fr., B.
variegatus (Swartz) Fr.. and B. badius Fr. were in great numbers.
Clearly it was an exceptionally good year for this genus. The edible
species Amanitopsis fulva (Grev.) Rea, was also plentiful. Interesting
finds were two species of Hydnum, H. auriscalpium L. and H.
scrobiculatum Fr. and two of Gomphidius, G. rutilus (Schaeff.) Fr.
(=viscidus (L.) Fr.) and G. roseus Fr.

A group of red-capped Iussula spp., sometimes with the stems
fiushed with pink, attracted much attention. They were identified as
R. sanguinea (Bull.) Fr. List of fungi: Amanita virosa Fr., A.
citrina (Schaeff.) Roques, A. muscaria (L.) Fr., A. rubescens (Pers.)
Fr., Amanitopsis fulva (Grev.) Rea, Tricholoma aggregatum (Schaeff.)
Secr., T. rutilans (Schaeff.) Fr., Clitocybe aurantiaca (Wulf.) Studer,
C. vibecina Fr., C. clavipes (Pers.) Fr., C. ditopus Fr., C. odora (Bull.)
Fr., Laccaria laccata (Secop.) Cke., L. amethystina (Vaill.) Cke., Mycena
galopus (Pers.) Fr., M. sanguinolenta (A. & S.) Fr., M. corticola
(Pers.) Fr., Collybia maculata (A. & S.) Fr., Marasmius androsaceus
(L.) Fr., Omphalia fibula (Bull.) Fr., Hygrophorus coccineus (Schaeft.)
Fr., H. unguinosus Fr., Lactarius torminosus Fr., L. plumbeus Fr.
(=turpis Fr.), L. blennius Fr., L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr., L. piperatus
(Scop.) Fr., L. quietus Fr., LZ. rufus (Scop.) Fr., L. subdulcis (Pers.)
Fr., ZL. mitissimus Fr., Russula nigricans Fr., R. cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr., R. emetica (Schaeff.) Fr., R. fragilis Fr., R. sanguinea
(Bull.) Fr., atropurpurea Krombh., R. ochroleuca Fr., R. exalbicans
Bres., R. aeruginea Lindb., R. claroflava Grove, Nolanea staurospora
Bres., Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Fr., Flammula sapinea Fr.,

92

Cortinarius hemitrichus (Pers.) Fr., C. acutus (Pers.) Fr., GC. semi-
sanguineus Gillet, Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Fr., Paxillus involutus
(Batsch) Fr., P. atrotomentosus (Batsch) Fr., Stropharia semi-globata
(Batsch) Fr., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., Coprinus micaceus
(Bull.) Fr., Gomphidius rutilus (Schaeff.) Fr. (=viscidus (L.) Fr.), G.
roseus Fr., Boletus bovinus (L.) Fr., B. variegatus (Swartz) Fr., B. badius
Fr., B. cramesinus Secr., B. scaber (Bull.) Krombh., Polyporus perennis
Fr., P. amorphus Fr., P. betulinus Fr., Fomes annosus Fr., Polystictus
versicolor Kr., P. abietinus Cke., Trametes rubescens Fr., Hydnum
auriscalpium L., H. scrobiculatum Fr., Stereum purpureum Pers.,
Thelephora terrestris Pers., Sparassis crispa Fr., Calocera cornea Fr.,
C. viscosa Fr., Lycoperdon perlatum Pers., L. pyriforme Schaeff.,
Scleroderma aurantium Pers.

COLLEY HILL, SURREY—14th October 1961.

Leader: Mr. F. M. StrutrHers.

A party of four met at Reigate station and made their way to the
lower slopes of Colley Hill. The weather was bright and sunny with
little wind and a temperature in the lower sixties.

Working along the bottom of the hill, a few butterflies were noticed
on the wing: Aglais urticae L., Lycaena phlaeas L. and a female
Polyommatus icarus Rott. Larvae of Eupithecia pimpinellata Hiibn.
were collected from the seedheads of Pimpinella saxifraga I.., and
larvae of Coleophora discordella Zell. on Lotus and of Parornizx (Orniz)
avellanella Staint. on hazel were also taken.

During lunch some seedling Harebells were examined, and the
weevil Miarus campanulae (L.) was found. After lunch, members
explored a thicket of lichen-covered hawthorn bushes and managed to
disturb a number of the very variable Acleris (Peronea) cristana F., in
fine conditien. Other moths disturbed by beating were Oporinia
christyt Prout and Acleris rhombana Schiff. (Peronea contaminana
Hiibn.).

93

A PROVISIONAL LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA IN WOOD WALTON
FEN, HUNTS.

By F. D. Buck

Wood Walton Fen is a National Nature Reserve in Huntingdonshire,
near Ramsey, some ten miles from Huntingdon. It covers an area
of approximately a mile and half long by half a mile wide. The Great
Raveley Drain forms its eastern boundary and Wheatley’s Drain its
western. North and south it is confined by two subsidiary drains
feeding the Great Raveley Drain. A provisional survey suggests the
level of the fen falls some 12 to 18 inches in the south-north direction.

Fen-like conditions are only maintained by careful management
because the Reserve is entirely surrounded by agricultural land which
requires totally different conditions from the fen. To make ‘these
conditions more difficult the fen stands across the drainage of farmland
to the south-west and the main drain for the area, the Great Raveley
Drain, Prior to the very recent construction of the new drain from
drain 10 to drain 5 across compartments 105, 104, 94, 93 and 92, this
water ran straight through the fen from Wheatley’s Drain to the Great
Raveley via Coleman’s Drain (drain 7). Thus the fen often moved from
dry conditions to flooded conditions, and vice versa, in quite a short
space of time. It is anticipated that the change in the drainage system
of the fen will even out the magnitude of these changes, will conserve
the water within the fen and will raise the water table.

The fen can be divided into two quite distinct types of habitat; the
smaller, which occupies three areas, consists of acid surface peat and
supports Molinia heath, scattered birch and fen woodland, mainly alder.
This habitat type has the appearance of being transitional between fen
proper and dried up fen such as Holm Fen. It would seem to be almost
certain that if the water table dropped permanently to any appreciable
extent, the drainage of the areas would rapidly silt up and very soon
it would resemble Holm Fen. Since these areas retain some of the
original surface peat they are of particular interest, especially from
the botanical point of view, and as the vegetation is so different, from
a zoological aspect also; though little of outstanding interest has been
noted amongst the Coleoptera.

The remainder of the fen has at some time been subjected to peat
cutting and now consists of a neutral fen peat. Two complete com-
partments of this type of habitat, 61 and 62, and the western halves
of compartments 92 and 93, are being left to grow naturally. In other
places considerable attention has been given, or is likely to be given, to
bush clearing. This has provided a collecting area in the Copper field
which is of particular interest. Droves are regularly mown throughout
the fen and litter heaps are left.

WOOD WALTON FEN

PUMP WITH PIPE INTO FEN

94

SSS

PAYNE'S PIECE

DRE REAR

125

24

127

\
‘=
o
>
H REED FIELD I

i}

Saas

SEAS
o
SS

j
ti
ti
V)
ti
by
i

129

ZIG-ZAG DRAIN ff

DRAIN |

- = DRAIN 2

__DRAIN 3

My

<— <=
- DRAIN 4

;

(ENTRANCE

er
69
na
“<a
Yes

DRAIN 5 f

<-—=DRAIN6

<- DRAIN7

<— —-DRAIN 8

DRAIN 10

GREAT

il

132

Drains where water can flow freely Ba=aeae

500

400

300

200

~ Area where acid surface peat still remains [> =

Other drains

Paths which do not follow drains — — —— — — ——

of special vegetational interest.

NOTE: The drains themselves are not drawn to scale,

(Most drains have paths beside them).

Areas left to grow up naturally

95

These two types are clearly shown on the accompanying map, as
are the areas which are to be left to grow naturally. Also shown is the
drainage system, in which those drains which permit the free passage
of water are indicated. Of the remaining drains many contain water
when the fen is really wet and some, such as those separating compart-
ments 124, 125, 126 and 127 at the south end of the fen, are now mere
depressions in the ground containing no water at all. This area is
now grazed by cattle. An interesting paper on the Nature Reserve has
been written by Dr. E. Duffey (1957, Hnt. Gaz., 8: 143-150).

Work on the Coleoptera of the fen has been regularly undertaken in
company with Mr. A. E. Gardner since 1957; before this, only one visit
had been paid to the locality, in August 1956.

Perhaps the most outstanding, and not a little surprising, thing
which has emerged from these four years steady work is the consider-
able changes which occur in the coleopterous fauna. One year a species
will be present in some numbers and then quite unaccountably will
disappear; such was the case with Oodes helopioides (F.), which was
reasonably common in 1957 but which we have not seen since. Similarly,
a species which is normally very abundant will in one season become
relatively scarce. This happened to Agonum thoreyi Dej. this year,
and on some visits in the spring it was not in evidence at all. This
does, of course, happen in all localities, but is far more marked in Wood
Walton Fen. I¢ is most likely connected with the comparatively rapid
changes from dry to flooded conditions and back again; and perhaps
also to the work of the Nature Conservancy in attempting to get the
area back to more fen-like conditions.

One naturally tends to compare Wood Walton Fen with Wicken
Fen, but it is by no means easy to obtain a satisfactory comparison in
respect of the coleopterous fauna. Wicken Fen has in the past been
more fashionable amongst entomologists than Wood Walton, and in
consequence much more work has been put in on the Cambridgeshire
fen. Apart from the work of H. Fortescue Fryer and the unpublished
lists provided by Dr. Duffey, little in the way of regular work at Wood
Walton is available.

In terms of numbers, the present work includes 722 species as
against 1,055 listed in The Natural History of Wicken Fen, Part IV,
1928, pp. 267-297, and Part VI, 1932, pp. 480-538; however, some 200
of the species here recorded from Wood Walton do not appear to occur
at Wicken. Broadly speaking, Wicken would appear to be richer in
those species which are not entirely fen-land insects. This may in some
measure be due to the larger area and more stable conditions at
Wicken, and also to the surrounding country, which though still agricul-
tural does not seem to confine Wicken so tightly as it does Wood Walton;
but the present writer is convinced that many more species will be
found to exist at Wood Walton. There are some notable absentees,
which being fenland species and occurring at Wicken might be expected
to occur at Wood Walton also, but as yet have not been taken. Such
species include Colliurus melanura L., Oberea oculata L., Blethisa

96

multipunctata L. and Hlaphrus riparius L. The first-named would
appear unlikely to occur since there are no reed beds standing in water
in Wood Walton like those in which this species has been found so com-
monly in Norfolk. It is doubtful, too, if O. oculata L. will be found at
Wood Walton, but in places conditions are suitable for both B.
multipunctata L. and H. riparius L. What is more interesting is the
complete absence of Donacia and Platewmaris compared with 12 species
at Wicken. It is indeed rare to find a reasonable stretch of water with
suitable vegetation, be it river, ditch or pond, which does not support a
single species from one of these genera. Though it is difficult to imagine
it completely exterminating a species, one can only assume it to be due
to the regular cleaning of the drains.

The genus Stenus, too, is by comparison poorly represented, 22 species
as against 49 at Wicken. Some of the absentees in this genus are quite
remarkable; S. juno F. and S. pubescens Steph. are instances of widely
distributed and quite common species which are apparently absent
from Wood Walton. However, in common with Wood Walton, Wicken
has a very poor heteromerous fauna—as, indeed, one would expect in
fen-land localities.

There can be no comparison between Wood Walton and Holm Fen.
The latter is dried up, primarily birchwood, with all but a very few
drains now non-existent. In fact, most of the old drains can be traced
only with difficulty. Two visits in 1960 produced such poor results that
it was decided to discontinue working the locality. Other workers
in other Orders appear to have formed the same opinion.

Wocd Walton is, as far as the Coleoptera are concerned, quite
distinct from the Norfolk fen and broadland localities known to the
present writer, and apart from those species which can be expected in
almost any damp, inland locality, there is little in common between
them. Notable exceptions to this being Trichocellus placidus Gyll.,
Agonum thoreyi Dej., Oodes helopioides F., Silis ruficolis F.,
Agapanthia villosoviridescens Deg., and Anthocomus rufus Herbst.

During the course of the work, Dr. Duffey made available a list of
Coleoptera which was based in 1939 by H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe on
lists sent by him in 1916, and by G. W. Nicholson in 1910, to Charles
Rothschild, together with additional records from the Victoria County
History of Huntingdonshire. The Nicholson list was, it seems, destroyed
by Donisthorpe. Dr. Duffey also supplied a list compiled in 1939 by
J. C. F. Fryer. Both are bare lists without any comment whatever
and quite obviously do not include all the beetles seen by these workers
because they are relatively short lists and many extremely common
species are not included. In the list which follows the Nicholson-
Fryer-Donisthorpe lists are only referred to where the species has not
been found during the past four years’ work, or does not figure in the
list of H. Fortescue Fryer. The records of H. Fortescue Fryer were
published in 1913 and 1914 (Ent. mon. Mag., 24: 245-250 and 266-268,
and 25: 10-88 and 109-111), and these are only shown where unconfirmed
in this recent work. Professor F. Balfour-Browne (1951, Trans. Soc.

97

Brit. ent., 10: 234-268) compiled a list of aquatic Coleoptera which in-
cludes the aquatic Palpicornia but not the terrestrial Palpicornia; and
no mention is made of the Dryopidae or the aquatic Rhynchophora.
Again these are only shown where they have not been confirmed.

In addition to these lists, Dr. Duffey has, from time to time as they
have come to hand, supplied copies of lists sent him by coleopterists
who have visited the fen; these are: Mr. Anthony Eve, Mr. R. A.
Crowson, and the Rev. E. J. Pearce. In his communication to Dr.
Duffey the last named commented on the lack of moss on the banks of
the drains compared with his earlier collecting and the consequent loss
of the pselaphid fauna therein. One must agree very few of the
Pselaphidae recorded by Pearce have been found during this period.
Dr. Duffey was good enough to obtain, through the kindness of Mr.
Colin Matheson, details of the material from Wood Walton Fen in the
Pearce collection in the National Museum of Wales at Cardiff, which
proved to be sparser than was at first imagined.

The fauna of the fen must, to some extent, have changed since the
lists of Nicholson, Donisthorpe and the two Fryers, and one suspects is
still undergoing some fairly rapid changes. One is struck by the fact
that, though it is obvious that Nicholson, Donisthorpe and Fryer, J. F.
C., did not record all the beetles they saw, some species they have
recorded have been surprisingly unconfirmed. Agonum assimile (Payk.),
to instance just one example, usually abounds where it occurs, but has
not been found at all during the recent work. The original peat area in
the south end of the fen would appear to be an ideal situation for this
species. *

There are several species associated with mud, such as_ the
Dyschirius and Clivina fossor (L.), which have occurred mainly in
vegetable litter. In general such mud as there is in the fen is not
easy to reach, but at such times as the water in the drains is low and the
mud exposed, it is surprising how little can be found on it. This may
well be a matter of optimum conditions, and is of course a problem
not confined to the fen. However it does not explain the occurrence
of these species in litter heaps which is considerably different from
the normal type of habitat for them .

The genus Haliplus presents difficulty, not only in respect of deter-
mination of species, but also with regard to collecting. The different
species, in the fen at any rate, appear to live together, and although a
species in a particular drain is indicated, H. ruficollis (Deg.) will almost
certainly be found there also, generally in superior numbers. Thus,
considering the impossibility of separating with certainty, all but a few
members of this genus in the field, substantial samples would be
necessary to get even a vague idea of the relative distribution of the
genus within the fen.

*Since writing the above, a single example of Agonum assimilis (Payk.) has
been taken under the bark of a fallen poplar in compartment 108. The
species is extremely scarce in the Fen,

98

Amongst the Silphidae it is remarkable that of five species of
Necrophorus, large conspicuous beetles, recorded by Nicholson, Donis-
thorpe and the Fryers, none have been found during the present
investigation, although some very suitable pabulum has at times been
available. Much the same applies to Hister and Saprinus.

In the present work the records from the Nicholson-Fryer-Donis-
thorpe lists are indicated (N.-F.-D.); from the H. Fortescue Fryer list
(H. F. F.); and from the Balfour-Browne list (B.-B.). The months in
which the species have been taken are shown by the use of roman lower
case numerals at the end of the remarks on each species, but as the
months are not shown in the above mentioned lists, these of course
cannot be given.

During the course of the work in the fen, a considerable amount of
help has been received; and thanks are due to Dr. EK. Duffey and the
Nature Conservancy for permission to work the fen, permission to re-
produce the map and two of the photographs, and to Dr. Duffey in
particular for the information and help he has constantly given; to
Mr. Gordon Mason, the Warden, who has been most helpful and co-
operative; to Mr. A. E. Gardner, a constant companion in field work,
who has provided much interesting information, particularly on the
aquatic species, and has been a willing driver to and from the fen.
Thanks are also due to Mr. Colin Matheson and the Trustees of the
National Museum of Wales for making the Pearce records available, to
Mr. H. Last who has determined many of the troublesome aleocharines,
and the following who have joined Mr. Gardner and me in the field
and made their captures known: Dr. A. M. Masee, Dr. B. J. MacNulty,
Dr. J. Newton and Mr. J. L. Henderson.

COLEOPTERA WITHIN THE FEN
CARABIDAE

Carabus nemoralis Mill. (N.-F.-D.); C. granulatus L., in vegetable
litter and under the bark of fallen trees, on Central drove between
drains 5 and 7, iv, v; C. monilis F. (N.-F.-D.); Notiophilus substriatus
Waterh. (H.F.F.); N. germinyi Fauv., (hypocrita Putz.), in vegetable
litter on the Copper field, xi; N. palustris (Dufts.), in vegetable litter
and running on path, Central drove, in 107 and on Copper field, iv, vi,
vill, xi; N. biguttatus (F.), in vegetable litter on Copper field,
(Gardner), viii; Leistus fulvibarbis De}. (N.-F.-D.); L. ferrugineus (L.),
drove 6 (Gardner), vi; L. rufescens (F.) (terminatus (Hellw.)), at times
extremely abundant, in vegetable litter, Central drove and drove 5, v,
x; Nebria brevicollis (F.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, vii;
Elaphrus cupreus Dufts., in the corner of drain 5 on mud (Gardner), v;
Loricera pilicornis (F.) (N.-F.-D.); Clivina fossor (L.), in vegetable
litter on Copper field, iii, Dyschirius aeneus (Dej.) (N.-F.-D.), and
although there are many species in the N.-F.-D. list which we have
not taken, it is more than likely that this is the following species, which
was not known to occur in this country when those workers were visiting

Ss. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1964. Plate V.

general view of the Fen looking south from Drove 5 along Central drain
showing “fen” and ‘‘carr’ vegetation in mid-summer.

Junction of drain 10 and Stewart's drain showing the north boundary ol
Compartinent 108 in early summer,

99

the fen; D. lwedersi Wagn., in vegetable litter and on small patches of
mud, on Central drove between drains 5 and 8, v, vi; D. globosus
(Herbst), in vegetable litter and on small patches of mud, on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, iv, vi, viii, xi; Panagaeus crux-major
(L.), a single example in vegetable litter on Central drove by drain 5
and two examples have been taken by Mr. Gardner on drove 5 and on
Central drove between drains 5 and 7, v; Badister bipustulatus (F.), in
vegetable litter, on Central drove and on Copper field, 1, iv, vi, x; B.
sodalis (Dufts.), mainly in vegetable litter, but occasionally under the
bark of fallen trees, Central drove, drove 5 and Copper field, iv, v, ix;
Oodes helopioides (F.), in vegetable litter, drove 5 and Central drove be-
tween drains 7 and 5, v; Stenolophus skrimshiranus Steph., in vegetable
litter on Copper Field (Gardner), iv; S. mixtus (Herbst), in vegetable
litter along Central drove between drains 5 and 7, and in Copper
field, vi, xi; Acwpalpus dorsalis (F.), in vegetable litter (Gardner), v;
A. exiguus Dej., in vegetable litter on Copper field, iii, Fryer (1913,
Ent. mon. Mag., 24: 248) also records it; A. dubiws Schilsky (luridus
auct. nec Dej.), in vegetable litter throughout the fen, xi; Bradycellus
harpalinus (Serv.), in vegetable litter throughout the fen, v, viii, ix, x;
B. sharpi Joy, in vegetable litter on Copper field, ix; Trichocellus
placidus (Gyll.), very common in vegetable litter throughout the fen,
ll, lv, Vv, vi, vill, ix, x, xi; Harpalus affinis (Schrank) (aeneus (F.))
(N.-F.-D.); H. tardus (Panz.), in vegetable litter on Copper field
(Gardner), viii; Stomis pumicatus (Panz.), in vegetable litter through-
out the fen, v, viii, xi; Pterostichus caerulescens (L.) (N.-F.-D.); P.
niger (Schal.), under bark on drove 5 and under birch bark in west side
of 105, iv; P. melanarius (Ill.), (vulgaris Schaum., nec L.) (N.-F.-D.);
P. anthracinus (Ill.), (H.F.F.); P. nigrita (F.) (N.-F.-D.); P. gracilis
(Dej.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and in the eastern section of
94, also a single example on a patch of mud on Central drove at dyke
8, iv, vi; IP. minor Gyll., in vegetable litter and under bark, through-
out the fen, iv, v, vilil, ix, xi; P. strenuus (Panz.), in vegetable litter
on Central drove and on Copper field, v, vi, viii, ix, xi; P. diligens
Sturm., in vegetable litter and under bark, Central drove, drove 5, east
part of 94, and on Copper field, iv, v, vill, ix, xi; Amara apricaria
(Payk.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, ix; A. praetermissa (Sahl.)
(rufocincta Dej.) (H.F.F.); A. aulica (Panz.), in vegetable litter, and
one example on a thistle, Central drove and 104, vii; A. similata
(Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, xi; A. anthobia Villa, in
vegetable litter on Copper field (Gardner, det. Dr. B. P. Moore, 1957,
Ent. Gaz., 8: 125), ix, again on Copper field, viii; A. familiaris (Dufts.),
in vegetable litter, Central drove and Copper field, ili, v, vill, x1;
A. lucida (Dufts.), in vegetable litter along drove 10, iv; A. aenea (Deg.),
in vegetable litter on Central drove, and on Copper field, v, viii; A.
communis (Panz.), in vegetable litter, Central drove, drove 5, in 94 and
on Copper field, v, viii, xi; A. plebeja (Gyll.), in vegetable litter, Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, v, vill, xi; A. ewrynota (Panz.) in vege-
table litter on Central drove (Gardner det. Dr. B. P. Moore), ix;

100

Calathus ambiguus (Payk.) (N.-F.-D.); Agonum assimile (Payk.)
(N.-F.-D.); A. ruficorne Goeze, in vegetable litter throughout the fen;
vii; A. obscurum (Herbst), in vegetable litter and under bark, through-
out the fen, iv, v, vi, vili, ix, xi; A. livens (Gyll.), a single example in
vegetable litter in 104, and a further example (Gardner) in 92, iv, ix;
A. muellert (Herbst), in vegetable litter in 92, ix, x; A. marginatum
(L.), a single example in vegetable litter on Central drove, x; A. nigrum
Dej. (dahli de Borre), a single example on Central drove, in vegetable
litter, vi; A. vidwum (Panz.) (N.-F.-D.); A. moestum (Dufts.), recorded
by Fryer, H. F., as an aberration of A. vidwwm (Panz.) (1913, Ent.
mon. Mag., 24: 249), in vegetable litter on Central drove (Gardner), ix;
A. versutum (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on drove 10, iv; A. fuliginosum
(Panz.), in vegetable litter and under bark throughout the fen, iv, v,
vili, ix, x, xi; A. gracile (Gyll.), in vegetable litter, Central drove, drove
5, Copper field and Payne’s Piece, ili, iv, v, x, xi; A. thoreyi Dej., very
common in vegetable litter throughout the fen, sometimes in vast num-
bers though at times it is unaccountably absent, iv, v, vi, vill, Xi;
Odontonyx (Olisthopus) rotundatus (Payk.), (N.-F.-D.); Bembidion
guttula (F.), in sedge litter on Central drove, xi; B. biguttatum (F.),
in vegetable litter on Copper field, x; B. articulatum (Panz.), on mud
in old peat area, (Gardner), x; B. unicolor Chaud. (mannerheimi
Sahlb. nec Dej.), in vegetable litter, Central drove, drove 10, and on
Copper field, iii, iv, viii, x, xi; B. iricolor Bedel, in vegetable litter on
Copper field (Gardner), viii; B. fumigatum (Dufts.), (N.-F.-D.); B.
assimile Gyll., in vegetable litter on a small patch of mud on Central
drove and on drove 5, vi, viii, xi; B. clarki Daws., in vegetable litter
along drove 10, iv; B. gilvipes Sturm., in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, iv, xi; B. properans Steph., in vegetable
litter on Copper field (Gardner), ix; B. tetracolum Say. (Gardner, det.
Dr. B. P. Moore) ix; B. andreae (F.) s.sp. bualei Duval, in vegetable
litter on Copper field (Gardner), viii; B. genet Kust., s.sp. illigert Netol.,
on mud on dried up part of Central drain, 108, vii; B. quadrimaculatum
(L.), in vegetable litter on Copper field and in east part of 94, iv;
Trechus rivularis (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Central Drove between
drains 3 and 5, ix; Lebia chlorocephala (Hoff.), a single example taken
by R. D. Weal in vegetable litter on Central Drove between drains 5
and 7, v; Demetrias atricapillus (L.), in vegetable litter on Copper
field, Central drove and drove 10, iv; D. monostigma Sam., on Copper
field, Central drove and drove 5, villi, 1x, x, xi; Dromius linearis (O1),
extremely common in vegetable litter throughout the fen, and occa-
sionally swept, ili, iv, v, Vi, Vil, vill, ix, x, xi; D. quadrimaculatus (L.),
beaten from dead twigs along new path across 92 and 93, and a single
example swept on Copper field, vi, ix; D. melanocephalus Dej., very
common in vegetable litter and sometimes by sweeping, throughout the
fen, iii, iv, v, vill, ix, x, xi; Metabletus foveatus (Fourc.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove between drains 5 and 2, v; M. truncatellus (L.),
in vegetable litter on Central drove between drains 3 and 5, and in 109,
1A X

101

HALIPLIDAE

Haliplus confinis Steph. (B.-B.); H. mucronatus Steph., recorded by
Balfour-Browne on a single example in April 1894; H. flavicollis Sturm.
(B.-B.); H. fulvus (F.) (B.-B.); H. variegatus Sturm. (B.-B.); H.
ruficollis (Deg.), this is the commonest member of the genus by far and
occurs throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, vii, x; H. heydent Wehncke, an
addition to the Balfour-Browne list and has been taken by both
Gardner and Henderson in Central drain and Stewart’s drain, viii;
H. wehnckei Gerh., a single example in drain 5, vi; H. immaculatus
Gerh., in Central drain and drain 5, and Gardner swept it in August,
lil, vi, viii, ix; H. lineolatus Man. (nomax B.-B.) (B.-B.); H. linea-
tocollis (Marsh.), in central drain (Henderson and Gardner), v, vi, x;
Peltodytes caesus (Dufts.) (B.-B.).

HyYGROBIIDAE
Hygrobia hermanni (F.) (tardus (Herbst)) (B.-B.).

DYTISCIDAE

Noterus capricornis Herbst (sparsus Marsh.) (B.-B.); N. clavicornis
(Deg.), in drain 5 (Gardner), iv, v, vi; Laccophilus hyalinus (Deg.), in
Central drain, iv, vi; Z. minutus (L.), in Central drain and drain 5, v,
vi, x; JL. variegatus (Germ.) (N.-F.-D.); Hyphydrus ovatus (L.),
throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, vii, ix, x, xi; Hygrotus versicolor (Schall.)
(B.-B.); H. inaequalis (F.), very common throughout the fen, v, vi, vii,
x; H. decoratus (Gyll.), H. (s.gen. Coelambus) confluens (F.), H. (s.gen.
Coelambus) impressopunctatus (Schall.) and Deronectes assimilis (Payk.)
(B.-B.); D. elegans (Panz.), a single example in drain 7, vii; D.
duodecimpustulatus (F.) (B.-B.); Oreodytes (Deronectes) halensis (F.),
in central drain and drain 5, iv, v, vi, x; Hydroporus pictus (F.), in
Central drain, drains 5 and 6, v, vi, vill, ix, x; H. (Graptodytes)
granularis (L.) B.-B.); H. (G.) lepidus (Ol.), two examples in drain 6,
v; H. (G.) lineatus (F.), a single example in drain 6, vi; H. dorsalis
(F.), in Central drain and in drains 5 and 7, also in Stewart’s drain,
iv, vi, vu; A. gyllenhalu Schicdte (B.-B.); H. striola (Gyll.), in drain
6, iv; H. palustris (L.), throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, x; H.
incognitus Sharp (B.-B.); H. erythrocephalus (L.), in central drain,
Stewart’s drain and drain 5, iv, v, vi, x, xi; H. melanarius Sturm., in
Central drain, and drains 5, 6, 7 and 10, v, vi, vii; H. memnonius Nic.,
ia Central drain, and drains 5 and 6, vi; H. obscurus Sturm. (B.-B.);
H. discretus Fairm., a single example in drain 6, not recorded by
Balfour-Browne, vi; H. pubescens (Gyll.), in Central drain and
Stewart’s drain, iv, vi, ix, x; H. planus (F.), in Central drain
and Coleman’s drain, x; 4H. tessellatus Drap., in Central
drain and drain 5 (Gardner), v, vi; Agabus wuliginosus (L.), a
single example in Central drain, viii, Balfour-Browne (1950, Brit.
Water Beetles, 2: 88) records a dull female taken by Donisthorpe, vi;
A. wnguicularis Thomson (B.-B.); A. didymus (O1.) (N.-F.-D.); A.
nebulosus (Forst.) (B.-B.); A. undulatus (Schrank), throughout the fen,

102

iv, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, x, xi; A. sturmi (Gyll.), throughout the fen,
iv, v, Vi, vii, ix, x, xi; A. chalconatus (Panz.) (B.-B.); also ab.
melanocornis Zimm., a single example in Stewart’s drain, vii; A.
bipustulatus (L.), though perhaps our commonest British Agabus is
much less common in the fen than A. undulatus (Schrank), in Central
drain, Stewart’s drain and drain 5, iv, v, ix, x; Platambus maculatus
(L .)(B.-B.); Ilybius fuliginosus (F.), in Stewart’s drain and drain 5, v,
vi, vii; I. fenestratus (F.), in Central drain, Stewart’s drain and drains
5, 6, 7 and 10, v, vi, vii; I. ater (Deg. ), in Central drain, Stewart’s
dian and drains 5 sont Byav) WAV, (wii) mE NT: quadriguttatus (Lac.)
(obscurus (Marsh)), iiteane Tena the el v, vi, vii, vill, ix, xi; Copelatus
haemorrhoidalis (F.) (ruficollis (Schall.)), in deo Be iv, v; Rantus
grapii (Gyll.), in Central drain, Coleman’s drain, Stewart’s drain, and
drains 5 and 6, iv, v, vi, vii, vili, x; R. exsoletus (Forst.), in Central drain
and drains 5 aad 6, Iv, ¥;.¥15 ‘aldo ab. nigriventris Newb. & Sharp
(B.-B.); R. pulverosus (Steph.), in drain 5 (Gardner), v; R. frontalis
(Marsh.) (notatus (F.)) (B.-B.); Colymbetes fuscus (L.), in Central drain
Stewart’s drain and drain 5, v, vii, ix, x; Dytiscus semisulcatus Mill.,
in Central drain and drain 5, iv, v, x; D. marginalis L., in Central drain,
Zig-zag drain, Stewart’s drain and drains 5, 7 and 10, iv, v, vi, vil, viii,
ix, x; D. circumflexus F., Central drain and drain 6, not recorded by
Balfour-Browne, iv; D. circwmcinctus Ahr., in Central drain, and drains
5, 6, 7 and 10, iv, v, vi; D. dimidiatus Bergstr., in Central drain,
Stewart’s drain and drain 5, iv,. v, vi, vii; Hydaticus transversalis
(Pont.), in Central drain and drain 5, iv, v, vi; H. seminiger (Deg.) in
drains 5 and 6, iv, v, vi; Acilius sulcatus (L.) in Central drain; Coleman’s
drain and drain 5, not recorded by Balfour-Browne, iv, v, vi, ix, x.

GYRINIDAE

Gyrinus natator (L.) and the aberration substriatus Steph., in almost
all drains throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, vill, x; G. caspius Mén.
(elongatus Ab.), G. marinus Gyll. and G. aeratus Steph. (thompsoni
Zait., edwardsi Sharp) (B.-B.).

HYDROPHILIDAE

Hydrochara (Hydrophilus) caraboides (L.) (B.-B.); Hydrobius
fuscipes (L.), in Central drain and drains 5 and 6, iv, v, vi, vii; the
aberration picicrus Thoms. is recorded in Balfour-Browne’s list; H.
(Limnoxenus) niger (Zsch.), in Central drain and drains 5 and 6,
iv, v, Vi, x; Hnochrus melanocephalus Ol. (atricapillus Steph.),
a single example in Central drain, vi; HE. testaceus (F.), in Central
drain and drain 5, v, vi; E. (Philydrus) ochropterus (Marsh.) (frontalis
(Er.)), in Stewart’s drain and drain 5, v, vii; EZ. (P.) affinis (Thunb.)
(minutus auct Brit.), E. (P.) coarctatus (Gredl.) and Cymbiodyta
marginella (F.) (B.-B.); Anacaena globulus (Payk.), in Central drain,
Coleman’s drain, Stewart’s drain, and in vegetable litter on droves 3,
5 and 7, iv, v, vii, viii, ix, xi; A. limbata (F.) (ovata Reiche), in Central
drain, Stewart’s drain, drains 5, 6 and 7, and in vegetable litter on

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Central drove and droves 5 and 6, vy, vi, vii, viii, x; A. bipustulata
(Marsh.) (B.-B.); Helochares lividus (Forst.) (griseus (F.)) in Central
drain, Stewart’s drain and drains 5 and 6, vi, vii, ix; Laccobius
sinuatus Mots., in Coleman’s drain (Henderson), x; LD. alutaceus Thoms.,
TL. minutus (.), and ZL. biguttatus Gerh. (B.-B.); DL. striatulus (F.)
(nigriceps Thoms.) drain 5, ix; Berosus lwridus (L.), in drain 5 (Gardner),
v, vi; B. affinis Brullé, in Central drain, iv, v; Limnebius truncatellus
(Thunb.), in Coleman’s drain (Henderson), x; LZ. papposus Muls., LD.
nitidus (Marsh.), LZ. aluta Bedel, and Chaetarthria seminulum (Herbst),
(B.-B.); Helophorus (s.gen. Megalelophorus) aquaticus (.), in Cole-
man’s drain (Henderson), x, Balfour-Browne also records the aberration
aequalis Thoms.; H. nanus Sturm (B.-B.); H. minutus F. (affinis
(Marsh.)), very commonly in Central drain and drains 5, 6 and 7, also
in vegetable litter, v, vi, vii, xi, H. flavipes F. (B.-B.); H. (s. gen.
Atractelophorus) brevipalpis Bedel, in drain 6 (Gardner), viii; Hydrochus
brevis (Herbst), H. elongatus (Schall.) and H. carinatus (Germ.)
(B.-B.); Ochthebius minimus (F.) (impressus (Marsh)), in Coleman’s
drain (Henderson), x; Hydraena testacea Curt. (Gardner), vili; H.
riparia Kug., in Central drain (Henderson), x; H. rufipes Curt., in
drain 5, ix; Cercyon atomarius (F.) (haemorrhoidalis (Herbst nec F.)), in
vegetable litter on Central drove, v, vi, viil, ix; C. minutus Muls.,
Copper field (Gardner), viii; C. analis (Payk.) (flavipes (Thunb.)), in
vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iii, vi, ix; C.
terminatus (Marsh.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, viii; C.
pygmaeus (Ill.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, v, ix; (C. tristis
(Ill.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, v, viii; Meaqasternum
obscurum. (Marsh.) (boletophagum auctt.), in vegetable litter
throughout the fen, v, viii, x, xi; Sphaeridiwm scarahaeoides (I..),
in vegetable litter on Copper field (Gardner), iv, ix, S. bipustulatum
F. in vegetable litter on Copper field (Gardner), vii.

STAPHYLINIDAE

Aleochara lanuginosa Grav. (N.-F.-D.); A. divisa (Sahlb.), in vege-
table litter on Central drove (det. H. R. Last), v; Crataraea suturalis
(Man.) (N.-F.-D.); Oxypoda opaca (Grav.), in vegetable litter on Central
drove (det. Last), iv, vi, x; O. longiuscula Er. (elongatula Ab.), in
vegetable litter on Central drove (det. Last), iv; Drusilla (Astilbus)
canaliculatus (F.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, x, xi; Atheta
(s.gen. Philygra) debilis (Er.) (N.-F.-D.); A. (s.gen. Dinaraea
aequata (Er.) (N.-F.-D.); A. (s.gen. Dinaraea) linearis (Grav.),
in vegetable litter on Central drove, iv; A. (s.gen. Tetropla)
pallidicornis (Thoms.), a single example in vegetable litter on
Central drove (det. Last), v; A. (s.gen. Tetropla) crassicornis
(F.), in vegetable litter on Central drove (det. Last), vi, ix; A. (s.gen.
Tetropla) trinotata (Kraatz), in vegetable litter on Central drove (det.
Last), v; A. (s.gen. Liogluta) longiuscula (Grav.), in vegetable litter on
Central drove v; A. (s.gen. Acrotona) aterrima (Grav.), a single ex-
ample in vegetable litter on Central drove (det. Last), v; A. (s.gen.

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Acrotona) fungi (Grav.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and on
Copper field (det. Last), iii; A. (s.gen. Acrotona) laticollis (Steph.), in
vegetable litter on Central drove (det. Last), viii, ix; A. (s.gen.
Bessobia) occulta (Er.), a single example in vegetable litter on Central
drove (det. Last), iv; Meotica evilis (Er.), in vegetable litter on Copper
field in some numbers, 11; Amischa cavifrons Sharp, in vegetable litter
on Copper field, i11; Sipalia circellaris (Grav.), in vegetab'e litter on
Copper field, ii; Gnypeta carbonaria (Man.) (N.-F.-D.); Falagria caesa
Er. (sulcata (Payk.)), a single example in vegetable litter on Central
drove, v; Cordalia (Falagria) obscura (Grav.), in vegetable litter in
Central drove, viii; Autalia impressa (O1.), in vegetable litter (Gardner),
ix; Gyrophaena minima Er. (N.-F.-D.); Bolitochara lucida (Grav.), a
single example in vegetable litter on Central drove, v; Hygronoma
dimidiata (Grav.), Crowson (in litt. Dr. Duffey), has obtained this
species from debris thrown out of drain when clearing; Myllaena dubia
(Grav.) (N.-F.-D.); Cypha (Hypocyptus) longicornis (Payk.), a single
example in vegetable litter on Copper field, viii; Conosomus littoreus
(L.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, iii, iv, xi; C. testaceus (F),
quite common in vegetable litter throughout the fen, ili, iv, v, villi, x;
C. pedicularius (Grav.), extremely abundant in vegetable litter through-
out the fen, ili, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, xi; C. lividus Er., in vegetable
litter on Copper field, xi; Tachyporus obtusus (l.), in vegetable
litter and occasionally by sweeping, on Central drove, droves 3, 5 and
10, in Copper field and in 94, iii, iv, vi, viii, ix, xi; 7. solutus Er., in
vegetable litter on Central drove, v, ix; T. pallidus Sahlb., in vegetable
litter on Central drove and swept in 94, iv, vi; T. chrysomelinus (L.), in
vegetable litter and sometimes by sweeping, throughout the fen, ili, iv,
v, vili, ix, x, xi; T. hypnorum (F.), quite common in vegetable litter
and sometimes by sweeping, throughout the fen, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, ix,
xi; 7. nitidulus (F.), in vegetable litter throughout the fen, ili, iv, v,
vill; Tachinus humeralis (Grav.), several examples in vegetable litter
on Central drove, x; T. signatus Grav. (rufipes (Deg.)), in vegetable
litter throughout the fen, v, viii, xi; 7. subterraneus (L.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove, ix; 7’. marginellus (F.), in vegetable litter on
Central drove, v, vi, viii, xi; 7. flavolimbatus Pand. (C. E. Tottenham),
ix; Bolitobius (Bryocharis) analis (Payk.), in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, viii; Lordithon (Bolitobius) thoracicus
(F.), a single example in vegetable litter on Central drove vi; Myceto-
porus punctus (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Central drove (Gardner
det. Last), viii; M/. splendidus (Grav.), in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, x; Habrocerus capillaricornis (Grav.),
in vegetable litter, sometimes in plenty on Central drove, v; Hetero-
thops dissimilis (Grav.), a single example on two separate occasions in
vegetable litter on Copper field, iv, xi; Quedius maurus (Sahlb.), a single
example in vegetable litter on Central drove, and also under bark of
fallen poplar , west of drove across 105, iv, v; Q. othiniensis (Johansen)
(H.F.F.); Q. cruentus (Ol.), in vegetable litter on Central drove
(Gardner det. Last), ix; Q. fwmatus (Steph.), a single example in

105

vegetable litter on east side of 94, iv; Q. cinctus (Payk.), a single ex-
ample in vegetable litter on Central drove, xi; Q. fuliginosus (Grav.),
in vegetable litter on east side of 94, iv; Q. subfuliginosus Britten, very
common in vegetable litter on Central drove, Copper field and east part
of 94, iii, iv, v, viii, xi; Q. laevicollis (Brullé) (tristis (Grav.)), a single
example in vegetable litter (Gardner), on Copper field, vui; Q.
molochinus (Grav.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper
field, v, vi, viii, xi; Creophilus mazillosus (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Ontholestes
tessellatus (Fourc.) (N.-F.-D.); Staphylinus brunnipes (F.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iv, viii, ix; S. fuscatus
(Grav.), a single example in vegetable litter on Copper field, viii; S.
winkleri (Bern.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper
field, viii; S. globulifer Fourc., in vegetable litter on Copper field
(Gardner, det. Last), ix; Philonthus addendus Sharp, in remains of
dead swan on Central drove, v; P. tenuicornis Muls. & Rey (carbonarius
(Gyll.)), in vegetable litter on Central drove, vi, viii; P. decorus (Grav.),
quite common in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field,
ix, xi; P. cognatus Steph., in vegetable litter on Central drove and on
Copper field, v, viii, P. varius (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, v, ix, xi, P. fimetarius (Grav.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove, ix; P. pachycephalus Nordmann (sordidus
(Grav.)), in vegetable litter, and on one occasion on a small patch of
mud, on Central drove, vi, ix; P. subuliformis (Grav.) (fuscus Grav.),
in a bird’s nest in a hole in a fallen birch, 108, x; F. ochropus (Grav.)
(concinnus (Grav.)), in vegetable litter on Copper field, iii, xi; P.
debilis (Grav.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, xi; P. varians
(Payk.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, and on Copper field, i1i,
iv, xi; P. quisquiliarius (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on new path across
93, villi; P. fumarius (Grav.) (H.F.F.); P. immundus (Gyll.), in vege-
table litter on Copper field, xi; Gabrius osseticus (Kolen.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, v, viii; G. trossulus (Nor.),
in vegetable litter on Copper field, iii, iv, xi; Hrichsonius (Actobius)
cinerascens (Grav.) (N.-F.-D.); Xantholinus fracticornis (Mill) (punctu-
latus (Payk.)), in vegetable litter on Central drove, vii, x; X. angustatus
(Steph.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, v, ix; X. linearis (Ol.),
in vegetable litter on Central drove, v, ix, X. longiventris Heer, in
vegetable litter on Copper field, xi; Atrechus affinis (Payk.), under birch
bark, 105, ix; Gyrohypnus laeviusculus (Steph.), a single example in
vegetable litter on Central drove, iv; Lathrobiwm elongatum (L.), in
vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iv, vii; JL.
fovulum Steph. (punctatum Fowler nec Zett.), in vegetable litter on
Central drove and on Copper field, v; L. fulvipenne (Grav.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iii, v, ix; L. punctatum
(Fource.) (brunnipes (F.)), very common in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, iv, v, vi, viii, ix; Z. geminum Kraatz, in
vegetable litter on Central drove, v; L. impressum Heer, in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iii, iv; Ochthephilum (Cryp-
tobium) fracticorne Payk., not as common as expected, in vegetable

106

litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iii, iv, x, xi; Rugilus
(Stilicus) rufipes (Germ.), in vegetable litter throughout the fen, iu,
vj ik, 0s) BR) somilis (Er. ), in vegetable litter on Central drove, iv, v;
R. nichisdnd (Fauy.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, v, ix; R.
orbiculatus (Payk.), in vegetable litter throughout the fen, ix, x1;
Astenus pulchellus (Heer), in vegetable litter on Central aa and on
Copper field, i, iv, v, ix, xi; A. longelytratus Palm. (angustatus
Gangl. nec. Payk.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, viii; Paederus
riparius (h.. ), extremely common in vegetable litter andl ich. commonly
by sweeping, throughout the fen, ili, iv, v, vi, vil, x, xi; Stenus
bimaculatus Gyll., in vegetable litter’ throughout the fod 1 ve vent
vill, ix, xi; S. ater Mannerh., in vegetable litter on Copper fol vill;
S clavicornis (Scop.), in vegetable litter, throughout the fen, ili, x, xi;
S. rogeri Kraatz, in vegetable litter on Central drove, iv; S. incrassatus
Er., in vegetable litter on Central drove, vii; 8S. boops Lijungh (bupthal-
mus Grav.), and S. nitens Steph. (N.-F.-D.); S. nanus Steph., in
vegetable litter, 94, iv; S. carbonarius Gyll. and S. argus Grav.
(N.-F.-D.); S. brunnipes Steph., in vegetable litter on Central
drove, ix; S. palustris Er., in vegetable litter on Central drove
and in 94, iv; S. impressus Germ. (H. F. F.); S.aceris Steph., in vege-
table litter on Central drove, ix; S. pallipes Grav. (N.-F.-D.);
S. flavipes Steph., in vegetable litter on Central drove and
on Copper field, ili, iv; S. bifoveolatus Gyll., in vegetable litter on
Copper field, xi; S. nitidiusculus Steph., in vegetable litter on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, iv, v, viii; S. picipes Steph., in vegetable
litter on Central drove and by sweeping in 80, 92, 93, and 94, vi, vii; S.
cicindeloides (Schall.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and by sweeping
in 80, 92, 93 and 94, iv, vii; S. solutus Er. (N.-F.-D.); S. fornicatus
Steph., in vegetable litter on Central drove, xi; S. latifrons Er., in
vegetable litter on Central drove, x; Platystethus arenarius (Fourc.),
in vegetable litter on Central drove, vi; P. nodifrons (Sahlb.),
(N.-F.-D.); Oxytelus rugosus (F.), in vegetable litter throughout the
fen, ili, iv, Vv, vi, vii, Vili, ix, x, xi; O. sculptus Grav., in vegetable
litter on Central drove, vi; O. tetracarinatus (Block) was found in one
pile only of vegetable litter on drove 7, between the Gt. Raveley drain
and Central drain, which was more decayed than the others, and also
in a dead swan on Copper field, vi; Aploderus caelatus (Grav.), in
vegetable litter on the new path across 93 and on drove 5, v, vill;
Trogophloeus elongatulus Er., a single example in vegetable litter on
Copper field, iii; Lesteva longoelytrata (Goeze) (N.-F.-D.); DL. heeri
Fauv., in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field, v, x1;
Olophrum piceum (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, iv, x;
O. fuscwm (Grav.), a single example in vegetable litter on drove 5, v;
O. nicholsoni Don., two examples in vegetable litter on Copper field
(Gardner, det. Last), x; Anthobium atrocephalum (Gyll.), in vegetable
litter and sometimes by sweeping, Copper field and 94, iv, x, xi; Omalium
rivulare (Payk.), in vegetable litter commonly throughout the fen, v,
ix, x, xi; O. caesum Grav., in vegetable litter throughout the fen, and

107

in the remains of a dead swan on Central drove, v, ix, x; Phylludrepa
floralis (Payk.), beaten from hawthorn blossom, 105 and 107, v;
Aylodromus depressus (Grav.) (N.-F.-D.); Eusphalerum (Anthobium)
minutum (F.), beating hawthorn blossom and a single example was taken
in vegetable litter, Central drove and 105 and 107, v; EZ. luteum
(Marsh.), sweeping in 80, vi; H. torquatum (Marsh.), in Ranunculus
blossom, by beating hawthorn blossom and by general sweeping, through-
out the fen, v, vi; Proteinus ovalis Steph., in vegetable litter and
carcasses throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, x; P. brachypterus (F.), in
vegetable litter and carcasses, on Central drove and Copper field, iii,
v, vi, xi; P. macropterus (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Copper field
(Gardner).

SILPHIDAE

Agathidiwum atrum (Payk.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, xi;
A. laevigatum Er., in vegetable litter on Central drove, and on Copper
field, sometimes in numbers, ill, v; A. nigrinuwm Sturm., in vegetable
litter, on Copper field and on Central drove, sometimes in numbers, ili,
x1; Necrophorus humator (Goeze), and N. investigator Zett. (N.-F.-D.);
N. vespiioides Herbst (H.F.F.), also the aberrations maculatus Ellis
and disjunctus Ellis; N. vestigator Hers., and N. interruptus Steph.
(N.-F.-D.); N. vespillo (L.) (H.F.F.); Silpha tristis Ill., in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, v, viii, xi; Thanatophilus
rugosus (L.), in remains of dead swan on Central drove, v; Phosphuga
atrata (L.) and the aberration pedemontana (F.) (brunnea (Herbst)),
in vegetable litter, and a single example under a stone, on Central
drove and on Copper field, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, ix, x, x1; Choleva agilis
(Ill.), a single example in vegetable litter on Central drove and another
on Copper field, xi; C. angustata (F.), near bungalow (Gardner), iv;
Nargus velox (Spence), in vegetable litter, often in numbers, on Central
drove, v, ix, x; N. wilkinii (Spence), a single example in vegetable
litter on Central drove, x; Catops fuscus (Panz.), a single example in
vegetable litter on Central drove, v; CU. morio (F.), in vegetable litter
on Copper field, ili, xi; C. kirbyi (Spence), a single example in vegetable
litter on Central drove, v; CU. nigricans (Spence), near bungalow
(Gardner), iv; Sciodrepa fumata (Spence) in vegetable litter on Copper
field, xi; Ptomaphagus subvillosus (Goeze), in vegetable litter on Copper
field, i11; Colon dentipes? Sahlb., in vegetable litter on Central drove,
1X;

SCYDMAENIDAE

Stenichnus collaris (Miill.), in moss (Pierce), 111; Huconnus hirti-
collis (Ill.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field,
and Pierce has had it in moss, 111, iv, Vi, vill.

PSELAPHIDAE
Pselaphus dresdensis Herbst (N.-F.-D.); Tychus niger (Payk.), a
single example in moss with grass and some leaves in the vicinity of

108

the bungalow, also in moss (Pierce), iv, ix; Bryaxis puncticollis Denny
(validus Aubé), taken by Pierce but there are no further data, vili;
B. (Bythinus) schneidert Kug. (bulbifera (Reich.)), very common in
vegetable litter throughout the fen, Pierce has had it in moss and in
moss mixed with leaves and grass, ili, iv, v, vi, ix, xi; Bythinus
macropulpus (Aubé), in moss mixed with grass and leaves in an area N.
and W. of the bungalow (Pierce), iv, ix; Rybaxis longicornis (Leach) in
a letter to Dr. Duffey R. A. Crowson records this species in debris thrown
out of drain, and Pierce records a single example in moss by side of a
ditch on the S. edge of the main entrance drove (drove 5), the ditch
being almost dry, x*; R. laminatus Mots., in vegetable litter on Central
drove, v, x; Brachygluta fossulata (Reich.), in moss (Pierce), vil, vill;
Bibloplectus spinosus Raffray, a male in wet moss (Pierce), vill; B.
pusillus Denny, in bottom of a nearly dry ditch near entrance (Pierce)
Vill.

PTILIDAE

Acrotrichis atomaria (Deg.), a sample of the numerous I’tilidae
was taken from various parts of the fen and all with few
exceptions appeared to belong to this species, v; Ptenidiwm nitidum
(Heer), in vegetable litter on Copper field, ii.

PHALACRIDAE

Phalacrus coruscus (Panz.), in vegetable litter on Copper field
(Gardner), viii; LP. nigrinus (Marsh.) (caricis Sturm.) and Olibrus
corticalis (Panz.) (N.-F.-D.); O. aeneus (F.), in vegetable litter on Cop-
per field, viii; O. liquidus Er., taken by Gardner, vili; Stilbus testaceus
(Panz.), swept on Central drove and on Copper field, vii, viii, x.

CoccINELLIDAE

Subcoccinella vigintiquattuorpunctata (L.) (H.F.F.); Adonia varie-
gata (Goeze) (H.-F.-D.); Adalia bipunctata (L.), general beating and
sweeping throughout the fen, v, vi, ix; A. decempunctata (L.) general
beating and sweeping throughout the fen, v, vu, ix; Harmonia quadri-
punctata (Pont.), a single example beaten from an oak on Central drove
near bungalow (Dr. J. L. Newton), viii; Coccinella undecompunctata
L., taken by Gardner, vii; C. septempunctata L., general beating and
sweeping throughout the fen, v, vi, vii, viii, x; Propylea quatuordecim-
punctata (L.) (Synharmonia conglobata auctt.), general beating and
sweeping throughout the fen, iv, v, vi, viii; Calvia quattuordecimguttata
(L.), beaten from sallow on drove 5, and by general beating on new path

*The Pierce record of Rybaxis longicornis (Leach) is before the recognition of
R. laminatus Mots., in this country, and it is possible that Crowson overlooked
this addition to our fauna. Since all the examples which previously would
have been referable to this species that have been found by the present writer
have, in the case of the males, the only sex which can be identified with
certainty, proved to be R. laminatus Mots.; R. longicornis (Leach), requires
confirmation before it can be certain that the species does occur in the fen.

Plate VI.

Soc., 196).

nat. Hist.

ent.

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109

across 93, vi, vili; Thea vigintiduopunctatau (L.), general beating and
sweeping throughout the fen, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, vill; Micraspis sexdecim-
punctata (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Scymnus punctillum Weise, in vegetable litter
on Copper field, viii; S. redtenbacheri Muls., in vegetable litter on
Copper field, viii; S. haemorrhoidalis Herbst, in vegetable litter on Cop-
per field (Gardner), ix; Chilocorus renipustulatus (Seriba), beating sal-
lows along drove 5, v; Exochomus quadripustulatus (l.), a single
example off oak on Central drove, vi; Rhyzobius lituru F., in vegetable
litter on Copper field, viii; Coccidula rufa (Herbst), in vegetable litter
and by sweeping on Copper field and on Central drove, v, vill, x.

ENDOMYCHIDAE

Mycetaea hirta (Marsh.), a single example in vegetable litter on
Central drove, x.

EROTYLIDAE

Cyrtotriplax bipustulata (F.), in vegetable litter in some numbers on
one occasion only, on Central drove between drains 3 and 5, ix.

CoLyDIIDAE

Myrmechixenus vaporariorum Guer., is recorded in the Nicholson-
Fryer-Donisthorpe list; this is the species which seems to be regarded
as occurring in heaps of potatoes, probably in clamps. There are, of
course, no such stores in the fen, but there are on occasions potato
clamps beside the lane leading to the fen entrance. It is possible that
this species was taken in this way and thus is not strictly a Wood
Walton Fen insect.

CERYLONIDAE

Cerylon histeroides (F.), under bark of birch and poplar, 105, iv;
C. fagi Bris:, under poplar bark, 104, iv.

HIsTERIDAE

Hister neglectus Germ. and H. carbonarius Hoff. (N.-F.-D.);
Saprinus semistriatus (Scriba) (H..F.F.); S. aeneas (F.) (N.-F.-D.);
Onthophilus striatus (Forst.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, iv.
Vill, ix.

NITIDULIDAE

Brachypterus glaber (Steph.), sweeping nettles wherever they occur,
vi; B. urticae (F.), sweeping nettles wherever they occur, vi, vii, viii;
Kateretes pedicularius (L.) N.-F.-D.); K. rufilabris Lat., general
sweeping, 92, 93, 94 and 104, vi, vii, viii; Hpuraea wnicolor (Ol.) (obsoleta
(F.)), general sweeping and in vegetable litter on Copper field, and at
sap of fallen alder on Central drove, also in 93 and 127, v, viii, ix, x;
E. pusilla (1ll.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, ix; Meligethes
fulvipes Bris. (N.-F.-D.); M. aeneus (F.), very commonly by sweeping,
throughout the fen, vii, vili; Librodor hortensis (Fourc.), in vegetable

110

litter and, less commonly, by sweeping, on Central drove, on Copper
field, and in 93 and 94, v, vi, vii, viii.

RHIZOPHAGIDAE
Rhizophagus bipustulatus (F.), under poplar bark (Gardner), vii.

LATHRIDIIDAE

Lathridius lardurius (Deg.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and
on Copper field, viii, ix; L. angusticollis Gyll., a single example in
vegetable litter on Central drove, villi; L. nodifer Westw., in vegetable
litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iv, v, viii, x; Hnicmus
minutus (L.), in vegetable litter on Copper field, viii; H. transversus
(Ol.), in vegetable litter on Central drove; vi; H. histrio Joy, sweeping
in 94 and in vegetable litter on Central drove, vii, x; Corticaria
pubescens (Gyll.), in vegetable litter and sometimes by sweeping almost
anywhere in the fen, iv, v, x; C. crenulata (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on
Copper field, viii; CU. impressa (Ol.), in vegetable litter on Central drove,
Copper field and drove 5, iv, v, vill, ix, x1; Corticarina gibbosa (Herbst),
in vegetable litter and sometimes by sweeping almost anywhere in the
fen, iv, vill, ix; U. fuscula (Gyll.), in vegetable litter on Central drove;
x; Melanophthalma transversalis (Gyll.), abundant in vegetable litter
throughout the fen, vil.

CUCUJIDAE

Laemophloeus ferrugineus (Steph.), under willow bark, 94, vii;
Psammoecus bipunctatus (F.), in vegetable litter on Central drove and
on Copper field, viii; Silvanus wnidentatus (Ol.), under willow bark, 94,
Vil.

ByYTURIDAE

Byturus ochraceus (Seriba) (fuwmatus auctt.), very common on
Ranunculus blossom, 92, 93, 94, 104 and 105, v; B. tomentosus (Deg.),
on hawthorn blossom, 105 and 107, v.

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE

Telmatophilus caricis (Ol.) (N.-F.-D.); Cryptophagus setulosus
Sturm., a single example in vegetable litter on Copper field, iii; C.
popult Payk. (Gardner), viii; C. scanicus L. (Gardner), x; C. dentatus
(Herbst), on Polyporus betulinus Fr. by bungalow, ix; C. pilosus Gyll.
(Gardner), viii; Antherophagus nigricornis (F.), on Umbelliferae on
drove 4, vi; Atomaria linearis Steph. (N.-F.-D.); A. fuscata (Schoen.),
in Polyporus betulinus Fr. by bungalow, ix; A. atra (Herbst), in vege-
table litter on Copper field, iii, v, viii; A. atricapilla Steph., in
vegetable litter on Central drove, viii; A. gutta Steph., in vegetable litter
on Copper field, iv; A. mesomela (Herbst) (mesomelaena auctt.), very
common in vegetable litter on Central drove and on Copper field, iv, v,
viii; A. apicalis Hr., a single example in vegetable litter on Copper
field, iii; A. ruficornis (Marsh.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, v;

111

Ephistemus globulus (Payk.), sometimes very common in vegetable
litter, and on one occasion a few examples were found in Polyporus
betulinus Fr., on Central drove, Copper field and by bungalow, iii, iv,
Vinh MLL; (4K):

MycrToPHAGIDAE

Litargus connexus (Geof.), under willow bark, 93, viii; Mycetophagus
multipunctatus F., in Polyporus betulinus Fr., 105 and 108, viii, x; M.
quadripustulatus (L.), in Polyporus betulinus Fr., 105 and 108, x; M.
atomarius (F.), in Polyporus betulinus Fr., by bungalow, ix.

DERMESTIDAE
Dermestes murinus L., in remains of dead swan on Central drove, v;
Anthrenus scrophulariae (L.), on bungalow window (Gardner), iv.

ByYRRHIDAE
Cytilus sericeus (Forst.) (N.-F.-D).

DRYOPIDAE
Dryops luridus Er., in dyke 5, v. vi; D. ernesti Des Gozis (auricula-
tus (Fowler)), (N.-F.-D.).

LUCANIDAE
Sinodendron cylindricum (L.), the remains of a specimen in birch,
108, xi.

SCARABAEIDAE

Aphodius scybalarius (F.), and A. lividus (Ol.) (N.-F.-D.); A.
fimetarius (L.), under pile of grass cuttings on edge of Copper field
(Gardner), ix.

ELATERIDAE

Melanotus rufipes (Herbst), imagines and larvae under birch bark
and in rotten birch wood, 105, iv; Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.), beating
and sweeping, 79, 80, 92, 93, 94, 104, and 105, vi; Limonius aeruginosus
(Ol.) (N.-F.-D.); Adrastus nitidulus (Marsh.), general sweeping, 79, 80,
92, 93, 94, 104, vi, vii; Agriotes obscurus (L.), in vegetable litter on
Central drove and on Copper field, and by sweeping in 94, 104 and 105,
iv, v, vill; A. pallidulus (Ill.), general sweeping (Gardner), viii; A.
lineatus (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Dalopius marginatus (L.), on hawthorn, and
by general beating and sweeping, also in vegetable litter, throughout
the fen, iv, v, vi, vill; Ctenicera (Corymbites) incanus (Gyll.), general
sweeping of grasses, Central drove and on Copper field, v, vi; Denticollis
linearis (Li.), sweeping on Central drove, vi.

HELODIDAE

Microcara testacea (L.) (H.F.F.); M. bohemanni (Mann.) and Cyphon
coarctatus Payk. (N.-F.-D.); C. paykulli Guér., by sweeping and by
beating throughout the fen, vi, viii; C. variabilis (Thunb.), sweeping
on Central drove, vi; C. ochraceus Steph. and C. padi (L.) (N.-F.-D.).

112

CANTHARIDAE

Silis ruficollis (F.), general sweeping throughout the fen, vi;
Cantharis livida L., sweeping in 93 and 94, vi; CU. pellucida F., general
sweeping on Central drove, v; U. nigricans (Miill.), beating and sweeping
on Central drove and drove 9, and in 94, vi; U. rufa L., sweeping in 94,
vi; CU. figurata Mann. (N.-F.-D.); C. pallida Goeze, beating and sweeping
on Central drove, on Copper field, in 80, and along the Gt. Raveley drain,
vi, vili; (. fulvicollis F., sweeping in 93, vi; CU. thoracica (Ol.), (bicolor
Herbst), general sweeping along the Gt. Raveley drain, and in 92 and 93,
vi; Metacantharis clypeata (Ill.) (haemorrhoidalis (F.)), general beating
and sweeping throughout the fen, v, vi; Rhagonycha. fulva (Scop.), very
common on all vegetation throughout the fen, vii, viii; R. testacea (L.),
sweeping on Central drove, along the Gt. Raveley drain, and in 80, 93,
94, and 104, vi; R. limbata Thoms., sweeping in 93, vi; R. lignosa
(Mill.) and Malthodes marginatus (Lat.) (N.-F.-D.); M. fuscus (Waltl),
a single example beaten from oak on Central drove (80), vi;

MaLACHIIDAE

Axinotarsus ruficollis (Ol.), sweeping in 93, vi; Anthocomus rufus
(Herbst), sweeping, it occurs mostly on Umbelliferae, 80, 93, 94, and
on Copper field, vii, vill, ix; A. fasciatus (L.), sweeping reed in 104
(Gardner), viil.

DASYTIDAE
Dasytes plumbeus (Miill.), two examples swept in 94, vi; D. puncti-
collis Reitt., a single example swept in 94, vi.

CLERIDAE
Thanasimus formicarius (l.) (N.-F.-D.).

ANOBIIDAE

Anobium fulvicorne Sturm. (N.-F.-D.); Stegobium paniceum (L.),
a single example swept in 94, this is usually found in stored food pro-
ducts, but it does from time to time turn up in such unlikely places as
this, viii; Ptilinus pectinicornis (L.), beating in 93, vi.

CIIDAE

Cis bilamellatus Fowler, in Polyporus betulinus Fr., chiefly at the
south end of the fen, does occur elsewhere, iv, vill; CU. bidentatus (Ol.),
in Polyporus betulinus Fr., in 108, x; Enearthron affine (Gyll.), in
fungus on fallen trunk in 105, iv; Rhopalodontus fronticornis (Panz.)
ia fungus (Gardner). iv.

CERAMBYCIDAE

Aromia moschata (L.) (N.-F.-D.), Gordon Mason says it used to occur
in large numbers but he has not seen it for several years, however, Dr.
Duffey saw an example in 1961; Clytus arietis (L.), a single example on
hawthorn blossom, 105; v; Rhagium mordax (Deg.), under birch bark,
108, x, x1; Strangalia maculata (Poda), sweeping on Central drove, drove

113

4, and in 94, vi, vii; Aygupanthia villusoviridescens (Deg.), on Marsh
Thistle, on Central drove, drove 7, along the Gt. Raveley drain, and in
94 and 104, v, vi, vii; Saperda carcharias (L.) (N.-F.-D.); S. populnea
(L.), 2 examples beaten from sallow (H. D. Swain), vi.

CHRYSOMELIDAE

Lema cyanella (L.) (puncticollis Curt.), and L. lichenis Voet,
(H.-F.-D.); L. melanopa (L.), sweeping in 92 and 93, and in vegetable
litter on Copper field, on Central drove and droves 5 and 8, iii, iv, vi,
viii; Cryptocephalus moraei (L.), swept from Marsh Thistle at south end
of Central drove (Gardner), vii; C. pusillus F., sweeping on drove 5, ix;
C. labiatus (L.), sweeping in Copper field and in 93, vi, Vili, ix; Chryso-
lina polita (L.), sweeping and in vegetable litter, on Copper field,
Central drove and drove 5, iii, v, vi, x, xi; C. varians (Schall.), a single
example in vegetable litter, 108, iv; C. graminis (L.), sweeping Water
Mint, on Copper field, 93 and 94, vi, viii, ix; C. menthastri (Suff.),
swept, 94, vii; C. fastwosa (Scop.), C. brunsvicensis (Grav.) and C.
hyperici (Forst.) (N.-F.-D.); C. staphylea (l.), swept in 92 (Gardner),
ix; Phytodecta decemnotata (Marsh.) (rufipes (Deg.)) and Gustrophysa
viridula (Deg.), (N.-F.-D.); Phaedon cochleariae (F.), sweeping on
Central drove, ix; P. tumidulus (Germ.), in vegetable litter on Copper
field (Gardner), ix; Hydrothassa marginella (L.) and Prasocuris
phellandrii (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata (L.), swept in
94, vi; Luperus longicornis (F.) (N.-F.-D.); Lochmaea crataegi (Forst.),
beaten from hawthorn not yet in bloom on Central drove, v; Galerucella
viburni (Payk.), beaten on drove 5 and swept on new path across 93,
vill, ix; G. grisescens (Joan.), swept on new path across 93, v, vill; G.
lineola (F.), on Copper field (Gardner), v; G. calmariensis (L.), on
sallow on drove 5 and on Central drove, v, vill, ix; G. tenella (L.),
general sweeping throughout the fen, v, vii, vili, ix; G@. pusilla (Dufts.),
by sweeping and in vegetable litter, very common throughout the fen,
iv, Vv, vi, vill, vill, ix; Sermylassa (Sermyla) halensis (.), general
sweeping, on Central drove, in Copper field and in 94, viii; Longitarsus
obliteratus (Rosen.), sweeping and in vegetable litter on Central drove,
ix; DL. brunneus (Dufts.) (castaneus Foud. nec Dufts.), in vegetable
litter on Copper field, ix, xi; L. luridus (Scop.), sweeping and in vege-
table litter, 94, 95, 104 and 105, and on Copper field, ili, viii, ix, x; LD.
rubiginosus (Foud.), on Convolvulus sp., 93, Copper field and drove 5,
viii, ix, x; LD. suturellus (Duft.) (H. F. F.); ZL. exvoletus (L.), a single
example swept on Copper field, viii; Z. membranaceus (Foud.), sweeping
drove 5, ix; L. curtus (All.), a single example swept on drove 5, ix;
LL. succineus (Foud.), sweeping on Central drove, ix; Haltica lythri
Aubé, quite common by general sweeping on Central drove, drove 7,
along the Gt. Raveley drain and in 93, vi; H. pusilla Dufts., sweeping
mainly irises, 94, iv; Phyllotreta vittula Redt., sweeping on Copper
field and in 95, vii, ix; P. undulata Kuts., sweeping Cruciferae, 93, v;
P. nemorum (L.) (N.-F.-D.); P. flexuosa (Ill.) (sinuata Redt. nec
(Steph.)) (N.-F.-D.); Aphthona lutescens (Gyll.), quite common, general

114

sweeping and sometimes occurs in vegetable litter, throughout the fen,
iii, iv, v, vi, vill, villi, ix; A. coerulea (Geof.), on Iris pseudacorus L.
wherever they occur, vi, vili, ix; A. venustula Kuts., sweeping in 93, vi;
Sphaeroderma rubidum Graéls, on thistle in Copper field, vili; SN.
testaceum (F.), on thistles, on Central drove, and in 93, 94, 104 and 105,
viii; Lythraria salicariae (Payk), usually by sweeping but sometimes in
vegetable litter, on Copper field, Central drove, and in 92, 93, 94, 95,
104 and 105, iii, v, vi, vili, ix; Ochrosis ventralis (Ill.), sweeping
(Gardner), v; Crepidodera transversa (Marsh.), sweeping thistles, 80,
93, 94 and 104, vi; C. ferruginea (Scop.), sweeping thistles, 94, 95, 104
and 105, viii; Chalcoides aurea (Geof.), on aspens and sallows, 93 and 94,
v, vii; U. plutus (Lat.), on sallow, on Central drove and drove 5, vi; C.
fulvicornis (F.), on sallows and aspens, on Central drove, drove 5, and in
93 and 94, v, vill; Epitrix pubescens (Koch), a single example on Woody
Nightshade in 80, vi, it has also been taken by Dr. Massee, viii;
Chaetocnema concinna (Marsh.), sweeping on Copper field, viii;
Psylliodes attenuata (Koch), sweeping on Central drove, ix; P. sophiae
Heikertinger (cyanoptera auctt. nec (Ill.)) (N.-F.-D.); P. affinis
(Payk.), sweeping in 94, vi, viii; P. cuprea (Koch) (N.-F.-D.); P.
luteola (Miill.), taken by Dr. Massee, viii; P. picina (Marsh.), not un-
common by sweeping and in vegetable litter, on Central drove, in
Copper field, and in 94, 95, 104 and 105, 111, vi, vii, vill, ix, xi; Cassida
flaveola. Thunb., a single example swept in 92, and Mr. Gardner also has
it from the Copper field, vi, vu, viii; C. viridis L., on Mentha in 94, vi,
vii; C. rubiginosa Miill., on thistle, but not nearly so common as in
some other localities, also in vegetable litter, on Copper field and in 93,
vil, xi; CO. vibex L., sweeping on Copper field (Gardner), x.

LAGRIIDAE
Lagria hirta (L.), an example was swept in 93, viii.

TETRATOMIDAE

Tetratoma fungorum F., in Polyporus betulinus Fr., in 105 and 108,
x

PyYROCHROIDAE

Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scop.), a single example swept on Central
drove, v.

SorAPTIIDAE

Anaspis frontalis (L.), usually on hawthorn blossom, but sometimes
by general sweeping, drove 9, Stewart’s drove, and in 93, 94, 104, 105
and 107, v, vi; A. regimbarti Schils., usually on hawthorn blossom but
has also been obtained by general sweeping, 105 and 107, vi; A. lurida
Steph. (subtestacea Steph.), sweeping in Copper field (Gardner), vii; A.
maculata Geof., on hawthorn blossom, in 105 and 107, v, vi.

115

ANTHICIDAE
Anthicus floralis (1..), in vegetable litter on Central drove and in
Copper field, viii, x.

ADERIDAE
Aderus populnea (Panz), in partly decayed birch trunk (Crowson
in litt. to Dr. Duffey).

ANTHRIBIDAE

Platystomos albinus (L.), a single example was taken by Mr. Gardner
on a sugaring post at the junction of drove 5 and Central drove in the
late afternoon, vii. The species occurs in the fungus Daldinia concentrica
Ces. & de Not, but none has been noticed in the fen. However, the
species is known to occur in Monks Wood which is a comparatively short
distance away as the crow flies.

CURCULIONIDAE

Caenorrhinus aequatus (L.), on hawthorn, on Central drove and in
105 and 107, v; C. aeneovirens (Marsh.), beaten from birch in 108, vi;
C. germanicus (Herbst), beaten from oak and hawthorn, and by sweep-
ing, Central drove, in Copper field and in 104, 105 and 107, v, vi, viii,
it has also been taken in vegetable litter (Gardner), iii; C. nanus
(Payk.), sweeping in 94, vi; Deporaus betulae (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Apion
assimile Kirby, in vegetable litter on Central drove, viii; A. urticariwm
(Herbst), on nettles just inside the fen entrance on drove 5, vi; A.
rufirostre (F.), sweeping in 94, vi; A. viciae (Payk.), sweeping in the
open places in the fen, vi; A. dichrowm Bedel (flavipes (Payk.)), in
vegetable litter on Central drove, x; A. nigritarse Kirby (N.-F.-D.);
A. carduorum Kirby, on thistles throughout the fen, vii; A. pisi F., in
vegetable litter on Central drove, iv; A. striatum Kirby, in vegetable
litter on Central drove, vili; A. spencii Kirby, sweeping vetches in Cop-
per field, vii, viii, ix; A. voraxw Herbst, sweeping in 108, vi, vii; A.
simile Kirby, on birch (Massee), viii; A. violacewm Kirby (N.-F.-D.); A.
curtirostre Germ., sweeping in 93, 94, 104 and 105, viii; Otiorrhynchus
desertus Rosen., in Copper field (Gardner), viii; Strophosomus melano-
grammus (Forster), beaten from oak and birch on Central drove and on
drove 2, v, x; Barypithes araneiformis (Schr.), very common in vegetable
litter on occasions, mainly on Central drove, v, vii, viii; Sciaphilus
asperatus (Bons.), common in vegetable litter on Central drove and in
Copper field, viii, ix, xi; Polydrusus pterygomalis Boh., general beating
throughout the fen, v, vi; P. cervinus (L.), general beating and
occasionally sweeping, along drove 5 and in 92, and 93, vi; Phyllobius
oblongus (L.), beaten from hawthorn blossom, 105, v; P. pomaceus Gyll.
(urticae (Deg.)), on nettles wherever they occur in the fen, v, vi; P.
pyri (L.) general beating, Central drove, droves 5 and 7, and along the
Gt. Raveley drain; P. virideaeris (Laich). (pomonae (Ol.)), general beat-
ing, Central drove and drove 7, vi; P. parvulus (Ol.) (virideaeris auct.
Brit.), (Gardner), vi; Sitona regensteinensis (Herbst), (N.-F.-D.); S.
striatellus Gyll. (tibialis (Herbst)), in vegetable litter on Copper field,

116

iv; S. humeralis Steph., sweeping in 92 and 93, vi; S. lineatus (L.),
general sweeping and in vegetable litter, on Central drove, droves 3 and
5, and in the Copper field, 92, 93, 94, 104 and 105, iii, vi, vil, vill, ix, x,
xi; S. sulcifrons (Thunb.) (Gardner), viii; S. suturalis Steph., in vege-
table litter on Copper field, xi; Phytonomus rumicis (L.) (N.-F.-D.); P.
arator (L.), on Copper field (Gardner), ix; P. fuscocinereus (Marsh.)
(murinus (F.)), and Iixus paraplecticus (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Rhynchaenus
rusci (Herbst), on birch, 105 and 107, viii; R. salicis (L.), on sallows but
is occasionally swept, drove 2 and in 93, v, vi, vii, vill; Ramphus puli-
carius (Herbst), on sallows in 92 and 93, viii; Notaris scirpi (F.), in
vegetable litter on Central drove, ix; N. acridulus (l.), in vegetable
litter on Central drove, and in 92, ii, viii, ix, x; Dorytomus
longimanus (Forst.), and D. melanophthalmus (Payk.) (N.-F.-D.); D.
rufatus (Bed.) (rufulus Bed.), quite common on sallows along drove 5,
vill, ix; Tanysphyrus lemnae (Payk.) (N.-F.-D.); Miccotrogus picirostris
(F.), in vegetable litter on Central drove, in Copper field and in 104, v,
villi, ix; Gymnetron antirrhini (Payk), a single example in an odd plant
of Linaria vulgaris Mill., in 105, viii; Mecinus pyraster (Herbst)
(H.F.F.); Anthonomus inversus Bedel, on hawthorn blossom drove 9,
v; A. pedicularius (L.), a single example beaten from hawthorn not yet
in bloom on Central drove, it is also recorded by Fryer (1914, Ent. mon.
Mag., 25: 111), v; A. rubit (Herbst) sweeping, 94 and 104, vi;
Nanophyes marmoratus (Goeze), is extremely abundant on Lythrum
salicaria L. wherever it occurs particularly in the Copper field, vi, vii,
vill; Stenocarus fuliginosus Marsh., on Copper field (Gardner), ix;
Cryptorhynchidius lapathi (L.) (N.-F.-D.); Cidnorrhinus quadrimacu-
latus (L.), very common on nettles wherever they occur, v, vi, viii;
Poophagus sisymbrii (F.) (N.-F.-D.); Ceuthorhynchus assimilis (Payk.),
on Cruciferae in 92, v; C. erysimi (F) (N.-F.-D.); ©. contractus
(Marsh.), on Cruciferae in 92, v; C. timidus Weise (N.-F.-D.); (€.
quadridens (Panz.), sweeping in 94, but a single example was obtained
in vegetable litter on Copper field, vii, viii, x; C. viduatus (Gyll.), on
Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosestrife), and a few odd specimens in
vegetable litter on Copper field, this insect is usually recorded from
Stachys palustris L. (Marsh Woundwort), and though this plant occurs
almost as commonly in the Copper field as ZL. salicaria the beetle was
most definitely swept from ZL. salicaria, vii, viii, ix; C. rapae Gyll. and
C. punctiger Gyll. (N.-F.-D.); C. melanostictus (Marsh.) H.F.F.); C.
asperifoliarium (Gyll.) (Massee), viii; C. chrysanthemi Germ. (H.F.F.);
C. litura (F.), C. floralis (Payk.), C. pyrrorhynchus (Marsh.) and
Amalus scortillum (Herbst) (haemorrhous (Herbst)) (N.-F.-D.);
Rhinoncus pericarpius (L.), on Rumex, in Copper field, vii; R. incon-
spectus (Herbst) (gramineus (F.)), R. perpendicularis (Reich.) and R.
castor (F.) (N.-F.-D.); Phytobius quadrituberculatus (F.) (H.F.F.);
Curculio (s.gen. Curculio) rubidus Gyll., on birch (Massee); (C. (s.gen.
Balanobius) salicivorus Payk., on sallow on drove 9, v; Magdalis barbi-
cornis Lat., swept off Rosaceae on Central drove (Gardner), viii; M.
ruficornis L., swept on Copper field (Gardner), viii.

ne?

COLEOPTERA FROM THE VICINITY OF THE FEN.

A certain amount of sweeping has been done walking from the
parked car at the bottom of Ramsey Heights to the fen gate and whilst
most of the species thus taken have also occurred inside the fen there
are several which as yet have not been found beyond the fen gate. These
are listed below as a matter of interest.

With one exception these have been recorded by Mr. A. E. Gardner.

CHRYSOMELIDAE
Podagrica fuscicornis L., swept off Malva sp., vii, vill.

CISTELIDAE
Isomira murina L., beaten from cultivated rose, vi.

CURCULIONIDAE

Apion malvae F., swept from Malva sp., viii; A. aenewm F., swept
from Malva sp., viii; A. radiolus Kirby, swept from Malva sp., viii;
rymnetron collinum Gyll., swept from Linaria vulgaris Mill, viii;
Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis Payk., swept from Sisymbriwm officinale
(L.) Seop., vii, viii.

ScoLYTIDAE
Hylesinus frarini Panz., flew onto roof of car in the village, iv;
Pteleobius vittatus (F.), also flew onto roof of car in the village, iv.

118

FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON SOME WEST AFRICAN HYMENOPTERA
By B. J. MacoNvutty

Whilst stationed in Nigeria, West Africa, I made, over a period of
four and a half years from 1954-1958, a number of casual observations
on the behaviour of some indigenous Hymenoptera; in two instances I
was able to observe the behaviour in more detail and over a longer
period. In the present state of our knowledge of West African Hymen-
optera it seems that these observations may be worth recording. Where
close observation was possible I have decided to quote my complete
notes, rather than selected portions or the conclusions drawn from
them, since it is the original observations that are of prime importance.
They have, however, been rewritten in parts to render them in recog-
nisable English.

The Hymenoptera have been named by Dr. I. H. A. Yarrow, of the
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), to whom my
thanks are due. The identifications are, in some instances, provisional,
as it is understood that the nomenclature is in urgent need of revision;
these instances I have indicated in the text by an asterisk.

Hemipepsis species

This dull, metallic blue wasp can often be seen in Kano, hawking
low over the ground in a rapid zig-zag flight. At a brisk trot it can
be followed for about 30 yards, after which it is usually too far ahead
to be kept in sight. On one occasion, however, I was fortunate enough
to see one of these wasps drop to the ground about 15 yards from me.
For a few moments this wasp seemed to search at random around the
point at which it had alighted, and then it clearly recognised some
sign, for it started to move slowly forward with quivering antennae.
Suddenly, a trapdoor spider sprang half out of its hole almost on the
wasp’s head. The wasp withdrew rapidly and then came forward again
quickly. This was repeated two or three times until the wasp was in a
position to be firmly grabbed by the spider’s legs whilst remaining out
of reach of its jaws. As the spider attempted to seize the wasp, it was
suddenly jerked out of the hole and flung over the wasp’s head so that
the wasp was left between the spider and the hole. This happened so
quickly that it was not possible to see whether the wasp actually grasped
any part of the spider. The spider tried desperately to return to the
hole but the wasp rolled it on to its back and paralysed it without
difficulty.

The spider was dragged back to the hole and left at the side whilst
the wasp proceeded to clean and further excavate the hole bringing
several loads of earth to the surface. After ten minutes, the wasp took
the spider below ground and remained there for an hour and a half

119

before returning to the surface. Subsequently, the spider was dug out
of the ground from a depth of between four and five inches, and the
wasp’s egg was found to be laid on the abdomen. The spider has since
been identified as Lycosa (Hogna) sp., near spencesi Pocock, it is a
female and, unfortunately, immature.

Sceliphron spirifex L.

A bright black and yellow wasp which is one of the commonest
solitary Hymenoptera in West Africa. It frequents dwelling houses
and I cannot recollect having seen its cells anywhere else. It prefers
a dark corner and rough stone walls for its cells, although it will use
wood or any other substrate where necessary; groups of cells have been
found in cupboards and even in drawers. The narrow cells which are
about 20 mm. long, two-thirds the length of the adult insect, are
arranged in rows, the longer side of each cell adhering to the side of the
next cell, but each one having a separate wall; they are built of mud,
usually containing a high proportion of sand. Rows contain about 10
to 15 cells on an average, but I have seen as many as 30.

When making the cells, the wasp brings a ball of mud held in its
front legs to the spot selected. On alighting, it works the mud with
its mandibles and then begins to beat its wings furiously, producing
a high pitched whine whilst it works the mud into the walls of the cell.
It appears to take the mud into its mouth, add a liquid, and work
the mixture into a cell wall with its mandibles. The extremely rapid
wing-beat and the whine always accompany the making of the cell
wall. Whether the whining noise is entirely due to the rapid wing-beat,
or partially or entirely to some other organ, is not known. The cells
are filled with small spiders, and usually contain between 50 and 60,
apparently of several species.

The mud used for cell building is collected from suitable puddles or
stream banks; whilst collecting the mud, the same high-pitched whine is
emitted as in cell building.

Synagris calida L.

This easily recognised black wasp with the bright red tail is also
common throughout Nigeria. It is parasitic on more than one species
of lepidopterous larvae but in the cells I opened, pyralid larvae were
commoner than those of other families. The larval cell is approximately
10 mm. x 35 mm., which is slightly bigger than the dimensions of a
cylinder needed to enclose the adult wasp minus the wings, is built from
mud, and is situated in as dark a place as the wasp can find. Except
for needing a dark place, the insect does not seem to mind where it
makes its cells, and dwelling-places and their surroundings frequently
provide suitable cover. I have found cells, which are usually built singly,
in old discarded metal ammunition boxes, under steel cylinders stacked
lengthways on the ground, on the steel with the top just touching the
earth, on walls inside a windowless hut, and on articles stored therein,
under house roofs, access being obtained through ventilation grills inside

120

the house, and on the backs of furniture stood close to the wall. The
wasp is not aggressive and can be readily observed in suitable places
though usually the situation of the cells makes viewing difficult.

Like the previous species this wasp vibrates its wings and emits a
high-pitched hum whilst actually building the cell wall. The cell is
built section by section, building starting, from bottom end.

Rynchium marginellus F.

This dark red-brown wasp with bright yellow markings down the
sides of the abdomen and thorax is one of a number of closely related
species distinguished by differences of the yellow marking and genitalia.
The nomenclature is somewhat confused and little is known about the
true distribution of the individual species. Specimens taken from
northern and southern Nigeria proved to be different species, the
present being that occurring in the south.

IT had often observed this wasp hawking over low-growing plants.
particularly Dissotis rotundifolia (see Hutchinson & Dalziel; Colonial
Office, 1928); it may be that the wasp shows up well against this plant
rather than that it is particularly addicted to it. On one occasion I
noted one of these wasps excavating a hole in the ground but, at the
time, I was not able to watch it for more than five minutes.

One afternoon towards the end of my stay I noticed one of these
wasps, bearing a large green pyralid larva between its legs, hovering
over a hole in the window frame. I will now quote directly from my
notes made at the time:

14.30+ The wasp was observed approaching the hole bearing a green
larva (probably a pyrale) between its legs. It dragged the larva
into the hole and pushed it roughly into position curved round
the circumference of the hole. At this point I made a movement
which disturbed the wasp and it flew off.

14.40 No sign of the wasp returning; broke off observation.

15.06 The wasp was back at the hole. It was obvious that at least one
more larva had been added. The wasp kept moving around in the
hole, stopping at intervals and pressing inwards with its abdomen.
Was it egg laying or just on guard?

15.17 The wasp had now been quite still, facing the opening for more
than five minutes. I moved closer to try to see what was happen-
ing. The wasp flew off. The larvae in the cell had been pressed
into a compact mass.

15.30 The wasp returned with a mud ball. This it worked round the
sides of the hole close to larvae.

15.33 The wasp flew off.

15.37 The wasp returned with more mud which it worked all round
side of hole gradually closing a cap over the cell.

15.39 The wasp departed.

15.43 The wasp returned with fresh mud, which it worked into the cap
on the cell.

15.50 The wasp departed.

+All times given are Nigerian time.

PHOG Ss Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc... 1964.

Plate VII.

Belonagaster junceus ¥.

Kohl. 3. Sceriphron spirifexr L. 4

dubius

Belonogaster

9

L.

calida

Synagris

1

121

15.54 The wasp returned with more mud. Last trip?

15.56 The cell was now completely closed, but the wasp continued to
add mud round edges and over the surface of the cell.

16.03 The wasp left and had not returned by 17.00. The sealed surface
of the cell appears to be white and not at all mud-like.

Two days later I opened up the cell and removed the contents. The
cell contained nine lepidopterous larvae all of the same species and
one minute wasp grub. Surprisingly, there was a second cell behind
the first one; it contained four lepidopterous larvae apparently of the
same species as in the first cell and a grub about half grown. The
contents of each cell were transferred to a small test tube and sealed
with a cork and blotting paper. The larger grub died within two days.
The second grub survived for five days and then died of a fungus
attack; it then appeared to be about half grown. Thus, assuming that
growth was normal during the whole period and that the fungus attack
was rapid, the maximum period of the larval instar would be about ten
days.

Belonogaster dubius Kohl.*

A large grey wasp whose nest is attached to a branch of a tree. Most
of the nests I have seen have been attached to Casuarina trees, and
always towards the ends of the branches. As the nests are usually
attached to branches that are frail and whip easily in the wind, it
seems likely that they are so sited that no matter how the branches
sway, the nest will not be swept away by contact with a nearby branch.

It was possible to observe a nest of this wasp almost daily for five
weeks, sometimes for many hours at a time, and intermittently there-
after. A fairly complete picture of the growth of a colony was made.
All stages, except the first starting, of the nest were observed.

The nest is usually built 20-30 or more feet from the ground but in
the present instance it was only six feet six inches from the ground,
at the end of a long Casuarina branch clear of all obstructions over-
hanging a little used bunker on the local golf course. The original
notes are quoted below, the only alterations made being those neces-
sary to render them in reasonable English. Any explanations added
during the preparation of this paper are shown in square brackets.
When observations become intermitted, notes are separated by a broken
rule.

Ist August 1954.

Nest first seen. It consists of two main cells with one, possibly
two, subsidiary cells, and a base for many more (see Figs. 1 and 2).
[The nest consists of a flat plate suspended on a loop of papier
mache like ribbon attached at its centre to a thin stiff short black
cylindrical stalk which is itself stuck very strongly to the

122

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123

branch (Fig. 1). On the underside of the flat plates are the
foundations of 20-30 cells (Fig. 2). These are extremely shallow
and are not touched until an egg has been laid in them and the
grub has hatched. As the grub grows, so the cell is enlarged by
building up the side walls. The final length of the cell being
about 3cms. The cells originally described as ‘‘main’’ were nearly
full length; those described as subsidiary had only been slightly
extended.

The base of the nest was completely laid down when nest was
found, and was not subsequently altered except on one occasion
—see notes for September 16th and October 10th. ]

Two wasps were on the nest settled on the two large cells;
one of them was regurgitating a fluid and using it to make a
sort of papier-maché with which it lengthened the largest of the
cells.

2nd August.

10.15

10.25
10.40

10.45

11.15

11.37

12.10

14.40

There were two wasps on nest, one resting, the other feeding
grubs by regurgitation. The feeding fluid has the same appear-
ance as that used for making cells.

One wasp departed.

A wasp arrived at nest carrying a ball of semi-solid paste which
looked a little like honey. The paste was chewed and worked
with the mandibles and fed quickly to the grubs.

A third wasp arrived carrying what appeared to be a dumb-
bell of waxy honey. This it shared with the one that had never
left the nest. Both chewed and ate this; the wasp that had
brought the food back regurgitated and started to feed the
largest grub. After a while the smallest grubs were fed (those
in cells 3 and 4). The grubs were excited by the wasp which
trembled all over its body and tickled the larval head with its
forelegs. At this stimulation, the larva extends its head eagerly.
The larva is white and shapeless, with a yellow plate on front
dorsal surface and a slit-like mouth (Fig. 3).

The feeding of the grubs was continuing, but was slow and inter-
mittent. By this time it was found possible to distinguish between
the three wasps.

The wasp that had not previously left the nest (Wasp A), flew off.
This wasp had taken no part in feeding the grubs, but appeared
to act as a guard and to remove excrement from the end of the
cells.

A large, clear, white, semi-transparent cap, not opaque like the
rest of the cell, nor so thick, has been spun over the end of the
largest cell. There is a large hole toward the base of the cell.
The grub in this cell received the most food this morning. Two

14.43
14.48
14.50
14.53
14.54
14.56

14.58

15.25

124

wasps present (A and B). One is on guard (A), the other is ex-
tending the sides of cell 2.
Wasp B stopped work. Cells 3 and 4 have both been extended.
Wasp C arrived carrying small amount of wax (?) in its man-
dibles. It at once started using this wax-like material to extend
the sides of cells 2, 3 and 4. (Fig. 4 shows plan of cells).
Guard Wasp A, which till now had been resting quietly on top
of the largest cell, flew off.
Wasp C stopped extending the cells and rested.
First Wasp B then Wasp C fed the grub in cell 2.
Both Wasps (B, C) resting. The grub in cell 2 keeps extending
its head from the cell as if expecting to be fed.
Wasp B left. Wasp C regurgitated and fed grubs in cells 2, 3,
4 and 5. The grub in cell 1 is very active and keeps coming right
down into the cap. It appears to still want to feed, but is sealed
off. Is a Queen made by further feeding? Wasp C is now acting
as guard, and gives a lot of attention to cell 1, continually crawl-
ing over it and tapping it with the antennae.

I touched one of the cells with a pencil point. The wasp faced
the pencil point and froze in a threatening attitude.
Wasp B returned, and immediately started to strengthen the cap
on cell No. 1, in which the grub seems to have swollen so as to
entirely fill cell. The strengthening is put on in the form of
darker threads on the white cap. I am rather close to the nest.
Both wasps (B and C), are uneasy, and appear to check on
each others’ identity frequently.

0 Both wasps resting.
22 One wasp stroked its back vigorously with rear legs, then fed

the grub in cell 2 by regurgitation, then tried at cell 1—then
returned to cell 2. The other removed waste products from the
cell, working all round edge of grub with the mandibles—[some-
times a small hole is cut near the base of the cell and the rear
end cleaned up. ]

Observation ended by heavy rain.

3rd August.

12.50

16.05

17.25
17.35
18.00

Wasps B and C present. Cell 2 is complete and should be closed
by this time to-morrow. One wasp is on guard, the other is
starting to extend fresh cells. It regurgitated a black ball which
it used for building. The capped cell (No. 1), is all marked with
strengthening lines which appear brownish; there is still a large
hole near the base.

Wasps B and C present. The hole near the base of No. 1 cell
has been sealed up since the previous observation at 12.50.

One wasp, B, present.

Wasp C returned. Both wasps quiet.

Still only two wasps present, both resting.

125

4th August.

12.55 All three wasps, A, B and C, present. All were very wary;
although all were in the rest position when I approached, they
took up defensive attitude immediately the branch was touched.

After the branch had been touched several times, Wasp B
ejected two large drops of regurgitated liquid which fell to
ground.

13.05 All are quiet and resting.

5th August.

12.55 Cell No. 2 is capped. The grubs in cells 3 and 4 are about half
grown; that in cell No. 5 a quarter grown. The rest are only
very slightly developed.

17.15 All three wasps present, two at rest, one on guard.

17.20 One wasp left nest and went round tall reed-like grasses collecting
what looked like very small bits of resinous matter at grass nodes.
Stayed hardly more than 2-3 seconds at each node.

17.25 The wasp returned to nest. All rested.

6th August.

12.50 Very dull day. Only Wasps B and C present. Hardly any
activity.

7th August.

14.30 Very bright afternoon. All three wasps present feeding grubs by
regurgitation. Very busy all day, working at general strengthen-
ing of the nest, especially the arch at the top. Wasps were
actively foraging all the afternoon, with usually two wasps at
a time away for periods lasting between 5 and 30 minutes. Only
small amounts of food were brought back each time and the feed-
ing lasted for not more than five minutes on each occasion. This
routine was still being followed at 18.45, when it was almost too
dark to see.

8th August.

10.10 Wasp A is extending cell 3, and may be preparing to cap it. Cell
4 is now nearly full length, and cell 5 is half complete.

10.20 Wasps were alarmed, probably by my close scrutiny. Wasp B
arrived and started to strengthen main stalk support.

10.25 Wasp A fed grubs in all cells with very small amounts of food by
regurgitation.

15.20 Wasp A laid an egg in Cell 6.

15.40 Wasp B arrived with small ball of black stuff, which was well
chewed, then regurgitated and fed to largest grub, that in cell 3.
Wasp A fed grubs in other cells.

16.06

16.12

16.32
16.36

126

Wasp C arrived and fed Wasp A by regurgitation. Wasps A and
C then fed grubs in all cells going from one to another, starting
at cell 6.

Wasp B left.

Wasp C left. Wasp A busily stroked abdomen with legs and
wings for about three minutes. Wings were then pressed against
abdomen and stroked vigorously with legs. Then it went into
the rest position but was still easily alerted.

Wasp B arrived with more black stuff which it chewed and
then fed to some of the grubs by regurgitation. Wasp A fol-
lowed Wasp C round and took some food back from the biggest
grubs.

Wasp C arrived with what looked like a yellow waxy product.
Wasp A took nearly all this at once and swallowed it. Then fed
grubs in smaller cells, beginning with largest of these. (Found
a dead wasp eight feet from nest. It was quite stiff—was this
a stranger that had been killed ?).

Wasp B left the nest.

Wasp B returned with black stuff, with which it extended the
small cells behind cell 5. Cells 3 and 4 are ready for capping.
but the grubs are a bit small.

9th August.

Heavy rain all day.

10th August.

10.05

10.40

10.47

Wasp A present. Cell 3 is freshly capped. This cap was made
much more slowly than first two, the process extending over two
days at least. Cells 4 and 5 are ready for capping.

Wasp B came back to nest with greenish mass in jaws (looks too
stiff for honey). It could be a seed or piece of fruit; the wasp
appears to be injecting saliva into it.

Wasp B fed grubs with green mass; that in cell 5 first, then the
one in cell 4. The food mass now looks like honey with much
pollen and wax.

Wasps A and B resting.

Wasps A and B resting.

Wasp A resting. Three more cells have been extended in the
row behind cells 4 and 5 (see Fig. 4).

Wasp B returned and fed Wasp A with a large ball of dark sub-
stance.

Wasp A fed grub in cell 5 whilst Wasp B rested. During the
resting period wasps clean themselves. They first hold on to nest
with back and centre legs; the forelegs are then used to clean
mandibles, mouth, antennae and head. The wasp then grips cell
with mandibles and holds on with the forelegs whilst using the
other legs to cleanse body and wings. Centre and back legs are
cleaned by rubbing against each other.

127

Fig. |. End on view of nest. Fig. 2. Broadside view of nest.
(numbers indicate approximate positions of
cells eventually developed. Cell | is capped)

yellow

Fig. 3. Showing appearance of larval
head in cell mouth.

Fig. 4. Plan of ceil mouths from below
showing relative positions (not to scale).

128

17.23 Wasp A again fed grub in cell 5 (a single feed lasts usually 30
seconds) and then fed the one ‘in cell 10.

17.25 The grub in cell 5 was fed, and then the one in cell 8. (Was cell
4 missed although looked for?).

17.28 Wasp B fed grubs in cells 4, 5 and 6 by regurgitation and then
left. Wasp A fed grubs in third row of cells (6-10). Cells 1 and 2
(capped) are clearly separate from main block of cells to which
they are joined at top and bottom only.

llth August.

12.23 Wasps A and B at nest. Cell 4 is capped with a layer of pure
white material, which is very thin.

12.24 Wasp C arrived and wasp B left. Wasp C fed the grubs in a few
of the newer cells and then strengthened the cap on cell 4 with a
layer of material which rapidly became yellow.

12.26 Wasp A fed grubs in the smaller cells by regurgitation.

12.27 Wasp C fed grub in cell 5, then the one in cell 11 (which is new).

12.29 Wasp A started to extend bases of fresh cells, thus expanding the
used portion of nest. Wasp B returned with blackish material.
This it chewed for a long time; this material seems to require
more working on than the yellow.

12.35 Grub in cell 10 fed by Wasp C.

12th August.
17.35 Cell 5 has been closed.

13th August.

17.55 Cell 1 has obviously been opened, looked at and resealed. All
three wasps present. Cell 10 is the largest, and the grub therein
the most active. Cells 6-9 are next in order of development,
then cells 11-16.

14th August.

16.00 There are two wasps on nest. Cell 10 is nearly two-thirds com-
plete, and cells 6-9, between one-third and one-half completed.
Cells 11-16 are smaller, but growing rapidly.

15th August.

12.00 Cell 10 is almost complete. Cells 6-9 are half complete. Grubs in
cells 7-8 seem different, being entirely white with no yellow or
black. The front, where the mouth should be, is jellylike. The
grub in cell 8 has a black dot to the right of the mouth; the
grubs appear to be fatter. There is some sign of a faint black
mark on top edge of the grubs where the yellow plate should be.
Cell 1 has a large hole half-way up the side.

16.30 The hole in cell 1 has been resealed. Wasps A and B present.
Grubs in cells 7 and 8 both appear normal. [It is suggested that
this change in appearance, noticed yesterday, marks an ecdysis. ]

129

16th August.

18.45 Wasps A and B present. Cell 10 is nearly complete. Cells 6-9
are well advanced. Cells 11, 14 and 17 are beginning to grow
visibly. All formed cells now have an occupant. The outer row
of seven cells each appear to have an egg. Again there is a
hole in the side of cell 1; a dark object can be discerned through
the cap at the bottom of the cell.

17th August.

17.15 Wasps A and B present. Cell 1 still has a hole in the side.
There is also a small hole in the cap of the cell; a reddish-brown
wasp body can be seen inside. Cells 6-10 are nearly complete.
Cells 11 and 12 have not advanced much. Cells 14 and 17 are
about half complete.

18th August.

17.36 Wasps A and B present. Cell 6 has just been capped; The wasps
are still fussing around it. Cell 1 as yesterday; through the hole
a leg can be seen moving.

19th August.

12.45 The original hole in the side of cell 1 has been enlarged. There
is another hole on the other side of the cell. The hole in the cap
is unchanged. Within the cell a wasp is fully formed, with wings
fully expanded. Wasp A, though resting normally on nest, is
very alert and positively aggressive, tending to fly at any strange
object held near the nest.

12.53 Wasp B arrived carrying a green mass which was nearly all taken
by Wasp A. Wasp A consumed the green stuff and then re-
gurgitated and fed grubs. Cells 7-10 and 14 and 17 are nearly
complete.

20th August.

13.10 A wasp has emerged from Cell 1 (Wasp D). Practically all signs
of the cell have been removed. The newly-hatched wasp is
larger than the others. Cell 9 has large white cap on which Wasp
A is putting strengthening lines. Wasp B arrived and fed grubs
by regurgitation.

17.50 Two wasps at rest. Cell 8 is half capped. No work is being
done. One wasp flew off and rested in the branches of the tree;
it moved around two or three times without apparently doing
anything. Wasp B arrived. Grubs in cells 8 and 10 were very
restless and appeared to want food.

18.23 The wasp resting in tree branches returned to nest.

2ist August.
15.30 Cells 7-10 have all been capped. The largest wasp (D), is on
guard. Cells 14 and 17 have made no progress.

130

15.34 Wasp B arrived and started strengthening caps in cells 7-10.
There is a small hole in cap of cell 2 through which a freshly
hatched wasp can be seen. The eye parts are blackish, whereas
in the emerged adult they are brown.
16.00 Wasp A arrived with black material, this it chewed—but did not
feed grubs.

22nd August.
Very wet. Wasp from Cell 2 emerged and rested quietly on cell.

23rd-24th August.
Too wet to observe nest.

25th August.

13.20 Three wasps, A, B and D, present. Cell 8 is empty. (Did grub
die?)

13.25 Wasp A left nest. All wasps are very busy feeding grubs. Cells
11, 12, 14 and 17 are nearly complete, but others are catching up.
Cells 18-22 are developing fast.

29th August.

Wasps have emerged from cells 3, 4 and 5. That from cell 5 isa
cripple, as wings did not fully expand. Cells 14 and 17 are
capped. There is a hole in the cap of cell 7. (It is no longer
possible to distinguish wasps accurately.)

The grub in cell 16 succeeded in seizing food from a passing
wasp and fed itself.

Cells 18-24 make up fifth row of cells.

3lst August.
No change—there is still a hole in the cap of cell 7. The cripple
is on guard with four other wasps.

2nd September.
The cripple has vanished. Three wasps are on the nest. There
are holes in cells 7 and 10. Cells 12 and 16 are capped.

3rd September.
Cells 6, 7 and 9 have a hole in each. The hole in cell 10 has
been resealed. The grub has vanished from cell 11. Cells 12-17
are all capped. Cells 18-23 are half completed.

4th September.

Cell 11 has been removed. Cell 10 again has a hole in the side
wall. Cells 18-23 are almost complete.

5th September.
Three wasps are at work eating the walls of cell 6 from which a
wasp has just emerged. The hole in cell 10 has been resealed.

131

7th September.
There are three wasps at work. Cell 6 has completely vanished.
A wasp has emerged from cell 9, which has been almost completely
eaten. There is again a hole in the side of cell 10.

8th/15th September inclusive.
Very heavy and continuous rain.

16th September.

Nest has been completely destroyed by rains, only the little
black stalk is left. There is one wasp at rest on a tree stump
close by.

At this point the nest was considered finished and no further
visits were paid until the beginning of October when the site
was visited more or less by accident.

4th October.

The nest had been completely rebuilt on the old stalk. Two cells
are capped and one is ready for capping. There are four wasps
working. There are six cells, about a quarter developed, and
bases for another twenty-five.

7th October.

5.25 One wasp present. There are now three cells capped. Five have
outside walls complete with grubs two-thirds to three-quarters
grown. In four more the grubs are half-grown. The remainder
(about 25) appear to have a very young grub or an egg in them.

5.30 A second wasp arrived.

I was absent on tour until 2nd November. When I visited
the site it was noted that the end of the branch of the Casuarina
tree and the attached nest had vanished. The branch overhung
a bunker on the golf course. What happened seems obvious.

The main observations have been abstracted as a table (Table I)
from which the following conclusions can be drawn. The life cycle
varies between 30 and 41 days from egg to adult. The egg seems to
hatch fairly quickly probably within a day. The cell at the beginning
is so small that as soon as the feeding of the grub begins, the cell walls
are extended also. The time between first feeding or first extension of
cell wall till the time the cell is capped varies from 11 to 22 days,
depending on weather and food supply. In the first part of August
until the 19th, the days were fine and there was little rain, but in the
last 10 days of August and most of September, there was considerable
rain and the opportunity of foraging was thus cut down. The larval
stage took about 11 days in the early part of August, but as long as
22 days during the heavy rains. The pupal period varies from 16 to
19 days, with 18 days as the more usual.

132

It appears that the wasps cut an observation hole in the side of
the cell, four to five days before the emergence of the adult; this hole
seemed to be resealed and re-opened daily. Is this to remove the pupal
skin which might otherwise interfere with the expanding of the wings?

At the time the observations on the nest were made, the food of the
wasps was unknown. Subsequently they were found to prey on the
lepidopterous larva, Olapa travatensis Holland. This larva is gregarious,
black and hairy, and feeds in colonies of up to one hundred individuals
under the leaves of a species of tulip tree. The wasps drag individual
larvae from the colony, slit them up the middle and take out the insides,
leaving the skin almost completely clean. This was undoubtedly the
green or yellowish food brought to the nest. Whether this was the only
larva preyed upon is not known. Certainly food of other colour was
also brought to the nest. There appears to be no difference between
material fed to grubs and material used for building cell walls, the
wasp proceeding from one operation to the other indiscriminately,
apparently using the same semi-liquid material.

The cell walls themselves are deep cream in colour but towards the
bottom usuually have bands of reddish and/or black.

When they are not working, either tending the grubs or extending
the cells, the wasps on the nest adopt three different attitudes, that
of resting, that of guarding, and the alarmed or aggressive attitude. At
rest they lie, usually along a cell, with head towards the top of the
nest, legs bent with body touching the cell, and wings folded over the
back. In the guard position the wasp stands toward the top of the nest,
facing the cell mouths (bottom of nest), wings outstretched so that for-
ward edges are in a single straight line, and wing tips slightly raised
above line of the body. In the aggressive position, the wasp faces the
intruder with body raised as high on the legs as possible, and wings
arched slightly back and raised at an angle of about sixty degrees to
the body. When provoked sufficiently, it will fly at the, aggressor, but
only if other wasps are present at the nest; even so, it does not appear
to attempt to sting, but merely frighten with a show of force.

Belonogaster junceus F.*

This blue-grey wasp has dark smoky wings with a bright steel-blue
reflection. The nest is similar to that of the previous species generally
smaller but whiter, the cell walls being dead white. I have never found
them anywhere but suspended from ceilings of porches or rooms, and only
when these are white; it is difficult to imagine where these nests were
made, prior to the advent of stone buildings in West Africa. As the nests
are high up and thrive mainly in porches attached to public buildings,
it is difficult to make close and frequent observations. As with the
previous species, the nest hangs from a single black stalk, about three-
eighths of an inch in length, attached to the ceiling. The nest is
started by a single wasp working alone, and the stalk takes about three
to four days to complete. A simple base is then made and a single
cell is started; when the grub in this is approximately half-grown, a

133

second is started. The grubs are fed by regurgitation as in the
previous case.

The species preys on web-spinning spiders, whether on a single or
on numerous species is not known. The method of taking the prey
would seem to be highly specialised, and I only saw it take place on one
occasion. The wasp hovered slowly up and down before the spider’s web,
getting closer until it just touched the centre of the web with its fore-
legs or possibly with its antennae. The spider immediately ran from
the hide into the middle of the web where it remained motionless. The
wasp, which had continued to hover up and down before the centre of
the web, plucked the spider bodily from the web using its mandibles
and forelegs. Carrying the spider, it then flew a few feet away to a
suitable grass stem where it alighted and consumed the spider, all ex-
cepting the legs.

This concludes the observations I was able to make. They were
originally intended as the foundation of a more thorough study, but
time was not available. It is hoped that what has been done may
encourage some other entomologist to extend and develop field work on
this group of West African insects, about which we still know so very
little.

134

LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY BUCKLER
PART VI

Compiled and illustrated by G. Haccrtt

Ortholitha mucronata Scopoli Lead-belle.

Although both Lempke (1949, Entomologist, 82: 1) and more recently
Fletcher (1953, Ent. Gaz., 4: 225) have clarified the status of moths
that formerly passed as the one species plumbaria F. (palumbaria
Schiff.) there is much confusion elsewhere in the British literature.
That this still persists is due partly to the contradictory synonymy of
past check-lists, and partly to the inadequacy of material from the wide
ranges covered by both species. In Check-list of British Insects 1945,
p. 105, Kloet and Hincks show plumbaria F., wmbrifera Prout and
palumbaria Schiff. to be synonyms of the one species, mucronata Scop.
According to Cockayne (1940, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1939-40: 59-61) Prout was satisfied that mucronata Scop. and
palumbaria Schiff. were synonyms of plumbaria F. and Cockayne, accept-
ing that decision, recognised wmbrifera Prout as the second species and
proposed scotica Cockayne as a third. Tams and Cockayne followed the
same nomenclature in their treatment of the species in 1941 (A.E.S. 5,
No. 38), still referring to plumbaria as mucronata. Allan (1949 Larval
Foodplants) and Heslop (1947, Indexed Check-list of the Brit. Lep.,
p 16) both show plumbaria and mucronata. to be synonymous, and De
Worms in a summary (1951, Ent. Gaz., 2: 158) does the same. In his
latest attempt (1960, Ent. Gaz., 11: 173), Heslop shows wmbrifera as a
synonym of both mucronata and plumbaria and retains the popular
name of Common Lead-belle for true mucronata—which is unfortun-
ately the less common of the two species; I shall follow Edelsten and use
the name Lead-belle for mucronata.

Mr. D.S. Fletcher succinctly summed up the position in a letter to
me and he has given me leave to quote—‘‘We have two species in
Britain, Ortholitha mucronata Scopoli and O. plumbaria Schiff.; both
species occur widely on the continent of Europe and both display simi-
lar patterns of variation. Not surprisingly both have collected a
considerable number of varietal and aberrational names, some of which
are in use and some are merely synonyms. In Britain the populations
of mucronata occurring in Scotland are known as O. mucronata subsp.
scotica Cockayne: those occurring in the southern half of Britain are
known as O. mucronata subsp. wmbrifera Prout. Scotica was originally
described as a species, but it has now been shown to be merely a form
of mucronata’.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961 PLATE VI/I

Ortholitha mucronata s.sp. umbrifera Prout. Figs. 1-5 from Caernarvonshire
N. Wales and 6-10 from N. Devon.

tae
Mera .
art

135

A good many of the recorded occurrences of these insects cannot be
properly related to one or the other species and still less to the two
forms of mucronata, but in some instances late dates of observation
or capture may reasonably assign the moth to plumbaria. Recent
records of mucronata (since 1945), do mostly refer to plumbaria and
can account for the absence of Irish observations under the latter name.
O plumbaria has the greater tolerance of habitat and thus a commoner
distribution throughout Britain and it can be allocated to several
stations in Ireland, namely Co. Cork, Co. Dublin, Killarney and Tra-
more. OQ. mucronata is more a western and northern species, occupying
the southwest peninsula of England and continuing properly through
Wales, the Isle of Man and the northern English counties to Scotland,
and it is found again in Ireland; the southern insects are recognised as
umbrifera; the Irish, Welsh, northern English and Scottish insects as
scotica, but the variation seen in a long series of scotica will often con-
tain moths of wmbrifera appearance. In addition to the well-known
Scottish localities, O. scotica is recorded from the Isle of Man, Cheshire,
Lancashire and Westmorland, and from Co. Cork, East Tyrone and Co.
Donegal in Ireland, and from several counties in N. Wales; doubt has
been cast on the precise identity of moths from some of these Welsh
localities owing to the slender distinctions between scotica and
umbrifera but that they conform to mucronata is not questioned. My
long series bred from Capel Curig larvae can be made to answer to
both! but on larval evidence they would agree more with umbrifera.

Throughout their ranges, and both species may occupy the same
ground, moths of mucronata emerge earlier in the year than do those
of plumbaria but the latter has a much longer period of emergence that
may extend from June to August. So a moth caught in July or later
will certainly be plumbaria, and one taken in May will surely be
mucronata, but those taken in June may be of either species. Even
then it is doubtful if the two species actually overlap emergence; in
Devonshire I found wmbrifera over by the first week of June with
plumbaria emerging later that month. The Scottish mucronata fly in
late May to mid-June and plumbaria appears there in July. Cockayne
recorded (1941) that larvae of both species hibernated but that
umbrifera became fully-fed at the end of March. It is now well
established that larvae collected during the autumn produce mucronata
and that larvae found in April and May prove to be plumbaria. Mr.
Austin Richardson has found larvae of uwmbrifera until March in the
Forest of Dean locality, first recorded by him in 1940 (Entomologist,
7a TID),

The moths of both mucronata and plumbaria are so variable that
while some specimens can be correctly identified by the colour or pattern,
a good many others cannot; it is the plumbaria varieties that may
assume the characters that usually distinguish mucronata and not the
other way round, and this accounts for the inaccurate records of
mucronata from the south-east and east of England. So far as Britain
is concerned, the dark forms of mucronata appear to occur only in the

136

Scottish populations, and this occurrence of dark moths and dark larvae
in Scotland only does lend support to the case for recognising the
Scotch race to be specifically distinct, but there remains otherwise a
total lack of morphological and biological evidence. The fact also that
food and times of appearance agree so closely with mucronata from
Wales and the south of England argues against long isolation of the
Scotch (and Irish) populations. That plumbaria and mucronata have
independent origin and history is not in question.

Perhaps the most outstanding problem to be solved in Britain is
the isolated occurrences late in the last century of mucronata-umbrifera
in South Essex, especially as one of the few preserved specimens is
Prout’s type of wmbrifera. There appear to be only six specimens
extant, all of them in the National collections, data as follows : —

At South Kensington 1. type female, L. B. Prout, Epping Forest,
near Loughton, 9.v.1896.
Nord iat dfeAite iceman he, ecw 2. Two specimens, labelled Epping Forest,
12.v.1896; from Prout’s collection.
2. Two specimens, labelled Loughton, May
1895.
1. One specimen, labelled Epping Forest,
4.v.1884.

D. S. Fletcher has been good enough to examine the diary of L. B.
Prout and he confirms entries there relating to the three specimens
caught by Prout in 1896. I have been most anxious to trace reputed
specimens of mucronata from other localities in south-eastern England,
but in all instances where Mr. Fletcher has examined the genitalia of
such specimens he has found them to be plumbaria. We have also
checked on the Loughton, June, specimens in the Hawkshaw collection
of the University Museum, Cambridge, and found these to be plumbaria.
It remains a remarkable fact that, despite the popularity of Epping
Forest as a collecting ground during the last century, only six specimens
of mucronata survive to-day, and that no captures have been made since
1896; and further, the nearest localities for which other genuine
mucronata are known are in Gloucestershire, Dorsetshire and Wales.

One recent remarkable record is the capture of one O. mucronata by
Sir Robert Saundby in his mercury vapour light trap at Burghclere,
near Newbury, Berks., on 31.v.53; Sir Robert tells me that the earliest
date he has recorded plumbaria there is 30th June and that whereas
plumbaria occurs sporadically in the trap, no other mucronata has ever
appeared.

Foodplants. Both species feed on Gorse, and in many habitats this
is the only food. O. uwmbrifera feeds, in addition, on Broom in the
Forest of Dean, scotica on Genista in Scotland and Genista is recorded
also for plumbaria. Larvae that eat Gorse feed on the tiny axillary
buds and will also strip the spines, but they do not seem to like the
flowers at any stage. Larvae of both species feed at night and retire
by day to the densest part of their bush, and in Gorse they hide away

137

amongst the dead foliage. When collecting them at night I found them
to be rather sluggish, but to slowly coil and then drop when their bush
was touched or when held in the lamplight.

Parasitism. None of the very large number of larvae I collected in
Devonshire was parasitized but quite half a similarly sized batch from
N. Wales were attacked by two ichneumons, the commoner of which Mr.
Perkins identified as Aophus speciosus Wasm.

Descriptions of larvae.

O. mucronata s.sp. umbrifera from Peter’s Marland, N. Devon.
Length 20 mm.; body thickset, slightly dorso-ventrally flattened, seg-
ments longer than broad, with the first five abdominals the longest.
Skin much wrinkled transversely on the posterior of each segment with
thick intersegmental folds and fleshy lateral flanges. Tiny black
tubercles each carry a short, sturdy bristle.

There were two forms, a common pale one and a scarce boldly
marked one (two examples in 60).

The pale form has the ground colour a milky-white tinged with
cobalt, and inclined to weak ochreous or stone-colour at the skin folds.
A dorsal line is composed of a broken series of narrow black streaks be-
ginning faintly on the first abdominal ring and continuing on each of
the following four, comprising one short streak that bridges the inter-
segmental fold, and another longer streak at the centre of the ring;
on remaining segments the streaks are shorter but appear to be joined
into one line as the segments are contorted. To each side of this central
line there is a crinkled line that is better defined at the beginning of
the segment and again towards the end, where it forms a conspicuous
dark spot, so that on each segment a pair of spots stands astride the
dorsal line at both breaks, with the posterior pair much the larger and
darker; these crinkled lines curve towards the dorsal line at their centre
and the space between them is dusted a weak grey-blue. Laterally there
are two sinuous, ochreous speckled lines that run one above the spiracles
and the other to embrace them, while below the spiracles there are
further, weaker, streaks. Ventrally there is a central, fine, pinkish line
that runs from the first abdominal ring to the first pair of claspers,
and this is edged by a broad pale band and then a broader brown stripe
that is marked still darker at the segmental divisions.

True legs pale brown; claspers greyish, finely freckled. Head of
the same pale body colour but freckled darker in front, deeply notched,
set with many short hairs in front. Anal plate large and strong,
dusted with black and set with four strong bristles along the posterior
margin and marked with a small blackish wedge towards its extremity.
Spiracles large, rounded, deep black and set well towards the dorsal
aspect.

In this pale form the salient features are the dorsal streaks and

associated pairs of dots, indeed, in the palest of all these are the only
features.

138

In the dark form the ground-colour is inclined to pinkish and the
degree of dusting along the dorsum is increased but not to obliterate
the streaks and paired spots which, too, are more heavily marked. The
space between the lateral lines about the spiracles is darkened to com-
prise a single blackish band that runs continuously from the head to
the anal claspers. Ventrally the bands are uniform and blackish.

O. mucronata s.sp. umbrifera from Capel Curig, N. Wales. These were
more variable than the Devon larvae, but they were equally common
and I collected about 80, of which some 30 were of the pale, weakly-
marked form, four with the dorsal and lateral bands strongly marked
and the rest of the deeper, pinky-fawn colour: these latter examples
were more like 0. plumbaria in having the pale blue-grey dorsal band
more crisply defined but the dorsal streaks and associated spots were
still larger and more boldly marked than in that species.

O. mucronata s.sp. umbrifera from the Forest of Dean (from Mr.
Austin Richardson).

Three larvae received in October 1958 showed little variation and
were indistinguishable from the commonest form from Devon and N.
Wales.

O. mucronata s.sp. scotica from Aviemore (twelve larvae from females
caught by Mr. A. J. Wightman).

The general colour darker, even the palest was much clouded with
dusky pink, and there was every transition to a deep chocolate-brown
larva with only a small pale dorsal patch on each of the abdominal seg-
ments but with the head and thorax and anal segment remaining pale
in all forms. All forms were suffused an attractive rosy pink. All
forms had the dorsal streaks and paired spots heavily expressed.

Summary of larval descriptions.

Cockayne discussed the larvae of these moths, A.E.S., Vol. 5, No.
38 (194) and said he found similar variations in the colour and intensity
of markings to both mucronata (scotica) and plumbaria, but this I can-
not agree. The series of preserved larvae of scotica at Tring answer to
my above description.

The larva of 0. mucronata is certainly very variable. |The most
common form in 8.W. England and Wales is the ill-marked, milky-white
form that may be tinged with pink or ochreous, but rarely so deeply
putty colour as in O. plumbaria. I have not seen or heard of any deeply
suffused or smoky forms of larvae from those regions. The Scottish
larval forms of O. mucronata alone in Britain show the dark chocolate
suffusion and these appear to be equally as common as the plain rosy-
pink or plain ochreous larvae. I do not know if the pale ill-marked
form occurs amongst Scottish larvae. In all the larval forms of O.
mucronata from both Scotland and England, the posterior pair of
dorsal spots are much larger and better defined than is usual in 0.
plumbaria. I have found the larvae of O. plumbaria to be much less
variable being typically of a bright putty hue and with a clear grey
central dorsal band in which both posterior and anterior spots are

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 19617 PLATE 1X

Figs. 1-4 Ortholitha mucronata s.sp. scotica Cockayne from Aviemore, Inv.
Figs. 5-7 Ortholitha plumbaria Schiff, from Warwickshire. Figs 8 and 9
Ortholitha plumbaria Schiff, from Flint, N. Wales.

139

weakly expressed. In the darkest forms of QO. plumbaria, as in the
Sutton Park, Birmingham, population, the suffusion is of a smoky olive-
grey and not at all brown so that the dorsal pattern is still visible and
not obliterated as it is in scotica.

Figures—Plate VIII, O. mucronata s.sp. umbrifera Prout, N. Devon,
collected in October and figured 27.x.1957, and 30.xi.1957,
figs. 6-10. O. mucronata s.sp. umbrifera Prout, N. Wales
collected in October and figured 26.x.1958, figs. 1-5.

Figures—Plate IX , 0. mucronata s.sp. scotica Cockayne, ab. ovis, ex
Aviemore, Scotland, female: figured 1.ix.1960, figs., 1-4.
O. plumbaria Schiff., Sutton Park, Warwicks., collected in
May and figured 1953, figs., 5-7. O. plumbaria Schiff., N.
Wales, Flints., collected in April, and figured 11.iv.1954,
figs. 8 & 9.

As this paper is of particular interest I am asked to list the relevant
references : —

Allan, P. B. M., 1949. Larval Foodplants.

Cockayne, E. A., 1939-40. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 59.

Cockayne, E. A., and Tams, W. H. T., 1941. Amateur Ent. Soc., 5: 38.

De Worms, C. G. M., 1951. Ent. Gaz., 2: 158.

Fletcher, D. S., 1953. Ent. Gaz., 4: 225.

Heslop, I. R. P., 1947. Indexed Check-list of Brit. Lep.

2 1960, Ent. Gaz., U1: 173:

Heydemann, 1941. Stett. ent. Zeit., 102: 1-28.

Kloet and Hincks, 1945. Check-list of British Insects, Stockport.

Lempke, B. J., 1949. Entomologist, $82: 1.

Smith, S. G., 1948. Proc, Chester Soc. Nat. Science, Lit. and Art, and Supple-
ments.

South, R., 1961. Moths Brit. Isles, 2: 133.

For references dealing more specifically with nomenclature of the
species and forms, see Lempke’s excellent account.

Arenostola morristi Dale (bondii Knaggs) Bond’s Wainscot.

Although first discovered at Charmouth, Dorset, in 1837 and soon
after found at Sidmouth, Devon, and Lyme Regis, Dorset, and later
recorded from Portland, Dorset, most British specimens of A. morrisii
hail from Folkestone, Kent, where the moth is easily located and caught
in the public gardens of Leas Cliffs. These two centres, in Kent and on
the Dorset-Devon border complete the distribution in Britain. The west
country moths show darker shading between the veins of the
forewings. The moth was at first confused with Petilampa minima Haw.
and its true identity had becdme the subject of some controversy by the
end of the last century; the correct name for the original Charmouth
specimens was not really settled until Tams and Edelsten examined
them again in 1938 (Entomologist, 71: 160).

The moth is out from about the third week of June until the middle
of July. The pupa is long and slender and has a prominent beak, and
the pupa of Procus furuncula Schiff. is of exactly the same shape, unlike

140

other Procus pupae, but it is rather smaller than that of A. morrisii.
At Folkestone P. furuncula pupates a little later than does A. morrisii
and a well-chosen date towards the end of May will find most A. morrisii
in the pupa while the earliest P. furuncula are still only newly spun up.
Both species pupate in similar niches low-down in a withered shoot.

A. morrisii feeds only in Festuca arundinacea Schreb. in Britain
and reports of the larva being found in other grasses may be attributed
to P. furuncula.

The larva is figured by Barrett (1899 Lep. Brit. Is., 5: Pl. 204, figs.
5, 5a) but although the figures were drawn by Buckler they were not
included in his Ray Society volumes. There is in Buckler (Larvae of
Brit. Butterflies and Moths, 4: 31) an account of the egg and newly
hatched larva. Barrett also gives an account of the larva and its dis-
covery in Britain.

Description of the last instar larva. Length 20mm. Colour a dulled
waxy-cream, weakly marked with soft pink transverse striations to each
side of the dorsum, leaving a broad space of ground colour along the
centre in place of a dorsal line. The skin fleshy, laterally, and wrinkled
transversely. Tubercles exceedingly minute, black, each with a very
short black bristle. Spiracles small, broadly oval, black. Head dark
reddish- or vandyke-brown, longer than wide. Prothoracic plate
dark-brown, bold, little wider than the head. Anal plate pale ochreous-
brown, shading darker towards the extremity where it becomes black;
in shape this plate is rounded anteriorly but is brought to a solid knob-
like point at the posterior where it bears a row of wiry bristles. The
plate is preceded on the adjoining segment by a narrow strip of chitin
that unites the row of tubercles there. True legs dark-brown, prolegs
creamy-white and weak.

The peculiar shape and ornamentation of the anal plate and its
associated strip of chitin are the only sure ways of distinguishing in the
field between this larva and that of P. furuncula.

Figures—Pl. X, figs. 1 and 2, last instar feeding in Festuca arundinacea
Schreb., Folkestone, 11.v.58.

Arenostola extrema Hiibner (concolor Guen.) Concolorous Wainscot.

Larvae of the genus Tapinostola Lederer (part Arenostola Hampson)
are amongst the least-known of all British Lepidoptera because they are
so hard to find. They also very closely resemble one another. So it is
not surprising to find few references to these larvae in the literature,
either in the standard handbooks or in the popular journals. The
pioneering work of the late H. M. Edelsten in unravelling the life-
histories of this and allied obscure species must stand high amongst
the achievements of field workers everywhere; during his active life,
Edelsten gained a unique knowledge of the fen and Broads Lepidoptera
and but for him our present understanding of these secretive larvae
would be bare.

141

A. extrema was for so many years a rare insect that the few lines
given to it by Barrett (1899, Lep. Brit. Is., 5: 106) and South (1907,
Moths Brit. Is., 1: 301) pretty well summed up all that was known until
Edelsten’s work. The distribution remains even now much the same
except that no modern Cambridgeshire records are known; but in its
Northampton haunts it has remained fairly plentiful, and at Wood-
walton Fen, Huntingdonshire, it has had years of plenty intermittently
since 1937, when Bowes and others found it commonly, while the older
Woodwalton records date back to before the time when moths were
artificially introduced there. The only recent occasion when the moth
has been taken other than in these two counties was in 1957 when R. E.
Ellison caught one at Eastbourne, Sussex.

The following account of the life-history of A. extrema is given by
Edelsten and G. Todd (1912, Entomologist, 45: 285). ‘‘The eggs are
laid in batches within the sheathing-leaf of the flower-stem of
Calamagrostis epigeios [sic] and the larva enters the stem and feeds
downwards, and hybernates towards the base of the stem. In the spring
when the grass begins to shoot again, it feeds low down among the
basal shoots. It enters several plants before it is full-fed. When about
to pupate it enters the earth and spins a strong cocoon’’. The habits
of the first instar larva are given 1913 Hntomologist, 46: 110. I found
the eggs to hatch in about a fortnight and the tiny larvae to be exceed-
ingly active. Edelsten’s and Todd’s account of pupation is doubtless
based on the behaviour of specimens in captivity for the natural habit
of these Tapinostolas is to spin up within the litter of withering leaves
at the base of an attacked shoot.

This larva is as difficult to discover wild as that of A. flwxa Hiibn.
and my note on collecting that species (1957, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1955: 154) applies equally to this. No more than a couple
of inches of the stem at ground level is eaten by the larva which
when small gains access by boring directly into the stem, but during
later instars the fattening larva forces its way down between the leaf-
axil and then eats out the centre of the stem; it can squeeze into very
slender stems, even to splitting them apart and it must be capable
of exerting much pressure behind the swollen thoracic segments.
Calamagrostis shoots do fade after the larva has left but they are still
very inconspicuous amongst the dense tangle of fen herbage and give
no help in locating larvae.

I am grateful to Dr. E. Duffey for pointing out to me that
Calamagrostis canescens (Weber) Roth. is a true fen plant, whereas
C. epigejos (L.) Roth. occupies the drier fen margins as well as damp
woodlands, and the latter grass has in consequence a much wider
distribution over Britain, as has the moth A. fluxa. At Woodwalton
Fen both plants grow commonly, but C. canescens is much the more
abundant, and there A. extrema is the commoner moth. But in the
Northants stations, such as the famous Bedford Purlieus, only C.
epigejos is present and there, too, A. extrema is plentiful. At Milden-
hall, Suffolk, C. epigejos is dominant and there only A. fluxa occurs.

142

It would seem that there is a foodplant complex worthy of further
study, and we can say with certainty at present only that both plants
can be attacked by A. extrema and that A. fluxa appears to be confined
to the coarser C. epigejos.

Description of the last instar larva. Edelsten’s and Todd’s descrip-
tion of the fully-fed larva is as follows—‘‘May 16th, 1910: Rather
stumpy, swollen in the middle and tapering towards head and tail,
but rather more towards the head. Head yellow-brown, shining and
rather indented, and partly withdrawn into prothoracic segment. Plate
on prothoracic segment shining ochreous; plate on anal segment also of
same colour, and extending to thirteenth segment. Colour of larva
creamy-white with a slight pinkish tinge along the back. Spiracles
black. True legs yellowish; prolegs white; hooks blackish. Tubercles
with black bristles. Length 20 mm.’’

My description is a little different. The head is dark-sienna with
black ocelli and mouth-parts. The prothoracic plate is weakly notched
and finely divided by a faint pale line, it is large and able to cover
completely the head, and it is wider than the head. Skin colour a dull
yellow-ochre rather than cream, much suffused with dull-crimson along
the dorsal folds and before the skin becomes distended at full-growth
two broad pinkish bands are evident. Like A. morrisi and A. fluxa it is
not strictly true to say of A. extrema that the anal plate extends forward
to the thirteenth segment, for the strip of chitin there is clearly
separated to form a narrow band; there is a tiny rounded chitinous
patch to each side of it, as there is also on the side of the prothorax.
Prolegs each have a similar little patch near the base. The bristles are
golden-brown and not black. True legs brown. The tiny black spiracles
are set well towards the front of each abdominal segment. The anal
plate is of the same shape as that of A. fluxa, ending in a blunt point
and nothing at all like the bulbous knob of A. morrisui. The larva of
A. extrema is more slender than either A. fluxa or A. morrisit.

Apart from the foodplant preferences in known localities, the task of
identifying A. extrema larvae is a little helped by the fact that it
completes its growth a good fortnight before the earliest A. fluxa. In
appearance both species can look very much alike.

Figures—Pl. X, figs. 3 and 4, last instar in stems of Calamagrostis
canescens (Weber) Roth. Woodwalton, 14.v.60.

A general note on the larvae of Procus Oken and Tapinostola Lederer.

Larvae of these genera feed in a variety of grasses and sedges during
spring and early summer; some are very common and occur in no special
foodplant, others are rarely found and may be restricted to one species
of plant and to a particular habitat. They all feed at the blanched
lower parts of the plant stem and move from stem to stem. A withered
or faded shoot may betray their presence but more often than not these
larvae remain totally hidden and an attacked stem may show up only
after the larva has left it. Pupation is passed within a soft cocoon of
chewed stem fragments spun tightly together within the stem and at

143

its very base. When searching for fully-fed Tapinostolas or their pupae
it is more rewarding to examine the stunted thicker shoots that appear
quite dead and to ignore the taller healthy stems around them.

Most common of all these larvae, both in distribution and catholic
choice of food, is P. furuncula Schiff. which is the larva most usually
encountered when the less-common species are sought. I¢ is equally
common in marsh or heath grasses and becomes fully-fed from the middle
of May to the end of June. It varies in colour from bright mustard-
yellow to pale-cream and often shows a conspicuous dorsal vessel; it is
distinguished by the absence of chitin from the penultimate segment.

Other common larvae are P. strigilis Clerck and P. latruncula Schiff.
which are often associated with Cock’s-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata
L.), but other kinds are eaten as well as Carex. They can be found
in the last instar from March until late May. Another Cock’s-foot
feeder, but one which completes its growth in May-June, is Apamea
secalis L., and this, too, is equally at home in Carex. Its emerald-green
body and plum-red stripes easily distinguish it from all other internal-
feeders except Oria musculosa Hiibn. before full growth, but A. secalis,
like most of these larvae, is also fond of cereal crops. The larva of
P. fasciuncula Haw. is less often found although not restricted to any
particular grass. It is full-grown from mid-May until June, and is
bolder marked than P. strigilis Clerck and is much more slender and
has a larger, flatter, head. The larva of P. literosa Haw. likes cereals,
and I have found it in Lyme-grass (Hlymus arenarius L.) and Marram
Grass (Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link.), in addition to common way-
side grasses, including the fine Festuca ovina agg. It, too, reaches full
growth by mid-June.

Of the Tapinostolas, Arenostola elymi Treits. is the easiest to
recognise, partly owing to its large size but mainly because of its
distinctive food and maritime sandhill habitat. The larva of A.
pygmina Haw. is very rarely found, despite the moth being the
commonest and most widely spread of the genus; it appears to eat only
Carex (my record 1956 Entomologist, 89: 234, of finding this at Camber
in Lyme-grass and Marram Grass was in error for P. literosa) but
Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. (aquatica Wahlberg non Presl.) and
Eriophorum have been quoted and I strongly suspect Juncus and
Molinia. The three larvae closest in appearance are A. extrema Hiibn.,
A. fluxa Hiibn., and A. morrisii Dale, of which the last-named only may
be separated by locality or food for it is confined to Festuca arundinacea
Schreb. along the south coast, whereas the other two feed in Calama-
grostis and may share the same Midland county localities.

In appearance all these larvae fall into two groups. The true Procus
are drab pinky-grey and are well marked by purplish-maroon bands;
the anal plate is rounded and edged in front by a narrow chitinous
strip on the preceding segment; the thoracic segments have large plates
of chitin supporting the lateral tubercles. The Tapinostola larvae are
creamy or dulled yellow, often delicately shaded with pink each side
of the dorsum; the anal plate is more pointed but is again preceded by a

144

narrow band of chitin on the previous segment; the thoracic lateral
chitinised plates are much weaker.

The larva of P. furuncula has the same creamy-yellow appearance
as Tapinostola but it totally lacks the chitinous band of the penultimate
segment. The larva of P. literosu has heavily chitinised plates at the
sides of the thoracic segments and two such patches in front of the anal
plate instead of a strip.

One other larva that may be confused with these is letilampa
minima Haw. which is a yellowish-brown and is of much the same
shape and it, too, has the narrow chitinous strip before the anal plate.
It has only ever been found in Deschampsia (Aira) cespitosa (L.) Beauv.
and is full-grown by early May.

All the larvae discussed here share the distinctive shape of the head
capsule which is small and pointed, in contrast to the large, rounded
head of other internal feeding noctuids—Nonagria, Hydraecia and
Celaena. Oria and Sedina also have this small pointed head, and as a
group these larvae are alone amongst the Noctuidae in having a spindle-
shaped body associated with that form of head. This structure, doubtless,
has evolved along with the mode of entering host-plants, which in
later instars is by pushing down via the leaf axils, and not by boring in
directly.

It is unfortunate from this evidence of the early stages that the
species formerly grouped into J'apinostola Lederer are to-day lumped
with others which in no way match them and all are collectively called
Arenostola Hampson. I have previously (1957, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1955: 154, and 1960, ibid. 1959: 214) made this point, and
again take the opportunity to re-state it. A similar state exists among
the species recognised to-day as forming the genus Procus, for the pupae
of P. furuncula Schiff. and P. literosa Haw. are beaked and slender
and weakly chitinised pale-brown and are quite unlike the hard, brittle
and black, dumpy pupa of P. strigilis and allied species; another mis-
placed species is Apamea secalis L. whose larva and pupa correspond
so closely with those of Procus fasciuncula Haw. as to leave no doubts
as to its proper separation from Apamea.

Procus furuncula Schiff. The Cloaked Minor
A figure is given on Plate X, fig. 7, for comparison with Tapinostola
form of larva.

Celaena ophiogramma Esper. The Double-lobed moth

The early stages are described in Buckler 4: 93, but no account is
given of the fully-grown larva and there is no figure. A description and
fair figure are given by Barrett (1897, Lep. Brit. Is., 4: 401, pl. 184,
fig. 3d). Wilson (1880, Larvae Brit. Lep., p. 234) was evidently un-
acquainted with the species and his foodplants, Common Reed and
Yellow Flag, have never been substantiated. It is a widely distributed
species in Britain; there are few counties of England without a record
and it is well spread over Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The larva

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961 PLATE X

Figs. 1 and 2 Arenosto/a morrisii Dale, last instar. Figs. 3 and 4, Arenostola
extrema Hubn., last instar. Figs. 5 and 6 Celaena ophiogramma Esper.
Fig. 7 Procus furuncula Schiff.

145

feeds within the stems of Phalaris and Glycerta maxima (Hartin.)
Holmb. (aquatica (L.) Wahlbg. non Presl.) and is full-fed by early June.

Description of last instar larva. Measures to 30 mm. long. Colour
a pinky-brown, paler beneath and at the segment divisions. The only
ornamentations are the strongly chitinised plates and tubercles. The
prothoracic plate is large, semi-circular, dark-brown to black, shining,
and divided by a fine whitish dorsal line; the anal plate is more rounded
and is much less glossy, it is edged in front by a narrow dark strip of
chitin which has a large tubercle to each side, and is itself preceded by
heavy chitinising of the last four dorsal tubercles. The other dorsal
tubercles are very small. Spiracles small and black. True legs dark-
brown, prolegs greyish. Head small, dark-brown or black and very
shining.

Until the last moult the larva might be confused with Hydraecia
micacea Esp. and it is best distinguished by the simple prothoracic
plate.

The larva of C. ophiogramma. has little in common with either of the
monoglypha or sordens forms of Apamea larvae (Haggett, 1957, Ent.
Gaz., 8: 223); the arrangement of tubercles and development of chitin
associated with them especially on the later abdominal segments sug-
gests that this species is better grouped with leucostigma and haworthit
in Celaena as some systematists have long recommended. Whether it
is still better to unite Celaena with Hydraecia is of less significance
here.

Figures—Pl. X, figs. 5 and 6, in stems of Glyceria maxima (Hartm.)
Holmb. (aquatica (L.) Wahlberg non Presl.), Lynford,
Norfolk, 24.v.51.

Hydraecia hucherardi Mabille Marshmallow Moth.

This fine Hydraecia, which has also been called the Giant Ear, first
came to notice in Britain at a meeting of the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society on 25th June 1952 (1954, Proc. S. Lond.
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-3: 9 and 41, and Pl. III, fig. 1) where the
specimen caught by Mr. Saunders at Hailsham, Sussex, in the previous
year was exhibited. This was reported (1952, Hnt. Gaz., 3: 182) under
the name of osseola Staud. (hucherardi Mab.). The date of capture
originally given as 26th June 1951 was later found to be incorrect. The
following year six moths were taken in Romney Marsh, where in the
year after that Dr. Kettlewell and Mr. A. L. Goodson carried out
their brilliant field work, when they caught a good many moths and
discovered the foodplant with larval workings and an empty pupa
(Kettlewell, 1954, Hntomologist, 87: 249-257 and Goodson, 1955, Ent.
Gaz., 6: 65-68). The following year Kettlewell reared the species through
from the egg, and wild larvae and pupae were found in abundance near
Rye, Sussex (Kettlewell and Haggett, 1955, Entomologist, 88: 217-223).
A full account of the life-history is given in the paper by Kettlewell and
Haggett, with descriptions and figures of the larva and pupa, and a

146

further contribution with description of the egg by Haggett and Wight-
man (1956, Entomologist, 89: 67).

It was at first thought that the moth might occur wherever its food-
plant grew in suitable conditions over southern England, but its
distribution has remained confined to the coastal marshes of Kast Sussex
into Kent and there it continues to be locally plentiful. As has been the
case with other newly-discovered British moths, there are opposed views
on the origin of H. hucherardi in Britain; Dr. de Worms has summarised
the opinions of those who think the moth to be a newly-established
species of migratory origin (1957, Entomologist, 90: 241) and Wight-
man (1959, Hntomologist, 92: 77) states the case for believing H.
hucherardi to be a long-established resident. Robin Mere also thinks
it is a recent addition, probably emanating from the coast of Brittany
(1961, Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 67).

The life-cycle may be summarised as follows: The eggs hatch about
early May and the young larva bores into the growing shoot of Marsh-
mallow, Althaea officinalis L., eventually working downwards into the
rootstock where it spends the later instars. Pupation begins from the
end of July and the moths emerge from the middle of August until
October. Both in its habits and in the structure of egg, larva and
pupa, H. hucherardi agrees closely with H. micacea Esp., H. petasitis
Doubl. and H. flavago Schiff. as well as with Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn.;
their eggs and pupae are quite different from those of H. paludis and
its sibling species but I am now less inclined to split the genus on this
evidence alone.

Description of the last instar larva. The following is based on my
original description: The larva described measured 37 mm. long. In
shape cylindrical, rather flattened along the dorsum, with taper at the
anal end only from the last three rings, virtually no taper at the thorax,
which is rather wider than the head and which ends squarely behind
it. In lateral aspect the last three abdominal segments decline steeply
to the claspers so that the anal plate is held obliquely.

Colour a drab pinky putty hue, the gut and dorsal vessel showing
through the palely pigmented skin as purplish. The body colour is
uniform both dorsally and beneath as well as along the sides. Along
the back of the abdominal segments and occupying the region of the
trapezoidal warts there is a series of darker pink patches which merge
with the ground colour towards the mid-dorsum, but which are squarely
terminated below so that the pale ground colour lateral to it appears
as a broad pale subdorsal band. Again, in the region of the spiracles
the abdominal segments are shaded a darker pink, so that the fleshy
lateral flange below appears pale in contrast. These two series of darker
pink blotches give the newly moulted last instar larva a distinctly
banded appearance, but this is less marked when the larva becomes fully
grown and assumes a more uniform pallid complexion with only the
faintest traces of pink shading.

Thoracic plate pale-ochreous, shining, depressed dorsally and usually
edged in front by a narrow smoky border. It is slightly pointed where

147

it meets the epicranial suture of the head, and rather restricted
laterally, terminating squarely well above the prothoracic spiracles.

Anal plate pale-ochreous, shining and set with sparse fine short
hairs . Spiracles deep-black, oval and very conspicuous, those on the
eighth abdominal segment only slightly larger. All warts tiny, pale-
brown, and weakly chitinized, bearing a short fine hair. True legs
pale-brown tipped with darker; prolegs putty colour with no well
developed plate.

The most striking feature of this larva is the large globular, shining,
bright ginger-coloured head which has heavy black mandibles and a
pale labrum.

Figures—P1. XI, figs. 1, 2 and 3, all last instar, figured soon after the
last moult. In roots of Althaea, Rye, Sussex, 25.vii.55.

Calamia tridens Hufnagel (Luceria virens L.) Burren Green.

Many of the species absent from Buckler’s volumes were known to
collectors of the last century only as rarities or chance vagrants; others
have only in recent years become known as independent species. This
moth, which has also been given the unfortunate name of the
“Claddagh’’, belongs to a very different group again, species which have
long been breeding here but which had been completely overlooked. It
inhabits only the Burren limestone district of Co. Clare, western
Ireland, where the moth was first found by Capt. Wright in 1949 and
where in the following year it was found to be a locally common resident.
Since then the species has been caught in plenty by collectors able to
make the long trip especially for it.

In 1954 (Ent. Gaz., 5: 155) Dr. Cockayne described this Irish form
of C. tridens as the subspecies C. occidentalis which is thought to have
closer affinities with the tridens of the Iberian peninsula than with
those of less-distant stations in north-west Europe.

The moth flies during August, particularly the early part of the
month, and may be found newly-emerged amongst the limestone rocks
at night or caught at light. The eggs hatch late in the following
spring, and the larva feeds up through seven instars in two months
(in captivity) It can be reared through on Poa annua L. but it will
eat also Dactylis glomerata L.; in the wild it is believed to eat Sesleria
caerulea Scop. For accounts of rearing this species see 1951, Ent. Rec.,
63: 271-273 and 64: 72-73, also 1953, Ent. Gaz., 4: 314. The early
history and discovery of the moth are discussed at length 1951, Ent.
Gaz., 2: 87.

Description of the last instar larva. The following is based on my
original note (1953, Ent. Gaz., 4: 317) based on larvae reared from the
egg, and rather smaller at full-growth than may be expected in wild
specimens.

When fully-grown it measured 32 mm. long, the segments being
rather more solid and less telescoped than in earlier stages. The heavy,
massive head dark black-brown with fine pale suture and barely divided

148

above, rather flat in front with large solid mouth-parts; sparse fine
soft hairs in front; much polished and shining. A broadly semi-
circular prothoracic plate encased the entire back of its segment, black
with transverse depression. Anal plate large, blackish and shining,
also set with sparse fine long hairs. Warts rather small, rounded and
flattened, each with a fine hair, shorter along the back than on the sides.
Prolegs weak, greenish-grey edged below with black. Anal claspers black
and shining. True legs strong, large and pale reddish-brown. Dorsal
maroon banding streaked into’ grey-ochreous, rather broken
and blotched. Between segments and also beneath it appeared soft
olive-green in some, light putty-coloured in others, and as the segments
contracted the skin folded white or soft blue green. Thorax greyish
ochreous and much wrinkled, the single series of warts on meso- and
metathorax placed on an ill-defined dark-brown transverse band.
Spiracles black and oval. Dorsal vessel very conspicuous all along the
abdominal rings. In shape a cylindrical larva rather broader and
flattened along the dorsum of the thoracic and early abdominal seg-
ments, the remaining segments becoming rounded and gradually smaller
to the steeply ascending anal plate.

A fleshy rather nondescript larva, most exasperating to describe and
figure owing to its persistent motion and dislike of even moderate
light; it became hopelessly active under artificial illumination.

The likeness of the full-grown virens larva to monoglypha .. . is
extraordinarily close. Arrangement of warts is very similar, also the
shape of the plates and head. All warts are, however, much smaller in
virens, flatter, and being less heavily chitinized, are dull and less glossy.
The dorsal transverse bands of chitin of the second and third thoracic
segments are in virens weakly expressed and at the sides of these
segments tubercles 111 and iv are quite separate whereas monoglypha
has them linked. Virens is considerably smaller and shorter yet the
size of its head is quite equal to that of monoglypha’’.

The larva approaches the XYylophasia (monoglypha) form of Apamea
more closely than any other, while it is not too dissimilar from DTwperina
and its habits are also alike: its peculiar pupal cremaster makes it
unique amongst British Lepidoptera. It has nothing immediately in
common with Nonagria or Tapinostola.

Figures—P1. XI, fig. 4, first instar, 7.iv.53; fig. 5, third instar, 26.iv.53;
fig. 6, sixth instar, 4.v.53; figs. 7-9, seventh instar, 17-v.53.
All ab. ovis on Poa annua lh. ex females, Co. Clare, from E.
W. Classey.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961 PLATE X/

Figs 1, 2 and 3 Hydraecia hucherardi Mabille, last instar. Figs. 4-9 Calamia
tridens Hufn.: fig 4 first instar; fig. 5 third instar; fig 6 sixth instar; figs 7, 8 and 9
seventh (last) instar.

149

REPORT ON THE INSECTS COLLECTED BY THE E. W. CLASSEY
AND A. E. GARDNER EXPEDITION TO MADEIRA IN DECEMBER
1957

By A. EK. Garpner, F.R.F.s., and KE. W. Crassky, F.R.5.s.

PART II. COLEOPTERA

In Part I (Gardner and Classey, 1960) we gave a brief survey of the
climatic and physical features of Madeira and reported on the
Orthopteroid insects, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera
collected during our stay from the 8th to 22nd December, 1957.

Before listing the species taken we think it fit to discuss briefly the
coleopterous fauna which in the Madeiran Group presents many inter-
esting features. Only a limited time could be spent searching for
beetles; this, in addition to the secretive habits exhibited by the vast
majority of species resulted in our only reporting on 54 species. Despite
this, we have recorded 11 species apparently new to Madeira proper
including one species new to science.

As Wollaston’s Coleoptera Atlantidum (1865) is still an authoritative
work we have largely followed his sequence at family level in order
to facilitate reference to our captures, even to retaining his families in
some cases where these are now reduced to tribe status.

All students interested in the Coleoptera of the Madeiras, Salvages
and Canary Islands owe a debt of gratitude to T. V. Wollaston. Of
latter years many authors have corrected some of his early errors and
added to the list}of species, but it was Wollaston who collated the work
of early entomologists and added a vast amount of original research
which produced the basis of our knowledge of the Coleoptera of the
Madeiras.

The total number of species known probably stands at nearly 800.
Jansson (1940) lists 737, a considerable increase from the 664 known to
Wollaston in 1865.

In the main the fauna is Mediterranean with a small North African
element. As the islands have been inhabited since the 15th century it
is not surprising that a high percentage of species have been, and con-
tinue to be, introduced in plants and merchandise. This is a disturbing
fact which calls for the greatest care in describing new species. We are
grateful to Mr. J. Balfour-Browne for pointing out that our new
nitidulid Brachypeplus mauli n.sp., was conspecific with a hitherto
undescribed specimen taken in §S. E. Queensland, Australia. <A
similar introduction can be cited by Cameron (1901) finding the
Staphylinid Oxytelus advena Sharp in Madeira which had been described
from Oahu, Hawaiian Islands in 1880.

One of the interesting features is the high proportion of endemic
species which occur in Madeira. Of the 737 species recorded by Jansson

150

(1940) 283 appear to be endemic. Although the islands are unlike
geologically, the fauna of the Desertas has a greater affinity with the
island of Porto Santo than with the central mass of Madeira.

The Rhynchophora are the dominant forms, nearly 120 species being
recorded. The Necrophaga, Brachelytra, Geodephaga and Heteromera
are also strongly represented in the order given. The Phytophaga,
Longicornia and Hydradephaga are but poorly represented whilst the
Sternoxia are almost non-existent.

A remarkable fact is that over 200 of the Madeiran species are so
far deficient in wings that they cannot fly and of 29 endemic genera,
no less than 23 are in this condition. Darwin (1859) considered that the
more active individuals had been blown out to sea and lost whilst the
less active species had remained. Cockerell (1923) finds it difficult to
suppose that Coleoptera on the main island of Madeira are in any
particular danger as the strong winds blow inland. He proposes the
theory that the ancestors of many of the endemic species reached the
island on floating trees and other objects. The less active and apterous
forms would eventually reach safety whilst the more active members
would leave their support and consequently perish in the sea. To this
he also suggests that mutations are more often in the direction of loss
or reduction of parts than the reverse.

Despite the work already carried out, it will be obvious that there
are many problems to be solved and many new species await discovery
especially in the comparatively unworked north and west of Madeira. .
Now that a run-way has been constructed, to accommodate jet aircraft,
on the little island of Porto Santo, it is imperative that the fauna is
studied in detail before many interesting forms are lost for ever. We
are taking active steps to do this and hope to publish our results in
this medium at a later date,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In addition to the acknowledgments made in our previous paper
Wwe give grateful thanks to the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) for permission to study the Wollaston Collection. To the follow-
ing specialists our best thanks are due for assistance in identifying
material: —Dr. B. P. Moore, Dr. E. B. Britton, Messrs. J. Balfour-
Browne, F. D. Buck, E. Gowing-Scopes, H. R. Last, and L. S. Whicher.
We also wish to thank Mr. G. E. Maul and his staff at the Museu
Municipal do Funchal for valuable assistance; Mr. F. D. Buck for much
help on many points and Mr. W. H. T. Tams who accompanied us and
gave valuable assistance and companionship.

LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED

CARABIDAE
Scarites abbreviatus De}.
A large number of these handsome carabids were taken from
Camacha (684 m.), Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.), Ribeira das Cales

151

(1,282 m.) and Santana (436 m.). Found under large stones and rocks
it occurs most commonly in Madeira and the Deserta Grande at inter-
mediate and lofty altitudes. In Porto Santo and the Ilheo de Fora it
descends to sea-level. Very variable in size, the large form found in
Porto Santo was considered by Wollaston (1854) to be a distinct species
which he named humeralis, The species is endemic to the Madeiran
Group.

Cymindus (Tarus) maderae (Wollas.)

A few specimens taken at Choupana and moderately common at
Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.) under stones at the edge of streams.
Formerly confused with C. lineatus Schon, Wollaston (1854) records it
as common from autumn to early spring occurring under stones in open
grassy spots towards the highest peaks. An endemic species.

Zargus schaumi Wollas.

A few specimens found under stones at Choupana and Camacha
(684 m.); very common on the slopes of Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.).
Like the preceding species it is confined to Madeira proper and occurs
from autumn to spring. Generally found at the intermediate altitudes
and seldom above 3,500 ft.

Laemostenus complanatus Dej.

One specimen found under stones at Choupana and four under stones
in the garden of our hotel in Funchal. Not uncommon along the
southern coast at low elevations and in towns, also found in Porto
Santo.

Calathus obesus Colas

Fairly common under stones at Choupana, Camacha (684 m.), Santana
(436 m.) and very common at Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.) It would
appear to be generally distributed at the intermediate and high alti-
tudes. An endemic species.

Calathus vividus (F.)

Moderately common under stones at Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.) and
Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.). Like the preceding species, endemic and
not uncommon in the sylvan regions at intermediate, and the more
barren areas at lofty elevations.

Odontonyx (Odisthopus) maderensis (Wollas.)

Found sparingly at Camacha (684 m.) and Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.)
under stones in grassy regions. An endemic species found in Madeira
and the Desertas at intermediate, and more commonly at the high ele-
vations.

Agonom (Anchomenus) ruficorne (Goeze)

Several specimens found at Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.) under stones
in the vicinity of streams. This common European species is recorded
also from the Azores and Canary Islands.

152

Pterostichus (Argutor) gracilipes (Wollas.)

A few specimens found under stones at Choupana and Palheiro
Ferreiro (616 m.). An endemic species which Wollaston (1854) records
as generally distributed at intermediate altitudes. On the northern
side of the island he records it during the winter months at sea-level at
the Passo d’Areia near Sao Vincente.

Pterostichus bedelianus Luts.

Although not recorded by Wollaston we found this species common
under stones and logs at Santana (436 m.), Camacha (684 m.), Palheiro
Ferreiro (616 m.), Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.) and Chao das Feiteiras
(1,278 m.). An endemic species which seems confined to the low and
intermediate altitudes.

Nesarpalpus gregarius Fauv. (Harpalus vividus De}j.)

Several specimens found under stones at Choupana. An endemic
species which Wollaston (1865) records as common on all the Madeiran
islands from sea-level to the peaks.

Amara aenea (Deg.) (trivialis (Gyll.))

Several specimens found under stones at Choupana. This common
TNuropean species is recorded by Wollaston (1865) as common in Madeira
and Porto Santo. It appears to occur at the low and intermediate
altitudes.

Harpalus distinguendus (Dufts.)

Several specimens under stones at Chao das Feiteiras (1,278 m.).
This common European species is common throughout Madeira at nearly
all elevations. In Porto Santo it is even more abundant where Wollaston
(1854) observed it in profusion in the low sandy vineyards behind the
sea-beach.

Harpalus attenuatus Steph.

Several specimens found under stones at Choupana and Ribeira das
Cales (1,282 m.). This common Furopean species occurs at most eleva-
tions in Madeira, Porto Santo and the Deserta Grande.

Bembidion obtusum Serv.

One specimen found under a stone at Monte (743 m.). This common
European Bembidion occurs at most elevations and according to Wollas-
ton (1865) on all the Madeiran islands except the northern Deserta. It
assumes a rather large form ab. tethys Netolitzky found likewise in
southern Europe.

Microlestes (Blechrus) glabratus (Duft.)

A number of specimens found under stones on the grassy slopes at
Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.). This European species is not uncommon
at intermediate altitudes on Madeira proper.

1538

DytTIscIDAk

Colymbetes lanio (F.)

Two specimens of this large and handsome Colymbetes were taken in
a shallow backwater of the Ribeiro do Porto Novo, south of Camacha
(684 m.). Wollaston (1854) records it as universally distributed beyond
the elevation of 1,000 feet, most abundant between the limits of 3,000
to 4,000. Its greatly developed wings enable it to take refuge in
isolated pools which it could not reach except by flight. Apparently
only found on the island of Madeira.

Agabus nebulosus (Forst.)

Two specimens were taken in a concrete water tank at Palheiro
Ferreiro (616 m.), This common European species is locally abundant
in Madeira and has also been taken in the two northern Desertas.

Agabus maderensis Wollas.

Three specimens, one male and two females were found in a shallow
and wide stretch of the Ribeiro do Porto Novo south of Camacha
(684 m.). An endemic species common in all the mountain torrents.
Wollaston (1854) found it on the southern side of the island above 1,000
feet and in the north from sea level to the greatest height at which
water existed.

PARNIDAE
Dryops luridus Erickson (Parnus prolifericornis F.)

Three specimens found under stones in a small stream above Monte
(743 m.) and one at Choupana. This widely distributed European
species is common in Madeira and is also recorded from the Canary
Tslands and Azores.

HELOPHORIDAE
Calobius heeri Wollas.

This remarkable little beetle was first discovered by Professor Heer
in February 1851 adhering to marine Confervae in the salt-water rock
pools at Gorgulho near Funchal and appears to have evaded Wollaston
(1854) during his extended collecting trips to Madeira. Nearly one
hundred years after its first capture we found it abundant in the rock
pools at its type locality. The pools in which the species lives consist of
unadulterated sea-water left by the tide. We are indebted to Dr. B. P.
Moore who tested the water and found that the salinity was 3.3 per
cent. and pH 8.3. Wollaston (1857) found the species on Porto Santo
where they tended to be larger and more brassy in colour.

NITIDULIDAE
Brachypeplus mauli n.sp. (Plate xii).

Elongate, depressed; reddish-brown with head and apical third of
elytra black; legs and antennae reddish-brown, club darker.

Head with vertex black, dull, heavily punctured and lightly clothed
with pale pubescence; clypeus and mandibles fuscous; antennae short,
reddish-brown, club compact, darker in colour and with apical segment
pale,

154

Pronotum reddish-brown, transverse, nearly twice as wide as long,
finely margined, anterior and basal margins straight, sides with
anterior angle rounded, basal angle obtuse, widest at middle; punctura-
tion regular, close and of shallow depth; pubescence light in colour,
depressed.

Scutellum triangular, finely punctured and pubescent,

Elytra reddish-brown with apical third black, lightly clothed with
pale pubescence, quadrate leaving last three visible tergites exposed;
side margins nearly parallel, explanate apical margin truncate; striate
puncturate, punctures separated by less than their width; interstices
raised and seriate punctate.

Abdomen with last three visible tergites reddish-brown, lightly
clothed with pale pubescence; lightly punctured, moderately convex
with side margins flattened; last visible segment nearly twice as long as
preceding, apically narrowed and obtuse.

Legs reddish-brown, short; tibiae flattened and strongly widened
apically.

Length: 3-9 mm.

Holotype: Terreiro da Luta, Madeira, 878 metres, (EK. W. Classey
and A. E. Gardner Exp.) 8-22.xi1.1957. Found on window of hotel.

Paratype: Tambourine Mountains, S. E. Queensland, Australia,
26-29.iv.1935, R. E. Turner. In British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Collection.
Type presented to British Museum Coll.

This species is nearest to the Australian species B. wattsensis Blackb..
but differs from this latter species by the following characters. The
elytra are less elongate and interstices less narrow and _ costate;
scutellum less heavily punctured; pronotum not fuscous, less quadrate
in outline and not crenate at sides. The pronotum of B. wattsensis is also
more heavily punctured and with larger punctures at base. This latter
species also has the pronotum with the anterior margin excavate and
strongly explanate at basal angles,

The fact that an Australian species occurs in Madeira can probably
be explained by introduction. The seeds of Australian Acacias and
Eucalypti are imported and the plants grown in large numbers. It was
in such an area that the beetle was discovered. We have pleasure in
naming the species after Mr. G. Maul of the Museu Municipal do
Funchal.

DERMESTIDAE
Dermestes cadaverina F.
A single specimen found on a wall in Funchal. Not recorded by
Jansson (1940) and probably introduced in merchandise.

APHODIIDAE
Aphodius lividus (O1.)
A single specimen caught in flight at Pico da Ponta Cruz, This
common European species is widely distributed but not common in
Madeira and Porto Santo. It occurs at low and intermediate altitudes.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat, Hist. Soc., 196!

PLATE XII.

.
‘

;

a
‘

#
€
¢
¢
#

Brachypeplus mauli vosp
(The scale line indicates 1 mm.)

155

Aphodius granarius (L.)

Very common in sheep dung at Chao das Feiteiras (1,278 m.).
Another common European species found throughout Madeira and
Porto Santo from sea-level to within a short distance of the extreme
summits of the peaks.

CrIDAE
Octotemnus opacus Mellié
Very common in large fungi at Monte (743 m.). This species often
occurs in profusion with Cis /awri Wollas., under the bark and in the
rotting wood of old laurels and in gigantic fungi in the dense ravines
at intermediate altitudes. It also occurs sparingly in the Canary
Islands.

CURCULIONIDAE

Phytonomus fasciculatus Herbst. (Hypera lunata Wollas.)

A single example taken under a stone at Santana in the north of the
island. It occurs in dry situations in all the Madeiran islands except
the northern and southern Desertas.

Laparocerus clavatus (Wollas.)

Several specimens found under stones at Monte (743 m.). A rare
endemic species found beneath stones and in the fissures of rocks at
lofty elevations.

Laparocerus morio Schon.

A number of specimens found under stones at Camacha and
Choupana. The common Laparocerus of the Madeiran islands found
from sea-level to the summits of the peaks, also recorded from the
Canaries,

Sitona lineatus (L.)

A single example swept from grass above Monte (743 m.). This
common European species is found throughout the Madeiran Group
where it is most frequently found on cultivated ground and in corn-fields.

Barypithes indigens Boh.

On the first day after our arrival we were collecting above Monte at
about 900 m., when were were forced to stop owing to heavy and
persistent rain. The previously docile levadas quickly became raging
torrents carrying with them masses of litter and pine needles. We
collected as much of this material as possible in our nets which was
brought back to our hotel for subsequent examination. The only
Coleoptera present were a large number of this hitherto unrecorded
weevil. No doubt it has been overlooked by previous workers on
account of its secretive habits and previously was only known from
Portugal, western Spain and one record from France.

156

CORY PTOCEP HALLDAK
CUryptocephalus crenutus Wollas.
A single specimen of this endemic species swept from herbage at
Monte (743 m.). It occurs sparingly at intermediate altitudes in grassy
places and amongst dense herbage.

CHRYSOMELIDAE
Chrysolina bankst (F.)

A number of specimens taken crawling up the stone walls at Ribeira
das Cales (1,282 m.) and under similar circumstances at Choupana.
Not recorded from Madeira by Wollaston (1865) but taken by Prof. Dr.
O. Lundblad in 1935 at Rabacal (1,080 m.) with C. hyperici (Forst.)
Jansson (1940),

CoccINELLIDAE
Coccinella mutabilis Seriba.
A single specimen swept off flowers at Santana. This common
European species occurs in Madeira and Porto Santo at most elevations.

Coccinella septempunctata L.

A number of specimens swept and found on flowers at Funchal,
Santana and Pico da Ponta Cruz, This almost cosmopolitan species is
recorded from all the Madeiran islands except the northern and southern
Desertas. Known locally as ‘‘Joaninha’’ and in the Canaries as ‘‘San
Antonio’’.

TENTYRIIDAE
Heyeter tristis (F.) (elongatus Wollas.)

A few specimens found under large stones at Ribeira das Cales
(1,282 m.) and on stacked timber at night at Pico da Ponta Cruz.
Common throughout the Madeiran Group where it usually occurs at
low elevations beneath stones or in basaltic caves. Occasionally met
with in dwelling houses and Wollaston (1854) records in from Porta
Santo in profusion in a large cavern near the summit of the Pico
d’Anna Ferreira.

BLAPIDAE
Blaps gages (L.)
A single specimen found in the centre of Funchal. This large
Juropean Blaps is found sparingly in Madeira and Porto Santo chiefly
in basaltic caverns.

CoNIONTIDAE
Ellipsodes glabratus (F.)

A few specimens found under stones at Monte (743 m.) very common
under stones at Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.). This endemic species
occurs at the intermediate and high elevations. It shuns the light and
in the more sylvan areas is found at the roots of trees and at higher
elevations beneath stones in grassy areas,

157

OvATRIDAE
Oputrum hispidum Brulle
One specimen taken under a stone at Camacha and common at the
roots of grass in Funchal. Abundant throughout the Atlantic islands.

Hadrus alpinus Wollas.

Found fairly commonly at Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.), Monte
(743 m.), Choupana, and Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.). This endemic
species occurs under stones and logs in the sylvan regions at inter-
mediate altitudes and above.

Hadrus carbonaris Quensel (cinerascens Dej.)

Two specimens taken under stones at sea-level at Gorgulho. An
endemic species found from sea-level to the summits of the peaks. Most
abundant at the lower altitudes it is found on all the islands of the
Madeiran Group except Porto Santo where it is replaced by H. illotus

Wollas.

HELOPIDAE
Helops confertus Wollas. (asper Wollas.)
Singletons taken under stones at Pico da Ponta Cruz and Camacha.
An endemic species found under stones and bark at all altitudes al-
though most common below 2,000 ft.

Helops vulcanus Wollas.

A number of specimens taken at night crawling over stacked timber
at Pico da Ponta Cruz. An endemic species found beneath stones and
in the fissures of rocks at low and intermediate altitudes. A coastal
species found not only in Madeira but in all the smaller islands of the
Group where in the Desertas it attains a greater size.

Helops lucifugus Wollas.

A single specimen of this endemic species was taken under a stone
at Ribeira das Cales. Wollaston (1865) records it only from the island of
Porto Santo.

ANTHICIDAE
Anthicus hispidus Rossi
A single specimen found under a stone at Chao das Feiteiras (1,278
m.). A common species found under stones and refuse generally at low
altitudes in dry and sunny spots.

STAPHYLINIDAE
Tachyporous nitidulus (F.) (brunneus Grav.)
A single specimen found under a stone at Monte (743 m.). Found
on all the Madeiran islands except the northern Deserta.

Quedius pallipes Lucas (hammianus Sharp).
One specimen found at Choupana under a stone. Apparently not re-
corded from Madeira.

158

Quedius pallipes ab. secundus Last.
Four specimens found under stones at Choupana.

Quedius laevicollis (Brullé) (tristis (Grav. nec. F.)).

A number of specimens found under stones at Monte (743 m.), Chao
das Feiteiras (1,278 m.) and Choupana. Not recorded by Jansson (1940)
and apparently a new record for Madeira.

Ocypus pedemuntanus Miiller.
Two specimens found under stones at Monte (743 m.). Apparently a
new record for Madeira.

Pseudocypus obscuroaeneus Fairm.

Several specimens found under stones at Ribeira das Cales (1,282 m.),
Santana and Chao das Feiteiras (1,278 m.). Apparently not recorded
from Madeira before.

Staphylinus winkleri (Bernh.)
Four specimens found stones at Choupana. Not recorded from
Madeira.

Oxytelus complanatus Erich.
Three specimens found under stones at Monte (743 m.). Wollaston
(1865) records this species as abundant in Madeira and Porto Santo.

Atheta schatzmayri Benick in litt.

Five specimens found in fungi at Monte (743 m.). Not recorded
before from Madeira. Although considered to be a new species Dr. G.
Benick is still comparing its relationship with A. putrescens (Wollas.)
(dilutipennis Mots.) from the Canary Islands.

Atheta amicula (Steph.) (sericea (Muls. & Rey.))

A single specimen found in a fungus at Monte (743 m.). Apparently
not recorded from Madeira.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.

Bernhauer, M., 1940. Staphyliniden von der Azoren und Madeira. Soc. Scient.
Fenn., Comm. Biot., 8 (2): 1-10.

Bruce, N., 1940. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen der
Reise von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. 28, Coleoptera : Crypto-
phagidae: Gattung Cryptophagus. Ark. Zool., 32 (23): 1-6.

Cameron, M., 1901. Notes on a few days collecting (Coleoptera) at Madeira.
Ent. mon. Mag., 12: 220-222.

Cockerell, T. D. A., 1923. The Coleoptera of the Madeira Islands. Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist., 11: 689-696.

Darwin, C., 1859. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. John
Murray, London.

Gardner, A. E., & Classey, E. W., 1960. Report on the Insects Collected by the
E. W. Classey and A. E. Gardner Expedition to Madeira in December
1957. Part I. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist, Soc., 1959: 184-206.

Jansson, A., 1940. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen
der Reisse von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. 29, Coleoptera.
Ark. Zool., 32 (24): 1-64

159

Jeannel, R., 1938. Die Arthropodenfauna von Madeira nach den Ergebnissen der
Reisse von Prof. Dr. O. Lundblad, Juli-August 1935. 5, Coleoptera :
Carabidae. Ark. Zool., 30 (410): 1-18.

Lowe, R. T., 1868. A Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent Islands. 1.
Dichlamydeae, John Van Voorst, London.

Uytteuboogaart, D. L., 1947. Coleoptera [excl. Staphylinidae and Hydrophilidae]
von den Azoren und Madeira. Soc. Scient. Fenn. Comm. Biol., 8 (12):
1-15.

Vieira, R., 1954. Lista de trabalhos sobre Insectos do Arquipelago da Madeira.
Bol, Mus. Munic. Funchal, No. 7, Art., 19: 63-77.

Wollaston, T. V., 1854. Insecta Maderensia. John Van Voorst, London.

——, 1857. Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, by Taylor and
Francis, London.

—, 1865. Coleoptera Atlanlidum. John Van Voorst, London.

160

EDITORIAL NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE

Following the notes under this heading in our latest previous volume
further points concerning the nomenclature adopted in our Proceedings
and Transactions are given below.

There are still a number of troublesome matters in the Lepidoptera
particularly amongst the micros, which are receiving attention. As
these names occur for publication they must be resolved in one way or
another if they are still outstanding and then our proposed treatment
will be published under this heading.

F. D. Buck.

GENERIC SYNONYMY

We have for some years been citing generic synonymy in a manner
that is at variance with Recommendation 44a of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961, International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, London, p. 44 and 45) which says: ‘‘In order
to avoid misunderstanding, a synonym, or any term other than sub-
genus, should never be cited between the generic and specific elements
of a binomen’’.

Our practice has been to show the generic synonym between the two
elements of a name in parentheses. To comply with the recommenda-
tion would mean citing the complete name twice if we wish to show a
generic synonym, first giving the name with the senior generic synonym
and giving the name again in parentheses using the junior generic
synonym, thus: Nacerdes melanura (L.) (Anoncodes melanura (L.)).
In view of the amount of synonymy we show in this publication to
ensure clarity, it is felt that this is cumbersome; and further, since
lists form no small part of our volume this can cause just as much con-
fusion in another direction.

By retaining the style used hitherto, Nacerdes (Anoncodes) melanura
(L.), we are using a style which should be used to indicate a subgenus,
this means we are showing Anoncodes to be a subgenus of Nacerdes
instead of a synonym. Therefore, to differentiate between a synonym
and a subgenus we will show the latter thus: Atheta (s.gen. Dilacra)
luteipes (Er.).

This style is retained and the modification adopted with some reluc-
tance because whatever opinions are held regarding the Code and the
recommendations, it is undesirable to work contrary to them. Whilst
it is felt that this deviation is of a minor character, it is not excused on
this point, but rather on the grounds of economy and clarity within our
own pages. It should not be used for other publications.

161

NocrurpaE (Lep.)

No. 554 in Heslop’s Check List is incorrectly spelt and should be
Aporophyla luneburgensis Freyer (1852-8, Neuer Beitrage zur
Schmetterlinges Kunde mit abbildungen nach der Natur, Ausberg,
Plate 526, fig. 2).

According to Mr. W. H. T. Tams (in litt.) our Leucochlaena species
should be oditis Hiibn. with hispida Gey as a junior synonym, not re-
versed as in the list by Heslop, I. R. P. (1960, Ent. Gaz., 11: 63).

GEOMETRIDAE (Lep.)
The synonomy of No. 929 in the Heslop Check List is reversed; this
species is correctly Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (1775) (pedaria F. (1787)).

PYRALOIDEA AND TORTRICOIDEA (Lep.)

In his introduction to these superfamilies, Heslop, I. R. P. (1960,
Ent. Gaz., 11: 225), dissatisfied with the changes in the inflection of
trivial names when changed from genus to genus, has inflected them all
to agree with the type genus in each sub-family.

There are many who disagree with the rule which requires gram-
matical agreement between trivial and generic names, and there is a
very strong case for this disagreement; but the present writer cannot
agree that Heslop has provided a satisfactory answer. He has but used
the same rule in a different and more confusing manner. In subfamilies
where the type genus does not occur in this country it is most probable
that the average worker will be unaware of it. If one feels the rule is
unacceptable, then surely the obvious alternative is to retain the
original spelling of the trivial name regardless of which genus eventu-
ally contains it. However, it is considered that whether one agrees
with them or not, to disregard all or part of the International Rules
by individual workers according to their own ideas, can only result in
greater confusion and eventual chaos. In consequence, names published
in the Proceedings and Transactions will, where necessary, show
agreement between trivial and generic names.

There are points of difference between Bradley, J. D. (1956, Ent.
7az., 7: 151-156 and 1959, Hnt. Gaz., 10: 60-80) and Heslop, I. R. P.
(1960, Ent. Gaz., 11: 225-234 and 1961, Ent. Gaz., 12: 97-108). We
shall be following Heslop, which being the most recent list, incorporates
later research, and moreover forms part of a complete list of British
Lepidoptera; except for the following points on which we are accepting
Mr. Bradley’s opinion as a specialist in the group.

Epiblemma littoralana Pierce (1439 in Heslop’s list), sinks as a
synonym of E. enicicolana Zell. (1438).

Rhopobota geminana Steph. (1468) similarly sinks as a synonym of
R. naevana Hiibn. (1467).

The authority for Lobesia littoralis (1522) is Westwood, according to
Bradley, not Curtis.

The species 1544 in Heslop’s list has the synonymy reversed and
should be Hedya nubiferana Haw. (variegana Hiibn.).

162

In the genus Hucosma, Heslop gives scopoliana Haw. nec. Schiff. as
a synonym of FL. hohenwartiana Schiff. (1419), but shows E. parvulana
Wilk. as a separate species (1420). Bradley (loc. cit.) shows both
parvulana Wilk. and scopoliana Haw. nec. Schiff. as forms of ZH. hohen-
wartiana Schiff. He confirms (in litt.) that he considers them both to be
biological forms.

A similar situation occurs with Heslop’s species 1436 and 1437. In
Bradley’s opinion (loc. cit. and in litt.) cirsiana Zell. is a biological form
of Hpiblemma scutulana Schiff.

One of the most confusing points concerns 1324 Acleris niveana F.
In Bradley’s list (1956, loc. cit., 7: 154) it is species 77 Acleris logiana
Clerck. It is a pity that Heslop did not show logiana Clerck in
synonymy which would have closely associated the species in the two
lists; and the situation is further confused by the spelling of the name
in Heslop which should be niweana. The name logiana Clerck appears
to have caused some considerable trouble to authors, and it was because
of the difficulty of satisfactorily settling whether logiana is in fact
niweana or A. sponsana Schiff. & Denis that Heslop has rejected it. In
view of the fact that Bradley (1956), Obraztsov, N. S. (1956, Tijdschr.
ent. 99: 136) and Hannemann, J. (1961, Die Tierwelt Deutsch. 48: 58)
agree as to the application of the name logiana Clerck with niueana F.
(niveana) aS a synonym it seems pointless to be arbitrary and differ
from this usage.

PYRALIDAE (Lep.)

Attention is drawn to the paper by Whalley, (1961, Ent. Gaz., 12:
113) which sinks Cadra woodiella Richards & Thomson, as a junior
synonym of (. parasitella Staud.

CURCULIONIDAE (Col.)

The last species of Ceuthorhynchus are listed by Kloet and Hincks
(1945 Check List of British Insects, p. 216) as chalybaeuws Germ.
chalybaeus Germ. v. timidus Weise, and moguntiacus Schultze. These are
the subject of a paper by Kevan (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 30-31) He
regards timidus Weise as a good species as indeed does Strand (1960,
Norsk. ent. Tidsskr., 11: 160-166), Kiinnemann (1920, Ent. Mitt., 9: 70-
78, 124-130), Hoffman (1954, Faune de France, 59: 901) and Reitter (1916,
Fauna Germanica, 5: 174); and our own two standard works, Fowler
(1913, Col. Brit. Ts., 6: 195) and Joy (1932, Brit. Beetles, 1: 196). It
is rather puzzling in the face of this how Kloet and Hincks made a
variety of the beetle. However, the main point of Kevan’s paper is
that these three species are known by different names on the Continent,
and chalybaeus Germ. has been applied to two different species.
Germar’s type is unfortunately not available, and authorities have
different opinions as to the true identity of chalybaeus Germ.

Kevan suggests that the name chalybaeus should be sedis incertae
and its use should be avoided, except in synonomy. He therefore sug-
gests the following names should be used:

163

pectoralis Weise (chalybaeus auctt. Brit., ?Germar).

timidus Weise (chalybaeus auctt. Eur., ?Germar = moguntiacus
Schultze).

thomsoni Kolbe (moguntiacus auctt. nee Schultze).

This would seem to be a sensible solution to a most difficult situation,
and is one that will be followed in our publication. In passing it is
interesting to note that Fowler (loc. cit.) became involved in this prob-
lem but failed to find the correct solution.

EULoPpHIDAE (Hym.)

It is very seldom indeed that we are concerned with this family of
insects, but attention should be drawn to the important paper by M.
W. R. de V. Graham (1961, Ent. mon. Mag. 97: 34-64), ‘“‘The genus
Aprostocetus Westwood, sensu lato (Hym., Eulophidae); notes on the
synonymy of the European species’’. In this paper Tetrastichus Walker
and Ceranisus Walker sensu Forster, amongst many others are sunk as
synonyms of Aprostocetus. This in itself presents a considerable change
from the Check List of Kloet and Hincks; but in addition a considerable
amount of synonymy of trivial nomenclature is involved.

CoNIOPTERYGIDAE (Neur.)

Ward, P. H. (1961, Ent. Gaz., 12: 114), confirms synonymy in the
genus Parasemidalis queried by Kloet & Hincks (1945, Check List of
Brit. Insects). The correct synonomy is Parasemidalis fuscipennis
(Reuter, 1894) (annae (Enderlein, 1905)).

CERYLONIDAE (Col.)

Attention is drawn to the sinking of Cerylon primroseae Donisthorpe
as a synonym of (. ferrugineum Steph., and the removal from our list
of C. deplanum Gyll. by Allen, A. A. (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 13-14).

Cirpak (Col.)

The following changes are made in the genus Cis by Allen (1962, loc.
cit. supra, 98: 14-16): C. latifrons Pool sinks as a synonym of C. coluber
Abeille; OC. quadridentulus Perris is removed from our list; C. savilli
Donisthorpe sinks as a synonym of (@. hispidus Payk.; and in
Ennearthron, E. elongatulum Gyll. is deleted from our list.

Manacuimpak (Col.).

The following has been submitted by Mr. A. E. Gardner for inclusion
in this part of our Proceedings: Malachius lusitanicus Erichs. v
australis Rey (Col., Malachiidae) deleted from the British List.

Donisthorpe (1931, Ent. mon. Mag., 67: 194) added this species to
our Coleopterous fauna on the strength of having swept a single
example from long grass in Windsor Forest, Berks., on 16th June 1930,
since when no more specimens appear to have been captured. Joy (1932,
A Practical Handbook of British Beetles, Addenda, p. 621) included a
revised key to the Malachius and separated lusitanicus from

164

Cipustulatus (L.) on antannal characters, the former species having the
antennal shorter, inserted closer together and joints 5-10 hardly twice as
long as broad.

On 3rd June 1962, I took several small Malachius at hawthorn
blossom in Windsor Forest which appeared referable to lusitanicus as
compared with Donisthorpe’s specimen now in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.). However, on critically measuring the antennae of all the
specimens I found the length to width ratio to be identical with normal
bipustulatus. Later when looking at the Donisthorpe collection I noticed
that Mr. A. A. Allen had added a det. label bearing the inscription
bipustulatus to the Donisthorpe specimen so it is evident that he shares
my view.—A. E. GARDNER.

165

BOOK REVIEWS

British Flies. Vol. Vi. Empididae. Part 111. Empidinae (Part) and
Hemerodrominae. By J. E. Collin. 8vo., pp. 553-782. Figs.
206-317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1961.
Price 30/-.

The final part has quickly followed its predecessors and retains their
excellence and value for money. The genus Hilara forms the bulk of
this part, concluding the Empidinae. The genus is divided into five
groups but these differ in composition from the five groups in
Kloet & Hincks’ ‘‘Check List’? based on the author’s paper
in Ent. mon. Mag., 1927. The fifth group is now divided into three
sub-groups. The characteristics of each group and sub-group are given
in succinct manner. The Hemerodrominae remain in the nine genera
of the ‘“‘Check List’? with Wiedemannia and Clinocera divided into the
four and three sub-genera respectively as before.

Four new species are described. The few nomenclatorial changes in-
clude the acceptance of Hilara diversipes Strobl as H. germanica Engel,
Chelifera erecta Collin as C. stigmatica Schiner, Synamphotera pallida
Lw. as Dryodromia testaucea Rond., Clinocera barbatula Mik. var.
securigera Engel as C. tenella Wahlberg and Wiedemannia fallaciosa
Lw. of R. L. Coe as W. impudica Mik. There is one deletion from the
British List—Hilara eumera Lw.

The 102 figures include 313 items, making a total of 844 drawings
for the whole volume. With very few exceptions, each genus has a
species illustrated by a complete fly and each species with a figure of
the male genitalia. The many collectors who are unable to consult type
collections are now able to compare insect with picture to ensure that
their understanding of the descriptions is correct. This is a great
advance over all previous British monographs on Diptera, other than
the lavishly illustrated ‘‘British Mosquitoes’? of J. F. Marshall, which
unfortunately did not deal with the complete family of Culicidae of this
country.

The part concludes with a page and a third of supplementary notes,
seven items of errata to the first and second parts, and the well-prepared
index. This includes both synonyms and the names of doubtfully
identified species. It will thus be a great aid in associating correct
names to those used in earlier publications dealing with the distribution
and habits of this family.

The whole volume is also published in a cloth binding, at £5, in the
same colour as the original two volumes by G. H. Verrall. The success-
ful conclusion of the production of this great work must crown the
author’s lifetime’s study. His great knowledge and helpfulness are
known all over the world by those who have been privileged to meet or
correspond with him. This can now be shared by all. The work should
encourage many to study diptera and aid those interested in the life

166

histories and distribution of this family of flies whose habits are already
known to be so interesting, as predators and in their courtship.

LY.

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, adopted by the XV
International Congress of Zoology, London, 1961, 176 pp., 20/-.

At last the ‘‘Rules” are again in print and available to all who wish
to obtain a copy. As a code for all nomenclators and a basis for revisers
and other workers this volume is indispensable and should be in the
hands of all serious zoologists. It is written in parallel French/English
translation, the French on the left (verso) page with English matching
it almost line for line on the right (recto) page.

There is a Preface in English only by J. Chester Bradley, the Presi-
dent of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and
a substantial Introduction, also in English only, by Norman K. Stoll,
the Chairman of the Editorial Committee. There is also an explanatory
note and a Preamble.

The Code itself is well set out and interspersed with numerous
recommendations, examples and notes. These are clearly separated from
the Code proper not only by the clear statement ‘‘Recommendation’’,
‘“‘Hxample”’ or ‘‘Note’’, but also by being set in a size smaller type.

Following the Code are five appendices: (A), Code of ethics; (B),
Transliteration and latinisation of Greek words; (C), Latinisation of
geographical and proper names; (D); Recommendation of the formation
of names; and (EK), General recommendations. The work ends with a
glossary and an index.

The Code has, in many quarters, a reputation for being difficult,
complicated and confusing, and in this respect it must be remembered
that the Code must be formulated to cover all eventualities and circum-
stances, and this leads to a document reminiscent of the work of the
legal profession; it is, therefore, remarkable that it is no more com-
plicated than it is. In any case, much of the difficulty has been the
result of the use (or lack of use) to which it has been put. If the code
is read; all of it from beginning to end, and a genuine effort made to
understand, not only the words but the concept behind them, one
should experience little difficulty with the application of it; though
perhaps one may disagree with particular sections.

In the past there has been much criticism of the requirement that
the trivial name must agree in gender with the generic name. Pre-
sumably this has received very careful consideration and your reviewer
finds it difficult to understand why this is retained. The percentage of
nomenclators and revisers with a classical language background must
be steadily declining and one feels that this subsection of Article 11 will
tend to be honoured rather in the breach than in the observance. How-
ever, these are the rules and should not be disregarded even if one
disagrees,

The Code has a restricted application to Zoological nomenclature
inasmuch as it does not relate to names outside the superfamily-

167

subspecies range. J. Chester Bradley in his preface says ‘‘The failure of
the Code to deal with names of higher rank than superfamily or of lower
rank than subspecies arises from no failure to recognise the necessity of
such names. It exists because the practice of zoologists in regard to them
is not sufficiently uniform to permit the formulation of rules covering
them at this time’’. With regard to infra subspecific nomenclature in
particular the last sentence is a masterly understatement—the fact is
that this section of nomenclaure is a veritable jungle of confusion. How
Bradley and his colleagues expect matters to improve of their own
accord is beyond understanding. The urgency seems to be in the infra
subspecific field rather than above superfamily level, though no doubt
rules here would clear many of the difficulties.

Whilst it is obvious that there are objections it would appear that
the same relationship as exists between trivial and generic names could
well be used for all names from subspecific downwards. As a basis this
would be worthy of the Commission’s immediate consideration. It would
render unnecessary the ranking of infra subspecific nomenclature, thus
leaving the problem of the range of use of different kinds of names,
aberration, form, etc., to be settled.

The index of the work is inadequate and could very well have been
considerably extended. While it is easy to refer to individual Articles
one finds it almost impossible to locate specific points readily and it is
often necessary to search the volume for them. No doubt, as one uses
the book one will learn where to find things, but this does not excuse
a poor index.

Considering this publication is for world circulation, one hopes over
a number of years, the cost is high. A paper bound volume could, it is
felt, have been produced in quantity for something like 7/6. At a figure
like this far more people would have bought a copy, but 20/-.is much more
likely to restrain potential purchasers. A much more adventurous
policy should have been adopted for circulation because a restricted dis-
tribution can result in nothing but harm.

In spite of the criticisms, which really are few, and the price, your
reviewer not only recommends purchase of the volume but urges it; and
then when it is bought—use it. F. D. Buck.

Bird Song. The biology of vocal communication and expression in birds,
by W. H. Thorpe. Pp. xii, 143, 65 figures. Cambridge University
Press, 1961, 20/-.

An up-to-date and authoritative account of the findings of exper i-
ment and observation on the significance of BONES and call-notes in the
life of the bird is to be welcomed.

Many take pleasure in bird-song, but comparatively few have given
it more than passing thought. Dr. Thorpe is one of the few out-
standing workers in this field of study.

Modern techniques in recording have made possible great advances,
and now tape-recordings can be compared and analysed to show
structural features in the song which naturalists were aware of but

168

could hardly prove in the absence of satisfactorily written representa-
tions capable of conveying exact meaning to others. But tape-
recordings can do much more than this as the author shows.

Dr. Thorpe deals with many aspects of vocal expression in birds;
song, sub-song, the learning and improvement of song, individual and
regional variation, and the calls of young together with parental re-
sponses.

The fact that many problems are incompletely solved is a challenge
to the numerous bird-watchers of this country.

Everyone may not be able or willing to use modern recording
apparatus but observations in the field with keen ears and eyes, and a
receptive, unbiased mind can be helpful, especially when one remembers
that songs and calls are part of a behaviour pattern in the bird and
often a very important part of its reactions to given circumstances.

There is in this book a useful and informative account of the
structure and mechanics of the bird’s vocal apparatus, together with
a commentary on its hearing and voice production compared with
those of man.

The author has drawn freely on the work of specialists both here
and abroad, and a very full list of references will be invaluable to
the serious reader who wishes to pursue the subject further.

It is pleasing to find a well-arranged index: indispensable in a
work of this kind. Anyone interested in birds, and having read this
book, cannot fail to be stimulated to give increased attention to the
subject of bird-song and call-notes. W. H. Spreapsury.

Transactions of The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Part 2, vol. 15.
8vo, 87 pp. plus 2 pp. of half-tone plates and 3 text figures.
Lincoln: Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 1961. Not priced.

This is the second part of volume 15, presumably part I is the
Proceedings, and is a publication of interest to students in most
branches of natural history. The Presidential Address, ‘‘Introduction
to Arachnology’’, by Mr. G. W. Whatmough is a most workmanlike job
and makes very interesting reading indeed, dealing with collecting
techniques, habitats, preservation and storage, and includes some sug-
gestions for local study. The paper includes the only half-tone plates in
the volume, and consists of four very nice photographs by Peter J.
Wilson. Concluding the Address is a valuable bibliography for anyone
who intends to take up the study.

A paper by E. C. Rigall swells the rapidly growing literature on
insect migration, but as he confines himself to the mechanics of the
subject our lepidopterists who show so much interest in the subject might
find it will repay reading.

The final paper deals with glacial deposits in the Lincolnshire wolds
and is perhaps of less interest to our members.

Apart from the reports of the Hon. General Secretary-Treasurer and
the field meeting Secretaries there is a report for each section, and these

169

cover a wide range of natural history subjects including entomology,
arachnology, botany and the inevitable ornithology.

It is a pity the price is not indicated, much of interest can be found
in the pages and it is felt that without the knowledge of the price sales
might be prejudiced. RSD):

The Naturalist on the River Amazon by Henry Walter Bates.
8vo., pp. viii and 465 and numerous text figures. Berkeley and
Los Angeles, California University Press (for whom the Cambridge
University Press act as agents). 1962. Price 21/-.

What can one say about this book? That it is old fashioned? That
the Amazons have changed? That the nomenclature is vague in the
light of modern knowledge? All true; but this work is, like Gilbert
White’s Natural History and antiquities of Selbourne, an outstanding
classic amongst works on Natural History. Bates was a tireless worker
in all aspects of natural history and it is primarily due to him that we
know so much of the fauna and flora of the Amazonian terrain and
have so much type material in this country. It was therefore with
considerable pleasure that your reviewer was able to read the work for
the first time.

Even now the book is of great interest, and though much longer
than most modern books, particularly those falling into this category,
it retains the interest throughout. One of the significant points which
show the perceptiveness of Bates’ observations is his remarks about the
probable eventual extermination of the Amazonian Indian; a matter
which is giving the modern Brazilian government cause for some
thought.

A foreword is written by Robert L. Usinger which provides an
excellent background to the book, and it is perhaps a subtle compliment
to Bates and his work that Usinger eschews the modern American
spellings in favour of our more conventional word forms. The difference
in type face between the foreword and the text leads one to believe the
present edition may have been photographically copied from the second
edition published by John Murray in 1864. In any case the chapter
headings have been simply and pleasingly modernised.

The edition is paper covered and the binding unsewn—a form of
binding which is normally not regarded as being very substantial. In
this case it is as good as any of its kind seen. Ff. D? BE:

Flora of the British Isles, Second Edition, A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin
and E. F. Warburg, pp. xlviii + 1270, 87 line blocks, 83” Xx 53”,
Cambridge University Press, 1962, 70/-.

When one said that a second edition was forthcoming one was
invariably asked, ‘‘Why, so soon?’’. An obvious reason is the great
activity of botanists during the past decade and the resulting new
material for incorporation. The question does, however, lead one to
compare the second edition with the first. The second is more strongly
bound, has a more impressive spine, is a more convenient size, and, most

170

important of all, is on thicker paper. This last improvement will make
it much easier to handle. . There are eight more figures; and all the
figures show up better because of the thicker paper. References to
previous works were given for each species in the first edition but are
now omitted, presumably being no longer needed.

So much new material appeared in the first edition that errors were
inevitable and an errata sheet was issued by the publishers. These have
been corrected but naturally there are still a few. Perhaps the most
unfortunate is this inversion of the figures of Carex fruits in Fig. 81 on
p. 1109. The student should pencil the letters E, D, C, B, A, and delete
the printed letters. Page 1257 is headed 4257, a very harmless error.

Five of the new figures are devoted to Orchidaceae and in the text
the genus Orchis has been divided with the result that two familiar
species (maculata and fuchsii) become Dactylorchis. The first edition
spoke of the division of Polypodium vulgare into three species and now
they are fully set forth. The Water Crowfoots are difficult. In the first
edition Fig. 6 depicted the achenes of 12 species. The corresponding
figure now shows leaves instead of achenes. These drawings will, it is
thought, be more helpful. Some dubious species have been dropped
from the text and, if appropriate, from the figure. For instance in fig.
27 on p. 199 the drawings of Polygala oxyptera and P. austriaca are
omitted.

One is pleased to see Lysichiton americanum and Euphrasia vigursu
dealt with. The beautiful little ‘‘Early Forget-me-not’’ which we have
known as Myosotis hispida or M. collina becomes M. ramosissima. The
treatment of the entomologist’s friend Polygonum aviculare (Knotgrass)
has been improved by dividing this aggregate into four species. Brief
references are made to Polygonum campanulatum and to the familiar
P. baldschuanicum. Naturally the treatment of parts of the genus
Rubus is much modified following the publication of the book by W. C.
R. Watson (Handbook of the Rubi of Great Britain and Ireland) where
the aggregate Rubus fruticosus is divided into 386 species.

No botanist should be without this book. The first edition was a
great blessing but it is now superseded by an even better work. This
has happily appeared early in the season instead, as sometimes happens
with new books, just as the season is over.

T. R. EAcues...

CORRIGENDA.

In the 1960 volume, on page 59, the presentation of about 70 mis-
cellaneous separates, and a run of the Transactions of the Suffolk
Naturalists’s Society, was incorrectly attributed to Mr. E. S. A.
Baynes. The generous benefactor was, in fact, Mr. B. Embry.

On page 39 of the Volume for 1960, nine lines from bottom of the
page, in Lt.-Col. & Mrs. Manley’s exhibit Hrebia palarica Chapman is
-ecorded from Valencia, this is an error and should read Palencia.

171

INDEX

It does not follow that because a page is given once only that there is not more
than one entry.

PAGE
SMBRERCDSTRIMMUE RSS eee aco ier ctrtat 2s coGiven: akasies satel ek REE NME «oa lcannw al weasdasteracardased Tednaee 26; 53, 54
SCOMIEPEIPECTCW IN mca. needs daavend tv Paes Stet: doc Ree badow cb avs cdunuats agdipcaemenes soos deg ae Anum a aes 29, 54
Book Reviews:
DEVE NNN on scons tate Meme ee - veg eas 5 be ose ocak tes ccniies sacde oe soos be enmee hake ad adm 167
EpSh Bktes, PUMDTOIMAG, AMR PREL § -<868-sc ccrccecsste. ose yedaudus ccsnnes soa coaee tae 165
POE MWSOL Vie HELIS ESLCS pra: 28 2 fe t.5$. 5s Setevese ss scanned, << Ste bpeten ts Baar tteaeae ec . eoaeee 169
International ‘Code of Zoological NOmenGlatume. .c6.c2.02.6.cvasbssoxas<nesccecspaces 166
NWatiedlist On the RiveriAmazons: Phe cis... Bessey be oepaed cht eos scmceneee 169
Transactions of the Lincolnshire Naturalists Union, Vol. 15, part 2 ...... 168
DONNER A enn es ey ar vais c akc atcqunsae £d'es SMAI dn eo ROO an OE eRe ec te Ost as 45, 50, 54
Field Meetings :
PRULUNIMECNOUL Be ie vac en racine ct anseaacasvouhec danas Meme cade Tate Sea ree ecen ol nak oes re eee saa ee 85
SSTOMMAAS TIVE s GS ENS oe soa Sa ee ene BE OR te MEN a ng a ade UNE yrs ah 81
ERA SUEM s cccated ict klyotaatowe has och d vatee f Megat aah oo Rtas ate oc ceowas eave tes Vencen aoa ee ications aida ok ee 87
LE EDO ETS". (gal RES te Sealers heer et rR OORT eee 2 dat nad eee ee eee eet UN 81
MSM CANO oe WU OUI BORE boolean cot ail nase o ssa PON wa ce canto soi ves tarts Seas on sae eRe Ee Costs aR GRR Hel
MOO TESAOISELN $5.4 Sf ty scenes, 29: ci hea to Aeatteae seo ede ete MMR ada cca cen's Jo hace ouack cs ubeae eeiecn 2. cane ae TA
ROMS TEAC ett cd Racor s 1.6 te fed ee SA oee 5 eon wenow ew spomdeins es cde ive sodew cunatuesteane st ates Sydaseees 89
One PEN eee nae, 387 ces tt sedate Gen bob etn cd tad cactiasurt ceautnecslna doce Mae obiicw sacs cee 92
Ue se os Sheva onc 5a sauny eee esa hes BeNOR sx oes Meaceee ties heed OE Pee Mee ee ae 75
BTU aay Ye... ..t Ssdserageg geen eee aan wts wade gid eaneee SEE Meck wae necks sseweeenadecsubecshinehees 78
GOMAIMINE 25s cv acpeseyyhs aes eae she ban 8+. Raa te. Sobetens coke cee ene sch tee 84
Ca a1 0200 eter e PCr rrrretr ccc anne t pu eee re Care aes ors fone on ey eee Me pecs 86
GREOOMIUD UE OLS rs sewer ba tes cae hbase ete ss bac seve cesta aoe os oe gd oases ame ae shoe ee ee 80
THU Rat oe Wea egy W170 0 CY ar ge cee eee een ae eee ae i it dear a nie at 90
PEDO PTTCT A COMIN OMe gece senda sche Gy chen cinco aot igh Seid teh ates ead) ee 84
ROLES Pat ig cs aa cecicraedorsd ster oo seu take aye waar ede oe es San ode ee ee Le 88
ING WL amGS~ CORIO ets fries aeons eee capone eh otra che ore cate ae he ee 73
ROULORG WO) Goa cated: candeeh ae MeN abe sauk sonore cantons cu. rast ee a eid beer ape nance eth 74
SIO G0 as ae ab gg elec ecommey Mag bocce a ts Seen ctsininre cosas sa aeusx coos aus eeace Rees ie eee 91
PPIN GES: RISDOLOUS Meg eh aca cuciine rape tees ean sds daa cas aca oodesecs7onceatcee Dee te ARE 80
SEED ON OMNES. + 525 scae8 caer de gaveco se ztaee Rite ove MRS Races aot an sc BT ees sios oo dace ea 82
PETE SLE Va COMIN OD coQe paras cts ct AMOs «tic ee eyihse Saeee Te tills a A ce pee 83
SEDUIVQG 521 v2ans i die s bagttocpee oie. seep tantear == ese Ree ae Sete Ei Ee ee Le 88
W Dip PSN Gell! “Wi Cigyi se 0s: ipso Wiece tee. aR ee aA ta sc »5 atc eae ee ay des eee 76
Winlbledon COMMON y seat: cadre elias od oem tsees os vac, ore atk aintieieoes louis Pa ata 89
WOOd PH WahtODPR Clg ponsarttr: csindiyectee soos Pe eee ccc less scee ey ee eee 78
NVI OLEV ADIN © Mehsana ce danse ss ao 2s aha ee CSREES pee ooh vind athe tea tl okt ee eh 86
VOSS a icc sicsp spnue nis nk etapa eeaAaaS SIMRO REY Mic aiaas rch GMO ois dali cakes UES CINE Ay gna 53
GEN CLEP ONY MO GDIMISIN Kp as.t «1.205 PAPMAE see ooh a cle oe bcs cneeey acd locks ovstecoesachsaseiet ee 26
GYNMAMALOMO CPUS gelssseessssatee cet ocets eset ate oc 9. «aways adkeees 9, 12;/0PIAID) (fig. 8), 37, 50
TEPOTRMCOSISU A) <.. .c.ccce tenes Maeedt SL... 3 GIR Tene A, oS OPN POU eee S| gay 47, 50
VUNG ne ee tcactacr tacit aces eee AEA tM 20; 27, (29° 39; °40, 44; 45, 53. 55
Papers read but not published :
“Collecting Lepidoptera in Spain’’—W. B. L. Manley .............ccccccc000-. 59

“Insect Photography’’—S. Beaufoy

172

“Interesting plants for the entomologists garden’’—R. G. Dyson

“Recent developments in the study of Lygaeidae (Hemiptera)’’—Prof.
J. A. Slater, Dri TR. E. Sowuthwoods Dr Leston. 6b. Wiens cree
“Taxonomic significance of the structure of insect egg shells, The’’—Dr.

H. E. Hinton

“Travelling in Anatolia during 1960’—D. H. Harvey

Scent Organs in Lepidoptera
Siamese Twins (Lep.)

Somatve” WIOSALG > Fates atc tees veeeeeeceeaee reeks
SpitallsSesimentatvom: (Ae erwtest-ccstee-neseeee
MeratOlO sive Wises. gesd- ot poten wi be eee war eean een op ac
PAGE
ACARINA
AGUS, WAMYSUIS © (<.,,-<cctcnnsasscoscanserecenenns 66
Apple Bryobia Mite ..................--5 65, 70
ELLOPW VIG) MALS: Fie .cosccevecaedccceseadeaseacene 66
finlandicus, Typhlodromus ............ 66
Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite 65, 67, 69, 70
fuliginosum, Allothrombium _.......... 66
Greenhouse Red Spider Mite ............ 65
masseei, Typhlodromus _................... 66
DyLis CypDLOMROMIUS Cie eeeecsegerceere==-e- 66
TUDLOCUIUS, BEyODId eanc--.c-rc-ces2<--2 <> + 65
SCHICCIER OAL ACUIUIS = -screscseeness conse 65
SUOOM EM VLGOSCHUS © \sendcaseeneaneeseneste nee 66
TUT, PY CO PUSS ene ecto. sconee--e-ene desea 7
Tlmntie, SP aMOMiy CUS \ ee Peet eee ecb at spe ee 65
MEticaey TetrabyieCMus) (2tt:h...20cssr> ss 65, 69
ALGAE
PleCuUPOCOCLUS PSP PLAS ees vecterceeees 67
AMPHIBIA
GTESTEO MING Wil ches cc crcacre cine ceeetssoetee eet ces 15
helveticus (palmatus), Triturus ......... 15
PRIMATE Weil 4 ere ceccs tate ecenees ton cencee 15
palmatus (=helveticus), Triturus ...... 15
STOO PI MINGWWibi oust ones carte ees ceeds deeas stecs one 15
ARACHNIDA
dentipalpis, Erigome © .:.....55..0.0c...c0000. 88
Giadenmatusy “ATANCUS Wasee- ees cecess. eee oe 88
JERI CLT IG IE ete BR nreenacodanedaseacospboasoenssascs 66
MAWSNS, HORS IGIOM Meriicticesecaersen sca taaees 66
Secementatass Meta,’ sc. eeieee. cede eee 88
spencesi, Lycosa (Hogna) sp. near ... 119
TRLECSELIS, POLIDIOMA! Te wecesecece seeds reoes 88
PREPIGIO AC: Aa ete canes svctenencs 66
LPLAN CU aris ei Vi PNTay Sarcsensne es sateen 88
zimmermanni, Lepthyphantes ......... 88
BACTRIANS
I GUBIS PER TOG. cascsescneancocenssccqpaneastoresvoses 45
BIRDS
BACK ITO fe, coo. ceccpee wa arate eee. eee 45
CUCKOO kes cscs ooe das os thee eens coin eee 20, 78

5

F aSoneletie es Sheboe bunts bases duis Gas weneteee snes semenreeaan 15

ca atiectp aie Mp pects eee tte 18

TaeaacsspGisd crea gcapaaeeadeeaans saneneerecat wentass accep meee 52

Teka wastsmsiscdew nar acetate pete tatecsescite te scceee ce eee ene eae 9

Tue ddnadvs Radesccedeeee ce ack nu sda avec dete et renee Cae ence 36

Pb eo. Maeda hixcs ac sce hk wakluaacheere cee ae ound aude rkdeeve ste ae

oie iaio'cleppnih Pe pecinme sages s ablew'e cat he dees ec aman ee aoe 10, 19
PAGE
Great, Crested (Grebe. ii..2.- eee eee 88
Great Spotted Woodpecker _............. 87
Grey) Wagrtall 3.4.4... eee ee 87
Herons) site: eae 88
TACK MAW eds CA Re Aire eee 7
KANE TSHEP 2h 2s LeeLee eee ee 87
Meadow? Pipit”. 24723 aa 45
Nightingale) 2.4.24 ae ee eee 78
RODIN: « yeiken daceteetscieeee eee 20
SWiallle: eee ete came ee eee 105; 10610759 Tat

BRACHIOPODA
biplicata, Terebratula -0 2 eee 53
COLEOPTERA

abbreviatus (humeralis), Scarites 150
abdominalis, Cantharis .................- 15
abdominalis, Mordellistena _............ 38
abLehIS, EL yLODIUS i.e ee eee 39
aceris;, STCMUS) sie. ee eee 106
acridulus: INOtaris® ....20 ee eee 116
Aderidae bags cdabewagcceiae cele ee eee 115
addendus, Philonthus _..................... 105
advenia, Oxy telus e7i.ih ncn eee 149
aedilis, Acanthocinus .................. 18, 39
aenea, Chrysomela (Melasoma) ...... 38
aenea, BH maugel, abe Fee eee 47
aenea (trivialis), Amara ........... .--. 99, 152
aeneovirens, Caenorhinus _............... 115
ACRESCENS. Thy bis” ieee. eee 12
BENCUM -ADION ichiiectee eee 76; 91, 197
aeneus (=affinis), Harpalus ............ 99
aeneus. DySchiriis?=.......... eee 98
aeneus; ister ol .c ee eee 109
aeneus>) ‘Meligethes® ”2..22.cc-- cee 109
ACDCUSOLDTUS* —c.ceseee teeta 108

aequalis (=aquaticus), Helophorus

(Megalelophorus) _.................: 82, 103
aequata, Atheta (s. gen. Dinarea) 103
aequatus Caenorhinus _............... 65, 115
aeratus (thompsoni) (edwardsi),

GY TUS 00, Sesveecccedicsaskecheees see 102
aerosa, Chaetocnema snct.J05.-26 18, 36
ACTUSINEUS, . LiMOnIMS) Viet ee 111
alline, -Ennearthromir.ts.c0t-. tee 112

PAGE

GRA TA IN emeN ARV UL Sie tin, Bch Sat eit «ase dace ese 12
AIS e PAL TOCIIUS 0 Fes. a cveetactpeeas tthicae 105
MTL SMES CTOSUGSIe : ctostee ses cccsceeee cece 90, 103
AMBISs OICUVODUCLUS heii. c.sccteusteoeedese 37
affinis (aeneus), Harpalus _............... 99
affinis (minutus), Enochrus (Phily-

RUISEES MMR Re 0 nines cig ure Sash sacicemrstnrerineest 102
affinis (minutus), Helophorus ... 79, 103
TMS ESVAITOCCS, seessseneddennaeds oes doeenets 114
PNEORENIRS OUP Rr ceca wuceties ¢ fuciicep hd ow naleduaidancs 102
Rie nips OLTOLCViie pe wiaes cciise ha svete dade Sed da diews 107
agilis {haemorrhoidalis, ruficollis),

GOO E TIS aceon teks. Ae tas 33
BECOME PILGUOIWA, | lcccosccabcsamecensoresas 38
POUT LAT YSEOMLUS a cccccacssecacdaesesanes 115
PE GRAS Oa coc tg aeE meister he's said siauetc ong oa 8 38
FUE INUES MES HUD S oc capes Secnesancdewwaceaceess & 157
ATA IINTNCD TUS) mss) cee hece}.sargscee hes’ 103
AMUTAGCUS, MUACCODIUS: ...c..<0) eseees cb ie 103
ambismus, Calathus!.. 046i te..c.0s. 37, 100
amicula (sericea), Atheta............... 158
analis, Bolitobius (Bryocharis) _...... 104
analis’ (flavipes), Cercyon ............... 103
PAIGE A RECT ACODND, cas aacdecsadaunede. mes 38
ANCES Ae] PEC OVOLOR oo cacscager maces: osseaan 100
ABSUStatie GUOICVA <..:.ccsdgieneader ss seus te 107
AN USTAVUIS. EDV ALOPOLUS. \ccoisscisetncsnaess 33
angustatus (=longelytratus), Astenus 106
angustatus, Xantholinus _............... 105
AMSUStIGONLES “Gathridius: ~22.2..cs6sc203...- 110
As LNT DAIL G [2 1 Shr eae ae Rep a ce 38, 112
anobiodes, Dryophilus _..................... 17
INIT PCr yn a alts Mee yy
GAMPNOD ap AMARA 2icsc cess ecnswscnccvacecsains 99
JS\TAWIUDIERN GUC | Sean ee eee ER 8 = )-E 5 10
anthracinus, Pterostichus _............... 99
AVE IGS eset eee ete kee dnceeneeae. 115
aniirrhing Gymnetrow | ie... kee. 116
PUURAES CPANPLUS \..sfefcicrecescatstistaecares 76
aquaticus (aequalis), Helophorus

(he SHO NOPUS) "Vcc wcsscce este 82
ROC AC ae Chas ctcscsy canvqaticnedtarsh eacnnep teak 154
OIG ALIS. CALORVAPLA: Lx. cuecuccede ses ont haneene 110
UDLCAMTS: ELALIPIUS). . cosctiesmcccacadete ace 15, 82
Apple Blossom Weevil. © <::....s.0c0<- 65, 68
Apple Exrwit; Rhynehites: (wesc... 65
ADULGALT A, WAMMATE: Aid. x setae ncsaeese ae 99
aquaticus, Helophorus

(MGEalelophoOrus)\\ <.sciescete.seeee 103
araneiformis, Barypithes .................. 115
avacOr, PHYTONOMUS — fetecuct.ceceest eee 116
MEGUE dss WaESCOUCE A te cite eco contnce 37
GECCICUS, OULOPMYVMCHUS) 0... ....qcsecceeene 38
arenarius, Platystethus — ..:.Sheccscspesrs 106
APA CRUAUIS Jo EV ILODIUS) y savacea:-ccrecsedes 65
APTS aS COMUIS! «Sus Seicba ine wir oe cut sat gah 106
ariday, i Chaclocnemani isc. ..dhee ese 18, 36
DRLCTIS AI GLY GUS: SRA. c Ae oeeee 112

173

PAGE
armigera, Magdalis — ...........ccs-ssseeeee 39
articulatum, Bembidion _ ................ 100
arvensis, Carabus 9 ))sit. Gs 2..sdicdeecessess 37
asellus, Cardiophorus _ ............sseeeeees 20
asper (=confertus), Helops ............... 157
asperatus, Sciaphilus ..............-......6.. 115
asperifoliarium, Ceuthorhynchus ...... 116
aSSIMINLe, AP ONUIMN a ceere sce cen eetane cee 97, 100
ASSUMES WAGON Pec eccensascee ese vee tctsanr 115
asSsinlile, = BEMIDIGION Hig sedace. erases 75, 100
assimilis, Cauthorbynenhus? "....:7...:..0 116
ASSIMMTS- DIGTONCGUCS hota sccestrectncaceumts 101
ater; “APWOGIUS to... -.vesceocneveesnutensnateas 88
ALCL. ETOMVOTES? cots. avesee-cen seaneesnecesceeeeaee 38
ALG LVDS “retees teatesecacue ce ceeeeeat 33. 102
Atm LE PTOMY. GUUS ty steics nce so ser eceeee se aeoeeeee 38
ALCL: SCCMUS Pee Rev cetetteeceaesntenrotes 106
ALOMAR. ANON oa: -c.casatesenceseoeeeneaaa 19
atomarius, Mycetophagus ................... 111
ALLA SLOMVALIO c.crcaaatuosthecarteee arcane 110
Strate, PMOSDNINEA, ©... ccastaaccassdesae nance 107
atricapilia, AtOMArial) ...cccs--yanee--ssees 110
ALEICADULUIS: DPOMNES 2 ore pasceencnacce ones 100
atricapillus {(=melanocephalus),
MOCHMUS: | iensc.qactesnpacessa-ehe s+. cums 102
atroapterus, Otiorhynchus ......... 38, 76
atrocephalum, Anthobium ............... 106
Strume) AGA DUM os5.cnecs scene nr ene= ee ceees 107
aterrima, Atheta (s.gen. Acrotona) ... 103
atomania ns AGROUICDIS fe hss.t cee atecs 108
ALONLALINIMD,)», ALOM. 5, w- Ween veekes «<sbeanp aaa 19
atomarius (haemorrhoidalis), Cercyon 103
artenwata,. PSVLIOIGES: paces stic.2cotsscaue 114
attientatuss Harp als) isecwcctees«.cseeehoe 152
ARICA CAMARA ys ccten vines soseecesnceeseetaseeemes 99
aureolus, Cryptocephalus ................... 38
alread, (CH aAIGOMMES is co.chedanscaaesen«erenereeees 114
auriculatus (=ernesti), Dryops ......... 111
australis, M. lusitanicus, ab. ............ 163
banksi,; ‘Chrysolima. ...22ese.0. 52, 90, 156
barbicormiss Magdalis tia nixes..dsectese. 116
bedelianus, Pterostichus .................. 152
Crm HG OMS PR erect ccs ee oneacteeee ec aoe 152
Hetulae; DeEpOTAUS itiiwisers wesc ee ocsedees 115
brcolor, aTaphrorychus ) eee. :.-. naka 88
bicolor (=thoracica), Cantharis ...... 112
bidentatus; Cis: SIN... AES 112
Ditasciatum, RMAC Atel ese 18
bifasciatus, Lathridius .................. 21, 90
Hifoveolatus,» Stems” Gel. chee eee 106
DIUM TA CE OMIORLA ciyecccetuaccseetene cee 38
hicuttatum, Bembidion! 220-2 100
biguttatus, Ag@abius (ee. eee 14
Drswhtatus;* WaecCODMINWS in. eeceeees 82, 103
higuttatus; Notiophihus 22%2....u0ccseeees 98
HilamrellatiwUSNyGiwS: ) cssscaetecseetesteeecoseeees 112
bimaculatusStenusiy ese eee 106
binotatus, Anisodactylus ............0..... oT
binotatus; Hallomenus 2.5:.2..95.;:2.220+ 38
HipunctatalA Galiar .7..ssetss he. caeee eee 66, 108
bipunctata, ‘Osphyan Gakic. 0 ee: 8
bipunctatus, Psammoecus _............... 110
bipustulataAnacaena: ...2.2i2 223572 103

PAGE
bipustulata, Cyrtotriplax .............:+ 109
bipustulatum, Sphaeridium _............ 103
bipustulatus, Agabus ............ 33, 82, 102
bipustulatus, Badister ...............-..::0 99
bipustulatus, Malachius _ ..........-...+++ 164
bipustulatus, Panagaeus ................-. 76
bipustulatus, Rhizophagus .............. 110
Blbpidae, (H=BlaApII Mj ecsscecanspesssnane ore 156
HlANGUS, Or ATCHICUS; Va cacceeunnceteenceeees 38
BUGS) -keheveceeasacincte merce ues erareel> «ohare one 156
bohemani, Microcara ..............sesereeees 111
Hole. DTAVCTIS: cicgaeccus cece ewes seen cpaeas 46
boletophagum (=obscurum),

MGC ASTCU EIGN) Gps ascnSecaeeces cates ee 103
boops (bupthalmus), Stenus ............... 106
HOVEALS SAMO MUS! 2 -c-.c. ccs anceenserres= nay 38
Harealis. Pelopniwla. cecciecs-sspasveapeeeaees 46
brachypterus, Proveimus -.......c..ns...-- 107
DLEVICOLIS, INGIEUAT onan osessmaeersececcers: 98
brevipalpis, Helophorus

(Atractelophorus) .................. 82, 103
LEVIS Eby GTOCWUS Mec tere ee cs cezeasns one 103
Brown Mueat UVC wil ete cee. aap ccese ss 65
HUN CA, VSCRICA acicea de -ecscanctons -eeccees os 3
brunneus {castaneus), Longitarsus ... 115
DLUTMEWS. CENVAASTCS cast icscncrsesterarasos' = 39
brunneus (=nitidulus), Tachyporus 157

brunneus (=pedemontana), P. atrata

Big einen carendssraananss pee eRe Re teeta Cem ehes 107
brunnipes, Ocypus (Staphylinus) ... 105
brunnipes (=punctatus), Lathrobium 105
HEUNMIPES; "SUCMUS) s....0sseearesscentecagserees 106
brunsvicensis, Chrysolina .................. 113
Havlei iB. AaANATCAC SISDAAYs,.ccrc-eeesee 100
bulbifera (=schneideri), Bryaxis

(EVENS) ees a asanceees vests cc eateries 108
bupthalmus, (=boops), Stenus ......... 106
PV PEHUOAG sp cicsicsecesccctsas dover desdarecscsvere 111
BY UII AS ees ct wc tactee ter eerste parva eaceadeese 110
CAGAVETINA, WETMESTES | 14222... 32...0heees a0 154
Caelanus; * APLOGeLUS - cs resets; « bess 106
Gaeritlea, ISCHMOMCL a pene. ie. ceeaeete ees 38
caerulescens, Pterostichus. .....:......... 99
caesa (Sulcata), Falagria. ......ccsssi2 104
Gacsum? Omalawmy soon taseeees eevee: «302.8 106
GACSUS WVPCLIOG YN CCSiiy es scncpdontteene dl... osext 101
caliginosus, Epipolaeus ...c...c.ccc.cscenes 7
calmanicnsis, Galerucella: 222%...cect esc eee 113
campanulae, Miarus ...................:. 19, 92
canaliculata, Drusilla (Astilbus) ...... 103
canaliculatus, Stemelmis .................. 25
Canitiarigdae” —). sn.:ccceetesccieteeteess eee Sram
capillaricornis, Habrocerus ............... 104
capricornis (sparsus), Noterus ...... 82, 101
Carabidae (58 los LY Mee aa tete ee 37, 98, 150
caraboides, Hydrochara

(Ety¥arop pilus) | cscsesee) eek Peat 102
Garbonaria. Gnypetapie csc: metho ieee 104
Garbonaria. Mardalis «hast it... sscbicts 39
carbonarius (cinerascens), Hadrus ... 157
Garhonarius; Mister... setiet.d-.c reser 109
Garbonarius, Stems! satets. <. essere 106
carbonarius (=tenuicornis)

EDU OMTUS 1" (:epeeen ates tet ieee 105

174

PAGE
CAYCHAPIAS,. SADELGA h.n.uc teense eee ee 113
Cardiworum,, Apion ..2..:.-hiehaeee ees. ee 115
caricis, Telmatophilus iccécncvesnge---eee 110
Carinatus, HyGrochusye-..y6e-21>- eee 103
caspius (elongatus), Gyrinus ... 46, 82, 102
castaneum! Eriboliwum *easece-c nat 10,7 472
castaneus (=brunneus), Longitarsus . 113
Gaston RM OMCUS e.ncaccce eee eee 116
CaVITPONS,. AMMSCH Al le ence. . esses 104
Cembrae. TS): 2.e- Stink. ee 17
cephalotes, Philonthus ................... 24
Corambycidae -.2......e1ae 38, 39, 112
cervinus)! cPolyadrusws: oes ee 115
COTVUS,, LALCAIIUS, -o.5..p2 ease ne s-ck eb ean AT
Gerylonidaen cSt Av wcities 109, 163
Ceutnorbyinitchusi) etter kee 162
chalconatus;~ASabus” \2....ci. een 102
chalybaeus (=pectoralis),

Ceuthorhynchus | .2.. 2h 32 Riaenee 162

chalybaeus (=timidus), Ceuthorhyn-
GES: |. scstenticseact-y Rett ee ee 163
chevrolati, Anthonomus _.................. 67
chlorocephale, Lebias <AXenstecm-oaeeeee 100
chrysanthemi, Ceuthorhynchus ......... 116
Chrysomeldac. ..cscsasorss 38,, 113, 117,156
chrysomelinus, Tachyporus ................ 104
CICINGELOIGES | (SiEMUSi yes eee eeree 106
cinctus; ANthHONOULUS 2 -....ctecmae eee 9
CINGHUS: QUEGTUS cet ..c2e- cote enero meee 105
5

cinerascens (=carbonarius), Hadrus,

cinerascens, Erichsonius {Actobius) ..
cinereus; Graphoderus=....2-..0men 23,
Ono Ye eae perm apseceecen: Leer vee, eee 442°, 155;
circellaris; ‘Sipaliay cise... eee
circumcinctus, Dytiscus ... 6, 11, 33,
circumfiexus, Dytiacus ... 6, 11, 23, 33,
82,
GUS o crkccseein se seaietieieeee ae
CISECMIGACG. ec scresecedece este coatece se
Clarki, Bembidion 24223. 3....00teae
clavatus,, Laparocerus ..........c:ewieesnee
clavicornis, Noterus ...........:... 33, 90,
clavicornis; “Stems: \.....csfecnenevenee eee
Clenidde, -. hte. hia ee ac eee 37,
clypeata (haemorrhoidalis),
Metacanthoris® 2.4 -koc.<1s eee
Coarctatuss (Cy PHO lie ccc eee eres

coarctatus, Enochrus (Philydrus)

Coccinellidac, =/.2stieaesetee 38, 108,
cochleariae;. Phacdon "".. 2s eee
coecus, Smicronyx
coerulea, Aphthona.. .;...2tveee..seeeeee
cognatus, Philonthus
collaris, Clivina
collaris, MGCINUS\\ 22sec. fe, ce neeeee
collaris; ‘Stenichnus: ¢cci2.c.0s.4as eee
collinum; Gymnetron) .p22.6145e. sae
coluber (latifrons), Cis
Colydiidae
Colym betes! 1) .c.8 ko ck ee nee eee
CcOMmmMuniIs,; HAmMara MVM EEG: eeeeeee
complanata, Eurynebria ..................
complanatus, Laemostenus
complanatus, Oxytelus

complanatus, Staphylinus _................ 158
concinna, Chaetocnema ... 18, 36, 91, 114
concinnus (=ochropus), Philonthus .. 105

confertus (asper), Helops ............0.. 157
Pons Haliplus’ «2.0 eds te 101
confluens, Hygrotus (s.gen. Coelam-

Loy TS) ARE Re oe Re cae acre eee ae 19
confusa, Chaetocnema 2... 18, 36
conglobata, Synharmonia (=quatuor-

decimpunctata, Propylea) ............ 108
Gomes) RDIMNOCVIUS + )isakinch....ceeeser 38
Coniontidae (Coniontini) .................. 156
BOMBERS: ThitaLaws Michel aecsekeoset sess 111
BOHSHErSUS,, AGADUS) sper Getcksecoces 15, 82
COnSTAMS PADWOGIUS! vssde ses ihih se. cceeetees 38
contractus, Ceuthorhynchus ............ 116
Conveximsculus,, AMara ..nceteecis. ecco 90
Bonne als: OMMTUSte. iii fslencel sun seest 108
MOLUSCHIA SS PHALACEUS! (uN eee ewh dhe caves 108
Gravaceis, MOCHIMACA: -..65civsidsedeieesocuees 113
erassicornis, Atheta (s.gen. Tetropla), 103
Bena BOM, «te ebivnthek en cesar: 88
crenatus, Cryptocephalus .................. 156
crenatus, Dendrophagus ............... 23; 39
Cuenwlatar J\COTtICAriay isi fie ib cscas cons 110
CURACY VOXTCUIN yaiescdict nvcadeeotass 10
GUUGEIAUS OUC GUS) | rey docedesaves Mobs svensk ses 104
crux-major, Panagaeus ............... 89, 99
GEM EON OL uC DLA eee saesciacsiasetescsenseees 46
Cryptocephalidae

(Cry ptiocephalimi)).c.ccccccccec sce seree 156
CLYMVOPTABICAS 6 hs. c.cecvscwcavscccsseoessmeese 110
RO AUCAT UC LOL etre oo eos os kuazin cdc Ans cakes ceenen 39, 110
ESO WES VMTOOES cess cdeccarcevgecv ced sucess 114
CUBES APA DIMTUIS piv: cccasaacesagcaatercaagicioe 98
GUBLEUS. PiGrOStiCMUS® . ..2scsschasguenean'y 37
Curculionidae ......... 38, 115, 117, 155, 162
UMEOSTUOM CATION) ....0.0ccceccstacscteseeeeeeee 115
CUTHUS,) LOW EITALSUS! Ny. . cvsccceeeteesoneseose 113
CuLvicormis, PANtHPACTAS fiviAc ties 9
cyanea Ceabdominalis abi. .i.i....0.- 15
cyanella (puncticollis), Lema ............ 113
CALCU S APE SILO DER Mie... ce cceteedetecetens 37
cyanoptera (=sophiae), Psylliodes ... 114
cylindricum, Sinodendron ............... 111
VIOUS! PAE Y DUS cis. ckssces sete cceasedeess 39
Gahine(=nieram): Acontim “...1:....0. 100
PASO AC Messer cones redtc iden ete seece trees 37, 112
dawsoni, Ceuthorhynchidius ............ 22
debilis, Atheta (s.gen. Philygra) ...... 103
Henilis me PhiloOmthUs ee ceo ooec eens 105
decemnotata (rufipes), Phytodecta ... 113
decempunctata, Adalia ......... 66, 91, 108
GECOFaAlUS, Vly EROS 2isictecre teres cece oeese 101
GSCOrus; SPHIUONTHUS Rie Ai ecovle eisveeeees 105
degenerata (=salina), Nebria ............ 37
dentatus, Cryptophagus ..................... 110
MENLUDESh (COLO Stee scseds cle decsoeeee 107
deplanatam, «Cerylon.. ak. 163
depressius;) Aphoditis,...000ese ee 38
HEPEESSUS HN PY THOM es... LEAN 22, 39
depressus, Xylodromus. ......:/4.000..... 107
IDERMTCSHVO AGH Mast eere ete. 2. cae 39, 111, 154

dermestoides,,’ Hypnoides :..0..6.0..224! 38

PAGE
desertus, Otiorhynchus ..................:. 115
dichroum (flavipes), Apion ............... 115
didymus, Agmabus Wiiiike.: Rea 101
qiligens; }PterossiGhwss ses. eh eee ees 99
Gimitdvatay Ey esrononiva) ic... se seeessees 104
dimidiatus, Dytiscus ......... Gy 18879102
discretus, Hy droporusie st. ..csccese 82, 101
cisjunctus, N. vespilloides ab. ......... 107
@ispars, “ATMSANG TUS eee coh eeeeeee 65
qissectus., Plegsaderus )er ish ueseecneres 37
Qussimilis; Heterothrops: Feat... 104
adistinctus,, Aphodius siete sateen 38
distinguendus, Harpalus .................. 152
divisa;. Aleochara. -.3:5-5ihk.. Ae 103
domesticum, Trypodendron ............... 88
DOMACLA: «24:0 SRA AL ee ee 96
dorsalis! Acupalpusitier. acetone teeter 99
dorsalis; My Groporust Heese ce 33, 101
dresdensis,..Pselaphus.....s:sceeeuees 107
PPV ODA: 7 idesc cette ak oeae cater ae neers 111
gubial -Miyllaena® vi ri..35. eee eee 104
dubius, D. circumflexus; ab: .....i.22.2: 23
dubius (luridus), Acupalpus .....,...... 99

duodecimpustulatus, Deronectes ... 46, 101

DVSCHILTUS Vos2i), .cucee eee te eee 97
Dy PISCUMACs | Vv castvccete tee cee 101, 153
PV TISCUSH, .cdennctet eee eee Gris wae
edwardsi (=aeratus), Gyrinus ......... 102
BL ATOTUMAC ce. cnn ees dns ee eee 38, 111
elegans, Deronectes ....%........: 15, 46, 101
elévatus, Bry chius) 2s eee 46
elongata, Rhagonychar se: eit: 57
elongatula (=longiuscula), Oxypoda, 103
elongatulum, Ennearthron ............... 163
elongatulus, Carpelimus

(Trogophloeus)/s =... 2eeee eee 106
elongatum, Lathrobium .........,............ 105
elongatus (=caspius), Gyrinus ......... 102
sloneatus. Hy drochus {i ae..2 ee 103
CLOMAAUUSS PULTE cle ee eek kee 37
elongatus (=tristis), Hegeter ............ 156
BNGOMy Chidaewry 28: BA. 109
Bnnearihron 1% ..%...e eee... ee 163
eEquestris, vAphodius: 43. 38
erichsoni, Rugilis (Stilcus) ............... 106
ernesti (auriculatus), Dryops ............ 111
EO GYULA Chet si ccstnsaeactru reste eee ete eee 38
erysimi, Ceuthorhynchus? 2....:.05005 116
erythrocephalus, Hydroporus ...... 33, 101
eunynota,, (Amara: ...oEN oie. eae 99
exCavatis; (Grynobitisy eee 38
enifuus, Acupalpusti 228 hs. ee 99
SMUTSH MCOTIGR Nei Se eet ee 104
exoletus, LLongitarsus..:.. 2s 113
ESSOleHusrpRantuse mae 33, 79, 102
PAT. oc QOL YON atest deeds eee ee ee 109
famillarisseAriarsa ete ete eee 99
fasciatus, .AMnthOconiishes cee. ee 112
faSClALUS, cE EICIILS er eras eee 1738
fasciculatus (lunata), Phytonomus

(Ey Deal yy cheer eee ee 155
fasciculatus, Pogonochaerus ............ 17
fastousa, Chrysolina ..................... 38, 113
felix VPhilonthus sete eee Q4

PAGE
fenestratus, Ilybius ............... 33, 79, 102
ferruginea, Crepidodera .................. 114
ferruginea, Pityophagus .................. 38
ferrugineum (primroseae), Cerylon,
88, 163
ferrugineus, Laemophloeus ............... 110
LOLTUSINEUS, TieiSUUS pew esac: se - aeaeea 98
heurata,. Oamtharis'{iepes%-..00--<Rireasseae 112
fimetarius, Aphodius se xtiwstsesi a... c254 111
fimetarius, .PHionbwUSs) cise. -t155 ec: 105
Haveold, CaSsida’ Aw eseks -ebeeerss 114
flavicollis” Pialiplus mecttstcieA;<cnsee-sess 101
flavicornmis, Chalco1dges i... 5hAaws 114
flavicornis, (OMeota, .ieeeeii seeds asst 66
flavimanum:, Apion ieee acti at bets 18
flavipes (=amnalis), Cercyon ............-..- 103
flavipes (=dichroum), Apion ............ 115
flavipes, Helophorus itis cste2s-cse-es 103
AMavi pes! “SteNUS, -... Aes eee tae 106
flavolimbatus, Tachinus _.................. 104
flexuosa, -Aib@era) \ec..5.;) eee eae cee 38
flexuosa (sinuata), Phyllotreta ......... 113
foralis* ANthiGUsiwe ss... tee eee eet 4115
floralis, Ceuthorhynchus. .................. 116
floralis; Phyjlodrepa, ) iss... tc edoerkecees 107
Auviatiwis, “Haliplus: ,ss:si--5:¢x--s0e 46, 82
formicarius, Thanasimus ............ ae pid?
TOLNICAIIS PSTCHUIS ee ieee. eae 106
HOSSOUY CliVaS, sepscecsuesen eee eee eee 97, 98
fossulataly’ Brachy elu hae. cates. .cscbee 108
foveatus; Metabletus 2235514-20.28 76, 100
fovulum (punctatum), Lathrobium ... 105
fracticorne, Onthephilum
(Cry ptiobinm)) (S24kns..cee ee 4, 105
fracticornis (punctulatus),
ManGhHOlMnus),.c..5.c6 ee eee 105
fra xii) EV IAStes ees et tee, es be 117
fronpalis; “AMAasSpis) Assist. k Be 114
frontalis (notatus), Rantus ............... 102
frontalis (=ochropterus), Enochrus
CPHELYV ruse ak terest Bie ees: 102
fronticornis, Rhopalodontus ............ 112
fuliginosum, AGONUM ................ecee eee 100
Pikesimosus, Wybis > seseiccs.ce2. 2) 133102
Hilieinosus, Qucdiws ctw shes 105
fuliginosus, Stenocharus) | :c.v:is..... 3.502 116
Paliven:) haconychar 2c, <<... aes 112
Palvibanrbis: eisty swe ek tseeee. tast 98
ftulvicollis; Cantharis 2.2.0 112
halbvicorne. \ANODMIN i seeeen.. seeeers 112
fulvicormis, \Chaleoidesy:\:22<2...e222e0: 114
fulvipenne, Lathrobiumips. ees... 2.. 105
fulvipes, Welisethes = 22.6 2eeee ee. 2: 109
fulvus, aliplis/3 > xs eee eee 101
fumanius: Phitonthus: .2tAaeiiaeee 105
fumata, Sciodrepa) 2es...0.9e eae 107
fumatus (=ochraceus), Byturus ...... 110
ALIN AUIS = QU S MINTS attest conaictetwk cm, Sk 104
fumigatum, Bembidion ..................... 100
fungi, Atheta (s.gen. Acrotona) ......... 104
funrorwm: Tetra Omi « v.22... core 38, 114
fuscata,,, Atomartar see ... eee 110
fuscatus, Ocypus (Staphylinus) ......... 105
fuscicornis, Podagrica setae... 117

176

PAGE
fuscipes, Hydrobius ................0.. 79, 102
fuscocinereus (murinus),

Phy tOWMOmMuss 945 vatichssincdss epee 116
fusculla, (Corticariniawes «..i«.s200%s-.nneseer 110
fascum, <OLOpP Wry, (ye: -cedseees seeds eee 106
fuscussiCatOps: oss: ape ete ie... cee 107
fuscus; Golymbetes «.:2.)..cscrec- 33, 82, 102
fascus, (Malthoges. <.ccss.234.20- eee 112
fuscus (=subuliformis), Philonthus .. 105
gages,’ Blaps' ).2.2) ane 156
geminum, Lathrobiunr “in. 105
fenei, Bembidion* 222s. 100
germanicus, Caenorhinus ’:!::.....0.820 115
germanus, Hiparus: SRA... 12
germinyi (hypocrita), Notiophilus ... 98
sibbosa, ~ Corti€arina: (fh sAwae.ccreeeees 110
fibbus,) Phylan) FAhtis.. eee 76
filvipes, Bembidion .20.2u2x.....0 ae 100
plaber, Brachypterus (inee sah 109
glabra, Anisotoma ‘ian 59
glabratus; Carabus*...4:15 4: ate
glabratus, Eliipsodes -...2ee eee 156
glabratus, Microlestes (Blechrus) 152
glandium, Curculio (Balaninus) ...... 39
flobosus, DySchiriusy 2h ee see 75, 99
globulifer, Ocypus (Staphylinus) ...... 105
globulicollis, Geodromicus ............... 5
slobulus, Anacaena tiie 2. .cc eee 102
Flobulus® EpWistemws “nou. .-cccee eee 111
Brace. ASOMUM \cccpccses cee 100
SrTacilis: PieroStichus .....:.-.-c.ee eee 99
PTaAcwis; HyGMaAeM a) Site.t.-.-oee eee 47
gracilipes, Pterostichus (Argutor) 152
eraminis,, “Chrysolina) -.-..-2..--s.. eee 113
graminis (=inconspectus),

IRDINONCUS) oc... ceeees es eee ee 116
Branarius, ApPWOGWS: ...0.2..2-5seeen 38, 155
granularis, Hydroporus

(Graptod yes), » ..d¢-wiet sn tes cess 101
granulatus, Carabus. ........c..0....00. 37, 98
PTA; ARAM TUS w29s cess tras bce 33, 102
Green eat {Weevil aie 5s.esse eee 65
gregarius (vividus), Nesarpalus

(Harpalus)) piccticcceteruedls <5 ater 152
@risea: « SEHOMA) ys .. <i... wean Pee 20, 76
erisescens, ‘Galerucella )i...c.seeeee 113
griseus (lividus), Helochares ............ 79
SUttAs ATOMALIA, ocic oss cneteetel peeeehs cee 110
Sut eer ELVIS it acnaechs sve eee ee 12
Sutiola, Bembigion) .2...c¢.4.see ee 100
syillenhali,. EXyGtOPOTUSiss.<c:.<ccpseaeee 101
GYPINTAAC 3 J.c70.8 5.55655. k so sseee eee 102
Gaye Sic he etia. =: cat casacceee wees 10,424
haemoptera, Chrysolina’ .2J..1...220: 20
haemorrhoidalis, Athous ............ 79, 111
haemorrhoidalis (=atomarius),

CELCYOD. P6828 ic Oe 103
haemorrhoidalis (=clypeata),

Metacantharis, :..800\ni.t6 2.5 112
haemorrhoidalis (agilis, ruficollis),

Copelatus yee i a eee 33, 102
haemorrhoidalis, Scymnus ............... 109

haemorrhous (=scortillum), Amalus, 116

PAGE
halensis, Oreodytes (Deronectes) ......
10, 33, 101
halensis, Sermylassa ............:.s.s000+ 89, 113
JAZ uN IUTG BY Seale Sees oe Peer eee Peon peer eC eece reac 101
PE PUNO egy GRGsperereneenceecda piece > aoe ne reo ase 97
hammianus (=pallipes), Quedius ...... 157
harpalinus, Bradycellus .................. 99
ifyeeierh, (GHVN0) 0s i) Cs eee 153
PEEMOIEESTOVGN Netias «scisec seas cctsacceesecerascnrss 106
EER SPOIEUNC LOM Coeo a aicceec she. -cecsscnttcsencees oases 111
POLO PHOTIC AC b ycikedixesecssssoeccacsstetontereens 153
PEPSIORMOTITS SUD 5 yiss-cest stare. dete ose rceursvees 14
Helopidac, (—Helopiny) 1.2.5. ..54....ts02: 157
helopioides, Oodes ..........,........ 95, 96, 99
hermanni (tardus), Hygrobia ...... 33, 101
ESV ene PEP ALUDIUS), esac cocctoows soe scecets 33, 101
NE ete ETOH, Sts vase sees cadet caeok:<n<cnmeiionens 114
WUEIEOUIS VE MICODMUS | os v.cisceccecesnesusens. 107
hispidulus, Pogonochaerus ............... 3
HISHIOUTN OP AtEUIN oo. ,......2--<0-20+--s20 157
TUESTOUGHUIS PAIN GIT CWUS <2. v sd) secede teense sc case 157
HESDIGUS A(Savalli) os CIS” 32..2.0Aci.he toss 163
hispidus, Pogonochaerus .................. 38
18 TISTRSTOW DY 3 (oe EE nee ae ae Renee eee oo 98
ERE T CTV Pie cans'an duno nnsinns vas dujsthetdlan So = 0 f2C8 37, 109
HISteroides.., CerylOM) |... secwaeeectest vs 88, 109
TUSTEUOS PMCS) git cc sea h essa cacsiceh anzees 110
holomelina, G. ruficornis, ab. ......... 8
hortensis, Chaetocnema ............... 18, 36
DOETEASISE FNDTOGOL: (oo ci. oc ccancsecscae reeves 109
Humor, NECTODMOLUS ” ..2.......cs2000-. +s 107
humeralis (=abbreviatus), Scarites ... 151
DAPMIST ALIS, | OSUPOM A: (00k. ki dasadeceee tebe 116
DUNE AIS | PaAGHUAUS Hiei cesdocewectes 104
hoon Pentarthrum |) .....2.08. 88 39
Hyalnus, LGaACcCOpnilus | ...... die erteces 101
EVV AUUCUS) lsccac xe css spake os gael aes cearapaneegees 6
ERVOUEOPINIGAC:, siccscvscissseeetadeeate eee 102
bypericiy, CHrysolingd, .:ccczscscscc0es 113, 156
hypnorum, Tachyporus ......... 66, 90, 104
EVO MINEO Phe: cedkce oe of uccnsekiac is neccatereeee 101
hypocrita (=germinyi), Notiophilus .. 98
Meme PACE. SES.) erecesestareses ee 100
PRU GUS + ERAODUS ccscee.ccacckseuretenseeeeees 157
immaculatus, Haliplus ............... 33, 101
immneus,. Philonthus ....c.00.6..0002: 105
MN PCLiALIS, MHEGODI Aa) 4 ...c9.00 cs datos 38
PUMVLESS Ay PAMUALIS’ cares se ccs-eeceosesesetere 104
Mp Tessa, COLGIGAPTA:~ s.ccseuse.: ado 110
impressicollis, Ochthebius _............... 82
impressopunctatus, Hygrotus

(Sen ee CoOelam DUS icc cent estes. 101
impressum, Lathrobium _................... 105
impressus (=minimus), Ochthebius ... 103
TEOPPOSSUS wi SCCMUS cccstucsseee toes ose ates atone 106
inaequalis, Hygrotus ...... 33, 82, 90, 101
incanus, Ctenicera (Carymbites) ...... 1411
INCOLMITUS, Hy Groporus) \.<.3...003<.4.04 dee. 101
inconspectus (gramineus),

PURIIOMGUS! te.ecsethcc.tecc nae sore ens ei aeee 116
IRCPASSAUIIS) SUCIIUIS is. .2c2.05cccscsaceeadacae 106
IROUZENS) BAY PILES oo ccccesceconcascetacce 155
THE MISIEOT PR MaASIMs=-... acc cc scees coc 18, 39
RSIS MIS ‘OrGghochaetes! 5212.2. <che.s cc -ceee 7

PAGE
interpunctus, Caenorhinus
(BiyNGhites)) 22): Sesser. sey eeee cee 38
INtErrUptTUS, Necropnhorus) <..i...2-s..e-ae 107
IMUSTUS. “ORY TOMS” 2i2ccs lapses coseee gee deaee 90
imversus;, AnHOnMOMUS) o7..cccce conte eeteas 116
Invests ator, INECFOPNOLUsS, | .c-ssecedessenen 107
LEICOLOE HSB OmDI GLO Bis oe:s. rsesde cerns 100
JOamimMha ‘BECUe si5 occ lsc ee ee ceen teams 156
jungermanniae, Smicronyx ......... Ty 18
juno. “Stenus, i eee e OSes eee 96
KiED Yi, CaAtODPS stk. u 6.1 tie eet cede esas 107
labiatus, Cryptocephalus .................. 113
laevicolles ADION 2... scrtcect ee 5. eee 21
laevicollis (tristis), Quedius ... 24, 105, 158
laeviciata;, ADAG ARIA. aaeonsscaneeee cet 37
Taevigaiac NVI Dae peice. cxss ane coer 39
laevigatum, Agathidium .................. 107
laeviusculus, Gyrohypnus ............... 105
Daeriidae’ Op Pec ee eee 114
Tamunabis, Haliplusy.ccwivac.. eeeteees 82
TamimatussR yams); <<< <issccs<s ee 108
Tamio; ys COLVIN CUES, .<.ccses.ss Became eee 153
lanuginosa, Aleochara _..............0..0..: 103
MapavocerwS. |, ::.ccts.scitiat eee eee ee 155
lapathi, Cryptorhynchus .......:........-- 116
lapponicus, C. glabratus, ab. ...... iby Sy
TapponiGusn DiyitiSGUsiee....c.5.-6 see eee 6
lapponum, -Aphodinis” 2.........4.....e 38
lardanius,” Mathrigius 227.2 110
lateralimarginatus, Cybister ............ 6
Lathridiidaec, Ait... < oer Gos) ie 110
laticollis, Atheta (s.gen. Acrotona) ... 104
Latiirons, (=coluber)), Cists.. 20 163
Lavifrous, STCHUS, .....e eee eee 106
latuss)Deronectess seer ae 46
Vary CLS eis ener fo ane ae eee, 155
lemnae, Tamysphyrus ......:...........00000. 116
lepidus, Hydroporus (Graptodytes),

82, 101
lepidus, Pterostichus .................. bd Biri
Inehe ais seman es. Te tee oe ee nee 113
henosaseRhaconyeha 0a ee 112
DARLIN OCeRUS Trt ON seen 20
limbata (ovata), Anacaena ............ 79, 102
limbata, Bhagonycha, 2-72.20... 112
Limbatus;| hy maluswee ee 38
linearis, Atheta (s.gen. Dinarea) ...... 103
linearis vAtOMaria 2. ee 110
limearisy Denticollis 0. 111
Rineawiss DrLrOmius ce ee 90, 100
MneariseeXantholinus ...2)0. eee 105
lineatocollis, Haliplus ...... 33, 79, 82, 101
MIMEAUS WASTIOLES ea es 111
lineatus, Cymindis Re said bance oucacten eee 151
lineatus, Hydroporus (Graptodytes),

i 82, 101
LMeatisy SitOnae es eee 116, 155
lineola;“Galerucella ......0...00 113
lineolatus (nomax), Haliplus ............ 101
Douidus;sOWbRGS sc... 108
littoralis, Necrodes ..................... 18, 46
littoreus, Conosomus ..................... 4, 104

litura, ‘Ceuthorhynchus\s./:....22¢2.-.e0ee es 116
Irtural Rhy ZODIWS: iiss ccs krcsoceee eens 109
TLVETS,) MAG OMUMI He tierise csc ots ee ctea seer eee 100
Lividas "CAnNtHAVIS tticcctestecetiese toteeness 4112
LIAS Ee iel BCEy 0010 62 a -eieenr Ae Acticin 82
Tidus; “APNDOGIUUIS: 2... cop -cspersnoeneneaes 4111, 154
Tividus, COMOSOMWNIS! co...ce-beeneme-cccstceds 104

lividus (griseus), Helochares ... 79, 82, 103
longelytratus (angustatus), Astenus . 106

longicornis, Cypha (Hypocyptus) ...... 104
LONLIGOFDIS; Ap SrUSM Aes. 24 .steees 113
FOnNgicornis, RyHaxkis <A. dae 108
longimanus, Dorytomus ...................... 116

longiuscula, Atheta (s.gen. Liogluta), 103

longiuscula (elongatula), Oxypoda ... 103
longiventris, Xantholinus .................. 105
longoelytratus, LeSteva ........2..ccccceeces 106
1Ot1. -ADILOW, .. scdei ce accra s ete «Sade chp 76
MUI CADI GAC. wdectaas suas soe 0See are soos ottaa meee 4114
iecida;, Amara x... eee oe 99
IMC1G a. BOlOCh ana t Mitcsectetsntsee detec 104
luGifucens; -HelOpsi) 2k. 2.. one ee 157
luedersi; (Dy SOMirinis : ies er cdc. 99
lunata (=fasciculatus),

Phytonomus (Hypera) (....2.-.....-c55- 155
PUTS, ES EPID VUES ores. ec tan eee soseencc cd 38
himualatina, “BEND TOM svi. acess esceden re 82
lurida (subtestacea), Anaspis ............ 114
luridus (=dubius), Acupalpus ......... 99
LETVUS wh aGGODINISh sh aloes acute. tee 103
JETIGUS On BitarsisS1.% Seer wees 113
luridus (prolifericornis),

Dryops (Parnus) ... 24, 47, 79, 111, 153
lusitanicus, Malachius ............... 163, 164
TCC ae MES VINMOULES ere ce et ecu notecek coe nck 114
TUCESGENS AW HOMOIMAL . ococtehepeete kt connate 113
Imtenm:, HUSpPHAleruM ~.......0cc2c6-.2nsonce 107
EGR LON Wilts Send acon Tana cee watne tts copcams 37
NAG ENO Me UL Cages acta cccaracaainas-ae BELGE. oe 113
MaACTOPAlPUS, <BYPTOINUSy «vee cccesesateteny 108
MAGTOPLELUS) “PLOUCINUS) cocecsccdacecc snes one 107
MACH Ata’, AM ASPIS tees nset ccpanetos6ds sc asiat se 114
MACULATA, WSULAD SAMA, ca.0ccaascerdossvaser <0 112
maculatus, N. vespilloides, ab. ...... 107
maculatus, Platambus ............ 15, 46, 102
maderae, Cymindus (Tarus) ............ 151
MAG SLENSIS, AG ADS) a aaa taesacect sc sadcacs 153
maderensis, Odontonyx (Olisthopus), 151
VEL UC TI AC ests. stuns ston cesawtaeteer tees 112, 163
IVI a GIUIS ectartk t Sete scart seed 163, 164
LER AC ADO Cen oreo co ee i omectn te Pict by
mannerheimi (=unicolor),

GOLD VEATOM Fo See oun oe dete ate oeckeaee 100
aT COICO) ATOR! gates hues wees 76
marginalis, Dytiscus ... 6, 11, 33, 60,

79, 102
TOA ea WaT fe Va B61 02 FO) ie ee es 38
marginatum, Agonum ............ 20, 76, 100

PAGE
Marsin ats; DaAlOplu Sep sareiee ss seers 414
marginatus, Hydroporus .................. 14
marginatus, Malthodes ..................0. 112
marginella, Cymbiodyta ...............:1: 102
marginella, Hydrothassa .................. 113
marsinellus, "Pachinus <5.......coe eee 104
DVATUNUS 2 Gry PUMUS, ccscces cen naeec ee ee 102
Maren... CLeimMOClA x, .,4scataneeers 20, AT
marmoratus, Nanophyes .................. 116
TIVAU SCL, CUMS oo secs cscscxe<cu-aseseee see eee 47
mauli, Brachypeplus ... 149, Pl. XII, 153
maurus, Microlestes.ssic2iaci..neee 90
maurus; “Quedius....:..8200).. eee 104
maxillosus, *Creophilus eee 105
melanarius, Hydroporus ............... 79, 101

melanarius (vulgaris), Pterostichus .. 99
IMelandryIdae Se s..e eeeee 38, 39
melanicornis, A. chalconatus, ab. ... 102

melanocephalus, Dromius ............ 90, 100
melanocephalus (=atricapillus),
ENOCHLUS .. ,.. dicate eee 102
melanogrammus, Strophosomus ...... 115
MELAMOP a H-DOWIAs x. 8:2 2600.05 sesesessns ee 113
melanophthalmus, Dorytomus ......... 116
melanostictus, Ceuthorhynchus ......... 116
melanura;) COMMIS i. eee eee 95
melolontha, Melolontha ..............-.....- 65

membranaceus, Longitarsus
memnonius, Hydroporus ... 33, 79, 82, 101

menthastri, Chrysolina ............... 10, 113
mesomela (mesomelaena), Atomaria 110
mesomelaena (=mesomela),

IATOMATIS.. is... 0ekse ares (cob. beeemadee 110
micropterus, Galathus, 3.22... 37
millium;’ Apion! 32.2125)... eee 18
minima, Gyrophaena, .:.. eee eee 104

minimus (impressus), Ochthebius ... 103

MINOT, SMETETOSLLGHUS oi cxcswceasss ose 99
minutum, Eusphalerum

(Anthobium)| 26.3.) 33535ee ee 107
minutus (=affinis), Enochrus

(Philydrus) . 2.000023 102
minutus (affinis), Helophorus ... 70,

82, 103

minutus, Cercyon :..)).0.1...2.--o ee
THIN CUS ET CIUS -c-.c.0cspact cect 110
minutus, Laccobius ......... 33, 79, 82, 103
MINUS, Laccophiliis.....cac.6.seneeee 101
mixtus, GimMmobius), «:.ccdec.ccsksessaeeeeee 76

mixtus,, Stenolophus) ...5::2)4...2. 99

MOecrens> BaryNoOtusi wy he sc. ice 38
mroestum, Aconum 222i 100
moguntiacus (=thompsoni),
Ceuthorhynchus *.0 5 oe eee 162
moguntiacus (=timidus),
Ceuthorhynchusy 7. see 163
MOS; POLVcIUSUS, 2.2530... see a 38

molochinus, Quedius

179

PAGE
POMS. 5 GaTalys) .......setert t78 a saas nese 98
MONOSHeS Ma, DEMeCITIAS 5:0. 2.03. .cceacaee: 100
moraei, Cryptocephalus ..................+.- 113
TLOT ER, EEN IR IN os rch wie ka.a2ee se Suiclacet 18, 112
aren Vet HH Eee one eer er reset 38
ROCIO BO ALODS i) .<.sdadscneeerbtede--. mepesadnets 107
WVOTIO. TADATOCCLUS s.....0.-sicinteseeuosteses! 155
MAOSG aba, AOU A 4 joc eth cx cctedidendadeads «ks 112
VELCRO ABs SES LAS) coi. ccnsnan sek oafends ve steebee 20
PUMENOM AIS: FAlIPLUS ..ssichese.-.adsdidsa 101
PAV OUES TS CAE ODMLIN) 5 a: te Onad 3th cho andacedwess 100
BMMUTIPUNChA tay LOUIS AG) 56d... ste casnees 96
multipunctatus, Mycetophagus ......... 111
WEAR che Pe TSOUUIT A. Foxe cheat tak de. oledacee niet 117
PAUCIMNTIS. WICKMOCSLES.. .. .styprche,- e430 oness 111
murinus (=fuscocinereus),

eTRyLOWOMNUS cchierictertnsgon --. 80. inee ss 116
EMIS) sOOCCINEILLE welsice tt sss siieosie9 156
MEVGSLOPMALICACG, ou... w9dtees 5 cmnkhs 38, 141
myrmecophilus, Cathormiocerus ...... 5
MY SHIGUISH PAD AGLYDUUS! 4: ssc ss ere enee 38
MAMUSs GACHOL MINUS j)2 i: sock oc.) 25 de2 e.2 2 115
MAS.) ERGLOMMOLUS © ct a¥-s0e-.-.b oh bevode 103
AMUSO SUCMLUS, <2... 005 eHts ... Ri dinah tas 106
Natacory GylimMus§ ..2ii2..ce. «2 21, 33, 46, 102
MODULOSUIS TAR ADUS | 6 selaehcevek sce ddlesedee 153
BEVUIOSMS) MSLOPUS y sccessaie lds ated 39
PRCCROTONUS 0). i Sbap seg ceteranita na dyaepelt i. 98
BIGCACCHUIS: SEEISUCD) yepwacecdasee scart lice: 109
nemoralis, Aphodius) «0: iscs....ssnsesteseves 38
NeEMOralis, + Carabus........6gssieki gat: 98
nemorum,, Phyllotretay! «s..8..csse. 0s. i de.bee 113
MICGhOIsOn) MO pPhHTuUMs ....ccessethasecasassees 106
niger, Hydrobius (Limnoxenus) ... 8,

79, 102
Micon, SPTCrOStICGHUS: — 2.2: 222863. cre dhs 99
MUSer MEY CHS sete) lekvecebel ich! 107
Mion Cans, @ Can thariS docs) ee 112
Pe TIGANS GCatOpS’ ° ..cwateredetes ciseieeens 107
nigriceps (=striatulus), Laccobius ...

79, 103
nigricornis, Antherophagus ............... 110
PIOPINIIS, I MALACTUS: "ss. y.cs: cesta dees
nigrinum, Agathidium
nigrita, Pterostichus
NISTIGALSe, APLOM) VN. eseesele ts
nigriventris, R. exsoletus, ab. ......... 102
nigrum ({dahli), Agonum. .................. 100
LRG CEST GE 5 0110 cee 20
WUPLCIIS: ALOIS?! sea ce xetes ec agi haeegeeaed het 106
MUTIGHUISCULISs - SLCMUS \lcccc.sstenec tens teats’ 106
Lt OUIIGaes peetot ia att.....tn is 38, 109, 153
MEOUNISS AGrastusy ...cvsctaheendeeeie 111
nitidulus (brunneus), Tachyporus ...

104, 157
miiGumM, PteniainmMy) «rete lewis 4, 108
MItTLGUS.. TAVWEWNNS ps «iw. aeak ented eee 103
nodifer: “Wathvridiusl <4...425 a ee 110

PAGE
nodifrons, .Platyslethus ears. sis 106
nomax (=lineolatus), Haliplus ......... 101
notatus (=frontalis), Rantus ............ 102
novemdecimpunctata, Anisosticta ... 8
ODESUS,,. CALAIS « vciesccac>endteaseeeliscesteners 151
obliteratus, Longitarsus .................... 113
oblongopunctatus, Pterostichus ......... 37
oblongeus, Phyllobius.........2--<...<cc 65, 115
obscuroaeneus, Pseudocypus ............ 158
obscuroguttatus, Metabletus ............. 90
ODSCUTUDI,, APODUM, ...ceeeitas ee... te heeee 100
obscurum (boletophagum),

MeCSASTCLOUIM poi. sect: Cees saseeedes 103
> ODSCURUS, A&TLOTCS a. .c.srseskercnsessveste seen 114
ODScurus, My Groporus W.t...26tic Fees 101
obscurus (=—quadriguttatus),

TVY DUNS, , .<nchhesateeeeein tn aoe ee 33, 102
obsoleta (=unicolor), Epurea ............ 109
obtusum, Bembrdiomy (ents. pee eeeee 152
obtusus, Tachyporus, .../xs.i es 104
octulata, Oberea cee teens etre 95, 96
occulta, Atheta (s.gen. Bessobia) ...... 104
ochraceus;, ‘CYDNROn, sissies. pee 111
ochraceus (fumatus), Byturus ............ 110
ochropterus (frontalis),

Enochrus (Philydrus) .......00..0.2/. 102
ochropus (concinnus), Philonthus ... 105
@MECeMeELIOae ) W...n....cseeneeited «eee eee 38
Olivieri, Trachypbnloeus’ <...:... 4) 7
ononidis, S. suturalis, ab. ............... 91
OnOnIS, Apion |e ashlee sack BE eee 76
apaca, .Oxypodar siteaderss. 34. ees 103
eOpacus, OCtoOtemnus eee ies. ee 155
Opatridae. (—Opatrini)) 2224s... 232 157
ophthalmicus, Lasiorhynehus ......... 6
orbiculatus, Rugilis (Stilicus) ......... 106
Osseticus,) Gabrius \. 28a3ee.b eee 105
Ostomatidae!’ \ Yh eersesteeneay eee 38
othimiensis;, "QuediIs” :..:... eee cc 104
OVALISS : PrOteiNus: — 2.2: ciedescncs EE. 107
ovata (=limbata), Anacaena ............ 102
ovatus, Hyphydrus: aiitendinc 335) 79) 01
ovatus, Otiorrhynchuswesio. ae 76
pachycephalus (sordidus),

Philonthus (Pees eee 24, 105
Wad “Cy PMON 9055. .000csese ee Eee 111
pallida, *Cantharis)’.....420.002.... 20 112
Ppallidicornis, Atheta

(Sigen*! "Tetropla) eke esa 103
Maliidulus; ASriotes: cee eee ee 111
pallidus, Gylingrono tus: sees 20
pallidussfylachy pons shite: aeeee 104
pallipes; ‘Asaphidioni e.2)44..40 228 37
pallipes (hammianus), Quedius ... 157, 158
Dallipes STOMUS! vicc.. sss ay cae een 106
paludosa, ‘Cantharis htnagi:. sae 37

palustris, Hydroporus ......
palustris; /Notiophilts: is:.. sei Nak 96

WAIUSUIS, - SLCDUS HI ace eaett ome caceeeedere 106
panaceum, Stegoblum .........2..0...2...25 112
papposus, Limmebius .................000 103
parallelogrammus, Hygrotus

(COCVAMIDUS) siccsuins sense tensor eeobwateses 15
parallelopipedus, Esolus _.................. 47
DALADIECHCUS | RAIS) sees tie seedte ences 116
PATIAGAC onc oncnnnseusescatebenseeteaanccs devcaeenaenes 153
parvulus, Cryptocephalus .................. 38
parvulus (virideaeris), Phyllobius ... 115
Day Kull, ~CY POM)... 2 iste tdeec oseee te hee 111
PECtINICOIMIS, PiWIMUS PT: ..friss.sce 112
pedemontana (brunnea), P. atrata,

Was huss iunag sxe seas apex MOTE eed aeaatece nies 107
pedemontanus, Ocypus. ..................... 158
pedicularius, Anthonomus ............... 116
pedicularius, Conosomus ................... 104
pedicularus, Kateretes ..................... 109
pectinicornis, Ctenicera

(Corymmbites), 2-12 G25.252....+ 23, 38
pectoralis (chalybeus),

Ceuthorbynmenus® 4.2.2 2253..¢ec.ct0s ses 163
PEllUCICA ~CaNnlLRAnIs “festest eon. .escdecece ss 112
pericarpius, Rhinoncus ..................... 116
perpendicularis, Rhinoncus ............ 116
PRAMACTIGAC.. wistie est Aaah beansten cess doeecees 108
Phelanarin, MPLASOCWEISN aliccs. -. ove cewes 113
PHULATDOMS pELODU LAN tit vadenescscea tet toetetre 38
PP VLOTIUTAUIS i eiisinn ce be rtacbet hak sectereaVecote torts Q4
ICSU, OLOPDEUIUA tates. ncere sce eee 106
PICEUS, My CelOPDAaAGus: .....88 vende oven ces 38
picicrus,. H. Garaboides, abi y.2.2-.2..2.: 102
PICINA, AESVAULOLGES... <-Pacereesorees setae. weceas 114
DICIPES,, “StCBuUS, 7A i es..c: ccdeconees 106
DicGivostris, MiccOtrogus:-....2....000.is.55. 116
Pictus, Hydroporus f...48i.-. 33, 79, 101
PUI COLDIS ORIGE RAs. decke countves-.dectecenes 98
PllosuSs;,. CryptOphagus. ...:..:ikesiteecssere 110
WEN: 6 MPISSODES, «2 .iveceneeeo er oacey oe eesenneete 39
ESL A DAOIR co < achaciotut spect ee ete seecs Raacse sss 115
placidus,,.Trichocellus /..2000i2.0.. 96, 99
Dlagiatus, Aphodius *.20s20.5%.... 38, 76
Plagiaws: PHUOPCGOMIM.c-.cs-soe eee encee eee 76
planus, Hydroporus ......... 33, 79, 82, 101
PVA PEUTIVAT IS ye a conve sivvaeciaeoned stateersoorees teed 96
PATYMOGUAAE,, .\ paveacteactevesca-petersseserss sete 39
MIEHeS)a,, AMAT A« wocteroste reese desc astet acct: 99
plimibeus, DaSyteS ~~ s22e' scccccisccsstevessee 112
PLES, «OMAlCOiGes'. | Faesd.wetrsts+..scconerary 114
polita,, .Chrysolina,.. 7s cee.-.-ctees 79, 113
pomaceus (urticae), Phyllobius ......... 115
pomonae (=virideaeris), Phyllobius, 115
pomorum, Anthonomus _.................. i)
popull, .Cryptophacus 9.0... wee 110
POPDWINES, cAGSPUS iy, ccccnsutee Meco rsecmesehees 115
populnea, Saperda Wises cect sees 113
posthumus, Ceuthorhynchus ............ 17

praetermissa (rufocincta), Amara ... 99

PAGE
PLACUSta, ST OCLODS i cewn.eceodeedeweearceneenee 38
primroseae (=ferrugineum), Cerylon, 163
prodromus, Aphodius ...................00: 89
prolifericornis (=luridus),

Dryops: (Parnus) ....:277......neeccseaeenes 153
prosperans, Bembidion. «..2.44...00m 100
PselapBiGace. oyu: sscscsc dere sees tect eeraletas eee 107
pterygomalus, Polydrusus ............... 115
PTUIGAC. ) peccvcvecemevewedtoveectiedeus ..adeaereeedeee 108
ptinoides,Ochima SHI. ...cesseueern 38
pubescens, Corticaria ...Ai. ses 110
pubescens, Dicheirotrichus ............... 90
pubescens; SEprtrix Fis ..cccsa oer tees ene 114
pubescens, Hydroporus ............... 82, 101
pubescens,.. St@MUS....20.. Fyiiiecsecst. -aavoebene 96
pulchellus, ASUGOUSP 2.22 s0.. enc. edeee es 106
pulicarius, Rhamphus AN Naik 116
pulverosus,..Ramtus, C20. edes a.com 33, 102
pumicaius;, StOMIS .<.:-...).see eee 37, 99
punctatissima, Soronia ..................... 38

punctatum (brunnipes), Lathrobium,
punctatum (=fovulum), Lathrobium,
puncticollis (=cyanella), Lema
puncticollis, _Dasytes . ......0/20)%...e
puncticollis, Harpalus (Ophonus),
puncticollis (validus), Bryaxis
punctiger, Ceuthorhynchus
punctilum, Scymnus
punctillum, Stethorus: 220 345-.eeeees
punctulatus (=fracticornis),

MAN EHOUMMUS | .-.55.0 28s hxc en costo
punctulatus (silphoides), Licinus
punctum-album, Mononychus
punctus, Mycetoporus
pusilla, Galerucella
pusilla, Haltica. «.:.08 5. eee
pusillus, Bibloplectus. .....223kic5..e8
pusillus, Cryptocephalus ............... 38,
putrescens;, Atheta...:...0N 01 oes: seeeeee ee
pygmaeus, Cercyon
pyraster, Mecinus
pyri, Phyllobius
PYTOCHLOUAE, .. :2ec<005.8s tee eeees oe cee ee
pyrrhorhynchus, Ceuthorhynchus ...
Pythidae

quadridens, Ceuthorhynchus ............
quadridentalus,) Cis 022... -2. sus. eeeveeee
quadriguttatus (obscurus), Ilybius ...

33,
quadrifasciata, Strangalia ... 17, 20,

38,
quadrimaculata, Phyllobrotica ......
quadrimaculatum, Bembidion .........
quadrimaculatus, Aphodius ...............
quadrimaculatus, Cidnorrhinus ......
quadrimaculatus, Bromius ...............
quadripunctata, Harmonia ...............
quadripunctata, Xylodrepa ......... on

181

PAGE
quadripunctatus (quadripustulatus),

CRIS CHTOG IIS. ye fecs8b cee ces ose ae tepde eee 38
quadripustulatus, Exochomus ......... 66
quadripustulatus, Mycetophagus ...... 141
quadripustulatus (quadripunctatus),

GISCHPOGIINIS) o.oo: actebstSatsss cee aareep 38
quadrituberculatus, Phytobius ......... 116
quattuordecimpunctata, Prophylea

(conglobata, Synharmonia) ......... 108
quattuordecimguttata, Clavia ......... 108
quattuordecimstratus, Carcinops ...... 37
qQuisquilins; AMthicus) .o:i5.ceichh... 0508 90
QUASOUBLIUS OLY DTIGUS ») jacsieecs acne: coaceees 76
quisquiliarius, Philonthus ............... 105
DL LOUUIS AAD LOT an Seaicscencos MRR Dae 76
rapac, ‘Ceuthoriiynchus 720. 2i.5.4..08.! 116
redtenbacheri, Scymmnus _.................. 109
regensteinensis, Sitona .................... 115
resimwanrti. ADASPIS AI Re 114
PEICHIS SRMCTONES LiiA...... Se AU 7, 86
renipustulatus, Chilocorus ................ 109
reticulatus, Boletophagus ............ 22, 38
RUTZOpiaekdae Ph Ae 110
rhododactylus, Phloeophthorus ......... 17
UM EVE ACIUA ..ot.ccccscdseestonsecccecss ss 103
UAE OP APPUS: ...-0ccsecer.cea-nceencacn ee 96
UM See ACU CLUS | so. sicccstenncccautecteces 106
PMV EOOYUCS cc cenec cer sctecsacctvadesnsces 46
ELVMHEE OO OOVARIUIN oc carcscsucaccesagcncereceeees 106
EUVU Aisa ee TCCUNIS, «5020.0. c.ercceacespt cuceseze 100
rivularis (=variabilis), Limnius ...... AT
MUI ar IPE UCINUES. octaves ts. cc csseateres sretae cass 106
FOSIMAG, CATIEMONOMIUS .......cdasatcsasetenee 6
rotundatus, Odontonyx (Olisthopus), 100
PUDT) ATUGWOMOMUS feeccct-scacc ees Bes di lash. Ae 116
rubidum, Sphaeroderma ............ 89, 114
rubidus, Curculio (s.gen. Balanobius), 116
PUDISINOSA., CASSIOM. olec.ttc.c aces eens 91, 114
RUIDISMAOSUS, LOMPITALSUS, 0. ..c.ccr cantare 113
PULA ANT UIUADIS — ncsssct te dccaessecvetuceesenses 112
PUM ARO OCGNOINIA .rvcrescecsecncccdecessteecen 90, 109
rufatus (rufulus), Dorytomus ............ 116
BMPR SCCM MICCISUUS: orc. cicecocmesaccceoaees 98
PAUMECOUES,, CARAMORATSIS: occa scsckce cc eeeenendss 112
ruficollis (haemorrhoidalis),

(SLOVO YETI ih Sa lore eae ee Nee Ree em Semen 102
ruficollis, Haliplus ...... 33, 79, 82, 97, 101
PIMECOUIS, “RVUTIVOSINMUES, <..0-cesec sess eae ence 89
MUCOUS. SUITS) ac. .cs te scecctaacceceoe te 96, 112
ruficorne, Agonum (Anchomenus)

100, 151
TIMCOrnis: ACOUMALI a, Mecice eco tcc ti. 110
PMOHCOLNIS, GLAMMOPTCLA” ..2..c2...00nc005 8
HUN COLMIS, WIAPOANIS, oo... scccecstacasccsaacun 116
TUMANTIS, “KARCECUCS. oni ccc.saceecssacoasus 109
TUES, APWOCIUWS, “2 .cc.csceeccccee-+<race 88, 89

rufipes (=decemnotata), Phytodecta, 113
DUDES + EUVUU ACH sts asters ce ste cea scbreets 103

PAGE
TUAPCS MelanOtus ye tncscs..cas ee enretese-nsase 111
BUA PES) PHIOCOLEV Al + ots wnceges tare tos qneel 38
rufipes, Rugilis (Stilicus) .................. 106
rufipes (=signatus), Tachinus ......... 104
Tuhipes, THAWaSiMUS) ene.sde.<.s.bansereesee es 17
Tunrostre., JAMiONy se4 hs. bia eae eo 115
rufocincta (=praetermissa), Amara .. 99
TULOMATSINATUS LeIStUS » perc0. ccasesereens 25
rufovillosum, Xestobium .................. 38
rufulus (=rufatus), Dorytomus ...... 116
PUPS) VANTHOCGOMUS: 4.c.carveccscessame 96, 112
TUPOSUSS OSVTCMIS Hhisketecdsce1 dean tede 106
rugosus, Thanatophilus ..................... 107
PUCAMOSUS., .SCOMyMUSy «4..5..0cnetes Aone eee 65
LOIMIGIS, SPD ylOMONUS is)... fossa csees 116
TUSCi.< Rhy NCDACMUS e-ackecshees, «ede acne 116
TUSHICUS)) cATNOPBIUS haere tetas hon abr ey este
Sabuletiy (Aer alia....... 2a eee 38
Sabulosums, “Opaltram sige res. ..eeeee 76
salhbergi, Chaetocnema ............... 18, 36
Salicarraeyy Ly thrarial ets eet. ee 114
Salicis)/ARhynChaAenuUS: .“20As0.beks sees 116
salicivorus, Curculio
(s.gen. “Balanobius)), ..0.0e%..aee 116
Salina a(degerata)) Nebiiia ea... 37
SanaAntoniomBectle (ent. eeee 156
Sanguineum,. Pyrrhiaivwm wie... eee. 38
sanguinolenta, Leptura. ......0...cc.....0. 38
SAP TIAUSH WR ee Ae Ree 98
Savi (—HISpigis|. “Ols wera. caeeeceete 163
Scaner, OirormiyirClns 1... tec eee 59
scabriculus, Trachyphloeus ......... fewerAs
SCamicus, ‘CryptoOphnakus ....c:.-s.sceeeee 110
SGALAMACLAAG Sorctescee ercccee Re eee 38, 111
scarabaeoides, Sphaeridium _............ 103
SCM Aisa yet, “AuMCUa | sttatcea nc ccceereee 158
SCH AMM AT OUWS! .srcaccestecaccnc ten ceee tee 151
schneideri (bulbifera), Bryaxis
CBMs)" tee ee peteite cece econnee ae 108
SCIP PIN TINO TALIS er tase eeseres soe 7, 116
SGOly rae” Fe Cee sakes ct oreencea cate odeen 39, 117
scortillum (harmorrhous), Amalus ... 116
SGLAPULdae: *) ti dccssescoe eee er eke see 114
scopnitariae) “ANGHTEMWS. vc. c.cs0cecscees 111
Suprise Ox ytelus- 22 sstatesssepex peeves 106
scutellata, "COCGIGUIA 2h ct.ccc0s.c-. 50 38, 82
SCUNEMGbag) EC DUMEA Wn dosent eae 38
Seybalarius, Aphodius: “hones 411
SGMMBCNIOACG castes. g caste eee 107
secundus, ‘Q! pallltpes,. abs (e.-<osesd-oeee 158
Sed ADO: 2 Ae ot astehe, Ache eee 76
SEMICUPTES, "DOTMACTA, Vo. as.scczs cant ckeons 38
seminiger, Hydaticus ............... 6, 33, 102
seminulum, Chaetarthria ................... 103
semisulcatus, Dytiscus ...... 6, 33, 82, 102
SemIstrianus, MISTER scassiwss.-stecoasehe 109
semivittatum, Apion ............ 23, 24, 91

septempunctata, Coccinella ... 66, 108, 156

182

PAGE
septentrionalis, Oreodytes ............ 46
sericea (=amicula), Atheta ............... 158
BELICAUS VOM LILUS tec ieerencseat atte seecare 111
SELLA: CLESNAG Et rest iesetemeoe eet ecceceeses see 39
serraticornis, Pyrochroa ........ Pesdereet 114
Setiger, OrthoOchaetes orciili...stencoeese 7
setulosus, Cryptophagus .................. 110
sexdecimpunctata, Micraspis ...... 8, 109
SHAT, DB PAGyC CLS voce tec hs cceeaateneente == 99
signatus (rufipes), Tachinus ............ 104
NTO TIN GAGs ace woes eeeetcces a eeceeatcaadee 37, 98, 107
silphoides (=punctulatus), Licinus 37
Simillata, “AMAA, ccc: sche. sted desescuxshces ose 99
SHMUe (ADVOM eciipawesces sores tpBanasesnons owe 115
Similis, Rugilis: (Stiicus) 1 .-2.7...s-.6 106
singularis, Otiorhynchus .................. 65
sinuata (=flexuosa), Phyllotreta ... 115
SIMULAUUIS,. LudCCODLIS, .....Sckededneteaconc teen 103
sisymbrii, Poophagus :..............00: 116
skrimshiranus, Stenolophus ............ 99
socius, Catbormrocenms tts.<......27s5.6>. 21
Sodalis, Bagister 2s7aette reise ...ct- 99
sollicitans, C. violaceus, ab. ............ 10
solutus, StGnWs, jcisiaesss oct... dee. 106
SoluLus, "TACKY POLUS/, <,.25t/ceer eens. dee 104
sophiae (cyanoptera), Psylliodes ...... 114
sordidus (=pachycephalus),

Philonthus, — i.s.e:3t.:. n3feeieodaests 105 |
sparsus (=capricornis), Noterus ...... 101
Spartii, Laenmionphiloeus......:....-.2....:.<-s 17
SDENCCL, VATOU, vec cpdic maces dns chaete +> map 115
sphaecelatus, Aphodius _.................. 88
SHINOSUS, BIDLOPLECUUS «oo cccpescovtrcraqucsee 108
splendidus, Mycetoporus .................. 104
SMLGta, AURA. ty. oc scerps oes «+-assseazeccensban 76
Squeak Beetle ............... a desea iaxnaceonent 3
Stapiylea. (CHEVSOUMA. ooo. csess---tesecy- 113
STRAT Oy final nin t Eevee ae se ee She one 103, 157
MILCLULIS LU ee Radcen ches cdianeueevesc~antsea vena tcataan des 96
SHRENWUS, PTETOStICHDUS “iccsn.ccecnes-c one, 99
striatellus (tibialis), Sitona ............... 115
striatulus (nigriceps), Laccobius 79, 103
SUELO A DLOM = cece crsvacasneaessctespasbaas cone 115
Sunlatus: OnbROpOTUNS Vie cesscrectas. 37, 109
Shit Olgae SE VLODOEIS ©) cacutasmaceusessosneten 107
Suit Aa oe sccesaneeeac cates en. 33, 102
subcoerulea, Chaetocnema ......... 18, 36
SUbLULIPIMOSUS., (QUCCIMST Tce teas, 105
subrotundatus, Hegeter ................0.00 9
substriatus, G. natator, ab. ............ 102
SUDSUMAUUS, HCLUCIUIS. wc.ccasscescspece 01 Bin WG
subsiriatus, Notiopnilws, ”2...2....-.<<.-6.- 98
SUDUELTANCUS:” LaCHITNTS. ...c5-seecden cae mead 104
subtestacea (=lurida), Anaspis ......... 114
subuliformis (fuscus), Philonthus ... 105
subvillosus, Ptomophagus ............... 107
SUCCINGUS, PAG VUALSIIS per. ccseycaeantaanne 113
sulcata (=cacsa), Falagria ............... 104

PAGE
Suicatns? MAGHINIS 3a. fe eee 33, 102
sulcicollis, Ceuthorhynchus ........... 117
Sulcifrons, “SitoMa Ot. .wesre eerste see tes 116
suturalis,” “Crataraea” .25 02. Me nese 103
SUPUralis! “SG yannis Py. .c-ecese eee eee 91
SULUTALIS, “Silomars:s2!...c eee 91, 116
suturellus, Ceuthorhynchus ............ 7
suturellus, Longitarsus ..................... 113
sylvatica, ‘Cieimdela ik ..stcccceses teers 37
sylvaticus, C. arvensis s.sp. ............ 37
Sylvestrisy VOxXyOmUS? | Peiaseec sates 38
tardus, Harpalus tg)itiic..tcnseseees 99
tardus (=hermanni), Hygrobia ...... 101
PENSDLIO 2.5). ie cece eens sotencke ee na eters 10
PENEDLIONIGAC .- .55.cc--+-2-- sees tee ei 38
tenella, Galerucella yeaa inN..e 113
fenellus, Aphodius) W758... 22nt ae. 3
Tentyriidae (=Tentyriini) ............... 156
tenuicornis (carbonarius),

PHIVONtHUS .....3.:....50: fae ae 105
terminatus, Cer@yOr \..... i 2sectreaeee 103
terminatus (=rufescens), Leistus ... 98
tessellatus, Hydroporus ......... 33, 46, 101
tessellatus, Ontholestes .................00 105
testacea, Ey G@raena) ~ wocekisenescr ane <-necbes 103
testacea, MICYOCATa “cc .enn-n see ee 111
testacea, Rhagonycha. wn... use scecnenes 112
testaceum, Sphaeroderma ............... 114
testaceus, COnOSOMUGS ................0 4, 104
testaceus, EnMoOchrus. .........-cseseverens 79, 102
testaceus, .Phymatodes.. ..........::.sce000 38
testaceusS, “StuibUs: ‘io... .cc.csse-pepe eee 108
tethys, B. obtusumi,. aly.) ccna 152
tetracarinatus,. Oxytelus.; .......:c:ecssees 106
tetracolum, Bembirdiom, ,..-..c..ceeeseees 100
TECPALOMINOAC ~ ..sccc acne acc 2 napapeb oe eteeeaes 114
thompsoni (=aeratus), Gyrinus ...... 102
thompsoni (moguntiacus),

Ceuthorbynchus y.. ee. ereeeee 163
thoracica (bicolor), Cantharis ......... 112
thoracicus, Lordithon (Bolitobius) ... 104
thoreyi, Agonum ............... 4, 95, 96, 100
tibialis: “AMAA! 25 .sicsiuccesentesceres eee 76
tibialis, Melamimom .\).....:.-c-c-0scseanene 76
tibialis (=striatellus), Sitona ......... 115
Libiahis= VT yGHw1S) <..c.s..c.cesaseae eee 76
timidus, (chalybeus, moguntiacus),

Ceuthorhynchus ............ 116, 162, 163
tirolensis, Oxypoda /.....:..cs-uss seen Hi
TOMENTOSUS,, _BYUUTUS Woot .tssseesec eee 110
torquatum, Eusphalerum ............... 107
"TORICUWIN tov. tt aeccssvctdeesataateatncrt saa cenene 10
transversa, Crepidodera ..................0+ 114
{PANSVETSUS: ME MICHIUS. ~..c-cc.cyce-e eee . 110
transversalis, Hydaticus ......... 6, ods due
transversalis, Melanopthalma ......... 110
Trigutiata, ADUCLA cet. seu reeeeaee 38

trinotata, Atheta (s.gen. Tetropla) ... 103

PAGE
PESTS APE OCDUIS ccc se tElt A theese eek 3
GMIStiSeOCLrEVON) Hin eT eR, dees 103
tristis (elongatus), Hegeter ............... 156
tristis (=laevicollis), Quedius ... 105, 158
ULI HES SAD Pesce ves os BESS. 2s. ALE st 107
trivialis (=aenea), Amara ................6. 152
troglodytes, Ceuthorhynchidius _...... 76
TOSSUMTS. Gab ris eee EAL 105
truncatellus, Limmnebius _.................. 103
truncatellus, Metabletus .................. 100
PabSrewloOsus, CLOMUS ls. ae 38
HUIS + PACU ON! | fae eek 113
pypuOcUs. Lyphaecus! 4.5L be 38
WH GIS FC ADLOMM cA F. CEL A acute LR 89
WHEIMOSUS, WAL ADUS —xsciccccves secon Sede: 101
undecimpunctata, Coccinella ... 8, 90, 108
undulata, "OrCheSia isd WAS BR: 38
undulata, Phyllotreta t.2i.06).5. 038 91, 113
undulatus, Agabus ............ 6, 33, 101, 102
unowicwlaris; Agabus iicnk. a8 101
unicolor {obsoleta), Epurea ............... 109
unicolor (mannerheimi), Bembidion . 100
UHLdenmrauss “Silvanus* Hea kee 110
BPINAvOr GyYTINUS? As 12, 46
urticae, Brachypterus _..................... 109
urticae (=pomaceus), Phyllobius ...... 115
WETIC ALTON) PAPLON SFK05AESs eet fake chances cs 115
validus (=puncticollis), Bryaxis ...... 108
vaporariorum, Myrmechixenus ......... 109
VADOrariim, CYMINGIS scsscizo..or..cobene 37
WA DEAOIETS, OY POM eee. cn cssecowerecss 82, 111
variabilis (=rivularis), Limnius ...... 47
Martens CMV SOUMA” .:..ccssencecadcceceks tones 113
Wat Sea IDLO DEMULS: 25.05: .dstacemcaewovsest cc's 105
WATHOS aay pA COULA. 5 pen bes. saad cnnntencornes 8, 108
WATSON atUSs HAUS cusped pecknock cosnecsct 101
Varrelanus: GACCOPMIWIS, oos...honteeseescenes 101
Warts EOIN DEUS arse eics 8.0 ena Qecewcheas 105
MGA DUN ISTE! 2525, tee auttccccass ics ccoseeesape tee 107
MeMoLAIS OCMLOSIS .6.icteechiadeteeesteaes 114
Venusimla, Aphthoma: ocncsiccecdsacthessec ce 114
VEMMAWS: GEOLTUDES' '...cs.0c.c.cbeseoceaah cea 20
MELWALIS,” PtCrOStiGNus.cccess:.ccvessees ot; 40
MEESICOIOL Meta VETOUUIS a inccowsscaeieehtesestecs 101
VESDILIO,, INCCTOPNOLUS © <isepocdscssescacece eer 107
WESTON, AS OUUMI) -- o:t.caee sss. sarerece eee 100
vespilloides, Necrophorus .................. 107
yestigator; NE€crophorus, «::.29:<c.5.0se05ec: 107
Wah Gms CASSIM a i: e505 ea eines tae. ee 114
VM GralerweCellan. j.:caack «<cccecdseaceoeen 113
WECE AOU STAND OT 2. Sa eet css cane kee cute «ee 115
viduatus, Ceuthorhynchus ............... 116
OAL UUEMENYS » NORVIDIDY We. st tt ivc hvac stecivededcacee 100
vigintiduopunctata, Thea .................. 109
vigintiquattuorpunctata,
ULNGOUCING Tame. es ores «cee an 8, 108
WAROSUS mea lOUS? 2; cose bo beh aarsaaeeaee ale 38

villosoviridescens, Agapanthia ... 96, 113

PAGE
ywillosus;) Orectochilus nw aieee oes AT
waolaceus;, Carabus) s..cnc. cases. eos 10
Violaceum, ADION) \..cccndsatecceeeepeeeeege 115

viridearis (=parvulus), Phyllobius ...
16ieed 9p

viridearis (pomonae), Phyllobius ...... 115
Viridis; sCassidan Aes A ablescra cere 114
Viridula,) GAaStrophy sai .c....cs<esesw cece 113
Vittatus;, Pteleobiusy ncskt.ce Shteomaeeeee 117
Wittila,; * PhyWotreta’ cscctisieesiade noes 113
Wividus;, CalathusSestscetats.-. sere 151
vividus (=gregarius),

Nesarpalus (Harpalus) ..... wide 152
volkmari,) Liatelmiist if te...ccksceete 47
VOra&,! APION) ..::.. cet chaser ees 115
Vulcanus; SHOLOpSsilet shel. kee 157
vulgaris (=melanarius),

PiGLOStiChuUsy ys hehe es eee 99
waltont, CaenopsisinAicvsclee. eee 7
Waterhousel,,, SitOma: sis.<et eet ee 21
wattensensis, Brachypeplus ............... 154
wehnekei; Haliplus <..;:.:ees.ts ce 79, 101
wetterhalix (Masorews: <i}: 37
Walking: Narewsi i: eee eee 107
winkleri, Ocypus (Staphylinus) .. 105, 158
zenkeri; Aphodius, 22uies ees 88

DERMAPTERA
auniculania, .Lorhiculay) .....:..:steeeeee 64
autour P. ssintiatag labs \i222....ee 61
sinuata, Pseudochelidura .................. 61

DICTYOPTERA
cimerecay Nauphoetar eenisc.. deen 56
Gypress!; Rodchl ihe... See see 56
adytiscoides, Diplopteray( ish: 56
marginalis, Pelmatosilpha ............... 58

DIPTERA
arenaria, Chersodromia | :.....)00..0.2. 24
ALTOLANS, SICOMUS 722. wee eee eee 24
barbatula, -Clinoceral ete 165
biannulatus, Cryptochironomus ...... 26
bisitnatus, “Tabanus ile. ees 39
Hromius; yTabanusvre een. ate 39
earnéa, Pentaneuray <2 ai ee 25
Cervie’ “ipoptena 1h eee ee 20
Glmocera’” b FAC Bee ORE ee 165
Cocca, Brawlan cAc.ccee ee ee 58
Copnata, “Acres ates ee oe 90
coracinus, Pentapedilum (Sergentia) 26
crassipes, Microphorus ..................... 24
CUlTCH act! | cot ees Sect e ee e 165
distinguendus, Tabanus. .................. 39
GEVersipes: Weiland m.t..cssi seca ae 165
DBGay iG biG Ns ee eae Ae Ree etre re pee 165
EMM DUGIMAG St eee, teres ee sk eee 165
enecta, "Chelifera’ 630 eee eee 165

eumera, Hilara
fallaciosa, Wiedemannia
flava, Laphria
fulvus, Tabanus

Permianica, Hilava ©...7... 2. -.c0.--2-=
Glyptotendipes .....

gripekoveni,
Hemerodrominae
Hilara
impudica, Wiedemannia
laetus, Polypedilum
maculicornis, Tabanus
misella, Paroxyne
muscaria, Synches
nigritarsis, Empis
notata, Thaumatomyia
oculiperda, Thomasiniana
pallida, Synamphotera
pallidiventris,
pictulus, Stictochironomus
pilosa, Hilara
Polyodapsis sp.
pyrastri, Scaeva

ribesii, Syrphidius (Syrphus) .....

robusta, Polyodapsis

securigera, C. barbatula, ab. .....

stigmatica, Chelifera
sublunata, Stilpon
suleata, Rhamphomyia
Tabanidae
tarsalis, Microtendipes
tenella, Clinocera
tesssellata, Empis
testacea, Dryodromia
tetranchyi, Fetiella
verrelli, Tabanus
vivax, Stenotrypeta
vulneratus, Cryptochironomus

(Narnischia)
Wiedemannia
Wissmanni, Arthrocnodax
zonaria, Volucella

ECHINOIDEA

cor-anguinum, Micraster
caudatum, Echinocardium
sea urchin shells

EPHEMEROPTERA

M1Sca,, Habrophilenial .....<sc.cceattee

FERNS

aemula, Dryopteris
aquilinum, Pteridium
australe, Polypodium
Beech Fern
borreri,
bracken

Tachydromia .....

184

whith 59
wake 165

PAGE
dilatata;, Dryopteris, .:.....c:c2s0e2.. ces 31
filix-femina, Anthyrium ............... 34s (82
Green Spleen wort i...2cc2dsceeeke>. as 31
BardoPern (2:2 hsisincaet le esa eee cil
Hart’s-tongue +FPern,. ....0.+.sadiaheet.-csee 31
Hay-scented Buckler Fern ............... 31
Holly Ferny il ascites. ee QQ Sh
interjectum, Polypodium ............ 58, 59
BadysPernsi ssc ttiaeeest te. 31, 814
lonchitis, Thelypteris .................. 2235 at
Mountain. Fern, .::.2d8i2e.: eid 31
Narrow Buckler Ferm jccit....2:taee 31
oreopteris,, Thelypteriss sissies acess 31
phegopteris, Thelypteris ..............0.. 31
POLY. DOGY)) by issseoc515:5.-oated See ee 31
Scealys, Male «Pern xtc: ...p.hese-sereeesseeee 31
scolopendrium, Phyllitis i:......c.s08 31
setiferum;: Polystichwim tt.164.....22e0e 31
Soft »Shield «Fern. «..:cedtecnt: =. berente 31
spicant, ,.Blechnum yan /..-.ceeeseee 31
spinulosa, Dryopteris ................: 31), ise
Viride, »AspleniM Mies: tcahocic hanes 31
vulgare; Poly pOGiuimye...:Rs..2cen 31, 59
wilsoni, Hymenophyllum .................. 22
Wilson's: Wiline, Mern «2es:-tan-ci oes 22

FLOWERING PLANTS

absinthinm, “Artemisia, .2-11 sess seeeeeeee 20
ACPIS, “RVISELOR! Vite --.che scaler eee eee 87
adam, “Cy tisus” See ee eee eee a
alba’ (—verrucosa), Betula 25... 35
DUCED centre eet erate 80, 85, 93, 109
Alder” Buckthorn’ (2.2222 s-- eee ee 81
ainus, Pranguila:-..4..-2..sc-cs cee ee 81
alopecuroides (x niliaca), Mentha ... 84
alpinum, Waburnuml (0:3 eee 14
amara, ‘Cardamines” (i... eee 7
anagyroides, Laburnum ............... ies ee
AUGCNICA i chee oe ee ee 85
angelica’ Genista:::8...00 eee 84
anna, MerCurialis sr. sc. eee D3e meee
anna PON feo one 147
apple, Cox’s Orange Pippin ............ 9
aquatica (=maxima), Glyceria ... 143, 145
aquaticum; Miyosoton” /:-2..02..2-.1 see 85
aquaticus; Senecio™ 2.2. eee 85
arenaria, AMMOpUiae +. eee 15, 143
arenarius, HUYIOUIS *°f55.0. ccceencee 143
arundinacea: Festuca ...1e eee 140, 143
arundinacea; Phalarts” {i.0---..e eee 85
Aarvense: Carqguiin cs... .cclcen sere 58
arvense; ‘Eithospermiuni "0... -...c eee 75
SESE 028205 veer ON ee ee 34, 89
ASDOM tiie cevassstcenensnenee sheer ss Coren en ieee 84, 114
AGVIPIOR ca ncccsecalenncterst cee teeter ee 90
ATLOCINErea, (Salix tcs-ce t eec eee 5
DECGH eet ee eee en eee D6.) dts, ee

PAGE
UE Ieyey cesne cere cent ce se smnanbts res se eaeAnare 35
Direhy As. 6, 7, 23; 35, 74, 83,. 93, 105,
409; 144, 4142, 145;9m6
OVER MEE OWV AT. ies vane en cockeeb tens atshteattacetys 89
LUSK! SH 01 CO 0 UR et ens Soho ct eee or re 54 eit
Sg IEG Ya E0100) 0 OE en ee See AA 47
SILOM OMDPOY: \.o.ccccncnets ede lbse te ead vacate 87
BSCE LC AM AIMC) Sen once stat Senl biden oheeeenes 87
EOE APA SPIIOGEUN ican. sacs. stoacesetlowenepterensces 16
DOM She LOUCEIUIMIM .. .2teenb temas a<.eeeteeas a 89
“BU OLDE earn Oser sou S een COE pOREEe eee prae 17, 18, 136
Buck’s-horn) Plantaim.. ..........0cuseaees 22
SLO Leia ce. noceewe Jeacainaen slee noneee ec oeees 80
LSE cha) OU Fs SO ae Ee ge oS 80
PUN Caer SCSIGDUA, scesiccvcunwenecdtadoaders antes 147
Calcaread. POL Gala, «..sce. Mie. ected 75
eUIANIMNASTOSUIS eerste eee iets. Sees 141, 143
cINBESIVEs CAGE, «. .s58 jeoceessas «scene face 59, 61
canescens, Calamagrostis ................55 141
CADCHSIS, | LKIOPALLENS ...........0.0sen0---0tares 85
(SENET C0 | =. Aen on Roe Se oe 12, 143
TATED ISTIC coe ccncestienesascanacnbezanatte 16
MaASUariM nL ees 08S .cAR a Winco d 19434!
Ponarivea. IRNAMMUS) ......c0--<2--.ccee een 86
BETA LOONS,, icnc.2SIEE Ss eek be. es 88
cespitosa, Deschampsia (Aira) ......... 144
DBHEHOPOMIACAC NG e.ii SAI EAE, ae sedee- ee 90
WHSAOP OMNI, | 50785 2Le AA nae 20, 90
PLRLESILLINSe See Re SC OR? BES coe eee 8, 77
(CIEYELE SENTOC 1 i teens Oe nee Ae eee Pec 143
toemmiea Molinea: .;....... 20 Anoe.. HD
columbaria, Scabiosa .................. 18, 86
NOC Vie in ateere cic dass ssn stetetishag ates neces peek)
Common NoaDWEAWM .....<....0<.<trortesode (eis
AO STIMEN OTN ANIC ais oe orc eyctidn sonic cope seats a 59
Common Meadow Rue ...............:0.0::0005 12
MOMUMONG RECO ccsavsdauaswisson..s--sccnteooeoretee 144
Gommon aSallow 6.26808... 2 5
COMPRESSUS, y AUDIGUS tyesnssinsccccssesvasnmetonee 88
RPOTEC UVC pa csiesc co Eb vies eiceaan teh teem eters 153
MONVOLALINIS ISPD (sel sh sb... tebe ee eee 113
COD 7 Age LIN ULV AS eA ioeoctiwe nt ee dceet veores 86, 87
WOEns sGrOMUWE!L.. diccscsdv.. kote toscdeetaes 75
GommBiculatuss OU: . Jee aascsente 75
COTONODUS peLANtASO)-.2c.cue. Weoeisee sere 22
GUCKOO,, FLOWER: an.. HAAR Ans cts teodens 6
Devilis-bith Scabious:..... 224.0540: 15
PARLY we UDC, OLCHIS: . cicss.c.t4sseseseeeee 75
PT lye NUM Pec Reweeeos sc anewewies careers sa tee ree ee 81
EIGUES Eby PCLUCUINs ec: Se ae eases 84
Enchanter’s Nightshade ..)....)............ 44
epigejos, Calamagrostis ...... 77, 141, 142
ericetorum, O. maculata, s.sp. ......... 84
EL PUOP MOMMA soncstere sp stewiwscvetessencessormees 143
ENO GU SSD ie pce bes ccqucteocweussicuescvaceavocess 76
erythraea, Centaurium ..................... 86
BYU ATOREUIA. Gi Ae tecasiap ste tie oee eee nnn wees 58
PERN site sar de de Raa ahecawen ow Sulciin wad Me eos vrata 59

185

PAGE
WRAP ATIAM . «Asoka eee cee 79
PaneulayoRamMNus,, .<..--- cesses. aeeeee 80
Bem) Violeta... dsancee ees ph esbeetcee eee 12
fawn, “Cali CtwwM, h...c-35.-ce-ee eee 12, 85
flexiosa, ‘Cardamine . ....d:s-eieaek oes 87
Polvo PICA o.cccsxnerst-xceanondhee-eeeeee eee 68
galericulata, Scutellaria .................. 85
Garlic: UMustard) \......:acacscndeeieeeden eet 81
Genista ..2.20 8 see... eee 136
Plomerata, UDACEYLIS: jccrcccores-neee 143, 147
GoOrsel 22e eee eee 89, 136
gramminea, Stellaria ....................0-++ 17
Great. Hairy *Willowherb | ..:a nines. 85
Greater Burnet Saxifrage ..............- 87
GronDwell eu Was. A. ccsebsnancsenssesatne eee 5
CULTHA ETS SMAI EIS, 32sec eee 81, 87
Harebell MW 302238: sk Bt ee 92
hawthorn ... 6, 7, 92, 107, 110, 111, 112,

113, 114, 115, 116, 164
Hazelis £E.G8,..2. LS Pee 6, 92
Neate. A). Se Pccadeteats 28, 81, 84, 91
ERSNI DD) AS TUN OM Ye cas cets eden tncnanameace atone 76
hirsuta, Saxifraga,2.......:..0eee 16, 44, 46
hirsuta x spathularis, Saxifraga ... 44
hirsutum, “a piwlobiami ye... .cccesee eee 85
FLOR WEE he iiic :. 25. AR ROR does 1193
intermedia; Forsyth was: tenses 8
Bra eaiae Ke Leena ihe vaveecale ee ee een eee 58
TS) RS Ric acdack ee eee wae LA a 22
JacODaAeAa,, “SCMECIOM .:csccccc..tee-eeeeewwnde tees 83
junceiformis, Agropyron ............ 14, 15
EL CUS Pie cha ROR cannes 7, 21, 89, 143
Ming Gupte Ae a Sc SS 87
RIVA WECM ath hec ede dk. cranes 35
Lan taniayy Va UPON) iii .8. creccecevessiseaeeees 73
VARS MPR ac he eae te oteeee cc sees 77
arin SpPeaeiant. eee AS aes 17
Latiiolia, Lyphiat {nueveseas eee 83
lawned (JR eee... eee 155
lauredla,, Daphne 3. chee. eee 75
Gesser (Skullccapy iii eee aes 16
IGESSEL MS TITCHIW OLE ee co meeee se cee rece 17
leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum. ...... 78
ATTN ee ce ke aaa idk sect ccd adem neees fewecne 7
RO TRUS IG Reha. aaa ER aes chee eee 92
AiiicayreNUp harcore eis es. eee 85
Muitetiana.- Crecaear ailctsecstze scores .seetee eee 86
1D SON SEIS C2 olga en a Me ES Se a 143
maculata, Orchis (Dactylorchis) ...... 84
VBA Ze 6 via. cac kh Sx ete EA EE Ae ee 19
major, Ceimpineliias «o., ae ee one 87
ntajUsy CONOPOCMMII) oes cere 81
MALY aR ASD Pies, Oe oes 117
TADS, lide haa. ees eos ee a 76
MACAU)» Silay. 2.2. eeces eet 91
maribima’ yArtemiSia’--2:s:2:2.02.5.ce eee ree 22
MLALIGINay Mela tae Oe 2 eee eae ees 56, 90
Mariiinna "Silene! eA... eee 50

maritimum, Eryngium
Marram Grass
Marsh Cinquefoil
Marshmallow
Marsh Ragwort
Marsh Thistle
Marsh Woundwort
mascula, Orchis
matrionalis, Hesperis
mays, Zea
maxima (aquatica), Glyceria 85, 143
maximum, Tordylium
Meaclowsweet
Mentha
milk thistle
NETL ON hh | ows Sorwr coer eee he Re
millefolium, Achillea
minor, Scutellaria
minor, Ulex
minus, Chaenorhinum
Mistletoe
VEO LEIA, »., Hiatencvmcaianatesosmasece meters tees
Monkey-flower
Moschatell ssc cee 2 Ce eee, ee
moschatellina, Adoxa
muralis, Cymbalaria
myrtillus, Vaccinium
TPE O16 CU ey VINA east eden cc sscGessvancecascooueee
Nettle-leaved Bellflower
Norway Maple
nigra, Ballota
TUT MI OV ADI S ee .su'sceccasecacenesestauecateeioe
x niliaca (alopecuroides), Mentha ...
MULGUCAMIIS, FECESGAIIA -crssscon.eshsevestets
WGK: i575 cease batts 6, 51, 88, 108, 109, 112,
officinale, Lithospermum 5
officinale, Sisymbrium
officinale, Symphytum
oppositifolium,
OT ANC. HASAN «259.0 eeeedl.. 20 Lisext
ofhcinaliss: Althaea -... casita. ake
Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifrage
ossifragum, Narthecium
OIA ae op eS DO ee eS Oe A et
palustre, Epilobium
palustris, Caltha
palustris, Myosotis
palustris, Stachys
MALUSULIS 5s VAC Fag 509s. draca tere eee
peregrinum, Symphytum
petiola, Alliaria
Pialaris, i... diainie aps « eames meteeaudas tes sak See
pilosus,

AOIVGH rear ear ct cree eters Ce NUTS LS es
platanoides,
Polygala
BYO PAU 2 ce eee ee eee
praetermissa, Orchis

Chrysosplenium

104, 109,
(Dactylorchis)

186

PAGE

pratensis, \Gardamine:....cicccc00. SR 6
pratensis; ViSUCCISA) Meee SA thous 15
TIVOE Sete rea ROL. vascsevutcnanosseeap ences 51
Psewdacorus, ILIS :\...cvseivesn hearts 114
pterophorus, Senecio ..;..........cicticseeees 59
Purple Broom... 8 oe 7
Purples Loosestrifle .....ccs. +. tsetse 85, 116
purpureas, Linavia ish. Ae eee 90
DUrp wea ONrchis). .c.....<ccsssee eee eee Lit
purpureus, .Cytisusis...27janee. eee A
ARAM UN CHUN 9 estes ca sevasecaee cevstaaeee 107, 110
Peeg-CTasSsy s.4n7:-2 ee... pee 85
PE POMS: » Gali) est ccichsieininincenaiad a ee 46
rhamnoides, Hippophoe ............0.00a: 30
THVALE: GUM « co ccinceicrenenceodes Seeeeen eee 83
rostrata; (Cares t\..0.: 2st Gee eee 84
rotundifolia, Campanula ..........0....... 19
rotundifoliay Dissotiss .. MAe.....eeeeeae 120
rotundifolia, . Droserdyt.o2stet.-.caeeeee 84
VUNG. ict. eR 116
salicaria, -Liy tlhrwimlly....:.0o-sccsseneee 85, 116
SUI. . Sn cateet ated Sse sane acces eee 68
sallow 2, 5, 79, 80, 84, 108, 109, 113, 144
116

Sand Couch “Grass +...:..- XG 14
sardous;. Ranunculusosi2ees...nee 82
saxifraga, Pimpinella .....c..2ci) 2338 92
scleratus, Ranunculatus .................. 82
Scotch Laburnumy -...20.:..0.-.us.escces eee 14
S@OLS) AEMNIOS nccucaccncear cee eee 2) QQ ibe
Nea. BUCKTDOTI ...55....deee eee 30, 34, 75
Sea, Wormwood ...c20iiik. eee 22
Secunda, : My 0sotis, /2...i....500 ee 84
SECCUM SDD: © xc van. cccss debate etek. Slee 76
OMGACO oi Siko ine deat Aeneas co a RO 58
spathularis, Saxifraga ............... 16, 46
SDCECWELD ooo. tsrsesssoca renee ates eee 76
sphondylium, Heracleum ............ 12, 85
SDT UGE sis .ccncncesceactons thn stel Ghd. cca eeeeeeee 77
SpuUrese Wawel! iis. is.sesceceseseacet es ee THY
squamosum) Trifolium) osc. piece 82
Square-stemmed St. John’s Wort ... 87
Stagnina,’ Viola .......c.. fee ee 12
Star of Bethlehem ..4::31).1...../ceeee 76
pweet ROCKET ......-..cdccadeseceeek nes enna 31
sylvestris; Angelica, .......casi2) ts eeeeee 87
SVIVEStrisS;,. PINUS’ 2. ..:RiveeLcehe ee 84
SyYMpHytwmM 2.0)... Ree. Se eee 4
PATO TISK iii sspapeasseteck oss bean eee 34
telephium:,’ Sedum <...43-eeseee eee 77
tenella, Anacalliarc tence ce- once eeeeeee 84
tetrapterum, Hypericumyei..-.22eee 87
PERISHLS" 2. Yee... car eens eee et 58, 99, 114
MESDVV TING cc ock ape oawia sap sba ven dpadschs ote eee 19
PVG) ees eonktend coesoeee Mae: eee 19
tinctioria, Serratubay vac... see 78
tiMus, “Vibwuenm Un . 0.045 ..0.- eee ees 3

Townhall Clock

PAGE
trachelnnm + Campanula, ssccic0n0-.-veasa0- 87
tritoliata.. MeCN YaDthes) serc.0;... sce 84
TMI BURGOE), Wa-bioteves eters. ciohinteehewareptees 132
UimMarian Biuipenagdula 225...sc. 02%. 79, 85
umbellatum, Ornithogalum _............ 76
MM DEM AIS BUtOMUS pr is.:ddechon- eksge dees 88
werrucesay (alba), Betwila. ...02isssczsaed-..% 35
Vaan CLORMALIS \ passes niece ds.: devaveoss 86
VAL OPIS AMUI. «rosecoccsces-o taeda 19
MRIS APIS A CACUILCL TA, s.cscs ip aee steht ereped: 7
WH SAPIS NO AMUMNA .:..capernneeseseombaede-cns 84
MPM TISN CO ATVINNA - .2.cssesscceueehedbecaeeh 203 16
MUO AOIS, VANATLAD oo: 557... Reh aaer! 116, 117
WINS ArIS, Ly SiMachiiay:c.fi se. ..e522. hese 79
MINAS POVY PALA Meicacsweetelh |. aise st 75
Vualearis,) Prunella). jcisetes weed. .<.8e 18
WHIPS. UE LCULATLA) opsnceodch .. s.aescesctess AT
DWM LEE tha Ete ialsct o-oo. okdbeutSed oe avvetehse 113
NPY AMEN NCO cscs 55.50 raspcesepsecsnctetente 73
NUON eR ed ete fa dasinas os ops cps acess ectets 110, 14114
ECMO AID Pccucancctepetewesen) Stabe. <ccet tents 73
WR RCMGUITD, sace ccs vnteedeacbietbedtedes ude baste 46
WHOOG Ys NIENISNAGE. | .....cc00e- sides. 8 114
Weel nl oT Oe SecPraecekcres sae eeeccr Eee 76
NETO AMM acs Sa dba aitedatocainataecinnaveseadhseea 89
PRS MILGa eR AF aa atta dys «aes ea sweet tens 144
Mellow PEOOSestrife) v.ic.c.ekts.....22ke ds ee 79
MOWMON NVALCEATILGY: ...0iccccecs00...8thhlddeties 85

FUNGI
ADICTINUS) (POLY POTUS: iii iee. 2c Feeeete 92
ACUbuS es COLUMATIUS he tie tcacoee sn 92
ACM MICA: SRUSSULA | VAAL Aci aeredeenee 91
aggregatum, Tricholoma .................. 91
amethystina; Dactaria? 0...... 8c: 91
amMmornphus. Polyporus ' 22...) Rt 92
androsaceus, Merasmius .................. 91
ZUR OSEES HE ODMES seh lotes teenies seimebavene 92
atropurpurea, Russula’) .i./).5./.nc.e.. 91
atrotomentosus, Paxillus .................. 92
aAuUnaniiacasClitocyhe. i.e 91
aurantium, Scleroderma’ ..............22.. 92
auriscalpium, Hydnum ............... 91, 92
Hadius. Boletus ...A VAN ee 91, 92
betulinus, Polyporus ... 92, 110, 111,
112, 114
DlenmMins: Lactariws es ee ieee tee 91
HOVINUS, BOLUS ess encee en ew eeee 91, 92
CEEVINNISY PIUPCUS? Lasiiietee. Soccer dM aceet eet: 87
chrysenterony. Boletus” 6.8 Pi... oecee 57
CUUPUMAs MATHAMIGA SY <i oo cork ctteteens 91
Claronlavady URUSSULA Ne ce. ceec-cteeees- sees 91
ClavVIpess* CHtOCy De Ue wwe. e. encpsncnen 91
coccineus, Hygrophorus .................. 91
COMCENINICAY (Daldiniati. sl eusehscveseoes 115
COLNE A WGAlOCERAs 28 dotai cs eal osacsscsvertersszay 92
cormucopiaéd? WlCUrOWUS 2.25....5..-5<o000- 82
GOrticola VMEViCeMay steve vie. A eeeree 91

.

PAGE
cYramesinus, (Boletus: 2h... atc eeereae 92
CRISDAs A SDATASSIS) Wk-..2-seeterseseesare-nonetegs 92
cyanoxantha. »Russvla Wises ese 91
ditopus; Clitocyhe i... 2:...0aisd2ie eee 91
emeticay Russulan tices S seeciet terest 91
BM PuUsay: MLS. eet ee a ee 3
epidendrum, Lycogala .............1....... 73
exalbicans, Russullai:ah..ceee ieee 91
fasciculare, Bypholomapt)..-.2oi2iie 92
fastigiata,. Inocybexren 2s ae ee 92
fibula. (Omphaliia. «.ek.idiae Ratan 91
filicinus; Rhoposraphusrcies. .... ee 4
fomentarius;, FOnIeS | 205... Sipe Bet.cccseee 22
fragilis; . Bolitobinse wel nies esc ece tees 87
iracilisPRussilla , Aeek24cs eee 91
fulva;) Ammanitopsis! \c xiii ester 91
galopus,y My cénainsseein 25... ee 91
gicanteus,.. Polyporus. 22281 ..eeeee 89
Gomphidiusin cic. eee 91
hemitrichus, Cortinarius’ ...::2)....0:i2c 92
hispidus;, Polyporusi,..<:: .:t2204.. 2 89
hydrophilum Hypholoma .................. 91
ERY GOW. 22 RA. 91
involutus; “Paxillus ees... Ses 92
latcata we lsaGeamria), 25.2: h.d.cicssevarsecsneeeee 91
Lepida;s Russi are AE ies ss csc vsnsconese 89
lutea, (Russulank ites eee ieee. .4e 89
maculata, (Collybia. (22 eee 91
mesophaeum, Hebeloma _.................. 91
micaceus,, (Coprinus!.:aa.:/8.. 2832's 92
MUNG, + Cratkeniwnik -i2.: «tebee eee 87
MUitissimuuss: LaActarims 2162... 2si). ee 91
muscariak Amanitay 1228... 2es 91
HAVCINA ML SPLOLA Ty sek wcanncatee ode ae 91
nigricans, RUssularey Sak... sae 91
ochroleuca;sRussala cee ie. meee 91
ddora,. Clitocyhe.........c02 2.04 ees 91
palustris, ICOMVD cece ce 83
PELEMMISH POLY MOTUS ce sds cccccccdicany sees 92
perlatum),. Lycoperdon) 4:2 2e2. 422 ee 92
piperatus,) Lactarivis \ cowie. .taee 91
plicatilis; | \Coprinustseaens.....2288 89
plumbeus (turpis), Lactarius ............ 91
DEAECCORw PNOMOtAaN H. Aies sk es cossesceneenee 78
PUTPUTEUIMNS Stere wm, ,.:.5.2eegeeee eee 92
pyriforme). Lycoperdon eaiies....0.e 92
pyroralus, Lactarius t4.2... 204 91
quiets, Lactarius ....c2A.RSe IES: 87, 91
Badic¢ata, \Collybia. age aoe... eee 87
fradicatus,,. Polyporush yee st eee 87
7Toseus); (GOMphidivws eee. ae 91, 92
rubescens; “Amanita: .AVRUA Rae ee 91
Bubescens,/Lrametess Ak... ence 87, 92
rurus; (acktarius! Ate. eee 91
ROUISSlay :. nie es 89, 91
Tutilans)) o- Lricholoman.r<cncnca tee 91
rutilus (viscidus), Gomphidius ... 91, 92
Sanawinea, RUSSIA As eake oteierers 91

PAGE
sangcuinolentay) Mycemal %.i:-1....Aadieee 91
Sapinea, Blammea)<.2.25siet wees soneee 91
sarcoides; (Coryne "AGS. AAR 87
Scaber; + BOLCHUIS . cc PRR bree ee 92
scrobiculatum, Hydnum ............... 91, 92
scutellata,) Scutelliniax . csvccnnceee 87
semi-globata, Stropharia .................. 92
semi-sanguinea, Cortinarius ............ 92
sphagnorum, Galera We Res.ks..asceneasones 84
Staurospora, -Nolanea: Mie... deieasre 91
subdulcis\ dactarius< “LSet 91
tenebrosa,, --RUSIMAINteE sees. eee 89
téenera, iGalera, cs. SEA. SA 87
terrestris, Thelephora .................0.0000+ 92
torminosus,. Lactarius. Vieeninnke 91
turpis (=plumbeus), Lactarius ......... 91
unguinosus, Hygrophorus ............... 91
variegatus, Boletus .................. 74, 91, 92
METSICOLOT? MPOLY SUGGES nccc.cs teehereterees 92
Vibecina, | Clitocy been tek... PCA 91
wirTrosa: VAMAan iba, ~....cAe ETA hc cat 91
viscidus (=rutilus), Gomphidius 91, 92
MUSCOSA : NCALO CELA sisccoceocavece wee 92
vitellinus, Bolitobius ........................ 73

HEMIPTERA

aineti; ~ EryiWroneway vein-deraeeet ees) ae 64
AamMbDILUUS PSALMS. 5. cee Harness ceed 46, 66
American IBLE RA. LS 64, 65
angulatus, Blepharidopterus ............ 66
AM tH OCORIGAS) scc5c5. ULE a edteeees 66
Apple Capsid) Bugs Acces... 64, 65, 68
Apple-grass Aphid ........JJ..043 64, 65, 67
Aippley Sucker cecssescceeeseseee 64, 65, 67, 68
arbustorum, Plagiognathus ............ 66
arenarius, Trapezonotus .................. 75
alerrimiUs, PAT AGUS) | 2:..SGSAUN LA ..53% 8
Ory TIM a ers tec he ARE Ah
BATSSUS eee Siac Bots cc seer aeee dete we bee 3
Galbum; Saldula, eters... ea 20
Capra’ Veliay .2iic).. thee aes ERE 18
chiragra, Megalomitus: iii... chile 75
chlorizans, Malacocorus _................6 66
Gimecoides, iyocoris, Awe eee....tes 82
CIMT CA)», INGDA iy s55 SEES Bae cnt Ne eee 82
confusus, Anthocoris ...............0 66, 75
contaminatus! LYLUS leak... 88
Corylk “Hulecanivam ., see. ere 64
CUYSITANS, “SCLOCOLIS nebo ecco. atateees 75
Ggevecta Sappapwoise ey ee vteel..-eee eee 64
dominulus, Eurydema ..................06 §
hilicis, Monalocoris)' <aeind.aitess 88
froerattin Ty phlocy baie ciscds ates 64
fuliginosa, Odontoselis ...s..i.c..cc..c.s0008 75
gallarum-ulmi, Anthocoris ............... 66
( C5) bi 9 (REE OR eRe EER seas soneneccc hn etre 8&5
Green Apple Aphid. ................5.0.. 64, 65
Mirticollis, “BeELttimuUS yyesece-te.s.ceebeteeees 44

188

PAGE
infusum, Megacoelum. ....................0068 88
insertum, Rhopalosiphum ............... 64
iInuNncta) -Podops'\A.eseeaiee ee 75
Kali) My Sus... Ae eee ee 2
Taévipatuss. Oris, Stee. Ase 66
Tanigerwms: “Hriosonial ie .. seeeseeeeee 64
latus; Drymius 28 8.. AS eeee oH
lutescens, Deraeocoris © ...c:).1.......eccees 66
By Paetidae * i essed. ERMA ee 5
MAjUSCULUSS OTIUS> See ye 66
malis Atrectotomus: «. ..2stHe..te eee 66
MAE PSY Wa scccscccsceetna Pte eee eee 64
mali)! Sappaphis:....:. eRe eee 64
marginatus, Orthotylus ................ 66
WaritiMUs;“BeOSUS-1..0.0 seers eee 75
maura, Eurygaster <A TF
merioptera, Heterotoma _.................. 66
minutus, "ORMS kik eecskt eee 66
MUTCD ae ths Al sche ee ee 66
IMNISSBIE Scalee .ckscwwnenscce ees 64, 65, 67
nemoralis; ANnthocoris ...12..:2.-/eeeseeeee 66
nemorum, Anthocoris ............ 66, 67, 75
Niger), OLIUS. hi ccaeaele ee ee ee 66
HICTIPES, -ZiYSVMNUS: ci cacvincextceces eee 2
INUITASCAILOU ER, oA ites te oeeuiameeeeee 64, 65, 67
ObLIquUS,.. “CYMUS) Wein. iis sco ee 44
ochrotrichus, Orthotylus .................. 66
ONCOPel tu ice Re ee eee 3
ostreaformis, Aspidiotus .................. 64
Oystershell Scalelisck secs. 64, 65, 67
pabulimus,” LY LOCOTISm writes 64
parallela, Pachyomella ..................... 13
perplexus, Pilophorus ..................... 66
POML): APHIS © ..icciccdsh ieee 64
praetextatus, Megalonotus ............... 75
psammaecolor, Trigonotylus ...... 14, 15
DUMILIO; “DryIusy) ccc cochie-. eee 3
reuteri, ‘-Phytocoris \.2.2:. ncceceett.--eeeee 66
rosae, Typhlocybapaccsucil. 4s 64
Rosy Apple Aphid .................. 64, 65, 67
Rosy Leaf-cutting Aphid ...... 64, 65, 67
ruber, Deracocoriseteiatne. eee 66
rufescens, Matatropus,« tc... ccatlecicasve- 44
ruficollis; Pleslocoris: .......t¢seeee 64, 68
TULULIPENMIS, WL YSU sess fess see 38
Sa itis “Vela (A iiascdesewsccsuesents eee 18
ulmi, Lepidosaphes: xdcoosstine: £e.-eeeee 64
Wim, Pb ylOcoris) <...::.eexeeee ee 66
Variabilis, Psallus. .....<ssieeet cc 66
verbasci, Campyloneura .................- 66
virgula, Campyloneura. .................000. 66
vulnerata;:) Cercopis (seissui-s<a eee 64
Water Cricket) ..:cccsusduindpenei eee 18
woodroffei, Globiceps .................. 43, 56
Woolly: Aphid) ...:cccaAwdp-beee 64, 65, 67, 70

HYMENOPTERA

albipes, NCUroterus, ..ne4.e eee 57

PAGE
PADIS SA WAY 65 ssvccscrsss cess ssqpameetecates 65, 68
NGTPOSMOGEUUIS: Fe seicks screeds sete nace sasdevssee 163
HACCATUIM, ONGWULOTCEUS: vce. et seneve-n-atee<ce 57
calida, Synagris ...... Pl. VII (fig. 1), 119
ROOTS SUT eos osc vas cvs oa cv cmsbonduasbesencace 163
GATTO GA) 0 POH Bee. Ages scceserckedccesgeonse 51
“CIGE) CATON CT ODT he tcc eee RE ERECT Ee A eC ePRC Cy CEE OP RET TS 47

PEAVEL, hic:

2) aed, 122

dubius, Belanogaster ...

PERO AO YS | Pre. na sc acbimossens caveakwetn'ees gid der 163
ELC DUD SOUS SD bth anit = oo chaos stiaenso vs vere cnn 118
SEE MTOMTO AS oa ns se eantsig Faas Qb acs gudkveaneivi 51
junceus, Belanogaster ... Pl. VII (fig.
4), 132
Jenti¢ularis, N..albipes, .f, »...5..cc.s-0« 7
DUALS UMS AVY IAC OUI: 6 cies owccsave ten ennn 120
PIMC SAVING ccpras aah oni siis.sesws. sw ocesesnesens 49
Rr Cet ee NC OCU OMIN hasw. bi deus S006 « « dee Scene 49
SPCCLOSUS we ODMAS: occ teccdon = odedeorevoackjswadys 137
spirifex, Sceliphron ... Pl. VII (fig. 3), 119
testudinea, Hoploccampa .................. 65
SERGE TRAGER ULES acer arcariccai ss ye snspseaiioEh ole ewe oa 163
LEPIDOPTERA
ADDLEV iat, LUO DUNE CLA, 2 ckesecescmasaes 78
abruptaria, Menophra (Heremophila), 53
ansimmt hi, Cucwillia. «5.00 coscwes 205) 29.4. 43
PIC CTAS SO MMICIL A . 5. sccmdseeeansvae steep Serta
achatinella, Nyctegretis ............... 29, 53
achillea (=loti), Zygaena ... 17, 34, 45, 55
AGCUSiAYy BPXUMMIGHEIS «....:0.¢csc0e0c0e 40, 42, 80
VEAL D OPGMOST son .sscascvacs:aturbesguateneude ty 32
aecvema-A~Pararge, ... 5; (29; Wanita: 7d,
76, 81, 82
aegon (=argus), Plebejus .................. 51
ACSCUTARIAA ee ATSOPNIULAl (0802. weaden tye seh 65
CHMOD SM PMCDLA sclscascscc cotesnsstenceccetonae. 19
aeriferana, Ptycholomoides
KOA OCIA). cats hank eee. oo een 28
aeSCuHlariar -AlSOpHila) ten acts. 2 cece 1
Beton se Prebia %...:..:. seers OR
agathina, Amathes ............ Qi Oh oe Do
agestis (astrarche), Aricia ... 26, 47,
ag a7}
aglaia (=charlotta), Mesoacidalia
CAPEPTNTS ie rt Rateesnt eA Meee. ae , 48, 47
anenella, EWypochaleia | ..:...:.....00s02 42
minicolon. Heliophobus: -..%.....2e eee Q7
albinensis, P. brassicae, ab. ............ 33
albipuncta; Cosymbia . ies)... 2a 31
albipuncta, Leucania ... 21, 29, 30, 49, 55
ALDIPUMCta? WeUCAMI at) ccetteseat, ... eee 51
aabimimnetata, Cosymbiaeest tee 74
albulata, Penzoma. 22... 2a 41
Ane eADAtelerc eee as, 13, 29, 41, 43
alnifoliae, Coleophora. ...............c.c0c0008 80
AIpINCMNUS ORL ALYV LES. ....2..c.dsenidieee telat 53
alpium, Moma (Diphthera) ............... 30

189

PAGE
alternana,, Puxanthisn co .. 0... c8eie 43
altermatas pirrhoe s.cst1 A. F6i0 aT
ambigua, Hoplodrina (Caradrina) ... 19
ambiswalis, wScoparian <fi sess.) ages 83
anatipennella, Coleophora ............... 65
andrenaeformis, Aegeria ..............00 73
anglicasiC.,, sororiatayabes...gie-eheegs 48
angustana, Epinotia (Eucosma) ... 46, 84
aneustellia, AVISM a) csi. eaten. eRe 34
angustiorana, Batodes (Ditula) ......... 65
anomialas Stila ecsctescc.1.ccceesabee eee eee 41
antialbescens + antiradiata + post- bs

discreta,. Lavcoridonm abjiccssks. 53
“anticaeca’’ characters in L. bel-

LAPOUS: | icc ee ee eee 54
antiexcessa, C. pamphilus, ab. ... 29, 46
antiexcessa, M. jurtina, ab. ............... 26
ADAMCA <..t ctl. Seed 144, 145, 148
antiparvipunctata, M. tithorus, ab. .. 50
antiqua,t Org yia) (Aes e eee 64
“antiradiata’’ characters in A.

AR ESHS ob... jude Atel See eo 47
arbutella, Oleuthreutes

(Aveyroploce)ipwteiernnteti es.cad 44, 46
arGas eM aculinean ee heal. obes ee eee 25
arcuata; Lb. ;bellargussabs yrs.) ...cieeiee 54
arcuata; iL.) COriGOn, ab wre. -.e eee 54
arcuata.) P! dcarus;vab) pile: 35, 47, 54
PANTENOSTOLAL) Vian sesecs ses eee eee 140, 144
areve;VAJhyperantus, abseies: fens 54
argentella (cygnipennella),

Blachistay ) Marsan. te 75, 78
argentimaculella, Meesia .................. 51
argentula,, Coleophora; \2.t:2...c:1).42se004 89
argiolus, Celastrinus ............... Fy) Ale
argus (aegon), Plebejus ...... 45, 47, 50,

51, 54, 81, 82, 83
ALIdellai, Pediasia wre! :.. aia 52
ATION... Macnlinealy: witty ake. eee 35
armigera, Heliothis ......... 35, 40, 42, 45
artemisicolella, Coleophora ............... 23
ashyortinigwAmVvaines) “.2.5:ccassesse dec ssaee 45
aSinaliss sMeCYMal meets te eee 52
aspidiscanas)Hucosmayiais.24...c- eee 46
assimilis, Apamea ............... 32, 34, 48, 50
asivamtiae, Depressaria 2i2i7... 228% Bi
astrarche (=agestis), Aricia .-.........: 51
atalanta, Vanessa ............ Qt ASPs e25e" Sh
athalia. Mellicta, Sass 36, 37, 48
atlantica, E. bilineata, ab. ...........0... 48
atomaria, Ematurg@a) 0.00.00 77, 81
otra; @Blastodacmasdesnssene et. eee 65
atrata;c<Odeziaek. Hasse. cee 80
avrigapitanan Phalonia; (5..).1).s.oseee 75
atropos, vACherontiai. Oka. Ae 19) 0 °3%
aueiaynuRe sacrariaviabjcee...4 -. ania 42
MUINAL Oe WM ACC ar cic MOS 34, 49, 55
almantia, (Cs. icteritiamyabs 245... sea 51

190

PAGE
aAurantia, G.emicacéa:abwi.s...0.cee es 49
aurantiaca, ‘Automerise: 3th. ane 33
aurelias Mellicta.) iN20 Qa 25
aurifera (=orichalcea), Plusia ......... 24
aurinia, Euphydryas ......... 11; 28) 31, °54
australis, Aporophyla ............ 34, 49, 52
autumnaria, Ennomos ........ ae 20s) 46,0000
autumnata, OpoOrinia’ 0/000)... var
avellana;Apoda ek. Sania eee 52
avellanella, Parornix (Ornix) ......... 92
Avia, DiTphian ini Rk ee 33
badiatal Earophilay-i)..25. JR 49, 75
badiipennella, Coleophora ............... 23
Daya, MAMA ess ane BE 2 A 48
Dankianay Hustrotiawocccnn. eee 46
HAarrettil, PpaAdena Awe ea 35
basiextrema, L: coridon, -ab. .1:..!...:. 53
Bedstraw Hawk Moth ........................ 49
bellargus, Lysandra ... 26, 29, 51, 53, 54
berberata, Pareulype...9,220.1...44818 30
betulae, Salebria (Phycita) ............... TA
Detulae,./ Theclankis. see eae 29
betularia, Bistom 2Vewe.ek 79, 80
betulella (=ibipennella), Coleophora,
1G
Hicoloria,;. LEuUcodonta sek et. 13
bicuspis). oH arpyda ee! 41, 42
bifida (hermelina), Harpyia ............ 55
Hilineata, Hupliyianw.cctvs-.e Nee 48
bilunaria,..Selenia KoA 42
bimaculata, Bapta Rea. ae 42, 75
binaevella, Homoeosoma .................. 52
bipunctaria, \Ortholitha teas 86
Dipunctella;shthmid eee 52
bipupillata, M. jurtina, ab. ............ 47
biriviaia, Wanthorhoe rw... Meena 49
BISEV ALAM SUCEEINA® 8. deccsdaratesosesecdessieees 36
bjerkandrella, Choreutis! 6$0.)...660 16
blanda, Hoplodrina (Caradrina) ...... 52
DLOMGFi DISCOlOxia. Bites. ee 25
boisduvaliella, Epischnia (Phycita) ...
29, 53
boisduvalli, Oenosandra ..................... 46
bombycina, Hadena ......... 11, 13, 29, 42
bondii (=morrisii), Arenostola ......... 139
bracteas, .PlUsSta eee AR. 29
bradyi; iV Cambricastab eae ee 49
brassicae, Pieris ......... 33, 76, 83, 84, 85
brevilinea, Arenostola .................00s00+- Q7
britannica, “Ay tfunrvas sabe. <ctec 31, 48
brumata, Operophtera 9 .i.i.cc.ec.ts.ce.. 65
Brunneay, “Diarsras ...2-eee ec eee oe 3
brunnearia (plumaria), Selidosema ...
33, 48
Drunneata, tame nee ae 35
DEY Oniaé;, Ps Maplfab-HPn aA 26, 56
Diucephala- Phalera 2::;:2264.02: eee 41
buoliana, Rhyacionia) 60.3)..4..42108 TA

PAGE
Burren Green’ V2 eeeissesaectets eee 147
caeca, Ll. bellargus;“ab. ..A722ee 54
caeca, kL. coridon, abi oat 53
caeruleo, LL: coridon; abi’ 2 iite.eee 54
CaAeSIa, HAGeN AS: cunes ee 13, 34, 48, 50
Caja, Aretial=..... 29, Pl. II (fig. 3), 35, 45
c-album, Polygonia ......... 43, 45, 73, 83
caledoniensis, Z. purpuralis, ab. ...... 48
Cambrica;, Venusia® <:fvciiiecc.2 een 49
canella, “GyMDanCyla ss... ee 53
capreana, Apotomis (Argyroploce) ... 84
capsophila, “Hadema © 2is:.3)2e.21-see 48, 50
capucina, A. oxyacanthae, ab. ... 41, 45
capucina, Lophopteryx ............... 48, 80
Carbonaria, ISturetal tists. sees-nse nese 29, 42
cardamines, Anthocharis (Euchloe) ...
26;31, "78; TA Tao
Carmelita, Odontosia’...+ 0-2) eee 6
carphodactyla, Oidematophorus ......
73, 86, 87
castanea, Amathes ...... 01 84,44 a 1k
caudana, Peronea (=emargana,
AGIGLIS)” 9 Seite ee ee 84
Celaemae “iittecct soccer eee ete 144, 145
centaureata, Eupithecia ............2........ 80
ceronus, L. bellargus, ab. ............... 54
cerusella,, (Plachista ~ 2 tec ee 79, 85
cerusellus; Platytes” 12:78 aes 52
cespitaliS, “Py ratista 2... ..c.cosctete eeeeeeeee 52
chalcites, “Plusia 7 .1h sictsrcte esters QW
charlotta (aglais), Mesoacidalia
(ATS VNMNIS) eet. cre ence 43, AT
chenopodiata (limitata), Ortholitha
46, 48
chlorosata, Lithina .................. 75, 76, 80
christiernana (citrinalis), Hypercallia
13, 44, 46, 52
christyi, Opirinial nts eee 92
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis .................. 75
cinerea (=denticulata), Agrotis ...... 30
cinxia, Melitaea ...........2..c:.0... SBE Sh; 4
circellaris, Aprochola’ (i/002. sae 7
cirsiana, EB. scutulana’ fi. Sak. 80, 162
CUUPALOS SLULACCA vo cocs.. adcocssoeeeeten eee 34
citrata; ‘Dysstroma Jia 40, 48
citrinalis (=christiernana), Hyper-
Galliah! viisccces. shaver ee ee 44, 46
Claddagh’ ..2.3:.3:.- SA nee 147
Clathrata;, Chiasmia *hiin..2:.eeeee 42
clavaria, Larentia i. /).128.)..ene 91
clavipalpis, Paradrina (Caradrina) 40
clavis;’ Agrotis' 3... ee ae pat 524
clerckella,, Lyonetial 2.224. 65
Cloaked: “Minor “77. ea eee 144
clypeiferella, Coleophora 16, 20, 52, 90
cnicicolana (littoralana),
Epiblemmial. n.ccccct eee eee 161
c-nigrum, Amathes tig 732-. ete 41 45

PAGE
Coghnge ew Moth) en..6..08... 65, 68, 70
COPMaba we. LOUCTIEIA, “ADS sicccecescccieses 48
CORA HA DLCE A eos ceecwevowacons ede ebed 29.32; 4742
MOC ORPTRIMIT AN (eee ove ccecseder-s, see ceibatdebanetcdwetee 58
MOLSON OTL AAA, Aico ce ek Nests. ates casedaes 90
comariana, Acleris (Peronea) ............ p25)
COMES, BiUSCNESIS) liiisidscce. ecibescccede 36, 47
commaculo, M, jurtina, ab. ............ 50
COMI, a RELOSDOTT (6 5.:51-cade0e koseeakeceeseeses 86
MTIREEDO TA HES UTC race dee wats ieeov ties sadostotaek 35
Common Lead-belle .....................0.000. 134
COMplana! EiemM a: 22.222. ee cs cscs edieceves 42
COMMDEAMA. PiltHOSIa “oct ceed voce ce ete AL
Goncinnata, “DYSStroma. °....001..... ess 48
concolor (=extrema), Arenostola ...... 140
COncolorous Wainscot. ..i.2...2 0, 140
commrens WAL sCaa abe. 252520608 0552...8 45
ponhiwenss PP 1carus, ab. o...8 one 30
confluentiae, L. coridon, ab. ............ D4
conjugata (=promutata), Scoparia ... 29
conjugella, Argyresthia .................. 6d
connexa (japonica), A. urticae, ab. 26
conspersa, Hadena 34, 35, 39, 48, 50, 52
conspicillaris, Xylomiges .................: 32
contaminana, Peronea (=rhombana,
PNORERIS) Ne :ss3dsaeee eS. RE 92
COMET a HMadena L722 FA I 25
conversaria, A. repandata, ab. xvi, 45
convolvuli, Herse ............... Dis Oe, tees ae
conwagana, Pseudoargyrotoza ......... 78
cecridon, Lysandra 29, 47, 51, 53, 54, 86
OMEN, PATEATUA sccsuscacaceseceuetcce eecusees 42
corylata, Electrophaes .................. Ao RAL
PAVSSTI COSSUS) axe nnteepeupbiccdinans wteaetacasoces 65
costaestrigalis, Schrankia ............... 84
costimaculata, L. ocellata, ab. ......... 4A
CrASSALIS . BOMOLOCIAs «. .<.cz-ss0scancceccs 30, 41
crassisignata, D. exanthemata, ab. 40
Cranes. PPE CH UPD: cv; oss cncoerknenteenen 43
Orenata;, ADAINCA, . -..25..ccasgeseninwaen 34, 40
cribrumalis, Zanclognatha ............... 42
cristana, Acleris (Peronea) ............... 92
GVOCCALO:. SS OML As icc cctcsers cosas es caeemasns TO acta
CEOCEIIS se GOLLAS © cs cccctecnsacoverst conemsertsean 24
crocogramma (=lineola), Coleophora
shops bry
TELOOSCIIAD, VACA. ow .cnacsants secpepepsedccenaeess 52
GUuCTING LODRODLCTY:X, <acccoxces <a caccacea 52
culmellus, Agriphila (Crambus) ...... 83
cupriacella, INGMOTOIS sso octet tos 52
cupreopunctata, L. phleas, ab. ....... 56
GUTSOVIA” MB UKOR vice crocdea aver sucess 33, 39, 47
Curvisii, Ee-ComeS;” Bi) .sctuveectgsseneece 48
CUrvaAtwla. (DRE PANA: \...:.a\sescet.o«-gereeuke 43
curvistrigana, Brevisociania
(Phalonia) i. F224 sk: i ee 52
cydippe, Fabriciana (Argynnis) ...... 83

191

PAGE
cygnipennella (=argentella),

Flachista: bt aickeasinwesetntne ib, 78
cynarae, Mesembrymus) ¢.i.2i...d.:..-sserns 43
CYynITA,. Lonomigd& -2esc.ttes ee oe 32
alMatinus Wy LACM As G.ds..2sueeesseceuess 43
debiliata, Chloroclystis ...............0..... ao
decolorella, Blastobasis ..................... 29
decoraria, C. albipunctata, ab. ......... 31
deflorata, Ecpantheria .................0.05 36
defoliaria, ETranmis. 4... ...0.c:.5.0c.0s- 36, 65
denotatas) Bupithecial, ....2....ccccacosrascese 7
denticulata (cinerea), Agrotis ......... 30
derivata, Anticlea (Coenotephria) 73
derivatella, Coleophora. ............0......+ 58
desyllesi, L. dumerilii, ab. ............... Al
didyimata, Colosty ia: ices kee nee, 40
Giulwtax, PASDN ANA. c o.tccnws see tdeees seas ieee oe 55
dilutella,, Pemmpeliay <....snjragee-s-serne 80
dipsacea (=viriplaca), Heliothis ...... 35
discolor +tripuncta, A. urticae, ab. 26
discordella, Coleophora ............... 75, 92
discreta; A. Aa@eSTISMaAD:«.cshbt.t--sccm 47, 54
dispar: hLymantrial | ..stepetres: sccm 45
dissoluta,, NOMA GTI) o. setsedee toes eters 29
Gistans;, .Crombruee hilayss).coess ... sche eeee 53
ditrapezium, AmathHes. ....<......ccceescces-se 42
divisana, Choristoneura .................. 53

dodonea (trimacula), Drymonia P.. II
(fig. 6), 13, 45

Double-lobed; Moth: .2..<:...aesebracseene 144
dromedarius, Notodonta ............... 27 80
aryas;: Satyrus: At tkc ck tee eee 25
dumerilii, Luperima, .c........ 34, 41, 48
Gumetana, Pawdemiss cs. css..cscct sees serns 51
eburnata, (‘Stervhal ....s...cc..eetetiet occ 45, 55
eckfordii, E. badiata, ab. .................. 49
edda.7At (plarceosa, abilehkeewat.4 39, 44
ereay Polyconias. et se 4... see: 45
elinguaria, Crocallis ...............2.: 42, 48
elonpella.. Gracillariagy, s.ssc. ces eseseee 81
elpenor, ‘Dellephika- .chec2c:iamea<. be: 80
elymis -Arenostola® tet cae eet et 143
emargana, Acleris (caudana,

IPGRONCA)! io s.3ccc. to eee 84
emarainata, Sterrha .seecei.. 30, 42
emlUtaria, Scopulay -2ee-tersss. cess 53
Gos, M. athalia,. abs)igwen eee 37
Spiphrons :Hrebias | H). ae. eee 42
eremita (protea), Dryobotodes ......... 34
erigerella, Coleophora: \..24.02 ee 91
erosaria, Deuteronomos ..................... 29
erxlebella, Roeslestammia ............... 74
erythrus, Mesembrynus ..........:.......... 43
Brym, ALtIPe 2 AAS Ae ee 50
eumedide, Dirphiopsis ...............00..000.. 32
euphorbiae, Apatele ............... 29, 32, 42
euphrosyne; ‘Clossiamas | iii... aeiee. 11

exanthemata, Deilinia (Cabera) ... 40, 83

PAGE
excellens: Alsferyx tales. a cies 50
“excessa’’ characters in M. semele ... 50
excessa, Mi. jurtinad), tab er.... 2am. 29
excessa, M. tithonus, ab. ............... 50, 54
exclamationis, Agrotis ... Pl. II (fig.
582) 34) 424s
expallidata, Eupithecia ................... 32
extensaria® “Huprthecia s.4. 232... 22a. 19
extrema (concolor), Arenostola ... 13,
80) 140) 14139142) SPIE “(hesaits
and 4), 143
extrema: Ti "coridon’’abs'2...c64hi ne 51
exulis, Apamea ! .v2. seine 40, 48, 50
fabriciana, Anthophila (Simaethis) ...
76, 85
farariay “DySelan &. Stns teresa ees smeece 42
TAP StAULrOpuSe. x. sss .rcce sete A3iwo2y Ad
faervora, OLUE Paice te eee ces nese eee 73
faleatarras’ Drepamalestteers.ccees.. ve 74, 81
Tascelina, Dasychira™ «Learn. 25, 29, 83
fascelinella, Pediasia (Crambus) ...... 27
TaSsciania, “Dithacogia VSR eked ek 80
fasciarias Billopia <A 48, TA
fasciata,* Ao plagiata;, ‘abrinincwean 48
fasciella= “NEMOtGIS® 220 Aves ceos--ceeee es 18
fascrunculay PROCUSt+..-.-2.-.-"- 80, 143, 144
favicolor, Geucamian eat .te 835) 32
festaliella, Schreckensteinia ............. 73
festiva, Diarsia (mendica,

‘ATVATO OS) eee ceo ite 34, 39
TESTUCAC? ME MUISTAM Ne iirtiese.tececscene 40, 43
fibrosa, "Cleucostizma;s abs (ei 48
filigrammaria, Oporinia .................. 32
filipenawiae: Ay Paena ke ssteneeteeee Q7
firMMata HMO) ic.cfecs =e eeeee het sak 42, 83
fischeriella, Glyphipterix ............ 76, 78
Avalon: ELVGractiais qe eee Fk. 0.6 146
flavicincta, Antitype: ....%.0084 34, 49, 55
flavicincta, Entephria .................. 32, 49
MaAviGOrnMis: AchVyawstirssdecss DQ FEATS
flexula, Laspeyria ............ cc Ss 42
floslactata (=lactata), Scopula ......... 76
fluctuata, Xanthorhoe .................. 40, 48
ANICTUOSAs a LOG Can. <eicnccccces AAR Q7
fluxa, Arenostola ......... 33, 141, 142, 143
formosa, INCPhOpteryvaceetiie..satsenes: 53
TOrMosalia,, DiOryCuveig” Wee ee. 43
formosana, Lozotaenoides (Eulia) 28
foucheri, AWtOMIETIS) tS.) LRTI. Bae 33
“fowleri‘‘ characters in P. icarus ... 47
fowlerimargino, L. coridon, ab ......... 54
fraxinata, E. innotata; ab. !....2:2008¢ 35
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ............... 75
fulvescens, Mompld: .....c2. eit Bases 85
funedris, B: pintariahab weil. 2eLek 10
funebris, Pyrausta (Anania) ... 44, 46, 77
hinerella, Ethniiae ee eeek.....2e eee 79
furcata, Hydriomena ......... 35, 40, 48, 78

192

PAGE

furuncula, Procus ... Pl. X (fig. 7),

139, 140, 143, 144
furvas, ADAM Cat .2....1c2.25.7 deste ae 32, 48
fusca,N:, trepida, ial. :2...:...--feeeaceaeeee 48
fuscata, M. abruptaria, aby cates 55
fuscocuprella, Coleophora ............... 23
fusconebulosus, Hepialus ............ a4eaS
galactodactylus, Platyptilia

(Pterophorus)) a-....Kepseeaee.--sseeees 80
galathea, Melanargia ................. 53, 54
PaliipCeleriOn tees nes 16, 18, 27, 29, 49
gamma, Plusia ......... 21, 43, 45, 49, 83, 84
gangis,, CreatoMOtUs \ seseeses ss Aee sews oe faa 52
geminana (=naevana), Rhopobota ... 161
geminipuncta, Nomagria. .............<.... 29
GOOMeCLTIGRE ¢ eviiscteedecaeithe-seaeee ee 161
Giant, BaP .ccccccscdieecteey een. n ee 145
gigantellus, Schoenobius .................. 52
SiVAaAgoO;) Cirprvhia psec eee ees 25, 34, vA
gilvariai;; ASPItates) p.terss- scons eee 86
“olabrata’’ characters in L. bel-

La SWS) yisese wick aden ae eek eens sea ee 26
glareosa, Amathes ............ 32, 34, 39, 44
“‘glomerata’’ characters in L. bel-

LOPEUS 6 9) Sectict ss Seesaw eeoh 0s os Hareeteeaee 54
ely phica, )EctyPa ess... 2d >-0- eee 7
soedartella; Areyresthidet .32... 84
fonodactylas | Platyptilia: .222..2cceee 90
goossensiata, Eupithecia .................. 48
SOtHICa;. OPTNOSIA i. seccseceescesee 1 WSs os
eraafi, A. agestis,.ial)., ..cstesesserteesaees 26
Grae atiiaey ly esis <seceasts castensacen Cree 85
raminis:’ Ceraptery® fc... Aeaeeaee eee 40
Granella,* TIMCAa’ .5..o..teccenseceseenseeeeenene 11
granitella;’ Acrolepiar’ t:3...cc-c.--:sndeeetee 78
friseas Hi comes, Vale ...2ececcteeeee eee 36
grisealis (=nemoralis),

ZANCIOLMAGMA NS cio eaccstisdeacceeateeeneee 83
Sriscolas BUWemMare este ee 42, 83
grossulariata;; AbDramas “lhetetuce-csecees 46
gryphipennella, Coleophora ............ iD
Halterata, Lobophora: “...--5-.c-.cc0 42, 80
Harpaculas Drepanaol. jeic-ccrcs-eeees 44, 57
haworthiata, Eupithecia .................. 86
haworthii, Celaena ...... 27, 32, 441, 48, 145
Heathy Brivillaity? v.te..c.-s.cese PRES cmon 36
helvola;SAnchoceliss 2...ucg-eeee ee 34
FRCMMVIVCUGIG AG A viacvetrecec sean census te eee eeees 32
heparana, “PandemisS: -.:..sccssccecsseeeere 64
hermelina (=bifida), Harpyia ......... 55
heroldella, Swammerdamia ............ 90
hilaris, Agsrumenid. *+)...cueink ee 43
hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia ... 81, 83
HirciaysPeripMOD ia s..ccoc-heecacc sees 32, Vou
hirtariay sy cian Melee a, eee 42
hispida (=oditis), Leucochlaena 2, 55, 161
hispidaria, Apocheima. ............... 5; 30n
hohenwartiana, Eucosma .................. 162

193

PAGE

horridellus, Ypsolophus ..................... 53
hucherardi, Gortyna, Pl, XI (figs.

1-3), 52, 145, 146

EAA MCC Neier ere cen. es ctae as uce eaten tose 144, 145

hyperantus, Aphantopus, Pl. II (fig.
4), 29, 46, 54, 82, 84

hypericana (=strigana),

Hathran yap hay: shi SR ee os 78
ibipennella (betulella), Coleophora 7, 74
Tears: (Icarus, ab: hives 335)
icarus, Polyommatus 26, 30, 35, 45,

47, 51, 54, 82, 85, 87, 92
TOderrulaee CITT TAS Oo tSe) ¥5u
ICLEL Abas PUPS CIa 9A ee. cides 48
rcrerodacuyla, Alvcitae fi... Rieke. 13
illigerella, Epermenia ..................... 85
immaculata, Hemistola ............... 10, 75
immaculata, P. muscerda, ab. ......... 40
MIU SCOPULA: —.5.-50525.ceanaeaeee dons sxe 30
iMmundana, Hpinotia .sccsstasiw.evc 53
THOMMIUDALTL, ISCODULA: -ssiedesk sfoter es. .sesaes 42
imperialella, Acrocercops ............ Sy ay
AVEC UCU CAIVIAY Oe. cA adeassscateheep eet. cad 48
DAGCAMA NE BMAINA oe stescescsesscete-sesesseast OS, UD
TNCEKASPOTUHOSIAY «6.55 di. vezce cree « 1A Ss 65
incongruella, Amphisbatis ............... 53
Indian “Moon Moth) \y.sciedt.. ssc. sass sh beeen 36
infraviridescens, L. coridon, ab. ...... AT
ener, i: COTIGON, KADY .s24 hesisnes 54
innotata, Eupithecia ............... S084. ep
inqumatella,, Agriphila.. ....s.c00.-.0.s<0% 52
mstlaris: 4. LONICETACs: \S.SDiynec.sbs.0 a0. Q7
mtverjecta, EVUScHesiIs os: .sicseadesscdessaes 29
interjectana, Cnephasia _.................. 79
internana, Grapholita .................0006 45
interrogationis, Plusia ............... 29, 40
LEM. PMIPILNCCa 9 <2.....cc0.0scevecesones A6
inturbaba, Eupithecia ............... 34, 76

io, Nymphalis ... 2, 43, 73 76, 82, 85, 87
iris, Apatura Pl. II (figs. 1 and 2), 25, 36

WEPCSLATIS, VAIOPLA kssviastes oc detec ongrane ts Q7
jacobaeae, Callimorpha ............... 83, 84
HANUS AUTLOMETIS ) .e.sicsee) ise. s cen genced Sl awos
Japanese Hairstwreak........desssawaonences 51
Japanese Oak Silk Moth ..........0.0.... 36
JaApAMEsevOws WOU, ce cdecesecceneees ver kToats 51
JAPODICA, PS PANMALCAS «4 geacsnuptvedecsesse ene D1
japonnica (=connexa)j, A. urticae,
USM Reis ace set cba da cevet dete doe bush be tanst 26
HOLSM IAC mnnesneD : a~. 2 ccvsedcsesccaevoescnioamees 36

“juncta”’ characters in L. coridon ... 53

jungiella, Grapholita (perlepidana,

BA SDCVeSIA)) ices, eowreheenesus's + ost ieee plo
JuUVONIG, (AULOMICIIS: 52..nceaccusers cones 33
(UnIpPeratas RHSRVA sy so oisccer sss caves 19, 86
jurtina, Maniola 26, 29, 30, 47, 50, 51,

54, 82

lahdal RS ‘SACraniay saliva 35. £2. urteen see 49

lactata (floslactata), Scopula
lacunana, Olethreutes (Argyroploce),
77, 83, 84

albums “heticaniasjsicn... 30, 34, 55
lambdella, Batiay :.24.c.eee eee 20) ane
lanceolata, A. hyperantus, ab.,

PE Lh is. AQ 29
lapidata, Coenocalpe .................. Seve don
“latiora’’ characters in P. argus ...... 54
latistria, Agriphila (Crambus) ... 29, 51
latreillelia, “Pancallis fei eee... 46
latruncula, = ProcCuS...2.sc115s 54 ee 143
lavendula “17 ‘coridon. ab. e.ce ee 54
eadabellot! jks Vizees sc a cmco eee 134
leautieri, Lithophane ......... 30 5,541, eae,
lepida, Hadena (Dianthecia) 48, 50, 52
leporinas PAPatele. 2 esesecscn ae eee 45
leucographa, Gypsitea .................. 5, 32
leucophaeria, Erranmnis. +4... .sesecese 1
leucostigma, Celaena ............ 32, 48, 145
leuwenhoekella, Pancalia ..............- 73
libatrixs SColopteryex) sce eee 7
lichenaria, Cleorodes ...............:.. 29, 42
lichenea, Eumichtis 30, 34, 41, 45, 48, 55
lienigianus, Oidematophorus ............ 14
henatas Orthonamvaeee sees 48
Howlas OOnMiShia yew ee 61
ligusiri, _Craniophorayl.. cn. eee 25
limitata (=chenopodiata),

MretHOlith avert: nee soccer eee 46
limearias SCosymibia eae. eee 43,
lineola (crocogramma), Coleophora

16) 17, "75: 191
limenlas ihiyaneltGus) eek sche ee 20, GoW,
Muberasa:., PTOCUWS \2s...<sccccccnnseces 5D, 143, 144
littorolana (=cnicicolana),

Mill mamma sk As coc cce ees esse eee 161
littoralis,; “LobesiaYRG ee |...c es 161
Miuras Anchocelisiiics eo 29
Irturata: Semiothisa . eee ee: 41
lobella, Enicostoma |! 22. ween 52
logiana (=niueana), Acleris ............ 162
lonicerae, Zygaena ............ 26, 27, 48, 80
Lotella;...Anerastia® .A20 Qe... 0..tee 29
loti (achillae), Zygaena ... 17, 34, 45, 55
lubricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma

12, 30, 42, 45, 55
lucernea, Ammogrotis 34, 35, 39, 45,

ATe 55
Lincina,|| HamMmacrisix sa 24-..62... acs AA oats
luctuata/ Bupha a. yeerrcss... nee 14
LUM aria) Sele i aint. Meets cc covewseace 16, 28, 43
luneburgensis, Aporophyla ... 34, 48, 161
lunosa, Omphaloscelis ..................... 52
lunula (nigra), Aporophyla ... 32, 34, 49
TUPI CRITE yw esas Meee ins cokes aude cs eee ee 148
luipilina., Hepialus) ..o ees. 3,, (04
teas sSpiLOSOMA, traikSceekeeae cade sce 55

194

PAGE
lutosa, Rhizedra -:::....2/0005- 27, 40, 146
lutulenta, Aporophyla ...... 32, 34, 36, 48
lychnidiss: Aprocholay caves sncsnseceeee 36
lythareyria, Leucanian 2st. 3
macwlana, “HpPINOws: 3.4.24 Meeleeee 45
macularia, Pseudopanthera ...... 16,
Macwlipennis: “Pluteila, - tke evees 90
magniticellay Hlachista-.......e 73
malinella, Yponomeuta ..................... 65
MalVae, “PyTOUS” cde eee 29, 77
manmana. “Phalonidiae cr... 53
March “Moth 2 uies crtets ee 65
margaritata, Campaead ..25.. 228 7
marginata, Lomaspilis ......... 75, 78, 84
marginepunctata (=promutata),
SCOPULa Pee ee es eee 29, 32
Marita, WUCOSMat. eee, ee 2 WO
Maritima, Hehothis’ 45.202. ee 83
marmorea;” Burhodope: 12)... 52
masculella, Incurvaria ............... 15,19
Marshmallow MOON: 7 evs sence tesesceeoss ae 145
MOANA... CVEODING a2 40 barnes: seta tetce 21
AELELOR DIA Ve | Dh eV 11S PA i i een oD el a 50
megacephala, Apatele ............ 48, 80, 84
megera, Pararge ......... 35, 76, 77, 81, 87
Melanopay sANATUA c2ccts:ccusc cs -eneses bis ew

mendica, Cycnia ... 9, 12, Pl. II (fig.
8), 44, (55, "74

mendica (festiva), Diarsia

VAST UGH) a ahesccs = 5 < Sian Wy pete sy tee SLR)
menthastri (=lubricipeda),
KSTENTIG GOV ATE Rip Seana 6 a a UP Ne 55
menyanthidis, Apatele ... 11, 13, 29,
41, 42
mesomella, Gybosia ............. 55, 80, 83,
metallica, L. bellargus, ab. ............... 53
meticulosa, Phlogophora ............ 43, 45
Mexican. Lecopardws.....oteastk 4 te 36
my etuchligimera. ;.cneiciteleetees... (see a

microdactylas AGain'a pescaee X:..cceesco. 76
mincks Ms stithonus,| abierac.c....c 26
MIN Ina PS y aM pal ee. eal he te § 144
Minimus NEUDIAO ems wes. eels AT
LEAWEO UUW re 1aee hs 1 D5 Uk lee 76
MINE, CF MAMiMIUS als ees Kisses AT
minor, DE. bellareus, abs oseekc, 54
monacharia, P. pedaria, ab. ............ 10

monoglypha, Apamea (Xylophasia) ...
29, 39, 50, 52, 145, 146

montanata, Xanthorhoe ............... 40, 77
TUOLOSA a PATESCOUCLION ffocte tt meeeete es 52 fe
morrisii (bondii), Arinostola ...... 139,
140, Pl. X (figs. 1 and Q), 142, 143
MOLICW BOdtVi cot tourettes ce tee 36
NOUMeaTTUMDERT Tee ee eee 65

PAGE
mucronata, Ortholitha ...... Pl. VIII
(figs. 1-10), Pl. IX (figs. 1-4), 42, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138

munda;. Orthosta, Wai nies coe eee ene 78
mundella, Mniophaga (Bryotropha), 46
munitata; Manthorhoe® +....ccccc.csneeee 40
MOUYAlIS})) Ory p hia peg keess5-e-see ee 33
mruricata,: Sterrha) eis eae ae 51
MmMuscerda,(Pelosia i444 cscs 27, 40
MiIscwlosa, “Origa eg... csevser. 33 eee eee 143
myellus, Crambus (=permutatella,
Catoptria)) j5.c2g.. te. 4c ee ee Q7
myopaeformis, Aegeria ........:......0s0c0 65

myricae, A. euphorbiae, s.sp. ... 29, 42
myrtillata (=obfuscata), Gnophos ... 48

Myris Anarta .2224sssoee ee 74, 83
Naciduba. icc See eae 50
naevana (geminana), Rhopobota ...... 161
Nana; Hada vnc... tee eee 30
nana; Phalonia |. Ae 77
nanata, Hupithecia (ine ae 73
nanatella, Depressaria ..................... 75

nap, Pieris''::. 95,26; QP asks wae
84, 87

nemoralis (grisealis), Zanclognatha, 83

nemorellus, Ypsolophus ..................... 8
nemorivaga, Epinotia (Eucosma) ...

44, 46
neobryoniae, P. napi, s.sp. ............... 56
neurica; INONasria/ (See wee 53, 55
neustria, Malacosoma ...... 40, 41, 43, 65
nigra, A. megacephala, ab. ...........:... 48
nigra, A: "puta; “ab. eeu eae 45
nigra, B. comes, abi") Seen 47
nigra, E. virgaureéatay ab.) *...e 49
nigra (=lunula), Aporophyla ... 32,

34, 49
“nigrescens’’ characters in P. argus, 47
nigricella, Coleophora ........0:..00.1 65
NiCTicans, "HuoOKA —s..).).4).0. eee 32
nigricans, M. galathea, ab. ............... 53
nigrocaria, A: urticae, ‘ab;".....22988) 50
nigrofulvata, S. liturata, ab. ............ 42
nigrosuffusa, L. unipunctata, ab. ... 42
nisella; “Epinota "20.22. eee 78
hitidella, Argyresthia 22...) ne 83
Nniueana (niveana, logiana), Acleris, 162
niveana (=niueana), Acleris ............ 162
NOctitidae® “yea eee 161
WNORBE Ta iG erie) Ee eee 144, 148
notha, Archiearis ?.0)) 2s eee 78
nubeculosa, Brachionycha ............... 33
nubiferana (variegana), Hedya ...... 161
nupta; Catocala. (2. eee 35
nympheata, Nymphula .:......0..007 84
obeliscata, Thera)... ee 42, A9
obfuscata (myrtillata), Gnophos ...... 48

oblitella?, Heterographis .................. Q7

PAGE
OD TOME a RAD AMECA 0... teeth Ads. ndeadeess 38}
“‘obsolescens”’ characters in P. argus, 47
Gbsoleta, Ce MIMmImMuUS abyss. ...t2c204. AT
ONSOLStay CUE ANIA 2b... cekee 13, 42
obsoleta, N. obstipata, ab. ............... 34

obstipata, Nycterosia (Nyctosia) ... 21,
27, 29) S25 84, 485 757
COMIN ME CLOSHAM codec cksacccdbus.acsdedcbedecbias 40
ORGS EMR RTLOUNIS ynaiccesenssctadvetdeddoh sect 77
ocellaris, Cirrhia (Mellinia) ............ 34
OCCIGEMTAIS, (CalamMig | Wiicscs scatcvisekeceee 147
OCCU As PMILOUS: .cosaqss0 ds daaieicee.: sdcalec 40, 47
OCEANA SPLLONOUA 22.0. eo coeeb sca ebeeaccn ed 65
ocellata, Lyncometra ............ Aa AQ Tra
Gcellatas “SMELTING HUS. 6.....5...50 bid Ad
ochracea-unicolor, M. neustria, ab., 40
OGHFEALTA,. ASDILAtCS 0.1... . ben del 523) ib
OCHEACGA. Ee dAeUMTODS, ADs) <.c660060.8 51
OChe ape Era, OU ck SLI 29
OchroleuCas ETEMODILA. .........0..ccccececeees Q5
oye( ed Ee Sh) S115) OCS Re en 42
oditis (hispida), Leucochleana 55, 161
OQleraceane LAVAL ABAD! 9 cis. 0sdsssch odes de 55
Olivaceella, Coleophora ............... HAS
ONODIGISS -ACFOCErCcOps | W)..2.00 A. cti ke 3
Opalizans; (P- 1carus, ab. .iii.6.1..0/.cbees 26

ophiogramma, Apamea ... Pl. X (figs.
5 and 6), 144, 145
oporana, Archips (Cacoecia) ............ 65
(OJIETG). > SOL SSR nee ee ene ee 144
orichalcea (aurifera), Plusia ... 24, 41, 48
ORNata I SCOPUla) 44... 07... Le 86
SUULSCEICI | CCT) (2) oo ils ee ee 37
(CTA IG ED. OS Ree aa eee 4 aan eee BE Q
OSseola, “Hydraccia 't.iJ..)... Bie 145
(OSMah ae ea Dad ot Vs 0004 0 ee ee ee 8 43
otregiata, Lampropteryx .................. 49
oxycanthae, Allophyes ............... 41, 45
GxVvUuLopus, Zyeracna (wes. es 43
palaemon, Carterocephalus ............... Q7
WALCACEA— HMARLITAM 4’. st tea ceseassbeestdteee 34
palleago; C. gilvago, ab. 2...2.:..2:..02..:. 34
pallens, A. hyperantus, ab. ............... 46
pallens; heucaniak tie deh 33, 84
malliatella, Coleophora. : ).i6.00.42....68 78
pallida we: /Tubricosa. abs 2.i0.7..0.205601 Al
pallida. P>metioulosa, “abo 22:...02h2.... 45
Dalpinta. Pterostomma! 4c. .see. ccs 80
paludata (=sororiata), Carsia ......... 29
AMIS; EUVOTACCIA: 2.3 682s fee. t eee 52, 146
palumbaria, Ortholitha ..................... 134
palustrella, Aristotelia ..................00: 53

pamphilus, Coenonympha OO rai.
AGIAN, 51 54.7607, G2, 184

papilionaria, Geometra

(ERED DAECHIIS) ei Te ieceiisceee 74, 84
Darallela. i. COridon, ab. °.:::..../...0..02. 53
parallelaria (=vespertaria), Epione .. 29

PAGE
parasitella (woodiella), Cadra ......... 162
pariana, Simaethis (Anthophila) 65
“partimtransformis’ characters in
Bids ABESEIS. cc consuses sa8eteehoeee cee 47
partimtransformis, M. jurtina, ab. ...
29, 47
“partimtransformis’ characters in
Pi. OVE CS Wists. .£.c- eke petra ee 47, 54
parvipuncta, L. bellargus, ab. ......... 54
parvulana, E. hohenwartiana, f. 162
pascuea, A. australis, ab. .................. 52
pastinum, Lygephila ....:............. 30, 42
pavonia, Saturnia ............ 30, 45, 81, 838
pedaria (=pilosaria), Phigalia di.
10, 42, 164
peribenanderi, Coleophora ............... 58
perla, Cryphia <...iees eee 30, 46, 55
perlepidana Laspeyresia (=jungiella,
Grapoolita) y. is Garee sea eee 73,. 75
perlucidalis, Perinephela .................. 79
permutatella, Catoptria (myellus,
CLAM DUS) ip... ciate eee eBee eet ee ee Q7
Permy1,.. ANtNETRACA meats fee... eee eee 36
petasitis, Gortyna (Hydraecia) ... 25,
30, 49, 146
petiverella, Dichrorampha
(ELemimeme) i pers tetiet A... te ey eee 84
phlaeas, Lycaena ... Pl. II (fig. 7), 54,
55, 86, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 92
phoeniceata, Eupithecia .................. 42
pictella, \AMistotelia ease) .. le 53
pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia ... 1, 10,
42, 161
Pimpinellata, Eupithecia ............ 34, 92
pinastri,. Elyloicus #) eo...) ee 45
piniariae Bupalus) Aare 4... 22 10, 81
Plafiatay , AAMAS osc }sscodie kl ae 48
plantaginis, Parasemia ............:.0...00. 40

plumaria (=brunnearia), Selidosema, 33
plumbaria (palumbaria),
Ortholitha, ... Pl. IX (figs. 5-7), 42,
52, 134, 135, 136, 138

plumigera, Ptilophora” 2002 5Uee 58
PUISL A cr csscn. SR ee ee 40
poae,, Blachista, . eit, sete 45
Polaris; .A..urticae, abuse... 26
politana (=pulchellana),

Argyrotaenia’’ (Bulia)*.........208 81
polycommata, Trichopteryx ............ 5
pomonella, Laspeyresia ..................... 65
populatay Wayeris. Ailes .. Sales 39
populella, Anacampsis ..................... 79
popuiletiy Orthosia). <c4uenc. soe. 43, 78
populi, Laothoce st). ..acie 2 eae, 12, 89
porata, \Cosymbiae cow Ake 41
porphyrana, Eudemis ........................ 53
porrectella, Plutella (Ypsophilus) 73
posticoobsoleta, L. bellargus, ab. ...... 54

196

PAGE

postobsoleta, L. coridon, a. tee ae 54
‘postradiata’’ characters in P. argus, 47
potatoria, Philudoria ........../.:eee 45
PLaccOx, ACTEDIA .......eeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeees 33
praelatella, Lampronia .............. 52, 79
prasina, Anaplectoides ............... 43, 48
Proeus ee. they ccd sodden ener ee aa 140, 142
promutata (conjugata) (margine-

puncta), Scopula .............:ssee 291 32
PLONE, EVeDiA 2... ccc eeeeeeseeeeeereeeesees 25
protea (eremita), Dryobotodes ......... 34
pruimana, APOtOMIS 0.0... 79
pruinata, Pseudopterpna .............0. 83
pruni, StrymMonmidia ............. ee 11
pudibunda, Dasychira _ ..........-..:::.:++ 80
pudorina, Leucania .............s..cseeeeeee 42
pulchellana (politana),

Argyrotaenia (Eulia) .................. 81
pulchella, Utetheisa ... 21, 24, 30, 32,

33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 55
pulchrina, PIUSIA .............ssseeeeeeeee ees 5D
pulla, EpicnopteryX .......... cee V7
pulveraria, AMAGOGa .........-seeeeeeees 41, 84
pumilata, Gymmoscelis ............... 34, 40
punctalis, SyMaphe ............-seeeeeeeeeees 52
punctata, L. coridon, ADI. Bless AT
punctidactyla, Amblyptilia ............ 32
punctinalis, Pseudoboarmia ............ DD
punctulata, Aethalura ............... 74, 76
Purple EMPePor —.......-.seccseeeeseeerteeeees 36
purpuralis, Zygaena ......... 34, 45, 48, 55
pusaris, Deilinia (Cabera) ... 76, 77, 84
puta, AGTOUS, .....:...-..--- Ete eect estas 45
putris, AXylia .........Jee ee deceeccteeeeeees 80
pygmaeana, Epinotia ..................: 45
pygmina, Arenostola ............ 30, 32, 143
PYTLOLOIMEA ss seeeeeeeeeceeececees teste eeee ees 161
PyPaliGae © -ssec...cb sts ecesse os center neeen es 162
pyramidea, Amphipyra —.......-::..s 41
pyrenaeela, Caloptilia§............... 19, 52
PYTIMNA, ZCUZETA ..........ceceeeeeeeseeeeeneeees 65
pythonissata, P. clavipalpis, ab. 40
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe _ ............ 32
quercifolia, Gastiopacha ...........:--... 65
quercinaria, ENnOmMoOsS _ ...........-.:ss+-+ 52
quercus, LasiocCampa. ........-...eseseeeeeees 84
radiata, L. bellargus, ab. ..........:.::. 53
radiata, L. coridon; ab, .:....sc-.....-t. 51
radiata, L. phlaeas, ab. ..............- Boe oo
‘padiata’’ character in M. jurtina 50
ramburialis, Diasemia ... 27, 36, 42, 49
ramosella, Coleophora .............::+0.+++ 58
rapae, Pieris ............ 5, 73, 83, 84, 85, 87
recens (gonostigma), Orgyia ...........- 25
rectangulata, Chloroclystis§............ 65
renigera, A. lucernea, ab. ......:.......: 47
repandata, Alcis ...... Xvi, 36, 45, 49, 83

33

resinella, Petrova

PAGE
reticella;.. Witlesia, .....d.2/2284...45R5 53
retinella; Argyresthia) ¢ \.c...csess.ce-eteese 84
rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 2, 11, 73, 80, 85
trhombana, Acleris (contaminata)
Peronéa,) Ai gHi2zgeee See 92
ridens; Polyplocaw.s..62326 21... 10, 48
BUD @Os AP UObISS, 2S coceccnscesecscesnecoune 30, 48
romaniszyni;. A. 1FiS,. ableoisti....22)2 36
HUD (Diaries a vncsccascdees totes 40, 43, 80
rubi, Macrothylacia ......... 34, 80, 83, 91
rubiginata:, Scopulatwrete ss... eae 27, 29
rubricollis;) Atolmis. |......:.#eesset.c-aenea? 25
rubricosa, -<Cerastis: s:s4esse5 2 .-ceteee Al
rufasa-Ci/ trapezina abies =.)... eee 43
ruficinctata, E, flavicinctata, s.sp. ... 49
rufocinerea,’ Blachista %.... 4.2.2: .2sec.see 73
TUpricapraria, Theria:y, )s2s4.-.2-.eeree 1
Musselli, E.. Meduray, iSiSP)....cc--.-naeree - 50
sacraria, Rhodometra ...... 21, 24, 34,
35, 36, 41, 43, 49, 51, 56, 59
sagittata, Perizoma (Coenotephria) ...
29, 32, 42, 45
sagittifer, Je. commes; ab; | .:2......0:..04 48
Sannio, Diacrisias sce. ees 80, 81
salentis, Parthenos) .searcwcc..-apreeeee 9
salicata, Colosty@ia . six.cp..fen eee 42, 48
Salicis, LDeUCOMa. 9 o.cedunl...cceeerteseausers 25
Salle pA pur ises alee. cc cncseee Pl. II (fig. 1), 36
saxifragae, Zelleria)...:i.001% 16, 44, 46
scabiosella, Lithocolletis ............ 18, 86
scabriuscula, Dypterygia .................. 79
scandinaviaria, S. brunnearia, ab. 48
schepdaeli, A. cardamines, ab. ...... 26
schmidiella, Telephila .......:...cssmeee 52
schoenicolella, Glyphipterix ...... 135. 46
scillonea, E. lichenaria, ab............. 48
scolopacina, Apamea ............ 20; 52-5 Fb.
scolopoliana, E. hohenwartiana, f. ... 162
scotica, A. Dlagiata,, abi .5. 2. 48
scotica, C. leucostigma, ab. ............ 48
scotica, L. impura, alijesoe..eeee 48
scotica, O. mucronata, ab. ... Pl. IX
(fig. 1-4), 42, 134, 135, 138
scutulana, Epiblemma .......:.:).......2: 162
secalis, APamea pscudseseseee sence 143, 144
SCGLDIA © So. «abbas ou coatownues se epee oe 144
sepetum, APTOS 9 5: ssyclccee ees 36, AL
segontii, Z. purpuralis, ab. ..........5 48
Selene, Actias), ...Jacc. vain cspancdec nee 36
selene, Clossiana .............3: 11, 29, 80, 84
semele,” EUmMenis po hettastasessssateee 35, 20
semitascia, (Gracillariai ye..... eee 19
“semiliinbojuncta’’ character in L.
bellar Guys’ | is 58 Se) ud sacs eces scenes 54
semimelia, PHthorimeawsy..1 ieee 90
semirubella, Nephopteryx ............... 86
SCTICealiS, “RivUla Lisa. eee 80
shepherdana, Acleris ................. 51. 52

PAGE
shetlandica, X. montanata, ab. ...... 40
SIS Tate COMI Y TLS | 5.5 5-+-eeSeeL se. 2 omdeebeny 51
GUTS TIP TUICUIS: ... cccssessseecsssssceoe 55, 66
SUMMINAIGS SV VACI A! so .c0S ieee eaesas evel eae
sinapis, Leptidea) © ...:.)...2....... Ade AS se AS
sinuella, Homoeosoma _ ................0600 52
smeathmanniana, Aethes (Phalonia) 76
sobrina, Euschesis (Triphaena) ...... 35
sobrinata, Bupithecia | ......c......s6c.se0. 86
STS te API ELOUNILEL cc. .sasaaveusacess s sateeean ane 42
sodaliana, Hysterosia (Phtheocroa) 86
sodorensium, A, repandata, ab. ...... 49
SOHWdasiniIS; Lithomoian «02.5... ..-.....068- 32
sorbioduni, A. iris, ab. ... Pl. II (fig.
20°36
SOM@OMS SAT ATIICAY nace cccrecccacscicseeethes 30, 145
sororculelila, ‘Gelechia. :.:../...:..2..... 52,° "79
sororiata (paludata), Carsia ...... 29, 48
spadicearia, Xanthorhoe .................. 40
Spano sONONALTIA o..t.lieteeecceeeees 29
SOR VSS hes us\iT HEC) I, Se ae me ae 42
Spite ebracwionycha’’ enka 57
spilodactyla, Pterophorus (Alucita)
25, 4d
SPOS eeeOCalal Pik Nese scd icc ctecs eee 29
statices, A. xanthomista, ab. ...... 41, 49
stramineola, E. griseola, ab. ......... 83
SUBLA Ai COLUGOT.” GD! *./si5..25.h ete eee 51
striatipennella, Coleophora ............... 17
strigana (hypericana) Lathronympha
78
Strimuilartay Perconia hie Ae 74, 81
SPOUSE BOGUS: (22:.tc.cece esas 143, 144
Supmateila, Gracilaria” SoMa: 89
SHuUDSiperebyaretis: (.....:, Ree. 50
SM AS eANEVERGLONIGL , ..<cncwsesc. dt ace ee Reed 52
subbimaculella, Nepticula
(Siemrarella), .actebrwiet ... ale 56
subcerceata, Sterrhanssin...eianiee 42
subhastata, Rheumaptera .............0... 42
subtalha, P. napi, hybridwuisw..12e2 26
succedana (ulicetana), Laspeyresia ... 89
suffumata, Lampropteryx ......... 32; 73
suffusella, Phylocnistis ............... 85, 89
sulphurea, P. napi, hybrid ........:.. 26
Sulpmurella,. Dasyiceray sane es... 820: 78
Suspecha, sParastichtis...220e7...atiee 34
Spylvestraria,. Sterrha.......l... Aas 83
Sylvesizris, —Thymelicuste..teenies 84
Sy LMilas, ELC DLALUISi I) Shee eae. Se eee 45
Symmpeila, Gracilaria arin... 22: 90
swammerdamella, Nomophora ... 75, 77
hates. JP yMMiSy ses ees... 77
Tapinostola ... 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148
aras, Po malvae;yab. ARR 29
tedella, Epinotia {Eucosma) ............ 77
TeMpli,.Dasypoliagnseteee.... 30, 39
tenebrata, G. pumilata, ab. ........0...... 40

tenebrosana, Grapholita ................. A5
temerata; Baptai a2 2......-irieeeee eee 76
terminella; Momphaiy. tsi :...49°.cceeeee 86
Tersata, TLOTISMC «...<c.cscetepeapeee cae aeaaes 42
tesseradactyla, Platyptilia ...........,... 46
Téesseraniaks Phaloniiay v.cs..ccs-.sec seems 80
testacea, Luperina ......... 26, 34, 41, 48
CEStAA IVE TIS) we cosacswecde. 39, 41, 79, 83
teiragactyla, Alwcita geeee-ctee eee 13
tetraquetrana, Epinotia

(triquetrana, Eucosma) ......... 77, 80
whalassina, “bagena <.cavusaecate eee 80
thrasonella, Glyphipterix .................. 83
inerinella, Coleophora) a.-enraeceeeee 58
thule: Ds .mendiGa, ap: o....-kseee ee 39
UULESS OX UCU Aa AD a ee ree eee 48
GOMLAC, MINAS | wench eon ee eee 42
tithonus, Maniola 2... ccs... 26, 50, 54, 82
GUL VS; “-ALCM ANS) f accuam kee ee 415
tortricella, TOTtriGOGeS .-:.se.<uee if}
TOBELICOUIES. - \. 002-22 Sheets eee ae ee 161
transierens, Z., lonicerae. ab ye-...5oe Q7
“transformis’’, characters in L.

OA CASAG Se seset eas sk none sce eee 56
TFANSVELSal pee UPSilia y. sess. necesccevd a1, 76
LEapezina COSINMAL ...kacc.0sesuck see 43
UA VALEMSIS, (OUa pa. 2c.t.csecesa sees cee 132
treitskiella, Antispila’ ......-........ vem:
Tema, IPNeOsiay ei... ww. ee 80
inepida,. -NOtodontan. 2c)... eer eae 48
tridens, Calamia (=virens,

NU CCGA) sees Pl. XI (figs. 4-9), 147
UFISTAMmMica,. MOTISTES. onc ss.cn se 43

trimacula (=dodonea), Drymonia ...
Pl. II (fig. 6), 45
trimaculella, Nepticula (Stigmatella), 89
tringipennella, Gracillaria .............. 7
triquetrana, Eucosma
(=tetraquetrana, Epinotia) ... 78, 80

tristatay, Bpirrhoe.. 0 ee ee 42
EUG UXO eee eee ia Ais)
troglodytella, Coleophora .................. 58

truncata, Dysstroma ...
trux, Agrotis
tullia, Coenonympha ............... 43, 44, 55

25, 32, 42, 48, 49

furea, Mythimna: _.::..asahseee ee 29
turfosalis, Hypenodes (Tholomiges)

53, 83
fyphae, Nonagria .........:...1.. eee 83
miicetana, Laspeyresia i.e ee 73
ulmifoliella, Lithocolletis .................. 84
RUN Vals | TP yarae ay ener es oe 52

umbrifera, O. mucronata, s.sp. ... 134,
Pl. VIII (figs. 1-10), 135, 136, 137, 138
umbrosella, Mniophaga (Bryotropha), 46

unansulata, Baphyia. .éscis..-..e 29
MMAMIMMIS,s AAPANLECA. wot srccdoscoeese ee 80
undulata, -Orthotaenian ii. 79

PAGE
undulata, Rheumaptera (Calocalpe), 32
wWHCcUla, BuUstrotia’ cceais.cdireaets ede 83
wunicolor; + T. auragoytabveny..cceieeee 55
unionalis: Palpitae cscs... Peon oe eoatee 32
unipunctata, Leucania ... 13, 24, 35,
42, 45, 49
urticae, Aglais ... 2, 21, 26, 43, 47, 50,
Da, 1875) "92
urticaes ‘Spilosoma SAiiis...kh cate 52
VaCcinil), COmMistra. Sasecitessssusp sees ene 36, 51
Valeniinit Mo malatoeas als ...-.crete. cs: 53
Varia. eyCODPMOaN eacnanccereccs<tcres 39, 83
variegana (=nubiferana), Hedya ...... 161
Welocella \MrelGGhildes.sccctecc.-.decctenscce 53, 74
venata,. OCHIOGES et ..k. cer sesactesorcene 83, 84
VCESICOLOTA, EMGQPOMMIS. “ster ccccerects c= 28
vespertaria (parallelaria), Epione ... 29
Vestigialis; “APTOLIS~....ccvccee Soe, Ate oe
Viburniama, Amneliae .t..cistee.. tse ose 80
WIC AP OCAMC aes: ore eoses erect ee eeree come 73
Villosella,, )Pachytielia “iiiicnscec.sssece--- 7
VWiMIMaALIS: BOMDVCIA ".\.ccccccasece- sas. ss 32, 48
ViInella a SvOMLOMvCtyiae ncaacsta-cnsce cet e scr. 53
VITA) MCOMUMA Dre ss ocenrensseca tetera. 47, 80
virens, Luceria (tridens, Calamia) ...
147, 148
VITCTALAG CA CASLS: catvatacies tentepie ste Cass conaans 84
VAIL ALA, IMECSOLVIDG: coco cceececvsssspaccscss D2, io
virgaureata, Eupithecia ............... 32, 49
Viridaria, Phytometra ......i..<sccssss-ces 75
WIETLGCI A iA ces. tecseteroadesssssase secs een oo
viridescens, L. coridon, ab. ............... 5A
viriplaca (dipsacea), Heliothis ......... 35
vitellina, Leucania ... 13, 21, 24, 7,
SON saa SOO Wain Tae. Ad. Abs AO. di abst
VOILA, UPC NECIA ..t...cc<beeccsesconcace 76
w-album, Strymonidia .................. 11, 76
Wainer) MOT eA arenes iccee 64, 65, 67, 68
woodiella (parasitella), Cadra ......... 162
xanthomista, Antitype ............... 41, 49
xanthographa, Amathes ............... 36, 39
xerampelina, AtCUNM As ccosneccs-<o.a<cc, 43
RV LOPUASIA, .2c8.5 essa eee ces eaaeecnes ates 148
Vilasal’, MP aAvOnTUS” * 5a tees. ee 5
ZOVELI n ENDISCIIUTG «an. aeeneeene Aes cant. 53
ZiCZaG, INOvOGOMta +62 eee tee 47, 80
zophodactyla, Stenoptilia .................. 86
AY CACMIOAG sy. caeuaeseccsg oa eee 43
MAMMALIA
DAMP VOlss eee aes weet cae eee ee 45
HELGMIMOUSeIA aca tee ee ee Q7
HE GP ENOR Fir ccc teh ocd aban eae 45
| 1S laa SARS AI SRSERER rit Uo 25 POMPE aee ee Q7
MOLE) POT 8s resgecan tee Teen aad eee ees Q7

PAGE

MECOPTERA
hy enivalis;. BOPGUS cos ::..04.24, seat sees 61
SROWHELY: > csinsisesevaneocoottyeiei tea toee ete 61

MOLLUSCA
Common) Ontilefish” i2.......cccesectse teens AT
Haine Silat we... haces acer cree eee 88
Hispidial) WELCH. G..25.-scac.0ces tence eee 88
nemoralis, Cepaea (Helix) .................. 45
Otticinaliss SepaGar ihe .t.cis..c..4..'ee nese 47

MOSSES, LICHENS AND

LIVERWORTS
acuminatum, “PleUridium) Viia-..ceesee 78
adianthordes, Hissigdens 2.00250 eee 3
anne, MT: |b ere.scec. eat eee eee WAI ePUT:
alopecurum, Tama mivim s...¢s-sc-onseseene 88
androgynum, Aulacomnium. ......... pry HC
antipyretica, Fontinalis .................. 77
argentedm;, “Bry WM icitics-ceesee eee 76, Qt
bryoides, PISSidene ¥....1..cee eee eee 77
Brywmis SppY ajselekicuertae..eeeee 88
CamMpylopus SPDs. <5. scstsicasetecceeeeeeeeeeee 77
capillare, Bry uni %. 2c. re ees 76
cirrata, Dicramoweisia, »<.. scc:t:xeccuaes 87
coccifera,” Clagoniays cic..:..ct.. cee TA
commune; Poly trichum) <-...7..e.es eee 83
confertum, Eurhynchium .................. 76
conicum, Conocephalum .................. 87
crassinervum, Cirrphyllum ............... 77
crassipes, Fissidene, :,..:0...4.0-.. aceyecdaere 7
eruciata, Lunulariay... ices T4195 ead
cupressiforme, Hypnum. .................. 77
Gurta, SCapaneal t.s:1.25 son erece hee nee 77
fissa; (Calypogela. ....::.:<....-4steee eee 78
formosum, Polytrichum. ................... 77
fracile, Polytrichum, ....41.-s-:eckeser: 77
heteromalla, Dicranella .................. 77
heterophylla, Lophocolea ............... Deby iy|
hornum; JMniun 2. eee 2 eee 77
hygrometrica;, Bunaria)/s.1i.0). cee 7
impexa,,, Cladomia sic ksGtivie.t..cteeeeeeeee 74
juniperinum, Polytrichum ............... TA
lineare, Orthodontiumy <i. ...0....222 GUT
luridum, Hygrohypnum _................... 77
muralis, Lortula, <) 2) eee 76
Dutans,, Pohlia..—.., .220ete:.. eee 77
Orthotrichum. ‘sppHe eA... ee 88
physodes, Hypogymnia ..................... 74
piliferum, Cirriphyllum _.................. 17
piliferum, /Polytrichum) (3::)...)-220a 14
populeum, Brachythecium ............... 77
praelongum, Eurhynchium ............... 76
pseudotriquetrum, Bryum _............... 78
purpureus, Ceratodon) <2 ieee 77
purum, Pseudoscleropodium ...... 73, 89
pulmonaria, Lobaria ....2...2......:0:0.000 22

PAGE
pyriforme, Physcomitrium ............... 75
ROITNOR ED PITOSS con cs.ccccceescessnsewevesceronusee T4
ripariodes, Eurhynchium _............... 716
riparium, Leptodictyum .................. 7
PUPS LOLOL vcevsk wsiseasvarsccssieessteadecs 88
rutabulum, Brachythecum ............... 77
scoparium, Dicranum .................. Ve tl
serpens, Amblystegium ..................... 77
PSPS PERERA ME cet cdecvore vor sk dowedbanosceacctaahes 84
Svivaticay ClACONTA ........ccsccsesesssssevese TA
tamariscinum, Thuidium ......:........... 77
HAAR S MEISSLOCMC™ ©... 200..ccenseveeeos 77
CMGI WON: iddnscavcnebecrecccssesecessoscodtt 22
undwatum; Atrichum ................-. 77, 89
WUC, METI hese cs cece sceanenc ess 77
NEUROPTERA
angulatus, Eumicromus _................... 66
annae (=fuscipennis), Parasemidalis, 163
MARCA MOUITEY SODA. ..ccccccessetccunereresccssees 66
COMIOPTET VIG, ...0.-2...ccaressevnseoareneseese 163
fuscipennis (annae), Parasemidalis ... 168
ES APINESERNICL ALAS ( ocdiccss cstsisses dos acweatenceeweecs 163
psociformis, Curwentzia ..................... 66

PAGE
ODONATA
depressa,, Libellula: ....-..0.. 20.02 25, 82
elegwams: TSCHMWIA) \.s...csvceecssese st -nseeeacres 82
LN PePaAtOry YAMA “siascsdegsncc-teeeeeeee 25
mixta. ACSDNA .sjoncs-hivchasn se eesenseees 91
splendens; “Agrioni: 25. .c...tevetes-ce stapes 47
splendens, Pseudophaea, 27.2:...:ss.0se = 1
striolatum; SyMpetrumM, <2.20..---2c----22s 82
REPTILIA
austria@a, Coronelliay Wsd...vncsssseseeees Q7
Common) Lizzard) ie bakes. ee ee 47
Sand TLAZaPG) x. ctevescoss.c,stee ccemene eee Q7
SIOW=WODMR, (5 oc. ec5.5oh vetenseesteyecesoceseeoreee Q7
SMOOtn, SMAKC. jaceer kane eeceseo eae eee ne Q7
Vivipara, Wacertal=:.txu.u.. eee 47
Viviparvous: Lizard) es... ceaederes sees Q7
SALTATORIA
griseoaptera, Pholidoptera ............... 88
THYSANOPTERA

ANCUSTICEPAs COOIEIDS ..c. cess eee 64
melaleucus, Aeolothrips _.................. 66

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