Se ear Sa Renee PR halla lhe Sort ng tire Ge tows Rn ee nd 5 “ *. FP ve | oP LETS ih / ‘ili i i 1) , | IF iQ t i MAA VNOO MUL a } df “B RS pace a } ,m } Z MGba/es Proc cedtys Bi ames ie, 3 4 Proceedings and Transactions of The South London Entomological and Natural History Society 1962 27/6 October 1963 i Trustees: S. N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J., F.R.E.S R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. Officers and Council for 1962 President: A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S Vice-Presidents : A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.E.S J. L. MESSENGER, B.A. Treasurer : J. L. HENDERSON, 6 Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey Secretary : B. J. MACNULTY, Ph:D:; B:Sc:, F-R.1C., F:RE:S 74 High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex Librarian: Beet. WAIEI@INS. AG ie Re Bes Curator: M. G. MORRIS, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. Dungallain Cottage, Oakwood Road. Maidstone, Kent Lanternist : HG. DEN VIL, aR EES: BUR SEES: Council: J. D. BRADLEY, F.R.E.S D. W. THORPE-YOUNG, F.LA.C L. CHRISTIE R. W. J. UFFEN, FRES. E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.ES. A AASe D. P. L. MATTHEWS, T.D es eae B. F. SKINNER - WAKELY A. SMITH, A.R.C.A., CLI. Cc. G. M. de WORMS, M.A., Ph.D F.R.ES. F.RLC., F.RES. M.B.O.U Editorial Editor: F. D. BUCK, A.M.LPtg.M., F.R.E.S. Assistant Editors: T. R. EAGLES; J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. Papers Panel: C. N HAWKINS, F.R.E.S. T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.Bio: F.R.E.S. R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. (ad hoc. Microlepidoptera papers). Proceedings & Transactions of The South London Entomological & Natural History Society The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is :— “ Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962” [962 The Society gratefully acknowledges the receipt, through The Royal Society, of a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £150 towards the cost of this Volume and further acknowledges a donation of £75 from members of the Society. OCTOBER 1963 Published at the Society’s Rooms, Pepys House, 14 Rochester Row, Westminster, London, S.W.1, and Printed by T. Buncle and Co. Ltd., Market Place, Arbroath CONTENTS Officers and Council, 1962 .. ~ A B, .. Inside front cover List of Plates Objects, etc., of the Society Instructions to Exhibitors Instructions to Speakers Past Presidents Council’s Report for 1962 Treasurer’s Report for 1962 Indoor Meetings Annual Exhibition Special Meeting President’s Address Field Meetings The Genetic Relationship between Aricia agestis (Schiff.) and its ssp. artaxerxes (F.). F. V. L. Jarvis The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Kent. II. A.M. Massee Notes on Rare Spiders and Courtship as a Clue to Relationships. W. S. Bristowe Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler. G. M. Haggett or = se v Editorial Notes on Nomenclature Book Reviews Corrigenda Index lil vi 106 123 184 191 199 203 208 209 VIII. IX. XI. ill LIST OF PLATES Annual Exhibition, 27th October Annual Exhibition, 27th October President’s Address President’s Address President’s Address President’s Address Field Meeting Personalities .. The Genetic Relationship between Aricia agestis (Schiff.) and its ssp. artaxerxes (F.) The Genetic Relationship between Aricia agestis (Schiff.) and its ssp. artaxerxes (F.) Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler to face page to face page to face page between pages 85 and between pages 85 and between pages 85 and to face page to face page to face page to face page to face page 30 31 123 192 194 1V OBJECTS & ACTIVITIES OF THE*SOCIETY The Society has for its objects the promotion and advancement of research in Biological Science, and its diffusion by means of meetings at the Society’s Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions and lectures, by public exhibitions, by field meetings, by the issue of publications, the formation of typical collections and of a library, and by such other means as the Council may from time to time determine. Meetings. Indoor Meetings at Rochester Row are generally held twice monthly, on second and fourth Thursdays at 6.30 p.m. Field meetings take place throughout the Summer. The Council invites the co-operation of all naturalists, especially those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading papers and exhibiting specimens. The Society possesses representative collections of most orders of insects and an extensive library. These are available at all Ordinary Meetings. Members may borrow books at meetings or by post. Donations of suitable insects and books are much appreciated. There is also a big collection of lantern slides, mainly of insects in all stages, from which series may be borrowed. Microscopes are available for home use. SUBSCRIPTIONS Entrance Fee, 7/6. Ordinary Members, £1 : 11 : 6 p.a.; Country Members, £1: 1: 0 p.a.; all members under 21, 10/0 p.a. Life Membership, Twenty Guineas. COMMUNICATIONS Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, B. J. MACNULTY, B.Sc., Ph.D., 74 High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex. INSTRUCTIONS TO EXHIBITORS (These apply to all meetings, not only to the Annual Exhibition.) Attention to the following points will greatly add to the scientific value of the exhibits and our Proceedings, besides assisting the Publication Committee in preparing the reports for publication, a task which, in the past, has involved a quite unjustifiable amount of labour and time. LABELLING OF EXHIBITS. Adequate labelling of all exhibits is essential; such labelling to include (a) name and address of exhibitor, (b) order and name (generic and trivial, with author of the trivial name) of each species, (c) locality (at least County or Country), or, in the case of bred specimens, the place of origin, (d) date (at least the month and year) of capture or breeding (or, in the case of a series, first and last dates), (e) any other information of scientific interest, such as “Gynandromorph’, etc., relating to any particular specimen. REPORT FOR PROCEEDINGS. A report, including all the points mentioned above for labelling, and amplified to give short details of any special aberrations, gynandromorphs (e.g. left side male, right side female), or other points of interest, must be handed to the Recorder when the exhibit is taken in (at the Annual Exhibition) or to the Editor (at Ordinary Meetings). Such report must be written or typed (preferably typed) ON ONE SIDE OF THE PAPER ONLY, WITH A 2 INCH MARGIN ON THE LEFT SIDE, witH AT LEAST DOUBLE SPACING BETWEEN LINES, in the form used for the record in the Proceedings. Where the author of a trivial name is not known, a blank space should be left for its insertion, but every endeavour should be made to furnish this in the first instance, to avoid misunderstandings. INSTRUCTIONS TO SPEAKERS Speakers wishing to submit papers for publication, after reading, should give them to the Editor at the end of the meeting or send them to him as soon as possible afterwards, for consideration by the Publication Committee of the Society. Naturally, not all the papers read or talks given to the Society are suitable for publication in the Transactions of the Society, and the Council, acting through the Publications Committee, reserves the right to refuse those papers it considers unsuitable. The relevant Bye-law (26) (d) states that “all papers read or announced at any meeting and accepted for publication in the Society’s publications shall become the property of the Society, unless otherwise stipulated before the reading or announcement therof”’. The Society will be very pleased to receive papers for consideration that may be suitable for reading in title. These should be sent to the Editor. mM sepia vi PAST PRESIDENTS 1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1930 F. B. CARR (dec.). 1875-6 A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1930 C. N. HAWKINS, F.E:S. 1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). 1931 1 (G; BEAIR GB SCs eee 1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.). F.E.S. (dec.). 1879 RR. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1932 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.). 1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.). 1933 C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D., 1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U. 1882 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1934 T. R. EAGLES. 1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.). 1935 E. E. Sys, F.R.ES. 1884 W. WEsT, L.D.S. (dec.). 1936 M. NIBLETT. 1885 R. SOUTH, E.E:S. (dec.). 1937 F. J. COULSON. 1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). 1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. 1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.ESS. 1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.). 49,9 &. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.CP., 1891 W. H. TUGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.). F.R.ES. (dec.) 1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.). arlene Bt 1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.). ae S ie eee F.R.E.S. (dec.). ae St he oo 1943 R. J. BURTON, L.DS., R.C.S.Eng. 1896 R. Soutu, FES. (dec.). 1944 pape g A. JACOBS, S-BSt.d:.; Ee ee 1945-6 Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N. 1898 J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec.). FRES 2 , 1899 A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.). eninge 1900 W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.). es paar cece AS, . S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., ag Sait “Is ee us Sere ie ak 1949 J. O. T. HOWARD, M.A. (dec.) 1902 F. NoOAD CLARK (dec.). 1950 aa Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY, 1903 E. Step, F.L.S. (dec.). mee Be M.C., D.FC., 1904 A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.). ed ats ise” a ae 1905 H. MAIN, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.). 1951 T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. 1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.). pe bist Boat st te 1908-9 A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.). . . CLASSEY, F.R.E.S. 1910-11 W. J. KAYE, F.E:S. 1953 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E:S. 1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.). 1954 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.St.J., 1914-15 B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S. 191617 Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.). 1955 F. D. Buck, A.M.1I.Ptg.M., F.R.E.S. 1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. 1956 Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S. (dec.). 1957 B. P. MOORE, B.Sc., D.Phil., 1920-1 K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc., F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E:S. 1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.). 1958 N. E. HICKIN, Ph.D. B-Sc., 1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. F.R.E.S. 1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. 1959 EF: T) VALEINS, ACC: ERAS: (dec.). 1960 R. M. MERE, F.R.E:S. 1927-8 EE. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., 1961 AY M. MASSER, ©O°BIE;, D:Sc; F.E.S. (dec.). F.R.E.S. 1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.). 1962 A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. vil COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1962 This year has been in many ways a successful one for the Society. Despite the adverse meteorological conditions which resulted in a season as late as any ever recorded, by hard work and adaptation most of our members had a successful season as the reports of exhibits at the meetings testify. Our membership continues to show a slight increase; the total at 31st December stood at 547 and comprised: 4 Honorary; 4 Special Life; 14 Life; 221 Ordinary; 261 Country and 43 Junior members. The Society received news of the deaths of six members during the year, H. Lydgate Bell, W. J. V. Ward, S. Scott-Hall, A. H. Turner, H. A. Buckler, and Stewart E. W. Carlier. These members lived too far from London to attend our meetings regularly and were thus not so well- known to many of us as we would have wished, but each in his way contributed to our welfare and we are grateful to have known them. Council extends its condolences to their relatives and friends. Twenty- eight new members joined the Society in 1962, 11 resigned and 3 were struck off for non-payment of subscription. The Annual Dinner was held as previously at the Grosvenor Hotel on Friday, 26th October, and 86 members and guests attended. The occasion was most enjoyable and the President is to be congratulated on a speech that was witty, to the point, but if anything too short. The Annual Exhibition was held on Saturday, 27th October, and some 400 members, guests, and visitors attended. Photographs of the exhibition appeared in several national publications. The increased number of attendances and press photographs are due in no small measure to Mr. D. P. L. Matthews and his sub-committee who were appointed by the Council in September to obtain increased publicity for the Society and in particular for the Annual Exhibition, and our grateful thanks are given for the obviously successful work. Once again we have to thank the Royal Society and the Geological Society for placing their rooms at our disposal. The subject for special attention was the Immature Stages of Insects, and although response on this subject was poor a number of interesting exhibits was shown; in general exhibits reached a higher standard than usual despite the difficult season and Mr. A. Price is particularly to be con- gratulated on his fine photomicrographs. Once again the outstanding exhibits were photographed by Messrs. T. G. Howarth and W. H. T. Tams to whom we extend our thanks. Similarly we are grateful to Mr. Thorpe-Young, Mr Denvil, Mr. P. Hurworth and others who gave up their day to those unrewarding tasks of administration so neccessary to the smooth running of the exhibition. This year the Society produced its most successful Christmas Card to date. The Card was designed by Mr. Arthur Smith, who not only presented the drawings to the Society but, with his family, spent most of the Annual Exhibition selling it. This year a profit larger than last year viii has been made, and our thanks and congratulations are recorded both to the designer and to Mr. F. D. Buck for arranging the printing. The field meetings seem to have been better attended this year in spite of the poor weather. The meetings were varied and attractive and we express our gratitude to Mr. R. W. J. Uffen who arranged them and to those who led them and submitted reports and especially to Mr. and Mrs. Odd whose unfailing hospitality is one of the great attractions of the Pulborough Meeting. The meeting at Tring Museum unfortunately had to be cancelled because of lack of advance support. Meetings requiring prior arrange- ments cannot be held unless a fair attendance is assured and the number of persons to be expected is known approximately. Members can help considerably by giving a definite priority in their diaries to a meeting they wish to attend. Rarely is more than a fortnight’s notice asked for, and often only a few days. Twenty-one ordinary meetings were held during the year in the Rooms of the Junior Institution of Engineers to whom our grateful thanks are due for their help and co-operation. Mr. T. G. Howarth arranged the programme and is to be congratulated on obtaining several additional lectures from well-known entomologists. We now come to the one misfortune in an otherwise happy and success- ful year, an event which has given the Council a great deal of unprofitable work. Once again we are in danger of being without a proper meeting place. The Westminster City Council is in the near future to acquire Pepys House by compulsory purchase. Thus in probably not more than a year we shall have to leave Pepys House. So far Council have failed to find other premises. We should be most grateful for any suggestions or offers of suitable premises. It is not only the probable change that is a problem but it seems clear that we shall not get them at the same favourable terms we at present enjoy and this must eventually result in an increase of our subscription which we have deliberately kept as low as possible. However, the main concern is to find new premises as soon as we can, and any offers of help will be greatly appreciated. The Society’s collection of 2” x 2” colour transparencies has continued to increase and we thank Miss C. A. McDermott, and Messrs. R. C. Edwards and J. E. Knight who presented additions to the collection. Despite numerous difficulties the Proceedings and Transactions for 1961 were published in October. They contained xvii + 199 pages with 12 plates; it being possible to include four coloured plates this year through a frequent benefactor of the Society, who wishes to remain anonymous, generously paying for two plates provided that four appeared. We gratefully acknowledge the receipt through the Royal Society of a Parliamentary grant-in-aid of £120 towards the cost of the volume and record that it was specifically stated that the grant was not to be used for coloured plates. Our Editor feels that insufficient effort is being made by the members individually to ensure the maintenance of the Proceedings and Transactions in a size and of a standard to which we have become familiar, We must ix acknowledge notable exceptions of course, and these are self-evident; but in the main the majority of our members publish their papers elsewhere and comparatively few have even one paper published in our pages. It is realised that due to the necessity of obtaining a Parliamentary grant-in-aid the standard of papers tends to rise, and that not all the members will be able to submit suitable papers; but at present the Editor is finding he has to spend much time looking for papers, and very few are being offered. It is necessary for a substantial number of our papers to be such that will attract a Parliamentary grant-in-aid if we are to continue to produce a volume of the size published in recent years—our balance sheets for the past few years will clearly show this; the main criteria in this respect being the proportion of original work in the paper, and the value of that original work. It is hoped that members will give serious thought to this when they have papers ready for publication. A considerable improvement has been experienced in the proper sub- mission of notes of exhibits at indoor meetings, few exhibitors now faii to give in a note of some sort, and most are now very good indeed. It should be pointed out that all communications should be accompanied by a note. Field meeting reports, with very few exceptions, are badly prepared; inexcusably late, and their receipt clashes with the Annual Exhibition, when the Editor has a vast amount of work to do. Furthermore a number are now lists of insects with no attempt at all to write a report. Perhaps field meeting leaders will give a little consideration to this and get a full report in as early as possible even if subsequent indentification makes it necessary to add further details later in the year. The Hon. Curator reports that the Society’s collections have been greatly enriched by the J. O. T. Howard bequest of British Heterocera. This magnificent collection is to form the basis of the Society’s collection of British Lepidoptera, such few species not represented being added from the existing collection. The bequest also included four mahogany Hill units and many interesting Rhopalocera aberrations. A series of Aporia crataegi (L.) was selected, these are probably some of the last specimens to be captured in England. The Curator wishes to express his gratitude to Mrs. Howard, Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Cole, Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Howarth and Mr. F. T. Vallins who all helped to successfully transfer the collection to the Society’s premises. During the year several rare species of Coleoptera have been added, notably Synchita separanda Reit., and Anchonidium unguiculare Ab., presented by Dr. A. M. Massee and Mr. F. D. Buck respectively. Other donations include Miss C. A. McDermott (Orthoptera), Mr. G. C. Danby (Hymenoptera) and Mr. W. H. Spreadbury (Trichoptera). The thanks of the Society are due to these members for the valuable additions to our collections. Work continues on transferring the Leston Collection of British Hemiptera to Hill units and on overhauling the Joy Collection of British Coleoptera. Four Hill units haye been purchased and two cabinets sold to members, x Material has been loaned to specialists, a service available to qualified workers. During the year the Assistant Curator, Mr. L. Christie, has given valuable assistance in many ways. The Honorary Librarian reports further progress in filling gaps in the library. For example, some of the useful lists prepared by our member Mr. I. R. P. Heslop were missing. We have been able to secure copies. In addition 18 were purchased, 14 were donated and three were received for review. The Society is greatly indebted to members who generously pre- sented books. One important work was given by a non-member, Mr. T. F. Blacklock, a friend of Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie. In order that members may know what can be obtained from the Library, a full list of additions is given with a note in parentheses of how acquired. During the year we were unlucky to lose the services of our librarian, Mr. F. T. Vallins, who resigned his office for private reasons. We thank him sincerely for his many services to the Society. Council appointed Mr. T. R. Eagles to fill the post of Hon. Librarian for the remainder of the year, and Miss C. M. Wagner to act as Assistant Librarian. Wallace, T., 1951, The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Piants by Visual Symptoms (R. G. Chatelain). Heslop, I. R. P., 1945, Check-List of the British Lepidoptera with the English Name of each of the 2,299 species (purchased). Heslop, I. R. P., 1947, Indexed Check-List of the British Lepidoptera with the English Name of each of the 2,313 Species. Also 4 supplements, published separately (purchased). Wilson, W. A., 1958, Coleopetera of Somerset (purchased). Scott, E., 1950, A List of Butterflies and Moths (Macrolepidoptera) occurring in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent (purchased). Oldaker, F. A., 1951, Lepidoptera of Haslemere and Distrist (R. M. Mere). Donisthorpe, Horace St. J., 1931, An annotated List of the Additions to the British Coleopterous Fauna (omitted from Cata- logue). Collin, J. E., 1961, British Flies (Empididae) Part III (review copy). South, R., 1961, The Moths of the British Isles. Two Vols. (purchased). Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. I. (Rhopalocera) (S. N. A. Jacobs). Hayward, K. J., 1960, Guid para el entomologo Principiante (the author). Kennedy, J. S., et al, 1961, Insect Polymorphism (purchased). Caswell, G. H., 1962, Agricultural Ento- mology in the Tropics (S. N. A. Jacobs). Boorman, John, 1961, The Nigerian Butterflies, an atlas of plates with notes, Part VI: Acraeidae (S. N. A. Jacobs). Webb, G. C., 1961, Keys to the Genera of African Termites (S. N. A. Jacobs). Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. and Warburg, E. F., 1962, Flora of the British Isles, Second Edition (review copy). Hoffmann, A., 1958, Faune de France, Vol. 62, Coléopteres Curculionides, Part 3 (purchased). Nos. 1 to 8 of, Animals of Britain, 1962: No. 1, Neal, E. G., Badgers; No. 2, Hooper, John H. D., Horseshoe Bats; No. 3, Knight, Maxwell, Hedgehogs; No. 4, Ryder, Stephanie Roden, Water Voles; No. 5, Shorten, M., Grey Squirrels; No. 6, Shorten, M., Red Squirrels; No. 7, Hewer, H. R., Grey Seals; No. 8, Neal, E. G., Otters (purchased). Addison, William, 1946, Epping Forest. Its literary and historical associations (A. M. Massee), Blackwelder, Richard E. and Ruth M., 1961, Directory of Zoological Taxonomists of the World (purchased). Massee, George, 1906, A Text-Book of Fungi (A. M. xi Massee). Massee, George, 1910, Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees (A. M. Massee). Massee, George, 1891, The Plant World (A. M. Massee). Clapham, A. R. and Others (Editors), 1962, Field Studies (presented by the Field Studies Council). Balfour-Browne, Frank, W. A., Beetles and Other Things. Half a Century’s Work (review copy). Pinhey, Eliot, 1962, Hawk Moths of Central and Southern Africa (purchased). Bucherl, Wolfgang, 1962, Sudamerikanische Vogelspinnen (purchased). Brown, Thomas, 1843, The Book of Butterflies and Moths (A. M. Morley). Frohawk, F. W., 1914, Natural History of British Butterflies (T. F. Blacklock per M. W. F. Tweedie). Many separates have been given to the Society. The usual journals and publications of British and Overseas Societies have been received and are being bound. Sa TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1962 The income in 1962 was sufficient to cover all expenses without resorting to accumulated revenue. While we owed our Creditors some £48 more than the beginning of the year, we had £29 more ready Cash. BALANCE SHEET Our investments remain unchanged. In Cash we had £665 at the end of the year, most of it on deposit. On the other side the Special Funds are increased by £32 — and the small surplus of Income brings the amount of Accumulated Revenue to £358 7s 3d. INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT Receipts for the year, apart from interest on investments belonging to the Special Funds, and donations, etc., to them, amounted to £748, which is £13 less than the previous year, this decrease is accounted for entirely by the subscriptions collected (current and arrears). After paying out of this our various expenses, there was sufficient to transfer £405 to the Publication Fund. We did not transfer anything to the Library Fund which left us with a surplus of £20 to carry forward. CAPITAL ACCOUNT This has decreased by £69. Having purchased four Hills cabinets for £104, less proceeds from sale of old cabinets of £35. LIBRARY FUND This fund started with a balance of £78 13s 9d. at the beginning of the year. Entrance fees of twenty-five Members, plus Life Members £42, made the sum of £130 available to the Librarian. Out of this £38 was spent on books, etc., leaving a balance of £91 16s 1d. HOUSING FUND This being an accumulating Fund I have shown it differently from the other Accounts. Additions during the year were £11 10s 6d in donations; a £7 10s interest in Savings Bonds, making the total to date £278 8s of which £178 17s 6d. is invested. PUBLICATION FUND The fund that swallows the greater part of our income. Printing of the 1961 “Proceedings and Transactions’ cost £55 less than 1960 but the blocks, etc., £168 more, which can be accounted for by the extra blocks made. Sales of “Proceedings” and “Guide to Lepidoptera” are £32 up on last year. The Royal Society allocated £120 from the Parliamentary Grant- in-Aid to this issue. 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The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The death was announced of Mr W. J. V. Ward. EXHIBITS. The PrresipENt—(1) A short series of Leptacinus formicetorum Maerkel (Col., Staphylinidae) taken in the nest of Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae) at Insh, near Aviemore, Inv., 27.vii.61. Also present in the nest were larvae of Potosia cuprea (F.) s.sp. metallica (Herbst) (Col., Scarabaeidae) and the spider Thyreosthenius biovatus Camb. (2) A series of Leptinus testaceus Mull. (Col., Silphidae) which had been taken in the nest of the Long-tailed Field Mouse (Apodemus s. sylvaticus L.) on Holm- wood Common, Surrey, by Mr. A. Eve, 7.1.62. In all Mr. Eve found 73 examples, an unusually large aggregation for this species which normally occurs in ones and twos. Mr. Gardner said the records showed this species from a number of situations, usually the nests of mammals, birds and bees. (3) A paper weight from New Zealand consisting of a large piece of gum in which a spider was entrapped. Dr. A. M. Massre—(1) The histerid beetle Acritus homoeopathicus Wollaston, which was found in wood ashes on a patch of burnt ground in the woods at Ham Street, Kent, last September, the beetle was first found there ten years ago. This histerid appears to be attached to the reddish fungus Pyronema omphalodes (Bull. ex Fr.) (confluens Tul.) (Discomycetes) frequently found in such situations. (2) The minute beetle Micropeplus tesserula Curtis (Staphylinidae) which also occurs with the histerid. Mr. A. Price—(1) Longicornia (Col.) imported into this country: examples of Tetropium castaneum L., found in green spruce sap wood in a timber yard at Theale, Berks., 16.vi6l1, and examples of T. velutinum Lec., also found in green spruce sap wood in the same timber yard. The T. castaneum L., which is frequently imported from the Continent, came from Finland; whilst the T. velutinum Lec. came from Canada. It is believed that the record for the latter is the first for the British Isles. (2) The following Corixidae (Hem.) from Kidwelly, Carm.: Corixa affinis Leach, 1.1.62, C. panzeri (Fieb,), 19.viii.59, and Sigara concinna (Fieb.), 20.viii.59. Mr. H. R. Last—A series of Tachinus flavolimbatus Pand. (Col., Staphylinidae) on which he read the following note: One of our members, Mr. Side, drew my attention to the introduction of a new staphvlinid beetle to our list by Mr. Steel (1961, Entomologist, 94: 77-78). It is Tachinus flavolimbatus Pandelle 1869. It has been known on the continent for nearly a hundred years. It is very similar to T. marginellus F., and to a lesser extent, T. Jaticollis Ev., and I find it mixed with these in the 2 specimens I have examined. It is by no means common. Out of 320 specimens of T. marginellus I have found only 15 T. flavolimbatus. I have erroneously recorded it in my Jersey list as T. marginellus. Mr. Side has taken it in Kent, Steel and Tottenham have both taken it in Cambridge and Wood Walton, Hunts. In our Joy collection, there is one specimen labelled Wells, on the continent it has been taken in France and Spain and also in Algeria. Although the puncturation of the pronotum and the elytra are stronger than in T. marginellus and T. laticollis, and the yellow lateral markings are more sharply defined, it is in the 8th tergite that the real differences are seen, Steel (loc. cit.) gives very good line drawings of the female tergites and the male sternites and says the male 8th tergites are very much alike in all three species. They do differ, however, sufficiently to enable a correct determination of species and I have made rough line drawings which show those differences. It would certainly repay coleopterists to look through their series of T. marginellus. COMMUNICATIONS. The Hon. Librarian announced the following additions to the library: British Flies (Empididae) Part III by J. E. Collin. The Moths of the British Isles by Richard South, revised edition, 1961. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, vol. 1. Rhopalocera (reprint from Ent Rec., 1960-61), presented by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs. Guid para el Entomélogo Principianto by Kenneth J. Hayward, 1961, (in Spanish), presented by the author. Commenting on the President’s exhibit, Dr. A. M. Massere said all the specimens of Leptinus testaceus Mull. he had obtained were from bird’s nests, he had not come across the beetle in any other situation. However, Mr. F. D. Bucx said his experience differed from Dr. Massee’s inasmuch as he had only found it in mammal‘s nests, mole and mouse. Dr. B. J. MacNutry reported seeing two freshly emerged Earophila badiata Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) on 27th January last. Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.) (Lep., Geometridae) and Phlogophora meticulosa L. (Lep., Noctuidae) were reported by Mr. A. E. GarRpDNER recently in fresh condition; and the last named was reported from Wimbledon, Surrey and Bromley, Kent. A paper on “Spiders” was read by W. S. Brisrow, M.a., sc.p., illustrated by many lantern slides and followed by an interesting period of questions and discussion (see p. 184). 22nd FEBRUARY 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. J. C. Bignall and D. J. Carter. EXHIBITS. The PREsSIDENT—A series of the local carabid beetle Amara infima (Dufts.), taken under heather on well-drained soil at Oxshott, Surrey, 19.11.62. 3 Mr. R. W. J. Urren—A living Paradrina (Caradrina) clavipalpis Scop. (Lep., Noctuidae), which had come to a lighted window in his house at Chiswick, Middx., a few days previously. He related other experiences of this insect out of season and asked for information about the overwintering of this species from other members. COMMUNICATIONS. The LIBRARIAN announced the addition to the library of Insect Polymorphism, Symposium No. 1., held by the Royal Society in London, 21st to 22nd September 1961. Mr. R. W. J. Urren drew attention to the difficulties Mr. Siggs was experiencing in obtaining a permit for the Society’s field meeting in the New Forest. He had received a form of application for collecting permission which listed a scale of charges. A colour film “The biological control of insect pests” was introduced by Mr. F. Wilson of the Australian C.S.I.R.O., which resulted in consider- able discussion and many questions. 8th MARCH 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. A welcome was extended to Prof. J. Herrera from Chile. Mr. D. J. Foxwell and Mr. C. J. Rutherford were declared elected members. EXHIBITS. The Presipent—(1) A pair of the dragonfly Acanthagyna nigeriensis Gambles taken by Dr. R. M. Gambles at Nom, Nigeria, during 1961. (2) Coleoptera taken in Windsor Forest, Berks., between 23rd February and 2nd March last: Ampedus (Elater) rufipennis Steph. (Elateridae), Mycetophagus atomarius (F.) (Mycetophagidae), Phosphuga atrata (L.) ab. pedemontana (F.) (brunnea (F.)) (Silphidae) and Rhinosimus ruficollis (F.) (Salpingidae). Mr. A. PricE—T'wo examples of Ilybius subaeneus Er. (Col., Dytiscidae), one taken by the exhibitor at Coleman’s Moor, Reading, Berks., 7.v.59, and the other by Mr. J. A. Morton in a bomb crater at Gosforth, Northumber- land, 30.vi.59. He also showed two examples of Hygrotus quinquelineatus (Zett.) (Col., Dytiscidae) taken by Mr. J. A. Morton from Seaton Burn Pit pond, Northumberland, 11.ix.59. The Coleman’s Moor area has now been built up and no longer exists as an entomological locality. Mr. S. WakELy—Six examples of Tinea turicensis Mull-Ratz. (Lep., Tineidae) which he had bred from larvae feeding on an animal skin rug at Midhurst, Sussex, and which had been sent to him by Mr. D. J. L. Agassiz in January 1961. The moths emerged in June and July and were identified by Mr. J. D. Bradley of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Although discovered in Britain at Liverpool, Lancs., in 1856, there have been very few records of its occurrence since. Seven allied tineids were shown for comparison: Tinea flavescentella Haw., T. pellionella L., T. columbariella 4 Wocke, T. piercella Bentinck, T. pallescentella Staint., T. trinotella Thunb. and Niditinea fuscipunctella Haw. Mr. T. R. Eacurs—(1) A flower of Aspidistra elatior Blume (lurida Hort.). These flowers grow at the surface of the ground beneath the foliage and are not often noticed. (2) The lichen Graphis elegans (Borr.) Ach. from an oak trunk at Peaslake, Surrey. Mr. H. R. Last—Examyples of Quedius molochinus Grav. and Q. balticus Korge (Col., Staphylinidae) together with drawings of the genitalia of both species. He read the following note: “In 1952 (Ent. mon. Mag., 88: 148) I drew ettention to the differences between Quedius moiochinus Grav. and Q. pallipes Lucas, giving outline drawings of the parameres and median lobes of both species. In i960 Herr Korge pointed out that the drawing which I assumed to be that of molochinus was not that species but was in fact a new species to science which he had introduced as Quedius balticus (1960 Mitt. Dtsch. ent. Ges., 19: 52-53). The appreciable differences can be seen in the shape of the paramere and the apex of the median lobe as you will see by my drawings. The two basal segments of the antennae of this species are always blackish, whereas in molochinus they are almost always reddish-yellow. I have a series of the new species taken in 1943 at Wicken Fen, Cambs., and it was a male from this series which I happened to choose, when figuring what I thought to be molochinus. I have not seen others from this country, but it may repay coleopterists to examine their series of molochinus. COMMUNICATIONS. Arising out of the previous minutes the President drew attention to the fact that Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society could, by stating the fact that they were Fellows of that Society when writing for a collecting permit, obtain one for any Forestry Commission property within reason. He had tested the position by writing for a permit for the New Forest an& had received one without payment. Mr. T. G. Howarth reported on a recent meeting with the Nature Conservancy regarding the question of permits for the New Forest and said that the Nature Conservancy would look into the matter and let him know the position. Three coloured cinematograph films were shown: “Controlling the Argentine ant”, “Troubie for insects” and ‘The rival world”. 22nd MARCH 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. Mr. A. M. R. Barton was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—A mature female Jamaicana subguttata (Walker), a West Indian bush cricket imported at infrequent intervals in bananas. The example shown was taken at Sanderstead, Surrey, March 1962. 5 Dr. A. M. MassEE—A series of Anchonidium unguiculare (Aube) (Col., Curculionidae), one of the rarest British weevils. It has been recorded only from Gweek in Cornwall. The insect occurs in leaf mould on the floor of an oak forest consisting of old, gnarled, dwarf trees. The beetles are found by sifting the leaf mould, and since they lie motionless on the sheet are difficult to detect; they are unaffected by tobacco smoke. The species is found in the spring and autumn months. Mr. T. R. Eactes—Flowers of Mandragora officinalis Mill. (Mandrake). COMMUNICATIONS. It was announced that Mr. T. R. Honeybourne had presented two breeding cages to the Society to be sold for the benefit of the Housing Fund. A letter was read from the secretary of the Devon Natural History Society which had set up a committee to look into the status of Maculinea arion L. (Lep., Lycaenidae). They required factual information particu- larly regarding distribution. A discussion took place on “Techniques”, the prime speakers being The PRESIDENT, on mounting equipment; Dr. A. M. MassEE, on collecting techniques and equipment for the coleopierist; and Mr. T. G. HowartTH, on the disssection of genitalia of Lepidoptera. 12th APRIL 1962 The PRESIDENT in the Chair. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—Two examples of the mantis Blepharopsis mendica (F.) taken by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes, at Galdar, Grand Canary, 25.i11.62. Dr. A. M. Massee—The rare and striking weevil, Lixus paraplecticus L., which occurs along the banks of the Medway at New Hythe, Kent. It is associated with Sium latifolium L., the Water Parsnip, and the larva feeds within its stem. The only other authentic locality in this country is Catcott Heath, Somerset. At the begining of the century it was found at Wicken Fen, Cambs.* Mr. G. BaRKER—Examples of a polymorphic land snail, Cepaea (Helix) sp., from Insel Mainau, Bodensee, in southern Germany. In this area this snail was the staple diet of the thrush, Turdus philomelos Hart. (ericetorum Turt.). The proportion of white, brown and striped forms killed by these birds was found by examining the anvil stones. The striped form was rare, both alive in the grass and leaves, and around the anvil stones; in consequence this form is ignored in the accompanying diagram. The white and brown forms were fairly evenly distributed in the area, but around the anvil stones the picture was different. The *The insect is also recorded from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., by Donisthorpe in a manuscript list based on the collecting of himself and Nicholson. (See Buck, F. D., 1962, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961.)— EDITOR. s}jays UMO1g [_sueus alu 8 SQUuoyS |IAUY L ©) 6 ) es eae desea UdauInos ‘sesuapsog ‘neUieL) jasuj; WoJy Sjleus JO S4aquinny “WNL wn.10}291.18 ) "ae sojatuoniyd snpin 7 $0 sauojs jiAUe BU} UO S]JaUS [!VUS UBHO1g 7 thrushes killed two white for every one brown snail; the exact figures being 2:3 white to 1 brown. There had been little snow in the area and as the background colour was that of dead leaves, those snails with brown shells had a better chance of survival than those with white shells. The work of Sheppard and Cain (1950, Heredity, 4: 275-294; 1951, ibid., 5: 125-134; and 1952, ibid., 6: 233-238) with Cepaea (Helix) nemoralis L. showed that Turdus philomelos Hart. (ericetorum Turt.) is the determining factor with regard to the survival of any form. At any time of year that form which blends best with the background has the best survival value. It would appear that an identical state of affairs is represented here. The exhibit showed four forms of this snail: a white, a brown, an inter- mediate between these two, and a striped. Also shown were the brown, white and striped forms on a background of similar coloration to the natural to show the way in which the white form stands out. The diagram illustrates the actual numbers of white and brown forms taken on each of the 13 anvil stones examined. Mr. T. G. Howartu—Living larvae of Leucania vitellina Hubn. (Lep., Noctuidae), F, generation bred from a female taken in Cornwall during 1961 by Messrs. G. M. Haggett and A. J. Wightman. Mr. S. N. A. Jacops—An elm leaf, Ulmus procera Salisb. (campestris auct. angl.) from Stratford-on-Avon, War., containing mines of Stigmella ulmivora Fologne (Lep., Nepticulidae) and of S. ulmifoliae Hering, this latter being a species new to the British list. The mine can easily be distinguished by the fine, dense black, central frass line; it was collected with other elm mines, 12.ix.59, and determined as this species by A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé of Copenhagen. COMMUNICATIONS The question of collecting permits in the New Forest was raised again when the meeting was informed that the Forestry Commission had no knowledge of the exemption of Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society from payment of permit fees. It was stated that this matter was an item on the Council’s agenda. The PRESIDENT announced that the Society had joined the Freshwater Biological Association. He also announced that the collection of Lepi- doptera belonging to the late J. O. T. Howard had been left to the Society. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms read a paper on “The Canary Islands” which he illustrated with colour transparencies. 26th APRIL 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. T. W. Tailby, C. Ellingworth, F. L. Clark and T. H. Davies. EXHIBITS. The PREsSIDENT—(1) The carabid Leistus rufomarginatus Dufts., taken at Banstead in May 1958. This constitutes the first Surrey record. An 8 example of L. spinibarbis (F.) was also shown for comparison together with drawings of the pronotum of both species. (2) Carpophilus sexpustu- latus (F.) (Col. Nitidulidae) and Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst) (Col., Scolytidae) from beneath beech bark at Knowle Park, Kent, 21.iv.62. (3) Otiorrhynchus atroapterus (Dej.) (Col., Curculionidae) and Apion sedi Germ. (Col., Curculionidae) from the sandhills at Deal, Kent, 22.iv.62. (4) Trixagus (Throscus) obtusus Westw. (Col., Trixagidae) and the very rare weevil Ceuthorhynchus suturellus Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae) from Blean, Kent, 23.iv.62. Mr. S. WakELY on behalf of Mr. G. H. Youp—EN—An example of Crom- brugghia laetus Zell. (Lep., Pterophoridae), a species new to Britain which had been taken by Mr. Youden at Hothfield, Kent, 10.ix.61. This species has been recorded previously, but on examining the genitalia all the specimens available proved to be pale specimens of C. distans Zell. Mr. M. Shaffer of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), who identified the specimen, was of the opinion that Mr. Youden’s moth was the first authentic capture of the species in Britain. Mr. Wakely also exhibited larvae of Gnophos obscurata Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) and Setina irrorella L. (Lep., Arctiidae) both taken on 23.iv.62 in Folkestone Warren, Kent. Dr. A. M. Massee—A specimen of the buprestid beetle, Buprestis novemmaculata L. found on the pavement in Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, during August 1961. This is a southern European species, and was probably introduced with fruit or vegetables. He also showed an example of the Mango Weevil, Cryptorhynchus mangiferae (F.), bred from mango fruits bought in a fruiterers shop in Maidstone, Kent, January 1962. The beetle is a native of tropical Asia and is closely allied to the British species C. lapathi (L.) which feeds on willow. Mr. T. R. EaGtes—(1) The tawny brown (Ozonium) mycelium of the fungus Coprinus radians (Desm.) Fr., found under a log at Effingham, Surrey, on the field meeting on 12.iv.62. (2) Flowering examples of Ranunculus lenormandi F. Schultz, found on the same meeting. (3) The fungus Polystictus abietinus Cooke from the Chilworth, Surrey field meet- ing, 21.iv.62. COMMUNICATIONS. The remarks of Mr. H. R. Last on Tachinus flavolimbatus Pand. (Col., Staphylinidae) (see page 1) had reminded Mr. F. D. Buck to examine his series of T. marginellus F. in the light of Mr. W. O. Steele’s paper (1961, Entomologist, 94: 77-78). All of them he had found correctly named with the exception of a single example taken on a field meeting at Stanford-le-Hope, Essex, 28.iv.56. The T. flavolimbatus Pand. which has now proved to have been taken on this occasion constitutes a new county record for the species. Since Steele’s paper (loc. cit.) records this species from Gravesend, Kent, this new locality is not surprising, and probably points to a distribution throughout the Thames marshes. The record for the Stanford-le-Hope field meeting, 28.iv.52 (1958, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 71) probably rests on this specimen and therefore without further evidence T. marginellus F. should not be regarded as occurring 9 in this locality. Previous reports from this locality (loc. cit., 1951-2: 170; 1952-3: 82; 1954-5: 81; 1955: 85) and subsequent reports (loc. cit., 1857: 64 and 1969: 77) do not record T. marginellus F. either. It was stated that “white” butterflies appeared to be scarce this year so far. One had been seen in Kensington Gardens the previous Monday, but it was doubtful which species. Pieris napi L. (Lep., Pieridae) was reported from Walton-on-Thames and from Hayes, Middx., and Aglais urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) from Blean, Kent. The Cuckoo was reported to have been heard at Sevenoaks, Kent, in the past few days. Dr. A. M. Masser said that Meloé violaceus Marsh (Col., Meloidae) occurred annually at East Malling, Kent, at the same time of the year, early April. In spite of the fact that vegetation appeared to be almost a month late this year the beetle had appeared at the usual time. It was suggested that the length of the day had a greater effect on this species than either the climatic conditions or the state of the season. It was also suggested that since the insect was occurring in a churchyard the heating of the church may have some effect on its emergence. Mr. S. Wakely said his attention had been drawn to the probable food of Crombrugghia laetus Zell. In this connection it was suggested that it may feed in the buds of Verbascum. 10th MAY 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The following new members were declared elected: Miss C. M. Wagner and Mr B. T. Catchside. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—(1) A living example of Dytiscus circumflexus F. (Col., Dytiscidae), from a detritus pond in S. W. Surrey, 9.v.62. (2) A living example of the Birch Sawfly, Cimbex femorata (L.) (Hym., Cimbicidae), from Esher Common, Surrey, 10.v.62. Dr. A. M. Massrr—The rare and blind Langelandia anophalma Aubé (Col., Colydiidae), first recorded in Gt. Britain at St. Peters, Kent, in 1886. It was found again in a private garden at Chatham, Kent, by the late Capt. J. A. Stevens, c.a., in 1942 and still occurs there. A single example was found at the roots of an oak in Windsor Park, Berks. The beetle is associated with rotting potatoes and decaying roots of herbaceous plants. Mr. T. R. EaGies-—(1) Fomes pomaceus (Pers.), a fungus often causing “heart-rot” in old plum trees. (2) Flowers of Paris quadrifolia L. (Herb Paris). (3) The moss Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt., peculiar to chalk and limestone. All from Brook, Kent. Mr. S. WakeLy—(1) Cychrus caraboides (L.) s.sp. rostratus (1...) (Col., Carabidae), from Whippendell Wood, Herts., 28.iv.62. (2) Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. (Col., Ptinidae), found in an old swallow’s nest at Westwell, Kent. (3) Two examples of Platyedra vilella Zell. (Lep., Gelechiidae), from Southwold, Suffolk, where it was last recorded prior to 1890. 10 COMMUNICATIONS. Both the Presipent and Mr. J. L. HenpERSON said they occasionally took an example of Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. in their houses. It was suspected that the species bred in birds’ nests in the roof. The President said that in company with Dr. Massee and Mr. T. R. Eagles he had met the Conservators of Oxshott Heath on the heath. They had walked over the site and much advice had been taken by the Conservators and the Surveyor on thinning, draining, etc. The Surveyor of Esher Rural District Council was also present, he said the consequences of the recent draining of the Black Pond had not been realised. Assurances had been given that when future draining is necessary the Nature Conservancy would be consulted. Mr. M. W. F. Tweepre reported that Hydrophilus piceus (1..) (Col., Hydrophilidae) had been occurring frequently at Rye, Sussex, particularly at light. Dr. Masser said that last August he had taken three in his light trap at East Malling, Kent, and one more in a window. The year before three had been taken, again all in August. Apart from these two years the species had not occurred at all in over 40 years. Mr. S. WakeExy recalled the instance at Benfleet, Essex, when the species was found climbing plants. Mr. J. L. Henderson said he had a female taken in flight around a gas street lamp at Thornton Heath, Surrey, in 1904. He could not remember the date of capture but was sure it was late in the year. Dr. Massee also reported aggregations of Formica rufa L. (Hym. Formicidae) in unusually large numbers in Blean Wood, Kent, 23.iv.62. 24th MAY 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—(1) The type specimen, together with a photograph of Brachypeplus mauli Gardner (Col., Nitidulidae) from Madeira, December 1957 (1962, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 153-4). (2) Twenty species of Coleoptera taken on the Dungeness field meeting, 13.v.62; species of particular interest were: Dromius vectensis Rye and D. notatus Steph. (Carabidae), Laemophloeus spartii (Curt.) (ater (Ol.)) (Cucujidae), Dryophilus anobiodes Chev. (Anobiidae), Smicronyx jungermanniae (Reich) (Curculiondae) and Phloeophthorus rhododactylus (Marsh.) Scolytidae). All were beaten from dead broom. Also shown was Ceuthorhynchus posthumus Germ. (Curculionidae) found at the roots of Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br. (3) A number of species of Coleoptera taken in the Aviemore district of Inv. during July 1961 which were associated with dead and burnt pine areas. Species included were: Dromius agilis (F.), D. meridionalis Dej., D. angustatus Brullé and D. quadrinotatus (Panz.) (Carabidae), Thanasimus formicarius (L.) and T. rufipes (Brahm.) (Cleridae), Ernobius mollis (L.) (Anobiidae), Salpingus castaneus (Panz.) and S. ater (Payk.) (Salpingidae), Pogonchaerus fasciculatus (Deg.) (Cerambycidae) and Pityophthorus pubescens (Marsh.) and Pityogenes 11 bidentatus (Herbst) (Scolytidae). (4) A living example of the cockroach Periplaneta australasiae (F.) bred and presented to the Society by Miss C. A. McDermott. Dr. A. M. Massre—The beetle Colydium elongatum (F.) (Colydiidae), a predaceous species preying upon the scolytid beetle Trypodendron (Xyloterus) domesticum L. The larva feeds upon the grubs of the wood- boring beetle, and the adult is cbtained by digging it out of the tunnels of the scolytid. It is usually associated with the trunks of the fallen beeches; the only British record is for Denny Wood in the New Forest, Hants. Mr. R. S. Tussps—Larvae of Erebia aethiops Esp. (Lep., Satyridae) in the final instar. On 16th August 1961 five females, taken near Loch Morar, Inv., were sleeved on a plant of Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench. (Blue Moor Grass). Between 16th and 26th August 197 eggs were laid. The first larvae emerged on 3lst August, and were fed on M. coerulea and Poa annua L., the larvae preferring the latter. After giving 30 larvae away, 139 were transferred on 18th October from tins to pots of M. coerulea. These were stood under cover out of doors. The larvae had become very sluggish and rested on the grass about one inch above soil level. By 19th November there were no green leaves left on the M. coerulea and, as the larvae were still very slowly moving around, small plants of P. annua were inserted. Many died during the winter and, although 26 larvae were still alive on 11th March 1962, only ten survived to the final instar. Mr. T. R. Eacues—(1) Pebbles on which was growing the lichen Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Krb., from Dungeness, Kent, 13.v.62. (2) The lichen Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Schraer. which was abundant at Dungeness at the same time. (3) Lycopodium inundatum L. (Marsh Clubmoss) from Thursley Common, Surrey, 19.v.62. Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop—Two males and six females of Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lep. Bombycidae) bred from cocoons found between the leaves of an avocado tree, Persea americana Mill (gratissima Gaertn.), at Djakarta, West Java, 8.iii62. The moths emerged between 11 and 18.1v.62 Ten moths were obtained from 12 cocoons but six were crippled, two very seriously. The silk of the cocoons is a brilliant metallic gold. COMMUNICATIONS. Mr. C. N. Hawkins said Prof. F. Balfour-Browne had queried the possibility of the Stanford-le-Hope, Essex, Hydrophilus piceus (L.) (Col., Hydrophilidae), which had been seen climbing plants, being migrants. He asked if the maturity of the insects could be checked, and Mr. Hawkins had ascertained that they were in fact slightly immature; having the elytra softish and the underside with a reddish tinge. The PRESIDENT pointed out that this did not necessarily preclude them from being migrants because there was evidence among the Odonata that it was the immature examples which tended to migrate. Arising out of a comment by the President on a note in the Entomologist dealing with early dates for hawk moths, Dr. B. J. MacNutry recalled an instance of a Macroglossum stellatarum L. (Lep. Sphingidae) being found 12 by him on Christmas Eve. It was pointed out, however, that this species does hibernate. Mr. F. T. Vallins gave an account of a Blue Tit deserting a nest, subse- quently found to contain one egg, in a nesting box in his garden at Epsom, Surrey, on account of occupation by a bumble bee. 14th JUNE 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The President welcomed Professor W. T. M. Forbes of Cornell University, an eminent American lepidopterist, to the meeting. Mr. R. F. Birchenough was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—The following species of Coleoptera taken this year: (1) Ampedus cardinalis Schidd. (Elateridae), three examples taken in oak wood-mould in the Windsor district, Berks., 4th June. Examples of the closely allied species A. rufipennis Steph., A. pomonae Steph. and A. cinnabarinus Esch. were also shown for comparison. (2) Leistus rufomar- ginatus (Dufts.) (Carabidae), two examples taken at Banstead, Surrey, 9th and 12th June. (3) Rhizophagus picipes (Ol.) (Rhizophagidae) taken under beech bark at Knowle Park, Sevenoaks, Kent, 21st April. (4) Anisandrus dispar (F.) (Seolytidae) a female taken at oak sap, Windsor, 6th June. (5) A short series of Ischnomera sanguinicollis (F.) (Oedemeridae) beaten from hawthorn blossom, Windsor, 13th June. Mr. F. D. BuckK—An example of Dermestes peruvianus Cast. (Col., Dermestidae) which flew into his flat approximately 100 feet above ground level at Canonbury, N. London, during May this year. Also shown was a male Phymatodes testaceus L. (Col., Cerambycidae) taken under the same circumstances last year in July. Dr. A. M. Massrte—The anobiid beetle Xyletinus longitarsus Jan. (ater Creutz.) one of the rarest beetles of the tribe Xyletina. It used to be rare and very local, but widely distributed; but at the present time it is almost entirely confined to the Denny Wood district of the New Forest, Hants. It is therefore of interest to record it from Dungeness, Kent, where it occurs in very brittle and powdery dead wood of broom. The larva breeds in the stems and the pupal chamber is present in the same situa- tion. A closely allied species occurs in northern France, but as yet has not been noted in this country. (2) Examples of Crioceris asparagi (L.) (Col., Chrysomelidae), the Asparagus beetle. Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Five larvae of Coleophora chalcogrammella Zell. (Lep., Coleophoridae) from Staxton sand-pit, near Scarborough, Yorks., mining the leaves of Cerastium arvense L. growing amongst grass. He also showed examples of the hoverfiy Chilomyia (Cheilosia) fasciata (Schiner & Egger) (Dipt., Syrphidae) from a colony in the Forge Valley, Ayton, also near Scarborough. This species has also been found by him in Westmor- land. Mr. T. R. EaGtes—Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (Lep., Geometridae), a melanic imago from Enfield, Middx., 13.vi.62. 13 Dr. M. G. Morris—Living larvae of Lycaena dispar Haw. s.sp. batavus Oberth. (Lep., Lycaenidae) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., which were believed to be parasitized. (2) Living exampies of Poophagus sisymbrii (F.) (Col., Curculionidae) also from Wood Walton Fen, 3.vi.62, which he had observed moving over the surface of the water in the manner of pond skaters. (3) Set specimens of Dorytomus salicinus (Gyll.) (Col., Cur- culionidae) from Wicken Fen, Cambs. Mr. S. WakeLy—(1) A larva of Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) found on privet on the Folkestone field meeting. (2) Larvae of Chioroclysta miata L. (Lep., Geometridae) from a female taken by Mr. R. Fairclough at Aviemore, Inv., during the Easter holidays. Mr. H. R. Last—Chrysomela coerulans Scriba (Col., Chrysomelidae) bred from a pair of imagines taken in the Austrian Tyrol, 7.vi.61. The species is not British and the specimens were found feeding on water- mint. The female laid elongate eggs the next day, the grubs hatching ten days later. They fed up quickly and in a month pupated; the beetles emerging in 10 to 12 days. These continued to feed but hibernated throughout the winter, becoming active again in mid-February. Copula- tion took place in April, the larvae hatching by 5th May; these are now pupating. COMMUNICATIONS. Mr. C. N. HAWKINS said the earliest date he had seen Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep., Lycaenidae) in his garden at Wimbledon, Surrey, this year was 4th June. He had no record for last year, but in 1960 it was 20th April. On this showing the season is some six weeks late. Referring to Mr. Buck’s exhibit, the PRESIDENT said he also had recently received an example of Dermestes peruvianus Cast., which had been taken by Mr. J. D. Bradley in a mercury vapour trap in Victoria, S.W. London. A query was raised whether the scolytid Anisandrus dispar (F.) did in fact spread fungus disease, which it was reputed to do orally. Dr. Massee said the male was considered to be a carrier of bacteria. The species was common in fruit trees and in winter the males could be found lined up head to tail in the burrows, sometimes 20 at a time. The male rarely leaves the burrow. Mr. WAKELY said he had had the beetle from Alder at Byfleet, Surrey, where it had occurred in company with Trypodendron domesticum (L.) {Col., Scolytidae). Mr. J. D. HiLLaBy gave a talk under the title “Conservationist at large” which dealt with entomological aspects of three trips, one to N.W. Canada and two to Central Africa, when as a Science Correspondent, he was investigating conservation problems with mammals. 28th JUNE 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. Messrs. B. R. Crosley and J. F. Reynolds were declared elected members. 14 EXHIBITS. The Presipent—(1) An imago of the Death Watch Beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae) together with a piece of oak damaged by the species, from the parish church of St. Peters, Chertsey, Surrey, 26.vi.62. (2) Stenolophus skrimshiranus Steph. (Col., Carabidae) from vegetable litter, Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 3.vi.62. (3) Agriotes sordidus (Ill.) (Col., Elateridae) from Esher, Surrey, 4.vi.62, with an example of A. obscurus (L.) for comparison; the separation characters were discussed. (4) Malachius viridis F. (Col., Malachiidae), and Chrysolina haemoptera (L.) (Col., Chrysomelidae), from the Deal sandhills, Kent, 24.vi.62. (5) Hedobia imperialis (L.) (Col., Anobiidae) from Tilmanstone, Kent, 24.vi.62. (6) Clytra quadripunctata (L.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) from Blean, Kent, 24.vi.62. Dr. A. M. Massee—Obrium brunneum (F.) (Col., Cerambycidae) first recorded as British by the late Philip Harwood and L. G. Cox from Witchampton, Dorset and Storrington, W. Sussex, respectively. In 1939 C. J. Saunders found a single example at Loughton, E. Sussex, on Ist July. A. A. Allen also captured a specimen in Denny Wood, New Forest, Hants, at the end of June 1955. A few years later Cox found several on May blossom at Parham Park, W. Sussex. It is therefore of interest to record this species as a new Kent record. The exhibited series was captured in Orlestone Wood, Ham Street, Kent, by beating spruce, 26.vi.62. On the Continent the insect is associated with conifers. Mr. S. WaKELY—(1) Two larvae of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae) beaten from Cypress after dark; and (2) three larvae of Mecyna asinalis Hubn. (Lep., Pyralidae) also taken after dark on Madder. Both species were taken on the Isle of Wight, 23.vi.62. Mr. A. Price—(1) A single male Agabus uliginosus (L.) (Col., Dytiscidae) taken in the lodes to the N.W. of, and outside, Wicken Fen, Cambs., 14.vi.62. When caught the specimen was teneral. (2) A series of the small Noterus (Col., Dytiscidae), N. clavicornis (Deg.), together with an example of the larger species, N. capricornis Herbst. Mr. R. S. Tusss—A living example of Erebia aethiops Esp. (Lep., Satyridae) bred from larvae shown on 24th May (see p. 11). Mr. T. R. Eacues—(1) Flowering plants of Montia sibirica (L.) Howell (Claytonia alsinoides Sims.) (Pink Purslane), an introduced plant found at Arlington, N. Devon. (2) On behalf of Mr. H. R. Last, leaves of Hedera helix L. from York, showing the great variation of the lower leaves. Mr. R. M. Mere—Lepidoptera from Ireland together with English specimens for comparison: Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. (Notodontidae), from Co. Kerry, which appears to be a distinct form; Meristes trigrammica Hufn. (Noctuidae), a large and very dark example from Co. Kerry; Hepialus humuli (Hepialidae), a male and a female from the Burren, Co. Clare, in which the male has the forewings with a yellowish tinge and the female has dark hindwings; six examples were secured, all identical, and may perhaps represent a local form. Mr. G. BaRKER—(1) A series of Cepaea nemoralis (L.) (Brown-lipped Snail) which is polymorphic and has been so, at least since Neolithic 15 times, and almost certainly prior to this too. Variations may occur in the band formulae or colour, or both, of the shells in any given environ- ment; but if the snails in several contrasting habitats, such as hedgerow or open field, are compared it will be found that dominant forms will be different in the different habitats. For example plain shells, yellow in colour, are dominant in open grass situations, whilst brown or fawn striped shells assume dominance in woodlands. The state of affairs is however far more complex than this. It has been shown that whilst the snail is in a state of stable polymorphism, strong selective forces are brought to bear upon it. These take the form of predators which hunt by sight, thrushes, mice, rabbits, rats, etc., and so kill those forms which are least efficiently camouflaged against a given background. In the exhibit, a colour range from yellow through fawn to brown was shown, and the band formulae represented were: OO OO) Ni ease the OL 2hea8 (45 ORO Se OED 00 3 0 9 ‘commonest in IF 2) lao [21 3] a yous habitat ik PA} ys [ich 5h] ee Oese 649 De? otgtta.9 ilE2 SB 184.75 Ont0) Se4cO Dk lh vo ge & fl. 3114. 5] ORO se 0 5 The shells came mostly from the area around Oxford, but some came from Celigny, Switzerland, and Insel Mainau, Germany. (2) Some of the insects or their remains found in the untenanted shells of Cepaea nemoralis (L.) and hortensis (Miull.). These include a number of beetle larval skins and pupae from Oxford, and specimens from a colony of ants of the genus Monomorium (Formicidae) from Germany. (3) The Pseudoscorpion, Neobisium muscorum (Leach) from Wytham Wood near Oxford, which was found on Furze during October 1961. Mr. H. N. E. Alston—A sawfly larva on Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. (Solomon’s Seal) at Worcester Park, Surrey. Mr. D. W. THORPE- YOUNG—(1) Living Coleoptera from Puerto do Soller, Majorca, 10-24.vi.62 as follows: Oxythyrea funestra Poda and Pentodon bispinosus Kust (Scarabaeidae), and Cerambyx cerdo L. (Cerambycidae). (2) Larvae of a species of Japanese bombycid moth. COMMUNICATIONS. Dr. A. M. Masser discussing the President’s exhibit said he had seen Xestobium rufovillosum flying in bright sunshine round an old willow in which the species was breeding at Wateringbury on the edge of the Med- way, Kent. He also gave an instance of the insect flying in Denny Wood, New Forest, Hants. Mr. F. D. Buck had also seen the beetle in flight at Bracon Ash, Norfolk. Referring to the slowness of the species in breeding, Mr. C. MacKEcuniE-JARVIS Said that 15 years ago he brought back from Windsor *Each figure represents a band, commencing from the apex of the shell, an absent band is represented by a nought and coalesced bands are enclosed in brackets. 16 Forest, Berks., a small piece of oak in which it was breeding, this piece of oak is still supporting a small colony. Mr. F. D. Buck suggested that the unidentified coleopterous larvae and pupae in Mr Barker’s exhibit were most likely Drilus flavescens (Geof.) (Drilidae). 12th JULY 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The death was announced of Mr. H. G. Lydgate-Bell. Mr. B. R. Dickson was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PrEestpENT—The following Coleoptera: (1) the insects which had been shown living at the previous meeting by Mr. Thorpe-Young but now set for the cabinet. (2) Plocederus denticornis F. (Cerambycidae) from West Africa and Polyphilla fullo F. (Scarabaeidae) from the sandhills of Blankenburg, Belgium. (3) Carabus glabratus Payk. ab. lapponicus Born. (Carabidae) taken by Mr. B. F. Skinner at Aviemore, Inv., in June 1962. (4) A cocoon of Gyrinus caspius Méné (Col., Gyrinidae) which he had found on Scirpus at the edge of a dyke. (5) A living example of Gnorimus variabilis (L.) (Scarabaeidae) from Windsor Forest, Berks., 10.vii.62. Mr. E. W. Ctassry—The living spiders Lycosa maderiana Walck., a male from Porto Santo, Madeira Archipelago; and L. ingens Blackw., a female from Deserta Grande, also in the Madeira Archipelago. Mr. S. WakeLy—A larva from Alice Holt Forest, Hants, feeding on willowherb and thought to be Cerastis rubricosa (Lep., Noctuidae). Mr. T. R. EaGues—Digitalis purpurea L. (Foxglove) with fasciated terminal flower, peloric in form, from Enfield, Middx. He referred to the photograph by G. E. Massee reproduced in Worsdell (1916, Principles of plant teratology, 2: Pl. 34). Dr. A. M. Massee—The very local pentatomid bugs Odontoscelis dorsalis (F.) and O. fuliginosa (L.) found on the sand dunes at Deal, Kent, during the third week of June this year. Both species are associated with Erodium, and are normally found at the roots of the host plant. These bugs hibernate as larvae in the second and third instars, and the adults are found in May and June. O. fuliginosa (L.) has been recorded from Deal and Sandwich Bay on many occasions but O. dorsalis (F.) has been recorded from Deal only once previously. Mr. GEORGE BARKER—A selection of small fossils from Habis Bridge, west Sussex, belonging to the Sandgate deposit of the Lower Greensand, and which showed a little of the variety of mollusc life in the Cretaceous seas. A sequence was traced showing the stages in the life history of a Corbula species. Other genera represented were Nucula, Panope, Tellina, Mytilus, Gervillia, Oxytoma, Chlamys, Pterotrigonia, Yaadia (Trigonia), Pharus, Limnaea, Patella, Rhynchonella and Hemiaster. Mr. F. D. BuckK—A copy of A glossary of foreign-language terms in entomology compiled by Ruth O. Ericson and published by the United States Department of Agriculture in December 1961. 17 COMMUNICATIONS. Lucanus cervus (L.) (Col., Lucanidae) was reported to be plentiful in the Wimbledon, Surrey, area this year, though in the previous two years it had been scarce. Four weeks previously Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) were in large numbers at Lewes, Sussex, said Mr. A. S. WHEELER. They were also reported by several members from the Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk coasts, and also in Herts. and Wilts. Mr. S. R. BownbeEn said he had seen many V. cardui L. in the south of France in June, and all except one had been travelling in a northerly direction. A single example had been seen by Mr. R. M. Mere on the top of Black Head, Co. Clare, Ireland, on 12th June. Mr. J. L. MESSENGER reported an example of Plusia ni Hubn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in his trap at Witley, Surrey, on 2nd July; Mr. E. W. CLassry had obtained several Laphygma exigua Hubn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in his trap at Feltham, Middx.; whilst Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie had caught Leucania albipuncta Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) in his at Rye, Sussex. Referring to the President’s exhibit, Mr. A. Price said he had obtained pupae of a gyrinid beetle on stems of Juncus plants in a static water tank. The pupae were about six to ten inches above water-level and were not at all easy to see. Gyrinus natator (L.) were bred from the pupae. A paper, “The genetic relationship between Aricia agestis Schiff. and its subspecies artaxerxes’’, was read by Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis (see p. 106). 26th JULY 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The death was announced of Mr. S. C. Hall and of Mr. A. H. Turner. The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. P. Roper, B. Wright and J. P. Perry. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—The following Coleoptera: (1) Dorcatoma chrysomela Sturm. (Anobiidae) and a series of Aderus pygmaeus (Deg.) (Aderidae), beaten from oak, Windsor, Berks., 13.vii.62. (2) Harmonia quadripunctata (Pont.) ab. sexdecimpunctata F. (Coccinellidae), beaten from Scots Pine, Horsell Common, Surrey, 23.vii.62. (3) The following species beaten from Scots Pine in an extensive burnt area of Horsell Common, 23.vii.62: Salpingus castaneus (Panz.) and S. reyi (Ab.) (Salpingidae), also Ernobius angusticollis (Retz.) ab. parvicollis Muls. (Anobiidae), E. oblitus Sharp and E. mollis (L.) together with the aberrations mulsantianus Sharp and reversus Sharp. The long series of E. mollis illustrated the wide variation in size and of the antennal characters. Mr. R. W. J. UrreN—Larvae of Coleophora limosipennella Dup. (Lep., Coleophoridae) on elm, from Mickleham, Surrey. COMMUNICATIONS. The resignation of Mr. F. T. Vallins from the post of Hon. Librarian was announced. The President said how much he regretted this and 18 spoke of the many services Mr. Vallins had rendered to the Society both in connection with the Library and otherwise. He was sure the members would wish to express their thanks and this they did with acclamation. There was a discussion on the best method of dealing with the beetle Harmonia quadripunctata (Pont.) so as to preserve the beautiful colouring of the living insect. Professor W. T. M. ForsBes read a paper “Variation in the genus Junonia (Lep., Nymphalidae)”. He showed a case of the butterflies, popularly known as “Buckeyes”, to illustrate his remarks. After the lecture, Professor Forbes answered the many questions raised. 9th AUGUST 1962 The PRESIDENT in the Chair. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—Prionocyphon serricornis (Mull.) (Col., Helodidae) beaten from beech, and Trixagus elateroides (Heer) (Col., Trixagidae) beaten from oak, in Windsor Forest, Berks., 16.vii.62. Dr. B. J. MacNu.try—Living exampies of Harmonia quadripunctata (Pont.) (Col., Coccinellidae) including ab. sexdecimpunctata F., from Tuddenham, Suffolk. The insect was quite common and chiefly on spruce, though it did occur on other conifers. Mr. F. D. Buck—A series of Anchonidium ungiculare (Aubé) Col., Curculionidae) from Gweek, Cornwall, 1.viii.62. Dr. A. M. MassrrE—The rare staphylinid beetle, Emus hirtus L. which occurs in Kent on the pastures on the Isle of Grain and in the Faversham Marches. It is associated with cow and horse dung, but it is much more partial to the former. This beautiful species is on the wing in June, and it flies about only in sunny weather. In the last century it was found in the New Forest, Hants; Guildford and Coombe Wood, Surrey, and in Devonshire, but there are no recent records from these localities. Mr. C. MacKecunit JARvis—An example of Oberea oculata (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) which he found on sallow at Wicken Fen, Cambs., 5.vili.62; and two examples of Dromius longiceps Dej. (Col., Carabidae) also from Wicken Fen on the same day. Mr. T. G. HowartH—A repaired example of Stichopthalma lowisa Wood-Mason (Lep.) from Upper Tenasserim in Burma. This specimen was presented by Wood-Mason to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and was at that time considered worth repairing. In fact it may have been one of the original series. It is quite possible that the repair, when made, was a better match than it is to-day, due to the colour change in the pig- ment used. He also showed an example of Nymphalis antiopa L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) reputed to have been taken in August 1872, the great “antiopa” year, at Scarborough, Yorks. It has been made even more British by having the wing borders painted pale cream. 'This was not discovered until our member, the late Dr. E. A. Cockayne noticed this specimen when he was working in the Department on fluorescence in 19 Lepidoptera, and it might have remained undetected had the painter used non-fluorescent paint. Mr. S. A. WitLtiams—An example of Ergates faber (L.) (Col., Ceram- bycidae) bred from pupa found in a pine log from Bordeaux, France. COMMUNICATIONS. Mr. F. D. Buck said the Harmonia quadripuctata (Pont.) shown by Dr. MacNulty were unusually small, those he had taken and others he had seen were substantially larger. He also went on to say that Emus hirtus L. also occurred in Essex at Benfleet where Mr. W. J. Watts had taken it, and on Canvey Island where Mr. R. D. Weal had taken it under horse dung. Dr. F. Lane gave a talk “The ancient ‘art’ of repairing Coleoptera”, during which he exhibited some artifacts found in various collections. 23rd AUGUST 1962 Mr. J. L. MESSENGER, Vice-President, in the Chair Mrs. R. Holmes was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. Mr. J. L. Mress—ENGER—Various tortricid Lepidoptera bred during the year comprising: Acleris (Peronea) maccana Treits., three examples of the west Scottish dark form from Mull; A. lorquiniana Dup., a short series from Barton Broad, Norfolk; A. shepherdana Steph., a short series from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.; Epinotia augustana Hubn., a series from the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland; Lozopera franciliana F., four examples from Portland, Dorset; Laspeyresia gallicana Guen. (rufillana Doubl.) a specimen from the same source; Amelia viburnana Schiff., three examples of the heath form from Beaulieu, Hants, with three of the larger saltern form from Essex for comparison; Apotomis semifasciana Haw., four ex- amples from Waterville, Co. Kerry, Ireland; Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubn., a female bred from a larva found in a carnation head. Dr. A. M. MasseE—The very local weevil, Gymnetron villosulum Gyl.., found in some numbers on the field meeting at Higham Marshes, Kent. The larva of this insect feeds on the fruits of Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Water Speedwell). This season, the weevil appears to be abnormally plentiful; in former years only one or two examples have been noted. Dr. C. G. M. de Worms—Coscinia cribraria L. (Lep., Arctiidae) larvae bred from ova obtained from Cuphures, near Malaga, southern Spain, in April 1962. Also a male, bred from the above, and referable to f. candida Cramer, the prevalent form in the area. Mr. S. WakELy—(1) From Mr. H. N. Michaelis, Neuronia clathrata (Kolen.) (Trichoptera); and the following Lepidoptera, Philedone gerningana Schiff. (Tortricidae), Rhopobota ustomaculana Curt. (Ole- threutidae) and Exaeretia allisella Staint. (Oecophoridae). (2) From Mr. H E. Chipperfield, Phycita boisduvaliella Guen. (Lep., Pyralidae). (3) From Mr. R. Fairclough, Pareulype berberata Schiff. (Lep. Geometridae) and the larva of Hyppa rectilinea Esp. (Lep., Noctuidae). 20 Mr. T. R. Eacues—(1) The plants Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. and D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. The former from I‘fracombe, Devon, and the latter from Higham, Kent. (2) The plant Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Water Speedwell) with the galls caused by the larvae of Gymnetron villosulum Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae) from Higham, Kent. (3) The Piant Monotropa hypopitys L. (Yellow Bird’s-nest) from Druid’s Grove, Surrey. This plant is without chlorophyll, and derives its food from decaying beech leaves by the aid of a fungus. Mr. D. W. THorPE-YouNG—The green form of the larva of Deilephila elpenor L .(Lep. Sphingidae). COMMUNICATIONS. Mr. T. R. Eacues referred to an earlier meeting when Mormo maura L. (Lep., Noctuidae) was thought to be becoming scarcer, and said he had this year noted two examples near his home in Enfield, Middx. Several members also reported seeing this moth from Witley, Wimbledon, Chiddingfold, Cranleigh, Woking and from Effingham (at sugar) Surrey, and from Newquay, Cornwall. In connection with this species, one mem- ber reported seeing a pupa a year or so ago, five feet up a tree. Commenting on the season, Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms said that it ap- peared to be a good year for Lithosia quadra L. (Lep., Arctiidae) both in England and abroad. It was quite common in Corsica a month ago, and had occurred in the New Forest, Hants, in July and also in Kent. It was reported from the Isle of Wight by Mr. S. WakeLy and Mr. R. F. HayNes had taken the larva in the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, but had failed to rear the moth. A discussion followed on whether it was possible to differentiate between the British and Continental examples, and though some suggestions were made, none were considered completely reliable. Referring to Mr. Messenger’s Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubn., Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said there are over 100 recorded food plants and he had bred it from onion and Avocado Pear. Mr. C. N. Hawkins suggested that the exhibited larvae of Deilephila elpenor L. would turn brown by the final instar, but instances were cited where this had not happened. Leucania unipuncta Haw. (Lep., Noctuidae) was reported from Nor- wood, S.E. London, on ist August by Mr. B. F. SKINNER, and Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep., Geometridae) from Rye, Sussex, on 28th July. R. sacraria L. was also reported from the North Downs and from Devonshire. Six examples of Heterographis oblitella Zell. (Lep., Pyralidae) were taken at Camber, Sussex, in July by Mr. S. Wakely who said Mr. Chalmers-Hunt had taken it in the Isle of Grain, Kent. The difference between Epinotia cruciana L. and E. augustana Hibn., was raised, but no definite character could be cited. An example of Clavigesta purdeyi Durr. (Lep., Olethreutidae) had been taken in Mr. Wakely’s garden in S.E. London recently, and he asked about the foodpiant. Mr. R. M. Mere said he had taken the insect in the Scilly Isles on Monterey Pine. 21 Palpita unionalis Hiibn. (Lep., Pyralidae) was reported from the Isle of Wight. 13th SEPTEMBER 1962 The PRESIDENT in the Chair. Mr. G. Botwright was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PresipENT—The following Co'’eoptera: (1) Cicindela maritima Dej. and Eurynebria complanata (L.) (Carabidae), Euchlora (Anomala) dubia (Scop.) ab. aenea (Deg.) (Scarabaeidae), Scymnus frontalis (F.) (Coccinellidae), Longitarsus tabidus (F.) (Chrysomelidae), and Phaleria cadaverina (F.) (Tenebrionidae) all from Braunton Burrows, Devon, August 1962. (2) Chrysolina haemoptera (L.) (Chrysomelidae) from Woolacombe, Devon, and Hydraena nigrita Germ. (Hydrophilidae) from Kentisbury Ford, Devon, August 1962. (3) Living examples of Hydrochara caraboides L. (Hydrophilidae) from the peat bogs of north Somerset, 21.viii.62. Dr. A. M. MassEE—Examples of the very rare and local clavicorn beetle Synchita separanda Reitt. (Colydiidae) found under beech bark in west Kent, 15.viii.62. Until recently, all the Synchita found in this country were considered to be S. humeralis (F.) (juglandis (F.)). Mr. A. A. Allen has, however, now recognised a second British species, S. separanda Reitt. (angularis Abeille) which the insects from west Kent proved to be. Those from the New Forest, Hants, and Sherwood Forest, Notts., are S. humeralis (F.); whilst it is believed those from Epping Forest and the Home Counties are likely to be S. separanda Reitt. An example was donated to the Society’s collection. Sir Ertc AnsorRGE—An example of Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col., Scarabaeidae) and an example of Athous villosus (Geof.) (Col., Elateridae) both taken at Chalfont-St.-Peter, Bucks. Mr. T. R. Eacues-——(1) Seed pods of Hippocrepis comosa L. (Horse- shoe Vetch) from Otford, Kent, 2.ix.62. (2) Sprays of the plant Thesium humifusum DC. (Bastard Toadflax) from White Downs, Surrey, 8.ix.62. (3) A fasciated branch of privet from Clandon, Surrey, 8.ix.62. Mr. F. D. Buck—A single example of Dermestes peruvianus Cast. (Col., Dermestidae) from Blue Anchor Bay, Somerset, September 1960. The insect occurred in an aggregation of Coleoptera on the sea wall in warm sunny conditions with little or no breeze. The swarm consisted of the following species, most of which were in large numbers: Notiophilus biguttatus (F.), Amara familiaris (Dufts.), A. lucida (Dufts.), A. plebeja (Gyll.), Bembidion obtusum Serv. and Demetrias atricapillus (L.) (Carabidae); Philonthus cognatus Steph. (fuscipennis (Man.)), P. umbratilis (Grav.), P. varians (Payk.) and Xantholinus longiventris Heer (Staphy- linidae), though a dozen or more of the Xantholinus were taken, no X. linearis (Ol.) were among them; Phalacrus coruscus (Panz.) (Phalacridae); Adalia decempunctata (L.), Coccinella septempunctata L. Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.) (only a few) and Exochomus quadripustulatus 22 (\L.) (Coccinellidae); Librodor hortensis (Geof.) (two examples only) (Nitidulidae); Aphodius rufipes (L.) (Scarabaeidae); Lema melanopa (L2), Sphaeroderma testaceum (F.), Chaetocnema concinna (Marsh.), Cassida vittata de Vill. and C. flaveola Thunb. (one only) (Chrysomelidae); Anthicus antherinus (L.) (Anthicidae); and Sitona hispidulus (F.) (Cur- culionidae). Dr. C. G. M. pe Worms—Full-fed living larvae of Earias clorana L. (Lep., Hydrophilidae). Mr. R. W. J. Urren—The following Saltatoria from Box Hill: Steno- bothrus lineatus (Panz.), Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.) and Gomphocerus rufus (L.) (Acrididae), and Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) and Meconema thalassina (Deg.) (Tettigonidae). Mr. S. WaKkELy—Lepidoptera as follows: (1) set examples of Anerastia lotella Hiibn., Gymnancyla canella Schiff., Heterographis oblitella Zell., Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh. and Pediasia aridella Thunb. (Pyralidae), all from Camber, Sussex, at the end of July 1962. (2) A larva of Erynnis tages L. (Hesperidae) from Wrotham, Kent, 25.viii.62. (3) Larvae of Macroglossum stellatarum L. (Sphingidae) and Euphyia cuculata Hufn. (Geometridae) found on bedstraw, Box Hill, Surrey, 8.ix.62. (4) A larva of Hapalotis venustula Huibn. (Noctuidae). COMMUNICATIONS Mr. B. O. C. Gardner read a paper on “The Biology of the Cabbage White Butterfly’, which he illustrated with lantern slides and a cinemato- graph film. The questions and discussion which followed, centred mainly around sexual development of the adult, variation, and feeding the adults in culture and the proportion of honey and water in the feeding solutions. 27th SEPTEMBER 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The death was announced of Mr. H. A. Buckler. Mr. J. Roche was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—A series of the Coffin Beetle, Rhizophagus parallelo- collis Gyll. (Col., Rhizophagidae), from old bones at Westbourne Park, West London, taken by Mrs. A. Eve, 4.iv.62. Dr. B. J. MacNuitty—(1) A series of Apion limonii Kirby (Col., Curculionidae) obtained from the roots of Statice vulgare Mill. (limonium L.) (Sea Lavender) at Harty, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, 15.ix.62. (2) Living examples of Chrysolina sanguinolenta (L.) (marginalis Dufts.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) obtained on Linaria at Barton Mills, Suffolk, 24.ix.62. Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Three half-grown larvae of Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) taken on Senecio viscosus L. (Stinking Groundsel) at Dungeness, Kent, 23.ix.62. 23 COMMUNICATIONS. Mr. C. N. A. Hawkins drew attention to an announcement in The Times for 12th September of the pending sale of a property in Cornwall which was one of the few remaining localities for Maculinea arion L. (Lep., Lycaenidae). Another member said that this announcement was pub- lished in error and should have been withdrawn along with several others. It was however true that the property was for sale. Dr. Nicholson at Nature Conservancy was aware of the situation and the risk to which this locality was now exposed. Considerable concern was expressed by the meeting and it was decided that Mr. F. T. Vallins convey this to the Council for Nature/Nature Conservancy liaison committee. Dr. L. Higgins and Mr. E. P. Wiltshire read a paper, ‘Middle East Lepidoptera—habitats and early stages’, which was illustrated by coloured transparencies. 11th OCTOBER 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—The rare beetle Longitarsus waterhousei Kuts. (Chrysomelidae), taken on cultivated mint at Ball Hill, north Hampshire, 5.x.62. This species has been recorded on cultivated mint once before at Blackheath, S.E. London, during 1959 (Allen, 1960, Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 21). Mr. A. Price—Ammocoete larvae of the Lamprey Petromyzon fluviatilis Day found in gravel in a pool in the river Gwendraeth at the Tinworks Pond, Kidwelly, Carm., 28.ix.62. They feed on organic particles in mud and gravel. Mr. T. R. EaGtes—Larvae of Cybosia mesomella L. (Lep., Arctiidae), the Four-dotted Footman, from eggs laid by a female taken on the Alice Holt field meeting, 30.vi.62. COMMUNICATIONS. Amongst the Rhopalocera reported from the Lizard, Cornwall, recently were many clouded yellows, not many Vanessa atalanta L. (Nymphalidae) and a few V. cardui L. (Nymphalidae). Migrant Lepidoptera reported included Leucania wunipuncta Haw. (Noctuidae) at sugar, L. vitellina Hiibn., L. albipuncta Schiff., which was common in Kent, a few Rhodometra sacraria L. (Geometridae) and several Heliothis armigera Hiibn. Mr. C. O. Hammond read a paper, “The practical side of The Flies of the British Isles which he illustrated with his original water-colour drawings. The paper was followed by questions and a discussion. 27th October 1962 THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION—RECORDS OF EXHIBITS Sir Ertc ANSoORGE—Three unusual aberrations of Lepidoptera from Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks.: Malacosoma neustria L., 20.viii.62; Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, 2.v.57; and Colotois pennaria L., 4.xi.58. 24 Mr. B. R. Baker—A selection of imagines of Leucania vitellina Hubn., bred from a female taken at Swanage, Dorset, on 28.viii.61. The pupae were subjected to a range of temperatures and the specimens exhibited show pale imagines, bred at 80° F. (26-7°C), through intergrades of darker specimens, the darkest being those from pupae subjected to temperatures of 50°-40° F. (10° to just under 5° C.). Mr. C. S. H. BuiatHwayt—The following Lepidoptera: Heliothis armigera Hiibn., a specimen taken at Weston-super-Mare, Som., 14.x.61; Scopula nigropunctata Hufn., a specimen taken in Kent, 5.vii.61; and two unusual forms of Euxoa tritici L., from Weston-super-Mare. Mr and Mrs. E. L. Botton—A selection of interesting aberrations of Rhopalocera: Pararge megera L., pale yellow male, Sussex, 1962, Mrs. M. V. Bolton; Ewmenis semele L., melanic male with the normal light grey or yellow rays on hindwings obsolete, together with a normal male from the same locality for comparison, New Forest, Hants, July 1962, E. L. Bolton; Maniola jurtina L. ab. annomata Verity, male, also ab. antiobso- letissima Leeds, and two male ab. antiparvipuncta Leeds showing the lead up to ab. annomata Verity, all caught in Sussex on the same day in 1962, E. L. Bolton; Plebejus argus L. a male showing the characters of “infra- marginata” and “latiora” as indicated by Bright & Leeds, and very unusual in the sex in this species, New Forest, July 1962, Mrs. M. V. Bolton; Lysandra bellargus Rott., male underside showing the characters of “fuscomargo” as indicated by Bright & Leeds, Sussex 1962, E. L. Bolton; Lycaena phlaeas L., a male showing homoeosis on right under- side hindwing, this takes the form of black upperside hindwing scales which is rare, the more usual form of homoeosis in this species shows orange patches on the hindwing, Surrey, 1961, E. L. Bolton, another ex- ample of this was taken the following day, but was not so extreme; Aricia agestis Schiff. ab. discreta Tutt, a female, Surrey, June 1962, E. L. Bolton. Mr. J. D. BrapLtey—A selection of Microlepidoptera from the Burren, Co. Clare, W. Ireland. Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—(1) British Lepidoptera: Spilosoma lutea Hufn. ab. totinigra Seitz, Ottershaw, Surrey, at light, 10.viii.62; Alcis repandata L. ab. conversaria Htibn., Forest of Bere, Hants, 14.vii.62; Dasychira pudibunda L., melanic aberration, Abinger, Surrey, 26.vi.62; Crocallis elinguaria L., black-banded form, Ottershaw, 10.viii.62. (2) Selected April butterflies from Provence (Var.): 21 species including Zerynthia rumina L., Z. hypsipyla Schulz, Euchloe tagis Hiibn., Libythea celtis Fiess., Charaxes jasius L. (bred ex larva), Tomares ballus F., Chrysophanus avis Chapman, Glaucopsyche melanops Boisd. and Erebia epistygne Hubn. (3) Special species and subspecies of butterflies from Corsica, 22nd July to 2nd August 1962: Papilio hospiton Gené and P. machaon L., taken on the same ground; Pandoriana maja Cramer s.sp. cyrnea Schwerda, Argynnis paphia L. s.sp. anargyra Staud., Fabriciana elisa Godart, Pieris napi L. s.sp. dubiosa Rober, Polygonia c-album L., Hipparchia algirica Oberth. (aristaeus Bon.), H. neomiris Godart, Lasiomata paramegaera Hubn. (tigelius Bon.), Pararge aegeria L. s.sp. sardoa Verity, Chortobius 25 corinna Hibn., Plebejus argus L. s.sp. corsica Bellier, Lycaeides idas Ramb. s.sp. bellieri Oberth., Aricia agestis Schiff. s.sp. calida Verity, Polyommatus icarus Rott. s.sp. flavocinctata Brown, Lycaena phlaeas L. s.sp. aestivus Zell., Spialia therapne Ramb. (4) Butterflies from Alpes Maritimes: Boloria graeca Staud. s.sp. tendensis Higgins and B. pales Schiff. s.sp. mixta Warren, taken on the same ground at Balme de la Frema, 4.viii.62; Agrodiaetus dolus Hiibn., Nice, 21.vii.62; Maculinea arion L. s.sp. ligurica Wagner, Nice, 21.vii.62, and M. arion L. s.sp. vesubia Frhst., La Colmiane, 5.viii.62. Mr. FREDERICK C. BROowNn--A selection of Chelonians from Communist China. All the Chinese Chelonians (tortoises and terrapins) exhibited here were obtained in a street market in Hong Kong. They are believed to have been collected in southern China where, because of the great lack of protein food, almost any wild animals available are captured to be sold as food. Through this type of slaughter many wild creatures are becoming very rare in China. Because, also, of the difficulties of trade with communist countries native animals of China are very seldom seen in countries outside Asia. It is believed, for instance, that the Big-headed Terrapin (Platysternon megacephalum s.sp. megacephalum Gray) shown here is the only one in captivity in Britain at the present time. Specimens shown are as follows: Elongated Tortoise (Testudo elongata Blyth). This is a tortoise which has a fairly extensive range in south-east Asia. It is found in Bengal (Chaibassa), Assam, Cochin China, Cambodia, Siam, Malay Peninsula south to Penang. It is, however, rare in southern China. Its favourite food is supposed to be bananas. Big-headed Terrapin (Platysternon megacephalum s.sp. megacephalum Gray). This curious- looking terrapin, the only living species in the family Platysternidae, occurs in southern China and parts of neighbouring countries. It is an inhabitant of cool mountain streams and appears to be very sensitive to water temperatures above 70°F. (21°C.) at the most. In this respect it contrasts with many terrapins which become very inactive when the temperature drops below this point. “Amber” Terrapin* (Clemmys nigricans Gray). A terrapin species occurring only in southern China though with related species known from Japan, southern Europe and North America. Practically nothing is known about it. Three-striped Box Terrapin (Cuora trifasciata Bell). This species occurs, along with other related species, only in southern China and neighbouring North Vietnam. It is a member of a genus of terrapins distributed widely over south- west Asia and known as Box Terrapins because of the presence of hinges on the plastron (lower side of shell) which enable the creatures to close up like a box. Note: All scientific names used are those to be found in Wermuth and Mertens “Schildkroten, Krokodile, Bruckenechsen’’, Veb. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1961. Mr. F. D. Buck—Carabidae (Col.) from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., together with a selection of photographs of the Fen. Most of the photo- graphs were kindly loaned by Dr. A. E. Duffey by courtesy of the Nature Conservancy. *Our own English name, 26 Mr. B. S. Burns—Aberrations of Lepidoptera captured during 1962: Clossiana selene Schiff., female with central spots on fore and hindwings confluent; male and female with most of the central spots on fore and hindwings much reduced in size; male with an additional marginal spot on left forewing, otherwise normal; male with white rectangular patch on central area of both forewings. All were captured in S.E. Hants in the same woodland on 16th June, with the exception of the third item which was taken on 23rd June. Mr. C. J. CapBURY—see Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell. Mr. J. M. CHaLtMERS-Hunt—see Mr. G. M. Hagegett. Mr. R. G. CuateLain-——The following moths taken or bred during 1962: Xylomyges conspicillaris L., Lithophane semibrunnea Haw., Anticlea derivata Schiff., Taunton, Som., 4th May; Amathes alpicola Zett., A. glareosa Esp., Euschesis sobrina Boisd., all bred, and Eumichtis adusta Esp., Hadena bombycina Hufn., Hyppa rectilinea Esp., Apatele menyan- thidis View., A. euphorbiae Schiff., Chloroclysta miata L., Hydriomena ruberata Freyer, Ortholitha mucronata Scop. s.sp. scotica Cockayne and Dyscia fagaria Thunb., Aviemore, 2nd to 9th June; Oria musculosa Hiibn., Salisbury, Wilts., 18th August; Arenostola morrisii Dale, Folkestone, Kent, 30th June; A. elymi Treits., east Sussex, bred from pupae; Hadena bar- rettii Doubl. and Agrotis trux Htibn., north Devon, 13th July: Plusia chryson Esp., Hampshire, bred from larva; Leucania litoralis Curt, Camber, Sussex, 5th August; Anagoga pulveraria L., Ham Street, Kent, 15th June; Ectropis extersaria Htibn., Tilgate, Sussex, 22nd June; Abraxas sylvata Scop., Farnborough, Kent, Ist August. Mr. H. E. CuHIppERFIELD—Preserved larvae of Acherontia atropos L., and Herse convolvuli L.; larvae and pupae of Deilephila elpenor L.; ova, larva and pupa of Saturnia pavonia L.; ova and young larvae of Cerura vinula L.; larvae of Notodonta dromedarius L., and Lophopteryx capucina L.; larvae and pupae of Phalera bucephala L., Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff., L. quercus L. and Philudoria potatoria L.; larvae of Malacosoma neustria L., M. castrensis L., Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda, Panaxia dominula L., Apatele alni L., A. tridens Schiff., A. psi L., A. rumicis L., Simyra venosa Borkh. (albovenosa Goeze auct. nec Goeze), Agrotis segetum Schiff., A. puta Hiibn., Euschesis (Triphaena) orbona Hufn., Discestra (Hadena) trifolii Hufn., Anepia irregularis Hufn., Thalpophila matura MHufn., Griposia aprilina L., Leucania putrescens Hiibn., Laphygma exigua Hubn., Anarta myrtilli L. and Euclidimera mi Clerck; larvae and pupa of Cato- cala sponsa L., and larva of C. fraxini L. Living larvae of the lappet, Gastropacha quercifolia L. from a Stowmarket, Suffolk, female, and of the Jersey Tiger, Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda, from a female taken by Mr. Frank H. Lees of Maidencombe. Mr. D. J. CiarKkE—The following lycosid spiders: Lycosa ingens Blackw., female with egg cocoon, Deserta Grande, Madeira, June 1962, W. S. Bristowe, E. W. Classey and W. H. T. Tams; L. maderiana Walck., male and female from Porto Santo, Madeira, June 1962, W. S. Bristowe, E. W. Classey and W. H. T. Tams. Both these species were found under large stones. L. ingens Blackw. is one of the largest known species in the 27 family Lycosidae. The golden colour of the first two pairs of legs and the palpi of L. maderiana Walck. is striking and unusual in this family. These were the first examples of the two species to be brought to this country alive. Mr. M. Ciirron—A male cicada, Melampsalta montana (Scop.) from the New Forest, Hants, 15.vi.62; the first record in this country for 21 years. Another male was taken in the same place on the same day by Mr. J. Grant which is now in the collection at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Mr. G. A. CoteE—The following Lepidoptera taken during 1962: a short series of Euschesis orbona Hufn., from the Breck area of the Norfolk- Suffolk border; from a mercury vapour light trap at Abinger Common, Surrey, three Diarsia dahlii Hiibn. (out of six taken, thought to be the first Surrey record for many years), the grey and red forms of Amathes castanea Esp., a reddish-brown example of Nonagria typhae Thunb., and single aberrations of Luperina testacea Schiff., Agrotis exclamationis L.., Amathes c-nigrum L. and Xanthorhoe fluctuata L.; four Leucania unipuncta Haw., from S. Devon, 27th and 28th September; a series of Entephria flavicinctata Hiibn. from Inverness-shire, with a series for comparison of the much paler form from Northern Ireland taken at Fair Head, Co. Antrim, 4.viii.40. Mr. W. L. CoLERIDGE—see Mr. Alan Kennard. Major A. E. CoLtLtirr—Aberrations of Rhopalocera captured or bred during 1962: Aphantopus hyperantus ab. lanceolata Shipp; a female upperside of the tenth generation and two specimens of ab. lanceolata Shipp + centrifera Seitz showing slight improvement on the same characters bred in 1960; Maniola tithonus L:, a male ab. excessa Leeds, Surrey, 1.viii.62; Clossiana (Argynnis) selene Schiff., Cranleigh, Surrey, 10.vi.62; Lysandra coridon Poda, a female ab. glomerata Tutt, Surrey, 1962; L. bellargus Rott., aberrations caeca B. & L. and obsoleta Tutt, and colour forms taken in Dorset during June and September 1962; Ewphydryas aurinia Rott., a male aberration, Dorset, June 1962. Mr. S. Coxry—Lepidoptera as follows: Odontosia carmelita Esp. and Acasia viretata Hubn., from Holker Moss, Lancs.; Polyploca ridens F., from near Portmadoc, Caer.; Tethea or Schiff., from Monks Wood, Hunts.; an aberration of Spilosoma lubricipeda L., with smoky forewings, Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. plaga Steph., Hadena lepida Esp., the sand coloured form, and Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn., from Barton Mills, Suffolk; Simyra venosa Borkh. (albovenosa Goeze auct. nec Goeze), Chilodes maritima Tausch., Clostera pigra Hufn. and Meliana flammea Curt., from Wicken Fen, Cambs.; Hydrillula palustris Hiibn., from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.; Hadena compta Schiff., Scopula imitaria Hiibn., Sterrha ochrata Scop. and Angerona prunaria L. ab. unicolaria von Hormuzaki, from east Suffolk; Bupalus piniaria L., a male aberration with large central area of forewings all yellow, from west Suffolk; Perizoma (Coenotephria) sagittata F., a short bred series from Nottinghamshire; Lithosia quadra L., Eilemma caniola Hiibn. and Laphygma exigua Hiibn., from near Fal- mouth, Cornwall; and Cryphia perla Schiff. showing yellow forms, Apamea 28 oblonga Haw., Nonagria neurica Hiibn. and Cucullia asteris Schiff., from near Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. G. H. W. Crutrwe_tt—Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep., Lycaenidae) aberrations all taken in Wiltshire during 1962. Males: ab. cuneata Tutt, with exceptionally large thick hindwing wedges; ab. atrescens Tutt; an underside aberration probably referable to ab. ochrea B. & L., with pinkish-brown base colour; another underside ab. albescens Cockerell + fowleri South + sinisantiradiata B. & L. + limbojuncta Courv. Females: ab. syngrapha Kefer, and an underside ab. fowleri South. Mr. Percy CueE—A gynandromorph Agrotis puta Hubn. (radius Haw.) (Lep., Noctuidae) taken at Ashford, Kent, 12.ix.62 (PI. I, fig. 8). Mr. R. P. DemutH—(1) Short series of noctuid moths taken on the north coast of Co. Donegal, Ireland, during period 18-27,viii.62, including a well-marked Euzxoa tritici L., Amathes agathina Dup., A. castanea Esp. showing considerable variation in colour, and the dark local form of Diarsia dahlii Htibn. (2) A short series of Leucania vitellina Hubn., part of a long series of a single brood, with pupae subjected to a controlled temperature. Those forced in maximum temperature are a very pale straw, and those subject to retarding at low temperature are nearly brick red. (3) Heliothis armigera Hiibn., taken 28.ix.62, at Swanage, Dorset, and 3.x.62 at Studland, Dorset, together with other migrants taken at the same time; a short series of Drepana harpagula Esp., some from Gloucestershire and the rest from Monmouthshire, the female from Gloucestershire was sent to Mr. Austin Richardson who obtained eggs (now pupae). (4) Aberrations (not all taken in 1962) of Acherontia atropos L., Drepana cultraria F., D. falcataria L., Amathes glareosa Esp. and A. triangulum Hufn. Mr. Gorpon F. DOLLIMORE—Five examples of Hydrillula palustris Hubn. (Lep., Noctuidae) taken at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., June 1962, one of which is very dark and well-marked. Mr. R. C. Dyson—(1) The following Lepidoptera: Agrotis trux Htibn., a short series of males taken at Portland, Dorset 5.vii.62, only two females were seen; Eustrotia uncula Clerck, a series taken in the New Forest, Hants, 1.vii.62; Moma alpium Osb., five examples taken at mercury vapour light in the New Forest, 1.vii.62, one of which was of the race Tunica Haw.; Agrotis clavis Hufn., a dark, well-marked male from Port- land, 1962; Lanhygma exigua Hiibn., a series bred from a female taken at Portland in July with two examples taken in Sussex in August; Bombycia viminalis F., two examples with dark basal shading to the forewings to- gether with a typical specimen for comparison, taken at Steyning Sussex, July 1962; Lithosia quadra L., two males taken at Steyning, a male from Brighton, Sussex, and a female from Pevensey, Sussex, July 1962; Lysandra bellargus Rott., three very blue females taken in Wiltshire, June 1962, one ab. ceronus Esp. and two ab. ceronus Esp. + lunulata Tutt; and Procus strigilis Clerck or P. versicolor Borkh., an undetermined series taken at Barnstaple, Devon, June 1962, and Portland, July 1962. (2) Immature stages of Lepidoptera: larva of Agrotis clavis Hufn., which hatched July 29 1962; and larva, one week old, of Dysstroma truncata Hufn., from ova laid by a female ab. rufescens Strom. Mr. T. R. Eacues & Mr. F. T. Vattins—A collection of fungi recently gathered in Epping Forest, Essex, including Hydnum repandum L. and Cantharellus tubaeformis Bull. ex Fr. Also shown was the hepatic Marchantia polymorpha L. with gemmiferous cups and female receptacles, and beech leaves with “green islands” caused by the feeding of leaf- mining larvae, both from Epping Forest. Mr. R. C. Epwarps—Lepidoptera as follows: Utetheisa pulchella L., a series bred from ova laid by a female taken at Westerham, Kent, 1.x.61; aiso a series including some interesting aberrations, the progeny of a pair- ing obtained by Dr. Kettlewell of moths bred from larvae given him by the exhibitor which had been reared from the same batch of eggs laid by the Westerham female. Perizoma sagittata F., from examples which emerged during 1962; two from larvae obtained at Wicken Fen, Cambs., in Juy 1960, having spent two winters in pupae, and two from larvae obtained at Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., in August 1961. A series of Coenocalpe lapidata Htibn. bred from a female taken near Rannoch, Inv., September 1961, the larvae were fed on St. Brizid anemones in a heated room; Hadena compta Schiff. from Walberswick, Suffolk, 23.vii.62; Orthosia advena Schiff. (opima Hutibn.) from Micheldever, Hants, 7.v.62; Laphygma exigua Hubn. and Eupithecia irriguata Hiibn., from the New Forest, Hants, 7.v.62; and some moths taken at Freshwater, I.o.W., 20-27.1x.62, including Laphygma exigua Hubn., Hoplodrina ambigua Schiff., Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw., red form, Leucania l-album L. and L. albipuncta Schiff.; also one Luperina dumerilii Dup., taken 24.ix.62. Mr. L. J. Evans—A collection of Lepidoptera taken on the slopes of Jaizquibel, a mountain near Fuenterrabia, in northern Spain, 1962. Where possible, English specimens were inciuded for comparison. Leptidea sinapis L., Pararge aegeria L., Everes argiades Pail., Maniola jurtina L. f. fortunata Alph., M. tithonus L., Coenonympha pamphilus L. Polyom- matus thersites (Cant.) Chap. Lampides boeticus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Melitaea parthenie Borkh., Lycaena dorilis Hufn. Argynnis dia L., Leucania unipuncta Haw., Calothysanis amata L., Gnophos obscurata Schiff., Lasiocampa sicula Staud., a species looking like L. quercus L., but having a solid border of yellow on the hindwings of the male. Mr. R. FarRcLouGH—(1) Lepidoptera bred in 1962: Cleora cinctaria Schiff., from Struan, Perth.; Chlorociysta miata L., Apatele menyanthidis View., Hadena bombycina Hufn. and Amathes alpicola Zett., from Aviemore, Inv.; Rhodometra sacraria L., female F, generation of Chidding- fold, Surrey, origin; Pareulype berberata Schiff., from Suffolk; Eupithecia extensaria Freyer, from Norfolk; Eupithecia irriguata Hiibn. and Chloro- clystis debiliata Hutbn., from Surrey; Semiothisa alternaria Hibn. (alternata Schiff.) on Sea Buckthorn, Camber, Sussex; Heliothis armigera Hubn., from a larva in a foreign tomato; Perizoma sagittata F., Notts., from 1960 larvae; Laphygma exigua Hiibn., from Bucks.; Aegeria flavi- ventris Staud., from Chobham, Surrey; Olethreutes (Argyroploce) 30 mygindana Schiff., O. (A) arbutella L., bearberry, Aviemore, Inv.; Apotomis sauciana Froél., from Leith Hill, Surrey; Rhopobota ustomaculana Curt., from cowberry, Nethy Bridge, Inv.; Laspeyresia cosmophorana Treits., from old Petrova resinella L. galls, Aviemore; Zygaena exulans Hochen, and Lithocolletis junoniella Zell., from Aberdeen, Aber.; Ethmia terminella Fletcher, from Rye, Sussex; Caloptilia (Gracillaria) populetorum Zell., from Ockham, Surrey; Etainia (Nepticula) sericopeza Zell., Leucospol- apteryx (Acrocercops) omisella Staint., and Lithocolletis nigrescentella Logan, from Kent. (2) Lepidoptera caught during 1962: Rhyacionia (Evetria) logaea Durr., Aviemore, Inv., April; Opisthograptis luteolata L. ab. albescens Cockerell, from Leigh, Surrey; a red form of Phlogophora meticulosa L., with a normal example for comparison, Leigh. (See also Mr T. J. G. Homer.) Mr. T. D. FEARNEHOUGH—(1) The following Lepidoptera: aberrations of Lysandra bellargus Rott., a male having black forewings and normal blue hindwings, a male having pale forewings and normal hindwings (PI. I, fig. 4), ab. minor Tutt, ab. puncta Tutt, ab. hyacinthus Lewin, ab. marginata Tutt and ab. semiceronus Tutt; an aberration of Eumenis semele L. having the lower spot missing from the underside of each forewing; a pair of Zygaena filipendulae L. found in cop., the male having only five spots; and an aberration Pararge megera L. with hindwing spots greatly reduced. (2) Eggs of Eumichtis lichenea Htibn. deposited by a female captured at Shanklin, I.o.W. Mr. D. H. W. FFENNELL—Lepidoptera as follows: Celerio livornica Esp., an example from Winchester, Hants, 24.viii.49, another from the Lizard, Cornw., 23.vi.62, showing colour variation; Procus literosa Haw., a dark form taken 4.ix.62 which seems probably not uncommon near Northallerton, Yorks.; Plusia limbirena Guen., from the Lizard, 28.vi.62; Hepialus hecta L., aberration with the metallic marking considerably increased on all wings, Port Appin, Argyll, 29.vii.62; Ewmichtis lichenea Hiibn., five males taken 6.ix.62 in Dovedale on the Derby-Staffs. border, being the first to be recorded from the area since the capture of a single example at Milldale in 1922. Mr. Brian O. C. GaRDINER—(1) Specimens of Pieris brassicae L. from a continuous brooded stock kept at Cambridge. P. b. s.sp. wollastoni Butl. from Madeira. P. b. s.sp. cheiranthi Hubn from Canary Islands. The F, and F, hybrids between brassicae and cheiranthi. The F, hvbrids are intermediate between the two parents. The F, produces a graded series between typical and heavily marked intermediate, but no true cheiranthi. This indicates a multiple gene effect. A typical P. brassicae ab. albinensis Gardiner and intermediates examples of this variety produced by crossing it to the F, brassicae/cheiranthi hybrid. Larvae of typical brassicae and the larvae of the back-cross hybrid F, to cheiranthi which are distinct from typical brassicae larvae. (2) Photographs of Lepidoptera bred during 1962 comprising an adult Tolype velleda Stoll. from U.S.A. and larvae of Dendrolimus undans s.sp. flaveola Wlk. and D. yamamai Guer. from Japan, Epicnaptera americana Harris and Halisodata tessellaris Abbot & Smith, from U.S.A. Set specimens of above except the last, and / Plate y 196 S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soe Proc. ‘SoD (S “A UN TL VY od Blapmofp.az IN “qe i UOPILOI DIPUDSAT “TE “UoSLtoqOM “S ~V “AN ‘optstepun OF pure optsseddn "]T svapjyd vuavohyT “6 “aD “d “AN “Udtot XS “UQUEL pind sioIHy “8 “pueTPUAT "TAN HIN Stotuvap DUulzuaanl sndollgy *L “ISVARS “HT A “Aseo plawajys “qe "Ty 1U)D ajaypdy °9 ‘Soto (-] {TUT SY ‘MA ‘SdSSOIN ‘tosoTA wWpdayou pwiwadnT “¢ TONOYOUIvOA “WAIN “VIOW snhup21aq DIpUDshT “Y ‘alo “IN “MAIN “S~H DiIDUaba DiaYNdny *& “UOJUTLO-MULY Tod (O “A HIN “UNE DIVUAIsap aOYlOYIUDY °G “LOWILIO'T “LW “AT ‘outrvyoo) viru “qe "~T pydnu ppI0)p9 “1 6. UWAAOLOO W246 NOLLIGIHXY TVONNY Proce. S. Lond. ent. nat. Wist. Soc., 1962. Plate Il ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 1962. Yop: Mr. F. D. Buck (left) and Mr. T. G. Howarth. Bottom: Air Marshall Sir Robert Saundby (extreme right) and Mr. G. H. W. Cruttwell (centre). 31 also of Platyprepia guttata Boisd., from U.S.A. and Gamelia irmina Stoll from Panama. Ova of G. irmina and Hylesia aeneides Dre. (3) A typical specimen of Rothschildia jorulla Westw. and ab. semiimmaculata Gardiner. (4) Living larvae of the following Lepidoptera :—Dirphia lombardi Bouv. from Brazil. Dirphiopsis ewmedide Stoll, Automeris junonia Wkr., A. janus Cr. all from Panama. Live moths of Apantensis virgo L. from U.S.A. (5) A colour photograph of the larva of Dirphia avia Stoll and a series of photographs of the moth taking up the position it assumes in a “sustained static display”. Mr. A. E. GarpNER—(1) The typ2 specimen of Brachypeplus mauli Gardner & Classey (Col. Nitidulidae) a new species taken at Terreiro da Luta, Madeira, during the Classey and Gardner Expedition in December 1957. It is thought the species has been introduced in seeds. A description of this insect is given in our Proceedings published in 1962 (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 153-4, pl. XII). (2) Several living examples of the rare palpicorn Hydrochara caraboides (L.) taken in the peat area of north Somerset, 22.vili.62. A history of the insect was also included. (See also Dr. A. M. Massee.) Mr. A. L. Goopson—The following Lepidoptera, taken by the exhibitor except where stated otherwise: a series of Sterrha ochrata Scop., ex- tremely pale, bred from ova, November 1961, from a Sandwich Bay, Kent, female; Agrochola lychnidis Schiff. ab. conjuncta Cockayne, Tring, Herts., 1.x.62; a series of Lampropteryx otregiata Metc., near Torrington, N. Devon, 29.v.62; Agrotis segetum Schiff. ab. bilineata Cockayne, Tring, 5.x.62, and another aberration with dark costa on pale brown ground, Tring, 21.vi.62; Apamea sublustris Esp., with terminal area chocolate and contrasting, Tring, l.vii.62; A. epomidion Haw., dark banded, Tring, 11.vii.62; Meristis trigrammica Hufn. ab. nov., with the base and margins dark, and the median area remaining pale, Tring, 1.vii.62; Agrochola macilenta Hiibn. ab. nigrodentata Fuchs., with striking transverse lines, Tring, 7.x.62: Plusia pulchrina Haw. ab. percontatrix Auriv., with strongly darkened ground colour, Tring, 21.vi.62, and ab. pallida Warren, Tring, 21.vi.62; Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. serena Alph., Tring, 1.vil.62, and a melanic aberration, Tring, 11.vii.62; Diarsia brunnea Schiff. ab. nov., with base and margins dark and median area of normal colour, 11.vii.62; Hypena proboscidalis L., melanic ab. nov. with hindwings blackened, New Milton, Hants, 2.v.62, P. W. J. Robotham; Leucania conigera Schiff., pale form, Tring, 24.vii.62, and ab. obscura Hoffm. & Kloss., Tring, 26.viii.62; Gortyna micacea Esp., with marked band on forewing, Tring, 22.viii.62, another with wide dark marginal band on hindwings, Tring, 16.ix.62, and an ab. diluta Cockayne, Tring, 5.x.62; Plusia gamma L., with whitish mark replacing the silver Y, North Hallsands, Devon, 31.viii.62, Alan Kennard; Noctua pronuba L., with hindwings yellow instead of orange, Tring, 17.vii.62, another transitional to ab. attenuata Cockayne, hindwing band narrower and broken, Tring, 30.viii.62; Spilosoma lubricipeda L. ab. paucipuncta Fuchs, Tring, 21.vi.62; Anchoscelis helvola L., hindwings strongly pink, Tring, 1.x.62; Diarsia florida Schmidt, Barton Broad, Nor- folk, 1.viii.62; Agrotis exclamationis L., with strong transverse lines, Tring, 32 1.vil.62; Orthosia gothica L., with additional black marking in the median area, Tring, 10.v.62; and Sphinx ligustri L. ab. brunnea Tutt, wings darkened and dorsal area of body black, Tring, 27.vi.62. Mr. G. M. Haccetrt & Mr. A. J. WiGHTmMaN—(1) Bred series of Plusia bractea Schiff. and Parastichtis suspecta Hubn., from Aviemore, Inv., females; Tileacea citrago L., from Aviemore larvae; Amathes alpicola Zett., from Aviemore pupae; Euschesis sobrina Boisd., from Kincraig, Inv., larvae; Hadena (Dianthoecia) andalusica Staud. s.sp. barrettii Doubl. from Cornish pupae; H. conspersa Schiff. from Sussex, Cornwall, Inverness- shire and Shetland Mainland larvae; Leucania vitellina Hiibn. bred from St. Ives, Corn. and Pulborough, Sussex females, including the typical form and the aberrations pallida Warr. and saturatior Dannehl; Parascotia fuli- ginaria L. from Mychett, Hants, larvae; Chloroclysta miata L. from Avie- more female; Itame brunneata Thunb. (fulvaria Vill.) from Aviemore larvae. (2) Captured series of Petilampa minima Haw. from Stoke Ferry, Norfolk; Coenobia rufa Haw., from New Forest, Hants; Arenostola morrissii Dale, from Folkestone, Kent and Charmouth, Dorset; Apamea unanimis Hubn., from Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.; Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. from Pulborough; Ewmichtis lichenea Hubn., a single example from each of five localities, Minehead, Som., Dungeness, Kent, Isle of Wight, East Suffolk and Scilly (St. Marys); aberrations of Agrotis exclamationis L. from light traps at Pulborough and Arundel, Sussex; a long series of Aporophyla australis Boisd. from Dungeness, where all the described forms seem to occur, the typical form australis Boisd., ab. pascuwea Curt. (considered a subspecies by some), ab. albidior Bang Haas, ab. scriptura Freyer, ab. ingenua Freyer, and two other aberrant forms, one of which has a broad black outer marginal band, the other a dark marginal band on hindwings. With these were shown examples from east Suffolk, Isle of Wight and St. Ives, Cornwall for comparison. (38) Leucania vitellina Huibn. examples obtained from a temperature experiment. The parent moth from St. Ives, Corn., September 1961, form typical vitellina Hubn. Brood I: larvae reared at a temperature of 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.) and pupae kept under the same conditions, moths emerged in December and were all ab. pallida Warr. Brood II: eggs from mixed pairings of Brood I, larvae and pupae again reared at 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.), moths emerged in February, all ab. pallida Warr. Brood III: from one pairing of Brood I moths. The 115 larvae were reared at 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.) until last moult, when 20 larvae were separated and kept at 60°-67°F. (15-5°-20°C.) for last instar and throughout the pupal stage; these are called “treat- ment B’”. The other 95 were kept in a temperature range of 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.) until the last had pupated, were labelled “treatment A” and then split into two batches depending on the development (darkening) of the pupal eye. Treatment A, batch 1: These were the pupae with the eyes not darkened. Al, 15 pupae, the moths emerged in February all ab. pallida Warr. kept as pupae in 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.) as a control. A2, 8 pupae, kept at a temperature of 50°F. (10°C.) until 19th February, then 40°F. (4:5°C.) until 26th February then increasing to 55°F. (12:8°C.) by 3rd March, and finally 60°F. (15:5°C.) by 10th March and then maintained. 33 This resulted in seven crippled moths and one perfect example emerging in March, all typical vitellina Hiibn. A4, 14 pupae, kept as Al, another control all ab. pallida Warr., emerging in February. A5, 11 pupae, kept in temperatures as A2, 9 died, 1 crippled and one perfect vitellina Hubn. A7, 7 pupae (half of original batch A2) kept at a temperature of 40°-50°F. (4-5°-9°C.) until 24th February, then brought into 70°-85°F. (21°-30°C.) and kept there. Control of A2. One died, 2 crippled and 4 perfect ab. pallida Warr., emerging in March. Batch 2: these were the pupae with the eyes darkened. A3, 14 pupae, kept at a temperature as in A2. Four died, 8 crippled and 2 perfect ab. grisescens Dannehl emerging in March. A6, 17 pupae, kept at temperatures as in A2, 14 died, 2 crippled and one perfect pink female emerged in March. A&8, 14 pupae (half of original batch A3) kept in temperatures as A7, 1 died, 8 cripples, 5 perfect ab. pallida Warr., emerged in March. Treatment B: 3 larvae died at pupation and one in pupa. Moths emerged from 10th March to 28th March and were variable, either typical vitellina Hubn. or the flushed form saturatior Dannehl. Mr. G. M. HaGcetr & Mr. J. M. CHatmers-Hunt—Scopula nigropunctata Hufn., larvae in the fourth instar feeding on Clematis, reared from a female taken in Kent. Rev. A. H. H. HarspotrLeE—Panaxia dominula L. ab. lutea Staud. (Lep., Arctiidae) three males taken at Boscastle, N. Cornwall, 8.vii.62, 9.vii.62 and 11.vii.62, believed to be the first Cornish examples of this aberration. Five pairings have been effected from two of the three males. Mr. E. J. Hare—Lepidoptera as follows: (1) From the Isle of Mull, Argyll, bred May and June 1962, Eupithecia venosata F. and Hadena conspersa Schiff. (2) From Inverness-shire, two dark examples of Ente- phria flavicinctata Htibn., and aberrations of Pheosia gnoma F. with the white area of forewings suffused with brown, and Plusia chrysitis L. with the metallic colour appearing blue. (3) From Kent, Agrotis exclamationis L. with an extra spot on the right forewing only, and Dasychira pudibunda L., a pale male. Mr. T. W. Harman—(1) A large proportion of the species of moths taken in his garden at Marlow, Bucks., between July 1961 and October 1962. The influence of particular types of local geography upon the moth population is markedly shown. The most important geographical types are the Chilterns (the garden is on a spur of the hills), and the valley of the Thames (some tributaries of which run within 100 yards of the garden). As mercury vapour light has only been used for a year the list of species is probably far from complete. A trap is not used; the 125-watt mercury vapour bulb being placed on top of an inverted drum about two feet high. This is about two feet from the south-facing wall of the house. A white sheet is placed on the concrete base under the drum and another is hung on the wall of the house. Against the wall and around the drum are placed egg trays for moths to rest in. Although this means rising before dawn every morning to sort the catch, it has been found worthwhile. At one period at the end of July and the begining of August, 1962, on three out of five nights, over 100 species were recorded. 34 with 111 species on 1st August. On these nights there were several thousands of insects around the light. If a trap had been used it is almost certain that even two-thirds of this number inside the trap would have caused havoc with the condition of the moths. Using the present method, numbers of species recorded seem to be greater than when using a trap. Even an efficient trap fails to capture all insects which come to the light, and once dawn breaks the birds take nearly all the specimens which happen to be sitting on the wall or ground nearby. For instance, it was found that Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. although frequent, seldom comes within five feet of the light and thus a trap would only record this species as rare. On the other hand, Ptilophora plumigera Schiff. comes into the trays readily and with a trap would appear to be commoner here than B. sphinx Hufn.; which is not the case. Also included is an example sus- pected to be Dryobotodes eremita F. (protea Schiff.). (2) Moths taken elsewhere in the Chilterns and from further afield, between August 1961 and September 1962. From Durleston, Dorset, 1961: a series of Leucania vitellina Hiibn.; and examples of L. l-album L., Dasypolia templi Thunb. and Leucochlaena oditis Hubn. (hispida Gey.). From Kent, 1961-2: series of Hadena albimacula Borkh. and Calophasia lunula Hiibn.; and examples of Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff., Nycterosea obstipata F., Spilosoma urticae Esp., Eustrotia uncula Clerck, Hadena iepida Espv., Nonagria dissoluta Treits. and Arenostola phragmitidis Hubn. From the Chilterns, 1962: series of Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. taken 22.iv.62; and examples of Pseudoips prasinana L. (bicolorana Fuessl.), Euchoeca nebulata Scop., Eilema deplana Esp., the banded form of Cosymbia linearia Hubn., and a lightly marked form of Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (trimacula Esp.). From Pamber Forest, Hants: an example of Catocala promissa Schiff. From Medmenham, Bucks.: series of Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. From Lincolnshire: series of Spaelotis ravida Schiff. (See also Mr. T. J. G. Homer.) Mr. C. R. Haxspy—Lepidoptera as follows: Apamea infesta Ochs. (anceps Htibn.) from Monks Wood, Hunts., over 100 examples of this species occurred at light, 29.vi.62. Agrotis exclamationis L., a female aberration from Southwold, Suffolk, 9.vii.62. Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff., a series graduating from forma typica to ab. piciata Steph., from Pickering, Yorks., 5.v.62. Mr. T. J. G. Homer—A few examples from the 1962 season’s collecting. Henley-on-Thames district, Oxon.: Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., Eilemma deplana Esp., Anaplectoides prasina F., Apamea sublustris Esp., Antitype flavicincta Schiff.. Oria musculosa Hubn., Laphygma exigua Htibn., Tiliacea aurago Schiff. ab. fuscata F., Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., Discoloxia blomeri Curt. Pamber Forest, Hants: Hyloicus pinastri L., Rheumaptera undulata L. Gwbhert-on-Sea, Cardigan: Antitype xanthomista Huibn. East Sussex: Spilosoma urticae Esp., Cucullia gnaphalii Hiibn. Hastings, Sussex; Leucania vitellina Hiibn. Swanage, Dorset: Leucochlaena oditis Htibn. (hispida Gey.), Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. The L. vitellina Htibn. were four of six taken on 2nd/3rd October and coincided with a larger number recorded 3 ol in a trap at Rye, Sussex, 11 miles away. This indicates a very heavy migration over the coast in that area during the night. Mr. T. J. G. Homer, Mr. T. W. Harman, Mr. R. FarRcLOUGH and Mr. M. W. F. Tweepie—Five specimens of Tristateles emortualis Schiff. taken in July 1962 in Buckinghamshire; the species has not been recorded in Britain since 1859. Mr. T. J. HoNEysouRNE—(1) Young and full grown larvae of Papilio bianor Felder & Felder, reared on Choisya ternata Humb. (Mexican Orange). (2) Larvae of Polydorus aristolochiae F., India, reared on Aristolochia sipho L’Herit (Dutchman’s Pipe) and A. sempervirens Willd.. they refused A. clematitis L. (3) Larvae of Antheraea pernyi Guer., Japan (Japanese Oak Silk Moth). Mr. Greorce E. Hypr—Photographs of a male aberration of Fabriciana (Argynnis) cydippe L. Mr. Corin JouNSoN—Some noteworthy Coleoptera taken by the exhibitor during 1962. CarapipaE: Amara montivaga {Sturm.), a single example from Deal, Kent, 28rd April; A. quenseli (Schon.), one from the sandpit at Rothiemurchus, near Aviemore, Inv., 16th June; Lrropmpaz: Agathidium sphaerulum Reitt., from under birch bark, near Tomich, Inv., 15th June, and a single example around fungus in Dunham Park, Cheshire, 25th August, the first record for the faunal area of Lancashire and Cheshire; A. rotundatum Gyll., one from the Tomich-Glen Affric district, Inv., 15th June; A. nigrinum Sturm., a single specimen swept in Guisachan Forest, near Tomich, 14th June. ScARABAEIDAE: Trox sabulosus (L.), 11 specimens taken amongst and below the old and dried remains of a dead sheep at Fasnakyle, Glen Affiric, Inv., 9th June; T. scaber (L.), a total of more than 60 specimens were found (including some two dozen remains) in two old nests of woodpeckers in an oak bough, Moccas Park, Herefordshire, 20th May; Aphodius brevis Er., four examples taken in horse dung at Freshfield, S. Lanes., 28th June, these appear to be the first specimens taken in the county for the last 50 years; A. consputus Creutz., quite numerous at West Langdon, E. Kent, 20th April; A. nemoralis Er., a single specimen taken in deer dung, Abernethy Forest at Nethy Bridge, Inv., 10th June; A. zenieri Germ., this species, which is associated with deer dung, was found abundantly in Knole Park, W. Kent, 15th August, four specimens (two by Mr. P. Skidmore) were also taken in Dunham Park, Ches., 25th August, the species was last taken in this particular locality by Mr. W. Potter in 1917; A. luridus (F.), this variable species was not uncommon in fresh sheep dung at Lydden, E. Kent, 22nd April; A. conspurcatus (L.), two specimens were taken, after a couple of hour’s working in horse dung at Woodseats, near Charlesworth, Derbyshire, 14th April, and further specimens were also taken by the exhibitor and Mr. P. Skidmore at Middlewood, Cheshire, 27th April; A. borealis Gyll., a few examples were found at Nethy Bridge, 10th June and in Glen Affric 13th June; A. ictericus Ljungh (nitidulus (F.)), this species which seems to like sandy and chalky soils, was found in sheep dung in four localities between Sandwich and Dover, E. Kent, 9th to 14th August; A. plagiatus (L.), Mr. J. H. Flint and the exhibitor found some dozen specimens at Ainsdale, S. 36 Lancs., 29th June, this species is not found in dung, but burrows in damp sand amongst the Ainsdale sand dunes; Potosia cuprea (F.) s.sp. metallica Herbst., a single example taken on a sappy birch stump by the side of Coire Loch, Glen Aftric, 13th June. BuprestiwaE: Trachys pumila Ill., a solitary specimen was swept at Deal, E. Kent, 9th August. ELATERIDAF: Ampedus (Elater) rufipennis (Steph.), taken not uncommonly by Messrs. P. Skidmore, F. A. Hunter and the exhibitor at Moccas Park, Herefordshire, 19th to 20th May; A. pomonae (Steph.), also taken by the above mentioned at Edwinstowe, Notts., 26th May, in dead birch logs together with A. pomorum (Herbst), which the exhibitor also took at Tomich, Inv., 13th June; A. nigerrimus (Lac.), one specimen taken in the wood mould of an old oak in Windsor Great Park, Berks., 21st February, together with the larvae of Gnorimus variabilis (L.) (Scarabaeidae) both seeming to occur only in this locality at the present time; Ampedus nigrinus Herbst, taken in Glen Affric, 12th to 15th June; Adrastus rachijer (Geof.), a solitary example swept near Nonnington, E. Kent, 13th August. LYCIDAE: Dictyopterus aurora (Herbst), two examples found beneath pine bark near Loch Morlich near Aviemore, Inv., 7th June; D. affinis Payk., bred from larvae taken in Clumber Park, Notts., 27th May. CucuJIDAE: Silvanus bidentatus (F.), a single specimen taken under beech bark in Knole Park, Sevenoaks, Kent, 15th August, a day which also furnished one specimen of Pediacus depressus (Herbst). ALLECULIDAE: Prionychus ater (F.), a single specimen bred from a larva taken in a hollow oak bough at Moccas Park, Herefordshire, 25th May; P. fairmairei Reiche, this species was also bred, from larvae taken beneath the bark of old oak at Edwinstowe, Notts., 26th May. PyROCHROIDAE: Schizotus pectinicornis (L.), some half a dozen specimens were swept around Tomich and Glen Affric, Inv., in early June. ANTHICIDAE: Anthicus tobias Mars., one example from Carrington Moss, Cheshire, 7th July, a new record for the county. CERAMBYCIDAE: Pogonochaerus fasciculatus (Deg.), one specimen swept near Loch Morlich by the river Luineag, Inv., 17th June. ScoLytTimar: Scolytus ratzeburgi Janson, three examples were swept around Tomich, Inv., during June— many birches in the area showed tremendous damage due to the breeding of this insect. Major-General Sir GEORGE JoHNSON—Charaxes (Lep.) species from the Umtali district of Southern Rhodesia and the Dondas Forest in Mozam- bique, taken during the period February to March 1962. A series of Charaxes jasius L. from Corsica, taken in August 1962, were shown for comparison. Seasonal dimorphism and mimicry were illustrated by the exhibit which comprised 16 species. Mr. Atan KeENNaRD and Mr. W. L. CoLERIDGE—(1) Three species of Lepidoptera which have increased their range in Devon in recent years: Nonagria dissoluta Treits., Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hubn. and Nola albula Schiff. (2) Lepidoptera local in Devon and whose range is not fully known: Spilosoma urticae Esp., Celaena ophiogramma Esp., Hadena. albimacula Borkh., Arenostola fluxa Hutibn., Hypenodes (Tholomiges) turfosalis Wocke and Aegeria muscaeformis Esp. (3) Migrant species from 37 Devon 1961-62: Plusia confusa Steph., Leucania vitellina Hibn., L. uni- puncta Haw. and Laphygma exigua Hiibn. Dr. H. B. D. KErrLeweELi & Mr. C. J. CappuRy—(1) A series of approxi- mately 140 Utetheisa pulchella L. which represented an F, brood from a wild female caught at Westerham, Kent, by Mr. R. C. Edwards, 1.x.61. From this female, Mr. Edwards procured eggs, and was good enough to present six larvae to Dr. Kettlewell. Six imagines were bred, and two pairings obtained from these (the same male on each occasion). The F, pupae were given four different temperature treatments, any one of which might be experienced at times by pulchella in the wild. A con- stant temperature of 75°F. + 5° (24°C. + 2°8°) produced a majority of normal moths but with considerable aberration in regard to the amount of crimson and the degree of speckling. Nine individuals, however, formed a clear-cut group in which the black speckling was diminished. They may be referable to f. thyter Butler. This form is almost certainly genetically controlled. The other three groups of pupae were given in- creasing periods of cool, 40°F. (4:4°C.), each day for 10, 15 and 20 hours respectively. The remainder of the 24 hours was spent at 75°F. + 5° (24°C. + 2°8°). These produced series of moths showing a gradual increase in the size of the black bands, particularly in band 3. In the last group, three extreme aberrations were bred in which the black bands were most pronounced, and in one moth the crimson completely absent (except for one fleck). These forms appear to conform phenotypically with f. dorsifumata Prout and f. arcuata Oberth. The depth of colour and patterning in pulchella is almost certainly the result of temperature effects at a criticai time during the pupal period on varying genetic con- stitutions. (2) A series of Rhodometra sacraria L. representing 960 imagines bred between October 1961 and July 1962. Of these, 900 re- sulted from inbreeding the progeny of a wild female for eight generations. In particular, the ground colour of the forewings varies from pale straw to deep yellow, grey-brown and rose-red. These striking colour forms are shown to be the effect of temperature differences (within normal out- door limits) during the pupal period on a varying genetic constitution. (3) Demonstrating forms of Shetland T.epidoptera and their divergence from the Scottish mainland stock, which has taken place during an isola- tion of 100,000 years. Many of these forms are melanic. Messrs. R. P. & S. Knitt-Jonrs—Three examples of a very dark form of Luperina nickerlii Freyer taken in September 1962, on the coast of Co. Kerry, Ireland (Pl. I, fig. 5); with, for comparison, one L. nickerlii Freyer s.sp. gueneei Doubl. from Lancashire; a short series of foreign L. dumerilii Dup., and a series of L. testacea Schiff. Mr. M. J. LeecH—A selection of Lepidoptera caught or bred during 1962. From the Barton Mills/Mildenhall district of Suffolk: a bred series of Hadena suasa Schiff., a series of Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn., a short series of Discestra trifolii Hufn. From Tuddenham, Suffolk: a series of Aspitates ochrearia Rossi, and a series of Hadena lepida Esp., with speci- mens from Northamptonshire and Leicestershire for comparison. From the Dunwich, Halesworth, Minsmere and Thorpness districts of Suffolk: 38 specimens of Arenostola elymi Treits., Scopula emutaria Hubn., S. seriata Schrank, Sterrha ochrata Scop. and Zeuzera pyrina L. From Bedford Purlieus and Castor, Northamptonshire: series of Petilampa minima Haw., Hadena conspersa Schiff., Apamea infesta Ochs., single examples of Spaelotis ravida Schiff., Tethea ocularis L. (melanic), Apoda avellana L. and Myelois cribrumella Hiibn. From Wicken Fen, Cambs.: a series of Simyra venosa Borkh. (albovenosa Goeze auct. nec Goeze), Meliana flammea Curt., Chilodes maritima Tausch. including ab. bipunctata Haw. and ab. nigristriata Staud., Diarsia rubi View., one specimen of which entirely lacks any reddish coloration; and a short series of Hepialus lupulina L. From Wood Walton Fen, Hunts.: series of Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Apamea unanimis Hiibn., Arenostola extrema Hiubn., Clostera curtula L., two male examples of Hydrillula palustris Hubn., series of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall., bred specimen of Perizoma sagittata F., which had been in the pupal state for two winters. From Monks Wood, Hunts.: specimens of Tethea or Schiff. and Craniophora ligustri Schiff. From Cropston, Leicestershire: bred series of Deuteronomos fuscantaria Steph., melanie Procus literosa Haw., Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. plaga Steph.; specimens of Spaelotis ravida Schiff. and Philereme vetulata Schiff. The last two species being interesting records for Leicestershire as they have not been recorded since the publication of the Victoria County History lst in 1907. From Aviemore, Inv.: specimens of Coenonymphea tullia Mull., series of Notodonta drome- darius L., bred specimens of Amathes alpicola Zett. (ex pupae), Xylena vetusta Htibn., Polia hepatica Clerck., Dasychira fascelina L., series of Plusia interrogationis L., specimen of P. bractea Schiff., bred series of Crocallis elinguaria L., series of Gnophos obfuscata Schiff. (myrtillata Thunb.), Alcis repandata L., Itame brunneata Thunb., examples of Scopula ternata Schrank, Xanthorhoe munitata Huibn., Perizoma blandiata Schiff., Hepialus sylvina L., example of nest of Ground Wasp, Vespa sp. From Rannoch, Perthshire: bred series of Panolis flammea Schiff. From Formby, Lanes.: bred examples Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff., bred minor aberration of Arctia caja L., a pinkish suffused specimen of Orthosia gracilis Schiff., and underside aberrations of Polyommatus icarus Rott. From Witherslack, Westmorland: a specimen of Drepanepteryx phalaenoides (L.) (Neur. Hemerobiidae). Brigadier H. L. LEwrs—It is not possible for an Army Officer to move butterfly cabinets around the world with him; and the expense of a sufficiency of cabinets would, in most cases, be prohibitive. Thousands of papered specimens in tins are unrewarding and the eventual task of relaxing and mounting them is discouraging. The problem has been dealt with in my case by discarding the body and retaining only the wings of butterflies which have been attached to foolscap sheets with ‘Durofix’. Thus mounted they are easy to handle, easy to see, and data can easily be recorded. They can safely be transported and the method is cheap. Upwards of 10,000 butterflies are accommodated in 30 foolscap size drawers, occupying a space only 16” X 22” x 34”. They do not normally have celophane covers which are only used for exhibition pur- poses. With few exceptions, any rare specimens have been given complete 39 to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) or to “total’ collectors. The butter- flies selected for exhibition were chosen to show varying sizes and types of butterfly mounted by this method. Major-Gen. C. G. Lipscompe—The following butterflies all caught or bred in Wiltshire during 1962: two Nymphalis io L., one has the right pair of wings considerably smaller than the left, in the other the left pair of wings is the smaller, both were bred from the same brood and may be gynandromorphs; Lysandra bellargus Rott., three minor aberra- tions; a male Maniola jurtina L. with sharply defined dead white blotches on both the left wings, and an albino female ab. lacticolor Leeds + transparens Leeds; Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, a male ab. intermedia Frohawk; Lysandra coridon Poda, male colour aberrations, ultracaeruleo B. & L., viridescens Tutt, ultralavendula B. & L., pallidula Tutt + viridescens Tutt, and two male ab. furva B. & L. showing respectively black and dark red-brown lunules on the hindwings; three females ab. syngrapha Kefer + major Tutt, syngrapha Kefer & syngrapha Kefer + metallica B. & L., also a female ab. inaequalis Tutt, and a female ab. caeca Courv. Mr. R. I. LornmwER—(1) Saturnia pavonia L., melanic form from York- shire, the male was assembled to a typical female on Broomhead Moor by Mr. A. Steel. The females are F, descendants, and a pairing has been obtained between individuals similar to those exhibited. The larvae of this strain are considerably darker than usual; a blown example was shown, with a normal larva for comparison. (2) Catocala nupta L. ab. nigra Cockayne, Totteridge, Herts., 30.ix.62, found by Master Peter Barnes (Pl. I, fig. 1). (3) Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Totteridge, 2.x.62. Lt.-Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. MantEy—Series of 15 species of Zygaena taken in France and Spain during 1962. Amongst these were: Z. freudei Daniel, a series of 19 males and 16 females including five ab. conflwens Reiss, taken near Alicante. This species was first discovered by Freude in 1959 and this is the first series to have been brought to this country; Z. ignifera Korb., a series of nine specimens from the province of Granada showing a constant difference from the nominate race from Cuenca; Z. rhadamanthus Esp. s.sp. manleyi Tremewan, a series together with a series of ab. acingulata Tremewan both taken at the type locality La Pena in Huesca; Z. hilaris Oberth. s.sp. rianoica Tremewan from the type locality Riano in the province of Leon; Z. lavendulae Esp. from Huesca and Z. trifolii Esp. from Leon, a long series of each of these species shows them to be different from all known races; Z. nevadensis Ramb. a series of the typical race from the province of Granada and also of the race picos Agenjo from the province of Leon. All determinations are by Mr. G. W. Tremewan of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Dr. A. M. Massr—E—Some rare Coleoptera taken in Kent. CaRaABIDAE: Callistus lunatus (F.), the downs, Brook, Kent; Lebia cyanocephala (L.), the downs, Otford, Kent; Dromius vectensis Rye, from old broom, Dunge- ness, Kent. DyriscipaE: Dytiscus circumflexus F., in dykes near Queen’s Bridge, Isle of Sheppey. STaPHyLINIDAE: Emus hirtus (L.), cow dung, Isle of Grain, ENnpomMycHipaE: Lycoperdina bovistae (F.), in puff balls, Oaken 40 Wood, East Malling; Eroryiipar: Triplax lacordairii Crotch, in fungi, Oaken Wood, East Malling. Cotypirmar: Aulonium trisulewm (Geoff.), predaceous on the larvae of the elm scolytid, Clare Park, East Malling; Synchita separanda Reitt., under beech bark, Sevenoaks district; Lange- landia anophthalma Aubé, at roots of herbaceous plants, Chatham. HiIstERIDAE: Hister quadrimaculatus (L.), old cow dung, Isle of Grain; Acritus homoeopathicus Wollas., amongst ashes on burnt ground, Orlestone Wood, Ham Street. MICROPEPLIDAE: Micropeplus tesserula Curtis, in same situation as the last species. NITIDULIDAE: Meligethes exilis Sturm., sweeping grass, Folkestone Warren. CucusmaE: Silvanus bidentatus (F.), under beech bark near Sevenoaks; Laemophloeus spartii (Curt.), pre- dacious on scolytids in broom, Dungeness; Monotoma angusticollis Gyll., in nests of red ant, Westerham. SCAPHIDIIDAE: Scaphium immaculatum (Ol.), in moss, St. Margaret’s Bay. SCARABAEIDAE: Odontaeus armiger (Scop.), at light, Brook; Aphodius quadrimaculatus (L.), in sheep dung, Wye; Gnorimus nobilis (L.), in wood mould of old trees, East Malling. BUPRESTIDAE: Agrilus viridis (L.), on sallow, Orlestone Wood, Ham Street. EucnemimpaE: Hypocoelus oxelai Palm., in dead standing beech trees, Otford; Dirhagus pygmaeus (F.), sweeping under oaks, Orlestone Wood, Ham Street. ELaTrRipaAE: Ampedus (Elater) rufipennis Steph., fallen beech, Little Chart, Adrastus rachifer (Geoff.), sweeping grasses, Tilmanstone; Melanotus punctolineatus (Pol.), on the sand dunes at Deal; Athous villosus (Geoff.), under beech bark, Sevenoaks. LycipaE: Platycis minuta (F.) hornbeam, Cobham Park. CLERIDAE: Paratillus carus New- man, on the wing, Sevenoaks ANOBIIDAE: Dryophilus anoboides Chev., dead broom stems, Dungeness; Xyletinus longitarsis Jansson (ater (Creutz.)), dead and decayed broom stems, Dungeness. CERAMBYCIDAE: Prionus coriarius (L.) roots of trees, Sevenoaks; Obriwm brunneum (F.), spruce, Orlestone Wood, Ham Street; Aromia moschata (L.), willow, Snod- land; Mesosa nebulosa (F.), under bark of dead standing oaks, Church Woods, Blean. CHRYSOMELIDAE: Labidostomis tridentatus (L.), birch, East Malling; Cryptocephalus punctiger Payk., birch, Darenth Wood, Phaedon regnianum Tottenham, watercress, Higham Salterns; Longitarsus plantago- maritimus Doll., associated with plantain, Higham Salterns; Epitrix pubescens (Koch.), Black Nightshade, Smarden. LaGripaE: Lagria atripes Muls. & Guil., beating, Orlestone Wood. Mertorar: Lytta vesicatoria (L.), on privet hedge, Harbledown, near Canterbury. PLATYSTOMIDAE : Platystomos albinus (L.), in fallen oak boughs, Orlestone Wood, Platyrhinus resinosus (Scop.), in Daldinia fungus on deciduous trees, Blean, Little Chart; Tropideres sepicola (F.), in fallen oak branches, Orie- stone Wood; Dissoleucas niveirostris (F.) in fallen oak branches Orlestone Wood; Choragus sheppardi Kirby, beating very old ivy, East Malling. Dr. A. M. Massrzt & Mr. A. E. GarpNER—A series of the Colorado Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, bred by Dr. Massee, East Malling, Kent, in 1943 and 1950 together with the immature stages taken by Mr. A. E. Gardner near Lille, France, August 1946. Notes on the early records and biology of the species were exhibited. 41 Miss C. A. McDrermotr—A selection of colour slides taken in Kent including macro and microlepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Mr. Rosin M. Mere—A series of Alcis repandata L. ab. conversaria Hiibn., F,, F,, and F, generations from a female caught in 1960 at Parra- combe, north Devon; an F, example of the above with left antenna female and right antenna male; Celerio livornica Esp., taken at mercury vapour light in the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, June 1962; Oecophora bractella L., Monmouthshire, June 1962; Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher, a short series from the Burren, June 1962, this species was previously unrecorded from anywhere in the world except gardens round Dublin; Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., an aberration from Kenmare, Co. Kerry, Ireland, May 1962; two very dark Agrochola lota Clerck, bred from Burren larvae, 1962; a short series of Eupithecia intricata Zett., a new subspecies from the Burren, June 1962; Thera variata Schiff., from Kenmare, May 1962, an example of the typical continental form, not s.sp. britannica Turner normally found in the United Kingdom, this typical form has been recorded from the New Forest, Hants; some aberrations of Ectropis consonaria Hiibn. from Monmouthshire, June 1962; Eupithecia egenuria H.-S., two examples of this species, new to the British Isles, taken at mercury vapour light in Monmouthshire in mid-June 1962 (PI. I, fig. 3). Mr. J. L. MesseENGER—A selection of Lepidoptera taken in Co. Kerry and Co. Clare, Ireland, during the period 31st May to 7th June 1962, comprising specimens or short series of: Celerio livornica Esp., Leptidea sinapis L., Pieris napi L., Clossiana ewphrosyne L., Euphydryas aurinia Rott., Hemaris tityus L., Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., Notodonta ziczac L., Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Cycnia mendica Clerck, Hadena caesia Schift., H. lepida Esp. (carpophaga Borkh.), H. conspersa Schiff., Hada nana Hufn., Apamea sordens Hufn., Ortholitha mucronata Scop. s.sp. umbrifera Prout, Hydriomena ruberata Freyer, Dyscia fagaria Thunb., Zygaena purpuralis Brun., Z. filipendulae L., Eustrotia bankiana F. (olivana Schiff.), Thera cognata Thunb. (bred), Platyptilia tesserodactyla L.., Chlidonia hartmanniana Clerck (baumanniana Schiff.), and Eupoecilia (Euxanthis) angustana Hiibn. (bred). Also shown was an example of Plusia ni Hubn. taken in Surrey in June 1962. Mr. H. N. MicHaEtis—(1) The following Lepidoptera: Xanthorhoe fluctuata L., three broods showing a slight yellow suffusion of the fore- wings, Didsbury, Lancs.; Cnephasia conspersana Dougl., bred, Cardigan; Rhopobota ustomaculana Curt., bred Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., a high- ground species not recorded from the district for over 70 years, Hucklow, Derbyshire; Hysterosia inopiana Haw., among Inula, Cardigan; Olethreutes mygindana Schiff., bred Hucklow; O. rivulana Scop., bred Hieracium, Cardigan; Celypha rufana Scop., plentiful near Cardigan; Bryotropha galbanella Dougl., Malham, Yorks., previously recorded from the Scottish Highlands only, and is possibly the first record from England; Coleophora ibipennella Zell. (betulella Hein. auct. nec Hein.), bred from Betula, Rud- heath, Ches.; a scarce insect in Lancs. and Ches.; Nemotois minimella Zell., a local insect but common at Millers Dale, Derbyshire, also at 42 Macclesfield, Ches. (2) The following Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Arge ciliaris (L.) on Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim, Malham; Abia candens Konow on Scabiosa, Malham; Cimbex femorata (L.) on Betula, Aviemore, Inv.; Trichiosoma tibiale Steph. on Crataegus, Didsbury, Lanes.; T. lucorum (L.) on Betula, Lancs., Ches. and Inv.; T. latreillei Leach on Betula, Malham, normally a Scottish species; also an unidentified Trichiosoma species from Delamere, Ches., on Betula; Monoctenus juniperi (L.) bred from juniper, Spey valley, Inv.; Pristiphora testacea (Jurine) on Betula, Malham; P. quercus (Hartig), on Betula, Malham; and Fenella nigrita Westw. bred from mines in Agrimonia leaves, Millers Dale, Derby., and Silverdale, Lancs., not previously recorded as far north as northern Lancs. Mr. A. M. Mortey—Lepidoptera taken, with one exception, at mercury vapour light in the exhibitor’s garden at Folkestone, Kent. Biston betularia L., a typical male more heavily marked than usual; a male ab. insularia Th.-Meig. much darker than usual; a male aberration with the outer part of the forewings black, a form which the exhibitor had not seen before; the species has recently become scarce at Folkestone, the only other example taken this year was a typical male. Alcis repandata L., a male darker than any the exhibitor has seen in the area before; Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff., three males of the smoky form which are the darkest seen in the Folkestone area; Larentia clavaria Haw., a male a little more suffused than usual; Agrotis exclamationis L., six examples of this species which in the first brood was numerous and variable; Amathes c-nigrum L., a male with brownish suffusion and larger than usual; A. triangulum Hufn., a male with pale markings extended; Euschesis comes Hiibn., two examples of the form with brown forewings and rather heavily marked hindwings, rare at Folkestone, except this year; Noctua pronuba L., the darkest the exhibitor has taken in the area; Spilosoma lutea Hufn., a male with white and buff wings; an apparent Diarsia florida Schmidt, taken on Ist July; Apatele aceris L., the only one taken here this year after a few years absence, it used to occur at Hythe, Kent, but there appears to be no definite record before 1952, all the Folkestone specimens so far are paler than those from the London area; Hadena suasa Schiff, a suffused form; Leucania pallens L., a very pale example; L. vitellina Hiibn., not recorded in Folkestone before this year when the exhibitor took a worn female on 2nd October, which died before laying, a fresh male (exhibited) occurred on the following day; Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. ab. brunnea Tutt with the veins yellow instead of white; a geometrid believed to be Cosymbia puppillaria Htibn., male taken on 3rd October; C. punctaria L., with the “blush” considerably reduced, the species is rare at Folkestone; a suffused example of Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck; Agrotis puta Hiibn., a male and two females, very variable this year in the first brood; Atethmia xerampelina Esp., approaching ab. unicolor Staud., rare in Folkestone; Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., one of three of an unusual colour taken in 1961; and three Abrostola triplasia L., a dark aberration. Dr. M. G. Morrts—Some weevils (Col., Curculionidae) collected in ‘Breckland’ on the Norfolk/Suffolk border in 1962. The weevils exhibited are divided into three groups; (1) species associated with Breck Heaths, 43 the most important habitat to be conserved; (2) other uncommon species, not associated particularly with the heaths; (3) common species which are widely distributed in Britain. Some of the more notable species exhibited are: Apion urticarium (Herbst), A. confluens Kirby, Phyllobius viridi- collis (F.), Philopedon plagiatus (Schall.), Dorytomus tremulae (F.), Phytonomus dauci (Ol.), Baris picicornis (Marsh.), Ceuthorhynchus pulvinatus Gyll., C. rapae Gyll., C. parvulus Bris., C. atomus Boh., Gymnetron rostellium (Herbst), and Cionus longicollis Bris. Mr. F. A. NopLtE—(1) Lepidoptera from Scotland. Five males and five females of Amathes alpicola Zett., bred from pupae found chiefly under Reindeer Moss and Bearberry. A wide range of coloration and marking was to be observed. A darkish form of Hada nana Hufn., and another of Hyppa rectilinea Esp., both taken at sugar. The typical northern Scottish form of Epirrhoe tristata L., netted at about 1,500 feet. Eupithecia sobrinata Htibn., bred from larvae taken on Juniper, and E. intricata Zett. s.sp. helveticaria Boisd. taken at the mercury vapour light. Ortholitha mucronata Scop. s.sp. scotica Cockayne also taken at light and Semiothisa notata L., netted at dusk. One typical example and two albinistic forms of Ypsolophus parenthesellus L. (Cerostoma costella F.) bred from larvae taken on Bog Myrtle. (2) Six specimens of Xylomiges conspicillaris L., bred from ova obtained from a female taken at mercury vapour light near Alcester, Warw., the larvae were fed on elm and trefoil. (3) Nonagria typhae Thunb., six specimens of this moth were shown—three taken at Cannock Chase, Staffs., and three at Edgbaston Pool, Warw. There is a distinct difference between the two series of moths. The Warwickshire imagines were duller and darker than those from Cannock Chase. This is probably due to the influence of industrial melanism. Mr. E. C. PELHaM-CLINTON—(1) British Lepidoptera collected 1961-2: Hepialus hecta L., an aberration with tawny ground colour of forewings largely replaced by dark brown, Port Appin, Argyll, 28.vii.62; Nepticula serella Staint., ten examples from Caher River, Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare, Ireland, May 1961 and June 1962; Trifurcula griseella Wolff, the first British specimen, Ballyvaughan, 25.v.61; Oecophora bractella L., two ex- amples, Tintern, Mon., 17.vi.62; Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher, four of the first specimens found outside Dublin, Ballyvaughan, June 1962; Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., an aberration with the central band of the forewings reduced to a spot on the costal margin, Tintern, 16.vi.62 (Pl. I, fig. 2); Eupithecia egenaria H.-S., two of the first eight British specimens, Wye valley, Here., 15.vi.62; E. intricata Zett., four examples of the Burren race, including an aberration with small hindwings, Doughbranneen, Bally- vaughan, 12.vi.62. (2) On behalf of the Royat ScorrisH Museum, Edinburgh: Euchromia lethe F. (Lep., Syntomidae) in bananas from Cameroons, Edinburgh, 11.vii.62. Mr. ARTHUR PrRicE—Hygrobia hermanni F. (Col., Hygrobiidae), the Screech Beetle. A series of photographs showing the development of this beetle from the egg to the mature adult. The photographs were supple- mented by living insects and examples of the larva, pupa and imago preserved in spirit. 44 Mr. F. S. Reeves (visitor)—The following Lepidoptera: Maniola jurtina L., a female upperside with bright orange patches on all wings, and a female underside with heavily marked veins; Eumenis semele L., a dwarf male underside from the New Forest, Hants, similar to the race thyone Thompson; Aphantopus hyperantus L., a male underside with the yellow rings replaced by brown, and with prominent white centres; Lysandra coridon Poda, a male upperside extreme ab. ultrafowleri B. & L., with black veins running through margins (Pl. I, fig. 11), and a male ab. cinnameus B. & L. upperside. Mr. W. Ret~—Two very dark Lampra fimbriata Schreb., from Sheffield, Yorks.; one very strongly marked Apatele psi L., Sheffield; one typical example and two dark Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn., from Sheffield; three dark Apamea epomidion Haw., which are of the Sheffield form, but the insect is not common; two Crocallis elinguaria L., from Sheffield, one very dark but worn, and one light form; four Plusia festucae L. with confluent spots, from Sheffield; two Eupsilia transversa Hufn., from Sheffield, one is the dark form and the other is an uncommon aberration; one Dysstroma citrata L., from Sandburn, Yorks., probably ab. thingvallata Stuad. Mr. Austin RIcHARDSON—A blown larva of Herse convolvuli L., showing abnormal segmentation bred Scilly Isles, and a living pupa; Tethea fluctuosa Hubn., three from Glos., showing light and dark forms, with an extreme dark aberration from Mon.; Drepana harpagula Esp., from Mon. and Glos., the latter being a new county record, with two blown larvae and a living pupa, bred from a female taken by Mr. R. P. Demuth; Atolmis rubricollis L., from Mon. and Glos.; Lithosia quadra L., from Cornwall; Apatele alni L. ab. steinerti Casp., bred Yorks. from ova sup- plied by Mr. W. Reid; Euxoa obelisca Schiff., dark Scilly Isles form; Ammogrotis lucernea L. ab. renigera Steph., one each from Iona and Mull, Argyll.; Euschesis comes Htibn., Scilly Isles, one ab. sagittifer Cockayne and one pale aberration; Hadena bombycina Hufn., S. Devon; Cerapteryx graminis L. ab. pallida Tutt, Argyll.; Luwperina testacea Schiff., two aber- rations from Scilly Isles, one light and one dark; Thalpophila matura Hufn., a dark form from Mull, and a pale aberration from Glos.; Apamea remissa Hiibn., extreme form, S. Devon; Leucania vitellina Hiibn., a very lightly marked series, some almost obsolete, bred Scilly Isles, November 1961, with four living larvae, also bred Scilly Isles; Hoplodrina (Caradrina) ambigua Schiff., aberration with joined stigmata, Scilly Isles; Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., purple form, Barra, Inv.; Orthosia gothica L. ab. circumsignata Hasebrk., Glos.; O. incerta Hufn., three strongly marked examples, Barra; Plusia bractea Schiff., Yorks.; Abrostola (Unca) trigemina Werneb., two from Scilly Isles, and one darker from Yorks.; Hypena obsitalis Hiibn., from Scilly Isles, with specimens from N. Corn- wall, 12.1x.43, for comparison; Trichopteryx (Nothopteryx) polycommata Schiff., Westmorland; Entephria flavicinctata Hiibn., Yorks.; Perizoma sagittata F., bred Hunts.; Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb., Cornwall, with four living larvae showing two distinct forms, one brown and one green, the first time this larva has been bred in Britain; E. abbreviata Steph., 45 white-banded melanic aberration, Westmorland; Angerona prunaria L. ab. corylaria Thunb., Glos.; Nyssia zonaria Schiff. possibly s.sp. atlantica Harrison, Barra, series varying from large pale form to small dark form and including two very heavily-marked aberrations together with two blown larvae; Alcis repandata L., ab. conversaria Hubn., Glos., ab. nigricata Fuchs., Glos., and ab. sodorensium Weir., Argyll; A. jubata Thunb., Argyll.; Palpita unionalis Hubn., Dorset; Zygaena lonicerae von Scheven ab. bercei Sand., Glos. Mr. A. S. Ropertson—Aberrations of Polyommatus icarus Rott., taken during 1962, the transferred names are according to Bright and Leeds. The aberrations shown included: obsoleta Clark, from Herts.; sinistroobsoleta Tutt from Rutlandshire; “aurantiaextensa” from Herts.; “confluentiae’” (semiarcuata Tutt—costajuncta Tutt—‘semibasijuncta’’) from Berks.; and (arcuata Courv.—‘dexbasijuncta’’—sinissemibasijuncta”’) from Herts. Aberrations cf Lycaena phlaeas L., including an unnamed aberration with the upperside markings reduced to the discoidal and three short rays representing the submedian series, the underside some- what similar, but with the addition of the character “biarcuata”, Herts., 3l.v.58 (Pl. I, figs. 9 and 10). In the same species, homoeosis on the underside, bred from a parent taken in Middlesex in 1961, and the following aberrations: pallidula B. & L. auroradiata Boh., partimauroradiata B. & L., and aberrations showing the characters of ‘antisinistransformis”’, “siniscostatransformis”’, ‘‘postobsoleta” and “caudatamajor” from Herts.; and aberrations showing the characters of “antieleus”, “antidiscoelongata” and “costajuncta” from Middx. All taken during the years 1958 to 1962. All the transferred names used in L. phlaeas are according to H. A. Leeds. Mr. W. L. RupLanp—The lepidopteron Eriopus juventina Cramer (?= Callopistria purpureofasciata Tiller), taken in a mercury vapour light trap near Wye, Kent, on the night of 26th July (PI. I, fig. 7). A similar moth is figured by Lampert (1907, Grossschmetterlinge und Raupen Mitteleuropas, pl. 43, fig. 8); and on p. 166 he says it occurs from June to August and is attached to ferns (? bracken). Mr. A. D. A. RusswuRM—Pararge megera L., male with heavy dark markings and suffused ground colour, New Forest, Hants, 14.vi.62; Maniola tithonus L., male upperside ab. pupillatanulla Leeds, several male ab. excessa Leeds, New Forest, July and August 1962; M. jurtina L., female upperside, uniform grey colour form with suffused forewings, female underside with rayed hindwings, female underside ab. excessa Leeds, male underside ab. antiobsoletissima Leeds, male upperside ab. bipupillata Leeds, New Forest, July and August 1962; Aphantopus hyperantus L., two ab. lanceolata Shipp, New Forest, 22/23.vii.62; Clossiana (Argynnis) selene Schiff., female with enlarged outer spotting, 13.vii.62; C. ewphrosyne L., female aberration, heavily banded with central area blacked in, male underside with reduced markings on forewings, New Forest, 17.vi.62; Aglais urticae L., series of specimens bred in Brockenhurst, Hants, show- ing colour forms including one female with dark brown colour, June 1962; Nymphalis io L., series of six males and four females bred at Brocken- hurst ex Hod Hill with dark crimson-brown in males, females dark dull 46 brown, emerged 30th and 3lst July, also one female with dull rusty brown ground colour and semi-transparent effect due to scale formation, captured wild in Brockenhurst, 30.viii.62. Air Marshall Sir Ropert Saunppy—Hight aberrations of Arctia caja L., taken at light or bred from wild larvae; three males and one female heavily suffused with dark markings, one being almost the same as that figured in South (1961, Moths Brit. Is., series 2, pl. 1, fig. 1). Also four lightly marked examples, including one with yellow hindwings, and one with most of the black spots on the hindwings absent or reduced to pin-points. Three examples of Phlogophora meticulosa L., which normally varies but little; one, the reddish typical form as described by Linnaeus and Haworth; another, the common form in this country, ab. pallida Tutt; and the third is a very pale form, quite fresh, with the ground colour of the forewings whitish and with pale greenish-yellow markings; the hindwings are normal. This form does not seem to have been described. Mr. L. E. SavaGe—A series of Apatele alni L. ab. steinerti Casp., bred from ova sent by Mr. W. Reid of Sheffield (PI. I, fig. 6); Hadena conspersa Schiff., bred from larvae taken on Silene at Hillswick, Isle of Shetland, 1960, emerging during 1961 and 1962; Dypterygia scabriuscula L., taken on sugar at Liphook, Hants, 30.vi.62, and Walberswick, Suffolk, 23 and 24.vi.62; Leucania lithargyria Esp., bred from larva taken on grasses at Liphook, Hants. Dr. E. Scorr—A selection of microlepidoptera for the most part taken or bred during 1962 and of Kent origin. Of particular interest a large black specimen of Hypochalcia ahenella Schiff., taken at light at Westwell; Platytes alpinellus Hiibn., common in the sand pit area at Borough Green, some miles from the Kent coast, taken by Miss C. McDermott; Grapholita (Laspeyresia) funebrana Treits., bred from wild plums in a thicket on Brook downs, the plums are known locally as “scads’”’ and were extremely infected; Laspeyresia aurana F., bred from seed heads of Heracleum very locally at Brook; Yponomeuta rorella Hubn., a series from larvae in sallow spinnings collected by Capt. J. Ellerton at Dungeness at a meeting of the Society on 138th May, the larvae were very small at that date; Coleophora lixella Zell., taken at Brook downs with several others at dusk by Mr. C. A. W. Duffield. Mr. L. W. Sices—(1) Notodonta dromedarius L., three males and three females bred from ova laid in 1961 by a typical female, all with markings suffused. (2) Lysandra bellargus Rott., four blue females, including ab. ceronus Esp. + “anticaeca”’ characters, Hod Hill, Dorset, 19.vi.62. (3) The following Lepidoptera taken in a mercury vapour light trap at Minstead, New Forest, Hants: Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., pale form, 3.vi.62; Miltochrista miniata Forst. ab. crogea Bign. (flava Meyer), 26.vii.62; Agrotis exclamationis L., with stigmata enlarged and fused, 8.vii.62; Apamea monoglypha Hufn. ab. aethiops Staud., 16.vii.62; Leuwcania favicolor Barr., 11 miles from the coast, 2.vii.62; Anaitis efformata Guen., dwarf, wing span 26 mm. (normally 30 mm.), 28.viii.62; Dewteronomos erosaria Schiff., wings and body powdered with orange scales, 5.viii.62; 47 Biston strataria Hufn., dark specimen, 30.i11.62; Acleris literana L., 25.v.62, Bradley (1962, Ent. Gaz., 13: 119) says “... rarely seen in spring... ”. (4) Taken at mercury vapour light elsewhere in the New Forest: Endotricha flammealis Schiff., olive-brown New Forest form, 25.vii.62. Mr. BERNARD F.. SKINNER—Lepidoptera from various localities. From Aviemore, Inv., in June: Amathes alpicola Zett., Hyppa rectilinea Esp., Apatele euphorbiae Schiff. s.sp. myricae Guen. From Camber, Sussex, July: Agrotis ripae Hubn., Arenostola elymi Treits., Heliophobus albicolon Hubn., Apamea oblonga Haw. From Salisbury, Wilts., August: Oria musculosa Hubn., Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. From Taunton, Somerset, May: Xylomiges conspicillaris L. From Tilgate, Sussex, July: Harpyia (Cerura) bicuspis Borkh., Apatele alni L. From Dungeness, Kent, May: Dasychira fascelina L. From Newquay, Cornwall, August: Lithosia quadra L. From Wherwell, Hants, May: Plusia chryson Esp. From Folkestone, Kent, July: Arenostola morrisii Dale. From Horsley and Chiddingfold, Surrey, April: Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. From Limps- field, Surrey, August: a very pale form of Amathes xanthographa Schiff. From Welsford Moor, Devon, July 1961: Hemaris tityus L. Apart from the H. tityus L. all species were taken during 1962. Mr. ARTHUR SmMItTH—A number of original sketches drawn to illustrate the Puffin Picture Book of Butterflies. Mr. W. H. SpREADBURY—Photographs and lantern slides of insect larvae and pupae. Mr. W. H. SprReaDBURY & Mr. H. G. Tunstatt—The fungi Hydnellum scrobiculatum Fr. and Plellodon melaleucus Fr. found at Oxshott Common, Surrey, on the field meeting on 14.x.62. Mr. G. SroucuHton Harris—A selection of butterflies taken in June and July 1962 in Canada in the Province of Quebec, and in the U.S.A. in the State of Vermont. Mr. D. W. THoRPE-YOUNG—(1) The following Lepidoptera: Ecpantheria deflorata F. (Mexican Tiger Moth), Panaxia dominula L. (Scarlet Tiger Moth), Arctia caja L. (Garden Tiger Moth), A. villica L. (Cream-spot Tiger Moth). (2) Maculinea arion L. (Large Blue) taken during 1947. Females and males including one dwarf specimen. Frohawk mentions that dwarf- ing and dull colouring may result from the larvae being associated with unsuitable species of ants, possibly the small yellow ant, Lasius (Donisthorpea) flavus (F.), which is known to be an unsuitable host. Rear-Admiral A. D. ToRLESSE—Lepidoptera taken in various localities. From Ireland, 7-15.vi.62: Coenonympha tullia Mull. s.sp. scotica Staud.; Spilosoma lubricipeda L.; short series of Eumichtis adusta Esp. and Eustrotia bankiana F. (argentula Huibn.); Bomolocha crassalis F. (fontis Thunb.), 2ll from Co. Kerry. Also Cycnia mendica Clerck ab. rustica Hiibn., an almost pure white male; Hadena caesia Schiff. s.sp. manani Gregs.; H. lepida Esp. s.sp. capsophila Boisd.; H. barretti Doubl., all from Co. Cork. From Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 3.vii.62: Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. and a short series of Arenostola extrema Htibn. From Inverness- shire, 21-30.vii.62: Coenonympha tullia Mull. s.sp. scotica Staud., taken on 24th July at about 1,500 feet and shown for comparison with the Irish 48 examples; Euschesis comes Huibn. ab. curtisii Newman, one a particularly dark form; two Apamea furva Schiff., and a short series of Gnophos obfuscata Schiff. From Burton Joyce, Notts.: Agrotis exclamationis L., exhibiting varying degrees of aberration; and Celaena (Apamea) ophio- gramma Esp., all taken during August 1962. Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff., and a short series of Atethmia xerampelina Hibn., taken 2nd to 13th September 1962. From North Lincolnshire: a short series of Enargia paleacea Esp., taken on 7th September. W. G. TREMEwAN—Examples of some British Zygaena species and sub- species as follows: (1) four paratypes of Z. lonicerae von Scheven s.sp. jocelynae Tremewan from the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides. A series of five examples of this subspecies bred at Byfleet, Surrey, from ova obtained from females of the original series. A short series of five Z. lonicerae s.sp. transferens Verity from Byfleet, representing the southern English subspecies, and included for comparison. (2) Three specimens of Z. fili- pendulae L. s.sp. anglicola Tremewan ab. flava Robson, from Gwithian, Cornwall, with normal, red specimens with which they were paired. The progeny from these specimens were bred in 1962 and were all red. Also an extreme confiuent female of Z. filipendulae s.sp. anglicola Tremewan which was found in copula with a normal male at Tuckingmill, Cornwall. Mr. RatpH Tussps—Aphantopus hyperantus male underside with areas of female colouring; Maniola jurtina L., extreme dwarf taken wild; Erebia aethiops Esp., larvae; Ewmenis semele L., larvae. Mrs. M. Tuspsps—Pupae of Celastrina argiolus L. Mr. H. G. Tunstatt—see Mr. W. H. Spreadbury. Mr. M. W. F. TwerrEpre—(1) Lepidoptera from Dungeness, Kent, and from the neighbourhood of Rye, Sussex (localities are in Sussex unless otherwise stated): Dasychira fascelina L., bred specimens from Dunge- ness; Spilosoma urticae Esp., three specimens from Jury’s Gap, one entirely immaculate; Agrotis exclamationis L., a varied series, Playden; Leucania albipuncta Schiff., bred specimens from Playden; Procus furun- cula Schiff., a series chosen to show variation, Playden and Rye Harbour: Eupithecia insigniata Hubn., two specimens, one from Playden, the other taken by Mr. R. C. Tuely at Wittersham, Kent; Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop., bred specimens from Beckley; bred series of the two ‘peacock moths’, Semiothisa notata L. (from Beckley) and S. alternaria Hiibn. (alternata Schiff.) (from Camber). (2) Two albums of photographs of British insects and other invertebrates. (See also Mr. T. J. G. Homer.) Mr. F. T. VaLLins—See Mr. T. R. Eagles. Mr. D. H. WaLKER—Some examples of homoeosis taken in the south of England during the last ten years (some of which have been previously exhibited). A female Coenonympha pamphilus L. with forewing underside marking on the right hindwing underside; a female Polyommatus icarus Rott., with upperside forewing marking on left underside forewing; a male Mellicta athalia Rott., with hindwing underside markings on the under- side forewings; a male Anthocharis cardamines L., hindwing markings on forewing underside; a male Aglais urticae L. upperside forewing black eye in the gold hindwing band. 49 JaMEsS & ALAN WALKER (visitors)—(1) Some of the Lepidoptera from their first year’s collecting including a male Nymphalis io L.; a female Aglais urticae L., a female Vanessa cardui L., a female Gonepteryx rhamni L.; a female Pieris rapae L.; a male Maniola jurtina L.; a male Aricia agestis Schiff., a female Polyommatus icarus Rott., two male and two female Lysandra coridon Poda; a male Coenonympha pamphilus L.; all taken in Surrey. Also a male Clossiana selene Schiff., summer brood, taken at Monroes, Pembrokeshire, in 1961. (2) Two male Lucanus cervus (L.) (Col., Lucanidae). Mr. S. WakeLy—About 160 different species of Lepidoptera taken or bred during the year including Pammene agnotana Ragonot, a tortricid new to Britain. This new addition was taken by Mr. F. M. Struthers at Newlands Corner, Surrey, 15.iv.61 on one of the Society’s field meetings. Other species shown were from various localities. From Essex: Eucnemidophorus rhododactylus Schiff., Bactra robustana Christoph., Simaethis pariana Clerck. From Hampshire: Aristotelia lucidella Stenh., Agonopterix ciliella Staint., Coleophora albidella H.-S., Alice Holt Forest. From the Isle of Wight: Mecyna asinalis Hiibn., Agonopterix atomella Schiff.. Cranmore, and a good series of Euspilapteryx (Caloptilia) pyrenaeella Chrét., St. Helens; From Kent: Amathes glareosa Esp., West- well, Eupithecia inturbata Hiibn., Depressaria nanatella Staint., and Lithocolletis nigrescentella Log., Trottiscliffe, the last named from Darenth also. From Camberwell, London: MHoplodrina (Caradrina) ambigua Schiff., Cucullia absinthii L., Clavigesta purdeyi Durr., Parachronistis albiceps Zell. From Surrey: Parascotia fuliginaria L., Chilworth, Pammene aurantiana Staud., bred, Mickleham, Pseudococcyx posticana Zett., Thursley, Caloptilia populetorum Zell., bred, Ockham, Cataplectica profulgella Staint., Reigate. From Sussex: Miltochrista miniata Forst., Apoda avellana L., Paracolax derivalis Hiibn., Spilonota laricana Hein., Sophronia semicostella Hiibn., Coleophora _ spissicornis Haw., Beckley; Cossus cossus L., Arenostola elymi Treits., Agrotis ripae Hubn., Apamea oblonga Haw., Earias clorana L., Scopula emutaria Hiibn., Gymnancyla canella Schiff., Heterographis oblitella Zell., Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh., Pediasia aridella Thunb., Phalonia rubigana Treits., Agonopterix propinquella Treits., Monopis immella Hiuibn., Camber, Tinea turicensis M.-R., Midhurst, Leverchama cryptella Staint., West Chiltington. Mr. A. J. WicgHtTman—see Mr. G. Haggett. Mr. Norman A. Watkins—British Rhopalocera as follows: (1) Melanargia galatea L., all from Gloucestershire 1962. A male upperside and a female underside ab. nigricans Culot; four male uppersides trans. ab. valentini Williams; a male upperside with black scales replaced by bronze-brown; a female upperside with white marginal lunules on right hindwing filled with black scaling; a female underside white form with black markings reduced to a minimum, and the whole thinly scaled. (2) Lysandra coridon Poda, all from Wiltshire 1962. Male aberrations semi- fowlerimargino B. & L., semifowleri B. & L., metallica B. & L., pallida Tutt, cuneata Tutt and cuneata Tutt + inframelaina B. & L.; female 50 aberrations ultrapuncta B. & L., syngrapha Kefer, metallica B. & L. and subsuffusa Tutt. Mrs. N. I. Watson—Melanargia galatea L., a male upperside with in- creased markings, a male underside with reduced markings on hindwings, a female upperside lightly marked, and a typical example for comparison, Maniola jurtina L., a female underside exhibiting homoeosis, a series of female undersides showing colour variations and several ab. excessa Leeds, female uppersides showing considerable variation in spotting, in- cluding one with apical spot reduced to a horizontal streak, series of male uppersides showing colour variation and bleaching, male undersides showing bleaching and other variation including several pathological forms; Coenonympha pamphilus L., a large female underside, a male with dark borders, and another male with almost white ground colour; Aphan- topus hyperantus L., a series of male ab. arete Miull., a series showing variation in spotting, and a male underside with pale area in both fore- wings; Aglais urticae L., one with yellow patches on all wings and an asymmetrical specimen; Gonepteryx rhamni L., an asymmetrical female; Plebejus argus L., a male upperside with pale areas, and a series of male and female undersides including an asymmetrical female; Polyommatus icarus Rott., a male with ‘“partimtransformis” characters, female upper- sides including one almost devoid of markings, male undersides including ab. discreta Tutt, ab. obsoleta Clark and ab. costajuncta Tutt, female undersides including ab. discreta Tutt, ab. limbojuncta Courv.. ab. obsoleta Clark, ab. arcuata Courv. and ab. glomerata Tutt; Lysandra coridon Poda, male upperside ab. marginata Tutt, male undersides ab. glomerata Tutt, ab. i-nigrum Tutt, ab. arcuata Courv., ab. basielongata Courv. and ab. obsoleta Tutt, one female upperside ab. fowleri South, female undersides ab. arcuata Courv., ab. i-nigrum Tutt, ab. glomerata Tutt and ab. obsoleta Tutt; Lysandra bellargus Rott., series of female uppersides approaching ab. ceronus Esp., a series of male undersides in- cluding colour forms, ab. parvipuncta Courv., ab. obsoleta Tutt, etc., series of female undersides including ab. caeca B. & L. and a “caeca”’ form with “fowleri” borders and white patches. Mr. B. W. WeEpDDELL—A small case of microlepidoptera including a number of Acleris (Peronea) rufana Schiff. and A. hastiana L. bred from Inverness-shire. Mr. A. J. WiGHTMaNn—see Mr. G. M. Haggett. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—(1) A selection of butterflies and moths taken in Ireland in the Burren of Clare, in Co. Kerry and in Co. Cork, in late May and early June 1962, including the following species: Anthocharis cardamines L., form with dusky female; Leptidea sinapis L. f. juvernica Williams, large and bright form; Clossiana euphrosyne L., large form from the Burren; Euphydryas aurinia Rott., f. praeclara Kane, a very well-marked race; Coenonympha tullia Miull., a special Irish race; C. pamphilus L., a large yellow form; Cupido minimus Fuessl., bright form from the Burren; Erynnis tages L., a well-marked bright Irish form from the Burren; Notodonta ziczic L., a pale and large form; Chaonia rufi- cornis Hufn., a large and bright form; Cycnia mendica Clerck f. rustica 51 Hubn., a varied series of white males; Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (men- thastri Esp.), series with buff colour; S. lutea Hufn., males without black markings; Colocasia coryli L., a large and pale race; Ceramica pisi L., a dark and varied series; Hada nana Hufn., a very variable series with dark forms; Hadena lepida Esp. s.sp. capsophila Dup., characteristic dark forms; Eumichtis adusta Esp., dark forms from the Burren and from Co. Kerry; Rusina tenebrosa Hiuibn., a very dark form; Cucullia umbratica L., a large and dark form; Dyscia fagaria Thunb., a pale form; and Zygaena purpuralis Brunn., race from the Burren. (2) Lepidoptera taken in the British Isles during 1962: Moma (Diphtera) alpium Osbeck, from Ham ‘Street, Kent; Apatele alni L., from Chiddingfold, Surrey; Tethea fluctuosa Hubn., from Sussex and Ham Street; Eumichtis lichenea Hutibn., Aporophyla australis Boisd. and Leucania wunipuncta Haw., from the Lizard, Cornwall; and Gortyna hucherardi Mab., from Romney Marsh, Kent. (3) Rare species and aberrations of British Lepi- doptera taken and bred during 1962: Plebejus argus L., a female devoid of orange markings on the upperside taken on Chobham Common, 12th July; Lysandra coridon Poda, a male ab. fowleri South, from the Sussex downs, list September; Celerio livornica Esp., a male taken at light at Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry, 6th June; C. galwi Schiff., a female taken at light at Glenbeigh, 6th June; Malacosoma neustria L., three males taken at Dungeness, Kent, 19th August, a dark and a light form without cross- lines on forewings and a dark form with cross-lines on the left and a convergent bar on the right forewing; Spilosoma lutea Hufn., male with heavy black band, Horsell, Surrey, 14th August; Agrotis exclamationis L., a very pale male taken at Sheffield, Yorks., 15th July; Hadena conspersa Schiff., a male with yellow markings bred from the Isle of Mull, Argyll.; H. caesia Schiff., male of the blue form taken in the Burren, Co. Clare, Ist June; Heliophobus calcatrippae View. (saponariae Borkh.), dark form taken on the Old Head of Kinsale, Co. Cork, 14th June; Meristis trigrammica Hufn., unicolorous red form taken at Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry, 10th June; Orthosia munda Schiff., male with heavy black spotting on forewings from Horsell, Surrey, 10th April; Cucullia gnaphalii Hubn., an example taken at Ham Street, Kent, 2nd July; Plusia gamma L., a pale specimen with broken ‘Y’ marking from Swanage, Dorset, 5th October; Venusia cambrica Curt., melanic form from the Goyt Valley, Yorks., 15th July; Hydriomena coerulata F., male with asymmetrical markings on forewings from Tilgate Forest, Sussex, 25th June; and H. ruberata Freyer, female with heavy markings from Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry, 10th June. (4) Series of 58 species of Lepidoptera taken in Corsica, Alpes Maritimes and southern Spain during 1962. Mr. G. H. YoupEN—A female Crombrugghia laetus Zell., taken at Hoth- field, Kent, September 1961, and a series of C. distans Zell., from Deal, Kent, for comparison; a series of Drepana curvatula Borkh. bred from a female taken in a mercury vapour light trap at Dover in August 1960, together with a series of D. falcataria L. and D. binaria Hufn. for com- parison; bred series of Eupithecia extensaria Freyer., Nephopteryx genistella Dup. and Hypercallia citrinalis Scop. (christiernana L.) from 52 Kent; a series of Ethmia decemguttella Hubn. and Rhodometra sacraria L., bred from Surrey; and a series of the four broods of Selenia bilunaria Esp., showing great variation. Tue ZooLocicaL Society or Lonpon—Living insects and other arthro- pods including stick mantis, bird-eating spiders, Corsican stick insect, Javan stick insect, short-horned grasshopper, imperial scorpion, praying mantis, giant millipede and orb web spider. 8th NOVEMBER 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. Mr. Mohammed Abdulla was declared elected a member. EXHIBITS. The PresipeENt—The following species of Coleoptera (Scolytidae): Trypodendron domesticum (L.) taken in a fallen beech tree, Windsor Forest, Berks., 30.ix.62; T. lineatum (Ol.), from a timberyard at Aviemore, Inv., 29.vii.61; and T. signatum (F.), from Moccas Park., Herefordshire, 12.v.51 (R. W. Lloyd). Drawings of the characters differentiating the species were also shown. Dr. A. M. Masse£E: Silvanus bidentatus (F.) (Col., Cucujidae) one of our rarest British species. There are only three published records of this beetle during the present century. Champion found it at Woking, Surrey, in 1917; Forster found it at Epping, Essex, in 1952; and Allen found it at Windsor, Berks., in 1954. It occurs very sparingly in the Sevenoaks dis- trict of Kent under beech bark, and usually occurs singly whereas other members of the family usually occur in numbers when found. Mr. T. R. EaGures—The lichens Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC., from Lundy Island, Devon, and Graphis scripta (L.) Ach., from Ilfra- combe, Devon. Mr. A. PrRicE—Two examples of the beetle Oncomera femorata (F.) (Oedemeridae) taken on Ivy blossom by Mr. B. R. Baker of the Reading Museum, at Swanage, Dorset, 12.x.62. For about a week or so, four specimens were seen on the ivy every night. Mr. L. PARMENTER on behalf of Mr. L. W. Sices—A male Tipula paludosa Meig. (Dipt., Tipulidae) in cop. with a female T. fulvipennis Deg., found amongst numerous tipulids in a mercury vapour light trap at Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants, 28.viii.62. Mr. R. F. Haynes-—A piece of cork on which were several old cocoons of Harpyia furcula L. (Lep., Notodontidae). A larva of Apatele leporina L. (Lep., Noctuidae) which had been collected from Farningham, Kent, had utilised one of these old cocoons for the purposes of pupation. Having extracted the remains of the chrysalis case left behind when the original inmate emerged, the larva had enlarged the interior of the cocoon and had then snugly secreted itself in the chamber so formed. To complete matters, the old exit hole had been finally sealed with saliva and gnawed cork grains, thus forming a perfect camouflage. 53 Dr. P. J. L. RocHE—Anthocomus rufus Herbst (Col., Malachiidae) from the Black Pond, Esher, Surrey, 14.x.62, where it was present in some numbers. Normally a fen-land species, the occurrence of this beetle in Surrey is unusual. Mr. F. D. BuckK—Examples of Saprinus (Col., Histeridae) from a dead seagull at Hayle, Cornwall, July 1962, comprising one male S. cuspidatus Ihssen, six male S. semistriatus (Scriba), and three females which it was not possible to name as either with certainty. COMMUNICATIONS. The Hon. Librarian reported the presentation by Mr. A. M. Morley to the Library of The Book of Butterflies and Moths by Thomas Brown, London, 1843. The PRESIDENT said he had taken Longitarsus waterhousei Kuts. (Col., Chrysomelidae) on cultivated mint in the Victoria area, S. W. London, recently. Mrs. J. O. I. Spoczynska read a paper “A Naturalist in the Lake District”. 22nd NOVEMBER 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. F. M. Murphy and Messrs. C. O. Hammond, A. J. Redfern, N. F. Heal, M. P. Clifton, J. G. Summers and M. Snelling. EXHIBITS. The PrREsIDENT—The following Coleoptera: (1) Teredus cylindricus (Ol.) (Colydiidae) a short series taken from under oak bark, Windsor Forest, Berks., 28.x.62. The species is only known from Sherwood and Windsor Forest. (2) A series of Anommatus duodecimstriatus (Mull.) (Merophysiidae) from under a log in a garden at Slough, Bucks., 16.xi.62. This is a minute blind beetle which is rare although widely distributed and occurs under logs, stones in damp situations and in seed potatoes stored underground. Mr. T. R. EaGues—(1) Fruits of Jasminium officinale L. (Common Jasmine) from Enfield, Middx. (2) The hepatic Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Dum. from County Kerry, Ireland. Dr. B. J. MacNutty—Coleoptera (Carabidae) from Tuddenham, Suffolk: Licinus depressus (Payk.), Leistus rufomarginatus (Dufts.) and L. spini- barbis (F.). Mr. M. W. F. Tweepie—An example of Hepialus humuli L. (Lep., Hepialidae) with an oval gap in the margin of the right hindwing. It was suggested that this had been taken out by a bat because the scales were smudged around the excision thought to have been caused by the animal’s lips. Mr. B. WRIGHT—Two examples of Hemistola immaculata Thunb. (Lep., Geometridae) taken at light near Ashford, Kent, 5 and 14.viii.62. They are similarly aberrant in having most of the green scaling of the fore- wings and margins of the hindwings replaced by cream. Mr. Fletcher of 54 the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) suggests this could be due to high humidity during early stages. No other examples of the species were taken. Mr. G. M. Haccerr—Water colour drawings of the larva of Eupithecia phoeniciata Ramb. (Lep., Geometridae). COMMUNICATIONS. The Hon. LIBRARIAN reported that a copy of F. W. Frohawk’s Natural History of British Butterflies, Vols. I and II, had been presented to the Society by Mr. T. F. Blacklock. Lantern slides were shown by several members. 13th DECEMBER 1962. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The death was announced of Mr. S. E. W. Carlier. It was announced that Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young had agreed to accept the responsibility of Temporary Treasurer during the time Mr. J. L. Henderson was ill. EXHIBITS. The PRESIDENT—A series of the very local weevil Sibinia sodalis Germ. (Col.) taken at the roots of Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd., on the cliffs at Saunton, N. Devon, 29.viili.62. Mr. R. M. Mere—(1) A series of Euxoa cursoria Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae) from Southwold, Suffolk, taken on two consecutive nights this year, all were variable. (2) Bred examples of a new subspecies of Eupithecia intricata Zett. (Lep., Geometridae) from the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland. Bred ab ovis by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton. Mr. T. R. EaGtes—Arum italicum Mill. from a garden at Enfield, Middx. This is a native plant whose leaves appear earlier in the year than those of the familiar Arum maculatum L. It is also distinct from Arum neglectum (Towns.) Ridl., see Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. and Warburg, E. F., 1962, Flora Brit. Is., 2nd edition, p. 1052. Mr. G. BaRKER—(1) Some of the forms in which Gypsum (CaS0,:2H,0) may be found. These include the normal crystals and their common variations as found in Gault clay. Also shown were two “Desert Roses’”’ from the northern Sahara, where grains of sand are impacted in the crystals; and a discoloured multiple crystal from the mud in one of the largest caves in Britain, Agen Allwed (Keyhole Cave), in S. Wales. (2) An Emperor Moth cocoon with the dried up larva inside and four pupal cases and imagines of some hymenopterous parasite, which had emerged from the moth larva. Mr. S. A. WiLtLt1aMs—Coleoptera as follows: Demetrias imperialis (L.) (Carabidae) from Esher, believed to be the first Surrey record; Agrilus sinuatus (Ol.) (Buprestidae) from Putney, S.W. London; Orchesia undulata Kraatz (Melandryidae) from under beech bark, Ham Street, Kent; Agonum sexpunctatum (L.) (Carabidae) from Esher; Phloiotrya rufipes (Gyll.) (Melandryidae) from under beech bark, Windsor Forest, Berks. 55 COMMUNICATIONS. Dr. C. G. M. bE Worms, commenting on Mr. Mere’s exhibit, said the Norfolk examples of Euxoa cursoria Hufn. were known to be very variable. A paper was read by Dr. Francis Rose, “A comparison of the flora of S.E. England and N. France’, which he illustrated with numerous coloured transparencies. Mr. G. Stoughton Harris was elected Member’s auditor for 1962 on a proposition by Mr. C. N. Hawkins, seconded by Mr. R. M. Mere. The President announced that Mr. T. R. Eagles had been appointed auditor for the Council. 10th JANUARY 1963. The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. P. A. Maddison and T. R. New. EXHIBITS. The PrRESIDENT—The large bush cricket Nesocnemis discoidalis (Walker) (Tettigoniidae), a Jamaican species found in a banana warehouse at Tun- bridge Wells, Kent, 15.x.62. The exhibitor is indebted to Miss C. McDermott for a perfect example of this uncommon introduction. Mr. T. R. EaGtes—The lichens Ochrolechia parella (L.) Massal from Lundy Island, Devon, and O. tartarea (L.) Massal from Creag an lochain, Perthshire. Both were formerly used to provide dyes, the first was called orchil and the second cudbear. Mr. G. BaRKER—(1) Fossils from the Upper and Middle Chalk at Old Winchester Hill National Nature Reserve, Hants (see fig. on next page). These were picked up during August and September whilst biological work was being carried out for the Nature Conservancy on this Reserve. The species represented were:—Mo.uusca: Spondylus spinosus (Sow.) and Inoceramus spp. (Lamellibranchia); Schloenbachia sp. (Ammonoidea); and Actinocamax sp. (Decapoda). PORIFERA: Ventriculites spp. (Hexac- tinellidae). BRACHIOPODA: Rhynchonella sp. and Terebratula _ sp. (Telotremata). ECHINODERMATA: Hemiaster sp.? (possibly Micraster sp.) (Spatangina); Cidaris sp. and a small unidentified specimen (possibly Peltastes sp.) (Regularia). ANNELIDA or perhaps ANTHOzOA: Serpula sp. and a cup coral. Of the Orders represented here two, namely Ammonoidea and Decapoda, are now extinct, dying out during the Cretaceous period. The series is typical for this part of Hampshire, where the Upper Chalk has to a great extent been eroded away, and the hill slopes consist of Middle Chalk some 200 feet thick dropping sharply to a Lower Chalk plain. The sea was, so far as can be judged, rather deep, with few strong currents; and the nearest land was probably over southern Ireland. (2) Two insects of some interest from the same locality: Volucella zonaria (Poda) (Dipt., Syrphidae), said to be a parasite in hornet’s nests, but probably in the nests of wasps too; and Sirex cyaneus F. (Hym., Siricidae) a wood wasp which lays its eggs in damaged or dying larch trees and is 56 Stream 4 RYT rte 2 ry 2 a Worse , bo Lower Chalk Middle Chalk RASS Clay with flints and Tertiary debris [yoneael| Upper Chalk Scale : 4”: | mile ————— Reserve Boundary (approximately) OLD WINCHESTER HILL NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE FIG. |. Vertical Section FIG. 2. Sketch Map of the Reserve 57 not especially common in this part of Hampshire. Also shown were two photographs of the last named insect, one of the ventral aspect and the other of the lateral aspect. Dr. A. M. MassrE—The myrmecophilous staphylinid beetle Lome- chusoides (Lomechusa) strumosa (F.) which is associated with only one species of ant, Formica sanguinea Lat. The adult female beetle is normally viviparous, the young larvae being deposited on the eggs of the ant. At Easthampstead, Berks., several nests of F. sanguinea were examined, but the beetles were found in only one nest. The insect spends the whole of its life with the ant and often occurs one or two feet below the surface of the ground. This beetle has its headquarters in the Woking district of Surrey, and there are also records from Hants, Berks. and Kent. Mr. B. K. West—Species of moths closely related to British species, taken at light at Tanah Rata, Pahang, Malaya, at an altitide of about 5,300 feet, in October and November 1957, comprising: Stawropus viridescens Walker, a male and a female; Lymantria marginalis Walker; Tridrepana postica Moore; Fentonia sp. near orbifer Hampson; Thyatira sp. near cognata Moore; Abraxas sp. near maculicincta Walker; Abraxas sp. near kanshireiensis Wileman; Ourapteryx picticaudata Walker, and Cleora determinata Walker. Mr. R. W. J. Urren—Three hymenopterous insects taken at Oxshott, Surrey, 14.x.62, as follows: Ichnewmon xanthorius Forst., I. sarcitorius L. and Amblyteles punctus (Grav.) (Ichneumonidae). COMMUNICATIONS. The Hon. LIBRARIAN reported additions to the library which included a number of papers presented by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs. Lt. Col. J. N. Eliot and Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie opened a symposium on “Some aspects of Malayan Rhopalocera”’ illustrating their remarks with lantern slides. The discussion ranged over many aspects of the subject. 24th JANUARY 1963. SPECIAL MEETING The PRESIDENT in the Chair. The meeting was opened by the President reading the notice convening the meeting which included the following motion: “That the amendments to the Bye-laws put forward on behalf of the Council on 28th September, 1961, with the following additional amendments thereof shall be the Bye-laws of the Society. Para. 4 (c) (i) After the words ‘shall be furnished to the Council’ delete the word ‘who’, insert the words ‘by handing it or sending it by registered letter post to the Secre- tary. The Council’. (ii) Delete the word ‘circulated’ and insert the word ‘sent’. 58 (iii) Between the words ‘before the’ and the word ‘motion’ insert the words ‘meeting at which such’. Para. 11 (b) Line 4 (of list of Amendments put forward on 28th September 1961). After the words ‘of residence and/or business’ insert the word ‘address’. Appendix B. (i) Last paragraph. At end of first sentence add ‘and not attend regularly a place of business within the London Postal area’. (ii) After the words ‘Junior member’ (see list of amend- ments put forward at the meeting on 28th September 1961) insert ‘(under the age of 21 years)’. The President then asked the meeting if it was agreeable to have these amendments taken en bloc; and hearing no voice to the contrary proposed the motion from the Chair. On taking the vote he declared the motion carried unanimously. 24th JANUARY 1963. 9ist ANNUAL MEETING (with which was combined the ordinary meeting). The President, Mr. A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S., in the Chair. The minutes of the 90th Annual Meeting were read for the information of the members. In the absence of the Hon. Treasurer, due to illness, Mr. D. W. Thorpe- Young presented the Financial Report and Accounts, and as the auditors had not yet finished their work, moved the adoption subject to audit. The motion was seconded by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs and carried nem. com. Mr. F. T. Vallins raised a query regarding the Housing Fund which Mr. Thorpe Young answered to the best of his ability. Mr. Vallins accepted the explanation subject to clarification at a later date. The Hon. Secretary read the report of the Council for 1962 and moved its adoption. Mr. R. W. J. Uffen seconded the motion which was carried unanimously. The President declared the following Officers and Ordinary Members of Council elected for the ensuing year: President, J. L. Messenger, B.a.; Vice-presidents, A. E. Gardner, F.R.E.S., and C. G. Roche, a.c.a.; Treasurer, D. W. Thorpe-Young; Secretary, B. J. MacNulty, B.SC., PH.D., F.R.1.c.; Editor, F. D. Buck, a.M.1.PTG.M., F.R-E.S.; Curator, A. E. Gardner, F.R.£.s.; Librarian, Miss C. M. Wagner; Lanternist, M. Schaffer; Ordinary Members of Council, L. Christie, E. W. Classey, F.R.E.s., J. A. C. Greenwood, 0.B.E., F.R.E.S., C. MacKechnie Jarvis, Fr.t.s., A. M. Massee, 0.B.E., D.sc., R. M. Mere, F.R.E.S., A. Smith, a.R.c.a., W. G. Tremewan, R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.E.s., and S. Wakely. There was no business or questions raised under Bye-law 25 (b). The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. Isabel Corkett, Miss Rita Parsons, and Messrs. I. M. Titchener, M. J. Young, R. M. A. P. Ridge, A. E. G. Best, J, Lobb and C, Threadgold. 59 EXHIBITS. Dr. A. M. MassrE—Lissodema cursor (Gyll.) (Col., Salpingidae) which is associated with very old ash trees. The larva feeds in dying or dead twigs at the tops of the trees. It is regarded as a species that is rarely seen in the field. The beetle is on the wing in July, August and September, and occurs at East Malling, Kent, and Wickham Bishops, Essex, on suitable trees. Mr. T. R. EaGLES—A spray of Mistletoe from a large growth in his garden at Enfield, Middx. During the recent cold spell a Mistle Thrush has come daily until all the berries had been eaten. Mr. J. L. MESSENGER—Two examples of the butterfly Chilasa clytia L. f. lankeswara Moore with an example of one of its models, Euploea core Cramer s.sp. asela Moore; also two examples of the alternate form C. clytia f. dissimilis L. and its models, Danaus musikanos Fruhst. and D. mutina Fruhst.; all were taken in Ceylon. COMMUNICATIONS. The President read his Address, after which he called on Mr. J. L. Messenger to take the Chair. Upon doing so Mr. Messenger moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Gardner with which he combined a request for the Society to publish his Address. In his reply Mr. Gardner agreed with the request. A vote of thanks to the Vice-presidents, Officers and Council was moved by Mr. H. R. Last, seconded by Miss C. M. Wagner and carried by acclamation. Mr. Eagles replied. 60 THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS Read by Mr. A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. 24th January 1963 You have heard the Council’s Report and despite several setbacks I think we can rightly claim that the Society has had a successful and progressive year. It was with deep regret that we learnt early in the year that the Westminster City Council were to acquire Pepys House by compulsory purchase. Our stay here over the last seven years has been a pleasant one —one in which we have been on excellent terms with our landlords, The Junior Institution of Engineers, we have enjoyed spacious accommodation for our library and collections, and had the use of this pleasant lecture hall. Many of you will have wondered what effort has been made to secure fresh accommodation. Your Council has met before nearly every Ordinary Meeting and this urgent matter has been on every Agenda. We have made numerous applications and explored every suggestion but so far all our efforts have proved fruitless. When eventually we have to leave here I am sure you will all respond as on the last occasion and offer to store our library and collections until such time as new premises are secured. It has been said that these possessions often prove an insurmountable burden to a Society, but I do not, and will not, subscribe to such an opinion. The South London is essentially an amateur Society and to-day the amateur finds more and more that facilities are being withdrawn. Not only would the loss of our library and collections prove a strong deterrent to the virility of the Society but we would be breaking faith with the many benefactors who have so generously given books and collections in the past. Later in the year your Council regretfully accepted the resignation of our Librarian, Mr. F. T. Vallins. I would like to add a personal tribute in addition to the one on your behalf for the outstanding service he has rendered to the Society. Much of his work has been obvious to you all but few have been privileged to see also the many ways in which he has helped us behind the scenes. Our thanks are due to Mr. T. R. Eagles for filling the gap and to Miss C. M. Wagner for taking on the job as assistant. For accepting the office of Librarian in 1963 we extend to Miss Wagner our congratulations and sincere thanks and I am sure that such a charm- ing and industrious little lady will make a great success of her new venture. During the latter part of the year many of you will have learnt that the illness of our Treasurer, Mr. J. L. Henderson, took a turn which resulted in prolonged hospital treatment. It is with a great feeling of relief and thankfulness that I can tell you he is making satisfactory progress and I am sure that good wishes for a complete and speedy 61 recovery go out from all of you. Having been such a devoted and efficient Officer for so many years his absence caused some great concern. Always ready to lend a hand, Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young has agreed to act as temporary Treasurer until we learn Mr. Henderson’s wishes. Our thanks are due for this timely help and it is obvious that the job is being tackled with enthusiasm and efficiency. It is now my sad duty to refer to those of our members who have passed away. During the year the Society has had to mourn the loss of six members. Mr. H. A. Buckler joined the Society in 1955 and resided at Sutton Bassett, Market Harborough, Leicestershire. Interested in the Lepi- doptera, he left his collection to the Leicester Museum to form the basis of a Leicestershire Collection. He was a former Chairman of the Lawn Tennis Association of Great Britain. Mr. S. E. W. Carlier, who joined us in 1945, was interested in both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, he frequently exhibited at our Annual Exhibition and resided at Solihull, Warwickshire. Mr. H. G. Lydgate-Bell resided at Watford, Herts., and was both a keen lepidopterist and ornithologist. He joined the Society in 1957. Mr. S. Scott-Hall of Melbourne, Australia, became a Member in 1949 and was mainly interested in the Lepidoptera. Mr. A. H. Turner, a life member, joined us in 1948. Living near Taunton, Somerset, his interests were varied. General entomology, insect migration and conchology all claimed his expert attention. Mr. W. J. V. Ward, a keen lepidopterist, became a member of the Society in 1956. He resided at Stockton-on-Tees, Durham. We have already stood in memory of our departed members and I will not ask you to do so again. It is pleasing to announce that at the end of the year our membership had increased to 547, this not taking into account the spate of applications received late in December. This continued increase in membership, to my mind, shows that the Society is providing the right type of amenities. The future of the Society lies in the hands of our younger members and with so many already proving their worth, I feel confident it lies in safe hands. We owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. T. G. Howarth and Mr. R. W. J. Uffen for providing such attractive and varied programmes of Indoor and Field Meetings. The former held here at Pepys House have been well attended, and my sincere thanks are due to my Vice-President and good friend, Dr. A. M. Massee, for backing me up so well with so many interesting exhibits. Can we prevail upon him to entertain us for a whole evening with that mixture of sound scientific knowledge and humorous anecdotes of which he is such a master? A departure from our normal procedure was the scheme arranged by Mr. D. P. L. Matthews and his Sub-Committee for drawing wider attention to our Annual Exhibition. We are indeed grateful to Mr. Matthews for the valuable publicity we gained on television and in the Press. 62 As you have already heard the sale of our Christmas card resulted in a handsome profit. We are greatly indebted to Mr. A. Smith, not only for the design, but also for the time and effort spent in finding customers. Many of you have already been thanked for making my term of office such a pleasant one, to those whose names I have not mentioned my thanks are equally sincere. Whatever our fortunes during 1962, one thing I will remember above all else, the wonderful loyalty, generosity and inherent kindness shown to me not only by both my Vice-Presidents, Officers and Council, but by everyone with whom I have come in contact. I am especially grateful to Mr. T. R. Eagles for all he has done for both the Society and me. Whenever trouble was brewing he was by my side with the words, “Let me know, Gardner, if there is anything I ean do”. I feel ashamed I took him at his word on so many occasions. To our Editor, Mr. F. D. Buck, I gratefully acknowledge his loyalty and expert knowledge of Society procedure which safely steered me round the many obstacles which beset a President. We all owe him a debt of gratitude for the expert way in which our Proceedings are published, for keeping our costs to the minimum and for delivering the goods on time. Few of you can possibly realise the vast amount of time and research which goes into this work. Our Secretary, Dr. B. J. MacNulty, has given me every assistance for which I am grateful. This year he has had an exceptionally heavy burden to bear, but it has been borne cheerfully and our affairs have run smoothly. It had been my earnest desire to pilot the Society safely and smoothly throughout the year, but I feel at times I have been off course and perhaps the ride has not been as smooth as you would have wished. For this I crave your indulgence, at least I can assure you it has not been for the want of trying. For the second part of my address I want to conclude the series of papers which have been published in our Proceedings. It concerns the insects and locality which give me so much pleasure and deals with the dragonflies of Madeira. REPORT ON THE INSECTS COLLECTED BY E. W. CLASSEY AND A. E. GARDNER EXPEDITION TO MADEIRA IN DECEMBER 1957 (With special reference to the life-history of Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys)) By A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. PART IIk ODONATA: In our previous papers (Gardner and Classey, 1960 & 1962) we have discussed the climatic and physical features of Madeira and reported on the insects collected other than Odonata. In this paper I have endeavoured to collate all that is known of the Odonata of the Madeiras, to report on our captures and describe in some detail the life-history of Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys). On delving into the literature one thing became very apparent, the paucity of records, a lacuna now largely overcome. The Odonata fauna is 63 poor, six species, one of which is doubtful, have been recorded. This compares favourably with the Azores from which four species and one subspecies are known, but it is far less than the Canary Islands on which twelve species (two of which are doubtful) are known to occur. The fact that the Canary Islands are far nearer to the African mainland and seem to have become separated from this at a later date than either the Azores or Madeiras will no doubt account for the comparative richness of its fauna. The Madeiran dragonfly fauna is Mediterranean with an African element; one species, Sympetrum nigrifemur, being only found on Madeira proper and in the Canaries. papas Madeiras Azores : Miles from Miles from Miles from Species Africa: Africa: Africa: 56 320 812 Ischnuna pumiio (Charp))) seaseee eee a ae ieesenegalensis GRambyieses os. see: + + =f Gonmphuswespy Uonstieie. toe es eee (es) Anarmpenaton leach « .4oase6 sere > at ste Ae parthkenope (Selys)) 202... s865-0 4- =F Hemianax ephippiger (Burm.) ...... + Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burm.) .... + EvbelllaWenpressd lena eee cece (+) Palpopleura lucia (Drury) .......... (+) Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé) .... ot Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys) ...... -b + Sa OMSCOLOMLOCTACOELYS)) aecekeina en + “+ + So MaZonensis Gardnem mace. .y-eeaeee + Trithemis arteriosa (Burm.) ........ + ZAYGonyo torn, (Gir by) are Leetonia + Doubtful species are recorded in parentheses. In bringing the above table up to date I have been able to sub- stantiate that Sympetrum nigrifemur occurs in the Canary Islands (Gardner, 1960), also to examine recent captures (Gardner, 1960a) and to add Ischnura senegalensis* to the Canary Island list. This addition is based on 16 males, 5 females, 22.ii.1961; 1 male, 2 females, 22.111.1962, Las Palomas, Grand Canary, and 6 males, 2 females, 9.iii.1961, Tamaracete, Grand Canary. All taken by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes to whom I am indebted for much interesting material. The first mention of Odonata from Madeira appears to be in 1815 when a little book, ‘The Traveller’s Guide to Madeira and the West Indies’, was published anonymously at Haddington. The author says “there are several kinds, and the largest sort 3 inches long”. In 1825 there appeared Bowditch’s ‘Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo’, and reference is made to an Aeshna approaching grandis (L.). Both these references no doubt refer to Anax imperator Leach. *During our expedition to the island of Porto Santo in February 1958 we captured specimens of Jschnura senegalensis (Ramb.) and Hemianax ephippiger (Burm.), the latter previously unrecorded from the Madeiras. 64 Ischnura pumilio (Charp.) is indicated from Madeira in Rambur’s ‘Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Névroptéres’ (1842), and again in Hagen’s ‘Revue des Odonates d’Europe’. In this latter work, Ischnura senegalensis (Ramb.), Anax imperator Leach, what is probably Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys) (Libellula striolata Charp.) are mentioned. Hagen in De Selys (1858) refers to Gomphus lucasi Selys believed taken by Wollaston in Madeira. Hagen (1865) suggests that a Gomphus in the collection of Professor Heer is possibly Gomphus simillimus Selys and may be the same species as Wollaston’s. Wollaston’s captures are described by Hagen (1865) and Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys) is added to the Madeiran fauna. McLachlan (1883) adds to our knowledge, but it is not until 1940 that more detailed informa- tion becomes available. Zygoptera COENAGRIIDAE Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) Madeira (according to Rambur, in Selys’s collection, Wollaston); 1 male, 1 female, 1 female v. aurantiaca Selys, Madeira, Wollaston (Hagen, 1865); near Funchal, 20th November 1880, Rev. A. E. Eaton (McLachlan, 1883) who states, “All the females that I have seen from Madeira pertain to the dimorphic orange-coloured condition”; 1 male, 1 female, Ribeira Brava, 2.v.1938 (Valle, 1940); 1 female immature larva, Fail, at mouth of Ribeira do Fail, 21.iv.1957 (Gardner, 1960). Recorded from the Azores, north, central and southern Europe from south-east Spain to Turkey, Asia Minor and Palestine. From Russia across northern Asia to China. This tiny species breeds in marshes, bogs and seepages. In England it is a univoltine species but from the above records of imagines having been taken in May and November in Madeira it is at least bivoltine. The dimorphic or v. aurantiaca females are almost certainly a teneral colour form as shown by Dr. Kyle (1961). Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur) Madeira, McLachlan (1883), who states: “My knowledge of this African species as Madeiran is based solely on 1 male and 1 female in De Selys’s collection. The male is from Rambur’s collection, and is labelled by him ‘Agrion maderae’, an unpublished name; it is in bad condition, but is certified as senegalensis by De Selys”. Recorded from the Azores and Canaries, and is a common African species from South Africa to Egypt. From Senegal it extends to the Philippines, China and Japan. Often gregarious, it breeds in still ponds and streams from sea level to nearly 8,000 feet. 65 Anisoptera GOMPHIDAE Gomphus sp. The identity of this species has been discussed and remains in doubt. Suitable habitats such as clean, fast flowing streams bordered with dense vegetation abound in Madeira, so perhaps the species, if it exists, will eventually be found. AESHNIDAE Anax imperator Leach Two males, Madeira, Wollaston; Madeira (Anax mauricianus Ramb.), McLachlan (1883); Funchal, 8-22.xii.1957. This magnificent species was seen on a number of occasions hawking up and down one of the squares in the town. From a small ornamental pond in the garden of Major C. H. C. Pickering, west of Funchal, we dredged six 2nd instar, one 13th instar, and one 14th (antepenultimate) instar larvae. I have recently also been kindly given a male by Mr. G. Maul from the Country Club, Funchal, 31.i11.1962. In southern England imperator is usually semivoltine and most larvae enter the final instar in August. Diapause operates and is probably completed in the autumn but metamorphosis is prevented until spring and the rising temperatures. The effect of this ensures a synchronized emergence. However, larvae which manage to enter the final instar before the beginning of June do not pass through a diapause stage but proceed to metamorphose. It appears that larvae entering the final instar are able to discern the amount by which successive days are increasing in length, and will forgo diapause if this amount exceeds two minutes per day (Corbet, 1955, 1956, 1957). In more southern latitudes it seems probable that the life-history is completed in one year or less. Apart from our specimens seen in Madeira, 8-22.xii.1957, and the specimen taken 31.ii1.1962, it has been captured in the Azores, 11.vi-16.vii.1938 (Valle, 1940); 3.ix.1952 (Gardner, 1959), and in the Canaries, 1.iii.1957, E. S. A. Baynes (Gardner, 1960). From this it will be seen that in latitudes between 28° and 42° N. it is on the wing in March, June, July, September and December. Breeding in still pools and lakes it is found from the Azores into eastern Russia and the north-west Provinces of India, and south to north Africa, Egypt and Arabia. All the Atlantic Island specimens seem typical imperator and it is possible that the subspecies A. i. mauricianus Rambur is restricted to south of the equator. LIBELLULIDAE Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys) Madeira, male, Wollaston (Hagen, 1865); Pico da Ponta Cruz, female, 13.xii.1957, E. W. Classey. Breeding in lakes, ponds and marshes this noted migrant is found in the Azores, Canary Islands and throughout the greater part of the Old 66 World and the African continent. From the Azores I have described the subspecies azorensis (Gardner, 1959) in which the wing venation and markings are exceptionally dark. Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys) Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys) was first described as a race of Diplax vulgata by de Selys (1884) from 2 males and 2 females from Madeira. Ata later date de Selys (1887) described nigrifemur as a form of the common and widely distributed Sympetrum striolatum striolatum (Charp.). Ris (1911) elevated it to the rank of a subspecies, this being accepted by Bartenef (1919). Odonatists appear to have accepted these opinions and also to have included as S. s. nigrifemur the heavily marked specimens with dark femora recorded from western Scotland, Isle of Man, Ireland and Norway. I have been able to show (Gardner, 1955) that both the Madeiran and heavily marked specimens from Scotland, Ireland and Norway are good species. The latter known as nigrescens Lucas is only a sibling species but nigrifemur has the genitalia and larval characters very distinct from closely related species. The only records of nigrifemur I have been able to trace are as follows:—Madeira (Hagen, 1850); 3 males, 2 females, T. V. Wollaston, Madeira, 1858 (1 female, 23.xii); Funchal, 1 male, McLachlan Coll.; 1 female, Madeira, 23.xii.1880, Rev. A. E. Eaton; 2 males, Madeira, 1,500- 2,000 ft., 17.x.1921, Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. The species was recorded from the Canary Islands but no specimens seemed available to substantiate this. With so few specimens available and nothing known of its habits and life-history we hardly dared to hope for the success which was to follow. Early in the afternoon of 8th December, at Monte (743 m.), in the area of heaths and pines a large, dark Sympetrum was seen flying slowly down the mountain track. Its capture presented no difficulty and to our delight it proved a female nigrifemur in perfect condition. Held with the tip of her abdomen submerged in a phial of water she soon ejected a quantity of eggs; later kept at normal room temperature these eventually produced imagines (one male and four females) between the 5th and 9th September 1958. Later in the afternoon a male was seen but rain prevented further captures. The following day we visited the reservoir at Palheiro Ferreiro (616 m.) in order to see if it supported a dragonfly population. Deep, and without any emergent vegetation it seemed an unlikely habitat and no specimens were seen. We continued to climb and early in the afternoon I became separated from my companions in an area where the mountain-side was clothed with pine and eucalypti. In a steep and rocky clearing I saw several nigrifemur which were quickly captured since they were slow in flight despite the warm sunshine. At this point I was joined by Mr. Classey and Mr. Tams who helped me to secure 12 specimens. On the 14th a male and female were captured at Choupana (743 m.). These taken on a mountain track were more active but once settled were 67 easily netted. Several trips were made to Palheiro Ferreiro, but whilst my companions enjoyed collecting in hot sunshine on the coast, I was always enveloped in mist or rain. It was not until the 21st that I enjoyed a few hours sunshine when three more males and two females were caught. Several specimens were seen to pair and to fly to low shrubs where they rested for several minutes before parting or flying in copula out of sight. S. nigrifemur, like other Sympetrum, likes to bask on a flat rock or open ground, returning again and again to the same spot. Unlike other members of the genus there were not at all shy and their flight was comparatively slow and close to the ground, these characters making their capture extremely easy. The red colouration not being scarlet but more sombre made detection difficult once they settled as the colour blended perfectly with the dull red volcanic soil. We were only partially successful in finding breeding sites despite many hours of searching. At Palheiro Ferreiro where the species was most in evidence only a fast mountain stream could be found. This failed to produce larvae or exuviae as also several concrete water tanks in the vicinity. Mr. G. Maul informed us that a teneral specimen was found in the garden of Major Pickering at Funchal. We investigated the orna- mental pond in the garden which only produced larvae of Anax imperator. It seems probable that the species takes advantage of such suitable habitats in addition to the natural ones. On my return I was privileged to report on the Odonata larvae col- lected by Professors Per Brinck and Erik Dahl (Gardner, 1960) collected from the Azores and Madeira in 1957. From this material I found one male adult larva, one penult and one antepenultimate instar nigrifemur larvae. These were taken at Fail on the north of the island at the mouth of the Ribeira do Fail, 21l.iv.1957. They were swept at the mouth of the Ribeira where the valley is fairly broad and where the river has split up into a number of smali branches in addition to the fairly broad main stream. Many of the smaller branches were filled with comparatively dense vegetation and the water at the time of collecting was fresh. The larvae were taken with other typical freshwater fauna among rich vegetation. Since the northern storms bring salt water over a good deal of the outer parts of the valley it would appear that the larvae are able to survive brackish conditions. Thanks to Dr. M. A. Lieftinck of the Leiden Museum I was able to examine four males and one female Sympetrum nigrifemur taken at Barranco, Tenerife, 24-25.iii.1947, thus confirming that the species occurs in the Canary Islands either as an immigrant or breeding population. LIFE HISTORY Eggs were obtained from several females by submerging the tip of their abdomens in a phial of water. Those obtained from females at Palheiro Ferreiro and Monte were kept at ordinary room temperatures and produced imagines between the 5th and 9th September 1958. Eggs obtained from the Choupana female were deposited on 20th December 68 sABep 06 SABP QZI poised yeAsre] [e,OL UOI}BUIIOF -SUBLL) 8S 0E Boo T Ivjsuy UIST 8G°E'8e PIC 8°38 89° PSS 8G°e'ST Tejsuy YYGT fL~¢Pdad e6eP.dad esgtPd 8PPCI PIId 8G rs PIId SSEG | 8G ee 8GE Cs BoE Fl 8S 78 8S EFI 8o°e FI 8S er teysuy UIT 8oecTt Ped 8G 7S PIC 85°C 0G BSE br 89°C8¢ BSE Il B89 EP 8G S66 8OEt 8SEr BSE eT 8G°S 8G teysuy UOT _8SCrl Bo e8t 8S e9T BSE Pr 89°C 0% 8S E06 89°C FS 8oG9e 8G E's 8G°C 6 teysuyT 46 BST 9G BSCE B89 89206 89° OST BGs sacl 8GCST 89 CLT 89° CFI Tejsuy 48 89°C LG PIC 8ST TG 8GT1SG 89° 186 BSC IL 8o¢S 8SCSC 89° 1 0E 896 89° 162 8SC6 89°¢S2 Jeysul Uy BS TST B8STPl sot st BSCE B89 T0E 8S'GL 8ST 6I 8ST6¢ 8ST LT 8SCPr B89 1 fezsuy 449 8G TOT BSTOL 8S Tat BGTIS 8ST 8T 8S T9T 8c Tor 8STI¢ 8S Cr 8GTCGe 8S TOT tejsuy UG sos 8cT9 8c Ts 8S T'8 8S TIT 8G TL 8S'1'8 8ST6 8S 16 8S TST 8c 19 Jeysuy UP 8G TG SGUECRe SES BIG IO 8ooiGe Sos 8GTS 8g Ts 8STS 8c Teysuy pig LGsros LG2T0s LSZToe LG eTos LE CTOs LECT OE LOCLOE LOCOS LGCTOS LOCOS LGCIOE 1e\suyl pug IejSU] 4ST LGZEOS LGiZLOs ULGSVOs LGclos LGCLOE LSCLOs LEcrOs LECTOE LGChOe LSeLOg LGC (WAIB[OIg) dal £ i H 2) A d q Vv poyoyeyH uOoT}eUsISIq ‘) .L£1 1D 211]011U0I aun DLadwa}, 1421DM LOGI UX0Z PIX] Sss9 WOIJ OPAL] JO &Yep SUIT], I 21aV.L 69 1957, hatched 30th December, the larvae being kept at a controlled temperature of 17° C. Eleven larvae were studied, one died in the 7th instar, two in the 10th, five in the 11th and penultimate instar, one in the 12th and final larval instar. Two eclosed imagines at widely spaced intervals, 30th March and Ist May 1958. The dates of ecdyses are given in Table I, and from all the data available it seems certain that in Madeira the species has at least two generations in a year. The accompanying tables present a summary of the larval changes and it will be seen that there was littie correlation among the various in- dividuals as to the duration of instars. As found by Calvert (1929) and Bick (1941) the growth rates vary from instar to instar and vary for different parts at the same instar. Material and methods On hatching the young larvae were isolated in small glass jars, eleven of these being nearly submerged in a large tank in which the water temperature was controlled at 17° C. A small portion of the weed Elodea canadensis Michx. was introduced into each container and the young larvae were fed with Infusorians. At about the 6th instar Daphnia were introduced and from the 8th instar Mud-worms Tubifex sp. formed the entire source of food. Each larva was inspected daily and when a moult was found to have taken place the cast skin was preserved in spirit. Measurements of head width and total iength were made from the living specimens, more obscure details from prepared slides. Unless otherwise stated, measure- ments and illustrations of the labium show it as flattened on a slide. The terminology for this organ follows that of Corbet (1953). Head widths are from the lateral margin of the eyes, body lengths from the anterior margin of the head to the tip of the anal appendages. Detailed descriptions of each instar related to larva ‘F’ (see Table I), but where variation exists it is indicated. EGG (Fig. 1) Elliptical in outline; average length 0-62 mm.; breadth 0:31 mm.; anterior pole capped by a bell-shaped pedicel. When first deposited the colour is pale cream but after 24 hours they darken and finally become reddish-brown. The eggs are invested with a gelatinous envelope of irregular outline which causes them to adhere to the debris on which they fall. The number of eggs deposited must be very great as one female laid 259 within a few minutes when held with the tip of her abdomen sub- merged in a phial of water. The incubation period would appear to be controlled by the water temperature as eggs laid on 20th December, 1957, and kept at 17° C. commenced to hatch after ten days. Those deposited on 24th December, and subjected to fluctuating temperatures of between 13° to 15° C. did not commence to hatch until 27 days. As in species which disperse their eggs well (Corbet, 1962) the majority of eggs hatched within 24 hours after the first larvae had been observed, 70 PROLARVA (lst Instar) This stage was not observed but there is no reason to suppose that the structure differs materially from other Sympetrum (Gardner, 1950, and Corbet, 1951). The same may be said of the few minutes spent before eclosing the free larva. 2nd INSTAR (Fig. 2) Length 1:22 mm. Translucent, lightly tinged with pale greenish-brown becoming lighter mid-dorsally; femora and tibiae lightly banded. Much of the tracheal system is evident as also the yolk which continues to nourish the newly-hatched larva for a short period. The head which measures 0:4 mm. across the eyes is quadrate in outline and is large in proportion to the rest of the body; long setae border the anterior and lateral margins both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Eyes small, slightly protruding from the fore corners, pale yellowish with the few facets darker in colour. Antennae consisting of three segments. The flagellum is longer than the combined length of scape and pedicel and bears crowns of fine trichiae. The labium (Fig. 3) is only slightly spoon- shaped and when flattened measures 0-42 mm. across the anterior margin of the prementum. In shape and armature it closely resembles those of other Sympetrum species (Gardner, 1950, 1951, Corbet, 1951, Aguesse, 1959). The anterior margin of the prementum is only slightly produced and bears two pairs of short spines in the centre; no main premental armature exists at this stage. The triangular labial palps (lateral lobes) are each armed with a slender apical moveable hook and a single long slender palpal seta. Distal margin bearing five fairly deep serrations which in later instars increase in number, become progressively smoother in outline, and may well represent a departure during ontogeny from the more primitive corduliine type of palpus (Corbet, 1962). Thorax simple, each segment bearing on the dorsal surface two long setae. Legs long and slender bearing long setae most evident on the tibiae. Apical combs on all tibiae armed with trident setae except for one specimen examined in which the anterior comb consisted of a four-pronged seta. Tarsi simple. Abdomen somewhat egg-shaped, widest at the 6th segment and bearing long setae on the dorsal surface. Epiproct triangular, terminating and bearing six lateral and one dorso-apical setae. Paraprocts narrow, terminating and bordered with long setae. 3rd INSTAR Length 1-406 mm. Consistent in six specimens examined but in two others lengths of 1-64 and 1:718 mm. were recorded. Apart from the increase in size, addition and strengthening of all setae the main changes which occur in this instar are confined to the head region. Head width 0:5 mm., varying in two specimens from 0-484 to 0-640 mm. The eyes are larger, contain more facets and protrude more prominently from the fore corners; additional setae are disposed along the anterior and lateral 71 margins. The antennae (Fig. 12) remain three-segmented but the propor- tionate length of the flagellum is much greater. The labium (Fig. 4) now measures 0-578 mm. in width and has the median lobe of the prementum prominently produced and armed with three pairs of short setae. Most significant is the appearance of one large seta (‘primary premental seta’) on each side of the prementum. The armature of the labial palps remains unchanged except for the distal margin which has additional serrations and the first appearance of three short spine-like setae. The apical comb on all tibiae now consists of two trident setae. 4th INSTAR Length 1:953 mm. but may vary from 1-875 to 2:031 mm. Head width 0-78 mm. varying from 0-703 mm. Eyes larger and head shape more re- sembling the adult larva. Antennae (Fig. 13) now consisting of four segments, the flagellum having divided, leaving the apical portion just over twice the length of the basal. The labium (Fig. 5) measures 0:75 mm. across the anterior margin of the prementum, the median lobe of which is now armed with five pairs of short setae. Most significant is the rapid increase in the premental armature, now represented by 4 + 4 setae. One lateral and two mesial additions having been made to the primary pre- mental seta on each side. The labial palps have the serrations on the distal margin increasing in number but becoming smoother in outline; six setae now border the distal, and one the inner margin. Palpal setae now consisting of two main and one small subsidiary palpal setae, the latter arising near the base of the palp. At this stage the abdomen becomes wider and the anal appendages proportionally smaller. Larva ‘A’ at the 4th instar increased in size but showed no structural change. This is thought to have been a growth moult and not one in which growth and structural advancement both combine. 5th INSTAR Length 2-645 mm., but may vary from 2-187 to 2:734 mm. Head width 1:015 mm., varying from 0-°834 mm. Antennae (Fig. 14) 5-segmented, apically the flagellum having divided into 2 segments of almost equal length. The labium (Fig. 6) measures 0-937 mm. across the anterior margin of the prementum and in profile is cup-shaped; median lobe armed with 7 pairs of short setae. An additional pair of short setae, one on each side added mesially now make the premental armature 5 + 5. Lateral palps with 10 setae bordering the distal and 3 the inner margin. Palpal armature consisting of 4 major and 1 subsidiary setae. Pleural ridges on the meso- and metathorax give the first indication of wing development. The tarsi now consist of two segments, a short segment having separated off from the base. Abdomen with segment 9 truncate and anal appendages broader and more heavily clothed with stout setae. At this instar larva ‘A’ exhibited all the 5th instar characters except for the premental armature which was 4 + 4. Variation was also 72 observed in larva ‘H’ which had 3 major palpal setae and the premental armature 4 + 4. 6th INSTAR Length 2:97 mm. but may extend to 3-75 mm. Head width 1:17 mm. varying from 1:093 to 1-437 mm. Antennae remaining 5-segmented. Labium with width of prementum 1-093 mm.; median lobe armed with 9 pairs of short setae; premental armature 6 + 6, a short seta having been added each side mesially. Labial palps with 11 setae on distal and 5 on inner margin; major palpal setae numbering 5 with 1 subsidiary seta. Wing-sheaths now evident as small marginal lobes. Tarsi now 3- segmented although the division appears to be only partial on some specimens. The abdominal lateral spines first become evident although rudimentary on segment 9 and absent on 8; mid-dorsal hooks represented by a rudimentary hook on segment 7. Variation in labial armature observed was as follows:—Larva ‘B’, premental setae 6 + 6, major palpal setae 4. Larva ‘G’, premental setae 8 + 8. 7th INSTAR Length 3:593 mm. varying to 4:074 mm. Head width 1-437 mm. varying to 164mm. Antennae (Fig. 15) consisting of 6 segments, the basal segment of the flagellum having divided into 2 unequal segments. Labium (Fig. 7) with width of prementum 1:265 mm. Premental armature 7 + 7, a short seta added each side laterally. Palpal setae remaining as previous instar. Wing-sheaths triangular in outline and reaching nearly to the bottom of their respective segments. Apical combs on tibiae with setae more numerous, extending across and down the limb and with quadrate and trident setae intermixed. Those on the anterior tibiae are most numerous, several in each of three rows. Abdominal lateral spines on segment 8 indicated, those on 9 longer. No apparent change in the mid-dorsal hooks. And appendages with cerci now evident although rudimentary. Variation in labial armature was as follows:—Larva ‘I’, 7 major palpal setae and premental armature 9 + 9. 8th INSTAR Length 4:45 mm. varying to 5:37 mm. Head width 1:718 mm. varying to 2:031 mm. Antennae remaining 6-segmented. Head with vertex raised; dark suffusions now border the inner margin of the eyes, below the occiput and on the hind border of the head. Labium with width of prementum 1-624 mm.; median lobe with 9 pairs of short setae which now extend along the entire length. Premental armature 9 + 9, 2 short setae having been added on each side mesially. Palpal setae consisting of 6 major and 1 subsidiary setae. The distal margin of the palps have now each serration armed with 1 long and 1 short setae. Thorax with wing- sheaths on metathorax extending just over the 1st abdominal segment, 73 Abdominal lateral spines on segment 8 more evident, those of 9 extending to the middle of 10. Male projection on dorsal surface of epiproct now evident. Variation in labial armature was as follows:—Larva ‘B’, premental armature 8 + 9; ‘C’, major palpal armature 5, premental 8 +. 8; ‘I’, major palpal armature 8, premental 10 + 10. 9th INSTAR Length 5-56 mm. varying to 74mm. Head width 2:22 mm. varying to 2°39 mm. Antennae (Fig. 16) consisting of 7 segments, the lst segment of the flagellum having divided into 2 unequal parts. Labium with width of prementum 2:343 mm.; premental armature 11 + 11, 1 lateral and 1 mesial addition to the setae on each side. Major palpal setae numbering 8, this in addition to the subsidiary seta. Wing-sheaths on metathorax extending to the base of the 4th abdominal segment. Abdominal lateral spines slightly longer; mid-dorsal hooks now evident on segments 5 to 8, that on 7 now slightly recurved and bearing short spine-like setae on the base. Variation in labial armature was as follows:—Larva ‘C’, premental armature 11 + 10; ‘G’, ‘I’, ‘K’, with 9 major palpal setae; ‘H’, with 7 major palpal setae; ‘J’, 9 major palpal setae on left palp, 8 on right, premental setae 10 + 10. 10th INSTAR. Length 6:85 mm. varying to 962 mm. Head width 2:78 mm. varying to 3:52 mm. Labium with width of prementum 3-2 mm.; premental armature 12 + 12, 1 seta added to each side mesially. Major palpal setae numbering 9, this in addition to the subsidiary seta; palps with pigment spots now conspicuous (Fig. 8). Wing-sheaths with hind overlapping the fore and reaching to the bottom of the 4th abdominal segment; thorax now marked with two dark vertical bands one on each side of the pale mid-dorsal area. Abdominal lateral spines on segment 9 reaching nearly to the bottom of the 10th and bearing long setae laterally; dorsal surface of all segments lined with numerous short setae on the apical margins; dorsal surface with segments 5 to 8 marked with a dark punctum on each side of the pale mid-dorsal line; beyond these, on 5 to 9 a pale suffusion bear- ing on its inner margin a dark dorso-lateral punctum; lateral margins more flattened bearing an apical pale punctum on segments 5 to 9. Variation in labial armature was as follows:—Larva ‘B’ and ‘D’ with premental armature 11 + 11; ‘l with premental armature 13 + 13; ‘K’ with palpal setae 9 on left, 10 on right and premental armature 13 + 13. llth INSTAR Length 10-74 mm. varying to 13-34 mm. Head width 3-52 mm. varying to 445 mm. Labium with width of prementum 3-9 mm.; premental armature 14 + 14, one seta added to each side both laterally and mesially. Major palpal setae numbering 10, this in addition to the subsidiary seta; distal margin with serrations almost completely smoothed and setae 74 arranged in groups of three, there being an extra seta added distally to each group although not observed in all specimens. As pointed out by Corbet (1951) these groups fulfil the same purpose of forming an inter- locking device for securing small prey as did the original serrations. Thorax with mesostigmata now conspicuous, mesopleurae meeting anteriorly and hind wing-sheaths extending nearly to the bottom of the 5th abdominal segment. Apical combs on fore tibiae extending down nearly half the length of the limb. Abdominal lateral spines with those on 8 reaching one-third down 9; those on 9 reaching just below the 10th segment. Cerci extending one-third down the paraprocts. Variation in labial armature was as follows:—Larva ‘B’ with 9 palpal setae and premental armature 11 + 12: ‘G’ premental armature 13 +13: HE hay ee 12th (Adult larval) INSTAR (Plate IV, Fig. 26; Plate V, Figs. 27, 28) Basis of the description. One male spirit preserved larva, Fail, 21.iv.1957, Professors Per Brinck and Erik Dahl; one male, five females, spirit preserved larvae bred; two males, five females, exuviae bred. Length. 16 to 19 mm. General facies typical of Sympetrum larvae. Colour. Light greenish-brown with pale and dark suffusions as des- cribed for the separate organs, varying to an almost unicolorous sepia. Antennae. Slender, 7-segmented. Scape quadrate; pedicel bulbous; flagellum slender and with each segment bearing crowns and scattered trichiae. The measurements given in Table III are approximate for all specimens examined. Almost unicolorous except for the apex and base of the flagellum which are slightly darker. Eyes. Prominent, nearly hemispherical and occupying half the width of the head. Dorsal surface golden-brown, ventral surface paler. Prolonga- tions directed diagonally backwards to the median line, in most specimens slightly darker than the occiput, conspicuously marked with a pale spot anteriorly. Head. Width over eyes 4:26 mm. varying to 5:37 mm, Forward projection of the labium giving the head a somewhat triangular outline; front margin slightly convex; lateral margins rounded and bearing numerous short and long setae; hind margin nearly straight and bordered with short setae. Vertex—Raised. Ocelli—pale with dark suffusions at base. Occiput—Dorsal surface bearing long and short setae between the three bare longitudinal areas on each side of the epicranial suture. Labium. (Fig. 9). Cup-shaped. Width 3:7 mm, when flattened 4-63 mm. Prementum with median lobe strongly produced, its anterior margin bearing numerous spine-like setae; premental armature consisting of 15 + 15 setae but may vary from 14 + 14. In length the setae vary from the innermost 0:234 mm. to the primary premental seta, 1:64 mm. Labial palps with movable hook long, curved, slender and 0-86 mm. in length; distal margin convex, almost smooth in outline and bearing numerous 75, marginal spine-like setae arranged in groups of three which continue as isolated setae more sparingly along the inner margin. Papal setae numbering 10 but may vary to 11, these in addition to the proximal sub- sidiary seta. Distal area scattered with pigment spots. Cervix. Collar-like, darkly suffused on each side of the pale median area. Prothorax. Collar-like, darkly suffused laterally and flanking the narrowly pale median line; anterior angles bearing tufts of long setae; mesostigmata prominent and dark in colour. Synthorax. Strong, widening posteriorly and marked with a wide longitudinai dorso-lateral and two narrow lateral suffusions; metastigmata inconspicuous and pale in colour. Wing-sheaths. Length 5-9 mm., hind overlapping fore and reaching halt over the 6th abdominal segment; venation indicated by pale and dark suf- fusions. Legs. Long and slender, hind extending well beyond the tip of the anal appendages. Femora marked with two dark bands, tibiae with one band and apically dark, apex of the three tarsal segments dark. In some specimens the banding was hardly distinguishable, on others very conspicuous. All limbs bearing numerous setae of varying length and thickness, those on the tibiae being very long and hair-like on the outer margin. Apical combs consisting of trident setae, those on the fore tibiae nearly encircling and extending half-way down the limb; middle and hind combs more sparsely armed. Tarsi with two ventral rows of spine-like setae, inner row with numerous tridents interspersed with stout simple setae. Abdomen. Outline a truncated oval, strongly arched dorsally, less so ventrally, widest at 6th segment. Lateral spines on 8 and 9 prominent, those on 8 reaching one-third to half down 9, those on 9 generally incurved and reaching to, or nearly to the apex of the epiproct (Fig. 17); lateral margins lined with numerous long, slender setae. Mid-dorsal hooks on segments 6 to 8 (Fig. 18), sometimes rudimentary on 5, short, situated near the distal margin, not extending over the succeeding segment; that on 7 most prominent. Segment 10 short; 9 with apical border lined with very long hair-like setae on the ventral surface. Apical border of all segments lined with short setae, most numerous on the dorsal surface. General colour olivaceous-brown, median line, mid-dorsal hooks and lateral spines pale. In well marked specimens segments 5 to 8 with dark dorsal puncta on each side of the median line, all visible segments except 10 with dark dorso-lateral puncta on a pale suffusion, lateral margins apically pale. Anal appendages (Fig. 17). Epiproct triangular, sharply pointed, dorsal surface with short scattered setae, lateral margins armed with stout setae of medium length. Male projection blunt, extending two-thirds down from base of epiproct, Cerci slender, pointed, extending two-thirds down suiseo1oul =] AreyusuIpny = “J, BAIV] 0} Jojar syUsUIaINsea] Saseyjuared Ul papsodad SI ff ‘QUO Sp9vdKe UOTJeAIasqo ue Jo ADUONbaJJ 94} UIYM GOI FLOl 689 9¢¢ Chr g6¢e LOZ Sh9-% E961 90FT 22 (wl) YSU, Apog 9¢:F 6G-€ 81-6 COG = STL T SNL Nf c10-T 82-0 ¢-0 £0 (UIUL) Y}PIM Peo I I I I I I a ; = syooy [eulmopge Testop PITAL I I I I I I tol a a == aa sourds = jeutumopgqe [eiozeyT I I I I I pS ee — = = = 1o190 [eUuy 9 g i € I I u = es — — syyeays -suIM AQ Pod1dA0d sjusUIses [BUIWIOpgY (Qe —ie SObss (OMecODS Sac Gs = Gs Obie * Oinairy, sjUsUIsas [eSIeL SS OG. SOO ODE OD OS OO io OK sjusuIsas [euUSyUY ral TI me 4 8 L 9 G P 3 Z T 1eysuy AVAUVT JO SHALOVYVHO FO AUYVININNS Il aIavL 77 epiproct. Paraprocts terminating in a point and armed with numerous long setae on inner and outer margins. Separation characters. Sympetrum nigrifemur with the long lateral spines on segment 9 and short mid-dorsal hooks on 6 to 8 can easily be separated from the iarva of S. fonscolombei. This latter species being the only other Madeiran Sympetrum has very short lateral spines and no trace of mid-dorsal hooks. From the closely related S. s. striolatum it can be separated by the short mid-dorsal hooks, striolatwm having those on 6 to 3 extending well over the succeeding segments. TABLE III ANTENNAL GROWTH OF LARVA ‘F” (Measurements in millimetres) Segments of Flagellum Total Instar Scape Pedicel 1 2 3 4 5 Length 2 0:046 0-078 0-189 313 3 0-054 0-080 0-25 384 4 0:062 0:093 0109 0-25 514 5 0-062 0-093 0-156 0-140 0-189 640 6 0:078 0-124 0-218 0-169 0-189 778 7 0-078 0-13 0-140 0-093 0-172 0-189 802 8 0-109 0-14 0:234 0-172 0:203 0-234 1-092 9 0109 0189 0-189 0-140 0-203 0-281 0-312 1-423 10 0:156 0-234 0-312 0:172 0:25 0:375 0-39 1-889 11 0-172 0-250 0-343 0-218 0-312 0:39 0-453 2-138 12 0218 0-266 0-421 0:234 0-375 0-484 0-468 2-466 TABLE IV LABIAL DETAILS OF LARVA ‘EF’ Premental Major Palpal setae Instar *Width setae 2 0-42 = 1 1 3) 0-0578 1+1 1 1 4 0-75 4+4 2 2 5 0-937 5+5 4 4 6 1:093 6+6 5 5 a 1:265 7+7 5 5 8 1:624 9+9 6 6 9 2:343 11411 8 8 10 32 12+12 9 ie) 11 3-9 14414 10 10 12 4-63 15+15 10 10 *Width in millimetres as seen flattened on a slide 78 Description of imago. (Plate III, Figs. 23, 24. Plate IV, Fig. 25.) Length. Male, abdomen (including appendages) 27 to 30 mm.; hindwing 29 to 33 mm. (One exceptionally small specimen with abdomen 25 and hindwing 26 mm.) Female, abdomen 26 to 30 mm.; hindwing 30 to 33 mm. From notes made in the field the colouration in life was found to be fairly constant. differing only in obscure details. Head. Labrum and postclypeus pale yellowish; antefrons a deeper yellow becoming olivaceous laterally; postfrons olivaceous becoming yellow distally; antennae black; eyes golden brown with small ommatidia olivaceous. Thorax. Episternum 2, olivaceous turning reddish mid-dorsally and laterally; epimeron 2, pale yellowish-green turning reddish-brown towards legs; metapleurae and sutures black; katesternum, katepimeron and katepisternum reddish-brown with sutures black; epimeron 3, pale yellowish-green, darker caudally. Legs. Black with lateral edges of femora and dorsal surface of tibiae narrowly yellowish. Wings. Wing processes deep reddish-brown; wing venation black ex- cept for costa and subcosta which are reddish up to the nodus; pterostigma reddish-brown; base of wings slightly suffused. Abdomen. Segments 1 to 2 red dorsally turning olivaceous laterally; 3 to 10 reddish brown with lateral carinae black; a varying amount of black in the form of a longitudinal streak above the lateral carinae on 5 to 9; 8 and 9 with a black mid-dorsal streak; 3 to 8 with caudad, 9 with distal pale dorsal spots enclosing a dark spot; these on each side of the mid-dorsal carina. Females with abdominal colouration more olivaceous laterally. Separation characters The male accessory genitalia are diagnostic. When the hamules are viewed in true lateral aspect (Fig. 21) it will be seen that the inner and outer branches are directed more widely apart than in closely related species. The female valvula vulvae (Fig. 22) are more robust and less angular than in nearly related species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the grants made by the Trustees of the Godman Exploration Fund and the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund. To the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) we tender our best thanks for facilities provided; to Mr. G. E. Maul and his staff at the Museu Muni- cipal do Funchal for great help and information on localities and to Mr. A. Price for supplying many of the photographs from our material. LITERATURE CONSULTED. Aguesse, P., 1959. Notes biologiques sur 1’éclosion des oeufs de quelques Libellulidae. Terre et Vie, 165-173. Paris. 79 3arnard, K. H., 1937. Notes on dragonflies (Odonata) of the S.W. Cape, with descriptions of the nymphs, and of new species. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 32: 169-260. Bartenef, A. N., 1919. Faune de la Russie (Insecta: Pseudoneuroptera), 2: 353-576. Petrograd. Bick, G. H., 1941. Life-History of the Dragenfly, Lrythemis simplicicollis (Say). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 34: 215-230. Calvert, P. P., 1929. Different rates of growth among animals with special reference to the Odonata. Proc. Amer. phil. Soc., 68 : 227-274. ——, 1934. The rates of growth, larval development and seasonal distribution of dragonflies of the genus Anax (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Proc. Amer. DR. SOC:, 13> 1-10) Corbet, P. S., 1951. The development of the labium of Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.) (Odonata). Ent. mon. Mag., 87: 289-296. ——., 1953. A terminology for the labium of larval Odonata. Entomologist, 86 : 191-196. ——, 1955. The immature stages of the Emperor Dragonfly, Andxv imperator Leach (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Ent. Gaz., 6: 189-204. ——, 1956. Environmental factors influencing the induction and termination of diapause in the Emperor Dragonfly, Anax imperator Leach (Odonata : Aeshnidae). J. exp. Biol., 33: 1-14. ——, 1957. The life-history of the Emperor Dragonfly, Anaw imperator Leach (Odonata: Aeshnidae). /. Anim. Ecol., 26: 1-69. , 1962. A Biology of Dragonflies. Witherby Ltd. London. Corbet, P. S., Longfield, C., & Moore, N. W., 1960. Dragonflies (The New Naturalist). Collins. London. Gardner, A. E., 1950. The life-history of Sympetrum striolatum striolatum (Charpentier) (Odonata). Ent. Gaz., 1: 53-60. ———, 1951. The early stages of Odonata. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-1: 83-88. —, 1955. A study of the genitalia of the two species Sympetrum nigrescens Lucas and S. nigrifemur (Selys) with notes on their distribution. (Odonata: Libellulidae). Ent. Gaz., §: 86-108. ——, 1960, 1959. Aspects of the fauna and flora of the Azores, XII (a) Odonata. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Series 13, 1: 791-792. —, 1960. Odonata from the Azores and Madeira. Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal, 13: 119-122. ——, 1960a. Odonata, Saltatoria and Dictyoptera collected by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes in the Canary Islands, 1957 to 1959. Entomologist, 93: 128-131. Gardner, A. E., & Classey, E. W., 1960. Report on the Insects Collected by the E. W. Classey and A. E. Gardner Expedition to Madeira in December 1957. Part I. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 184-206. 1962. ibid. Part Il. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 149-159. Hagen, H. A. The Neuroptera of Madeira. Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 25-28. Kyle, D., 1961. Observations on /schnura pumilio (Charp.) in Breconshire, 1959 and 1960 (Coenagriidae, Odonata). Ent. Gaz., 12: 80-84. Longfield, C., 1949. The dragonflies of the British Isles. 2nd Edit. Warne. London. McLachlan, R., 1883. The Neuroptera of Madeira and the Canary Islands. J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 16: 149-183. Pinhey, E. C. G., 1951. The Dragonflies of Southern Africa. Transvaal Museuin Memoir No. 5. Pretoria. Ris, F., 1911. Catalogue systematique et descriptif Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps. Libellulinae, 5: 529-700. Brussels. -, 1919. Supplement. ibid. 1178-1180. Selys Longchamps, E. de, 1858. Monographie des Gomphines. Brussels. , 1884. Révision des Diplax Palearctiques. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 28: 34-35. ~-, 1887. Odonates de L Asie Mineure. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 31: 10. Valle, K. J., 1940. Odonaten von den Azoren und Madeira. Soc. Scient. Fenn., Comm. Biol., $ (5): 4-7. 80 Dx » | 2 Ni a = F 8 3 Soe i (e a Lith UA 4 Pa cee = Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys). Fig, 1, Egg. Fig. 2, 2nd Larval Instar. Fig. 3, Labium. (Scale in millimetres.) Labium (as flattened). Fig. 4, 3rd Instar. Fig. 5, 4th Instar. Fig. 6, 5th Instar. Fig. 7, 7th Instar. (Scale in millimetres.) 82 [2@ EN = S We * y _ . [\ © y Fig. 8, Right labial palpus 10th Instar. Fig. 9, Distal part of labium in 12th and final larval Instar as seen flattened on a slide. (Scale in millimetres.) & er & < 83 (| INSTAR 1-0 ets rly AN > HTT Will i Het i Fig. 10, 2nd to 7th larval instars showing change in body shape, development of wing-sheaths and lateral abdominal spines. (Scale in millimetres.) Fig. 11, Detailed increase in setae on both sides of the prementum of larva ‘F’. figures on the left denote the instar. The 84 14 CVETTY eet wht 17 18 Left larval antenna. Fig. 12, 3rd Instar. Fig. 138, 4th Instar. Fig. 14, 5th Instar. Fig. 15, 7th Instar. Fig. 16, 9th Instar. Adult larva, Fig. 17, Anal appendages and lateral spines. Fig. 18, Mid-dorsal hooks on abdominal segments 6 to 8 (lateral view). (Scale in millimetres.) Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1969. Plate ITI. Sympelrum nigvifemur (Selys). %. Fig. 23, Dorsal view. (Scale line indicates 50 mm.) Fig. 24, Lateral view (Seale line indicates 40 mm.) Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962. Plate IV. 26 Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys), OQ. Fig 25. Lateral view. (Seale line indicates 25 mm.) Fig. 96, 9 exuvia. (Scale line indicates 10 mm.) Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1969. Plate V. Sympetrum nigvifemur (Selys). Fie. 27, ao exuvia. Big. abdomen and wing sheaths. (Seale line indicates 10 min.) 28, Lateral 28 view of Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962. Plate VI. Palheiro Ferreiro (616 ™.), Madeira Collecting ground for Sympetriam nigrifemiur (Selys). 85 Genitalia of Imago, Fig. 19, Left hamule of ¢ ventral view. Fig. 20, Anterior view. Fig. 21, Left hamule of accessory genitalia lateral view. Fig. 22, Lateral view of 9 valvula vulvae, (Scale in millimetres.) 86 FIELD MEETINGS, 1962. EFFINGHAM, SURREY—15th April 1962. Leader: Mr. F. M. STRUTHERS. A party of 24 members and friends attended this meeting; a surprisingly large number considering that it was a dull cloudy day with a strong north-easterly wind which kept the temperature around 40°F. (4:4°C.). The morning was spent in Barnsthorns Wood and the afternoon on Ockham Common. Many logs were turned in the search for larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L., a reasonable number being found all of which were very small. A large number of sallow twigs were collected for galls of Aegeria flaviventris Staud. Larvae of Eurrhypara hortulata L., were found on nettles, and larvae of Laspeyresia coniferana Sax., were dug out of the bark of a pine tree. The only moth observed was Ectropis biundularia Borkh. (bistortata Goeze auct. nec Goeze). The only flowering plant of interest was Ranunculus lenormandi F. Schultz in bloom and covering muddy pools near Wisley Pond. As logs were turned over for larvae many interesting fungi were dis- closed. A group of logs in Barnsthorns Wood had masses of Auricularia mesenterica Pers. Under one of the logs in the old timber yard near Telegraph Hill were conspicuous growths of the highly coloured mycelium (ozonium) of Coprinus radians (Desm.) Fr. Here too was Hymenochate rubiginosa Lev., Xylaria hypoxylon Grev., numerous small cup fungi and several species of Mycetozoa. Also found under logs were larvae of Nymphalis io L. and several hibernating lizards. CHILWORTH, SURREY—2I1st April, 1962. Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY. A small party of eight members assembled at Chilworth Station about 11 a.m. for this fixture. It was decided to work the Common at Black Heath to the south of the station, and a special search was made for larva galls on sallow of Aegeria flaviventris Staud., but in spite of the effort, none could be found. However, on searching fallen tree trunks of Scots Pine, a few larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. were found. This caused some excitement as the species had not previously been found in this locality. During the search, a larva of the beetle Endomychus coc- cineus (L.) was found on fungi. The P. fuliginaria larvae were feeding on Polystictus abietinus Cooke—a fungus special to pine. In a sheltered part of the Common a number of Eriocranid moths were seen flying during a brief bright interval, and many more were seen 87 at rest on the birches or on vegetation on the ground. All those examined proved to be Eriocrania purpurella Haw. Quite a lot of bilberry was noted, and a certain amount of time was spent searching for larva spinnings. Owing to the lateness of the season new leaves were not yet visible, and the buds were small and un- opened, so no spinnings could be found. During the search, a few larvae of Alcis repandata L. were found. Lunch was enjoyed on the high ground overlooking Darbyns Brook, after which the pine trunks were searched and a few Ectropis biundu- laria Borkh. found at rest. A larva found in a fir bud, proved to be Rhyacionia pinivorana Zell. It was decided then to try the sallows on Wonersh Common about a mile to the west, and we were quickly transported there by one of the members in his car. A large flower on a stout stalk was found on a pathway, and caused some comment. It was identified by Mr. Eagles as the Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanum Hultén & St. John). This is an introduced plant which is found occasionally in wet places and had obviously recently been picked and thrown away—possibly because of its foetid smell. Once again the search for Aegeria flaviventris Staud. galls was fruit- less, and 1962 has proved to be a year when this local species could not be found in any of its usual haunts. Our search was curtailed by the rain, which made the party thankful for the ride back to Black Heath by car. Interesting botanical items noted were Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynk. (Thale Cress) and some of the local shrub Amelanchier laevis Weig. Tea had been laid on specially for us at The Volunteer and was much appreciated by all after a busy day. WHIPPENDELL WOOD, HERTS.—24th April, 1962. Leader: Mr. B. GOaTER. A party of seven attended this meeting on a day which was mostly cloudy, with a cold, east wind. The lateness of the spring was evident in the fact that the buds of the limes, wych elms, maples and oaks were only just bursting, and so the lepidopterous larvae associated with the foliage and flowers of these trees were not seen. Members concentrated upon large rotting stumps and fallen trees, of which there were plenty, for beetles, and upon bryophytes and the small number of fungi to be expected at this time of the year. The coleopterists in particular, re- ported a most interesting day, during which several rarities were taken. The prize among these was the tiny staphylinid, Cypha (Hypocyptus) laeviuscula Mannerh., found by Dr. Patrick Roche. Other Coleoptera included four examples of the snail-eating Cychrus caraboides (L.) s.sp. rostratus (L.) under rotting bark on fallen trees; Carabus violaceus L. ab. sollicitans Hartert, Leistus fulvibarbis Dej., Nebria brevicollis (F.), 88 Abax parallelepipedus Pill. & Mitt. (ater Vill.), Atheta (s. gen. Dinaraea) aequata Er., Homalota plana Gyll., Bolitochara obliqua Er., Tachyporus obtusus (L.), Quedius picipes Mannerh., Atrechus (Baptolinus) affinis (Payk.), Anisotoma humeralis (F.), Endomychus coccineus (L.) larvae and a single adult on the fungus Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Fr. on a fallen horse chestnut, Bitoma crenata (F.), Cerylon histeroides (F.), C. ferru- gineum Steph., Rhizophagus dispar (Payk.), R. bipustulatus (F.), Dorcus parallelipipidus L. larvae and imagines in a rotting tree trunk, Xestobium rufovillosum Deg., Grammoptera ruficorne (F.) pupa, which emerged on 4th May, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) and Melandrya caraboides (L.) pupa, which emerged 5th May. Lepidoptera observed were imagines of Diurnea fagella F., and single examples of Aglais urticae L. and Eupithecia abbreviata Steph. A large pupa excavated from a fallen tree proved to be Mimas tiliae L., the moth emerged 10th May. Larvae of Mompha ochraceella Curt. were found in rootstocks of the Great Hairy Willowherb, and those of Aegeria vespi- formis L. were common in the bark of some huge wild cherries and in cankers on the trunks of oaks. A common frog and a grass snake were seen near the Grand Union Canal. Migrant birds were only just arriving: Chiffchaff, Willow Warbler, Whitethroat and Sedge Warbler were seen and heard, but hirundines and Cuckoos appeared to be absent still. Fungi noted were Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Fr. and Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr. on fallen horse chestnut, Trametes gibbosa Fr., Schizo- phyllum commune Fr. on a huge fallen hornbeam, Coprinus radians (Desm.) Fr. and Polyporus adustus Fr. In addition to the records made last year (1962, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 76) the following bryophytes were seen: Plewridium acuminatum Lindb., abundant, cum fructu, on recently disturbed loamy soil on the golf course; Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) cum fructu, on chalk loam bank of watercress beds; Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.) abundant in wood by the canal; Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) on a stump in the canal; and Marchantia polymorpha L. on damp brickwork by the lock gate. BROOK, KENT—6th May, 1962. Leader: Col. C. A. W. DUFFIELD. This meeting was held jointly with the Kent Field Club. The day was warm and free from rain. About 20 met at the rendezvous, Wye Church. The terrain was well-known to the leader, as much of the land belonged to him or had been given by him for a nature reserve. The morning was spent collecting in the woods to the east of the road. Here the plant Paris quadrifolia L. (Herb Paris) was seen in abundance, an experience not frequent at our field meetings. Near the stream, soap and a towel were placed for those whose hands were soiled while collecting. . Proce. S. Lond. ent. at. Hist. Soc., 1969. Plate VII. shook, Went, 6th May Mtoe (@folle KER ENS ANE Dumeld wright wil Dr \ M Masset centre Oxshott, Surrey, 20th September 1962 : ID. 18. dl MacNulty (left) and Mr. L. Christie. FIELD MEETING PERSONALITIES. 89 In the afternoon the party explored the old orchard on the other side of the road and the hills above. Several pairs of nightingales must have been nesting here judging by the amount of song. Larvae of a number of species of microlepidoptera were found on the fruit trees. Many of these were old, and some, particularly the plums, had died. These latter had fine specimens of the fungus Fomes pomaceus (Pers.) Lloyd which is said to cause a heart-rot of the wood. Tea was a spectacular affair. Mrs. Duffield brought supplies of food which was served by Scouts belonging to a troop organised by the leader’s son. There were tents, tables, chairs, cups of tea, bread and butter and cakes. The members were most grateful. DUNGENESS, KENT—13th May 1962. Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE. This was a joint meeting with the Kent Field Club and attracted 25 people on a fine but very cold day. The party divided into three main groups corresponding roughly to coleopterists, lepidopterists and botanists, each working their own particular interests. The broom attracted most of the attention of the coleopterists who beat from the dead bushes Dromius vectensis Rye, D. notatus Steph., D. melanocephalus Dej., D. linearis (Ol.), Quedius boops (Grav.), Corticarina fulvipes (Com.), Laemophloeus spartii (Cast.) ater (Ol.), Micrambe vini (Panz.), M. villosus (Heer) the genitalia of which has not been examined, Dryophilus anobioides Chev., Smicronyx jungermanniae (Reich.) and Phloeophthorus rhododactylus (Marsh.). Living broom was not so productive but produced Bruchidius unicolor (Ol.) (ater Marsh., cisti Payk.), Phytodecta olivacea (Forst.), Apion striatum Kirby, A. immune Kirby and Phytonomus arator (L.). Other Coleoptera reported included: Notiophilus substriatus Waterh., Harpalus affinis (Schrank) (aeneus (F.)), Hygrotus inaequalis (F.), Hydroporus palustris (L.), Coccinella septempunctata L., Adalia bipunc- tata (L.), Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze), Corticarina gibbosa (Herbst), Meligethes planiusculus (Heer), Hipnuriphila modeeri (L.), Melanimon tibiale (F.), Opatrum sabulosum (L.), Cylindronotus laevioctostriatus Goeze, Otiorrhynchus ligneus Ol., Apion marchicum Herbst, A. sedi Germ., at the roots of Sedum sp., A. aestivum Germ., and Ceuthorhynchus posthumus Germ. at the roots of Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br. The botanists reported their pleasure at seeing the early crucifers, such as Teesdalia nudicaulis (I..) R.Br. (Shepherd’s Cress), Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. (Whitlow Grass), E. spathulata Lang., Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers. (Early-flowering Yellow Rocket), and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn. (Thale Cress). Near the pond was found a group of Valerianella locusta (L.) Betcke (Lamb’s Lettuce) in full bloom. The only species of Water Crowfoot noticed was Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix. The pretty little legume noticed during the day was Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard (Narrow-leaved Vetch), A grass growing near the station caused some 90 dispute and was eventually thought to be Vulpia membranacea (L.) Dum. A few plants of Geranium robertianum L. (Herb Robert) were taken by Mr. T. R. Eagles to see if they would retain their tufted habit in ordinary soil, and a handsome growth of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk Thistle) was deemed worthy of photography. The lichens in the vicinity of the bombed school were admired, particularly the fine specimens of the common Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr. All over the shingle were lichens, mostly species of Cladonia such as C. sylvatica Hofftm., C. uncialis (L.) Web., C. foliacea (Huds.) Schaer., C. rangiformis Hoffm. and C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. There was also plenty of Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. and a little very dried Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. Large pebbles covered by the lichen Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Krb. were plentiful. The moss Dicranum scoparium Hedw. was abundant as also was Bryum capillare Hedw. The latter had many capsules which were on unusually short setae, no doubt due to the wind-swept habitat. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Sm. et T.) Conn., a bacterium, was the cause of the large irregular galls on the brambles which attracted much attention. A handsome form of Salix repens L. (Creeping Willow) was growing near the pond, large groups of male plants probably clones in some places, and in other places similar groups of female plants. On the larger species of sallow were many lichens. Photographs were taken of one branch which had Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Wats., Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. and P. caperata (L.) Ach. growing side by side. Also on these sallows were two nests of very young larvae of Malacosoma neustria L. and below them the ring of empty egg shells. Lepidoptera were extremely scarce, due no doubt to the very cold weather, but the following species were reported: Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff., ten larvae, mostly full-grown, feeding on broom; Dasychira fascellina L., 13 larvae on broom in their 2nd and 3rd instars; and Calophasia lunula Hufn., two cocoons being found on an old railway post. Among the Hemiptera-heteroptera only Plinthisus brevipennis (Lat.) and Piesma maculata (Cast.) were noted. Tea was taken at 4 p.m. at a café near the lighthouse after a most successful day in spite of difficult weather conditions. THURSLEY COMMON, SURREY—19th May 1962. Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD. A party of six met on the Elstead side of Thursley Common. There had been heavy rain overnight and the day was windy, cold and overcast —early March would describe the temperature. The fringes of the marsh were explored but the water level was high, and even gum boots were insufficient protection in many areas. Beating for larvae was unproductive in the high wind, and insects on the wing were few. Ematurga atomaria L. were stirred from the heather, OW and single females of Drepana falcataria L., and Bapta bimaculata F. were found at rest. Adela viridella Scop., was seen in small numbers on flower heads and birch leaves. The dragonfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) was taken. One specimen of Roeslerstammia erxlebella F. was caught during a gleam of sunshine beside the A3 road. Young plants of Drosera rotundifolia L. (Sundew) were abundant. In the drier parts of the heath Juncus sauarrosus L. (Heath Rush) was seen and there were flowering plants of Pedicularis sylvatica L. (Lousewort) in the wetter areas. A few plants of Lycopodium inundatum L. (Marsh Clubmoss) were noticed. In hedgebanks there were many specimens of the fern Polypodium vulgare L. (Polypody), and other ferns included Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Grey (austriaca auct.) (Broad Buckler-fern), a few D. carthusiana (Villar) H. P. Fuchs (spinulosa C. Pressl.) (Narrow Buckler- fern), and D. filix-mas L., Schott (Male Fern). It was unfortunate that for the second year in succession our visit to this interesting area was ruined by the weather; a deluge after tea was a fitting ending. BUTSER DOWN, HAMPSHIRE—27th May 1962. Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD. The Society’s first field meeting in this area was quite ruined by the weather. Six courageous members met the leader at Petersfield station on a cold morning with heavy drizzle. The party moved to the chalk pit area by car and the rain increased. Practically no insects, even aquatic, were seen but the display of cowslips in exceptional numbers was magnificent. Amongst them were at least four species of orchid including Orchis mascula (L.) L., (Early Purple Orchid) and Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. (Twayblade). After lunch, eaten in the cars, the party moved on to Butser Down itself and the downpour ceased for about an hour. Several specimens of the Cinnabar moth Callimorpha jacobaeae L. were roused from the under- growth. The crucifer Bunias orientatis L. attracted attention on account of the large reddish glands on stems and leaves. Beautiful patches of the tiny Early Forget-me-not Myosotis ramosissima Rochel (hispida Schlect.) were noticed as were the large flowers of Cerastium arvense L. (Field Mouse-ear Chickweed). A group of Tricholoma gambosum Fr. (St. George’s Mushroom), usually to be found about 23rd April, subsequently provided an excellent meal (fried with bacon) for one experienced member. The weather made a mockery of our plans and hopes, but it is interesting to record that one of the insects we had hoped to see, Hamearis lucina L. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary) was abundant on the following week-end which was warm and sunny. 92 WOOD WALTON FEN, HUNTS.—3rd June, 1962. Leader: Mr. A. E. GarpDNER. By courtesy of the Nature Conservancy the Society visited the Fen for the second time. Twe!ve members and friends attended, and enjoyed a warm, sunny day, with the reserve looking its best. As the majority of the members were coleopterists, this order received the most attention, and just over 100 species were recorded. The drains were given special attention, but aquatic Co'eoptera were not so abun- dant as in the previous year, nevertheless, several Dytiscus dimidiatus Bergstr., and Agabus undulatus (Schrank) were taken from the Central drain. Ten species, new to the fen, can be added, nearly all of which were taken by Dr. A. M. Massee. These are as follows:—Lionychus quadrillum (Duft.), Gabrius keysianus Sharp (in traps set by Mr. F. D. Buck), Kateretes bipustulatus (Payk.) Trixagus (Throscus) elateroides (Heer), Psylliodes dulcamarae (Koch), Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoff.), Apion hookeri Kirby, A. vicinum Kirby, Rhinoncus bruchoides (Herbst.) and Tychius tibialis Boh. Poophagus sisymbrii (F.) was taken after not having been recorded from the fen in recent years. Dr. Massee recorded the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), Tingis reticulata (H.-S.) and Piesma maculatum (Costa). Odonata were little in evidence except for a few of the common Libellula quadrimaculata L., whilst larvae of Aeshna grandis (L.) and A. cyanea (Miull.) were dredged from several of the drains. A single specimen of the Chequered Skipper Carterocephalus palaemon (Pall.) was seen, a species which, unfortunately, seems to have decreased in numbers in recent years. Mr. T. R. Eagles reports that owing to the drains being kept clean, mosses were scarce. Species noted were Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. and Drepanocladus fluitans (Hedw.) Warnst. In one drain, the water crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatilis L., was found, and in a small pond the blooms of the Water Violet Hottonia palustris L., made a pleasing sight. The Fen Violet, Viola stagnina Kit. was in bloom and not un- common. FOLKESTONE WARREN, KENT—10th June, 1962. Leader: J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. The weather on this occasion was rather warm for the time of year, with a fair amount of sunshine; and although there was a moderate breeze, it was not strong enough to hinder collecting. This was another of those meetings held in conjunction with the Kent Field Club; and the party, who were primarily lepidopterists, took some local insects, and had an enjoyable day. The following species of Lepidoptera were among those noted: Anticlea (Coenotephria) derivata Schiff.; Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl.; Platyptilia gonodactyla Schiff.; Adaina microdactyla Hubn.; Phalonia williana Brahm (zephyrana Treits.); Pammene rhediella 93 Clerck; Laspeyresia microgrammana Guen.; Selania leplastriana Curt., larvae in stems of Brassica oleracea L.; Grapholita compositella F.; Telphusa sequax Haw., larvae in spun shoots of Helianthemum chamae- cistus Mill.; Aproaerema anthyllidella Htibn.; Telephila schmidiella Heyd., larvae on Origanum vulgare L.; Mompha miscella Schiff., larvae on Helianthemum chamaecistus Mill.; Oecophora geoffrella L.; Agonopterix hypericella Hibn., larvae; Glyphipterix cramereila F. (fischeriella Zell.); Elachista rufocinerea Haw.; E. argentella Clerck (cygnipennella Haw.); Coleophora albitarsella Zell., three cases on Criganum vulgare L. Tea was taken at the Warren Tea Chalet. WOBURN ESTATE, BUCKS.—17th June, 1962 Lead2r: Mr. F. G. Smit. This meeting was held by arrangement of the leader on private land (Back Wood) belonging to the Duke of Bedford, but some distance from Woburn Abbey and the well-known deer park. About a dozen attended. The day was hot and sunny. In the morning, beetles associated with Scots Pine were collected and lime trees were searched for larvae of microlepidoptera. There was an area of sphagum bog where one of the fungi appropriate to such places, Galera sphagnorum (Pers. ex Fr.) Kuhn., was abundant. After lunch, another pine wood was explored, and several species of pine-frequenting macrolepidoptera were beaten. Of flowering plants there were Hypericum humifusum L. (Trailing St. John’s Wort), Sper- gularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. (Sand-spurrey) and Veronica arvensis L. (Wall Speedwell). The party went by motor to a café in the neighbour- hood for tea. HORTON KIRBY AND FARNINGHAM, KENT—238rd June, 1962 Beaders irk, (©25S me: Fifteen people attended this meeting which was held in conjunction with the Kent Field Club. The weather was fine. In the morning, the party walked by the River Darent, opposite the village of Horton Kirby. Several common species of beetle were swept from the aquatic vegetation beside the stream, and others were beaten from willow trees. At one point, stones in the river were examined for the very local beetle Elmis maugei Bedel s.sp. mergerlei (Dufts.) ab. aenea (Mull.) and several of the coleopterists present were able to secure specimens. The insect has long legs ending in long slender claws which enable it to cling to stones under the water, even where the current is quite strong as it is here. Further up the river a small reed-bed was worked, and a number of Donacia semicuprea Panz. were taken. The afternoon was spent in Farningham Wood. In one clearing there was some figwort which supported three species of Cionus as well as the 94 related Cleopus pulchellus (Herbst.). At the western end of the wood there is a sandy hillside which has a quantity of broom growing on it. This was worked thoroughly, and several of the beetles and bugs associ- ated with that plant were found to be present. Other beetles observed during the day included Aphthona venustula Kuts., Tetrops praeusta (L.), Liparus coronatus (Goeze), Caenorhinus germanicus (Herbst.) and Cassida flaveola Thunb. Mr. Eagles reported galls of Biorhiza pallida (Ol.), Andricus curvator Hartig f. collaris Hartig and Neuroterus baccarum Hartig, all on scrub oak, and of Aylax hypochoeridis Kieffer on the long-rooted cat’s ear. ALICE HOLT FOREST, HANTS—30th June 1962. Leader: Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms This field meeting was indeed a novel one for the Society, since it included a visit to a Research Station. This was a very welcome innova- tion which, if possible, might well be repeated to good advantage. Sixteen members were present on this occasion, most of them assembling at Bentley Station where those with cars used them to trans- port the party the few miles to Alice Holt Lodge, now the headquarters of Research of the Forestry Commission. Here we were welcomed by Mr. G. M. Haggett and members of the permanent staff. Mr. Haggett at first explained the general policy of the Commission and went on to enumer- ate the various lines of research being carried out. The party were then conducted through the various departments where those in charge gave an account of their work; and then went out of doors to see the interesting series of seedling trees and the very valuable work being done in selecting the best types for forest planting. The leader then asked those present to accord a very hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Haggett and members of the staff who had given them such an illuminating account of their work and for giving up their Saturday morning to entertain the Society. After a picnic lunch in the fine garden of the Station the party set out for a walk through the forest in mild and fairly sunny weather, but it was soon apparent that the very late season had made its mark and that most species were in low numbers. Clossiana selene Schiff. was distinctly scarce and the only other butterflies of note seen were a few Aglais urticae L., Vanessa atalanta L., Pararge aegeria L., Coenonympha pamphilus L. and plenty of Maniola jurtina L. None of the larger fritillaries or Limenitis camilla L. were on the wing. After tea, taken in the Forest, the company dispersed after what had proved to be a very enjoyable and instructive day. PULBOROUGH, SUSSEX—8th July 1962. Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp. Fourteen members, some accompanied by their ladies, attended this meeting which was blessed with fine long periods of warm sunshine. 95 Most of the party worked the Wiggonholt and West Chiltington Common areas with some success. A number of butterflies were on the wing, notably Plebejus argus L. which was freshly emerged and in numbers. Nymphalis io L. was found in its larval stage, whilst the larva of the beetle Cassida viridis L. was found on water mint. Both male and female Diacrisia sannio L. were taken and the footman Cybosia mesomella L. was reported. Other Lepidoptera seen were: Pararge aegeria L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Vanessa atalanta L., Aglais urticae L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., Sterrha dimidiata Hufn., Lithina chlorosata Scop., Crambus hortuellus Hubn., C. perlellus Scop., Agriphila geniculea Haw., Nephopteryx palumbella F., Scoparia basistrigalis Knaggs and Tortrix viridana L. Mr. T. R. Eagles reported the following plants: Equisetum fluviatile L., Epilobium tetragonum L., Veronica beccabunga L., Mentha aquatica L., Scutellaria galericulata L., Sparganium ramosum Huds., Typha latifolia L., Scirpus sylvaticus L., Carex paniculata L. and C. remota L. At the end of the day the party was entertained by the leader and Mrs. Odd at “Herons Ghyll”, and thanks are due to them for a most enjoyable tea. NEW FOREST, HANTS—15th July 1962. Leader: Mr. L. W. SiGGs. A cloudy day with promise of thundery showers in the afternoon following on a day of violent thunderstorms in London probably deterred some members from setting out, and only one member arrived by train at Brockenhurst to be met by the leader and one other local member. All were lepidopterists and it was decided, as transport was available, to go to Roe Wood Enclosure instead of Parkhill. Although the weather remained cloudy, it was warm and Fabriciana (Argynnis) cydippe L. was flying in quantity. Argynnis paphia L. was only just emerging and a few males were seen, aS were a few Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Argynnis aglaia L.). Clossiana selene Schiff. was still about, but few were fresh. Aphantopus hyperantus L. were coming out well. Also seen were Pararge aegeria L., Maniola jurtina L., M. tithonus L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Diacrisia sannio L. and Plusia gamma L. The highlight of the day was the capture of four examples of the local moth Sterrha muricata Hufn. flying low over the bracken. HAM STREET, KENT—22nd July 1962. Leader: Mr. J. M. CHaLMERS-HUuNnT. Some 15 people attended this meeting, which took place at Orlestone Woods, and was blessed with spells of sunshine and fairly warm dry weather, but would have been more pleasant had there been less wind. 96 Among the Lepidoptera noted were the following: Lasiocampa quercus L., a single male flying wildly; Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop., several; also lots of larvae such as Notodonta ziczac L. and Clostera curtula L. on the aspens. Butterflies were very sparse, including only a few each of Maniola tithonus L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., and Thymelicus lineola Ochs. A single example of the aberration caeca Fuchs of A. hyperantus L. was taken by Mr. P. Mathews. Mr. T. R. Eagles observed that when searching aspens he saw many examples of the disfigurement caused by the gall due to the mite Phytoptus dispar Nal. The same observer also noted the following fungi in one part of the drive which was in the shade: Psathyrella disseminata (Pers.) Fr., in abundance; a group of Hypholoma candolleanum Fr.; one specimen of Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr.; and under logs, Hypoxylon coccineum Bull. After lunch, a number of the party drove over to the Nature Reserve, and under the guidance of Mr. J. B. Phillips, the Warden, were shown the more interesting spots. Among the Lepidoptera noted were Zanclognatha nemoralis F.; Sciaphila branderiana L.; Epagoge (Capua) grotiana F.; Argyresthia brockeella Hubn. Unfortunately, these Nature Conservancy woods are very different from the wonderfully rich and interesting Orlestone Woods (popularly known as “Ham Street’), which are now rapidly deteriorating owing to the activities of the Forestry Commission. SOUTH DOWNS (SAXON DOWN, LEWES)—29th July 1962. Leader: R. C. Dyson. Mr. R. W. J. Uffen, Mr. and Mrs. F. G. Smith and a visitor, Mr. Alexander, met the leader at Lewes Station. Heavy cloud with a temperature of 56°F. (13-3°C.) was not propitious for flying insects, but the weather did improve in the afternoon. The party proceeded by car to the nearest road to Saxon Down and then on foot to the secluded valleys in the downs covered with typical chalkland flora. Considerable grazing by cattle had recently taken place. One of the objects of the meeting was to see the hillside in this choice locality alive with butterflies at this time of year. Unfortunately, the season was nearly a month late and only a few common species were seen. Melanargia galathea L. and Maniola jurtina L. were very scarce, yet the latter was in large numbers in another locality nearby. Only two males of Lysandra coridon Poda were seen while specimens of the first brood of Polyommatus icarus Rott. were still in evidence. Fair numbers of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. were seen in one valley. The large knapweed, Centaurea scabiosa L. was in full flower but only the trypetid flies, out of all the insects associated with this plant could be swept from it. Photographs were taken in colour of Ceriocera cornuta F.; Trypeta colon Meig. and several Urophora spp. were caught. On the open downland few pyralid moths could be taken. Pyrausta cespitalis Schiff. and P. purpuralis L. were the most common. One area, 97 not obviously different from its surroundings, abounded with the tortricid moth, Eana osseana Scop., whose markings varied from heavily radiate to almost obsolete. A hillside of Kidney Vetch, Anthyllis vulneraria L. was swept and a bag of flowerheads was collected for the rare micro moth Coleophora vulnerariae Zell., but without success. Plants noted included: Melampyrum pratense L. and Phyteuma tenerum R. Shultz. Tea was taken at a café in the village of Ringmer, and afterwards two members moved off to the Cuckmere river estuary for further collecting. ST. LEONARD’S FOREST, SUSSEX—4th August 1962. Leader: Mr. A. S. WHEELER. Only one member beside the leader attended this meeting on a warm and sunny day worthy of better attendance. It was, however, windy in exposed places. Much of the time was spent in the woodland and in those places cleared ready for planting conifers, to the north of The Goldings. The last hour or more was spent in the vicinity of Newstead Farm where only a few of the many varied habitats in this area were visited. Tea was taken at the nearby Lower Grouse Farm. Among the Lepidoptera noted were Maniola tithonus L., M. jurtina L., Aphantopus hyperantus L. and Thymelcus sylvestris Poda all seen in some numbers; while only a few of the following were seen: Coenonympha pamphilus L., argynnis paphia L., Pieris napi L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Plusia gamma L. and Endotricha flammealis Schiff. HIGHAM MARSHES, KENT—12th August 1962. Leader: Mr. E. E. J. TRUNDELL. This field meeting was held jointly with the Kent Field Club and was again well supported, 18 members and friends being present. Fortunately the day was fine and sunny in marked contrast to the weather of the previous week. Permission was obtained to take cars to the river wall; but the necessity to lock the gates to the marshes had excluded one member held up by the holiday traffic, and he was locked out until rescued around lunch time. Lunch was taken by the river wall and plenty of interest was provided by the traffic on the river. A rebel party led by Dr. Massee and Mr. Wakely gained the allegiance of two-thirds of the party and disappeared for the rest of the afternoon, turning up at tea time at the Chequers, Higham. They reported good results on the whole, but suffered an ignominious defeat at the hands of the caretaker of the “Celatite’ works whilst trespassing on this property in search of Evergestis extimalis Scop. The food plant of this species, 98 Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. was less abundant this year and fewer specimens of the moth were reported. Much time was spent by the coleopterists working ditches near Higham church. In particular Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Water Speedwell) was searched for the weevil Gymnetron villosulum Gyll. The following Lepidoptera were recorded by Messrs. Wakely and Fairclough: Smerinthus ocellata L., larva on sallow; Notodonta ziczac L., larva; Cucullia absinthii L. over a dozen larvae were taken on Artemisia vulgaris L.; Evergestis extimalis Scop., two only; Phalonidia griseana Haw. (Phalonia vectisana Westw.), flying on salterns; Cochylis (Phalonia) hybridella Htibn.; Dichrorampha (Hemimene) politana Guer.; D. (H.) simpliciana Haw.; Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand.; Leucospilapteryx (Acrocercops) omissella Staint. Coleoptera were recorded by Dr. A. M. Massee and Mr. A. E. Gardner as follows: Dyschirius aeneus (Dej.), Agonum marginalis (L.), Bembidion lunulatum (Fourc.), B. genei Kust. s.sp. illigeri Netol., B. varium (Ol.), B. articulatum (Panz.), B. quadripustulatum Serv., B. lampros (Herbst), Metabletus obscuroguttatus (Dufts.), Demetrias imperalis (Germ.), amongst reeds, Colymbetes fuscus (L.), Anthrenus verbasci (L.), Adalia bipunctata (L.), Coccinella septempunctata L., C. undecimpunctata L., Olibrus aeneus (F.), Rhagonycha fulva (Scop.), Lema cyanella (L.), Gastrophysa polygoni (L.), Podagrica fuscipes (F.) associated with Malva sylvestris L., Phaedon cochleariae (F.), associated with Rorippa nasturtium-officinalis (L.) Hayek. (Watercress), P. regnianum Tottenham associated with Watercress, P. armoraciae (L.) associated with Watercress, Prasocuris junci (Brahm) swept at dyke edge, P. phellandrii (L.) also swept at dyke edge Cassida rubiginosa Miull., Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. general sweeping, Ceuthorhynchus erysimi (F.), Ceuthorhynchidius troglodytes (F.) general sweeping, Poophagus sisymbrii (F.) associated with Watercress, Baris scolopacea Germ. associated with Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aell. (Sea Purslane), Apion semivittatum Gyll. on Mercuralis annua L. (Annual Mercury), and A. hookeri Kirby. ' Dr. Massee also recorded the following Hemiptera: Heterogaster urticae (F.) in nettle bed by the church, Orthotylus moncreaffi (Dougl. & Scott) associated with Sea Purslane, Anthocoris nemorum (L.) by general sweep- ing, Lygus rugulipennis Popp. by general sweeping, Pithanus maerkeli (H.-S.) sweeping grass, and Nabis (Stalia) major (Costa) on the salt marsh. DRUIDS GROVE, SURREY—18th August, 1962. Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY. Moving off from Boxhill Station, the party proceeded across the meadow bordering the River Mole to Norbury Park and Druids Grove. On the way several specimens of Nemapogon (Tinea) corticella Curt. and Pammene fasciana L. (juliana Curt.) were found at rest on the trunks of some large oak trees. A large patch of Chrysanthemum (Tanacetum) 99 vulgare L. (Tansy) and, on nettles, masses of Cuscuta europaea L. (Large Dodder) was also noted. On reaching the woods some interesting fungi were found including: Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Fr., I. Patouillardii Bres. (showing red where- ever damaged), Marasmius foetidus (Sow.) Fr. (a species with a revolting smell), Boletus variegatus (Swartz) Fr., Panus stipicus (Bull.) Fr., Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) Fr. and other common species. On higher ground a fine Polygonia c-album L. was admired while sunning itself on a leaf. Among marjoram swarms of Pyrausta (Rhodaria) aurata Scop. were noted. A single larva of Drepana cultraria F. was spotted on a beech leaf. Very small larvae of Ethmia decembuttella Hubn. were found on plants of Gromwell. Lunch was had on the grassy slopes overlooking Mickleham and Boxhill. Hereabouts three nice specimens of Perinephela verbascalis Schiff. were netted among the wood sage and several larvae of Oidaematophorus carphodactyla Hubn. were found feeding in the flower- heads of Inula conyza DC. Imagines of Yponomeuta plumbella Schiff. were also seen among the spindle bushes. The orchid Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz was abundant and in flower. There were also many plants of a species which at first puzzled the party. They were nearly all in seed, but luckily one was discovered still in flower. It became clear that it was Monotropa hypopithys L (Yellow Bird’s-nest), a plant with no chlorophyll which derives its nourish- ment from the humus of fallen beech leaves by the aid of mycorrhizal fungus. One member who was studying the Coleoptera reported taking a specimen of Epuraea longula Er., quite a rare beetle. Other species he noted were: Abax paralellepipedus Pill. & Mitt., Bradycellus verbasci (Duft.), Dromius quadrimaculatus (L.), Cercyon analis (Payk.), Lathridius nodifer Westw., Endomychus coccineus (L.), Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.), Eusphalerum luteum (Marsh.) (Anthobium ophthalmicum Payk.), Anobium fulvicorne Sturm., Agriotes pallidulus (Ill.), Chrysolina polita (L.), Hermaeophaga mercurialis (F.), Rhynchaenus (Orchestes) fagi (L.), and Anthonomus rubi (Herbst). TROTTISCLIFFE, KENT—25th August 1962. Leader: Dr. A. M. MAssEEr. About a dozen members and their friends assembled at Wrotham Station for this meeting. From the station they were motored towards Trottiscliffe as far as cars could go. Then there was a short walk along a track which was formerly part of the Pilgrim’s Way to the collecting ground, a hillside on the chalk. It was a dry day and fairly sunny apart from some threatening clouds which passed over about lunch time. Some members spent the day searching among the herbage; others resorted to sweeping. On this occasion the latter process seemed to be more profitable. The list of 100 Hemiptera and Coleoptera’ is:—HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Calocoris sexguttatus (F.) v. insularis Reuter, C. roseomaculatus (Deg.), Tingis reticulata H.-S., Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter), Systellonotus trigut- tatus (L.), Dicyphus stachydis Reuter, Podops inuncta (F.), Palomena prasina (L.), Stalia boops (Schidd.), Pilophorus perplexus Dougl. & Scott, Anthocoris nemorum L., Mecomma ambuians (Fall.). COLEOPTERA: Apion atomarium Kirby, A. millum Bach, Tychius junceus (Reich.), Miarus graminis (Gyll.), Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), Acalles ptinoides (Marsh.), Ceuthorhynchus marginatus (Payk.), Microlestes maurus (Sturm), Galerucella viburni Payk., Cryptocephalus hypochoeridis (L.), Chrysolina staphylea (L.), Batophila rubi (Payk.), Aphthona venustula Kuts., Phyllo- treta atra (F.), Longitarsus obliteratus Rosen., L. exoletus (L.), and Byturus urbanus (Lindeman) (tomentosus (auct. nec (F.)). While searching for Hemiptera the mosses Fissidens taxifolius Hedw., Camptothecium lutescens (Hedw.) Brid. and Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt. were noted as plentiful. On the grasses were many ovisacs. These puzzled the members of the party and so some were taken to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) where they were determined as Eriopeltis festucae (Fonscol.) (Homoptera, Coccoidea). This is a yellow-brown insect found on grassses. It completes its white wax ovisac by August or September. There were many plants of the chalk, the most attractive being Gentianella amarella (L.) H. Sm. (Felwort) which was photographed by one of the ladies present. Eleven species of butterfly were noted and the larva of Erynnis tages L. was found on Lotus corniculatus L. The following moths were seen: Acasis viretata Htibn. (Geometridae), Eupithecia denotata Hutbn. (Geometridae) (small larvae were common in seedheads of Campanula trachelium (L.), Stenoptilia zophodactyla Dup. (Pterophoridae) (one bred from a larva found in seedheads of Centaurium erythraea Rafn.), Ypsolophus sequellus Clerck (Plutellidae), Lithocolletis nigrescentella Log. (a few larvae of this very local species found in leaves of Vicia sepium L.), Coleophora siccifolia Staint. (Coleophoridae). The last named was scarce on hawthorn and absent from hazel. The portable cases are com- plete leaves rolled at one edge into a tube where the larva lives and C. silenella H.-S. (cases on seed heads of Silene cucubalus Wibel). The usual grasshoppers were much in evidence including Gomphocerip- pus rufus (L.), Chorthippus paralellus (Zett.), the ubiquitous C. bicolor (Charp.), and Stenobothrus lineatus (Panzer). The longhorned grasshopper Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) occurred in the grass Brachypodium pinnatum (L. Beauv.) around quite small clumps of scrub. After a most enjoyable day the party left early as tea could not be obtained. OTFORD, KENT—2nd September 1962. Leader: Mr. E. E. J. TRUNDELL. This meeting, held jointly with the Kent Field Club, was well sup- ported, 14 members and friends being present. 101 The day turned out to be the second hottest of the summer and collecting was hard work on the steep slopes of the North Downs. Most of the native butterflies for which this area has been well-known for so long were present, Lysandra coridon Poda and L. bellargus Rott. being abundant. It was surprising, however, that Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Argynnis aglaia L.) and Eumenis semele L. were not seen; the latter has been very scarce for years in this, apparently ideal, habitat. It is common enough on the adjacent hillsides further to the west. After a very enjoyable but hot day most of the party reported at the Old Guest House for tea half an hour before it was ordered, this is a reversal of the usual practice when a search party often has to be organised to round up the stragglers. The following lists of species observed have been supplied :— PuLants: Daphne lawreola L., Rosa canina L., R. stylosa Desv. and R. micrantha Borrer ex Sm. Immense brackets of the fungus Ganoderma applanatum Pat., were searched for beetles. COLEOPTERA. Over 20 species were recorded by Dr. P. J. L. Roche of which the following are of the greatest interest: Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt., a recent introduction from South Australia now common in the south of England; Endomychus coccineus (L.), Aphodius aestivalis Steph. (foetens F. auct. nec F.), A. rufescens F. (rufus Moll.), A. borealis Gyll., Rhinosimus ruficollis (L.), Galerucella viburni (Payk.) and Apion flavi- manum Gyll. which was very local. LEPIDOPTERA. The more interesting were: Lysandra coridon Poda; L. bellargus Rott.; Vanessa cardui L., a few fresh examples; Maniola tithonus L., very common; Thymelicus lineola Ochs., common. The egg of L. bellargus Rott. was found on the foodplant Hippocrepis comosa lL. (Horse- shoe Vetch) and was photographed by Miss C. McDermott and a colour transparency prepared. BOX HILL, SURREY—8th September, 1962. Leaders: Messrs. R. M. Payne and R. W. J. UFFENn. This meeting proved very fragmentary. Some members decided to go elsewhere for the morning, and one could not come until the after- noon. Only the leaders showed any interest in the declared object cf re-acquainting themselves with the grasshoppers which abound here. The day was at first cool with only occasional sunshine. The acridid grasshoppers refused to stridulate, and those near the top of the grass were mostly females. By contrast, Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) was noisily displaying itself in a sheltered lane on the way to the scarp from Pixham Mill. Leptophyes punctatissima ‘Bosc.) and Meconema thalassi- num (Deg.) were beaten with Forficula auricularia L., the only species of earwig noted. On the scarp above Pixham Mill Gomphocerus rufus (L.) was the commonest grasshopper. Further west, Chorthippus brunneus Thunb. took over. Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) was very restricted on 102 the ground visited. Chorthippus paralellus (Zett.) and Stenobothrus lineatus (Panz.) were also common, but no ground suitable for Omocestus viridulus (L.) was examined. The Autumn Lady’s Tresses, Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevali was in flower in several places amongst the Eyebright (Euphrasia sp.). Roses in- cluded Rosa rubiginosa L. and R. micrantha Borrer ex Sm. Eight members assembled at tea-time and left the area via the valley containing the zig-zag road. On the way, larvae of Euphyia cuculata Hufn. and one half-grown Macroglossum stellatarum L. were found on Galium verum L. Those who had been elsewhere were pleased to be shown Thesium humifusum DC. plentiful in fruit and flower on White Down with its characteristic hemipteron Sehirus dubius (Scop.). The bugs were mostly red, immature forms, but the bluish imago was also taken. DOWNE, KENT—16th September, 1962. Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. This meeting, held jointly with the Kent Field Club, was fairly well attended, about a dozen members being present. The weather was pleasant with a fair amount of sun. Towards the end of the afternoon it clouded over, but fortunately the rain kept off. Temperature was moderate for the time of the year and the wind slight. The party worked the chalk downs and adjoining woody scrub to the south-east of the village. Among the more interesting Lepidoptera noted were: Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., two larvae beaten from maple by Mr. R. B. Wallis; Acleris (Peronea) schalleriana L., larvae fairly numerous in leaves of Viburnum lantana L.; Coleophora discordella Zell., a single case on Lotus corniculatus L.; and C. siccifolia Staint. Mr. Ufien found clear evidence of where larval cases had been on leaves of hawthorn, but we were probably a month too late and none was actually found. Dr yBa we Macnulty saw a single male Colias croceus Foure., in an adjoining clover field; he also found the very local plant Verbascum lychnitis L. (White Mullein). Mr. T. R. Eagles noted that as usual the field maples, Acer campestre L., were covered with the little red galls of the mite Phytoptus aceris Kltb.; and adds that there were also the larger galls of another mite, Phytoptus macrochelus Nal. The same observer was on the look-out for fungi, and saw the notable earth-star, Geaster triplex Jungh., under the beech trees at the top of the hill; also a group of Hypholoma candol- leanum Fr. lower down. The following is a list of Coleoptera noted, and supplied by Dr. P. Roche: Cychrus caraboides (L.) ab. rostratus (L.), Agonum dorsale (Pont.), Pterostichus madidus (F.), P. melanarius (Ill.), Harpalus rufipes (Deg.), Licinus depressus (Payk.), Badister bipustulatus (F.), Bembidion quadrimaculatum (L.), Demetrias atricapillus (L.), Paederus littoralis 103 Grav., Quedius laevicollis Boisd. (tristis (Grav.)), Q. picipes (Mann.), Philonthus politus (L.) (aeneus Rossi nec Deg.), Stenus impressus Germ., Sermylassa halensis (L.), Galerucella viburni (Payk.), Cryptocephalus aureolus Suff., Hermaeophaga mercurialis (F.), Chaetocnema hortensis (Geof.), Coccinella septempunctata L., Thea vigintiduopunctata (L.), Coccinella undecimpunctata L. Rhyzobius litura F., Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt., Corticaria serrata (Payk.), Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.) (boletophagum Marsh.), Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), Apion dichrowm Bedel (flavipes Payk.), A. flavimanum Gyll., A. filirostre Kirby, A. ervi A. loti Kirby, and A. tenwe Kirby. BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—22nd September, 1962. Leader: Mr. T. R. EAGLEs. Mr. F. M. Struthers should have been the leader but was unable to come. Seven members attended. The day was reasonably warm with a fair amount of sunshine and no rain The party divided because some were interested in the microlepi- doptera and made for the open parts to the west of the Common, while the coleopterists were drawn to the ponds. The first microlepidoptera to be collected were Caloptilia stigmatella F. The larvae were on white poplar where the road bridge crosses the railway. Here the plant Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. was noticed. On the Common, were many plants of Angelica sylvestris L., beautiful patches of Silawm silaus (L.) Schinz. & Thell. and plenty of Achillea ptarmica L. and agrimony. Most plants of the last-named were Agri- monia eupatoria L., but the scarcer A. odorata (Gouan) Mill. was also represented. The scrub oaks here were heavily galled by several species, mostly the little button gall, Neuwroterus numismatis Geoff., agamic generation. On these trees were noticed the empty larval spinnings of Acleris ferrugana Schiff. (fissurana Pierce). The angelica seed heads yielded only one pug larva, but under the leaves were plenty of larvae of Epermenia testacella Hubn. (chaerophyllella Goeze). On sorrel leaves were the serpentine mines of Stigmella acetosae Staint. Larvae of Acleris boscana F. were found on the elms. Odontites verna (Bell.) Dum. (Red Bartsia) was plentiful alongside the wider tracks, and plants were gathered in the hope of rearing Perizoma bifasciata Haw. The fungus season had started, but was not fully under way. How- ever, some 30 species were noted including beautiful clusters of Clavaria cristata Pers. and two fine specimens of Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. TRING MUSEUM—29th September, 1962. Leader: Mr. A. L. GOopDsoN. This meeting was cancelled. 104 ADDINGTON, SURREY—6th October 1962. Leader: Mr. N. WiLDING. Only two members, including the leader, attended this meeting, prob- ably due to the weather being dull and cold. We met a third member while having tea in the local café. He had been collecting during the afternoon and we had missed him. The wind was negligible and extensive mists were observed hanging just over the stubble fields. No insects were seen on the wing and collecting was limited to sweeping. Galls and fungi were also searched for. Mr. Eagles noted the following fungi: Phallus impudicus Pers., Clitocybe clavipes Pers., Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., and Pluteolus aleuriatus Fr., an interesting species which Mr. Eagles had not seen before. In addition there were the normal common species associated with chalk and woodland. There were many varieties of Rosa canina L. and R. stylosa Desv. Other interesting plants included Malva moschata L. (Musk Mallow), which was very common, and Reseda luteola L. Hemiptera (Heteroptera) taken by sweeping included: Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), Phytocoris varipes Boh., P. dimidiatus Kirschbaum, Dicyphus annulatus (Wollf.), Nabis rugosus (L.), Tingis ampliata (H.-S.), Rhopalus subrufus (Gmel.). The most interesting being D. annulatus (Wollf.), a minute mirid bug usually found on restharrow in sandy coastal areas. OXSHOTT, SURREY—14th October 1962. Leader: Mr. T. R. EaGtes. The day was dry with very little wind and some sunshine. Twenty-two members and visitors attended. There were fungus students, fungus eaters, coleopterists, dipterists, macrolepidopterists and microlepidopterists. Among the visitors were Paulene Walker, Peter Holland and L. Holyday of the London Natural History Society and Mr. and Mrs. Stannard of the Middlesex Schools’ Gardening and Rural Studies Association. Beating for larvae of the larger moths was very productive. The species taken included Notodonta ziczac L., N. dromedarius L., Clostera curtula J.., Macrothylacia rubi L., Drepana falcataria L., D. lacertinaria L., Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. and Biston betularia L. The coleopterists tended to keep near the station and to work among the heather and ling for Amara infima (Dufts.). Examples of this were taken and, omitting the commoner species, the following:—Leistus spinibarbis (F.), Nebria salina Fair. & Lab. (degenerata Schaufuss, iberica Ol.), Stenolophus mixtus (Herbst) (vespertinus Panz.), Calathus ambiguus (Payk.) (fuscus (F.)), Agonum gracile (Gyll.), Anthocomus rufus (Herbst) near the Black Pond and Tetratoma fungorum F. Mr. G. C. D. Griffiths, who has been away for a long time, attended with his wife. His note is as follows:—‘‘The type of country at Oxshott 105 does not contain much in the way of agromyzids, due to the fairly monotonous vegetation. The only species noted on the dominant plants were Agromyza alnibetulae Hendel on Betula pendula Roth (verrucosa Ehrh.) and Cerodonta sp. (probably pygmaea Meigen) on Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. I also picked up on the roadside, which we crossed, two species on Dactylis glomerata L.: these were Cerodonta pygmaea Meigen and Agromyza sp. ? ambigua Fall. In stems of Arctium lappa L. near the road were found puparia of Melanagromyza lappae Loew.”. Mr. Holland held a full-grown grass-snake (Natrix natrix L.) by the tail for the party to admire. Apparently it can be done with safety with this species but not so with the Adder (Vipera berus L.). The latter is able to turn upwards and strike. Luckily there are other methods of distin- guishing the two. Mr. Holland’s list of the species he noted was a great help to the leader. Moreover he sent two species of “Hydnum” to Kew and they will be found in the list of species under their new names Hydnellum and Phellodon. From this list too it will be seen that there were plenty of bolets for the fungus eaters. A find of special interest was made by Mr. F. T. Vallins, a clump of Omphalia maura, in the list as Myxomphalia maura (Fr.) Hora. Fungi noted were as follows:—Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Gray, A. fulva (Schaeff.) Secr., A. muscaria (L.) Hooker, A. rubescens (Pers.) Fr., Boletus badius Fr., B. bovinus L., B. chrysenteron Bull., B. edulis Bull., B. scaber Bull., B. testaceoscaber Secr., B. variegatus Sow., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Collybia butyracea (Bull.) Kummer, Coprinus lagopus Fr., Cortinarius elatior Fr., C. semisanguineus (Fr.) Gillet, C. hemitrichus (Pers.) Fr., C. scandens Fr., C. torvus Fr., Galerina hypnorum (Shrank) Kuhn., G. mycenopsis (Fr.) Kithn., Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire, Hebeloma crustuliforme (Bull.) Quel., H. mesophaeum (Pers.) Quel., Hygrophoropis aurantiaca (Fr.) Maire, Hygrophorus miniatus Fr., H. puniceus Fr., Hypholoma_ fasciculare (Huds.) Kummer, Laccaria amethystea (Bull.) Murr., L. laccata (Scop.) Cooke, Lactarius blennius Fr., L. mitissimus Fr., L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr., L. quietus Fr., L. rufus (Scop.) Fr., L. torminosus (Schaeff.) Fr., L. turpis (Weinm.) Fr., L. vietus Fr., Marasmius epiphyllus (Pers.) Fr., Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray, M. galopus (Pers.) Kummer, Myxomphalia maura (Fr.) Hora, Nolanea staurospora Bres., Pauxillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr., Pholiota carbonaria (Fr.) Sing., Psathyrella hydrophila (Bull.) Maire, P. spadiceogrisea (Fr.) Maire, Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kummer, Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britz., R. claroflava Grove, R. emetica (Schaeff.) Gray, R. fragilis (Pers.) Fr., R. nigricans (Bull.) Fr., R. ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr., Tricholoma fulvum (DC.) Sacc., T. sulphureum (Bull.) Kummer, Polypors perennis Fr., P. betulinus Fr., Fomes annosus Cooke, Polystictus versicolor Fr., Merulius tremellosus Schrad., Hydnellum scrobiculatum Fr., Phellodon melaleucus Fr., Thelephora laciniata Pers., Stereum hirsutum Pers., S. purpureum Pers., Calocera viscosa Fr., Scleroderma aurantium Pers., Peziza vesiculosa Bull, and Claviceps purpurea Tul. 106 THE GENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARICIA AGESTIS (SCHIiFF.) AND ITS SSP. ARTAXERXES (F.) By ke We es JAR WIS e8.SC.4 EVRsEES Since 1955 I have attempted a study by comparative methods of the races of Aricia agestis (Schiff.) inhabiting Britain, but in the last two years a method of suspending larval diapause has been used to give the more definite results described in this paper. A brief account of the distribution of A. agestis is necessary to set the picture. The species can be divided into two groups:— 1. A bivoltine race, widely distributed, mainly on chaik or limestone, to the south of a line from the Wash to South Wales and extending northwards in the coastal areas of Wales and Lincolnshire. There appears to be a hiatus roughly a hundred miles wide through the Midlands for which no good records can be obtained. 2. A univoltine population found locally on sites where Helianthemum is present from South Yorkshire and Derbyshire to Co. Durham and westwards from the Pennines to Westmorland. The species now appears to be absent from Northumberland and Cumberland but is represented in Scotland by ssp. artaxerxes (I*.) characterized by white discoidal spots on both surfaces and white discal spots with occasional black pupillation on the underside. Distribution is again local and mainly on the eastern side of Scotland. The northern univoltines tend to form colonies and at times, are, or rather were, locally abundant. In common with many other species A. agestis has shown a decline in recent years. In 1960 a small colony was discovered in Sutherland by Mr. L. Christie and Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie—the most northerly site yet recorded. On a short strip of the Durham coast south of Sunderland occurs the interesting overlap population described as “salmacis” by Stephens in 1831. The principal characteristic of this coastal race is the regular occurrence of roughly 5 per cent of ssp. artaxerzes. The above grouping is based on the accepted status of A. agestis, making the bivoltine southern English agestis nominotypical leaving the univoltine artaxerxes as the only subspecies, but it now appears preferable to consider all the northern univoltines as a subspecific group. On the Durham coast one member (artaxerxes) has overlapped the territory of another (northern agestis). This is a situation by definition not normally acceptable but as artaxerxes maintains its integrity in this area the designation “f. artaxerxes” seems inadequate at this stage. Helianthemum chamaecistus Mill is the usual foodplant but larvae in the south of England feed naturally on Erodium cicutarium L. and on the 107 annual or biennial Geraniums. On the Durham coast there is evidence that Geranium sanguineum L., which grows abundantly in the same areas as Helianthemum, is a foodplant. In captivity all races of A. agestis, in- cluding ssp. artaxerxes can be reared on various native Geranium species. “Salmacis”’, if the term can be used provisionally, can be distinguished from even the colonies found a few miles inland in Durham. Apart from the artaxerxes fraction there are discoidal spot aberrations so far recorded only from the Durham coast; the upper surface ground colour is nearly black whilst undersides in both sexes are decidedly brown—a colour which has only been obtained otherwise by rearing pupae from Royston, Herts., at 85°-90°F (30°-33°C)*. A character of the northern univoltines, including artaxerxes, is the tendency to reduction in size and number of the upper side orange lunules. In the north of England the form albiannulata Harr. (white seales surrounding the upper side forewing discoidal spot) is common. VOLTINISM AND PHOTO-PERIOD Voltinism, or the number of broods which an insect produces yearly in its normal environment, appears to be a genetic property evolved within the balance of temperature, available foodplant and hours of daylight. In the northern half of Britain agestis is univoltine; in the south bivoltine. If northern agestis and artaxerxes are reared in the south they retain their univoltinism in spite of higher temperatures. Young larvae enter diapause in the autumn about the same date as the southern second brood larvae, but if the amount of daylight to which ova and larvae are subjected is increased above a critical figure, diapause is suspended and growth is continuous. A similar result is obtained with southern agestis which can be induced artificially by extended daily light to produce complete third emergences. Further research is necessary to define actual latitudinal photo-periods for diapause threshold, but I have used the method of keeping ova from the day of oviposition, and the resulting larvae, in continuous light at 70°-75°F (21°-25°C) to obtain a succession of generations. This would have been impossible by normal Over-wintering during diapause as agestis is unfortunately one of the species which are very difficult to bring through the winter. To obtain 20 per cent of imagines after diapause is exceptional; usually the per- centage is much lower. Such results are useless for statistical work. A method which ensures that most of the eggs laid reach maturity is to be welcomed as a research tool. Experimentally I found that bivoltines from Royston suspend diapause if exposed to 16-5 hours of light in each 24 hours. Durham agestis pass into diapause with this light period. In July 1959 nine larvae hatched from ova collected on the Durham coast were given 18 hours of light daily. Two produced imagines in September; two larvae entered diapause in Instar IV and the remainder in Instar III. Evidently 18 hours was insufficient to suspend diapause completely. So in July 1960 a further *The centigrade figures are approximate only. 108 batch of Durham ova was subjected to continuous light. All developed without diapause. This method has been used without failure for a number of broods since that date. As a working definition it is suggested that the ‘Diapause light threshold” (or photo period) is the period between sunrise and sunset, plus one hour in the south of England and two hours in the north of Scotland, at the date of the peak of emergence of the last complete (or only) brood in an average year. Supplementary light is supplied by a 60-watt bulb eight inches from the subject. The following figures are tentatively produced from experiment and extrapolation from sunrise/sunset tables. Minimum Diapause Date For Agestis Group Locality Threshold Threshold Light Value I SOUTHERN | Bivoltine Sussex Hampshire 15 hrs 50 min 10th August Bivoltine Royston 15 hrs 50 min 15th August Univoltine fraction Royston (Herts) 17 hrs 50 min 20th June Il Univoltines Durham 18 hrs 10 min 15th July Univoltines artaxerxes Hawick (S. Scotland) 18 hrs 30 min 15th July Univoltines artaxerxes Sutherland (N. Scotland) 19 hrs 40 mi = n 20th July If the larvae can develop beyond the normal diapause stage before the threshold date is reached, or are kept artificially above the threshold, uninterrupted development occurs providing a temperature somewhat above the summer average is maintained. Bivoltinism is normal in A. agestis in the south of England because temperatures are sufficiently high to give the first emergences in late May or early June, thus enabling another generation to mature in the following two months while daylight is still above the diapause threshold. Theoretically bivoltines could exist in the north where summer daylight is longer, but lower regional temperatures would delay first emergence until the end of June or eariy July. The ensuing generation could not emerge before the end of September, by which time temperatures would be too low for pairing and oviposition and larval growth to the stage of diapause. Climate thus sets a northern limit for bivoltines through the Midland counties. The southward spread of univoltines from Scotland and northern England is probably checked, paradoxically, by higher temperatures. Assuming that female agestis from Durham had been transferred to East Anglia and had produced sufficient larvae to survive the winter, in the 109 next spring development would start sufficiently early to produce emergences well before midsummer, but the shorter southern daylight would induce an early diapause with the result that the young larvae would be liable to dessication in the hot months of July and August. This actually happened in 1949, when I was living in Surrey. Early in July Mr. Jefferson sent me a quantity of ova from a Durham female. These were sleeved on Helianthemum in the garden. Hatching com- menced on 18th July and by 30th July the larvae were moulting into Instar II, but by 14th August all the larvae, having prematurely entered diapause, were dead and shrivelled. Temperatures were in the 80’s— well above summer average. Two hours less daylight and high temperatures had produced diapause before the necessary growth to Instar III, and consequent metabolic changes, had been completed. In the cooler northern environment diapause would have been entered normally in the middle of September. Rising temperatures over a period would not prevent the northward spread of bivoltines, but the southward movement of univoltines through a region which is slowly cooling seems likely to be governed by the rate at which they can adapt themselves to a shorter photo-period. Southward movement has obviously occurred during the final phases of the Pleistocene. Artaxerxes has spread into Durham from southern Scotland and there is a small admixture of univoltine agestis as far south as Royston but the tendency seems to be for latitudinal stratification into local races in the north of Britain. The southern bivoltines which are probably of recent Continental origin appear to be homogeneous through- out their British range. The disinclination of A. agestis to move from its established sites is both gratifying and frustrating; gratifying because local characters are likely to be preserved for long periods without external admixture; frustrating because linking colonies along the lines of ancient drift are apt to disappear. This has happened both with the southward movement of artaxerxes into Durham and the infiltration of forms carrying southern characters northwards from the Lincolnshire coast. In theory we should expect to find colonies on the Northumberland coast where artaxerzxes increases to 100 per cent at the Scottish border but unfortunately the links in the chain of distribution seem to be broken. G. Bolam, referring to years prior to 1925 gives several localities, apparently for artaxerzes in inland sites in the Berwick area, along the coast from Berwick to St Abb’s Head but his most southerly locality is Bamburgh. Thereafter is a long gap to the south of Sunderland. From the south there is a fair continuity as far north as Scunthorpe with the possibility of a colony of agestis on the north bank of the Humber. There are records of agestis near Scarborough and then another long break to the Durham coast. Industrial development in the last century has undoubtedly aggravated the process of extinction but it is difficult to understand why suitable localities on the Northumberland coast have been depopulated. A few years ago an extensive grass fire almost obliterated the colony at Sherburn Hill, Co. Durham. Possibly this could have happened on the 110 coast when fire raising was an operational technique with the Viking raiders! Whatever may be the reasons for isolation, the diminishing remnant of ‘‘salmacis” is worthy of preservation before it is too late. RACIAL AND SUB-SPECIFIC CHARACTERS From the examination of about 1,000 larvae reared in similar conditions from a number of broods I have no doubt that the various races of agestis possess characteristic larval colourings. Small, but constant, differences are present between the southern and northern groups from the first instar but it is at maturity that the colour distinctions are most obvious in the spiracular region. Below the spiracles a ridge extends the length of the body. On all the segments except the first there is in most races a coloured zone bordering the ridge above and below. The lower shading is usually the deeper in tone. Frohawk’s description of a white ridge bordered with rich rose pink and purplish pink is applicable to bivoltine agestis found in the south of England, and Buckler’s definition of the spiracular region of artaxerxes as a pinkish white stripe bordered with rose pink is accurate but these are the only larval forms which apparently have been described. It is often contended that larval colours are unreliable and subject to changing temperatures, foodplant and crowding, but I have subjected agestis larvae to warm and cool conditions, raised them on Helianthemum and an assortment of Geraniaceae; kept them solitary and in a crowd but the pattern has been unaffected to the extent that 1 am satisfied that the colours observed are genetic and not environmental. The majority of my larvae have been reared indoors at temperatures between 60°F (15-5°C) and 70°F (21°C) on Helianthemum and G. rotundifolium L. in the same conditions of lighting and humidity. Permanent records have been made with coloured drawings. My wife, who possesses a good colour sense, has checked these against the larvae for accuracy. The results are in the table opposite. It is interesting that the Sutherland artaxerxes larvae possessed no pink or purple shading and more closely resembled the Sherburn agestis than the Hawick artaxerzes. A distinction between southern agestis and all the northern races is the colouring of the small tubercles and setae that cover the body surface. In the first instar both these features in the southern race are blackish brown; in the north the tubercles are light brown with whitish setae. At maturity both series of colouring have become paler but the difference is still obvious. PUPAE As the colourings of all the northern pupae are similar it is only necessary at this stage to differentiate between the southern and northern groups. The colours described became duller after a few days. 111 ADULT LARVAE IN FINAL INSTAR V “Number of Race Sub-spiracular Shading above and below larvae and ridge the ridge year examined Southern Light pinkish Broad purple-crimson 1957 (Sussex / purple 1958 Hampshire) 1959 1960 (360) Royston =) (a) As Sussex/ 1957 Hants (princi- 1958 pal form) 1959 (b) White Deep purple 1960/1 — (ess than 10%) (400) (c) White No shading other than 1961 deeper green 2 larvae only from homozy- gous albi- annulata brood. Northern Sherburn (7 miles inland White or pale grey, from Durham coast) All northern shadings are narrower than in southern larvae. No shading other than deeper green (minor- ity). Majority, grey above ridge, deep green below, in a few larvae deep grey above and below spiracular ridge 1961 brood from 2 females. (82 larvae) Durham Coast (a) White (b) Greyish white No shading other than deeper green (about 20% of larvae) Grey (60%) of various tones 1958 1959 1960 1961 (180) (ec) White Dull purple (approx. 18%) (d) White Brownish pink (probably One wild larva about 5%) which produced artaxerxes male, 1960. artaxerxes White tinged Rose pink or brownish pink 1957 Southern with pink above and below 1958 Scotland (84) (Hawick) artaxerxes Pale greyish Little or no shading (20%), 1960 Sutherland buff deep brownish grey above 25 larvae and below (80%) 112 SOUTHERN AGESTIS Head, leg and wing sheaths dull olive or greyish brown. Thorax olive brown. Abdomen light yellow brown; wide rose-coloured sub-spiracular band divided by a paler zone; deep purple brown dorsal line. Anteriorly the eyes are bordered by a thick curved blackish line with a width equal to half the diameter of the eye. NORTHERN GROUP Head, leg and wing sheaths pale green tinged with faint shades of either yellow, bluish or grey. The thorax is usually light olive yellow; abdomen pale buff. In some instances there are small brown or pink flecks in the spiracular region. The dark border to the eyes is less than one-fifth of the eye diameter and in many pupae is absent. It was noticed that pupae from the Durham coast were more slender than those from the south of England when the two series were placed together. Therefore to ascertain if this character was constant all pupae as they became available were measured. The dimensions chosen were the length measured dorsally and the width across the dorsum at the junction of thorax and abdomen; as the pupae are rigid there is no possibility of error due to movement. The width was divided into the length and the result was termed the “pupal ratio”. Ratios for each brood were averaged and a final average was taken for each race. It was observed that there was little difference between the sexes and between individuals; the female abdomen was broader but the body length remained constant :— PupaL Ratios Southern Group Northern Group Arundel (Sussex) 2°95 Durham coastal 3°20 Royston bivoltine 2:90 Inland Durham (Sherburn) 3:07 Royston univoltine 2-92 Artaxerxes (S. Scotland) 3:05 Artaxerxes (Sutherland) 3:06 There is no large difference between the southern and northern group except in the case of the coastai Durham race. This greater length of abdomen is noticeable in imagines when fresh specimens are on the setting board but measurements of dried butterflies are unreliable because of distortion and contraction. This would be a morphological character peculiar to this race. CROSS-PAIRING EXPERIMENTS On 22nd September 1960, a pairing was obtained between a Sutherland artaxerxes male and a Durham coastal type female. Seventy ova were deposited in the next few days on Helianthemum. Kept at an average temperature of 70°F (21°C) in continuous light, ova commenced to hatch on 20th October. Larvae were reared on G. rotundifolium. Growth of the majority was completed by the end of October but five larvae were rather slow and did not pupate until a month later. These larvae at 113 maturity possessed deep red-purple shading to the spiracular ridge re- sembling the form found normally in the south of England, but the remaining 57 larvae at full growth showed a colouring intermediate be- tween the Sutherland and Durham forms. After the final moult the spiracular ridge was either white or pale fawn with a pink or brown shading, or no shading, above or below the ridge. At maturity the ground colour was deep yellow-green with well-defined lateral chevrons; the dorsal line was dark brown; the thoracic legs brownish grey and prolegs pale grey-brown. The spiracular ridge was dingy white shaded above and below with purple brown of varying intensity. The pupae were rather variable but the majority showed the light grey-green wing sheaths and pale abdominal colouring of Sutherland pupae. The remainder resembled the usual Durham coastal pupae. The anterior blackish; anterior rim to the eye was thin or absent. Pupal ratio 3-05. Curiously two of the pupae from the slow-growing larvae were of the dark southern pattern with a ratio of 2°8. Emergence of the main group was between 11th and 25th November, with the unusual phenomenon of a preponderance of females in the first four days. The smaller group which I think must have passed through a slight feeding diapause emerged between 21st December and 3rd January. The heterozygous imagines totalling 29 males and 33 females could be divided into two main groups depending principally on the ground colour of the females. In Group (a) the female ground colour was medium brown on the upper surface with large marginal lunules. There were traces of albi- annulata scaling in some individuals and a few were ab. garretti Harrison & Carter. In Group (b) the female ground colour was blackish brown from which the smaller orange lunules stood out in sharp contrast. These females were larger than those in (a) with well marked albiannulata scaling. There were a number of border-line specimens between (a) and (b). Undersides were slightly more brown in (b). Males could not be so clearly grouped. Most of them possessed re- duced lunulation and some albiannulata markings. The light brown undersides were almost indistinguishable from the females. Omitting the border line insects there were rather more specimens in Group (a). One interesting fact was the short growth period of Group (a) females which average 53 days; Group (b) averaged 56 days. Males ranged from 52 to 60 days. In other rearing experiments in the same conditions males have always preceded females by four or five days. A pairing was obtained on 15th November between a male from Group (a) and a female from Group (b). Most of the ova died but ten hatched and eventually eight F, imagines emerged between 10th and 22nd January (six males and two females). There were no artaxerxes. This was an inconclusive result owing to the small number of imagines, but in the successful cross pairing in 1961, when there was a large F, generation, ten typical specimens emerged before the first artaxerxes appeared. 114 The wing patterns were a mixture of extreme southern and Durham characters. One male possessed the grey underside colour of the original Sutherland male parent. Owing to the small survival of the F, generation it is impossible to draw any conclusions other than that interfertility is possible between Sutherland artaxerxes and Durham type agestis. There is some evidence to show a varying degree of dominance between larval and imaginal genes. The female Durham parent could have been heterozygous for some southern genes as there seems to be a small infiltration of this stock into northern England, probably dating from the warmer Atlantic period. The very fortunate capture by Mr. T. W. Jefferson on 16th July, 1961, on the Durham coast, of a typical male agestis in cop. with a female artaxerxes with the subsequent rearing of good F, and F, generations produced a result which leaves little doubt that ssp. artaxrerxes in this area is a simple recessive to the normal typical agestis occurring in Co. Durham. There appear to be no records of a similar pairing having previously been observed so that the finding of this pair in a brief sunny interval in an otherwise cloudy day was one of the compensations which come occasionally even to entomologists! The pair were sent to me at Bognor Regis and by 2lst July about 100 ova had been deposited on Helianthemum. From the outset con- tinuous light was used at an average temperature of 75°F (25°C). Hatching commenced on 25th July. At first the young larvae were fed on Helianthemum but after the first moult were reared on G. rotundifolium. Pupation began on 28th August and the emergences, apart from pupae subjected to chilling, were complete by 18th September. The total F, emergence was 36 males and 47 females. LARVAE The adult larvae were pale yellowish green with the usual lateral chevrons and deep brown dorsal line. The sub-spiracular ridge was white. The marginal shading to the ridge ranged from no shading (12 per cent), through pale grey to pale pink. Only one larva possessed deep pink shading. The body tubercles and setae were white. The pale spot on the dorsum of Segment 1 was light brownish grey and the papillae on Segment 11 were the same colour. PUPAE Thorax and wing sheaths pale bluish or iime green; abdomen light buff with traces of red marking in the spiracular region. The anterior dark margin of the eye was narrow. The average pupal ratio was 3-13 but the pupa from the larva shaded deep pink gave a ratio of 2-93. Thirteen of the larvae and pupae appeared to have blended the colouring of the pale Durham form and the artaxerxes from Hawick. IMAGINES The ground colour on the upper surface in both sexes was the blackish 115 brown typical of the Durham coast. Orange marginal lunulation in the males varied from nil to traces of four on the forewings and from three to five on the hindwings. The females possessed the normal! com- plement of lunules reduced in size. DISCOIDAL SPOTS Upper surface—both sexes :— The majority possessed small black discoidal spots with a few white scales at the proximal edge. In several specimens there was a large black discoidal; in four insects the discoidal spot was absent. The undersides were brown in both sexes—brighter in the females. In this heterozygous generation the white discoidal and discal spots characteristic of s.sp. artaxerxes were entirely absent; in fact only one female (which was also ab. garretti Harrison & Carter) showed any approach to ab. albiannulata. It has been maintained in the past, without experimental verification, that albiannulata on the Durham coast was the heterozygote between the typical form and artaxerxes. The appearance of this generation gives little support to that theory. THE F, GENERATION Between 10th and 14th September, 1961, four pairings were obtained from the F, and 180 ova were laid before the females died. Bearing in mind the results in 1960 I wanted as much material as possible in case of mortality in the F,. There was no point in rearing the batches separately and as apparatus entailing continuous light and warmth was limited all were reared together, but to lessen the chances of failure I sent 48 young larvae to Mr. J. Firmin, who reared successfully in similar conditions. Foodplants were Helianthemum and G. rotundifolium. Eighty-eight ova in continuous light began to hatch on 16th September but growth was uneven and pupation was spread over a month from 12th October. Eventually 58 larvae pupated but three larvae in Instar V entered a true diapause, with colour change, at the end of November. Unfortunately these had died by mid-January 1962. There was a high mortality rate. Out of the 86 hatched larvae 28 died, mostly in Instar V, together with two pupae. An emergence of 56 (26 males and 30 females) represents 63.5 per cent of original number of young larvae. Mr Firmin obtained 17 males and 5 females, making a combined total of 43 males and 35 females. CONTROL Forty ova as soon as laid were kept at the normal condition of daylight and temperature. The larvae took 4:5 days longer to hatch than those in continuous light. They were fed on Helianthemum and began to enter diapause in the middle of October in Instar III. Although kept in natural conditions outdoors none survived after the end of January 1962. 116 ANALYSIS OF THE F, GENERATION LARVAE Detailed records were kept of larval colours in the early instars but for the sake of brevity it is proposed only to describe the colourings at maturity in the final instar (V). With the 56 larvae raised by myself there was a slight variation in depth of the green body colour and the dorsal line ranged from medium to dark brown. The sub-spiracular ridge was white with no shading in 20 per cent of the larvae. In the remainder the ridge was white faintly tinged with grey: 24 per cent of the larvae possessed deep purple shading to the ridge and in the remain- ing 56 per cent the shading was either grey or shades of pink. There were several instances where the shading was greyish pink, and at the other end of the pink range some of the deeper colouring approached purple. There was, however, a significant difference between the F, and F, larvae. The majority of F, (88 per cent) were quite uniformly shaded with colours between grey and pink. In the F, generation roughly half the larvae conformed to the heterozygous F, pattern whilst the remainder reproduced the light and dark forms of the Durham coastal types. A few larvae possessed the rose pink shading found in artaxerxes larvae from southern Scotland. Four small groups of mature larvae were segregated with the object of determining if there was any connection between larval and imaginal colours. The results tabulated below were rather inconclusive. Number of Shading and Resulting — Mortality Sithiaid Larvae _s/sp ridge _—sImagines th r 1 4 deep pink 1 artaxerxes 3 2 4 purple 1 normal type 3 3 3 no shading 3 normal type — 4 5 pinkish grey 4 normal type artaxerxes The mortality in Groups 1 & 2 was striking as it followed the general behaviour of this brood in which most of my casualties were among the deeply coloured larvae. There would appear from these results to be some genetic separation of larval colours but the figures are too small to prove whether the larval and imaginal characters of artaxerxes are linked. Possibly on the Durham coast they have now become separated. Mr. Firmin obtained a similar range of colours. PUPAE Similar in colouring and proportions to those of the F, generation. Larvae with purple shading produced the darkest pupae. IMAGINES The combined figures of Mr. Firmin and myself totalled 44 males and 35 females. Included were 11 artaxerxes males and six females. The re- maining imagines were typical or recognised variations. The percentage of artaxerxes was 25:0 per cent of the males and 17:1 per cent of the 117 females, or 21:9 per cent for both sexes. This figure is close to the theoretical 25 per cent to be expected in an F, generation where a single recessive factor is crossed with a dominant type to produce the F, heterozygotes. One rearing cannot be treated as absolutely conclusive but there is now a Strong indication that s.sp. artaxerxes is a simple recessive to the normal agestis type occurring in northern England. As the wild popula- tion of agestis on the Durham coast contains approximately 5 per cent of artaxerxes assessed from field observations, about 35 per cent of the total will be heterozygous for artaxerxes. In theory every third female would be a heterozygote with a one in three chance of pairing with a heterozygous male. We could expect that the progeny of every ninth female would contain artaxerxes in the first generation, but allowing for natural hazards and assortment it would be more likely that a few out of every 90 females would produce the desired result. ANALYSIS OF F, IMAGINAL CHARACTERS Percentage S.sp. artaxerxes Males Females Total of brood total (78) ' | Poli | 11 6 ye eee Py 21-9 quadripuncta Tutt (included in artaxerxes figure) — — f 2 2 2 2-6 by albiannulata Harr. ‘ # 7 2 4 6 2 10-2 garretti Harrison & Carter _ hc a 4 . ~ D1 recessa Harrison & Carter (no black discoidal spot on upper 6 _- 6 Teal side forewings) , i a AREF MEE GG hadi) Sie Durham normal type, i.e. with no white scales surrounding forewing discoidal spot (upper- side); as original male parent oN a 6 ; i BES i 18-0 heterozygotes (black discoidal with associated small white spot as in F,) (but not true albiannulata) 17 12 29 37:2 *semiallous Harr. 4 —_— 52. *obsolescent underside — 4 5-2 *pure grey underside 2 —_ 2 26 *brown underside with orange suffusion on forewings 8 il 14-1 (*Included in first portion of table.) It is significant that 18-0 per cent for the normal type with no white scaling in the upper forewing discoidal spot is a similar value to 21:9 per cent for artaxerxes whilst the total of forms with white scaling (hetero- zygotes, albiannulata, garretti) is 52:5 per cent. This result approximates 118 to the ratio 1:1:2 for an F, generation when the original pairing involves two genes, one of which is recessive. The separation is not entirely clear- cut as in both the F, and the specimens classified as heterozygotes in the F,, as well as in the larvae, there is some apparent blending of parental characters but the artaxerxes fraction definitely conforms to the accepted description. It is possible that the aberrations shown with low percentages in the above table are recessives for which one or other of the wild parents was heterozygous. Small numbers would be reproduced in the F,. In the light of the results of chilling experiments on agestis pupae it seems reasonable to suggest that the continued action of cold will eventu- ally have fixed the pattern characters that are shown in artaxerzes. A number of pupae from various sites in southern England have been subjected to temperatures of 34°-37°F (1-3°C) for 20 days, immediately after pupation. They were then allowed to develop at normal summer temperatures. The effect, as can be seen (Pl. IX, lines 5-8), is to produce pattern changes simulating forms normal to those occurring in northern England. The upper side colours become blackish; the undersides more grey; the orange (upper side) lunulation is decreased. White scaling appears com- monly in the upperside forewing discoidal spots, as in ab. albiannulata. In a few instances a minute whitish discoidal spot is present on the hind- wings (ab. garretti). If the period of chilling commences as soon as the larval skin is cast, completely obsolescent forms result (ab. caeca Blach.). The next stage is reduced black pupillation and if chilling is delayed for several hours the hindwing discal spots are reduced whilst the forewing spots are elongated towards the wing margins. Chilling pupae from a homozygous strain from Royston produced imagines approaching artaxerxes in appearance. Similar results have been obtained from Durham pupae. The results are ephemeral as breeding from “chilled” imagines produces normal insects if the F, generation are reared at summer temperatures, but it seems a reasonable assumption that the common albiannulata spotting and reduced lunulation of northern England are “fixes” produced over many generations in the marginal cool areas of the late Pleistocene. Similar forms are found in upland regions on the Continent where the same causes would have been operative but the more extreme conditions which produced artaxerxes would appear to be unique as northern Scot- land must have been the only area in which a population of agestis could have been isolated and survived. On this basis albiannulata could be regarded as a half-way stage in the evolution of artaxerxes. As the Durham crosspairing has shown it is not necessarily the heterozygote between typical agestis and artaxerxes although some coastal Durham albiannulata undoubtedly carry an artaxerxes factor in addition to the albiannulata factor. We should regard the pattern change as a visible sign of metabolic adjustment to changing environment. The adaptable forms survive; the others die out. 119 THEORY OF FORMATION OF ARTAXERXES The Pleistocene Period lasting nearly a million years was characterized in Britain by four Glaciations, or periods of prolonged and severe cold, alternating with temperate Inter-Glacials. In the Second and Third Glaciations thick ice-caps would seem to have wiped the slate clean of all life except a tundra fringe in Southern England. So it appears that only the Last Glaciation needs to be considered in construct- ing a theory for the formation of artaxerzes. This Fourth Glaciation, which began about 115,000 years ago according to Zeuner, was subdivided into three major cold phases separated by mild “interstadials’. Most insect life would have been impossible in Britain in the first two phases. Prior to the last and least intense cold phase there was a mild period of many thousands of years which enabled the flora and fauna to be re-established by northward migration from the Continent. In the final colder phase between 30,000 and 20,000 years before the present time ice caps formed only over the high land in Northern Britain. We have to assume that a race of the northern agestis populated Scotland as well as England in the preceding mild period. With the slow onset of cold the conditions that now are found in severe winters would become permanent over the Highland massif with some glaciers reaching the sea, particularly on the eastern side, isolating ecologically the Sutherland/Caithness area from the southern lowlands. With atmospheric pressure tending to be high over Central Scotland, by reason of dense cold air above ice, some depressions would take a track to the north of Scotland, keeping the Western Isles, northern Scotland, Orkney and Shetland mainly free from ice, cool and cloudy in summer but raw and wet in winter with frequent snow. However there would be some situations in east Sutherland facing south and south east with sufficient leeward shelter and foehn winds to have sunny periods in the short summer. We can suggest that a population of agestis was thus cut off in Suther- land. There is no reason to believe that their behaviour was radically altered or that the foodplant was other than Helianthemum which can exist in the same environment that supports agestis. The Sutherland artaxerxes have the same growth rate as other races of agestis. I found that adult larvae will feed at an average temperature of 47:5°F (86°C) over each 24 hours providing that the day temperature rises to 55°F (13°C). This is near to the present May average for Wick. The females require a temperature of 60°F (15-5°C) with some sunshine for pairing and oviposition but this could be obtained locally in the shelter of steep south- facing hills. The Wick averages in degrees Farenheit, with Centigrade in paren- theses, from Meteorological Office data are :—- May June July August September 46-6 50-9 54-7 54-4 52:1 (8-1) (10-5) | (12:6) (12:5) (11-2) 120 At present artaxerxes in Sutherland would enter diapause in mid- September. The cold conditions already described would probably cause a fall of about 5°F (3°C) in average summer temperatures below present figures, bringing emergence into early August and diapause in October before the winter cold set in. In such an environment it seems unneces- sary to postulate a two-year cycle. If this had arisen it would probably show itself in a slower growth rate in the present artaxerxes, but to set against this is the fact that three adult F, Durham larvae were able to enter diapause at maturity in Instar V. Possibly in the coldest sub-phases the larval stage could have been spread over two years with diapauses in Instars II and V. It has been shown by temperature experiments on agestis pupae that chilling at 35°-37°F (2-3°C) for 20 days immediately after pupation produces imagines approaching artaxerxes in appearance, so it seems justifiable to believe that the cold conditions of isolation over several thousands of years would have produced and fixed the artaxerxes pattern as a visible sign of metabolic adjustment. Night temperatures of 37°F (3°C) or lower could be frequent at midsummer in the polar air that would be frequently over Sutherland. With long hours of daylight, clear days with afternoon temperatures over 60°F (155°C) would not be in- frequent. Assuming artaxerxes to have formed in these conditions it could have spread slowly south after the recession of the cold, between 17,000 and 12,000 B.P.*, the rate of movement being governed by adaptation to the lower diapause threshold. With the “Highland Re-advance” (a period of moderate cold between 10,300 and 9,800 B.P.) the spread must have extended to the Durham coast to overlap the existing agestis univoltines. The subsequent warmer Atlantic period (about 8,000-5,000 B.P.) would have brought northwards the southern strain as a secondary invasion into Durham, possibly as a bivoltine which in the subsequent sub-boreal be- came univoltine. The coastwise spread is interesting. Probably inland areas, except for isolated sites, where either covered with forest or devoid of foodplant. It is probable that similar instances of racial or subspecific evolution in the late Pleistocene are exhibited by two other British butterflies. In 1942 Lt. Colonel Mackworth-Praed discovered a race of the Chequered Skipper, Carterocephalus palaemon Pall in western Inverness-shire flying on grassy areas between birches. The only other known localities are in the counties centred on Northants where the species frequents woodland rides. The Inverness race is darker brown than English specimens; there is a greenish tinge in the yellow chequerings whilst the spots on the under- sides of the hind wings approach white. The Large Heath, Coeonympha tullia Mili. forms a cline from northern England and Ireland to the Orkneys and Shetland. The ground colour gradually changes from deep brown in the south of its range (s.sp. philorenus Esp. and s.sp. tullia) to light brown in Scotland (s.sp. scotica *B.P.=Before the present time. 121 Staud.). Specimens from Sutherland, Orkney and Shetland are buff suffused with pale grey or whitish on both surfaces whilst the underside occelli, well developed in northern England, have almost disappeared in the most northerly sites. Both species present a parallel to the development of artaxerxes in that more white appears in the pattern of the most northerly races and with Coenonympha tullia black ocellation is greatly reduced from south to north. A feasible assumption is that prior to the last cold phase populations of Carterocephalus palaemon and Coenonympha tullia existed throughout the north of Britain but, as with Aricia agestis, remnants were isolated in the extreme north of Scotland and from these have evolved the races in question, southwards spread again being limited by the restriction of long photo-period. APPENDIX Description of the race of Aricia agestis (Schiff.) ssp. artaxerxes F. found in East Sutherland in July 1960 by Mr. L. Christie and Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie. F, generation reared by the author from ova deposited by a female taken on the site. EGG The surface is covered with well developed papillae, exhibiting the deepest sculpturing of any race of A. agestis found in Britain, including s.sp. artaxerxes from southern Scotland. LARVA At maturity the larva is dull yellow green with a dark brown dorsal line; the sub-spiracular ridge is pale grey or buff shaded above and below with dark brown; a few larvae possess no shading to the ridge. There are well marked paler green lateral chevrons. Body tubercles are pale grey and the setae are whitish on the dorsum and buff laterally. Head black. By comparison artaxerxes larvae from southern Scotland are pale green with a light brown dorsal line. The subspiracular ridge is whitish with pink or purplish shading. Tubercles and setae are white. Head black. PUPA Thorax and wing sheaths pale grey-green; abdomen pale fawn with brown dorsal line and a few dull purple flecks above and below the pale spiracular band. Anteriorly the eye is thinly margined with black. There is no significant difference from other artaxerxes pupae. IMAGINES Comparison has been made with series of artaxerxes from central and southern Scotland and from Co. Durham. 122 The Sutherland imagines are slightly smaller than those from other localities averaging in both sexes 27-5 mm. against 30 mm. Upper surface. Ground colour very deep greyish brown. All other artaxerxes examined were sepia brown. The amount of marginal orange lunulation does not vary from specimens from other localities. There is a greater tendency in Sutherland for the appearance of a small white spot on the hindwings (ab. quadripuncta Tutt) and the outlining in some speci- mens of the forewing nervures with pale grey scales towards the outer margins appears to be found only in the Sutherland race. Thoracic hairs grey; from other sites these hairs are brown. Under surface. The forewings are grey and hindwings grey-brown, compared with greyish brown forewings and cinnamon brown hindwings from elsewhere. In a small proportion of specimens the white discal spots possess minute black pupils. There appears to be good evidence for regarding the Sutherland artaxerwes as a distinct race but it is not pro- posed to name it until more material has been examined. SUMMARY A description is given of the races and subspecies of Aricia agestis occurring in Britain, differentiating between southern bivoltines and northern univoltines. Voltinism and the possible effect of latitudinal photo-period in racial distribution is discussed. Racial and subspecific characters in relation to the larval and pupal states are examined. Two crosspairing experiments, rearing to F, generations are described. In the second experiment by rearing to F, from a wild pairing obtained on the Durham coast between a typical agestis male and a female artarerxes it was possible to indicate that artaxerxes in this region is a simple re- cessive to the typical form. A theory is advanced, supported by low temperature experiments on pupae, to account for the formation of s.sp. artaxerxes in isolation in the north of Scotland during the final cold phase of the Pleistocene. As an appendix the recently discovered race of s.sp. artawerxes from Sutherland is described. REFERENCES Ford, E. B., 1945. Butterflies. Collins. London. Jarvis, F. V. L., 1958/59. Biological Notes on Aricia agestis (Schiff.) in Britain. Ent. Rec., 70: 7-8, and 71: 7-8. ——., 1959. Experimental variation in Aricia agestis (Schiff.). Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958 : 94-103. Jefferson, T. W., 1958. The Brown Argus Butterfly, Aricia agestis (Schiff.) in Great Britain. Ent. Rec., 7Q: 5. Manley, Gordon, 1952. Climate and the British Scene. Collins. Zeuner, F. E., 1959. The Pleistocene Period. Hutchinson, Plate VIII Nae. Hist. SoG., 1962 Proc. S. Lond. ent. Reading horizontally type A. agestis x ft. agestis Wild cross pairing (Durham coast), S.sp. (1 farverres Line 1: Wild parents 4; 2 (undersides). F, generation : heterozygotes ¢ ¢ generation : Lines 2 and 3: Lines 4 to 8: F, 1 and 2: Heterozygotes and forms resembling original male parent ~¢ VERTICAL Rows VERTICAL Rows 3 and 4: s.sp. artaxverzes 44: 290. upper and under (Representative fraction of In Eyakel 10 surfaces. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Wist. Soc., 1962 Plate IX Reading horizontally ;— Lines | and 2; Race of A. agestis s.sp. artaxerxes from East Sutherland, THE REMAINING SPECIMENS ARE FROM COLD TREATED PUPAE. Line 3: First two figures—s.sp. artaverves, East Sutherland. Second two figures—A. agestis, Inland, Co. Durham. Line 4: A. agestis, Coastal, Co. Durham. Lines 5 to 8: A. agestis from southern England. (Upper and under surfaces from different specimens.) 123 THE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF KENT. I! By A. M. MASSEE The first comprehensive list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Kent was compiled by Edward Saunders in 1908, and was published in the Victoria Histories of the Counties of England, and entitled ‘A History of the Kent Hemiptera-Heteroptera’. This excellent faunal list recorded 330 species, together with the localities known at the time. This faunal list clearly illustrates the interest taken in this important sub-order, and also the wealth of notable species recognised some 55 years ago. In 1955 a second faunal list of Kent plant bugs was compiled by the author, and 63 species were added to the Saunders list. In addition, many new localities were included, together with brief notes on the habits, host associations, and time of appearance of adults. In 1959 a Supplement was published, and it contained 19 additional species and two varieties new to Kent. In the past few years a number of competent hemipterists have been working on the British plant bugs, and much new information has been forthcoming. For example, the classification of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera has been modified, and in addition there are many changes in the names of genera and species. In addition the detailed study of certain genera, i.e. Psallus, has resulted in the ‘splitting’ of species into two or more species, and the inclusion of species already recognised on the Continent. Also undescribed new British species are added from time to time. For the convenience of hemipterists it has been thought desirable to follow the classification used by Dr. T. R. E. Southwood and Dennis Leston in their recent work entitled ‘Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles’. At the present time there are at least half a dozen hemipterists studying the plant bugs of Kent, and in the next few years still more notable species should be added to the Kent list. The Kent fauna includes many rare and interesting species of which the following may be noted. Sehirus dubius (Scopoli); Odontoscelis dorsalis (Fabricius); Eurygaster austriaca (Schrank); Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli); Holcostethus vernalis (Wolff); Carpocoris mediterraneus Tamanini (pudicus (Poda)); Eurydema dominulus (Scopoli); Enoplops scapha (Fabricius); Arenocoris waltli (Herrich-Schaeffer); Bathysolen nubilus (Fallén); Ceraleptus lividus Stein; Stictopleurus abutilon (Rossi); Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze); Lygaeus equestris (Linnaeus); Henestaris halophilus (Burmeister); Pachybrachius fracticollis (Schilling); Pachybrachius luridus MUHahn; Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton; Pionosomus varius (Wolff); Aphanus rolandri (Linnaeus); Emblethis verbasci (Fabricius); Lasiosomus enervis (Herrich-Schaeffer); Drymus latus Douglas and Scott; Eremocoris plebejus (Fallén); Taphropeltus hamulatus (Thomson); Cymus obliquus Horvath; 124 Tingis angustata (Herrich-Schaeffer); Prostemma guttula (Fabricius); Nabis pseudoferus Remane; Xylocoris formicetorum (Boheman); Xylocoridea brevipennis Reuter; Cimex pipistrelli Jenyns; Bothynotus pilosus (Bohe- man); Tytthus geminus (Flor); Psallus masseei Woodroffe; Monosynamma bohemani (Fallén); Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter); Orthops viscico!a (Puton); Hadrodemus m-flavum (Goeze); Adelphocoris seticornis (Fabricius); Micracanthia marginalis (Fallén); Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille). Euryaster austriaca (Schrank); Jalla dumosa (Linnaeus); Stictopleurus abutilon (Rossi); Aradus aterrimus (Fieber); Orius vicinus Ribaut; Hadrodemus m-flavus (Goeze); and Lasiochilus sladeni Distant are found only in Kent, while Emblethis verbasci (Fab.) occurs only in Kent and Cornwall, and Hallodapus montandoni (Reut.) in Kent, Gloucestershire, Dorset and Somerset. Xylocoris formicetorum (Boheman) is confined to Kent and Scotland, and Henestaris halophilus (Burmeister) is restricted to Kent and Cornwall. It is significant that many of the plant bugs recorded by Saunders over 55 years ago are still present in the same localities to-day, which illustrates that many species continue to breed in the same areas for years, provided the environmental and ecological conditions are suitable. The species of plant bugs occurring in the Parish of East Malling have been collected for over 40 years, and 50 per cent of the total British fauna has been noted in the Parish. Many of these species are common every year, others are scarce and are usually found singly. The populations of some species vary from year to year; some seasons they are common, in others they are far less common and difficult to find. The lygaeid, Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallén), which feeds on the seeds of Self-heal (Prunella vulgaris L.) was common in the Parish 40 years ago, but it has not been seen locally for ten years. There is no county that is richer in Hemiptera-Heteroptera than Kent. This may be accounted for by geographical position and physical features. Within the county nearly all the conditions that are most productive to plant bugs occur, with the exception of mountainous regions. For example, there are vast areas of mudflats, salt marshes with very varied flora, brackish ditches with a varied assortment of water plants, chalk cliffs, chalk pits, sandhills, stretches of seaweed-littered beach; and inland, large wooded areas such as Orlestone Forest, and parkland with plenty of old decaying trees. The North Downs are another feature of Kent, and probably the stretch of downland from Wye to Crundale houses more species than any other comparable area in the Kingdom. The coastline from Sheerness to Dungeness contains some of the best collecting areas in England. Such famous localities as Deal and Sandwich sandhills, Folkestone Warren and Dungeness, while inland Knowle Park, Sevenoaks; Cobham Park, Orlestone Forest, Blean woods, High Halstow marshes and Darenth Wood have been visited by entomologists for centuries. The estuary of the Thames, the River Medway and the River Darenth also provide rich collecting areas. However, the inevitable spread of industry, the modernisation of seaside resorts, including the erection of promenades 125 and vast lengths of seawalls, together with the building of large housing estates, has destroyed many well-known collecting sites. The filling in of wayside ponds eliminated some species, and the erection of the Nuclear Power Station at Dungeness provides a real threat to the survival of insects and plants in this famous locality. Over 70 years ago the late Commander J. J. Walker referred to the golf courses adjoining the famous Deal and Sandwich sand dunes, and he thought the presence of the golf courses might in due time destroy these well-known localities. In fact, the presence of these private golf courses has done much to help preserve the sand dunes and to prevent public pressure from destroying the fauna and flora of these important localities. The notes given under each species follows the same pattern used in the former list of Kent plant bugs. The prevalence of the species is noted; the plant and animal hosts are given when known; and the state in which the bug hibernates is referred to, together with the months of occurrence of adults given in arabic numerals. Then follow the localities where the bug is known to occur in Kent, together with an abbreviated symbol to denote the collector responsible for the record. A. A. Allen (A.A.A.): T. R. Billups (B.); E. C. Bedwell (Bed.); W. Blatch (Bl.); E. A. Butler (But.); Ga €. Champion. (€) As Je Chitty, (Ch)G ‘Curtis! (Cu). Ww. Ro Dolling (W.R.D.); J. W. Dougias and J. Scott (D. and S.); E. Elgar (E.); J. C. Felton (J.C-F.); C. G. Hall (H.); F. B. Jennings (J.); H. K. Kenward (H.K.K.); A. M. Massee (M.); T. A. Marshall (Mar.); E. A. Newberry (N.); E. C. Rye (R.); E. Saunders (S.); K. C. Side (K.C.S.); South London Entomological and Natural History Society (SI.); T. R. E. Southwood (T.R.E.S.); W. West (Greenwich) (W.); J. J. Walker (Wlk.). Other recorders are referred to in full. Also for the convenience of readers, the page reference is given under each species where mention is made in the ‘Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles’. The writer is indebted to Mr. A. A. Allen, Mr. W. R. Dolling, Mr. H. K. Kenward and Mr. K. C. Side for sending him yearly lists of their captures, and submitting specimens when doubtful species are found; and also to Dr. T. R. E. Southwood for his kind co-operation. ARADIDAE Aradus corticalis (Linnaeus) page 12*. The only Kent locality is West Wickham, where it was recorded by Douglas and Scott under fir bark. (8). Has not been found in Kent again since the original record. Aradus depressus (Fabricius) page 12. Widespread and locally common. Occurs under bark of oak, apple, beech, etc. Hibernates in adult state under bark—also in immature stages. Bromley (S.); Darenth Wood (Mar.); Tonbridge (Bl.); Doddington (Ch.); Blackheath, Trottiscliffe, Blean (A.A.A.); Hoad’s Wood, Hothfield *Page reference to ‘Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles’. 126 (W.R.D.); Chatham, Sevenoaks (C.); Mereworth, West and East Malling, Chattenden, Westerham (M.). Aradus aterrimus Fieber pages 12-13. Widespread, but not common. It occurs in the heaps of chestnut wood chips made by wood-cutters when felling chestnut ‘bats’. All stages of the bug (including egg state) are found in this situation, and the bug is associated with the fungus growth on the chips. Adults occur throughout the year. The bug migrates from one part of a wood to another as the ecological requirements obtain. 1-12. Darenth Wood, one specimen, 30.v.1861 (D. and §.); Teston, Mereworth, Higham, Offham, Ham Street, East and West Malling (M.). ANEURIDAE Aneurus laevis (Fabricius) page 14. Widespread and locally common. Under bark of oak, ash, beech, alder, privet, etc. Adults occur all the year round, and eggs and immature stages are present most months of the year. 1-12. Bromley (S.); Darenth Wood (Mar.); Chatham (C.); Seal Chart (T.R.E.S.); Waltham, Bigbury Wood, Harbledon (K.C.S.); Westerham, Maidstone, Rochester, Ham Street, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, Blean, East and West Malling (M.). Aneurus avenius (Dufour) page 15. Very local and rare. Feeds on a white fungus growing on stems under bark. Adults occur all the year round, and immature stages in most months. 1-12. Under loose bark of dead standing stems of privet, elder, spindle and Wayfaring trees. Shorne, Hothfield, Challock Lees (W.R.D.); Barham, Shorne, Yockletts (Whitstable), Cuxton (H.K.K.); Chatham (C.); Wye, Ashford (Bed.); Magpie Bottom, Tyler’s Hill (K.C.S.); Boxley, Chattenden, High Halden, Ryarsh, Blean, Sandwich Bay, Birling (M.); Chattenden (A.A.A.). ACANTHOSOMIDAE Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale (Linnaeus) page 17. Widespread and common. Associated with hawthorn, and more frequently on established bushes carrying berries. Hibernates in the aduit state, but it is rarely noted in the winter months. Abbey Wood, Lewisham (W.); Deal (H.); Barming (E.); Doddington (Ch.); The Lines, Chatham; Sandling (W.R.D.); Shoreham, Hothfield Common, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Chobham Park, Teston, Sevenoaks, Ton- bridge, East Malling, Ham Street, Blean (M.); Aylesford (A.A.A.); Bred- hurst, Yockletts (H.K.K.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing). Cyphostethus tristriatus (Fabricius) pages 19-20. Rare. Juniper. 8. Pilgrim’s Way, Ryarsh, Bedgebury Pinetum (M.). Elasmostethus interstinctus (Linnaeus) page 20. Generally distributed in suitable localities. The species breeds exclusively on birch bushes which are in a fruiting condition. The 127 immature stages feed on the catkins. Hibernates in adult state in leaves and moss, and like the former species is rarely found during the winter months. Plumstead (B.); Shooter’s Hill, on oak (W.); Westerham (S.L.); Ham Street, Sevenoaks, Cobham Park, Ryarsh Roughs, Mereworth Woods, Charing, Hothfieid, East and West Malling (M.); Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.); Shorne (W.R.D.). Elasmucha grisea (Linnaeus) pages 22-23. Generally common in suitable localities. Associated with fruiting birch bushes. Overwiniers in the adult state. 2-11. Shooter’s Hill (W.); Herne Bay (But.); Doddington (Ch.); Darenth Wood, Chatham (K.C.S.); Westerham (S.L.); Cobham Park, Hothfield, Maid- stone, Barming, Rochester, Sevenoaks, East Malling (M.); Church Woods, Blean (K.C.S.); Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.); Cuxton, Shorne (W.R.D.). CYDNIDAE SEHIRINAE Legnotus limbosus (Geoffroy) page 24. Locally common. Hibernates in adult state in dead leaves, moss, ete. Also at roots of White Dead-nettle. 4-6. Dover (H.); Deal (B.); Hythe (Bl.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Lee (W.); Graves- end (T.R.E.S.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Farningham (A.A.A.); Darenth Wood Bed.); Blean, Isle of Grain, Higham, Ryarsh and East Malling (M.); Chatham, Deal (W.R.D.); Tonbridge (Bl.). Legnotus picipes (Fallén) page 24. Local, but not common. Mainly near coast. Associated with wiid violets on sand dunes. Hibernates as aduit at roots of Ononis, violets, etc.,on sand dunes. 4, 6, 8, 10. Bromley (S.); Higham, Sandwich Bay, Deal (M.); Littlestone (A.A.A.). Sehirus bicolor (Linnaeus) pages 25-26. Generally distributed throughout the county. Associated with dead nettle, stinging nettle, etc. Adult hibernates in moss and leaves—usually near host plants. Ova laid in ground. Occasionally on apple foliage, but this is exceptional. 1-12. Woodstock, Borden (J.C.F.); Chilham, Wiimington (K.C.S.); Leybourne, Cuxton, Strood (W.R.D.); Ham Street, Blean, East Peckham (M.); Farn- ingham (A.A.A.); Horton Kirby, Borough Green (K.C.S.); Chatham, Shorne, Canterbury (H.K.K.). Sehirus dubius (Scopoli) pages 26-27. Very local and rare. Gregarious in winter. Hibernates in the adult state at the roots of its host plant, Bastard Toadflax. Dartford (Bed). Sehirus biguttatus (Linnaeus) page 28. Not common. Probably associated with cow-wheat. MHibernates as adult in moss and leaves. 5, 6, 7, 9. Dover (H.); Deal (B.); Church Woods, Blean, West Malling (M.). 128 Sehirus luctuosus (Mulsant and Rey) page 28. Locally common. Host plants Echium and Myosotis. Hibernates as adult in moss and leaves. Often found running about in rides in woods on warm sunny days in spring. 4-8. Higham (B.); Otford (Bed.); Aylesford, Ryarsh and East Malling (M.). CORIMELAENINAE Thyreocoris scarabaeoides (Linnaeus) pages 29-30. Common in suitable localities. Hibernates as adult in moss, leaves, etc. 1-12. Brasted, Dover (P. Harwood collection); Deal (S.); Margate (B.); Chatham, Darenth Wood (C.); Folkestone (R.); Doddington (Ch.); Chalk Downs, Birling, Otford, Boxley, Higham, Brook (M.). In moss on hillside, Shoreham (A.A.A.). SCUTELLERIDAE Odontoscelis dorsalis (Fabricius) page 31. Rare. Roots of Marram Grass and Erodiwm. 6, 7. Sandwich Bay, Deal (H. W. Daltry); Deal (M.). Odontoscelis fuliginosa (Linnaeus) page 31. Very local and rare. Adults partial to stony situations on sand dunes. Hibernates in nymphal stages at roots of Erodiwm. 5-8. Deal (D. and S., M.); Sandwich Bay (M., K.C.S.); Littlestone (M.). Eurygaster austriaca (Schrank) pages 32-33. Rare. This species has not been found in Kent for many years. Deal (H.); Margate (B.); Folkestone (Power collection). Eurygaster maura (Linnaeus) page 33. Local. Hibernates as adult at roots of grass, in moss, etc. Associated with grasses. 4-9. Folkestone (D. and S.); Deal (B.); St. Margaret’s Bay (N.); Eccles, Halling Downs (A.A.A.); Cuxton, Burham, Swanscombe (W.R.D.); Farningham Woods (S.L.); Otford, Eccles, Cobham Park, Birling, Darenth Wood, Aylesford, East Malling (M.). Eurygaster testudinaria (Geoffroy) page 34. Very local and rare. Associated with grasses and herbage growing amongst shingle. The adult bugs crawl up grass stems in the late after- noons and evenings. Hibernates at the roots of grasses in the adult stage. 9. Dungeness (M.). PENTATOMIDAE PODOPINAE Podops inuncta (Fabricius) page 35. Generally distributed. Hibernates in the adult state in moss and leaves. Several observed feeding on the carcase of a dead chicken at East Malling in June. 4-9. 129 Harvel (T.R.E.S.); Pegwell Bay, Downe, Magpie Bottom, Higham, Farningham Wood, Dungeness, Hothfield (K.C.S.); Deal, Ham Street, Aylesford, Sandwich Bay, Trottiscliffe (M.); Swanscombe, Shorne, Chatham (W.R.D.); Boxley, Strood, Yockletts (H.K.K.). PENTATOMINAE Sciocoris cursitans (Fabricius) pages 36-37. Common. Hibernates in adult state in moss. Usually associated with sandy situations, but also occurs on the chalk and clay formations. Sandwich Bay (K.C.S.); Cuxton (W.R.D.); Darenth Wood (S.L.); Sand- wich Bay, Pegwell Bay, New Hythe, Aylesford, Isle of Sheppey and East Malling (M.); Swanscombe, Deal (H.K.K.). Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus) pages 37-39. Local. Associated with dry, grassy conditions. Hibernates as adult in moss and leaves. 8-9. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Huntingfield (Ch:); Bickley (J.); Deal (Bed.); Isle of Sheppey, Ham Street, Deal, East Malling (M.). Neottiglossa pusilla (Gmelin) page 39. Locally common in many localities. Sweeping herbage in grassy situa- tions. The female usually more common than male. Hibernates in the adult state in heaps of sticks, litter, rubbish, cut grass, etc. 5-10. Hothfield, Cobham (W.R.D.); Sevenoaks, Maidstone, Ryarsh, Bekes- bourne, Ham Street, Dungeness, Ditton, Wateringbury, East Malling (M.); Chalk Pit, Darenth (A.A.A.); Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Tonbridge (BI.). Eysarcoris fabricii Kirkaldy pages 39-40. Generally distributed. This species is associated with woundwort, etc., and it is more common now than formerly. Hibernates in the adult state in soil, moss, etc., also at the roots of plants. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. East Peckham, Cobham Wood, Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Lamberhurst, Addington, Chilham Minnis, High Halstow, Ham Street (K.C.S.); Wester- ham (S.L.); Cuxton, Chattenden, Higham, Shorne, Leybourne (W.R.D.); Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Chatham (C.); Tonbridge (Bl.); Doddington (Ch.); Tunbridge Wells (B.); East Farleigh, Bredhurst, Birling (E.); Hawkhurst (But.); Wateringbury, Ditton, Ryarsh, East Malling (M.); Tunbridge Wells (S.). Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli) pages 40-41. Rare. Hibernates as an adult in moss, soil, etc. The headquarters of this bug is the Wood Fidley district of the New Forest, Hampshire. Faversham (WIk.). This is the only Kent record, and there is no trace of the bug in East Kent at the present time. Holcostethus vernalis (Wolff) page 41. Very local and rare. By sweeping cut-down vegetation in woods on very warm days in late August and September. Late afternoon and evening sweeping. Adults also found in April and May. Hibernates as adult. Nymphs occur in August. Host plant not known. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10. Brook (C. A. W. Duffield); Church Woods, Blean; Ham Street (M.). 130 Palomena prasina (Linnaeus) pages 41-42. Generally common where its host plant, hazel, grows. The so-called brown form is not a variety but merely the overwintering form. The insects turn green again when feeding starts in the spring. 4-10. Farningham Woods, Westerham (S.L.); Chilham, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Ham Street, Blean, Otford, East Malling, Trottiscliffe (M.); Cuxton, Halling (W.R.D.); Hothfield, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Pitedia juniperina (Linnaeus) pages 42-43. Very rare. This insect has not been found in Kent during the past 50 years, and probably no longer occurs in the county. Tunbridge Wells (Power collection). Hibernates as an adult under juniper bushes, upon which it feeds. Carpocoris mediterraneus Tamanini (pudicus (Poda)) page 43. Very rare in the British Isles. This species is associated with cereals, conifers and umbels, and on the Continent it hibernates in the adult state. 8. Wye (August 1926). Attracted to light (C. A. W. Duffield). Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus) pages 43-44. Very common. This species is known to Kentish fruitgrowers as the ‘Sloe Bug’, as it feeds on greenfly and other pests associated with plum and damson. It is also plentiful on thistle heads in late August and September. Hibernates in the adult state at the roots of plants. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10. Ightham (T.R.E.S.); Benenden (K.C.S.); Dover (H.); Bickley (J.); Doddington (Ch.); Ryarsh, Mereworth, Aylesford, Darenth Wood, Ham Street, Blean, East Malling (M.). Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius) pages 44-45. Locally common. Associated with gorse, juniper, ete. Overwinters in the adult state in the debris under gorse bushes. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. Dover (H.); Plumstead, Brockley, Abbey Wood (W.); West Malling (E.); Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Dungeness, Chattenden (W.R.D.); Ryarsh, Wrotham Heath, Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Yockletts (Whitstable) (H.K.K.). Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus) pages 45-46. Generally common in suitable localities. This predacious bug is usually associated with oak, but it is sometimes abundant on cherry in East and Mid Kent where it causes much annoyance to cherry pickers. The bug overwinters in the second and third instars, and is predacious upon lepidopterous larvae in the spring months. In forestry circles it is known as the ‘Forest Bug’. One adult captured at the end of October and another in April, but adults usually die in early autumn. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dover (H.); Shooters Hill (W.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Boxley (W.R.D.); Ham Street, Sevenoaks, Ide Hill, Tenterden, Marden, Chatham, Rochester, East Malling (M.); Halling, Yockletts (H.K.K.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing). Eurydema oleracea (Linnaeus) pages 46-48. Widely distributed and locally common. This species is associated with 131 Wild Radish and other cruciferous plants. Overwinters in the adult state in moss, ete. Several colour forms, including a black form (1945), have been noted at East Malling. Dover (H.); Deal (S.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Kingsdown (Bed.); Borstal Heath, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Ryarsh, Boughton Monchelsea, Cuxton, Sand- wich Bay, Aylesford, Otford, Birling, East Malling (M.); Wye (J. H. P. Sankey). Eurydema dominulus (Scopoli) page 48. Local and not common. Gregarious. This shield bug is associated with Cuckoo Flower and other crucifers. It occurs in recently cut-down chestnut woods where the Cuckoo Flower grows. The insect disperses readily from one site to another when the ecological conditions become unsuitable. Hibernates in the adult state in moss. It is attracted to hawthorn blossom. Kingswood, Sutton Valence (E.); Doddington (Ch.); Otford (P. Har- wood); Teston, Maidstone, West and East Malling (M.); Tonbridge (B1.). AMYOTEINAE Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus) pages 48-50. Generally common. This species is predacious and the nymphs stalk about the branches of trees and bushes in search of a wide range of lepidopterous larvae. Often associated with scrub oak. An individual on willow was noted feeding on three specimens of the larva of the Willow Beetle, Phyllodecta vitellinae (L.). Over-winters in the nymphal stages in moss. Adults noted in November and April. 3-11. Folkestone (W.); Boxley (E.); Deal (N.); Otford (K.C.S.); Downe, Hoth- field Heath (W.R.D.); Sevenoaks, Ham Street, Tonbridge, East Malling (M.). Troilus luridus (Fabricius) pages 50-51. Generally distributed in suitable situations. This species is predacious on lepidopterous and coleopterous larvae, and the nymphs occur on a wide range of trees and shrubs. The bug hibernates in adult and nymphal stages. 3-10. Darenth (C.); Abbey Wood (W.); Otford (K.C.S.); Maidstone, Tonbridge, Sevenoaks, Rochester, Ham Street, Southfleet, Faversham, East Malling (M.). Rhacognathus punctatus (Linnaeus) page 51. Very local and uncommon. This species overwinters in the adult state. In September 1938 adults occurred in number in sphagnum moss growing in Hothfield bog. A curious situation for a bug to hibernate in moss under water! A number were noted coming out of hibernation in April 1939. 1-12. Darenth Wood (C.); Abbey Wood (W.); Hothfield (K.C.S., M.); East Malling (M.). Zicrona caerulea (Linnaeus) pages 51-52. Very local. Hibernates in the adult state in moss under conifer trees. 4-9. 132 Chatham, Canterbury, Higham (C.); Wye (Bed.); Boxley, East Malling (M.); Leybourne (W.R.D.). Jalla dumosa (Linnaeus) page 52. Very rare. This bug has not been seen in the British Isles for very many years, and its right to be included in the British list is doubtful. One larva found on the sand dunes at Deal in July. The larva was collected whilst beating Sea Buckthorn, according to G. C. Champion. Taken also by Dr. Power. Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) pages 52-53. Not indigenous. Imported with fruit and vegetables. A cosmopolitan insect imported from Italy or the Canaries. East Malling (M.). Two specimens found in local greengrocer’s shop on bananas. COREIDAE COREINAE Enoplops scapha (Fabricius) page 59. Rare. Hibernates as an adult at the roots of Marram Grass in sandy SibMmawWonsan 4, Osi oO: St. Margaret’s Bay (H., Bed.); Folkestone (D. and S.); Sandwich Bay (B.); Dover (N.). Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus) pages 59-61. Locally common. This species is associated with the common dock. Both the nymphal and adult stages are gregarious and occur on the flower and seed-heads of dock. It hibernates in the adult stages at the roots of dock and adjacent situations. 8-10. Dover (H.); Deal, Blean Woods (Ch.); Wrotham, Bekesbourne and East Malling (M.); Yockletts (Whitstable) (H.K.K.). Syromastus rhombeus (Linnaeus) page 61. Local, but not common. It is associated with spurreys and sandworts, and it is often found in situations where Bladder Campion grows. Hibernates in the soil at the roots of its host plants. 5-9. Deal (D. and S.); Darenth (C.); Farningham Woods (K.C.S.); East Mall- ing (M.); Swanscombe (H.K.K.). Spathocera dahlmanni (Schilling) pages 61-62. Rare. This species occurs on bare and acid tracts of land sparsely studded with plants of sorrel. It frequently occurs on heathery areas, where the plants had been burned two years previously. The adults mature in August, and it overwinters in the adult state. 4, 5, 8, 9. Deal (But.). PSEUDOPHLOEINAE Arenocoris falleni (Schilling) pages 62-63. Locally common in coastal areas. This species occurs in sandy situations, and it is associated with Erodiuwm, Ononis, ete. It overwinters in the adult stage at the roots of plants. 5-9. Deal (D. and S.); Greatstone, Littlestone (M.). 133 Arenocoris waltli (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 63. Very local and rare. Associated with Erodium in sandy situations. Deal (H. W. Daltry). Bathysolen nubilus (Fallén) page 63. Very local and rare. This bug does not appear to be associated with plants growing in special soil conditions, since it occurs on chalk, clay, sand and even pathways made of ashes. However, it prefers situations where the vegetation is sparse. It is associated with Black Medick, but may well feed on other plants as well. Hibernates in the adult state. Only one specimen recorded in Kent prior to July 1945 when it was found in some numbers at Aylesford and East Malling. 7, 8, 9. Deal (Scott); Plumstead (A.A.A.); Cuxton, Swanscombe (W.R.D.); Aylesford, New Hythe, Darenth Chalk Pit, Ditton, Eccles and East Malling (M.). Ceraleptus lividus Stein pages 63-64. Local and rare. This species is found in diverse situations; at the roots of Marram Grass, on sand dunes, chalk pits and the greensand forma- tion. At Darenth and Aylesford it is associated with Black Medick. Hibernates as an adult at the roots of plants. 7, 8, 9. Deal (Power, Bed.); Chattenden (C.); Trottiscliffe, Farningham Wood (K.C.S.); Sandwich Bay, Bekesbourne, Aylesford, New Hythe, Little- stone, Dungeness and East Malling (M.). Coriomeris denticulatus (Scopoli) page 64. Common and generally distributed. Very partial to Hare’s-foot; and is most prevalent in August. At East Malling in May 1945, a specimen was observed feeding on a dead squirrel. Hibernates in the adult state in moss and in the soil. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10. Darenth, Folkestone, Eltham (D. and S.); Plumstead (C.); Tonbridge (Bl.); Margate (B.); Lee (W.); Deal (N.); Doddington (Ch.); Farningham Woods, Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); New Hythe, Bekesbourne, Aylesford, Cobham Park, East Malling (M.); Cuxton, Swanscombe (W.R.D.); Chartham (H.K.K.). ALYDIDAE Alydus calcaratus (Linnaeus) pages 65-66. Local. Associated with the wood ant and other species, and usually occurs in sandy situations. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Plumstead Common, Folkestone (D. and S.); Cuxton (W.R.D.); Isle of Sheppey, Wrotham Heath, Aylesford (M.); Swanscombe, Chartham, Cobham (H.K.K.); Farningham Wood (K.C.S.). RHOPALIDAE RHOPALINAE Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) page 75. Very rare. Several specimens of this rarity were found under Erodium at Braunton Burrows, N. Devon. Blackheath, one in garden, 14.ix.1958 (A.A.A.). 134 Stictopleurus abutilon (Rossi) pages 75-6. Rare. This species was captured by Champion whilst sweeping mixed herbage. Hibernates in the adult state. 8. Deal (C.). Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze) page 76. Very rare. Sand dunes. Deal (C.). Aeschyntelus maculatus (Fieber) pages 68-69. Rare. Hibernates in the adult state. Sandwich Bay sand dunes (B.). Rhopalus parumpunctatus Schilling pages 69-70. Local. Found in dry and grassy situations. Feeds on chickweed. It is partial to Erodiwm; hibernates in the adult state. 8, 9. Deal (D. and S.); Chatham (C.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Abbey Wood (W.); Ham Street (M.). Rhopalus subrufus (Gmelin) page 70. Widely distributed. Sweeping mixed herbage in woodland situations, especially recently cut chestnut woods. Also grassy situations. This species may be regarded as the common Kent species. Hibernates in the adult state. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Isle of Sheppey, Chatham (C.); Herne Bay (S.); Barming (E.); Hunting- field (Ch.); Wrotham, West Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Blean, Downe (K.C.S.); Chattenden, Bredhurst, Halling (W.R.D.); Westerham (S.L.); Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Ham Street, Cuxton, Dartford, Shoreham, Blean, East Mall- ing (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). CHOROSOMINAE Myrmus miriformis (Fallén) pages 70-71. Very common in suitable situations. Grassy situations. The macropterous form is locally common in the East Malling district and mid-Kent, but appears to be overlooked. Overwinters in the egg state on Erica. 7, 8, 9. Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Folkestone, Deal (H.); Swalecliffe (But.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Kidbrook (W.); Doddington (Ch.); Otford, West Malling, Sevenoaks, Tenterden, Marden, Rochester, Boxley, Otterden, Ham Street, Charlton, East Malling (M.); Swanscombe, Halling, Hoth- field (W.R.D.); Downe (K.C.S.); Chartham, Shorne, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Chorosoma schillingi (Schummel) pages 71-72. Local. Common on flower and seed-heads of Marram Grass in July, August and September. Overwinters in the egg state. 7, 8, 9. Deal (D. and S.); Margate (B.); Swalecliffe (But.); Deal, Sandwich Bay and Dungeness (M.). STENOCEPHALIDAE Dicranocephalus agilis (Scopoli) page 74. Very rare in Kent. This bug is associated with Sea Spurge. Hibernates in the adult state. 8. Folkestone (H.). 135 Dicranocephalus medius (Mulsant and Rey) pages 74-75. Local and rare. This species is usually associated with the common Wood Spurge, but at Aylesford it is associated with Euphorbia esula L. This bug feeds on Wood Spurge, but it is also partly predacious. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. Barming (E.); Darenth Wood (C.); Aylesford, Blean, East Malling (M.). LYGAEIDAE HETEROGASTRINAE Heterogaster urticae (Fabricius) page 79. Common and generally distributed. This species is associated with the common nett'e. Hibernates in the adult state in grass, nettle-beds, weeds, ete. 1-12. Deal, Charlton (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); Seasalter, Blackheath (A.A.A.); Patrixbourne, Upnor, Preston (K.C.S.); Leybourne, Strood, Shorne, Trottiscliffe (W.R.D.); Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Southfieet, Canterbury, Faversham, Marden, East Malling, Higham (M.); Yockletts, Chatham (H.K.K.). LYGAEINAE Lygaeus equestris (Linnaeus) page 133. Very rare and probably not indigenous. On flower heads of umbels in August and September. September 7th, 1886, Dover (H.); September 22nd, 1906, Sheerness, Isle of Sheppey (Jacobs); August 29th, 1907, St. Margaret’s Bay (Hudson Beare). ARTHENEINAE Chilacis typhae (Perris) page 80. Not common. In the heads of reedmace. The species overwinters in the adult state in the stems of its host, or in the debris beneath the plant. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10. Deal (S); Marden, Headcorn, Aylesford, Brook, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, at mercury vapour light (A.A.A.); Leybourne (W.R.D.). HENESTARINAE Henestaris laticeps (Curtis) page 81. Very local and rare. This species is found in dry situations, and occurs on hard, dry ground sparsely studded with plantain and fine grass. Hibernates in the adult state at the roots of grass. 8, 9. Deal (B.); Isle of Sheppey (Bed.); Faversham (M.). Henestaris halophilus (Burmeister) page 81. Very local and rare. Sweeping Sea Purslane in very wet situations on salt marshes. Probably overwinters in the adult state. 4, 8, 9, 10. Hampton, nr. Herne Bay (S.); Whitstable, Isle of Sheppey (C.); Swale- cliffe (But.); Doddington (Ch.); Shellness, Isle of Sheppey (K.C.S.); Higham salt marshes (M.), 136 BLISSINAE Ischnodemus sabuleti (Fallén) pages 82-84. Local. Usually occurs in damp situations at the roots of reeds and many other plants. This species is rapidly spreading to new localities in Kent. Hibernates in the adult state. 2,5, 6,8,9,10. The macropterous form also common. Folkestone Warren (this is a local form) (Lewis); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Chattenden Wood, Foots Cray, Horton Kirby (K.C.S.); Blean, East Malling (M.); Ruxley Gravel Pit (K.C.S.); Upnor (W.R.D.); Yockletts, Shorne (H.K.K.). ORSILLINAE Nysius thymi (Wolff) pages 84-85. Locally common in suitable situations. Sandy conditions, not neces- sarily near the coast. Probably associated with clover, Trifolium, Erodium, etc. Hibernates at base of low plants in the adult state. 8, 9. Deal (D. and S.); Swalecliffe (But., K.C.S.); Sandwich Bay (K.C.S.). Nysius ericae Schilling (not included in Southwood and Leston). Rare in Kent. Higham Saltings (M.). Nysius helveticus (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 85. Very rare. Associated with heather. 8, 9. Plumstead (W.). Kleidocerys resedae (Panzer) pages 86-87. Generally distributed where the common birch grows. Birch is its chief host, but it occurs in other hosts as well. For example, it is sometimes associated with apple in the spring months—but in captivity it will not breed on this host. It hibernates in the adult state under loose bark, ete. Occasionally under apple bark. 8, 9, 10 and 4. Deal (But.); Darenth (C.); Doddington (Ch.); Sevenoaks (K.C.S.); East Malling (M.); Shorne (H.K.K.). Kleidocerys truncatulus (Walker) page 87. Common in heathy situations. Sweeping heather. Hibernates in adult state at the roots of heather. 8, 9. Plumstead (W.); Sevenoaks (W.R.D.); Ham Street (A.A.A.); Tunbridge Wells, Tonbridge, Sevenoaks, Hothfield, East Malling (M.); Strood, Chatham, Deal (H.K.K.). RHYPAROCHROMINAE Pachybrachius fracticollis (Schilling) pages 90-91. Rare. Marshy conditions. Hothfield (Bed.). Pachybrachius luridus Hahn page 91. Very rare. In sphagnum in marshy conditions. Hothfield (Bed., M.). Peritrechus lundi (Gmelin) pages 91-92. Common in suitable localities. Common in woodland areas. Hibernates in the adult state in leaves and moss. 4, 8, 9. 137 Darenth, Bexley (D. and S.); Deal (S.); Dover (H.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Bostall Woods, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Northwood Hill Wood, High Halstow; Hothfield, New Hythe, West Malling, Ryarsh, Bekesbourne, East Malling (M.). Peritrechus geniculatus (Hahn) pages 92-93. Widespread. This insect occurs on the ground amongst coarse vegeta- tion, and it is usually common throughout the county. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Lee (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Bickley (J.); Swanscombe, Chattenden Woods, Farningham Woods, Hothfield, Allhallows, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Halling Downs (A.A.A.); Deal, Trottiscliffe, Old Wive’s Lees, Wrotham Heath, Sandwich Bay, Higham, Darenth Wood, Charing, Blean, High Halstow, Chatham, East Malling (M.); Strood (W.R.D.); Yockletts CEEKKS): Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton page 93. Very local and rare. Occasionally seen on sand dunes. This bug occurs in association with P. geniculatus (Hahn) and is probably overlooked in consequence. 9. Deal (Bed., M.). Peritrechus distinguendus (Flor) page 134. Very rare. Whitstable (C.); Doddington (Ch.). Peritrechus nubilus (Fallén) page 93. Very local and rare. This bug occurs in woodland situations and on the salt marshes of Kent, and seems to be equally well established in both situations. Hibernates in the adult state. 3, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dartford (D. and S.); Whitstable, Deal (C.); Herne Bay (S.); Swalecliffe (But.); Plumstead (A.A.A.); Holly Hill (K.C.S.); Newington (W.R.D.); Bekesbourne, Iwade, St. Margaret’s Bay, Higham, East Malling (M.); Chatham (H.K.K.). Beosus maritimus (Scopoli) pages 93-94. Local. On sand dunes. Associated with Marram Grass. Adult hibernates at roots of grasses. 4, 5. Deal, Sandwich Bay, Littlestone (M.); Pegwell Bay (K.C.S.). The dark form occurs at Deal. Graptopeltus lynceus (Fabricius) page 94. Very local. The species seems to be mainly confined to the sand dunes at Deal and Sandwich Bay, where it is sometimes locally common. Hibernates in the adult state. 4, 7, 8, 9. Dartford Heath (Scott); Deal (Douglas, M.); Sandwich Bay (M.). Raglius alboacuminatus (Goeze) page 95. Very local and rare. This bug is one of the most agile amongst the lygaeids, especially in warm, sunny weather. Found running amongst piles of sticks or cord wood, and amongst old, cut-down trees in orchards. Also at the base of hedge bottoms—where the hedge is gappy. Hibernates in the adult state. 3,4, 5, 9. 138 Lee (D. and S.); Ashford (Mar.); Gravesend (S.); Cobham, Darenth Chalk Pit, East Malling, Cobham (developed form) (M.); Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Rochester (developed form) (W.R.D.). Megalonotus antennatus (Schilling) pages 95-96. Local. In damp litter and under heaps of dead rushes in fir plantations and woods. Seems to prefer damp situations, but occurs occasionally on dry, bare ground in August. Overwinters in adult state in cut grass, rushes, ete. 4, 8, 9, 10. Sheerness, Isle of Sheppey, Whitstable, Chatham (C.); Herne Bay (S.); Blean, Ham Street (M.). Megalonotus praetextatus (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 96. Local. The bug prefers light, sandy situations, and occurs commonly on sand dunes, but occurs inland also. Probably hibernates in the adu.-t state. 3-9. Deal (D. and S.); Sandwich Bay, Greatstone, Littlestone, Dungeness, (M., K.C.S.), Margate, East Malling (M.). Mega'onotus dilatatus (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 96. Very local and rare. This bug is found in sandy heathy conditions and is gregarious. Hibernates as adult. 8, 9. Shooter’s Hill, Blackheath (W.); Faversham (Ch.); Wrotham Heath (M.); Plumstead (Bostall Heath) (A.A.A.), Dungeness (K.C.S.). Megalonotus chiragra (Fabricius) pages 96-97. Common. Light and sandy soils, covered with low plants such as clover, Black Medick, etc. Hibernates in adult state. 3, 4, 8, 9. Herne Bay (S.); Doddington (Ch.); New Hythe, Ryarsh, Deal, Sandwich Bay, Pegweil Bay, East Malling (M.); Swanscombe, Shellness, Isle of Sheppey (W.R.D.). Megalonotus chiragra var. nigricornis (Douglas) page 97. Not common. Found amongst colonies of the typical form. New Hythe, East Malling (M.). Megalonotus subulicola Thomas (not included in Southwood and Leston). Very local. In association with M. chiragra (F.). East Malling (M.); Darenth Wood, Greatstone (A.A.A.); Shelness, Isle of Sheppey (K.C.S.). Rhyparochromus pini (Linnaeus) pages 97-98. Local. Found running about amongst debris under fir and pine trees. Extremely active in warm, sunny weather. Also in dead and dried leaves. Hibernates as adult. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. Chatham, Darenth Wood (C.); Doddington (Ch.); Cuxton (W.R.D.); Bekesbourne, Brook, Eccles, Ham Street, Boxley, Hothfield, East Malling (M.). Trapezonotus arenarius (Linnaeus) pages 98-99. All the old records must be regarded as doubtful because the species has been ‘split’ into two closely allied species. Sand dunes amongst Marram Grass. Local. Deal, Sandwich Bay (K.C.S., M.) ; Chatham, Cobham (H.K.K.). Trapezonotus quadratus Fabricius page 99. Local and uncommon, Sandy conditions under heather. Beating Scot’s 139 Pine. In litter and pine needles under conifers. Hibernates as adult. ARO nO On Ger LO lean, Wrotham Heath, Seal, Ham Street, Higham, Ham Street, East Maliing (M.). Macrodema micropterum (Curtis) pages 99-100. Local. Under heather and on heathy ground. Hibernates in the adult States 4.1809 10S 01. Plumstead, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Westerham (M.); Hothfield (W.R.D.); Deal (M. G. Morris), Dungeness (M.). Pionosomus varius (Wolff) page 100. Local. Found in sandy situations, under Erodium, etc. Rediscovered at Sandwich Bay in September 1950, at the same place where it was recorded originally in the last century by Parfitt. Hibernates as adult. 59: Deal (W1k., M.); Sandwich Bay (Wlk., Cu., M.); Littlestone (M.). Aphanus rolandri (Linnaeus) page 100-101. Very local and rare. On headlands of cultivated fields. In old pea- haulm, cut grass; readily trapped in old cardboard boxes, corrugated cardboard, old sacking, and upturned boxes in August. Also attracted to old paper cartons and manure bags at headlands of arable fields. Overwinters as adult. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9. Darenth Wood (D. and S., M.); Blean, East Malling (M.). Emblethis verbasci (Fabricius) page 101. Very local and rare. Occurs on sand dunes amongst Marram Grass. 4, 9. Sandwich Bay (C. A. W. Duffield); Deal (S., M.). Tropistethus holosericeus (Scholtz) page 101. Rare. Occurs in moss in chalky situations; also in moss growing in amongst shingle. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. Dungeness (K.C.S., M.); Hothfield (H.K.K.). Acompus rufipes (Wolff) page 102. Not common. This bug inhabits marshy situations and frequently occurs in very wet conditions. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Snodland, Chatham (C.). Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallén) page 103. Local and less common than formerly. This species is associated with Self-heal and occurs in woodland areas, sand pits and open ground. It hibernates as an adult in dead leaves, moss and hedge bottoms. The developed form has been recorded twice at East Malling. 7, 8, 9, 10. Lee, Beckenham (D. and S.); Swalecliffe (But.); Upper Halling (M. G. Morris); Blackheath, Charlton, Folkestone Warren (A.A.A.); New Hythe, Bekesbourne, Eccles, Shoreham, East Malling (M.). Stygnocoris pedestris (Fallén) page 103-104. Abundant. One of the commonest plant bugs. Associated with low plants. Common wherever vegetation grows. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Deal, Dover (H.); Tolehurst (Ch.); Lee (W.); Wrotham, Jorden’s Wood, Ruxley Gravel Pit, Farningham Woods, 140 Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Otford (A.A.A.); Shellness (W.R.D.); Halling (S.L.); Ryarsh, Pegwell Bay, Sandwich Bay, Wrotham Heath, Bekesbourne, Ham Street, Trottiscliffe, East Malling (M.); Chatham (H.K.K.). Stygnocoris fuligineus (Geoffroy) page 104. Very common. Associated with low plants.. Occurs wherever vegeta- tion grows. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Deal, Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Doddington (Ch.); Black- heath, Bostall Woods, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Horton Kirby, Shellness, High Halstow, Isle of Sheppey (K.C.S.); New Hythe, Sandwich Bay, Ryarsh, Sevenoaks, Higham, Dungeness, Foot’s Cray, East Malling (M.); Farningham Woods (K.C-.S.). Plinthisus brevipennis (Latreille) page 104. Locally common. Inhabits sandy places where it is sometimes common. Hibernates in adult state. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Dartford (D. and S.); Sheliness, Isle of Sheppey, Chatham (C.); Dodding- ton (Ch.); Folkestone (W.); Dover (H.); Bostall Woods, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Greatstone, Wrotham Heath, Deal, East Malling (M.); Cobham (W.R.D.). Lasiosomus enervis (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 104-105. Rare. Found in dry rush litter, piled up in little heaps by the side of channels cut to drain off surplus water from young conifer plantation at Ham Street. Also by sweeping in the same locality. Hibernates in the adult state in moss, litter, ete. It is said to resemble Stygnocoris pedestris Fall. but this is not so, at least in the field. 5, 9, 10. Chatham (C.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Ham Street (M.). Ischnocoris angustulus (Boheman) page 105. Rare. Occurs on heathery land, often in association with ants. Hiber- nates in the adult state. 4, 8, 9. Dartford, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S., M.). Drymus pilipes (Fieber) page 106. Rare. In moss growing amongst coarse grass under hawthorn bushes. At roots of grass. Hibernates as adult. 9, 11. St. Margaret’s Bay (Bed.); Trottiscliffe (M.). Drymus pilicornis (Mulsant) pages 106-107. Very rare. Hibernates in adult state. 6, 9. Isle of Sheppey (C.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing). Drymus latus Douglas and Scott page 107. Very local and rare. In moss growing in coarse grass in hedge bank. Also in coarse grass on chalk. 9. This rare species is found frequently in association with D. pilipes (Fieb.) and D. pilicornis (Muls.). St. Margaret’s Bay (Bed.); Coney Banks, Chatham, Dungeness (bred) (M.). Drymus sylvaticus (Fabricius) page 107. Generally common and very widely distributed. Second and third instars bred to adults on seeds of Fat Hen and dock. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Lee (W., D., N.); Swalecliffe (But.); Doddington (Ch.); Cliffe, Fawkham, Darenth Wood, Crundale, Farningham Wood, Foot’s Cray, Hothfield 141 Common, Downe, Dungeness (K.C.S.); Halling (SI.); Blackheath, Bostall Woods, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Blean, Ham Street, Boxley, Otford, Shore- ham, Chatham, East Malling (M.); Ide Hill, Shorne, Leybourne, Strood (W.R.D.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Drymus ryei Douglas and Scott page 108. Locally common. Hibernates as adult. Blean, Ham Street, Boxley, East Malling (M.); Trottiscliffe (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Drymus brunneus Sahlberg page 108. Generally common and widely distributed. Hibernates in adult state in moss, leaves, ete. 1-12. This species is found in association with D. sylvaticus F. and D. ryei D. & S. in coarse grass, ete. Darenth Wood, Seal, Westerham, Angley Wood, Cranbrook, Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Ham Street, Blean, Boxley, East Malling (M.); Bostall Woods, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Deal (H.K.K.). Drymus pumilio Puton page 108. Very local and rare. Found in grass tufts on Downs. 3. Westwell (K-G:S.): Lamproplax picea (Flor) page 109. Very local and rare. Found in sphagnum moss in very damp situations. Hibernates as adult. 8, 9, 10. Tunbridge Wells (S.); Angley Wood, Cranbrook (K.C.S.). Scolopostethus pictus (Schilling) page 110. Very rare. This species is usually found in corn and haystacks. Over- winters in the adult state. Sawpits Lane, Oaken Wood, East Malling (M.). Scolopostethus affinis (Schilling) page 110. Very common and widely distributed. Occurs in grass, corn and hay- stacks, rubbish, nettle beds, etc. Hibernates as adult. 1-12. The macropterous form is recorded trom New Hythe and East Malling. Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham, Kidbrook, West Wickham (W.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Blackheath, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Darenth Wood, Biean, Horton Kirby, Farningham Wood, Cliffe, Foot’s Cray, Seasalter (K.C.S.); Folke- stone Warren, Dungeness, East Malling (M.); Strood, Halling, Shorne CHERKSKS): Scolopostethus grandis Horvath page 111. Very local and rare. In leaves, under heather, in sand pit and under stones in woods. 3, 6, 8, 9, 10. Tunbridge Wells (S.); Wrotham Heath, Ryarsh and Ham Street (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Hothfield (H.K.K.). Scolopostethus puberulus Horvath page 111. Rare. This species is found in moss on the slopes of the Downs. Hibernates in moss in the adult state. 3, 4, 5, 9. Brook, Wye; Northward Hill Wood, High Halstow (M.). Scolopostethus thomsoni Reuter page 111. Locally common throughout the county. In rough herbage, in leaves, moss, and it is very partial to nettle beds. Hibernates as adult. 1-12. The macropterous form occurs at East Malling. 142 Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham, Kidbrook (W.); St. Margaret's Bay (S.); Blackheath, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Trottiscliffe, Ryarsh, Otford, Ham Street, High Halstow, East Malling (M.); Borough Green, Horton Kirby, Farningham (K.C.S.); Shorne, Yockletts, Tunbridge Wells, Bredhurst, Blean, Hothfield (H.K.K.). Scolopostethus decoratus (Hahn) page 112. Common in suitable situations. Usually associated with heaths and heather, but not confined to these hosts. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Dover (H.); Plumstead (W.); Tolehurst (Ch.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Farningham Wood, Bedgebury, Hothfield Common, Dartford Heath (K.C.S.); Ham Street, Cookham Hill, East Mailing (M.). Eremocoris plebejus (Fallén) page 113. Rare. In thick moss growing under Scot’s Pine trees. Hibernates in adult state. 4, 5. St. Margaret’s Bay (P. Harwood, M.). Eremocoris podagricus (Fabricius) pages 113-114. Very local and uncommon. Among fallen leaves under hawthorn trees growing on Downs in August. Usually on bare ground. Also in grass on chalk Downs. Hibernates as adult. 4, 9, 10, 11. Cobham Park, Ryarsh, Darenth Chalk Pit, Trottiscliffe, Boxley, Otford, Queen’s Down Warren, Chatham (M.); Shoreham, Cliffe and Wrotham (s<(CiSH)s Eremocoris abietis Linnaeus (not included in Southwood and Leston). Not common in Kent. In heaps of hedge trimmings in autumn months. Also in moss. Under heather, etc. Hibernates in adult state. 4, 6. Blue Bell Hill, Boxley (M.). Taphropeltus contractus (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 114. Locally distributed throughout the county. In leaves, moss, rubbish, grass, etc. Overwinters as adult in hedge bottoms, moss, leaves, ete. Se ts OE able Higham, Kingsdown, Nr. Walmer, Seasalter, Shellness (K.C.S.); Plum- stead, Blackheath (A.A.A.); Chattenden, Otford, Deal, Ham Street, Tilmanstone, Dungeness, Higham, East Malling, Shellness (M.); Shorne (W.R.D.). Taphropeltus hamulatus (Thomson) page 134. Rare. In thick grass on chalk. Hibernates in adult state. 5, 8, 9. Lewisham (W.). Gastrodes abietum Bergroth pages 115-117. Not common. Associated with spruce fir. Adults hibernate in the cones. 8. Otterden (M.). Gastrodes grossipes (De Geer) pages 117-118. Locally common. Associated with Scot’s Pine. Adults hibernate in the cones. Birch Wood (Mar.); Ham Street, Sevenoaks, Otterden, East Malling (M.). 143 BERYTINIDAE CYMINI Cymus claviculus (Fallén) page 119. Common in suitable situations. Associated with Polygonum and allied plants. It thrives in wet conditions but may be found also in dry situations. Overwinters as adult. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dartford, Lewisham (D. and S.); Piumstead marshes (W.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Deal, Sandwich Bay, Aylesford, Dungeness, East Malling (M.); Shorne, Blean, Leybourne (H.K.K.). Cymus melanocephalus Fieber. page 120. Rare. Sweeping rushes in damp situations at the edge of streams. Hibernates in adult state. 9, 10. Lynstead (M.); Ham Street (A.A.A.); Chattenden (W.R.D.); Higham (K.C.S.); Deal (H.K.K.). Cymus glandicolor Hahn page 120. Generally common. Associated with species of sedge. Hibernates as adult. 1-12. Lee (D. and S.); Grove Park (W.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Snodland, New Hythe, Marden, Ham Street, High Halden, East Malling (M.). Cymus obliquus Horvath pages 120-121. Rare and local. Associated with Club-rush. This plant grows in water meadows, edges of ponds and streams. Lunsford, East Malling (M.). BERYTININI Berytinus crassipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 121-122. Local but not common. Usually found singly. Chief host plants are Field and Common Mouse-ear Chickweeds. Also in heathy districts. Hiber- nates as adult at the roots of plants. The macropterous form is common in some seasons. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. Bexley (D. and S.); Chatham, New Hythe, Otford, Sandwich Bay, Aylesford, East Malling (M.); Deal (Bed.); Swanscombe (H.K.K.). Berytinus montivagus (Meyer) page 122. Common in suitable situations. All stages of this bug are associated with its host, Black Medick. Overwinters in the adult state. 4,5, 7, 8, Orato: Folkestone, Chariton (D. and S.); Isle of Sheppey, Chatham (C.); Doddington (Ch.); St. Margaret’s Bay (Bed.); Darenth Chalk Pit (A.A.A.); Aylesford, Southfleet, Eccles, East Malling (M.); Deal, Chatham (W.R.D.). Berytinus signoreti (Fieber) pages 122-123. Very common in many districts. Usually found under Bird’s-foot Trefoil and Horse-shoe Vetch, its host plants. Hibernates in the adult state. The macropterous form occurs in the East Malling area. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9. West Wickham (D. and S.); Isle of Sheppey, New Hythe, Birling, East Malling (M.); Deal, Chatham, Trottiscliffe (W.R.D.); Cuxton (H.K.K.). 144 Berytinus minor (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 123-125. Very prevalent in most parts of the county. It feeds on White Clover, restharrow, trefoil, etc. The macropterous form is found in the East Malling district. Hibernates in adult state. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9. West Wickham, Deal (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Charlton (S.); Blackheath, Ham Street (A.A.A.); Ide Hill, Bedgebury, Kemsing (K.C.S.); Brook, Shoreham, Aylesford, Otford, Wrotham Heath, East Malling (M.); Trottiscliffe (W.R.D.); Chatham, Yockletts (Whitstable) (H.K.K.). Berytinus clavipes (Fabricius) page 125. Uncommon. This stilt bug feeds-on restharrow. MHibernates in adult state under its host plant. 8, 9. Folkestone Warren (D. and S., G. E. Woodroffe, M.); Deal (W.R.D.). Neides tipularius (Linnaeus) pages 125-127. Local. It feeds on Mouse-ear Chickweed and Sandwort and various grasses. Hibernates in the adult state. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Deal, Folkestone (D. and S.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Sandwich Bay, Bekes- bourne, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, East Malling, Aylesford (M.). GAMPSOCORINI Gampsocoris punctipes (Germar) page 127. Common in suitable situations. This bug occurs on and under its host restharrow. Overwinters in adult state. 5, 8, 9, 10. Luddesdown, Sandwich Bay (K.C.S.); St. Margaret's Bay, Dover, Isle of Sheppey, Greatstone, Littlestone (M.); Deal, Folkestone (A.A.A.); Chatham (W.R.D.). Metatropis rufescens (Herrich-Shaeffer) pages 127-128. Very local. Confined to its only host, Enchanter’s Nightshade. Hibernates in adult state. One female found in moss at Teston in January. 1, 5, 6, Ce ey 8h Sevenoaks, Teston, Wateringbury, East Malling (M.); Westerham (Sl.). PIESMIDAE Piesma maculatum (Costa) page 129. Generally common, and widely distributed. Associated with various chenopod weeds. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Lee, Bickley (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Deal (N.); Fawkham, Shoreham (K.C.S.); Doddington (Ch.); Otford, Darenth Wood, Ham Street, East Malling (developed), Blean, Boxley (M.). Piesma quadratum Fieber pages 129-133. Common in coastal districts. Associated with chenopods. Hibernates in adult state. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9. Dover (N.); Swalecliffe (But.); Isle of Sheppey, Higham, Iwade, Gilling- ham, New Hythe, Dartford, Allhallows, Seasalter (K.C.S.); Strood (W.R.D.); Shellness, Harty Ferry (M.); Plumstead (A.A.A.). 145 TINGIDAE TINGINAE Campylosteira verna (Fallén) page 141. Local. This species is found in moss all the year round. It has a preference for chalky conditions. Overwinters in the adult state. 5) 65.9! Deal (P. Harwood); Chatham (C.); Otford, Birling, Wye, Dungeness (M.); Eccles, Chalk pit, Darenth (A.A.A.). Acalypta brunnea (Germar) page 142. Rare. In moss growing at the base of tree trunks. Adults hibernate in moss. 8, 9. Darenth Wood (D. and S.). Acalypta carinata (Panzer) page 142. Not common. Hibernates in moss in the adult state. 5, 8. Otford (Bed.; Harwood collection); East Malling (M.). Acalypta platychila (Fieber) pages 142-144. Rare. Occurs in moss; often at the base of hawthorn trees and bushes growing in rough fields. Hibernates in adult state. 4, 6. Isle of Grain (M.); one specimen found resting on main road. Acalypta parvula (Fallén) page 144. Common and generally distributed. Associated with moss. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-12. Macropterous form sometimes very prevalent at East Malling. Dover (H.); Deal (N.); Whitstable (But.); Bickley (J.); Doddington (Ch.); Wrotham (K.C.S.); Erith Marshes (A.A.A.); Brook, St. Margaret’s Bay, New Hythe, East Malling, Dungeness, Shellness (M.); Chatham (H.K.K.). Dictyonota strichnocera Fieber. page 145. Local. Associated with Gorse and Broom. Occasionaliy hibernates on bushes in the adult state. 7, 8, 9. Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Ryarsh, Wrotham Heath (M.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.); Shorne (H.K.K.). Dictyonota fuliginosa Costa page 145. Very local. Associated with old Broom bushes. 7, 8, 9. Plumstead (W.); Maidstone (E.); Aylesford, Higham, Dungeness, East Malling (M.). Dictyonota tricornis (Schrank) page 145. Local. Usually taken singly. Associated with low-growing plants on light soil and sandy conditions. Host plant not known. Hibernates in adult state. 6, 7, 8, 9. Eltham, Plumstead (D. and S.); Deal, Dover (N.); Doddington (Ch.); Swalecliffe (But.); Cliffe, Hothfield, Otford, New Hythe, Higham, Ayles- ford, East Malling (M.); High Halstow, Folkestone (A.A.A.); Chatham GEEKSKe): Derephysia foliacea (Fallén) page 146. Local. This bug is associated with the common Ivy. Adults found in moss in December. 7, 8, 9, 12. 146 Blackheath (W.); Dover (N.); Herne Bay (But.); Doddington (Ch.); Bickley (J.); Yalding Lees, Cobham Park, Ryarsh, Aylesford, Ham Street, East Malling, Chatham, East Sutton (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Shorne, Swanscombe (H.K.K.). Stephanitis rhododendri Horvath page 146. Local. It feeds on rhododendrons. The series Ponticum, Thomsonii, Arboreum and Campanulatum are especially susceptible to attack. Hibernates in the egg state. The eggs are laid in the midribs of the leaves. 7, 8. Sevenoaks, Tunbridge Wells, Maidstone, Allington, Ditton, Aylesford, Harbledown (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Tingis reticulata (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 148. Very local. This bug feeds on Bugle. Hibernates in adult state in moss. 4, 8, 9. Doddington (Ch.); Brasted (P. Harwood collection); Ham Street, East Malling, Trottiscliffe (M.). Tingis ampliata (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 148-149. Common. This bug is associated with Creeping Thistle. Hibernates in the adult state in leaves, dry litter, etc., also cut grass and moss. 5, (tee tS OL Lee, Chislehurst (D. and S.); Chatham (C.); Kidbrook (W.); Cobham Park, Darenth Wood, Gravesend (Bed.); Abbey Wood marshes, Charlton and Otford, High Halstow (A.A.A.); Shoreham, Higham, High Halstow, Cliffe (K.C.S.); New Hythe, East Malling (M.); Shorne, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Tingis cardui (Linnaeus) page 149. Common and generally distributed. This bug feeds on the Spear Thistle and common thistle. Overwinters in the adult state. 2-11. Deal (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Aylesford (A.A.A.); Dover, Stalisfield, Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Borough Green (W.R.D.); Otford, Ditton, Maidstone, Ham Street, Sevenoaks, East Malling (M.). Tingis angustata (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 149. Rare. Host plant not known. This bug has been found on thistle. Sweeping. Barming (G. H. L. Dicker). Catoplatus fabricii (Stal) p. 150. Very local and rare. Associated with Ox-eye Daisy and Heath False- brome. _ 5, 6, 8. Tunbridge Wells (C.); Folkestone (R.); Margate, Deal (B.); Chatham (W.); Dartford (Bed.); Folkestone (A.A.A.); Otford (M.); Swanscombe (W.R.D.). Physatocheila dumetorum (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 150. Local. Associated with lichen-covered hawthorn trees and blackthorn. Hibernates in adult state. 4, 5, 8, 9. Lee (D. and S.); Swalecliffe (But.); Darenth (C.); Hothfield, Higham (K.C.S.); Ham Street, East Malling (M.). 147 Physatocheila costata Fabricius (smreczynskii China) pages 150-151. Rare. Associated with old lichen-covered Crab-apple trees. Hibernates in adult state. 5. Darenth Wood (M.). Oncochila simplex (Herrich-Schaefter) page 151. Very local and rare. The host plant of this bug is the common Wood Spurge. 5, 8, 10. Bexley (Scott); Folkestone, Darenth Wood, Chatham (C.); Church Woods, Blean (M.). Monanthia humuli (Fabricius) page 151. Local. Associated with Water Forget-me-not. 8, 9. Brasted (M.); associated with Myosotis growing on bank of River Darenth. AGRAMMINAE Agramma laeta (Fallén) pages 151-152. Locally common. Gregarious. Found on salt marshes and also in grassy situations inland. Hibernates in adult state in moss, etc. 3, 4, 9. Sedges. Deal, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Herne Bay (S.); Pegwell Bay, Iwade, Sandwich Bay (M.). REDUVIIDAE EMESINAE Empicoris vagabundus (Linnaeus) pages 153-154. Locally common. A predacious species which stalks about on trees and shrubs in search of its prey, which consists of green fly, very small larvae and herbivorous mites. Very partial to hornbean. Overwinters in adult state. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. Lee (D. and S.); Blackheath (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Ham Street, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.). Empicoris culiciformis (Degeer) page 154. Very local and uncommon. Gregarious. Occasionally plentiful in two- year-old corn stacks. Hibernates in the adult state. 2, 9, 11. Blackheath at mercury vapour light (A.A.A.); Sittingbourne (J.C.F.); East Malling (M.). REDUVIINAE Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus) pages 155-1536. Local, but not rare. A predacious species which inhabits houses, lofts, barns, outbuildings, etc. It is attracted to light. Feeds on bed bugs, flies and small insects which occur in houses. Hibernates in the immature stages. 4, 6, 7, 8. Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Maidstone (T. Tynan); Sittingbourne (J.C.F.); Strood (D. J. White); Deal, Dover (H.); Maidstone (Boxley) (E.); Sutton Valence, Snodland, West Farleigh, East Sutton, West Malling, East Mall- ing (M.); Faversham (Sir T. Neame); Chatham, Cuxton (H.K.K.). 148 HARPACTORINAE Coranus subapterus (Degeer) pages 156-7. Local, but not common. Open parts of heaths and sand dunes, etc. Often found under heather. Usually overwinters in egg state. Eggs laid in litter or in cracks and crevices in ground. 8, 9, 10. Deal (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells (M.); Sandwich Bay, Hothfield Com- mon (K.C.S.). NABIDAE PROSTEMMINAE Prostemma guttula (Fabricius) page 196. Very rare. Charlton (EH. W. Janson). One specimen captured by Mr. A. Kennedy on the Sandwich sandhills in 1837. Also taken by Mr. E. W. Janson at Charlton. It has not been recorded in Great Britain during this century. NABINAE Nabis flavomarginatus Scholtz pages 161-162. Generally common and a widely distributed species. Occurs in damp, grassy situations. Overwinters in the egg state. A predacious species. 8, 9. Deal, Herne Bay (S.); Swalecliffe marsh, Whitstable (But.); Kidbrook (W.); Charlton (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Shellness, Isle of Sheppey (K.C.S.); Strood (W.R.D.); Gillingham, Otford, Higham, East Malling (M.). The macropterous form has been recorded at Higham and East Malling (M.); Yockletts, Shorne, Hothfield Common (H.K.K.). Nabis ferus (Linnaeus) page 162. A common species. Found in dry grass, heaths, hay and cornfields. Predacious. Hibernates in the adult state. 1-11. Dover (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Deal (N.); Swalecliffe (But.); East Peckham, Cookham Hill, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Darenth Chalk Pit (A.A.A.); Hoo (K.C.S.); Halling (Sl.); Swanscombe, Smarden, Hothfield (W.R.D.); Leybourne (H.K.K.). Nabis pseudoferus Remane pages 162-163. A very local species found in grassy situations, often in company with the previous species, 6, 8, 9. Deal, Dover, Ham Street (M.); Sandwich Bay (A.A.A.); Ham Street (T.R-E:S:): Nabis rugosus (Linnaeus) pages 163-164. Common and generally distributed. Predacious. Overwinters as adult. Se UG thy, ee Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham, Plumstead (W.); Maidstone (E.); Ryarsh, Paddock Wood, Biean, East Peckham, Boxley, East Malling (M.); Darenth Wood, Westerham, Wrotham, Shoreham, Blean, Farningham Wood, Addington, Hothfield Bog, Hoath, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Plumstead, Ham Street, Otford. Folkestone (A.A.A.); Strood (W.R.D.); Halling (S1.); 149 Yockletts, Chatham, Boxley (H.K.K.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing). Nabis ericetorum Scholtz page 164. Common in suitable situations. Associated with heather and heaths. Overwinters in the adult state. 4, 8, 9, 10. Dover (H.); Plumstead (W.); Farningham Wood, Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Birling, Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Penshurst, Tonbridge, Seal Chart, East Malling (M.); Strood (W.R.D.). Nabis brevis Scholtz page 165. Rare. This species occurs in very marshy places and bogs. Deal (H. W. Daltry). Himacerus mirmicoides (Costa) pages 165-166. Locally common. It is found in grass, nettles, and other herbage, and likes dry situations. The adults overwinter. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10. Predacious feeding upon the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite and other fruit pests. Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Kingsdown (N.); Ham Street, Folkestone Warren (A.A.A.); Stone, Blean, Wrotham, Hoath (K.C.S.); Strood (W.R.D.); Ditton, Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Southfleet, Dartford, West Malling, Deal, Rochester, Marden, East Malling (M.); Farningham Woods (SI); Yockletts, Chatham, Shorne, Tunbridge Wells (H.K.K.). Himacerus apterus (Fabricius) page 166. Common. This species inhabits trees. It is predacious and all stages feed upon small, soft-bodied insects. It mainly occurs on deciduous trees, but occurs on conifers as well. Hibernates in egg state. The macropterous form is common at East Malling in some seasons. 7, 8, 9, 10. Darenth (Mar.); Bromley (S.); Dover (H.); Lee (W.); East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Cliffe, Otford, Wrotham, Worm’s Hill (K.C.S.); Strood, Cuxton (W.R.D.); Farningham Woods, Halling (S!.); Paddock Wood, Watering- bury, Marden, East Malling (M.); Shorne, Swanscombe (H.K.K.). Stalia major (Costa) page 167. Locally common. A ground-loving species which is found in grassy situations. Also on sandhills and salt marshes. Overwinters in the egg state. Predacious. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham, Kidbrook (W.); Deal (N.); Swalecliffe (But.); Blackheath, Otford (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Higham, Shellness, Isle of Sheppey, St. Mary Hoo, Allhallows (K.C.S.); Cuxton, Strood (W.R.D.); Halling, Farningham Woods (SI.); Sandwich Bay, New Hythe, East Malling (M.); Chatham, Whitstable, Shorne, Hothfield, Swanscombe, Chartham, Trottiscliffe (H.K.K.). Stalia boops (Schiddte) pages 167-168. Local and not common. This predacious bug is found in grassy situa- tions, heaths, commons, etc. Hibernates in the egg state. 7, 8,9. Two developed forms, females, were found at Ham Street. Deal (Bed.); Ham Street, Chatham, East Malling (M.); Trottiscliffe (H.K.K.). Dolichonabis limbatus (Dahlbom) pages 168-169. Common and generally distributed. In damp meadows and rank vegeta- tion, Hibernates in the egg state. 8, 9, 10. 150 Dover (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Deal (N.); Swalecliffe (But.); Charlton (A.A.A.); Addington (K.C.S.); Farningham Woods (SI1.); Sevenoaks, Ton- bridge, Dartford, Tenterden, Canterbury, Rochester, East Malling (M.); Stourmouth, Downe (K.C.S.); Yockletts, Shorne, Hothfield (H.K.K.). Dolichonabis lineatus (Dahlbom) page 169. Local. In very wet situations amongst rushes, reeds and sedges. Also salt marshes. Hibernates in egg state. 8, 9. Herne Bay (S.); Cliffe, New Hythe, Hothfield, East Malling (M.); Ley- bourne (W.R.D.). CIMICIDAE ANTHOCORINAE Temnostethus gracilis Horvath page 172. Rare. On lichen-covered sloe and ash trees. A predacious species preying on booklice and other small soft-bodied insects. Overwinters as adult. 8, 9. West Peckham, East Peckham, Lydd, East Malling (M.). Temnostethus pusillus (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 172. Local. A predacious species found on lichen-covered trees and shrubs. Sometimes plentiful on sloe. 7, 8, 9. The macropterous form has been recorded at East Peckham. Darenth Wood, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Swalecliffe (But.); Hayes Common (Bed.); East Peckham, East Malling (M.). Elatophilus nigricornis (Zetterstedt) page 173. Rare. Lives on Scot’s Pine. Eggs laid in young needles just behind growing point. A predacious species gradually spreading southwards from Scotland. East Malling (M.). Anthocoris confusus Reuter pages 174-175. Widely distributed. A predacious species that is found on deciduous trees, and also low-growing plants. Feeds on the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, aphids and other pests. Two generations a year. Over- winters in the adult state. 2-11. Eggs laid in stems, petioles and midribs and veins of leaves. Eggs also laid in bark of trees, e.g. oak. Darenth (C.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); Blackheath, Farningham Woods, Shooter’s Hill Woods (A.A.A.); Fordwich, Shoreham, Higham, Seven- oaks (K.C.S.); East Malling, Trosley Towers (M.); Chatham, Hothfield, Shorne, Cuxton, Tonbridge (H.K.K.). Anthocoris minki Dohrn page 175. Associated with ash. Local. Hibernates in adult state. Blackheath (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.). Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) page 175. Widely distributed. On deciduous and low plants. Predacious. Over- winters as adult. Two generations a year. Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); Farningham Woods, Dungeness, Ayles- ford, Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill, Westerham (A.A.A.); Foot’s Cray, Higham, Holly Hill, Hothfield Common, Swanscombe (K.C.S.); Wester- 151 ham (SI.); Wateringbury, Maidstone, Tonbridge, Southfleet, Tunbridge Wells, Faversham, East Malling, East Sutton (M.). Anthocoris nemoralis var. superbus Westh. East Malling (M.). Anthocoris butleri Le Quesne page 175. Local. Associated with Box. A predacious species. Overwinters in the adult state. Two generations a year. Blackheath (A.A.A.). Anthocoris sarothamni Douglas and Scott pages 175-176. Local and not common. Associated with Broom. Eggs laid in epidermis of stems between ribs where the tissues are softer. This concerns the eggs of spring generation. Two generations a year. Hibernates as adult. Lee (B.); Ham Street, Littlestone, Dungeness, East Malling (M.); Chilham Gees): Anthocoris visci Douglas page 176. Rare. Associated with Mistletoe. Often in company with the Mistletoe Mirid and Psylla. Hibernates in the adult state. 9. Wateringbury (M.). Anthocoris gallarumulmi (Degeer) pages 176-178. Local. Associated with elm, especially ‘scrub’ elms in hedgerows. A predacious species feeding on elm aphids, etc. Two generations a year. Overwinters in adult state. Eggs laid in tissue of leaf galls produced by the aphid Eriosoma ulmi (L.). 2, 4, 7, 8, 9. Kidbrook (W.); St. Radegunds (N.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Strood (W.R.D.); Snodland, Wateringbury, New Hythe, East Malling (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Anthocoris nemorum (Linnaeus) pages 178-179. Generally common, and widely distributed. A predacious species often assisting in the control of phytophagous mites and aphids. There are two generations a year. It lives on deciduous trees, shrubs, and wild plants. Overwinters as adult. 1-12. Dover (H.); Swalecliffe (But.); Church Woods, Blean; Ham Street, Ayles- ford, East Malling (M.); Farningham Woods, Halling (SI.); Swanscombe, Chilham, Cliffe, Shipbourne, Trottiscliffe, Darenth Wood, Blean, Fawk- ham, Wrotham, Foots Cray, Chartham, Hothfield, Dartford Heath, High Halstow (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Plumstead, Otford, Dungeness, Wester- ham (A.A.A.). Anthocoris limbatus Fieber page 179. Local but not common. Associated with willows and sallows. A pre- dacious species partial to willow flies and aphids. Two generations a year. Overwinters as adult. 5, 8, 9. Birling, Aylesford, Dungeness, East Malling (M.); Ham Fen (A.A.A.). Tetraphleps bicuspis (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 179. Local. Associated with larch and other conifers. Predacious. Two generations a year. 7, 8. Darenth Wood (B.); Bostal Wood, Plumstead (W.); Canterbury, Newn- ham, Otterden, East Malling (M.); Farningham Wood (K.C:S.). 152 Acompocoris alpinus Reuter page 180. Local and not common. Occurs on Scot’s Pine and larch. Predacious. By, fis tes eh lO Yalding, Southfleet, Ham Street, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.). Acompocoris pygmaeus (Fallén) page 180. Locally common on conifers. A predacious species. Eggs laid in the young needles clustered mainly around the growing point. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Bostal Wood, Piumstead (W.); Eynsford, Yalding, East Malling, Ham Street (M.); Seal (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Orius majusculus (Reuter) pages 181-182. Common and generally distributed. Predacious upon the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite and other phytophagous species and aphids. Two genera- tions each year. Occurs on deciduous trees, low plants and shrubs. 1-12. Herne Bay (S.); Deal (B.); Lewisham (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Black- heath, Darenth (A.A.A.); Burham, Ham Street, High Halstow, Isle of Grain, Higham, Stodmarsh, Grove Ferry, Shorne (K.C.S.); Halling (S1.); East Malling (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Orius minutus (Linnaeus) page 182. Common and generally distributed. Predacious. Two generations a year. 1-12. Sometimes absent in June. Hibernates in adult state. Eggs laid in leaf tissue. Lee, Plumstead (D. and S.); Deal (H.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Orius niger (Wolff) page 182. Locally common. Associated with heaths and heather; also low plants and it is partial to Stinking Mayweed and mugwort. Two generations a year. Hibernates in the adult state. 5, 7, 8, 9. Eggs laid in succulent parts of heather, usually amongst clusters of young side shoots. Tunbridge Wells, Herne Bay (S.); Plumstead, Blackheath, Otford (A.A.A.); Gravesend marshes (Bed.); High Halstow, Sandwich Bay, Hall- ing (K.C.S.); Higham, Keston, Southfleet, East Malling (M.). Orius laevigatus (Fieber) page 184. Local but not very prevalent. Sweeping flowers, hedge banks, heads of poppies, and Stinking Mayweed. Two generations a year. Hibernates in adult state. 7, 8,9, 10. Predacious. Gravesend, Higham, Faversham, Keston, Sevenoaks, East Malling (M.); Holly Hill (K.C.S.). Orius vicinus Ribaut page 197. Rare. A predacious species found on foliage of Raspberry. 7, 8, 9. East Malling (M.); seven specimens found on a single cane. Lasiochilus sladeni Distant page 197. Probably an introduction. Blackheath (A.A.A.); two specimens in dead grass litter in garden. LyYCTOCORINAE Lyctocoris campestris (Fabricius) page 184. Locally common. In flour mills, hay lofts, corn stacks, barns and in the open under loose bark. Predacious. Mostly hibernates in adult 153 state, but nymphs sometimes overwinter. 1-12. Dover (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Cliffe, Stone, Stoke, Sand- wich Bay, Higham, Hoath, Ash (W. Kent); Blackheath, Ham Street (A.A.A.); New Romney, Sevenoaks, Southfieet, East Malling (M.); Preston (K.C.S.). Xylocoris galactinus (Fieber) page 185. Locally common. In hot beds, manure heaps and stable straw. Over- winters in adult state. 1-12. Lewisham (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Piumstead Marshes (Bed.); Black- heath, Ham Street Woods (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.). Xylocoris cursitans (Fallén) pages 185-186. Common. This is a subcortical species which breeds under the bark of oak, beech, elm, apple, elder and lime. Hibernates in the adult state. Noted feeding on a species of thrips under bark of beech at Sevenoaks (M.). The macropterous form occurs at Sevenoaks and Cobham Park (M.). Eggs laid in soft, decayed, corky material between the medullary rays on the inside of the bark. Benenden, Westerham, Bigbury, Blean (K.C.S); Cobham Park, Sevenoaks, Ham Street, Marden, Sittingbourne, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Xylocoris formicetorum (Boheman) page 186. Rare. In nests of Formica rufa (L.). 6, 9. Westerham (P. Harwood). Brachysteles parvicornis (Costa) page 186. Rare. It is found at the roots of grasses, sedges and rushes. A!so damp meadows and swamps, but occurs in dry situations also. Overwinters in adult state. 11. East Malling (M.). Cardiastethus fasciiventris (Garbigietti) page 186-187. Rare. This small bug occurs on Scot’s Pine, Spruce, Douglas Fir, Gorse, deciduous trees and lichen-covered hawthorn and sloe. Predacious. peo aL Os Isle of Sheppey (C.); Ryarsh, Newnham, East Malling (M.). Xylocoridea brevipennis Reuter page 187. Rare. Under loose bark of conifers, lime and other deciduous trees. Predacious. Mereworth, East Malling (G. H. L. Dicker); the macropterous form has been found in Kent (G.H.L.D.). Dufouriellus ater (Dufour) page 187. Rare. Subcortical under bark of larch and apple and pear. 8, 9. Mereworth, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Yockletts (Whit- stable) (H.K.K.). CIMICINAE Oeciacus hirundinis (Jenyns) pages 187-188. Rare. Associated with the House-Martin. Breeds in nests. PAS 8s Hibernates in adult state. Brasted (Bed.); Coxheath (E, G, Philp); Tunbridge Wells (Ch.). 154 Cimex lectularius Linnaeus pages 188-190. Common in slums and towns. Associated with houses occupied by human beings; also feeds on rats and mice. 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Dover (H.); Greenwich (W.); Woolwich (Bed.); Sevenoaks, Rochester, Maidstone, Allington, West Malling, East Malling (M.); Dartford (K.C.S.). Cimex pipistrelli Jenyns page 191. Rare. Associated with Nyctalus noctula Schreb. Langley (Eric G. Philp). MICROPHYSIDAE Loricula pselaphiformis Curtis pages 192-193. Local. A predacious species which stalks up and down the trunks of lichen-covered deciduous trees and conifers; also on Juniper. It feeds on minute insects that inhabit these conditions. Hibernates in egg state. Gaulenos Lee, Darenth (D. and S.); Bromley, Tunbridge Wells (S.); Ditton, Seven- oaks, Ham Street, East Malling (M.). Loricula elegantula (Baerensprung) page 193. Locally common. On trunks of lichen-covered deciduous and conifer trees. Also on apple, cherry, pear, etc. Predacious on minute insects associated with lichen. Overwinters in the egg state. Tunbridge Weils (S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Sevenoaks, Ham Street, Cobham Park, Paddock Wood, East Malling (M.). Myrmedobia tenella (Zetterstedt) pages 194-195. Local. Amongst moss, especially Polytrichum commune L.; .also associated with conifers. Hibernates as egg. 6, 7, 8. Cobham Park (K. G. Blair). Myrmedobia distinguenda Reuter page 195. Rare. Associated with lichen-covered Scot’s Pine and other conifers and larch trees. Hibernates as egg. 8. Swalecliffe (But.); Darenth Wood (Bed.); Tunbridge Wells (M.). MIRIDAE BRYOCORINAE Monalocoris filicis (Linnaeus) page 203. Common and generally distributed. Associated with bracken, but some- times found well away from this host. Some hibernate in the adult state. 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Plumstead (W.); Bromley (S.); Tolehurst (Ch.); Benenden, Shoreham, Dartford Heath, Hothfield Common (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Farningham, Westerham (SIl.); Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.); Tun- bridge Wells (H.K.K.). Bryocoris pteridis (Fallén) pages 203-204. Not common. Associated with Lady-fern and Male Fern, and also cultivated ferns. 7, 8. Tunbridge Wells (D, and S.); Ham Street, East Malling (in the garden at ‘Acarina’) (M.). 155 DERAEOCORINAE Bothynotus pilosus (Boheman) page 204. Very local and rare. Sweeping under conifer trees. Swamps, heaths and in moss, At roots of grass. Blean (But.). Deraeocoris lutescens (Schilling) page 205. Common and generally distributed. Associated with trees and shrubs, and it is very partial to oak, apple and hazel. This species is largely predacious, but also feeds on foliage of trees. Hibernates in the adult state. The eggs are laid deep in the young woody growths of apple. 1-12. Bromley (S.); Dover (H.); Bigbury Wood, Fordwich, Higham (K.C:S.); Otterden, Teston, Wateringbury, Blue Bell Hill, Ham Street, Birling, East Malling (M.); Boxley (W.R.D.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Deraeocoris ruber (Linnaeus) pages 205-206. Common. Associated with aspen, nettle and many kinds of low plants. Also found commonly on various trees, including fruit trees. Hibernates in the egg state. The ova are laid deep in the young growths. A predacious species common in some neglected orchards. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9. Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); Maidstone (E.); Cliffe, Wilmington, Trottiscliffe, Horton Kirby (K.C.S.); Boxley, Hothfield (W.R.D.): Darenth Wood (Bed.); Ham Street, Eccles, Westerham, East Malling (M.); Chatham, Shorne, Cuxton, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Deraeocoris scutellaris (Fabricius) page 206. Very local. This species is associated with hazel, heather, etc. It is a predacious species which is attracted to light. Shoreham (M. G. Morris); Trottiscliffe (K.C.S.); East Malling (M.). Alloeotomus gothicus (Fallén) page 206. Rare. Associated with Scot’s Pine. 7, 8. Tunbridge Wells, Ham Street (M.); Blackheath—at mercury vapour light (A.A.A.). PHYLINAE PHYLINI Lopus decolor (Fallén) page 210. Common. Sweeping grassy situations, hedge banks and flowery areas. Ue ee Eltham, Darenth, Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells, Deal (But.); Dover (H.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Ham Street, Sevenoaks, Bedge- bury (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Allhallows (K.C.S.); Higham (M.). Oncotylus viridiflavus (Goeze) page 210. Locally common. Feeds on knapweed. 8. Hurst Wood, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Sevenoaks (But.); East Malling, Eccles, Cuxton, Ham Street (M.); East Peckham (T.R.E.S.): Otford (A.A.A.). 156 Conostethus griseus Douglas & Scott (frisicus Wagner) page 211. Rare. A salt marsh species caught by sweeping grassy and marshy situations. 6. Gravesend (Power). Conostethus roseus (Fallén) pages 211-212. Not common. Associated with Gromwell. 6, 7. Eltham (D. and S.); Ham Street, Swalecliffe, Aylesford (M.). Hoplomachus thunbergi (Fallén) page 212. Local. The host plant of this bug is Hieracium pilosella L. 6, 7, 8. Birch Wood (Power); Darenth Wood (B.); Boxley Hills (Mar.); Halling Gees»: Tinicephalus hortulanus (Meyer-Dur) page 212. Common. Associated with rockrose. 7, 8. Darenth Wood (S.); Folkestone Warren, Halling Downs (A.A.A.); Folke- stone (SI.); Boxley, Ham Street (M.); Trottiscliffe, Halling (K.C.S.). Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén) page 212. Locally common. Yarrow is the host plant of this bug. 7, 8. Folkestone, Lee (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Swalecliffe (But.); Bostal Woods, Plumstead, Charlton, Blackheath (A.A.A.); Cuxton, Faversham (M.). Megalocoleus pilosus (Schrank) page 213. Local. This bug is confined to Tansy. 6, 7. Gravesend, East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Yalding, Marden, Maidstone (M.). Amblytylus brevicollis Fieber page 213. Very rare. Sweeping long grass. Shooter’s Hill (W.). Amblytylus nasutus (Kirschbaum) page 214. Locally common. Feeds on meadow grass and allied species. 7, 8. Eltham (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells (S.); Lee (B.); Dover (N.); Dod- dington (Ch.); Burham, Boxley, Charing, Halling (M.); Abbey Wood, Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Chattenden Wood, Higham, Farningham Wood, Halling (K.C.S.). Macrotylus solitarius (Meyer-Dtir) page 214. Local but not uncommon where its host plant occurs. Feeds on wound- wort. 6, 7, 8. Also Black Horehound. Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Birling, Holly Hill, Harvel, East Malling (M.); Charlton (A.A.A.). Macrotylus paykulli (Fallén) pages 214-215. Local. Associated with restharrow. 6, 7, 8. Folkestone (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lodge Hill, Upnor, Deal, Sevenoaks, East Malling (M.); Dungeness, Folkestone Warren (A.A.A.) (Sl.); Sand- wich Bay (K.C.S.). Orthonotus rufifrons (Fallén) page 215. Local. Associated with nettle, especially plants growing in damp situations. 8. Blackheath, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); Deal (N); Doddington (Ch.); Birling (M.), 157 Harpocera thoracica (Fallén) pages 215-216. Common. This is the first bug to become adult on oak in the spring. 5, 6. Overwinters in egg state. Lewisham, Eltham, Bexley (D. and S.); Grove Park, Lee (W.); Bromley (S.); Doddington (Ch.); Blean, Darenth Wood, Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Westerham (Sl.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Shorne, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Tytthus pygmaeus (Zetterstedt) page 216. Local. Occurs at the base of rushes and grass; also Marram Grass. Predacious on the eggs and young larvae of leafhoppers. 7, 8, 9. Deal (But.); Sandwich (B.); Cliffe, Dungeness (M.); Hothfield Common (G(OgsH Tytthus geminus (Flor) pages 216-217. Rare. At roots of rushes in very wet situations. 8, 9. East Malling (M.). Brachyarthrum limitatum Fieber page 217. Very local. Associated with aspen. 6, 7. Ham Street (M.); Westerham (P. Harwood); Biackheath at mercury vapour light (A.A.A.). Phylus pallipes Fieber page 217. Locally common. Associated with oak. 6, 7, 8. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Bromley (S.); Dodding- ton (Ch.); Blean, Ham Street, Biriing, East Malling (M.); Tunbridge Wells, Blackheath (A.A.A.). Phylus melanocephalus (Linnaeus) page 217. Local. Confined to oak. 6, 7. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Dover (H.); Bromley, Tunbridge Wells (S.); Tonbridge, Blean, East Malling (M.); Blean, B.ack- heath (A.A.A.); Farningham Wood, Burham (K.C.S.). Phylus coryli (Linnaeus) page 219. Locally common. Associated with hazel. 6, 7, 8. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Tunbridge Wells (S.); Halling Downs (A.A.A.); Burham, Chattenden Woods (K.C.S.); Blean, Sevenoaks, East Peckham, East Malling (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Phylus coryli var. avellanae Meyer. Not common. East Malling (M.). Plesiodema pinetellum (Zetterstedt) page 219. Local and rare. Associated with Scot’s Pine. 6, 7, 8. Tunbridge Wells (M.). Psallus ambiguus (Fallén) pages 223-224. Locally common. Associated with apple, aider and oak. A predacious species which hatches early in the season. Feeds on apple sucker, mites and small tortrix and winter moth larvae. 5, 6, 7. Hibernates as an egg. Eltham (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells (S.); Bostal Wood, Plumstead (W.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Burham, Chilham (K.C.S.); Ham Street, Blean, Sevenoaks, East Malling (M.). 158 Psallus betuleti (Fallén) page 223. Local but widespread. Feeds mainly on birch. 6, 7, 8. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Shooter’s Hill, West Wickham (W.); Ham Street, Wrotham, East Malling (M.); West Peckham (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Psallus perrisi Wagner page 224. Common. Associated with oak and hawthorn and other deciduous trees. Overwinters as ova. 6, 7, 8. Darenth Wood, Tunbridge Wells, Blean, Holly Hill, Blackheath (M.); High Halstow, Folkestone Warren (A.A.A.); Knowle Park, Sevenoaks; Farningham Wood (K.C.S.); Folkestone (Sl.). Psallus wagneri Ossiannilsson page 224. Local. Feeds on birch, oak and hawthorn. Winters in egg state. 6, 7. Ham Street (M.). Psallus assimilis Stichel page 224. Not common. Associated with maple. 6, 7. Blean (M.). Psallus variabilis (Fallén) page 225. Local. Associated with oak, sallow and aspen. Hibernates in egg state. Grae Blean, Ham Street, Higham (M.); Westerham (Sl.). Psallus quercus (Kirschbaum) page 225. locale Oaks. 1G) Wee: Darenth (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Shooter’s Hill, West Wickham (W.); Blean, East Malling, Ham Street (M.). Psallus roseus (F.) (alni (F.)) page 225. Local. Sallow, hazel and apple. A predacious species that preys upon the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, aphids, ete. 7, 8, 9, 10. Overwinters in the egg state. Deal, Lewisham (D. and S.); Folkestone (W.); Aylesford, East Peckham, Yalding, Tunbridge Wells, Ham Street, Dungeness, Ham Fen, East Malling (M.); Aylesford (A.A.A.). Psallus flavellus Stichel page 225. Local. The host plant of this bug is ash. 7. Blean, Birling, Holy Hill, East Malling (M.). Psallus lepidus Fieber pages 225-226. Common in Kent. Feeds on ash. 6, 7, 8, 9. Dartford (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); Bromley (S.); Birling, Ham Street, East Peckham, West Malling, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Psallus falleni Reuter page 226. Local. Birch. 7, 8, 9. Attracted to light. Lewisham (W.); Ham Street, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.); Black- heath, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.). Psallus alnicola Douglas and Scott page 226. Locally common. Alder. 7, 8, 9. Catford (W.); Yalding Lees, East Malling (M.). 159 Psallus diminutus (Kirschbaum) page 226. Local. Oak, poplar, aspen. 6, 7. Tunbridge Wells, Blean, Dungeness, Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Aylesford, High Halstow (A.A.A.). Psallus masseei Woodroffe page 226. Rare. Feeds on oak. Ham Street (M.). Psallus albicinctus (Kirschbaum) pages 226-227. Very rare. Oak. 6, 7. West Wickham (Chaney). Psallus varians (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 227. ocala OalkaGsuieeo: Dover (H.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Bromley, Tunbridge Wells (S.); Blean, East Malling (M.); Mereworth, Farningham Wood (K.C.S.); High Hal- stow (SIl.); Westerham, Darenth Wood, Blackheath (A.A.A.). Psallus obscurellus (Fallén) page 227. Local and not common. Associated with Scot’s Pine. 6, 7, 8. Dartford Heath (D. and S.); Bostal Wood, West Wickham Wood (W.); Bromley (S.); Tunbridge Wells (M.); Sevenoaks (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Psallus salicellus (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 227-228. Local. Hazel, bramble, sallow, alder and apple. Overwinters as an egg. 7, 8, 9. A predacious species. West Wickham, Darenth Wood, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Lee (W.); Tolehurst (Ch.); Ham Street, Plaxtol, East Peckham, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Atractotomus mali (Meyer-Dur) page 228. Locally common. Associated with apple and hawthorn. A predacious species. Overwinters in egg state. 6, 7, 8. Catford (W.); Blackheath, Swanscombe (A.A.A.); Harvel, Ham Street, East Peckham, Holly Hill, East Malling (M.); Halling (K.C.S.); Chatham, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Atractotomus magnicornis (Fallén) page 228. Locally common. Spruce and other conifers. West Wickham, Bromley (S.); Plumstead (W.); Otterden (M.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Plagiognathus albipennis (Fallén) page 229. Very widely distributed. Associated with mugwort and other species of Artemisia. There are two generations a year. Overwinters in the egg. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Isle of Sheppey (C.); Swalecliffe (But.); Deal (B.); Eltham, Lee (Bignall); Faversham, Cliffe, Crockenhill, Eccles, Higham, East Malling, Chatham (M.); Blackheath, Plumstead, Charlton, Seasalter, Abbey Wood, Darenth (A.A.A.); Joyden’s Wood (K.C:.S.). Plagiognathus arbustorum (Fabricius) pages 229-230. Very abundant and widely distributed. 6-9. On various low plants. 160 Crockenhill, Eccles, Ham Street (M.); West Peckham, Farningham Wood, Horton Kirby, Trottiscliffe, Sevenoaks, Halling (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Abbey Wood, Westerham (A.A.A.). Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff) page 230. Common and generally distributed. Associated with low plants. Ham Street, Blean, Aylesford, Allhallows, Eccles, East Malling (M.); Longfield, Blackheath, Folkestone Warren, Charlton, Abbey Wood, Westerham (A.A.A.); Shoreham, Higham, Deal, Halling, Stourmouth, Trottiscliffe, Preston (K.C.S.). Chlamydatus pullus (Reuter) page 231. Locally common. Associated with chickweeds and low plants growing sparsely on light soil and sandy conditions. 7, 8, 9. Deal (D. and S.); Brockley (W.); Plumstead (A.A.A.); Darenth Wood, Blean, Tunbridge Wells, Ditton, East Malling (M.); Charlton (A.A.A.). Chlamydatus saltitans (Fallén) page 231. Locally common. Dry, sandy situations at the roots of plants. 6-9. Deal (N.); Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Blackheath, Erith marshes (A.A.A.); Sandwich Bay, Hollingbourne, Darenth Wood, East Malling (M.). The macropterous form recorded at Hollingbourne (M.). Monosynamma bohemani (Fallén) page 232. Rare. Associated with Creeping Willow. Overwinters in egg state. (iy 4/5 83s Deal (D. and S.); Dungeness (M.). Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Diir) pages 232-233. Local. Associated with Hollyhock, mullein and potato. Also apple and oak. It is an important predator of the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite. There are two generations a year; the first occurs from June to August, the second from August to late October. Hibernates as an egg. Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.). Sthenarus roseri (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 233. Local. Associated with willow and sallow and occasionally apple. This bug is predacious on aphids, etc. Overwinters in the egg state. 6, 7, 8. Bromley (S.); Lewisham (W.); East Peckham, Yalding Lees, East Malling —on apple (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Shoreham (K.C.S.). Sthenarus rotermundi Scholtz page 233. Locally common in suitable situations. Confined to White and Grey Poplar. Overwinters in the egg state. 6, 7, 8. Herne Bay (S.); Isle of Grain, Littlestone, Ham Fen (M.); Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.). Asciodema obsoletum (Fieber) page 234. Local but not common. Found on Gorse and Broom. Overwinters in the egg state. 6, 7, 8, 9. East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.). Asciodema fieberi (Douglas and Scott) page 234. Local. Confined to Wych Elm. Overwinters as an egg. 7, 8. East Malling, West Malling, Yalding (M.). 161 HALLODAPINI Hallodapus rufescens (Burmeister) pages 234-235. Rare. Associated with ants established among heather. Damp situations preferred. Overwinters as an egg. 7, 8, 9. Plumstead (D. and S.); Swalecliffe marsh (But.); Dr. Power found the macropterous form at Plumstead many years ago. Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter) page 235. Local but not abundant. Associated with the ant, Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander. 7, 8, 9. Swalecliffe (But.); The Great Culand Pit, Eccles (K.C.S., M.); Cuxton, Strood (W.R.D.); six macropterous forms found (M.); Trottiscliffe CEEKGK®): Stellonotus triguttatus (Linnaeus) pages 235-236. Locally common. Usually associated with Lasius niger L. on ground with sparse vegetation. 7, 8. Dover (H.); Otford, Eccles, Boxley, Trottiscliffe (M.); Burham (K.C.S.). DICYPHINAE Macrolophus nubilis (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 237. Not common. Feeds on Hedge Woundwort. 6, 7, 8. Lewisham (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells (S.); West Wickham (W.). Dicyphus constrictus (Boheman) page 239. Very local. Hedge Woundwort, hemp-nettle, White and Red Campion. Partially predacious. Hibernates as an egg. 7, 8, 9, 10. East Peckham (M.). Dicyphus epilobii Reuter page 239. Common. Associated with its host, the Great Hairy Willow-herb. Over- winters in the egg state. July-October. Two generations a year. Folkestone, Lewisham (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Sandwich (N.); Blean, East Malling (M.); Higham, Ham Fen, Allhallows, Shorne (K.C.S.); Halling (SI1.); Charlton, Shooter’s Hill, Westerham (A.A.A.); Darenth (H.K.K.). Dicyphus errans (Wolff) pages 239-240. Local. Hedge Woundwort, mullein, nettle, Herb Robert, Henbane. (Ha ees: Lewisham, Eltham, Darenth (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); East Malling, Ham Street (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Dicyphus stachydis Reuter page 240. Not common. Hedge Woundwort. Overwinters in the adult state. Brachypterous and macropterous forms occur. 5, 6, 8, 9. Dover (H.); Doddington (Ch.); Sevenoaks, East Malling, Trosley Towers (M.); Westerham (SI.); Downe (A.A.A.). Dicyphus pallicornis (Meyer-Dur) page 240. Common. Bug feeds on Foxglove. There are two generations a year. Fully developed and short-winged forms occur. 6, 7, 8, 9. Plumstead, Darenth, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); Marden, East Malling (M.). 162 Dicyphus annulatus (Wolff) page 240. Very prevalent in suitable situations. Feeds on restharrow. 8, 9. Herne Bay (S.); Rochester, Littlestone, Folkestone Warren, Deal (M.); Chatham (H.K.K.). Dicyphus globulifer (Fallén) page 241. Local. Feeds on Red and White Campion. 6, 7, 8. Adults overwinter. Lewisham, Eltham, Bexley (D. and S.); Abbey Wood (W.); Doddington (Ch.); East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Ulcombe, East Malling (M.); Farningham Wood (XK.C.S.); Plumstead, Downe, Charlton (A.A.A.); Westerham (Sl). Campyloneura virgula (Herrich-Schaeffer) page 241. Very common. Hawthorn, apple, hazel, oak, etc. The species is parthenogenetic, and the male is a rarity. Overwinters in the egg state. Adults occur in late July until end of October. West Wickham, Bromley, Bexley (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Doddington (Ch.); Tunbridge Wells, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Isle ot Sheppey, Holly Hill, East Malling (M.); Harvel, Benenden (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Otford, Westerham (A.A.A.); male recorded from East Malling (M.). ORTHOTYLINAE PILOPHORINI Pilophorus cinnamopterus (Kirschbaum) page 243. Not common. Associated with Scot’s Pine. It is partially predacious, feeding on conifer aphids; it also feeds on buds, ete. Overwinters as an CgeinGosl9, 10) Blean (But.); Plumstead (D. and S.); Tunbridge Wells (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Rochester (W.R.D.). Pilophorus clavatus (Linnaeus) page 243. Very local. Mainly associated with sallow, but inhabits oak, aspen and Scot’s Pine also. 7, 8, 9. Lee (D. and S.); East Peckham (M.); Dungeness (A.A.A.); (M.). Pilophorus perplexus Douglas and Scott pages 243-244. Locally common. Often found in company with Lasius niger (L.). A predacious species which feeds on many kinds of aphids, including the Woolly Apple Aphid; also the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite. The winter is spent in the egg state. 7, 8, 9. Lewisham (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Deal (H.); Swalecliffe (But.); Strood (W.R.D.): East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Sittingbourne (J.C.F.); Wateringbury, West Malling, Paddock Wood, Blean, Darenth Wood, East Malling, Trottiscliffe (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Yockletts, Shorne (H.K.K.). HALTICINI Halticus apterus (Linnaeus) page 245. Locally common in some districts. It is associated mainly with the Fen Bedstraw. Both developed and apterous forms occur. It overwinters in the egg state. 6, 7, 8. Darenth (D. and S.); Herne Bay (S.). 163 Halticus saltator (Geoffroy) page 245. Rare. Associated with bedstraw and other kinds of vegetation. 7, 8, 9. East Malling (M.). Halticus luteicollis (Panzer) pages 245-246. Not common, but plentiful when found. Sweeping long grass under trees at entrance to wood where Galium was conspicuous by its absence. 6, 7, 8, 9. This species is always fully developed. Strood (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Ham Street (M.). Strongylocoris leucocephalus (Linnaeus) page 246. Very local and rare. Its host plant is Helianthemum chamaecistus Mill. Both nymphs and adults feed on this plant. Boxley (M.). Pachytomella parallela (Meyer-Diir) page 246. Local, but abundant where it occurs. Probably two or more generations a year. In association with Creeping Fescue, Festuca rubra L. Adults present from the beginning of May until the late August; males more plentiful than females, or probably more easily detected in the thick grass where the species occurs. Overwinters as egg. Birling, East Malling (M.). Orthocephalus coriaceus (Fabricius) page 247. Very local. Associated with bedstraw. Overwinters as anegg. 6, 7, 8. Otterden, Shoreham, Trottiscliffe, Dungeness (M.); Swanscombe (H.K.K.). Orthocephalus saltator (Hahn) page 247. Common and widespread. Associated with various species of Com- positae. The eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9. Eltham, Folkestone (D. and S.); Brockley (W.); Swalecliffe, Allhallows, Higham, Seasalter, East Malling (M.); Swanscombe (A.A.A.). Malacocoris chlorizans (Panzer) page 249. Abundant in suitable situations. Hazel, apple, plum, pear and elm, etc. There is only one generation a year (not two as stated in Southwood and Leston’s book). Eggs, which overwinter, are laid in the woody tissue. 7, 8, 9. The species is predacious. Bexley (D. and S.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); East Peckham, Aylesford, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Malacocoris chlorizans (Panzer) var. smaragdinus Fieber Aylesford, West Peckham (M.). Fieberocapsus flaveolus (Reuter) pages 249-250. Very local. Tufted Hair-grass growing in marshes and damp situations. eo 0: Whitstable (But.); Dungeness (M.). Cyllecoris histrionicus (Linnaeus) page 250. Locally common. Its host plant is oak. Eggs laid in cracks of bark and young wood. A partially predacious species. 6, 7, 8, 9. Dover (H.); Abbey Wood (W.); Strood (W.R.D.); Westerham (SI.); East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Darenth (A.A.A.); Yorklettes (H.K.K.). Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus (Degeer) pages 250-251. Locally common in Kent. Oak. Adults occur in the latter part of May and in June, but rarely extend into July. Eggs laid in the buds and catkin scars of previous year. Overwinters as an egg. 164 Lewisham (D. and S.); Shooter’s Hill Wood (W.); Doddington (Ch.); Westerham (SI.); Cobham Park, Blean, Cuxton, East Malling (M.); Black- heath, Darenth (A.A.A.); Oldbury Hill (VJ.C.F.). Globiceps fulvicollis Jakowlew (cruciatus Reuter) pages 251-252. Uncommon. Amongst low-growing plants and grass swards on roadside verges. Also said to feed on Creeping Willow and Bilberry. Predacious. The males are always macropterous; the females brachypterous. 7, 8, 9. Overwinters in the egg state. Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Deal (S.); Higham, Charing (M.). Globiceps flavomaculatus (Fabricius) page 252. Not common. Prefers damp situations such as river banks, etc. Associated with various plants, shrubs and small trees. The species is both herbivorous and predacious. The male is fully winged; the female brachypterous. Overwinters in the egg state. Very local. Eltham (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Doddington (Ch.); East Peckham (Mga Sy IW) Heterocordylus genistae (Scopoli) page 253. Very local. Associated with Dyer’s Greenweed; sometimes occurs on Broom. Predacious. Overwinters in the egg state. Eggs laid in July. Gyaauc: Lodge Hill, Nr. Upnor (M.); Tunbridge Wells (BL). Heterocordylus tibialis (Hahn) page 253. Abundant on Broom. An early species, being adult during the latter part of May. Predacious. There may be two generations a year. Over- winters as an egg. Dartford Heath, Birch Wood (D. and S.); Plumstead (W.); Abbey Wood, High Halstow (A.A.A.); Blean, East Malling (M.); Farningham Wood (K.C:S.). Heterotoma merioptera (Scopoli) page 253. Common. Thistles, nettles, shrubs and trees. Eggs overwinter. Adult present from July to October. This insect is herbivorous and predacious. Eltham, Bexley, Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Kidbrook (W.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Wrotham (K.C.S.); Strood (W.R.D.); Ulcombe, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Abbey Wood, Shooter’s Hill, Westerham (A.A.A.); Chatham, Shorne, Yockletts, Trottiscliffe (H.K.K.). Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fallén) page 254. Widespread and common. An economic predacious species common in unsprayed orchards. Also on Salix sp., alder, oak and other deciduous trees. Adults occur in late June, July, August and September. Eggs laid in tissue of one year wood and ‘water’ growths. Feeds on the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite, Psylla and other fruit insects. Lewisham (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Doddington (Ch.); Blean, Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill, Westerham (A.A.A.); Shorne (H.K.K.). Pachylops bicolor (Douglas and Scott) page 254. Common. On Gorse and Broom. 7, 8, 9. The egg overwinters. East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Charlton (A.A.A.). 165 Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum) pages 259-60. Locally common. Wych elm is its host plant. The adult occurs from the end of June until late August. Overwinters in the egg state. Blackheath (W.); West Malling, East Malling (M.). Orthotylus marginalis Reuter page 261. Common in Kent. Apple, currant, sloe, willow, sallow, alder, etc. Eggs are laid in current year’s shoots and overwinter as ova. Adults occur from end of June to end of August. Lewisham (D. and S.); Lee (W.); Tolehurst (W.); Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Dungeness, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Shoreham, Seven- oaks, Horton Kirby, Shorne (K.C-.S.). Orthotylus flavinervis (Kirschbaum) page 261. Locally common. Generally associated with alder, but feeds occasion- ally on sycamore. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8. Lewisham (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Forest Hill (C.); Catford (W.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Ham Street, East Peckham (M.). Orthotylus nassatus (Fabricius) page 262. Locally common. Oak, lime, ash, Salix spp. Overwinters as egg. 7, 8. Eltham (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Blackheath (W., A.A.A.); East Peck- ham, Cobham Park, Gravesend (T.R.E.S.). Orthotylus ochrotrichus Fieber page 262. Very prevalent. Usually associated with elm and nettle, but occurs on a host of other plants as well. It is predacious and preys upon the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite. East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Ulcombe, Cliffe, Leybourne, Birling, Holly Hill, Higham, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.). Orthotylus prasinus (Fallén) page 262. Common. Occurs on oak, hazel, willow and other deciduous trees. 8, 9. Overwinters as an egg. Kidbrook (W.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Cliffe, Tunbridge Wells, Darenth Wood, East Peckam, East Malling (M.). Orthotylus ericetorum (Fallén) page 263. Locally common. Associated with heather and heath. The bugs feed on the leaves and flowers. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Plumstead, West Wickham (W.); Tolehurst (Ch.); Hothfield Bog (K.C.S.); Seal, Hothfield, Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Orthotylus adenocarpi (Perris) page 263. Widespread. It lives on Broom. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8, 9. Plumstead (B.); Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Aylesford, Darenth Wood, East Malling (M.); Farningham (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.). Orthotylus virescens (Douglas and Scott) page 263. Common. This is another Broom species. The eggs overwinter. It is partly a predator. 7, 8, 9. Plumstead (W.); Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.); Darenth Wood, Ryarsh, Aylesford, East Malling (M.). Orthotylus concolor (Kirschbaum) pages 263-264. Rare. This species is associated with Broom. Overwinters as an egg. Adults occur in July, August and September. 166 Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.); Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.). Orthotylus flavosparsus (Sahlberg) page 264. Common. Feeds on Fat Hen and goosefoot and other chenopods. Two generations a year in the south of England. 6, 7, 8, and 8, 9. Over- winters in the egg state. Lee (D. and S.); Blackheath, Charlton, Plumstead (A.A.A.); Higham, Allhallows, Shellness (K.C.S.); Kidbrook, Lewisham (W.); Pegwell Bay, Whitstable, Swalecliffe (But.); East Malling, Darenth Wood (M.). Orthotylus rubidus (Fieber) page 264. Very local. Associated with glasswort on salt marshes, particularly where the plant is not submerged by the tide. 8, 9, 10. Pegwell Bay, Whitstable, Swalecliffe (But.); Herne Bay (S.); Higham (M.). Orthotylus moncreaffi (Douglas and Scott) page 265. Locally common. On Sea Purslane and other chenopods. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Pegwell Bay, Whitstable, Swalecliffe (But.); Herne Bay (S.); Seasalter, High Halstow, Shellness (K.C.S.); Higham, Gillingham, Faversham, Harty Ferry (M.); Deal (H.K.K.). Orthotylus diaphanus (Kirschbaum) page 265. Locally common. Associated with Salix spp. especially White Willow. Overwinters as an egg. 7, 8, 9, 10. Lee, Eltham (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Lewisham (W.); Shorne, East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Aylesford, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.). Pseudoloxops coccineus (Meyer-Dtir) page 265. Very local. Associated with ash. Overwinters in the egg state. 8, 9. Abbey Wood (W.); Sevenoaks (But.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); East Peckham, East Malling (M.). Cyrtorhinus caricis (Fallén) pages 265-266. Very local. Associated with sedges and rushes. It is a predacious species that feeds on leafhoppers. 7, 8, 9,10. Hibernates as egg. Tunbridge Wells (C. But.); Leybourne (H.K.K.). Neomecomma bilineatus (Fallén) page 266. Local. Associated with aspen and Grey Poplar. 7, 8, 9, 10. The eggs overwinter. Plumstead (W.); Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.); Ham Street, Sand- wich Bay, East Malling (M.). Mecomma ambulans Fallén page 266-267. Common. Associated with rank vegetation of many kinds. The eggs overwinter. The males are always macropterous, the females are usually brachypterous, but developed forms do occur. 6, 7, 8, 9. Plumstead (D. and S.); Abbey Wood, Lee, Grove Park (W.); Ham Street, East Peckham, Westerham, Birling, Trottiscliffe (M.); Westerham (A.A.A.). 167 PITHANINI Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 269-270. Widespread. Associated with rushes and various grasses. It is mainly a predatory species. The eggs overwinter in the stems of rushes. Both sexes are micropterous in Britain. 6, 7, 8. Eltham (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Deal (N, M.); Doddington (C.); Swalecliffe (But.); Higham, High Halstow (K.C.S.); Bedgebury, Cliffe, Charing, Boxley, East Malling (M.); Shorne (W.R.D.); Westerham (A.A.A.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing). MIRINI Lygus pratensis (Linnaeus) page 275. Common in Kent. Associated with plants, shrubs, chenopods, nettle, etc. There are two forms of this bug, the northern being more reddish in colour. Overwinters as adult. Westerham, Blean, Littlestone, Higham, East Malling (M.); Darenth Wood, Wrotham, Swanscombe, Shoreham, Farningham Woods (K.C:S.); Plumstead, Blackheath (A.A.A.). Lygus maritimus Wagner pages 275-276. Local. Feeds on a very wide range of host plants of which Stinking Mayweed is the most popular; also Fat Hen, sorrel, clover, etc. Over- winters in the adult state. Cobham Park, Higham, East Malling (M.); Stone, Grain (K.C.S.); Black- heath, Plumstead, Abbey Wood, Westerham, Seasalter (A.A.A.). Lygus rugulipennis Poppius pages 276-277. Abundant. On herbaceous plants and shrubs, chenopods, mayweeds, etc. Sometimes a pest of potatoes and chrysanthemums. It is known as the Bishop Bug or the European Tarnished Plant Bug. Hibernates as an adult. Swanscombe, Horton Kirby, Farningham Wood, Blackheath, Slades Green, Erith Marshes, Addington (K.C.S.); Blean, Ham Street, East Peckham, East Malling (M.); Trottiscliffe, Halling, Stourmouth, Downe (K.C.S.); Plumstead (A.A.A.); Yockletts, Shorne (H.K.K.). Liocoris tripustulatus (Fabricius) page 277. Very common. This bug is found on nettle. Overwinters in the adult state. Partly predacious. Dover (H.); Kidbrook, Lee, Lewisham (W.); Doddington (Ch.); Horton Kirby, Crayford, Wilmington, Farningham Wood, Foot’s Cray (K.C.S.); Westerham (SI.); Blackheath, Otford, Slades Green (A.A.A.); Birling, Higham, Ham Street, Teston, Wateringbury, East Malling, Boxley (M.); Darenth Wood, Chatham, Yockletts, Shorne, Strood, Cuxton, Hothfield (H.K.K.). Orthops rubricatus (Fallén) page 278. Very local. Spruce. Overwinters in egg state. 6, 7, 8, 9. Bromley (C.); Dover (H.); Otterden (M.). Orthops cervinus (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 278-279. Locally common. Box, alder, ash, hazel, Laurustinus and Ivy. Some- times on lime. Overwinters in the adult state. Two generations a year. 168 Blackheath (W., A.A.A.); Swalecliffe (But.); Birling, Yalding Lees, East Malling, East Sutton (M.). Orthops viscicola (Puton) page 279. Very rare. Associated with Mistletoe. It feeds on the leaves and berries. Overwinters in the egg state. 8, 9. Doddington (Ch.); Wateringbury, East Sutton (M.). Orthops campestris (Linnaeus) pages 279-280. Common. Associated with various species of umbels. It is partial to Wild Parsnip and Wild Carrot. 7, 8. Doddington (Ch.); Wateringbury, East Malling, Ryarsh and East Sutton, Eccles, Allhallows, Littlestone, Faversham, Boxley, East Peckham (M.); Farningham Woods (K.C.S.); Otford, Charlton, Abbey Wood, Ham Street, Blackheath (A.A.A.). Orthops kalmi (Linnaeus) page 280. Locally common. Associated with umbels. Overwinters as an egg. 8, 9. Dover (H.); Deal (N); Eccles, Faversham, Yalding Lees, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Otford, Charlton, Ham Street (A.A.A.). Lygocoris pabulinus (Linnaeus) pages 281-282. Very common. Associated with both deciduous plants and herbaceous plants. Woody hosts include most kinds of fruit trees, while in the summer such plants as potato, hops, soft fruits, especially raspberry and gooseberry and currants, are especially selected as food. Two generations a year. Hibernates in the egg state. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); Dodding- ton, Tolehurst (Ch.); Ham Street, Blean, Swanley, Wilmington, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Folkestone, Warren, Westerham (A.A.A.); Addington, Farningham Wood, Shoreham, Chilham, Well Hill (K.C.S.). Lygocoris viridis (Fallén) page 282. Not common. Lime is its chief host plant. It also occurs on oak, alder and buckthorn. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9. Darenth (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Blackheath (W., A.A.A.); East Peckham, Aylesford, East Malling (M.); Shoreham (K.C.S.). Lygocoris contaminatus (Fallén) page 282. Generally common. Birch is its host. Also alder, oak, mugwort and occasionally nettle. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9. Darenth, Dartford (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lewisham, West Wickham (W.); Sevenoaks (But.); Tunbridge Wells, Higham, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.). Lygocoris spinolai (Meyer-Diir) page 283. Not common. Bramble, hop, nettle, mugwort, Bog-myrtle, and Meadow- sweet. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9. Eltham (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Sevenoaks (But.); Dover (H.); Birling, Rainham, Harvel, East Peckham, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Lygocoris lucorum (Meyer-Ditir) page 283. Common. Nettle, mugwort, Tansy, Hemp, etc. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9. Dover (H.); High Halstow, Allhallows (K.C.S.); Tonbridge, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.), 169 Camptozygum pinastri (Fallén) (=aequalis Vl.) page 283-284. Local. Scot’s Pine. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8, 9. Bromley (S.); Bostal Wood, Plumstead (W.); Tunbridge Wells, Seven- oaks, Ham Street, Charing, Otterden (M.). Plesiocoris rugicollis (Fallén) page 284. Common. Associated with Salix spp. and Bog-Myrtle. More recently with apple, pear, currant and gooseberry. One generation. Overwiniers as an egg. Until recently was a serious fruit pest. 6, 7. Deal (S.); Plumstead (W.); Ham Street, East Malling (M.); Shorne (H.K.K.); Ham Fen (A.A.A.). Localities too numerous to list. Polymerus unifasciatus (Fabricius) page 285. Very local. Associated with Galium spp. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8. Lee, Folkestone (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Boxley, Otterden (M.). Polymerus palustris (Reuter) pages 285-286. Local. Feeds on Marsh Bedstraw. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9. Deal (Ch.) 17.vii.1909; 1 male, 1 female; Chitty collection, Oxford. Polymerus nigritus (Fallén) page 286. Associated with Galium spp. Overwinters as egg. 6, 7, 8. Deal (B.); Dover (H.); Darenth (Ch.); Birling, Blean, East Malling (M.). Charagochilus gyllenhali (Fallén) page 286. Common. Associated with Galium spp. Adults overwinter in moss and leaves. 7, 8, 9. Dover (H.); Kingsdown, E. Kent (N.); Otford (A.A.A.); Birling, Eccles, Blean, Charing, Trottiscliffe, East Malling (M.). Dichrooscytus rufipennis (Fallén) page 287. Local. Associated with Scots Pine. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8, 9. Dartford Heath (D. and S.); Sevenoaks, Tunbridge Wells (M.); Black- heath (A.A.A.). Dichrooscytus valesianus (Meyer-Diir) page 287. Local and rare. Associated with Juniper. Overwinters as an egg. 7, 8, 9. Bedgebury Pinetum (M.). Miris striatus (Linnaeus) pages 287-8. Local and rare. It occurs on deciduous trees, especially oak. Predacious on small lepidopterous larvae, etc. Overwinters as an egg. The adults are hardly ever noted. 5, 6, 7. Darenth Wood, Tunbridge Wells (D. and S.); Plumstead (W.); Chatten- den Roughs (Ch.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Westerham (SI.): East Malling (M.); Yockletts (Whitstable) (H.K.K.). Calocoris quadripunctatus (Villers) page 288. Locally common. The host is oak. Overwinters as an egg. Adults about early in the season from end of May to July. Predacious. Lewisham, Bexley, Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Shooter’s Hill (W.); Chattenden (Ch.); Tunbridge Wells (S.); Wrotham (K.C.S.); Ham Street, Blean, East Malling (M.); Westerham (SI.). Calocoris sexguttatus (Fabricius) page 289. Common. Found on nettles growing in thickets and woods. Likes 170 moist situations. Eggs laid in stems of woody plants and they over- winter. Adults occur in June, July and August. Nurstead, Cobham Wood (T.R.E.S.); Strood (W.R.D.); Wrotham, Magpie Bottom (K.C.S.); Trottiscliffe, Shoreham, Ulcombe, Harvel, Birling, East Malling (M.); Westerham (A.A.A.); Shorne, Yockletts, Hothfield (H.K.K.). Calocoris fulvomaculatus (Degeer) page 289. Locally common. Hop, elm, nettle, Meadow-sweet, etc. Eggs laid in hop poles, woody tissue, and overwinter. Adults about in June and July. Sometimes a serious hop pest. Darenth (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Abbey Wood (W.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Boxley (W.R.D.); Cobham, Eccles, Tonbridge, Canterbury, Marden, Tenterden, Faversham, Cuxton, Key Street, East Malling, Ham Street (M.). Calocoris roseomaculatus (Degeer) page 290. Locally common. Associated with many plants of the families Com- positae and Papilionaceae. The Salad Burnet is its favourite host in Kent. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Darenth Wood, Folkestone (D. and S.); Kingsdown (H.): Huntingfield (Ch.); Trottiscliffe, Charing, East Malling (M.); Burham (K.C.S.). Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin) pages 290-291. Common and generally distributed in Kent. Associated with a very large number of wild flowers, herbaceous plants and garden flowers. Overwinters in the egg state. 7, 8, 9, 10. Dover (H.); Lee. Lewisham (W.); Barming (E.); Herne Bay (S.); Swale- cliffe (But.); Boxley, Burham (W.R.D.); Shellness, Benenden, Shoreham, Sandwich Bay, Horton Kirby, Farningham Woods, Halling, Stourmouth, Downe (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Charlton, Darenth Chalk Pit, Plumstead, Folkestone Warren, Westerham, Abbey Wood (A.A.A.); Otterden, East Malling (M.); Folkestone (SIL.); Yorklettes, Chatham, Shorne (H.K.K.). Hadrodemus m-flavum (Goeze) page 314. Very rare. The host plants are Meadow Clary and Wild Clary. Over- winters in the egg. 6, 7, 8. Charing (Mar ); this is the only authentic record in this country. Adelphocoris seticornis (Fabricius) pages 291-292. Local and rare. Associated with Large Birdsfoot-trefoil; Tufted Vetch, etc. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9. Chattenden (C.); Eecles (M.). Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) pages 292-293. Common. Sweeping chenopods and other low plants on waste ground. Likes damp and dry situations. Papilionaceae are its hosts. Eggs over- winter. Adults occur in July-October. Dover (H.); Lee (W.); Herne Bay (S.); Swalecliffe (But.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Blackheath, Charlton, Otford, Plumstead, Erith marshes, Ham Street (A.A.A.); Burham (W.R.D.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Darenth, Seven- oaks, East Malling (M.); Chatham (H.K.K.), 171 Megacoelum infusum (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 293-294. Local. Oak. It is a predacious species. Spends winter in the egg. 7, 8, 9, 10. Lewisham (D. and S.); Lee, Greenwich Park (W.); Bromley (S.); Yalding Lees, Darenth Wood, Sevenoaks (M.); Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.). Megacoelum beckeri (Fieber) page 294. Very local and rare in Kent. Associated with Scot’s Pine. Overwinters as egg. 8, 9. Tunbridge Wells (M.). Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius) page 294. Very common. Associated with various species of grasses. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8. Bexley, Darenth (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Cliffe, Benenden, Stoke, Farningham Woods, Trottiscliffe, Halling, Stourmouth (K.C.S.); Boxley, Charing, Blean, East Malling (M.); Blackheath, Wester- ham, Darenth, Plumstead, Folkestone, Abbey Wood (A.A.A.); Chatham, Shorne, Yorklettes, Hothfield (H.K.K.). Miridius quadrivirgatus (Costa) page 295. Local and rare. Associated with rough pastures, and grassy situations on waste land. Overwinters in the egg state. Adults occur in July and August. Deal (D. and S.); Isle of Sheppey (C.); Dover (H.); Swalecliffe (But.); Cliffe, Ham Street (M.); Shoreham Hill Downs (F. R. Browning). Phytocoris tiliae (Fabricius) page 296. Common. It is found on a wide variety of deciduous trees. It is largely a predacious species. Eggs are laid in current year’s wood. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dover (H.); Blackheath, Lee, Lewisham (W.); Darenth Wood, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling, Otterden (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Hothfield, Sevenoaks, Shoreham (K.C.S.); Boxley (W.R.D.). Phytocoris populi (Linnaeus) pages 296-297. Not common but widespread. On deciduous trees. A predacious species. The eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9, 10. Blackheath (D. and S.); Dover (H.); East Malling (M.); Ham Street, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.). Phytocoris populi var. distinctus Douglas This variety has been recorded in Kent (M.). Phytocoris dimidiatus Kirschbaum page 297. Not common. Also associated with deciduous trees. Eggs overwinter. It is a predacious species, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Hither Green, Lee (W.); East Malling, Allhallows (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Shoreham (K.C.S.); Yockletts (CHERK): Phytocoris longipennis Flor page 297. Rare. Associated with deciduous trees, favourites being oak, apple and hawthorn. Hibernates as egg. 7, 8, 9, 10. Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill (D. and S., A,A.A.); Abbey Wood (W.); East Peckham, East Malling (M,). 172 Phytocoris reuteri Saunders page 297. Common. This species is associated with deciduous trees. Predacious. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9, 10. Dartford Brent (D. and S.); Blackheath (W., A.A.A.); Kidbrook (W.); Bitchett Common (K.C.S.); Darenth Wood, Sevenoaks, Marden, East Malling (M.). Phytocoris ulmi (Linnaeus) page 298. Very general. Associated with deciduous trees and bushes. litrismal predacious species. Overwinters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Darenth (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham (W.); Herne Bay (S); Wrotham (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Otford (A.A.A.); Boxley (W.R.D.); Ham Street, Tunbridge Wells, Seal, Eccles, East Malling (M.); Yockletts, Swanscombe, Shorne (H.K.K.). Phytocoris varipes Boheman page 298. Abundant. On grasses, rough pastures, salt marshes, heaths, etc. Over- winters as an egg. 6, 7, 8, 9. Dover (H.); Folkestone (W.); Boxley (E.); Folkestone, Dungeness, Great- stone, Blackheath, Charlton, Darenth (A.A.A.); Higham, Jorden’s Wood, Shoreham, Hoath, Cliffe, Farningham, Allhallows (K.C.S.); Deal (Bed.); Halling (Sl.); Aylesford, Sevenoaks, Ham Street, New Hythe, East Malling, Shellness, Harty Ferry, All hallows (M.); Chatham, Shorne GHEKSKS): Phytocoris insignis Reuter page 299. Very local. Associated with heathy situations. Overwinters in the egg state. 8, 9. Ham Street (M.). Capsus ater (Linnaeus) page 299-300. Very prevalent. Associated with rye-grass and couch-grass, also on many other species of grasses. Predacious. Two colour forms occur; one with red-brown pronotum. 7, 8. Dover (H.); Lee, Lewisham, Kidbrook (W.); Barming, Harrietsham (E); Doddington (Ch.); Wroetham, High Halden, Sandwich Bay, Trottiscliffe, High Halstow, Stodmarsh (K. C. S.); Folkestone (SI.); Cliffe, Black- heath (A.A.A.); Blean, Isle of Grain, Ham Street, Eccles, East Malling, Deal (M.); Shorne, Boxley, Yockletts, Chatham (H.K.K.). Pantilius tunicatus (Fabricius) page 300. Common. Hazel, alder and birch. Overwinters in the egg. Adults occur late in season in September and October. Darenth Wood (D. and S.); Bromley (S.); Dover (H.); Abbey Wood (W.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Blackheath, Shooter’s Hill (A.A.A.); Boxley (W.R.D.); Ditton, Ryarsh, Tunbridge Wells, East Malling (M.); Chatham, Shorne, Cuxton (H.K.K.). Capsodes flavomarginatus (Donovan) page 301. Local. This bug is associated with Common Cow-wheat. The eggs overwinter. Adults are on the wing in June and July. Abbey Wood, Plumstead (W.); Halfway Street (D. and S.); Blean (Ch., M., H. W. Daltry), 173 Capsodes gothicus (Linnaeus) page 302. Rare. Associated with Large Birdsfoot-trefoil usually growing in damp situations. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8. Birch Wood (Mar.). STENODEMINI Acetropis gimmerthali (Flor) page 303. Locally common. This species occurs on waste ground and marshes where mixed grasses grow. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7. Birch Wood (Power); Deal (Dale); Kidbrook (W.); Blean, Charing (M.); Sevenoaks (K.C.S.). Stenodema calcaratum (Fallén) pages 303-304. Abundant. Associated with grasses, such as bent-grass and Meadow Foxtail. Overwinters as adult. Adults appear in June and July. Lewisham, Darenth (D. and S.); Folkestone, Deal (W.); Benenden, Chistlehurst Common, Higham (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Plumstead, Ham Street, Seasalter (A.A.A.); Westerham (SI.); Blean, Wouldham Common, Boxley, East Malling (M.); Magpie Bottom, Farningham Wood, Shorne, Church Wood, Blean (K.C.S.); Yockietts, Chatham (H.K.K.). Stenodema trispinosum Reuter pages 304-305. Local. Associated with Tufted Sedge, Bulrush and grasses. Adults overwinter. Adults start to appear in late June. Abbey Wood Marshes, Erith Marshes (E. W. Groves); Reculver (G. E. Woodroffe, M.); High Halstow, Preston (K.C.S.). Stenodema laevigatum (Linnaeus) pages 305-306. Common and generally distributed. This common bug is found on various species of grasses. Overwinters as adult. Green and brown forms occur. East Malling (M.); Westerham (SI.); Blean, Shoreham, Darenth Wood, Toys Hill, Farningham Wood, Upnor, Waltham, Hothfield Common, Birchington (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Charlton, Plumstead, Otford, Abbey Wood, Shooter’s Hill, Halling, Folkestone, Dungeness, Ham Street, Westerham (A.A.A.); Chatham, Shorne, Yockletts, Boxley, Hothfield Gaukeke): Stenodema laevigatum var. melas Reuter. Ham Street (M.). Stenodema holsatum (Fabricius) page 306. Rare. In grassy situations. Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing); Coney Banks, Chatham (H.K.K.). Notostira elongata (Geoffroy) pages 306-308. Generally common. In grassy situations. Two generations each year. Hibernates in the adult state. Dover (H.); Kidbrook, Lee, Lewisham (W.); Littlestone (E.); Doddington (Ch.); Deal, Swalecliffe (But.); Magpie Bottom, Trottiscliffe, Higham, Allhallows, Stourmouth (K.C.S.); Blackheath, Farningham Woods, Plumstead, Darenth, Otford, Abbey Wood Marshes, High Halstow, Charlton, Ham Street (A.A.A.); East Malling (M.); Chatham, Shorne, Cuxton (H.K.K.). 174 Megaloceraea recticornis (Geoffroy) page 308. Loeal. Associated with grasses at margins of woods, long uncut grass in fields, etc. Overwinters as egg. 7, 8, 9. Lee, Bexley, Dartford (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Folkestone (W.); All- haliows, Cliffe, Halling, Trottiscliffe, Shorne (K.C.S.); Holly Hill, Birling, Ham Street, Chattenden, Stonehouse Corner, Charing Downs, High Halden, Faversham Creek (M.); Blackheath, Westerham, Otford, Abbey Wood (A.A.A.). Trigonotylus psammaecolor Reuter page 308. Rare. Sand Couch-grass. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8. Sandwich Bay (H. W. Daltry; M.). Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy) pages 308-309. Very common. Common Bent Red Fescue, Timothy and other species of grass. Eggs overwinter. Adults occur from June to October. Dartford, Charlton (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Lee, Kidbrook (W.); Dodd- ington (Ch.); Swalecliffe (But.); Plumstead, Blackheath, Charlton (A.A.A.); Ham Street, Eccles, Hawkhurst, East Malling (M.); Shorne (H.K.K.). Teratocoris antennatus (Boheman) pages 309-310. Local. Associated with Bulrush, and other rushes. Eggs overwinter. 7, 8, 9, 10. Also Sea Club-rush. Hampton, Nr. Herne Bay (But.); Isle of Sheppey (C.); Cliffe, Higham (M.); Seasalter (K.C.S.). Teratocoris saundersi Douglas and Scott page 310. Rare. Sea Club-rush, Bulrush, sea pea and reed. Eggs overwinter. Adults July-October. This species is usually brachypterous, but a few fully developed forms occur. Whitstable (But.); Deal (S.). Leptopterna ferrugata (Fallén) page 311. Common. Red Fescue, Oat-grass, Wavy Hair-grass and Meadow grass. Eggs overwinter. Adults occur in late July and August. The macropterous form occurs in Kent. Eltham (D. and S.); Dover (H.); Folkestone, Kidbrook (W.); Abbey Wood Marshes, High Halstow, Charlton, Westerham (A.A.A.); Burham, Sand- wich Bay, Halling (K.C.S.); Isle of Grain, Charing, Boxley, Shoreham, East Malling (M.); Charlton, Westerham (A.A.A.); Chatham (H.K.K.). Leptopterna dolabrata (Linnaeus) pages 311-312. Very common. Timothy, couch-grass, Cock’s-foot and other grasses. Eggs overwinter. 6, 7, 8, 9. Lee, Eltham (D. and S.); Kidbrook, Shooter’s Hill (W.); Huntingfield (Ch.); Cliffe, Shipbourne, Shellness, Sevenoaks, Chattenden, Shoreham, Horton Kirby (K.C.S.); High Halstow (SI.); Abbey Wood Marshes, Higham, Blackheath, Westerham (A.A.A.); Charing, Blean, Gravesend, East Malling (M.); Chatham, Shorne, Hothfield, Cuxton (H.K.K.). DIPSOCORIDAE Ceratocombus coleoptrata (Zetterstedt) pages 320-321. Local. Associated with moss. 8, 9, 10. Bexley (C.); Pegwell Bay, Westerham (M.); Bedgebury Pinetum (K.C.S.). 175 SALDIDAE Chiloxanthus pilosus (Fallen) page 324. Local but not common. Occurs in salt marshes. Predacious. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9: Sandwich Bay (Curtis); Pegwell Bay (S.); Margate (B.); Isle of Sheppey (Oy Halosalda lateralis (Fallén) pages 324-325. Locally common. In saltmarshes. Overwinters as adult. Deal (D. and S.); Isle of Sheppey, Whitstable (C.); Margate (B.); Pegwell Bay (S.); Seasalter (M.). Salda littoralis (Linnaeus) pages 325-326. Local. Associated with brackish waters, where there is vegetation as cover. Deal, Sheerness (D. and S.); Whitstable (But.); Oar Marshes, New Hythe, Higham, Faversham (M.); Seasalter (A.A.A.); Isle of Sheppey (Bed.); the macropterous form taken at Oar marshes, Harty Ferry (M.). Saldula orthochila (Fieber) page 330. Widespread and local. Usually found singly. This species is found on dry land; on sandy heaths, pathways, green swards, lawns, etc. Adults overwinter. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10-4. Tunbridge Wells (S.); Plumstead (A.A.A.); Sevenoaks (K.C.S.); Bostall Woods (A.A.A.); New Hythe, Aylesford, Higham, Boxley, Thurnham, East Malling, Darenth Wood (M.); Leybourne (H.K.K.). Saldula saltatoria (Linnaeus) pages 330-331. Abundant. At edges of ponds, streams, garden pools and even ditches. Overwinters in the adult state. Predacious. About throughout the year. Lee (W.); Deal (N.); Blackheath, Ham Street (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Seasalter, Isle of Grain, Deal, Shellness, Sheppey, Grove Ferry (K.C.S.); Detling, Hothfield, New Hythe, Aylesford (M.); Leybourne (H.K.K.). Saldula saltatoria var. conjuncta Westh. Deal, East Malling (M.). Saldula pilosella (Thomson) page 332. Common. Occurs in estuarine saltmarshes and brackish pools. Adults overwinter. Predacious. Gravesend, Margate (B.); Deal (N.); Whitstable (But.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Leybourne, Isle of Grain (W.R.D.); Allhallows, Seasalter, New Hythe, Higham, Faversham, Iwade, East Malling (Medway) (M.). Saldula pallipes (Fabricius) pages 333-334. Common. Inland localities such as flooded gravel pits, ponds, puddles, ditches and wet areas. Predacious. Blackheath (A.A.A.); New Hythe, Oare, Faversham, Birling, East Malling (M.); Leybourne (H.K.K.). Saldula palustris (Douglas) pages 333-334. Very local. Saltmarsh. Predacious. 8, 10. Harty Ferry, Isle of Sheppey, Higham, Allhallows, High Halstow (M.). 176 Micracanthia marginalis (Fallén) pages 334-335. Rare and very local. This species enjoys very wet conditions, on heaths, etc., for example it occurs in situations where sundew and sphagnum moss grow. Deal (Douglas). Chartoscirta cincta (Herrich-Schaeffer) pages 335-336. Common. At edges of ponds and streams, rushes, reeds, etc., also occurs in sphagnum. Lee, Eltham (D. and S.); Slades Green, Blackheath (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Ruxley (K.C.S.); Blean, Dungeness, Seasalter, Paddock Wood, New Hythe, Penshurst, Higham, East Malling (M.). Chartoscirta elegantula (Fallén) page 336. Rare. Banks of rivers and roads. Between the high and low tide marks in debris. Hibernates in the adult state. Predacious. Banks of the Medway, New Hythe (M.). Chartoscirta elegantula var. flori Dhrn. page 336. This variety occurs commonly at New Hythe (M.). Chartoscirta cocksi (Curtis) page 336. Local. Very damp situations usually in sphagnum moss. New Hythe, Hothfield, East Malling (M.). MESOVELIIDAE Mesovelia furcata (Mulsant and Rey) pages 340-341. Local. An aquatic species associated with Broad-leaved pondweed. The macropterous form occurs in Kent. Appledore (M.); Maidstone (M., W.R.D.); Shorne, Whitstable (W.R.D.). HEBRIDAE Hebrus pusillus (Fallén) pages 341-342. Local and rare. An aquatic species associated with sphagnum and duckweed. 9. Plumstead Marshes (D. and S.); Higham (M.); Cliffe (K.C.S.). Hebrus rufipes (Thomson) page 342. Not common. In very wet sphagnum moss. The adult occurs throughout the year. Higham, Hothfield (M.). HYDROMETRIDAE Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus) pages 342-343. Generally distributed. At the edges of streams, ponds, ditches, etc. Horsmonden, Stone, Foot’s Cray, Sandwich Bay, Ruxley Gravel Pit, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Maidstone, Shorne (W.R.D.); Aylesford, Appledore, Higham, New Hythe, Wateringbury, East Malling (M.); Maidstone, Darenth Wood (H.K.K.). VELIIDAE Velia caprai Tamanini pages 344-345. Generally common. Streams, ponds, ditches, in fact in all situations where pools of water occur. Dover (H.); Lee, Catford (W.); Allington, East Mailing (M.); Stone, Bedgebury (K.C.S.); Boxley (macropterous) (W.R.D.); Copthorn, Hawkenbury, Buckhurst, Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing); Yockletts (H.K.K.). Microvelia reticulata (Burmeister) page 346. Local. Margins of lakes, ponds, pitches and pools. Overwinters in the adult state. Plumstead marshes (D. and S.); Grove Park, Lee (W.); Cliffe, Appledore, High Halstow, Chislet, Bedgebury, Ruxley (K.C.S.); Maidstone, Shorne (W.R.D.); Bearsted, Langley, Higham, Appledore, East Malling (M.). GERRIDAE Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille) page 356. Very rare. On ponds, streams and lakes. 6. Gravesend (T.R.E.S.); East Malling (G.H.L.Dicker). Gerris argentatus Schummel pages 348-349. Local. Ponds, ditches, pools and lakesides. Two generations a year. Hee Osa. 10: Catford (W.); Cliffe, St. Mary’s Hoo, Ruxley (K.C.S.); Maidstone (W.R.D.); Higham, Bearsted, Isle of Sheppey, Appledore (M.); High Halstow (HERE): Gerris thoracicus Schummel page 350. Common. Ponds, ditches, dykes, cattle ponds, etc. Dover (H.); Plumstead (W.); Abbey Wood Marshes (K.C.S.); Sandwich (N.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Cobham, Isle of Grain (W.R.D.); Ham Street, Deal, Higham, Isle of Sheppey, East Malling (M.); Maidstone, Shorne, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Gerris gibbifer Schummel pages 351-352. Local. Acid and peat pools, etc. Lee, Catford (W.); Bexley (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus) pages 352-353. Generally common. In all but brackish waters. Lee, Catford (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Maidstone, Cliffe, Higham, Shorne, Maidstone, Grain (W.R.D.); Hothfield Bog (K.C.S.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Mereworth, Wateringbury, Ham Street, Isle of Sheppey, East Malling, Appledore (M.); Yorklettes (H.K.K.). Gerris odontogaster (Zetterstedt) pages 353-354. Locally common. Lakes, weedy ponds, canals and acid waters. Lee (W.); Folkestone (N.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Appledore, Bearsted, Higham (M.). Aquarius najas (Degeer) pages 354-355. Common. Margins of lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, etc. Catford (W.); East Peckham (T.R.E.S.); Charing, Isle of Sheppey, Marden, 178 Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, East Malling (M.); a specimen of the macropter- ous form taken at Charing (M.); Canterbury (H.K.K.). Aquarius paludum (Fabricius) pages 355-356. Local. Lakes, streams and rivers. 6, 10. Eltham (S.); Tonbridge, East Malling (M.). NEPIDAE Nepa cinerea Linnaeus pages 361-362. Common. Still waters, muddy ponds and lakes, etc. 1-6, 8-12. Iwade (Ch.); Dartford, Cliffe, Dungeness (K.C.S.); Deal (Bed.); Maid- stone, Abbey Wood Marshes (A.A.A.); Mereworth Castle, Higham, Ham Hill, Snodland, Aylesford, Bearsted, Littlestone, Sevenoaks, Brook, Ton- bridge, Penshurst, Chiddingfold, Marden, Crundale, East Malling (M.); Maidstone (H.K.K.). Ranatra linearis (Linnaeus) pages 363-364. Local but not rare. In pools, old water-filled gravel pits, ponds, etc. Also present where vegetation occurs, and usually selects areas of water where vegetation is sparse. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11. Lee (W.); Higham marshes (K.C.S.); Maidstone (W.R.D.); New Romney, Grove Ferry, Iwade, Aylesford, East Malling (M.); Deal (Bed.); York- lettes (H.K.K.). NAUCORIDAE Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus) pages 365-366. Very abundant. Muddy pools and stagnant ponds. 1-5, 8-12. Dover (H.); Plumstead, Lee, Lewisham (W.); Isle of Sheppey, Iwade, Deal (Ch.); Seasalter, Dungeness, High Halstow (K.C.S.); Maidstone, Cliffe, Shorne (W.R.D.); Appledore, Aylesford, Bearsted, Isle of Grain, Marden, Horsmonden, Faversham, Higham, Worth, Grove Ferry, New Romney, Mereworth, East Malling (M.); Abbey Wood (A.A.A.); High Halstow, Yorklettes (H.K.K.). NOTONECTIDAE Notonecta glauca Linnaeus pages 368-370. Abundant. Ponds, ditches, pools, canals, ete. 1-5, 8-12. Dover (H.); Plumstead, Lee, Catford (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Black- heath (A.A.A.); Maidstone, Burham, Cliffe (W.R.D.); Higham, Iwade, Appledore, Isle of Grain, Hothfield, East Malling (M.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing); Yorklettes, High Halstow, Halling (H.K.K.). Notonecta obliqua Gallen page 370. Common. Acid bogs, pools, ponds. 1-5, 8-9. New Romney, Dymchurch, Hothfield (M.). Notonecta obliqua var. delcourti Poisson page 370. Hothfield Heath (M.). Notonecta marmorea Fabricius pages 370-371 Common. This species prefers brackish waters and it is in consequence usually near the coast. 3, 9, 10. 179 Gravesend marshes (Bed.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Dungeness, High Halstow, Shellness, Cliffe Ruxley (K.C.S.); Shorne, Burham (W.R.D.); Isle of Sheppey, Iwade, Isle of Grain, Hothfield, Faversham, Ivychurch, Higham, Allhallows (M.); Halling, High Halstow, Yockletts (H.K.K.). Notonecta maculata (Fabricius) page 371. Locally common. Ponds and garden pools with gravel bottoms are preferred; also water tanks, cattle tanks, ete. 8, 9, 10. Blackheath (A.A.A.); Maidstone (M.P. Tubby); Hothfield Heath, Snod- land, Marden, Grove Ferry, East Malling—Acarina (M.); Halling (H.K.K.). PLEIDAE Plea atomaria (Pallas) page 372. Common. This bug prefers ponds which are choked with weeds, especially hornwort. Overwinters as adult. Dover (H.); Folkestone (N.); Swalecliffe (But.); Deal (Ch.); Higham, Allhallows, Chislet (K.C.S.); Cliffe, Appledore, Shorne (W.R.D.); Isle of Sheppey, Leybourne, Iwade, Appledore (M.); Yockletts (H.K.K.). CORIXIDAE MICRONECTINAE Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber) pages 373-4. Local. Lakes and ponds with clear water and gravel bottoms. Over- winters as larva. Maidstone (M., W.R.D.); Leybourne (M., W.R.D.). Micronecta poweri (Douglas and Scott) page 374-375. Rare. Associated with running water with gravel bottom. The River Darenth, Farningham Road Station (W.R.D.), (M.). CORIXINAE CYMATIINI Cymatia coleoptrata (Fabricius) pages 376-377. Locally common. In ditches and ponds with large masses of Chara and other thick growing water plants. Whitstable (C.); Folkestone (H.); Lee (W.); Gravesend (Bed.); Shorne, Cliffe (W.R.D.); Higham, New Romney, Faversham, Ivychurch, Langley, Aylesford, Grove Ferry, Appledore (M.); Southborough (T. R. R. Stebbing). Cymatia bonsdorffi (Sahlberg) pages 377-378. Rare. Lakes and ponds. 4. Water with sandy bottom. Langley (M.). CORIXINI Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber) page 379. Common. Stagnant ponds, reed swamps, etc. 3, 4, 9. Lee (W.); Blackheath, Abbey Wood Marshes (A.A.A.); Iwade, New 180 Romney, Higham, Leybourne, Langley, Newington, Folkestone, East Malling, Dungeness (M.). Attracted to light. Corixa punctata (Illiger) pages 380-382. Very common. Ponds, weedy dykes, backwaters and alkaline waters. Also in brackish waters. Deal (H.); Lee (W.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Cliffe, Maidstone (W.R.D.); Higham, Appledore, Isle of Sheppey, Penshurst, Leybourne, Ham Hill, Grove Ferry, Worth, New Romney, Faversham, Isle of Grain, Hothfield, Headcorn, East Malling, Allhallows (M.); Yockletts, Maidstone, High Halstow (H.K.K.); Dungeness (M.). Corixa affinis Leach page 382. Local. Brackish ponds and clay and gravel pits. Gravesend (D. and S.); Deal (H.); Catford (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Westerham (P. Harwood collection); Isle of Sheppey, New Romney, Higham, Faversham, Isle of Grain, Hothfield, Iwade, East Malling (M.). Attracted to light. Corixa panzeri (Fieber) pages 382-383. Local but not very common. Alkaline ponds, lakes and dykes with a few weeds. Hibernates as adult. Worth, New Romney, Leybourne, Iwade, Higham, Ivychurch, Brook- lands, Allhallows (M.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); (M.). Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber) pages 383-384. Common. Ponds, dykes, roadside ponds with black mud at the bottom. Attracted to light. Deal (H.); Lee. Catford (W.); Gravesend marshes (Bed.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Dungeness (K.C.S.); Appledore, Higham, Isle of Sheppey, Pens- hurst, Grove Ferry, New Romney, Horsmonden, Faversham, Isle of Grain, Tonbridge, Hothfield, Egerton, Headcorn, Staplehurst, Leybourne, East Malling (M.); Maidstone (H.K.K.). Hesverocorixa linnei (Fieber) pages 384-385. Common. Associated with stagnant waters, dykes, ditches, ete. Deal (H.); High Halstow, Cliffe, Dungeness (K.C.S.); Gravesend marshes (Bed.); Higham, Isle of Sheppey, Grove Ferry, Faversham, Isle of Grain, Egerton, Headcorn, Langley, Ivychurch, Iwade, Newing- ton, Nr. Folkestone, East Malling, Allhallows (M.). Hesperocorixa castanea (Thomson) page 385. Not common. In ponds of an acid nature with rushes, sedges or sphagnum. Ightham (K.C.S.). Hesperocorixa moesta (Fieber) page 385. Common. In ponds full of dead leaves, vegetation, grass and moss. Deal (H.); Westerham (P. Harwood collection); Appledore, New Romney, Faversham, Isle of Grain, Egerton, Hothfield, Bearsted, Higham (M.). Arctorisa germari (Fieber) pages 385-6. Very local and uncommon. In natural open pits with muddy bottoms and sparse vegetation. Dungeness (M.). 181 Sigara dorsalis (Leach) pages 388-389. Common. Widespread in clear alkaline lakes, with some weed. The bug overwinters. Deal (H.); Lee, Catford (W.); Blackheath, Abbey Wood (A.A.A.); Dunge- ness, Ruxley (K.C.S.); Higham, Isle of Sheppey, Grove Ferry, Worth, New Romney, Faversham, Tonbridge, Hothfield, Headcorn, Brooklands, Ivychurch, Appledore, East Malling (M.). Attracted to light. Sigara striata (Linnaeus) pages 389-390. Very local. Occurs in small rivers, clear canals, dykes, etc., overwinters as adult. Folkestone, Dover (Hall); Brooklands, Ivychurch, Appledore (M.). Sigara fossarum (Leach) page 390. Common. Found in sluggish ponds and dykes containing much pond- weed. Attracted to light. Deal (H. W. Daltry); Appledore, New Romney, Higham, Faversham, Tonbridge, East Malling (M.); Dungeness (K.C.S.). Sigara falleni (Fieber) page 391. Common. Alkaline lakes, rivers, reed beds, etc. Overwinters in the adult state. Deal (H.); Lee (W.); Grove Ferry, Higham, Faversham, Tonbridge, Hothfield, Aylesford, Maidstone, East Malling (M.). Sigara distincta (Fieber) pages 392-393. Common. Acid lakes and tarns, silt ponds and detritus-ponds, etc. Lewisham (D. and S.); Lee (W.); New Romney, Faversham, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Ruxley (K.C.S.). Sigara lateralis (Leach) page 393. Local. Brackish ponds, cattle ponds and even sewage tanks, ete. Attracted to light. Deal (H.); Catford (W.); New Romney, Higham, Faversham, Hothfield, Iwade, Snodland, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.); Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. Stebbing); Dungeness (M.). Sigara nigrolineata (Fieber) pages 393-394. Local. Acid and lime-deficient ponds, pools and dykes. Worth, Hothfield, Hawkhurst, East Malling (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). Sigara concinna (Fieber) page 394. Rare. Ponds, lakes and gravel pits. Attracted to light. Lewisham (D. and S.); Gravesend (C.); New Romney (I. Lansbury); Dungeness (M.). Sigara semistriata (Fieber) page 395. Local. This bug is restricted to small lakes and ponds. Lee (W.); Hothfield (M.). Sigara limitata (Fieber) page 395. Locally common. This bug tends to favour alkaline ponds. Lee (W.); Headcorn, Hothfield (M.). Sigara stagnalis (Leach) pages 395-396. Locally common. A species that inhabits brackish water. Gravesend (D. and S.); Plumstead (W.); Swalecliffe (But.); Deal, Iwade, Isle of Grain, Higham (M.); Blackheath (A.A.A.). 182 Sigara selecta (Fieber) page 396. Local. This is a salt-water species. Attracted to light. Isle of Grain, Iwade, East Malling, Dungeness (M.). INDEX TO FAMILIES Aeanthosomidae -. .. &. 126 Miridae' \.oatateye ye pot AlyiGidackmer <2) a6 Mn, Meee INabidae™ *.. iets s fi se) Sane Aneuridae Sa BSS Pa 26 Naucoridae sa a ES Atradidacmms: “22 ' 220 Se rra25 Nepidae’y tots Get cee anal O Berytinidaes <2* 5. Ae) 43 INotomectidac. see) aes Cimicidae Oe eee o0 Pentatomidae 45 4. eeeeloS Coreidacheen, =<. YA Ae 132 Piesmidae getleie = Peseta rs bene. LPL Corixidae a a es Re L/S Pleidae VEY » eC A Pei taeee79 Cydnidae Baad o Meagan CU Revudiidae 0) ay Gh a Dipsocoridae YI 2 178 Rhopalidaey wi ue 4 eels Gerridacweeen «0 «fers. hte hG SalGIdae@: =k. eciwak i le lS ebnodereay: are oiceremm lle Scutelleridae’ «.3. 4...) se seheles Hydrometmdae’ °° .. 2. 2 116 Stenocephalidae .. .. .. 134 LyGacidaewes . so caby. Lerygelsa NWngidae ous, lyyehiu. epee Mesoveliidaen? ii 778%. (R2ee176 Welitdaetiy.- -.. of) ko. Bele Microphysidae IPA cle ey uae lr REFERENCES Allen, A. A., 1956. (Lasiochilus sladini Distant). Ent. Mon. Mag., 92: 229-30. Bedwell, E. C., 1945. The County Distribution of the British Hemiptera- Heteroptera. Hnt. mon. Mag., 81: 253-73. Butler, E. A., 1923. A Biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 644-71. Douglas, J. W., and Scott, J., 1865. The British Hemiptera. London. 1-627. Groves, E. W., 1959. Stenodema trispinosum (Reuter) (Hem., Miridae) new to Kent. Ent. mon. Mag., 95: 113. Knipe, H. R., 1916. Tunbridge Wells and Neighbourhood. Tunbridge Wells. Massee, A. M., 1935. The Occurrence of Aradus aterrimus Fieb. in Kent in 1933-34. Ent. mon. Mag., 71: 41. ——, 1939. Henestaris halophilus Burm., Nabis lineatus Dahlb. and Salda elegantula Fall. (Hemipt.) in Kent. Ibid., 75: 277. ——, 1940. Reoccurrence of Eurydema dominulus Scop. (Hem., Pentatomidae) in its old locality in mid-Kent. Jbid., 76: 256. —,, 1942. The three species of Mistletoe Bugs in Kent. Jbid., 78: 39. ——, 1945. Occurrence of Elatophilus nigricornis (Zett.) (Hem., Anthocoridae) in Hampshire and Kent. Jbid., 81: 47. ——., 1946. The county distribution of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Supplement 1. Ibid., 82: 94-5. —, 1946. Corixidae (Hempt.) noted in Kent during 1946. Jbid., 82: 278. —., 1946. Notonecta obliqua Gallen (Hem., Notonectidae) and allied species recordea in Kent. Ibid., 82: 301. ——., 1949. Bathysolen nubilus L. (Hem., Coreidae) and other Hemiptera noted at Darenth, Kent. Ibid., 85: 23. ——, 1950. Scolopostethus puberulus Horvath (Hem., Lygaeidae) new to Kent. Tbid., 86: 181. —., 1950. Holcostethus vernalis (Wolff) (Hem., Pentatomidae) and other plant bugs found in East Kent. Jbid., 86: 224. ——, 1951. Lasiosomus enervis (H.-S.) (Hem., Lygaeidae) and other uncommon Hemiptera in Kent. Jbid., 87: 89. 183 ——-, 1952. Rediscovery of Fmblethis verbasci (F.) (Hem., Lygaeidae) at Deal, Kent. Jbid., 88: 196. ——,, 1952. The three species of the genus Eremocoris (Hem., Lygaeidae) recorded in Kent. Jbid., 88: 63. ——.,, 1952. Cyrtorhinus geminus (Flor) (Hem., Miridae) recorded in Kent. Ibid., 88: 92. ——, 1952. Additional county records of the new British Mirid, Alloeotomus gothicus Fall. (Hem., Miridae). Jbid., 88: 276. ——, 1954. Three additions to the Kent list of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Tbid., 96: 96. ——,, 1954. Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Kent. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 11: 245 8° ——., 1955. The County distribution of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 2nd Edition. Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 7-27. ——,, 1957. Dicyphus constrictus (Boheman) (Hem., Miridae) recorded in Kent. Tbid., 93: 41. ——, 1958. Mesovelia furcata Mulsant and Rey (Hem., Mesoveliidae) in Kent. Tbid., 9@: 113. ——., 1959. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Kent. (Suppl. 1.) J. Soc. Brit. Ent., 6: 55-6. -——-, 1959. Miridius quadrivirgatus (Costa) (Hem., Miridae) recorded in East Kent. Ent. mon. Mag., 95: 104. ——.,, 1959. Occurrence of Dichrooscytus valesianus (Mey-Diir) Fieb. (Hem., Miridae) in Kent. Jbid., 95: 239. ——, 1958. Four additions to the Kent list of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. IJbid., 94: 280. ——, 1960. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Plant Bugs, recorded in Parish of East Malling, Kent. Trans. Kent Field Cliib, 4 (2): 83-106. ——, 1960. Micronecta scholtzi (Reuter) (Hem., Corixidae) recorded in Kent. Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 105. ——,, 1961. Cymus obliquus Horvath (Hem., Berytinidae) recorded in Kent. Tbid., 97: 152. ——, 1960. Cimex pipistrelli Jenyns (Hem., Cimicidae) recorded in Kent. TJbid., 9G : 183. ——, 1960. The macropter of Chlamydatus saltitans (Fall.) (Hem., Miridae) recorded in Kent. Ibid., 96: 195. ——., 1961. A further record of Drymus latus Douglas and Scott (Hem., Lygaeidae) in Kent. JIbid., 97: 217. Saunders, E., 1908. The Victoria Histories of the Counties of England: Kent. 214-22. ——., 1892. The Hemiptera Heteroptera of the British Islands. London. 1-350. Side, K. C., 1969. Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter) (Hem.-Het., Miridae) in a new locality in Kent. Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 94. -————, 1962. Drymus pumilio Puton (Hem., Lygaeidae) and Hesperocorixa castanea (Thoms.) (Hem., Corixidae) recorded in Kent. Ibid., 98: 74. Southwood, T. R. E., and Remane, Reinhard, 1956. Nabis pseudoferus Remane (Hem., Nabidae) in Britain. Jbid., 92: 282-3. Southwood, T. R. E., and Leston, D., 1959. Land and Water Bugs of the British Tsles. London. 1-436. Waterston, A. R., 1956. Coriza striata (L.) sensu Jaczewski, 1924 (Hemipt., Corixidae‘ in East Kent. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 142-3. 184 NOTES ON RARE SPIDERS AND COURTSHIP AS A CLUE TO RELATIONSHIPS By W. S. BRISTOWE London students of spiders can find interest in glancing through Eleazar Albin’s A Natural History of Spiders and Other Curious Insects, 1736 and noting that in his days he could find in Ken Wood such species as Micrommata virescens (Clerck) and Araneus marmoreus pyramidatus Clerck. He also figures the large Crab Spider, Heteropoda venatoria L. which was presumably imported, then as now, with bananas from the West Indies, though today, species of a related genus, Torania, often mark Africa as being a frequent source of supply of this fruit. In 1961 I was interested to receive from Mr. G. Bridson for examina- tion, what decidedly seems to be Eleazar Albin’s handwritten draft notes and paintings from which illustrations for his book were selected. The notes up to, and including, his one hundred and second illustration, corres- ponded to those in the book with minor verbal changes; beyond that point, the order was changed, and the notes ceased at figure 145. The illustrations are more numerous than those reproduced in the book. There are 348 compared with 181 in the book (apart from those in the supple- ment). One noticeable feature is that those illustrations which were used in the book were reproduced in reverse, the left side becoming the right side of the spider. Segestria florentina Rossi (Dysderidae) does not appear in his collec- tion from London. Large specimens of this spider range in body length up to 24 mm. which is greater than that of any other British spider, but due to its retiring habits in wall crevices it is often unnoticed. The earliest records related to single specimens from Plymouth, Devon (1816), Exeter, Devon (1865) and Bristol, Glos., (1889). A further specimen from Exeter in 1934 led me to pay a visit there and to find thriving colonies in several of the streets; then on to Bristol with the same result. One specimen reported from Grange-over-Sands, Lancs., must be regarded as a stray importation as it had been found next door to a greengrocer’s shop and I could discover no colony there. Since 1934, I have found colonies in London (Westminster), Rochester and Maidstone, Kent; Windsor, Berks.; Bridport, Dorset; Exmouth and Tiverton, Devon; and Fowey, Cornwall; whilst A. M. Wild has found it at Looe, Cornwall; and J. Karn at Southampton, Hants. It also occurs in Jersey. The likely conclusion is that S. florentina is imported in merchandise from warmer countries in the Mediterranean region or from the Atlantic islands, and that it manages to establish itself in the warmer southern parts of Britain. Search will reveal its presence in other towns, particu- larly ports. I have searched without success in Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, 185 Gravesend, Tunbridge Wells, Canterbury, Dover and Folkestone, Kent; Brighton, Hastings, Bexhill and Eastbourne, Sussex; Bournemouth, Hants; Weymouth, Dorchester and Portland, Dorset; Bath, Somerset, and Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire. New records for S. bavarica C. L. Koch: Torquay and Tavistock, Devon. The sexual organs of Segestria are of a primitive type. The pro- cedure of inserting both palps simultaneously during copulation and into the sperm drop when recharging the palps with sperm are interesting survivals of the primitive habit of spiders. Forty years have passed since the publication of my first paper on spiders by this Society (Bristowe, 1922). It recorded 244 species from Surrey; the list has now reached 350. It described Oonops domesticus de Dalm. as new to Britain; this has since been found in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Hants, Surrey, Sussex, Kent, Berks., Bucks., Herts., Oxon, Gloucestershire, Middlesex, London, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Cambs., Northants, Norfolk, Suffolk, Worcestershire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Shropshire, Monmouthshire, Merioneth and Argyll- shire. If, however, that humble paper of mine deserves recollection, it is on account of containing the first descriptions and illustrations in this country of spider courtship. In particular it mentioned for the first time that the male Xysticus fastened the female to the ground with silk threads and that the male’s leg spines were erected during copulation. Briefly it described and picture1 the courtship displays of Euophrys frontalis (Walck.,) Marpissa muscosa (Clerck) and Trochosa ruricola (Degeer). On this account it seems fitting that the present paper should also include some notes on the mating habits of three rare species, with illustrations by Arthur Smith, a member of the Society. Oxyopes heterophthalmus Latr. (Oxyopidae). When the World of Spiders was published at the end of 1958, I made the challenging state- ment that this spider, known in Britain only from one locality in the New Forest, had not been found “by any naturalist now living”. Within a year it had been found by Mr. Hammond, a member of this Society, on Chobham Common, Surrey, on the heather slopes above Gracious Pond. On 30th April, 1960, he took Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Clark, Mr. Arthur Smith and myself to the same spot. Three immature specimens were swept from heather tops by Mr. and Mrs. Clark with a heavy sweeping net. A male matured in May and a female in June. When the sexes were placed together, the female turned to watch the movements of the male from a distance of up to four inches. After several close contacts he started his display. The front pair of legs were raised in a bent position—the femora were directed backwards, the patella and tibia, upwards at 30° and the tarsal segments at a smaller angle or occasionally allowed to drop downwards. The main courtship display was represented by movements of the dark conspicuous palpi as in Lycosid spiders of the genus Pardosa (Lycosa). One palpal tarsus was held upwards about level with the top of his head; the other was lowered to the ground. Whilst in this position the slim front legs were threshed up and down alternately, (Fig, 1). 186 When he came close to the watchful, crouching female his front legs were raised higher. Eventually he succeeded in touching and mounting the female from the front, caressing her with vibrating legs and palpi. He leaned to one side and inserted a palp for a few seconds only, before leaping away. This appears to complete one act of mating in this species (Gerhardt, 1933) though further courtship and mating may take place. Sitticus rupicola C.L.K. (Salticidae). This gay little black and white jumping spider is a specialist of shingle beaches in East Anglia and one or two other southern localities. The courtship conforms in type with that of other members of the genus. The female watches the ma!e whilst he raises and stretches outwards his front pair of legs and advances in a jerky, zig-zag fashion. At the same time his palps, with black tarsi and yellow tibiae, are raised to a horizontal position and lowered. Mating lasts 48 seconds with each palp being inserted once. (Fig. 2.) Marpissa pomatia Walck. (Salticidae). The courtship display of this fenland species from Wicken and elsewhere closely resembles that of M. muscosa (Clerck). The male raises his front pair of legs vertically above his head with the tarsal segments strained backwards (Fig. 4). Unlike the male of M. muscosa he does not raise his abdomen or zig-zag so obviously from side to side. He advances jerkily with abdomen a’most pressed to the ground. When within reach of the female he flaps his outstretched front pair of legs up and down very rapidly on to her legs and abdomen as he mounts her. The legs vibrate so rapidly that they remind one of the flapping of an insects wings (Fig. 3). The sexual organs of spiders are of great value in identifying species and in determining their generic relationships. The same can be claimed for the study of their mating habits and more use than hitherto could be derived from these habits in determining their relationships. The mating habits provide many important clues, and a few of many can be cited as examples. In related web-building spiders of the families Argiopidae, Mimetidae and Theridiidae some, or all, the males construct a special thread onto which the female is coaxed for mating. This custom is also employed by cribellate spiders of the family Uloboridae. This should be listed as one piece of evidence against the present view of myself and many others that the cribellate spiders should be segregated into a distinct group not closely related to ecribellate spiders. Agroeca fits uneasily into the family Clubionidae. The courtship of Agroeca is not typical of the Clubionidae and resembles much more closely that of the Anyphaenidae. The classification of lycosid species into genera has undergone many changes. The courtship is of three kinds (a) where the palpal movements are dominant (Pardosa), (b) where the leg movements are dominant (Lycosa, Trochosa) and (c) where visual display is largely replaced by vibrations (Arctosa). Our species of Arctosa used to be included in the genus Trochosa, while Xerolycosa was placed in the genus Lycosa (Tarentula) when I first studied their habits nearly 40 years ago and noted 187 the marked difference in mating procedure. More recently I have noticed, but not recorded, that the courtship of Trochosa fulvolineata (Luc.) does not include the leg-waving which is typical for species in the genus, and the latest proposal is for it to be placed in a separate genus on structural evidence. REFERENCES. Bristowe, W. S., 1922. Spiders Found in the Neighbourhood of Oxshott. Proc. S: Lond. ent. nat. Hist See: 1921-22): 1-11, pl. 1 and 2. Gerhardt, U., 1933. Neue Untersuchungen zur Sexualbiologie der Spinnen, inshesondere an Arten der Mittelmeer-Lander und der Tropen. Z. Morph Okol. Tiere, 27: 1-75, figs. 1-22. 188 ‘O[eVUlay SUTJINOD (JUS) sTeIN “el snujpyiydowaqay sadohxo—ty sta Fig. 2.—Sitticus rupicola C. L. K. Female watching male courting her. 190 ‘(VJeT) oTeWley oY} ONO] ues oy Us SdeT UOT] SI JO UOTVAqrA pridert ey} pur ( “MOTRM. DIpDUOd DY ssid (DI WSL) Arysjanod Sutanp ovsod sev {—y pure ¢ ‘sold 191 LARVAE OF THE BRIT!ISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY BUCKLER PART VII Compiled and illustrated by G. M. HaGGett Leucania vitellina Hubn. The Delicate This wainscot, like L. albipuncta Schiff., is a migrant to Britain that is recorded pretty well annually and in some autumns it may be locally plentiful, yet it is rarely found away from the immediate south coast of England. Indeed I can trace no record further north than Gorleston in Suffolk in the east and Gloucestershire in the west, with rare occurrences also in Herts. and Surrey. It seems a most remarkable thing not simply that these species cannot breed inland, but that the individuals of each migration should proceed no further than the southern counties, for we might expect at least casual strays from further north, such as occur with the majority of migrant Lepidoptera. Even along the south coast vitellina tends to be scarcer in the east, whereas in Devon and Cornwall the moth is seen in almost every year, and it is only in these counties that it ever becomes really numerous; the reverse is the case with albi- puncta, which, when it becomes at all frequent, does so only in east and south-eastern counties. The occurrence and habits of vitellina in Devon have been well described by F. H. Lees (1952, Ent. Rec., 64: 101) and his opinion is that it is extremely unlikely that the species could overwinter in Britain. The fact that the west country moths are more frequently of a richer colour than those of the east has prompted some speculation on their respective origins: Cockayne (1936, Ent. Rec., 48: 27) thought it hardly likely that the original migrants could come from different regions abroad and he suggested that vitellina was a native of Britain that had developed into two different local forms. E. B. Ford (1955, Moths, London, p. 82) thought that, whereas ihe specimens obtained in south-eastern counties were primary migrants, those found in the south-west had bred there. I have recently demonstrated by experiment that moths from both eastern and western England can produce the deepest red form saturatior Dannehl. but only when the pupae are kept at below 60°F. (15:5°C.) and at an optimum of 50°F. (10°C.), and that when reared in high temperatures the genetic expression is masked and only ab. pallida Warr. moths will be obtained. It is possible that all examples of pallida taken in Britain are primary migrants, for our outdoor temperatures are too low to allow rapid development. The moth is most often seen in Britain in the autumn, from August to October, but there are enough records scattered over the years of moths taken in May and June to suggest that autumnal moths may frequently be the offspring of early summer migrants. Within the limits of its normal 192 environment abroad it is presumably continuously brooded, as it is when reared in captivity in this country at temperatures of 60°F. (15:5°C.) and over. The larva taken by Milman with albipuncta in July 1907 appears to be the only one ever found wild in this country. But the species has been bred on numerous occasions from the egg and the early stages are in consequence well known. It has the reputation of being a difficuit moth from which to obtain eggs, however, and captive females may live some weeks before laying. A. J. Wightman and I have found no difficulty in pairing and inbreeding over several generations but we always kept the moths in temperatures about 80°F. (26-6°C.). Eggs may be laid in dead seed-heads of grasses but are more prolifically laid right down beneath the sheathing leaf of withered stems: Sir Robert Saundby had eggs laid in the folds of faded grass blades. It may be that in the average cold and wet British autumn those individuals that reach the moth state are unable to fully develop their reproductive cells. The newly hatched larvae tend to congregate in a heap and need to be given temperatures of over 60°F. (15:5°C.) to induce feeding: kept at about 80° F. (26-6°C.) the larva will complete its growth in four weeks. During the early instars there are two forms of the larva, one dark greenish with weak stripes and the other a pale striped putty colour. At all stages the larva is a very active creature that shuns light and when exposed to it runs very quickly to seek shelter. It accepts Cocks-foot grass and Holcus as food with equal readiness. Description of the last instar larvae. Length to 37 mm. A thickset, cylindrical larva with taper only at the tenth abdominal segment, the skin thin and shining, much wrinkled transversely on the thorax and considerably puckered along the spiracular band, the intersegmental divisions not markedly constricted, there being little folding. Ground colour variable, most commonly a sandy hue inclined to greenish and much suffused at the intersegmental areas by the dark purple-green of the body and internal organs. But better marked forms are not infrequent, having rather deeper pigmented skins of dull pinky- brown or even rosy-purplish and in these forms the lateral stripes are more strongly marked. In the paler examples the tenth and eleventh abdominal rings are of a bright pink or reddish hue. The dorsal stripe consists of a pair of dark-brown lines which in the stronger marked larvae have white in the narrow space between them but in the paler larvae the space is of the general body colour; the lines may be broken and the space between them suffused at the intersegmental divisions. Darker shading to each side of the dorsal stripe is barely evident in the palest sandy forms but is well expressed in darker larvae and more heavily still in purplish-tinted ones. The subdorsal lines are pale and fine and may be clear white but are commonly only slightly paler than the ground colour; they are edged above by the darker stripe that is characteristic of the genus Leucania, but which in the palest vitellina may be merely a shadow, yet in the purplish larvae the stripe has the Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962 PLATE X | Say 3 ie Ls 1 Figs. 1 and 2 Fuplagia quadripunctata Poda: figs. 3—7 Leucania vitellina Hubn. 193 form of a firm, continuous dark-brown line weakened only at the thoracic and last abdominal rings. There follows a broad lateral band of mottled ground colour, flanked below by a crinkled pale, or even white, line similar in intensity to the subdorsal. Immediately below this there is a broad dark-brown or purplish band and finally an equally broad stone-coloured spiracular band, the spiracles being situated along its upper edge. Beneath the larva is a uniform ochreous-grey. Spiracles small, broadly oval, those of the prothorax and eleventh abdominal seg- ments much larger than the others and placed clear above the spiracular band. Hairs few and sparse, and very fine and short, not apparent to the naked eye. Head large, broadly rounded, honey-coloured with weak dark-brown reticulation, forming in front two blackish streaks that margin the pale edged clypeus; mouthparts dark-brown, head set with sparse fine hairs. True legs pale-brown, claspers greenish-grey. Pro- thoracic plate broad and well chitinised, pale-ochreous, crossed by white dorsal and subdorsal stripes of equal width and intensity, the dorsal being margined by dusky freckling especially at the posterior edge, the sub- dorsals similarly marked but only on their upper side. Anal plate pale ochreous, crossed by white dorsal and subdorsal stripes, the space between them being densely freckled in brown, the plate only sparsely studded with hairs. In form and markings the larva of vitellina is nearer to uwnipuncta than other British leucanids: the weakly marked sandy larvae can be curiously reminiscent of Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in that the lateral stripes are weak and fragmentary and the white lines no more than flecks and dots superimposed on a thin and largely translucent skin through which the dorsal vessel can clearly be seen. The larva has been described by Barrett (1899, Lep. Brit. Is. 5: 168) and figured by Hoffman (1893, Rauwpen der Schmetterlinge Europas, 1899, pl. 29, fig. 15), but the illustration is much too grey. Figures—Plate X, figs. 3-7, all last instar larvae on Dactylis, reared ab. ovis, from a St. Ives, Cornwall, female, figured 29.x.61 and 7.xi.61. Leucania unipuncta Haw. White-speck Wainscot. The status of L. unipuncta in Britain is still uncertain. As a casual visitor, the moth has a history of one or two records separated by periods of many years when it was absent, but in recent times it has been taken more regularly along the south-west coastline, from Dorset and the Isle of Wight to Cornwall; and the inference is that it is breeding there; de Worms (1961, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 57) has pointed out that so far as Portland is concerned, the area had been well worked for years and only two moths had ever been found before the present run of records. This burst of activity followed the discovery in the late 1950’s that uwnipuncta was to be had annually in the Scilly Isles. The history for Britain generally had been one of scattered records from along the southern 194 counties, with perhaps most numerous appearances in south-west Ireland, and indeed until the Scillies era, the 1928 invasion of County Cork re- mained an isolated phenomenon. A history of unipuncta in the Scilly Isles is given by Richardson and Mere (1958, Ent. Gaz., 9: 121) and from the evidence of past records as well as the present, the species can reasonably be thought to have bred there for many years. Over the greater part of Britain it is doubtful if the species could overwinter, and the south-west of England and Ireland would appear to offer the best footholds. The moth has been reported in every month from April to November, but most often during the autumn. Accounts of rearing larvae from Scillies moths are given by Haggett (1958, Ent. Gaz., 9: 111) and Knight (1958, loc. cit. 113). Due to the generosity of Richardson and Mere, eggs of Scillies stock were distributed to many workers, and large broods were reared and inbred, but no case of hibernation has been recorded. G. Todd (1913, Entomologist, 46: 208) de- scribed the ege. Larvae have been reared in Britain on Dactylis, Poa annua L., Holcus and Agropyrum. A predeliction for cereal crops in warmer parts of the world has earned the moth’s inclusion in the list of lepidopterous pests. Barrett (1899, Lep. Brit. Is. 5: 163) gives a very full account of the species in the U.S.A. Description of the last instar larva. My original description (1958, Ent. Gaz., 9: 111) has been amended as follows :— Description of sixth and final instar. At full growth, measures to 40 mm. long. Cylindrical in shape, a little flattened at the thorax especially when at rest, when also the ultimate abdominal segments are prostrate and the anal claspers displayed behind; most of the leucanias are apt to adopt this posture, but it is particularly evident in this species, as it is in L. comma L. The obesity of unipuncta is also more like that species than the longer and slender members of the genus. The pattern is simple. The dorsal line is weak, and white only at the intersegmental areas, and especially on the thorax, the rest of it being obscured by the suffusion of its dark margins. The space between the dorsal line and the subdorsal is divided into a broader and darker upper region and a slightly narrower pale one below where it adjoins a smoky band bearing the characteristic leucanid black dash on each of the abdominal rings, which in turn margins a narrow crinkled whitish subdorsal line below. The lateral space is occupied by an upper orange band anda rather broader dark band below, there being the suggestion of a narrow faint line between them. The subspiracular band is broad, pale cream and streaked with orange. Ventrally, the skin is a pale, nondescript hue of olive-grey tinged with green. Head large, shining, rounded, a uniform yellow-brown, with a pair of dark-brown upward stripes in front that converge towards the suture and with a shorter and straighter dark streak again before the ocelli; in the darker forms there is a close black network on the lobes. Prothoracic Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962 PLATE X/ Figs. 1—-3 Leucania albipuncta Schiff.; figs. 4-10 Leucania unipuncta Haw. 195 plate dark-brown, crossed boldiy by the white dorsal stripe which is strongly dark-edged and also by the white subdorsals which are edged darker only on the upperside. Anal plate dull brown, divided by the whitish dorsal stripe. Thoracic legs brown, prolegs greyish, small, tucked well beneath the fleshy folds of their segments when not in use, the anal claspers grey-brown and streaked in dark-brown down the side. Spiracles oval, black, all situated at the centre of the segment at the upper edge of the pale subspiracular band. Warts small, black, and bearing short, soft hairs. Skin very smooth and with a wet appearance when taut. As with many larvae, the colours and pattern of unipuncta are best described as they appear to the naked eye. When examined under even a moderate lens the colours disintegrate into a complicated jigsaw of freckles that would be meaningless to describe and hopeless to convey. The larva is exceedingly variable and, while the dark and light extremes can be well separated, there is every gradation between them. The palest has the ground colour of a fawn or putty hue common to many of the genus, and the thorax shaded with greenish and bluish. Others have a rosy or pink tinge. The darkest forms are the most striking and are like no other type of leucanid known from Britain, being not unlike some hadenids; the entire dorsum is a soft olive or ochreous-grey, dusted transversely by darker streaks, the lateral space above the subspiracular is of the darkest blue-grey in marked contrast to the cream band below and the dulled orange band above; the brightness of the pale subspiraculars is relieved by a series of vermilion or orange streaks along the abdomen; the subdorsal black dashes are well developed and the narrow dorsal line is enhanced and particularly bold on the prothoracic plate; the head and plates are correspondingly darker and the prolegs may be ringed by a broad black band. There are also sandy and dulled orange forms that may totally lack the black subdorsal dashes and show little ornamentation beyond a subtle contrast between the dorsal and subdorsal bands, and upon these the trapezoidal warts show up sharply. Other larvae maintain into the last instar an ochreous ground colour well tinged with green or bluish. Figures—Plate XI. Figs. 5 and 6, fourth instar; figs. 4 and 10, fifth instar; figs. 7,8 and 9, sixth (last) instar. Ab. ovis on Dactylis from Scilly Isles moths taken by Richardson and Mere, figured 27.x.57 and 9.xi.57. Leucania albipuncta Schiff. White-point Wainscot. The migration schedules (Table 4E) published by the South East Union of Scientific Societies show this moth to be a rather scarce visitor to Britain, with 167 individuals the most recorded in any one year (1950) and usually with no more than a handful annually; since 1930 there have been eleven years when the species was not seen at all. This is perhaps rather too austere an account, for it is well known to collectors that the species may experience a run of years when it is obtainable in the same localities along the south coast, for example at Dungeness, Kent, in the mid-thirties 196 and also during that period A. J. Wightman used to take the moth regu- larly in the Pulborough marshes in Sussex. The moth may appear at any time from May until October, but the early summer records are few in number and it is not until September that moths are usually reported. Despite its migrant origin the species is rarely found away from the southern coastline of England which would suggest also that it can breed there only, in much the same way that L. l-album L. is confined to the south-west coast. L. albipuncta is recorded from east Norfolk, and according to H. E. Chipperfield (1959, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. His. Soc., 1958: 23) it is to be found in most years on coastal heaths in East Suffolk. In 1959 and 1960 it was reported from Surrey, London and Herts., but these inland records are unusual. The moth has been reported more often from the south-eastern counties of Kent and Sussex than elsewhere. Wightman tells me that Bowes once reared a moth in early summer from a larva he found at Sandwich, Kent, during the spring, and F. H. Lees has recorded (1952, Ent. Rec., 64: 104) that Milman found a larva in July 1907 in south Devon. An account of rearing the larva is given by Cockayne (1936, Ent. Rec., 48: 25). An inaccurate figure is given by Wilson (1880, Larvae Brit. Lep., London, Pl. 33, fig. 3): Larvae are usually reared through to moths by mid-winter of the same year in which moths were caught, taking rather longer to feed up than do others of the migrant leucanias. Description of the last instar larva. Length at full growth to 38 mm. the form plump, even obese, and cylindrical, and abdominal rings rather shorter than they are broad. The familiar Leucania pattern is presented rather simply. A pair of dusky lines margin the narrow white centre and together comprise the dorsal stripe; dark shading to each side extends rather over half way to the narrow white subdorsals. and the characteristic black leucanid dashes are etched rather than streaked, being marked a little more boldly at the beginning of each segment, and again at the posterior trapezoidal. On the sides there is a broad dark-brown band that is edged darker both above and below and the spiracles are set along the lower edge. Below this is an equally broad pale wavy subspiracular band, with the rest of the side and beneath a plain grey-ochreous. Head large, pale-brown with a pair of diverging dark upward streaks in front and streaked again at the sides. True-legs brown, claspers and prolegs greyish and fleshy. Prothoracic plate pale-brown crossed clearly by the white dorsal and subdorsal lines; anal plate weak, pale-brown and also crossed by these white lines. Trapezoidal warts small, the posterior pair conspicuous in the subdorsal streaks. Spiracles small, black, slightly oval. Intersegmental folds blue-grey, unmarked. The larva varies in colour from the pinky-brown flushed hue of lythargyria to a pale putty shade. The dark subdorsal streaks may be well defined and run continuously from the first abdominal ring or they may be merely dusky dashes with black etched in only on the later rings. 197 The richest coloured larvae have also the darkest subdorsals, while in rare instances there is the opposite extreme in which these marks are totally lacking. In earlier instars the absence of subdorsal streaks is usual and the posterior pair of trapezoidal warts are in consequence very prominent. Figures—Plate XI, figs. 1-3, all last instar, on Holcus and Dactylis, ab. ovis from females taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight by A. J. Wightman, figured 12.xii.59. Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda (hera L.) Jersey Tiger. P. B. M. Allan in his book, (1948, Moths and Memories, p. 190 et seq.) has very fully discussed the early records of the Jersey Tiger in Britain and has given reasons for believing the species to have been deliberately introduced, accounting in this way for last century records from outside Devonshire; concerning the Devon colonies themselves Allan again dis- counts the likelihood of natural establishment but admits of the possibility of specimens being introduced accidentally by way of trading boats or along with imported plants. That chance specimens still do occur in other parts of Britain is witnessed by the Arundel, Sussex, record of 1946. Possibly this species belongs to that not inconsiderable group of moths that first came to notice as genuine wanderers or unwitting stow- aways, but whose numbers were subsequently multiplied by dealers and collectors anxious to provide or possess a new and desirable item. After 1881 the moth was taken regularly in the Starcross and Dawlish district of Devon and by the time Barrett (1889) and South (1907) were writing their books the species had become established in Devon from Exeter to Teignmouth. In a note, F. H. Lyon (1959, Ent. Rec., 71: 289) records that whereas the species was still commonest west of the river Exe, it was known eastwards as far as the Dorset border, and that it had been taken as far north as Sampford Peverell, near Tiverton. It is well known from Torcross and Torquay. Accounts of rearing the larva are given by Russell (1903, Ent. Rec., 15: 68-72, and Bird, (1921, Ent. Rec., 33: 214); there are numerous descriptions of the larvae, notably in Barrett (1895, Lep. Brit. Is., 2: 253, with a poor figure, pl. 70, fig. 2b); South (1939, Moths Brit. Is., 1: 165, with a good un- coloured figure on Pl. 88); Wilson (1880, Larvae of Brit. Lep., London, p. 62, with a poor figure on PI. 11, figs. 5 and 5a); and Stokoe (1948, Cater- pillars Brit. Moths, London, series I, p. 134, with a fair figure on Pl. 41). Description of the last instar. The fully grown larva measures to 60 mm. long. In form it is tolerably uniformly cylindrical with slight taper only at the last abdominal segment and at the prothorax; a little flattened dorso-ventrally. Colour along the back a dark violet-grey transversely streaked by velvety black at the segmental divisions, and all the tubercular cushions as well as the dorsal and spiracular patches are edged in black. Below the spiracular band the skin is pale-grey, paler still ventrally and there 198 is a fine dusky central streak that broadens to a dark patch between each pair of prolegs. The dorsal stripe is obliterated at the centre of each segment by the anterior dorsal tubercles and in front of these the stripe is narrower than it is beyond, so that the stripe appears more as a string of swollen patches than as a simple band; it is a bright primrose-yellow centrally suffused by orange and it is frequently crossed by black in the thorax. Each segment, except the prothorax and anal, carries as part of the lateral band two large patches of primrose-yellow ringed in black and sometimes streaked vertically. All tubercles are borne on greatly enlarged bosses or cushions that adjoin to form a loose whorl around each segment; they are dark orange and placed each on an orange base and the spines they support are orange- brown, stiff and spiny, but only of moderate length. Prothoracie plate and anal plate each well studded with pinacula and hairs. Spiracles black and oval. Head large, black and shining, as are the rather long thoracic legs. Prolegs and anal claspers pale-grey flecked or mottled with black, and each with an oval buff patch of chitin that is densely hairy. Figures—PIl. X, figs. 1 and 2, both last instar, on white dead nettle, 20.iii.61. ab. ovis, the parent moth from Bishops Teignton, Devon. From Robin Mere. 199 EDITGRIAL NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE There are only a few changes in our previously accepted names to record in this volume. Some of them will undoubtedly cause confusion and difficulty at first but must be accepted to bring our nomenclature into line with the current Continental work. The situation, with regard to the two Sitona species for example, will give the coleopterists much trouble to begin with, but in fact only brings us back to Fowler’s interpretation. F. D. BUCK. SATYRIDAE (Lep.) My attention has been called by Mr. C. N. Hawkins to an error in an authority for an aberration of Aphantopus hyperantus L. which is used fairly frequently. The aberration is arete and the authority is Miller which should be contracted to Mull. instead of Mill. as used in our Pro- ceedings heretofore, cf. Allen (Naturalist Library Butterflies, 1:233) and Kirby (1764, Faun. Fridr., No. 330, p.36). DREPANIDAE (Lep.) An interesting addition to our fauna since the publication of our last volume is Drepana curvatula Borkh., which was brought forward by Youden & Marsh (1962, Ent. Rec., 74: 44). NEPTICULIDAE (Lep.) Four species in the genus Stigmella have recently been added to the British list: S. pseudoplatanella Skala by Wakely (1962, Ent. Rec., 74: 11-13); S. aceris Frey by Jacobs (1962, ibid, 74: 41-43); S. alnifoliae Hering by Jacobs (1962, ibid, 74: 122-3); and S. rossensis Gr6n. also by Jacobs (1962, ibid, 74: 193-5). PTEROPHORIDAE (Lep.) New to the British list is Crombrugghia laetus Zell. which is added by Youden (1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 11-13). STAPHYLINIDAE (Col.) There are several changes in our list of British Stenus as given by Tottenham (1949, Generic names Brit. Ins., Pt. 9, page 412-3). Kevan & Allen (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 211-7) in a paper on the genus make the following: Stenus cautus Er. must be added and S. vafellus queried as British; S. coarcticollis Epp. should be added and the variety brevipennis Thom. of S. picipes raised to specific level. Kevan (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 51-52) adds Cypha (Hypocyptus) imitator Luze to the British list and at the same time reduces the status of C. apicalis (Bris.) to that of variety of C. pulicarius Er., he goes on 200 to say that it would be more logical and practical to regard it as a synonym and in view of this we can assume that he uses the term ‘‘variety” as an aberration and not as subspecies. Since we prefer not to use the term “variety” in this publication because of its very loose use amongst lepidopterists, this particular form should appear in the list as C. pulicarius Er. ab. apicalis (Bris.). HELODIDAE (Col.) Study of the genus Cyphon by Kevan (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 114-21) results in changes in the nomenclature of the genus as given by Kloet & Hincks (1945, Check List Brit. Ins., Stockport, p. 183). All the species after C. padi (L.) should be deleted and the following substituted : coarctatus Payk. (paykulli Guér.) (nitidulus Thom.) palustris Thom. (coarctatus Payk. auct, nec Payk.) Then the following additions should be inserted after C. variabilis (Thunb.): pubescens (F.), phragmiteticola Nyholm and hilaris Nyholm; and the aberration punctipennis Sharp, which Kloet & Hincks treat as a junior synonym of v. nigriceps Kies., must be raised to specific rank. CURCULIONIDAE (Col.) The two Sitona species lineellus (Bons.) and decipiens (Lindberg) as given by Kloet & Hincks (loc. cit. p.211) and by Allen (1962, Ent. mon. Mag. 98: 10-12) are not correct. Kevan (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 171) gives them as ambiguus Gyll. (lineellus (Bons.) auct. nec (Bons)) and lineellus (Bons.) (decipiens Lindberg). Allen in a footnote shows the relationship with the nomenclature of the standard works. CHRYSOMELIDAE (Col.) From examples taken on Bookham Common, Surrey, Henderson (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 259) adds Chaetocnema aerosa Latz. to the British List. APHELINIDAE (Hym.) The species subflavescens (Westw.) which in Kloet & Hincks (loc. cit., p.302) stands in the genus Aphelinus has been transferred by Novitzky (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 195) to Mesidiopsis; and albidus (Westw.) also from Aphelinus is transferred to Aphytis (sub.g. Prospaphelinus). TORYMIDAE (Hym.) Monodontomerus viciellae Foerster has been added to our list by Lane (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 225). TENTHREDINIDAE (Hym.) As a result of study by Benson (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., $7: 83) changes 201 are necessary in the Kloet & Hincks Check List (loc. cit., p.226) concerning Pontania lapponica Malaise, P. algida Benson, P. harrisoni Benson, P. viminalis (L.), Priophorus laevifrons Benson and P. ulmi (L.). Benson’s conclusions produce the following synonymy : Pontania crassipes (Thom.) (lapponica Malaise) (algida Benson) Pontania viminalis (L.) (hungarica Enslin) (samolad Malaise) (harrisoni Benson) Priophorus ulmi (L.) (laevifrons Benson) Phiophorus rufipes (Lepeletier) (ulmi L. auct. nec L.) ICHNEUMONIDAE (Hym.) A second species of Stilbops was added to our list from Ireland by Stelfox (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 161), the species is S. limneriaeformis Grav. He also adds (1961, ibid, 97: 181-2) Gnathoniella egregia Schmiedknecht. PTEROMALIDAE (Hym.) Graham (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 171-6) describes three new British species, Apelionia restritum, Eumacepolus pulcher and E. obscurior. He also adds a fourth, Apelioma peteromalinium (Thom.), hitherto only known from southern Sweden. CYNIPIDAE (Hym.) To the genus Andricus, Claridge (1962, Entomologist, 95: 60-1) adds the species quercuscalis (Burgsdorff) hitherto unknown in this country. FORMICIDAE (Hym.) An ant, Myrmica puerilis Staercke, is added to the British list by Collingwood (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., $8: 18-20). JASSIDAE (Hem.) In a paper on the genus Scleroraeus, Le Quesne (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 260-3) gives extensive synonymy of the three British species. The species as he gives them, with sufficient synonymy to indicate how they compare with Kloet & Hincks (loc. cit. p. 54), are: S. corniculus (Marshall), S. plutonius (Uhler) (striatulella (Edwards)) and S. decumanus (Kontkauen) (striatulus (Fallen)). BaTHOSCOPIDAE (Hem.) A study of the genus Oncopsis is published by Le Quesne (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 164-70) which includes a key to species. As his list of 202 species differs from that given by Kloet and Hincks (1945, loc. cit., p. 52) it is repeated here: Oncopsis tristis Zett. subangulata Sahlb. flavicollis L. alni Schrk. carpini Sahlb. f. avellanae Edwards MACcHILIDAE (Thysanura) Miss Clay (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 84) shows Machilis britannica Womers!ley to be a synonym of Trigoniophthalmus alternatus (Silvestri). She also shows that the subspecies diversiphthalmus Wygodzinsky occurs in Britain. MuscipaE (Dipt.) An addition to this family, Helina annosa (Zett.), is made by Skidmore (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 252). There is also the addition of Platycoenosia mikii Strobl, by Ackland (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 174). AGROMYZIDAE (Dipt.) In a paper on the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Woodwalton Fen, and a supplement, Griffiths (1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98: 125-58) describes the following new British species: Agromyza marionae, Ophiomyia thalictrina and Melanogromyza symphyti. Spencer (1962, Ent. Gaz., 13: 18) describes the new British species Phytoliriomyza _ scotica. RHAGIONIDAE (Dipt.) An addition to our fauna, Xylophagus junki Szilady, is made by Collin (1962, Entomologist, $95: 272-4). CECIDOMYIDAE (Dipt.) Dasyneura chrysanthemi Heath is described in Barnes, Arnold & Heath (1962, Trans. Soc. Brit. ent., 15: 1-20) and is added to the British list. 203 BOOK REVIEWS Field Studies. Edited by A. R. Clapham and others. Pp 138, 5 plates, 62 figures and 6 tables. 83” x 63”. Field Studies Council. 1962. 10/-. This useful book is to be obtained from the Publicity Secretary of the Field Studies Council at Ravensmead, Keston, Kent. The five papers are naturally connected with the Field Centres administered by the Council but it would be a mistake to imagine that they are merely accounts of the activities there. On the contrary, they are valuable papers supported by carefully drawn figures, by references and, where appropriate, by glossaries. Some of them will be indispensable to students of the flora and fauna dealt with. The first paper is devoted to British Seaweeds. When one considers the millions of people who each year go to the seaside, it is remarkable that there is so little literature available for them. The few modern books in existence are listed. The Keys to the four classes are down to genera; clearly it would be impossible in the space to go down to species. They demand the use of the compound microscope, and despite the elaborate glossary, would probably frighten many. But the subject is not an easy one. The serious student will welcome this paper. Next is a paper on Intertidal Polyzoa. These animals must at times have attracted the attention and wonder of anyone walking by the shore, but to study them is a difficult matter. There are brief references in various text-books and there is a work by Hincks on the British species. It was published in 1880! In this paper the British species are dealt with, their habitats tabulated and their names and synonyms set out in a check- list. The paper on the Distribution of Hydracarina in the Flatford Area is for the student and more particularly for those visiting the Centre. For such, it is most valuable as it gives useful maps, tables and diagrams. For the general reader the article on Archaeology of Malham Moor makes fascinating reading. It 1s based on the work done from the Centre in the past eleven years and gives a useful insight into the history of the area back to glacial times. Lastly, there is a paper on the North Shropshire Meres and Mosses. To quote the opening words “The Meres and Mosses are a series of water- or peat-filled hollows in the glacial drift which covers the Shropshire/ Cheshire Plain”. The paragraph on “The Breaking of the Meres” (page 108) will surprise many. Quite suddenly the waters become turbid owing to the activity of minute blue-green algae. This will be of interest to most naturalists but the bulk of the paper is for the ecologist. The book as a whole is a striking tribute to the work of the Council. TAiRi BAGies! 204 The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire. By Baron de Worms. Pp. 177, 9 plates, 1 map. 83” x 53”. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 1962. It has been suggested that many distribution lists of insects reflect the distribution of collectors rather than the insects. The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire is an outstanding example of this. Nearly all the records come from one of the following areas:—Marlborough (including Savernake Forest), an area round Salisbury mainly to the south-east, Trowbridge and environs, a series of localities bordering the Salisbury-Warminster road, and the Tidworth area. Despite these limitations, an adequate and work- manlike list seems to have been produced which is probably fairly complete. It is now up to the Wiltshire lepidopterists to continue the study and work out the distribution of their group in the large areas of the county which appear to be untouched by the net. The map, which is the frontispiece, is practically useless as only a few of the localities mentioned in the text are indicated. To make practical use of the work a gazetteer is required and even then some of the localities are not immediately recognisab!e; Bishopstow, on p. 96, is presumably Bishopstrow, Codford would seem to be Codford St. Mary, and Fisherton, Fisherton de la Mere. It is not clear whether Pepperbox and Pepperbox Hill are a single or two localities. West Wood appears to be correct, not West Woods, and Rabley does not appear to exist. Beyond these minor faults, the list is clear, well printed on good paper, and in addition to the Wiltshire localities contains a brief indication of the general distribution of each species in the British Isles. The volume, which contains no mention of the price, is a welcome addition to our county lists, and the author and publishers are to be congratulated on an attractive and workmanlike production. B. J. M. Animals of Britain. Edited by L. Harrison Matthews. 24 titles, published separately; 16 already issued. Pp. 24 (each book), 48 illustrations (average). 9” xX 17”. London (Sunday Times Publications Ltd.). 1962/63. 3/6 each. This is an ideal set of books for the general reader who wishes to become acquainted with the latest developments in our knowledge of British mammals. Presumably, the use of ‘animals’, instead of “mammals”, in the title, is a concession to popular usage. Each book deals with one species, or a group of closely allied species, and is written, in easily read style, by an acknowledged authority, with extensive field experience, thus avoiding the frequent weakness of one author dealing with too many species. A uniform pattern, with modifications when necessary, has been observed throughout the series. The volume on weasels is a typical example, and includes sections on description, distribution, habitat, habits, food and feeding, predators and disease, breeding, keeping in captivity and further reading. At the end of each number there is a large diagram of the animal’s skeleton, a welcome feature these days when so many 205 of our young people are technically trained. Special subjects, such as the self-anointing of hedgehogs, the rutting behaviour of deer, the echo- location technique of horseshoe bats and the nest and tunnel systems of moles, are adequately expounded when the occasion arises. The animals dealt with so far are badgers, horseshoe bats, hedgehogs, water voles, grey squirrels, red squirrels, grey seals, otters, foxes, dormice, fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, weasels, moles, and brown rats. Every volume is lavishly illustrated with superb photographs, carefully chosen to exemplify important points and supplemented by helpful draw- ings and maps. Attractive, stout, giossy covers display excellent colour photographs of the animals within, and add much to the appeal of these useful books. They are strongly recommended to the general reader and serious student of Britain’s fauna, and publication of the next eight vo:umes will be anticipated with much pleasure. Fieve Water Beetles and Other Things. By Frank Balfour-Browne. 1962. Blacklock Farries & Sons Ltd. Dumfries. Pp. vii and 219. Illustrated. Price 25/-. This volume, filled with interesting facts and anecdotes, will have a wide appeal to entomologists and, needless to say, ought to be added by coleopterists to the author’s three previous volumes on British water beetles. The first chapter gives us an insight into the Professor’s first interest in entomology and life at the universities. This is followed by the history of the British water beetles from the list of Marsham up to present-day nomenclature. Chapter three is of great value to all interested in insect distribution as it deals in some detail with the county and vice-county system as a basis for recording captures. The following chapter on life histories was all too short for the reviewer, but chapter five made amends by devoting 43 pages of absorbing interest on habitat groups. Chapter six gives a brief survey of the various types of collecting grounds which is followed by a lengthy chapter on the origin of the British water beetle fauna. Much, if not all, of this work has been previously published by the author in numerous papers, but it is of great value to have the work condensed and collated for easy reference. The final chapter presents some of the entomological problems which have yet to be solved. The author does not disappoint us and makes his usual rapier thrusts at the International Commission of Zoological Nomencla- ture. A bibliography is added after each chapter, and at the end of the book sixty-four pages are devoted to a comprehensive bibliography on the water beetles. There is some repetition in the latter and it may have been advantageous to have given one only. Of absorbing interest and well printed, this work deserves a ready sale, but why has the author, always so meticulous in every detail, omitted to see that the book bore the date of publication! A. E. GARDNER. 206 Life Of The Wayside & Woodland (Wayside & Woodland Series). By Dr. T. R. E. Southwood. 8vo, pp. 290 + 12, 64 plates (32 in colour), and 300 line figures. London, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. 30/-. The New edition of Life of the Wayside and Woodland is an informative synopsis of most biological subjects in Britain, details of which are as varied as the accumulative subjects dealt with by the other books in this series. In this attempt to revise the old edition of T. A. Coward’s book, which was originally published in 1923, Dr. Southwood has been very successful. In Coward’s original book each chapter dealt with two months of the year, and the present author follows this arrangement. The obvious difficulties of providing sufficient material to embrace this vast subject, and at the same time include much of Coward’s original writing, together with the present author’s own additional work, are clearly very great, especially when having to limit this total to one volume. On reading this book therefore, one may find that the text tends to become restricted to topics of information, with these topics being treated very sparingly. This is, however, to be expected in a book of such a limited size. The complete lack of such subjects as the life history of the cuckoo, and of any mention of fresh-water mollusca, are just two items which could well have been included. There are also a few minor discrepancies which should be corrected, e.g. p. 24, a reference to centipedes killing prey with their ‘poison claws’. The book is copiously illustrated with drawings, paintings, monochrome and coloured photographs, which are apt and informative, but most of the colour photographs are extremely poor. In the 4 appendices, praise is warranted for the large, instructive section on galls, leaf-mines, and other varieties of leaf damage; explan- ation of the Berlese-Tullgren Funnel; a list of Natural History Societies and their publications; and an informative bibliography to specialised works for further biological and taxonomic studies. This new edition is an extremely useful introduction to the study of Natural History, and should provide a stimulus for further and more specialised study. M. SHAFFER. Lichen Illustrations. Supplement to A Guide to the Study of Lichens, Ursula K. Duncan, M.A., pp. vi + 142 plates and index, 9” xX 53”, T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath, 1963. Price, 25/-. Anyone familiar with the Guide might be pardoned for assuming that the plates in the present volume were a continuation of those in the original work, i.e., photographs of the lichens in situ with two figures to a plate. They are in fact quite different. Each plate deals with one species only and has up to five figures. Of these figures one shows the species as seen by the naked eye and the others different parts at indicated degrees of magnification. Anyone who has struggled with the older books will appreciate the benefit of this arrangement. First there is the great con- venience that one has not the task of picking out what one wants from 207 a mass of figures. Secondly there is the advantage that the description is on the same plate as the figures and not in some out of the way part of the book. The names are up-to-date. Lastly the figures have been prepared under the guidance of an expert and so show just what one wants to see for identification purposes. These plates will be of great assistance to those taking up the study otf lichens. They approach the subject from an unusual and perhaps novel angle. Ths KAGEES: Practical Entomology (Wayside and Woodland Series). By R. L. E. Ford. 198 pp., 12 plates, 36 figures. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. Price 17/6. This is the latest of a number of works on the subject that have been produced in the last decade. It replaces the publishers outdated “Collecting and Breeding Butterflies and Moths”. Frankly the book is disappointing. Although Mr. Ford, writing within the book’s limitations, has done a workmanlike job, but far too high a proportion of the subject matter refers to Lepidoptera. There is also a certain amount of unneccessary padding and much of the material relating to Lepidoptera particularly is contained in early chapters of other books in the Wayside and Woodland Series. For example the historical development of the net and the peculiarities of early collectors to which a whole page is devoted seems out of place in a book of this length and some of the plates (9-12) and figures (e.g., 1, 4, 9, 18, 30, 31) hardly seem to add anything to the text. The chapter on breeding covers 42 pages, and is devoted entirely to Lepidoptera; much of this material is already contained in “Caterpillars of the British Butterflies”. Setting on boards is adequately described both in “Butterflies of the British Isles’ and in “Dragon Flies of the British Isles”, whilst the techniques of mounting and storing of small flies and wasps is excellently described in ‘Flies of the British Isles”. If the reader comes to this work with no experience, then he will find an attractive and interesting approach to the subject. But if he has first read and used other works in the Wayside and Woodland Series he will feel a sense of disappointment. This is not to say that he will not find many useful tips and a mine of information. Most amateur and many professional lepidopterists not only belong to a national society but also to a local one. Only by meeting frequently with other entomologists can an individual progress and get the most out of his hobby. Mr. Ford mentions only two national societies, surely he should at least have mentioned the county societies which can usually be con- tacted through local museums. A great opportunity has been missed. How in this day and age can Lepidoptera, or for that matter any order of insects, be studied without genetalia preparations, indicates only one glaring omission. This book leaves off where it should start. The modern young amateur demands much more than simple instruction in collecting and preserving insects; and he should get it. 208 This has been a most difficult and unenjoyable review to write. One has become so used to the high standard and advanced work of the Wayside and Woodland Series that to have to write of one of the series in anything but praise is an unenviable task. However the foresight, wisdom and genius that produced “Flies of the British Isles” and other works has here suffered an eclipse. We hope it is only temporary. B. J. MacNutty. Transactions of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Part 3, vol. 15. 8vo, 71 pp. Lincoln: Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 1962. Not priced. This latest number again contains many interesting notes on the botany, entomology, arachnology and ornithology of Lincolnshire. The Union has a flourishing Junior Section, whose members carry out various natural history projects with great enthusiasm, and also help to amass new records for Lincolnshire. In fact, a notable aspect of the Union is its ability to continue to add new records to the county, vice-county, and divisions, year after year, especially in botany, where 43 new mosses and 81 new fungi were added to the records. Various bird records were also made, and it seems that ornithology has a large following in the Union, as almost a half of the Transactions are devoted to birds. The Presidential Address, ‘‘The Natural History of Insect Reproduction”. by Mr. G. A. T. Jeffs, covers a very wide field and cites over 40 examples. He deals extensively with courtship, mating, egg-laying, parasitism, growth and habitat in insects from all orders, and should succeed in making many more people look closely at the behaviour of insects before they capture them. Finally he describes in detail the development of the Large Blue butterfly (Maculinea arion L.). There is a good biblio- graphy for anyone who wishes to read further about the subject. It is a pity that Helochares lividus (Forst.) is mis-spelt in the text. One feels that more information could have been found for the entomology and arachnology reports, but, nevertheless, the Union appears to be doing invaluable work in Lincolnshire and has produced a most interesting, although unpriced, number. C. M. W. CORRIGENDA. Owing to an editorial error Mr. S. R. Bowden’s exhibit in the 1961 Annual Exhibition was wrongly reported. The report should have read as follows: (1) Specimens of Pieris napi L., P. bryoniae Ochs. and hybrids between them, illustrating genetic polymorphism at the sulphurea locus (cf. Bowden, 1961, Entomologist, 94: 221-226). The gene concerned con- trols the alternative ground-colour pigmentation, lemon-yellow/white, but not the ochreous biochrome present in many of the females. Domin- ance is in the order all-white (f. swbtalba Schima)>parti-coloured (wild type)>very pale yellow replacing white (sulphurea Schdyen, Thompson’s form)>all yellow (sulphurea Schéyen, Head’s form). The balanced poly- morph subtalba is probably allelic with the recessive yellow forms; if not, it is very closely linked. 209 INDEX Tt does not follow that because a page is referred to once only that there is not more than one entry. 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SLICER iee - \o8 Cee oes 16 Field Meetings : VNC KG NU TVER ICON 0 Sera pean ANE See es eri tot > At Se ee, RR ee ic elas 96 Sie Ucomandise MOLES po. 5 .scascGede a nicacaeeeeesoacteecte erat cme cnmere coc Lee ee ee eel 97 EDUMTSLO Vue C OMNI OTL eee 2 Seep Teen ee Rca. ee ee eae es ce ye i ie ae a SO AD CLE e2 BY) BURR RRR ee coh SOSA Oe ALPACA Heer ae eee nee, (Unc YAR RIOS EP a 103 PEPOULISCIUMCIe | .Cihes heed LV PERRNE SF, Be Re eo OM Raa ete eee Ol he onc 1 SM 99 VIDS iG CUI OO: tts. neste co emetic rte ene Eee Ee ORSWLER Onion bh raed: ONE 87 VO TOUCH REIS PALL Ci sesso seers rare cates ee Renee er a a eins ee ttt Mme een eee EB} AS YOXOG ligt OYUN OND nag] QUST ae tee A Ie RRR ARE es cere eee ae Ae ey oe ei, nh a 92 (Cine ao lr ovo Voh ia oy 1G) Ass septs oe Se tore eer co aes son eRe aBBe onic Setice soca on eRe eonona aes Pll (ies8)) 39). 24 TOMO COSI Shesied Pe aesschsss seashore ds > scch Coote as ota wee coos once soe ane eee oe 24, 45, 48, 50 VOTES. we ook .c amare ateuce st gon oe Coc30'3 APO asain Got Oo EME CRB DE Se MEnc nt oso caccnnccteLimeret eee e meee ters 3 INDE MANNTS TO eocconayenascaaticciel sate cake ea tit. cans ee coer ie iia 24, 31, 38, 39, 43, 51 VEIN GEG erate osgn -nvece << tare 22 waterhousei, Longitarsus _......... 23, apo BVINLOW. “BECUE oi ccseccccsascccasewsborireseebe 131 PATUUONNENIIS: cee onnoonasaesescmess sees AOR + 21 > Yh 1 i | ema ee merc en a oa iS ORS eer 9 12 menkert, ADWOdIUS ....-ccruepeneenarsse-> os 35 CRUSTACEA DAPHNIA 9 STASI R ehSotosateeenscie weeer seconds 69 DERMAPTERA PITUCWLAPI A, OUMCMIA \:ctercccsssssscere sss 101 DICTYOPTERA australasiae, Periplaneta _.........:::... 11 ROTSICAN MS biGke IMNSCCG, _..s5-c--cadmeses By VAD IS LLCKs DUSCGU ae uacssca-t spasms tanees 52 Mendica, BIEPANTOPSIS.- — sazcecsesscasenns 5 LAAT TUBES tN, 2; 02222 ste seean aopenmeeeces 52 SUCHIN SCC waccrsrcangctoitiszevesesemseetenatsesass 52 SUCK UM AMUIS, oa deco ncacas apsas ce cesaes eco eee tes 52 DIPTERA TOMY TUOAC . Medanasnasicctunedsonapcorereai neler 202 almibetwlae, AGSTONUYZa |.-..0-2-deacctoeeee 105 AinDiIswal?, ASTOMVZa ....tsen.~ckeeeeeeee 105 Mecrdomyl dae! ..774..deee aoe eee tee 202 CenoGOntAay USP se Ces ces ee cacneeccsesenescesteae 105 chrysanthemi, Dasyneura ................ 202 COLOM a TSVC TAN Woesstecese cree conse steneee 96 COLMA, CCTAOCEL A ncrsttnsiccracdads sereneceeie 96 fasciata, Chilomyia (Cheilosia) ......... 12 AMUVAPEMMIS. | UA, | saecesesyacsecandss- eee 52 TUNED MeN ODIRA SUS s otic cc.s a qeateeetemaety atte 202 lappae, Melanagromyza _..............-.0 105 miarionae: AGTOMYZa. <....cseaeseees tes 202 WAN OSAase Lip Mla: Viale .cstesea eee 52 pyEemaca, Cerodonta: cssinsec.csc-cacterne 105 PyemMacay Cerodomtar s.:.2...c1-cccste-ceees 105 FUNG OTONTCAG ads ccttcs rst ctr suc .asecaemes 202 SCOLICA,, EMVGOlUPIOMIV ZA, ..csccqscesearce semen 202 symphyti, Melanagromyza ............... 202 toalietrina, OPDiOmyla, .22s,.-..eepecccsses 202 LILOP NOV Ae WSDNy es karts seietedete he ope-e ba xetenbes 96 ZOMAR Ae MVOIICCIL AS ~.2s2- ds aecaascennadeddass 5d ECHINODERMATA CLOATITD ISD! cesacoascanses ehetdeetncs Re ee Oo Oe RE Eames 91 spinulosa (=carthusiana), VIO DCIS phasic saseseas 5 posspenhunedsoeensosacngsenancoc acon sede 30 (RON SUTTOY” Yo pares Nee eas aneor ass cnocaee Seopa nme 91 (ONWERWAMIOS HE > Shah eamisGocosecetedodesesceoncoss Hace 127 (Cin MO=Ry OCG. Se asoaeeeceocaducanessese>soodmsocder 147 (GINGER UL UIS I acnoaragaceepnenemaada see scopaccosonedse: 42 CREEPING AISESCUL YT ©. ooh ceec cacenesenev sues 163 Greepiney LWOISHe) es. eecesaecseneceuesetes 146 Greeping, Wiallow, © .......<....0s.00. 90, 160, 16% CUCKOO MEMO WGI fess vooeenedteenessnaceee ee 131 GuUcwIbalis SSTCMC H socc en cecepen ce ancatcenehent 100 GVIGESSH Ves eseteatcce seers -nanee sseceer eanmaren ea 14 WD ACIYLIS (fccdece teen upseneepee 193, 194, 195, 196 CCAM NGUUIGM Ceetetecerenscaedanceneeooan samaeneees D7 {DY ove) fe ot ibalete eae ee ad oe Sees CR ee reat Me 132 TD XOROIEA IR Gye) Dill stan ssepsasacacosébecmnsenceadbrscanore 153 TD WEKGWIG COPEL cee ett ey crease Decenccewernecoaeee 176 PU CHIMAIMGS! SPUD S Pee eee cecacesesersss tees 39 Dyers VGTeenweeds | ..ceesseetaceesceee eee 164 Early-flowering Yellow Rocket ......... 89 Harlys HOE Ct=MeCNO iscvescscsaiscoeeeosener 91 Barly Purple Oren |e ieeses---ceee eee 91 PECTIN, . cs acavonwndeessoe sss ntaton tes ace nese 128 elatior (lurida), Aspidistra ............ 4 16 Kes Cl Rent etaencactosanstecreteeneetasse spas tse cares sec 153 CLIN, paces ot crc 40, 103, 153, 163,165, 170 Enchanter’s Nightshade _.......:.....<.<- 144 Erodium ...... 165 12855132, 133) 1345 136) 139 erythiraeds GemtaWiaua -...2cteccsecsesessce 100 esula.; Huphorbiias (2s. ee eee ereccccsecees 135 eupatoria, Agrimonia ....................- 103 Uphrasia eSDs!: _ ssvestese GPBaRNEARB ber ceeibott aon conperenneee 174 S22) IDENT OIG KET Saasenenescerocateccssasanonesacocae 22 SIGE JEG). cookdottiqa cH eeeee ieee rpenceoodeecssueccbose 174 ea MEUUSLAIMC Rr... ).2s Makes ee 98, 135, 166 Sesh AS OUTASIST ics aaceneeneeeeerse scar: cecacemadebe ae 134 PS COLUM Nam meRaneemcetien scanendeaae dcaaconseesenenceeteme ts 89 Te eT Eee cic occ eee ERE RES a auc HRSA RomeeE notice eae 124 sempervirens, Aristolochia ............... 35 SEPUUMIMIE VCMT |. oe encccstesaeeenectaectoe 100 ED ELOURS HT GRESS, ....0accasdssceniueesonesaseses 89 sibirica, Montia (alsinoides, (GIB KORTE) RARER BReadpenates Grticheres-aariocuc 14 SIPaAUISS SUA: . {vce secaeeeeets oc heer eee a 103 SIE TG ato 46 Re oe RRR EE RERES MORE DAR HCOE SaubSE hee 46 SIP NO rs ATISTOLORNIA\soeeceeere eens eeee 35 SKUNK OAD WAMen .casscsscnes seco teee eee 87 ROSY ie radar aencondec cdc a caer msenacacccie 150," 15321165 SOVONTOMIS 4S Galligan: teres, eae 0, eee 15 SORUC MMe Meets: sc oecesascateteentent 103, 167 SCUAENOSUSH ceNULMCUIS) |< .22c.0 see cade eetenceeeane 91 SpauhnmlataysbrOphila “ «GYWINOPMUS) | ees-eeeeceee sete seer 105 SGabere BOLGUUIS thsccs-sashece cesta eae Pence eee 105 Scamdenss (ContimanitS) .sc.s.e.teeseesesee ese 105 scrobiculatum, Hydnellum (VE EyGlaVelnT) Geecacepasocusbeeseccccsadces 47, 105 semilanceata, Psathyrella ............... 105 semisanguineus, Cortinarius ............ 105 spadiceogrisea, Psathyrella ............. 105 Sphagnonuml, "Galena c.ccs-.ccasseen-nece ee 93 Staurospora, “(NOLAMGAN fen. jwocestensexnsraneets 105 Ste (George's) Mish Only ccecesrs eee ease 91 SHpPbICUS: (Panis ncdericotdocormtereeerss 99 SHUlphureumeyyiricholomia, Gastescse-ce-2- 105 vestaceoscabers eBOletUS» Wi s-ceccen-» oe ee 105 PAGE LOLIMINOSUS ee sSAGCTALIWS? 7. Sic .seceeseces as outs 105 LOLVUSHOOORMMARIUS 5... e.cssessmseeeseenadae 105 tremellosus, Merulius — ........2.:......... ELLE Ge CASUCTD y=. oz... .tecectetueea en oneaeaste tubaeformis, Cantharellus MEE DIS. wee OLALUUS!.. | © sedeneses-.cceasetesespae variegatus, Boletus — ..cicc.ce..- ccs versicolor, Polystictus .................+ vesiculosa, Peziza vietus, Lactarius viscosa, Calocera HEMIPTERA ADLEUIS SP PEMOCOPIS” icqcccnseesaetre-cqaeeee 142 SHUI sea GASUEOU ES.) vssesanteeerer 142 abutilon, Stictopteurus ...... 123, 124, 134 AGAMUHOSOMMUGAEM) © ...ccccccsecuneeanttnesc. seems 159 TM TNSOCOTIGAC. My ocoratugsen-stecanscsesomesseceneves 174 CLES HIM CUA SOUSA Aes cee et secs eesete ree neeee 181 CiSHMeEtUS, JP> popu. Walls... ......ceseedes 171 distinguenda, Myrmedobia _............ 154 Hishimendendus., (Peritrechus yescc.s-- 02 AlSy7/ dolabrata, Leptoptermay: 4 s<:3..-.2..ss: 174 dominulus, Eurydema _............ is} 15} dorsalis, Odontoscelis _......... 16, 123, 128 MONSALTSS OOEC ANA, | ces once cass csatomceene 181 Gubiws:, SCWUWS wooscesese.ess shO PS was ees lF) dumetorum, Physatocheila _............ 146 ET Saas eaeter eto ser ee Raemsee ter ce 124, 132 elegantula, Chartoscirta —............... 176 elegamtula i Wuorieulay 2022. . 181 LsatiCeps;. HAENestariS * .% ...cccoscsaeee sansce 135 VEAVUS OTM St ace... cc saneneeenee meets. 123, 140 VECUIUUATTUS, CuUMGK cccccehsstin te e Orthotylus “ieee 165 odontoo@aster, Gerris” "5 ASA eeececeee TH OlETACEA, MUTYGEMA <4..cct.cc-vsveecseeees 130 Oncopis Orsillinae orthochila, Saldula Opthopyhin de « wendcatnkcaveeth eas meee ee PahwlinUs;,) Liv SOCOLisincskekee ee. eee 168 pallicornis;, DicypWuUsweeevaecdeeeeeee 161 pallipes, Phylus pallipes, Saldula PAGE Daun sAGUWALTIUS.:s-.ces.¢esere-- ctucesaee 178 DALUISULIS,« COLVIMCLUS, 2.5; ;,hesveceesaosneods 169 MALISTVIS sOALGUINS, hse eeacet noo» -soseen sees 175 Manzert, COMA, 1 Nasi esvsssscsscsaees 1, 189 parallela, Pachytomella .................. 163 parumpunctatus, Rhopalus —............ 134 Marvicornmis, Brachiysveles) yise-2...22-.00 153 MAUViLlas ACAIV—tA ~\...:-sreesennee- ates. 145 DAV. Macrotylus 9 sc5cgeeseeteeeteres 156 pedestris, Stygnocoris _............ 139, 140 PPOTITOOMMUGCA CE” sscxcasmectinciincerpranacriceseearedee 128 PONT AROIMIN ACA Ete: s: sc ncss se cecnsecececanean 129 perplexus, Pilophorus __............ 100, 162 MEVTISNs VPSANUSs © Wei tets.ccsce toe senetceeee 158 DETSOMAMNIS, REGIIVOUIS) i isnccsesaessncsees 147 12d aig WOE A Ae a ee ae Se eee 155 DAD TRAN cert ccs: csteecteeane tata: os donwee’s 155 DiCeA. LAMPLOD Are Feces adeaueacderes 141 DICIPES, UESMOUUS: foo. c a. .cospestes sms Sasa aeeee 127 pictus, Scolopostethus ~.o 20. .s...cassesesens 141 IPUCSIMVGAE ia csscavers os siieresestersbestecccdeeayerns 144 DILICOT MIS AD VVAUS Opes ete ecrnccucusea> 140 DUTPESy CDT VIMLIS ws Roasters ceo coneseecte 140 PA ODIMORINI rect capascusossstat enticed shes 162 PilGsellas Sal Gulla: xccsectec.cocts ee eaceeee 174 Pilosus Bothynotus —.-.2...c2s062.:.0 124, 155 poss.) Chuloxanthus: 2... e5eeiees.seseees 175 pilosus: SMegalocoleus)s yase....4.-<.0e-o 156 pinastri (aequalis), Camptosygum ... 169 Pinetellum, Plesiodema —.......sss00.00- 157 Dini why pPAarochromius ys tetek...2e.neencens 138 WIDISTECIUPWOINICKE Oscccncc~yensnedere 124, 154 TZ Wal an et eae ee eRe eee 167 Diapycwila,wACAlypta | )s..065.. che. .neessases 145 Plebejus, Eremocoris ._................ 123, 142 LBS S Ic FNS rad Ae aR oe at ea ie at Re 179 plutonius (striatulella), Scleroraeus 201 podAgricus, BEremocoris. 5... 2222 ee 142 Rodopinaey ly As. Ace eee 128 POPUL PHVTOCOVISS » Bites eee 174 DOWEL MiIGrOMeCTAs eiccs.-2 ncieeeee eres aree 179 praetextatus, Megalonotus ............... 138 DUAcCUStatw Callicorixay ey... snssiassetactes ss 179 MrasiMas JPAlOMeN Gy — vocececdas ses one's 100, 139 PLASIMUSIO JOTTNOTVUWS, aac cecencens sc oeee 165 PCATENISIST OM OUISt emt hsp. ccccseesssceces ease 167 PTOSHOMIIVUMN ACN Us tiers occ. cages sc snceeeetre cee 148 LEASE SVS NS ed ett ee eee atin crea NenP eee 123 psammaecolor, Trigonotylus _......... 174 psclaphiformis, Worlcwla, .....csescee ts 154 pseudoferus, Nabis: <...!).)...see 124, 148 Escudophiloeinae.” 24"), ete ea. 132 TRAE se aR ace ners er oer eae aS Oo 151 DLCTIALS EM VIO COLISE ache ieee tebe. wa eay 154 puberulus, Scolopostethus —............... 141 pudicus (=mediterraneus), Carpo- (COTS iin Sit, aa a Qe a a 123, 130 Dulluss Chilamydatus,: 2) AS: 160 DUI DIENT Sr ocvaricta nee 141 PUNCLATAN COME wi cate eetret. tna. Mecca 180 punctatonervosus Stictopleurus ......... 123, 134 punctatus’ Rhacoemathuse yes... 131 pumctipes, Ganipsocoris. ...sezocceccsess. 144 PAGE pusilla, Neottiglossag, on:7...n52iniar, 129 DLISTUUILS wel CL UUSs pieteesruses sos sessccesstantees 176 pusillus, Temmnostethus ..............2..006 150 pygmaeus, Acompocoris _.............-.... 152 DY LMacwe: Lye hws eieeesit isis. ..sesesaes 157 quadwatiunm, (Piesmaaitie.s st: teas -1 +. onoaro eee 133 UR OPAIMAe Bese assets ves boncoeomeeeer ames 133 iy PAaroechrominac ver....-.-0:.0cesmeeecee 136 mOLaM cei Ap AnISiewe o&...2s87.0eee ce 123, 139 roseomaculatus, Calocoris ......... 100, 170 LOSserin. Sthenarusmeeee:..5.ce eee 160 POSEUS, + CONOSTRUDUSMI 2.2.2. 5.5 eee 156 OSES; (Almi) > eSaisteaees ..ce2.. cent aces 158 rotermundi; Sthenarust .....2....02bbeee.04 160 PUES, DeraecOCOLis, Beek. sss-co..20s eee 155 eb UuaIS Ot ot Smee ste) co. des. Reeeee 166 lubuicatus) "Orthopse tee.....\ceee 167 rotescens,, Hallodapuss202......02 161 rifescens,) Metatropis® %..4i3...008 ee: 144 PUnComMis, Trigonotyius! » 2...22 22:28 174 PODLLONS, sOrunOnOLusm ei) eee: 156 rufipennis, Dichrooscytus — ............... 169 TUMpPES, ACOMDUSmPasetetee etre eee 13 TUDES, ALCO Spe: -<. Be keees coe es a ee 176 PULPeS: pPentATOMAL | hsectsce-2scsn0f tees 130 rufoscutellatus, Limnoporus ...... 124, 177 PUSICOliss Velesiocorist ee... 169 PULOSUSHNabiSn Sapte eer se 104, 148 DUS Penns, ely SWS Nees. cccseees.e 98, 167 PVEl.. Drysso.) sel eh ae 141 TUSTICUS) SUV SNOCOTIS! fi 2tk...cete: 124, 139 Ssavulerny MIsChmodemuus™ ee. s 136 sabulicola, Megalonotus _............... 138 sahlbergi, Hesperocorixa _............... 180 DAUGKAAG. yt Beisel eee eee eee 175 Salicellus Psalls. = is ee eee 159 Saliators Halticus see ee 163 Saltator, Orthocephalus “2. 163 Saltatonia, Salduilaslte--+ eee 175 Saltitans,, Chlamydatuswiti.....208 160 sarothamni, Anthocoris — .................. 151 Satindersi, TeraiOcOrisw sive... ast e io 174 Scapha,, Enoplops: acdadsdrss00 136 ‘ibialiss Heterocordylusy see. 22% 164 HUE: TEN VTOCORIS snc aeceet accent een 171 NTMI RIES) paradnersqenbecouasdo-zcocddecoanorecaades 145 Tinginae key eee RIES. 145 Lip WlaPIWSSINCUGES PP iiktseccsscccccceetececeens 144 tHicorniss Dicivyonata. Bees... 145 triguttatus, Systellonotus _...... 100, 161 TripPUsHMawUss WiOCOVIS FMA es EE. 167 trispinosum, Stenodema .................. 173 CRISIS: \OMNCODSISs sie. efeccepcscwosdsvsccdsntss 202 iristmiatus, Gyphostethus: ee... <2: ses 126 truncatulus, Kleidocerys _............... 136 PUMICAGUS., WamMUuis) ~ 2o.2.c-.csceecemee cece 172 iyphiaes (Chilacis 9 shkereccd- secsssccaeesseeetees cose eee 200 algida (=crassipes), Pontania ......... 200 AATUGUICUS: © Sss25covsezseddemaceen coe eee 201 ADICLINUG ACY 2: <... beeen. cc cese these ere eee 200 AD CTIMUS! Prisccccec sence cee occeeceseace ceeeeemaeee 200 ADDY CIS" acnnscscwsascataexsass cnasene pep eee eeeer eee 200 baccarium), NEULOtertsSs..-cs-+-k seep eee 94 BiPCh Sawily, ..c..-.csccncscceceseeseseees comet 9 GCan@enms, -ADia « «cc asssssdessaee Petree eee 42 Ciliaris:, ATE. | cc. Ret rade tret cee 42 Gollaris;, Aw CUnValOr itt se. es eeeeeeee 94 crassipes (lapponica, algida), Ont aM ster cance ntecnseeatreseeoneree 201 CULVATOLs s AM GIMCTIS n aeercnnsceetenksceeerenanee 94 CV ANEUS SUBC Ks wee cect dete Rene eee 5d CY MIPIM Trecrccccavecasskete cucu aececas ee eeeee 201 CEreoia,, .GMannOmMmicCllan eaccsesaessis reset 201 feMOLailals OlMD Cay nice see eee eaceeee eee 9, 42 flavus, Lasius (Donisthorpea) ............ 47 FOrMicidae™. . 0% Peesisstteetoch os eee eee 201 harrisoni (=viminalis), Pontania ...... 201 hungarica (=viminalis), Pontania ... 201 My pPOCNOeTIGISs wAsy Laken setae sete eae 94 NCHNIEGUMOMUTAC. cee ceee te -cseeneseceeceeaenes 201 JUMIDSEL, MONMOCTEMUS! fren: csasseaseceneeeses 42 laevifrons (=ulmi), Priophorus _...... 201 lapponica (=crassipes), Pontania 201 latrenliler -DriehiOSOMMNM Sis: 4-2. 42 limneriaeformis, Stilbops .................. 201 Lucorum, Trichiosomlays....--sceessse 42 IMIGSTETOPSIS | wacsecdhdaceeeets cessor tate eee 200 PVLOTMOWMVOLIUIMI | occ sces ceceoeeeees same et cee renee 15 MUS er, TLVASIUS) Acoonsccestasnce ee eeeteeeeee 161, 162 ray Hog rf yaan) ake) ae) Ul Ie eaeedersdecunsoanonoscocoseee skae> 42 DUMUISMOAIS) INCUMOTEEUS: ceaeeeeessseeeeeeeeee 103 ODSCUTIOLr, HuUnMIaACepOMIS’ cs-..- 49 ALDIGTOR= Ace aAlIStr alls alo seee.: verses BY albimaculata, Hadena .................. 34, 36 AIDINENSISHePyeDLASSIGAC Tes. .ceee cesacces 30 albipuncta, ‘Cosyambila fact eey-sncsse.2 =e 104 albipuncta, Leucania ... Pl. XI (figs. 4-3), 17, 23, 29, 48, 191, 192; 195, 196 225 PAG albitarsella, Coleophora ..................... 93 albovenosa (=venosa), Simyra ... 26, Dit. 108 AUD ARRON O LAN see sa cteree es wanes cnaeeree ees 36 algirica (aristaeus), Hipparchia ...... Q4 AIsSellareeh VaCretiae eee... ate ee 19 alni, Apatele ... Pl. I (fig. 6), 26, 44, 46, 47, 51 AMITOLIAESMSTiomMellay is. cee eee 199 alpicola, Amathes ... 26, 29, 32, 38, 43, 47 alpinellis MP latyitesiee....0- ese 46 alpium, Mona (Diphtera) ............ 28551 alternaria (alternata), Semiothisa 29, 48 alternata (=alternaria), Semiothisa . 29, 48 amata, Calovny Sami sie. :...¢-:- esters 29 ambigua, Hoplodrina ............ 29, 44, 49 americanias SaplCMapleta c.cassereec see 30 anareyra,, Avspaphianeal. | ...ce-ee sore 4 andalusica, Hadena (Dianthoecia) ... 32 anceps: (—infesta)sApamea, ==... sssssee 34 anglicola, Z. filipendulae, s.sp. ...... 48 aAneustana, HM PinN Oval weree-ceoess-saeee 19, 20 angustana, Eupoecilia (Euxanthis) .. 41 annomata, Me jurtinian ab. .c::.-0-ene Q4 anthyllidella, Aproaerema ............... 93 “anticaeca’’ characters in L. LOVED I ESV ef IS mere ens a es a 46 “antieleus” characters in L. phlaeas 45 “antidiscoelongata’’ characters in L. WM ACASM Err tececcuraituainiec conser oeeeeens 45 antiobsoletissima, M. jurtina, ab. ... 24, 4d ANTOWAN VN AMS en roses ce ncwctnaseeeccaiee 18 antiparvipuncta, M. jurtina, ab. ...... Q4 “antisinistransformis’’ characters in Woes MOU ACAS HE avec sasumnsctre sea eee 45 Gyopmublingy, (Greil oo siieh Lo-nosaassece soseboconer toss. 26 arbutella, Olethreutes (Argyroploce) 30 ALCUalla, us LCarusy ols pee sce esas 45, 30 arcuatas) Un ulechella stages cacceseeccnes Be area. Ay hyperanbuss Drees. 50, 199 argentella (cygnipennella), Elachista 93 argentula (=bankiana), Eustrotia ... 47 ALSTACES ME ViCLCSmeers ae nsccece foe cneen ses. 29 ALEIOMIS piCelaStlMan serene ottes eee 3, 48 AL SUSHAe LEDS IU Sieae cece a DA swe Bil ee OE anidelian Pegilasiameiy beet ieee: 22, 49 arion, Maculinea ............... aya sae 7 aristaeus (=algirica), Hipparchia Q4 aristolochiae; ~PolyGorus: <..0.....0....2..: 35 armigera, Heliothis ... 23, 24, 28, 29, 39 artaxerxes, A. agestis, S.sp. ...... ipAl. NN Plax; 106 ml 0i7/. 108. 109) AU 2rd dle to: GS Ais) nes ATO AZO ed dl 22 PAGE artemisicolella, Coleophora ............... 98 ASCLA MERE GONCMESESD. wsesc.sazecettenss cscs 59 ASTINANTS MCC MINA 2 oyastas-cejacuecatensencees 14, 49 AS CCS WOUGULTEAN 225.7 ccevee acer sacmaceaee en eps Q7 AUVALATULA a MVAINCSS Als. <.naacoravtseeas 235.94, 95 auiralia, SMC Gtal «. -.. 0s Secearwaseh-cccerecee 48 aulamMtiGarNe ZONATI a al. .ccctatcecensesees AS ALOMMAL IA EN AULT Lay a ckeews cc a.ee encore 99 AnOmme la VAS OOD tCLEX we neyce. ae ccmeeceeees 49 AULESGENS) MIECON) COM. csee-iaccaesese sath eee 28 ALOpOs: ACHETONtLA <.:s.09.s-e¢e nes 26, 28 attenuata, N. pronuba ab. ............... ail augustana, Eupoecilia (Euxanthis) ... 41 AUT AOS MEAG AY. <5.) ceucine ascent enemas « 34 AU AMAR Mr ASDWOVUCSLA, soos. nusidqnetrcecgegaes sa 46 “aurantiaextensa” characters in P. LSAT US Rat OOO sosciace meee eS Siac Ie AD AULAMMAMA se aAMIMNCM A carci... edasere ee 49 aurata, Pyrausta (Rhodaria) ............ 99 aurinia, Euphydryas ..........., Oi wats {5i0) auroradiata, L. phlaeas, ab. ............ AD australis -Aporophiy lay 2. veie.c.eeee 32; 51 avellamas VADOMA .k....scdsccceerseelee vee 38, 49 Avia eT Mae... - ssc eheste ostesceeretes 31 AVISS CHEYSOPMAMUS '.cccoeetteccdeteeearasnens Q4 DACTATAN ARO P MIA: cc. qaeee caveetses essen aes Q DACTIGUS ele dnnONGCS sen cases eee rapeeaacee Q9 HAMS A MMOMAILCS: 2... ctcaeascbemascsceenocssceaese 24 bankiana (olivana, argentula), TUES THT, OT ANN ee cots oncc apiscoias ieairante sosinetnan 41, 47 DARD ie VAMC Ae ces dedaseansccspedassas Dhak VAT Darrectiin Ean Galusica, S:Sp .ccs.s2es-- 32 basielongata, L. coridon, ab. ............ 50 DASESUPIS ALISS = SCOMALIA): cercessceeeseeee nee 95 Hatavuss LVyedispar, conigera, abi ges-.s--se 31 Obscuratay _GHOpPNOS) ) setae 8, 29 obsitalis: “Eby penal Wtatees6t>. eee AA obsoleta, L. bellargus, ab. ............ 27, 50 Obsoleta, ie jcoridon, abasic 45, 50 obsoleta, Peucamiany itante.seeessseetee. eee 47 ohsoletay Pwicarus, waby ei eee 50 obstipata, INyGLerOS@a) 2-5, c0---cee eee 34 ocellaris) \Cinrhiay eta: eee ee 34 ocellaita,, SMUCriNib US ee sas-e---.ses neers 98 ochraceellas Mom pliaiiescesc--o1- eee 88 OGhraAtas, SteLriay es. ete eee Viole ochreay . Coridon aby pee eee 28 ochrearias “AS pibates) te.tesss-se---2ee eee eee 37 ochroleuca, (Hremobial tie. ..-2e.--seeeee 47, 48 ocularis) Tetheas .iscereecosteeehne-eoeaeees 38 oditis (hispida), Leucochlaena ......... 34 Olivana (=bankiana), Eustrotia ......... 4A omissella, Leucospilapteryx (AGROGERGODPS)) saeseeeeeeseeeeee 30, 98 ophiogramma, Celaena (Apamea) 36, 48 opima (=advena), Orthosia ............... Q9 ORS Meth eae shee ee ee eee eee Qi cs orbifers Hentoniia o.2..c-eekeee ee eee eee 57 orbona, Euschesis (Triphaena) ... 26, 27 OSSCANNA,! AMA! casnennsncaons eden setts ae i otregiata, Lampropteryx ....t:u:......-- 31 palaemon, Carterocephalus ... 38, 92, 120, 121 paleacea. -Bnareia Fleece. .ssseee. cee 48 Dales: BoOleriav sesc.caurerecet enc ceoerer 25 pallens; Whee amilaae cece ee ee ecaec eee 42 DallescentellangwuWMCa gee. -cc co ceeeaeer sees 4 pallida, iG: framinis; (aD) o...-..csu-skeeacs 44 pallida, L. vitellina, ab. ...... 3h) 32), 130 pallida, es memeculosay alos Cececscsnes 46 pallida, PA pulchminias Kal co eccscchene 31 Pallidagidss cornidonkgall yf. ocese.eeeaceeeeee 49 pallidula, L. phlaeas, ab. ............ 39, 45 PAGB pallidula + viridescens, L. coridon, OUD es} ioc soeeast eee est Hees tela cee 39 palumbella, Nephopteryx .................. 95 palustris, Hydrillula ..............: 27, 28, 38 pamphilus, Coenonympha ...... 29, 48, 49, 50, 94, 95, 97 paphia,Argeynnis SIAR es 24, 95, 97 paramegaera (tigelius), Lasiomara ... 24 parenthesellus (costella), Ypsolophus (CERGOSTONIA) Aries cesshdeces EA 43 PaLiaMas SiMACHHIS mates eet eee hese 49 Danthenies Melita’. .cs.rie.sceeteee eee. Q9 partimauroradiata, L. phlaeas, ab. ... 45 ‘“‘partimtransformis” characters in P. TGATUS Ke ok eeekeciiscerccee sae eadedotnte pa 50 parvipuncta, L. bellargus, ab. ......... 50 pascuea, Avequstrallis, aby tyes. ee 32 paucipuncta, S. lubricipeda, ab. ...... 31 Pavonias SatwenMia) His seeess. week 26, 39 PC ACOCK MOTHS We iiantess co. choo ocee on tcc 48 pedaria (=pilosaria), Phigalia ......... Q pellionella,aTineGa e...2.. here .steeetas 3) peltigera, Heliothis’ Ast eeik...csase 22 pPennanria; ACOLOTOISy Wyse As ese 23 percontatrix, P. pulchrina, ab. ...... 31 penlasiCry phiay pen Me. sakes te cae eeee Q7 DETIAUUS SOMA UWS! si cccccccnascodadsensteoeee 95 DELL, VAM THen ACA tsi sen. ke aoee scene 35 philoxenus, iC; tulliasispy A. 120 phlaeas, Lycaena ...... Pla TL (ileserg and 10), 24, 25, 45 phoeniceata, Eupithecia ............... 44, 54 phragmitidis, Arenostola .................. 34 DicGiatas be suifumata ‘alos o.cs eee 34 DICOS:4 Zo MeEVAGENSIS™ MACE ...teseeeee 39 picticaudata, Ourapteryx <...fet 57 DLCLCE Mare LINGal «cosa eects eee es 4 PITTA we CLOSTCRA:- -mdecssese erste ete eecawesen ae Q7 pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia ............ Q DINAS UPI MELVAOLCUIS masa n teen eeee ee 34 PINTS B Up AS eee sae. rdedac echo Q7 pinivorana, WRbyaclkomia ...25..Je tes 87 DISS CEPAMMNIC Ait teaceee eee acces desea ec eoes 51 plaga, A. exclamationis, ab. ......... 27, 38 plumibelila. YDOnOmMeutal cncsscssecete-wacece 99 plumigera.. Piilophoral\. ete. «coe 34 politana, Dichrorampha (13 (ermanhooKe We) cess sqorercoasdececanse-reeadnon 98 polycommata, Trichopteryx (Nephopterny:x)). ..atesceeee eee 13, 44 populetorum, Caloptilia (Gracilaria) ewe eh. ate. 30, 49 POSHCGA we hri ARE WAM al gli csade ew eos eee 57 posticana, Pseudococcyx ............2.... 49 “pnostobsoleta”’ characters in L. TDA CAS ih oo 8:3 ccsians ctussinacen Haeeeeeeeeweetgee + 45 potatoria; PMilWdorial » sock... dassen coe 26 praeclara, BE. aurinia; ab. axt...c0 eres 3 NULSRESCEMSS os ya CULO eee eeee eee 66 nigrifemur, Sympetrum ...... Pl tue PIS Vn PIE Ve 625 63hal6/e GG. our 77, 80 nymphuila,) PyarrhOsomlalce-s..0-cecsseeees 91 pParihenOpes LANA Siweccers te so-neeeeeeese aces 33 PO UIMNTTO IS Clan rales seer ee eee 63, 64 quadrimaculata, Libellula ............... 92 Senesalensis, TSCHMUTAN nia .-ceeeeseee 63, 64 STMTLTIONUS ss |G OLN IUIS Sees saceasitee ere 64 suvvolaita,: Tibelluilay. 22.22.54. Genesee 64 Sstriolatum, Sympetrum: .............- 66, 77 SyVAdal) OYS{ADNIG SopcncoaseResceceerizeastoos so: 6 70s ain LOPTIUG AeA SOMVERS Pe aceceateser asad tase eee 3 Vuloata, Diplaxees ks. ceo anos 66 ZY FOPCELA: cacahestaasesosietn cece eases 64 PISCES Huviatle Petromiyzone wees. eee ee 23 LamMpney’ Vactateste den soecenseeeeae et eeeeaee 23 PORIFERA WAELAUA CDMS! IS OLS Mectcescoce coseeieucuscdsosssc 5D REPTILIA NOGST > hithece Miss cdnss beak anontech since sso 105 Amber a Lerralp ily, -.9.cqecceeseseetts eee 25 HeEruUSs Wapera Hechcweesecwte te ees 105 Bic-headed), ‘Terrapins cccecesttenseeeeesees 25 HOX. COLLAPMM osc. 32 s55 Pailcanssallsnesaeeih «a0 40 flavicincta, Antitype: te... a4 ces 27 flavicinctata, Entephria......... 30, 33 fluctuosa,, Tethéaes.c gen con: 29, 30, 35 firxasArenostolas: -.. 5... 22m 25438 fontis (=crassalis), Bomolocha..... 68 formosana, Lozotaenoides......... 28 fowler; ..coridon,abs.nnen 4. «x 33, 38 fraterna, E. hypermnestra,s. sp... 54, 58 fraternayNatyphaesiabsjea PAGE humuli, Hepialus=.......2 even ee 30 hybridus, Laothoe populi x Smerinthus/ocellata’ --- eee 33 hyperantus, Aphantopus.... 23, 42, 69, Poly figs s20ceS hyperbius, Argynnis............ 53, 59 hypermnestra, Elymnias........ 54, 58 Hy polimmnas: aches Pi 59 icarus, poe ROS 10,,13358333 40, 43, ame 71 ichnusoides, A. sos oe ASB ree 22 icteritia, Cirrhiaac-. eee 36, 40, 44 icteritia, Eupithecias¥s..e.ee0- PIT B92 femmes.) M: jurtina,S..Sp. eee eur 41 lias eA Paturay sa... SIC ates 8, 19 immaculata, A. baja, ab........... 28 immaculata, Hemistola......... 27333 immundana, Epinotia (Eucosma)... 72 impupillata, P. megera, ab......... 42 l. 1, fig. 4 incongruella, Amphisbatis......... 65 indicay VaneSSaerccis.1-ihe eel eee 53 infesta, A PAM EA) fs-. senor eter 35 infrasemisyngrapha, L. coridon, ab.. 33 inornata,Ancyliss.tee mee See ee 25 insigniata, Eupithecia....... 2951334038 insularia, B. betularia, abi......... 43 intermedia, Z. lonicerae, ab........ 41 internana, Grapholita............. 28 mterpunctellas Plodiay.,..iereene 27 inturbata,/Eupitheciante.45 eee 27 10, Nymphaliss a. senisectet 6; 22;73895m71 10 ta; PluSiay.c. Gee Ps Se ee 44 his; Apa tunaweries occ c 8, 30, 41, 54 irreguilaniswAnepiae-c. <0. cio 21, 34 irrorella; Wponomeutaa.sereeneeee 33 ismene; Mo leda,|s; Spasms 54 jacobaeae, Callimorpha........... 71 janthina, Euschesis............... 28 jahus, Automeris.\44.@..0c0reen eee 28 jasius; Charaxes sass eee 29 Jamides:::)s 250.8% Rares 56 jasonia, I. lymceusjsaspuen eee cnr 57 JeZOENSIS, Le. populi;,suspiaasia see 9 jocelynae, Z. lonicerae, s.sp..... 34, 41 jophon, Polydorus......... 57, 58, 60 juniperatas Wheraya peer 357 PUM OMIA Gores 101s: 15 160 ica fo ROTO jurtina, Maniola........... 23,\28503a5 39, 41, 42, 71 kiugi; Euplocase...-erereaen ieee 58 kueniella, Anagasta (Ephestia)..... 26 lacertinaria, Drepanas sense 75 lnc teicoles (=pallida), L. vitellina, abst. oh Rew nn Gaek ee eee ee lacticolor +transformis, M. jurtina, a lacunana, Oleuthreutes (Argyroploce). : lanceolata, A. hyperantus, ab.... 23, 42 lanestris; Eriogastersaaseee ss 13, 14 lankal(Csthaisysaspancees cee aeetee 56 lankeswara, C. clytia, f...... SSIS Tso> Large: Blue? 2. (Pee. SOR eee 36 Large White Admiral............. 9 lathyrana, Grapholita..... 8, 9, 28, 42 PAGE latiora, C. pamphilus, ab.......... 39 ‘lavendula’ characters in P.icarus... 40 hedassMeclanitist ft ette as save aan 54 lepiga; ladena:. a4 0) Le © 0 «eco © a) eco © & etalejels fe lola elle a (ej fey beim stitial 2 era Ya: eo) w/oa! «pa fejle) mtu) ete © b «fe fella) ule 23, 39, 4i, 45 225305 40, 56, P fig. 1 30 71 PAGE PAGE potentillae, Coleophora........... 74.) rorellasyiponometa . 22... .. s-seb 26 prasina, Anaplectoides ......... 30%,44¥ ||) mossicas Panaxiae. .... <<. sees eis 47 prasinana (=fagana), Bena........ oy Rostraliss My penar....:/..-eieslaseh «ee 29 ISTECISH Rh a,x codons cee ae BO 43, 54 | rotundella, Agonopterix........... 26 procellata, Melanthis ............. B3irabi., Callophnystieccnis.0 sbeeiaeeee 67 Procuss, Wimenitisw. ws...) aK acs Sil erubis Diarsia ge aceite. 29, 38 profulgella, Cataplectica .......... 42 | rubi, Macrothylacia. 19, 27, 65, Fi 75 promissay; Gatocalass cqaoe «alls hesis 23)|) robidata, Buphyia:. . 22ritass2 . oct 27 promutata (marginepunctata), Sco- nobipana, (Phalonias, /scmiaree «)| snofa, Cocnobiallcs saan eee) hie 29 pseudoalpestrana, Dichrorampha 25, 42 | rufana, Celypha.................. 36 pseudovirgilia, A. dolus........... 34vil rufatasChesiasy. « Au ersak.ot «Rhiree 29 psittacus, E. lubentina,s.sp......... 54 rufescens, D. truncata;/abi. .5.. 4% 27 pudibuna, Dasychira............. 40 || xufimutrellas Adela, . .ieatectsck.ieias 28 pudorina, Teucania....Ateaes. i 29 || TUpicaprania, dherian s. ee .A.,oe she 5 pulchellana, Argyrotaenia (politana, Sacrania, Rhodomettra.).;csH. 9.68 s 46 EDa) soko os. 26 | salinella Coleophora: .sassaee pupillatanulla, M. jurtina, ab....... 33 | salinella, Crambus (=aridella, Pedi- EUNplesBMpPenromn, 2.1... SEED. ee 41 ASMA herstotever a siya a wera TERS 25; purpuralis;, Zysaena: .ceess: . 2. 34, 41 sambucaria, Ourapteryx .......... pustulata, Comibaena............ 33 | sannio, Diacrisia:.. ou: tcc.sieteet 43, 68 PUTAMEA OTOLISS.< . 5455-5s Shee ae ER 43 sarpedon, Graphium) eee. seer 56 putrescens;. Heucania . .o: islet). oe 38 saturatior, L. vitellina, ab. ...78, 79, 80, putridella, Agonopterix........... 26 85, 86, 89, 90, 91 pyemacola, Pilemal: cerjata-ciecd. sane 40 | sauciana, Apotomis............ 42, 65 pyranthe> Catopsilia..e..624 - sence 62 | Scarce Swallowtial Butterfly ....... DyTenawixtaS ts.) ews.teeetnn * oak 28, 55 | schumacherana. Olindia........... 28 pyrgata, Jaspidia (=fasciana, Lith- scotica, T. juniperata, s.sp.......... 35 ACOMIA) y Pee as wersO Te das chee 29) i Segetum, Acrotish (aotteiisn ts sare 43 Quadra Withosial ens. sess el 45))\| selasella; Agriphila,sdaeies «28 «tte: 25 quadriella, Argyresthia............ 28 | selene, Clossiana........... 39, 42, 67 quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe..... D729 || Semele; Eumenis..... 4. -ttae 23, 30, 42 quercinaria, Ennomos.......... 27, 36 Pl. Il, fig. 4 quercus, Lasiocampa........... 32, 33 | semibrunnea, Lithophane......... 34 quercus, Quercusia. statins «cee 33 |) semifascia, Caloptilia\. -aosaacee-e 76 radiata, Licoridon; ab:* nriska ct. .e 23 semifasciata, P. brassicaesjab. . s.52 28 rapae, ERemIS ria birie.t}: aiees 6, 28, 44 semilimbojuncta, IE coridon, ab.. 43 RSA lepers oes reise atone ens aie caviens 55 | semirubella, Nephopteryx......... 67 fFavida, Spaclotists....o2. seeGey. Atk 40 | semisyngrapha, L. coridon, ab... 23, 43 rectilineay Hyppa- 4. okie see 44 || senéectonana, Glepsist -fs ieee. te 42 resiana, Pammene.cus +2100 8 .ee cine 28" | Sequaxs Melphusa. . h. .setsiseewe ene 66 memissayyApamac. 5. - seb-niest cies 36 | serena (=bicolorata), Hadena...... 44 repandata, Alcis (Cleora)....... 27, 30, | sexpunctella (=terminella), Ethmia 26 35544er5 1 ‘similis, Danaus: .pemeiae-.8 eae Sy reticulata (=calcatrippae), Helio- similis; Buproctis/ssitiss- 24-,ae0 58, 72 PHODUSAS. 08... 98 20.5 cores 29 singala, Blymniasebhoo-..b eos 57 reticiwiatas Pustrotia. sitsseenie. a: 35, 44 | sinisarcuata, L. coridon, ab........ 39 retusa, Zenobia..5. 6 aetaqyaee okie 29 | sinuata, N. hordonia,s.sp........... mhammi, Gonepteryxs:qenus.4.,400- 611| Sita, Pnonis: 5:45... s.keaoO ck erie 60 mhediella, Pammene......!.'. tn < 2 28 Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary..... 67 thododactylus, Eucnemidophorus.. 25, | Small Purple Emperor............ 19 4 ©) SobrinaEuschesisiesse: crt a-k arse 43 thomboidaria, Cleora.......... Qi) || sociella, Amphomias oo <.42 «0c 00 31 ridens, Polyploca «Sate ckteedagde. x3 29\ 1! Solon: Giataxes. :...... .,-.eheen ee 54 ripae, ‘Agrotis Beavers 17524-8278 355243. || sororculella, Gelechidzticn A. sue 68 mViatasEpirrhoe, =< 5... sche ene 27 || isparganii, Nonagriag gach «tse: 38, 44 romulus, PE DOLY,teSsS:SD.. ee 55.60) | Sphinx, Brachionychare.. ..) ..2mtres ine 32 PAGE SpinGdasisnye eid «'x.0 Ae ee cee 55 Spinij SthyimMOner a7. or 21. Oe mate 34 Stabilis.Ornthosiay.c..-. eee eee 29, 30 stachydalis, Perinephela........... 42 sternipennella, Coleophora........ 42 sticheli, P. contaminella, ab. ....... 25 SticticalisMlLOxOStesem ame sae ete 24 Sthamineas Weucaniala. ceetcte hare 29 Stratarias, Bistonk or. ieee ee 5, 40 Pl. Il, fig. 7 stratiatipennella, Coleophora.... 68, 74 Stniata,E. nigricans, abla. .a. se 28 StrigulavINolamye ne =cAee hed. ee 29 stroemeriana (similana), Epinotia... 68 SLYINMUS WE OXUN Aye cays a eee eee Sil subfulvata, E. icteritia,s.sp......... 32 subrosea, Coenophila...%.....025. 44 suspecta; Parastictis 5.9.22 ..5.02.% 29 SubstitutawAwiliagsisp.en hate. 8 Subtalba-seanapiyicn eee eee ake 23 SUDtUSAaYZCnODiIa. «<< seen eee 29 suffumata, Lampropteryx ......... 36 SuitusaleCondonta beeen suse 30 Sulphureawleanapiaiescn setae ete 23 sylvata, Abraxas). )2 seine sea ae 30 sylvestris, Thymelicus... 40, 68, 69, 71 SVLVid aALuhenOSaasaaca tee 56, 57 syngrapha, L. coridon, ab.... 33, 34, 43 CASES HEY IMIS, Ake sasy. eee ees rae 67 taminatwumesElasOral serene sees 55 tantillaria; Eupithecia \..00... <.6 29, 38 taprobana, A. lycinda, s.sp......... 57 taprobana, A. hyperbius........ 53559 tarasPamalvaerabuer (Beemer ee 26, 41 tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha PRR 30 templisDasypolias Seq. 22 ke 38 tenebrosa (umbratica), Rusina... 32, 33 teredon, G. sapredon, s.sp......... 56 terminella (sexpunctella), Hens A126 tersatasvOriSMe: soos +4 eee ee 27 testacea, Luperina.......... I, BS BS testataniyaris. eRe as cee te 45 thais,(Girrochroal. seeseetaet aerate 56 thalassina, Hadenalaea1s, .5...See eee 36 thetissCunetismrernnyecee tee cee 55 thynrsis, (Ganearalvaeceenee. «eens 57 tilige ss Minas feerelelets es aeteds 3, 29, 43 tincta (=hepatica), Polia........ 29, 44 tithonus, Maniola.......... 23, 39, 45 tithymalisi@elerio® As hee eee 3 tragopogonis, Amphipyra ...... 29, 38 transformis, L. coridon, ab......... 39 transformis, M. jurtina, ab... 33, 39, 42 transparens, L. coridon, ab......... 33 transversa, EUpSiliae ken) wees 44 transversata, Philereme ........... 30 trapezina, Gosmia, «sic cee 28 trauniana, Pammene........... 28, 42 tricolor, Coleophora ME Sse, 13, 41 tridens, Calamia (virens, ee tee De trifolii, Zygaena........ 29, 34, 68, 69 trigemina,sAbrostolaiceccs.ee eee 1p trigrammica, Meristes............ 40 tri-I-nigrum, L. coridon, ab........ 43 110 PAGE tri-I-nigrum bibasijuncta, L. cori- Rea nt tis 5c 43 trimacula (=dodonea), Drymonia.. 44 iripoliana, Bucosma...)-.ee eeee 36 tristatella, Acriphilass iene eee 73 tritich, EUXOay Sass is fee ae 29 truncata, Dysstromame sans. 27 truncicolella, Scoparia (Witlesia) ... 73 truncata, Dysstromae ieee. sees ee 44 trux, Agrotis? $3 fs. aos 080 So oe 27 tullia, Coenonympha........... 41, 44 turcas Mythimnasit2 eeeee eee 44 INTEC, INGHEVATET ooopcoscopC0 IC Go" 40 ty pica, Naenia tet See ase ae 29 ulmifoliella; Stigmella. ..2 22220. 2-8 50 ultimella, Depressaria ode Ae 26, 41 ulvae (—maritima), Chilodes....... 4 umbratica (=tenebrosa), Rusina... 32 uncana, Ancylisa.=. fsseee en. seer 65 uncula, Eustrotia.... 17, 21, 34, 41, 69 unculanay Anecylis:..s.s% sees unitana, Ameliaz. S727 eee 11 ursula,-A. villicasab-e. 2 eee eee 45 unticae--Aglaisir) <4 ee 6222223) 36, 39, 43, 45, 65, 71 ustomaculana, Rhopobota Ue 36 Vaccinit-;Gonistra eee lee 5, 44 valezina, A. paphia, ab.......... yp) vandalica, A. allous, s.sp........... 31 Vanessa ns ves aes ees 39 venata;, Ochlodes: 25.28 sees. ene 40 venosa (albovenosa), Simyra....... 30 venosata, Bupitheciasse nse 29 versicolor, Procus? : 2) Se Fee 27 versurella, Coleophora’sss- ee 14, 42 vespettaria, Epiones.. doe oeee ee 2 vestigialis, Asrotise 5.2.24. eee 43 vetusta, Xylenannee ee eee 27, 40 vibicella, Coleophora........... 25, 42 viburnana, Amelia............. 11, 36 viciae (meliloti), Zygaena.......... 41 villicas Arctiaiy.-s anette eee 43, 44 viminalis, Bombycia.............. 44 violae; “lelchinaleas see ee 62, 63 virens Luceria (=—tridens, Calamia) 27°32 viretataAcasis.». i... Mee ones 29, 30 virginiensis, Pierls.............55% 23 virginiensis, Pieris hybrid.......... 23 Vitiplaca, Heliothises..seee oe eee 24 vitalbata, Hlonismie@ a.) see 17 vitellina, Leucania......... 38h ee 19s 1, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, Pl. V vossensis, Stigmella. 10222252. sees 48 Vulpinaria, Sternha) 524.2: Se seers 18 wailesella, Leucoptera ............ 25 weaverallea, Monopis............- 25 Viponomeutawsre oe see ace tte 33 xanthographa, Amathes........ 29, 33 xerampelina, Atethmia............ 44 zelleri, Melissoblaptes ..........:: 25 i7iCzZaG, INotodonta: 4s. 45% eee ae 68 ZONATIA INYSSIA eatin ete 13, 38 ZY ZACMIdAS aa nts cl eetnate heat leletere 24 PAGE MAMMALIA ASPOGEMIUS SPs: <5 cise oes. ste scene eee 20 ALANCUS TO OLEK tc ieieta oe nae eae sas 20 bAadgenine: sock as. A219 20h 2 badger, Gung analysis:..c....o¢.+.> - 19 badger, skull abnormalities........ 20 badserktracksy uw cmitcmtistes. cvs osstees 20 ecuniculus, Oryctolacus... <5... <=. - 20 lino pacas, Val passes acc etieicieices ots « 20 europaeus, ETIMACeUS! «4 on... os so 20 IRO P< 8. Avot ate es ol ROE MRR CRER cin CREED ica 41 glareolus, Clethrionomys.......... 20 MEA PCH O ee artis coo Omi aictsensieh eee 4 TCLESMIMICLESHererene sterere sicielctoveie 4, 12, 19 PION K CV ees care aie. ais,itebeey natteleroe a's 62 HACCUIS MICAS Sarees ovevcreuctie) deaustene rou 20 WITIPESN WIT ESks sacers cisise pies eistere cic 4 MOLLUSCA PNCTHON WTAE. 2 ool oy toe ee CMO OD CRS CNO ORT 19 ALCE RATION rte ie ici. retard aie verselereiene 19 IELCIIXS Syst ero yea euehs cid decal aacoiens 19 Mortensis, Cepaea (Helix). 5: 5-2... 19 MOSSES, LICHENS & LIVERWORTS IAD PLEUMIOSSis oars sischore arcteieie saree 46 ALeenteunl WEY UM rect e cm sere aes 5 Calcareas Seliferiayass -sccsciclsmcen 5 GeciGUOUSHMOSSEE sme oe ane 15, 16 flexuosus, Campylopus............ 49 CibbosayASpicilia aaer cine cloe cerree 45 muinutulus, Pissadens'.....5..0.2.2. 5 MUCOSA VELNUCATIA» 74 5/16) 021 steei sree 45 pomiformis, Bartramia............ 46 pennata, Schistostega-..3......- 155 16 NEUROPTERA fulvicephalus, Osmylus............ 68 ODONATA GyaneassAeshnale. esis cules cree s 50 3 74 PAGE Emperor Dragonfly sac. «cece: 37 AMPelatonvAT Axe hse nerake een 10 Pibellulatyn.as ers es sahee paces 10 striolatum, Sympetrum............ 74 REPTILIA Algerian Spur-thigh Tortoise....... 24 aAngnlatanmhestud@nme seiiieu-etieee nee 24 Angulatedsontoisear.. «m1 eres 122 24 ALEOlATUSs A OMOpPUSE as sre si-velaele ae 24 babcocki, I. pardalisis:sp. ......... 24 bellianaKeanixys cries tis sicis eects 24 BellissHinged ortoisess 2-5. ose 24 DeruSaVinehderete tee nee acres 17 ‘Blushing Tortoise from Bangkok’.. 24 GugesilLacertatesesa cris as eee oa. 3 Eastern Leopard Tortoise......... 24 Gard enmlOrtoisermms sake erlerorsiene 24 PECK Oa peta eronde oer eve icin te oie 62 gracca weSstudO?: acre seers torres al 24 Grooved Mountain Tortoise....... 24 MOMEATIAN KOMIK Y Serie Serene se clareinn 24 Hinged ortoise aoe sae ec ace 24 Home’s Hinged Tortoise.......... 24 ETVOMO PUS ike ei sctedone ees ne eicle ereieere 24 homed chamaeleon... .....0......- 62 INSTELXSY Sareea tear tar cr areto syane hoon iets 24 PardalissmMestudOmneem mec cece 24 Soft-shieldiMlorfoise ieee oars ae 24 Mestudiniddever sis ace sce e bres aor 24 tornieri, Malacochersus........... 24 FTOTTOISES ra oe a eter hehe oreo na bene, svevehers 24 VAD EL. Sys cetoe ee eo ee ese ss 17 SALTATORIA MUSTAtOKiay LOCUStAy ys eh clas) teers 39 thalassina.) Meconemal sence arene 75 VERMES Allolobophoraspsecasccoe.e cre 12, 19 EPC) 1 cece Blut ORONO, LOL AG Oc oe ROR 1 [Lins Gok aoaseddondénoosens 19 a 7 . +4 7 ay | a ee 7 “ot t] {2 2 : 3 gral; js ¢ f ’ é 2 III fs re } " 7 " oi on AD dy ; : sve eee : T =. b ertictigms & © 46 fa ee ew . 1 J cw F Cd 4 7 hs ® . oi i bf iyiate y 4 * ea f 4 Miyt . nif i E bupni i irate i es SL wer bom sno | ~ . : . ‘ #1 3 er Avar oge . € . P badry GL ake (HE GL Le zy HOI. es F ~ ; HUSA OY | ; ra = 4 T i] ob aly “v. ¢ ; > iy pea s vers 7 7 ; —— ? 4 ne ese wa, c ; 9 rent ah <* yale « oat > ’ “J : j 7 i . r J «4 } ; ( é Mm ‘ | f : Re thy aes dot - | Ne : (") PY | ; peat ron¢adeloll " j , - mh ay = J 3a wh 1 t iin (ies St ier ae, wait 3, Lava . ~~. ~ bere F ‘ Y po nonjesha (94 id ‘nC Resers: : ; ng reli, #1 | Warah puyy . 4 - - 1 7 dae x Proceedings and Transactions of The South London Entomological and Natural History Society PART II 1963 207- December 1964 L. E. J. A. A. Trustees: S. N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J., F.R.E.S. R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. Officers and Council for 1963 President: J. L. MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S. Vice-Presidents: A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. A. C. ROCHE, A.c.A. Treasurer: D. W. THORPE-YOUNG, F.1.A.c. 11 Waverley Way, Carshalton Beeches, Surrey. Secretary: B. J. MACNULTY, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S. 74 High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex. Librarian: Miss C. M. WAGNER Curator: A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. Lanternist: M. SHAFFER Council: CHRISTIE R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.s. A. SMITH, A.R.c.A. A. C. GREENWOOD, 0.B.£., F.R.E.S. W. G. TREMEWAN MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L-s. R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. M. MASSEE, 0.B.£., D.SC. S. WAKELY Editorial Editor: F. D. BUCK, A.M.1.PTG.M., F.R.E.S. Assistant Editors: T. R. EAGLES, M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S. Papers Panel: T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.sc., PH.D., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S. R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. a Ce ee ee Proceedings & Transactions of The South London Entomological & Natural History Society PAR Teil The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:— “Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963” 1963 DECEMBER 1964 Published at the Society’s Rooms, Pepys House, 14 Rochester Row, Westminster, London, S.W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex 10 2cowosenser oe torts ; Yih: a fe nigolomotad frobnod djuoe StL ’ waboe vioteiHl 1 Tee os : a on n ny id wre a oe i. Lis vs CHAT < the ; ‘~. > i ay 7 lo CINT to olivia sane St an EOL 0d Avi Se nee RR Sr Ti) ; i] oo rssis fae! 2 p@e PARE DIED ' ‘ ih H uy . Yi ; ; 7, * ie ” j "s a ¢ Kae ‘ J ae MK uy 5-4 E o safarnres i stn aoe aio Fo . CS rN BEL ay . he rine rt ¥ aoe coat es Lay } ee Me : ‘! ie j y) x ne he ae - pe , Gines A) rt an ee , eee ee Ni ee, ca hy Wy . , f 7 om, etl i Pasi’. / 14. 15! ill CONTENTS Introduction by D. McClintock “hs ae As 2s a ] Layout of the Gardens by D. McClintock .. Me fe ae 4 History by D. McClintock ne ee - ue ite ot 5 A Note on the Soil by B. W. Avery .. we Re ae Ate 13 Wild and Naturalized Vascular Plants by D. McClintock .. be 14 Cultivated Plants by D. McClintock .. ot ie os x 26 Bryophytes and Fungi co-ordinated by D. McClintock ha Pas 36 Mammals by Dr. G. Corbet .. aod ah ‘ Ja ae 39 Birds by S. Cramp and R. Spencer .. = os sf a4 40 Amphibians and Fishes by M. Knight 4 as 3% me 46 Land Invertebrates other than insects co-ordinated by Dr. W. S. Bristowe os - 15 Se ef, a3 af at 48 Lepidoptera by J. D. Bradley and R. M. Mere xe ae im bp) Insects other than Lepidoptera co-ordinated by Prof. O. W. Richards 75 The Lake co-ordinated 2 Dr. J. H. Evans, Dr. B. M. Gilchrist and Dr. J. Green “ : 99 The Garden as a Habitat by D. McClintock an Ar ele AO ILLUSTRATIONS Flamingoes on the island, with the west front of the Palace in the background. The Black Mulberry tree (Morus nigra) labelled ‘Planted 1609 when the Mulberry Garden was formed by James I’. facing page 10 An aerial view of the garden looking east, May 1922. between pages 26 and 27 A view of the Palace and garden taken in June 1963. between pages 26 and 27 The south-west end of the lake looking north-west. The cascade at the north-west end of the lake. between pages 42 and 43 The southern European Golden Chervil (Chaerophyllum aureum) well naturalized in the garden. A well-established giant hogweed (Heracleum sp.) which has not yet proved nameable. between pages 42 and 43 Vegetation at the south end of the lake. Nest boxes have recently been provided, but the duck have not used them. between pages 58 and 59 The mercury vapour light trap in its usual site in a glade at the western end of the mound. The trap on the south-west bank of the lake, with Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) immediately behind. between pages 58 and 59 Monochroa hornigi Staudinger, a new species to Britain discovered in the garden. facing page 74 1 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE INTRODUCTION by D. MCCLINTOCK This survey dates from 1960. Earlier, on the 5th June and the 4th September 1956, by gracious permission of H.M. the Queen, I had been one of a party which visited the garden to note the wild and naturalized plants there; and I returned on the 9th April 1957. The noteworthy plants discovered were published by D. H. Kent in 1959. Very few other natural history records seem to have been made. In the Spring of 1926 F. W. Edwards noted three mosquitoes breeding in rot holes in trees. Dr. W. S. Bristowe spent a morning in May 1929 looking for spiders. In 1930 and 1932 little grebes with young were reported by C. S. Bayne; Lord Hurcomb saw the grebes in 1948 (unpublished) and again on the 19th August 1949. On the 16th September 1953 W. G. Teagle noticed a frog during a brief inspection for the Ministry of Works (Fitter 1959). Odd plants have been remembered by visitors to Garden Parties, but none seem otherwise to have got into print. This paucity is in great contrast to the detailed records available in most groups from the neighbouring royal parks. The value of these botanical visits and the observation then made of the remarkable quiet and shelter for wild life argued well for a much wider investiga- tion, permission for which was most generously granted. I was determined that the team to carry this out should be of a quality to make the most of the oppor- tunity and of the importance of this royal precinct. Here was a 39 acre haven walled off from the rest of the Metropolis for over a century, well provided with water, bushes and other vegetation, free from public disturbance, and largely unexamined. The basic members were Dr. Bristowe, Mr. Maxwell Knight and Professor O. W. Richards. They also advised on the specialists who should assist. We restricted the number of those who actually worked in the garden as much as possible. But we needed them particularly for the smaller organisms, because non-specialists make very incomplete collectors, inexpert at where to look and what to expect to find. The names of the team with their contributions are given on pages 2 and 3 and are followed by the names of others who have helped. The area covered has been the main garden and terraces. In addition Dr. Bristowe paid one visit to the cellars for spiders. The scientific interest of the garden proved indeed to be considerable and generally richer than anywhere else anywhere near. In all we identified over 2,000 different taxa. Well over 250 wild and naturalized plants have been listed, more than 50 not known elsewhere in central London and many others very rare there. Work on the fungi was variously hampered, but nevertheless two proved to be new to the British Isles. The garden plants, important for birds and insects, were also listed: there seemed to be in effect no record of these before 1954. We watched the birds, mapped their nests, including a blackbird’s on the ground by a path, and discovered their density was much greater than in the Parks. No less than 343 butterflies and moths were found and named; two of these had never before been taken in this country and we illustrate one. A bug was discovered on a previously unrecorded host. The search for scale insects revealed they were the cause of one of the commemorative oaks not thriving, and remedial SMITHSONIAN FER 40 1965 INSTITUTION FE 2 measures were advised. Our investigations included the soil fauna and the plank- ton of the lake. We tried to fit the varying facets of the vast variety of life to be found into one whole: and to account if we could for apparent surprising rarities and scarcities. But there is still much more work that could be usefully done, especially on the small organisms. Considerable search was made in a variety of original sources to discover details of the history of the garden, nearly always with scant success. Few of the countless writers on the Palace make even a passing reference to its garden. In certain other directions our researches have been in varying measure incomplete, but the best is the enemy of the good. We trust, therefore, that our findings give at least a fair general picture, and often a reasonably full and detailed one, of the state of affairs up to the end of 1963. We have much appreciated special permission for three particular purposes. One was to operate the mercury vapour trap for moths, another to make photo- graphic records and the third for the pleasure of including a woman in our team. This venture could never have succeeded without the unfailing friendliness and co-operation of Mr. F. C. Nutbeam, the Head Gardener, to whom all of us owe a very great debt, for on him fell the burden of every visit we made. In addition he operated the mercury vapour trap daily and brought us specimens of many kinds. I am specially grateful to him for allowing me to see his personal diary of the garden since he took over in 1954. He and Mrs. Nutbeam could not have done more to help us, or have done it more kindly. Finally we express our sincerest gratitude to Her Majesty for the remarkable privilege she granted us. To be allowed the run of anyone’s private garden isa very considerable favour, let alone that of the Queen herself. We sincerely hope that we have returned this gracious generosity with an adequate report of the rich interest her garden contains. REFERENCES Bayne, C. S., 1930 & 1932. Report on Bird Sanctuaries in Royal Parks. Bristowe, W. S., 1929. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Pt. 4, p. 642. Edwards, F. W., 1928. Entomologist 61, p. 213. Fitter, R. S. R., 1959. London Naturalist 39, p. 21. Hurcomb, C., 1950. London Bird Report No. 14 for 1949, p. 27. Kent, D. H., 1959. Contributions to the Flora of Central London, London Naturalist 39, pp. 41-62. THE TEAM Mr. B. W. Avery Soils Dr. K. Boratynski Coccoidea Mr. J. D. Bradley Lepidoptera (especially micros) Dr. W. S. Bristowe Arachnida Mr. F. D. Buck Coleoptera Dr. G. Corbet Mammals Mr. S. Cramp Birds Mr. R. G. Davies Thysanoptera Dr. V. F. Eastop Sternorrhynca Dr. G. O. Evans Mites Dr. J. H. Evans Freshwater algae Mr. A. E. Gardner Coleoptera, Odonata, Neuroptera, etc. Dr. B. M. Gilchrist Aquatic invertebrates Dr. J. Green Aquatic invertebrates 3 Mr. P. H. Lawrence Collembola Mr. Maxwell Knight Fish and Amphibians Mr. D. McClintock Higher plants Mr. R. M. Mere Lepidoptera (especially macros) Mr. J. Peake Mollusca Mr. D. A. Reid Fungi and Myxomycetes Prof. O. W. Richards Diptera, Hymenoptera Dr. F. Rose Bryophyta Mr. R. Sims Annelida Dr. T. R. E. Southwood Heteroptera Mr. K. A. Spencer Agromyzidae Mr. R. Spencer Birds Prof. F. W. Jane was in charge of freshwater algae until his death in 1963, when his colleague Dr. J. H. Evans who is solely responsible for the algological section took over. Dr. W. P. Crowcroft undertook the mammals until his return to Australia. Dr. Corbet is his successor at the British Museum. Among those who have helped with identification, information or in other ways have been: R. B. Benson, Hymenoptera, Symphyta; E. T. Bezant, Dermestes; J. G. Blower, Myriapoda; Dr. C. Booth, Nectria; E. Broadhead, Elipsacus; C. D. Brickell, nomenclature of garden plants; Mrs. J. A. Clark, Ichneumonidae; R. L. Coe, Diptera; J. E. Dandy, nomenclature of wild plants; R. D. Eady, Torymidae, Eulophidae; Dr. M. B. Ellis, moniliales; P. Freeman, Diptera; Dr. H. Gorvett, woodlice; A. Groves, fungi; Miss O. Hedley, history; J. L. Henderson, Haliplus; M. R. Holmes, history; Prof. C. T. Ingold, fungi; R. J. Izzard, Tettigoniellidae, Cicadellidae (Typhlocyba); C. Jeffrey, Senecio; D. H. Kent, flowering plants; D. E. Kimmins, Psocoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trich- optera; H. R. Last, Aleocharini; J. E. Lousley, flowering plants; W. J. Le Quesne, Auchenorrhyncha; R. Mackworth-Young, history; G. D. Morison, Thysanoptera; Sir O. Morshead, history; G. E. J. Nixon, Braconidae, Formi- cidae; Mr. & Mrs. F. C. Nutbeam, a very wide range of help indeed; E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Lepidoptera; J. F. Perkins, Ichneumondiae; Miss Price Hill, history; C. Rose, Coprinus; A. Smith, drawing; P. F. M. Stageman, bibliography; Miss D. Stroud, history; B. C. Sutton, fungi imperfecti; P. M. Synge, garden plants; S. J. Turpin, fish; Dr. S. M. Walters, Aphanes; Dr. E. F. Warburg, Sorbus, bryophytes; A. Wheeler, fish; Dr. D. J. Williams, coccids; G. E. Woodroffe, Cryptophagus; the Ordnance Survey; the Public Record Office; and the libraries and map rooms of Windsor Castle, the British Museum, London Museum, Guildhall, County Hall, Westminster City Council, and the Royal Horticultural Society. 4 LAYOUT OF THE GARDEN by D. MCCLINTOCK The area covered by the Palace and its grounds is 48-59 acres. The garden itself is about 39 acres with the Palace at its eastern end. The greater part is mown lawn. This is open between the west terrace of the Palace and the lake (Roper, p. 26) and for other smaller areas, notably round the hard tennis court towards the north-west. Elsewhere there are numerous trees, many of them magnificent mature specimens. The garden is mostly level with a gradual upwards slope towards the west, steepest at the extreme end, corresponding to the rise in Grosvenor Place. There is no natural water. The sinuous lake, of 3:63 acres, lies towards the south-west corner. On its northern bank are the two bronze Indian Cranes (Roper p. 24), and at its eastern, end is a bay where the boathouse (Roper, pp. 23, 26) used to stand. The lake is now fed down a cascade at its north-western end, round which are heather and other shrub beds. There is an island, roughly central, connected from the west by two short bridges, with an islet off it to the south. A tall bushy mound, 25 ft to 30 ft high, runs nearly all the length of the south of the garden and covers a similar area to the lake. At its eastern end is the entrance to what was once the ice house, and on top of it the remains of the sand- bagged war-time look-out post. There is another smaller mound to the east, beyond the riding school and the electrician’s gate. The northern end of this smaller mound abuts on to the Queen’s Gallery and was partly remade when the Gallery was formed. There is one bedding and herbaceous border, a remarkable stretch over 520 ft long with a depth of up to 20 ft, curving and running west from by the north terrace and so seen in enfilade from the private apartments (Roper, p. 25). It is possibly the longest such bed in the country. By the west end of this is the tea-house. South-west of the tea-house, the other side of some fine shrub beds, are the sun dial, the sand pit and the grove of royal commemorative trees. To the west of this area are numerous other shrub beds, culminating in the rose garden, in which are the summer house and the huge Waterloo Vase (Roper, p. 27), which has a hinged wooden cover on top inside. These beds run almost up to the north-west corner of the grounds. The tall Swamp Cypress is 20 yards south-south-west of the Vase. (S. Cooper, Pl. 11). The edge of the gardens inside the wall consists mainly of trees down the south-west side—by Grosvenor Place, and trees and shrubs along the north side— by Constitution Hill. There are about 2} miles of gravel paths, broad enough to take cars and lorries. At the south-west corner of the garden is the back entrance and the yard with five green-houses, frames, the Head Gardener’s and Superintendent’s houses and their own gardens. The present layout can be seen in the air photo on Plate III (cf. also Roper, Di22): I am most grateful to the Ordnance Survey for providing information about the precise areas of the grounds and the lake. REFERENCES Roper, L., 1953. Royal Gardens. Collingridge. Shewell-Cooper, W. E., 1952. The Royal Gardeners. Cassell. 5 HISTORY by D. McCLINTOCcK Little has been published on any aspect of the history of the actual garden and that little appears only incidentally. This preliminary sketch is written primarily from the natural history point of view. It can best be grouped into two main phases, before the 1820s and after, when the present layout was made. Before the 1820s The land was part of the Manor of Eia in Domesday Book, the property of the Abbots of Westminster and later of Eton College. It was said to be swampy when it came into the possession of the Crown in 1531. There is no other mention or indication of this, or of the source of the water (unless it were Tyburn spreading itself) during subsequent centuries. But the area to the south and west, generally lower ground, was marshy in parts at least, until the end of the 18th century. In earlier days this was aggravated by flooding by the river. The area was known as ‘the King’s Park’. Most of it, about 27 acres, was eventually let out on a lease, held first, in 1629, by Walter Lord Aston, and later, about 1640, by the courtier Lord Goring (1582-1665), created Earl of Norwich in 1644. During the Commonwealth and after, the tenancies and owners become very confused—the house was used as a barracks in 1656—and the subject of much litigation. By 1665 Lord Goring’s relative, Henry Bennett (1620-85), created Earl of Arlington in 1672, was tenant (Smith, PI. 10), and later, in 1677, he became freeholder of all but the Mulberry Garden, which he held on a 99-year lease. Arlington Street is named after him. This was all let in 1698 and sold in 1704 to Sir John Sheffield (1648-1721), Queen Anne’s favourite, who was created Duke of Buckingham in 1703. He soon rebuilt the house (Smith, Pl. 12 & 15) slightly to the north and east of the old site and partly on the erstwhile Mulberry Garden. George II, then Prince of Wales, tried in 1723 to acquire the place, but failed. Eventually, however, in 1762, his grandson, George III, bought it for Queen Charlotte. It became known as the Queen’s House and was used as the private town residence of the King and Queen. The house has usually borne the name of its tenant or owner at the time. Up to the end of the 17th century this land (which did not include the north- west part of what is now the garden) was virtually open country divided into areas which had such names as Goring Great Garden, Mulberry Garden Field, Adams’s Pasture and Upper and Lower Crow Fields, with sometimes smaller fields between. Maps (Smith, Pl. 9) show irregular fields of varying shape stretching towards the turnpike at Hyde Park Corner. Goring Great Garden, as well as the Mulberry Garden, seems to have had a wall round. Early in the 18th century these fields were amalgamated as grounds for Buckingham House. In 1609 James I had his Mulberry Garden planted and walled round on the four then remaining acres, in an attempt to copy the French culture of silkworms. The trees used were Black Mulberries. Whether any of the originals survive is extremely doubtful; indeed there is only one claimant, near the back gate, which is a quarter of a mile south-west of where the garden was. It is labelled ‘Planted 1609 when the Mulberry Garden was formed by James I’. The only other Mul- berry in the garden, near the sun dial, is said to have been 15 years old when planted in 1919. It has a label ‘Scion of Shakespeare’s Mulberry’ (the original of 6 which, at Stratford, lasted from 1609 to 1756). Mulberries 350 years old or more do survive. Both those in the garden have a certain aura of age, but Mulberries are trees which can look hoary young (Plate [). In any event the venture with silkworms failed, probably by 1635, and the Mulberry Garden became solely a pleasure resort with a bowling alley and a not always savoury reputation. Evelyn visited it in 1654 and Dryden, Sedley and others were there too. In 1663 Pepys refers to a maze of hawthorn there, but does not mention Mulberries. It is not at all certain that the area then called the Mulberry Garden was where the original one was. It is quite likely that it was instead somewhere near the old Kitchen Garden in the south-west corner of the grounds. It closed about 1674. There are only very few references to plants during these centuries: About 1651. ‘A part adjacent to the Mulberry Garden was planted with several sorts of fruit trees, another with white thorn in the manner of a wilder- ness or maze walk’—perhaps Pepys’. In 1671 Charles II was using Goring Great Garden as a Physic Garden. In 1677 there is a reference to ‘a flower garden, dwarf tree garden, wilderness, grove, bowling green, very extensive orange houses, also a terrace walk and a mount set with trees, a kitchen garden and a pond’. But no other evidence has been discovered for this pond. No doubt it was small. It is possibly what was called in 1698 ‘the Bagnio, Bathing Cistern and the like’. Rosamund’s Pond was south-east of the house, in St. James’s Park, until 1764. In 1691. ‘A fair plot with good walks, both airy and shady’. None of this, however, is likely to have much direct relevance to present conditions. It might here be mentioned that a map of 1642-3, in the Royal Library at Windsor, shows a large fort at the Hyde Park end and a small redoubt on Constitution Hill, but they did not last long. The most lasting action during this period was that of Lord Goring putting Tyburn into a conduit about the middle of the 17th century. This flowed from where the Marble Arch now stands, typically Tyburn, just to the east of the present, and earlier, building, and eventually into the Thames. This seems to be the nearest to the garden that there has been any natural water. In 1702 the ground was levelled at a cost of £1,000 and the formal garden round the house remade. Seven years later the Duke of Buckingham, who fancied himself as a writer, referred to ‘a little wilderness full of blackbirds and night- ingales’ as well as ‘trees and a terrace with a wall covered with roses and jasmins’. He also wrote ‘On top of Buckingham House there is a leaden cistern holding 50 tons of water driven up by an engine from the Thames, supplying all the water- works in the courts and gardens’. References to a canal seem to mean the water in St. James’s Park (Smith, Pl. 14). By 1743, possibly earlier, there was a double avenue of limes stretching due west from the house and formal garden, with a 30 ft gravel walk between (C-Smith, Pl. 11). It seems still to have been there in 1767, but to have gone by 1769. An account in 1762 says that the formal garden then had walks of pleached limes, long rose-embowered arbours, tubs of orange trees, fountains and jasmin. On maps between 1795 and 1818 appears an oval pond about 60 ft by 20 ft, with a very small one just to the north, about 20 yards east of the kink in the wall to Grosvenor Place, but they are gone by 1821. There is no indication where their water came from or where it went to. In 1817 the garden was described as consisting merely of a gravel walk shaded by trees with a spacious and unadorned area in the centre, much indeed as 7 engravings and maps of the period show. The Queen died the following year and the place remained empty until 1825. During all this time there seems to have been at any rate no considerable wall round the area. There is one reference, in 1746, to the ‘Park Wall of Buckingham Park’, but contemporary engravings, water-colours and maps indicate railings with trees, hedges or fences, but nothing more substantial, except, of course, by the actual building itself. The 1820s and after Between 1825 and 1830 Parliament made grants to alter the Palace and grounds, despite various protests at the expenditure and the allegedly unhealthy situation. Part of an illustrated skit in the Royal Library at Windsor, written by I. Hume about 1826, entitled ‘*The Palace that N—H built”, runs: This is the large Pond of Water or Bason Where the Royal Narcissus may see his dear face in, E’er he rove ’mong the Pyramids, Temples and Ditches Where Naiads and Cupids are seen without breeches Who preside o’er the Fountains, the Promenades and Rides Which lead up to the Hill, the magnificent Mound, Thrown up in the garden, full half a mile round, Thickly planted with trees, and as high as a steeple To protect from the breeze and to hide from the people... . George IV had commissioned W. T. Aiton (1766-1849), ‘a very competent superintendant’, who had ‘the charge of the King’s Gardens at Kew and Ken- sington’, to landscape the garden. The work was carried on in William IV’s reign and was still not completed when Queen Victoria came to the throne. This is the period when what is now Belgravia was being built over and the Palace finally lost it’s rural views. It was at this time that the lake was excavated and the mound rose; and trees, shrubs and turf were put in in quantity. There was a supplementary estimate in 1825 which included the ‘earthworks in the garden’. The mound was in fact put up primarily to hide the view of the stables from the Palace. Planting went on vigorously until at least 1834 and indeed has continued ever since. The water for the lake seems to have come, certainly until 1850, from the reservoir which was for long on the site of the arch at the top of Constitution Hill and was fed by a main from the Serpentine. The lake and the mound were at best very recently completed in 1827, but were definitely finished by 1828, the lake being then referred to as the fish-pond. The island in the lake was formed out of a peninsula about 1835 but there was apparently no bridge to it until 1841: the evidence here is conflicting. A report in 1828, ten years after his death, implied that Humphrey Repton (1752-1818) was responsible for the design of the lake, but confirmation of this has not been discovered. The natural presumption is that the earth from the lake was used for the mound, but no direct evidence has been found. In any event it seems the bed of the lake could not have provided enough soil. Very roughly the two cover a similar area, but while the lake is at most 6 ft deep, the mound is four or five times as high. In the House of Commons on the 27th March 1832 there was a protest at the new mound ‘going up by contract in the garden from the rubbish and filth brought in from all parts of the town’. There are various other less prejudiced records of soil being imported—in 1833 the purchase of 500 cu.yds of gravel 8 from Hyde Park was authorized for an unstated purpose, (but this might have been ‘plantation works’) and the inference is that another 2,000 or 3,000 cu.yds came the following year. Earth has been brought in on many occasions. In 1841 it was for the border, 150 cu.yds from Shirley Common, some from Norwood and 300 cu.yds from Kensington Gardens. In 1906 when 5 acres of the lawn were redrained, 1,500 cu.yds of soil excavated from the site of the Queen Victoria Memorial were used. Such importations have been particularly frequent in recent years. When the Cascade was built in 1961 9,000 turves came from Essex and 2,500 cu.yds of soil came from Hyde Park, as well as top soil from Kent. When new beds are made, the ground is nowadays excavated down to the clay, 18 in or lower, and filled with good soil from outside. The Indian Chestnuts in the new avenue had each a planting hole 5 ft x 5 ft x 4 ft. In 1963 45 cu.yds of top spit came from a building site in Essex, and washed soil from a sugar beet factory; and the rose beds had 5 cu.yds each of manure. In 1838 to form the present yard, part of the mound, at the south angle next to Pimlico, was excavated and carted away. The head gardener’s house was built in 1840 and some of the glass houses in 1907. In December 1840 Prince Albert arranged for a gravel walk to be made along the top of the mound with connecting walks from the different parts around the mound, and various walks in different directions across the island and the headland on the north side of the island, about 1,100 yds in all. These paths on the mound are now all overgrown. In the same year the existing paths were re- gravelled about 2 in deep. A note at this time said ‘these gardens . . . are destitute of the customary interesting appearance of a flower garden’, consequently proposals were made for a flower garden to the north of the Palace. A splendid two-roomed pavilion was erected on the mound not later than 1844, which was demolished in 1928. It had a remarkable series of frescoes of Comus by Milton which are the subject of a special book at Windsor. The rock work on the mound appears to have been put there in 1904. It seems that most of the present substantial wall round the Garden may have been built by the 1830s, although in 1834 the boundary ‘fences’ on the north and south sides were completed and a pair of gates provided, and a sketch in 1836 shows a fence. But sketches and drawings are fallible guides. In 1834 the flower garden had to have a wire fence put round ‘in consequence of there being hares and rabbits and other game in the grounds’. The wall was heightened by 3 ft in 1838 and the back gates built. It was heightened again in 1849 at the west end, and the existing chevaux de Frise improved, Sir John Grey, when riding down Constitution Hill, having observed a man get over the wall into the Palace garden. The wall was heightened yet again in 1872 because of want of adequate protection of the Queen from intrusion. But the wall from the kitchen office to the Crown Equerry’s house, bordering the then new Buckingham Palace Road, was built only between 1858 and 1860, when the gates there went up too. In 1859 the smaller mound, by the Queen’s Gallery, was raised (reinforced with rough sheet piling at the base) and planted, following Prince Albert’s wish, so as to protect the Queen from being overlooked. It seems the earth came from the excavations for the new houses opposite. At his wish too, this mound was heightened and extended in 1860. Trees were overhanging the road in 1837 and needed lopping. But Aiton wrote that thinning and lopping any of the trees would need particular care or the plantation might be much injured as an ornamental screen. This it had been for many years, and still offered a degree of privacy to the Royal Palace Garden. In 9 1838 trees were felled, shrubberies were thinned and lawns laid down and turfed. In 1854 there was an income from the sale of trees cut down. Details of the garden have been altered many times since, but the basic plan has been unchanged for 140 years. The lake already needed repair in 1840. The sides were originally covered with gravel, but it was said the habitual grubbing of the larger waterfowl for food had soon worn it off. The sides were now to be covered to a depth of 3 ft with Kent flints of a size not to exceed 8 cu.in, 300 tons were to be used, and to do this the water was to be let off to a depth of 3 ft. Then in 1854 there was more trouble. The water in the lake was in an impure state and as a result the Chelsea waterworks were asked to estimate the cost of supplying the water. They intimated they would be able in 1856 to afford an abundant supply of purer water, but there is no indication they ever did. In 1855 Lord Palmerston referred to a suggestion the lake be drained and converted into a flower bed, a suggestion which patently was never put into operation. By 1857 fresh water was coming from a newly dug well. Sir Benjamin Hall wrote that he had sunk down about 28 ft and the quantity of water discharged by the small engine was about 250 gallons per minute. He would sink still lower and fully expected the supply would reach nearly 1,000 g.p.m or perhaps more. No more has been found about these wells, where they were or what happened to them. In 1867 the water was said to have been for some time past in a very bad state. The bed was therefore to be excavated and cleaned and arranged in such a manner that the water might be maintained in a pure condition. A 12 in pipe was to replace the existing 6 in one for the supply (which apparently then came from the well on Duck Island in St. James’s Park) thus raising the intake from around 150-170 g.p.m to 1,000. Sir Benjamin Hall’s wells of ten years earlier would seem to have proved disappointing. The water was to be taken in at the centre of the lake and flow out at seven different points round it ‘which would ensure taking off the soot, etc., that is constantly seen on lakes in London’. This meant that the old fountain at the north-west corner became useless and the Queen approved of its being broken up. The lake was lowered, or the water drained, on other occasions. A snapshot in early 1915 in Queen Mary’s photograph album shows it dry; and German prisoners of war drained and cleaned it in 1946. More recently the level was temporarily lowered in 1956. Until the cascade was built the water came from Duck Island via the Serpentine. Since then it has come through a pump direct from Duck Island, and still flows back there. During the building of the cascade, which took three months in 1960-1, a dam was built across the north end of the lake, the lower part of which is still there and can be seen below the surface of the water. Most of the rest of the lake was lowered by about 2 in, but the north part was waterless. The gulls then had good feeding from the fry left stranded. The outcropping rock for the cascade came from the small easterly mound. The rock work was supervised by Whitelegg’s rock foreman, otherwise the work was planned and carried out entirely with internal resources. In November 1868 the enthusiastic Mr. Frank Buckland (1826-80), who the previous year had been appointed to the congenial post of Salmon Fisheries Officer, was requested to examine the works being carried out on the lake ‘with reference to the utilization of these waters for fish breeding’. His reply was that by judicious management they might be made to yield a considerable number of useful fish, not only for the table but for angling purposes. At the same time he urged that the sides of the banks should not be concreted. In their present 10 condition the rough stones were of use to the fish, both for spawning and as a feeding ground. He wouid be very sorry to hear the fish had been deprived of these adjuncts to their well-being. Eventually the bottom was concreted and the flint borders left as they were. It was noted the gravel had now been there for 12 to 14 years without any tendency to being washed away. During 1867-8 the water had been lowered three or four times, 3 ft 6 in or 4 ft, and at least nine- tenths of the gravel was clear. In fact 2,000 cu.yd of Thames ballast were delivered for the lake in January 1869. Later that November the fish had been collected in one of the bays of the lake. Mr. Buckland was afraid they might suffer, because there was no means of supplying it with fresh water and the lime to be used in the concrete for the bottom of the lake might be deleterious to them. So they were taken to one of the basins of Kensington Gardens, and returned when the work to improve the Serpentine was commenced in 1869. Mr. Buckland wrote in April 1869 that he had in his hatchery at the Horti- cultural Gardens at South Kensington about 200 splendid ‘little great’ lake trout. He was sure they would do well in the lake, and on the 20th May they were sent with 31 goldfish. At the same time perforated zinc was placed over the outlet pipes. Nothing further has been traced about these fish. Fourteen years later, on the 8th August 1883, ‘the water in the lake was reported to have been in a bad state all the summer and yesterday being a hot day the smell was particularly offensive’. Sir William Jenner (1815-98), physician- in-ordinary to the Queen, had given the opinion that the lake might be cleaned out to remove the decaying organic matter. The head gardener reported the lake had become so offensive that often the men were hardly able to work near the side of the water. There had been no inflow for a long time and the water had become stagnant and offensive. Others said much the same. It seems there was then a valve operated by a key, which was not readily to be found, to let the water from the Serpentine into the lake. Opinions differed however, as to the smell, none being detected on the 16th August or the 29th September. However it was noted that the lake had not been cleaned out for seven years (no other mention has been found of this cleaning in 1876), and so it was agreed it should be done in 1884, when much more mud was found than in the previous cleaning. There had, however, been a scare in 1876 that two cases of typhoid and one of scarlatina at Buckingham Palace had been caused by the water. The water examiner, however, reported that he had examined it and all the samples were wholesome and of most excellent quality for dietetic purposes. The water, drinking water no doubt, had come from the Orange Street waterworks (the present water is controlled by the Orange Street engineers; Orange Street is just north of Trafalgar Square and there is a deep artesian well there). But the water from the spring in Hyde Park was of inferior quality. The extent of the vegetation at the side of the lake seems to have varied widely, but has been mostiy quite thick (C-Smith, Pl. 6 & 50). In most pictures, dating as far back as 1839, it is conventionally drawn; and in others artists’ licence, and the fact that they were not naturalists, prevent too much reliance being placed on details. But such facts as whether the banks were bare or not are likely to be reliable. Birches, now gone, are recognizable by the lake in a photo of 1911 and others exist showing various trees which are no longer there. The lake seems always to have had water fowl on it. Even the earliest prints show swans (Smith, Pl. 30), black as well as white, but the other birds, like the vegetation, are hardly nameable. Special arrangements were made for them. For example in July 1840 ‘inclined boards for the wading fowl were to be placed Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part II, 1963 Plate [ Flamingoes on the island, with the west front of the Palace in the background. Me | Photographs—J. D. Bradley The Black Mulberry tree (Morus nigra) labelled ‘Planted 1609 when the Mulberry Garden was formed by James I’. 11 at intervals along the margin of the lake where the banks are deficient, and a few troughs for feeding the birds’ and two books were to be provided for registering the collection of birds in the garden, books we have not traced. In September of that year ‘a neck of land was to be excavated so as to connect the two parts of the lake on the west side to afford shallow water for the waders and the birds of that class. This portion of the Jake must be kept at this correct depth’. A water colour of 1841 in the Souvenir Album at Windsor shows clean banks and a bird hutch in the water with planks leading up to it. In August 1906 it was recorded that the trees throughout the ground had to be searched to guard against caterpillars of the Vapourer Moth which were said to be infesting the place. In October that year it was said that the prolonged drought had led to special expense to destroy the caterpillars. There are only the rarest records of where shrubs or plants came from, but older suppliers include A. Waterer (lilacs 1901) and Thomson and Son (irises and planes 1901). The boat house (Roper, pp. 23 and 26; S-Cooper, Pl. 5) lasted from 1901 to 1963. In 1897 there was only one large poplar on this site, where now there is a small grove of them of two species. The summer house (C-Smith, Pl. 55; Roper, p. 27; S-Cooper, Pl. 8) was removed from the Admiralty (Spring Gardens in Whitehall) in November 1901. The Waterloo Vase (Roper, p. 27; S-Cooper, Pl. 11) was authorized to be moved from Osborn on the 11th December 1903 and was erected on the site in 1906. A lawn tennis ground was formed in 1902. The tea-house was erected about 1938, near where the old one was, which was pulled down in 1928. The two Indian Cranes (Roper, p. 24; S-Cooper, Pl. 10), now by the lake, were presented to King Edward VII at the Delhi Durbar and were originally sited by the Waterloo Vase. The names have been discovered of the following Head Gardeners: George Wyness from 1840 Humphrey from 1874 (succeded Wyness) Brown c. 1895 J. R. Stirling to 1901 (when M.O.W. took over) George A. Courroux from 1901 (he seems to have stayed only a short time) Osborne from 1901-2 A. J. Cole from 1928 (S-Cooper, Pl. 6) F. C. Nutbeam from 1954 The staff in 1901 was ten plus the head gardener, more than work there today. I am grateful to the authorities at the Public Record Office, who gave me most courteous assistance and produced a large number of files and maps. I have also had help from the libraries and map rooms of the Royal Horticultural Society— where Mr. Stageman and his staff never failed, London Museum—where Mr. M. R. Holmes was most stimulating, Guildhall, County Hall and the West- minster City Council: Miss D. Stroud wrote me a kind letter about Repton: Sir Owen Morshead gave me valuable advice: his successor, as Librarian of the Royal Library at Windsor, Mr. R. Mackworth-Young, searched most helpfully for information: and I was privileged to spend a profitable day there with him and his staff. Of this and of his unfailing encouragement I am particularly appreciative. 12 REFERENCES Cecil, Hon. as Evelyn (Alicia Amherst), 1907. London Parks and Gardens, pp. 350-6, Constable. Clifford-Smith, H., 1931. Buckingham Palace, Country Life. Cole, N., 1877. The Royal Parks and Gardens, pp. 1-4, London. Dennis, J., 1835. The Landscape Gardener, pp. 103-6, Ridgway. Goring, O. G., 1953. From Goring House to Buckingham House, Rockliff. 2nd Ed. Graeme, B., 1937. A Century of Buckingham Palace, 1837-1937, Hutchinson. Larwood, J., 1872. Stories of the London Parks, pp. 280-7, 302, London. Mackenzie, Sir C., n.d. c. 1934. The Queen’s House, Hutchinson. Nixon, M., 1916. Royal Palaces and Gardens, pp. 31-40 & Pl. 2, Black. Roper, L., 1953. Royal Gardens, pp. 20-27, Collingridge. Shewell-Cooper, E. W., 1952. The Royal Gardeners, Cassell. Taylor, G., 1953. Old London Gardens, pp. 161-8, Batsford. Ward, C., 1912. Royal Gardens, pp. 74, 87, Longmans. Williams, N., 1960. Royal Residences of Great Britain, Rockliff. 13 A NOTE ON THE SOIL By B. W. AVERY Some preliminary observations on the soils of Buckingham Palace garden were made during April 1962, and some samples were taken for laboratory examination. So far as the origin of the soils is concerned, the published geological map indicates that whereas the major level part of the garden lies on flood-plain terrace gravel, the underlying London clay approaches the surface where the ground slopes up towards Hyde Park Corner. That this is the case is confirmed by my observations, so far as they go; thus, several borings in apparently little disturbed ground north of the lake showed a variable depth of sandy loam over gravel, whilst borings both east and west of the Waterloo Vase gave a clayey subsoil with some stones, probably derived largely from London clay with some drift admixture. The mound is obviously artificial, and much of the other ground has clearly been disturbed. In many places fragments of bricks, mortar, cinders, etc., were encountered on boring, possibly including relics of old foundations. Samples from the upper few inches of mineral soil (excluding the superficial organic ‘mat’ accumulated beneath turf) were taken as follows: (1) from bare ground beneath holly on the mound; (2) from the main lawn (with no chamomile) 30 yards north of the steps leading down to the lake; (3) from the main lawn 50 yards north-west of the west corner of the Palace (with much chamomile); (4) from the lawn about 100 yards east of the Waterloo Vase. The soils were each of sandy loam texture, containing from 13 to 19 per cent clay (< 0-002 mm) on mechanical analysis, and contained organic matter ranging in amount from about eight per cent (mound) to 16 per cent (sample 3). Samples 1, 2 and 4 were strongly acid in reaction (pH 3-6 to 4-5), whereas sample 3 was only slightly acid (pH 6-4) and had a subsoil containing much rubbly, lime-rich material (probably old mortar). As might be expected from the quantities of solid (mainly carbon- aceous) matter and oxy-acids of sulphur likely to be precipitated yearly in Central London (see R. S. R. Fitter, London’s Natural History), the soils are richer in organic carbon than is normal under similar vegetation, and tend to be very acid. The activity of animals, particularly earthworms, and other organisms responsible for break-down of organic residues is likely to be very restricted under such conditions, and this in turn probably explains the marked tendency for a thick mat of partially decomposed material to accumulate at the surface under grass. Where the soil has a more nearly neutral reaction, however, as at the site of sample 3, there is little mat, and well decomposed organic matter is incorporated to a greater depth. Patches where the soil contains lime, derived either from added dressings or from old building materials, may occur elsewhere in the gardens where the ground is uncultivated, and would be expected to affect the distribution of flora and fauna (e.g. snails and earthworms). 14 WILD AND NATURALIZED VASCULAR PLANTS By D. McCLINTocK The first point about the vegetation is that it is now that of a garden and not of a piece of countryside. It has all been repeatedly and radically affected by man, and it is possible to recognize few wild associations of plants, except perhaps up to a point the weeds of the flower beds, the plants of the lakeside and in rougher places, where there is a certain equilibrium. The gardening activities cause constant changes in the plants and, as a result, a surprising number have been listed; and there always seems something new and interesting to be found. One of the striking features is the number of plants which have become naturalized. The largest is a giant hogweed which seeds itself freely and has been increasingly harried of late. This is a perennial and somewhat smaller species— normally about 6 ft high—than the one usually seen; it has a more pinnate, less toothed, basal leaf and smells less strongly when bruised. It is one of a group of Near Eastern umbellifers whose nomenclature needs more investigation. It grows chiefly in shadier places. Here also, although somewhat less plentiful than a few years ago, grows another umbellifer, the aromatic southern European Chervil Chaerophyllum aureum, otherwise known naturalized as far away as central Scotland. The similar, and normally common, British Chervil, Anthriscus sylvestris, is scarcer (Plate V). At the east end of the large artificial mound, above the ice-house, are good patches of Winter Heliotrope and of Golden Garlic, both from the Mediterranean. Lesser Periwinkle grows on the mound too but was doubtless planted: certainly the Primroses on the north side were planted between the Wars; they are also on the small mound. The middle of the south side and on the small mound are the only places in central London to find our native Dogs Mercury, brought in perhaps with shrubs. In various places are quantities of bulbous spring plants. Nearly 15,000 Crocuses were planted between 1958 and 1963, and 8,000 Snowdrops, 7,000 Scillas and 3,000 Chionodoxas in the last three years. To these have been added in 1963 also 1,000 Winter Aconites, 2,000 Puschkinias, 1,000 Scilla Tubergeniana, 500 Chionodoxa sardensis, 1,000 Fritillaries, Grape Hyacinths, Spring Snowflakes, 400 dog’s-tooth violets of various kinds and 5,500 Narcissi in six different varieties, supplementing considerable earlier plantings. Bluebells have also been freely put out in the past. These are both our wild species Endymion non-scriptus and the garden one E. hispanicus, in blue, pink and white colour forms, all of which freely hybridize notably by the tennis court. A few plants of the N. American Camassia Leichtlinii with purple flowers survive on the north side of the mound. These and other plants put out in grass and maintaining themselves are included as naturalized, rather than with the garden plants, even though some are not considered part of the British Flora. Much has been introduced around the lake. The Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum is locally dense and its rhizomes often persistently spread into the lawns and beds. At the south-western end of the lake are magnificent stands of the distinct P. compactum, male plants only (it is the female plant which is cultivated under the name P. Reynoutria). Other plants perfectly at home here are the central European Senecio Doria (in a form not unlike S. coriaceus Ait., which differs from the normal by having bristly fruits), the Asiatic Sweet Sedge (on which I have never seen a flower), and two British plants in particular which 15 are unlikely not to have been introduced—Sea Club Rush and Galingale. Gunnera from S. America was planted in two places in 1959 and 1961. Among the woody plants are hawthorns, red, pink and white, single and double, with one or two styles—or either in the same flower cluster—of which seedlings are found, and Common Laburnum which seeds itself freely. On the mound are Laburnums with numerous stout stems which must be of unusual age. The tree that produces most seedlings is the Sycamore, but Horse Chestnut, Plane and Turkey Oak also sow themselves not infrequently. The Buddleia seedlings may come from the planted bushes or from outside. Seedlings of both Pussy Willows, Salix cinerea subsp. atrocinerea and S. caprea, appear, although the seed of the former at least must have floated in from a distance. The garden, however, is kept so well that few seedlings grow to any size. Blackberries are rarely allowed to reach flowering or fruiting stage—therefore only two species have been named. One of them is the so-called American cut-leaved bramble, whose home country is unknown, the other not otherwise recorded within about ten miles. That we can tell this is an advantage of recognizing microspecies in an otherwise common plant. Weeds in the flower beds tend to get ever scarcer in quantity and variety, being allowed respite only in the late summer before the border is cleared. Perhaps more should be marked in the list as rare, rather than occasional. The main ones that manage briefly to appear are Shepherd’s Purse, the American willow herb Epilobium adenocaulon, Redleg, two Gallant Soldiers (which come from S. America) and Annual Meadowgrass (the most abundant). Less frequent are Lesser Wartcress, also a foreigner, Many-seeded Goosefoot, Fat-hen, Birdsfoot, Fool’s Parsley, Petty Spurge, Black Convolvulus, Lesser Nettle, Henbit, Purple Dead-nettle, Ivy Speedwell, Common Field Speedwell, Sticky Groundsel, Nipplewort and three Sow-thistles. Wayside or Marsh Cudweed grows in the flower beds and also near the water. Knot-grasses are very scarce. Perennial plants, which may also be found in uncultivated places, include Bracken, Pro- cumbent Pearlwort, Rose-Bay, Bitter-sweet and the North American Musk. Oxford Ragwort (from Mount Etna) is a ready colonizer, but is given short shrift. Fresh plants are constantly arriving with new shrubs, bedding plants and in earth or turf brought in from outside, some of which fail to last into a second year. Thus only after the cascade was built in 1961 were seen Bulbous Buttercup, two bittercresses, Thale-cress, three St. John’s-worts, Fringed Pearlwort, Fairy Flax, Lanceolate Willowherb, Pignut and two of the speedwells. Meadowsweet, Hard Rush, Oval Sedge and Creeping Yellow-cress appeared among the heathers, but the last named has been seen elsewhere as well. Bugle was on a pile of earth brought in for the cascade, but left unused. In a bed near the cascade a small piece of the pink-flowered form of Ground Ivy from North Kent was planted for ground cover in the summer of 1961; and by the next year had covered it. It was removed in 1963 to help bind the soil brought in from Hyde Park to the bank near the Queen’s pictures. Here appeared some fine plants of Wild Radish, Linseed, Sharp-leaved Fluellen, Corn Mint and Beaked Hawks-beard. Single plants also appear in odd places, for example Knotted Hedge Parsley in 1956 by the lake, Spring Beauty—recently dubbed the Button-hole flower—in 1957 in a flower bed and Common Figwort in 1962 in another. Indeed many records are of single precarious plants and this fringe vegetation is in a constant state of change. One plant of Hardhead appeared in long grass opposite the cascade in 1962, and one plant of Common Fleabane and one of the American rush Juncus tenuis in 1963. This is the only place where Clustered Dock has been seen. Ling, Cross-leaved and Dorset Heaths and Broad Buckler Fern grow out 16 of peat blocks used in 1955 to shore up the rhododendron beds behind the tea- house, and flourish, the fern now giving rise to young plants. In this bed, among rhododendrons from Exbury, is a magnificent plant of the Italian Mouse Plant Arisarum proboscideum. There is also a single old plant of ling on the island at the south end of the lake. One of the kitchen garden mints, Mentha x gentilis, grows not only on a rubbish heap, but on one of the northerly banks on the west terrace. Close by grows, or grew (so constantly is the flora changing), Lady’s Bedstraw, Hoary Plantain and the S. European Great Everlasting Pea. Below the gratings of the drains on this terrace are to be found fern sporelings including, in 1961 only, Harts-tongue. Wall-rue was on a wall by the back path in 1960, but soon vanished. Seed dropped from the bird table above germinated on the gravel of the north terrace in 1963-4, but the seedlings were never allowed to grow far. Nevertheless some were identifiable, including the African Niger. Various seedlings were about elsewhere in 1961, including a Tomato on the west terrace and a Tobacco plant nearby, also a melon or cucumber. With so many introduced plants what are there in these grounds which can be considered natural? Why, seven van loads of water plants came in from Kew in March 1904, but no details have been found of them. Some on the shores of the lake could have come by natural means, for the country to the south was marshy until the early 19th century, plants such as Marsh Pennywort, Hemlock Water Dropwort (which, for example, Thomas Johnson recorded in 1633 grew in great abundance in many places by the Thames side, mentioning ‘amongst the osiers against York House a little above the Horseferry against Lambeth’), Great Water Dock, Purple Loosestrife, Gypsywort, Wild Iris, some sedges and Great Water-grass, all of which were common in this part of Middlesex a century ago. Against this, however, is the known fact that these plants are often sold by Nurserymen. False Bulrush used to flourish well out into the lake by the boat- house, but cutting in June 1957 and once later, together with a temporary alteration in the lake level, killed it. One wonders how natural the alders are. But it is anybody’s guess how long most of these plants have been on this site. Among weedier plants the probability of survival and native status is greater— Parsley Piert, Creeping Cinquefoil, Yarrow and various grasses, for example, have a long history in Hyde Park. The largest area in the garden is mown lawn. Much of this is bent grasses, but Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass is there and so are Rye Grass and Dogs-tail Grass. Annual Meadow Grass is a main component under the trees. The lawns are fertilized and kept remarkably weed free. But Daisies and Yarrow survive, and the lush expanses of Chamomile, all single-flowered, are fostered and flourish. It has long been known also from similar lawns at Hampton Court and is also at Kensington Palace. There is a chance that this is native here, or at least an ancient denizen, and its often scattered patches have been here all along. The ground is not unsuitable, and it was recorded in 1666 from Tothill fields close by, and from waste ground towards Hyde Park in the other direction. Grasses in shadier places include Cocksfoot (locally pure on the mound), Common Foxtail, Yellow Oat, the two soft grasses and occasionally Wood Meadow Grass. Near the pond are also Sheeps’ and Red Fescues and there is or was some Marsh Foxtail. Until 1961 when it was turned into a roadway, the extreme north-west corner outside the wall by Hyde Park Corner was an excellent place for the Giant Hogweed, the aromatic Chervil and for Buckingham Palace’s special hawk- weed, Hieracium lepidulum var haematophyllum. There was a little of the latter inside the wall subsequently, but only until 1960 and it now seems extinct. 17 There are one or two plants frequent elsewhere in central London which have not yet been found—there are no mallows, no medicks, no Enchanters Night- shade and no Wall Barley—although that is an unlikely grass in so tidy a place as this garden. There are other common wild flowers which have not been found, but which are scarce or unknown elsewhere in central London, plants such as Wood Anemone, celandines, poppies, strawberries, Herb Benet, Thyme, Hare- bell, False Brome-grass, False Oat and timothies. Nor is there any Goutweed. Marsh marigolds have been planted twice, but did not survive; and the only violet known was a single plant of Dog Violet in 1961 on the bank of the west terrace. Some 475 species of plants have been recorded in recent years from central London, in an area of some 12,500 acres. The mere fact that well over half of these, over 260 (excluding planted narcissi, etc.) have been seen wild in the 39 acres of the garden, 50 of them unknown elsewhere in central London, speaks for itself. I am grateful to Mr. J. E. Dandy, Mr. D. H. Kent and Mr. J. E. Lousley for reading the text and list and making comments. WILD VASCULAR PLANTS AND THOSE PLANTED OUT FOR NATURALIZATION In the following list the frequencies given can do no more than indicate current status in suitable places, for many are constantly changing. The symbols are vr—very rare; r—rare; o—occasional; f—frequent; c—common; a—abundant; 1—locally, as in la—locally abundant; Id—locally dominant. PTERIDOPHYTA SPHENOPSIDA EQUISETACEAE Common Horse-tail Equisetum arvense L. 1956 only. PTEROPSIDA OSMUNDACEAE Royal Fern Osmunda regalis L. Planted 1959 and 1961 by the Lake. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Bracken Preridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn f. ASPLENIACEAE Harts-tongue Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Under drain covers, west terrace, 1961 only. Wall-rue Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Wall by back drive, 1960 only. ASPIDIACEAE Male Fern Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott o. Common Buckler Fern D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray, r. Originally on peat blocks. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE TAXACEAE Yew Taxus baccata L. o. Seedlings rare. 18 ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONES RANUNCULACEAE Winter Aconite Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. 1,000 planted 1963. Meadow Buttercup Ranunculus acris L. o. Creeping Buttercup R. repens L. o. Bulbous Buttercup R. bulbosus L. o. Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris L. Near rubbish, 1962. NYMPHAEACEAE White Water Lily Nymphaea alba L. Two places in lake. FUMARICEAE Common Fumitory Fumaria officinalis L. 1962. CRUCIFERAE Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. From bird seed, north terrace, 1963. Chinese Mustard B. juncea (L.) Czerrn & Coss., from bird seed, 1963. Charlock Sinapis arvensis L. o. White Mustard S. alba L. o. Wild Radish Raphanus Raphanistrum LU. r. Common Wart-cress Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Aschers. 1956 only. Slender Wart-cress C. didymus (L.) Sm. f. Shepherd’s Purse Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., f. Wavy Bitter-cress Cardamine flexuosa With. Cascade, 1961. Hairy Bitter-cress C. hirsuta L. Cascade. Creeping Yellow-cress Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. 0. Marsh Yellow-cress R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas. North terrace, 1956 only (but recorded ‘near Buckingham Palace’, 1869). Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. o. Thale-cress Arabidopsis Thaliana (L.) Heynh. Cascade. VIOLACEAE Common Dog Violet Viola Riviniana Reichb. West terrace, 1961 only. Field Pansy V. arvensis Murr. Gallery bank, 1963. GUTTIFERAE Common St. John’s-wort Hypericum perforatum L. Cascade. Square-stalked St. John’s-wort H. tetrapterum Fr. Cascade. Trailing St. John’s-wort H. humifusum L. Cascade, perhaps now gone. CARYOPHYLLACEAE White Campion Silene alba (L.) Clairv. o. Common Mouse-ear Cerastium holosteoides Fr. f. Common Chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. f. Lesser Stitchwort S. graminea L. West terrace, 1962. Fringed Pearlwort Sagina ciliata Fr. Cascade. Mossy Pearlwort S. procumbens L.—all 4-merous. f. PORTULACEAE Spring Beauty Montia perfoliata (Willd.) Howell. 1957 only. CHENOPODIACEAE Many-seeded Goosefoot Chenopodium polyspermum L. f. 19 Fat Hen C. album L. o. Fig-leaved Goosefoot C. ficifolium Sm. f. Red Goosefoot C. rubrum L. o. Common Orache Atriplex patula L. o. Halberd-leaved Orache A. hastata L. o. LINACEAE Linseed Linum usitatissimum L. One plant, Gallery bank, 1963. Fairy Flax L. catharticum L. Cascade. GERANIACEAE Doves-foot Cranesbill Geranium molle L. o. OXALIDACEAE Sleeping Beauty Oxalis corniculata L. r. Small Pink Oxalis O. corymbosa DC. r. SIMAROUBACEAE Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill) Swingle. 0. Suckers and seeds. ACERACEAE Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus L. o. Seedlings frequent. HIPPOCASTANACEAE Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum L. o. Planted 1914, 1917. Seedlings occasional. AQUIFOLIACEAE Holly Ilex Aquifolium L., f, seedlings seen. LEGUMINOSAE Laburnum Laburnum anagyroides Medic. f. Seedlings often abundant. Broom Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex Koch vr. Red Clover Trifolium pratense L. o. Alsike T. hybridum L. 1956 and 1960 only. White Clover T. repens L. f. Common Birds-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus L. f. False Acacia Robinia Pseudoacacia L. Suckering. Common Birds-foot Ornithopus perpusillus L. o. Smooth Tare Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. r. Tufted Vetch V. Cracca L. o. Meadow Pea Lathyrus pratensis L. If. Greater Everlasting Pea L. latifolius L. West terrace, 1960-1. ROSACEAE Meadow-sweet Filipendula Ulmaria(L.) Maxim. Twosingle plants near the cascade. Cut-leaved Bramble Rubus laciniatus Willd. r. Another Bramble R. rubritinctus W.C. R. Wats. o. Silverweed Potentilla anserina L. o. A creeping Cinquefoil P. x italica Lehm. f. Parsley Piert Aphanes arvensis L. 1956 only. Probably a slip for the next species. Lesser Parsley Piert A. microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm. o. conf. S. M. Walters. A Dog Rose Rosa canina L. r. Wild Plum Prunus domestica L. Mound. Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 0. Seedlings too. 20 SAXIFRAGACEAE Strawberry Saxifrage Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. Rubbish heap, 1962. LYTHRACEAE Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L. f. ONAGRACEAE Great Willow-herb Epilobium hirsutum L. o. Broad-leaved Willow-herb E. montanum L. o. Spear-leaved Willow-herb E. lanceolatum Seb. & Mauri. Cascade, 1961 only. Pale Willow-herb E. roseum Schreb. 1956 and twice since. American Willow-herb E. adenocaulon Hausskn. f. Short-fruited Willow-herb E. obscurum Schreb. 1956 only. Rose-bay Willow-herb Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. f. HALORAGACEAE Spiked Water Milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum L. Last record 1956. Giant Rhubarb Gunnera sp. Planted 1959 & 1961 in two places. UMBELLIFERAE Marsh Pennywort Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. o. Golden Chervil Chaerophyllum aureum L. f. Cow Parsley Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. o. Knotted Parsley Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. 1956 and 1964, in bird seed. Pignut Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret. Cascade. Hemlock Water Dropwort Oenanthe crocata L. f. Fools Parsley Aethusa Cynapium L. f. Hogweed Heracleum Sphondylium L. o. Giant Hogweed H. cf. Mantegazzianum Somm. & Levier. la. CUCURBITACEAE Melon or Cucumber Cucumis sp. Seedling, 1961. EUPHORBIACEAE Dog’s Mercury Mercurialis perennis L. Mounds. Annual Mercury M. annua L. o. Petty Spurge Euphorbia peplus L. o. POLYGONACEAE Knot-grass Polygonum aviculare L. r. Another Knot-grass P. arenastrum Bot. r. Amphibious Persicaria P. amphibium L. 1956 only. Red-leg P. persicaria L., f. Pale Persicaria P. lapathifolium L. One plant 1963. Black Bindweed P. Convolvulus L. o. Japanese Knotweed P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. ld. Lesser Knotweed P. compactum Hook Id. Giant Knotweed P. sachalinense. F. Schmidt o. Sheeps Sorrel Rumex Acetosella L. o. Common Sorrel R. Acetosa L. o. Great Water Dock R. Hydrolapathum Huds. o. Curled Dock R. crispus L. 0. Broad Dock R. obtusifolius L. o. Wood Dock R. sanguineus L. r. Clustered Dock R. conglomeratus Murr. vr. 21 URTICACEAE Mind-your-own-business Helxine Soleirolii Req. Once. Small Nettle Urtica urens L. o. Common Nettle U. dioica L. Not seen lately. PLATANACEAE London Plane Platanus hybrida Brot. Planted 1901, 1904, 1913. Seedlings occasional. BETULACEAE Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. r. Seedlings rare. FAGACEAE Spanish Chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. o. Seedlings rare. Turkey Oak Quercus cerris L. 0. Seedlings occasional. SALICACEAE Pussy Willow Salix caprea L. r, female only. Seedlings rare. Common Sallow S. cinerea subsp. atrocinerea (Brot.) Silva & Sobrinho. Two seedlings only. ERICACEAE Ling Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. r. Chiefly on peat blocks. Hoary Ling C. vulgaris var. incana Reichb. r. On peat blocks. Cross-leaved Heath Erica tetralix L. r. On peat blocks. Dorset Heath E. ciliaris L. r. On peat blocks. PRIMULACEAE Primrose Primula vulgaris Huds. Planted on the mounds between the wars; one plant with pink flowers. Polyanthus P. x anglica Pax. Two plants with Primroses. Wanda Primrose P. x pruhoniciana Zeman. West terrace, 1961. Yellow Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris L. o. Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis L. o. BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleia Buddleja Davidii Franch. Seedlings appear. OLEACEAE Ash Fraxinus excelsior L. r. APOCYNACEAE Lesser Periwinkle Vinca minor L. Mound. CONVOLVULACEAE Lesser Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis L. 0. Great Bindweed Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. o. American Bellbine C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. o. SOLANACEAE Duke of Argyll’s Tea-tree Lycium halimifolium Mill. r. Bittersweet Solanum Dulcamara L. o. Black Nightshade S. nigrum L. o. Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Seedlings on the West terrace, 1961. Tobacco Plant Nicotiana sp. Seedlings, 1961. 22 SCROPHULARIACEAE Common Mullein Verbascum Thapsus L. r. Sharp-leaved Fluellen Kickxia Elatine (L.) Dumort. Gallery Bank, 1963. Common Figwort Scrophularia nodosa L. One plant, 1962. Musk Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. 0. At the back of flower beds. Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. r. Thyme Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia L. Cascade. Wall Speedwell V. arvensis L. One plant, Cascade, 1962. Ivy Speedwell V. hederifolia L. o. Common Field Speedwell V. persica Poir. o. VERBENACEAE A Verbena Verbena bonariensis L. Seedling, 1961. Another garden Verbena V. x hybrida Voss. Seedling, 1961. LABIATAE Corn Mint Mentha arvensis L. Gallery Bank. Water Mint M. aquatica L. Island. Bushy Garden Mint M. x gentilis L. West terrace and rubbish heap. Gipsywort Lycopus europaeus L. r. Self-heal Prunella vulgaris L. r. Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica L. o. Black Horehound Ballota nigra L. subsp. foetida Hayek o. Henbit Lamium amplexicaule L. o. Red Dead-nettle L. purpureum L. o. White Dead-nettle L. album L. Two places. Hemp-nettle Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Cascade. Ground Ivy Glechoma hederacea L. forma rosea Neuman. Planted 1963 on Gallery bank. Bugle Ajuga reptans L. vr. PLANTAGINACEAE Rats-tail Plantain Plantago major L. o. Hoary Plantain P. media L. West terrace. 1961. Ribwort Plantain P. lanceolata L. f. RUBIACEAE Field Madder Sherardia arvensis L. From bird seed, north terrace, 1963. Lady’s Bedstraw Galium verum L. West terrace. Goosegrass G. aparine L. One plant, 1962. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Elder Sambucus nigra L. o. COMPOSITAE Gallant Soldier Galinsoga parviflora Cav. f. Shaggy Soldier G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake f. Niger Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. From bird seed, north terrace, 1963-4. Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea L. o. Oxford Ragwort S. squalidus L. o. Sticky Groundsel SS. viscosus L. o. Common Groundsel S. vulgaris L. f. Golden Woundwort S. Doria L. Island. This has bristly fruits and resembles S. coriaceus Ait. teste. C. Jeffrey. 23 Coltsfoot Tussilago Farfara L. o. Winter Heliotrope Petasites fragrans (Vill.) C. Presl. Ice-house. Ox-eye Telekia speciosa Schreb (Baumg.). Two places by lake. Common Fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. One plant, 1963. Wayside Cudweed Guaphalium uliginosum L. o. Garden Golden-rod Solidago altissima L. 0. Seedlings too. Early Golden-rod S. gigantea Ait. 1961 only. A Michaelmas Daisy Aster Novi-belgii L. 1956 only. Canadian Fleabane Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 0. Daisy Bellis perennis L. f. Stinking Chamomile Anthemis cotula L. Gallery bank, 1963. Common Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. Lawn. la. Yarrow Achillea Millefolium L. f. Scentless Mayweed Tripleurospermum maritimum L. subsp. inodorum (L.) Hyland. ex Vaarama 0. Scented Mayweed Matricaria recutita L. o. Pineapple Weed M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter o. Ox-eye Daisy Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. o. Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris L. o. Burdock Arctium minus Bernh. o. Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Chiefly seedlings. Creeping Thistle C. arvense (L.) Scop. Male and female. If. Slender Hardhead Centaurea nemoralis Jord. One plant, 1962. Nipplewort Lapsana communis L. f. Common Catsear Hypochoeris radicata L. o. Autumn Hawkbit Leontodon autumnalis L. r. Goatsbeard Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. minor (Mill.) Wahlenb. a. Prickly Lettuce Lactuca Serriola L. One plant, 1963. Corn Sow-thistle Sonchus arvensis L. 0. Smooth Sow-thistle S. oleraceus L. o. Prickly Sow-thistle S. asper (L.) Hill o. A Hawkweed Hieracium lepidulum (Stenstr.) Omang var. haematophyllum Dahlst. Until 1961. Beaked Hawksbeard Crepis vesicaria L. subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. Gallery bank, 1963. Smooth Hawksbeard C. capillaris (L.) Wallr. o. Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Weber o. MONOCOTYLEDONES ALISMATACEAE Water Plantain Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Possibly gone. LILIACEAE Dog-tooth Violet Erythronium Dens-canis L. 200 planted 1963. Hybrid Dog-tooth Violet Erythronium x 200 planted 1963. Fritillary Fritillaria Meleagris L. 1,000 planted 1963. Scilla Scilla siberica Haw. 2,000 planted 1961; 5,000 1963. Another Scilla S. Tubergeniana. Hook. Planted 1963. Puschkinia Puschkinia scilloides Adams. (P. libanotica). Planted 1963. Bluebell Endymion non-scriptus (L.) Garcke la. Garden Biuebell E. hispanicus (Mill.) Chouard la. Hybrid Bluebell E. hispanicus x non-scriptus. la. 24 Camass Camassia Leichtlinii (Bak.) S. Wats. r. Glory of the Snow Chionodoxa Luciliae Boiss. 2,000 planted 1961; 1,000 1963. Another Chionodoxa C. sardensis Barr & Sugd. 500 planted 1963. Grape Hyacinth Muscari sp. Planted 1963. JUNCACEAE Slender Rush Juncus tenuis Willd. One tuft, opposite cascade, 1963. Toad Rush J. bufonius L. o. Hard Rush J. inflexus L. Cascade. Soft Rush J. effusus L. o. Jointed Rush J. articulatus L. 1961 only. Field Wood-rush Luzula campestris (L.) DC. o. AMARYLLIDACEAE Golden Garlic Allium Moly L. Ice-house. Spring Snowflake. Leucojum vernum L. 25 planted 1963. Snowdrop Galanthus nivalis L. 6,000 planted 1960; 2,000 1961. Pheasants Eye Narcissus Narcissus majalis Curt. lf. 1,000 planted 1963. Primrose Peerless N. x biflorus Curt. o. Jonquil N. Jonquilla L. o. Narcissus ‘Actaea’. 1,000 planted 1963. N. ‘Fire Tail’. 500 planted 1963. N. ‘Golden Perfection’. 1,000 planted 1963. N. ‘La France’. 1,000 planted 1963. N. ‘Mary Copeland’. 1,000 planted 1963. N. ‘Thalia’. 1,000 planted 1963. IRIDACEAE Yellow Flag Jris Pseudacorus L. f. Crocuses Crocus spp. 10,000 planted 1958; 2,800 1960; 2,000 1961. ARACEAE Sweet Flag Acorus Calamus L. f. Lords and Ladies Arum maculatum L. Not seen recently. Mouse Plant Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi. One superb plant behind tea-house. COMMELINACEAE Wandering Sailor Zebrina pendula Schnizl. Rubbish heap, 1962. TY PHACEAE Reed-mace or False Bulrush Typha latifolia L. Exterminated by 1960. CYPERACEAE Sea Clubrush Scirpus maritimus L. Boat-house, etc. Bulrush 5S. lacustris L. Gone, since 1956. Common Spike-rush Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. To 1956 only. Galingale Cyperus longus L. West of Boat-house. Pond Sedge Carex acutiformis Ehrh. If. Hairy Sedge C. hirta L. Not seen recently. Graceful Sedge C. acuta L. If. Oval Sedge C. ovalis Gooden. Cascade, one plant, 1963. GRAMINEAE Reed Phragmites communis Trin. Near Cranes. 2 Pampas Grass Cortaderia Selloana (J. A. & J. H. Schult.) Aschers. & Graebn. Two places. Great Water Grass Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg. If. Meadow Fescue Festuca pratensis Huds. o. Tall Fescue F. arundinacea Schreb. If. Red Fescue F. rubra L. f. Sheeps Fescue F. ovina L. o. Perennial Rye-grass Lolium perenne L. f. Hybrid Rye-grass L. x hybridum Hausskn. Sown on Gallery bank. Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua L. a. Wood Meadow-grass P. nemoralis L. o. Smooth Meadow-grass P. pratensis L. o. Rough Meadow-grass P. trivialis L. o. Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata L. \d. Crested Dogs-tail Cynosurus cristatus L. o. Soft Brome-grass Bromus mollis L. Near Cranes. Couch-grass Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. o. Yellow Oat Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. Two places. Yorkshire Fog Holcus lanatus L., f. Creeping Soft-grass H. mollis L., f. Tufted Hair-grass Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. One tuft on islet, 1963. Fine Bent Agrostis tenuis Sibth. f. Black Bent A. gigantea Roth. o. White Bent A. stolonifera L. c. Meadow Foxtail Alopecurus pratensis L. o. Marsh Foxtail A. geniculatus L. Perhaps gone. Sweet Vernal Grass Anthoxanthum odoratum L., f. Reed Grass Phalaris arundinacea L. Not noted since 1956. Further plants were noted during 1964. The two most notable were several tufts of moor grass Molinia caerulea L. and a heavy infestation of one plant of ling by the common dodder Cuscuta epithymum L. Both these occurred on peat blocks shoring up beds. The former was in blocks near the yard brought in earlier that year, the latter on others used in 1963 by the summer house. Both are highly unusual plants to prosper in central London and quite new to it. In addition more plants were found germinating from bird seed, including the Mediterranean Knapweed Centaurea diluta Ait.; and Spurrey Spergularia arvensis L. in imported soil. REFERENCES Dandy, J. E., 1958. List of British Vascular Plants, London. Johnson, T., 1633. The Herbal... by John Gerarde .. . very much enlarged and amended, p. 1060, London. Merrett, C., 1666. Pinax, p. 25, London. Kent, D. H., 1960. A Contribution to the Flora of Central London, Lond. Nat. 39. pp. 41-62. Kent, D. H. & Lousley, J. E., 1951-7. A Hand List of the Plants of the London Area, Lond. Nat. 30-36. Trimen, H. & Dyer, W. T., 1869. Flora of Middlesex, London. 26 CULTIVATED PLANTS By D. McCLIntTocK The dividing line between naturalized and garden plants is in many instances a matter of opinion. But trees and shrubs likely to have been planted and not regenerating have been included with cultivated plants; while bulbs and herb- aceous plants put out in the grass are in the naturalized list, which, therefore, consists basically of plants (other than trees) which have had only their own efforts to thank for their continued persistence in the garden. The attached lists are certainly incomplete. Several of the older plants are still unnamed and labels for some of the newer ones have become mislaid; but the lists record 600 different sorts of cultivated plants, excluding bedding plants, which were known to be growing in the garden at the end of 1963. The main show is in the northern part of the garden and includes something like 100 different named Rhododendrons, 33 Azaleas (these have probably most missing names or labels), 75 Camellias (plus numerous unnamed seedlings), 60 Roses and over 50 Delphiniums and Lilies. In addition a further 230 other planted trees and shrubs have been named and over 80 herbaceous plants. Nor is it merely the variety of these plants, a judicious blend of the tried and the enterprising, for many are new and rare, which is so remarkable. Their quantity, quality and condition are very fine—Camellias 12 ft high, eight years after planting, 120 ‘Silver Lining’ Roses and 100 ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and nearly as many of ‘Peace’. The plantings of these three important Roses were among the earliest in the country. There are groups of 60 of several others. The bed at the end of the Queen’s Walk was replanted in the winter of 1963-4 with 250 Rhodo- dendrons and 700 Lilies: indeed 2,000 Lilies were planted in all at that time and 2,000 more ordered for the following winter. The quality of the garden plants is much helped by the very thorough preparation of new beds and by the generous watering they receive throughout the summer. The importance of the garden plants in the natural history is that they provide food and protection to the wild life in the gardens. They are, therefore, part of its ecology and must be known in order to try to understand what is found. These cultivated plants and the beds they grow in are often altered wholesale, or added to considerably—for example the rose gardens by the summer house were twice extended in 1963. Nevertheless there are less kempt places and bosky clumps with maturer, mostly evergreen, shrubs, some decades old and conse- quently of value as homes and larders, and other such shrubs are in the centre of, or at the back of, beds. The development in size and bushiness of the shrubs can be well observed in photos of the gardens taken over the past 30 or 40 years. An enduring aim of all the plantings in the last 140 years has been to give privacy. In recent years fast growing poplars have been planted parallel to Grosvenor Place to screen the offices that have been built there; and most recently of all the avenue of 34 Indian Chestnuts, then 10 to 12 years old, was planted down the Conservatory Walk on the 23rd—24th November 1961, because of the two skyscrapers then completing to the north and south of the gardens. The garden is still one of remarkable repose, peace and quiet. The garden is perhaps in peak condition at the time of the Garden Parties around mid-summer, when the lawns, roses and herbaceous borders are especially superb. But the beauty lasts into Autumn; and earlier the colour is as fine or finer from the tens of thousands of Spring bulbs and the Camellias to the banks ‘TZ6| ABI ‘1SB9 SULYOO] USPS 9Y1 JO MAIA [eIIOR UY ‘PIT [PuO0IIg O1op WY Siujlo1ap—YddA1s0J]OYq a so) a ~ ~ ~ = 5 As: ~ n S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Proc. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part II, 1963 Plate Il Photograph—Aerofilms & Aero Pictorial Ltd. ra n v S J a } (o) ny ae Qa lo} Ss AS No) fon o | 5} = x f= 3) a 3 = fo] o uo} = os ©) Mo} re 3 o ) wo A view of the Pa 27 of Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Evergreens are numerous, including conifers, despite their reputation of not growing well in central London. There are some magnificent specimen trees, for example the Swamp Cypress, now 63 ft high (S-Cooper, PI. 11) by the Waterloo Vase and the Pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, to the west of the lake (this is the absurd ‘mystery tree’ of one author). There are now several, more having been planted in the last few years. On the other side of the lake is a fine Silver Maple. Several of the Plane trees are of noble proportions with superb boles, many being 70 ft high with girths at 6 ft of 15 ft 7 in. The ages of these trees, or even of the shrubs, can only be guessed, despite attempts to identify them in old prints and pictures. But the history of the garden and the analogy with, say, the Planes in Berkeley Square (now 175 years old) suggest the oldest could be 140 years of age. Elms rarely live so long, but those by the more northerly bridge from the island have two levels of roots, one 6 ft above the other and there is no record of a change in level since the lake was made. Furthermore it is known that some of the trees near the lake were preserved when the lake was formed. The happy custom of planting commemorative trees has produced a measure of age for some of the younger ones. Most of these are in the area near the sun- dial, west of the tea-house. Those which survive (for example an oak of Queen Victoria’s, Prince Albert’s Planes and a Silver Lime of George V’s do not), with dated plaques and their heights, are: A Copper Beech by H.M. King Edward VII; 15th March 1902, 33 ft. A London Plane by H.R.H. Princess Mary; 15th October 1913, 45 ft. A Horse Chestnut by H.R.H. Prince Albert; 15th October 1914, 39 ft. Another Horse Chestnut by H.R.H. Prince George; 13th April 1917, 35 ft. A variety of Norway Maple ‘Schwedleri’; March 1929, to replace a tree planted by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales in October 1913, 35 ft. 6. An Indian Chestnut by H.M. King George V; 2nd December 1935, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee, 25 ft. 7. Another Indian Chestnut by H.M. Queen Mary; 2nd December 1935, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee, 22 ft. 8. Another Indian Chestnut by H.M. King George VI; 1937, to commemorate the Coronation, 25 ft. 9. Another Indian Chestnut by H.M. Queen Elizabeth to commemorate the Coronation; 1937, 25 ft. There are two which have no plaques. 10. An Oak tree for Prince Charles on the 7th April 1955, 9 ft. 11. Another Oak tree for H.R.H. Princess Anne on the 7th April 1955, 9 ft. These two trees, each grown from an acorn germinated in the year the child was born, are now of similar height. There is also another tree with a plaque, to the south of the lake. 12. A double-flowered Cherry given by the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association; ‘1882—1957’, 20 ft. The Head Gardener’s records provide dates for most of the plantings since 1954. There appear to be practically no earlier records. The Chamomile in the lawn, for which the gardens have long been well known, continues to spread. The plant has been mistaken for Yarrow and, when it has been in flower, for daisies! The flowers are all single. It has still not been dis- covered how long the Chamomile has been there: the earliest recollection traced is to the beginning of the century, but ecologically it could be aboriginal. On the other hand it was planted at one time and is to be found in Royal lawns else- where, such as at Kensington Palace and Hampton Court. In various patches, urs INES 28 some of considerable size, it has been estimated that it must now cover perhaps four acres. The garden does not produce any plants for indoor decoration, these come from Windsor; and only a few of the plants grown in the gardens are produced on the spot. The majority come from the Nurseries in Hyde Park and at Rich- mond. But their choice and the sure judgement with which they are grouped, are the sole responsibility of the head gardener. The speed with which the large border is replanted has to be seen to be believed, all the gigantic number of plants being put unerringly in the right place in a very short space of time. The gardens can indeed vie with larger famous ones in more clement surround- ings, and are particularly suitable for their special purposes. All in all their content and condition are a remarkable achievement by the gardening staff, as well as being congenial to birds and other animals. Mr. P. M. Synge kindly read the draft of the paper and made useful comments. Mr. C. D. Brickell, also on the staff of the Royal Horticultural Society, examined the detail of the list with the greatest care and I am most grateful to him too. Finally Mr. F. C. Nutbeam, the head gardener, has been a tower of strength throughout, and to him I owe warmest thanks. REFERENCES Roper, L., 1953. Royal Gardens, Collingridge. Shewell-Cooper, E. H., 1952. The Royal Gardeners, Cassell. Webster, A. D., 1920. London Trees, Swarthmare Press. THE MORE PERMANENT CULTIVATED PLANTS SO FAR NAMED The names of many of the recent plantings are based on the records kept by Mr. F. C. Nutbeam, the head gardener, to whom I am very greatly indebted. The years of planting, when known, are indicated by the last two figures of the year. Woopy PLANTS Abelia grandiflora (André) Rehd., 58. Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax, 55. A. Negundo L., Box Elder, 61. A. palmatumThunb., ‘Atropurpureum’, Japanese Maple, 55. var. “dissectum’ (Thunb.) Maxim. ‘Senkaki’. A. pennsylvanicum L., Maple. A. platanoides L., “‘Schwedler?, Nor- way Maple, 29. A. rufinerve Sieb. & Zucc. A. saccharinum L. Aesculus indica Colebrooke, 35, 37, 61. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Tree of Heaven. Amelanchier sp., 64. Andromeda polifolia L., Bog Rosemary, 61. Arbutus x andrachnoides Link, a strawberry tree. Snake-bark Aucuba japonica Thunb., Spotted Laurel, male and female. Azaleas, see list on page 32. Berberis Darwinii Hook. B. x stenophylla Lindl. B. Thunbergii DC. “Atropurpurea’. Betula mandschurica (Reg.) Nakai. B. nigra L. B. pendula Roth., Silver Birch, 62. B. populifolia Marsh. B. pubescens Ehrh., Downy Birch, 59. Buddleja alternifolia Maxim., 55. B. Davidii Franch., ‘Royal Purple’, 59. “The Pearl’. ‘White Cloud’. Buxus sempervirens L., Box. ‘Handsworthii’. Camellias, see list on page 33. Carpinus Betulus L., Hornbeam. Caryopteris x clandonensis Simmonds ex Rehd., 56. Catalpa_ bignonioides Walt., Indian Bean. “Aurea’. Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carr., Atlantic Cedar, 55. C. Deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb) G. Don in Loud., Deodar, 55, 60. Ceratostigma Willmottianum Stapf, 55. Chaenomeles ‘Moerloesi’. C. x superba(Frahm) Rehd., Japonica. Cistus rosmarinifolius Pourret. Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC f. ‘rubens’ Rehd. C. Vitalba L., Traveller’s Joy. Colutea arborescens L. Bladder senna. Conyallaria majalis L., Lily of the Valley. Cornus alba L., “Argenteo-marginata’ (‘Elegantissima’), 60. var. ‘sibirica’ Loud., 55, 60. “‘Spaethii’, 55, 56, 58, 60. C. Kousa Hance, 55. C. sanguinea L., Dogwood. C. stolonifera Michx., ‘Flaviramea’, 55. Coronilla emeroides Boiss. Corylus maxima Mill., Purple Filbert. Cotinus Coggygria Scop. (Rhus cotinus L.), Wig Tree. C. obovatus Raf., (R. Nutt.). Cotoneaster bullatus Boiss., 58. C. conspicuus Marquand var. decorus Russell. C. ‘Cornubia’, 59. C. Dielsianus Pritz. (C. applanata), 58. C. ‘Exburiensis’, 63. C. frigidus Wall. C. Harrovianus Wils. C. horizontalis Decne. C. salicifolius Franch., 55. Crataegus oxyacanthoides ‘Plena’. ‘Pauli’. x Cupressocyparis Leylandii (Dall. & A. B. Jacks.) Dall., 63. Cytisus Battandieri Maire, 59. Deutzia gracilis Sieb. & Zucc., 58. D. scabra Thunb., “Candidissima’, 58. Eleagnus pungens Thunb. Enkianthus —campanulatus —_ (Miq.) Nichols. ‘Purpurea’, cotonoides Thuill., Cc E. perulatus (Miq.) Schneid. Erica carnea L., ‘Springwood’, 60. ‘Springwood Pink’, 60. E. cinerea L., Bell Heather, 60. E. mediterranea L., ‘Brightness’, 60. E. vagans L. var. alba Sinclair, Cornish Heath, 60. Escallonia x “‘Appleblossom’, 55. E. x langleyensis Veitch, 57. Eucryphia * nymansensis Bausch, “‘Ny- mansay’, 58. Euonymus japonicus Thunb. E. latifolius (L.) Mill. Evodia hupehensis Dode, 57. Exochorda Giraldii Hesse, 59. Fagus sylvatica L., Beech. var. atropunicea West, 02, 62, Copper Beech. Ficus Carica L., Fig. Forsythia x intermedia Zab., ‘Specta- bilis’, 58. F. suspensa (Thunb.), Vahl. Fraxinus excelsior L., Ash. Gaultheria Hookeri Clarke, 62. Garrya elliptica Dougl. x Halimiocistus Sahucii (Coste & Soulié) Janchen. Hibiscus syriacus L., “Hamabo’. ‘Elegantissima’ (‘Lady Stanley’: “Bi- color’), 55. ‘Puniceus’, (‘Rubra Grandiflora’), 55: Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) DC. “Mariesii’. H. paniculata Sieb., 61. H. villosa Rehd., 62. Hypericum calycinum L., Rose of Sharon. H. elatum Ait. Hi. patulum Thunb. ‘Hidcote’. Iberis sempervirens L., Candytuft. Ilex aquifolium L., ‘Aureo-marginata’. “Ferox’, Hedgehog Holly. ‘Ovata’. “‘Scotica’. Indigofera amblyantha Craib, 58. Jasminium humile L. var. revolutum (Sims) Kobuski. J. officinale L. J. x stephanense Lemoine. Juglans regia L., Walnut, 56. Juniperus horizontalis Moench., 61. J. Sabina L., “‘Cupressifolia’, 61. ‘Tamariscifolia’, 60. Kalmia latifolia L. Larix decidua Mill., Larch, 62. Leycesteria formosa Wall., Himalayan Honeysuckle, 62. Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merrill. L. japonicum Thunb. L. ovalifolium Hassk., Privet. ‘Aureo-marginatum’ (‘Aureum’). Liriodendron tulipifera L., Tulip Tree, 56. Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxt. L. Giraldii Rehd. L. Henryi Hemsl. Lupinus arboreus Sims., Tree Lupin. Magnolia grandiflora L., 58. M. Kobus DC., 58. M. Sieboldii K. Koch. M. x — Soulangeana ‘Amabilis’, 58. ‘Rustica Rubra’, 54. M. stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim, 58. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Oregon Grape. M. japonica (Thunb.) DC., 61. Malus floribunda v Houtte. M. x magdeburgensis Hartw., 64. M. X purpurea (Barbier) Rehd. M. silvestris (L.) Mill. ssp. (Wallr.) Mansf. M. Tschonoskii (Maxim.) Schneid., 64. M. ‘Blenheim Orange’, 63. ‘Bramley’s Seedling’, 63. “Cox’s Orange Pippin’, 63. ‘James Grieve’, 63. ‘Lane’s Prince Albert’, 63. “Worcester Pearmain’, 63. M. sp. Crab Apple, 63. Morus nigra L., Mulberry, 19. Nothofagus obliqua (Mirbel) Bl., Roblé Beech, 57. Nyssa silyatica Marsh., Tupelo, 63. Olearia x Haastii Hook. f. Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. Green, (O. Aquifolium). Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Virginia Creeper. P. tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. Passiflora caerulea L., Passion Flower. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., 58. Soul.-Bod., mitis Pernettya mucronata (L.f.) Gaud., 60. Philadelphus ‘Burfordiensis’, Syringa, 35 P. incanus Koehne. P. x Lemoinei Lemoine. P. pekinensis Rupr. P. sericanthus Koehne. P. ‘Sybille’, 56. P. x virginalis Rehd., fl. pl. Phillyrea decora Boiss. & Bal. Photinia Beauverdiana Schneid., 55. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook., 55. P. formosa (Wall.) D. Don_ var. Forrestii Airy-Shaw, 62. Polygonum — baldschuanicum Russian Vine. Populus alba L., White Poplar, 55. P. balsamifera “L. (P. Tacamahaca Mill.), Balsam Poplar, 55. P. candicans Ait. P. x canadensis Moench., “Eugenit’, male, 55. var. serotina (Hartig) Rehd., o. P. nigra L. (P. betulifolia Torrey), 55. var. italica Muench. Potentilla fruticosa L. ‘Friedrichsenii’, 57. Prunus ‘Accolade’, 55, 63. P. Avium (L.) L., 64. ‘Plena’ (fl.pl.), 57. P. x Blireiana André. P. cerasifera Ehrh., ‘Atropurpurea’ (P. Pissardii). P. concinna Koehne. P. Lauro-cerasus L., Cherry Laurel. P. Padus L., Bird Cherry, 64. P. persica (L.), ‘Alba-plena’. ‘Rubroplena’. P. Sargentii Rehd., 64. P. x Schmittii Rehd., 64. P. serrulata Lindl|., Japanese Cherry. P. subhirtella Miq. var. ascendens Mak., 59. Pyracantha atalantioides Stapf, ‘Aurea’, 63. P. coccinea Roem., 63. ‘Lalandei’, 63. P. Rogersiana Chit., 63. ‘Flava’, 63. Pyrus communis L., Pear. Quercus Robur L., Oak, 55. Regel, (Hance) Rhamnus catharticus L., Buckthorn. Rhododendrons, see list on page 32. Ribes aureum Pursh., Buffalo Currant, 62. R. sanguineum Pursh., Currant. ‘King Edward VII’, 62. Roses—see list on page 34. Salix alba L., White Willow. var. tristis Gaud. (‘Vitellina Pen- dula’). S. x blanda Anders. S. Matzudana Koidz., ‘Tortuosa’. S. x sepulchralis Simonk., (S. x Salamonii). Siphonosmanthus Delavayii (Franch.) Stapf., 62. Solanum crispum R. & P. Sophora japonica L., Pagoda Tree, 59. Sorbaria arborea Schneid., 59. Sorbus Aucuparia L., Rowan. S.intermedia(Ehrh.) Pers., White Beam. S. latifolia (Lam.) Pers. (det. E. F. Warburg). Spiraea X arguta Zab., 58. S. x Vanhoutei (Briot.) Zab. Syringa X chinensis Willd. S. reflexa Schneid., 58. S. vulgaris L., Lilac, Ol. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., Swamp Cypress, 62. Taxus baccata L.,‘Aurea’, Golden Yew. Tilia x europaea L., Lime. Ulmus angustifolia (Weston) (Weston), Cornish Elm. U. glabra Huds., Wych Elm. ‘Pendula’, Weeping Elm. U. procera Salisb., English Elm. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Viburnum x Burkwoodii Burkw. V. Carlesii Hemsl. V. Tinus L., Laurustinus, 55. Vitis Coignetiae Planch. V. vinifera L., ‘Purpurea’. Weigela, “Bristol Ruby’, 55. Wisteria sinensis (Sims.) Sweet. Yucca flaccida Haw. Zenobia pulverulenta (Bartr.) Pollard. Flowering NON-woopy PLANTS Achillea filipendula Lam. Aconitum Henryi Pritz. Agapanthus x , 64. Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don, Per- uvian Lily. Althaea rosea (L.) Cay., Hollyhock. Arenaria balearica L., 61. Artemisia lactiflora Wall. Aruncus sylvester Kostel. Aster ‘Dumosus hybrids’. Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternberg. Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov. Clematis recta L. Colchicum sp., 63. Crambe cordifolia Stev. Delphinium—see list on page 35. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Epimedium x Youngianum Fisch. & Mey. f. niveum (Vilm.) Stearn. Erigeron ‘Festivity’. E. ‘Simplicity’. Fritillaria imperialis L., Crown Im- perial, 63. Galega officinalis L., Goats Rue. Gypsophila paniculata L., ‘Bristol Fairy’. ‘Flamingo’. “Rosenschleier’, (Rosy Veil’). Helenium, ‘Baudirektor Linné’. ‘Bruno’. ‘Butterpat’. “Chipperfield’. “Gold Fox’. ‘Mme Canivet’. “Moerheim Beauty’. ‘The Bishop’. “‘Waltraud’. Heliopsis scabra Dun., “Gigantea’. “Light of London’. “‘Patula’. Hemerocallis ‘Dr. Regel’, 61. ‘Mabel Hibberson’, 61. ‘Sir Michael Foster’, 61. ‘Sovereign’, 61. H. Middendorfii Trautv. & Mey., 61. Hypericum olympicum L., 61. Tris germanica L. I. reticulata Bieb., ‘Joyce’. I. ‘Cantab’. ‘Golden Emperor’. ‘Imperator’. ‘Wedgewood’. Lathyrus latifolius L., “White Pearl’. Lavatera Olbia L., ‘Rosea’. 32 Ligularia ‘“Gregynog Gold’. S. uliginosa Benth. Lilies—see list on page 35. S. ‘East Friesland’. Lupinus polyphyllus Lind|., Lupin. Sagina pilifera (DC) Fenzl, ‘Aurea’, 61. Lychnis chalcedonica L., Maltese Cross. Sedum spectabile Bor. Monarda didyma L., Oswego Tea. Sidalcea ‘Mrs. Galloway’. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill., 63. “Sussex Beauty’. M. tubergenianum Hoog., 63. ‘William Smith’. Nepeta x Faasenii Bergm., Cat-mint. Thalictrum glaucum Desf. Phlox paniculata L., ‘Aida’. Tiarella cordifolia L., 61. ‘Harvest Time’. Verbascum, ‘Cotswold Queen’. ‘Viking’. “‘Hartleyi’. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. Deamii x hybridum. (Blake) Perdue. ‘Mother of Pearl’. R. laciniata L., ‘Herbstsonne’. “New Departure’. Salvia x superba (S.-Tarouca & Chaixii Vill. (‘vernale’). Schn.) Stapf. Veronica longifolia L. IN GARDENS BY THE YARD Armoracia rusticana Gaertn. Mey & Ribes Uva-crispa L., Gooseberry. Scherb., Horse Radish. Salvia officinalis L., Sage. Rheum Rhaponticum L., Rhubarb. Clematis x Jackmanii Th. Moore. Rubus x loganobaccus Bailey, Logan- Paeonia sp., Peony. berry. RHODODENDRONS Azaleas—Evergreen. ‘Pippa’. “Appleblossom’ (‘Hoo’). ‘Salmon Sander’. ‘Atalanta’ : ‘Sir William Lawrence’. “Bengal Fire’. —Deciduous. ‘Blaauw’s Pink’. canadense (L.) Torr. ‘Daimio’. luteum Sweet. ‘Daphne’. molle (Blume) G. Don. ‘Eddy’. ‘Dr. Leo Vignes’. ‘Flame’ (‘Suetsumu’). ‘Mrs. L. J. Endtz’. ‘Gretchen’. Schlippenbachii Maxim. ‘Hi no mayo’. Rhododendrons ‘Trohayama’. Aberconwayi Cowan. ‘Juliana’. ‘Alice’. ‘Kirishimu’. “Arthur Bedford’. “‘Koninyama’. ‘Audrey Winniatt’. ‘Leo’. Augustinii Hemsley. ‘Little Beauty’. ‘Aurora’. ‘Louise’. ‘Aurora x Idealist’. ‘Marie’. ‘Avalanche’. mucronatum G. Don. (ledifolium ‘Blue Diamond’. album). ‘Blue Tit’. ‘Naomi’. ‘Britannia’. ‘Nimrod’. ‘Broughtonii’. “Orange Beauty’. ‘Bulstrode Park’. ‘Palestrina’. ‘Burgemeester Aarts’. “Pekoe’. campanulatum D. Don., ‘Chelsea’. 33 campylocarpum Hook f. x ‘Day ‘Lady Longman’. Dream’. ‘Lady Primrose’. campylocarpum x ‘Souldis’. ‘Lord Roberts’. “Caractacus’. ‘Luscombe’. ‘Charles Waterer’. “Marchioness of Lansdowne’. “Chorema’. “Master Paul’. ciliatum Hook f. “Michael Waterer’. x cilipinense Hort ex Bowler. “Mme Masson’. ‘Conroy’. ‘Moonstone’. ‘Countess of Athlone’. “Moser’s Maroon’. ‘Cowslip’. ‘Mother of Pearl’. ‘Cunningham’s White’. ‘Mrs. A. T. de la Mare’. ‘Cynthia’. “Mrs. Charles Pearson’. dauricum L. “Mrs. E. C. Stirling’. Davidsonianum Rehd. & Wils. “Mrs. Lowinsky’. ‘Dawn’s Delight’. ‘Mrs. Tritton’. deleiense Hutch. & Ward. “Mrs. J. R. Waterer’. desquamatum Balf. f. & Forrest. ‘Mrs. William Agnew’. ‘Dr. A. Blok’. ‘Naomi’. ‘Duchess of Edinburgh’. oreotrophes W. W. Sm. ‘Elizabeth’ var. ‘Jersey’. ‘Pelopidas’. ‘Fastuosum’ fl.pl. pemakoense Ward. flavidum Franch. (primulinum ‘Pink Pearl’. Hemsl.). ponticum L. Fortunei Lindl. x ‘Hawk’. var. album Sweet Fortunei x ‘Idealist’. x praecox Carr. Fortunei x ? ‘Prince Camille de Rohan’. ‘General Eisenhower’. ‘Purple Emperor’. ‘Gladys Rillstone’. ‘Purple Splendour’. ‘Glowing Ember’. racemosum Franch. ‘“Goldsworth Pink’. ‘Album’. ‘Hawk’ x Ayperythrum Hayata. ‘Rimini’. ‘Hawk’ x ‘Naomi’. “Robert Peel’. hippophaeoides Balf. f. W. W. Sm. “Robert W. Wallace’. ‘Hollandia’. “Rose Perfection’. ‘Hugh Wormald’. scintillans Balf. f. & W. W. Sm. hyperythrum Hayata x ? Souliei Franch. ‘Idealist’ x ‘Queen of Hearts’. ‘Souvenir de Dr. S. Endtz’. impeditum Balf. f. & W. W. Sm. ‘Spitfire’. ‘John de Wit’. ‘Symphony’. ‘John Walter’. ‘Unique’. ‘Joseph Whitworth’. ‘Unknown Warrior’. ‘Lady Annette de Trafford’. “Viscountess Powerscourt’. ‘Lady Eleanor Cathcart’. CAMELLIAS (all planted since 1954) Camellia Japonica L. ‘Alba Simplex’ x ‘Gloire de Nantes’. ‘Adolphe Audusson’. “Alexander Hunter’. “Akisanza’. ‘Altheaeflora’. ‘Alba Simplex’ (‘Snow Goose’). “Angelo Cocchi’. Camellia—cont. ‘Apollo’. ‘A-ra-ni-ko’. “Augusto L. Gouveia Pinto’. ‘Blood of China’. ‘Charlotte de Rothschild’. ‘Contessa Lavinia Maggi Rosea’. ‘Daikagura’. ‘Dr. Tinsley’. ‘Duc de Bretagne’. ‘Duchess of Normandy’. “Duchesse de Caze’. ‘Effendi’. ‘Elegans’ (‘Chandleri rosea’). ‘Elegans’ (variegated). ‘Elizabeth’. ‘Emperor’. ‘Enrica Bettoni’. “Eugene Lize’. ‘Eugenie de Massena’. ‘Excelsa’. “Eximea’. ‘Frances McLanahan’. ‘F. W. S. Ringwood’. ‘Grety’. ‘Hana-Fuki’. “Herme’. ‘Imbricata’ (rubra). ‘Italiana’. “‘Jitsu-getsu’. ‘J. J. Whitfield’. ‘Joseph Pfingstl’. ‘Kumasaka’ (‘Lady Marion’). “Lady Campbell’. ‘Lady de Saumarez’. ‘Lady McCulloch’. Rosa—Shrubs and Bushes. ‘Allgold’ (floribunda), 63. ‘Ballerina’ (moschata), 63. ‘Boule de Neige’, 63. ‘Buff Beauty’ (moschata), 63. ‘Chanelle’ (floribunda), 63. ‘Cornelia’ (moschata), 55. ‘Dearest’ (floribunda), 63. 34 ROSES ‘Dorothy Wheatcroft’ (floribunda), 61, 63. ‘Felicia’ (moschata), 55. ‘Frau Dagmar Hastrup’ (rugosa). ‘Friihlingsgold’ (spinossissima), 63. ‘Lady Vansittart’. slagbacer ‘Latifolia’. ‘Madame Le Bois’. ‘Magnoliaeflora’. ‘Marguerite Gouillon’ Lamorciere’). ‘Margherita Coleoni’. ‘Martha Brice’. ‘Mathiotiana Rosea’. ‘Mrs. Victor Bishop’. “No-go-shimo’. ‘Princess Bacciocchi’. “Purple Prince’. ‘Rosa Perfecta’. ‘Rubens’. ‘Sandantiana’. ‘Sieboldii’. ‘Sieh’. ‘Snowflake’. ‘Surusumi’. ‘Tricolor’. ‘Tsukonigruruma’. ‘Virgin’s Blush’. ‘Walhampton No. 2’. ‘Walhampton No. 4’. “White Swan’. ‘Alba’ x J. C. Williams hybrid. ‘Alba simplex’ x saluenensis reticulata Lindl. reticulata (wild form). saluenensis Stapf. Sasanqua Thunb. taliensis (W. W. Sm.) Melchior. x Williamsii W. W. Sm. “Coppelia’. ‘Golden Spangles’. (‘General gallica ‘Complicata’. ‘Golden Showers’, 63. ‘Great Maiden’s Blush’ (alba), 63. ‘Heidelberg’ (moschata), 63. ‘Iceberg’ (floribunda), 63. ‘Joyfulness’, 63. ‘La Reine Victoria’ (Bourbon), 63. ‘Marigold’, 63. “Mary Wallace’, 63. ‘Mme Hardy’ (damascena), 63. ‘Mme Louise Laperriére’ (HT), 60. Moyesii Hemsl. & Wils., 64. ‘Paprika’ (floribunda), 63. 35 ‘Peace’ (HT), 55 and earlier. ‘Wilhelm’ (perpetual). ‘Penelope’ (moschata), 55. ‘Will Scarlet’ (moschata), 63. ‘Pink Parfait’, (floribunda) ‘President de Seze’, (gallica), 63. —Climbers and Ramblers. ‘Prince Charles’ (Bourbon), 63. ‘Améthyste’ (rambler), 63. ‘Queen Elizabeth’ (floribunda), 55. “Cecile Brunner’. ‘Red Dandy’ (floribunda), 63. ‘Danse du _ feu’ (‘Spectacular’) ‘Reine des Violettes’, (perpetual), 63. (climber). ‘Roserie de l’Hay’ (rugosa), 63. ‘Dortmund’ (Kordes climber), 63. rugosa Thunb. ‘Elegance’ (Wichuriana climber), 63. ‘St. Nicholas’ (gallica). ‘Golden Dream, 63. ‘Sarah van Fleet’ (rugosa). longicuspis (Bertol.) (climber). ‘Schneezwerg’ (rugosa). ‘Mermaid’ (bracteata), 57. ‘Silver Lining’ (HT), 60. ‘Mme Gregoire Staechlin® (HT ‘Sutters Gold’ (HT), 60. climber), 63. ‘Vanity’ (moschata), 55. multiflora Thunb., 57. “‘Variegata de Bologne’, 63. ‘Parkdirecktor Riggers’, (Kordes ‘Vera Dalton’ (floribunda), 63. climber), 63. ‘White Provence’ (‘Unique “Rose-Marie Viaud’, 63. Blanche’), 63. ‘Royal Gold’ (climber), 63. ‘White Scotch’. ‘Zéphyrine Drouhin’, 63. DELPHINIUMS Delphinium “Anna Page’. ‘Jack Tar’. “Anona’. “Kent Messenger’. ‘Audrey Mott’, 63. ‘Lady Eleanor’. ‘Bee Elliott’. ‘Laura Fairbrother’. “Bleu Celeste’, 63. ‘Minerva’. “Blue Riband’. ‘Mogul’. ‘C. H. Middleton’. ‘Olivia’. “Cote d’Azure’. ‘Peacock’. ‘Dolores’. ‘Purple Prince’. ‘Duchess of Portland’. ‘Romance’. ‘Esther Thom’. ‘Royalist’. ‘Father Thames’. ‘Silver Moon’. ‘Flora Campbell’. ‘Sonata’. “Gertrude Raphael’. ‘Startling’. ‘Gladys Sharp’. ‘Titania’. ‘Horizon’. ‘Twertonian’. ‘Ivy Ridgewell’. “‘W. B. Cranfield’. LILIES Lilium auratum Lind., 63. ‘Papria’, 63. ‘Bellingham’ hybrids, 63. ‘Prosperity’, 63. ‘Croesus’, 63. regale Wils. ‘Enchantment’, 63. speciosum Thunb., 63. ‘Golden Clarion’, 63. speciosum ‘Rubrum’, 63. Hansonii Leichtl. ‘Valencia’, 63. Henryi Bak. Notholirion Thomsonianum Stapf. ‘Joan Evans’. (L. roseum Wall.), 63. 36 BRYOPHYTES AND FUNGI Co-ordinated by D. MCCLINTOCK Dr. F. Rose has identified all the bryophytes, most of which he has also collected himself. So far 26 mosses, five liverworts and two lichens have been detected. This total of 33 species is remarkable for any central London park, but it does include one species found only in pots in the greenhouses. Some of the other species are presumably importations from outside, because they have been found only on rockery stone or peat blocks, which are known to have been brought in in the last few years. Apart from these last two habitats, the richest place for presumably spontaneous species is the marshy ground by the lake where damp little disturbed grassland supports at least 12 species. These include Pellia epiphylla. Atrichum undulatum and Mnium hornum, which are woodland plants and somewhat surprising to find in the centre of London. More bryo- phytes still would occur if there were less pollution of the atmosphere, a less dry climate and less active gardening. We are grateful to Dr. E. F. Warburg for his comments on the list of species found. Mr. D. A. Reid has co-ordinated all the previous scattered work on the fungi, although he himself took charge towards the end of the survey and after the season for the larger fleshy species was already over. The fungi have proved difficult to record for various reasons. The appearance of these plants varies from year to year and is always uncertain, none being seen on some visits in Autumn; the naming of them has particular difficulties in that many decay rapidly and need microscopic investigation for correct identification. There has also been a lack of continuity in the specialists who have been assisting. The following list of species should not be considered as even approaching a complete record of the fungi occurring in the garden. For instance it has not proved possible yet to investigate the mycological flora of the soil or lake. Unquestionably systematic search of the area throughout the year could add very considerably to the list. Nevertheless some interesting fungi have been found, of which Macrophoma ulmi and Pseudozythia pusilla are the most important since neither have hitherto been recorded from the British Isles. This may be because they are microfungi and are easily overlooked. The occurrence of the two large, vernal discomycetes Mitrophora semilibera and Verpa conica is also worthy of mention since these are rather uncommon and their presence in the centre of London is surprising; the collection of the former consisted of a particularly robust fructification. We are grateful to Mr. A. Groves, Prof. C. T. Ingold, Mr. C. Rose and Dr. F. Rose for helping with the difficult business of naming these particular plants. All those not otherwise marked have been determined by Mr. Reid. LIVERWORTS, MOSSES AND LICHENS BRYOPHYTA HEPATICAE (Liverworts) MARCHANTIACEAE Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dum., pots in greenhouses. Marchantia polymorpha L., D.McC. JUNGERMANNIACEAE Pellia epiphylla (L) Corda, damp marshy ground by lake. Lophocolea cuspidata Limpr., damp grassland by lake. L. heterophylla (Schrad.) Dum., damp turfy soil by lake. 37 MUSCI (Mosses) POLYTRICHACEAE Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) Beauv., damp grassland near lake. Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid., widespread. Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schp., mound, gravelly path edges and peat blocks. Campylopus piriformis (K. C. Schultz) Brid., D.McC. POTTIACEAE Tortula muralis Hedw., in fruit on sandstone rocks by cascade. Barbula conyoluta Hedw., frequent on sandstone rocks of the cascade. B. tophacea (Brid.) Mitt., D.McC. Weissia Hedw. sp., cf controversa, sandy soil in pots in greenhouses, but not in fruit. FUNARIACEAE Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., foot of terrace and on cascade rocks. Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Brid., marshy edge of lake. BRYACEAE Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils., pots in greenhouses. Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb., cascade rocks and peat blocks. P. annotina agg., damp humus at foot of greenhouse wall, outside. P. delicatula (Hedw.), Grout, D.McC. Bryum caespiticium Hedw., dry ground near lake. B. argenteum Hedw., common everywhere. B. bicolor Dicks., D.McC. B. erythrocarpum Schwaegr., D.McC. B. capillare Hedw., grassland near lake. MNIACEAE Mnhium hornum Hedw., damp grassland near lake, and mound. HyYPNACEAE Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst., marshy edge of lake. Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp. & Guemb., in grass and near lake edge. B. velutinum (Hedw.) B., S. & G., D.McC. Eurhynchium praelongum (Hedw.) Hobk., marshy ground by lake, in turf and greenhouses. E. Swartzii (Turn.) Curn., in grass. Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., D.McC. LICHENACEAE (Lichens) Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Fchaer., on peat blocks. Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb., on sandstone bridge. FUNGI AND MYXOMYCETES BASIDIOMYCETES DACRYMYCETALES Dacrymyces deliquescens (Bull. ex Mérat) Duby. APHYLLOPHORALES THELEPHORACEAE S.1. Coniophora puteana f. laxa (Fr.) J. Erikss. Corticium confluens (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. C. laeve (Pers. per Fr.) Fr. Gloeocystidium tenue (Pat.) Héhn. & Litsch. Phlebia merismoides (Fr.) Fr., det. C. T. Ingold. 38 Stereum hirsutum (Willd. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray. S. purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Silver Leaf Fungus. Trechispora brinkmannii (Bres.) Rogers & Jackson. POLYPORACEAE Bjerkandera (Polyporus) adusta (Willd. ex Fr.) Karst. Coriolus (Polystictus) versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pat. AGARICALES Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Pilat. Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex. Fr.) Kummer, Honey or Bootlace Fungus, det. C. T. Ingold. Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr., det. C. Rose. C. plicatilis (Curt. ex Fr.) Fr., det. C. T. Ingold. Cystoderma amianthinum ((Scop.) Fr.) Fayod, det. C. T. Ingold. Lepiota rhacodes (Vitt.) Quél. Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke, Wood Blewit, det. C. T. Ingold. Mycena sp., det. C. T. Ingold. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex Secr.) Kummer, Liberty Cap, det. A. Groves. Russula sp. Tubaria furfuracea (Pers. ex Fr.) Gillet, det. A. Groves. GASTEROMYCETALES Calvatia gigantea (Pers.) Lloyd, Giant Puff Ball, det. C. T. Ingold. Lycoperdon pyriforme Pers., det. C. T. Ingold. ASCOMYCETES PYRENOM YCETES HyPOCREALES Nectria aquifolii (Fr.) Berk., det. C. Booth. N. cinnabarina (Tode ex Fr.) Fr., Coral Spot Fungus. SPHAERIALES Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. ex Fr.) Grev., det. F. Rose. DISCOMYCETES PEZIZALES Mitrophora semilibera (DC. ex Fr.) Lév., ‘gigas’ form. Verpa conica Sw. ex Pers. HELOTIALES Orbilia sp. FUNGI IMPERFECTI SPHAEROPSIDALES Ceuthospora euonymi Grove. Macrophoma ulmi Fautrey, det. B. C. Sutton (1964 New to Britain). Phomopsis oblonga (Desm.) Trav., det. B. C. Sutton. Pseudozythia pusilla Héhn., det. B. C. Sutton (1964 New to Britain). MONILIALES Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. B. tulipae (Lib.) Lind., Tulip Fire Fungus. Doratomyces nanus (Ehrenb. ex Link) Morton & Smith, det. M. B. Ellis. Trichocladium opacum (Corda) Hughes, det. M. B. Ellis. Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. MY XOMYCETES Fuligo septica Gmel., Flowers of Tan. 39 MAMMALS By G. B. CorRBET Only two species of wild mammals have been definitely collected from the garden, namely the house mouse, Mus musculus L., and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhaut). House mice have been trapped in the neighbourhood of the gardening out-houses and probably exist as a permanent population. Rats have been recorded sporadically and quickly eliminated, and probably represent occasional immigrants. In addition Dr. W. P. Crowcroft and Mr. D. McClintock, in 1961, reported independently catching a glimpse of the same small mammal, which they both considered to be a field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). Subsequent trapping and careful search for runs has failed to confirm the existence of this species. Whilst conditions in summer in the areas of rough grass might suit this species, there is very little cover for it in winter and the suitability of the garden as a habitat for voles would seem very marginal. A more likely species is the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.), but there is at present no evidence of its presence. This sparse list of mammals agrees with that of other gardens and parks of Central London where the house mouse and the brown rat are the only terrestrial mammals. The only other likely additions to the mammalian fauna are bats, in particular the pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber), which occurs in other central parks, but has hitherto neither been seen in flight nor at roost in the garden. 40 BIRDS By STANLEY CRAMP and ROBERT SPENCER The main aim of the survey was to determine the breeding birds of the garden and to attempt some estimate of their numbers. For this purpose, after seven preliminary visits in 1960 (June to October), 26 visits were made in 1961 (all except two between March and September), 28 in 1962 (all between March and September) and five in 1963 (from April to September). The visits were usually made in the early morning, lasting one and a half to two hours and occasionally longer; both observers took part in many of the earlier surveys, but later normally only one. THE BREEDING SPECIES The birds found nesting in the three years 1961-3, together with an estimate of their numbers in 1961 and 1962, are shown in Table 1. Two breeding species are, however, excluded from this table and from all the comparisons which follow— the Feral Pigeon, with a few pairs nesting every year,and the Red-crested Pochard, of which a full-winged pair, descendants of the pinioned birds from the Royal Parks, nested in the garden in 1962. Apart from these there were 21 species in TABLE i 1961 1962 1963 Estimated Estimated Species numbers numbers Mallard .. B_ 40-50 B_ 50-60 B Tufted Duck B 20-24 B 20-28 B Pochard B 2 ? 0-2 - Canada Goose B 2) B 2 B Moorhen B 8-10 B- 10-16 B Coot B 8 B 8 B Woodpigeon B 40-50 B 40-60 B Carrion Crow B 2, B 2 B Jay ? 1-2 ? 1-2 ? Great Tit B 4-6 B 4-6 B Blue Tit B 6-8 B 8-12 B Wren ie B 4-6 B 4-6 ? Mistle Thrush B 2 B D; B Song Thrush B~ 16-20 B 10-12 B Blackbird .. B- 20-30 B- 20-30 B Robin uk ay B 8-10 B 6-8 B Spotted Flycatcher B 4 B 4 B Dunnock ue B 10-14 B_ 10-16 B Pied Wagtail B 4 B 4 B Starling B 1418 B_ 16-20 B Greenfinch B 10-14 B 14-18 B Chaffinch : ae? 4 ? 2-4 2 House Sparrow .. .- B- 10-20 B_ 10-20 B Species definitely breeding 21 20 19 Estimated total numbers 239-310 247-342 B= Breeding 41 1961 and 20 in 1962. Two others, the Chaffinch and the Jay, were observed with some regularity in the nesting season, but no proof of nesting could be obtained. In 1963, when no full survey was attempted, there were 19 nesting species; the Wren, whose numbers were much reduced after the hard winter, apparently failing to breed. It is interesting to compare these results with those for the three Royal Parks in central London, two of which are in the same area and almost adjoining. Table 2 shows that, according to the Report of the Committee of Bird Sanctuaries TABLE 2 Breeding Species in Buckingham Palace garden and the inner Royal Parks, 1961-2 Hyde Park Regent’s Buckingham St. James’s and Park and Palace and Kensington Primrose garden Green Parks Gardens Hill Species 1961 1962 1961 1962 1961 1962 1961 1962 Mallard st B B B B B B B B Tufted Duck B B B B B B B B Pochard . . B th B B B B B B Canada Goose . B B B B B B B B Moorhen B B B B B B B B Coot mis B B B B B B B B Herring Gull - ~ - - - - B B Woodpigeon B B B B B B B B Tawny Owl - - - ~ - - b -- Great Spotted Woodpecker - - - ~ - B - Carrion Crow B B B - B B B B Jay ae uy Ls ~ b B B b Great Tit B B - - b B B B Blue Tit .. B B B B B B B B Nuthatch - - - - - B - - Witches B B B - B B B B Mistle Thrush B B B B B B B B Song Thrush B B B B B B B B Blackbird B B B B B B B B Robin .. oe a B - B B B B B Blackcap Ate - - - - B - - - Spotted Flycatcher B B - B B B B B Dunnock : B B B B B B B B Pied Wagtail B B - - ~ ~ B B Starling .. B B B B B B B B Greenfinch B B - B B B B B Goldfinch - - - - - - B B Bullfinch. . - _ _ - - B B Chaffinch Z ? ~ - b B B B House Sparrow B B B B B B B B Total Species 21 20 16 17 2S 23 28 26 Acreage (approx.) 39 105 635 574 B= bred. b= probably bred. 42 in the Royal Parks for 1961-2, St. James’s and Green Parks (total area about 105 acres) had 16 nesting species in 1961 and 17 in 1962, Hyde Park and Kensing- ton Gardens (about 635 acres) had 23 in both years, and Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill (about 574 acres) had 28 and 26 species respectively. There is a general tendency for the variety of nesting species to increase with area in the parks, but the garden, the smallest of the four areas (about 39 acres, excluding buildings) had a greater number of breeding species than St. James’s and Green Parks and only a little below that of the very much larger Hyde Park and Ken- sington Gardens; indeed, the number of nesting species was higher than the average for the latter from 1954—9 (19, with a range of 18 to 22) and even above Regent’s Park in the years 1948 to 1953 (18, with a range of 15 to 23). (Wallace, 1961). It will be seen that there are a number of species which breed regularly in all the Parks; in 1961-2 these included six species of water birds (Mallard, Tufted Duck, Pochard, Canada Goose, Moorhen and Coot) and eight land birds (Woodpigeon, Blue Tit, Mistle Thrush, Song Thrush, Blackbird, Dunnock, Starling and House Sparrow). All these 14 species also nested in the garden in both years, except for the Pochard, which bred there in 1961, but not apparently in 1962, although it was seen occasionally then. Five other land birds (Carrion Crow, Wren, Robin, Spotted Flycatcher and Greenfinch) nested in the two larger parks in both years, but in only one of these years in St. James’s and Green Parks; all nested in the garden in both years. Three others (Great Tit, Chaffinch and Jay) bred in the two largest parks in both years, but not at all in St. James’s and Green Park. In the garden, the Great Tit is a regular nesting species, but the Chaffinch and Jay, as already mentioned, were not proved to nest there, although seen in both years with some regularity in the breeding season. The remaining species in Table 2 are restricted to the two largest parks or are irregular nesters. Regent’s Park, which in recent years has replaced Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park as the central park with the most varied breeding list, had Pied Wagtail, Goldfinch and Bullfinch nesting in both years, and Tawny Owl and Great Spotted Woodpecker in 1961 only. The first three are relatively recent arrivals as regular nesters in Regent’s Park—the Pied Wagtail since 1952, the Goldfinch since 1957 and the Bullfinch since 1959. The garden can claim only one of these, the Pied Wagtail, although the Goldfinch was seen in small numbers there several times in the spring of 1962 (and once in 1961) but the Bullfinch only rarely. Both might be gained as nesting species in the future. The Tawny Owl and Great Spotted Woodpecker appear to be declining in inner London in recent years; both have suffered as a result of the felling of old trees, and the former may also be affected by the use of toxic chemicals. The Tawny Ow] has been recorded occasionally calling at night in the garden, and the Great Spotted Woodpecker was seen there twice in 1960. The most recent arrival as a nesting bird in inner London is the Herring Gull; a pair attempted to nest in Regent’s Park in 1961 and 1962 and succeeded in 1963. The nests were built in the Sea-Lion enclosure and there is little doubt that these wild birds were attracted by the captive gulls which breed in the adjoining large aviary (Wallace, 1964). The Nuthatch and Blackcap bred only in Kensington Gardens, in 1961 and 1962 respectively. The Nuthatch also has bred in inner London only in recent years: small numbers arrived with the tits in the large irruption of 1957 (Cramp 1959) and then established them- selves as breeding birds in Kensington Gardens and Holland Park. Warblers need suitable low cover for nesting and freedom from disturbance. They are thus irregular breeders in inner London and only three species, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff and Blackcap, have attempted to nest in recent years and then often Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part I, 1963 Plate IV ay ® ae a= Photographs—J. D. Bradley The cascade at the north-west end of the lake. a4 Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soe., Part II, 1963 Plate V The southern European Golden Chervil (Chaerophyllum aureum) well naturalized in the garden. Photographs—J. D. Bradley A well-established giant hogweed (Heracleum sp.) which has not yet proved nameable. 43 without success. All three species were recorded in the garden on spring or autumn passage and might well nest there if more suitable cover was available. To sum up. The garden shows a good variety of breeding birds compared with the Royal Parks, especially in view of their size. There are, however, no species not found nesting elsewhere in inner London, although up to some ten years or so ago, the Little Grebe (Podiceps ruficollis) found its last inner London refuge there, a pair apparently breeding in most years on the lake. It is not known whether its disappearance is due to the removal of suitable nesting cover or changes in food supply in the lake. THE DENSITY OF THE BREEDING POPULATION Estimates of the breeding population of birds in the central parks are available only for Regent’s Park. Wallace (1961) found there, in 1959, 25 breeding species with an estimated population of 394-449 pairs in an area of 410 acres. This gives an average density of 19-22 birds per 10 acres; a considerable increase on the estimated population in the same area in 1947 of 130-80 pairs, or 6-9 birds per 10 acres (Cramp, 1949). In the whole area of Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill, plus an undefined area of some 26 acres abutting these (making some 600 acres in all), Wallace found 29 species breeding in 1959, with 498-565 pairs, or 17-19 birds per 10 acres. The breeding population in the garden was estimated at 239-310 birds in 1961 and 247-342 in 1962 (Table 1), giving average densities of 61-79 and 63-88 birds per 10 acres respectively. These densities are more than three times higher than those found for Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill in 1959, and about ten times greater than the 1947 densities for a restricted area of the Park. As Wallace pointed out, however, the Regent’s Park averages are very low compared with the estimated figures given by Fisher (1941) for parks (100 birds per 10 acres) or gardens and allotments (300 birds per 10 acres). Much of Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill consists of open and well-trodden grass, quite unsuitable for ground-nesting birds, and the garden has an almost equal proportion of grass which, though less disturbed, is still not used for nesting by any species. The greater average density of birds in the garden compared with Regent’s Park in 1959 was shown for all species, including both land and water birds (allowing for the differing proportions of the two habitats); it was most marked for Great and Blue Tits, Wren, Robin, Spotted Flycatcher, Pied Wagtail and Greenfinch, and least for some species, such as Blackbird, Song Thrush and House Sparrow, which are more tolerant of human beings. There are no quantitative figures available for the natural food supplies in Regent’s Park and the garden for the various species, but there is no reason to suspect that they are any greater in the garden; artificial food for land birds is, indeed, likely to be less, although the water birds in the garden receive ample supplies. It seems highly probable that the most important factor for the higher density in the garden is the much greater freedom from disturbance, especially to nesting sites, for both land and water birds. It was noticeable that nests at a height of 5 feet or less, which would almost invariably be robbed in any of the parks, were usually successful in the garden; two extreme examples were a Black- bird which built its nest on the ground in 1960 and the Pied Wagtails which reared a brood in an open stone flower-vase on the terrace in 1961. The provision of nest boxes for hole-nesting species might improve both the variety and density of nesting species, as the high standard of husbandry achieved calls for the swift removal of rotten trees. 44 OTHER SPECIES A full list of species observed in the garden in 1960-3 is given in the Appendix. The breeding species have already been discussed; of the remainder two occurred during the breeding season—the Heron, a fairly regular visitor to the lake, and the Kestrel, seen on six occasions. Herons breed just over six miles away and Kestrels usually within a mile or two. The other species observed can be divided into winter visitors, passage migrants and occasional visitors. The winter visitors were, of course, little studied, but consist mainly of gulls, especially the Black- headed Gull, which is present regularly from August to March and in consider- able numbers in the winter, and the Common Gull, which occurs in smaller numbers. Other gulls probably occur in winter, but on the surveys the Lesser Black-backed Gull was seen mainly on passage in August and September, and the Herring Gull twice only, in May and September. The Redwing, seen once, is probably a visitor each winter, and the Coal Tit, though probably irregular, was apparently present in small numbers from September 1961 to April 1962. The passage migrants observed were—Common Sandpiper (once), Turtle Dove (twice), Swift (twice), Swallow (four times), Sand Martin (once), Wheatear (once), Sedge Warbler (once), Blackcap (twice), Whitethroat (once), Willow Warbler (17 occasions, mainly in autumn), Chiffchaff (11 times) and Pied Fly- catcher (five times). The occasional visitors include the Great Spotted Wood- pecker, Goldfinch and Bullfinch, already mentioned, and Skylark (twice), Long-tailed Tit (twice), Goldcrest (twice), Grey Wagtail (twice), with Great Crested Grebe, Smew, Gadwall, Mute Swan, Cuckoo, Stock Dove and Magpie (all once each). There is little doubt that the number of species in the last two categories could be increased considerably if more frequent surveys were made. REFERENCES Cramp, Stanley, 1949. The birds of Kensington Gardens and Regent’s Park, London Bird Report, 13 : 37-45. ——, 1960. The irruption of tits and other species in the London area, 1957-58, London Bird Report 23 : 62-69. Fisher, James, 1941. Watching Birds, ‘London. Wallace, D. I. M., 1961. The birds of Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill, 1959, London Bird Report 25 : 81-107. ——, 1964. Herring Gulls breeding in Inner London, British Birds 57 : 80-1. LisT OF SPECIES OBSERVED Podiceps cristatus, Great Crested Tringa hypoleucos, Common Sand- Grebe. piper. Ardea cinerea, Heron. Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard. Gull. A. strepera, Gadwall. L. argentatus, Herring Gull. Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck. L. canus, Common Gull. A, ferina, Pochard. L. ridibundus, Black-headed Gull. Mergus albellus, Smew. Columba oeneas, Stock Dove. Brenta canadensis, Canada Goose. C. palumbus, Woodpigeon. Cygnus olor, Mute Swan. Streptopelia turtur, Turtle Dove. Falco tinnunculus, Kestrel. Cuculus canorus, Cuckoo. Gallinula chloropus, Moorhen. Strix aluco, Tawny Owl. Fulica atra, Coot. Apus apus, Swift. Dendrocopus major, Great Spotted Woodpecker. Alauda arvensis, Skylark. Hirundo rustica, Swallow. Riparia riparia, Sand Martin. Corvus corone, Carrion Crow. Pica pica, Magpie. Garrulus glandarius, Jay. Parus major, Great Tit. P. caeruleus, Blue Tit. P. ater, Coal Tit. Aegithalos caudatus, Long-tailed Tit. Troglodytes troglodytes, Wren. Turdus viscivorus, Mistle Thrush. T. philomelos, Song Thrush. T. iliacus, Redwing. T. merula, Blackbird. Oenanthe oenanthe, Wheatear. Erithacus rubecula, Robin. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge Warbler. Sylvia atricapilla, Blackcap. S. communis, Whitethroat. Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler. P. collybita, Chiffchaff. Regulus regulus, Goldcrest. Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher. M. hypoleuca, Pied Flycatcher. Prunella modularis, Dunnock. Motacilla alba, Pied Wagtail. M. cinerea, Grey Wagtail. Sturnus vulgaris, Starling. Chloris chloris, Greenfinch. Carduelis carduelis, Goldfinch. Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Bullfinch. Fringilla coelebs, Chaffinch. Passer domesticus, House Sparrow. (In addition, Feral Pigeons bred in all years and full-winged Red-crested Pochards, Netta rufina, in 1962. Also Sylvia borin, the Garden Warbler, was seen in 1964.) 46 AMPHIBIANS AND FISHES By MAXWELL KNIGHT The almost complete absence of amphibians in the garden is in itself of some interest. It would appear that there are no records of any newts having been found previous to this survey, and none has been seen during the time the present group of naturalists has been at work. Frogs and toads seem to be very scarce indeed. W. G. Teagle saw one frog (Rana temporaria) in 1953; and more recently Mr. Nutbeam and members of his staff have seen frogs, one of which was kept for inspection. This was a female which distinguished herself by depositing spawn in some sphagnum moss! This incident merely increases the mystery, since no one has ever observed either spawn or tadpoles in the lake. As to toads: Mr. Nutbeam has seen one common toad (Bufo bufo) which was found when the cascade was being built, this specimen being discovered under a large rock. Despite the apparent dearth of toads it would seem to be most un- likely that these—which are very long-lived creatures—have never been present in some numbers; and it would be rash to conclude that only a very few toads are still in the garden. Toads hide up by day under large stones, planks of wood, fallen tree bark and so on. They are, of course, nocturnal—far more so than frogs—which are, incidentally, much more easily disturbed by gardening activities and would, if present to any reasonable extent, be noticed. If the few frogs seen of recent years represent the remnants of a once large population what has caused this diminution? One can only speculate. The most likely cause would seem to be that the spawn, tadpoles and froglets are devoured by the waterfowl; while the regular visits by herons could alone be responsible for great losses. The writer has known a single heron to catch and eat twelve frogs of varying sizes, in one feeding session, early in spring. Reverting to toads, it is possible that the lake has become increasingly unsuit- able for spawning, even had there been enough mature adults in the past for breeding to have taken place. Toads are notoriously selective in their spawning ponds, and conditions must be just right for them to breed year after year. It is well established that toads will desert a pond for no obvious reason—not enough is yet known about the chemical content of the favoured waters, nor the exact type of aquatic plant life necessary for the development of the tadpoles. FISHES The investigation of the fish population in the lake is more of an angling problem than a zoological one. Three and a half acres of water is a large area to cover by fishing with rod and line—to say nothing of the subject of ‘anglers luck’. To have any chance of making catches which might give a representative sample of the fishes in the lake would mean constant fishing day after day for weeks or even months; and even then all one might be able to say would be that this or that species was present. It would not prove that other species, uncaught, were not in the lake. On the authority of Mr. Nutbeam and his staff, numbers of fish were killed during the very hard winter of 1962-3, and some of them were of a considerable size—as long as twelve inches or so. Small gudgeon (Gobio gobio) have been caught by net; and those seen by the writer in late 1963 would appear to have 47 been over one year old. I have seen gudgeon in the Serpentine and, as at one time the Serpentine water was connected with the lake, there must have been many fish which found their way to the lake from the Serpentine. I have in the past seen small roach and dace caught in the Serpentine by children, in addition to gudgeon; and eel, perch and sticklebacks are also on record from that water. Support for this suggestion is shown by the fact that Dr. Gilchrist and Dr. Green caught a few small dace, and Mr. J. D. Bradley two roach and one perch in the lake—these last three fish being of reasonable size. However, in my opinion, short of professional netting or by electrical methods it is very doubtful if it would be possible to ascertain exactly what species of fish the lake may hold. Another severe winter would obviously offer further opportunities for seeing and collecting specimens should the lake be frozen over. Holes could be made in the ice and fish would collect at these as was the case in 1963. REFERENCE Wheeler, A. C., 1958. London Naturalist 37 : 80-101. 48 LAND INVERTEBRATES OTHER THAN INSECTS Co-ordinated by W. S. BRISTOWE ARANEAE (Spiders) In a letter from Windsor Castle Sir Clive Wigram (later Lord Wigram) wrote as follows on 11th April 1930: ‘I write to thank you for your letter of the 9th and for sending me your paper on “The Distribution and Dispersal of Spiders’, which I showed to the King [King George V]. I need hardly say that His Majesty was delighted to hear that you had such a successful catch in the gardens at Buckingham Palace.’ The catch, during one May morning in 1929, had amounted to 26 species. Some years later I found a colony of the little-known Segestria florentina in the precincts of Westminster Abbey and Westminster School so I set myself the task of tracing the area inhabited by this interesting immigrant from Southern Europe and I found it in the walls of Buckingham Palace garden. The spider has a tubular body nearly an inch in length when fully grown and well fed. It lives in a silk tube in crevices from which it darts to catch any insect which touches one of the long straight threads radiating outwards from its entrance. At that par- ticular time (1946-9) bomb damage and disrepair had enabled the spider to thrive and it was common within the area bounded by Victoria Street, Horseferry Road, Millbank, Whitehall, Lower Regent Street, Piccadilly and Grosvenor Place. During these years I often saw the tubes of Segestria in the garden wall of Buckingham Palace before the wall was repointed. This list of 27 species has been increased to 57 as a result of several visits to the gardens during the years 1960 to 1963. All the species previously recorded were re-discovered except for the Segestria. In addition one harvestman and one pseudoscorpion species were found. The only great rarity is Dictyna viridissima, a small (4 mm) green spider which spins an inconspicuous flat web over a hawthorn or hazel leaf on trees growing close to the lake. Here it was found on separate occasions by J. D. Bradley, Dr. T. R. E. Southwood and myself. So far as is known it is confined to a few localities in Surrey, but recent search has also shown it to be present in Kensing- ton Gardens. It should not be confused with the larger round-bodied bright green Araneus cucurbitinus which spins small orb webs amongst the leaves of lilac and other shrubs in the garden. A visit to the cellars showed that these offered less than ample food and drink for spiders to survive for long. Webs and carcases testified to the occasional presence of three species, but no food insects were noticed during this visit and the climate was probably too dry for spiders’ eggs to hatch. The Daddy-Long- Legs Spider, Pholcus phalangioides had had temporary residence there and so had its smaller blue-bodied relation Physocyclus simoni, which is confined to cellars and is imported with cases of French wine. The third species was the common House Spider, Tegenaria domestica. The spider fauna of the garden is specially interesting for its absentees. Any garden of this area and nature situated outside the built-up area of a city would be expected to have a number of other species of spider and a greater abundance of others which are scarce there. Amongst the ground-living hunting spiders there would certainly be the woodlouse-eating Dysdera and the fierce Drassodes under stones, whilst several small species of Wolf-Spider (Lycosa) would scurry in the sunlight over the dead leaves. The shrubs would be festooned with the delicate hammocks of at least two species of Linyphia and with the scaffolding snares of Theridion sisyphium. A lanky Tetragnatha would spread its delicate orb 49 web between plants near the lake and Meta segmentata (which at first I thought to be absent) would be abundant on shrubs instead of being confined to the fresher foliage of the herbs. It must be supposed that these and other spiders have not been able to survive the soot deposits and acidity of the soil. Several species are introduced each year with soil and plants, some of which will survive for a time without becoming established in the garden. Others intro- duced in this way may survive for more than one generation in small areas of fresh soil until this soil, in its turn, becomes strongly acid. I cannot regard several species in the list as being established here and give as examples Dysdera erythrina, Drassodes lapidosus, Lycosa prativaga and Theridion bimaculatum. Mr. R. W. Sims found much the same situation in his preliminary study of the earthworms— patches of fresh soil in which worms intolerant of acid conditions were living. The following species were recorded: DICTYNIDAE (Mesh-Webbed Spiders) Amaurobius similis (Blackw.) (Ciniflo). A. fenestralis (Stroem), common under bark, etc. Dictyna uncinata Thor., on herbs. D. viridissima (Walck.), on hawthorn and hazel. DysDERIDAE (Six-Eyed Spiders) Dysdera erythrina (Walck.), one single immature specimen amongst flower pots in a greenhouse apparently imported and not established here. Segestria florentina (Rossi), on the outside of the garden walls between 1946 and 1949 only. Harpactea hombergi (Scop.), common under bark. OONOPIDAE (Six-Eyed Spiders) Oonops pulcher Temp., common under bark. O. domesticus de Dalm., one specimen of this tiny, pink species in the gardener’s office. PHOLCIDAE (Daddy-Long-Legs Spiders) Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin), dead specimens in cellars. Physocyclus simoni Ber|., dead specimens and webs in cellars. GNAPHOSIDAE Drassodes lapidosus (Walck.), one single young specimen in a spot where soil had recently been imported. Not established here. Herpyllus blackwalli (Thor.), this domestic species in the gardener’s offices. Micaria pulicaria (Sund.), several running on a southern bank. CLUBIONIDAE Clubiona corticalis (Walck.), common under bark. C. reclusa O.P.-Camb., on shrubs. C. brevipes Blackw., beaten from trees and under bark. THOMISIDAE (Crab Spiders) Xysticus cristatus (Clerck), several immature specimens. Tibellus oblongus (Walck.), common in one area north of the lake amongst herbage. SALTICIDAE (Jumping Spiders) Salticus scenicus (Clerck), on walls. Euophrys frontalis (Walck.), several on southern bank. LycosIDAE (Wolf Spiders) Lycosa prativaga L. Koch., one single specimen collected by Mr. Bradley. Not established here. 50 Trochosa terricola Thor., thiscommon species is scarce here or confined to few areas. Pirata piraticus (Clerck), the only common lycosid but confined (as would be expected) to the lake fringe. AGELENIDAE (Sheet Web Builders) Tegenaria atrica C. L. Koch, the larger House Spider. Outhouses. T. domestica (Clerck), houses and cellars. THERIDIIDAE (Comb-footed Spiders) Theridion tepidariorum C. L. Koch, the hothouse species, present in 1929, and one example in 1962. T. varians Hahn., scarce and localized. T. bimaculatum L., found in one patch of cultivated heather, not established in the garden. T. denticulatum (Walck.), common on trees. Enoplognatha (Theridion) ovatum (Clerck), amongst herbage. Steatoda bipunctata (L.), common on tree trunks and sheds. NESTICIDAE Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck), two females in damp outhouse. TETRAGNATHIDAE Pachygnatha degeeri Sund., common amongst vegetation near the lake. P. clercki Sund., amongst vegetation near the lake. ARGIOPIDAE (Orb-web Spiders) Araneus diadematus Clerck, the Garden Spider, commoner amongst herbs (or deciduous shrubs) than on evergreens. A, cucurbitinus Clerck, several on deciduous shrubs. A. sclopetarius Clerck, common on bridges over the lake. Meta segmentata (Clerck), on herbs near the lake, noticeably absent from shrubs and evergreens. Zygiella x-notata (Clerck), webs on house windows, etc. LINYPHUDAE (Money Spiders) Entelecera erythropus (Westr.), several amongst vegetation. Gnathonarium dentatum (Wider), several amongst vegetation near the lake. Oedothorax retusus (Westr.), common amongst vegetation. O. fuscus (Blackw.), a few specimens. Diplocephalus cristatus (Blackw.), common amongst vegetation. D. latifrons (O.P.-Camb.), several amongst vegetation. Dicymbium nigrum (Blackw.), one female. Erigone atra (Blackw.), common. E. dentipalpis (Wider), common. Savignia frontata (Blackw.), one female. Meioneta rurestris (C. L. Koch), common. M. beata (O. P.-Camb.), several. Bathyphantes concolor (Wider), common. Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohl.), one specimen. L. minutus (Blackw.), scarce. L. zimmermanni Bert., scarce. L. tenuis Blackw., scarce. OPILIONES (Phalangida. Harvestmen) Phalangium opilio L., is the only species of which adults were collected and these appear to be common near the lake. a PSEUDOSCORPIONES (Chelonethida) If any species are established in the garden, they appear to be scarce. One specimen of Neobisium muscorum (Leach) was collected amongst dead leaves. ACARI (Terrestrial Mites)* Of the numerous soil samples extracted for micro-arthropods by Dr. G. O. Evans it has been possible, to date, for him to examine only the Mesostigmata from the following seven habitats: 1. Carpet of moss under holly (between grass and bare ground). . Humus against fence bordering lake. . Dry litter on bare ground under holly. . Litter under rose bush near flamingo hut. . Manure heap. . Wet humus between rhizomes at extreme margin of lake. . Long coarse grass on slope. The following 27 species of Mesostigmata have been identified. All the species are relatively common and occur in a variety of terrestrial habitats. The number following the name of the species indicates the sample from which it was collected. NADUNHBWN MESOSTIGMATA GAMASINA PARASITIDAE Parasitus (Parasitus) loricatus (Wankel), 5. Parasitus (Eugamasus) lunulatus (Miller), 7. Pergamasus (Pergamasus) longicornis Berlese, 3, 7. Pergamasus (Paragamasus) runciger Berlese, 1. 3. 4, 7. VEIGAIAIDAE Veigaia nemorensis (Koch), 7. V. planicola (Berlese), 4. MACROCHELIDAE Geholaspis longispinosus (Kramer), 7. G. mandibularis (Berlese), 4. RHODACARIDAE Rhodacarus roseus Oudemans, 7. ZERCONIDAE Prozercon tragardhi Halbert, 4. ACEOSEJIDAE Gamasellodes bicolor (Berlese), 1, 3, 7. Platyseius subglaber (Oudemans), 6. Plesiosejus italicus (Berlese), 6. Sejus necorniger (Oudemans), 6. S. serratus (Halbert), 6. Zercoseius spathuliger (Leonardi), 1. LAELAPTIDAE Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) claviger (Berlese), 1. H. (Gaeolaelaps) aculeifer (Canestrini), 7. Pseudoparasitus centralis Berlese, 4, 7. AMEROSEIIDAE Ameroseius echinatus (Koch), 4. * Aquatic mites are recorded in the section on ‘The Lake’ by J. H. Evans, Barbara Gilchrist and J. Green. 52 Epicriopsis horridus (Kramer), 4. EVIPHIDIDAE Alliphis halleri (Canestrini), 4, 5. UROPODINA UROPODIDAE Cilliba cassidea (Hermann), 4. Dinychura cordieri Berlese, 4, 5. Dinychus perforatus Kramer, 7. Fuscuropoda marginata (Koch), 7. Uropoda orbicularis (Miller), 5. Professor O. W. Richards has, in addition, noticed the characteristic red galls of the mite, Eriophyes gallarumtilia (Turpin) on leaves of lime trees and another unidentified eriophyid gall on willow leaves. MYRIAPODA (Centipedes and Millipedes) Three species have been identified by J. G. Blower: Blaniulus guttulatus (Bose). Necrophloeophagus longicornis (Leach). Lithobius forficatus (L.). ISOPODA (Woodlice) Two species have been identified by Dr. H. Gorvett: Oniscus asellus L., which has occurred commonly. Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt. MOLLUSCA (Snails and Slugs) The molluscan fauna of the garden is extremely limited, both in the numbers of individuals and the species present. In nearby gardens various species not recorded in this survey are established, for example, Helix aspera Miller. Two examples, however, have been recorded (W. S. Bristowe) but these individuals were no doubt imported with fresh plants or soil and were not destined to become established. The obvious factor influencing the distribution of many species of terrestrial molluscs, particularly those with a calcareous shell, is the calcium content of the soil. In the Palace garden a source of calcium is lacking, therefore only slugs with hyaline shells were found. Even these are limited to a small corner where there is some comparatively permanent debris, such as pieces of wood, pots, boxes and various rubbish tips. The remainder of the area, that is the major part, is barren. For any slug or snail to survive there must be some small niches which can afford the animal protection from dessication, but in this area most of these are constantly being disturbed by the gardeners. The presence of the slug, Milax budapestensis, was associated with a small patch in which celery was being grown; this species is a common pest of gardens throughout the British Isles. The other slugs recorded are found in a wide range of habitats outside the garden. The specimens of Oxychilus cellarius occurred in two greenhouses with, in one instance, a single specimen of Agriolimax reticulatus. These two species were rare and this might be attributed again to the activities of the gardeners and molluscicides. This is, however, the only area in the gardens in which poison bait is used. The depleted molluscan fauna of the garden is rather surprising, as in other gardens of comparable size and form snails such as Vallonia spp., Hygromia 53 striolata (C. Pfeiffer) and Oxychilus draparnaudi (Beck)* frequently occur, some- times in large numbers. The absence of these snail species from this area cannot be attributed to the failure of opportunities for colonization, but probably to the local conditions, in particular the intensive cultivation. Five aquatic species have been found in the lake: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith). Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Planorbis albus (Miller). P. crista (L.). and immature examples of another species of Planorbis. On land the Order is represented by four species of slug collected by Mr. J. F. Peake: Oxychilus cellarius (Miller). Arion hortensis (Férussac). Milax budapestensis (Hazay). Agriolimax reticulatus (Miller). OLIGOCHAETA (Earthworms) R. W. Sims records the results of his collections as follows. Twenty-six species of earthworms have been recorded in the British Isles. Of these, 18 have wide European distributions and are often the only species present in cultivated soils in fields, parks and gardens throughout most parts of the country. The earthworms of the garden of Buckingham Palace are fairly typical of British parkland in so far as ten of the latter group of species were found there. An eleventh species, Eophila icterica, was collected but this is in a special category since its British distribution is very restricted. Although it is fairly widely distributed on the Continent, E. icterica has been recorded in Great Britain only from the botanic gardens at Kew, Chelsea and Oxford and the agricultural research stations near Harpenden and Stirling. It is believed that it is not a native species but that it has been introduced into the country in the soil surrounding the roots of imported plants. A twelfth species, Allolobophora nocturna, was also collected. It is interesting to note that this worm escaped detection until 1947 when it was first recognized and described as a new species. Since then it has been recorded from a few widely separated localities in England but not, as far as I can discover, outside of the British Isles. With one exception all the species recorded were present in the lawns although most were also found elsewhere in the garden. The exception was Dendrobaena subrubicunda of which one specimen only was found in soil from a box which had contained seedlings. The box of young plants had been sent from a nursery from outside, so the individual may have been derived from that source. The various species are not equally represented in the garden, individuals of some are present in far greater numbers than those of others. An indication of the composition of the earthworm population of the lawns may be obtained by analysing the identities of 400 clitellate individuals. (Only clitellate, i.e. mature, specimens were considered since the specific identification of aclitellate, juvenile, individuals is problematic). The results are shown in the table overleaf. Percentages of clitellate earthworms obtained from the lawns by treating ten random plots each one yard square with dilute formalin solution are given where applicable against the species in the following list. (Percentages are corrected to the nearest whole number). * Recorded in garden 25th September 1964. 54 List OF SPECIES LUMBRICIDAE Wa Allolobophora caliginosa (Savigny) 12 A. chlorotica (Savigny) ae ae 7 A. longa (Ude) Ab ie BA 12 A. nocturna Evans .. ae at 1 A. rosea (Savigny) as 6 Dendrobaena rubida (Savigny) ae 5 D. subrubicunda (Eisen) : - Eisenia foetida (Savigny) 1 Eophila icterica (Savigny) ue 1 Lumbricus castaneus (Savigny) a 1 L. rubellus Hoffmeister a st 21 L. terrestris L. 8 P ss 33 NoTE: Some other species of Oligochaeta were suka in the lake and are recorded in the section on the lake. 55 LEPIDOPTERA By J. D. BRADLEY and R. M. MERE The entomological history of Buckingham Palace and its garden is scant, but it may be of interest to mention that in the early 17th century James I encouraged the formation of mulberry gardens on the present site to provide food for a silkworm farm. Mulberry trees were imported and planted in what must then have been open country. But these—and the silk moths from India and China— disappeared long before the Palace was built, though there exists in the garden at the present time two large Mulberry trees which may, or may not as seems more likely, be relicts. In more recent times there is a record of expenditure incurred in 1906 in removing larvae of Orgyia antiqua (Vapourer) from foliage in the garden. The larvae of this species are urticating and at times have periods of abundance in London Parks when they become a pest. In June 1960 we were invited to assist in the survey of the fauna and flora of Buckingham Palace garden by investigating the Lepidoptera. We felt that such an investigation of this relatively secluded domain, situated in the heart of the present day sprawl of London, would produce interesting results and promised to be of considerable scientific interest. Before this survey began the butterflies and moths seem to have received little attention, except for casual sight records, and no lists had been kept or published. A short account of the conditions under which the investigation was made and observations and comments on various aspects of the lepidopterous fauna are given below. This is followed by an annotated list of the species of Lepidoptera recorded during the four year period covered. The flora of the garden is dealt with fully elsewhere in this volume, but it may help to review briefly the salient features from the lepidopterists’s point of view. The most pleasing is that the garden is well wooded—there are many species of trees and shrubs including oak, elm, hazel, Wych Elm, lime, poplar, sycamore, beech, birch, hawthorn, apple, cherry, lilac, sallow, willow and ash. To the fore- going may be added a few young conifers which have been brought in to the garden during the last few years. All the plants just mentioned are important because they are food-plants for a number of species of Lepidoptera. The trees are widely dispersed over the garden but most are concentrated around the perimeter. The central part of the garden is largely taken up by spacious lawns, including the famous Chamomile lawn, and by the lake which lies in the western part of the grounds. A number of water fowl live on the lake. Their presence is of indirect benefit to the Lepidoptera, since during the breeding season extensive areas bordering the lakes are left undisturbed and allowed to grow wild. Thus a variety of plants, including thistles (Cirsium spp.), reed (Phragmites communis), rush (Juncus spp. and Scirpus maritimus), sedges (Carex spp.), and knotweeds (notably Polygonum cuspidatum) and a number of grasses, flourish and support their quota of Lepidoptera. These lakeside areas, the marginal peripheral strip immediately inside the high wall encircling the garden west of the Palace, and the raised bank or ‘mound’ near the south-west corner are the most ‘wild’ areas, and our collecting leads us to believe that they support an astonishingly varied lepidopterous fauna. Here are also to be found such plants as Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), bramble (Rubus sp.) and Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). Our first visit to the garden was made on 17th June 1960. On a few subsequent 56 occasions up to the end of September that year a portable generator was used to light a mercury vapour lamp hung over a white sheet on one or other of the lawns. As will be explained below, this method of collecting at light is undoubtedly the best, but it has the disadvantage of requiring someone to be in constant attendance. Therefore, at the beginning of the season in 1961, when collecting restarted, we installed a Robinson light trap, using as a light source a 125w. mercury vapour lamp run from mains supply. For three years from that time a regular system of recording was achieved by examining catches made at intervals, usually two or three times a week, from March to November each year. The trap was usually sited in a small open space at the western end of the mound but on a few occasions it was run by the lakeside (see Plate VII). The light trap method of sampling a lepidopterous fauna has the great advan- tage that, once switched on at dusk, it operates without more attention until dawn, when the lamp is put out and the trap covered until the catch can be examined at leisure. It has, however, certain drawbacks, chief of which are the very definite limitations as regards efficiency. The immense ‘attractive’ power to night flying insects in general and Lepidoptera in particular of ultra violet light emitted by the mercury vapour lamp can be largely nullified by adverse climatic or physical conditions such as strong wind, or counter attractions such as street lamps. Further, the flight habits of certain species of moths are such that, although the moths fly readily to the light, they seldom if ever enter the trap, but rest on the nearby ground. To overcome this weakness we visited the trap in the early evening whenever possible. These occasions were few and far between, and a number of ‘untrappable’ species have undoubtedly escaped notice. The trap has nevertheless been invaluable in the present survey and has furnished an impressive number of records and valuable data on the frequency of occurrence of many species. The sustained and continuous operation of the trap during the past three years has been entirely due to the enthusiastic collaboration of Mr. F.C. Nutbeam, head gardener. Mr. Nutbeam undertook the onerous task of operating the trap on prearranged nights, or nights he thought favourable for moths, and one or both of us would visit the garden the following day and examine the catch. On occasions when neither of us could go, Mr. Nutbeam examined the catch himself. He would box alive anything which looked unfamiliar, releasing the rest. In this way a number of records were obtained which would otherwise have been missed, and we acknowledge with pleasure the contribution made by Mr. Nutbeam to this survey. Mr. Nutbeam spread his enthusiasm to some of his staff, and they brought for identification a number of moths and caterpillars found in the garden, which we gratefully acknowledge. In addition to the nocturnal activities mentioned above, visits were made for day-time collecting in the early afternoon and evening. Such visits had to be arranged in advance, and the number of days on which we could conveniently be permitted to roam the gardens was limited. We have, however, covered all the seasons at some stage during the survey, though never as thoroughly as could be wished. Scattered through the specialized entomological literature and the daily press are numerous records of Lepidoptera observed in London. These records have been collated in a comprehensive work on the Lepidoptera of the London area by de Worms (1953 ef. seq.). Unfortunately this publication covers only the macrolepidoptera and does not deal with the families constituting the so-called microlepidoptera. It is possible to see from de Worms’ list which species of macrolepidoptera were recorded from inner London, which he defines as an area 57 eight miles from east to west and five miles from north to south with St. Paul’s Cathedral as its centre. This area includes Regents Park, Hyde Park, part of Kensington Gardens, and of course the Palace garden, although there were no records from there. It served as a useful guide as to what species one might expect to find in the Palace garden. There appear to be no lists relating to Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens or St. James’s Park. There are several recent lists, of which the most pertinent to the present survey is that of Wheeler (1957), who records Lepidoptera seen on bombed sites in the City of London, and names 13 species of butterflies and 34 species of moths, all macrolepidoptera. In the Palace garden we have seen no more than five species of butterflies. Some of the others noted in the City, for example Nymphalis io L. (Peacock) and Vanessa cardui L. (Painted Lady), must visit the Palace garden occasionally, and doubtless more frequent visits on sunny days would enable us to record them. We have found 31 of the 34 species of moths recorded by Wheeler, but the others, Smerinthus ocellata L. (Eyed Hawk- moth), Cerura vinula L. (Puss Moth) and Deilephila elpenor L. (Elephant Hawk- moth) are unexpected absentees. There are several other surprising omissions from the Palace garden list which might be mentioned here. In the 1920’s as a schoolboy R. M. M. lived in St. John’s Wood, and collected in a small garden. Naenia typica L. (Gothic), Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treits. (Fanfoot), Z. nemoralis F. (Small Fanfoot), and Menophra abruptaria Thunb. (Waved Umber) all occurred there fairly commonly. In the 1930’s J. D. B. collected in similar circumstances on the opposite side of London at Wimbledon. These same species, and additionally Archips rosana L., Syndemis musculana Hibn., Epinotia tenerana Schiff., (penkleriana), E. paykulliana F. (ramella), and Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw., were met with in that area too. Further collecting would probably bring at least some of them to notice in the Palace garden. It is most extraordinary that the widespread and often excessively abundant species Amathes c-nigrum L. (Seta- ceous Hebrew Character) appears to be totally absent. Its larva feeds on many common low plants such as are found in the Palace garden, and we have at present no explanation for its apparent absence. Other unexplained absentees are Euxoa nigricans L. (Garden Dart), Conistra vaccinii L. (The Chestnut) and Diarsia mendica F. (Ingrailed Clay). The Palace garden has an exceptionally dense bird population. It is possible that moths which rest by day on tree trunks, walls, etc., and rely on cryptic colour and marking for protection, may be depleted or eliminated by the pre- dation of birds. Certain species of the family Geometridae may be particularly vulnerable and, as mentioned later, the number of species of this family seen in the garden is comparatively low. This predation may account for the absence of Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber), but not the other species whose unexpected absence is mentioned above. There are a number of scattered records of microlepidoptera from inner London, but we are not aware of any published comprehensive list. Chrysoclista lineella Clerck is a well known inhabitant of Hyde Park, and has recently been recorded from St. James’s Park by Chalmers-Hunt (1957). We were disappointed not to find this striking and in some respects characteristically London species in the Palace garden, but it may have been missed. Aston (1960 and 1962) has published two lists of Lepidoptera recorded by him at Dulwich during the five years 1957-61. Though covering a longer period, the results obtained by Aston compare closely with those obtained in the Palace garden. Aston collected in the garden of his Dulwich home with the aid of a 58 mercury vapour lamp (but not with a trap), in Dulwich woods with a handlamp at night, and by general collecting by day both in Dulwich woods and on the golf course. A much larger and more varied area than the Palace garden was thus covered, yet except for the butterflies it is remarkable how closely the number of species in Aston’s list, and for that matter the species individually, correspond to the Palace garden list. Placing the Dulwich figures first, butterflies 13 to 5, moths 311 to 297. Dividing the moths into their main groups—Sphingidae 4 to 3; Bombycidae (including Notodontidae, Arctiidae, etc.) 13 to 13; Noctuidae 77 to 75; Geometridae 56 to 36; Pyralidae and Pterophoridae 40 to 33; Psychidae 2tonOs Tortricidae 55 to 53; Tineidae 62 to 81; Zygaenidae, Hepialidae and Cossidae 2 to 3. It is a matter of comment “hh certain geometrids frequently do not enter a light trap, which may partly account for the lower figure for this group in the Palace garden. Certain species seem to have found the Palace garden an ideal habitat. Among the macrolepidoptera most frequent at light were the ubiquitous Noctua pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing), Mamestra brassicae (Cabbage Moth), Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty) and Caradrina clavipalpis (Pale Mottled Willow). Considerable numbers of these four species were seen in the course of the four year period of collecting. It was noted that N. pronuba, always an extremely variable species, was on average rather darker in colour than specimens seen from outside the London area. M. brassicae was on the other hand very constant, with rich dark forewing colouring and contrasting white orbicular markings. C. clavipalpis was perhaps the most remarkable in that despite its naturally light colouring it showed no noticeable evidence of melanism and appeared perfectly normal. L. hirtaria, a comparatively sombre insect in general appearance, also varied little and appeared typical. Among the microlepidoptera the tortricid Acroclita naevana and the gelechiid Telphusa fugitivella, were the two most abundant species. Both came freely to light, and at the peak of their emergence period a score or more of each would be in the trap. The latter species was also to be found in numbers by day secreted in the crevices in the bark on the trunks of elm trees, while the former was often disturbed from rest in holly trees. Both species were variable in colour and showed a strong tendency towards melanic forms. Another species particularly common from July to the end of summer was the plutellid Cerostoma vitella. This is also well known as a variable species, but in the Palace garden 90 per cent of the many specimens seen were partially or totally melanic, so that there was not the usual wide range of variation. Another tortricid occurring commonly was Archips podana, the moths of which were variable, about 50 per cent being typical, the others of varying degrees of black, the extreme having the forewings almost unicolorous black or purple-black in both sexes—a form stated by Barrett (1905) to have become moderately common in London and some other large towns at the turn of the century. A number of other examples of melanism were observed in the garden, though fewer than might be expected. An estimated 95 per cent of the Biston betularia (Peppered Moth) were the completely black ab. carbonaria; the re- mainder were heavily speckled with black on the thorax, abdomen and forewings, and belonged to neither ab. carbonaria nor ab. insularia. All the Chloroclystis rectangulata (Green Pug) were jet black. The majority of Procus strigilis (Marbled Minor) were black. While there were a few of the pale or variegated forms, approximately 80 per cent of the Orthosia incerta were of a dark unicolorous form. About 10 per cent of the Pediasia contaminellus were melanic. Some 25 Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part IIT, 1963 Plate VI Vegetation at the south end of the lake, showing: Ox-eye (Telekia speciosa) at extreme left; Gunnera (Gunnera sp.), Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) and Lesser Knotweed (Polyganum compactum) in the foreground; and Japanese Knotweed (P. cuspidatum) in the background. a ‘ot PA i Photographs—J. D. Bradley Nest boxes have recently been provided, but the duck have not yet used them. The nest on the right was up against the boundary wall by the busy Grosvenor Place. ae Ft (% ry ; : - ’ ’ ; ee > A 179; a rat a oid - a! V a” 3h ne a) eta a £ 7 é » f) Sani’ ha ats rene © weap , bs a vette b ye ) Save Ves si os “4 a © Ye *S i : : & e y _ q ~~ 4 od ' = ny » é 7 ae : yes hee lt » a s \ > - . 4 a "' A 4 a , > ry i. 7 » hit Gn Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part 11, 1963 Plate VII co The mercury vapour light-trap in its usual site in a glade at the western end of the mound. Photographs—J. D. Bradley The trap on the south-west bank of the lake, with Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) immediately behind. 59 per cent of the Acleris variegana were the dusky form ab. fuscana, though sur- prisingly a much greater percentage, about 50 per cent, were ab. aspersana which has half the forewing a clear white. A bred specimen of Ptycholoma lecheana was unusually dark. All the specimens of Prays curtisellus seen were of the black form which, though widespread and fairly plentiful, is elsewhere usually less frequent than the black and white typical form. Dusky examples of Discestra trifolii (Nutmeg) and Unca triplasia (Spectacle) were taken. The single Bombycia viminalis (Minor Shoulder Knot) was melanic, and the single Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach) was more dusky than normal. Several migrant species were recorded in the Palace garden. These include one Nycterosea obstipata (The Gem), one Udea ferrugalis, several Nomophila noctuella in 1961 and 1962, and many Plusia gamma (Silver Y), which was a regular visitor to the trap each year. There are some records of special interest. The most remarkable is the appear- ance in the light trap on 17th June 1963 of one male specimen of the gelechiid Monochroa hornigi Staudinger, being the first and only record of this small insect in the British Isles (see Plate VIII). It is a matter for conjecture whether or not this species is resident in the Palace garden, but circumstantial evidence suggests that it is. The species occurs on the Continent in Austria and Germany, where it is known to be associated with Polygonum, the larva feeding in the stems and thicker side branches of P. lapathifolium (Pale Persicaria) and P. aviculare (Knotgrass). In the Palace garden are eight different species of Polygonum (See List of Plants, p. 20) three of which flourish abundantly round the lakeside in the vicinity of the trap, and any of which might well be the food-plant of M. hornigi in the garden. On the Continent the larva is known to live and feed entirely within the stem or side branches of the food-plant. It is difficult to detect without cutting the plant, since there is apparently no noticeable distortion or swelling, and no external signs of occupation. In September or October it constructs a small elliptical hibernaculum at one end of an internode where it remains until spring. It then spins near the same place a slender white cocoon, and pupates. An unsuccessful search was made in the Palace garden for the larva in the autumn. Several hours were spent cutting and splitting stems of the woodier species, P. compactum and P. cuspidatum which seemed the most likely food-plants of M. hornigi in the garden. However, the quantity of Polygonum in the garden is such that larvae could easily have been missed. This moth is in fact reputed on the Continent to be an extremely retiring species in habit, especially in the adult stage. An interesting record is Tinea columbariella, the larva of which inhabits the nests of pigeons, feeding on the debris. This species was until a decade ago (Bradley, 1950) confused with T. pellionella L. (Case-bearing Clothes moth), but unlike its congener is seldom encountered. Two of its strongholds in England are the towers of the British Museum (Natural History) and of Canterbury Cathedral, where it thrives as a symbiont of the pigeon populations of these buildings. In pre 1939-45 war days Cucullia absinthii (Wormwood Shark) was restricted to a few coastal areas such as Portland (Dorset) and north Devon; Ostrinia nubilalis was a scarce migrant to south-east England and Caradrina ambigua (Vine’s Rustic) was confined to the south coast of England from the Isle of Wight westwards. All three have since spread and have become widely established in central or southern England, and have been taken in the Palace garden. The frequency of occurrence of two of them, O. nubilalis and C. ambigua, indicates they are breeding there. There are patches of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), the food-plant of O. 60 nubilalis and C. absinthii, growing in the garden sufficient to support small populations of these and the several other recorded species which are associated with this plant. Nevertheless, it is perhaps rather remarkable to find so many Artemisia-feeders in the garden, and it would seem that the habitat is particularly suitable for them. A group of records which poses something of a puzzle are those of moths whose larvae are conifer-feeders. There are no old established conifers of suitable species in the garden, and the few young conifers were introduced into the garden only in the past few years. Yet there have been records of seven species attached specifically to conifers. These are Eupithecia lariciata (Larch Pug), Thera obeliscata (Grey Pine Carpet), Rhyacionia pinicolana, R. pinivorana, Zeiraphera diniana, Olethreutes decrepitana (bifasciana) and Ptycholomoides aeriferana. The last named was unknown in the British Isles until about 12 years ago when it suddenly appeared in Kent, and has now spread over much of south- east and southern England. It seems unlikely that the captured examples of all these species originated in the Palace garden, possibly having been introduced with the young trees. Yet except for P. aeriferana there is no evidence that they are migrants or vagrants from the suburbs or further afield. The answer may be found by continued collecting in the garden, or by external records showing whether any or all of these species are actively dispersing and in the process of extending their range, which P. aeriferana seems in process of doing. A similar problem is posed by Hadena bicruris (Lychnis) and H. rivularis (Campion), both feeders on the seed of Silene, a genus absent from the garden, except for a very occasional White Campion (Silene alba). Yet other species are gorse feeders, a plant formerly found and now absent, or feed on broom of which there is one bush only. Several species, e.g. Hypena proboscidalis (Snout) and Pleurotypa ruralis, are restricted to Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) as a food- plant, which appears to have been eradicated from the garden (see List of Plants, pp. 17—25) and is certainly insufficient to support a population of Urtica feeders. Up to the 18th century the Palace garden was contiguous to, or at any rate not far removed from, Thames marsh and ditch. There is still evidence of this in the Lepidoptera. The remarkable aquatic pyralid moth Acentropus niveus has been taken several times, as too has Donacaula mucronella. The immature stages of niveus are passed entirely submerged in ponds, lakes and the more stagnant parts of rivers, the larva feeding on Potamogeton, Elodea and other water plants which are not found in the garden, the moth, males and fully winged females— the rudimentary winged females remaining in the water—finally emerging from the water to live not more than a few days. It is likely that the specimens captured were males which had dispersed from some nearby habitat, possibly Kensington Gardens where the Potamogeton occurs. D. mucronella was a most unexpected record for inner London, since it normally inhabits marshy ditches. Celaena leucostigma (The Crescent) an inhabitant of marsh and bog was recorded in 1963. As was to be expected, moths whose larvae feed on the roots or at the bases of the stems of grasses are well represented. No less than nine of the 25 indigenous species of Crambus (sensu lato) occur in the garden, and such species as Apamea monoglypha (Dark Arches) and A. secalis (Common Rustic) are plentiful. Also very common is Elachista atricomella which on calm nights in June and July would come to the trap in numbers. One typically woodland species of note was Lampra fimbriata (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing), which one associates more with wooded areas in the suburbs than with inner London. 61 A surprising record was a specimen of Zygaena trifolii (Five-spot Burnet) caught during the daytime in June 1962 by Mr. Nutbeam. This is a species which lives in colonies, flies by day, is highly conspicuous and is not known to migrate. The specimen may have been accidentally introduced with a consignment of garden plants, since the species is not uncommon in the home counties. It is worth noting that a zygaenid which was not identified was seen in the City of London a few years ago (Wheeler, 1957). A complete list of 302* species of Lepidoptera recorded during the four year period covered by this survey is set out below. This represents over 123 per cent of the recorded British Lepidoptera. Sight records alone are not included, and examples of all species recorded were taken at some stage in their life cycle and, where necessary, retained for critical examination in order to ensure accurate identification. A number of specimens have been preserved and are either in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) or in the private collection of R. M. M. R. M. M. is responsible for the identification of macrolepidoptera, the nomen- clature and systematic arrangement of which follows that of South (1961). J. D. B. is responsible for the identification of the microlepidoptera, the nomen- clature of which, with slight modifications, has been based on a new check-list of the British lepidoptera in preparation for the Royal Entomological Society of London. So as to avoid uncertainty which may arise because of unfamiliar names, the name and species number used in Ford (1949) are in some cases given in parentheses. Since the butterflies and larger moths (macrolepidoptera) will be of greater general interest we have kept to conventional in preference to zoological practice and have placed these first in the list. The month each species is on the wing has been given, except where no more than one or two specimens were recorded when the actual date of capture is given. The abbreviation ‘L’ denotes larva, and is followed by particulars of the food-plant or some of the food-plants of the species. These plants are found in the garden unless otherwise stated. Finally we wish to acknowledge the help received in various ways from other members of the survey team in collecting data and records. On one occasion Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, collected with us, and we should like to thank him for his assistance. The drawing reproduced on Plate VIII was made by Mr. Arthur Smith of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Aston, A., 1960. Lepidoptera observed at Dulwich, 1957-60, Ent. Rec., 72 : 238. , 1962. Lepidoptera observed at Dulwich in 1961, Op. cit., 74 : 67. Barrett, C. G., 1905-7, The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 190 and 11, London. Bradley, J. D., 1950. On the occurrence of Tinea columbariella Wocke (Lep. Tineidae) in England, Entomologist, 83 : 169. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1957. Peronea aspersana ne and Chrysoclista linneella Cl. in St. James’s Park, London, Ent. Rec., 69 : 198. Ford, L. T., 1949. A Guide to the smaller British egy ae London, pp. 1—230. 1958. "Ibid., Supplement, London, pp. 1-15. South, R., 1961. "The Moths of the British Isles, London. Wheeler, A. S., 1957. Lepidoptera of the City of London, Ent. Rec., 69 : 262. de Perms C. G. M., 1953. The moths of London and its surroundings, Lond. Nat., et seq. * See addenda for additional species. E 62 LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED 1960-63 RHOPALOCERA (Butterflies) INNYMPHALIDAE Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral). Aglais urticae L. (Small Tortoiseshell), L of this and the preceding species feed on nettle of which there is no suitable patch in the garden. PIERIDAE Pieris rapae L. (Small White). P. brassicae L. (Large White), L of this and the preceding species feed on crucifers; both species may occasionally breed in the garden. LYCAENIDAE Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue). The above butterflies were all observed in the adult stage. C. argiolus is probably the only species among them which regularly breeds in the garden. Too few visits have been made on sunny days to be able to give useful information as to dates of appearance—for example A. urticae has been seen in October whereas it is on the wing from July to October and in Spring after hibernation. HETEROCERA (Moths) SPHINGIDAE Sphinx ligustri L. (Privet Hawk-moth), one male, vii.63. Food-plants of the larva, privet and lilac, are plentiful, and this species may well occasionally breed in the garden. Mimas tiliae L. (Lime Hawk-moth), the commonest of the Hawk moths. Small numbers recorded in vi and vii. L on lime and elm. Laothoe populi L. (Poplar Hawk-moth), vi, a few, L on poplar. NOTODONTIDAE Phalera bucephala L. (Buff-tip), one male, 12.vii.63, L polyphagous on trees. THYATIRIDAE Tethea ocularis L. (Figure of Eighty), vi, fairly common, L on poplar. DREPANIDAE Drepana binaria Hufn. (Oak Hook-tip), one male, 24.viii.62, L on oak. Cilix glaucata Scop. (Chinese Character), vi to viii, fairly common, found at rest outside the mercury vapour light trap more often than inside. L on hawthorn, apple, etc. LYMANTRIIDAE Orgyia antiqua L. (Vapourer), viii to x, common; adults frequently seen flying by day, and a few taken in the trap, L found on lime, and is a general feeder on trees and shrubs, even thriving on Plane. Leucoma salicis L. (White Satin Moth), vii and viii, uncommon, L on poplar. NOCTUIDAE Agrotis segetum Schiff. (Turnip Moth), vi and ix, fairly common, L on low growing herbaceous plants. A. puta Hiibn. (Shuttle-shaped Dart), vi and viii, fairly common, L on low growing herbaceous plants. 63 A. exclamationis L. (Heart and Dart), vi and vii, very common, L on dock, plantain, etc. A, ipsilon Hufn. (Dark Sword Grass), v, viii and ix, fairly common, L on roots and leaves of various low growing herbaceous plants. Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (Pearly Underwing), ix, occasional, L on plantain, dock, etc. Graphiphora augur F. (Double Dart), vi and vii, a few annually, L on dock and in spring on hawthorn, etc. Diarsia rubi View. (Small Square Spot), v, vi and viii, fairly common, L on dandelion, etc. Ochropleura plecta L. (Flame Shoulder), vi to viii, common, L on chickweed, etc. Amathes xanthographa Schiff. (Square-spot Rustic), viii, common, L on grasses and other low plants. Axylia putris L. (The Flame), vii, uncommon, L on dock, etc. Euschesis janthina Schiff. (Lesser Broad-border), viii, common, L on dock, etc. E. comes Hiibn. (Lesser Yellow Underwing), vii and viii, fairly common, L as Janthina. Noctua pronuba L. (Large Yellow Underwing), vii to ix, very common, L as janthina, several bred (see text, p. 58). Lampra fimbriata Schreber (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing), ix, occasional, L as janthina (see text, p. 60). Mamestra brassicae L. (Cabbage Moth), vii, common, L on herbaceous plants, several bred (see text, p. 58). Melanchra persicariae L. (Dot), vii, common, L as brassicae, several bred. Diataraxia oleracea L. (Bright-line Brown-eye), vi and vii, common, L as M. brassicae, several bred. Ceramica pisi L. (Broom Moth), vi and vii, scarce, L polyphagous. Discestra trifolii Hufn. (Nutmeg), vi to viii, common, L on Chenopodium (see text, p. 59). Hadena bicruris Hufn. (Lychnis), vii, uncommon, L on Silene (see text, p. 60). H. rivularis F. (Campion), one, 31.vii.63, L on Silene (see text, p. 60). Orthosia gothica L. (Hebrew Character), iv and v, fairly common, L polyphagous. O. stabilis Schiff. (Common Quaker), iv and vy, uncommon, L found on elm, feeds on many trees. O. incerta Hufn. (Clouded Drab), iv and v, very common, L found on Wych Elm, elm, hawthorn and lime (see text, p. 58). Cerapteryx graminis L. (Antler), one, 3.viii.62, L on grasses. Leucania pallens L. (Common Wainscot), vi to 1x, fairly common, L on grasses. L. impura Hibn. (Smoky Wainscot), vi to viii, common, L on grasses. L. lythargyria Esp. (Clay), vii, fairly common, L on grasses. L. conigera Schiff. (Brown-line Bright-eye), vii, fairly common, L on grasses. Cucullia absinthii L. (Wormwood Shark), one, 16.vii.61, L on Mugwort (see text, p. 60). Bombycia viminalis F. (Minor Shoulder-knot), one, 15.vii.60, L on sallow, poplar, etc. (see text, p. 59). Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. (The Suspected), one, 6.viii.63, L on birch. Agrochola circellaris Hufn. (The Brick), ix to x, uncommon, L on Wych Elm, etc. A. lychnidis Schiff. (Beaded Chestnut), ix, uncommon, L on buttercup, dock, etc. Cryphia perla Schiff. (Marbled Beauty), one, 2.viii.62 and one more seen, L on lichen. Apatele aceris L. (Sycamore), vi and vii, fairly common, L on Sycamore. A, megacephala Schiff. (Poplar Grey), vi and vii, common, L on poplar. 64 A. psi L. (Grey Dagger), vi to viii, common, L found on poplar, hawthorn, etc. A. rumicis L. (Knot Grass), vi and vii, uncommon, L polyphagous. Amphipyra pyramidea L. (Copper Underwing), viii, fairly common, L on various trees. A. tragopogonis Clerck (Mouse), vii and viii, common, L on hawthorn, willow, etc. Mormo maura L. (Old Lady), viii, fairly common, L at first on low growing plants, after hibernation on most trees. Dypterygia scabriuscula L. (Bird’s Wing), vi, uncommon, L on dock, sorrel, etc. Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff. (Light Arches), vi and vii, uncommon, L on grass roots and stems. A. monoglypha Hufn. (Dark Arches), vii and viii, very common, L on roots and stems of grasses (see text, p. 60). A. sordens Hufn. (Rustic Shoulder-knot), vi, fairly common, L as monoglypha. A. remissa Hiibn. (Dusky Brocade), vi and vii, common; the typical form and ab. obscura Haw. occur, L on grasses. A.-secalis L. (Common Rustic), vii and viii, very common, and variable in colour and wing pattern, L on grasses (see text, p. 60). A. ypsillon Schiff. (Dingy Shears), vii, fairly common, L on willow. Procus strigilis Clerck (Marbled Minor), vi and vii, common, L on grasses (see text, p. 58). P. latruncula Schiff. (Tawny Marbled Minor), vi and vii, uncommon, L on grasses. P. fasciuncula Haw. (Middle-barred Minor), vi and vii, uncommon, L on grasses. P. furuncula Schiff. (Cloaked Minor), one, 16.viii.63, L on grasses. Luperina testacea Schiff. (Flounced Rustic), vii and ix, common, L on grasses. Euplexia lucipara L. (Small Angle Shades), vi and vii, fairly common, L on Bracken, etc. Phlogophora meticulosa L. (Angle Shades), iv to ix, common, L on low plants. Thalpophila matura Hufn. (Straw Underwing), one, 13.viii.62, another seen, L on grasses. Petilampa minima Haw. (Small Dotted Buff), vii and viii, common, L on grasses. Caradrina morpheus Hufn. (Mottled Rustic), vi and vii, common, L polyphagous. C. alsines Brahm (Uncertain), vii and viii, fairly common, L on plantain, etc. C. blanda Schiff. (Rustic), one female, 22.vii.63, L on dock, chickweed, etc. C. ambigua Schiff. (Vine’s Rustic), ix, seen every year, L on dandelion, etc. (see text, p. 59). C. clavipalpis Scop. (Pale Mottled Willow), iv to ix, very common, L on plantain, etc. (see text, p. 58). Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. (Crescent), one male, 6.viii.63, L on sedge, etc. (see text, p. 60). Hydraecia oculea L. (Ear Moth), one male, 19.viii.63, L on grasses. Cosmia affinis L. (Lesser-spotted Pinion), viii, common, L on elm. C. trapezina L. (Dun-bar), vii and viii, fairly common, L polyphagous, found on elm and Wych Elm. Arenostola pygmina Haw. (Small Wainscot), viii and ix, uncommon, L on sedge, etc. Catocala nupta L. (Red Underwing), viii and ix, fairly common, L on willow. Plusia chrysitis L. (Burnished Brass), vii, uncommon, L on White Dead-nettle (Lamium album), Lesser Burdock (Arctium minus), etc. P. gamma L. (Silver Y), v to xi, common at times, L polyphagous (see text, p. 59). Unca trigemina Werneberg (Dark Spectacle), vi and vii, scarce, L on Hop (Humulus lupulus), which is absent from the garden, and Stinging Nettle 65 (Urtica dioica), which is very scarce. It therefore seems unlikely this species now absent can be breeding in the garden. U. triplasia L. (Spectacle), vi and vii, uncommon, L on Stinging Nettle (see remarks under previous species). Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Herald), one, 2.viii.63, another seen, L on poplar and sallow. Hypena proboscidalis L. (Snout), one, 20.vi.63, L on Stinging Nettle (see text, p. 60). ARCTIIDAE Lithosia lurideola Zinck. (Common Footman), one, 6.viii.63, L on algae and lichen. Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (White Ermine), vi and vii, uncommon, L polyphagous. S. lutea Hufn. (Buff Ermine), vi and vii, uncommon, L polyphagous. Cycnia mendica Clerck (Muslin Moth), one, 30.vi.61, L on plantain, chickweed, etc. Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. (Ruby Tiger), vi, scarce, L on plantain, dock, etc. Arctia caja L. (Garden Tiger), vii, uncommon, L polyphagous. Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (Cinnabar), v and vi, uncommon, L on ragwort. GEOMETRIDAE Calothysanis amata L. (Blood-vein), one, 31.viii.62, L on chickweed, sorrel, etc. Scopula conjugata Borkh. (Mullein Wave), one, 11.ix.62, L on Mugwort and many other plants. Sterrha seriata Schrank (Small Dusty Wave), viii, common but never seen in or near the mercury vapour light trap, L normally on Ivy (Hedera helix) which is apparently no longer in the garden, but will feed on the leaves of various low plants. S. aversata L. (Riband Wave), v to vii, common, L on chickweed, dock, etc. Xanthorhoe fluctuata L. (Garden Carpet), v to vili, common, L on Cruciferae. X. ferrugata Clerck (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet), vii and viii, uncommon, L on groundsel, chickweed, etc. X. spadicearia Schiff. (Red Twin-spot Carpet), vii and viii, uncommon, L as X. ferrugata. Nycterosea obstipata F. (The Gem), one female, 19.xi.61, L on ragwort, etc. (see text, p: 59): Euphyia bilineata L. (Yellow Shell), one male, 29.vi.61, L on chickweed, etc. Pelurga comitata L. (Dark Spinach), one male, 2.viii.63, L on Chenopodium (see text, p. 59). Lygris mellinata F. (Spinach), one, 28.vi.63, L on Ribes. Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (Common Marbled Carpet), vii and viii, uncommon, L on hawthorn, etc. Thera obeliscata Hiibn. (Grey Pine Carpet), one, 14.ix.61, another, 1.x.62, L on Scots Pine and Norway Spruce, neither of which occur in the garden (see text, p. 60). Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July Highflyer), vii and viii, uncommon, L on hazel, willow, etc. Anaitis efformata Guen. (Lesser Treble-bar), vi and viii, scarce, L on Hypericum. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. (Foxglove Pug), one, 16.vii.63, L on foxglove. E. centaureata Schiff. (Lime-speck Pug), vi and vii, common, L on flowers of various low plants. E. vulgata Haw. (Common Pug), vi, uncommon, L on bramble, ragwort, willow, etc. 66 E. icterata de Vill. (Tawny Speckled Pug), vii, scarce, all examples seen were of the reddish form s.sp. subfulvata Haw., L on Mugwort, ragwort, etc. E. lariciata Freyer (Larch Pug), one, 20.vili.62, L on larch (see text, p. 60). Chloroclystis rectangulata L. (Green Pug), v to vii, fairly common, L on apple blossom (see text, p. 58). Gymnoscelis pumilata Hubn. (Double-striped Pug), v to viii, common, L on flowers of Holly, hawthorn, etc. Oporinia dilutata Schiff. (November Moth), ix and x, uncommon, L on hazel, elm, etc. Operophtera brumata L. (Winter Moth), ix, common, L a general feeder on trees, adults bred from larvae on elm, Wych Elm, hawthorn and Prunus. Deilinia pusaria L. (Common White Wave), one female, 4.v.61, freshly emerged and drying its wings, L on oak, hazel, etc. Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. (August Thorn), viii, fairly common, L on lime, birch, oak, Horse Chestnut, hawthorn, etc. E. fuscantaria Steph. (Dusky Thorn), viii and ix, fairly common, L on ash. Gonodontis bidentata Clerck (Scalloped Hazel), one, 17.v.63, L polyphagous. Colotois pennaria L. (Feathered Thorn), x, fairly common, L polyphagous. Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (Swallow-tailed Moth), vii and viii, fairly common, L polyphagous. Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone), vi to viii, uncommon, L on hazel, etc. Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. (Scarce Umber), x and xi, adults not seen but two larvae taken in the spring on elm, one of which was bred. Lycia hirtaria Clerck (Brindled Beauty), iv and v, very common, L polyphagous on trees (see text, p. 58). Biston betularia L. (Peppered Moth), vi, fairly common (see text, p. 58), L polyphagous on trees. Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. (Willow Beauty), vii and viii, fairly common, L polyphagous. Itame wauaria L. (V-moth), vii, uncommon, L on gooseberry. COSSIDAE Zeuzera pyrina L. (Leopard Moth), one female, 2.viii.63, found dead, L boring in stems and branches of lilac, apple, etc. ZYGAENIDAE Zygaena trifolii Esp. (Five-spot Burnet), one, 15.vi.62, (see text, p. 61), L on trefoils and clover. HEPIALIDAE Hepialus lupulina L. (Common Swift), vi, fairly common, L in roots of grasses, etc. PYRALIDAE Scoparia arundinata Thunb. (161. S. dubitalis Hibn.), vi, fairly common, L on decaying vegetable matter. S. ambigualis Treits., v and vi, several. Witlesia truncicolella Staint. (158. Scoparia truncicolella Staint.), one female, 24.vii.61, L on moss. W. mercurella L. (156. Scoparia frequentella Staint.), vii to viii, fairly common, L on moss. 67 Phycita spissicella F., vii and viii, several, L in spun leaves of oak. Euzophera pinguis Haw, vii, several, L in living bark of ash. Homoeosoma binaevella Hiibn., one 12.vii.62, and one 16.vii.63, L on seeds of various thistles. Myelois cribrella Hiibn., vii and viii, several, L on seeds of Cirsium, Arctium, etc., later in stems. Acrobasis tumidana Schiff., two, 3.ix.62, L on leaves of oak. Aphomia sociella L., vi to viii, several annually, L feeding on the comb in nests of bees (Bombus spp.) and wasps. Amphibolia culmella L. (69. Crambus hortuellus Hiibn.), vi and vii, common, L of this and the eight allied species immediately following are attached to various grasses, feeding usually at the base of the stems and on the roots. Crambus pascuellus L., vi and vii, common. C. nemorellus L. (67. C. pratellus L.), one, 22.vi.62; probably more plentiful but overlooked. C. perlellus Scop., vii and viii, fairly common, mostly typical, a few ab. warring- tonellus Staint. Agriphila straminella Schiff. (68. C. culmellus L.), vi to viii, common. A. tristellus F. (90. C. tristellus F.), vii to ix, fairly common. A, inquinatellus Schiff. (84. C. inquinatellus Schiff.), vii to ix, fairly common. A. geniculeus Haw. (85. C. geniculeus Haw.), vii to ix, common; variable with a tendency to slightly darker ground colour of the forewing than normal. Pediasia contaminellus Hiibn. (86. C. contaminellus Hiibn.), vii and viii, fairly common at mercury vapour light, including a melanochroic form (see text, p. 58). Unlike most other species in this group, the adults fly after dusk and are seldom seen by day. Acentropus niveus Ol., one male, 2.vii.62, one male, 6.viii.63 and another seen. See text, p. 60, for comments on this species. Donacaula mucronella Schiff., one 23.vii.61, and two 13.vi.63, L in stems of Carex (see text, p. 60). Nymphula nymphaeata L. (105. Hydrocampa nymphaeata L.), one, 18.viii.62, L aquatic, feeding on various water plants. Pleurotypa ruralis Scop. (112. Notarcha ruralis Scop.), vii, several, L on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) (see text, p. 60). Eurrhypara hortulata L., vi and vii, several, L on Mentha, etc. Udea ferrugalis Hibn. (118. Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn.), one, 23.vii.62, L on Arctium, etc. (see text, p. 59). Nomophila noctuella Schiff., taken at light on several occasions during the autumn in 1961 and 1962, but none seen in 1963. A regular migrant to the British Isles, breeding in some years (see text, p. 59). Pyrausta aurata Scop., one, 22.viii.63, L on flowers of Mentha, etc. Ostrinia nubilalis Hibn. (142. Pyrausta nubilalis Hiibn.), v and vi, a few re- corded annually; doubtless breeding in the garden on Mugwort (see text, p. 59). Evergestis forficalis L. (167. Mesographe forficalis L.), one, 22.viii.63, L on Brassica and other cruciferous plants. Endotricha flammealis Schiff., vi and vii, common, L feeding when young on leaves and sometimes flowers of various trees and plants, after hibernation on decaying leaves on the ground. Hypsopygia costalis F. (170. Pyralis costalis F.), vii to ix, fairly common, L on dry vegetable matter. Aglossa pinguinalis L., vi and vii, several, L on dried seeds, husks of grasses, etc. 68 PTEROPHORIDAE Pterophorus pentadactyla L. (194. Alucita pentadactyla L.), one, 30.vii.62, another seen vii.61, L on Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). COCHYLIDAE (PHALONIIDAE) Euxanthis hamana L., vii to viii, several, L in roots of Cirsium. Aethes smeathmanniana F. (229. Phalonia smeathmanniana F.), vi and vii, un- common, L on flowers and seeds of Centaurea, etc. A. dubitana Hiibn. (251. Phalonia dubitana Hiibn.), one, 9.viii.63, L on seeds of Senecio, Crepis, etc. TORTRICIDAE Pandemis cerasana Hubn. (287. P. ribeana Hiibn.), vi and vii, fairly common; several bred, L on hazel, cherry, elm, etc. P. heparana Schiff., vii to ix, very common, mostly with colour of forewing a comparatively dark brown, L on hawthorn, elm, etc. Archips podana Scop. (275. Cacoecia podana Scop.), vi and vii, common; very variable (see text, p. 58). L on oak, apple, privet, etc. A. crataegana Hibn. (277. Cacoecia crataegana Hiibn.), vii, fairly common, some examples slightly melanic, several bred, L on oak, ash, etc. A. xylosteana L. (278. Cacoecia xylosteana L.), vi and vii, fairly common, variable in colour, a tendency to melanism, bred, L on various trees. Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hibn. (283. Cacoecia pronubana Hiibn.), one female, bred 12.x.61 from larva on privet. Possibly overlooked in the garden as this species is usually common where it occurs. L polyphagous. Ptycholomoides aeriferana H.-S., one male, 16.vii.63, L between spun needles of larch (see text, p. 60). Clepsis consimilana Hiibn. (296. Tortrix unifasciana Dup.), vi to viii, common; on one occasion found flying in numbers in the evening amongst Knotweed by the lake, L on privet, apple, etc. C. costana Schiff. (294. Tortrix costana Schiff.), one, 26.vi.63, L on Epilobium, Centaurea, etc. Ptycholoma lecheana L. (282. Cacoecia lecheana L.), vi and vii, several, one bred (see text, p. 59), L on most trees. Capua rusticana Hiibn. (270. C. favillaceana Hiibn.), v and vi, several, L on Alder, Hornbeam, etc. Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F. (325. Argyrotoxa conwayana F.), v to vii, common, L on seeds of ash and privet. Cnephasia chrysantheana Dup., vii, occasional, L polyphagous on low plants. C. interjectana Haw. (312. C. virgaureana Treits.), vi and vii, common, L poly- phagous on low plants. Cnephasiella incertana Treits. (319. Cnephasia incertana Treits.), vi and vii, common, L on low plants. Aleimma loeflingiana L. (288. Tortrix loeflingiana L.), vii, several, L on oak, Hornbeam, etc. Tortrix viridana L. (Green Oak Tortrix), several in vi.63, L on oak, occasionally on beech and Acer. Croesia forskaleana L. (323. Argyrotoxa forskaleana L.), vii and viii, several, L on Acer. Acleris sparsana Schiff. (345. Peronea sparsana Schiff.), viii to vy, common, all typical or slightly melanic except for one well marked example of ab. hawor- thana Sheld. The larva of this species usually feeds exclusively on beech, but 69 one was found in the garden on Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and was reared on this food-plant. A. aspersana Hiibn. (332. P. aspersana Hiibn.), one male, 16.viii.63, L on Poten- tilla, etc. A. tripunctana Hiibn. (334. P. ferrugana Schiff.), one female, 3.vii.63, L on oak, birch, etc. A, yariegana Schiff. (341. P. variegana Schiff.), vii to x, very common, mostly either ab. fuscana Sheld. or ab. aspersana F., very few belonging to the typical form, L on Rosa, hawthorn, etc. (see text, p. 59). Dichrorampha simpliciana Haw. (521. Hemimene simpliciana Haw.), one male, viii.61 and one male, ix.62, L in rootstocks of Mugwort. Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Codlin Moth), v to vii, fairly common, L in fruits of apple and pear. L. grossana Haw., vi to viii, several, L in beech mast. L. splendana Hiibn., vii, fairly common, L in acorns. “3 Pammene regiana Zell., one, 25.vii.63, L in seeds of Sycamore. P. fasciana L. (536. P. juliana Curt.), vii, uncommon, L in acorns. Rhyacionia pinivorana Zell. (360. Evetria pinivorana Zell.), one male, 17.vi.63, L in shoots of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). See text, p. 60, for comments on this and other conifer-feeding species. R. pinicolana Doubl. (358. Evetria pinicolana Doubl.), one, 2.vili.62, L in shoots of Scots Pine. Spilonota ocellana Schiff., vii and viii, several, L on various trees and shrubs. Eucosma cana Haw., vi to viii, several, L on seeds of Cirsium and Centaurea. E. expallidana Haw., one, 6.viii.62, L on seeds of Field Sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis). Epiblema foenella L. (430. Eucosma foenella L.), vii, several, L in lower part of stems and roots of Mugwort. Pardia cynosbatella L. (439. Eucosma tripunctana F.), one, 15.vi.62, L on Rosa and Rubus. Gypsonoma aceriana Dup., vii, uncommon; bred, L in shoots of poplar. G. sociana Haw. (387. G. neglectana Dup.), one, 5.v.61, L in shoots of poplar and sallow. G. dealbana Frdl., vii, several, L on leaves of oak, poplar, etc. Zeiraphera incertana F. (406. Eucosma corticana Hibn.), vii and viii, fairly com- mon, L on oak. Z. diniana Guen. (402. Evetria diniana Guen.), one, 20.vii.62 and one, 6.vili.63, L in spun needles of Larch and Scots Pine (see text, p. 60). Acroclita naevana Hiibn., vi to ix, common and at times abundant throughout summer months, variable in colour and markings but majority showing strong melanic tendency, L on Holly (see text, p. 58). Epinotia trimaculana Don. (407. Eucosma trimaculana Don.), vi and vii, common, L on elm. E. bilunana Haw. (443. Eucosma bilunana Haw.), vi and vii, fairly common, L in catkins of birch. E. immundana F.R. (449. Eucosma immundana F.R.), iv to vi, fairly common, L found and reared on Alder. E. nisella Clerck (444. Eucosma nisella Clerck), one male, 19.viii.60, one male, 18.vii.61 and one male, 2.viii.63, L in catkins and on leaves of sallow and poplar. Ancylis badiana Schiff. (368. A. lundana F.), one, 31.vii.63, L on Vicia and Lathyrus. 70 Bactra lanceolana Hibn., vi to ix, several, L in stems of Juncus, etc. Olethreutes decrepitana H.-S. (508. Argyroploce bifasciana Haw.), one, 8.vi.61, L on blossom of Pinus (see text, p. 60). O. lacunana Schiff. (504. Argyroploce lacunana Dup.), vi and vii, several, L polyphagous on low plants and shrubs. Celypha striana Schiff. (494. Argyroploce striana Schiff.), vi and vii, several, L in roots of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). GELECHIIDAE Monochroa hornigi Staud., one male, 17.vi.63. See text, p. 59, for comments on this species. Parachronistis albiceps Zell., vii and viii, several annually, L in buds of hazel. Recurvaria nanella Hibn., vii, several, L mining when young in leaves of apple, Prunus, etc., in buds after hibernation. Teleiodes vulgella Hubn. (623. Telphusa vulgella Hiibn.), vi and vii, several, L between spun leaves of hawthorn and Prunus. T. fugitivella Zell. (622. Telphusa fugitivella Zell.), vi to viii, abundant. See text, p. 58, for comments on this species. L on leaves of elm. Mnhiophaga similis Staint. (632. Gelechia similis Staint.), one male, 30.vi.61, L on moss. Bryotropha terrella Hiibn. (639. Gelechia terrella Huibn.), vi and vii, fairly common, L in silken gallery at base of grass stems. Mirificarma mulinella Zell. (641. Gelechia mulinella Zell.), one, 31.vii.63, two, 16.viii.63, L normally on Gorse and Broom, the former being no longer found in the Palace garden, and the latter confined to a single plant. Gelechia turpella Schiff. (651. G. pinguinella Treits.), vii, several, L on poplar. Pexicopia malvella Hiibn. (661. Platyedra malvella Hiibn.), one male, 5.vii.63 and one male, 8.vii.63, L on Hollyhock. Scrobipalpa obsoletella F.R. (666. Phthorimaea obsoletella F.R.), one female, 8.vii.63, L in stems of Atriplex and Chenopodium. S. atriplicella F.R. (669. P. atriplicella F.R.), vii and viii, several, L on leaves, flowers and seeds of Atriplex and Chenopodium. S. costella Westw. (670. P. costelia West.), vii and viii, several, L on Woody Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). Caryocolum maculiferella Dougl. (682. P. maculiferella Dougl.), one male, 8.viii.63, one male, 14.viii.61 and one male, 8.viii.63, L on Common Mouse-ear (Cerastium holosteoides). Aproarema anthyllidella Hiibn. (691. Stomopteryx anthyllidella Hiibn.), one, 5.vi.61, L on Trifolium and other plants. Brachmia gerronella Zell., vii, several, L normally on Gorse, but as this is no longer in the Palace garden it seems likely there is an alternative food-plant, as yet unknown (see text, p. 60). B. rufescens Haw., vii, several, L in rolled leaves of various grasses. WALSHIIDAE Blastodacna hellerella Dup. (725. Chrysoclista hellerella Dup.), one, 26.vi.61, L on berries of hawthorn. MOoOMPHIDAE Mompha fulvescens Haw., vii, several, L in spun shoots of Epilobium. Batrachedra praeangusta Haw., three bred from sallow catkins, vi.61, one taken at light, 16.vili.62, L in catkins of poplar and sallow. 71 OECOPHORIDAE Esperia sulphurella F. (749. Dasycera sulphurella F.), vi and vii, several, L on dead wood. Endrosis sarcitrella L. (758. E. lactella Schiff.), one, iv.62 in potting shed, L on dry vegetable matter, etc. Borkhausenia unitella Hiibn., one 25.vii.63, and one 31.vii.63, L on dead wood. Hofmannophila_ pseudospretella’ Staint. (768. Borkhausenia pseudospretella Staint.), v to ix, common, L on dried vegetable and animal matter. Carcina quercana F., viii to ix, fairly common, L on oak, beech, Arbutus, etc. Depressaria apiella Hibn. (779. D. nervosa Haw.), ix to iv, several, L in flowers of Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata). Agonopterix costosa Haw. (792. Depressaria costosa Haw.), vii to ix, common, L normally in spun shoots of Ulex, no longer found in the garden, alternative food-plant in the garden at present unknown. ELACHISTIDAE Elachista atricomella Staint., v to vii, very common, L mining leaves of Cock’s- foot (Dactylis glomerata) (see text, p. 60). E. pulchella Staint., one male, 30.iv.61, L in leaves of Holcus. E. rufocinerea Haw., one, 23.vi.62, L in leaves of Holcus. Y PONOMEUTIDAE Swammerdamia pyrella Villiers, one, 20.viii.62, L on hawthorn, apple and Prunus. Paraswammerdamia lutarea Haw. (931. Swammerdamia lutarea Haw.), Vii, common, L in web on hawthorn and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia). Prays curtisellus Don., vi and vii, several, all belonging to the melanic form ab. rustica Haw., L on ash (see text, p. 59). Yponomeuta padella L., viii, several, L on apple, hawthorn, Prunus. Y. evonymella L., vii and viii, several, L on Prunus. Y. cognatella Hiibn., one, 25.vii.63, L on Euonymus. ARGYRESTHIIDAE Argyresthia brockeella Hiibn., vi and vii, rare, L in shoots and catkins of birch and Alder. A. goedartella L., vi to ix, common, L in shoots and catkins of birch and alder. A. pygmaeella Hiibn., vi to viii, rare, L in shoots and catkins of Pussy Willow (Salix caprea). A. retinella Zell., vi and vii, fairly common, L in shoots and buds of birch. A. mendica Haw., one female, 28.vi.63, L in flowering shoots of Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). A. pruniella Clerck (922. A. ephippella F.), vii, fairly common, L in shoots of Prunus. COLEOPHORIDAE Coleophora lutarea Haw. (974. C. lutipennella Zell.), vi and vii, fairly common, L on oak and birch. C. limosipennella Dup., v and vi, fairly common, L on elm, alder and birch. C. badiipennella Dup., vi and vii, common, L on elm and blackthorn. C. fuscedinella Zell., vi and vii, several, L on elm, alder, hazel, etc. C. albidella H.-S., one male, 29.vi.62, L on Pussy Willow. C. ibipennella Zell., one male, 30.vi.61, L on birch. 72 C. troglodytella Dup., one male, 18.vii. 61, L fairly polyphagous on Cirsium, Achillea, Artemisia, etc. C. sternipennella Zett., vii and viii, common, L on Chenopodium. C. artemisicolella Bruand, one male, 3.vii.63 and one male, 25.vii.63, L on seeds of Mugwort. C. alticolella Zell. (1036. C. caespititiella Zell.), vii and viii, several, L on seeds of Juncus effusus, etc. GRACILLARIIDAE Lithocolletis messaniella Zell., vi, vii to ix, very common, larval mines plentiful on oak, a few on Horse-chestnut and beech from which moths were bred. L. rajella L. (1047. L. alnifoliella Dup.), one bred, larval mines fairly common on underside of alder leaves. L. maestringella Miller (1053. L. faginella Zell.), adult not seen, larval mines common on underside of beech leaves in vii, ix and x. L. spinicolella Zell., adult not seen, a few mines found on leaves of Prunus, ix.63. L. blancardella F., adult not seen, several mines on apple, x.63. L. oxyacanthae Frey, adult not seen, several mines on underside of leaves of hawthorn, ix and x.63. L. corylifoliella Haw., v, vii and viii, several, larval mines fairly common on upperside of leaves of apple and hawthorn. L. tristrigella Haw., adult not seen, a few mines on elm leaves, x.63. Caloptilia syringella F. (1108. Gracillaria syringella F.), vy and vii, occasionally at light, but larvae found commonly on privet and ash. Parornix anglicella Staint. (1100. Ornix anglicella Staint.), adult not seen, larvae fairly common on hawthorn, in a conically folded edge of leaf, ix.63. PLUTELLIDAE Eidophasia messingiella F.R., one, 29.vi.62, L normally on Large Bitter-cress (Cardamine amara) which is not recorded from the garden, but Hairy Bitter- cress (C. hirsuta) occurs and may be an alternative food-plant. Ypsolophus scabrella L. (1136. Cerostoma scabrella L.), viii, several, L on apple and hawthorn. Cerostoma sequella Clerck, one, 6.viii.63, L on Acer. C. vittella L., vii to ix, very common, mostly melanic, L on elm and beech, and bred from the former (see text, p. 58). Plutella maculipennis Curtis, v, vii to ix, several, L on Cruciferae. LYONETIIDAE Leucoptera laburnella Staint., v and viii, common, occasionally at light, L very common, making spiral blotches in leaves of Laburnum. Lyonetia clerkella L., v and viii, several, L making irregular galleries in leaves of apple and other fruit trees, willow, etc. BUCCULATRIGIDAE Bucculatrix frangulella Goeze, one, 31.viii.62, L on Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus). TINEIDAE Monopis rusticella Hiibn., occasional moths taken in spring and late summer, including several at light, L on dried animal refuse, often in birds’ nests. M. crocicapitella Clem., vi to x, several in garden potting sheds, L with scavenger habits similar to previous species. Tinea columbariella Wocke, vi, several, L a scavenger in old nests of pigeons (see text, p. 59). T. pallescentella Staint., v to x, several in garden potting sheds, L on seed, feathers, hair, horn, etc. NEPTICULIDAE Nepticula oxyacanthella Staint., adult not seen, mines common on hawthorn and Prunus, x.63. Ba ee . ulmivora Fologne, mines common on elm, x.63. . ulmifoliae Hering, mines on elm, x.63. . marginicolella Staint., several mines on elm, 1x.63. . ignobilella Staint., mines common on hawthorn, ix.63. . trimaculella Haw., several mines found on poplar, ix.61 and ix.63. . albifasciella Hein., one male, 23.vi.61, L mining leaves of oak. ADDENDA The foregoing paper was written in late 1963. Since then, collecting by the methods already described has continued. Up to 15th September 1964 the following 41 species have been added to the list. Amathes c-nigrum L. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) Hadena thalassina Schiff. (Pale- shouldered Brocade) H. conspersa Schiff. (Marbled Coronet) Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor) Gortyna micacea Esp. (Rosy Rustic) Coenobia rufa Haw. (Small Rufous) Earias biplaga Walker Plusia pulchrina Hiibn. (Beautiful Golden Y) Perizoma alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet) Ecliptoptera silaceata Schiff. (Small Phoenix) Epirrhoe alternata Mill. (Common Carpet) Eupithecia linariata Schiff. (Toadflax Pug) E. succenturiata L. (Bordered Pug) E. abbreviata Steph. (Brindled Pug) Acasis viretata Hiibn. (Yellow Barred Brindle) Abraxas grossulariata L. (Magpie) Crocallis eliguaria L. (Scalloped Oak) Zygaena lonicerae Scheyv. (Narrow- bordered Five-spot Burnet) Nephopterix formosa Haw. (5. Salebria formosa Haw.) Homoeosoma saxicola Vaughan Udea lutealis Hibn. Cnephasia pasiuana Hibn. (316. C. pascuana Hibn.) Enarmonia formosana Scop. (546. Laspeyresia woeberiana Schiff.) Clavigesta purdeyi Durr. (365. Evetria purdeyi Dutr.) Epinotia solandriana L. (456. Eucosma solandriana L.) E. brunnichana L. (457. Eucosma brunnichana 1.) Apotomis betuletana Haw. (481. Argyroploce betuletana Haw.) Gelechia sororculella Hubn. Caryocolum fraternella Dougl. (679. Phthorimaea fraternella Dougl.) Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw. Diurnia fagella F. (770. Chimabache fagella F.) Mompha raschkiella Zell. M. decorella Steph. Blastobasis lignea Wals. Roeslerstammia erxlebella F. Caloptilia stigmatella F. (1116. Gracillaria stigmatella F.) Tineola bisselliella Hummel Monopis ferruginella Hiibn. Nepticula atricapitella Haw. Mnemonica unimaculella Zett. 74 This brings the total of species recorded to 343, over 14 per cent of the British list. As a result of these additions some of the statements about absent species require amendment. The most remarkable capture was the solitary male specimen of Earias biplaga which was found, in perfect condition, in the mercury vapour light trap on 17th July 1964. This species has not previously been recorded from the British Isles. It is common and widespread in Africa, where it is a pest on cotton. Its occurrence in the Palace garden is undoubtedly due to an accidental introduction, the circumstances of which are unknown to us. Plate VIII Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., Part Il, 1963 *Jop—YIIWUS ANY IAP “UIPsLS IYI Ul PAlIAOISIP Ure}Ig 0} Saldads MoU B ‘JaSUIPNEIg 181U/0Y DOAYIOUOPW ey,” et i rae 7 Ns ¥ 6 TS) INSECTS OTHER THAN LEPIDOPTERA Co-ordinated by O. W. RICHARDS Of the 29 orders of insects recognized in Imms’ Textbook of Entomology, 5 include no established species of British insects and one, the Lepidoptera, is dealt with in another chapter. Members of eight British orders, namely Diplura, Protura, Plecoptera (stoneflies), Mallophaga (bird lice), Siphunculata (sucking lice), Mecoptera (scorpion flies), Siphonaptera (fleas) and Strepsiptera, have not, so far, been collected in the Palace garden though some of them, at least, must certainly occur. Representatives have been obtained of the remaining 15 orders. For most of them the lists are certainly very incomplete. Not enough collecting has been done and many species can only be at all easily detected at some par- ticular short period of the year and on days when conditions are favourable. Even in a suburban garden it may take many years collecting to get a full list and the list continually grows. There is in fact no such thing as a complete list of the insects living in any small, artificially defined area. Many species undertake long dispersal flights (Southwood, 1962) and come down at random all over the country. They may become locally established if conditions are favourable. The smaller the area, the bigger the chances of random extinction. Other species are introduced with living plants or with soil but only some of these will be able to establish themselves. Some insects, like most of the moths, chironomid flies, some Caddisflies, are easily caught in a light-trap at night. Many species are caught in the trap which are certainly not breeding in the garden; these are representatives of the large populations which are undergoing random dispersal. Our knowledge of different groups of British insects varies much in its com- pleteness and in some groups, like the parasitic Hymenoptera it is still difficult or impossible to identify many specimens. Our knowledge of what species to expect in an area such as the Palace garden is often therefore very meagre and it is only in the better known groups that useful comments can be made. Judging by the better worked groups, it appears that about 10 per cent of the British insect fauna might be expected to occur in the gardens. The following figures show the number of species collected in the gardens out of the total number of British species in five groups, Collembola 36/260; Heteroptera 32/509; Aphidoidea 58/370; Trichoptera 13/188; Agromyzidae 16/224. Total of all together 155/1551. No doubt all these figures are very rough; even the number of recorded British species is continually altering and the ones here used are a bit out of date. However, if the figure of 10 per cent is taken as a rough guide, one would expect ultimately to record about 600 species of Diptera or Hymenoptera, instead of the 94 and 42 species actually noted. One remark that occurs in several of the individual summaries refers to the abundance of tree-living insects and the shortage of species living on the herbage layer. This is perhaps mainly a charac- teristic of a well-kept garden in which the lower, accessible layers are regularly trimmed and in which weeds and insect pests are discouraged. APTERYGOTA No Diplura or Protura have been collected though it is likely that some may occur. THYSANURA (Bristle-tails) LEPISMATIDAE. Lepisma saccharina L. silver fish (det. O.W.R.). One specimen of this domestic insect was collected in an outhouse. 76 COLLEMBOLA (all collected and determined by P. N. Lawrence) On four visits in 1962 and 1963, 78 half litre samples were taken from a selec- tion of the extremely varied bio-types found in the garden. These included soil and litter, birds’ nests, boulders, compost heaps, flower beds, holly humus, horse manure, lakeside rhizomes, lawn mowings, mosses, peat, rhubarb leaves, sphag- num, straw and the waterfall rocks. The fauna was extracted from the samples by means of modified Berlese funnels in the insectary at the British Museum (Natural History). The average number of Collembola present in each sample was approx- imately 80 specimens of five species. The total number of Collembola collected was over 6,000 specimens of about 36 species. From five deserted birds’ nests a total of 144 specimens representing 12 species of Collembola were obtained. The arboreal species Entomobrya albocincta was present in all five nests in addition to the species normally confined to the litter of the soil surface. A sample of sphagnum which had sheltered a frog was found in the greenhouse in May 1962 by J. D. Bradley and contained 20 specimens of Hypogastrura gibbosa, a rarely collected springtail which may prove to be an ecological form of H. denticulata. Successive visits failed to locate any further specimens so this may be an introduced species which has failed to establish itself. The commonest species in the greenhouse was Onychiurus sinensis, originally described from China. In 1958 this species was recorded as O. gotoi from hot houses at Chelsea, Cambridge, Kew and Silwood Park, Berkshire. In the Palace greenhouse it was found congregating at the bottom of potted plants to which had been added some humus. The specimens appeared to be feeding on this humus and there was no evidence of any damage to the plants themselves. On 27th February 1963 among snow and ice during a winter of excessive cold, only 1,064 specimens were collected from 27 samples with the average number per half litre being reduced to about 40, due to seven samples holding less than ten specimens. Rich samples in May and November 1962 held 411 and 349 specimens of about ten species. By December 1963 the populations had increased to an average of 97 per sample with a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 344 Collem- bola per half litre. The extraction technique was only a crude one but gives an indication of the numbers of Collembola which were actually present in the samples. Too little is known of the distribution of Collembola in Britain to suggest how many of the species might be relics of old London. Many of those recorded from the garden are known to have a cosmopolitan distribution. Small soil animais are liable to become accidentally introduced with ornamental plants, manure or peat. The presence, in the garden, of so many rich, artificial habitats would enable introduced elements to flourish. The accompanying list of species includes about 12 per cent of those Collem- bola so far recorded from Britain and is perhaps a little richer than one would expect to find in a completely natural part of southern England of similar size. HyYPOGASTRURIDAE Hypogastrura denticulata (Bagnall), common in cut grass. Hypogastrura gibbosa (Bagnall), once recorded in greenhouse. Hypogastrura manubrialis group, few in compost. Xenylla grisea group, few in moss on waterfall rocks. 77 Friesia mirabilis (Tullberg), several widespread. Brachystomella parvula (Schaffer), common in beds near flamingoes. Anurida pygmaea (Borner), few scattered. Neanura muscorum (Templeton), several scattered. ONYCHIURIDAE Onychiurus armatus group, several in kitchen garden. Onychiurus sinensis Stach, common in greenhouse. Tullbergia callipygos Borner, few scattered. Tullbergia krausbaueri (Borner), common in soil. ISOTOMIDAE Folsomia candida group, common in humus. Folsomia cf. garretti (Bagnall), few on the mound. Folsomia cf. penicula Bagnall, few by the lake. Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg), several scattered. Proisotoma minima (Absolon), few in humus. Proisotoma minuta (Tullberg), few in compost. Isotoma notabilis (Schaffer), widespread and abundant. Isotoma olivacea-violacea group, abundant in straw. Isotoma sensibilis (Tullberg), common on mosses. Isotoma viridis Bourlet, several scattered. Isotomurus palustris (Miller), several beside lake. ENTOMOBRYIDAE Entomobrya albocincta (Templeton), common in birds’ nests. Entomobrya multifasciata (Tullberg), few in humus. Entomobrya nivalis (Linne), few up trees. Orchesella villosa (Geoffroy), common in litter. Heteromurus nitidus (Templeton), few in humus. Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, common in litter. Pseudosinella alba (Packard), numerous in compost. Tomocerus minor (Lubbock), few in litter. SMINTHURIDAE Neelus minimus Willem, common in soil. Sminthurides pumilio (Krausbauer), few in damp situations. Sminthurinus aureus (Lubbock), few scattered. Sminthurinus cf. elegans (Fitch), few scattered. Sminthurinus niger (Lubbock), few scattered. PTERYGOTA ORTHOPTEROID ORDERS (Collected and determined by A. E. Gardner) Two of our native cockroaches have been recorded from the fringe of the London area (Payne, 1958) and several imported species maintain themselves in the built-up area. In spite of search, however, only one species, the German Cockroach, was found by Mr. F. C. Nutbeam in his house on, or about 27th May. This coincided with the return of his son on leave from the Navy and it is probable that the species was introduced in luggage. A number of species of grasshoppers have been recorded from the London F 78 area (Payne, /.c.) but only the common Chorthippus brunneus (Thunb.) has been found in the heart of the City. It occurs in small numbers in the least disturbed parts of Kensington Gardens and Regent’s Park and it is the only grasshopper recorded from bombed sites in the City (Groves, 1959). Payne (1958) lists four species of earwigs from the London area, but only Labia minor (L.) and the ubiquitous Forficula auricularia have been recorded from the central area; only the latter has been found in the gardens. ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIDAE Chorthippus brunneus (Thunb.), several specimens in the long grass by the lake in the autumn. TETTIGONIIDAE Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc), a single female of this wingless species was taken by J. D. Bradley in September. It is widely distributed in the London area and has been recorded from Finchley, Plumstead, Morden, Richmond Park and Isleworth. DICTYOPTERA BLATTIDAE (Cockroaches) Blattella germanica (L.), a few indoors. DERMAPTERA (Earwigs) FORFICULIDAE Forficula auricularia L., common and found during nearly every visit in litter, turves, under bark and in the autumn in dahlia flowers. PSOCOPTERA (Booklice) (Collected by O. W. Richards) PsOcIDAE Amphigerontia bifasciata (Lat. in Coq.) (det. D. E. Kimmins), at light, vil. MESOPSOCIDAE Elipsocus westwoodi McL. (det. E. Broadhead), one male and two females on bushes, ix. EPHEMEROPTERA (Mayflies) (det. D. E. Kimmins) CAENIDAE Caenis horaria (L.). very abundant at light in July and also in lake. Cloeon dipterum (L.), nymph in lake. ODONATA (Dragonflies) (Collected and determined by A. E. Gardner) Several dragonflies, especially the more migrant species have been caught in the centre of London. The common Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.) breeds in the inner London parks and its larva was found in water tanks and bombed base- ments. It is difficult to understand why none of these species was recorded during the three years survey, especially as the lake has ample emergent vegeta- 73, tion and appears to be well stocked with suitable food. Possibly the flamingoes and waterfowl make establishment impossible. COENAGRIIDAE Ischnura elegans (Van der Lind.), one male and one female in June. This is a common and widely distributed species breeding in water of many types. Has also been taken in the lake. THYSANOPTERA (Thrips) (collected and determined by R. G. Davies) Eleven species, listed below, were collected in two visits during the summer of 1962. All eleven species are more or less common in southern England and nine of them have previously been recorded from localities in Central London by Morison (1947-49). The two species not so recorded, Chirothrips hamatus Tryb., and Odontothrips meridionalis Pr., are hardly unexpected additions since both have common and widely distributed hosts and the latter species has already been recorded from three habitats in outer London. The number of species could without doubt be increased by further collecting though it seems unlikely that a very high proportion of the 170 or so British Thysanoptera occur in such habitats. Morison (1958), for example, after 11 visits, found only 23 species in the open at Kew Gardens, a much larger:locality with a greater range of possible host plants. Biologically, the recorded species include a group of grass-feeding forms (the first five species on the list) and a group of more or less polyphagous species, some of which, such as Taeniothrips atratus (Hal.) and T. vulgatissimus (Hal.), have an unusually wide range of dicotyledonous hosts. The second group includes such ‘flower thrips’ as Thrips fuscipennis Hal., Thrips major Uzel, and the two species of Taeniothrips just mentioned. Thrips fuscipennis and T. major are probably the commonest flower thrips in England. Whatever the origin of the thysanopteran fauna at the time when the gardens were first laid out, frequent reinforcement or modification must have occurred through two main agencies: the movement of bedding plants or nursery stock and deposition from the so-called aerial plankton. The first method would readily account for the presence of the flower thrips, whose establishment and subsequent spread would then depend on the presence of their larval hosts. It would also make possible the introduction of the many species which pupate in the soil. The second method could, in principle, account for the whole thysan- opteran fauna and though its role in the dispersal of the order has not been seriously studied there can be little doubt of its importance. It is, for instance, worth noting that eight of the 11 recorded species (i.e., all except C. hamatus, A. rufus and O. meridionalis) are known from the work of Lewis (1961) to have one or more periods of marked flight activity during the spring and summer. Such weakly flying insects of high buoyancy are particularly apt to be carried consider- able distances by wind, convective air-currents and atmospheric turbulence and sampling by aircraft and fixed traps reveals an appreciable thysanopteran fauna in the air. Of the species found in the Palace garden, Limothrips cerealium and denticornis were, together, the seventh commonest insects up to 300 ft over Lincolnshire (Freeman, 1945). The latter species has also been taken up to 630 ft over England and Frankliniella intonsa even at 2,100 ft (Hardy & Milne, 1938). American records suggest that the Thysanoptera of the atmosphere occur mostly below 5,000 ft with a peak at about 200 ft (Glick, 1939). Heights of this order are 80 sufficiently great to ensure transport over considerable distances yet low enough to facilitate descent within a relatively short period of time. Assuming that the transported insects survive, therefore, colonization of the garden from parks, gardens and semi-natural areas in London must be occurring continually. The records mentioned above refer to alate specimens; apterous species like Aptino- thrips rufus are less likely to be transported in this way. Even they cannot be excluded, however, in the light of Glick’s (1960) record of a thysanopteran larva at 500 ft and the numerous records of apterous specimens from other orders of insects. THRIPIDAE Chirothrips manicatus Hal., two females, swept from grass (mainly Dactylis glomerata and Alopecurus pratensis), 8.vi.62; one male and one dealated female (det. G. D. Morison) in heads of Dactylis glomerata, 2.vii.62. C. hamatus Tryb., one female, swept from grass (mainly Dactylis glomerata and Alopecurus pratensis), 8.vi.62. Limothrips denticornis Hal., one female, swept from grass (mainly Dactylis glom- erata and Alopecurus pratensis), 8.vi.62. L. cerealium Hal., one female, swept from grass (mainly Dactylis glomerata and Alopecurus pratensis), 8.vi.62. Aptinothrips rufus (Gmel.), one female, in heads of Dactylis glomerata, 2.vii.62. Odontothrips meridionalis Pr., 11 females and two males, on flowers of Laburnum anagyroides, 8.vi.62, flying actively in sunshine. Taeniothrips atratus (Hal.), one female, on flowers of cultivated Helenium autumnale ‘Bruno’, 2.vii.62; one female, on flowers of cultivated Delphinium, 2.vii.62; one male, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Silver Lining’, 2.vi.62. T. vulgatissimus (Hal.), (moderately abundant), one female, on flowers of Aesculus indica, 2.vii.62; one female, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Silver Lining’, 2.vi.62; two females, on flowers of unidentified umbellifer, 2.vii.62. Thrips fuscipennis Hal., one female, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Peace’, 2.vii.62; one female, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Silver Lining’, 2.vii.62. T. major Uzel., three females, captured on flowers and fruits of cultivated loganberry, Rubus loganobaccus (apparently fairly abundant and flying actively), 2.vii.62; one female, on potted Chrysanthemum, cultivated variety, near previous host-plant, 2.vii.62; one female, on flowers of Crataegus mono- gyna, 8.vi.62; two females, among stamens of cultivated rose, 2.vii.62; one female, on flowers of unidentified umbellifer, 2.vii.62; one male and one dealated female, (det. G. D. Morison), two females, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Peace’; one female, on Aesculus indica, 2.vii.62; one male (det. G. D. Morison), two females, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Silver Lining’, 2.vii.62. Frankliniella intonsa (Tryb.), one female, on flowers of cultivated hybrid tea rose, ‘Peace’, 2.vii.62. HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA (Bugs) Determined and nearly all collected by T. R. E. Southwood While the collection made is probably not exhaustive and did not fully cover all seasons, the following features seem noteworthy. Most of the common 81 herbage- and weed-dwelling species and many common grass-dwelling species are apparently absent; if these had been present in any numbers they would probably have been taken in the light-trap (Southwood, 1960). This absence probably reflects the results of horticultural operations. One of our common predatory bugs, Anthocoris nemorum (L.) was scarce compared with what has been found near Ascot, Berks., (Anderson, 1962; Southwood, unpublished), whilst even in Berkshire the species was much less abundant than in the Lake district (Satchell and Southwood, 1963). Conversely, the predatory arboreal Mirids, especially Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) and Deraeocoris lutescens (Schill.) were found on a wider range of hosts than usual and in much greater numbers than at Ascot, in the same year. In Phytocoris, which lives on the branches and trunks of trees, the dark species, P. dimidiatus Kirschb., was unusually common compared with the lighter P. tiliae (F.). This may be associated with blackening of the habitat by smoke. LYGAEIDAE Scolopostethus affinis (Schilling), a few amongst litter in N.W. corner. NABIDAE Stalia major (Costa), amongst litter in N.W. corner. CIMICIDAE Anthocoris confusus Reuter, a few on birch. A, gallarumulmi (Deg.), on elm. A. nemorum (L.), very few specimens of this common bug were taken; its scarcity was a remarkable feature. It was abundant on similar trees at Ascot at the same season (August, September). Acompocoris pygmaeus (Fall.), one adult of this species (normally attached to conifers) was found on oak. Orius niger (Wolff), one specimen, beating trees. MIRIDAE Monalocoris filicis (L.), on bracken. Deraeocoris lutescens (Schilling), exceptionally abundant on many trees (alder, beech, buckthorn, birch, hawthorn, hazel, holly, lime, oak, poplar (white and another), rhododendron and wych elm). Psallus falleni Reuter, common on birch. P. alnicola Dougl. & Scott, abundant on alder. Dicyphus errans (Wolff), a larva believed to represent this species was found on ferns. Malacocoris chlorizans (Panz.), abundant on hazel; only a single specimen was taken on another tree (lime). Heterotoma planicornis (Pall.), a single specimen was taken on a Robinia sucker. Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.), very abundant on most trees (alder, ash, beech, birch, buckthorn, hawthorn, hazel, lime, oak, poplar (two examples), rhododendron and Wych elm); at light (September). Orthotylus marginalis Reuter, at light, vii. O. ochrotrichus Fieber, on elm. O. diaphanus (Kirschbaum), on willow. Pseudoloxops coccineus (M.-D.), common on the larger ash trees, at light, ix. Neomecomma bilineatus (Fall.), on young poplar, probably introduced as an egg in tree. 82 Orthops cervinus (H.-S.), on birch and hazel; at light, vii. Lygocoris pabulinus (L.), on various plants near greenhouses; at light, ix. L. contaminatus (Fall.), on birch (only females), at light, x. Megalocoelum infusum (H.-S.), on oak (only larvae). Stenotus binotatus (Yakowlev), at light, viii. Phytocoris tiliae (F.), on hawthorn and holly. P. dimidiatus Kirschbaum, on buckthorn, hawthorn, poplar and willow; at light, ix. It is perhaps noteworthy that this dark species, normally less abundant than P. tiliae, was here the more numerous. Pantilius tunicatus (F.), on birch and five larvae on wych elm (not previously recorded as a host). Stenodema laevigatum (L.), a few found on lake-side vegetation. NOTONECTIDAE Notonecta sp., nymph in lake. CORIXIDAE Micronecta scholtzi (Scholtz), abundant in lake; recorded from large ornamental ponds in adjacent counties of Kent and Essex. Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber), at light, viii. Sigara dorsalis (Leach), common in the lake. Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber), adult in lake. HOMOPTERA AUCHENORRHYNCHA (Leaf-hoppers) (det. W. J. Le Quesne, unless otherwise stated) The list of this group, mostly collected by O. W. Richards, is probably very incomplete. The British fauna as a whole is poorly known. In the present list there are far more tree species than grass-living species but this may be partly due to a fault in collecting. TETTIGONIELLIDAE Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.), viii, (det. R. J. Izzard). This introduced North American species which breeds on Rhododendrons is now widespread in the London district. BYTHOSCOPIDAE Idiocerus fulgidus (F.), on poplar, ix. CICADELLIDAE Placotettix taeniatifrons (Kirschbaum), on Viburnum Tinus, ix. This species was first recorded by China (1951) from Kew Gardens and is also now known from Blackheath. It has a southern distribution in Europe and was probably in- troduced into this country. Lives on oak in the south of France. Jassus mixtus (F.) (det. O. W. Richards), at light, ix. Lives on oak. Kybos populi (Edw.), on poplar, ix. K. virgator Ribaut, on Salix alba, ix. Ribautiana ulmi (L.), on elm and Crataegus, ix. Typhlocyba avellanae Edw. (det. R. J. Izzard), swept. Eupteryx atropunctata (Goeze), on Crataegus, ix. E. stellulata Burm., (det. O. W. Richards), at light, vi.; said to live on lime. 83 Almetoidia alneti (Dahlb.), on Crataegus, ix. Fagocyba cruenta (H.-S.), at light, vii. Edwardsiana hippocastani (Edw.), at light, vii., and on Crataegus, ix. E. crataegi (Dougl.) (froggatti Baker), on Crataegus, ix. PsyLLIDAE (det. and mostly collected by V. F. Eastop) Strophingia ericae (Curt.), on Calluna vulgaris. Psyllopsis fraxini (L.), on Fraxinus. P. fraxinicola (Forst.), on Fraxinus. Psylia buxi (L.), on Buxus sempervirens. P. mali (Schmidberger), on Malus sp. P. peregrina Forst., on Crataegus. P. melanoneura Forst, on Crataegus and at light. ALEYRODIDAE (Whitefly) (Collected and det. by V. F. Eastop) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walk, on Glechoma hederacea. Aleurotrachelus jelinekii (Frauenf.), on Viburnum sp., (? V. Tinus). Siphoninus phyllyreae (Hal.), on Crataegus oxyacanthoides. APHIDOIDEA (Aphids and Greenfly) (Collected and det. by V. F. Eastop) The number of species of aphids (59) is low and the fauna more typical of what might be found in North Wales than in south-eastern England. The absence, scarcity, or repeated cutting down of such weeds as nettles, mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and other plants of waste lands may account for many of the absentees. Most aphids have excellent powers of dispersal and must surely reach the gardens even if they cannot live there. APHIDIDAE, Aphidinae Macrosiphoniella artemisiae (B. de F.), on Artemisia vulgaris. M. oblonga (Mdw.), on Artemisia vulgaris. Dactynotus cirsii (L.), on Cirsium arvense. Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), on Rosa, Chaenomeles lagenaria, cultivated lettuce, Phlox, and bedding Calceolaria and Gladiolus. M. rosae (L.), on Rosa, and Ilex aquifolium. M. avenae (F.), on Dactylis glomerata. M. fragariae (Walk.), on Festuca rubra. Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on Lathyrus pratensis. Metopolophium albidum H.R.L., flying (host Arrhenatherum). M. dirhodum (Walk.), on Rosa and undetermined grasses. M. festucae (Theobald), on Festuca rubra. Hyalopteroides humilis (Walk.), on Dactylis glomerata. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach), on cultivated Rubus. Megoura viciae Buckton, on Lathyrus pratensis. Ovatus sp., on Crataegus. Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster, flying (an almost polyphagous aphid). M. cerasi (F.), on Prunus avium, by lake. M. cymbalariae Stroyan, on lettuce. M. ligustri (Kaltenbach), on Ligustrum. M. ornatus Laing, on Veronica hebe. 84 M. persicae (Sulzer), on Antirrhinum, Chrysanthemum, bedding Dianthus, cultivated lettuce, Salvia, bedding Zinnia. Myzaphis rosarum (Kaltenbach), on Rosa. Capitophorus horni ssp. gynoxantha H.R.L., on Cirsium arvense. Chaetosiphon tetrarhodus (Walk.), on Rosa. Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), on lettuce. Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), on Prunus, Achillea millefolium, Chrysan- themum. Dysaphis devecta (Walker), on Malus floribunda, red \eaf-edge galls. Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.), on Salix. C. theobaldi (Gill. & Bragg), on Salix and large aquatic umbelliferous plant. Liosomaphis berberidis (Kaltenbach), on Berberis. Rhopalomyzus poae (Gillette), on grasses. Aphis corniella H.R.L., on Cornus and Epilobium adenocaulon. A. cytisorum Hartig, on Laburnum. A. fabae Scop., on Philadelphus, Chaenomeles, Rumex. A. grossulariae Kaltenbach, on Ribes uva-crispa. A. ilicis Kaltenbach, on Ilex aquifolium. A. pomi Deg., on Malus sp., Pyrus communis. Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker), on Crataegus, Malus floribunda, Malus sp. R. padi (L.), on Dactylis glomerata and undetermined grasses. Schizaphis palustris (Theobald), on Poa annua. CHAITOPHORINAE Chaitophorus capreae (Mosley), on Salix caprea. C. niger Mordw., on Salix < sepulchralis; S. x blanda on outsides of Pontania proxima galls. C. albus Mordwilko, on Populus alba. Periphylus testudinatus (Thornton), on Acer. Sipha glyceriae Kaltenbach, on grasses near lake. DREPANOSIPHINAE Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schr.), on Acer. Euceraphis punctipennis (Zett.), on Betula. Betulaphis quadrituberculata (Kaltenbach), on Betula. Myzocallis boerneri Stroyan, on Quercus cerris. M. coryli (Goeze), on Corylus. Pterocallis alni (Deg.), on Alnus. Eucallipterus tiliae (L.), on Tilia. Subsaltusaphis sp. ? ornata (Theobald), probably lives on a Carex, near lake. LACHNINAE Cinara piceae (Panz.), light-trap (host Picea sp.). THELAXINAE Phloeomyzus sp. ? passerinii Signoret, on Populus nigra. PEMPHIGINAE Eriosoma patchae Borner, on Ulmus campestris. Tetraneura ulmi (L.), on Poa annua roots. Pemphigus bursarius (L.), on Populus nigra, cultivated lettuce. 85 Pemphigus sp., on roots of Hydrocotyle vulgaris (not certainly distinct from P. bursarius). Forda sp. ? formicaria v. Heyden, on Poa annua roots. CoccoIpDEA (Scale insects) (Collected on two visits in October 1963 and one in May 1964 and determined by K. Boratynski, except for two obtained by V. F. Eastop and determined by D. J. Williams.) DIASPIDIDAE Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot), on greenhouse palms, probably this species. Col- lected by V. F. Eastop. Parasitized by Coccophagus scutellaris, q.v. (p. 93). Chionaspis salicis (L.), on Salix sp., Tilia sp., on bark of the main trunk and of the twigs; fairly numerous and apparently well established; with the male puparia and female scales of the current and of the previous years’ generations. At the time of collection in October the current year female scales with recently deposited eggs. Some specimens on Tilia sp. with exit holes of the hymen- opterous parasite, possibly Aphytis diaspidis Howard, known to parasitize this species in Britain. Species widely distributed and common in Britain. Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), on Malus sp., Cornus alba L., Crataegus monogyna Jacq., and apple trees. On the bark of the main trunk and of the twigs; numer- ous on Cornus alba, and very numerous on apple trees; as usual, on these hosts, the parthenogenetic race; well established, the current year generation scales with recently deposited eggs. Polyphagous species, widely distributed and very common in Britain. COoccIDAE Coccus hesperidum L., on Ilex aquifolium, collected by V. F. Eastop. Eulecanium tiliae (L.), on Crataegus monogyna Jacq., one old dead female on a twig, showing the exit holes of the hymenopterous parasite, possibly Blasto- thrix sericea Dalman, known commonly to attack this scale in Britain. Common in Britain, single specimens occurring on twigs of hawthorn, sycamore, maple, lime, beech, etc. ASTEROLECANIIDAE Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché), on the bark of one of the two young oak trees (Quercus robur L.); moderate infestation, mainly on the terminal sections of twigs one to four years old. Asterodiaspis minus (Lindinger), on the bark of twigs of the other young oak tree; very heavy infestation, mainly on twigs two years old or more, causing obvious injury as shown by distortion, reduced growth and many dying or dead twigs. At the time of collection (1.v.64) the current generation of gravid adult females of both species was present, and a few dead specimens have been found with exit holes of a hymenopterous parasite, possibly Euaphycus variolosus Alam, known commonly to attack these scales in Britain. In Britain there are three closely related species of Asterodiaspis specific to the English oak (Q. robur), the third one (so far not found in the garden) being A. variolosum (Ratzeburg), and all three usually occur together in mixed popula- tions on individual host-trees (Boratynski, 1961); the biologies and relationships of these species have been studied recently by Mr. S. Apeji at the Imperial College, London. 86 The conditions of infestation and occurrence of the two species in the garden are interesting and may be considered as the result of a semi-controlled experi- ment relevant to dispersal and economic importance. The two trees in question were grown from acorns about 12 to 14 years ago and were planted in the garden when four to six years old; they are the only English oak trees in the grounds, with no trees of this species being present in the adjacent areas of the Green and Hyde Parks; this fact, together with the ‘pure’ population of a single (and different) species of the insects on each tree, and particularly the absence of A. variolosum expected to occur on such young trees, would indicate acci- dental and independent introduction in each case, possibly of an individual ‘crawler’ (first instar nymph), probably carried by a bird (Titmouse) on its plumage, legs, or beak. The obvious injury inflicted to the tree heavily infested by A. minus indicates the potential danger of these insects which in the ‘wild’ conditions appear to be successfully controlled by a series of natural factors of which the predatory activities of the Titmouse are of major importance. Heavy injuries to oaks have been reported in France (1836), and to imported English oak in New Zealand and Australia (1896), and more recently also in the United States. ERIOCOCCIDAE Cryptococcus fagi (Baerensprung), on Fagus sylvatica L. The notorious ‘felted beech coccus’, in crevices of the bark on the trunk and main branches; fairly numerous. Parthenogenetic species, widely distributed and common in Britain; when present in large numbers gives white-washed appearance to the trunk of the tree. Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach), on Fraxinus excelsior L., in crevices of the bark of the main trunk and thicker branches; numerous apparently well established on most specimens of the ash trees in the gardens; at the time of collection in October the adult males (wingless) and females just emerging. Recorded from several localities in England and from Raasay, Scotland. PsSEUDOCOCCIDAE Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), on Quercus cerris L., a single immature specimen on terminal branch. Common in Britain and occurring on many trees and plants, e.g. maple, sycamore, elm, lime, hawthorn, gorse, etc., but usually in spall numbers or singly. MEGALOPTERA None collected. NEUROPTERA (Determined by A. E. Gardner) Kimminsia subnebulosa (Steph.), at light vii, ix, x. Common in London parks and gardens. Chrysopa carnea (Steph.), common in gardens and in houses in winter, x. C. albolineata Killington, at light and on shrub, vi, vii. (O.W.R.) MECOPTERA None collected. TRICHOPTERA (Caddis-flies) Collected by A. E. Gardner; mostly determined by D. E. Kimmins (if marked 87 K.). There is little evidence that the lake supports an appreciable caddis-fauna, perhaps because the numerous water fowl feed on the larvae. Caddises have strong flying powers and are attracted from some distance to light which accounts for thirteen species being taken from the mercury vapour light-trap. Several species often occurred in large numbers, the most notable being Stenophylax permistus, Mystacides longicornis, Oecetis ochracea. All the species recorded are common and widely distributed, breeding in weedy ponds and lakes, except the three species Setodes tineiformis, Cyrnus flavidus and Agraylea multipunctata. LIMNEPHILIDAE Glyphotaelius pellucidus (Retz.), vi, vill. Limnephilus affinis Curt., vii, ix, x, K. L. marmoratus Curt., x. Stenophylax permistus McLach, x. LEPTOCERIDAE Mystacides azurea (L.), Vii. M. longicornis (L.), vi to x, K. (cf. Jake, p. 108). Oecetis ochracea (Curt.), vi to viii, K. Setodes tineiformis (Curt.), vili, K. POLYCENTROPIDAE Cyrnus flavidus McLach., vii, K. PsyCHOMYIDAE Lype phaeopa (Stephens), vii, 1x, K. HyYDROPTILIDAE Agraylea multipunctata Curt., vii, K. Orthotrichia tetensii Kolbe, vii, K. Hydroptila sp., two females, vi and vii. COLEOPTERA (Beetles) Collected by F. D. Buck and A. E. Gardner; determined by F. D. Buck unless otherwise indicated below. There is no survey really comparable to the work carried out in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, but the list of the Coleoptera of Hampstead Heath (Buck, 1952) is perhaps as near as one might reasonably get. The park-like land of the Heath is obyiously larger, more varied, less well kept and of course more popu- lated. Of the 87 species here listed only 11 figure in the Hampstead list, but this was only a brief investigation and none of the species here recorded would be unexpected on the Heath, with the exception of Longitarsus waterhousei. The only other relevant work which appears to have been carried out in the metropolitan area was that of the Cripplegate bombed sites survey carried out by the London Natural History Society (Groves, 1959). Here the terrain was totally different, and considering the neglected state of the Cripplegate sites, one might have expected a greater number of species from these areas than from the Palace grounds; in fact only 39 species are recorded. Only eight species are common to both lists, but of more interest is the occurrence of representatives of families at Cripplegate which have not been recorded in the present work. Of the five repre- sentatives of one of these families, Nitidulidae, four occur in carrion and these 88 would not be expected to be found in the Palace garden. This also applies to the only Cripplegate clerid, Necrobia violacea; but not to Meligethes aeneus the remaining nitidulid, which occurs on blossom and is a very common and wide- spread species. Of the species here recorded Siagonium quadricorne came as something of a surprise until it was realized that it had been taken from Hampstead Heath and from Epping Forest (Buck, 1955). This staphylinid is confined to elm, and rarely holly, where it occurs subcortically and may well occur in most of the London parks but is perhaps not found because when parts of the elms fall, or when the elms themselves are felled, they are cleared away without delay. It is of some interest to note Lathridius bifasciatus occurring commonly in compost heaps. A recent introduction from the antipodes, this species was first recorded in Great Britain by Allen (1951) from Esher Common, Surrey, and has now become widespread in the south of England in such varied habitats as salt marsh and woodland. Three examples of Dermestes haemorrhoidalis were taken in the mercury vapour light-trap. This is an introduced species which until Bezant (1963) drew attention to it was hitherto recorded as D. peruvianus La Porte, another introduction which it closely resembles. The species has been recorded from Kings Cross and Canon- bury by Buck (1963) and by Bezant (/oc. cit.) from Whitehall, Central London and the Tower of London. He also says that in the case of the Central London occur- rence there were indications that the insects might be breeding in pigeons’ nests and the droppings on the outside of buildings. The species is therefore not quite so unexpected in the Palace grounds as might at first be thought. By far the most interesting of our captures is Longitarsus waterhousei, which is normally taken on Mentha aquatica, and perhaps might not have been dis- covered here had not Gardner (1963) discovered the species on cultivated mint in north Hants and optimistically swept the mint in the Palace grounds. The two commonest species in the grounds appear to be Prerostichus madidus and Calathus fuscipes. These beneficial species have at times occurred in larger numbers than has been noted anywhere for a very long time. Aquatic Coleoptera are very poorly represented, by only two species, one of which was taken in the mercury vapour light-trap and subsequently recorded from the lake. The families most strongly represented are the Staphylinidae with 27 species and the Carabidae with 14 species. These being amongst the largest families in the British list can reasonably be expected to provide a large proportion of the recorded species; but two large families poorly represented are Chrysomelidae with four species, and Curculionidae with two species. This could be accounted for by the management of the garden; the Carabidae and Staphylinidae are beneficial insects and occur mainly in those situations where active measures are unlikely to be taken against them—in compost heaps, under stones, etc. The Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae however, are mainly either beetles which damage cultivated plants or occur in circumstances where sprays might be used to control them. Some families are completely unrepresented, and in general these are small families which excite no comment. However some, such as Scara- baeidae* and Cerambycidae, are larger and have not been recorded. The former have no pabulum and for the latter there are no trees in suitable condition, though one might expect the occasional example in the light-trap—some of the Scarabaeidae are strong fliers and regular visitors to light. * Since this was written a single example of Aphodius rufipes has been taken from the mercury vapour light trap. 89 Our grateful thanks are due to the following specialists who have been kind enough to determine some of the critical species. E. T. Bezant (Dermestes), H. R. Last (Aleocharini), J. L. Henderson (Haliplus) and G. E. Woodroffe (Cryptophagus). The nomenclature is that of Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D. (1945), except for the Carabidae and Staphylinidae where the later nomenclature of Moore (1957) and Tottenham (1949) are followed respectively. The month of capture is indicated by roman numerals at the end of each entry. CARABIDAE Nebria brevicollis (F.), several found in stacked turves, vi, xi. Notiophilus biguttatus (F.), a single example found running on footpath, vi. Asaphidion flavipes (L.), one on mud by lakeside, vi; another in humus at base of leaning willow near flamingo hut, xi. Bembidion tetracolum Say, by lakeside, x. Harpalus affinis (Schrank), one example, viii. Anisodactylus nemorivagus (Dufts.), one example, viii. Bradycellus harpalinus (Serv.), in compost heap, vi. B. verbasci (Duft.), viii. Amara aenea (Deg.), Vii. Amara aulica (Panz.), at mercury vapour light-trap, viii. Pterostichus madidus (F.), under shrubs and in large numbers in compost heap, both the black and red legged forms being present, vi, vii, xi. Platyderus ruficollis (Marsh.), under logs, vy, (O. W. Richards). Calathus fuscipes (Goeze), in large numbers under turves and in compost heaps, V, Vi, Vii, xi. Agonum ruficorne (Goeze), under stones by lakeside and on cascade, vi, vii. A. dorsale (Pont.), in turves and in compost heap, vi. HALIPLIDAE Haliplus immaculatus Gerh., two under iris roots in lake, vi. DyTISCIDAE Ilybius fuliginosus (F.), in mercury vapour trap and adult from lake, vii. HyYDROPHILIDAE Helophorus granularis (L.), several at mercury vapour light, vi. Cercyon melanocephalus (L.), in duck’s nest, vii. C. quisquilius (L.), at mercury light, vii. C. analis (Payk.) (flavipes (Thunb.)), in vegetable refuse and in litter by the lake, Vie Xe Megasternum obscurum (Marsh.), common in compost, vi. Anacaena globulus (Payk.), in cut grass against fence bordering lake, xi. SILPHIDAE Sciodrepa watsoni (Spence), male and female in old nest of duck containing addled and broken eggs, vii. PTILIIDAE Acrotrichis atomaria (Deg.), in compost, vegetable litter and old nest of duck, vii. 90 STAPHYLINIDAE Siagonium quadricorne Kirby & Spence, common under bark of felled elm and holly boughs, vi. Oxytelus tetracarinatus (Block), in vegetable litter by lakeside, vi. O. rugosus (F.), in vegetable refuse and compost, x. O. complanatus Er., in vegetable litter, vi. Stenus brunnipes Steph., one swept by lake, vii. Xantholinus linearis (Ol.), common in compost heap, vi. Ocypus olens (Mill.), in turves, vi, viil. Quedius molochinus (Grav.), in turves, vi. Q. semiobscurus (Marsh.), in vegetable litter, x. Q. semiaeneus (Steph.), in vegetable litter and in turves, vi. Q. laevicollis (Brullé), in turves, vi. Habrocerus capillaricornis (Gray.), in compost, x. Tachyporus chrysomelinus (L.), swept, vi; and in humus below rocks by cascade, xd T. pallidus (Sahlb.), in old nest of duck containing addled and broken eggs, vi. T. hypnorum (F.), in compost heap and in vegetable litter, x; in grass on large shelf of rock, xi. T. formosus Matthews, in compost, vi. Atheta (s.gen. Philhygra) hygrotopora (Kraatz), in compost, vi. . (s.gen. Tetropla) crassicornis (F.), in compost, vii, x. . (s.gen. Datomicra) zosterae (Thom.), in compost, x. (s.gen. Datomicra) sordidula (Er.), in vegetable litter, vi. (s.gen. Datomicra) arenicola Thom., in vegetable litter, vi. (s.gen. Chaetida) longicornis (Grav.), in compost, x. (s.gen. Acrotona) aterrima (Grav.), in compost, vi, xi. . (s.gen. Acrotona) laticollis (Steph.), in compost, vi, Vii, xi. . (s.gen. Acrotona) pygmaea (Gray.), in compost, vi, x. . (s.gen. Acrotona) fungi (Grav.), in vegetable litter and compost, x. . (s.gen. Acrotona) subsinuata (Er.), in vegetable litter, vi, vii. Bcf DS A Jos ee hats CANTHARIDAE Rhagonycha testacea (L.), sweeping, Vii. R. limbata Thom., sweeping, vii. R. fulva (Scop.), at mercury vapour light, viii. Malthodes marginatus (Lat.), one example at mercury vapour light, vi. DASYTIDAE Dasytes plumbeus (Mill.), a single example of this local species was swept off umbelliferae at lakeside, vii. ELATERIDAE Athous bicolor (Goeze), in mercury vapour light trap, vii. Dalopius marginatus (L.), at mercury vapour light, vi. DERMESTIDAE Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kist., at mercury vapour light, vi, viii. CRYPTOPHAGIDAE Cryptophagus acutangulus Gyll., in old nest of duck containing addled and broken eggs, vii. 91 C. angustus Gang]l., in compost heap, vii. C. setulosus Sturm., in compost heap, vii. Atomaria fuscata (Schoen.), in vegetable litter by lakeside, vii; in humus below rocks, xi. A. atricapilla Steph., common in compost, vi. A. bicolor Er., common in compost, vi. A. ruficornis (Marsh.), in vegetable litter by lakeside, vil. Ephistemus globulus (Payk.), in vegetable litter by lakeside, vi. LATHRIDIIDAE Lathridius nodifer Westw., common in compost and in humus, soil and grass in cracks of large rocks, also by sweeping, vil, x, xi. L. bifasciatus Reitter, common in compost heaps, vil, x. Enicmus minutus (L.), common in compost, vi. E. histrio Joy, in compost, vii. Corticarina gibbosa (Herbst), in vegetable litter and in compost, x. MyYcCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea stercorea (L.), common in compost, vi. COCCINELLIDAE (Ladybirds) Coccidula rufa (Herbst), in dry litter, vi. Adalia bipunctata (L.), fairly common, beating and sweeping, v, vi, Vii, vill. Coccinella septempunctata L., beaten from elm, Vi. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), swept and on plants, vi, vii, ix. CiDAE Cis boleti (Scop.), under elm bark, vi. SALPINGIDAE Rhinosimus planirostris (F.), in dry litter, vi. ANTHICIDAE Anthicus floralis (L.), in dry litter, vi. SCRAPTIIDAE Anaspis regimbarti Schil., sweeping, vi. TENEBRIONIDAE Blaps mucronata Lat., in potting shed, vii, sometimes reputed to be common. SCARABAEIDAE Melolontha melolontha (L.), one example, vi. CHRYSOMELIDAE Phyllodecta vitellinae (L.), on willow, vi. Longitarsus rubiginosus (Foud.), swept off convolvulus by lakeside, vi. L. waterhousei Kuts., swept from cultivated mint in yard garden, x. Chalcoides plutus (Lat.), on willow, vi. 92 CURCULIONIDAE Otiorrhynchus singularis (L.), in dung heap under the thermometer, xi; and at mercury vapour light-trap, iv. Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F.), in mercury vapour light-trap, vi. STREPSIPTERA None collected. HYMENOPTERA Mostly collected by O. W. Richards and identified by him unless otherwise indicated. The members of this group have not been at all fully collected in the garden. Some of them can only be collected at the right time of the year and in suitable weather. Others are most easily obtained by breeding them from the hosts on which they lay their eggs. A considerable number of species cannot yet be identified, at least in one sex, and there are a number of unidentified specimens from the garden. TENTHREDINIDAE (Sawflies) Fenusa dohrnii (TVischb.), mines in leaves of Alnus glutinosa (K. A. Spencer). Heterarthrus vagans (Fall.), mines in leaves of Alnus glutinosa (K. A. Spencer). Pontania proxima (Lep.), galls on Salix x blanda, vi. Nematus coeruleocarpus Htg., larva on Salix, x, (det. R. B. Benson). GASTERUPTIIDAE Gasteruption jaculator (L.), females, vi, viii; one on a brick wall where it was probably searching for bees’ (Osmia) nests. Osmia has not been recorded but is surely there. BRACONIDAE Rogas circumscriptus Nees, common at light, v to x; a parasite of various Lepi- doptera. Apanteles dilectus (Hal.) (det. G. E. Nixon), bred from a larva of probably Gracillaria syringella (J. D. Bradley). A male of another undetermined species was bred from the same host. A. vitripennis (Curt.) (det. G. E. Nixon), at light, vii. Blacus ruficornis (Nees), at light, ix; probably parasite of lathridiid beetles. Alysia manducator (Panz.), a parasite of carrion flies, vi. Phaenocarpa ruficeps (Nees), parasite of Diptera, iv. Dacnusa nydia Nixon, bred from Agromyza nigripes (K. A. Spencer). ICHNEUMONIDAE (det. J. F. Perkins unless otherwise stated) Amblyteles armatorius (Forst.), a parasite of Lepidoptera, viii. Charitopus ? clausus (Thoms.), on tree trunk, vi. Gnypetomorpha gracilis (Thoms.), swept, Vii. Stilpnus tenebricosus Grav., a parasite of Diptera, swept, vii. Mesoleius segmentator Holmg., female seen ovipositing in larva of Nematus coeruleocarpus on Salix, 9.x (J. D. Bradley). Hypsicera sp., female (related to H. femoralis Grav.), on leaves, vi. Probably an introduced species, parasitic on some domestic or stable-living moth. Picrostigeus recticauda Thoms., iv. 93 Diplazon tetragonus (Thunb.) (det. O. W. Richards), a parasite of syrphid flies, vi. Promethes sulcator (Grav.), in long grass, a parasite of syrphid flies, ix. Mesochorus sp., an obligate hyperparasite, v. Ophion luteus (L.) (det. O. W. Richards & J. A. Clark), common at light, viii to x. Parabatus sp., ix. Netelia sp., ix. Cymodusa leucocera Grav., x. The last four are all parasites of Lepidoptera. Campoplex (Omorga) sp., three males bred from larvae probably of Gracillaria syringella, vii (J. D. Bradley & R. M. Mere). Horogenes sp., Vi. TORYMIDAE Torymus auratus (Fourc.) (det. R. D. Eady), parasite of various oak gall insects. ENCYRTIDAE Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.), probably this species had emerged from parasitized specimens of Eulecanium tiliae (L.) (K. Boratynski). PTEROMALIDAE Asaphes vulgaris Walker, on hawthorn, a parasite of aphids, ix. EULOPHIDAE Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalm.) (det. R. D. Eady), associated with Aspidiotus hederae on greenhouse palms (V. F. Eastop). Aphytis diaspidis (Howard), probably this species had emerged from parasitized specimens of Chionaspis salicis (L.) (K. Boratynski). PROCTOTRUPIDAE Phaenoserphus viator (Hal.), by pond, parasite of Nebria larvae, ix. Exallonyx sp. males at light, vii. DRYINIDAE Aphelopus melaleucus (Dalm.), iv; and on hawthorn, ix; a parasite of typhlocy- bines. FORMICIDAE (ants) Myrmica laevinodis Nyl. (det. G. E. J. Nixon), collected by V. F. Eastop. Lasius niger (L.), the common black ant; fairly common. L. umbratus Ny1., one winged female, viii. VESPIDAE (Wasps) Vespula vulgaris (L.), workers, vi to ix. SPHECIDAE (Sand wasps) Crossocerus elongatulus (V.d.Lind), males common on the stone wall of the bridge, probably sleeping in cracks, vi. APIDAE Bombus lucorum (L.), one of the commonest humblebees, v. SIPHONAPTERA (Fleas) None collected. G 94 DIPTERA (Flies) This very large group is also very imperfectly known from the Palace garden and a great deal more collecting would be required to get a complete list. The specimens were mostly collected by O. W. Richards and also determined by him, unless otherwise stated. The Diptera caught at light were handed over by the lepidopterists and the Agromyzidae were dealt with by K. A. Spencer. TIPULIDAE (Daddy long-legs) Tipula marmorata Meig., x. T. oleracea L., iv, x. T. cava Riedel (det. R. L. Coe), at light, vii. Nephrotoma flavipalpis (Meig.), Vv, Vi. Limonia chorea (Meig.) (det. Paul Freeman), iv, ix. L. mitis (Meig.) var. lutea Meig. (det. Paul Freeman), ix. L. maculata (Meig.), v. Erioptera pilipes (F.) (det. Paul Freeman), viii. TRICHOCERIDAE (Winter gnats) Trichocera annulata Meig., x. ANISOPODIDAE Anisopus punctatus (F.), Vv, X. CULICIDAE (Mosquitoes) The three species noted below were found by Edwards (1926) breeding in tree holes in all the central parks, including the Palace garden. Anopheles plumbeus Steph. Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis (Rondani). Aedes geniculatus (Ol.). CHIRONOMIDAE (Midges) All determined by Paul Freeman and, unless otherwise stated, obtained from the light-trap. Larvae are moderately common in the lake but it is not possible in many cases to associate them with particular species of adult. Some of the adults may well have flown in from outside. Those sitting on leaves by the lake doubtless had been bred in it. Procladius choreus (Meig.), iv, v, Vii. P. rufovittatus (Van der Wulp), vii. Chironomus tentans F., v. C. plumosus L., ix. C. monochromus Van der Wulp, on leaves by lake, v. C. supplicans Meig., x. C. nubeculosus Meig., vi, ix. Tanytarsus laetipes (Zett.), on leaves by lake, v. T. junci (Meig.), on leaves by lake, v. CERATOPOGONIDAE (Biting midges) Culicoides punctatus (Meig.) (det. Paul Freeman), vii, sometimes an annoying biter. Breeds in all probability in wet earth round the lake. Sphaeromias pictus (Meig.), at light, vii; the female is predacious on small flies. 95 SCATOPSIDAE Scatopse notata (L.), x. MYCETOPHILIDAE (Fungus gnats) Mycetophila fungorum (Deg.), x. TABANIDAE (Horse flies) Haematopota pluvialis (L.), vi. Breeds in damp ground and probably would be able to do so by the lake. EMPIDIDAE Platypalpus longicornis (Meig.), in long grass, ix. P. extricatus (Collin), by lake, v. Hilara flavipes Meig., by lake, ix. Empis praevia Collin, by lake, v. Hemerodromia raptoria Meig., by lake, v. DOLICHOPODIDAE The first two species are found on tree trunks where they catch small insects and probably breed under bark. The other two probably breed in damp earth. Medeterus jaculus (Fall.), viii. M. truncorum Meig., viii. Syntormon pallipes (F.), by lake, ix. Sympycnus dessouteri Parent, by lake, ix. LONCHOPTERIDAE Lonchoptera lutea Panz., in long grass, 1x. PHORIDAE Phora aterrima (F.), one pair in cop., vi and a male, viii. PIPUNCULIDAE Chalarus spurius (Fall.), vi; this species which is a parasite of typhlocybids is known to be a mixture of several species but a revision is still awaited. SYRPHIDAE (Hover flies) The larvae of all the species mentioned below are predatory on aphids except for Eristalis which lives in contaminated water. Platycheirus albimanus (F.), v, X. P. clypeatus (Meig.), vii. Syrphus ribesii (L.), vii, 1X, X. S. balteatus (Deg.), 1x, X. S. auricollis Meig., var. maculicornis Zett., vil. Sphaerophoria rupellii Wied., v. Eristalis tenax (L.), x. PIOPHILIDAE Piophila vulgaris Fall., x. TRYPETIDAE Urophora cardui (L.), gall on Cirsium arvense, Viii. 96 CHAMAEMYIIDAE Leucopis puncticornis Meig., sitting beside black aphids (Aphis fabae) on dock by lake, vi. The larva is predatory on aphids. OPOMYZIDAE Opomyza germinationis (L.), in long grass, ix. The larva mines grass-stems. EPHYDRIDAE Notiphila cinerea Fall., by lake, vi. Hydrellia incana Stenh., by lake, ix. A. griseola (Fall.), commonly by lake, v, ix, and at light, vii. The larva mines the leaves of various grasses. Scatella stagnalis (Fall.), by lake, ix. Limnellia quadrata (Fall.), in long grass, ix. Parhydra coarctata (Fall.), by lake, ix. SPHAEROCERIDAE Leptocera limosa (Fall.), common by lake, ix. L. lutosoidea Duda., by lake, ix, not common. L. lutosa (Stenh.), by lake, vi, ix, very common. L. coxata (Stenh.), by lake, ix. L. humida (Hal.), by lake, ix. L. sylvatica (Meig.), in rubbish heap, v. DROSOPHILIDAE Drosophila disticha (Duda), in long grass, ix. D. graminum (Fall.), common in long grass, ix. AGROMYZIDAE Determined and, unless otherwise indicated, collected by K. A. Spencer. Sixteen species of this family have been recorded, mostly from the leaf-mines of their larvae. Nothing unusual was discovered and most of the species can be found in any London garden. Despite the large area of the garden, the constant attention of gardeners, the strictly limited patches of natural vegetation and virtual absence of substantial uncultivated patches of weeds has inevitably resulted in a smaller agromyzid fauna than might otherwise have been expected. Species such as Phytomyza ilicis on holly, Agromyza demeijeri and Phytomyza cytisi on Laburnum are found commonly throughout the south of England wherever their hosts occur. The grass feeders, Agromyza nigripes, Cerodontha denticornis and Poemyza pygmaea, probably just manage to survive round the lake. The main herbaceous border contains many possible host-plants but few species were found, a notable exception being Phytomyza aconiti on Delphinium. The species were collected on two visits made in September 1960 and August 1962; a few more were added by other workers. Agromyza demeijeri Hend., mines in Laburnum, viii, and one female, vi. A. nigripes Meig., mines in Glyceria maxima, Viii. A. alnibetulae Hend., mines in Betula, viii. Poemyza pygmaea (R.-D.), mines in Dactylis glomerata, viii. Liriomyza strigata (Meig.), mines in Sonchus oleraceus, ix. L. congesta (Becker), mines in Galega, ix. L. centaureae Hering, mines in Centaurea nemoralis, Viii. Phytomyza aconiti Hend., mines in Delphinium, viii. 97 P. affinis Fall., mines in Cirsium arvense, viii. P. anthrisci Hend., mines in Anthriscus sylvestris, ix. P. atricornis Meig., mines Senecio Doria (coll. D. McClintock), vi and in Sonchus oleraceus, ix. P. cytisi Hend., mines in Laburnum, viii. P. ilicis Curt., mines in Ilex, viii, and male by lake, v (O. W. Richards). P. lappina Gour., mines in Arctium lappa, viii. P. sphondylii R.-D., mines in Heracleum sphondylium, ix. Cerodontha denticornis (Panz.), in light trap, one female, vii. CHLOROPIDAE Oscinella frit (L.) (det. T. R. E. Southwood), at light, vii, apparently of the form that mines Anthoxanthum. Thaumatomyia notata (Meig.), at light, vii. CORDILURIDAE Scatophaga stercoraria (L.), the common Dung-fly, iv, ix, x. Trichopalpus fraternus (Meig.), by lake, ix; a local species. TACHINIDAE Lydina aenea Meig., at light, vii; a parasite of caterpillars. Phytomyptera nitidiventris Rondani, bred from Epinotia immundana (F.-R.), emerged vii (Bradley & Mere); bred from unidentified lepidopterous larva, vi, emerged, vii (R. Mere). CALLIPHORIDAE Calliphora vomitoria (L.), one of the common Bluebottle flies, x. Lucilia sericata (Meig.), vi, x. The Sheep blowfly; used to ‘blow’ sheep in Hyde Park but can also breed in carrion. MUSCIDAE Muscina stabulans (Fall.), vi. Polietes lardaria (F.), x Pegomyia nigritarsis (Zett.), eggs very probably of this species beneath leaves of Rumex hydrolapathum by lake, v. The larva makes blotches in the leaves. Hylemyia variata (Fall.), at light, vii. Delia trichodactyla (Rondani), at light, vii. Egle radicum (L.), x. Larva lives in roots of cruciferous crops or in decaying vegetable matter. REFERENCES Allen, A., 1951. Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. (Col., erica) an Australian beetle found wild in Britain, Ent. mon. Mag., 87 : 114-15. Anderson, N. H., 1962. Bionomics of six species ‘of Anthocoris (Heteroptera: Antho- coridae) in "England, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 114 : 67-95, 11 figs. Bezant, E. T., 1963. The occurrence of Dermestes peruvianus La Porte and Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kiister (Col., Dermestidae) in Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 99: Boratynski, K., 1961. A note on the species of Asterolecanium Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Asterolecaniidae) on oak in Britain. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 30 : 4-14. Buck, es “D.. 1952. Some Coleopterous records from Hampstead Heath, Ent. Gaz., 3 : 01 ——, 1935, an Bronisional list of the Coleoptera of Epping Forest, Ent. mon. Mag. 91: 98 , 1963. No ene Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962 : 12. China, W. E., 1951. Placotettix taeniatifrons Kirschbaum Gee Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) new to Britain., Ent. mon. Mag., 87 : 61-2, Edwards, F. W., 1926. Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis Rnd. in the then district. Entomologist, GL 213: Freeman, J. A., 1945. Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. The pores population of the air from ground level to 300 feet. J. Anim. Ecol., 14 : 128-254. Gardner, A. E., 1963. No title. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962 : 23. Glick, P. A., 1939. The distribution of insects, spiders and mites in the air. U.S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull. No. 673 : 150 pp. —, 1960. Collecting insects by airplane with special reference to dispersal of the potato leafhopper. Ibid., No. 1222 : 16 pp. Groves, E. W., 1959. Some entomological records from the Cripplegate bombed sites, City of London. Lond. Nat., 38 (1958) : 25-9. Hardy, A. C. and Milne, P. S., 1938. Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. Experiments in tow-netting from kites. J. Anim. Ecol., 7 : 199-299. Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1945. A check list of British insects. Stockport. Lewis, T., 1961. Records of Thysanoptera at Silwood Park with notes on their biology. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 36A : 89-95. Moore, B. P., 1957. The British Carabidae (Coleoptera), Part I: A check list of the species. Ent. Gaz., 8 : 129-3 mea ee G. D., 1947-9. Paneend others of the London area. Lond. Nat., reprint No. 59 : 131 p —, 1958, Additions to the wild fauna and fiora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: xii. The Thysanoptera of the Gardens. Kew Bull., 1958 (2) : 295-301. Payne, R. M., 1958. The distribution of Sept and allied insects in the London area. Lond. Nat., 37 (1957) : 102-15. Satchell, J. E. and Southwood, Tae E., 1963. The Heteropjera of some woodlands in the English Lake district. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 15 : 117-34. Southwood, T. R. E., 1960. The flight activity of Heteraprerts Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 10 DIRS 173-220, 3 figs. ——,, 1962. pierce of terrestrial arthopods in relation to habitat. B. M. Rev., 37 ; 171-214 Tottenham, C E., 1949. Staphylinidae. Generic names of British insects, 1 (9) : 348-400. 99 THE LAKE By J. H. Evans, BARBARA M. GILCHRIST and J. GREEN The main object in studying the lake in the Palace garden was to list the species present and, where possible, to compare the lake with other similar bodies of water in the London area. A list of algae occurring in the lake has been compiled by Dr. J. H. Evans and the fauna (excluding birds) by Dr. Gilchrist and Dr. Green. A short account of the history of the lake, together with information on its size and shape, is given elsewhere (pp. 4 & 5-12). Water analyses were made in June 1961 and 1963 and the results are combined in the table below. Data for Regent’s Park Lake in July 1961 are included for comparison. A measure of the total ions was obtained by testing the conductivity of the water with a “Dionic’ water tester. Other analyses were made using the methods described by Mackereth (1963). Regent’s Palace Park lake lake Conductivity at 20°C in reciprocal megohms/cm 1100 1400 pH Bic re 78 8-4 Total hardness a as : CaCO; mgt 1 Pt ye 336 820 Calcium ions mg/1 at §! 4 117 248 Magnesium ions mg/1 .. a Ae i 11 48 Phosphate as P mg/l .. A * te < 0-02 0-3 Nitrate as N mg/1 ae be aG + < 0-10 Silicate as SiO, mg/1 2 These data indicate that the water of the Palace lake is hard, with a high carbon- ate, calcium and magnesium content, but it is not as hard as that of Regent’s Park lake. The phosphate, nitrate and silicate content of the Palace lake water is low and the nitrate may be at a level limiting the growth of many algal species. The algal flora of the Palace lake The work was not begun until the end of May 1963 and it was possible to make only four brief visits to collect samples so that the observations made can only be considered as giving a slight indication of the algal flora. No attempt has been made to deal with samples quantitatively except to note where certain species were especially abundant or, on the other hand, very scarce. All samples were collected at or near the lake margin, most of them in 250 ml polythene bottles. Parts of macrophytic plants as well as bottom debris were included in the samples. At each visit, net plankton samples were taken by sweeping a fine mesh net, mounted on a six-foot pole, across the water surface. In all, five main sampling stations were worked as follows: (1) about 30 metres from the cascade on the south edge of the lake (2) north-west corner of the lake near the cascade (3) north edge of the lake about 100 metres from the cascade (4) east edge of the lake at the steps (5) south-east edge of the lake Samples were taken from each of these stations at each of four visits: at the end of May, end of June, end of July and in mid-September. Samples were taken 100 irregularly elsewhere, including rock surfaces of the cascade which are designated as (2A). It has not been possible to identify all the species encountered with any degree of certainty and the following can only be presented as a preliminary list. The order followed is broadly that of Fritsch (1935, 1945) and West and Fritsch (1927), modified to bring it more closely into line with modern algal classifica- tion. Stations are indicated numerically and the suffix “N’ indicates a net collec- tion. CHLOROPHYTA VOLVOCALES Chlamydomonas sp. This flagellate was found only once, and then in very small numbers, in the May sample, 4N. The cells were small, not more than 15 yu in diameter, and may tentatively be referred to C. debaryana Gorosch. Coccomonas orbicularis Stein. Occurrence as for Chlamydomonas. Phacotus lenticularis Stein. Low density but widespread populations occurred in June (1N, 3, 5) followed by one occurrence (4N) in July. Pandorina morum (Mull.) Bory. One sample only (4N) at the end of May. CHLOROCOCCALES Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. Coenobia present in very small numbers in May (4N), June (IN, 5) and July (2, 5). Botryococcus braunii Kutz. A few small colonies were found in the September samples (IN, 5N). The genus Botryococcus used to be placed in the Xantho- phyceae (see West and Fritsch, 1927) but Belcher and Fogg (1955) showed that it should be included in the Chlorophyta. Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchn.) W. and G. S. West. A sparse population was found in July. C. rectangularis (Naeg.) Gay. This species, with smaller cells and more irregular coenobia than C. tetrapedia, was also found only once, in May (4N). Scenedesmus spp. Coenobia of this taxonomically difficult genus were found in almost every sample. The majority of them could be referred to S. quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. and in one sample, July (1N), they occurred in high concentra- tion. Coelastrum microporum Naeg. A few coenobia were found in only one sample— May (4N). CHAETOPHORALES Aphanochaete repens A. Br. Small plants, almost entirely without hairs, were found growing epiphytically on Rhizoclonium filaments in May (1). CLADOPHORALES Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum Kutz. Dense masses of this mainly unbranched filamentous alga occurred widely over the floor of the lake, at the edges at least, during the sampling period. It was especially abundant at the cascade end. Cladophora fracta Kutz. Sparsely branching filaments of this alga occurred intermingled with Rhizoclonium from which it may be distinguished by the greater width of the main filaments. OEDOGONIALES Oedogonium sp. A species of Oedogonium, unidentifiable without the oospores, 101 occurred initially near the steps (May, 4, 4N) then at stations 3 and 5 in June, 1 and 3 in July, and 3 and 5N in September. This suggests a spread outwards from the north-east side during the observation period. CONJUGALES Mougeotia ‘A’. Vegetative filaments, 20 broad, occurred sparsely in net samples in September (1N, SN). Mougeotia ‘B’. A few narrower, vegetative filaments, about 6 ~ in width, were found in only one sample (5) in September. This form may tentatively be referred to M. parvula Hass. Spirogyra sp. Rather broad filaments (160-180 2) of relatively short cells (up to 200 2 long) were found in small localized masses in one sample (1) in June and in two samples (1, 5N) in September. Conjugation was not observed nor zygospores found. Cosmarium granatum var. subgranatum Nordst. A few cells of this ubiquitous variety were present in June (5). The undulations of the cell wall were less marked than is usual. C. 2 ocellatum Eichler & Gutw. This rather uncommon desmid was represented by a few cells in May (2A) and June (5). The scrobiculations were not as evident as in the description (see West and West, 1905) hence the uncertainty in the identification. C. undulatum var. minutum Wittr. Many cells, the largest of which exceeded the dimensions of the variety (34 x 31 ~ compared with a range of 21-28 x 18-21 yw), occurred on the rock surfaces of the cascade intermingled with filaments of Vaucheria and Oscillatoria. Closterium acerosum var. elongatum Breb. Cells of this variety, mixed with other members of the genus, occurred in considerable numbers in July (AN, 2) and were also found in September (4N, 5N). C. ehrenbergii Menegh. A few cells occurred in July (4N), and September (SN). XANTHOPHYTA Tribonema viride Pasch. Sparse filaments were found in samples taken in Septem- ber only (3, SN). Vaucheria sp. Vegetative filaments only were found on the rocks of the cascade. Identification is impossible without the reproductive stages but the size range of the filaments, and their habitat suggested that they should be referred to V. sessilis (Vauch.) DC. BACILLARIOPHYTA Melosira varians Ag. This filamentous, centric diatom was represented by a few filaments in two samples in July (1N, 2). The following pennate diatoms occurred in small numbers at the stations indicated: Diatoma vulgare Bory, May (1). Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehrenb., May (4), July (2), September (5, 5N). Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb., June (1). Navicula ?cryptocephala Kutz., May (4N). Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch.) Ehrenb., July (2). P. subcapitata Greg., May (4N). Frustulia rhomboides (Ehrenb.) de Toni, September (3). Gyrosigma ? attenuatum (Kutz.) Raben., July (2). 102 Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenb., May (1). Cymbella lanceolatum Ehrenb., September (1, 3). Amphora ovalis Kutz., May (4N), July (1N). Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith—agg., June (5), July (2). Cymatopleura solea (Breb.) W. Smith, May (4N). Two species, below, were present in much higher concentrations: Achnanthes sp., May (4), July (2, 3), September (3). Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kutz.) Grun., in association with Cladophora filaments in May. CRYPTOPHYTA Cryptomonas ?ovata Ehrenb. A few cells occurred in a sample in September (1). EUGLENOPHYTA Euglena ?deses Ehrenb. Cells were found in May (4N), June (1N) and July (2). E. viridis Ehrenb. A few cells were found, at only one station (4N) in May and September. Phacus pleuronectes (O.F.M.) Duj. Very small populations occurred in June (5), July (4N, 5) and September (4N). CYANOPHYTA Chamaesiphon incrustans Grun. (= Entophysalis lemaniae f. lemaniae Dr. & Daily). Plants were present, although never densely, on Rhizoclonium filaments throughout the period of the observations. Oscillatoria ?subproboscideae W. & G.S. West. Filaments which are tentatively referred to this species occurred intermingled with Phormidium on the rock surfaces of the cascade. A previous record is from standing water from Antarc- tica. The specimens might possibly be regarded as belonging to a physiological variety of the species. Phormidium ambiguum Gom. Widespread sheets of this alga occurred on the flat rock ledges of the cascade. In the dry condition they were dull black but when wetted became the characteristic dark olive-green colour. An analysis of certain elements of the algal flora by Nygaard’s method (Nygaard, 1949) resulted in a compound quotient of 2-2 (42) which indicates a slightly eutrophic lake of the mixotrophic phase. The low concentrations of most of the algal species might be attributed to one or more of the following three factors: (1) a nutrient limitation—possibly nitrate (2) low general nutrient status (3) high concentration of animals grazing on the algae. A further possibility is that the high density of Cladophorales present resulted in nutrient depletion. Only a long-term and detailed investigation could begin to provide any real answers to the problem. The fauna of the Palace lake (excluding birds) We have compiled a list of the invertebrates present in the lake and compared some of these with the variety of species found in two other bodies of water in the London area, namely, the boating lake in Regent’s Park and the Long Water at Hampton Court. We have had these two habitats under observation 103 for a number of years. In many ways the Palace lake may be regarded as inter- mediate between the other two. Regent’s Park lake has concrete banks, support- ing only a modest growth of algae, while the Long Water has a rich and varied vegetation along its banks and extensive areas of water lilies. The banks of the Palace lake have a rich vegetation in some places but in others, where the lawns reach to the water’s edge, they are more or less bare. Below the lawns the margins of the lake are of gravel with a few stones and in the deeper water there are a few small areas of water lily. Animals were collected from the margins of the lake with hand nets and by picking up and scraping stones. Samples of plankton were taken from the small wooden bridge connecting the two islands. A few small fish have been taken while collecting from the margins of the lake and the gut contents of some of these have been examined. Many larger fish are present in the lake but only roach and perch have as yet been identified. A detailed fauna list is given later but several items require some comment. PROTOZOA We made no attempt to examine all the free-living Protozoa; those recorded in the list are mainly associated with other animals in the lake. PLATYHELMINTHES The turbellarians listed are characteristic of eutrophic waters (Reynoldson, 1958). In addition to the free-living Platyhelminthes, a cysticercus larva of a tapeworm was found in the body cavity of the worm Lumbriculus variegatus. This worm is known to be the intermediate host of several tapeworms which live as adults in ducks and other water birds (Joyeux & Baer, 1936). Larval stages of a tapeworm were also found in the gut of gudgeon, Gobio gobio. MOLLUSCA We found very few molluscs, but of these Potamopyrgus jenkinsi is of particular interest since it is a recent immigrant into freshwater. It was first recorded in brackish water in Britain in 1883 and has invaded freshwater since that time. The first record of P. jenkinsi in freshwater in Britain was in 1893 which is at least 60 years after the present Palace lake was constructed. This small snail is most frequently found in flowing water and more rarely in closed ponds. It is usually assumed that it is transported from one locality to another on the feet, feathers or even in the gut of water birds (Bondesen & Kaiser, 1949). CRUSTACEA Until the Spring of 1963 the genus Daphnia was represented in the Palace lake by two species, D. hyalina and D. ambigua. The latter is of interest because although now known to be common in North America, it was not recognized there until after it had been described from Kew Gardens in 1946 (Scourfield, 1947). The only other known localities in Britain are all in the London area and are all artificial habitats. In 1947 it was found in Regent’s Park lake (Fox, 1948), and in 1960 it was abundant in the Serpentine, Hyde Park (Fox, 1960). This same year we first found the species in the Palace lake and in 1962 we recorded it from the Long Water at Hampton Court. The original introduction of this species into Britain was probably made by means of resting eggs attached to aquatic plants. Until 1961 the water for the Palace lake came from an artesian well on Duck Island in St. James’s Park via the Serpentine; D. ambigua may well have been introduced to the Palace lake in this water supply. 104 When we visited the Palace lake in June 1963 another species of Daphnia had appeared; this was the large D. magna, which does not usually survive in the presence of fish. This may be a temporary import to the lake, brought in with the flamingoes. These birds originally overwintered in the gardens of the Zoological Society and D. magna is often very abundant in the flamingo pond at the London Zoo. Crangonyx pseudogracilis is an amphipod crustacean which was first recorded in Britain by Crawford in 1937, who announced the finding of several specimens in the culverts below the filter beds of the Lea Bridge works of the Metro- politan Water Board. A single specimen was reported earlier from drinking water at Hackney, but this was not recorded at the time. The water supply may well have been the means by which this species became established in the Palace lake. This amphipod is also common in the Long Water at Hampton Court and in several smaller ponds in the London area. INSECTA There is a singular lack of aquatic beetles and dragon fly nymphs in the Palace lake and the aquatic Hemiptera are also poorly represented. Only two species of caddis larvae were found but, as will be seen from the fauna list on page 87, many more adults were taken at the mercury vapour light. No attempt was made to identify chironomid larvae, but many adults were collected in the Palace garden and are listed elsewhere. It is likely that these species breed in the lake. PISCES A number of small gudgeon (Gobio gobio) was collected in January 1964 and the gut contents of ten of these were examined. The fish ranged in size from 25 to 37 mm long, and the gut of one was completely empty; the food of the remaining nine fish is listed below. No. of fish eating Total particular % food Food organisms number — organism consumed chydorids be as eM I. 120 9 7 Cypria ophthalmica .. ab i 25 1 15 chironomid larvae .. ine 3% 6 5 4 Crangonyx pseudogracilis 4 3 2 copepods : 5 3 3 Daphnia hyalina Ke os 1 1 < it rotifers $3 ee nie aa 6 2 4 small gastropod mollusc 1 1 GA larval tapeworms 2 1 1 The most abundant chydorid eaten was Chydorus sphaericus but a few Pleuroxus were identified and single specimens of Alonella and Alona. Of the six rotifers eaten by the fish, four were unidentifiable and the remaining two were different species of Notholca, namely, N. squamula and N. acuminata. We have not found these two rotifers in our general collections. The following table gives some comparative information on the representation of certain groups of animals in the Palace lake, Regent’s Park lake and the Long Water at Hampton Court. We have only included those groups which have been examined with reasonable thoroughness in all three bodies of water. 105 Numbers of species found Regent’s Palace Long Park lake lake Water Gastropoda .. a Ae * 0 4 12 Hemiptera Heteropter. a6 x 0 4 7 Cladocera .. is a Bc 14 18 34 Copepoda .. ais ae ae 6 5 8 Hirudinea.. ne ate ie 1 2 8 In these groups of animals the Palace lake is generally richer in species than Regent’s Park lake but by no means as rich as the Long Water at Hampton Court. This relative paucity of some species in Regent’s Park lake may be related to the absence of marginal or emergent vegetation, together with the high population density of water birds. The Palace lake has a richer vegetation and a lower density of water birds than Regent’s Park lake but a less rich and varied vegetation and a higher population density of water birds than the Long Water at Hampton Court. PROTOZOA Colacium yvesiculosum Ehrenberg, a green flagellate which attaches itself to Cladocera and copepods by means of a gelatinous stalk; also has a motile stage which can swim from one host to another. Codonosiga umbellata Tatem, a minute choanoflagellate attached to the green alga Cladophora. Kerona polyporum Ehrenberg, a ciliate living on the surface of Hydra, was particularly abundant in November. Mesnilella clavata Leidy, a ciliate without a mouth, living in the gut of Lum- briculus variegatus. Stentor coeruleus Ehrenberg, free living. S. roeseli Ehrenberg, free living. Coleps sp., free living. Trichodina steini Claparede & Lachmann, a peritrichous ciliate living on the surface of the flatworm Dugesia lugubris. T. pediculus Ehrenberg, lives on the surface of Hydra. Scyphidia hirudineorum Nenninger, a peritrich which attaches to the skin of the leech Helobdella stagnalis. Pyxidium aselli Penard, attaches to the legs of Asellus aquaticus. Epistylis helenae Green, attaches to Simocephalus vetulus and other Cladocera. Rhabdostyla conipes Kahl, found on the antennae of Daphnia hyalina. R. inclinans (O. F. Miiller), attached to the oligochaete Nais barbata. R. pyriformis Perty, found on Daphnia hyalina. Intranstylum asellicola Kahl, attached to the legs of Asellus aquaticus. Vorticella octava Stokes, found attached to Daphnia hyalina. V. octayva var asellicola Stiller, attached to the telson of Asellus aquaticus. V. campanula Ehrenberg, attached to the green alga Cladophora. V. similis Stokes, attached to Cladophora. Carchesium aselli Engelman, on the sides of the thorax of Asellus aquaticus. Amoebidium parasiticum Cienkowsky, a peculiar sporozoan which looks like a fungus and attaches itself to the surface of various Cladocera. Lagenophrys wallengreni Abonyi, on the ostracod Cypria ophthalmica. Cothurnia imberbis Ehrenberg, on Cladophora. 106 COELENTERATA Hydra attenuata Pallas. PLATYHELMINTHES Dugesia lugubris (O. Schmidt). Dendrocoelum lacteum (O. F. Miiller). Polycelis tenuis (Ijima). P. nigra (O. F. Miller). Polycystis goettei Bresslau. ROTIFERA Most of the species in this list are free living and planktonic Asplanchna priodonta Gosse. Brachionus angularis Gosse. B. calycifiorus Pallas. B. leydigii var. tridentatus (Sernov). Colurella uncinata (O. F. Miller). Collotheca ornata var. cornuta (Dobie). Keratella quadrata (O. F. Miller). K. cochlearis var. tecta (Gosse). Polyarthra dolichoptera \delson. Proales daphnicola (Thompson), this species attaches itself to Daphnia, and sticks its eggs on the carapace of its host. Ptygura crystallinus (Ehrenberg). Rotaria magna-calcarata Parsons. R. neptunia (Ehrenberg). Testudinella patina (Hermann). Notholca acuminata (Ehrenberg). N. squamula (O. F. Miiller) both species of Notholca were found only in the gut of gudgeon. ANNELIDA The following oligochaetes were found: Lumbriculus variegatus (O. F. Miiller). Chaetogaster diaphanus (Gruithuisen), a predatory species, feeding mainly on small Cladocera. C. diastrophus (Gruithuisen), a smaller species, feeding mainly on diatoms and other algae. Stylaria lacustris (L.). Nais communis Piguet. N. barbata (O. F. Miiller). Pristina sp. Ophidonais serpentina (O. F. Miiller). Dero obtusa d’Udekem. Tubificid worms were also present in the mud; two species were identified by Mr. R. W. Sims: Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede. Tubifex tubifex (O. F. Miiller). Two species of leech were found: Helobdella stagnalis (L.). Theromyzon tessulatum (O. F. Miiller), parasitic on ducks. 107 MOLLUSCA Potamopyrgus jenkinsi Smith. Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Planorbis crista (L.). Planorbis sp.—only a single very small individual not identifiable to species but possibly a young P. corneus. HYDRACARINA Piona conglobata (Koch). Unionicola crassipes (O. F. Miller). Mideopsis orbicularis (O. F. Miiller). CRUSTACEA MALACOSTRACA Asellus aquaticus L. Crangonyx pseudogracilis Bousfield. CLADOCERA Daphnia magna Straus. D. ambigua Scourfield. D. hyalina Leydig. Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Miller). Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard. C. laticaudata P. E. Miiller. Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Miller). Ilyocryptus sordidus (Lieven), a mud dwelling cladoceran, unable to swim. I. agilis Kurz, an uncommon species, unusually abundant in this pond. Pleuroxus uncinatus Baird. P. aduncus (Jurine). Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Miiller). C. globosus Baird. Leydigia leydigi Schédler. L. acanthocercoides (Fischer). Alonella rostrata (Koch), this species is usually placed in the genus Rhynchotalona but Frey (1959) has recently shown that it should be placed in the genus Alonella. Alona affinis Leydig. A. rectangula Sars. COPEPODA Diaptomus gracilis Sars. Macrocyclops albidus (Surine). Cyclops vicinus Uljanin. Acanthocyclops vernalis americanus (Marsh). Nitocra hibernica (Brady). OsTRACODA Candona candida (O. F. Miiller). Cypria ophthalmica (Surine). Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miller). Herpetocypris reptans (Baird). 108 Potamocypris villosa (Jurine). Ilyocypris bradyi Sars. Limnocythere inopinata (Baird). BRANCHIURA Argulus foliaceus (L.), an ectoparasite on fish. INSECTA TRICHOPTERA Leptocerus sp., larva. Mystacides longicornis L., larva. EPHEMEROPTERA Cloeon dipterum (L.). Caenis horaria (L.). HEMIPTERA Notonecta sp., juvenile. Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber), an uncommon species. Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber), collected at mercury vapour light; not col- lected in lake. Sigara dorsalis (Leach). Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber). ODONATA Ischnura elegans (van der Lind.). COLEOPTERA Haliplus immaculatus Gerh. Ilybius fuliginosus (F.). PISCES CyPRINIDAE Leuciscus leuciscus (L.), dace. Numbers of small fish caught near margin of lake. Gobio gobio (L.), gudgeon. Small specimens caught among leaves on bottom of lake. Rutilus rutilus (L.), roach. Two taken by Mr. J. D. Bradley in the summer of 1964. PERCIDAE Perca fluviatilis (L.), perch. One taken by Mr. J. D. Bradley in the summer of 1964. REFERENCES Belcher, J. H. & Fogg, G. E., 1955. Biochemical evidence of the affinities of Botryococ- cus. New Phytol., 54 : 81-3. Bondesen, P. & Kaiser, E. W., 1949. Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) jenkinsi Smith in Denmark illustrated by its ecology. Oikos, 1 : 252-81. Crawford, G. I., 1937. An sepbipod: Leon ee gracilis (S. I. Smith) new to Britain. Nature, Lond., 139 : 327 Fox, H. M., 1948. Apus and a Rare Cladoceran i in Britain. Nature, Lond., 162 : 116. Fox, H. M., 1960. (personal communication). Frey, D. G., 1959. The taxonomic and phylogenetic SteniCAnGs ot the head pores of the Chydoridae (Cladocera). Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 44 : Fritsch, F. E., 1935 & 1945. The structure and reproduction of ue Pipa I & I. Cam- bridge University Press. 109 Joyeux, Ch. & Baer, a: G., 1936. Faune de France, 30, Cestodes, Lechevalier, Paris. Mackereth, F. J. H., 1963. Some methods of water analysis for limnologists. Fresh- water Biological Association Scientific Publication, No. 21. Nygaard, G., 1949. Hydrobiological studies on some Danish ponds and lakes, Part II. The quotient pp uiesis and some new or little known Phytoplankton organisms. Biol. Skr., 7: il Reynoldson, T. BS 1958. Triclads and lake typology in northern Britain—qualitative aspects. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol., 13 : 320-9. Scourfield, D. J., 1947. A short spined Daphnia presumably belonging to the ‘Lon- gispina’ Group. D. ambigua sp. n., J. Quekett Micr. Club, 2 : 127-31. West, G. S. & Fritsch, F. E., 1927. A treatise on the British freshwater algae. Cambridge University Press. West, W. & West, G. S., 1905. A monograph of the British Desmidiaceae, Il, Ray Society, London. 110 THE GARDEN AS A HABITAT By D. McCLINTOCK This final chapter is intended to co-ordinate some of our findings. It will be best grouped under the main factors affecting the natural history of the garden. Probably the most important is the polluted atmosphere of the centre of a large city, the accretion of sulphuric acid and tar, and their concomitant dele- terious effects. This makes the soil more acid with fewer organisms at work. There is consequently slower conversion of raw organic matter into humus and mineral salts, and less nutriment for plants. The tarry matter also coats leaves, on both sides, which restricts photosynthesis and other functions. This is a particular handicap to evergreens, whose foliage receives an ever-increasing accumulation of filth, unrelieved by a completely fresh set of leaves each spring. Moreover much more filth accumulates in winter, aided by fogs and greater moisture. Additionally, pollution, with suspended soot and other particles in the air, reduces the intensity and duration of sunlight and restricts growing time, short- ening the season both ends. Experience in the garden of which plants will, and which will not, stand pollution is in fact more favourable than has been generally recorded. This may be in part due to the fact that pollution is now almost exactly half what it used to be fifty years ago. To some extent this seems to be reflected in the incidence of melanism in the Lepidoptera which the survey has shown to be much lower than might be expected. Data on melanism in the Lepidoptera in the London area are too fragmentary to enable firm conclusions to be drawn, but do indicate that melanism may not have increased, at least appreciably, during the last fifty years, and that although it is strongly evident in certain species it is much less prevalent than in industrial areas. Hairy-leaved plants are, understandably, said to collect dirt more readily and clog more quickly. But hollyhocks and Mulleins are fine in the border, and Primroses flourish in the grass on the mounds. Conifers have had a particularly bad reputation in Central London, perhaps because the air is drier and their sunk stomata are less readily cleared out by rain. But in the garden none of the conifers receive any special watering. The Savins on the mound are well enough, and have been there for a long time. The yews seem not in the least unhappy. The cedars, Deodar and Mount Atlas, put in in the last few years are growing lustily, but, like the ‘evergreen’ Azaleas, drop all their leaves in most winters. This is an unusual occurence and an extreme example of the fact that evergreen leaves last less long in polluted conditions. The deciduous Swamp Cypress could not grow better. Recently Larches have been planted, which are also deciduous. Among evergreen shrubs, there are many hollies of considerable age, of several varieties, more than have been named in the list, and some old and happy specimens of Box. These do not receive any special treatment, nor do the ever- greens on the mound, such as Arbutus and Phillyrea, or elsewhere, such as Olearia or Aucuba. Indeed without this wealth of evergreens, the garden would be a thin sight in winter and much less sheltered and protected. The copious overhead watering of the beds counters considerably the clogging effect of pollution on the rhododendrons and camellias, as well as making good the low rainfall and the drought effects. The great trouble taken to keep the beds in ‘good heart’ also helps the plants resistance. Fresh earth and manure are constantly being brought in in quantity to reinvigorate the jaded soil. The border is limed and the rose beds may receive ground chalk to counter the acid soil. The 111 lawns are treated with a special fertilizer aimed particularly at encouraging the chamomile and consequently lime-free, for chamomile is naturally a plant of heath soils. The rhododendron, azalea and camellia beds naturally receive no lime at all. Very little spraying is done outside the greenhouses and great care is always taken to use no compounds which might have a dangerous effect. The centre of large cities tends to be warmer, sometimes 5° to 10°F more than corresponding areas of the country. This reduces somewhat the risk of frost damage, although in a winter such as that of 1962-3 the frost was intense and the temperature dropped to nearly 10°F, while the pond was frozen thick for over 80 days, killing very many fish. The temperature and rainfall are measured daily in the garden, but neither differs significantly from the rest of central London. That temperatures do not fall so low as elsewhere means also that dew point is less often reached, with a resultant extra dryness, despite the contribu- tion made by so many trees and other healthy plants transpiring moisture. This greater dryness is particularly inimical to plants which need a moister atmosphere, such as ferns and lichens. Some of the most interesting vegetation, including mosses, is in the longer grass by the lake, where moisture can remain trapped for longer. The vigorous activities of the gardeners have many effects. These activities have been increasingly intense during the last nine or ten years, many areas of thicker vegetation dear to naturalists having been cleared during this time, and litter and debris made almost non-existent. In the beds themselves hoeing and weeding rarely allow intruders to develop far, and much of the identification of their weeds has been done in their early stages. The quantity and variety of these weeds have been considerably reduced recently. This tidiness has extended to the removal of old rotting trunks or branches (of which there never were many), attractive to certain insects and fungi; while in a pile of brushwood behind the rose garden was the only vole actually seen by any members of the team. This pile went very shortly after. The sides of the drains below the gratings are mostly so regularly cleaned that even fern sporelings cannot develop there. For similar reasons no doubt, proportionately many more tree-living insects have been noted than those living on grass or on other herbs. The frogs too will have reacted less phlegmatically than the toads to day-time disturbance and found fewer retreats. And yet there are large areas hardly affected by the gardening, notably the mound. Here survive, thrive indeed, mostly the tougher, well established shrubs and wild herbaceous plants. The rougher areas behind the beds and along the walls are mostly mown only once a year, and these do show, like the mound, a coarse and impoverished, yet still interesting, flora, giving an indication of what the rest of the garden would naturally look like, but for the large scale measures taken to counter the natural and inevitable impoverishment. Another loss from the natural history point of view was at the quiet north end of the lake, where water plants grew thick and in variety, providing also useful cover. The present turfed banks and cascade offer no comparable attraction to wild life. Similarly the recent close cutting of much of the vegetation of the banks of the lake (Roper, pp. 23, 24, 26; S. Cooper, Pl. 4, 5, 10) eliminated some of the riparian species. Happily, however, the banks are not now cut until the ducklings have hatched and fledged. There are too many crows in the garden—and they get shot—and predators find the ducklings easy prey when deprived of cover by the water. The considerable quantity, and the greater variety and quality, of the trees and bushes are of benefit to the fauna and are in contrast to the state of affairs in the adjoining parks. 112 The privacy of the garden is important: that it is a private garden with only perhaps half a dozen public functions taking place to which people are invited in numbers; and that this garden has for so long been stoutly walled in. The wall, the bushes and trees contribute considerably to the comparative quiet of the place, filtering the sounds and wind from outside. This is most noticeable by contrast on going through a gate out of the garden. This quiet, offset as it has to be by the work in the garden, increases the value of the cover the bushes provide for nesting and avoidance of disturbance and is no doubt a reason for the density of birds being high. It might here be mentioned that no cats are allowed in the garden; and indeed it is extremely rare for one ever to be seen there. A regular and significant, although sometimes temporary, factor is the con- tinual importation from many different sources of plants, soil and manure. This seems to have increased in late years, although clearly it has been going on actively for at least 140 years, and no doubt for much longer still. There is much evidence of the indirect, unintentional effect of this, well known in theory, but rarely clearly detected in practice. Every year new plants, mostly, but not all, annuals, crop up on beds and in other places where fresh soil has been put; some only of these persist. Two places where this has particularly happened are around the cascade and on the bank by the Queen’s Gallery. Other plants have been seen growing, and fruiting, round the roots of bedding plants or in the boxes in which they have come; and our only record for one of the worms is from just such a box. Incidentally any shrub brought in, and they are brought in each year in quantity, must have in the soil round its roots organisms of one sort or another, weed seeds, eggs or actual insects or the like. Bindweed came to an azalea bed this way; and a similar introduction was, presumably, a scarce water flea which is also known in the flamingo pool at the Zoo, whence the flamingoes came to the garden. But if insects that come in find their natural predators lacking, they may flourish unduly. The two chief enemies of scale insects on trees are tits and squirrels. Tits are scarce in the garden and squirrels entirely absent. This may account for the infestation of one of the commemorative oaks. Naturally many of these introductions will not find their new home congenial and soon die out, but not all; and until they do die out, the fauna and flora are enriched. One of the characters of the garden is the ever changing details of its natural history. After the construction of the cascade in 1960-1 and the arrival of the dozen (now eleven) flamingoes* in 1959 (which have remained the whole year round since 1961), what is popularly known as ‘Blanketweed’ (species of filamentous algae), whose removal had been for so long an unsolved problem, largely disappeared from the surface water. Similarly, Spiked Water Milfoil has not been seen since about the same time, its disappearance possibly accelerated by alterations in the water level. Indeed there are now only White Water Lilies left of the floating, flowering plants. These long-legged and long-necked birds are a highly unusual, unique, ecological factor in Britain. Their effect on the young fish and other aquatic fauna and flora cannot be recorded owing to the absence of relevant observations before their arrival. The water fowl, which are regularly artificially fed, have considerable eco- logical influence in the lake. It is a matter of some surprise how any frogs or spawn survive with so many duck regularly about. The often copious droppings on the grassy verges, especially on the east of the island, where they are bare, have a generally inhibiting effect on the flora. But it is here the nitrophilous Red Goosefoot is frequent. There is no evidence to what extent, if at all, the full-winged birds have introduced any organisms. * Rosy flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber ruber. 113 A final feature is the ceremonial, formal, aspect of these gardens, for which the impressive expanse of lawns is ideally suited, and for which they are kept in such fine condition. These show numerous worm casts in winter and, with the lake, attract flocks of birds, which are constantly probing the turf whenever the gardens are quiet; and the better the condition of the turf, the more birds are attracted. Against this, however, these open spaces provide niches for only a few of the smallest organisms. Despite all the varied artificial factors which have been at work for so long in the garden, the ecological successions, food chains, and all the natural cause and effect in the wild are always striving to assert themselves. But for the extremely active gardening, the place would soon revert to an even richer haven for wild life; but this is not generally compatible with the requirements of the garden of the Queen of England. The miracle is how much the two opposing objects are in fact reconciled. REFERENCES Heald, F. D., 1926. Manual of Plant Diseases, pp. 198-208, McGraw-Hill. Patterson, J. B. E., 1954. Smoke Pollution and Plants, N.A.A.S., Quarterly Review No. 23, H.M.S.O. Roper, L., 1953. Royal Gardens, Collingridge. Salisbury, E. J., 1954. Air Pollution and Plant Life, Nat. Smoke Abatement Soc. Shewell Cooper, W. E., 1952. The Royal Gardeners, Cassell. * 7 - 7 2p tnaeto Lad iors eli oui stig a sie ‘ mbes p arr - al “« caer a : a fit Cranach: i uti sent. Gt bit a ite pene sree chit eta csi at te lo gai eu trae & a0 ble a4 hs — ave ’ i, r waver oft worn 2 a aes 44 } ‘ 4 ane 7 al . a, 0744 yr fi py ean tea ines wes es 115 INDEX It does not follow that because a page is referred to once only that there is not more than one entry PAGE ACARINI Nceoscjidaces ti Attila a eae 51 acuiiferyElyPOASPISease sehen ae cae ee 51 ATMCTOSCHIGAC He ee eee ees 51 bicolor, Gamasellodes .........:... 51 cassideasGillibae tai ceerite oe < cesate 52 centralis, Pseudoparasitus...= 2. ooo 51 Glavicerm Elypoaspisene sees ne eee ee 51 Cordier DinyChurat’ ine 50 bimaculatum, Theridion......... 49, 50 bipunctata, Steatoda............... 50 blackwalli, Herpyllus .............. 49 brevipes, Clubiona. < sciceerclocl = 1m 49 cellulanus, Nesticus.........:...... 50 Ghelonethidaycoiecciase «ms waesee 51 ciniflo (similis), Amaurobius........ 49 clercki, Pachyenatha. 20 soc eesec oe 50 Clubionidae....c:..-piigstrrst} seasiosteos 49 Comb-footed Spiders:............. 50 concolor, Bathyphantes............ 50 Coxrticalis; Glubtonasae-eecie ite 49 Gab Spiders .... < 2c pysteregar th s eye etrees 49 cristatus, Diplocephalus............ 50 Gristatus, NYStiCUS:. cprsiiecacsct= Dec eters 49 cucurbitinus, Araneus........... 48, 50 Daddy-long-legs. 22.4.4. sacs see 48, 49 degeeri, Pachygnatha.............. 50 dentatum, Gnathonarium .......... 50 denticulatum, Theridion .<......... 50 dentipalpis, Erigone@mpemiecy. > . chen 50 dradematus;) Araneus 3.4... sheen 50 DiICtVNIAAC). eco eyo jo, 00s of Rete Pathe OF 49 domestica, Tegenaria............ 48, 50 domesticus, Oonops............... 49 PrassodéS::.:c60u,< 00 Shae wales 48 Dy sderidaes cose 12 05804045 0.0 sce SEES 49 DYySGera) sx. 6 sss 505, TODO Me 48 etythrina, Dysdera)- sja2du. aotecene 49 erythropus, Entelecera............. 50 finestralis, Amaurobius ............ 49 florentina, Sepestriaciss-lecite. eis - 48, 49 frontalis} Euophrys.. .. 5. . sie 49 frontatay Savignia aia sic eee 50 fuscus, Oedothorax: 4... ssn eee 50 Garden;Spider.... ..3.. c.-paeeae te ee 50 Gnaphosidae... ........creeotseerna of 49 Harvestmen =. stor 6. sien acne ee 50 116 PAGE homberei; Larpacteay..- scence 49 FIOUSE:SPIGEEen eee eaeeiee 48, 50 Jumping Spiders 4.4. 49 lapidosus,/Drassodes!.....4. ee cerns 49 latifrons, Diplocephalus............ 50 leprosus, Lepthyphantes............ 50 Linyphia... oe ceed eee 48 Tiny phiidae!.~ scree stoke acter eee 50 | (co \ot: ae RCs ase 48 Eycosidae: 3.) 40 oatten wooo 49 Mesh-webbed Spiders.............. 49 minutus, Lepthyphantes ........... 50 Money Spiders) 3: act cces eee eee 50 muscorum, Neobisium ............ 51 INesticidaé . sos 2. cies aes eee 50 nigrum, Dicymbium.. odessa 50 oblonegus, Tibellus. =... neice eee 49 Oonopidae:..< «5. okiemteresoreusueetee See 49 Opilio; Phalangium)..)... eee eee 50 Opiliones.. 3. 25) sacs aged jee ee 50 Orb-web) Spiders)... -aoqaceeeeeeeeee 50 ovatum, Enoplognatha (Theridion) . 50 phalangioides, Pholcus.......... 48, 49 Rhalangidas st.o:.s00.. sava oe oto ee 50 Pholeidae’. .. ss s.<. 2. 22.0 segeoeeeiee lee 49 piraticus, Pirata::....’.aswectacketteee 50 prativaga, Lycosa....- acme 49 Pseudoscorpionesa4).2 se eee 51 pulcher, Oonops -.:s2chsesee ee eee 49 pulicaria,, Micariakcscneceh ieee 49 reclusa: | Clubiona’ 11 steers 49 retusus, Oedothorax. aces eee 50 turestris, Metoneta......s..oceseu. 50 Salticidae::.. '.\. 2 ainaptadtaeaenietee 49 SCENICUS: SaltiCUSaa. 4-0) eee 49 sclopetarius, Araneus.. . .. «asec 50 S€SeStria.. 3.5 «.o.52.0.00 see ae ee 48 Sesmentata, Meta. 5. .crniaeu eee 49, 50 Sheet Web Builders.4.c cee eee 50 similis (ciniflo), Amaurobius........ 49 simoni, Physocyclus s.2..4-1e eee 48, 49 sisyphium; Pheridion).. pares. seer 48 Six-eyed Spiders <2 ...-- See eeeee 49 tenuis, Lepthyphantes.............. 50 tepidariorum, Theridion............ 50 terricola, Trochosa............ cine ae 50 Tetrarnatha.. - ......s4ecremite eee 48 Metrasnathidae.... saseessere eee 50 Theridiidae. -.......:. aa935ee eee 50 THOMISIDACG s..4..«,,.sc8.0.0 eysuee eee 49 uncinata, Dictyna:. <.::.:i.«,:tisieete 49 Varians, Dheridion: «.. ....5.- eee 50 Viridissima, Dictyna........ eee 48, 49 Wolfispidersis8 ss 7.06 Sos eeene 48, 49 x-notata; Zysiella -c-ce rece 50 zimmermanni, Lepthyphantes....... 50 BACTRIANS bufo,, Bufo... athe eee eee 46 Gommon Toad... s2:c52ve2 (2 eceee 46 Gommon Prog .n..-.. eae 46, 76, 112 temporaria, Wana. selec eerie 46 PAGE BIRDS albawMotacillaves fe 22h ee 45 albellus; Mergus . 22 ays flees 44 alucosStrixs : 325. Pe. 44 APUSRAPUSHAS CARAS cae let 44 areentatus, ars: se ceeeeton are 44 arvensis Alaudacn..sshoeceee ew: 45 ALET | Pans eee eee, 5.4.5.5 ates aah 45 atras Bulica: at ens see Paes, See 44 atricapilla: Sulviaiie > faege es at 45 Blackbird........ 6, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 iBlackcap), ss0 Sere oes 41, 42, 44, 45 Black foaded Gull B28 Oley. ee 44 Blnewhithae he 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 BOSiINYSylvial sete 44 Bullfinchsss.1 see eee ee 41, 42, 44, 45 GacruleusyRans..% =< bees nee 45 @anada'Goose.’. .2 22/2: 40, 41, 42, 44 canadensisyBrentas 4. S523 se see? 44 canoruss Cuculus. <2. : see eee 44 CANS MATOS nna ss 6 gee Ss rae 44 Garduelis!: Gardueliss 920s) ee 45 Garnion Crow. «..)..).1<133 40, 41, 42, 45 caudatus, Aegithalos............... 45 GChaffinchs. S532 eee 40, 41, 42, 45 @hifichafivesssmass..sacceen 42, 44, 45 chlorissGhioniss - 3.24 see ae +. eee 45 chioropus: Gallinulay e934 22222. 44 cinerea rArdeate esate saan 44 cinerea>, Motacilla. .... 2278s eee 45 Coalwiit-erts ue aE. 44, 45 coclebsybringillatee secs eee eee 45 collybita, Phylloscopus............. 45 ComnrontGulle sees <2 aee 44 Common Sandpiper............... 44 Communis; Sylvia... hese eee 45 Coots eae 40, 41, 42, 44 COLFONENCORVUS see oe ee ee ee 45 chistattis;Podicepse..s.. 4s. eee 44 Cackoont Bart ae Pe 2 ae 44 Gomesticus, Passes’. 222208). 2s 45 Dunnockesce terre 40, 41, 42, 45 ferinawAythyarek 4.4 ¢5 ses eee: oe 44 flaming Omets. ena TOO AD SP IST falisuls, Aythy aie csa5 5sacceee ee 44 MISCUSH Wearuse ry Aas pantech eee 44 MG lanrcalll etn ocr 2 ape = Bee, PR DTUISY 44 Garden Warbler =... 22 290N 2a. 44 glandarius, Garrulus............... 45 Goldcrests<4.1fo ee, PAR 44, 45 Goldfinch==—.+ t2eesos 41, 42, 44, oF Great Crested Grebe............... Great Spotted Woodpecker...... Wy a Greatel it) nx kerrenterete. 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 Greenfinch: «=. .....; 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 Grey Wastailynrecc...Srme ss. seen 44, 45 IETOne ae ee ee oe een ee 44 Henims.Gulll. Sue ee 45 AY parine tebsepewansyWenenssatranese tects 40, 41, 42, 45 PAGE Kiestrelizs. OSes eke cse8 44 Lesser Black-backed Gull .......... 44 Mittle: Grebes.< <4 %0.% 0) eee 43 one-tailed Dit ates oe secacsaee 44, 45 Maspies., sAMMcsdcccuinioroecceee oe 44, 45 major, Dendirocopus.....05.sc04ee 2 45 majonrsParustaees fhe es sone 45 Mallard er S-rsie eras 63.6. .45 40, 41, 42, 44 merula;urduswe 4 cele ee 45 Miustle Thrush: 3. 3.0.05... 40, 41, 42, 45 modularis: Prunella’ .. 22s ee 45 Moorheny 4 cet sane 40, 41, 42, 44 Mute Swan mrronerdictiretenrs Meee 44 Nichtingales\s. Hire.) eee ee 6 Nuthatch: <5 Se Se atrOey sf eae 41, 42 oenanthe, Oenanthe......)......5. 0. 45 oenasaColumba tense eee 44 OloTiGypnus eee iene Melee 44 palumbus; Columbaswereoews oe see 44 philomelossTurdiuses eerie eee 45 Picas BiCa, mi legen a7. cr. wort ee ae 45 PiedhElycatchermsasa. ashe ee 44, 45 Riedswagtailasn.. a... 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 Pigeom: Ate shh. TOR Rue 40, 59 platyrynchos, Anas................ 44 Pochands.< sa sino eee 40, 41, 42, 44 pyrthula; Pyrrhulals. -.15 or nsamnteereroe 45 Red-crested Pochardis.2) 4564 seek 40, 44 REA Will Sree ticcty Pad wa oo SRE ORE 44, 45 REP MIMS MINE LUNUS ernie lava ee 45 ridibundus; Larus 22.00. si pel es 44 riparia, Riparia PS laa As aap rR 45 RODIN Ame. cne ae 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 rubeculay Enithacus!. 4...) 45 ruficollis/Podicepsi. wigs. sees dete 43 TINMA ING Klaas ce kek ie eck ose 44 HUStica wAIiTUN Ow. yesee.. onc 2 cet eects 45 SandbMarntinis . 5 ...eee tee sete 44, 45 schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus ...... 45 Sedoe sWarnbletcisceac an eee 44, 45 Skylark s+iscccara oa sean yors oH 44, 45 SMOWS sa cctan noe sab eee 44 SOnSelnGuUShieca eee 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 Spotted Flycatcher...40, 41, 42, 43, 45 SCARING x 1..ccroueactoee cease 40, 41, 42, 45 SCOCK DOVES yacncthesonesss oe S ete 44 SIE PELAPAMIAS Ep hye ce iate oleic el tetntet= 44 Striata; Muscicapaliv. nrcusvorrsnveseareeoe 45 Swallow ia alc Se had CoM Chea a 44, 45 SW), coco ccinasre ices becney ROE MM CH wee Oe: ME 10 WILE ashe xcincra te -anatanaytons rote yoy RAR MOE NCU 44 TawnyiOw] cnc. MENTO 41, 42, 44 finMunculuss Halcol.. .preee seein 44 trochilius, Phylloscopusimmeiecneiee. 45 troglodytes, Troglodytes ........... 45 tufted WO uck. sarees , 41, 42, 44 TMurtlewD ove he s4 02. Ree eto Gate 44 turtur, Streptopelial.,.ei ae laeiet eer 44 VISGLVONUS MLUnGUS.. Aen ae Ree 45 vulgaris, Sturnus...«.bartiedellet cava 45 Wiheatea tevc,.. RELOR Ree. 44, 45 Whitethroat..s-N2nset). Renee 44, 45 WillowsWarnblers., ...o250 044+ 42, 44, 45 Woodpigeoneerss-ierience 40, 41, 42, 44 Wien serie ce eee 40, 41, 42, 45 PAGE PAGE COELENTERATA histhiowEnicmusepeeeiiee cee 91 Etydrophilidaer ce cincenwe comics 89 attenuata; Eydral weyers. feria are 106)\| hygrotopora, Atheta:..-- .ceeenuele 90 | aN ale eee orca Gi atocdn se aoe hae ae 105 | hypnorum, Tachyporus............ 90 immaculatus, Haliplus.......... 89, 108 Lady birds: seven Ssmtee asc caeaoe 91 COLEOPTERA laevicolliss|@uediuss-4 eee 90 Wwathriditidaeis...-.. <.0\s =. acsyarrdiae noes 91 acutangulus, Cryptophagus......... 907 | laticollis vAthetass 35 a -cieee aeeeee 90 agneamAmanran. oi... 0c. asta ook 89), || limibata, Rhagonychal . 40+ s see 90 aeneus: Meligethess. . ssn eeieciernite 88) |, linearis, 08 so tener: 90) | numnutusBnicmusa... .5 see eee 91 atomanias Acrotrichiseaperi-: s .crmers 89) |) molochinus; | @uedius;....-)ee eee 90 atricapilla, Atomaria .............. Sil, |p mucronatus, Blaps).. « -yiueth seasons 91 aulica, Amaraye Sid rion teteten + ayaretec SOP li Mycetophasidacia. .. ... aseraeeeeen 91 bicolor "Athous=..0). cee 90! ||) Nebriais:. hacer eons 4 cee 93 bicolor Attomarias..o.. 5 5. see owe. 91 | nemorivagus, Anisodactylus........ 89 bifasciatus, Lathnidius...-....... 88, 91 Nitidulidde: ek. . 2. ok. sacle 87 biguttatus, Notiophilus ............ SOs | nodifersleathnidius:. sacs eee ee 91 bipunctatasyAdalia. -3.- « -cr- 2 eee 91 | obscurum, Megasternum........... 89 Doletin Cis necrita. onic aheaeeoo sce Si) Folens sOcypuseyae - y-o0 4 eoe eee 90 brevicollissINebriaaaencieias cena 89) || pallidus; Machyperus .... sacle ere 90 brunnipes, SLENUS VAs s,s, oy yers. (5s EE 90)) |) peruvianus}, Dermestes a -isee seer 88 Cantharidade? ise Been. neice ses 90 | planirostris, Rhinosimus........... 91 capillaricornis, Habrocerus......... 90) ||) plumibeuss Dasyites .... acters ee 90 @arabidae,, Seniesa a6. see ere 88,489)|| plutus; Chalcoidesiay.. 45-55 91 @erambycidaer . Airc 8 aces sour ole cre 889 |) Btilidaesiy... tyvavccrretaicc «sss Geperepeieciens 89 @hrysomelidaes; par aie cee 885,91 |) pyemaca,Atheta’. LKOIStOMA.«...)---.,er ea oe 77 PIN IUMUS sw INECCIUSig se talaete ele cs orsia eee al MINOL ALOMOCCLUS Aapasane eietsrarael elec 77 MMU tase LOStOMA §.5..4s cael oe pore eee 77 Mira Wiis GICSIA:.«.r.venio Bee eiee ste ee U1 multifasciata, Entomobrya......... Tal AMMUISCOLUM SG) Neanurd sentence siete ctsrere 77 nicer, Sminthurinuss 7s. f.2 nese Wil nitidus, Heteromurus. S02 20.4 ose 77 Mivaliss sENntOMObLy an. o-< .0r-s:0-cese ele 77 NoOtabilisnlSOtoma: spree he ee vii olivacea-violacea, Isotoma.......... 77 Onychinridaec.r.1+.0te10y.t shoe Oe dal PALUSEHIS| ISOLOMUNPUS TL ei eels tele 77 parvula, Brachystomella ........... Ta! penicula, Folsomia cf......:...¥:... 77 pumilio; Sminthurinus ts... 30.0. 77 pysmaca, Anunida: th Pas «Se ee 77 quadrioculata, Folsomia........... 77 Sensibilis: Isotoma.-.... 2/02. o eee 7 Sinensis; Onychiurus)):/s)-%~ . : Gey Sminthuridacerd sean. PU. le Hil VillosasiOrchesellaian.. .:...0s,svevs.0.0 suet dif WAEIGIS HISOUOM@ nee o- a)5cattias so)s 77 CRUSTACEA acanthocercoides, Leydigia......... 107 AGUNCUSSPIEUTOXUS.\peeeieen s +c es = 107 AEINIS ANON At esstrtier tae. o.5,< cues 107 AGUS NYOCEYPtUSaae treo <5 oo - 3) <2 es 107 albidus; Macrocyclopss. «. «....-.+- 107 ANTON AY RA ags oe BISA are ote ee 104 Atlonellasaicc 22 axed ses Soe 104, 107 ambigua, Daphnia............ 103, 107 americanus, A. vernalis ............ 107 aguaticussAsellusis: ti... 5 ste 105, 107 bradyisilyocyprisiii). 22 ec 108 PAGE BranchiuYar-sccsckvottirstenacre cee eee 108 Candida, @andona’ .,...« seeder siesta 107 GIG OCER AK y., Ase arsxeussecerecusiais ae ee 107 Copepodas-a.cjsiex wept Bites SOE 107 Daphniaies pi Weeesesc.ciceci ates 103, 104, 106 dubia;\Ceriodaphnia....... Saas eeeenee 107 foliaceusssATeulls), <0... eee 108 slobosus, hy doris. 21-15 ctaeeieiee 107 eracilis) Diaptomus:.. «i. 01cm 107 hibermicasNitocranw. aca oeee oe eee 107 hyalina, Daphnia....103, 104, 105, 107 Mmopinata, Limnicytheresenive aes 108 laticaudata, Ceriodaphnia ......... 107 leydici. ey digiay rice eee 107 longirostris; sBosmina’.....c...ce eee 107 MIAona pO Aaphmia oc. 2.<.c eset 104, 107 Malacostia canis. ssitntnt en. Cee 107 ophthalmica, Cypria...... 104, 105, 107 Ostracodax:...x sac Seen eee 107 paeudogracilis, Crangonyx..... 104, 107 rectangula, Alonam-mmtacn.. cee ae 107 teptans;, Herpetocyprise 2s. >... scene 107 Rhynchotalonaztiinee. oats so. coe 107 LOStiatawAlonellars jn -ars erie terete 107 Sordidussllyocryptus... «eee 107 sphaericus, Chydorus......... 104, 107 unematus, Pleuroxus.../.. << see 107 vernalis, Acanthocyclops........... 107 vetulus, Simocephalus......... 105, 107 VICINUS-LOVGLOPSMare cle deat. steteoke 107 yiduaCypridopsis:.-. «.. Sikes coer 107 villosa; -PotamoOcypris 22 2.0 oc celee 108 DERMAPTERA auriculania, Fonticulay > -7.206 eons 78 Fosticulidae:S.nar.r ee eeaetee 78 MINOTALAbiay MK Ae ee Ceo 78 DICTYOPTERA Blattidae vecrackrccors ts CeO ae 78 COCKLO ACh esircivdtamcrie cine eee 4/ GermaniGockroachy.eeeeeiee toe 77 germanica,,Blatellany.meart delet terete 78 DIPTERA aconiti,, Phytomyza\.. a2 ae eee ae oe 96 Aenea PCV GINA er wars e-sncrce Acer eee re 97 allinissePhytomyZa..see ieee 97 Aicromiyzidacio6 1.7 ms semeaiaeelotertrs chet 96 albimanus,, Platycheinuss. 0 cit 95 alnibetulae, Agromyza............. 96 Amisopodidac ss. sak « =<. terete oe 94 annulatas A niGhOCetals.) == sees oe 94 anthriscis:PhytomyZaiaee ar cei. ate 97 ateEnimias P:HOTAarKssororagsearscreisvety etal store 95 AtHICORNIS-wRhytomyzaw. ae ne © ee ere 97 aUDICOMISSyLPHUSieeee semester 95 balteatusaSynphusmassiere. = aeeranerets 95 Bitin gaMid Sess qeteyvarctor. ee ertteroshete 94 PAGE Galliphoridacwe tac eaten ear ere 97 cardi; Urophoral-. .-.eeete te 95 Cavay. Tipulavie ie. cetec cece cere 94 CentalincasinloOmy Za ermciioniiaeere 96 @eratopogonidae 2.5. 26 emcee chile 94 @hamaemiyidae. ...\< -Riceiaeeeioeer ae 96 Ghironomidaesac-c aceon 94 Chloropidae: 2.60... ENO A REI 97 choreas himonia’.\.2..eeee Canes 94 choreus, Procladius: 22 eerie. ). sence erie eee 96 Bmpididae ic... swotouol BroadBucklem Rem -.. se hanime eee LS Common Buckler Fer! sie cre tus 17 121 PAGE PAGE Bennstacdtiaceae* So) Je Ee 17 | angustifolium, Epilobium.......... 20 dilatatay Dryopteris os. a. se ee i? | sannua; Mercunaliseo es. ances 20 filix-miass DryOpteriss. ote eet ee A | annua P0ase.s o.-3. PRP RNS 25, 84, 85 ATtS=tonSue sss se se sass ase 16, 17 | Annual Meadow-grass....... 155, 165825 Male-Fem(: 22-255 sR aR 7 | Aanual Mereury2e 3 a0) ..20502c08ee 20 Osmundaceae: 2... Os eee. | *anserina Potentilla. ..5..6eetes.aeee 19 Pteridophytae. jcc asteteere ae Aare e Id | Anthoxanthumyssaaus 5 eee 97 IPPETOPSIG Ae as. tatters ot a onuratcteee Meter i? | -Antinrhinuiieys cacti ete eee 84 Tepalis-Osmundass see ekes see i || aparine: -Galtumicn.y.c2 05 2teee & ee 22. Royale Pers oe sess eo tte hee oee i? | Atpocynacéae: AS-Re ste). are p))| ruta-muraria, Asplenium........... 17 | applanatus (=dielsianus), Cotone- scolopendrium, Phyllitis............ 17 AaSterh Cees cco DAL Wrall=rue. «i Fe ees i ea GH? | “apples: .. 7525 ae 55, 62, 66, 68, 69, 10; Tile 12085 aquatica» Mentha. ..2.,..5.6.22.58 22, 88 ANQUIfOWaACEAe Ma yelevrctierac a see 19 FLOWERING PLANTS aquifolium, Ilex...... 19, 29, 83, 84, 85 aquifolium, Mahonia.............. 30 aberconwayi, Rhododendron....... 32 | aquifolium (= heterophyllus), Os- abyssinica, Guizotia:..5922 fo. «tie 22 mranthusisy Wed. AAAI eS RIS! 30 Ceres eee yh or RG, GSIN7284 | Araccacve necro. 2x 4 eR enon cele 24 ACeraceae a okey see cared eee 19> | anboreasSorbariae a eee ee 31 ACELOSA” RUMEK ere cnsrere teense 20' |: arborescens, Golutea een. 2. ee 29 acetosellas RUMEX en. Fh PS. 20 | arboreum, Vaccinium.............. 31 Achillea Peso ES os ea s.s cs 3 se SO 2 \NanbOreus MeupinuSe: o.cs.nceserisnr eee 30 ACEIS MRANUNCUIUS s o:<4s16-.43 oe eee 1S [ROAD EUSEREY Me Metis. ccs ncknvevninee 71, 110 AGUtaAN GATOR. Herts eanc ews ome DALAT CHUTMMPes os orc See eee 67 ACutIfOTMIS:! CaTex- sts siet ee ee 24 | arenastrum, Polygonum............ 20 adenocaulon, Epilobium..... 15520084) | PareutasSpitaea: X) 4). 114 oe 31 Apap thus) 2259) rst st arererar chr abortions Si) | GAtrhenathertim ss. 50: .<:reonaroaeeon: 83 albas:Comuses:. . Gea oO Fi eT 7 70 American cut-leaved bramble ....... 15) |\atrocinerea, Salix... .. . sence 2: 155721 American Willow-herb.......... 15, 20 | atropunicea, F. sylvatica var........ 29 Amphibious Persicaria............. DOW SATIGUID Ae 688 i: coyecc oc eroperhipetaneysselo Ts cata 110 amphibium, Polygonum............ 20P |lsaucupanias SOLOUS).. o-1-rnnec teak Bail amplexicaule, Lamium..........::. 22 | augustinii, Rhododendron.......... 32 anagyroides, Laburnum......... 19, 80 | aurantiaca, Alstroemeria........... 31 andrachnoides, Arbutus x......... 2S |auratum deiume st. obese a. 35 Angiospermae. 299i GGEMe ). Sesak 18 | aureum, Chaerophyllum...14, 20, Pl. a angelica sPOlyanthus Xin. ~ ss te 21 aureum) Raibes!.4. HULU OLY 3 tes angustifolia, Ulmus................ Sf lh AutumnsHawkbithuers..2 o2o0 cee 33 PAGE autumnale, Helenium.............. 80 autumnalis, Leontodon............ 23 aviculare, Polygonum........... 20, 59 avium, Prunus’... asneaeaernerias 0, 8 Mizaledaconesc 26;, 27, 2559325 11 111 baccata, Waxls. 2). sees ie wel baldschuanicum, Polygonum ....... 30 balearica, Arenania’.,2..). -f,..- qusemieerys 31 Balsam Poplar Bick te jcushe Sno RRR ISIS SENS 30 balsamifera (tacamahaca), Populus.. 30 bDattandierts CySususamen aa. + saris 29 Beaked Hawksbeard . 155823 beauverdiana, Photinia Tae Pea 30 BeeChee won ite eisye wher 955. 68. Osa 1s 72, 81, 83 Bell’ Heathers, cs, :,.::,s,0.+.-,<.0, .eaeomeurr 29 Beérberis® 2: G60. Sb croc... teh west 84 Betula co occas 6 moat «acer 84, 96 Betulaceae aaj accrcieetict.wie 3 sfessrakecte 21 betulifolia (=nigra) x, Populus..... 30 betulusNC@arpimnUs. sew o. ove.1a. see 28 bifida, Galeopsis wsjoueigs us 28K ERIS «RIS 22 biflorus, INAaTCISSUS! Genicisyanreeieererie 24 bignonioides, Catalpa ............. 29 Bindweed)... «01:6... acre 55, 68, 112 [sviRd ni creo oe ere OO ue 55, 63, 66, 69, Al, 81, 82 Bird Cherry. < s,>. xecicmepees a ohieks 30 Bind SfoOtisrc.cie eacueysis vette Gate hele 15 DILLSRCTESS «6, oye sejevereneasie oye oe REE 15 Bittensweetsoncrriecwi sc kes ee IS 72] Black Bent 2c... ccous.c Gieereee ome 25 Black Bindweed) «> siete. ieee 20 Blacks Gonvolvulusieceaeie cee 15 Blacks Horehound: .......teee cee ei 22 Blacks Miilbentyer. -- teste Sy EU Black Nightshade ia. -crtrteeis -ueke 21 0) GYe) loli Gamer eae so tics od cos oe 15 Blackthorn. ;..24.,<.:<, <, depsyatetevtewe ch, eens 71 Bladder Senna........,...,., saierone «ree 29 blandas Salix <5. oars dears Oasis blixciana. Prunus o< 2... eee eee 30 Bluebell. cc oe ecsoa ieee MORE ot 14, 23 Bog Rosemary. oc... satel eaesel- tee 28 bonaniensis; Verbena .-eeiciese 4 ee 22 BOX. ces, meat atten. Me cxgepiee 110 loytinollay com sihae OMe neon 19, 55, 65 BRASSICAM ys ales esc one oe names ele 67 Broad (Docks cou 4 cc. abe Mert ele 20 Broad-leaved Willow Herb ......... 20 BROOM mio Nay bk he se seseus 19, 60, 70 Buckthorn ace eee eenee 8150725) 81e N82 [oj 5X0 (al) Enero Ee RAGE cove fx 155921 Buddlejaceae nn, scence akerbersen «Geir 21 ButtalovGurramtajeciescteccecas avant 31 jopitorbitks UNS. one ce oondeocso005 24 Bugle scenes Rat wees 22) bulbosus, Ranunculus ............. 18 Bulbous*Buttercupsees ee ere 15, 18 bullatuss\ Cotoneaster. ero tone 29 12 UL gC teen O cca ce 24 Burd OCK R55, f5.2. 5 auuthonsbousiornskty re 23 burkwoodii, Viburnum X.......... 31 bursa-pastoris, Capsella............ 18 PAGE Bushy Garden) Mint: ....--cereienee 22 buttercup’. c Nomsnctesclracnucee nee 63 Button=hole flower, ..2<-c eee 15 Cabbage anc ccics ws ou we oo eee 18 caerulea. Molinia.. .. .- > asce eee 25 caerulea, Passifiora)....-/o.cseneeeee 30 calamus;;Acoruss.. «......0c0she eee 24 @alceolariazins, «os ses ar. eye eee 83 calycinum, Hypericum’. a) .1ceeie 29 CaMASS brits. 0)5..-2450,5.c:58000 hr oe 24 Camelliaweeneanere 26,228; 35 sS4elalil campanulatum, Rhododendron ..... 32 campanulatus, Enkianthus.......... 29 Cam pesthis. ZU lala) seen 24 campestris (=procera), Ulmus...... 84 campylocarpum, Rhododendron.... 33 canadenses Azalea ie).2 ase 22 Ganadensis;.Gonyza.)..eiee eee 23 canadensis, Populus x............. 30 GanadianHleabane. acini 23 candicanss Populus4s3..--e-eReeeee 30 Can y tahiti és, 5y02,0jeyeysgen nee 29 canina ROSas)<: 26). c.coee ee eee 19 capillaris; @xrepis: 4a eee 23 Caprealpsalixesne eee 15,. 21, e741 ees4: Caprifoliaceac ;,<,.,..-.-Reekqeeeeee Pipe GCalexeees. ssc Rae 55, 67, 84 Carica, (FICUS: ina hy... cone eee 29 Carlesii:, Viburnumstdetiee eee 31 Carmea, EriCalr. isis. <,)0s000 sya ee 29 Caryophyllaceae... .. 2.12. ..semeereee 18 Catharticums inumesee eee eee 19 catharticus, Rhamnus........... SHE, 7 @at Mints, neice atec.. See 32 Celandineg, 2.3 cKide. conn. ne eee 17 @entaurea«.o.6 ss as.s acne eee 68, 69 cerasifera (pissardii), Prunus........ 30 Cennis,, Quercus... 3---e eee 1, 84, 86 cespitosa, Deschampsia............ 25 Chaenomeless.::sstceutieseereee 29, 84 Chaixits Verbascum)..... aseeeieeee a2 Chalcedonica, Lychniss >... 0. aeeee 32 G@hamomile. 7790) snc 16,2725 5 el Chatlock 2.2353 ii nh sc cee 18 Chenopodiaceae... ......--eeeeeeee 18 Chenopodium. 5... 045. 635 65, 70572 Ghienry:se. 6 2 Nee eas eneee 27, 55, 68 @herry Waurell: .... -aedhoese eee 30 Cherville sc. Scscic. cuss oho eaE eres 14, 16 @hickweed |. 3 os s:.4. cee 63, 64, 65 Chinensis: Sy.ringal X.s. eee eee 31 @hinese Mustard:......... sees 18 @hionodoxa.....,....euetaataes . aan 14 Chrysanthemum... -)... eee 80, 84 Ciliaris: Enica’s...2..0..:0 eee aoe 21 ciliata, Galinsogaiy. Ge «me ach eeees 22 ciliata, Sagina........cxgahcmelheteneene 18 ciliatum, Rhododendron........... 33 cilipinense, Rhododendron x....... 33 CMECKEAy| Sali Xayy eee ert de AS se21 cinetiay Erica .., « Aacersdact eee 29 Cirsium. 255: 67685169072 clandonensis, Caryopteris Snares 28 Glova. (ose cSt ete ee 66 Clustered’ Dock®.).5 eel eee 15, 20 PAGE coccinea, Pyracantha sie. < « «y- «pqeners 30 Gockes=footins fy .4.o seb agers 1659250071 coggygria, Cotinus (cotinus, Rhus).. 29 COigMetidey VitISe Has es crc eee, Ge ePE ES 31 GoltsioORee i 5 oc s.<., ae eestasth steieects 23 (Ciolitieny ilo o eee ee Oo Oe eee 18 @omimelinacedes << 06 css <<.6 slo ores 24 @ommion Bird’s-foot.se. 20... 3s 3 wees 19 Common Bird’s Foot Trefoil........ 19 GommilonsCatsear, « oo.« send Rares eres 23 €ommon Chamomile. .. 5.2.5.5). 00: 23 Common Chickweed ... diciercis chest: 18 @ommon) Dodder,. = fea-reetletn) 11d DS Gommon Dog Violetsastd. scence 18 Common Field Speedwell........ 155022 Gommon Bicwort..-.- = 5 o.com 155,22 Common! Bleabane:..... scrote Gy 23) Gomimon oxtail. .« ... «.femesyersortot 16 Commons umitory. 2. ese str tor 18 @ommon!Groundseli ss. «sume sl oe 22 Common Horsetall). << stisqaas «nce 17 Common Waburntim: jnvacoeet oonee 15 @ommion! MOuUSEe-eaL. «0.0 5. 2 cheers 18, 70 Common) Niullein..,.aeuscchucses sores 22, @ommons Nettle... oo. oc-qeestene bee 21 @ommion! Orache. .-..c..<.< secs elven 19 CommionsRaASwoOrt. © chee re stab nal 22 Common Sallow.: «: dcreteited terres 21 CommionrSorrel....... sqhwssatde aeteaces 20 Gonmionispike-rush: <2 6..5 355.0. 4. 24 Common St. John’s-wort........... 18 Gonmion) Wart-=cress:.... cise «neers 18 communis, (Lapsana .......<.. hssenor 23 communis, Phragmites.......... DAD COMMIUINISN PYTUS).0..-9.15 on Serpeiee 30, 84 COMOsSUNIE MUSCANIs =o cieybictb ye ier 2) eyersl 32 compactum, Polygonum.....14, 20, 59 Pl. VI COMPOSItACw Meee sj Sa = Berane 2D CONCINMAseEMUMUSHy. cioerete se eiecoraceretoeene 30 congslomeratus, RUMeEX== 2.6. se <2 20) conspicuus, Cotoneaster............ 29 @ony Glyulacedetine eae. . ceeaiaa totaal Di @onvolymluse 2. 22 53.0. ees weer 91 convolvulus, Polygonum........... 20 @opper Beech’..2.. 4 ea eeeiee ne 27, 29 cordifolia, Crambe: : eek. Ses 31 Corditolias miarella eee. wariees 32 COnMCCUSASCHECIO Neti cee ee 14, 22 GConmaMnte. foo. «a esiecerecseve oc Se Cory SOW-CnIStle. © 5 cucsyeasrs «usuhseleee 23 COUMICU ATS WILOUUIS=. seu asthe 19 Gormiculatuss Oxalis® Wee sowie oye 19 @ornisht Blimey 95 5 oe os SRA ee 31 @orishsbeath ¢ 5... 522252. eee 29 (COLTS srateeots Cee Oe ae eto nik 84 Cony lusve ses ws 55 thea sn ee aceen 84 COLrymboOSas-Oxalish =-5 = ar. es 19 cotinus, Rhus (=coggygria, Cotinus) 29 cotonoides (=obovatus) Cotinus.... 29 CotilasvAmthemis: sce. 0 ers ot oe cio exe 23 COUCH OT ASS Hy = Hee eS S oxoronsys ovens te sy 25 COWABR aTsle yarn te sen tno ye cl oni ch ananchend cops 20 123 PAGE @rab-apple!.ac33.ca0.3- 2 an nee 30 GraCCas VACIa. Sanaa aeons erecks 19 Grataeguss.... 22:24. courant. 82, 83, 84 Ereeping Buttercup scsi sets tee eee 18 G@reepine Cinquefoil?. a5. sence 16, 19 @reeping Soft=frass. ts oe « sors epee cele 25 Greepingmlhistlens srk 23 @reeping; Yellow-cresse..cinecioas 1550S GTEDIS Te rey eens octet ae se iomys 68 @restedsMoois-tailo ee oo mteuretek-vreiens 25 chispums Solanum. genecieciecicte se © 31 CHSPUSRUWIMEXK sans rates stele s se 20 Ghistatus W@ynOSUGUS= seine ese nis 25 crocata, Oenanthe....... PAS Als 1G WE GELOCUSAAEh: sre veteteuehe aise a cxeests 14, 24 Gross-leaved Heathi= acy). seme 155,211 Grownelmpenialtya. sacri seteee Gruciferaeees Repos ay Posi cle even tote 18 @ucumbers:. 6 eee oleic 16, 20 GUICUMAISISD Ns core oper e eile, svovs s oteperetsueteuane 20 @nueurbitaceéde = eae coe eee 20 Gurled# DOCK. sctieiie ain din aes eke seeks 20 cuspidatum, Polygonum..... 14, 20, 55 VI & VII Gut-leaved Brambles 6c <.0 os: occc0:e cre 19 Gynapiuma, eACtHUSa aes r.cic er oneeueicuer= 20 @yperaceae waves. «oe see Seoee 24 AIS Vey ciokarcrcvei st cneverens cid aura pone ehe ons 6.23 Gandelioniit-3 on som wie 23, 63, 64, 70 Garwinil BeLDeLiS’,< « xrciesoerto tees 28 dauricum, Rhododendron.......... 33 DaviduewBuddlejasseas «a -1<.2'+0 06 2128 davidsonianum, Rhododendron..... 33 GeammnRetuleidas var... <. sunk on 32: GECIAU ANAT Rect tee tex oa orp? ont 30 decora.bbillyreaeemecces-ise aside ie 30 decorus, C. conspicuus, var......... 29 delavayii, Siphonosmanthus........ 31 deleiense, Rhododendron........... 33 Delphinitumy. «> ...s2ee 20s siles 3550005896 dens-canis, Erythronium........... 23 DS OG AT eect Share merece rae 29, 110 GeodarasGedrusmenrateer ee eet 29 desquamatum, Rhododendron...... 33 ]Diktini |) cee aideieea ee cece ocd on 84 Dicotyledonespac acer ee 18 didymas, Monarda..;..7 2s eae 32 didymus; €oronopus:..- ..-- ase 18 dielsianus (applanatus), Cotoneaster 29 GlutasGentaureass ete ee ee 25 dioica, Unica. ones oe 215 605 1655.67 GIStiSChilmMs shaxOGIUM ys seer 31 COCKE corte cic sede 63, 64, 65, 96 GOP TOSS)... ccieje 9 Sas wee reer 19 Dog Violet .2 .):)2..00 £28 o055 26 oS eee ee 60 | geniculatus, Alopecuris............ 25 emeroides, Coronilla.............. 29" |*gentilis: sMenthalt-42. eee 16, 22 Enchanter’s Nightshade............ 17 |“Geraniaceae- =; 159° See eee 19 EnglishsElmsesierk hee ee eee 31’ || germanica; Tris?). +. 3-2 eee 31 Epilobiume:iasc22cssece. see 683770 || "giant@hosweeda...- sss oee 16; 205°PINW epithymum, Cuscutas:.:sssc0se ase 25 | Giant Knotweed... 2242233. eee 20 Equisetaceaes roa .tcnienise cine ee 17 | “Giant 'Rhubarbs=.... 23.4 eee 20 Bricaceaes es Se t.tstei% oe ee eee ee 21 gigantea, Agrostis:.;.... os ess: seer PB) BTIQSeLOMet wie. eek ee nee ae ee 31 | gigantea; Solidago: 2.242225.) oon 23 Erythroniam <2 S923 222 5 Seer 23 | Gipsy wort) + 72245 see eee oe 165922 Escallonia x ‘Appleblossom’....... 29 | -giraldii;, Exochorda...<.eeee eee 29 esculentum, Lycopersicon.......... 21 | ‘siraldi; Lonicera.....c-see een ee 30 Bponymus:: : +2221. eee 71 glabra; Wimus:..<4 225 Soe ee eee 31 Enphorbiaceae:y--.t. iste eee 20. | Gladiolus: .<...%.4.. tee eee 83 europaea, Dilia’ Xsseereseests tee ane 31 | glaucum:Thalictrum:.... 9532s. eeeee 32 europaeus, WyCopus.../s-3oee eee eee 22 | glomerata, Dactylis......... 25, 71, 80, excelsion, Fraxinus: - 42-22-00 21, 29, 86 83, 84, 96 faasenim Nepetaex sees teases eee 32 | Glory of the Snows. 3.2. sak eee 24 Fagaceae Poke ses a =: ORS aE 21 |) glutinosa;-Alnus! >. 25223 heeeee 21, 92 airy Plas eastern Pe eat eee 153°19) | “Goatsbeard> 33.4. Seen eee 23 False Acacias ia. 28% -22R et co, SE 19° | Goats Rue -.....0 SOS eee 31 False Brome-grass-s.- cc's ae eae 17 | Golden*Ghervil. = «3.52454 4ce 20° PIAVi alse Bulrushis> >5s25 cee teense 162-24: |-Golden Garlick... ss. as eee 14, 24 False: Oates sen see cote tte cee 17 | Golden Woundwort............... 22 fattana, "LuSSHagOM sie eee elena 23) |“ Golden“ Yew? «<< <.01.02..6eeeeeeene Bit PateHen® = 2.0 ern ee 15219 | (Gooseberry 2.25. ses oh eee 32, 66 ficifolium, Chenopodium........... 19. | GOOSCRLASS :) 2. ees ose aoe 2 Field: Madder, 7 S20 59s aes 22 | gorse. 222 Pie Sa ae 60, 70, 86 Bield®Pansy eos 2 stse neice eee tS | Goutweeds.:..7/- Foe eee 17 Field*SowThistles: = 3.24 a2 aoe 69 | Graceful\Sedge:: =<... ease eee 24 Field» Wood-rushi soo. oS ees 24" | gracilis, Deutzia.« «<5. 0... eee 29 TORY eee tenet certs ttoaterens MRI 29 | Gramineae... RGR EEE © iia ledate ee 24 Fig-leaved Goosefoot.............. 19 || graminea, Stellaria. 5; .. 2. daaee- eer 18 fiipendula;, Achillea: tence ose Zi) | ‘srandiflora, Abeliac.. acne ene 28 Eine Bent. - hs... obec Eee 25 | grandiflora, Magnolia.............. 30 HaccidaMUCGAe > fttant ati mises 31) |eGrape Hyacinth:.\.- cme ee ore 14, 24 fiavescens, Trisetum’. <. «2.410% sle- 25, ||--GreatpBindweed 5 ...3.-5. 01.66 cee 21 flavidum (primulinum), Rhododen- Great Water Docks. sass eee 16, 20 TOM neh rae ee oie ane eine 33° | “Great” WaterGrasss oat oc seer 16, 25 flexuosa. \Cardamines..-. st... see 18 | Great Willow Herb...22- 32.22 Mothpundas WMalusins 2 aecee seco 30, 84 | Greater Everlasting Pea......... 16, 19 floribunda: Pieris.*.+.1..01.8 65% eee 30) |) ‘griseum, “ACER. «.1s0%0./.- te ee eee 28 Plowerine Gurrant. 125. .<.6 eee 31 Ground Ivy: 3% 424% 53.0. 155922 foetida, Benigra.S:Sp..a. seekers 22) |" Groundsel:§ :.3,5140ncee eee See 65 Pools: Parsleyisit:22%, 1: tensa ah oe 15320) |) (Gunneras oe! eee ese 14; 20;,Pk yi formosa; eycesteria... . dais sysceee 30, |“Guttiferae: oo 2S Se ae were FOTN OSA RICTIS sary es eke soos ca tum 30) | Gymnospermae:..i.c.cach sacies ten 7 forrestii, P. formosa, var............ 30) |haastiy Oleariasa. eee ee eer 30 fortunei, Rhododendron........... 33 | haematophyllum, H. lepidulum, IROXPIOVG Eran eee eer Teisiee: 22 GS Vani k 2 S05 See NASR ae eee te 16,23 fragrans: Petaswtes-a-\o 44 cies © oe ee 23) |) Hairy Bitter-cress:a-a cases eee 18, 72 fragrantissima, Lonicera........... 30) ' Hairy*Sedges.....+..5 cose 24 PAGE Halberd-leaved Orache............. 19 Halimifoliums Ly cium) 2). .mosceiel 21 Haloragaceacssaanae: ise ee 20 Hansoniis Lili, ise. Lea 35 IAT ONC AGS 5-42 raisins -xoroxonsicacnsranseoerer mee 15 Pl arcdRais leery apa s yaaa oS 15, 24 [5 E:iits oye) [eee eae is banca a ct 17 harrovianus, Cotoneaster........... 29 Hastatas Atriplex 2.15023. \< Res ee 19 PUA WK W ECGs Sov-o onc ss cxaeseshar HSA Oe 16, 23 hawthom...... 19, 48, 49, 55, 62, 63 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 7B gi. 82, 85, 86 Haze lies $23 lacitiecisnhe 48, 49, 55, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 81, 82 heathens js iiwteene see. 15 HEDE MV. ELONICH is bit hohe ARO Te MES 83 hederacea, Glechoma........... 22, 83 hederifolia;.\Veronica i<:,.. ., ...2as. Weise 22 redeet Mustard: Aastha ene es 18 Hedge, Woundwort: ...... Gebel g.. 22 Medschosibollly, .... 5... ..< +. Hathelece ale 29 Velemia mis: Aa i55<1210, RANE a MIT 31 helix: icHedera 22 fered: osc steak: 65 Hemerocallisiss.....<,- SRL. 223 31 Hemlock Water Dropwort...16, aoe a emp-nettle ys? ates, EE Peed eee 22 Henbitey:.decimacccR Tiida 155222) henryis A conitiimi asses 2c 31 henrmay illum ns.ce Seek. ete 30, 35 hennyiWBonicera seca 30 heraclevm Spar ae Rize ee. 6 Pl. V er DP Bene tame si<\o.sis HO ho ake 17 heterophyllus (aquifolium), Osman- RUNES cone cielo le vapace. a0) SISA PS Aho 30 Himalayan Honeysuckle........... 30 ippocastanaceaes: «2. == ..eeets a" 19 hippocastanum, Aesculus.......... 19 hippophaeoides, Rhododendron..... 33 hirsuta, Cardamine........ .2ueins: 18, 72 hirsutum, Epilobium..........5..4.. 20 hintas Carex 2s h8. 0: STOMP MA 24 hispanicus, Endymion........... 14, 23 hispanicus X non-scriptus, Endymion 23 Le CoyeWay 1 inh pee oeenetnis OLAS act ren sig ot ben 21 Hoanyablanitainlays: icici ore ela.eueP ate 16, 22 TAOS WECWA, np cicvenos the etes omehelaiote 20 FAG I CUS Ei: hexsi cen aSeene Le Ie 71 TON a ether spscccsanisunnctons 19, 66, 69, 76 82, 88, 90, 96 VON HOCK So yonac-c sores sievstcces S16F 705110 holosteoides, Cerastium......... 18, 70 hooker.) Gaultheria: ...,crescsaets orsenRAGiISHY A tase on Rees oes 32 humifusum, Hypericum............ 18 humile, Jasminiumi::.-.)..0.223.. ane: 29 hupehensis JEW OYE A ROR Oe CINE St. 29 HybridbBluebell: 5 os ackaaecacrae «sl 23 I 125 PAGE Hybrid Dog-tooth Violet........... 23 Hybrid Rye-srass's. 7 S5ihoee oehtawe 25 hybrida; Platanusi see ae aie 21 hybrida, Verbenayxiscoiin ! .tnisketee 22 hybridum,, Goltum®tx. o2s-aele ee oe 18 ERY PCLIGUAD:shrtAe Suse ose 6 OE 65 hyperythrum, Rhododendron....... 33 impeditum, Rhododendron........ 38) imperialis, Fritillaria............... 31 incana, C. vulgaris, var............. Zi incanus, Philadelphus.:.:<)5....20< 30 Indian Bean Ree co TS RB 29 Indians @hestniltneeaes aes 83263127 indicas, Aesculuss)ci.y..<...de esses 28, indicum, Ligustrum)...... .2seeeeen 30 InflexuS;, JUNCUSE cy... Heo ee 24 inodorum, T. maritimum s.sp....... 23 intermedia, Forsythia x........... 29 intermedia, SOLbuUS:... .. .eeo ase ae 31 Ind aceae wis: 5 Seis lee os Ae 24 Tris (ee Jee ose. peered 31, 89 islandicas)Rorippas.....«... «.. Bate ae 18 Italian. MousesPlant. fess lens 12 16 ItalicassP!. nigras Wars... 444 sone ae 30 re Potentillarod-: a.a/e's5/ so PIE 29 JapOnICa,AUCUDA . «oo o.00 swine ss alt 28 japonica..Camel\lliay........4e Hee cee 33 japonica, Mahoniaa).. )-cseenicis 308 30 japonica, Sophorae. «0... 3... <. Di ou japonicum, Ligustrum............. 30 japonicus? Huonymus)=s .........%<- 29 JASMINE occas sossoncesrekoreaieoalo one 6 JOimMtedPRushe soc.oh.ccuww oo See 24 Jonquil... 5208.4... eR. soeeer 24 jonquilla,. Narcissus io... disse ee 24 JMMCACEAC Ke x po.icicieneiens:jctonenouckeP ee ke Maeve 24 Jimceay BrassiCals cas: oc. 1dehetaes «eee 18 JRMCUS Is :iehe. <5. svo.0i2 0a TRIN oe 55570 Kent erass:. .\. jee «cc Peo 15, 20 Knotted Hedge-parsley............ 15 Kmotted)Parsley,.,... 20 sade ee 20 Knotweed... Sameera ee aectre sae 59 kobus;,Magnolia..%.,., eee see. cei 30 Kousasi@ormus? :../s.20 hee ee ee 29 WADI alae’. 2 o)o:5.cre, scrsia covers < oS saburcnumi: 2.5 Sea te 1551 1950725 84, 96, 97 laciniata, Rudbeckiao)¢ ..03.2 5705: 32 laciniatus; Rubus... .as8heeseo dee 19 lactifiora,,Astemiusia.,. .aectee ke. ie 31 lacustris) ScintpuSs: ..... oa aeeeenehk 24 BadyzsiBedstrawe 1. elena 16, 22 lagenaria, Chaenomeles............ 83 PAGE lanatus, Holcus: eine -fetsionien elle 25 lanceolata. Plantagocn.. aera ates = 22 Lanceolate Willow-herb............ 15 lanceolatum, Epilobium............ 20 langleyensis, Escallonia x .......... 29 lapathifolium, Polygonum....... 20, 55 lappa; Arctium). aeieetate ote iar LamC Hyer eicye exer toe 30, 66, 68, 69, 110 Warge Bitter-cress—. ... amen ris eee 72 ILA a 5 ero S Leie Ob Aco cia 9 oc 69 latifolia’ Kalmiayeeeeee- ne. ceeeeeee 30 latifolias SonbusHeeesieen oF lei 31 latifolias Lyphus\.. . cheatin. skeet 24 latifolius, Euonymus..............- 29 jatifolius: Lathyrus: seen eee ec 19, 31 JaNKO=Cerasus,) EXUOUS. «05 aries 30 ILENUIMUR HOW ANNA GBI IOIetG b b.acw ole alot 31 ledifoltum, "A’Zalea..ic..:.:.tee eee ade 32 WE SUMINOSACS eats or enee Meee ode ohenal: 19 letehtlinii@amassia-ciec terete 14, 24 lemoinei, Philadelphus x.......... 30 lepidulum, Hieracium........... 16, 23 Wesser Bindweed!.... -\. seereies clearer 21 Messer BUnGOCK « 735, 8182568551865 12 Obligua, Nothofagus. .ss.A .2nhaeue. 30 obovatus (cotonoides), Cotinus...... 29 Obscurums, Epilobiuml... 5... ....0% 20 Obtusifolius; Rumex). sec tel... ses 20 odoratum, Anthoxanthum.......... 25, officinale, Jasminium.............. 29 officinale, Sisymbrium............. 18 officinale, sanTaxaGuIM vy.) ayies os teres 23-00) Oficmnaliss Humanriaze.o.sc.0.005 66 208 18 Ofhicinaliss Gale sakes, oasis 0.5 oye w 0 « aeels 31 Ofticinaliss;Salvia)-t.hiwcee ears srate 32 Olbiawlavatera oss oca ec cee cae aOe 31 @Mleaceaest. Behn, . .cesese ok ake 21 Ole anda cys. ace gees cs jes. 0 RTL SE a eeeeeerats 110 Gleracea pBrassical..., «stasis ot. eesti 18 oleraceus, Sonchus.......... 23, 96, 97 olympicum, Hypericum............ 31 Onaeraceae atc fonin', aeons’ d.«,c0sens 20 Onan ee 5505) sass) eee at 6 oreotrephes, Rhodendron.......... 33 OvaliSedeexstiincece. .ceetett.: 15, 24 ovalifolium, Ligustrum............. 30 OvalisiGaTrexen sh. ..35,. koran ek 24 Ovina wRestucd.4 4} .shtevcecht deals 25 Oxalidaceaen...........,. eaten eee elas 19 OX-Cy Css 2 Fios aeios Ac thor PENAL Oxceye, Daisy iinnck -ectrccnneh iter 23 Oxford Ra eworts << <<<, c.checus,06.5 2 15422 oxyacanthoides, Crataegus....... 29, 83 padus-~Pyracanthaente.Bied 5... acted 30 Raconiaa. 5 25, 80 PratensisRestuca (ancien. ener. DS PAGE PAGE pratensis, Lathyrusi enor eed Rie 19, 83 RiNibarb. Apas.brccdecionienee nee 32, 76 pratensis, Poa 2. SGA ES PH 25 Ribwort#Plantain ys 74-51) ne 22 pratensis, Tragopogon............. 23 fivianay Violas «1. eee Pee 18 BricklyAWettucetieieatercha 5 Ace she rete 23 RobléiBeech nee oc eae 30 Prickly Sow-thistle. sae. ise.. a 23:1 || TrObUE OuerCusente cea rere 30, 85 Primroseisnpant ehicee ee Stee 14, 21, 110 | rogersiana, Pyracantha............. 30 Primncrose PEELIESS wo wne-n cdots aoe hens DA ||| UROSAM i attera gettosrac 31, 34, 69, 83, 84 Primulaceae::+10 200 See ee A 1 ROSACEAE HF a Natived-.vannersrck han ee 19 primulinum (=flavidum), Rhodo- rosea; -Althaeéa....ccncn.<< > SteRee ee 31 Gendron sis LUE DISH 33 | Rose-bay Willow-herb........... 15, 20 PHIVCtke cos SOPRA RBOROS. 3062359685972, | Roselof Sharon:.........26 shone ne 29 proboscideum, Arisarum. an 16, 24 | roseum, Epilobium.: . 2.20). 0599..6 20 procera WlMUSes ssh ein «ieee. 31 | roseum (=thomsonianum), Notho- PLOCUIMHENS; ALIN Arayg-rstens on-eeren et ee 18 Litton O95. 28 Veins «one oer pO 35 Procumbent Pearlwort............. 1S | ‘rosmarinifoliusy Cistusayaseeceeoner 29 pruhoniciana, Primula x ..........- 21 | Rough Meadow-grass.............. 25 UTS) Sr tore cei sirerere era 30; 66, 7ON7A5 Rowan. 22.0085 5 CONS A ee 31 , 84 Rubiaceae sk Aco. RAPE atte 22 DPSCUGACOLUS, -ILIS a-r.1-n-)toe teen ketene "Did EUOTtaseestuGayss> .5 es eneme eee 25.883 pseudoacacia, Robinia............. 19) Tubritinctus; Rubus isepescdeeeee 19 pseudoplatanus, Acer........... 19, 69 | rubrum, Chenopodium............. 19 Pteridophytae esr woe et cterotere 17 RAI bUS sce resent 55, 69, 83 Pteropsida fer. = v7 < SYMON: ANAS i | “rufinerve:VACers s 23.1791 nee 28 Pubescens, Betula yyy Ms See 28 TUGOSA; ROSA!.exrs o DA RR 35 pulverulenta, Zenobia.............. 31 Rumex® v0. 22a see 84 pungena, Elaeagnus............... 29°} “rusticana, Armoracia.... 40 teese meee 32 Purple Dead Nettle... 0.22% ane. US >| “RyeiGrass: .08 29. 0). Gearet eer ee 16 Purple Filberts.]. <2 RR). ase 29) | ‘sabinayJuniperus.:% «4... oe be chee 30 Purple Loosestrife 22.2 US. 16, 20 saccharinum, Acer... ?!aS 0G Fae 28 purpurea,, Digitalis:v.r..-.-1r-tnern st 22 | sachalinense, Polygonum........... 20 purpurea, Echinacea............... 31 | ‘Sages. c so 22 Ra a, 32 purpurea, Malusmeeass . tere te ee 30 | sahucii x, Halimiocistus........... 29 purpureum, Lamium......08 05.25. 22 | salamonii (=sepulchralis), Salix..... 31 Puschkinia: .2nc2sccs0cees sacks 143123..| *Salicacaedes.4i2 22. PRS eee 21 Pussy? WilloWiec.crerws.20m tor tonto 15,. 2071 Salicaria, Lbythrum-tyeie ai ee ae 20 quinquifolia, Parthenocissus........ 30 | salicifolius, Cotoneaster............ 29 racemosum, Rhododendron........ 88) |) Salix, 2. els nonce RRRReS 84, 85, 92 radicata,, Hypochoeris:.. vas. eke 23 ‘| sallow. Goce terior 555963), 165;/1695770 RagwOnttns osteeeatig es a5 aes ae 65, 66 | saluenensis, Camellia.............. 34 Ranunculaceae? 1. cane eee eee oe US WIESFINEI OG be ouoomuccdacund uti 32, 84 raphanistrum, Raphanus........... 18 | sanguinea, Cornus............0..0% 29 Rats-tail: Plantainiss..ssacee eee 22 | sanguineum, Ribes...............- 31 recutita,. Matricaria . eee ener 23 Sanguineus, (RumeX.....-fenteees sere 20 FREASGIOVER 2-2 .cer. coroners rolrone tate fod etn es 19 | sardinensis, Chionodoxa......... 14, 24 Red! Dead-nettle. «2 -..c+ inn. SER 22 | sargentii, Pyracantha NISL, SHAT 30 Redi'Fescue s: Ss en HRD. OOM 16325 . |, “Sasanqua;.@amellia.45... 42 eeneee 34 Red Goosefoot. 2.3.07. 2%... 192) || "Sativas'Castaneay soc arceeteeee 21 Rede B iii irene se reterers to ctete tener neato 20) | “Saxifragaceaes. SiGe oe aeeiesees 20 REGGE BO ccc ne SERIE ROR 24 | "scabra,|Deutziay iis 4. <.5 2 an See 29 Reed =orass fee cess vscctenae s MOORS 25 | scabra;-Heliopsis: 28k eee 31 Reedmace i. ccrrer AUG 0 ROU 24 | Scarlet Pimpernellsas.-.9-.seieee er 21 Feflexas Sy rill awoke ee 31 Scented May weeds... -1-.. ane Aone 25 regaley Lvl saaat-t-tes-torera = esters 35 | Scentless Mayweed............. seen 23 recia, Jugians ose, AI 29 | schlippenbachii, Azalea............ 32 repens: Alsropyron. sem «o0e +2 wcrcne 25 | schmittii, Pyracantha x............ 30 repens, Rantinculis....2:55 0.20520. 18 SCUMAK x tyrrces treet forces Sek 14, 23 FEPENSs WriPOMUM s a0 ears neers oo oe 19 | scilloides, Puschkinta..2.29-170 40228 23 reptans; Ajuga ’..2cc2hI9, BUG 22 | scintillans, Rhododendron......... 33 reticulatay Gamellials jaca 02 see ee 34 | scoparius, Sarothamnus. «......0.8% 19 Teticulatas Unis h..2-ce steerer or AR 31 SGotssPinG: <..0cnen set er eee 65, 69 revolutum, J. humile, var........... 29 |.Scrophulariaceae:... <5 .0ehteeee ne 21 reynoutria, Polygonum............. 14° | Sea.Club=tush.wxine neces ote 15, 24 rhaponticum, Rheum.............. BQ) | SCA GE Hila wear cal anw oa ols Pie cree 64 Rhododendron......... VON 267270305, | Self-healisos 45 cms Ree eee 22 822581 82a Lit selloane, Cortaderia............... 25 129 PAGE sempervirens, BUR US 5s sie. RPI eE 28, 83 sempervirens, Iberis.............-- 29 Senecio reP Eas 3 oo oe eked MRR ON 68 sepium, Calystegia\c)...0... «seals? Gh 21 sepulchralis, Salix x (salmonii)...31, 84 sericanthus, Philadelphus........... 30 serotina, P. x canadensis.......... 30 serpyllifolia, Veronica.............. 22 Semlolawmleactucal.% . slsoekv anise 23 serrulata, Pyracantha.............. 30 Shalcoy: SOMMICm ae ceases oo. WE 22: Sharp-leaved. Pluellen.............. sp. 272 SHEEPSHRESCUE!: 2 STETeUM ec sels 38 pusilla; Pseudozythia® -4". 42%... .. 5. 36 puteana, Coniophoraye ee... se ee Bi IBY REMOMY COLES 2h .f- ro fetata te ateltetotetelelsh a oe 38 pyriforme, Lycoperdon............ 38 thacodes; epiotatey ties. Ae 38 IVUSSUIA Spies e ete ee ee 38 semilanceata, Psilocybe............ 38 semilibera, Mitrophora.......... 36, 38 septica.sFuligo:.~-0s Pare? SOU 38 SilveniLeafs Fungusse2 22)... see 38 Sphaenialest;.. 2/22 See aS 38 Sphaeropsidalessei2 97). 9 See 38 tenue, Gloeocystidium............. 37 Rhelephoraceaese essere Sots See 37 TulipyFire Fungus:...-...0.2en eo. alee 38 tulipaenBothytisSye-hee ewes eee 38 ulmi, Macrophoma............. 36, 38 versicolor, Coriolus (Polystictus).... 38 Virideswmrichodennats)..-7.n1ooe ne 38 WoodiBlewit; -.c0k hin. ee ae 38 HEMIPTERA AGELIS- He henaCOCGCUS4~...=ses eee 86 aegopodii, Cavariella.............. 84 afinis,sScolopstethush2ut t1.'"....8) 208: 81 albidum, Metopolophium.......... 83 albus;‘Chaitophorus: 3 ates 84 Meyrodidae®, . AAI a ee 83 alneti) Almetoidia.... 8202. 2 Ps. 83 alsiePterocallis., S90 2k. eee 84 alnicola,»Psallusicc.cmertin eee tee 81 angulatus, Blepharidopterus........ 81 APH GICAS seer ctokare ata FSS Meo Oe 83 Aphidinde si 252 6 ite.7.5 ee 83 Aphid O16 Cal weWeh. mors. 1. (oh tobarsterereicwrorr ee 83 artemisiae, Macrosiphoniella........ 83 ascalonicus}/MyZUsw.chr. eee. eee 83 Asterodiaspis:9s24 se ee 2 85 Asterolecantidaet]~.... 2.2 eee 85 atropunctata, Eupteryx............ 82 Auchernorrhyncha see ee. ee 82 avellanae, Typhlocyba............. 82 avenae, Macrosiphum.............. 83 berbenis; Wiosomaphis:; «<+..2....)008: 84 bilineatus, Neomecomma........... 81 binotatus, Stenotus?i32 232. ea. 82 boesneri,, Myzocallis:. ....... 28s see ae 84 bursarius, Pemphigus........... 84, 85 buxisPsyllasts.ce FR aa ae ee 83 Bythoscopidde. 2... 82 sien s..5 eee 82 capreae, Chaitophorus............. 84 CETASIS MYZUS Riri tr terertt eeeretas 83 cenvinusOrthops.2otoee ee: ween 82 Chaitophorinae’.. eee 84 chlorizans, Malacocoris............ 81 Cicadellidaes Aree s 4 os were 82 Cimicidaess.. 6. Rae os OS 81 GCIPSH SD acCtymOtusy fem nme oes oe 83 Coccidacs:. Fier eA ee 84 coccinea, Graphocephala........... 82 coccineus, Pseudoloxops........... 81 @occoideas.. eS he SR BRS 82, 84 contusus; Anthocoris;...:.. 0 -oeece ol contaminatus, Lygocoris........... 82 Corixidae:. cy. -RINIOP I? SUS 82 corniella;;Aphiss. See ee 84 Goryli; Myzocallismcn eee eect 84 crataegi (froggati), Edwardsiana..... 83 cruenta; sFagocy bay...» oe see 83 cymbalariae, Myzus............... 83 cytisorum$ Aphis... “2559523 2028 84 devecta; Dysaphise steno e ee 84 diaphanus, Orthotylus............. 81 Diaspididae cas. :oyn0or urate Moe eee 84 dimidiatus, Phytocoris........... 81, 82 dirhodum, Metopolophium......... 83 dorsalismSisaras: <.4+cnectetae te 82, 108 Drepanosiphinae. 920925. k 84 enicaes) Strophingia /\sink § easier 83 Eniococcidae Rapenn..62 +. Peat. ace 86 ErranswDicyphuss< Pee sae ess ie 81 euphorbiae, Macrosiphum.......... 83 fabae: AphisS ier. eee 84, 96 fagis Cry ptococcusisaen aie ete tn 85 peregrina, Psyllay Sostncote tt. crete 83 Persicdes, MIYZUISi... .-0 <1.) .ce erates ot OES 84 phyllyreae, Siphoninus............. 83 Phytocoris........+-.-ssseeeeeees 81 piceeaes |CMarays oo. = cceuieusuare, epatmerTes 84 pisum, Acyrthosiphon............. 83 planicornis, Heterotoma........... 81 platanoidis, Drepanosiphum........ 84 poae, Rhopalomyzus . s:sqcc6enrr er s- 84 DOM AVIS er. = ots cis wesc RESLE D oEES 84 Popul, KYDOSincie- - «hapten: cosets fe 82 praeusta, Callicorixa........... 82, 108 Bseudococcidae.... .-.. -nrneorernrnticc 86 Rsyllidaes.csjnnamotn. 1 204- © eavieot 83 punctipennis, Euceraphis........... 84 pygmaeus, Acompocoris........... 81 quadrituberculata, Betulaphis....... 84 quercicola, Asterodiaspis........... 85 ribisnigra, Nasonovia.............. 84 rosae, Macrosiphum............... 83 rosarum, Myzaphisers tsa A...) tieri= ri 84 rubi, Amphorophora.............. 83 sahlbergi, Hesperocorixa........ 82, 108 salicis, Chionaspis 4. Gey dae 84, 93 scalesmsects ., ..... «.-,-, « sedes aera ete 112 scholtzi, Micronecta........... 82, 108 stellulata, Buptenyx. -eiemer )- dierent 82 taeniatifrons, Placotettix........... 82 testudinatus, Periphylus............ 84 tetrarhodus, Chaetosiphon......... 84 mettigoniellidae. .. 35... seenhe 82 Thelaxinae.. :«..«.. sswlamgaadd- eyes 84 theobaldi Cavariella............... 84 Miliae, Bucalliptecus sis a te-yeis4 a 1208 84 tikae, Bulecanivim:. 25,0 (-,<.-7,<.4). 908 84, 93 tiliae, Phytocoris.. <......%ceenteee- tunicatus, (Pantilius: ....¢ .5eeeer ulmi, Lepidosaphes. . . .cj22 Seis 4 ulmi, Ribaultiana . -.ietsic- eee ulmi Metraneura. ...... ose -naee variolosum, Asterodiaspis....... Viciae;, MegOUra:. 0.0 6-0 mentee wirgator K-ybOS.. ... -ceereceteere HYDRACARINA conglobata, Piona.............. crassipes, Unionicola.peeeaceeace orbicularis, Mideopsis.......... HYMENOPTERA Apidae .oc ss. .: anos er armatorius, Amblyteles......... auratus; OGYMUS:. «2... eee BombusSincs s.3 5. «apeworatiotl - aches Campoplex (Omorga) sp......... circumscriptus, Rogas........-. clausus ? Charitopus......;. . oa coeruleocarpus, Nematus........ diaspidus, Aphytis -4.heoreeenies dilectus; Apantelesis 34. eee dohrnii, FPeNnUSA «2.0... peau ee Dryinidaé.\...cdoc< th sbwaiernele elongatulus, Crossocerus........ Encyrtidae.)s Mawietieeteisa: Fate Bulophidae:,;... :... ssn Bxallonyxesp sites decieiskec oe eee Ronmicidaescrer.. se eee Gasteruplidae:}..7.3...50 en eee gracilis, Gnypetomorpha........ LOO gENeEs|SPA At ede eee shel My pSIGELaSPsseusk.s cies ice sackets ane Ichneumonidae... .... sssosenen® jaculator, Gasteruption......... laevinodis, Myrmica............ leucocera, Cymodusa........... lucorum:;, Bombus:. ; -acpeeeeese Inteus,Ophionin sc. 0c..00 6 cen manducator, Alysia............. melaleucus, Aphelopus.......... Mesochorus'sp... ; .: -<1s,-, autho. Netelia sp... Sgeecyayatace Gee oes HIPC WLASIUS «, .:<5.5,5,5.5,0,0.00 ee ae nydia, Dacnusa scr. cece es aaa Osmia.. of Pemss sec oscusnin eee Parabatus Spite dadoesiiit tre Proctotrupidaey....4. « zapieyael. cee proxima,) Pontania.......-.-.. smi Rteromalidaes ts. ...5...95heiaee recticauda, Picrostigeus......... tuficeps, Phaenocarpa........... ruficornis; Blacus. -adiesaitees -3- Sand Wasps aie sia,0 o SATO TEE Sawilies: jac. <..s os asttieeeere nae eee eee eee PAGE segmentator, Mesoleius..........-..- 92 sericea, Blastothrix............. 85, 93 SPNESIDACE oi ini she naig epee ww diesen 93 Sulcatonseromethes,. .-eehet!: . s25e 93 tenebricosus, Stilpnus.............. 92 MenthrediMidacs, ycicks,..<.5 se Vals Lee 92 tetragonus, Diplazon.............. 93 PROTVMUIGAC HS iS iin nics MUSE, 93 umbratuss Masiusiaiocisie sees koe cee 93 vagans, Heterarthrus.............. 92 Wespidacieem oceiiadwaned Y. allan: 93 viator, Phaenoserphus............. 93 vitripennis, Apanteles.............. 92 vulgaris; vAsaphes'.. ccs cs «0 te Reed 93 Vulgaris; Vespulasistits te ictitielt.: tate 93 AS DO Stacie asyaetcle clo keyanaiene (sisi) wlaie wean as wR 93 ISOPODA dsellus}Oniscusseyin 2} 292k) atlan: 52 pusillussiirichoniscusssiiets) .... Sansa: 52 LEPIDOPTERA abbreviata, Eupethecia............. 73 abruptaria, Menophria (Hemero- Dhila) cael MOS CUeteG Aas Si, absinthit,, Cucuilia- ...........ahtt 59, 60, 63 aceriana, Gypsonoma.............. 69 acenis; Apatele-n hizo. Seoiacree ania 63 aeriferana, Ptchylomoides........ 60, 68 affinis, Gosmiaconch) ansnasleinih celin 64 albicepa, Rarachronistiseni see 70 albidella, Coleophora.............. 71 albifasciella, Nepticula ............ 73 alchemillata, Perizoma...:........- 73 alnifoliella (=rajella) Lithocolletis... 72 alsiness Caradrina *)t) simone aes 64 altemmatanEpimhoerniiosras > .2liser 73 alticolella (cespititella), Coleophora. . 72 amata.; Calothysanis; S-s)siccsteissise 65 ambigua, Garadrinay=stom leit 59, 64 ambigualis, Scoparia............... 66 Angle:Shades..... .... pierre enti: 64 anglicella, Parornix (Ornix)......... 72 -anthyllidella, Aproaerema (Stomop- LETH) Sade Ristas, BSR Re oh see 70 antiguas Oneyiaterserters eek. bree 55, 62 Antlers Piss ae Bee 63 apiella (nervosa), Depressaria....... 71 PANE CHIIGAG ssh MysAthE is cve.c.0%s1c. BADEN 58, 65 angiolis;... 2aetilieks sere 71 columbariella, Tinea............ S9aM/S Elephant, Hawk? 22) 320. eaeeeeeee = if/ COmes:, EuisGhesise /..<.%. see toes 63)" || elinguaria, ‘Grocallis sania «see 73 comitatambelunsars, + cect oe 595765) || elpenor; Deilephila. 5.27. ..>.ee0ene Sih GommontG@anpets. shanso9 5. 2 ieee 73 | ephippella (=pruniella), Argyresthia 71 Common Footmans.s 1. sees. ee 65 | erxlebella, Rosslerstammia......... 73 Common Marbled Carpet.......... 65 evonymella, Yponomeuta.-/2-% Shik 71 Commont*hugy.- esa Ss. EBA 65 | exclamationis, Agrotis............. 63 Common Quaker... 4nehe eee ee 63 | expallidana, Eucosma.............. 69 Gommon Rusticse seas 2 ee 605564 | Eyed Hawks i.2 225. 2. seeaneAs atk Sif Gommon/’ Swifts. >. sce ates see 66 | fagella, Diurnia (Chimabache)...... 73 Gommon Wainscotets Meese ahs 68F || Banfoots,. || fasciuncula, IProcussas-aseee eee 64 conjugata (=promutata), Scopula... 65 favillaceana (=rusticana), Capua.... 68 consimilana, Clepsis (unifasciata, Tor- Fedthered Thor: 2.22. -sess5eeeee 66 CTE) Oe Pee es ee es ARES 2 ed tet 68 | ferrugalis, Udea (Phlyctaenia)....59, 67 COnspensa.p Hadenaves tea ie ae ene 73 | ferrugana, Peronea (=tripunctana, contaminellus, Pediasia (Crambus) 58, 67 Acleris) 3 2229699 +s nas sad aoeaeee 9 conwagana, Pseudoargyrotoza (con- ferrugata, Xanthorhoe............. 65 wayana, Pseudoargyrotoxa)....... 68 | ferruginella, Monopis.............. 73 @opper Underwinese: .- ees seen: 645 || Figure of Eighty 9ee..5. see 62 corticana, Zeiraphera (=incertana, fimbriata, Wampravaseerniaeee ane 60, 63 EUCOSMA) Awe arts 44 Ree cee 69) || Five-spotBrunett@etn cae. ee 61, 66 corylifoliella, Lithocolletis.......... 12% |) Blame oe eae a ee 63 Gossidaes 35, Fics: EE: 6 582866) | Flame?Shoulder. ="... .eiaeeno eee 63 costalis, Hypsopygia (Pyralis)....... 67 | flammealis, Endotricha............- 67 costana, Clepsis (Tortrix)........... 68 Flounced Rustic), 5540. -eeeeeee ee 64 costella, Scrobipalpa (Phthorimaea).. 70 | fluctuata, Xanthorhoe............. 65 costosa, Agonopterix (Depressaria).. 71 | foenella, Epiblemma (Eucosma)..... 69 Grambusi2e25 ..< Sis weniat fe elieet 60 | forficalis, Evergestia iNiesouminia 67 crataegana, Archips (Cacoecia)..... 68 | formosa, Nephopterix (Salebria).... 73 Grescent !)'F., LAS hg eh eh , 64 | formosana, Enarmonia. nS) cribrellawMycloise sneer aoe ene alee 67 forskaleana, Croesia (Argyrotoxa). . 68 crocicapitella, Monopis............ (20 || BoxglovelBugwct.) (sisue 3 eee 65 culmella, Amphibolia (hortuellus, frangulella, Buccalatrix . 72 Crambus) Soe usy oc RTA, inde 67 | fraternella, Carycolum (Phthorimaea) 73 culmellus, Crambus (straminella, Ag- frequentella, Scoparia (=mercurella, riphila) td eee eee ti Le 67 Witlesia) 22% .... « Aiea ees 66 cuntisellusy Pray saacss-uneee ene 59, 71 | fugitivella, Teleiodes (Telphusa)...58, 70 cynosbatella, Pardia (tripunctana, fuliginoas, Phragmatobia........... 65 EWE OS) eS Aa es 69 | fulvescens, Mompha............... 70 DarkiArchess ais fee ee 60, 64 | furcata, Hydriomena.............. 65 Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet..... 65) || furunculasRrocussseeemre ee aeeee 64 DarksSpectacle yt Vac BEI 64 | fuscana, A. variegana,ab......... 59, 69 DarkiSpmachtere eenisisee. ae cee 59, 65 | fuscantaria, Deuteronomos......... 66 dealbana, Gypsonoma............. 69 | fuscidinella, Coleophora........... 71 decorella, Momphia: eerie. eee io>)\| gamma Plusia eee. -L eee 59, 64 decrepitana, Olethreutes (bifasciana, Garcillanitdaess.s-sesc.s0crsvcu-vev keen ee v2 Areyroploce) anes ocee mene ae 603n70> || Garden Carpet... ....keinea eee 65 dilutatay Oporinia: «522 ese. 522 see 66" || Garden Dart 1.) 4455 .1< an acetate SH Diney Shearseee eee eee ee 64° | Garden Tiger: enateos hd a AV asa 65 diniana, Zeiraphera (Evetria)..... 60, 69 | Gelechiidae,...... 6.0.00. 2s ee. ees 70 Be eee oe SUT: ete 63 | Gem.......... Serer 59, 65 Douhia bat 63 geniculeus, Agriphila (Crambus).... 67 ouble-cn aa P Ae REO TG A: Chia 66 Geometridae ss.) sete 57, 58, 65 D ly DFS 8 Cin OR om Bi rd OD gerronella, Brachmia.............. 70 LeEPanid acne han aware oer 62 a4 Seige : y glaucatal!Cilix Wek esa 5 ae bine 62 dubitalis (=arundinata), Scoparia... 66 | goedartella, Argyresthia............ 71 dubitana, Aethes (Phalonia)........ 68F || Gothiesscccc<. 3+ 5,.8e Rania 57 Dun=barw Sees acces el hee 64 |. gothica;’Orthosia. (2. Sais. ae. dere 63 PAGE PrAamMIMish@erap tery Rave crete! ie! kokel 63 Greeni Oaks MOPtriKs coy peyote ote 68 (Sagas ha | EAD cee panic} cubiecac boii 58, 66 GreyeDascens hci tof. aetetetette o.cleteels 64 GreyaPine Carpet sei nieekel.k «aie 60, 65 PTOSSAM A SASPEYTESIA 1-1 eyoroncuencl os ote 69 grossulariata, Abraxas............. 73 hamanay Buxanthist i218. 520i 68 haworthiana, A. sparsana, ab........ 68 cartiand Dart wich cueisanciccncteeeen 63 FAeO Tew! CMATACCEE Aca: -cucnenereusceomenenele 63 hellerella, Blastodacna (Chrysoclista) 70 heperana, Pandemis 68 Hepialidacscinsee ee eee 58, 66 VS ral Geir SS SRR MintAanta MGy Cla. wisrP beeen se ee 58, 66 FrollyuBluex: eed Aree Re de 62 hornigi, Manackton: 35930005 PlVL hortuellus, Crambus (= ‘culmella, Am- phibolia) Bpiahe ccna Rosy Seaqeys MR Ruse 67 hortulata, Eurrhypara............. 67 ibipennella, C€oleophorazes A. foes: 71 ictetata,, Eupithecia..6 ace fh... ee 66 ignobiella, INepticulasc.cci-cis Obes 73 immundana, Epinotia (Eucosma) .69, 97 impura, ECUGCATIIATA THe eI Sasi aiae 63 AncertayOxcthosia:., «0... Aiea - 58, 63 incertana, Cnephasiella (Cnephasia). 68 incertana, Zeiraphera (corticana, Eu- COSINA) 5 wrt er ora, s OTSA a cS Bee 69 Imgrailedi@layatas coleteiiiewse: 57 inquinatellus, Agriphila (Crambus).. 67 insularia, B. betularia, ab........... 58 interjectana (virgaureana), Cnephasia 68 1OSENivanp halis Beye serves.) diskette 57 ipsilon, NEtOtiSr tarantino erode 2 63 jacobaeae, Callimorpha............ 65 fanthinay Buschesia...,....8o:e cae ae 63 juliana (=fasciana), Pammene...... 69 Upeth1s 00 sta cree eter. costs oo eco. 65 KnofGEASS once eens: «BORE 64 laburnella, eucopterae... . senor 19 lactella (=sarcitrella), Endromis..... 71 lacunana, Olethreutes (Argyroploce) 70 lanceolata sBacinas:: .lititstsaii: bel toe 70 MarchyRuSitn..G Me siete yaa. « 60, 66 WAT SSAW NICS a 5 Skaevartaeacdehs veers Ue 62 Large Yellow Underwing........ 58, 63 laniciataysEupithecia......:...¢ek 60, 66 latruncula, IPROGUS key se oicncus sacs Se ee 64 lecheana, Ptycholoma (Cacoecia).59, 68 NECO PANG eieesest ste: ony

63 maculiferella, Carycolum (Phthori- MACA) eh ca.< TMi hens aloes aterers 70 maculipennissblutellay.. «1-1 -tlee-t- 72 maestringella, Lithocolletis......... 72 Magpie \ntrcisrtetier ctind aayslaeao0 73 malvella, Pexicopia (Platyedra)...... 70 MarbledsBeautye.qsceee-t bore oc 63 Marblede@oronetcn -.- --,- ies tail 73 MiarblediMinor. . . .tyeri de denaiee 58, 64 marginicollella, Nepticula.......... 73 maturayhhalpophila: - screenees > ore 64 AI KONO ee coe saStioo cm onOd oS 64 megacephala, Apatele.............. 63 mellinataly Piss ).4 aeyssmo oe) > etter 65 mendica, Argyresthia............ ye) ra(satehteziy (Ovni sanigh eo oomeno. occ 65 mercurella, Witlesia (frequentella, Scopanlas temic aac: seiare Pr ace sk 66 messaniella, Lithocolletis........... 12 messingiella, Eidophasia........... 72 meticulosa, Phlogophora..........- 64 mucacea, \GOrtyna. 6 < .... geld Berer: 73 Middle-barred Minor.............- 64 munima., Petilampal....-eocrrtitoe -miekee 64 Minor Shoulder Knot........... 59, 63 Momphidaér ars. -5 5152 rae 70 monoglypha, Apamea........... 60, 64 morpheus, Caradrina.............- 64 Mottled BRiustic * alia cney-td ne» ga eeerer=s- 64 IMOUSG stints os ore ae ces 64 mucronellus, Donacaula......... 60, 67 Mullein Wavel) ssruhsivet®. -ceeere 65 mullinella, Mirificarma (Gelechia)... 70 MUSCUlANAa, SYNGEMIST wees ces lel Us) IMuslins 228253 20 navman cnae center 65 NAcVAlla- ACLOC Mita er aol ee oe tate 58, 69 ManellawRECiividet es: ee cee ee er 70 Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet.. 73 neglectana (=sociana), Gypsonoma. 69 nemoralis, Zanclognatha........... 57 nemorellus (pratellus), Crambus..... 67 PAGE PAGE Nepticulidaes 3... Baas sent 73 | pratellus (=nemorellus), Crambus.. . nervosa (=apiella), Depressaria..... 71 Privet Hawk... «...<.:.-..i:..iebterb sees nigricans, Euxoa... < -SeeeA.. ane 60, 67 | proboscidalis, Hypena........... 60, nisella, Epiontia (Eucosma)......... 69 | pronuba, Noctua (Triphaena)...58 niveus; Acentropus.... .29202O% 238 60, 67 er ae Cacoecimorpha (Cacoe- noctuella, Nomophila........... 59, 67 1a) 3 LEAS oc SEES EEE 6 Noctuidae oes 2-32.20 Uae 58, 62 Snincila (ephipella), Argyresthia. . Notodontidaetse ALOR. 58, 62 | pseudospretella, Hofmannophila (Bor- November Moth... -.. ceties. fee 66 khausenia)i= wasemnes tee aes 1 nubilalis; Ostrina (Pyrausta) 5934603167 | psi, Apateli.s..2:. -2.200 Jacek eee ee nuptas Catocalae.2 esate) mee 64. |oPsychidae,. .xj0s0 sae isatnerkbe cee Nutmes 2a enw nga 5. 59,63 | Pterophoridac!.)): sasha ieniee oct 38, nymphaeata, Nymphula (Hydro- pulchellas, Elachista®, ciceeic se eae CAM Pal ee srarstctore ct ORO 8 67 | pulchellata, Eupithecia............. Nymphalidae. -1.0.-.svariva ttt en rot tae 62 | pulchrinasPlusia meses eeeeeeeee Oak Hook-tips 22a 0.G A). ISIC 62 | pumilata, Gymnoscelis............. obeliscataPherater se se). Ane 60, 65 | purdeyi, Clavigesta (Evetria)........ obsoletella, Scrobipalpa (Phthori- pusdrias Deilinia< ... ascwkieeeehe see miaea) 2.7. 2 oT ea 70. |{\PussecAgalliaationd oats ike eer Obstipata, Nycterosea........... SOVOS | Puta; ACTOS (1. .o1e1ess1<.) 10s eS ocellana,/Spilonota:-.-.21-+-..ce ane 69: | putris, Axylias,....c.. Seheeneen . sei ocellata, Smenmthus-.. -+. ~~ were 57 | pygmaeella, Argyresthia............ ocularis; Methea ln, Buea eee 62 | pygmina, Arenostola.............. oculeasHy dracciaseekisn4 ees 64: | eRyralidae’s 223522 hoselyasiaeaet | ake 58, OEcophoniddae yey ere ees sew eee 71 pyramidea, Amphipyra............ OldiFady ssn... MEA aise 64 | pyrella, Swammerdamia............ oleracea, Diataraxa os) Saket 63 |! pyrina; Zeuzeras .. 2... eae saa oxyacanthae, Lithocolletis.......... 72 | quadripuncta, Oegoconia........ Si, oxyacanthella, Nepticula........... 73 | quercana;iCarcina. sjos\tjvase&.. aease padella, Yponomeuta.............. qi || quercinaria, Ennomos.. o-..... sees Painted kady 2.242 seo Ras 57 | rajella (=alnifoliella), Lithos)etisig Pale Mottled Willow............ 58, 64 | ramella (=paykulliana), Epinotia.. Pale Shouldered Brocade........... 73: \\ tapae,Pierisi).. 3 2s ao + 68 | mubiliDiarsia:cestc.. aeoed hase eee Pieridae: «= 44.2 FRA Soe 62 | (Ruby Tiseriesie cyee eee «eee pinguinalis, Aiglossast ae.) 29a 67 } nufatiCoenobiats!-cerlodoris . -eece pinguinella (=turpinella), Gelechia.. 70 | rufescens, Brachmia............... pinguiss Buzophord= ss. so ese wee 67 | rufocinera, Elachista............... pinicolana, Rhyacionia (Evetria)..60, 69 | rumicis, Apatele.................. pinivorana, Rhyacionia (Evetria). 60, 69 | ruralis, Pleurotypa (Notarcha). ...60, pisi; Getamicac)).s1ergoniiM.. atlaass 63 Rustic! jos... geen) Vota ae plecta; (Ochropleuratepsess= «cies 63 | RusticShoulder Knot.............. Phitelhidacse sick. ncaa ec esctaey ah ome 72 | rustica, P. curtisellus, ab............ podana, Archips (Cacoecia)..... 58, 68 | rusticana (favillaceana), Capualas 4. pomonelia; Warpeyresia as 4+, -aer = afer 69 | rusticellay Monopis. . -@aseseeriar ane PoplataGreygoopc cc ter ttesacenassoe a ccecs 63 | salicis, Lencomas... «... 0.32... 71 URL CACs oP MAES raters er siele ss 5 =) ace == 62 VACCINI COnistralec eens. fre aoe 57 V-mot h Secs Mette arsed) O10 CROCE DOE te 66 WapOunerens 1% at. fastasiet eee 11, 55, 62 Vanlepana--ACIehSee ans occ cece 59, 69 viminalis, Bombycia............- 59, 63 Wine SuRUStIC : scar creek ote 59, 64 VILA KCOTUTAy. hee ses « c SATE eee on le 57 WIKeta tas PAGASISK ics varevsravorestucysrcnaeaet 73 virgaureana (=interjectana), Cnepha- SL ae hove co mor eh cnsecan TS Rt here ee 68 Winidanas LOLLUIX...-./inataeeine abies 68 Vitella, GerostomanL@ie.. keen 58, 72 Vulsata, Eupithecia sincera ty. te sey.cer 65 vulgella, Meleiodes:, .autiiatst whelerae = 70 Walshiidacs.........:..c0.4.- Seed onda ils 70 warringtonellus, C. perlellus, ab.. 67 Waularia,. tame. 5. MuOegok aver 66 Waved Umber..............00000- 2 i/ Wihite Ermine: ¢ 2... e-store oF nee 65 Wihite;Sating ...-.- Te SI. SIS 62 Wallow -Beauty.c..15.0s: eo einer 66 Winter IMothiirs ys... soror-rasescxonc1a-crtheonenne bee 66 woeberiana, Laspeyresia........... 73 Wormwood Shark.............. 59, 63 Yellow-barred Brindle............. 73 Yellow/Shellin ss acc eae cee 65 Yponomentidae. ...aeae ). eataee 71 ypsilon; Apann@alrrarercrerasscressvoeeateraole 64 PAGE xanthographa, Amathes............ 63 xylosteana, Archips (Cacoecia)...... 68 ZY SACMIGACH Aste toll ese) crite tart y= yt , 66 MAMMALIA agrestis, Microtus............-+-+- 39 DhO AOR G2 Aly olay Gro oickarons DID 6, Dio Oc WONG 39 fieldkvolesa sae etree re tereee vters tare 39 MOUSEMMOUSE He etee ele eee 39 TMUSCULUSS IMUUSS aa sa tell ele etter an 39 norvegicus, Rattus...........--.-- 39 PIpistrelleseye sete elo ciel teen e 39 pipistrellus, Pipistrellus...........- 39 SQUInrela et a ner ri ere: 112 sylvaticus, Apodemus...........-+- 39 WOOGMNOUSC eee hee miei cece 39 MOLLUSCA albus. PlamOnb Sey. heseisia casgepers ric licus 53 budapestensis, Milax..........-- 525,93 cellarius, Oxychilus........5..-. 52553 Gormeus, PlanorbiS).-..-- + «seem 4- 107 Gusta.) PlanOnbISrcs -wieiacketssoral 53, 107, drapernaudi, Oxychilus...........- 53 NOLTENSIS{PAGION ae eraser ee 53 jenkinsi, Hydrobia...........- 103, 107 jenkinsi, Potamopyrgus........-.-- 53 PAMOL DIS. tus ore ae aegeeh ore aes 53, 107 reticulatus, Agrolimax...........- Syee-5)3) striolata, Hygromia...........--..- 5) tentaculata, Bithynia........... 53,, 107 Wallonia SPes music len heleke icra 5 MOSSES, LICHEN & LIVERWORTS Ann Opinas EON iaert) -delele eh eteetet- terete 37 argentium, Bryum............+.+-- 37 bicolon eB Ayumi elk hierar 37 IB GYACEAC eee eed Love nuwoasi-ur ieee Nelotss ste nele 37 Bry Ophytace ett liom baet- ele vr aa 36 caespiticium, Bryum..........-..-+ 37 capillare, Bryum...... 22-6. .5-%: 37 conizaeiodes, Lecanora.........-.. 37 controversa, Weissia.............-- 37 convuluta, Barbula.........5-...+. 37 cruciata, Lunularia.............-.+ 36 cupressiforme, Hypnum.........-.- 37 cuspidata, Lophocolea..........--- 36 delicatula,, Pohliassaticr. -i-tielel= =i err Bi epiphylla,Pellia..... 2.5. £2 sanq aasl 0} -, a tad yl col aiehiet | OBJECTS & ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY The Society has for its objects the promotion and advancement of research in Biological Science, and its diffusion by means of meetings at the Society’s Rooms for the reading of original papers, discussions and lectures, by public exhibitions, by field meetings, by the issue of publications, the formation of typical collections and of a library, and by such other means as the Council may from time to time determine. Meetings. Indoor Meetings at The Alpine Club are generally held twice monthly, on the second and fourth Thursdays at 6.30 p.m. Field meetings take place throughout the Summer. The Council invites the co-operation of all naturalists, especially those who are willing to further the objects of the Society by reading papers and exhibiting specimens. The Society possesses representative collections of most orders of insects and an extensive library. These are available at all Ordinary Meetings. Members may borrow books at meetings or by post. Donations of suitable insects and books are much appreciated. There is also a big collection of lantern slides, mainly of insects in all stages, from which series may be borrowed. Microscopes are available for home use. SUBSCRIPTIONS Entrance Fee, 7s. 6d. Ordinary Members, £2 12s. 6d. p.a.; Country Members, £1 11s. 6d. p.a.; all members under 21, 15s. Od. p.a. Life Membership, £35. COMMUNICATIONS Should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, B. J. MACNULTY, B.sc., PH.D., 74 High Bridge Street, Waltham Abbey, Essex. INSTRUCTIONS TO EXHIBITORS (These apply to all meetings, not only to the Annual Exhibition.) Attention to the following points will greatly add to the scientific value of the exhibits and our Proceedings, besides assisting the Publication Committee in preparing the reports for publication, a task which, in the past, has involved a quite unjustifiable amount of labour and time. vi LABELLING OF EXHIBITS Adequate labelling of all exhibits is essential; such labelling to include:— (a) name and address of exhibitor, (b) order and name (generic and trivial, with author of the trivial name) of each species, (c) locality (at least County or Country), or, in the case of bred specimens, the place of origin, (d) date (at least the month and year) of capture or breeding (or, in the case of a series, first and last dates), (e) any other information of scientific interest, such as ‘Gynandromorph’, etc., relating to any particular specimen. REPORT FOR PROCEEDINGS A report, including all the points mentioned above for labelling, and amplified to give short details of any special aberrations, gynandromorphs (e.g. left side male, right side female), or other points of interest, must be handed to the Recorder when the exhibit is taken in (at the Annual Exhibition) or to the Editor (at Ordinary Meetings). Such report must be written or typed (preferably typed) ON ONE SIDE OF THE PAPER ONLY, WITH A 2-INCH MARGIN ON THE LEFT SIDE, WITH AT LEAST DOUBLE SPACING BETWEEN LINES, in the form used for the record in the Proceedings. Where the author of a trivial name is not known, a blank space should be left for its insertion, but every endeavour should be made to furnish this in the first instance, to avoid misunderstandings. INSTRUCTIONS TO SPEAKERS Speakers wishing to submit papers for publication, after reading, should give them to the Editor at the end of the meeting or send them to him as soon as possible afterwards, for consideration by the Publication Committee of the Society. Naturally, not al/ the papers read or talks given to the Society are suitable for publication in the Transactions of the Society, and the Council, acting through the Publications Committee, reserves the right to refuse those papers it considers unsuitable, The relevant Bye-law (26) (d) states that ‘all papers read or announced at any meeting and accepted for publication in the Society’s publications shall become the property of the Society, unless otherwise stipulated before the reading or announcement thereof’. The Society will be very pleased to receive papers for consideration that may be suitable for reading in title. These should be sent to the Editor. 1918-19 1920-1 1922 1923-4 1925-6 1927-8 1929 1930 1930 Vii PAST PRESIDENTS J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.) FP: ‘BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.) J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.) R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.) A. FICKLIN (dec.) V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.s. (dec.) J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.) R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.) R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) T. R. BILLUPs, F.E.S. (dec.) J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.) W. H. TUGWELL, PH.c. (dec.) C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.) J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.) E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) T. W. HALL, F.E.s. (dec.) R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.) R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. (dec.) A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.) W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.) F. NoapD CLarkK (dec.) E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.) H. MAIn, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.) W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.) B. H. SmirtH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.) STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. (dec.) K. G. BLarr, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.) N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.) H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.) F. B. Carr (dec.) C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S. 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945-6 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Ke G: BEAIR, B:SG:,(F:Z:S., F.E.S. (dec.) T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., PH.D., A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. T. R. EAGLES E. E. SyMS, F.R.E.S. M. NIBLETT F. J. COULSON F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S. E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. (dec.) F. D. CoorteE, F.R.E.S. (dec.) S. WAKELY R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG. STANLEY N. A. JACOBs, S.B.ST.J., F.R.E.S. Capt. R. A. JAcKSON, R.N., F.R.E.S. L. T. Forp, B.A. (dec.) Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.) J. O. T. Howarp, M.A. (dec.) Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY, K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C., F.R.E.S. T. G. HowarTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S. F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. STANLEY N. A. JACoss, S.B.ST.J., F.R.E.S. F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S. Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S. B. P. Moore, B.SC., D.PHIL., F.R.E.S. N. E. HICKIN, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S. F. T. VALLINS, A.C.LJI., F.R.E.S. . MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC., ES. “Ee GARDNER, F.R.E.S. im MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S. . A. ROCHE, A.C.A. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS INDOOR MEETINGS 13th FEBRUARY 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. MAssrE—Examples of the chrysomelid beet!e Phaedon regnianum Tottenham, from the salterns at Higham, Kent. The species differs from the three others in the genus by the dark coppery-bronze colour, the more ovoid shape, and the sides of the pronotum being less arcuately constricted anteriorly. The punctur- ation of the meso and metasternum is also finer and more remote (Tottenham, 1941, Ent. mon. Mag., 77:14). It was recorded from Bosham, W. Sussex and Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. At Higham it is associated with watercress, but since the salterns are rapidly being washed away by the strong currents of the Thames it is unlikely to be found there in future years. Dr. P. J. L. Rocne—Seasonal variation in Eurydema ornata L. (Hem. Penta- tomidae), a very widespread European species which does not, however, occur in Britain. There are three seasonal forms which were originally described as distinct species. Form picta H.-S., which is dark green with pale yellowish markings, is found in late summer and is the progeny of that season’s mating. Form ornata L., which is black and red with the ventral surface red without a black patch, this form is found during and after hibernation. Form decorata H.-S. which is also black and red but the ventral surface has a black keel-shaped patch. This form is found in mid-summer and is the progeny of the previous year’s mating. The three forms were at one time regarded as a physiological cycle associated with sexual development, f. decorata being regarded as the sexually mature form. However, they have been shown to represent a seasonal cycle as, when two generations occur in a single season, the second generation is the result of either f. picta or f. ornata pairings. The male and female genital structures are morphologically identical in the three forms, confirming their conspecificity; both male and female genitalia providing good characters for the separation of the species of the genus. The examples exhibited all come from Alghero, Sardinia. Form picta was the only form found in October 1963; f. ornata was the commonest form found in July 1962; and in the same month f. decorata was taken, but only three. No f. picta were seen in July. Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Two wall-top mosses, Tortula muralis Hedw. and Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm., from Gillingham, Dorset. Dr. B. J. MACNULTY—Pissodes castaneum (Deg.) (Col., Curculionidae) taken from a small log of Scots Pine at Tuddenham, Suffolk, 3.xi.63. A number of pupal chambers were discovered under the bark which contained adults, pupae and larvae. The pupal chamber consisted of a hollow excavated in the solid wood to a depth of half the pupal chamber, this was roofed over with a cellulose structure so that the closed chamber closely resembled a lepidopterous cocoon. P. castaneum was originally a Scottish beetle but it seems to be spreading widely, no doubt being introduced with pine seedlings. Mr. J. BoorRMAN—An example of each of two lesser-known orders of 2 Arachnida, Solifugae and Pedipalpi, both from Nigeria, W. Africa. Little appears to be known of the biology and habits. Mr. DE ROUGEMONT—A selection of Carabidae from Normandy, taken during the winter. They included Carabus auratus L. ab. rotundatus Born. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said that earlier that month he had seen Nymphalis io L. and Aglais urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) on the wing, also Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep., Pieridae). Referring to Mr. Boorman’s exhibit Dr. P. J. L. Rocue confirmed that whip scorpions do move fast and live on tree trunks where they are difficult to see due to their coloration; but Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTy said he had a friend in W. Africa who had found two whip scorpions under moss and kept them as pets, but these were both sluggish and neither would eat. Mr. Morret asked Dr. Massee if the difference in colour of his beetles was of genetic origin. Dr. Massee replied that this was a general variation which occurred through several closely related species and which made recognition in the field very difficult. He added that he did not know if it was the effect of any genetic cause. Mr. M. W. F. Tweepie, Mr. R. F. HAyngs, Mr. S. DALTON, Dr. C. G. M. DE Worns and Mr. M. SCHAFFER showed series of slides. 27th FEBRUARY 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The death was announced of Mr. F. Hemming. EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. MasseEE—The rare weevil Tropiderus sepicola (F.) taken in August and again in February at Moccas Deer Park, Heref. The family Platystomidae contains nine British species all of which are very local and rare, and seldom represented in collections. The exhibited species is associated with oak and the adult stage extends from June until the following April. The larva feeds in old shoots of oak. Mr. T. R. EAGLEs—The lichen Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. from Brocken- hurst, Hants, showing thalli, podetia and apothecia. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. S. L. SuTTON gave a talk on ‘Natural History of the South Caspian and Elbertz mountains, Persia’, which he illustrated with slides and a coloured film, 12th MARCH 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mr. D. A. P. Baker and Mr. D. Bull. The deaths were announced of Mr. C. H. Hards, Mr. F. H. Day, Mr. L. G. Stimson and Air Vice-Marshal P. S. Blockey. EXHIBITS Mr. S. WAKELY—An example of Myiolia caesio (Harris) (Dipt., Trypetidae) from Eashing, Surrey. Mr. R. W. J. Uffen added that this fly was very uncommon 3 and sporadic in appearance. Its foodplant is unknown, but a closely related species is known to feed on the berries of honeysuckle. COMMUNICATIONS Due to lens trouble on the particular projector the film ‘Lords of the Forest’ would not be shown until 9th April. Instead Mr. T. G. Howartu introduced three films: ‘Wild Life in Danger’, ‘Between the Tides’ and ‘Woodpeckers’. 26th MARCH 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. D. F. Greenwood and Mr. M. O. Hughes. EXHIBITS Dr. B. J. MAcNuLTy—Examples of the coccinelid beetle Adalia biabilis (Marriner) which had been proved a hybrid between A. decempunctata (L.) and A. bipunctata (L.). Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Aberrations and rarities of the Lepidoptera of N.W. Surrey, to illustrate his paper. Mr. T. R. Eactes—The lichen Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. He said it was the foodplant of the moth Jnfurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. Dr. A. M. Massee—The very rare cockchafer beetle Gnorimus nobilis L. from East Malling, Kent. Dr. P. J. L. RocHeE—The extremely rare reduviid bug Lachnonyctes corsicensis Scott. from Alghero, Sardinia. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Examples of the dermestid beetle Dermestes haemor- rhoidalis Kiist. taken at mercury vapour light in Buckingham Palace garden during 1963; and for comparison D. peruvianus La Porte which had been labora- tory bred. The occurrence of D. haemorrhoidalis in Britain has only recently been recognised by Bezant, E. T. (1963, Ent. mon. Mag., 99:30-1), those records by Buck, F. D. (1960, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959:18; and 1963, loc. cit., 1962:12, 13 and 21) are in fact this species and not D. peruvianus. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. B. J. MACNuLTyY referring to Dr. Massee’s exhibit said he had taken only one example of Gnorimus nobilis L., near Kidderminster, Worcs. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms said that he had already seen Archiearis parthenias L. (Lep., Geometridae) in flight on Woking Common, Surrey. A paper on ‘Exploring the Lepidoptera of N.W. Surrey, 1946-63’ was read by Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON which he illustrated with coloured transparencies. 9th APRIL 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The film ‘Lords of the Forest’ was shown by Major D. B. BAKER, R.A.0.C., F.R.E.S., Which owing to its length precluded all other business. 23rd APRIL 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mr. J. D. Bletchley, Mr. J. S. Badmin, Mr. G. M. Mileham and Mr. H. Nicholson. 4 EXHIBITS Mr. S. WAKELY—Several tortricids in the genus Pammene, including P. agnotana Rag. which was to be the subject of a special field meeting on 2nd May (see page 28). The example shown being the only known British example, having been taken at Newlands Corner, Surrey, 15.iv.51 by Mr. F. M. Struthers. The foodplant is unknown. Dr. A. M. MasseE—The cholevid beetle Catopidius depressus Murray, first recorded in this country by Dr. A. M. Easton, who captured a single example beating birch trees at Box Hill, Surrey, 1.v.40. The two exhibited examples were discovered whilst examining his cholevid beetles. These probably represent the second and third specimens to be taken in this country. They were found on a dead chicken in Oaken Wood, Kent, 21.vi.41. This species is easily recognised by its bell-like pronotum. It is said to feed on rabbit pellets. Mr. T. R. EAGLES—(1) Male flowers of Viscum album L. (2) Young specimens of the fungus Merulius tremellosus Scred. (3) Male ‘inflorescence’ of the moss Mnium hornum Hedw. (4) The moss Dicranoweisia cirrata (Hedw.) Lindb. All from Hatfield Forest, Essex. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following local Carabidae taken whilst tufting at Tuddenham, Suffolk, 5.iv.64: Panagaeus bipustulatus (F.), Anisodactylus nem- orivagus (Duft.) ab. atricornis (Steph.) and Platyderus ruficollis (Marsh.). Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop—(1) Examples of Maniola jurtina L. (Lep., Saty- ridae) taken on the island of Elba during early September 1963. A large, brightly coloured race. A British example was shown for comparison. (2) A dark example of Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (Lep., Geometridae) taken at mercury vapour light at Woking, Surrey, 5.ix.63. (3) A series of Coscinia striata L. (Lep., Arctiidae) taken on the island of Elba in September 1963. One of the males was of the dark form with black hindwings. Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Specimens of Bagous cylindrus (Payk.) (Col., Curculion- idae) found under sedge litter at Higham marshes, Kent. Mr. P. N. CRow—A male specimen of Aglais urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) taken at Selkirk to show the brilliance and beauty of the local race found in the border country; and a male underside aberration of Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Lep., Lycaenidae) taken at Washington, Sussex, together with a typical example for comparison. Mr. R. Tusss—A larva found in grass near Dover, Kent, 16.iv.64. He had not been able to identify it and he asked for help. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. C. BRUCE reported seeing the Hoopoe, a rare bird in Britain, at Ashford, Kent, 15.iv.64. It was also stated to have been reported elsewhere. Dr. A. M. Masstz stated that the rare carabid Calosoma sycophanta (L.) had been found on the shingle in the Dungeness bird reserve. Dr. B. J. MACNULTYy remarked that whilst on the way to work he had noticed a white bird attracting attention. It was subsequently determined as an albino Sparrow which was nesting in a roof. The bird was in fact a dirty cream colour. A Housemartin had been seen recently and Swallows were reported to have begun nestbuilding. Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss remarked on a Blackbird collecting nest material having found, and carried some distance a sheet of perforated zinc. 5 14th MAY 1964 Vice-President, Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN, in the Chair EXHIBITS Mr. R. W. J. UrreN—The coleophorid moth Coleophora murinipennella Zell. with its foodplant Luzula campestris (L.) DC., on the seeds of which the larva feeds. He also showed some small planarian flatworms (Turbellaria). Dr. A. M. MasseE—The very local lymexylonid beetle Hylecoelus dermestoides (L.) which he had bred during May from a beech log. The species is mainly confined to Durham Park, Cheshire and Sherwood Forest, Notts. Mr. S. A. WiLt1AMs—the carabid beetles Trichoblemus micros (Herbst) and Trechus rubens (F.) both from the Goyt valley, Derbyshire. Also the curculionid beetle Rhynchites cupreus (L.) from the Delamere Forest; and larvae and adults of the dermestid Cresias serra (F.) from Richmond Park, Surrey. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A single example of Amara strenua Zimm. (Col., Carabidae) taken on the Higham, Kent, field meeting, 3.v.64. Also a series of Trixagus seriatus Blair (Col., Trixagidae) taken at the type locality, Oxshott, Surrey, 27.iv.64. He presented two examples of the latter to the Society’s collec- tion. Mr. S. WAKELY—(1) Larvae of Parectopa ononidis Zell. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) found at Riddlesdown, Surrey, 10.v.64, together with imagines from his col- lection. (2) A larva of Polychrisia moneta F. (Lep., Noctuidae) found on Del- phinium at Camberwell, S.E. London. Mr. P. N. Crow—Xanthorhoe biriviata (Lep., Geometridae) which he stated was rather early in appearance. Also the larva of Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae). Mr. P. HurwortH—A living, mature, male example of the spider Zelotes rusticus (L. Koch) which was taken in a bath in W. London in April 1964 in an immature condition; the spider matured, 10.v.64. Apart from the type, a female, there are only three other examples in the collection at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.); two males taken in Great Britain and a female from N. Africa. Bristow (1939, Comity of Spiders, 1:20) records the species under the name of Z. razou- mowskyi (Pav.) from Wilts, Sussex, Essex, Staffs. and Notts., and shows it to be widespread in the Palaearctic region. Lockett & Millidge (1951, British Spiders, 1:112) record it from Essex, Wilts., Staffs. and Notts.; but more recently Lockett, Millidge & La Touch (1958, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13), 1:144) record ‘GLAMOR- GAN. Z. rusticus (L.K.). Mr. G. T. Jefferson found a male in Wyndham Colliery, Ogmore Vale, May 1955 and 2 females from Deep Navigation Colliery, Trehams, December 1955 and June 1956. The localities for this species are curious, and include two zoological gardens and, now, coalmines. Possibly they get dis- tributed in animal fodder’. The remaining species of the genus are found in chalky areas, in sandhills around the coast and in heather. Major D. B. BAKER—Two bees new to Britain. (1) Pseudocilissa dimidiata (Mor.) (Hym., Melittidae). A single female of this species, taken by Mr. P. W. E. Currie near Tilshead, Wilts., 9.vii.49, was found in the material submitted for determination by Mr. F. D. Lawton. P. dimidiata was described from the Caucasus but has since been recorded from a number of localities in central and eastern Europe, the nearest of these to Britain being those in S. Germany. On the Continent, the bee is an oligolege of Onobrychis. However, Mr. Currie, answering a request for further information, wrote: ‘I do not recall seeing Sainfoin growing ' in the vicinity; my recollection is that I collected this insect from the flowers of Restharrow’. In central Europe the bee flies from mid-June to late August. 6 Here it should be sought on chalk and limestone grassland in the south in July, wherever there is a good growth of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. or Ononis spinosa L. (2) Eucera tuberculata tuberculata auct. (?F.) (Hym., Apidae). Three males of this species were taken by the exhibitor near Hassocks, Sussex, 22.vi.41. The occurrence of the bee in this country is now generally known, but no formal publication has hitherto been made. It is remarkable that the species had not been detected previously. E. tuberculata and E. longicornis are very distinct and can normally be separated in both sexes with the naked eye; both were well- known to such experienced workers as E. 8. Saunders and F. D. Morice. Sub- sequent collecting and a survey of material in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have shown that E. tuberculata is widely distributed in the southern counties, though less common than E. longicornis. Abroad, distributions overlap very widely. E. tuberculata is a polytypic species generally distributed in the western Palaearctic region. E. tuberculata tuberculata is a northern subspecies, but ranges less far north than E. lJongicornis; other subspecies occur in N. Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. I have seen no material from further east than Erevan. E. longicornis is monotypic and eurasian. It appears not to be represented in N. Africa. Very dark forms of the female occur in southern European localities (Corsica, Rumania). The species extends eastwards at least as far as central Asia. E. tuberculata is typically a species of open grasslands. It is polylectic, visiting a number of Leguminosae, Boraginaceae, Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae. As usual, the published records fail to distinguish between plants visited for nectar and plants visited for pollen, but it appears that Vicia is a primary pollen source. E. tuberculata normally flies about two weeks earlier than E. longicornis. Both species are parasitised by Nomada sexfasciata Panz. (Hym., Apidae). It has not been possible, owing to the lack of adequate positively-associated material (the two host species often fly together), to determine whether specific host-strains of the parasite exist. Distinguishing characters for both Eucera tuberculata and Pseudocilissa dimidiata (as Melitta dimidiata) will be found in standard works (e.g., Schmiedeknecht, 1930, Hymenopteren Nord und Mitteleuropas). COMMUNICATIONS Dr. A. M. MasseE said that members might like to know that a sub-committee had been set up to preserve the rare insects in the New Forest, Hants, and that he was a member of this sub-committee. He added that all information on the localities of rare insects would be confidential. Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss asked if the dead tree removal in the forest would be looked into. To which Dr. Massee replied that he had already shown other members round some of the best areas and that now most dead standing timber was being left. Mr. R. M. Mere said that he had found a specimen of the pyralid moth Nomophila noctuella Schiff. in his light trap. Mr. A. E. GARDNER referring to the planarian flatworms said he had tried to feed some of his dragonfly larvae on them, but in fact the planarians had eaten the small larvae, causing havoc. 28th MAY 1964 Vice-President, Mr. J. L. MESSENGER, in the Chair EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. MAssEE—Tapinotus sellatus (F.) (Col., Curculionidae) taken by him at Fleet, Hants. This very local weevil was originally found in Britain by the 7 Rey. Laundy Brown in 1838, and this example is housed in the Power collection. A few specimens also exist in the Wollaston collection. The late E. C. Bedwell found it in the Fleet district again in 1932, and in the autumn of the same year Bedwell obtained a red form which he named ab. velox. The insect has not been taken commonly since 1932, and it is of interest to know it still occurs in the Fleet district. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—Living larvae of Orthosia advena Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) and Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. (Lep., Geometridae). He also showed a living imago of Apatele alni L. (Lep., Noctuidae) taken at light at Witley, Surrey. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera: Harpalus azureus (F.) (Carabidae) from the cliffs at Saunton, N. Devon; Hedobia imperialis (L.) (Anobiidae) and Malachius elegans (Geoff.) from Braunton Marsh, N. Devon, 16.v.64. He also showed a number of living examples of Gastrophysa viridula (Deg.) (Chrysomelidae) taken on Rumex sp. Mr. T. N. D. Peet—The larva of a species of Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeuti- dae) probably Y. padella L. from hawthorn on the Chelsea Embankment, London, S.W.1. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms gave a talk, illustrated by colour slides, on the insects and antiquities of Greece. 11th JUNE 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new member was declared elected: Mr. K. P. Bland. EXHIBITS Dr. P. J. L. RocHe—Rhacognathus punctatus L. (Hem., Pentatomidae), in moss, Ash Vale, Surrey, 12.iv.64. An uncommon but widely distributed bug which occurs on heaths, especially in sphagnum, and is a predator on the larva of Lochmaea suturalis (Thom.) (Col., Chrysomelidae). Dr. A. M. Massee—The mirid plant bug Miris striatus (L.) which though recorded from 34 counties is decidedly local; and usually occurs singly. It is associated with oak, alder and other deciduous trees. The immature stages are found more frequently than the adult. The species may be regarded as beneficial as its chief food consists of lepidopterous larvae, mainly of the Winter Moth group which are pests of fruit trees. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of the following rare beetles: Acritus homoe- pathicus Woll. (Histeridae) and Micropeplus tesserula Curtis (Staphlinidae). Both species were on burnt ground with the associated fungus Pyronema confluens Tul. (Discomycetes), near Ashford, Kent, 7.vi.64. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. A. M. Masse, referring to Mr. Gardner’s exhibit, said two years after the remains of the wood had been burnt after cutting, the little red fungus appears, and with this the two beetles. He added that normally they are very difficult to find, but a little tobacco smoke blown on them soon had them moving. Mr. R. W. J. UFFeN asked Dr. Massee how many Winter Moth larvae the younger mirid bug larvae fed on. Dr. Massee replied that this varied with the age 8 of the mirid, but when sub-adult they would eat about seven or eight a day. When feeding the bug tended to kill the caterpillars when they pierced them, and discarded the skins when half empty. Dr. D. J. Lewis gave a talk, illustrated by colour slides, ‘Sandflies and Black- flies’. 25th JUNE 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair EXHIBITS Dr. P. J. L. RocHE—Acidota crenata (F.), Ash Vale, Surrey, 12.vi.64. An easily identifiable staphylinid beetle described by Fowler as ‘among our least common Staphylinidae’. Dr. C. G. M. DE WormMs—An example of Eupithecia millefoliata Rossler taken by Prof. J. V. Dacie in his mercury vapour trap at Wimbledon, S.W. London, 16.vii.61, and only recently identified. This is apparently the first example not only for the London area, but probably also for Surrey, as it has previously been reported only from the coasts of Essex, Sussex and Kent and very occasionally taken inland. It was first recognised as a British pug just after the war, but the first British example appears to have been taken by the exhibitor in 1933, in Kent, but this was not identified until some 20 years later. Mr. T. N. D. PEET—(1) A series of male and female Agrotis denticulata Haw. (Lep., Noctuidae) from near Petersfield, Hants, 30.v.64, at mercury vapour light. Some of the variation in this species was shown. (2) Two examples of Apatele alni L. (Lep., Noctuidae). One from Hants, 30.v.64 and one from Birmingham, War., 8.vi.63. The melanism of this moth in industrial regions was shown. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said that Apatele alni L. was much more common than usual this year, adding that this was the case with many of the migrant species. Mr. R. F. Haynes said that in Ireland he had taken Apatele alni L. in a built-up area. Dr. PovoLny from the College of Agriculture, Brno, gave a talk on insect and animal synanthropy. 2nd JULY 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new member was declared elected: Mr. K. M. Harris. EXHIBITS Dr. B. J. MACNuLty—(1) Leistus rufomarginatus (Dufts.) (Col., Carabidae) from Tuddenham, W. Suffolk, 27.vi.64; three examples which he presented to the Society’s collection. He stated that he also found two specimens on the Chiddingfold field meeting. It occurred in damp places in the darkest parts of beech or fir woods. He suggested that the species was more widespread than coleopterists at present thought, and if they sought it in these situations he felt sure it would be found in other localities. (2) Liparus germanus (L.) (Col., Curcu- lionidae) from East Malling, Kent, 16.v.64, among moss. 9 Mr. M. P. CLirron—A female Libellula quadrimaculata (L.) (Od., Libellulidae) taken on the field meeting at Blackdown, Sussex. It is unusual in having smoky streaks below the pterostigma on all four wings. Dr. A. M. Massee—The mirid bug Zygimus nigriceps (Fall.), first recorded in Scotland by Mr. J. J. F. X. King at Nethy Bridge, Inv., 10.vi.11. Two examples, a male and a female, mounted on one card are housed in the Department of Zoology at Glasgow University. Another female was found by Mr. K. C. Side while beating Scots Pine at Glen More, Inv., 31.vii.64. During a brief trip to Scotland in the last week of July last, a visit was paid to Nethy Bridge in search of Z. nigriceps (Fall.). After six hours’ beating seven examples were found on Juniper. A number of nymphs were also taken on this host, one of which has now matured. This confirms the opinion of Mr. F. Ossiannilsson, the Swedish hemipterist, that the species is associated with Juniper and not Scots Pine. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) A living example of the West Indian cockroach Nyctibara laevigata (Beauv.) (Blattidae) found among fruit in a shop in Ewell, Surrey, 27.vi.64. (2) A series of Rhynchaenus pratensis Germ. (Col., Curculion- idae) swept from Centaurea sp., Chippenham, Cambs., 28.vi.64. Dr. P. J. L. RocHe—Nineteen species of butterflies from North Sardinia taken in May, July and October in three different years. C. MAcKECcHNIE JARVis—Coleoptera from Ham Street, Kent, 27.vi.64, in an oak stump. Carpophilus sexpustulatus (F.) (Nitidulidae) a species often associated with stored products. The species was found in a wood near Doncaster in 1894 and in the same district in 1904 and 1936. The first Kent record was that of J. J. Walker at Blean Woods in 1913. It has since been retaken there in 1936 and also at Knole Park in 1951. The exhibited eight examples were taken under the bark. Dryocoetes villosus (F.) (Scolytidae) taken under the bark. Trypodendron signatum (F.) (Scolytidae) also under the bark. Platypus cylindrus (F.) (Platy- podidae) in the hard wood. Mr. T. R. EAGLEs—The lichen Peltigera polydactyla (Neck.) Harm., growing among the moss Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) B. & S., from Tuddenham, W. Suffolk, 27.vi.64. This lichen is no doubt one of the foodplants of the moth Miltochrista miniata Forst. He asked that anyone finding the larva would ascertain on which species of lichen it was feeding. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. T. R. EaGtes, for the Librarian, announced that Dr. P. Roche had presented to the library Meyrick’s A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera and a copy of the second volume of Verity’s La Farfalle Diurne d’ Italia. Dr. B. J. MACNULTY read a report from the Evening Standard on a large con- centration of the larva of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Brown-tail) on the Sea Buckthorn at New Romney, Kent. The County Council was going to destroy the plant because of the urticating properties of the hairs of the larvae. Dr. MaAsseE agreed with Dr. MacNulty’s opinion that coleopterists looked for Leistus rufomarginatus (Dufts.) in the wrong places as the first record was from under a rotting log in a wood near Sevenoaks, Kent. He added that Carpophilus sexpustulatus (F.) was widespread in Kent. Mr. S. WAKELY said that he had bred Aegeria flaviventris Staud. from one of the twigs taken on the Ash Vale field meeting. Mr. A. E. GARDNER said that the Libellula quadrimaculata (L.) was the aber- ration praenubila Newman, which was quite common. 10 23rd JULY 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The deaths were announced of Canon C. E. Raven and Dr. Scott. EXHIBITS Dr. P. J. L. RocHE—Two examples of the cimicid bug Elatophilus nigricornis (Zett.), beaten from pine at Tuddenham, W. Suffolk, 4.vii.64; a new record for Suffolk. He also exhibited photographs of the carabid beetle Anthia tomentosa Chaud. from Kano, northern Nigeria, bearing triungulin larvae of a meloid beetle. Mr. M. Ciirron—Eleven bred skins and a living adult spider, Isophogna maderiana (Walck.) bred from the second skin at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). With it were shown several spiders in their second skins, preserved in spirit. Also exhibited was the remains of a nearly adult spider of the same species which had been eaten by an immature cockroach, Blatta orientalis L., placed in the container as food for the spider. The cephalothorax was the only part eaten by the cockroach. Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Achroia grisella F. (Lep., Pyralidae), the Honey moth, taken during July 1964 from a hive originating in Finchley, N. London. The hive was heavily infested and a piece of comb was also exhibited to show the damage caused by the moth. Mr. T. R. EAGLES—(1) The flowering plant Hieracium bichlorophyllum (Druce & Zahn) Pugsl., from Ilfracombe, Devon. (2) The Gorse Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus lintearicus Dufour, found on Ulex europaeus L. (Gorse) at Danbury Common, Essex, 18.vii.64. (3) The mollusc Crepidula fornicata (L.) (Slipper Limpet) from Bradwell Juxta Mare, Essex, 18.vii.64. (4) The flowering plant Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarb. (Venus’s Looking-glass). COMMUNICATIONS Mr. S. WAKELY said that he had also found a species of spinning mite on Gorse. He added that the Slipper Limpet was common round the Isle of Wight 30 years ago. He also said he would like to draw attention to the curious move- ments of the antennae of Achroia grisella F., which is typical of the Galleriinae. 13th AUGUST 1964 A Vice-President, Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN, in the Chair The following new member was declared elected: Mr. H. S. Barlow. EXHIBITS Mr. M. P. CLirTON—Two examples of the pupa of Saturnia pavonia L. (Lep., Saturnidae). In one of them the caterpillar had not made provision for the exit of the moth; the other example was a normal cocoon for comparison. Mr. S. WAKELY—The following Lepidoptera taken on field meetings of the Society: Aegeria flaviventris Staud. (Sesiidae), with gall, and Xenolechia aethiops Westw. (Gelechiidae) from Ash Vale, Surrey; Leioptilus lienigianus Zell. (Pter- ophoridae) and Ochsenheimeria mediopectinella Haw. (Ochsenheimeriidae) from Stanford-le-Hope, Essex; Coenonympha pamphilus L. (Satyridae), a pale aber- ration from Benfleet, Essex; and two species bred in 1964 from larvae taken at Pyrford, Surrey, in 1963, Tethea duplaris L. (Thyatiridae) and Hydriomena coerulata F. (Geometridae), both from alder. 11 Dr. P. J. L. RocHE—A series of Calocoris nemoralis F. (Hem., Miridae) from N.W. Sardinia, May 1964, showing extremely wide colour variation. Mr. F. T. VALLINS—Zygaena exulans Hochen. (Lep., Zygaenidae) larvae taken at 8,500 ft at Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. They were found in a state of aestiva- tion on stems of Azalea procumbens. Mr. T. R. EaGLtes—Fronds of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Male Fern) with larval cases of the tineid moth Teichobia filicivora Meyr. (Lampronidiidae), from Sidmouth, Devon. Miss J. E. CHATFIELD—(1) The following British mollusca: Pomatias elegans (Miiller) from Box Hill, Surrey, 1960; Carychium tridentatum (Risso) from chalk grassland, White Down, Surrey, July 1962; Cochlicopa lubricella (Stabile) from chalk grassland, Box Hill, August 1961; Lauria cylindracea (da Costa) from the wall of Pevensey Castle, Sussex, September 1961; Marpessa laminata (Montagu) from the bark of a tree, White Hill, Mickleham, Surrey, May 1964; Helix pomatia L. from beech wood, Norbury Park, Surrey, May 1956; Cepaea nemor- alis (L.) from a roadside bank, Port Isaac, Cornwall, August 1960; Hygromia hispida (L.) from chalk grassland, Whiteleaf Hill, Princes Risborough, Bucks., May 1964; Oxychilus cellarius (Miller) from the same locality. The exhibit was prepared to show the great variety in form of the British terrestrial molluscs. (2) An ornamental gourd of the Cucurbitaceae. Grown on a garden compost heap at Cheam, Surrey. Dr. A. M. MAsseE—The mirid bug Monosynamma nigritula (Zett.) re-instated on the British list. It was originally included 100 years ago when Dr. A. J. Power and Dr. D. Scott recorded it on Salix repens L. (Creeping Willow) at Deal, Kent. These examples are housed in the National collection. Since that time nothing further has been seen of it, until a number of specimens were found on Creeping Willow at Dungeness, Kent, 12.vii.64. They were found in association with M. bohemani (Fall.), the only other species in the genus. The latter is locally common on Creeping Willow at Dungeness, but M. nigritulus is rare and confined to a few bushes. Mr. S. A. WiILLIAMS—An example of Laemophloeus bimaculatus Payk. (Col., Cucujidae) from Epping Forest, Essex. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. M. W. F. TweepigE gave a talk on ‘Malayan Shore Crabs’ which he illustrated with black and white slides and coloured transparencies. 27th AUGUST 1964 A Vice-President, Mr. J. L. MESSENGER, in the Chair EXHIBITS Mr. S. WAKELY—(1) Elachista poae Staint. (Lep., Elachistidae), a bred series from Byfleet, Surrey, where the pupae were found on the leaves of Glyceria maxima (Haetm.) Holmberg (Reed-grass) growing along the canal. The pupae were on the upper surface of the leaves under a slight web. (2) Ancylis upupana Treits. (Lep., Olethreutidae) and Adela croesella Scop. (Lep., Adelidae), a small series of each taken flying round elms at Tuddenham, Suffolk. A. upupana as a larva is an elm feeder; A. croesella is usually associated with privet, but has been taken flying round Sea Buckthorn. (3) A photograph of two Pseudoacacia trees defoliated by Nematus tibialis (Newman), a sawfly confined to the tree and introduced from N. America. 12 Dr. P. J. L. RocHe—(1) A collection of nine species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera taken in Switzerland by Mr. F. T. Vallins in late July and early August 1964. (2) Cicindela silvicola Lat. (Col., Cicindelidae) taken by Mr. Vallins near Zermatt, Switzerland, between 7,500 and 8,000 ft, in late July and early August 1964. This is the only alpine tiger beetle. Dr. A. M. MasseeE—The very rare whirligig beetle Gyrinus opacus Sahl., which is confined to the north of Scotland, occurring in the lochs where heather and other plants overhang the water, rarely in the open water. In a small loch near the village of Cannich, Inv., it is found in association with Gyrinus aeratus Steph. The species may be recognised by the dullness of the elytra compared with other species. The aedeagus also presents a sure means of determination. Mr. C. MACKECHNIE JARvIS—(1) The striking yellow Stag’s Horn fungus, Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr., growing on rotten oak from a stump in a spinney at Crook, near Windermere, Westmor. (2) An example of Stenelmis canaliculata Gyll. (Col., Dryopidae) from Lake Windermere, 4.viii.64. The species was first taken in Britain at Windermere in July 1960. It occurs in limited numbers clinging to the underside of stones lying in the water. Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Potosia cuprea (F.) s.sp. metallica Herbst (Col., Scara- baeidae) found on flowering thistle in Glen Affric, Inv. Mr. D. Stimpson—A Scytodes thoracica (Lat.) female, taken in Brixham Devon, 8.viii.64. The only British species in the family Scytodidae (Spitting Spiders). These are six-eyed spiders, and catch their prey by spraying gum from the chelicerae at a distance of a quarter to a half inch from the victim. Mr. R. M. Mere—(1) The following Lepidoptera: a melanic Notodonta ziczac L. (Notodontidae) from Chiddingfold, Surrey, taken in 1964; a melanic N. trepida Esp. also from Chiddingfold, 1964; some Eupithecia denotata Hubn. s.sp. jasioneata Crewe (Geometridae) bred from Co. Kerry larvae which emerged 1964; some E. intricata H.-S. s.sp. hibernica Mere bred from Burren, Co. Clare larvae which emerged 1964; and an Oecophora bractella L. (Oecophoridae) from Monmouthshire, taken in 1964. (2) An Earias biplaga Walker (Hylophilidae) taken in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, 16.vii.64, and is the first British record, this is a widespread insect in the tropics and is similar to the West African form. It was found in a mercury vapour light trap, and it is thought that the pupa may have been accidentally introduced but there is no evidence to account for the presence of the insect. (3) A Laodamia albicilla H.-S. (Pyralidae), taken near Tintern, Mon., 23.vi.64; the species probably feeds on lime and appears to be rare and little known on the Continent. This is a first British record; the species is easily distinguishable in the male by its white head and scapes. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. M. Cutrton, for the Librarian, announced that Dr. A. M. Massee had presented to the library a copy of An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera (Macro- and Micro-) occurring in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent, revised by Dr. E. Scott; also that Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs had presented to the library two books, Centipedes of the British Isles by E. H. Easton and The Life of Insects by Sir Brian Wigglesworth. Mr. MACKECHNIE JARVIS said that though the Cicindela silvicola Lat. was nota British species there was one example in the Stephens collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Mr. R. M. Mere read a gardening article from the Daily Telegraph of 25th August in which the public were urged to buy butterfly pupae to hatch out in their gardens, for the pretty effect, and as a weed control. 18 Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms reported on the large numbers of the common nymphaline butterflies this year. He added that he had taken Eurois occulta L. (Noctuidae) in his trap, and that he had seen many Colias croceus Fourc. (Pieri- dae) on the south coast. Reporting on immigrant butterflies, Mr. R. TuBs said he had seen one female Colias croceus Fourc. at Corfe, Dorset on 8th August, and 14 on the Devon coast near Sidmouth between 11th and 21st August. Two females were of the form helice Hiibn. There were quite large numbers of very fresh Vanessa cardui L. (Nymphalidae), probably a local emergence from eggs laid by spring immigrants. Colias croceus Fourc. was also reported from Anglesey by Mr. B. M. GREEN- WOOD. Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said he had taken Eupithecia innotata Hufn. (Geomet- ridae) in numbers, and other members reported taking it at Chiddingfold, Surrey and Ham Street, Kent. Mr. Mere said that a specimen of Eurois occulta L. had been taken on the Burren, Co. Clare. A visitor to the meeting, Mr. PINHEy, said that the Earias biplaga Walker exhibited by Mr. Mere was a pest on cotton, and may have been imported with baled cotton. He then showed some coloured slides from Africa and described his travels there. 10th SEPTEMBER 1964 Vice-President, Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN, in the Chair The following new member was declared elected: Mr. D. O’Keefe. The deaths were announced of Colonel S. H. Kershaw and Mr. F. H. Lyon. EXHIBITS Dr. B. J. MACNULTy on behalf of Mr. T. R. Eagles—Fruiting spray of the introduced American ericaceous shrub Gaultheria shallon Pursh from Leith Hill, Surrey, gathered on the field meeting of 5th September. Mr. R. W. J. UrFEN—A living example of Geolycosa blackwalli Johnson and a photograph of a female of the related Isophogna maderiana (Walk.) for com- parison. With these he also showed a small green crab spider which is endemic to Madeira, a living specimen of the Mediterranean centipede Scutigerella coleoptrata (L.) and several preserved specimens of an unidentified moth larva. These larvae were later shown to be Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff. (Pyralidae). The species is a pest in warm and temperate countries, with a reputation for sporadic outbreaks on unpalatable plants. Those exhibited were stripping the outer tissues from gorse shoots. The moth is a rare migrant to Britain. Mr. S. WAKELY—Several living larvae of Cucullia absinthii L. (Lep., Noctui- dae) found on Artemisia absinthium L. (Wormwood) on the Bricket Wood field meeting, 29.viii.64. Mr. J. L. MessENGER—A melanic example of each of two moths, Notodonta trepida Esp. (Notodontidae) and Abrostola trigemina Werneb. (tripartita Hufn. auct nec Hufn.) (Noctuidae), both taken at Witley, Surrey. He exhibited normal examples for comparison. Dr. P. J. L. Rocue—Examples of Euophryum rufum Broun (Col., Curculioni- dae) taken from rotting timber in the cellar of a house attached to Pentonville Prison, N. London. Mr. T. N. D. Peet—Five examples of Nephopteryx semirubella Scop. (Lep., Pyralidae) including three specimens of ab. sanguinella Hiibn with the white 14 streak on the forewing. All taken flying by day over short chalk turf on Box Hill, Surrey, 27.vi.64 and 14.vii.64. Mr. D. W. THORPE-YOUNG—Continental examples of the butterflies Pararge maera L., Colias hyale L. and Pieris bryoniae Ochs., all from Innsbruck at 5,600 ft. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of Necrophorus vespilloides Herbst (Col., Silphidae) from a large number of specimens attracted in two days to a freshly shot crow at Lee Abbey, near Lynton, N. Devon, 28.viii.64. COMMUNICATIONS Coloured slides were shown by Mr. J. D. Bradley, Mr. M. P. Clifton and Mr. N. Hammond. 24th SEPTEMBER 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mr. N. Shoumatoff, Mr. A. H. B. Rydon and Mr. O. Leigh-Wood. EXHIBITS Mr. M. P. CLIFTON—Two live bats, a Myotis nattereri (Kuhl.), Natterer’s Bat, and a Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber), Pipistrelle or Common Bat. Both from the tower of the church at Hadley, Suffolk. Mr. A. H. SPERRING—Several specimens of the geometrid moth Colostygia didymata L., which were bred from eggs from two females from Sutherland. The eggs were not kept separate however, being laid by the two females in the same box. The emergence of the resulting moths had taken place at two different periods of the year, one in the middle of June and the other at the beginning of September. He asked if other members had noticed a delayed emergence similar to this. Dr. P. J. L. RocnHe—Coccinella hieroglyphica (Col., Coccinellidae) together with its black aberration which was quite common at Oxshott, Surrey, 17.ix.64, beneath the pines. The black aberration is areata Panz. Fowler (1889, Col. Brit. Is., 3:164) merely states that a black form exists, and Donisthorpe (1931, Annot- ated list of additions to the British coleopterous fauna, London, pp. 50-3) gives details of 24 named aberrations, all more or less trivial aberrations of spotting, without mentioning the black form. Dr. A. M. MAsseE—The 18 species of the genus Bagous (Col., Curculionidae) all of which are local and some are regarded as the rarest of British weevils. Among them B. heasleri Newbury, a very uncommon species that was recorded from the New Forest, Hants, at the beginning of the century. During the past 46 years the exhibitor has found four examples all from the same sphagnum bog in the New Forest. Mr. T. R. EAGLEs—(1) The introduced plant Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. found growing in a garden at Seaford, Sussex and identified by Mr. W. H. Spreadbury. (2) Seed heads of Trifolium fragiferum L. (Strawberry Clover) from the Isle of Grain, Kent. He drew attention to the very slight weight of the heads, an aid to dispersal by wind. (3) The beetle Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. (Curculionidae) from Enfield, Middx. Females of this species are very common, but the males are rare. Mr. T. N. D. Peet—An example of Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) from Norfolk, July 1964. 15 Mr. S. A. WiLLIAMsS—Specimens of the beetle Megatoma undata (L.) (Derm- estidae) from under birch bark at Esher, Surrey, and Acanthocinus aedilis (L.) (Cerambycidae) from Queen’s Forest, Aviemore, Inv. COMMUNICATIONS Mr. A. H. SPERRING said that he had noticed that the examples of Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.) (Lep., Geometridae) taken from a wood which had been coppiced were noticeably larger than those from nearby permanent woods. He added that he had found several other species had the same difference in size and asked for any records from members of similar differences. Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD reported that earlier this month he noticed there were fewer Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae) than usual, but on the evening of 11th September this year he was at the Royal Hotel, Deal, and counted 296 examples on the white wall below a blue and red neon sign. On the lighted shop windows nearby he counted a further 47. There were a few other moths on the shop windows, one Orgyia antiqua L. (Lymantridae), two Leucania pallens L. (Noc- tuidae) and two Amathes c-nigrum L. (Noctuidae). They were all apparently in fresh condition and had vanished by the next morning. He also reported that while in New York on 17th and 18th September he had seen large numbers of Danaus plexippus L. (Lep., Danaidae), the Milkweed Butterfly, migrating through the City centre, flying from ground level up to a level with the 18th floor of nearby buildings. Referring to Mr. Sperring’s comments on delayed emergence Dr. A. M. MASSEE said that certain groups in Lepidoptera, particularly the Winter Moth group, were able to go into diapause. Dr. P. J. L. Rocue asked why there was a diapause in the life history of some insects and not others, but Dr. Massee could give no reason. Mr. A. E. GARDNER said that in some Odonata fully fed dragonfly nymphs will go into diapause after 21st June emerging as adults when the light increase per day exceeds two minutes and the tempera- ture is favourable. This had been worked out under laboratory conditions by Dr. P. S. Corbet after being informed that dragonflies were emerging in January and February when he was working late in the same room in which the nymphs were overwintering. Asked if a prolonged cloudy period would cause an insect to enter diapause Mr. Gardner replied that if the light did not decrease by two minutes per day they would not. He was then asked if any increase would cause emergence and he replied that any increase would cause emergence pro- viding the increase occurred over a long enough period. Questioned on the light source used Mr. Gardner said that he did not know what light source had been used in the laboratory experiments, but the one which had caused the emergence in his case had been ordinary tungsten lamps. Dr. A. M. Masse: said that most of the British species of Otiorrhynchus were parthenogenetic, and in the case of O. sulcatus F., which Mr. Eagles had exhibited, only one male was known. He added that during the course of his career he had bred this beetle extensively, probably amounting to several hundred thousand specimens, but all on examination had proved to be females. Giving details of the distribution of Apamea ypsillon Schiff., Mr. WAKELY said he had found many larvae at Norwood Park, S.E. London and also at Stanford- le-Hope, Essex. The easiest way to collect the larvae of this moth said Mr. Eagles, was to wrap a piece of corrugated card round the bole of a willow tree, when the larvae would creep into the furrows of it. 1 F. V. L. Jarvis (1963, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962: 106-22) deals with the photo- period in Aricia agestis Schiff on pp. 107-9—Editor. 16 Commenting on the black aberration of Coccinella hieroglyphica L., Mr. Gardner said it was as common this year as it was last year. 8th OCTOBER 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. MAsseE—The very rare and local plant bug Lasiosomus enervis (H.-S.) which has been recorded from only Suffolk, Kent, Surrey, Berks., Hants, Dorset and Devon. So far it has not been recorded from Scotland or Wales, and there is only one Irish record. Most of the records consist of single specimens, but in Kent it has been found in considerable numbers on two occasions by the exhibitor. There is only one generation a year, the adults maturing in late August and September, the species hibernating as an adult. In common with many lygaeids its main food is the seeds of plants, of which one is Prunella vulgaris L. (Self Heal). The bug occurs in piles of thick litter and dense vegetation, but is sometimes taken by sweeping. Dr. P. J. L. RocHE—Precis octavia octavia Cramer, the north-western nomino- typical subspecies of a common African Precis which has very well-marked seasonal forms; f. octavia Cramer, the normal wet season form, f. amestris Drury, the normal dry season form, and a rare intermediate form f. intermedia Wichgraf which is truly intermediate both in pattern and colour. All three forms were shown: f. octavia Cramer, from Mamfe, Cameroons, August 1954; f. amestris Drury, from Mamfe, Cameroons, February 1954; and f. intermedia Wichgraf, from Vom, northern Nigeria, February 1962. Mr. R. G. CHATELAIN—A short series of the noctuid moth Prodenia littoralis (Boisd.). The early stages of this moth were imported with chrysanthemum cuttings from the Canary Islands in 1963 and the insect was subsequently found in several glasshouses in the southern counties. The Ministry of Agriculture had imposed quarantine restrictions and the moth was believed to have been eradi- cated. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Examples of Cicones variegatus (Hellwig) (Col., Coly- diidae) found under sappy beech bark in Windsor Forest, Berks, 4.x.64. COMMUNICATIONS Dr. A. M. MassEE said the beetle shown by Mr. Gardner was very rare and appeared to have its headquarters in the New Forest, Hants. Mr. R. M. Mere asked why it was that the moth he knew as Prodenia litura F. was called P. littoralis (Boisd.) by Mr. Chatelain in his exhibit; but Mr. CHATELAIN said that P. Jitura was an Asian species and P. littoralis was a closely related N. African species. Mr. N. D. RiLey said that the Precis shown by Dr. Roche may not have changed colour due to a change in humidity or temperature during a critical period in its life history, but probably due to a change of foodplant. He added that the lush vegetation of the wet season produced the larger dry season form. Mr. WEsT, however, said that when he was in Africa he had collected some larvae from about half to two-thirds grown from a species of Colias. Out of seven or eight larvae, two were of the dry season form, and the rest the wet season form. Mr. Mere then gave a talk which he illustrated with coloured slides ‘Collecting Lepidoptera in the Burren, Co. Clare’. 17 REPORT OF THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION 31st OCTOBER 1964 Once more a successful exhibition of approximately a hundred separate exhibits, predominantly Lepidoptera and their aberrations. Exhibits other than Lepidoptera included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Arachnida, Myriapoda, Annelida, Fungi and Reptilia. An exhibit of more than a little interest was that by Mr. R. M. Mere and ° Mr. J. D. BRADLEY which consisted of a collection of Lepidoptera from Buck- ingham Palace garden made during the years 1960 to 1964 as part of a survey of the Natural History of the garden (see Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1963 (2):55-74). The collection included examples of the 344 species recorded from the garden and contained two species not previously known from the British Isles. These are Earias biplaga Walker, a tropical species well-known in Africa as a pest of cotton, and Monochroa hornigi Staud., a comparatively rare and local species occurring in Central Europe and associated with knotgrass (Polygonum spp.). Four drawers of Lycaena phlaeas L., demonstrating the inheritance of two aberrations bred from a female caught in Somerset, May 1963, were shown by Mr. N. B. Potter and Mr. L. D. YOUNG. The parent female had the basal spot joined to the discal spot on the underside of the forewings. The first drawer showed that this aberration is dominant over forma typica, and includes three examples exhibiting homoeosis bred in F,. The second drawer showed a selection of aberrations bred in F, during 1963. Only one of the overwintering F, larvae survived the winter of 1963-64; this produced a female aberration which was out- crossed with a wild typical male from Surrey taken in May 1964. The mating produced the original aberration and the aberrations obsoleta Tutt and radiata Tutt, in the approximate proportion of one obsoleta or radiata to three forma typica in F,. Females of obsoleta were crossed with obsoleta males and gave rise to a complete F, generation of obsoleta and radiata as expected. It is thus apparent that both the female from F, (1963) and the wild forma typica male were hetero- zygous for radiata-obsoleta, and that obsoleta and radiata are not genetically separate. Among the material shown by Mr. G. M. HaGcett and Mr. A. J. WIGHTMAN was a series of Luperina nickerlii Freyer s.sp. knilli Boursin taken at Inch, Kerry, Ireland, including females in perfect condition. A short series of L. nickerlii s.sp. gueneei Doubl., in which were, from St. Annes-on-Sea, Lancs, examples of the aberrations iota Turner, fusca Turner, murrayi Turner and baxteri South; with a single example from Prestatyn, Flintshire, from which locality the first gueneei came; and the mounted wings of the typical form of L. nickerlii from Bohemia and the s.sp. tardenota Joan. from the environs of Paris—all for comparison with the new Irish insect, which itself shows considerable variation. They also showed an extreme black Aporophyla australis Boisd. found freshly emerged at Dun- geness, Kent, September 1964, which appears to represent the aberration (or subspecies) orientalis H.-S. rather than ab. ingenua Freyer. (PI. I, fig. 6). There were several examples of Arctia caja L. of interest including one shown by Mr. N. D. PEET with reduced markings on the forewings; and one by Mr. W. T. HARMAN with completely brown forewings and blue-black hindwings, taken at Medmenham, Bucks., 15.viii.64. The latter was photographed but the negative was unfortunately not suitable for publication. A fine example of Drymonia ruficornis Hufn. (chaonia Hibn.) ab. delineata 18 Lempke, from Effingham, Surrey, was shown by Mr. B. K. West among other things. Mr. L. W. BurGess exhibited an interesting female aberration of Argynnis paphia L., from Hog Wood, Surrey, 18.vii.57, taken by H. N. Bull; and a female aberration of Thecla betulae L., taken from Sidney Wood (also taken by Mr. Bull), 9.v.53. Another interesting lycaenid was the aberration shown by Mr. S. F. Imper of Quercusia quercus L., bred from a larva beaten from oaks in a Surrey wood. The upper and the underside are reproduced on Plate I, figs. 2 & 3. Included in Mr. AUsTIN RICHARDSON’S extensive display of interesting cap- tures and breeding during 1964 was a nice specimen of Plusia orichalcea F. from Galway, Ireland, 3.xi.64; and the immigrants Acherontia atropos L. from Galway, 2.ix.64, and Lithosia quadra L. from Gloucestershire, 22.vii.64. The last named being the first record for Gloucestershire this century. An example of Notodonta trepida Esp. (anceps auct. nec Esp.) with blackish thorax and abdomen, and heavily darkened forewings was the outstanding insect in the exhibit of Mr. J. L. MESSENGER. On a number of occasions Colonel and Mrs. W. B. L. MANLEy have shown some excellent material from Spain, and this year their exhibit included a series of Parnassius apollo L. s.sp. marteni Eisner from Monasterio de Rodilla, Burgos, together with a series of recently described subspecies of the following Zygaenidae (1965, Ent. Rec., 77:3-11): Zygaena fausta L. s.sp. fassnidgei Tremewan & Manley, Z. occitanica de Vill. s.sp. huescacola Tremewan & Manley and Z. hippocrepidis Hiibn. s.sp. marujae Tremewan & Manley from Huesca, Z. loti Den. & Schiff. s.sp. soriacola Tremewan & Manley from Soria and f. /utea Tremewan & Manley of Z. occitanica de Vill. s.sp. burgosensis Tremewan from Burgos. A striking aberration, ab. elisae Tremewan & Manley, of Z. occitanica de Vill. s.sp. burgosensis Tremewan was bred from a single larva taken near Sotopalacios, Burgos. A series of the nominate subspecies of Z. contaminei Boisd. from the Spanish Pyrenees. A gynandromorph and mosaic example of Bupalus piniaria L. (PI. I, fig. 8) taken in the New Forest, Hants, 8.vi.64, was the most outstanding insect among those shown by Mr. L. W. Siccs which included the following immigrants taken in a mercury vapour light trap in the New Forest: Utetheisa pulchella L., 5.vi.64; Acherontia atropos L., 13.ix.64; Herse convolvuli L., 9.viii.64; and Rhodometra sacraria L. ab. sanguinaria Esp., 12.ix.64, and a typical example of the last 22.vii.64. He also showed a nice series of Nycterosia obstipata F. bred from a female taken in the New Forest mercury vapour light trap. Another Bupalus piniaria L. from Bisley, Surrey, 24.vi.64, with melanic tendencies and unusual markings was included in Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms’s extensive exhibit (PI. I, fig. 9). On behalf of Mr. & Mrs. W. G. Vosper, Mr. F. W. SmiTH exhibited a remark- able aberration of Polyommatus icarus Rott. from East Garston, Berks., which had the black spots of the underside absent and replaced with enlarged white spots; and an albino Maniola tithonus L. from Letcombe Basset, Berks. Albinos were also shown by Dr. M. W. Harper. These were two Leptidea sinapis L. with no dark pigment on either upper or underside, together with a female in which all the dark pigment was replaced by fulvous marking. All were from Worcestershire, June 1963 and 1964. Drepana harpagula Esp. was again in evidence this year. Mr. M. J. LEEcH had a series among material taken in the Tintern/Trellock area of S. Wales which formed part of an extensive display from various parts of the country. A moth which caused some excitement a few years back and has since been a 19 regular feature is Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. This year Mr. S. Coxry had a bred series originating from Abinger, Surrey, in his exhibit which also included a melanic Stauropus fagi L. Very well-known for his work on the Zygaenidae, Mr. W. G. TREMEWAN showed a series of Z. lonicerae von Scheven s.sp. tranferens Verity from the Cots- wolds, Glos., comprising three ab. centripuncta Tutt, five confluent examples, two orange examples and seven in which the normal red was replaced with clear yellow. A series of the same species from Ranmore Common, Surrey, as follows: two with confluent spots on the left forewings, the right wing being normal; two extreme confluent examples; a six-spotted example being the first authentic record of this form; an example set showing the underside of which the left hindwing was partially covered with a suffusion of black scaling; the upper- side of the left hindwing in this specimen being normal; a short series of normal examples for comparison. A series of confluent Z. ftrifolii Esp. s.sp. palustrella Verity from Ranmore Common. Four Z. filipendulae L. s.sp. anglicola Tremewan with spot six reduced, from Ranmore Common and Newlands Corner, Surrey; a confluent Z. filipendulae L. from Newlands Corner; an example of ab. inter- media Tutt in which the normal red is replaced with orange, from Ranmore Common. Some of the results of Mr. S. R. BowDEN’s genetic studies were again shown. These consisted of examples of Pieris napi L. (s.sp. meridionalis Heyne?) from Corsica. Generation I (the spring emergence) taken at Corsican localities in April to May 1964. Generation II reared from eggs laid by two females taken at Suaricchio and from other eggs found on cruciferous plants at seven other localities. Generation III from intra-local pairings (three localities) and from pairings of generation II from Suaricchio by generation II from Scala di Santa Regina. Generation IV from pairings of Restonica gorge generation III. Single families contain a variety of forms, as is usual in the P. napi L. butterflies. Though the form which has been called dubiosa Rober (the most essential character of which is almost complete absence of veining on the hindwing underside) does occur, it grades continuously into moderately veined forms within single families ; the males do not always have the heavy forewing spot shown for dubiosa by Rober (1907, in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, 1). The underside yellow is pale, sometimes very pale, but in fresh bred examples is certainly not the colour of true f. subtalba Schima as it occurs in s.sp. neobryoniae Sheljuzhko. Thus phenotypically the Corsican napi appears indistinguishable from s.sp. meridion- alis Heyne from southern Italy and elsewhere, in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection. This view was taken of all dubiosa, whether from Andalusia or from Asia Minor, by Verity (1947, Le Farfalle Diurne d’Italia, 3:199). The genotype may differ, however. F, and F, hybrids have been obtained with British napi and with Swiss bryoniae Ochsenheimer; these may be shown on a future occasion. An addition to the list of Suffolk Lepidoptera was shown by Mr. A. E. ASTON in the shape of Enargia paleacea Esp., taken in a mercury vapour light trap at Weston near Beccles, Suffolk, 16.viii.64 at 12.30 and 1 a.m. An unusual banded aberration of Luperina nickerlii Freyer (Pl. I, fig. 5) was noticed in Mr. R. P. DEMUTH’s exhibit. Mr. Barry GOATER showed Rhodometra sacraria L. bred from a female taken at mercury vapour light at Scratch Wood, Middx., 17.vii.64, which had laid 80 eggs. The following breeding details were supplied: the larvae fed up quickly on the knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare L. About half died when half grown; half the remainder reached full size and died. Some of the survivors made cocoons and failed to pupate, and some pupae died. Eight moths emerged between 17.viii.64 20 and 21.viii.64, two of which were badly deformed. Of those exhibited three are undersized. The bred examples are rather more strongly marked than the parent and the markings are reddish. This was evidently a weak brood. A species not previously taken in Great Britain, Eupista serpylletorum Hering, from Great Orme, was shown by Mr. H. N. MICHAELIS who also showed Amelia unitana Hiibn. from Malham, Yorks., July 1965 to 1958, which has only recently been recognised in the British Isles, and was previously confused with A. paleana Hiibn. An unusual capture was shown by Mr. R. J. REVELL, Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff. (gilvata F.), a single example of which was taken at mercury vapour light at Clearbrook, Devon, 14.ix.64. He also showed three examples of the centipede Lithobius tricuspis Meinert from Fingle Bridge, Devon, in leaf litter, 15.viii.64. The specimens were determined by Dr. E. H. Easton and are the first authentic British examples. Mr. A. D. A. RusswurM showed a remarkable melanic male Clossiana selene Schiff. (PI. I, fig. 4) taken in the New Forest, Hants, 16.vi.64, together with a male aberration of Polygonia c-album L. (Pl. I, fig. 1) with heavily marked hindwings from Brockenhurst, Hants, 28.ix.64. Another example of a P. c-album L. aberra- tion was shown by Mr. F. C. Brown, taken at Chessington, Surrey; on the hindwings only the dark markings have fused. Mr. Brown also showed Nymphalis io L. ab. semiocellata Frohawk with blind ocelli on the hindwings. This specimen was bred from a larva taken at Wilmington, Sussex, and according to Frohawk (1939, Varieties of British Butterflies, London) ‘This form is usually the result of captivity . . . but these smoky examples have also been captured in the wild state.’ Mr. A. L. Goopson of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Tring, considers the exhibited example to be a little more extreme than that figured by Frohawk. One of our younger exhibitors, A. J. WALKER, showed a female Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. caeruleopuncta (Staud.) Ruhl., with excessively long tails, taken in Surrey. Included in an exhibit by Air Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY was an example, amongst several aberrations, of Plusia pulchrina Haw., of more than usual interest (PI. I, fig. 7). Several moths were selected for photographing, but unfortunately the nega- tives when printed were unsuitable for publication. These included a Laothoe populi L., from Aviemore, Iny., 30.v.64 with scale deficiency on the right hind- wing, shown by Mr. G. A. CoLe; Laodamia albicilla H.-S., taken at mercury vapour light at Tintern, Mon., 23.vi.64, a phycitid new to Britain, shown by Mr. R. M. Mere. Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff.), an unusual aberration taken at mercury vapour light at Woking, Surrey, 2.vii.64, shown by Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD. The usual exhibit of unusual aberrations from the Rothschild-Cockayne- Kettlewell collection of British Lepidoptera was shown by Mr. A. L. GOoDsoNn. Coleoptera provided a number of interesting exhibits. A series of the rare weevil, Anthonomus chevrolati (Desbr.), was shown by Mr. A. E. GARDNER, beaten from hawthorn, East Malling, Kent, 17.x.64, from the Society’s collection; he also showed the only British example of Saprinus subnitescens Bick. with data, from the West collection, it was taken at Colgate near Horsham, Sussex, in 1892. Mr. M. J. Leecu had an example of Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) taken at mercury vapour light in Northamptonshire. This was photographed but the resulting negative was unsatisfactory. British myrmecophilus beetles were the subject of Dr. A. M. MaAssee’s exhibit which comprised 23 species including such rarities as Potosia cuprea (F.) s.sp. metallica (Herbst), Amphotis marginata (F.) and Lomechusoides strumosa (F.). 21 Carabus auratus L. a common beetle in northern France and here considered an introduction imported with market produce was shown by Mr. A. PRICE who had one perfect example and the elytra and parts of the body of another from the cellar of a house in east Reading, Berks. Also exhibited were the following interesting species: Platycis minuta (F.), of which about 60 examples were found in a rotting log by Mr. J. H. Cole in the Hartslock Woods, Oxon., 18.ix.63; and Dictyopterus aurora (Herbst) taken in May 1957 by Mr. G. L. Fiewin in Gole- antray, Nairn., were shown for comparison. Thirty-eight species of rare and local beetles were shown by Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS. The following being of special interest: Cymindis vaporariorum (L.), Aviemore, 20.viii.64; Dictyopterus affinis (Payk.), Aviemore, 20.viii.64; Dendrophagus crenatus (Payk.), Aviemore, 20.viii.64; Aegalia rufa (F.), Formby, Lancs., 12.vii.64; Potosia cuprea (F.) s.sp. metallica (Herbst), Glen Affric, Inv., 23.vii.64; Rhynchites cupreus (L.), Delamere Forest, Ches., 1.v.64; Rhyncolus truncorum Rosen., Windsor Great Park, Berks., 21.11.64; Bagous cylindrus (Payk.), and B. limosus (Gyll.), Higham, Kent, 27.iii. and 18.iv.64; B. puncticollis Boh., Dun- geness, Kent, 4.vii.64; Phloeosinus thujae (Perris), Clapham Common, S.W. London, 16.vii.64. Living European tortoises and terrapins were shown by Mr. F. C. BROWN. The species were: Emys orbicularis (L.), the European Terrapin; Clemmys caspica leprosa (Schweigger), the Spanish Terrapin; C. caspica rivulata (Valen- ciennes), a subspecies of the Caspian Terrapin; Testudo graeca graeca L., which has variously been called the Moroccan land Tortoise, the Greek Tortoise, the Algerian Spur-thighed Tortoise, the Iberian Tortoise and the Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, the last name being the most apt; 7. hermanni hermanni Gmel., Hermann’s Tortoise; T. marginata Schoepff, the Margined Tortoise; T. horsfieldii Gray, Horsfield’s Tortoise. The identification of the European members of the genus Testudo has caused some difficulty in the past and may not be settled certainly. However, the following key provides a fairly safe means of identifying the European tortoises to species level: T. graeca T.hermanni T. horsfieldii T. marginata 5 claws on each front leg Yes Yes No Yes 4 claws on each front leg No No Yes No Tail with horny spur No Yes Yes No Thigh tubercules Yes No ies Yes Plastron hinged Yes No No Yes Rear carapace plates hinged No No No Yes Nomenclature follows Wermuth and Merten (1961, Schildkroten Krokodile, Bruckenechsen, Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena). An unusual trichopteran was exhibited by Mr. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON, a gynandromorph Limnephilus flavicornis (F.) having the external genitalia with 22 right side female and left side male; all other external characters male. The specimen is from the Royal Scottish Museum collection taken at Ratho, Midloth., 31.ix.64. A series of photographs and photomicrographs showing stages in the life history of the annelid Branchiobdella astaci Odier were shown by Mr. C. J. LeeKE and Mr. A. Price. The worm spends its entire life on crayfish and the capture of it in Reading, Berks., 18.v.64 is the first authenticated record for the worm in Britain. Also shown were pickled examples of the crayfish, Astacus pallipes Lereboullet infested by cocoons, pickled specimens of the worm and living worms. The following details were given: five crayfish averaging 50 mm in length were taken from a small stream near Burghfield Bridge, 18.v.64. At Basingstoke High School where the crayfish were taken for dissection they were found to have five leech-like worms on their gills. These were identified by Dr. K. H. Mann of Reading University as Brachiobdella astaci Odier and were sent to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) at the latter’s request. On 21st May three more crayfish were obtained from the same stream and two were found to be infested with the worm. Three further crayfish were taken on 5th June from Holy Brook, near the one-time Southcote Manor Farm; one 40 mm in length carried no worms, one 50 mm long carried two worms and the largest measuring 68 mm carried 32 worms. These ranged from newly hatched worms to sexually mature examples 10 mm in length. Monosynamma bohemanni (Fall.) (Hemiptera) was shown by Dr. MASSsEE who gave the following details: the original Kent record for this species is that of Douglas & Scott (1865, The British Hemiptera, London, p. 245). They state ‘A very abundant species at Deal, in August, by sweeping dwarf sallows, etc. It is excessively active in the net’. It has not been recorded from Deal during the present century. Its host plant Salix repens L., Creeping Willow, grows freely near the Guildford Hotel, Sandwich Bay, but repeated searches have failed to find the bug. On 4.viii.63, several adults of this bug were found on its host plant at Dungeness, Kent. It was also plentiful in July 1964, in the same locality. Thus it has been reinstated to the Kent list after an absence of 98 years. Another species shown by Dr. Massee was Monosynamma nigritulus (Zett.) which is represented in the National Collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by eight very poor examples. Two are in the Power collection, and were collected by Edward Saunders at Deal, no date given. Three are in the Scott collection, and were also collected by Saunders. Three more are in the Butler collection and were taken by Butler at Deal in July 1882. In recent check lists of British Hemiptera this species has been omitted and was regarded as extinct in this country. However while collecting at Dungeness, 12.vii.64, a number of specimens of a mirid bug were found on Creeping Willow. These later proved to be M. nigritulus which can be re-instated on the British List after an absence of 82 years, being now firmly established at Dungeness. Diptera were shown by Mr. L. PARMENTER as follows: Pegomyia flavoscutellata Zett., new to Surrey, from Mitcham Common, 11.v.64, previously known only from Cambridgeshire. Also rare flies from Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, Kent: Phaonia apicalis Stein., new to the British List, 23.vii.64; Pegomyia provenca Villen, 30.v.64; Graphogaster fasciata Macq., 27.v.64; Loxocera sylvatica Meig., 4.vi.64; and Sargus nitidus Meig., 25.viii.64. The large and attractive aculeate Hymenoptera Scolia flavifrons F., S. hirta Schrank and S. quadripunctata F. from N.W. Sardinia, July 1964 were exhibited by Mr. C. G. ROCHE. A Madeiran endemic spider, Geolycosa blackwalli Johnson was shown by Mr. 23 R. W. J. Urren. The species, a large wolf spider, was found making deep, silk- lined burrows under rocks on a tree-heather clothed mountainside at about 4,500 ft during September 1964. Living spiders of several kinds were included in the Zoological Society of London’s exhibit put up by Mr. S. R. Asupy, which also included many other living arthropods from various parts of the world. Mr. T. R. WALKER showed a giant puff ball some eight inches in diameter and six inches high, found under a hawthorn near Warlingham, Surrey in September 1964; and Mr. T. R. EAGLEs and Mr. F. T. VALLINs put on their usual excellent display of fungi. The following members and their friends contributed to the success of the day with their various exhibits: Mr. A. E. Aston, Lepidoptera; Dr. J. V. Banner, Lepidoptera; Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Bolton, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. R. Bowden, Lepi- doptera; Mr. J. D. Bradley, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. F. Bretherton, Lepidoptera; Mr. F. C. Brown, Tortoises and Terrapins, and Lepidoptera; Mr. L. W. Burgess, Lepidoptera; Mr. B. S. Burns, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. A. Cole, Lepidoptera; Major A. E. Collier, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. Coxey, Lepidoptera; Mr. P. N. Crowe, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. P. Demuth, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. C. Dyson, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. R. Eagles, Fungi; Mr. T. R. Eagles, Fungi; Mr. R. Fairclough, Lepi- doptera; Mr. Ian G. Farwell, Lepidoptera; Mr. D. W. H. ffennell, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. E. Gardner, Coleoptera; Mr. Barry Goater, Lepidoptera; Mr. C. J. Goodall, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. L. Goodson, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. A. C. Green- wood, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. M. Haggett, Lepidoptera; Mr. E. J. Hare, Lepi- doptera; Mr. T. W. Harman, Lepidoptera; Cmdr. G. W. Harper, R.N., Lepi- doptera; Mr. K. M. Harris, Lepidoptera; Mr. Roger Hayward, Lepidoptera; Mr. & Mrs. I. R. P. Heslop, Lepidoptera; Dr. L. G. Higgins, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. G. Homer, Lepidoptera; Mr. & Mrs. T. G. Howarth, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. F. Imber, Lepidoptera; Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., Lepidoptera; Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis, Lepidoptera; Major-Gen. Sir George Johnson, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. P. Knill-Jones, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. A. Knill-Jones, Lepidoptera; Mr. M. J. Leech, Lepidoptera; Mr. C. J. Leeke, Annelida and Crustacea; Major-Gen. C. G. Lipscomb, Lepidoptera; Mr. P. I. Lorimer, Lepidoptera; Lt.-Col. & Mrs. W. B. L. Manley, Lepidoptera; Dr. A. M. Massee, Hemiptera; Mr. P. Maylot, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. M. Mere, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. L. Messenger, Lepidoptera; Mr. H. N. Michaelis, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. M. Morley, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. A. Myers, Lepidoptera; Miss Christine McDermott, colour slides of Orthoptera; Mr. L. Parmenter, Diptera; Mr. J. H. Payne, Lepidoptera; Mr. C. J. Pearce, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. N. D. Peet, Lepidoptera; Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. W. P. Pooles, Lepidoptera; Mr. N. B. Potter, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. Price, Annelida, Crustacea and Coleoptera; Mr. R. J. Revell, Lepidoptera and Myriapoda; Mr. Austin Richardson, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. S. Robertson, Lepidoptera; Mr. C. G. Roche, Hymenoptera; Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm, Lepi- doptera; Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby, Lepidoptera; Mr. L. E. Savage, Caption for Plate I ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 31st October 1964 1. Polygonum c-album L., Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm. 2 and 3. Quercusia quercus L., Mr. S. F. Imber. 4. Clossiana selene Schiff., Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm. 5. Luperina nickerlii Freyer, Mr. R. P. Demuth. 6. Aporophyla australis Boisd. ab. orientalis H.-S., Mr. G. M. Haggett and Mr. A. J. Wightman. 7. Plusia pulchrina Haw., Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby. 8. Bupalus piniaria L., Mr. L. W. Siggs. 9. Bupalus piniaria L., Dr. C. G. M. de Worms. 24 Lepidoptera; Mr. L. W. Siggs, Lepidoptera; Mr. F. W. Smith, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. E. Stockley, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. Stoughton-Harris, Lepidoptera; Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. D. Trebilcock, Lepidoptera; Mr. W. G. Tremewan, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. Tubbs, Lepidoptera; Mr. H. G. Tunstall, Fungi; Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. W. J. Uffen, Arachnida; Mr. F. T. Vallins, Fungi, Mosses, Lichens and Liverworts; Mr. & Mrs. W. G. Vosper, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. Wakely, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. J. Walker, Lepi- doptera; Mr. D. H. Walker, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. R. Walker, Fungi; Mr. Norman A. Watkins, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. W. Watson, Lepidoptera; Mr. B. K. West, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. J. Wightman, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. A. Williams, Coleoptera; Dr. C. G. M. de Worms, Lepidoptera; and Mr. L. D. Young, Lepidoptera. 12th NOVEMBER 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mr. J. W. Fradgley and Mr. A. M. Hutson. EXHIBITS Dr. P. J. L. RocHe—Ceraleptus lividus Stein (Hem., Coreidae). Three examples of this local and uncommon bug taken in a grass tuft in a long-disused gravel pit near Woodham Walter, Essex, 8.x1.64. Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—Calliprobola speciosa (Rossi) (Dipt., Syrphidae) from Windsor Forest, Berks., June 1964. A very rare dipteron recorded only from single localities in Surrey, Hants and Derbyshire and still to be found in a restricted area in Windsor Forest. Like many syrphids connected with rotting wood the male likes to wait at the base of tree trunks for the female to appear. COMMUNICATIONS The Secretary announced that Prof. W. A. F. Balfour-Browne had been made an honorary member of the Society. Mr. B. E. Frost gave a talk ‘Collecting with a Camera’ which he illustrated with coloured slides. 26th NOVEMBER 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new members were declared elected: Mr. C. W. H. Dodd, Mr. B. W. Leonard, Mr. S. J. McIver Paton, Mr. D. R. Read, Mr. J. Clarke, Mr. P. A. Goddard and Mr. A. G. M. Batten. EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. Massee—Lissodema cursor (Gyll.) (Col., Salpingidae). There are less than a dozen authentic British records that refer to isolated specimens. The larvae of this beetle breed in the dead and dying tips of pollarded ash trees of about 14 years growth. It does not appear to breed in young growth. The ex- hibitor has examples collected at Wickham Bishops, Essex; East Malling, Kent; and Chippenham Fen, Cambs. The PRESIDENT—A tin of ‘“‘Seasoned Bumble Bees” which were newly emerged insects, pupae and larvae of Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae) and a considerable delicacy. Members were invited to try them as the exhibit went round. 25 Mr. R. W. J. UrFeEN—A living female spider Geolycosa blackwalli (Johnson) (Lycosidae), which had an egg sac attached to its spinnerets. It was taken at 4,500 ft in Madeira in September this year. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) Examples of Chrysolina americana (L.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) from Majorca, August 1962, taken by Mr. K. A. Spencer. This species, widely distributed throughout central and southern Europe has recently been recorded from Madeira. Specimens probably introduced from Portugal have also been recently recorded from Disney, Cheshire by Johnson, C. (1964, Ent. mon. Mag., 99:228-9). (2) Examples of Calliptamerus madeirae Uvarov (Salt., Acrididae) taken on Porto Island, Madeiras, February 1963, by Mr. E. W. Classey. This constitutes a new record from the island for this species. Mr. M. CLIrFTON—A male example of the spider Pholcus phalangioides (Fuess.) (Pholcidae) which had only six legs, due to the front pair of legs being degenerate. It had been like this through the last two moults before maturity. No reference could be found to a similar deformation in the books in the library of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). COMMUNICATIONS Mr. M. CutrTon, for the librarian, announced the titles of books presented by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs and Mr. H. G. Denvil. Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said he had taken Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae) in his light trap a few nights earlier, this being one of the latest records he had known. He added that Prilophora plumigera Schiff. (Lep., Notodontidae) had been seen recently in Kent and on the Chilterns. Dr. A. M. MasseeE said that the common ground beetles were still above ground though in the cold winter a few years ago they were already underground in September. Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss reported that Mr. Siggs had seen Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) in his garden on 21st November. Mr. N. D. Peer reported a Black-headed Gull which still had the black head of the summer plumage and two other members reported seeing similar birds on the Round Pond in Kensington Gardens, and in Northern Ireland; whilst Mr. Jacobs reported one flying over London Bridge. The meeting ended with a talk ‘A Naturalist in Porto Santo, Madeiras’, by Mr. E. W. Crassey, Mr. A. E. GARDNER and Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN, illustrated by coloured slides. 10th DECEMBER 1964 The PRESIDENT in the Chair The following new member was declared elected: Mr. McHugh. EXHIBITS Dr. A. M. MasseE—The mirid plant bug, Charagochilus weberi Wagner, a new addition to the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Two specimens were collected while beating hazel, 20.vi.64. Its host plant is not known, and its occurrence on hazel is not regarded as being significant. It is possible that its host may be cow- wheat, but this suggestion must be verified. Mr. G. E. Woodroffe has also taken this species in Pamber Forest, Hants. Mr. P. A. Gopparp—Photographs of wild imagines of microlepidoptera taken in October and November 1964, in the Harrow Weald and Stanmore area of Middlesex: Oidematophorus tephradactylus Hiibn. (Pterophorus monodactylus Cc 26 Steph.), on a fence by day, 21.xi.64; Acleris sparsana Schiff., on a fence under a beech tree, after dark, 30.x.64; A. rhombana Schiff., many specimens which were disturbed by day from undergrowth on Stanmore Common, in the vicinity of Mountain Ash trees throughout October; Epinotia maculana F., a few examples disturbed from aspen trunks by day in early October; Diurnea phryganella Hiibn., male and female, showing the marked sexual dimorphism, the female was found on a beech trunk near several oak trees and the male was flying around her, 17.x.64; Agonopterix (Depressaria) arenella Schiff., a single example found after dark on an oak trunk, 30.x.64, and another on a fence, 21.xi.64; A. applana F., on a fence after dark, 21.xi.64; Lithocolletis trifasciella Haw., a specimen on a tree trunk by day, Stanmore Common, 4.x.64, its normal foodplant, Lonicera, abounds there; L. messaniella Zell., which appeared frequently at light from mid- September to the end of October, the last record being 23.xi.64; Ypsolophus radiatellus Don., several specimens seen crawling about on low twigs and bracken, Stanmore Common, 3.x.64. Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Nemadus colonoides (Kraatz) (Col., Silphidae) found in the nest of the Wood Ant, Formica rufa L., at Church Wood, Blean, Kent, 18.x.64. The meeting closed with a talk, illustrated by coloured slides on “The Scientific Investigation of Caves’ by Dr. A. J. SUTCLIFFE. 27 FIELD MEETINGS 1964 ASH VALE, SURREY—12th April 1964 Leader: Mr. E. W. CLASSEY A party of 26 met during the morning at Ash Vale station. The weather was somewhat showery although no heavy rain developed. The meeting was mainly for clearwings and, in the car park immediately outside the station, there was evidence of Aegeria myopaeformis Borkh. Several members felt for hammers and chisels but were deterred by the public nature of the place. During the morning the party worked over heathy ground at the back of Great Bottom Flash. A few galls of A. flaviventris Staud. were found, old borings of A. spheciformis Schiff. were seen, and a fair number of small stumps of birch were cut containing larvae of A. culiciformis L. After lunch the party broke up, some staying in the same locality to hunt for more of the species already observed, and others going by car to the Hogs Back to look for A. andrenaeformis Lasp. After some search, and the observation of a number of old borings, one member of the party was fortunate to find a stem of Viburnum lantana L. with a perfect cap. HATFIELD FOREST, HERTS.—18th April 1964 Leader: Mr. E. G. EAGLING This meeting was held jointly with the Bishop’s Stortford Natural History Society, who showed us the area and provided the accompanying information about it. The dense coppice that has developed over much of the area of this formerly magnificent woodland was a source of much disappointment. Hatfield Forest, which lies about four miles east of Bishop’s Stortford, was one of the outlying parts of the once Royal Forest of Essex, of which Epping Forest was a part. It is about 1,000 acres in extent, comprising woodland, wide open chases, and a small lake. A feature of the forest used to be the large number of great oaks, hornbeams and thorns, the fruit of which formed the food for the Royal deer. The oaks unfortunately were all felled in the 1920’s, when all the useful timber was taken away. The thorns remain and today are remarkable for the large clusters of mistletoe which many of the older trees bear. Hornbeam is still plentiful in all the coppices, and a fine group of these old hornbeams may be seen close to the Bush End entrance on the nerth-eastern side of the forest. Today the forest consists in the main of young trees in the coppices, with a few of the older trees in the open rides. The forest was given to the National Trust by Mr. E. N. Buxton of Buckhurst Hill in 1923, he having purchased it after the previous owner Major Houblen had parted with it. The new owner had already sold the timber, and Mr. Buxton was able to save only the older trees of no value for timber. Entomologists should be pleased with the insects if they go at the right time in the right conditions. They will find moths typical of mixed deciduous wood- lands, and the White Admiral and the Silver Washed fritillaries may be seen. The plants in the woods are of the types usually found in Essex woodlands on boulder clay: primroses, wood anemones, oxslips, twayblade, orchids and wood sanicle. 28 At the present time extensive clearing in the coppices is in progress, together with big drainage schemes, chiefly on the western side of the forest. Young trees have already been planted in their nursery sites ready for reaforestation. Further clearing is planned as time and money permit. RANMORE, SURREY—25th April 1964 Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN This meeting was held on a chill, damp and rather depressing day. Most members took to the shelter of the woods, and several left after lunch. Most effort was spent investigating the trunks of fallen trees for beetles, but no unusual finds were reported to the leader. Both the male inflorescences and the capsules of the moss Mnium hornum Hedw. were conspicuously abundant. Other mosses included Aulocomnium androgynum (Hedw.) Schwaegr. and Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. The fruits of liverworts were also very noticeable, but fungi were scarce. The ferns seemed to be mostly Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Grey, but D. spinulosa (Muell.) Ktze. was also there. The cuckoo was heard and the willow wren was heard and seen. NEWLANDS CORNER, SURREY—2nd May 1964 Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY This was a special meeting arranged to look for the tortricid moth Pammene agnotana Rag., the only recorded British example of which was taken in this locality, 15.iv.61, by Mr. F. M. Struthers. The party numbered 12 and all worked hard to flush specimens from the herbage and yew trees; but the weather was dull and rainy. Everything was wet and the quarry was not forthcoming. The route taken was along the path leading eastwards from the car park at the top of the downs. It is of interest to record the following moths which were taken during the day: Anticlea derivata Schiff., Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff., Acasis viretata Hubn., Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., Ectropis biundularia Borkh., Lithocolletis faginella Zell., Ypsolophus radiatellus Don. and Mnemonica subpurpurella Haw. HIGHAM MARSHES, KENT—3rd May 1964 Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE This was a joint meeting of the South London and the Kent Field Club. The early morning was wet, but the rain ceased at 11 a.m. and from then on it was fine. Twelve members departed from Higham station to work the marshes and on arrival met Mr. H. Batchelor, the owner of the marsh, who wished the gathering good hunting. Mr. Last, the well-known shepherd of Higham marshes joined the party for tea. Nearly 60 species of Coleoptera were recorded as follows: Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Elaphrus cupreus Dufts., Dyschirius aeneus (Dej.), D. luedersi Wagner, D. globosus (Herbst), Bembidion tetracolum Say, B. genei Kiust. s.sp. illigeri Netolitzki, B. assimile Gyll., B. fumigatum Dufts., B. minimum (F.), B. lunulatum (Fourc.), B. iricolor Bed., B. obtusum Sery., B. articulatum (Panz.), B. quadrimaculatum (L.), B. quadripustulatum Sery., Harpalus subpunctatus Steph., H. affinis (Schr.), Stenolophus teutonus (Schr.), S. mixtus (Herbst), Acupalpus meridianus (L.), A. dubius Schilsky, Badister bipustulatus (F.), Amara 29 strenua Zimm., A. plebeja (Gyll.), Pterostichus cupreus (L.), P. minor Gyll. Anthracus consputus (Dufts.), Agonum dorsale Pont., A. moestum (Dufts.), A. marginatum (L.), Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.), Odacantha melanura (L.), Demetrias imperialis (Germ.), Dromius melanocephalus Dej., D. quadrinotatus (Panz.), Metabletus obscuroguttatus (Dufts.), Microlestes maurus (Sturm), Helophorus aquaticus (L.), Stenus juno (Payk.), Tachinus signatus Grav. (rufipes (Deg. nec L.)), Coccidula rufa (Herbst), Corticaria impressa (Ol.), Dryops striatellus Fairm. & Bris., Aphodius fimetarius (L.), Agriotes sputator (L.), A. lineatus (L.), Prasocuris junci (Brahm), Phaedon armoraciae (L.), Anthicus antherinus (L.), A. floralis (L.), A. instabilis Schmidt, A. salinus Crotch, Apion miniatum Germ., Notaris acridulus (L.), Bagous cylindrus (Payk.), B. limosus (Gyll.), and Gymnetron villosulum Gyll. Also taken was the hemipteron Hebrus pusillus (Fall.), and the dragonfly larva Ischneura elegans (V.d.Lind). LEWES, SUSSEX—9th May 1964 Leader: Mr. R. C. Dyson Several members journeyed from London for this meeting. Unfortunately Mr. Dyson was feeling far from well and had only returned from the Continent the previcus day. However, he was able to meet the small party at Lewes railway station. Taking the party in his car to a convenient spot to the north of Lewes the leader returned home and the members had a very pleasant walk over the downs to Lewes. It was too early in the season for the rarities which occur on the downs here, but some interesting birds were seen. One of these was a Wheatear which was watched through binoculars for some time. Another bird which attracted attention was a Kestrel which gave a fine display as it hovered and descended several yards at a time until it made its final swoop to the ground on what was probably a luckless mouse. It was fascinating to watch this handsome bird in close-up with the aid of binoculars. It was below those watching and the view from above was unusual. After lunch the party visited the Martyr’s Memorial on Cliff Hill. Several Aglais urticae L. were seen near some beds of stinging nettles, also some Nymphalis io L. Some Ematurga atomaria L. were on the wing, but there was a coldness in the air which did not encourage insects to fly, although it was sunny. Larvae of Agonopterix nanatella Staint. were found in spun leaves of Carlina vulgaris L. (Carline Thistle). A single specimen of Elachista trapeziella Staint. was boxed. STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—17th May 1964 Leader: Mr. F. D. Buck Four members and three visitors were joined by three from the Essex Field Club on a bright, hot day which was tempered by a stiffish breeze from the south-west. The party worked along the sea wall to the east during the morning and back to the west behind the sea wall during the afternoon. In general the results of the day’s work were poor and disappointing. Perhaps the most interesting find was an unidentified micro larva found by Mr. Wakeley towards the end of the day, mining the leaves of a reed in one of the drains behind the sea wall. Larvae of Larentia clavaria Haw. were swept in plenty from mallow and an unidentified larva suspected to be a plume was swept from convolvulus. Ochsen- heimeria mediopectinella Haw. larvae were obtained from grass, and mugwort 30 yielded Leiophilus lienigianus Zett. larvae. The grasses also provided larvae of Brachmia rufescens Haw. Nests of larvae were found of Aglais urticae L., on nettle, Malacosoma neustria L., on elm, and Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. on haw- thorn. Several butterflies were seen on the wing: Anthocharis cardamines L., Nymphalis io L., Aglais urticae L., Pieris napi L., and an early example of Lycaena phlaeas L. No Arctia villica L. larvae at all were reported, only A. caja L., but the larva of Philudoria potatoria L. was obtained; and an imago of Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schiff. was noted. Among the plants Conium maculatum L. was seen in some fine clumps and Spergularia marina (L.) Grisb. was also seen, though only a few plants were in bloom. Coleoptera were not plentiful either in species or, except in a few instances, in numbers. Ceuthorhynchus turbatus Schultz was as usual swarming on Cardaria draba (L.) Desy., and all the mallow species of Apion were plentiful, together with a few examples of Podagrica fuscipes (F.) and P. fuscicornis (L.). Ceuthorhynchus litura (F.) was swept sparsely and Chrysolina banksi (F.) was extremely scarce. An example was swept from the Ballota nigra L. and one or two more were found at the roots of the plant together with only one larva. HOOK COMMON AND BASINGSTOKE CANAL, HANTS—24th May 1964 Leader: Mr. J. R. EAGLES Ten members and their friends attended. There was rain before and after, but none during the meeting; but there was also a little sunshine. The morning was spent on the canal bank near Odiham. Insect life swarmed, there were many interesting plants, and in one place a nightingale was singing persistently. The neuropteron Sialis iutaria (L.) was everywhere and its black clusters of eggs were abundant. Almost as numerous were donaciid beetles and their whitish eggs were mostly on Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. (Great Water Dock). The commonest was Plateumaris sericea (L.). The lepidopterists collected eggs of Anthocaris cardamines L. No one was beating for larvae but by searching those of Quercusia quercus L. and Episema caeruleocephala L. were found. For the arachnologist there were many spiders including males of Tetragnatha montana Simon, two female Xysticus ulmi (Hahn), Philodromus dispar Walck. and Clubiona neglecta O.P.-Camb. Waterside plants abounded. There was a long stretch of Menyanthes trifoliata L. in flower and another part of the canal was studded with plants of Hippuris vulgaris L. One member fished out of the water the submerged leaves of Oenanthe fluviatilis (Bab.) Coleman. There was also Geum rivale L. and Equisetum fiuviatile L. Even the mycologist was provided for as there was a truly magnificent growth of Polyporus squamosus Fr. on a tree trunk near the path. During lunch the party watched the activities of three magpies and then made off to Hook Common. Perhaps the most memorable thing was the flushing of a Nightjar and the discovery of the egg laid on the bare ground without a nest. There was much scrub oak, many sallows and very many plants of Serratula tinctoria L. On the sallows and birches were hosts of lepidopterous larvae including on the latter Trichiura crataegi L. An imago of Plusia gamma L. was seen, an early date for this insect. There was plenty of Genista anglica L. from which was obtained the beetle Apion genistae Kirby. Spiders noted were Xysticus cristatus (Clerck), Dictyna latens (F.), Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) and Theridion pallens Blackwall. 31 One part of the common had been burnt and there were large patches of the moss Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. The sound of an approaching thunderstorm warned the party that it was time to leave and the day ended with the finding of a bed of Viola lactea Sm. in flower. OTFORD, KENT—30th May 1964 Leader: Mr. E. E. J. TRUNDELL This meeting held jointly with the Kent Field Club, is usually well attended, but this year the number can only be brought up to four. The weather remained brilliant all day, and although no startling observations were made, the party was kept busy by a good number of insects. There was no sign of the progeny of Melitaea cinxia L. put down here by a member a few years ago, but Lysandra bellargus Rott. was still plentiful. Other butterflies noted were: Coenonympha pamphilus L., Pieris napi L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., and Erynnis tages L. The moths included Euclidimera mi Clerck, Ectypa glyphica L., Cnephasia pasiuana Hiibn. larvae in flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Pterophorus baliodactyla Zell. and Coleophora albitarsella Zell. larvae on Origanum (Marjorum), Agonopteryx nanatella Staint. larvae on Carlina vulgaris L. (Carline Thistle), Ypsolophus sequellus Clerck larvae on Acer (maple). An example of Lampetia equestris (F.), the Large Narcissus Fly, was netted. SALCEY FOREST, NORTHANTS.—3l1st May 1964 Leaders: Mr. P. J. GENT and Mr. J. H. PAYNE This meeting was well attended by approximately 35 members and friends, the weather was kind, and the area was large enough to keep everybody busy during the morning and afternoon. The hot preceding spell had sent Strymonidia pruni L. into pupation and we had no reports of this well-known Northamptonshire species being collected. Larvae of Apatura iris L. seemed to be absent, but Leptidea sinapis L. was to be found along most of the rides. The oaks were badly defoliated by larvae of Tortrix viridana L.; and other larvae such as Malacosoma neustria L., Episema coeruleocephala L., Oporinia dilutata Schiff., Erannis leucophaearia Schiff., E. aurantiaria Hiibn., E. defoliaria Clerck., Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. and Apoch- eima hispidaria Schiff., were plentiful. Larvae of Polyploca ridens F. and Harpyia furcula Clerck were also collected. The dipterous gall Dasyneura sisymbrii (Schrank) was seen and among the Coleoptera Cionus alauda (Herbst) on figwort, Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scop.) the Cardinal beetle and a longicorn Stenocorus meridianus (L.) were reported. CADSDEN, BUCKS.—6th June 1964 Leader: Capt. J. ELLERTON A party of five met at Wendover station and went by car to the slopes above Cadsden. The day was cool, showery and with a strong S.W. wind. The infrequent appearances of the sun was disappointing, nevertheless the following butterflies were seen: Pieris rapae L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., 32 Polyommatus icarus Rott., Cupido minimus Fuessl. and Erynnis tages L.; while ova of Hamearis lucina L. were found on Primula veris L. Moths were scarce but Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch., Anaitis plagiata L. and Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff. were seen. Larvae of Zygaena trifolii Esp. were everywhere and a few had already spun up, other larvae noted were Philudoria potatoria L., Amathes xanthographa Schiff. and Eupithecia sobrinata Hiibn. Micros taken included Dichrorampha sequana Hiibn. Adela fibulella Schill., Epiblema scutulana Schiff. (Eucosma pflugiana Haw.) and Croecia bergmanniana L. Larvae of Agonopterix nanatella Staint. from Carlina vulgaris L. and A. flavella Hiibn. (liturella Schiff.) from Centaurea nigra L. later produced some nice imagines. Mr. T. R. Eagles was pleased to find a large patch of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Adder’s Tongue) and also Lithospermum aryense L. (Corn Gromwell) which does not often survive the selective weed killers today. The only agaric fungus seen was Naucoria semi-orbicularis (Bull) Fr, BENFLEET, ESSEX—13th June 1964 Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY Following a night of rain and thunderstorms the weather had improved when the party detrained at the railway station about half past ten. Only four had braved the elements and the party made for the higher ground overlooking Canvey Island and proceeded eastwards. Several specimens of the tortricid moth Amelia paleana Hibn. were disturbed from the grass, and on the foliage of dog rose larvae of Euproctis similis Fuessl. and Anticlea derivata Schiff. were seen. On the same bushes imagines of Croesia bergmanniana L. and Grapholita tene- brosana Dup. (roseticolana Zell.) were noted. Under the elms numbers of Epinotia trimaculana Dup. were seen, whilst on the leaves of Stellaria holostea L. (Greater Stitchwort) the larval cases of Coleophora solitariella Zell. were plentiful. The latter species is local and prefers plants growing in clumps in the shade of trees or large bushes. It was decided to make for the ponds towards Hadleigh and on the way a fine aberration of Coenonympha pamphilus L. was netted, being a very pale example in fine condition. Just before reaching the ponds it started to rain slightly and it was decided to rest and have lunch. After lunch it began to rain in earnest and it was decided to make for the sea wall. Birds noted were Redshank, Wagtails and Goldfinches; and the Cuckoo was calling most of the morning. One meadow which was crossed had many dozens of plants of Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Salsify) growing among the tall grass. Other plants noted were Ononis spinosa L., Medicago arabica (L.) Huds., Trifolium arvense L. and Lathyrus nissolia L., while some of the ponds were white with the flowers of Ranunculus aquatilis L. (water-crowfoot). The butter- cups Ranunculus sardous Crantz and R. sceleratus L. were also reported. CHIDDINGFOLD, SURREY—2Ist June 1964 Leader: Mr. R. M. MERE The weather prior to the meeting was bad, but the nine members who accom- panied the leader across Duncton Down had only one slight shower to incon- venience them. The vegetation however, was extremely wet. The following butterflies and moths were noted: Pararge aegeria L., Clossiana 33 euphrosyne L., C. selene Schiff., Callophrys rubi L., Pyrgus malvae L., Erynnis tages L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Parasemia plantaginis L., Euphyia bilineata L. (an unusually dark banded form), Procris statices L., Epirrhoe alternata Miull., Zygaena trifolii Esp. ab. basalis Selys and Alucita tridactyla L. The larvae of Gonepteryx rhamni L. were noted on the usual foodplant. Micro- lepidopterous larvae feeding on Poterium sanguisorba L. proved to be Acleris aspersana Hibn. Coleoptera recorded during the day were: Leistus rufomarginatus (Dufts.), Stenus similis (Herbst), Eusphalerum luteum (Marsh.) (Anthobium ophthalmicum Payk.), Laria dulcamarae Scop., Limonius minutus (L.), Cantharis livida L., C. pallida Goeze, Rhagonycha limbata Thom., Malthodes minimus (L.), Gonodera luperus (Herbst), Oedemera lurida (Marsh.), O. nobilis (Scop), Chrysolina varians (Schall.), Psylliodes affinis (Payk.), Batophila rubi (Payk.), Hermaeophaga mercurialis (F.), Cassida rubiginosa (Miull.), Apion curtirostre Germ., A. apricans Herbst, Gymmetron melanarium (Germ.), Ceuthorhynchus contractus (Marsh.), Rhinoncus pericarpius (L.), and Caenorhinus germanicus (Herbst.). Among the Hemiptera the following were reported: Miris striatus (L.), Capsus ater L., Leptosterna ferrugata (Fall.), Stenodema calcaratum (Fall.) and S. laevigatum (L.). The most noticeable flowering plants were Helianthemum chamaecistus Mill. and Valeriana officinalis L. The latter was the pink form except for one small patch of the white. Flowers of Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermuel were abundant and one plant of Ophrys apifera Huds. was found. Earlier in the day the wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., was found in fruit on the slopes of the down. It was pleasing to see Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop., a chalk-loving plant not often seen on our field meetings. The moss Barbula recurvirostra (Hedw.) Dix. with fruits was conspicuous on the banks; and a large specimen of the fungus Boletus luridus (Schaeff.) Fr. was found. During the shower in the morning shelter was taken under some sycamores and the parasitic plant, Lathraea squamaria L. was discovered. At the close of the meeting the party was entertained by Mrs. Mere and the leader; and following an excellent tea an interesting walk round the garden was enjoyed by those who had time to stay. CHIPPENHAM FEN, CAMBRIDGESHIRE—27th June 1964 Leader: Mr. B. O. C. GARDINER A party of ten members attended the meeting this year which was held on a pleasant summer day although, as is usual on this fen, some rather boggy patches were encountered underfoot. Insects did not seem so plentiful as last year, due perhaps to the slightly earlier date of the meeting. Nevertheless both Eustrotia bankiana F. and Lyge- Phila pastinum Treits. were common enough to produce some pleased comments. Butterflies as usual were conspicuous by their absence. It is believed that some interesting Diptera were found. One of the most interesting finds of the day was the beetle Rhynchaenus pratensis Germ. which was discovered in plenty on knapweed just outside the fen, though a few examples were taken within the fen confines. The following Coleoptera were also reported: Cychrus caraboides (L.) ab. rostratus (L.), Amara aulica (Panz.), A. plebeja (Gyll.), Dascillus cervinus (L.), Biphyllus lunatus (F.), Cychramus luteus (F.), Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Dermestes murinus L., Cerapheles terminatus (Méné.), Cryptocephalus 34 pusillus (F.), Tetrops praeusta (L.), Agapanthia villosoviridescens (Deg.), Dory- tomus dejeani Faust., Poophagus sisymbrii (F.), Nanophyes marmoratus (Goeze), and Rhynchaenus pilosus (F.). BLACKDOWN, SUSSEX—28th June 1964 Leader: Mr. R. F. HAYNES After the short heat wave of the previous days there was a welcome respite for this meeting. Some early morning sunshine soon gave way to cloudy, unsettled conditions, with some humidity. The small party numbering only four members met at Haslemere Square and proceeded at once by car to a bridle path about two miles south-east of the town, where access to Blackdown was conveniently gained. The area known as Black- down is National Trust property, occupying a sizeable area on the Surrey- Sussex border, but mostly in Sussex, with the highest point of that county lying within its borders. The vegetation consists of the typically acid heath variety with pine groves, stretches of heathery ground and birch copses in profusion. There are also a few oaks and beeches, as well as other deciduous trees, growing on the edge of the property in the more alkaline places. Soon after reaching a suitable collecting area, a slight shower occurred, lasting only a few minutes. An interesting boggy lakelet was investigated but as nobody was equipped with gum boots or a pond net, only a cursory examination was possible. The appearance of this lakelet was greatly enhanced by a fair quantity of Eriophorum vaginatum L. (Hare’s Tail Cotton Grass) growing in the water and on the nearby shore. A dragonfly, Libellula quadrimaculata L. ab. praenubila Newman, was noted. Having left the water, the party proceeded to a drier part of the heath and such species of Lepidoptera that were collected consisted mainly of moths associated with pine and heather country. The following were recorded: Lycophotia varia Vill., Anarta myrtilli L., Ortholitha mucronata Scop., Semiothisa liturata Clerck, Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. Only one butterfly was seen, Pararge aegeria L. As no larva beating was attempted, very few caterpillars were obtained. Four very young geometrid larvae found on Erica tetralix L. (Cross-leaved Heath) appeared to be Pachycnema hippocastanaria Hiibn. During the day, one slow worm and a solitary lizard were seen. A spider, Pirata piraticus Clerck, was recorded and a few water skaters were observed on the surface of the lakelet. Having given the whole area a good search, a return was made to Haslemere. The time being only 4 p.m., it was decided that a fitting end to a pleasant meeting would be a visit to the Haslemere Educational Museum. A most interesting hour was spent there before closing time; and one member, a botanist, who had brought back several species of plants, was able to identify her specimens from living examples which were excellently displayed in the museum. Species of botanical interest collected at the meeting included: Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trim. (Wavy Hair-grass), Hypericum humifusum L. (Trailing St. John’s Wort) Carex caryophyllea Latour (Spring Sedge), C. nigra (L.) Richard (Common Sedge), Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. (Cord Moss) and Dicranum scoparium Hedw. (Lesser Fork Moss). 35 DEAL, KENT—4th July 1964 Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT A dry sunny day with not too much wind was enjoyed by those who gathered for the meeting, which began at Sandown Castle, an area of open grass on sand adjoining a shingle beach. Soon after arriving, Mr. R. W. J. Uffen was fortunate to sweep a single fresh example of Coleophora spissicornis Haw. from White Clover; but despite further efforts no others were taken. An interesting find was several Grapholita orobana Treits., swept by the leader from Vicia cracca L., a plant he has for some time suspected was its natural pabulum in this district. This species has only been taken twice before in Kent, and was first observed in the county by Allen (1961, Ent. Rec., 73:262) in 1957. After lunch, the party proceeded in the direction of Dover, and for the rest of the afternoon worked the cliff-top and adjoining chalk down between Walmer and St. Margarets. The main object being to try to rediscover the very local Coleophora yulnerariae Zell., which in Britain is only known from this neigh- bourhood. This species was found in numbers for some years during the latter half of the 19th century, but there appears to be no record of its occurrence since about 1890. Besides Mr. Uffen, who is well-known for his studies of the Coleophoridae, we were fortunate in having with us Mr. Bent Rassmussen from Copenhagen, another coleophorid specialist. Notwithstanding intensive sweeping of the food- plant, Anthyllis vulneraria L., no Coleophora yulnerariae were taken. Among the Lepidoptera noted were: Melanargia galathea L., a single fresh specimen; several Lygephila pastinum Treits.; Capperia britanniodactyla Gregs., Chlidonia piercei Obraztsov (baumanniana Pierce nec Schiff.) and the very local Grapholita caecana Schlag. Major D. B. Baker has kindly contributed the following notes on Apoidea taken by him during the meeting. At Sandown Castle: Colletes similis Schenck, Osmia (Helicosmia) aurulenta Panz., Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella Cutt. (argentata auct. nec F.), M. (Macromegachile) maritima (Kirby), M. (Megachile) willughbiella (Kirby) on Ononis repens L., Coelioxys conoidea Klug., C. mandi- bularis Nyl., a little-known species in this country. At Deal: Coelioxys afra Lepeletier, almost certainly parasitising Megachile leachella Curt., which on the continent has a Coelioxys of a different group as its constant parasite; the sphecoids Astata (Dryudulla) pinguis (Dahlbom) and Oxybelus uniglumis (L.) were also noted. At St. Margarets: Bombus audax audax (Harr.) (terrestris auct. nec L.), B. terrestris (L.) (lucorum L.), B. lapidarius (L.), B. hortorum (L.), B. pascuorum vulgo (Harr.) (agrorum auct. nec F.), B. muscorum (L.) at Onobry- chis viciifolia Scop., B. pratorum (L.) and Psithyrus silvestris (Thomas). NEW FOREST, HANTS—12th July 1964 Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN and others The Society entertained a party of about 40 members of the 12th International Congress of Entomology to a day in the field. After a dull start, with wet vegeta- tion, the sun shone during the late afternoon. After lunch, some of the party went on a coach tour round the southern half of the area and along the coast. Others continued their collecting of Psocoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and many other groups. One member went without his lunch in his enthusiasm on finding certain water beetles. 36 The occasion was much enjoyed by all. The leaders will not readily forget extracting three dozen cartons of orange squash from a station buffet that declared itself closed just as the train was due to leave, nor shall we cease to be astonished that our gorse was the thing that impressed the overseas visitors most; but even Linnaeus had to come to England to see this majestic pest. LUCCOMBE, ISLE OF WIGHT—19th July 1964 Leader: Mr. T. D. FEARNEHOUGH Although the weather was ideal only one member met the leader at Shanklin station. However the meeting was supported by several members of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society who transported the party to a strategic starting point, from which they walked along the shore to Luccombe cliffs. Here larvae of Leucoptera lathyrifoliella Staint. were found. Though Grapholita gemmiferana Treits. larvae were not found, a search by the leader in the locality the following day was more successful. On the undercliff Epiblemma farfarae Fletcher was flying in small numbers. The party climbed the chine and after refreshment at Dunrose Cottage, went on to the landslip. Here numbers of Marasmarcha lunaedactyla Haw. were easily disturbed from restharrow from which was also swept a female Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. The moth subsequently obliged with a batch of eggs. DUNGENESS, KENT—8th August 1964 Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE This was another in the series of meetings held in conjunction with the Kent Field Club. Eleven people comprised the party, but intermittent showers and a high wind made the day rather unpleasant. The following insects were noted: COLEOPTERA: Trechus quadristriatus (Schrank), Dromius melanocephalus Dei., D. vectensis Rye, Necrophorus germanicus (L.), Thanatophilus rugosus (L.), Margarinotus (Hister) cadaverinus Hof., Chilocorus renipustulatus (Scriba), Laria dulcamarae Scop., Meligethes rotundicollis Bris., Longitarsus ballotae (Marsh.), Aphthona caerulea (Geof.), Smicronyx jungermanniae (Reiche), Sibinia primita (Herbst) (signata Gyll.), Ceuthorhynchidius troglodytes (F.), C. barnevillei Gren., Phytonomus rumicis (L.), P. arator (L.) P. plantaginis (Deg.), Apion striatum Kirby, A. hydrolapathi (Marsh.), Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F.), Rhinoncus pericarpius (L.) and Notaris scirpi (F.). HemiPTeRA: Picromerus bidens (L.), Piezodorus lituratus (F.), Legnotus picipes (Fall.), Tapropeltus contractus (H.-S.), Chorosoma schillingi (Schummel), Antho- coris confusus Reuter, A. nemorum (L.), Orius majusculus (Reuter), Lygocorus lucorum (M.-D.), Calocoris norvegicus (Gmel.), Monosynamma bohemani (Fall.) and Sthenarus roseri (H.-S.). LEPIDOPTERA: Pieris rapae L., Vanessa cardui L., V. atalanta L., Aglais urticae L. and Lycaena phlaeas L. CHOBHAM COMMON, SURREY—16th August 1964 Leader: Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms In spite of a very ominous forecast, the morning turned out very fine and sunny. Nine members of the Society met the leader at Woking station. The main 37 venue was the low-lying ground below the spot where the clump of fir trees used to stand on the Common. This area was worked before lunch and proved quite fruitful. Among the butterflies seen were several Vanessa cardui L. and Gonep- teryx rhamni L., as well as the commoner Pieridae. Eumenis semele L. was past its best as was also Plebejus argus L., but there were some fresh examples of Pararge megera L. Among the moths Selidosema brunnearia Vill. was flushed from the heathery slopes together with Lygris testata L. Two rather choice Crambidae were noted, Crambus hamellus Thunb. and Agriphila latistria Haw., while the minute plume Buckleria paludum Zell. was to be found round the sundew on which the larva feeds, together with Epinotia stroemiana F. Larvae reported included examples of the two Elephant Hawks, Deilephila elpenor L. and D. porcellus L., found on small clumps of Chamaenerion angusti- folium (L.) Scop. (Fireweed) and some full-fed Smerinthus ocellata L. on sallow, with a few Notodonta ziczac L. Birch produced some Lophopteryx capucina L. (camelina L.). Full-fed Emperors, Saturnia pavonia L., were on heather as well as sallow. After lunch the party moved to the heath near Gracious Pond where Pararge aegeria L. was flying. On a growth of Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Yellow Loose- strife) a single larva of Anticollix sparsata Treits. was found and on Broom some small larvae of Chesias rufata F. were discovered. A small but flourishing colony of the Marsh Gentian, Gentiana pneumonanthe L. was also noted. BROOK, KENT—22nd August 1964 Leader: Col. C. A. W. DUFFIELD This, a joint meeting with the West Kent Field club, took place at Newgate Brook, when some 18 members of the two societies attended on a gloriously fine sunny day. After a welcome the party split up into various groups and operations began. It was agreed to eat lunch together but some members found their collecting so engrossing that only a few turned up. However the lunch was certainly enlivened by the arrival of a live Vipera berus (L.); fortunately, for the peace of mind of some, in a net. Owing to a previous long spell of dry warm weather there was little of interest in the botanical line, and of course, the orchids were well over. Those entomo- logically minded were rewarded by the sight of quite an abundance of Vanessu atalanta L., Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L. and a few Vanessa cardui L. which had been attracted to some large clumps of Eupatorium canabinnum L. A fine sight, and one not seen during recent years when even A. urticae L. has been quite scarce. After tea many went off again to capture the one that got away; and judging by the following lists were not entirely unsuccessful, though no real rarity was reported. LEPIDOPTERA (in addition to those mentioned above): Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi L., Colias croceus Fourc., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Polygonia c-album L., Pararge aegeria L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Aricia agestis Schiff. and Polyommatus icarus Rott. HeMIPTERA: Rhopalus subrufus (Gmel.), Tingis cardui (L.), Derephysia foliacea (Fall.), Nabis ferus (L.), N. rugosus (L.), Himacerus miricoides (Costa) (Jativentris Boh.), Dicyphus epilobii Reuter, Melacoris chlorizans (Panz.), Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.), Lygus pratensis (L.), and Calocoris norvegicus (Gmel.). 38 COLEOPTERA: Bembidion unicolor (Chaud.) (mannerheimi Sahlb.), Dromius quadrimaculatus (L.), D. quadrinotatus (Panz.), Micropeplus fulvus (Er.), Bryaxis schneideri Kug. (bulbifera (Reich.)), Euplectus piceus Mots., Typhaea stercorea (L.), Sphaeroderma_ piliferum (Miull.), Chilochorus renipustulatus (Scriba), Syntomium aeneum (Mill.), Onthophagus ovatus (L.), Aphodius haemorrhoidalis (L.), A. fimetarius (L.), A. ater (Deg.), A. aestivalis, A. rufescens F. (rufus Moll.), Lissodema quadripustulatus (Marsh.), Anthicus floralis (L.) Orchesia minor Walk., Lema lichenis Voet., Phaedon cochleariae (F.), Ceuthorinchidius troglodytes (F.), Ceuthorhynchus litura (F.), C. triangulum Boh., C. rugulosus (Herbst), C. pleurostigma (Marsh.), C. assimilis (Payk.), Drupenatus nasturtii (Germ.), Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bons.) and Xylocleptes bispinus (Dufts.). Diptera: Tipula paludosa Meig., Aldrovandiella coxendix (Verrall), Dilophus febrilis (L.), Geosargus iridatus (Scop.), Dolichocephala irrorata (Fall.), Argyra leucocephala (Meig.), Campsicnemus curvipes (Fall.), Hybos culiciformis (F.), Tubifera (Eristalis) arbustorum (L.), T. pertinax (Scop.), T. tenax (L.), Eristalinus sepulchralis (L.), Helophilus pendulus (L.), Melanostoma scalare (F.), Neoascia podagrica (F.), Platycheirus albimanus (F.), P. manicatus (Meig.), P. timeo (Harris) (peltatus (Meig.)), P. scutatus (Meig.), Rhingia macrocephala (Harris) (cam- pestris Meig.), Sphaerophoria menthastri (L.) ab. picta (Meig.), Syritta pipiens (L.), Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.), Syrphidus ribesii (L.), Zelina segnis (L.), Thecophora atra (F.), Herina germinationis (Rossi), Ensina sonchi (L.), Urophora cardui (L.) larvae, Sepsis fulgens Meig., S. orthocnemis Frey, S. violacea Meig., Themira leachii (Meig.), Lyciella subfasciata Zett., Minettia fasciata (Fall.), Opomyza florum (F.), Dichaetophora obliterata (F.), Ditaena cinerella (Fall.), Limnia fumigata (Scop.), L. unguicornis (Scop.), Tetanocera elata (F.), T. ferruginea (Fall.), Phytomyza atricornis Meig. larvae, P. lappina Gour. larvae, P. minuscula Gour. larvae, Elachiptera diastema Coll., Scopeuma stercorarium (L.), Voria ruralis (Fall.), Crocuta geniculata (Deg.), Sarcophaga carnaria (L.) ab vulgaris Rohdendorf, S. subvicina Rohdendorf, Melinda caerulea (Meig.), M. gentilis R.-D., Morinia nana (Meig.), Graphomyia maculata (Scop.), Morellia hortorum (Fall.), Myospila meditabunda (F.), and Orthellia caesarion (Meig.). BRICKET WOODS, HERTS.—29th August 1964 Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD There were just two members, apart from the leader who attended this meeting. The weather was fine and sunny, although a bit breezy. The morning was spent working the main clearing near the railway line and through part of the woods. Things were excessively dry and there was not much about at all. After lunch, as transport was available, it was decided to visit the gravel pits near Colney Heath. This is a large area and is used by local borough councils as a refuse tip. These proved to be much more interesting and productive. However, it was too late in the day to really get down to work, or to see much of the area. The Lepidoptera observed or taken were: Pieris brassicae L., Vanessa atalanta L., Pararge aegeria L., P. megera L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., the larva of Ceramica pisi, a number of larvae of Cucullia absinthii L. on Artemisia absinthium L., Calothysanis amata L., Epinotia paykulliana F. (ramella H.-S. nec L.), Pammene populana F. (ephippana Hiibn.), Elachista poae Staint., larva of Leucospilapteryx omissella Staint. in leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L. 39 (Mugwort), larva of Caloptilia betulicola Her. on birch, and Fomoria septem- brella Staint. Dr. P. J. L. Roche reported that all the Coleoptera and Hemiptera taken were very common and widely distributed. Examples of the fungus Daldinia concentrica Ces & de Nat. were found on the dead trunk of what was thought to be a hornbeam. Patches of Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Water Plantain) and Scrophularia nodosa L. (Figwort) were noted. HOLMBURY ST. MARY, SURREY—Sth September 1964 Leader: Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH A fine patch of the American ericaceous shrub Gaultheria shallon Pursh was admired in fruit in the Leith Hill area in the morning of a hot day. The area proved unrewarding in its insect life, so the party moved on to White Down after lunch. On White Down, Phyteuma tenerum R. Schulz (Round-headed Rampion) was noted. A series of adults of the bug Sehirus dubius (Scop.) was collected around plants of Thesium humifusum DC. (Bastard Toadflax) and larvae were seen. A larva of Euphyia cuculata Hufn. (Royal Mantle) was the only other insect of interest. NORBURY PARK, SURREY—13th September 1964 Leader: Mr. F. T. VALLINS The leader was the only person at the rendezvous and the meeting was abandoned. PORTLAND, DORSET—19th and 20th September 1964 Leader: Mr. H. SYMES This meeting differed from the normal pattern in that it involved spending a night at the scene of operations. A party of eight members (some of whom had arrived earlier in the day and visited Chesil Beach) assembled at 6.30 p.m. at the Pennsylvania Castle Hotel, Portland. Mercury vapour lights were run from the chalets in the hotel grounds, overlooking Church Ope Cove. The night was fine but cold, with a rather strong N.W. wind and a nearly full moon. In spite of these conditions a number of interesting moths were recorded, including two Leucania unipuncta Haw., in such perfect condition that they must have bred locally, and were probably the offspring of immigrants early in the summer, though it was also suggested that the species might, like Leucania I-album L., be establishing a footing in this part of England. Other moths noted were: about two dozen each of Leucochlaena oditis Hiibn. (hispida Gey.) and Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., and three Leucania l-album L., these three species being freshly emerged; three Aporophyla australis Boisd., one Scopula promutata Guen. (marginepunctata Goeze auct. nec Goeze), one Tholera cespitis Schiff., and a number of commoner species, such as Amathes xanthographa Schiff., Euschesis comes Hiibn., Noctua pronuba L., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., Anchoscelis litura L., Plusia gamma L., Crocallis elinguaria L., Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Udea ferrugalis Hibn. The next morning was bright and sunny, and three or four Pararge aegeria 40 L. were flying early in the garden. Soon after 10 a.m. the party visited the Portland Bird Observatory and Field Centre at the Old Lighthouse, where the warden, Mr. F. R. Clafton, showed us some moths that had come to his mercury vapour light this year. They included two Herse convolyuli L. in fine condition, four Heliothis peltigera Schiff., one Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda (the yellow form), one Eurois occulata L. and one Rhodometra sacraria L. A very worn Vanessa cardui L. was seen in the garden. The party now split up, some returning to London and others to the hotel for lunch. Afterwards, Mr. V. W. Philpott, whose local knowledge was invaluable throughout the meeting, took us to a quarry to beat wormwood for larvae of Cucullia absinthii L. A fair number were obtained, with one unidentified larva, probably a Leucania. Other larvae recorded during the meeting were two Macrothylacia rubi L., Nudaria mundana L., com- mon under limestone rocks, Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh., on Chesil Beach in flowerheads of Tripleurospermum maritimum L. (Koch) (Mayweed) and Meesia richardsoni Wals., larval cases under large pieces of limestone. The meeting ended with a visit to Mr. Philpott’s house, where Mrs. Philpott kindly gave us an excellent tea, and we saw some of Mr. Philpott’s wonderful photographs, especially a series showing the life history of Herse convolvuli L. COLLEY HILL, SURREY—26th September 1964 Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY In perfect weather four members, including the leader, attended this meeting. At a previous autumn meeting in this locality several examples of Acleris cristana Schiff. had been taken, and all those attending were keen to see if the species was present on this occasion. Armed with stout sticks, a move was made along the old Pilgrims Way at the foot of the down to a place where hawthorn grew, on the twigs of which the moth is known to rest. Jarring the branches disturbed various moths, but it was some time before the first A. cristana Schiff. was taken. Working energetically until lunch time, three were taken, although several others were seen but eluded capture. Acleris rhombana Schiff. (contaminana Hibn.) was also taken, and in such numbers as to be a nuisance. Other species disturbed were Dysstroma truncata Hufn., Acleris variegana Schiff. and Ypsolophus radiatellus Don. After a climb to the top of the down, from where the fine view was admired, it was decided to try again for A. cristana Schiff., and another three were taken. Although the captures were not numerous, the members enjoyed the search and were interested to see how this beautiful and extremely variable micro can be taken by jarring the branches and catching the moths as they are disturbed. OXSHOTT, SURREY—4th October 1964 Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN This meeting was disrupted by fog that lasted until noon. Trains were delayed and, most unusual for this locality, some members never found the leader at all during the day. Tiny cases of Coleophora lutipennella Zell. or C. flavipennella Dup. were found on a proportion of the oaks near the war memorial, but there was no sign of the usual population of C. badiipennella Dup. on the elms by the station. C. taenii- pennella H.-S. (galactaula Meyr.) was plentiful on a patch of Juncus articulatus 41 L. growing in the marshy area above the Black Pond, now planted with young conifers. Caterpillars were scarce on the trees, as had been noted for at least the pre- ceeding month in this area. Early maturing of second broods in the warm summer weather may partly account for this. MICKLEHAM, SURREY—10th October 1964 Leader: Mr. T. R. EAGLES The day was fine but cold. This meeting was held jointly with the London Natural History Society. Fifteen persons attended. They were members of the two societies and their friends. Mr. Peter Holland of the London Society helped the leader by identifying many of the fungi. These were scarce because of the long dry spell. It is true that a few days before the 10th there had been heavy rain, but it came too late. The beetle Miarus campanulae (L.) was found feeding in the seed pods of Campanula rotundifolia L. Fruits of Euonymus europaeus L. (Spindle-tree) were much admired. Some of them contained the larvae of the Pyralid moth Alispa angustella Hiibn. It was pleasing to see again the Earth-stars for which this locality is so well known. There were two species. Fungi noted were as follows: Helvella lacunosa Afz., Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul., Xylaria hypoxylon Grev., X. polymorpha Grey., Hypoxylon fragiforme Bull., Daldinia concentrica (Bolton ex Fr.) Fr., Nectria cinnabarina (Tode ex Fr.) Fr., Stereum hisutum Pers., Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm. ex Fr.) Fr., Ganoderma applanatum Karst., Piptoporus betulinus Fr., Trametes versicolor Fr., Gloeoporus adustus Fr., Leptoporus stipticus Fr., Grifola sulphurea Fr., G. gigantea Fr., Hygrophorus chrysaspis Métrod, Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Fr., Collybia dryophila (Bull.) Karst., C. maculata (A. & 8.) Fr., Schizophyllum commune Fr., Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.) Fr., P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr., Oudemansiella radicata (Rehl.) Berk., Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Fr., M. galopus (Pers.) Fr., M. epiterygia (Scop.) Fr., Amanita muscaria (Linn.) Fr., Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr., Lepiota friesii (Lasch) Fr., Agaricus xanthodermus Genev., Coprinus picaceus (Bull.) Fr., C. atramentarius (Bull) Fr., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., Pholiota mutabilis (Schaeff.) Fr., Conocybe tenera (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kihn., Inocybe geophylla (Sow.) Fr., Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula fellea Fr. Lactarius subdulcis (Pers.) Fr., L. mitissimus Fr., L. blennius Fr., Geastrum coronatum (Schaeff.) Lloyd, G. triplex Jungh., Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fr., Dacryomyces deliquescens (Bull.) Duby., Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. and Dichaena faginea Fr. 42 AMENDMENTS TO THE SOCIETY’S BYE-LAWS At Special Meetings held on 28th September 1961, 24th January 1963 and 24th September 1964, the following ammendments to the Bye-laws were adopted: Para. 3. Para. 4c. Para. 8a. Line 1. Line 2. Para. 11. Title. Para ulibewine:2. Line 4. Lines 6 and 7. Para. 11. Para. 12 (a). Delete line 2 and insert: “Country, Ordinary and Junior members’. Delete and replace by: ‘All notices of motions relating to the management of the Society shall, except at the Annual Meeting, be in writing and signed by the member or members concerned and shall be furnished to the Council by handing it or sending it by recorded delivery post to the Secretary. The Council shall cause the same to be sent to all members at least fourteen days before the meeting at which such motions are due for discussion’. Delete ‘a’. Delete ‘majority thereof’, insert, after ‘thirds’ the word ‘of’, after ‘the’ the words ‘members of’, after ‘Council’ the words ‘present, the Council’. After ‘Country’ delete the word ‘and’, after ‘Ordinary’ insert the words ‘and Junior’. After ‘Society’s rooms’ insert ‘and who do not attend regularly a place of business within the London Postal JATeds i Delete ‘going to reside beyond such a radius’ and sub- stitute ‘who, as a result of change of residence and/or business address, fulfils these conditions,’. After ‘any Country member’ delete ‘coming to reside within such a radius’ and insert ‘who ceases to fulfil these conditions’. Change (c) to (d) and in first line delete ‘or’ and insert after ‘Ordinary’ the words ‘or Junior’. Insert new section: ‘(c) Candidates under 21 years of age may be elected as Junior members, but on reaching the age of 21 years shall automatically become either an Ordinary or Country member in accordance with Bye- law 11 (5) above without re-election. The appropriate subscription becomes due on Ist January following the 21st birthday. Delete from ‘The Entrance Fee’ to ‘and 10s. for Country Membership’ and replace by ‘All members shall pay an Entrance Fee of 7s. 6d. The Annual subscriptions shall be as follows: Ordinary Member £2 12s. 6d. Country Member £1 11s. 6d. Junior Member 15s. Od. The Composition for Life Membership in lieu of entrance fee (unless already paid) and future Annual Subscriptions shall be £35. Members shall, if they obtain Council’s permission, be permitted to pay the Annual Subscription in two equal instalments due on Ist January and Ist July, provided Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. Para: Para. Para. Para. Para. Para. 27d. Line 1. Appendix A. Para. 2. Para. 3. Wemiinens 12d. Line 4. 14b. Line 2. Line 6. 17d. ivi: Lime 3: 18a. 18b. 19. Line 2. 20. 24. eine 3S: Line 4. Line 7. 25a. 25) eines. At end 26a. 26d. Appendix B (4). Appendix B. Last Paragraph. 43 that (i) the subscription is paid by Banker’s Order and (ii) a default of the second instalment of the subscription shall count as a complete default and the first instalment shall not be repaid to the member.’ In the final sentence after the words ‘and one year’s subscription,’ insert the words, ‘or first instalment thereof.’ Delete the word ‘or’ and after the word ‘Ordinary’ insert the words ‘or Junior’. Delete the word ‘or’ and after the word ‘Ordinary’ insert the words ‘or Junior’. Delete ‘twelve’ and insert ‘six’. After the words ‘sent by’ insert the words ‘Recorded Delivery Post or’. After the word ‘Council’ delete the rest of the sentence. Delete the word ‘Publication’ and substitute the words “Volume of Proceedings and Transactions’. Delete the words ‘other than Annual and Special Meet- ings’. Delete present paragraph and re-letter the subsequent paragraphs (5), (c), (d) and (e). After the word ‘Society’ insert the words ‘record all additions to the library’. Add new sentence at end “He shall also record all additions to the collections’. For ‘Wednesday’ read ‘Thursday’ throughout. Delete ‘any evening on which an’ and substitute ‘the Thursday preceeding the’. Delete “Meeting or an’ and ‘is held’. Delete ‘be as follows’ and substitute ‘include the follow- ing’. For ‘Wednesday’ read ‘Thursday’. Delete ‘annual’. Add ‘The minutes of the previous Annual Meeting shall be read for information only’. For ‘[ ]’ substitute ‘( )’. For ‘[ J]? substitute “(_ )’. For ‘announced’ substitute ‘read in title’. For ‘one months’ substitute ‘three months’. Delete and substitute “A Member shall at any time on demand by the Librarian forthwith return any volumes in his possession.’ Title to read ‘Life, Country, Ordinary or Junior.’ At end of the first sentence add ‘and not attend regularly a place of business within the London Postal Area.’. In the second sentence delete brackets and contents. Delete ‘£1 11s. 6d.’ and substitute ‘£2 12s. 6d.’. Delete “£1 1s. 0d.’ and substitute ‘£1 11s. 6d.’. Add at end of sentence ‘and a Junior Member (under the age of 21 years) 15s. 0d.’. In third sentence delete ‘£21 Os. Od.’ and substitute “£35 Os. Od.’. obiatwedes odie to 4 werikadert banca ¢ Sas tohwd arrinntf va B ise” Pek 0 aire te) .4e + a. sfiie , 3A ‘Ae “ch rare Hn Ree RUG -os ‘ p ‘ r) 14 a 7 4 : ‘ 44 rt ‘ J Se gr a ve ’ F ; ; ‘ fits Se r tee) ¥ } ; A ? 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OC OTIOO CEI IROISS 28 Lao NAS Sane TAOS 6 BOEGOOObIN Cn Gn SUES aocon. co oOGICo Goto co nbos 39 Le UoYel (Goel Uo Han Bae OU oto RS CRD a Oe COO CO ROTC Oc.0 30 Le a ties aches oar a BORO ScD CL CRON RARE Git Ui CuGhcheh eoraea. BOLD Cag. CHO MCMC ET ONS 29 TEWCCOMDE) ., pacararah port ey ohhh <. axovaleucuebane chops Gu afoito rece lol Nerts Lovet Pouenalihenelfeleweta7e teres ierebels 36 IMATE MG ET oeecicton ockalad Seatac chaidyol te ne Oks akc eam citG Oia cre ainiaenc Caer 41 INE RO TS Salome Bd SRS. GOSIOeH Min jo Oi eaae SD Oae oman acts iuoesmicnd oc 35 Newlands G@ornensnrr crestor, tiem ttee ole srcueiee@line Gers ielisberetsettovegens mist opetatetrns ore) ene 28 INGEDULYA Ran Keer ciock- acct sists ene creas oteicktte eres ace w'elinus Gasncie a ielons occohetenaapeneudts 39 (Oli Ror(a Ne GREY SS oo ae cig biog DO CREO CRORE tn Ca nic Seem cic nicnrc 31 CODSFYO) Et aso nels 5 0 OES eo PRCCICIGLOICRLES CIES CDRS ics acne SiO) Opec DIO G0 DR eC oO 40 lPorideiercl peewee ee ese 3 Oe ee Be. Gee ae Reo one crac bh omrto oc 39 IRANM OFS COMMON acters «cee relevc ree etee sie. clfels alate tei cis toe loltilostelvioke, aietaverelctal aie tested ofl 28 SaISCVBROLESER mre ecvatierccia iorscnsto tecedeinie oracles aisvenelchelojsasneteqsoheuctenete sate 31 Stanfond=le=FlOpe wee epics) ok teed = =. ctettetcfsitans resale folic Sco to opetanis ei Petes s. 4 )@hrysolinay. clea 30 barnevillei, Ceuthorhynchus........ 36 biabilis, Adalia \ i. : 3.2.. si caper 3 bimaculatus, Laemophloeus........ 11 bipunctata, Adalia<. 5-1 eeer 3 bipustulatus, Badister ............ 28 bipustulatus, Panagaeus .......... 4 bispinus, X stele 33 furida,,Oedemeray )2if...(ocnialis.d teheté 33 luteum, Eusphalerum (ophthalmicum, Anthobium) 33 Iteus; Cychramusis- 4s iactasoels oe) 33 mannerheimi (=unicolor), Bembidioniejac. -Rieiee > feeioats 38 marginata, Amphotis.............- 20 marginatum, Agonum ............ 29 marmoratus, Nanophyes .......... 34 maurus, Microlestes .............- 29 melanarium, Gymnetron .......... 33 melanocephalus, Dromius...... 29, 36 melanura, Odacantha ............ 29 mercurialis, Hermaeophaga ........ 33 meridianus, Acupalpus ............ 33 meridianus, Stenochorus ...... 28, 31 metallica, P. cuprea, s.sp. 12, 20, 21 MACTOS) Lrechoblemus Psei.t «£40.05 5 miniatum;-Apion) ses ierSe «, chetatcls 29 minimum, Bembidion ............ 28 minimus, Malthodes .............. 33 MAINIEUS, TimOnsiys ys slo, -ketake ciel cela os 33 minor, OTrchesiaiin.« abla s.c..csie eres 38 minor, Pterostichus . ... .eiscise-.atls 29 mainita.) Platyiss ters qevetiicletevehorets she sks 21 mixtus, Stenolophus .............. 28 MOCSTUM, ASONUM 5 cyore sco. swe e+ 29 murinus, Dermestes .............-. 33 nasturtii, Drupenatus.............. 38 nemorivagus, Anisodactylus........ 4 RODilis;,GNOFiMUS: ..0ae ee sel tite 3 nobilis, Oedemerta) . Heesustt wee 33 obscuroguttatus, Metabletus ...... 29 obtusum, Bembidion.............. 28 Opacus;, Gyrinushesiaae ete seks «. Safest 12 47 PAGE ophthalmicum, Anthobium (=luteum, Eusphalerum) ........ 33 Otiorhynchus)... 6... «,s.0 4 eles feesee psy 15 ovatus, Onthophagus.............. 38 pallida, Cantharis ...............-. 33 pericarpius, Rhinoncus ........ 33, 36 peruvianus, Dermestes ............ 3 Diceus; Euplectus’ pjerinaese). stl eyciete 38 piliferum, Sphaeroderma .......... 38 Pilosus;, Rhynchaenuss: 5 .).):j5 2h «jes 34 plantaginis, Phytonomus .......... 36 plebeja,, Amara, smear - 29, 33 pleurostigma, Ceuthorhynchus...... 38 Pracusta wi Wetrops’ |). eek icv skteretaes 34 pratensis, Rhynchaenus.......... 95633) primita (signata), Sibinia .......... 36 PunericollisiBaeous)yieise/eck ees leicwe 21 pusillus, Cryptocephalus .......... 34 quadrimaculatum, Bembidion ...... 28 quadrimaculatus, Dromius ........ 38 quadrinotatus, Dromius ...... 29, 38 quadripustulatum, Bembidion ...... 28 quadripustulatus, Lissodema ...... 38 quadristriatus, Trechus ............ 36 regnianum, Phaedon .............- 1 renipustulatus, Chilocorus 36, 38 rostratus, C. caraboides, s.sp. ...... 33 rotundatus, C. auratus, ab. ...... 2, 36 rotundicollis, Meligethes .......... 36 AMUIDENS. LKCCHUS hata iase fh, «, 01 sxerenepehors Sverehe 5 muta, Aepalia |... crcvaity. sisters dopstaterete 21 RUbBatophilay % ..c..upeispersrersrsee olor 33 MUDISINOSA) Cassidaeaayaiateysyevetod- tele 33 PUTA COCCIAWIANe sexcrereyusieieis si cheloue siete 29 rufescens (rufus), Aphodius ........ 38 ruiicollis,;Platyderus) face 2.. «6.6 sc 4 rufipes (=signatus), Machinus) scene 29 rufomarginatus, Leistus...... eet 3 fess} GULLIT EMO PEN AUEIN ay speisxsverslicusteloeiers 13 rufus (=rufescens), Aphodius ...... 18 rugosus, Thanatophilus............ 36 rugulosus, Ceuthorhynchus ........ 38 EMIcis; Phytonomus’.. --kmek «eles 36 Salinus sAnthicusmoaccem ssceuieseiasieelr 29 schneideri (bulbifera), Bryaxis (Bythinus) 0 eeu siete «oie cee ce 38 SGiEpt,,. NOtaris qs, seis aeetteG- chssvoisic 36 sellatus, Tapinotuse em -tsaeivaclse ciciee 6 Sepicola: mMropideresmcjiene © « srartnt- be 2 septempunctata, Coccinella ........ 33 seriatus, Trixagus .........+.+.... 5 sericea, Plateumaris ...........0-- 30 serra, Ctesias sae ie yois',c lo RATE aco 5 serraticornis, Pyrochroa .......... 31 sexpustulatus, Carpophilus ........ 9 signata (=primita), Sibinia ........ 36 signatum, Trypodendron .......... 9 signatus (rufipes), Tachinus ........ 29 silvicola,.Cicindela sce nGeeeeee ee 12 Similis; Stens...:0,<.0.0 seeGUee « eee 33 Sisymbrii; ,Poophagus seiieists A. eo easye 34 Sputator,; Acnotes ...géiatiet seiseicioeis 29 Stercoreay Ty phaearyaci-ntetetn 2 «ete 38 strenua, Amara Meratehiaedsé ase 5, 29 Striatellus; IDryops ..:.\;.. cawttatew bl os 29 PAGE Striatum, Apiofive. iter sate ermeietcrer 36 strumosa, Lomechusoides (Gomechusa) snicii caren cette lesions 20 subnitescens, Saprinus ............ 20 subpunctatus, Harpalus............ 28 sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus.... 14, 15, 36 Suturaliss Wochmacatecs ides acter ee 7 sycophanta, Calosoma ............ 4 terminatus, Cerapheles ............ 33 tesserula, Micropeplus ............ 7 tetracolum, Bembidion ............ 28 teutonus, Stenolophus ..:......... 28 thujaes Phloeosinuis tes acters lace 21 tomentosa,/Anthia «... 290252) .02 10 triangulum, Ceuthorhynchus ...... 38 thiunsoliny +25 S-phase aoe cer 10 troglodytes, Ceuthorhynchus .. 36, ee truncorum, Rhyncolusec.iscer ae 1 turbatus, Ceuthorhynchus.......... 30 undata, Megatomay .. es eee. 15 unicolor (mannerheimi), Bembidion? Sesees oleae. 38 vaporarium, Cymindis ............ 21 Varians;, ChrySOlina ions } aisle eetehoe 33 Vaniegatts. @iconese Paserin. ieeterier= 16 VECTENSIS| LD FOMMUS ities seh tated aeere 36 velox. Le Sellatus abi iees ev sore ateretete 7 vespilloides, Necrophorus.......... 14 vestitus; Chlaenits®/jaeees. aeoee ees 29 villosoviridescens, Agapanthia...... 34 villosulum, Gymnetron............ 29 VINLOSUS DEYOGCOCLES) 1.5. fete et nicl 9 viridula, Gastrophysa ............ 7 CRUSTACEA CLAV ASH v eet Mens he lala tote acters 22 pallipess Astacus tartrate els 22 DICTYOPTERA laevigata, Nyctibaral 2 a.ntaen octets 9 orientalis; Blattay. . meee ae eicthors 10 DIPTERA albimanus, Platycheirus............ 38 ApIcaliss PHAGMIAN ey chien Neleletetetel etee 22 arbustorum, Tubifera (Eristalis) .... 38 atray Dhecophoralrterct aketictecleteistere 38 atricornis, Phytomyza ............ 38 balteatus, Episyrphus (Syrphus) .... 38 caerulea, Melinda... -..%.5 . 2 als.< one 38 Gaesios Miylolial Saaee each ae cieierte 2 Gaesarion»” Orthelliavecas..- se sae 38 campestris (—macrocephala), Rbhin gia Va ae ee ene 38 cardi; Urophora eeea. Aseeeas dele e 38 Calnania,- SArCOpMaga. Gererwelctsvet oyere ote 38 cinerella,. Ditaenia: <<... 2s). «ek 38 coxendix, Aldrovandiella .......... 38 culiciformis, Hybos .............. 38 curvipes, Campsicnemus .......... 38 diastema, Elachiptera -.. 0... «0. 38 élata; Tetanocera §s.4 Meeks 38 equestris,; Lampetis:. ....2ssee-.ee 31 fasciata, Graphaster .............. 22 fasciata; Minettianyen.c cee. eee 38 febrilis,-Dilophus )<-.. 32 eeiees see eee 38 ferruginea, Tetanocera ............ 38 flavoscutellata, Pegomyia .......... 22 florum, Opomiyza% si. asics oe eee 38 fulgens, Sepsis'....2.:.<0..4 : 22s er 38 fumigata, Limnial selves eer 38 geniculata, ‘Crocutay)./...000e acer ne 38 gentilis:, Melinda’. .= fies. ctesteeeiee 38 SErminationis, HLeLINaees .tlep ld ere 38 hortorum, Morellia #:f5:eie. = ace 38 inidatus, Geosareus, ~ 52.2 nien sheet 38 irrorata, Dolichocephala .......... 38 lappina, Phytomyza’. -eistisaoe eee 38 arge Narcissus: Bly~ Sivas ateee ace 31 leachit; Themira ..-..:. deen 38 leucocephala, Argyra ............ 38 macrocephala (campestris), Rhingia 38 maculata, Graphomyia ............ 38 manicatus, Platycheirus .......... 38 menthastri, Sphaerophoria ........ 38 medittabunda, Myospila .......... 38 minuscula, Phytomyza ............ 38 nana, Morinia 2. 5 2.2)5¢ o¢osteeee oe 38 nitidus; Sareus /..: . Aste ee 22 obliterata, Dichaetophora.......... 38 Orthocnemis, Sepsis sassceels ateielere 38 paludosa, Dipula.-... ssn ee 38 peltatus (=timeo), Platycheirus .... 38 pendulus; Helophilussvsscccee ee 38 pertinax, Tubiferal 2-5 2s 4e.eeeeeee 38 picta, S: menthastri, abjiseemer see 38 Pipiens, Syritta lee ss sees 38 podasrica, Neoascia.... 5. ss seer 38 provenca, Regomylaesc..e- eee 22 Tibesiiy Syrphidiusy eee] eee 38 furalis; Vorial Race ease See 38 scalare, Melanostoma ............ 38 scutatus,.Platycheirusimiiaa: -ceeeee 38 segnis,. Zelina. .aiuij2es0. Ae 38 sepulchralis, Eristalinus............ 38 Sisymbrii, Dasyneurastrte: = fee 31 sonchi: Ensina: . sen meee ene 38 speciosa, Calliprobola ............ 24 stercorarium, Scopeuma .......... 38 Subfasciatay ly ciellatya.meeaneraetee 38 subvicina, Sarcophaga ............ 38 sylvatica, Loxocera Wrens «ste 22 tenax, Tubifera (Eristalis).......... 38 timeo (peltatus), Platycheirus ...... 38 unguicornis, Limnia 72. facet ase 38 violacea, Sepsis. ...4. fe enero uae 38 Vulgaris; S..camaria, ab. ‘eee acon 38 FERNS Adders' Tongues. . i: ateeeereea see 32 Bracken: ))..'. Hexsas Ose ee 26 dilatata; Dryopteris |= wens nee ee 28 filix=mas, Dryopteris’ | fice tee 11 Male Ferm. 2. hits. 2s eee 11 spinulosa, Dryopteris.............. 28 vulgatum, Ophioglossum .......... 32 FLOWERING PLANTS absinthium, Artemisia ........ 13, 38 Ys \\ 272) decane RACER ROR RCI aCe ASS aI 31 aibum® Viscum’ 2.7. See ease. Sek aiden es se Peet AIOE Re T10 anglica.Genista .i.s.0. ces es see 30 angustifolium, Epilobium.......... 37 apierd sOphrys’ sss ..see sees eae 33 aquatiliss Rananculus?’ 2). chr 02 eee 32 arabica, Medicago... [42200 ie 32 articulatuss JUNCUS... eee eee ees 40 arvense; Lithospermum 22. 3.00. 32 anrvense: Erifolium) <2 eeee ot ete es 32 ash bance SE eee ee 24 ASPEN Aine a SE eR OY, 26 aviculare, Polygonum) "29222. «:.=- 19 Bastard: Toadilax /s,. 8 oscn sesse e 39 Gielen petbaactssntucucs ec 5, 16, 26, 34 bichlorophyllum, ee ay L atenblalins 10 Birch. eb eas , 30, 34, 37 DROOMMEA Keene tes Geet ee does 37 Campestris, Paizila see ses aie tees: 5 canabinum, Eupatorium .......... 37 CarlinesBhistle, «<5... 2e 82029. 29, 31 Garyophyllcaii@arexess st eac reo sere 34 @entaurea’* Sistas oi. PEEP. 309 9 chamaecistus, Helianthemum ...... 33 chinysanthemumrs.45 «2c. oot eee 16 Cohasset chewee Cede pee IOS 16 TomMONISEA LE) mye sfewysis eles - ano = 06 34 GEonvyolviulusy pe ees eh as 6 secs ss 29 GormeGromiwelleteris.cs os des 50s 3? 32 COW=Wheats Caceres ees sRS 25 CHACCASIVICIA 1% streets stale Coos 35 Greepin= Willowernt:. oo. esse 11922 @ross-leaved Heath’ <0. 5.2)..:.% 5% 34 Delphiniumy.c-srs oe sea oe eae ee eee 5 GOSTOSE) t./StareFetelelate sPelelstofe Ro eo ee 32 Graba.Cardania a.cke eee ee oe 30 GwarfiSallow: .....8 ov eee ass eee. 22 Cline eet aren oe ae 11, 30, 32 europaeus; Euonymus ..... 02... 41 EULOPAcussaWIeX. pt. er ee se. ers oo ete 10 BIC WORE 6 trotters Bateneee ees S1EGS9 TN Tio spits tots RPatseaeatreast., eee, Boe eas th os 37 BITE WCC gitetscietes's fat cre, Selon whe ees 37 flexuosa, Deschampsia’.+..:...<...- 34 fuviatile HOwISetim <).)."/). 1s. «0° 30 fluviatilis, Oenanthew st sis. ee 30 fragiferum, TrifolimeAes ss wae be hes 14 fuchsin, Dactylorchiswe.. oe... +4 33 (GOTSe 2 shot erecta et tert LOPS 36 Great WaterIDocke. senses: ten 30 Greater Stitchwort:.7.252 2208 tee 32 Hare’s Tail Cotton Grass.......... 34 Hawthormers:' co rrsttecs ers 202235130 Hazel rs sss. Fee eee et eee te 25 Heather .en we toca eee 12537 hirsuta, Arabis +... 23808 soot Joe 33 hoelostea* Stellaria = *feee sess ae 32 honeysuckle ih sn.k eee ec eee 3 Normbeante ft... see etree ITs, Bk) humifusum, Hypericum..........-. 34 humifusum, Thesium.............- 39 hybridas Hegousia =... 2.eees see 10 49 PAGE hydrolapathum, Rumex .......... 30 TUMIPCL ere cv ee roles ie he oie etovetelotelss tees 9 Kmap weedy. ae alereceiee eie m,lorieis oPerereee 33 KnOtErassie® shee es a ee ate so 17, 19 lactea! Viola: Ge 56 icicn ete oni toma aaele 31 lantanasVAbUEDUMI Ge. ee eee elle tle 2) leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum.... 31 WME! ccc ere «eee ete a peta wit ae 12 Bormicera <5. 240. eee eR. See 26 maculatuniConiuml ..- is 2 eee 30 MANOWR ey hae ee ete he 29, 30 MAPlS% ok ee Prax a ae maha eee 31 Mabinas SPersulanias .a.cisleers + vs 30 maritimum, Tripleurospermum 40 AMAT IJONUING eee ee tieta she eaiietoreetavwersiion 31 MiarstGremticny wientcec cine pine seraete Si TIARA INIA GY. CETIAY nie ele aiciedei oer onsale 11 May weed, Sanit le r6.6 sncteleta trabectatets 40 Mountain-Ashi > ¢..<5:. seein cette 26 TNISUI OORT er trey. sles oeta ste chebeto tartar ele 27 MUS woOrts. misc. sec or creteeneiet ats 29, 39 TREC tele Riles F sevaye tale ete es eet oe 30 nigra, Ballota ..................+. 30 nigra, GaTERWe Goecie cn obser eee 34 impale, (Cea bits le aa Cte cir 32 NissOliay athyruss 2.0.1.0. sere velote st 32 nodosa, Scrophularia:. . waves = 39 OAKN Protea te toh Tite ae rs icitove cers Tt D2? 18, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 40 officinalis, Valerian: fac eue ccrcue MS ONODGY EIS +P eis oha ye sic ots Suc alee lel obs 3 QT ATITTINES eee re er oe ore alte vs Te ection emcee 31 (ONGIND), Marge Gua co Oo OC REta od. cious O5 27 PINGH ey. euernate or tcraventaten nels 10, 14, 34 plantago-aquatica, Alisma ........ 3S pneumonanthe, Gentiana.......... 37 ROM COMM ae ne re eerie cee 17 porrifolius, Tragopogon .......... 32 PEIMITOSE oie: whee AU alee) eieleloie le ofevels 27 PRIVEE S sore eicts ein Seta ares alee otenaliote id procumbens: AZalediryes. secre enelels 11 Pseudoacacta) {ice reneraatele heveeteren 11 IREOGHSEASS? no. te coreve ole: chctet ever teae pekabo 11 TEPENS, ONONIS ciaaicie cvstevenactera eae 35 TEPCHSy SAUX a. shelter eter hie wkkogets Uile22: RESGHATEOW sscitc aap. ee eterno Ore , 36 Tivale: Geum feet. eee alot. wiclateels 30 rotundifolia, Campanula .......... 41 Round-headed Rampion .......... 39 RUMORS ees farce et she ore ae eter eee q/ Sainfoiney.c. lacs set te atneliaee 5 SAMOWes Sicha tele Oot she toe 30, 37 Salsifiyrrcneh. 10. ice ohenonens 32 songuisorba, Poterium ............ 33 SALGOUS RAMUMCULUS Aiea stole ereleter 32 sceleratus, Ranunculus ............ 32 SOUS PIN i -.55s jose oe, Mee ee Peed 1529 Sea Buckthorn? cic cethemtoeiee: ae Ovettl Selfcheali £425 1.% Arnona ss, Jase 16 shallon, Gaultherta’ ~~; -.<.felztoene 13939 Spindle-treeaiene fom seeiane acileere 41 SPinOSay, ONONIS.. secede a: 65032 Spring SCGLEr ter-s-.-1) eerie nena 34 Squamaria, Lathraca’.. .aecretael- tata 33 Shin oie nettlervercyacuerrcte etna laters ack 29 PAGE Strawberry Glover \cii% . visti 14 Spundew, .% aeeetbpak ios con eae 37 SYCAMOLG v2 s:c)5 5 nas aes nore Re estes 33 ténerum:,Phyteumar) 0.2... .28eee 39 téetralix..Fricasncaght.s os HOt toate 34 thistle vince din beset mas 12 tinctoria {Sermatularee.k Are aeeeee 30 Trailing St Johniss Wort. 4ccenss er 34 trifoliata, Menyanthes ...2...s2n%- 30 twaybladejccccw.kcericoub stearic 27 vaginatum, Eriophorum .......... 34 Venus’s Looking-glass ............ 10 veris; Primula: 5.2: «:. jreaoaseee dee 32 vesca; Fragattiahigcacua lig: eicremtes 33 IClass asthe £ sishats sosta wate sleet so Poet 6 viciifolia, Onobrychis............ 6, 35 Villganis,,Artemisiaci..n Settee eee 38 vulearissCarlina.-icn 2a 29 3h 52 Wuloanis, salcarias cui tests 14 VU SArISM EIN PUTIS, 2 s.cc,.cler arate iene 30 wulleanis; Jeysimachiau:.. «....1. atti 37 Villganissbrinellay oie scebioer me ae 16 vulneraria, Anthyllis .............. 35 WALEICIESSaysierniets > oyeisi coe ets a 1 Water Crowloot.... .. : enero nee 32 Watet-plantain )2..... .cavenbat sane 39 Wavy Hair-prass.... oriiiiscmenes aan 34 Wihite; Cloyenvesseeasies acc oees 35 wild Strawberty,:;5%.. h {S4 2-6 seas 33 WILLOW: aici boas Dc BRS See err 15 WOOGANEMONESiomciais su sole ae ieTee 27 WOO. SANICICS oct. oon awk oe eS 27 Wormwoodtae sacee eco csinccien 13, 40 Wellow aosesitiicvn..-cescerere os 37 FUNGI acerinum, Riytismayicnie:) atte. 41 adustus, Glocoponus @.. ceca. tame 41 applanatum, Ganoderma .......... 41 atramentarius, Coprinus .......... 41 betulinussPiptoponus.,.... -ieeees 41 blennius, Mactantus: | anus... nie r 41 Genvinus) Pluteusse cee aes seiner ee 41 chrysaspis, Hygrophorus .......... 41 cinnabarina, Nectria <........0.<<.- 41 commune, Schizophyllum.......... 41 concentrica, Daldiniaenis. sane. 39, 41 confiuens;,Pyronema) 0 4-)ieleeie se 7 comes) Galocerass-nnn secre een Aee 41 coronatum) Geastnum) 2c. +. Sie 41 deliquescens, Dacryomyces ........ 41 disciformis, Diatrype.......... +s) 41 Gnyimus) Pleurotus eens ce seeee 41 dsyaphila,/Gollybia’ peiiaagecee eae 41 Barth: Star)... 2c.s er REE 41 €piptenygia, Mycena, e..a.cnlacea 41 fagineas Dichaena: ::)\... . 2 sebekiaodie 41 fasciculare, Hypholoma............ 41 felleatRussulaices on. See bison ae 41 fragiforme, Hypoxylon ............ 41 friesin, epiotacisme ss «45, Suse es ERO 41 galericulata, My cena iz 3: .<.0:.e%alaer. se 41 galopus, JMycenal: .:aaven tha - cheers 41 geophyllasmocy be... 0.0. .eeeer wee 41 50 PAGE Giant Puff Ballw i.) ¥s th WA 23 giganteas'Grifola sacesaere dk pyeeiee 41 irsutum Stereum, 3.25. 2 saree cee 41 hypoxylon;pxylaria. 3)... seers 41 lacunosa. Helvellacs.......- do07eee 41 Lunidiss :BOletUS feces.c hic asetoewt ee are 33 maculata Collybiaisti acl essere 41 mellea,/Anmullania. <:. 1). 5 «utes See 41 mitissimus, Lactarius.(. «2.1. > eek 41 mollis; 'CrepidoOtus) 22). seater ree 41 muuscaria, Amanita «>. sunc.sslenit alee 41 mutabilis; Lholiotacey.4 ace eee eer 41 ostreatus; Pleurotus. ~ a..snteadeck seers 41 picacels..Coprinus!...ceiee sisi ciate 41 polymorpha, Xylaria.............. 41 radicata, Oudemansiella .......... 41 Sarcoides;,Goryne.... suction Een 41 semi-orbicularis, Naucoria ........ 32 squamosus, Polyporus ............ 30 StagsJHOMmM) 2d. 4:0cape a) ees 12 Stipticus, Eeptoporus).... .. soos cer 41 subdulcis, Pactantusiue/asici 4-rateeee 41 swiphurea, Gritolay.s..4.-68 ose 41 teneras Conocybe: anc 3. see 41 tremellosus, Merulius ............ 4 triplex,/Geastrum: <.)).5) eee 41 VWersicolorgUrametes \ociase sents 41 viscosa, Calocera sb fea Se apayauene steams 12 xanthoderma, ASaricus ¢o\0s..« ica see 41 HEMIPTERA angulatus, Blepharidopterus........ 37 ater, Capsus) >: 5.183 ons. sera 33 bidens; Picromerus, =. ascent 36 bohemani, Monosynamma 1122686 calcaratum, Stenodema............ 33 cardui;Tinfis)4.0:..2 csisce sone 37 chlorizans, Malacocoris............ 37 confusus, Anthocoris.............. 36 contractus, Taphropeltus .......... 36 corsicensis, Lachnonyctes.......... 3 decoratan Ee o1matasie. . ase 1 @ubius; |Sehinus), sacs. seyc oases eae 39 Enenviss easiOSOMUS geese 16 epilobi. Dicyphusise.c- ci -tt eeeeee ah ferrogata, Leptostermaig: qa eer 33 ferus; Nabis.siii ee ania ere 37 foliacea;| Derephysiacnnneeenl- cies =if/ laevigatum, Stenodema............ 33 lativentris (—mirmicoides), Himiacens:.5. ... .cieen sak 7 paleaceas/Enarpiay sm csc isso ois sci! 19 Paleana-vAMeN Ay. ypseieie es cre 2035732 DAHensS eeUCAMIAN leer ete secre ¢ 6.5 5s 15 palwuidum, Bucklaria\, >. rape ae- aoe 37 palustrella, Z. trifolii, ssp. ........ 19 Pammene) <5 /= < chiki lab + msiebsnsesersias 4 pamphilus, Coenonympha............ 4 PaAphia® ATSVNNIS. eis is-sieys sere «he a sie 18 parthenias, Archiearis ............ 3 pasiuana, Cnephasia .............. 31 pastinum, Lygephila .......... 335735 Pavonia:, Saturnia. ..c cesceent 10, 37 paykulliana (ramella), Epinotia .... 38 pectinataria, Colostygia............ 32 pedaria (=pilosaria), Phigalia...... 15 peltigera, Heliothis, |. 2 a oases. ate 40 pflugiana, Eucosma (=scutulana, Epiblemma)........ 32 phlaeas, Lycaena i220 305.312 36, 37, 38 phryganella, Diurnea.............. 26 piercei (baumanniana), Childonia 35 pilosaria (pedaria), Phigalia . 15,31 DPinlatias Bupalus’ | see scesodoaack Pl. I, figs. 8 and 9 DIST. CCTAMNCA sae 4 cre ess sc acer oako areas 38 DiagiataAnaltiswacmis. baers.o nero 32 plantaginis, Parasemia ............ 33 DIEXIPHUS; DanauUsy me .0" 1952-53 SOW Os 1928-29... Be 2-O:.0* 1953-54 110 0 1929-30... Fa 25050 1954-55 oy 0 Men fe 1930-31 .. et LAt0e.0% 1955 210 0 1931-32 20520 1956 210 0 1932-33 110 0 1957 3 20800* 1933-34 110 0 1958 210 0 1934-35 110 0 1959 210 0 1935-36 110 0 1960 2109.0 1936-37... Se 110 0 1961 210 0 1937-38 .. ye 25-0),0* 1962 Se LOO 194546... sa ZO cOF 1963, Part 1. aa i8 0 1946-47 d id ZelOr er Os 1963, Part 2. ticOw0 All other ee are out of print, but when eats mint or lst Class secondhand ‘ ati 4 VOR 0) Other secondhand copies when available according to condition. * These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s discount cannot therefore be allowed. A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA by L. T. FORD, B.A. This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available. 25/0 SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA by: Ly Tx FORD, B.A. Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into the correct place in the Guide. 4/0 A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS 2/6 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE (Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2) ‘Compiled by a team of specialists. Price 20/0 MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION, which takes place in October in the Libraries of The Royal Society and of the Geological Society of London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings. 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