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Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1965”

1965

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

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MAY 1965, Part 1

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation is:—
“Proc. §. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TweEEeDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:
T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

716

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programe Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

EDITORIAL

With the publication of this, the first part of the Society’s Proceedings and
Transactions to be published periodically, the Society discontinues a method of
publishing which has been in use since 1885. During this 80 years our publication

has become a volume with a reputation of which our members can be justifiably
proud.

Although there are many reasons for the change from annual to periodical
publication, two stand out above the rest. First, and of prime importance, is a
simple matter of communication. While the Society was a small local society,
when the majority of its members could attend the meetings, an annual publica-
tion was adequate and served the Society very well indeed; but with the growth
of membership, particularly since 1946, on a wider and national scale, with the
inevitable result that meeting attendance represented a smaller section of the
Society, a means of providing a scattered membership with a more frequent link
with the Society becomes essential. Our Country Membership should now be
drawn into much closer contact, and this must benefit both the individual and the
Society.

The second reason lies in the time it took to get papers into print in our annual
publication. A minimum of nine months elapsed under the most favourable
circumstances, this could be extended into 17 months. There was no doubt in the
minds of those who formed the committee appointed to consider and report back
to the Council on the possibility of a publication change, that many members
were deterred by these delays from publishing with the Society. Our new form of
publication will undoubtedly reduce the time lag.

The success of periodical publication will depend on the support of all members.
Providing a steady flow of papers and small notes is submitted, the Society
cannot fail to increase the status of its publication, and its own prestige.

2 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

Read by C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.
28th January 1965

It is this moment each year, Ladies and Gentlemen, which is the climax of your
President’s year of office. He looks forward to it with a mixture of apprehension
and pleasure—apprehension because of the high standard set by his predecessors
and pleasure because, once over this climax, he can become one of the crowd
again.

So far as I am concerned, the start of the build-up towards this moment
happened just over two years ago when the Secretary ruined the Annual Dinner
for me by asking me, on the Council’s behalf, if I would stand as Vice-President
with a view to becoming President the following year. The surprise of this honour
upset my gastronomic pleasure! For honour it is to be elected President of the
South London, and one I shall always remember with gratitude.

I am grateful for more than the honour. During this last year I have had the
chance of learning a tremendous amount about our Society and the ways in
which it works. I hope that this knowledge gained will enable me to repay the
South London for the pleasure and help it has given me.

We all join the Society because of our interest in things connected with natural
history. In this interest we are helped and encouraged by those who are more
experienced. We gradually gain the knowledge for ourselves and then, in our
turn, we can help and encourage the newcomer. We are all greatly indebted and
grateful to those who went before us. It is in this spirit that I would like to
remember the nine members that we have lost through death this year—nine
members to whom we are grateful for having been members. We have already
stood formally in their memory as their deaths were reported to us. I would like
now to think about them briefly again.

Air Vice Marshal P. S. Blockey joined the Society in 1960 during his last
command as Senior Air Staff Officer, RAF Technical Training Command. He
was interested in Lepidoptera.

Mr. F. H. Day, who was born in 1875, joined the Society on 25th January 1900.
He became a Special Life member in 1951. He lived in Carlisle where he founded
the Carlisle Natural History Society and was Honorary Curator of the City
Museum until his death. Although he was interested in all groups of insects, he
specialised in the Coleoptera and Hemiptera of Cumberland.

Mr. C. H. Hards was listed as a lepidopterist and in this capacity he took in
the London area the only British specimen of an American noctuid. He was also
keenly interested in Coleoptera. He had an intimate knowledge of the Thames
Estuary and its insects. He joined us in 1943.

Mr. A. F. Hemming had a distinguished and varied career in the Civil Service.
A recital of the posts he held would be of interest, but it is as an entomologist
of international reputation that we shall remember him. He served for ten years
as treasurer of the Royal Entomological Society. He was on the editorial panel
of the Entomologist. Perhaps his greatest claim to fame in the natural history
world rests with his 22 years as Secretary of the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature. In this capacity he brought this vital and difficult
subject forcefully before the zoologists of the world. He joined the South London
in 1920.

Colonel S. H. Kershaw had a distinguished military career, serving in Palestine
during the 1914-18 war. He collected foreign Lepidoptera and his collection

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 3

went to the Nottingham Museum. When he settled in England he collected
varieties of British butterflies and moths. He joined in 1943.

Mr. F. H. Lyon joined in 1954. He lived in Devon and contributed to the
Entomologist’s Record about the Lepidoptera in his part of the county.

Canon C. E. Raven was another member who was well-known in widely
different fields. Chaplain to the Queen, he was engaged in religious education for
most of his life. He was formerly Regius Professor of Divinity and Vice-Chancellor
of Cambridge University. As a naturalist he was a past president of the Botanical
Society of the British Isles and his knowledge of the British flora was immense.
He collected Lepidoptera all his life. He painted birds, caterpillars and flowers.
In addition to his theological writings, he wrote John Ray, Naturalist: His Life
and Works and English Naturalists from Neckham to Ray. These are contribu-
tions to the history of the science of a high order. He became a member in 1955.

Dr. E. Scott, who joined in 1927, was well known as an expert on the Lepi-
doptera and the botany of the Ashford district of Kent. His last publication was
his Annotated List of the Lepidoptera (Macro and Micro) occurring in the Neigh-
bourhood of Ashford, Kent. This appeared a few days before his fatal stroke and
he expressed his pleasure with its format. Those who enjoyed his hospitality and
that of his wife will have the happiest memories of him.

Lastly we remember Mr. L. G. Stimson who died at the untimely age of 34.
He only joined us in 1961 and was interested in general entomology.

In addition to these nine members whom we have lost, I would like to refer to
Mrs. Watson, the wife of our member Mr. R. W. Watson. Although she herself
was not a member, she was well known to many of us and attended our meetings
frequently.

You have heard from the Council’s Report of the various changes that have
come to fruition during my term of office and there is no need for me to repeat
them.

There is, however, one point concerning our move to these splendid new
premises that I feel bound to make. You will realise that every member of your
Council—indeed all members of the Society—made extensive enquiries about
possibilities, to no avail. We were at our wits’ end. Then my immediate pre-
decessor produced his trump card—the Alpine Club. Without Mr. Messenger’s
efforts and contacts we would not be here today. With characteristic modesty he
omitted this piece of information when announcing the results of our successful
negotiations to you. I would like to place on record now, at the second meeting
and the first General Meeting that we have held in this lovely room, our great
thanks to Mr. Messenger.

Apart from these finalised items of change, there are several other matters
actively under consideration concerning the organisation and administration of
the Society and possible ways of expanding it and extending its influence. Your
Council have worked extremely hard in constructive thought and discussion and
the various office bearers have all helped me very greatly in the diverse ways in
which all these realised and projected alterations have necessitated more com-
mittee work. Without them indeed the office of President would be almost impos-
sible and I should like now to express my personal thanks to them for the work
they have put in.

By now you will have noticed that my year as your President has been very
much concerned with matters administrative and organisational. I would like
now to consider on a wider scale, on the national scale, the way in which the
study of Natural History is organised. My reasons for this examination are not
just academic, for the sole purpose of providing me with a subject for this

4 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

address. I am quite sure in my mind that the natural history movement is ripe for
an overhaul. It is largely inefficient and ineffective; it is rambling with much
duplication and overlapping of effort in some fields with equally large fields
being left uncovered; it has got its priorities wrong, not achieving its objectives
and probably in many cases not really being aware of what its objectives should
be.

Before I try to justify these somewhat sweeping criticisms, I must fill in the
background with a quick survey of the history of the movement to show how
the present situation arose.

People in this country have been studying natural history and forming col-
lections certainly since the middle of the sixteenth century. Not unnaturally
these individuals liked to discuss their subjects with others sharing their interests,
comparing notes and exchanging specimens. Towards the end of the eighteenth
and in the nineteenth centuries, these relationships were put on a more formal
basis by the formation of societies for this purpose. This followed the general
pattern of the period, which might well be called the Age of Societies.

At first these societies were orientated entirely geographically. The reasons
for this are not hard to find. Firstly, travel was much less easy than it is today;
thus one collected entirely around one’s home. Secondly, in those times so much
less was known, so many fewer species, that it was the custom to collect every-
thing without any form of specialisation. These first societies, then, were formed
to study all the natural phenomena to be found in the areas in which they were
situated. In many cases they were not even as limited as that. They also included
the history and archaeology of the area. Many of these societies exist today
with their original objectives unchanged.

There has been a tendency for these local societies to group themselves by
counties. The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is probably the best example to give
of this. Most of the Yorkshire local societies belong to the Union with a con-
siderable strengthening resulting from this banding together.

In due course, it was found that it was not possible to study adequately all
insects, birds and mammals, as well as the plants, to be found in a district even
if that area was severely limited. Thus came about the need for more and more
specialisation. As the general scope of the field studied became more restricted
so the study became more profound. This brought about the need for inter-
communication between fellow specialists and the specialist societies and groups
came about.

There are thus two distinct types of natural history societies—the general ones
covering a particular locality and the specialist ones which deal with a section of
the fauna or flora without regard to the geographical origin of the species
forming the section.

Let us now turn for a moment to the question of conservancy.

In 1912 there was formed the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves,
of which the present secretary is our own member, Mr. N. D. Riley. The first
three of the nine objects for which the Society was formed contain the heart of
it. They are:

‘G@) To collect and collate information as to areas of land in the United
Kingdom or elsewhere in the Commonwealth, which retain their
primitive conditions, and contain rare local species either of fauna
or flora liable to extinction owing to building, drainage, disafforesta-
tion, or for any other reason.

‘Gi) To prepare schemes showing which areas should be secured as
nature reserves.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 5

‘(iii) To purchase, take on lease, or in exchange, hire, or otherwise acquire
any area of the kind above referred to, or any other real or personal
estate which may be deemed necessary or convenient for any of the
purposes of the Society.’

Perusal of the Society’s Annual Report indicates the extent to which these
wide and deserving objects are being carried out.

In 1958 it set up the Secretariat of what is now known as the County Natura-
lists’ Trusts’ Committee. This body co-ordinates the work of the various County
Trusts which have been set up all over the country, very largely as a result of the
work of Mr. A. E. Smith of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Trust.

These trusts are conservancy bodies with the power to own land which is not
of sufficient importance to become a National Nature Reserve.

It is necessary to mention here that local authorities have the power under the
Local Government Act to create Local Nature Reserves—a power which is not
widely enough used.

Realising the importance of all this work and the need for statutory legislation
to be applied in some cases, the Privy Council set up by means of Royal Charter
in 1949 the Nature Conservancy. The Charter recites the functions of the Con-
servancy in the following terms:

‘To provide scientific advice on the conservation and control of the natural
flora and fauna of Great Britain; to establish, maintain and manage nature
reserves in Great Britain, including the maintenance of physical features of
scientific interest; and to organise and develop the research and scientific
services related thereto.’

How well the Nature Conservancy is doing its work may be seen by the fact
that by the end of September 1963 there were 105 National Nature Reserves with
a total area of over 218,000 acres.

The final paragraph in the history of the movement started in 1958 when the
Council for Nature was founded with the help of a grant from the Society for the
Promotion of Nature Reserves. The object of this was the creation of a central
body which could co-ordinate the work of all the various natural history societies,
encouraging them to assist in conservation and to stimulate wider public interest
in this subject. Now, eight years later, there are 419 corporate members of the
Council, comprising County Naturalists’ Trusts, specialist and local societies,
university and school societies and sundry other bodies.

There we have the existing structure. What are its weaknesses? Can it be
improved in any way? If it can, what can we, the members of the South London,
do about it? These, Ladies and Gentlemen, are king-sized questions and I am
but a president. Still, I will attempt a brief analysis in the hope that this may
stimulate some constructive ideas for which I am sure there is a need.

Of the two sections of the movement, let us think first of the Conservancy side.
The organisation to my mind is sound. You have people who are expert in the
conditions prevailing locally, who know what should be done to preserve the
existing fauna and flora. They are the members of the County Naturalists’
Trusts. These are grouped together to form the County Naturalists’ Trusts’
Committee. In this way there can be a ready exchange of knowledge and ex-
perience and a power useful in dealing with authority. The Nature Conservancy
is there to provide the weight of a Statutory Authority; this is most important
in facilitating the introduction of any legislation that may be necessary and in
pressing for funds with which to take any large-scale action. It will be observed
that I have not mentioned the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves.

6 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

This is because I have identified it with the co-ordinating committee of the
Trusts, which it set up as I have mentioned.

On the other side of the movement—the natural history society side—the
picture is much less happy. The present arrangements cause directly several
serious weaknesses.

Firstly, there is the multiplication of memberships. It is quite common for
a person to have to belong to several societies in order to cater for all his desired
interests. This is because he is interested in more than one group or area.

Secondly, there is a considerable waste of administrative effort. The work
involved in serving a membership of a few dozens is not increased pro rata when
the membership is increased to several hundreds. I must interpose here that I
am all the time considering an efficient organisation. Without efficiency what
I have just said is quite untrue—indeed the work will increase in a geometrical
progression with the numbers. Given, then, efficiency, the points that will
increase with the size of the society are the mundane ones of circulation—the
addressing of envelopes, the multiplication of notices and so on. These are all
tasks which can be dealt with by junior labour and not by the senior officers of
the society as is so often the case. In other words the larger society requires a
more capable administrator supported by assistants to relieve him of the routine
tasks.

Thirdly, there is the most important point of all—publications. Through the
courtesy of the General Secretary of the Council for Nature, I have examined the
publications of twenty local societies for a period of some three years. So far as I
could see from these journals the contents fall into three basic categories:

(i) information of purely internal interest—news of their own member-
ship and activities.
(ii) information of more general interest—distribution lists of locally
found species is an example which comes to mind.
(iii) information of general importance—descriptions of new species,
revisions of groups and so on.

Apart from the publications of the various societies there are the, may I call
them, ‘professional’ journals—the Entomologist, the Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine, the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation and the Ento-
mologist’s Gazette in the field of insects.

This plethora of literature results in it being extraordinarily difficult to find
out what has already been published on a particular topic. A possible example of
this may be seen in Malcolm Burr’s book British Grasshoppers and their Allies
published in 1936. This gives distribution maps from which it appears that no
species of Orthoptera occurs in either Shropshire or Worcestershire! This does
seem rather unlikely. It could be that nobody has ever tried to collect this order
in these counties; in other words the maps show the distribution of the collectors
and not of the species. Another explanation of this phenomenon could be that
the author did not have access to the records published in some local society’s
proceedings only available to members.

Surely some form of rationalisation is called for?

I think that by now there will have become apparent the direction in which
my thoughts are running. I am sure that all the local societies have a duty to
become less parochial and more positively co-operative towards national thinking.
I believe that some form of federation is a necessary step forward. Perhaps the
local societies could become members of county unions which in turn would have
their centralising body in the Council for Nature. The specialist societies should
each be national in their study and also be members of the Council for Nature.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 1

At each level there should be publications suitable to that level. Thus, the local
society should publish for the benefit of its members only such information which
is of purely internal interest to them. Distribution lists and similar information
should be forwarded to the County Union, which should have a journal propa-
gating all information on a county-wide basis. Information of a more general
interest still should be published either in a national journal by the Council for
Nature or by the appropriate professional journal.

By having the publication organised in some way such as I have indicated, the
information can be directed to the people interested in it at an economic price.
What I mean by this is that local information about a society would have a
limited circulation and a stencil newsletter would suffice. At the other end of the
scale important papers can be produced in much larger quantities for wider
circulation. The increase in quantity printed will be marked by an equivalent
decrease in the price per copy. Apart from the purely economic factor, the
important result is that all information published would be readily available to
those who may need it.

Thus, it would be relatively simple to find out what work has been done on
a particular group. It would be equally possible to see what field work is being
done by a summary of such work in the County Unions’ journals. This type of
development would help to canalise the energies which are at present being
dissipated in searching for information or straight duplication of work. I am
conscious that I have not solved the problem with a few glib sentences! There
will be innumerable obstacles to be met with and overcome before any solution
can be acceptable. Not the least of these will be the understandable parochial
pride of the individual societies in what they do at the present time. Many do a
great deal of useful work—an amount surprising when considering the limited
resources available to them.

This leads on to another difficulty—finance. The subscription rates of many
societies are remarkably low. Some have the same rate of subscription as they
had before the war. Presumably, the members are content to jog along in the
way they always have done and pay five shillings a year for doing this. It will be
extremely difficult to persuade them that by paying more they will get a lot more
out of their hobby and also contribute to the advance of knowledge on the one
hand and to the protection of wild life on the other.

What is wanted is a crusade. There is an enormous mass of people interested
in natural history. This mass must be educated and its manpower harnessed.

An onslaught such as would be necessary must be very carefully planned.
People hate having their nice little routines upset. They like to have the easy way,
the way they are accustomed to. Any suggestion of change will immediately
antagonise them.

The Council for Nature is well equipped with an Intelligence section. Because
of this, I suggest that the most sensible way for the problem to be considered and
attacked could be by a special committee set up by the Council for the purpose.
This committee should conduct a much fuller fact finding survey than I have been
able to; I have done just enough to convince me that a lot must be done.

Once in full possession of the facts, that is full details of all societies, their
objects, their subscriptions, with analyses of their indoor and field meetings and
of their publications, once armed with this information, the committee would be
able to see more clearly the direction in which the reconstruction should take. It
might find, for example, that in some counties some form of federation is already
so advanced that it would be best to leave those areas alone and concentrate on
the less well developed ones. Conversely, it might feel that some relatively slight

*

8 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

alteration to the existing federation would bring it into line with the ultimate
ideas so that it could be run as a pilot scheme. There are many possibilities and
speculation on them without the facts is idle.

Where does the South London come into this scheme of development? It
seems to me that our field work is one of our strongest assets. Looking at the
programmes of the activities of other societies, I felt that we did more con-
structive work than many others. We are less of a ‘literary and debating’ society.

As I have said earlier I dislike overlapping and duplication. This is one of our
faults. We impinge on the activities of several other societies based on London
and the Home Counties. Situated where we are it is difficult not to. During the
last year, however, we conducted an experiment which has not yet been mentioned
this evening. I refer to the special field meetings organised to look for a particular
insect in an area either because it used to occur there years ago or because the
conditions prevailing in the area would seem theoretically suitable for the insect.
This seems a form of work eminently suitable for this Society to undertake. We
have fairly wide-spread membership throughout the country. Perhaps we could
extend this work in the coming year to include some meetings for our country
members.

Another task I think the South London could undertake would be the educa-
tive one I mentioned earlier—once the pattern has been laid down. We are
fortunate in having in our membership some extremely able naturalists. Would it
be too much to ask them to tackle the more conservative societies or individuals?

I think that this Society has a most important part to play in any development.
I think we would all like it to be in the forefront of these developments so that
our members can act as catalysts for the furtherance of rational study and
organised conservation.

WORKS CONSULTED

Fitter, R., 1963. Wildlife in Britain. London, Penguin Books (Pelican).

Lysaght, A., 1959. Directory of Natural History and other Field Study Societies.
Pena British Association for the Advancement of Science for the Carnegie UK

rust.

Perkins, D. M. S., 1964. The Organisation of Entomology in Britain. London, The
XIIth Congress of Entomology and the Royal Entomological Society of London.

Fortyseventh Annual Report, 1964. Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves.

Six Years’ Work of the Council of Nature—Speeches by the Right Honourable Lord
Hurcomb, G.C.B., K.B.E., and Aubrey Buxton, M.C. at the Annual Meeting, 11th
April, 1964. 1964, The Council for Nature.

ae of the Nature Conservancy for the Year ended 30th September 1963. 1963.

arial Report of the National Parks Commission for the Year ended 30th September
1963. 1963. H.M.S.O

Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kiist. (Col., Dermestidae) damaging a book. During the
winter my daughter bought a second-hand book and whilst reading it was
unpleasantly surprised to find the head of a large coleopterous larva protruding
from the page. The larva was carefully extracted from the book and placed in a
jar with some more paper, but it did not feed. It pupated after a few days and an
example of Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kiist. emerged 3.iii.65. The species, placed
on the British list by Besant (1963, Ent. mon. Mag., 99:30-1) has frequently been
taken indoors. It would seem that this particular specimen had entered the book
to pupate. In doing so it made a tunnel through the pages approximately one-
eighth of an inch across.—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex,
6th May 1965.

|
|

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 9

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1964

The long fine summer proved ideal for field meetings, of which the Society
arranged 30, spread over a wide area and covering many and varied habitats. A
field meeting was held jointly with the International Congress of Entomology in
the New Forest; this was joined by a number of local members and everyone
enjoyed a successful day’s collecting. The field meetings were well attended and
have resulted in a number of interesting exhibits at the indoor meetings. Mr.
Uffen is to be congratulated on arranging so successful a programme.

Twenty-three indoor meetings were held during the year and a stimulating
programme was provided by Mr. Howarth, whom we thank for the success of
these meetings. A feature of the meetings has been the increased number of
exhibits in many orders. Less experienced members should not be discouraged by
the number of rarities being exhibited; the presentation of more common insects
in novel settings with proper notes can often provide the more interesting exhibit.

In July the Society held a special meeting in the rooms of the Linnean Society
in connection with the International Congress of Entomology, when members
and officers were at home to members of the Congress. The meeting was most
successful and aroused much interest in the Society amongst foreign visitors. We
thank the Council and Officers of the Linnean Society for allowing us to use
their premises and for providing some interesting exhibits.

The Annual Dinner was once again held at the Grosvenor Hotel and 70
members and guests thoroughly enjoyed themselves. On the following day,
Saturday, 31st October, the Annual Exhibition was held in rooms of the Royal
Society. The exhibits were of a high standard and many unusual varieties and
species were shown. We thank those who gave generously of their time to make
the Exhibition a success, and the Royal Society and Geological Society for the
use of their premises.

The Christmas cards continue to be increasingly popular and this year it was
necessary to set up a special committee to look after this activity. Considerable
expansion both as regards numbers of cards available and advertising was under-
taken. Not only does the profit from the sale of cards provide a valuable addition
to our income but it is beginning to be clear that the publicity will probably lead
to increased membership.

The Society was most reluctantly forced to raise subscriptions during the year,
but when it is realised that even the present ordinary subscription is equivalent to
a shilling a week, it is clear that members are getting good value for their money.

During the past year our membership has decreased by 3. The nominal roll at
31st December was 583 and comprised: 6 Honorary, 3 Special Life, 14 Life,
238 Ordinary, 254 Country and 68 Junior members.

The move of the Society from Pepys House to the Alpine Club has over-
shadowed all else. This move, forced on us by the compulsory purchase of Pepys
House has brought to an end our long association with the Junior Institution of
Engineers in whose premises we have spent many happy hours. It is appropriate
to thank the Secretary and Officers of the Institution for their help and kindness
during our tenancy and to wish them as happy a solution of their difficulties as has
befallen ourselves. We must thank also the Alpine Club for their welcome to us
and for the friendly and helpful atmosphere in which negotiations were carried
out. We look forward to many years of fruitful co-operation. Finally, we must
thank the many helping hands that enabled the move to go through so smoothly
without any damage to the library or collections.

Another step taken by your Council was the decision to alter the method of

10 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

publication of the Proceedings. Increase in printing costs and the passage of
time have made the format of the Proceedings somewhat old-fashioned. It has
been decided therefore to streamline the routine reports and to bring out the
Proceedings in six parts, one part every two months. We hope in this manner not
only to obtain more papers but also to obtain greater value from notes etc. by
prompt publication and thus to increase the journal’s circulation. Of course, any
venture such as this must be somewhat of an experiment, but we hope that
members will be encouraged to send in many more notes and short practical
articles. As part of the process we are cutting down Council’s Report and avoiding
all duplication. Therefore some items will now be found only in the President’s
address.

This has been a busy and momentous year in which Council have had to make
many far-reaching decisions, some of them with reluctance. We hope, however,
that a firm foundation has been laid that will enable the Society to play its part
in the many important actions in entomology and natural history that will have
to be taken in the coming years.

The Hon. Curator reports that Dr. M. G. Morris has completed the arrange-
ment of the Leston collection of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera housed in two
Hills units. The nomenclature follows that of Southwood and Leston. Ample
space has been provided for incorporating additional specimens.

Work on the Joy collection of British Coleoptera and the J. O. T. Howard
collection of British Heterocera has continued and it is hoped to speed up this
task now that the Society’s collections are more accessible.

Two Hill units have been purchased to accommodate part of the British
Geometridae.

Mr. G. M. Haggett has donated a large collection of preserved lepidopterous
larvae made up from his own and the late Mr. Hammond’s collections and
arrangements have been made to add these to our collection at an early date.
The thanks of the Society are due to Mr. Haggett for this valuable gift and to the
following members who have presented many interesting and rare species: Mr.
L. Christie (Mecoptera), Major A. E. Collier (Lepidoptera), Mr. A. E. Gardner
(Coleoptera and Orthoptera), Dr. B. J. MacNulty (Coleoptera), Dr. A. M.
Massee (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Mr. R. M. Mere (Lepidoptera) and Mr. W. H.
Spreadbury (Trichoptera). Mr. L. Christie has rendered valuable help as assistant
curator.

Several members borrowed specimens for critical study, a service which is
always readily available to specialists.

The Hon. Librarian reports that our new premises at the Alpine Club will
enable us to enlarge the Library at last. It is hoped to start a collection of separ-
ates, as many members have kindly presented reprints of their papers to the
Library over the past few years. Members will be allowed to borrow up to three
separates at any one time, in addition to the maximum number of books. Our
thanks are due to all who presented works to the Library, and particularly to Mr.
S. N. A. Jacobs, who has once again given us many new books. A list of additions
to the Library in 1964 is given, with a note of how the item was acquired in
parentheses, so that members may be kept aware of the contents of the Library.

De Bach, P. (Editor), 1964, Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds
(S. N. A. Jacobs). Barrett, C. G., 1892-1907, The Lepidoptera of the British
Islands, 5 vols. (H. G. Denvil). Eason, E. H., 1964, Centipedes of the British
Isles (S. N. A. Jacobs). Edwards, C. A. and Heath, G. W., 1964, The Principles
of Agricultural Entomology (S. N. A. Jacobs). Ford, E. B., 1964, Ecological
Genetics (S. N. A. Jacobs). Ford, R. L. E., 1963, Practical Entomology (review

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 II

copy). Von Frisch, K. (translated by M. D. Senft), 1964, Ten Little Housemates
(S. N. A. Jacobs). Frohawk, F. W., 1924, The Natural History of British Butter-
flies (H. G. Denvil). Glasgow, J. P., 1963, The Distribution and Abundance of
Tsetse (S. N. A. Jacobs). Harris, Moses, 1775, The English Lepidoptera: or, The
Aurelian’s Pocket Companion (Dr. J. Newton). Heslop, I. R. P., Hyde, G. E.,
and Stokely, R. E., 1964, Notes and Views of the Purple Emperor (S. N. A.
Jacobs). Jones, F. G. W. and Jones, M. G., 1964, Pests of Field Crops (S. N. A.
Jacobs). Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1964, Handbooks for the Identification
of British Insects: A Check List of British Insects, Second Edition (Revised),
Part 1: Small Orders and Hemiptera (purchased). Martin, H., 1964, The Scientific
Principles of Crop Protection (S. N. A. Jacobs). Meyrick, E., 1928, A Revised
Handbook of British Lepidoptera (Dr. P. Roche). Oldroyd, H., 1964, The Natural
History of Flies (S. N. A. Jacobs). Dos Passos, C. F., 1964, A Synonymic List of
the Nearctic Rhopalocera (S. N. A. Jacobs). Scott, Dr. E. (Revision), 1964,
Annotated List of Lepidoptera (Macro and Micro) occurring in the neighbourhood
of Ashford, Kent (Dr. A. M. Massee). Thomas, J. G., 1963, Dissection of the
Locust (S. N. A. Jacobs). Verity, R., 1943, Le Farfalle diurne d'Italia, Vol. 2,
Lycaenidae (Dr. P. Roche). Wigglesworth, V. B., 1964, The Life of Insects
(S. N. A. Jacobs).

Many separates have been presented to the Library, and we continue to receive
the usual journals.

Forest Refreshed by Norman E. Hickin, 9 in. by 53 in., 184 pages, 74 text figures.
London, Hutchinson, 25s.

A delightful book, worthy of the attention of all naturalists and those who like
the open air. The sub-title, the autobiographical notes of a biologist, is an apt
and accurate description of the contents. The book touches the author’s family,
business and entomological life, and the way Hickin expresses his feelings for
the outdoor life, and the Wyre Forest in particular, will undoubtedly cause South
London readers to feel there is a little of each of us within these pages.

Emphasis is on entomology with a chapter devoted to his special interest, the
caddis flies; and another on his professional entomology. The chapters dealing
with his work for his degrees may be a revelation to some readers, and a clear
indication of what can be accomplished with determination.

The book is copiously illustrated with the author’s own excellent drawings,
both ordinary line and scraper board. Hickin is one of the few entomologists who
appreciate the value of scraper board in entomological illustrating.

If there is a criticism at all it is the length of the captions to the illustrations,
which tend to detract from easy reading. Your reviewer is not sure whether
it is better to examine the illustrations and read the captions before or after
reading the book; but the reader should not disturb his enjoyment of the book by
attempting to take in the captions and illustrations whilst reading. A highly
recommended book. SD: BUCK

Mecinus collaris Germ. (Col., Curculionidae) in N.E. Essex. Whilst working tidal
refuse in the Essex Naturalist Trust Reserve at Fingringhoe Wick, 19.iv.65, two
examples of Mecinus collaris Germ. were taken. The species is well-known from
the Thames marshes on the Kent side at the roots of Plantago maritima L., though
it is doubtful if it has previously been recorded from the Colne estuary.—
F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 10th May 1965.

12 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

PROCEEDINGS

14th JANUARY 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MassEE—Platyrhinus resinosus (Anthribidae), a beetle which occurs
chiefly in the midland counties and the West Country. It is therefore of interest
to record this species in Kent. It was first recorded in the county in 1949 by Mr.
G. J. Hitchins on the Charing Downs and at Little Chart. More recently it has
been found at Little Chart and last spring in Blean Woods near Canterbury. The
larva feeds within the black fungus, Daldinia concentrica Ces & de Nat., which is
associated with ash and other deciduous trees, and also occurs on posts, etc.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Examples of Cantharis pallida Goeze and C. cryptica
Ashe (Col., Cantharidae) from various Surrey localities. He drew attention to the
differences.

Mr. J. E. CoopeER—Some ectoparasites of veterinary importance from Crow-
thorne, Berks., 13.1.65, which demonstrated the two main Orders of obligatory
parasitic insects. (1) Hairs of a retriever showing characteristic louse eggs or nits
glued to the shaft. These eggs were of the dog louse, Trichodectes canis (Deg.)
one of the two biting lice (Mallophaga) found on the dog. Young lice would
emerge from these eggs within seven to ten days. (2) Examples of the common
pig louse, Haematopinus suis (L.). A typical sucking louse (Siphunculata) with
a narrow pointed head. Accidental ingestion of these lice may play a part in the
transmission of swine fever virus. The louse also may cause irritation and skin
damage, yet is a common parasite on a large proportion of swine. (3) The com-
mon dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis), with an adult life span of up to 12
months. Both this flea and the dog louse are intermediate hosts for the dog tape-
worm Dipylidium caninum.

COMMUNICATIONS

The meeting closed with a talk, illustrated by colour slides on ‘Nigerian
Sphingidae’ by Dr. B. J. MCNULTY.

28th JANUARY 1965

93rd ANNUAL MEETING
(With which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)

The President, Mr. C. G. Rocue, in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. M. B. Watson, Mr.
M. J. Davies and Mrs. N. Mclver Paton.

In the absence of Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young the PRESIDENT introduced the
accounts and said that the Treasurer would submit a formal report later.

The Secretary, Dr. B. J. MCNULTY, then read the Council’s report and moved
its adoption. This was seconded by Dr. P. J. RocuHE and carried unanimously.

The PRESIDENT declared the following Officers and Ordinary Members of
Council elected for the ensuing year: President, R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.; Vice-
Presidents, C. G. ROCHE, A.c.A. and J. A. C. GREENWOOD, 0O.B.E., F.R.E.S.3
Treasurer, D. W. THORPE-YOUNG, F.R.E.S.; Secretary, B. J. MCNULTY, PH.D.,
B.SC., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S.; Editor, F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.; Curator, A. E.
GARDNER, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, Miss C. M. WAGNER; Lanternist, M. SHAFFER;

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 13

Ordinary Members of Council, R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., T. G.
HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Mrs. T. G. HowartH, P. Hurwortu, P.
JERRARD, J. L. MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S., P. J. L. ROCHE, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S., A. SMITH, A.R.C.A., D. STIMPSON and S. A. WILLIAMS.

Under Bye-law 25 (b) Mr. B. Goater asked if an addenda could be produced
for the list of members, and the PRESIDENT replied that the list of members was
now being compiled and that additions and alterations would be circulated each
year. He added that it was hoped to revise the list every three years or so.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MassEE—Pachycoleus rufescens Sahlb. (Dipsocoridae), the smallest
British hemipteron, which is recorded from six counties, the most recent being
Surrey. This bug lives and breeds in sphagnum moss and it is frequently associ-
ated with running water. The macropterous form has been found in a bog near
Emery Down in the New Forest, Hants. The minute immature stages are pillar-
box red in colour, otherwise they would be very difficult to find in the field.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN—A female spider, Geolycosa blackwalli (Johnson) with
young, collected earlier in Madeira.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of the two tineid moths Batrachedra
praeangusta Haw. and Chelaria conscriptella Hibn., showing their effective
camouflage when at rest on the trunks of their foodplants, aspen and birch,
respectively.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT read his Address, after which he called upon Mr. R. W. J.
UFFEN to take the Chair. Upon doing so the new President moved a vote of
thanks to Mr. C. G. Roche, with which he combined a request for permission for
the Society to publish his Address. In his reply Mr. Roche acceded to the request.

A vote of thanks to the Vice-Presidents, Officers and Council was moved by
Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, seconded by Mr. L. PARMENTER, and carried. Mr. C.
MAcKECBNIE JARVIS replied.

Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Col., Tenebrionidae) in a Brazil Nut. A Brazil nut
opened 26.xii.64 was found to be mouldy, and a quantity of frass was present.
An examination of the nut produced three dead examples of Tribolium castaneum
Herbst, two dead larvae almost full grown, and several larval remains. The
kernel had been eaten over the entire surface and had been tunnelled in several
places up to half way to the centre. Tribolium are well-known pests in stored
foods, but nuts in their shell are probably a little outside the usual range of foods;
especially those with such a hard shell as that of the Brazil which would seem a
bit tough for a tenebrionid. Only one nut was noticed in this condition, and
would hardly constitute an infestation. It is probable that a cargo of nuts was at
some time stored in a place where an infested food had previously been stored
and that the beetles had found entry through a damaged shell.—F. D. Buck,
9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex. 1/th January 1965.

14 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

SAND-FLIES AND BLACK-FLIES
(DIPT. PHLEBOTOMINAE AND SIMULIIDAE)

By D. J. Lewis
(Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council)

SAND-FLIES

Sand-flies have little to do with sand but the name is convenient because it is
well known. In certain countries it is used for biting midges and Simuliidae,
therefore it is sometimes necessary to refer specifically to phlebotomine sand-
flies. These minute insects are a subfamily of the Psychodidae and they include
the vectors of several human diseases. Most of these are zoonoses (animal
diseases transmitted to man), and the study of sand-flies must be related to
pathogens, animal hosts and man, as well as to possible control measures.

Taxonomy. There are more than 500 species of Phlebotominae and new ones
are often found. Sand-flies are much alike in general appearance, brown and
hairy with the wings held upward and usually pointed. Classification was very
difficult until 1926 when Adler and Theodor showed that cibarial (buccal) teeth
and spermathecae provide useful characters. The taxonomy of sand-flies, how-
ever, is a specialised and time-consuming study. There are different opinions about
classification but most writers place all species in the genus Phlebotomus. In the
Old World there are two main subgenera, Sergentomyia and Phlebotomus. Many
species of the former bite lizards and many species of the latter attack mammals.

Distribution. The larvae of many psychodids are aquatic but those of sand-
flies inhabit soil or litter. Sand-flies in all their stages make use of microclimates,
and these delicate insects, unlike many blood-sucking flies, are independent of
rivers and inhabit vast areas. Some aspects of distribution indicate features of the
subfamily and its members. Sand-flies occur in the tropics and subtropics and
warm parts of adjacent regions. In the Old World the subgenus Sergentomyia is
widespread but species of Phlebotomus are particularly numerous in the relatively
dry southern Palaearctic area.

Many species flourish in forests, mainly those of South and Central America.
Many others live in arid regions and some of them even in deserts. Such regions
are more extensive in the Old than the New World tropics, and some of these
sand-flies link the faunas of zoogeographical regions which are separated by
deserts.

Species which bite mammals, including man if he is available, are numerous
in tropical American forests. In the Old World there are many in the southern
Palaearctic area owing to the importance of the subgenus Phlebotomus there. In
eastern Africa several mammal-biting species occur which are related to sand-
flies of the Palaearctic or Oriental Regions and may have spread up the Nile
valley. Surprisingly, they are not found in West Africa, and it is possible that
some past climatic barrier may have prevented them reaching that area.

Endophilic species, which bite in houses and remain there by day, are numerous
among the sand-flies of the southern Palaearctic.

In America dermal leishmaniasis occurs mainly in forests and visceral leish-
maniasis in dry areas. The distribution of certain sand-flies determines the dis-
tribution of these and other diseases which will be mentioned later.

The recent discovery of four species at 46° 50’ north in the State of Washington
suggests that sand-flies are more widespread than was thought. There is much

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 15

scope for more work on distribution, particularly in areas where sand-fly-borne
disease is unknown but may appear.

Age. Until a few years ago little attention was paid in most countries to the
estimation of the physiological age of insects. The subject is now widely studied
in relation to disease transmission and the evaluation of control measures.
Methods used for mosquitoes are difficult to apply to sand-flies, but in those of the
Old World the relatively large salivary glands show changes which serve to dis-
tinguish most parous females. Many species require vertebrate blood for the
development of their ovaries, and the recognition that a fly has laid eggs is of
practical importance in showing that it may have ingested parasites from a
vertebrate.

Resting places of adults. Sand-flies are nocturnal and often move by short
hopping flights. By day they remain in crevices and other dark shelters. The
vector of kala azar in Kenya rests in air spaces of certain termite hills, and their
destruction may help to control this disease. In the northern Sudan the surface
of the ground reaches a temperature of about 80°C. but soil cracks provide an
extensive subterranean environment for sand-flies which appear in vast numbers
at night.

Seasonal changes. Some Palaearctic species pass the winter in larval diapause,
and in the tropics the sand-fly season may be in the rainy or the dry season
according to edaphic and other factors.

Some associated animals. Little is known about the preferred hosts of most
species because it is difficult to find recently engorged females and the amount of
blood in their gut is very small for investigation. Sand-flies seem to have few
parasites, possibly because the larvae are not exposed to aquatic organisms, but
it may be that parasitism alters behaviour and causes infected flies to avoid
traps.

Relation to disease. At least one species causes much irritation and some
dermatitis, one transmits the virus of sand-fly fever in the Mediterranean and
Middle East, and some are vectors of bartonellosis in Peru. The main importance
of sand-flies, however, lies in the transmission of various species and forms of the
protozoan genus Leishmania. The visceral form of leishmaniasis is known as
kala azar and can cause deadly epidemics, and cutaneous forms include the
Mediterranean oriental sore, the bay sore of British Honduras, and the espundia
of South America which can be terribly disfiguring. The biology of species and
varieties of sand-flies largely determines the nature of the forms of leishmaniasis.
In British Honduras there are virtually no sand-flies around houses, bay sore is a
disease of forest rodents, and sand-flies transmit it from them to chicleros who
penetrate deep into the forest to tap the sapodilla trees for the valuable raw
material of chewing gum. In many epidemiological situations man enters further
into the Leishmania transmission cycle to a varying extent. In eastern Kenya
people are infected with kala azar near their villages, and in the Middle East
oriental sore is often an urban disease. In Indian kala azar the animal reservoir
has evidently disappeared and the pathogen is transmitted from man to man by
house-frequenting sand-flies.

Control. It is difficult to attack the subterranean larvae but ppT has proved
very effective against adults of domestic species of Phlebotomus. Leishmaniasis,
however, may increase when house-spraying operations of the malaria eradica-
tion campaign come to an end. Semi-domestic and peri-domestic species can be
difficult to control, and some wild species impossible. Other forms of control are
sometimes practicable, and Ansari (1962) has reported a decrease in oriental
sore following urbanization in the centre of Tehran.

16 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

BLACK-FLIES

This is a well known and convenient English name for the Simuliidae although
few species are really black and many are pale. The Simuliidae, like sand-flies and
mosquitoes, belong to the series Nematocera but the adults, though only a few
millimetres long, are robustly built and look like higher flies. The study of black-
flies is devoted largely to species which transmit human onchocerciasis and
others which attack man or domestic animals.

The distribution of black-flies is determined by their specialised breeding
places, in running water, and is very different from that of sand-flies. Black-flies
are absent from vast dry areas but occur in almost every part of the world where
there are rivers or streams. Many species are restricted to a single zoogeo-
graphical region but occur in several of its faunal areas.

Taxonomy. More than a thousand species of black-flies are known and many
are difficult to classify owing to scarcity of good characters in the females, the
existence of sibling species (Stone, 1964), and the problem of relating species
groups of different continents. An interesting case of subspecific variation occurs
in Simulium damnosum Theobald which is a dangerous species in much of
tropical Africa but does not bite man in many south-eastern areas.

Early stages. The egg is laid in water and the larva makes a silken pad on the
substratum and attaches itself to the threads by abdominal hooks. A silken
cocoon, with an opening downstream, protects the pupa and has useful taxonomic
characters. The breeding places of the various species range from sluggish streams
to raging torrents.

The older larvae and the pupae of some species live as epizoites on mayfly
larvae and those of the African Simulium neavei Roubaud complex live on crabs.
The latter probably carry the pupae to safety from the hazards of desiccation and
turbulent currents, and apparently enable S. neavei and its relatives to flourish
in a variety of streams and rivers.

Age. It is often necessary to recognise parous black-flies because in some
species of these diurnal flies the nulliparous and parous females have different
biting cycles. At certain times of day all the females caught biting may prove to
be nullipars, which have not sucked blood and cannot have become infected
with human parasites. In a rather comparable way the age structure of the human
population of a street will vary according to the time of day. It is, then, difficult
to get a good sample of flies for calculating their rate of infection with Onchocerca
(to be mentioned again later), but matters can be simplified by basing the rate on
parous flies only.

Habits of the females. Thick forest impedes the movement of S. damnosum,
which can fly far in open country, and the extensive clearing which is going on in
many parts of Africa is likely to increase its distribution. Conversely, bush-
clearing is inimical to another important species, S. neavei, by destroying its
forest habitat.

Most black-flies probably feed on plant sugars which provide energy for
flight, and many also suck bird or mammalian blood which provides protein for
egg development. More information is required about the preferred hosts
because some of them infect the flies with worms which can be confused with the
Onchocerca parasite of man. C. B. Williams and L. Davies have obtained blood-
gorged females for analysis, by means of light traps, in Scotland, but this method
has hitherto proved disappointing in Africa.

Dry-season survival. Many of the rivers which breed S. damnosum cease to
flow a few weeks after the end of the rains, and larvae and adults disappear.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 17

Some weeks after the next rainy season has started adults reappear, and after a
time rivers flow regularly and the species regains its numbers. The unfavourable
or carry-over season, then, does not correspond exactly with the season of no
rain. It includes a period (in this case the early rains) which occurs in the life of
many tropical insects, when conditions are favourable to one stage but impossible
for others. The means of survival is not yet fully known.

Relation to disease. Many thousands of cattle have died during outbreaks of
black-flies, and several parasites of birds and mammals are transmitted by
certain species. Man-biting pest species are becoming increasingly important as
economic development brings thousands of susceptible people into remote areas.
The major simuliid pests, however, are the species which transmit the nematode
Onchocerca volvulus (Leucart), the cause of human onchocerciasis which occurs
in Africa, Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela. In some areas much blindness is
associated with this disease. In West Africa blindness is much commoner in
savannah than in forest, and a possible reason for this puzzling fact is that in the
savannah the attacks of black-flies are seasonal and this may affect the biology
of the worms in the human host.

Control. The main method of killing simuliids is to introduce ppT into their
breeding places at the rate of one part or less per million of water for thirty
minutes. The drifting insecticide is collected by the feeding brushes of the larvae.
In the special case of S. neavei it is important to avoid a high dosage of DpT
which would cause the crabs to leave the water and save the larvae on their
backs. Larvicides have been used for some 20 years, and it is surprising that
resistance has been unknown until it recently developed in Japan. It may be that
slightly affected larvae usually leave their holdfasts and perish downstream, with
the result that resistant individuals have little chance of survival.

Several repellents are useful in the hands of careful people, except in very hot
humid climates.

Despite some remarkable achievements with larvicides, there are numerous
tropical villages and towns which cannot at present be protected owing to the
difficulty and cost of treating breeding places which are extensive or scattered or
almost inaccessible. In many areas larvicides are difficult to transport owing to
lack of roads, and satisfactory control may have to await economic development
and prosperity.

Black-flies have many natural enemies, and some attention is being devoted to
the use of parasites and the development of larvicides which will not kill preda-
tors. One method of control which might be applied in certain areas is the re-
placement of a dangerous black-fly by a harmless form with similar breeding
habits. These and many other possibilities must be considered with a view to
integrated control, a conception developed by agricultural entomologists in
Canada. A great deal is known about black-flies and their control, but there is
ample need for more research.

REFERENCES

Ansari, N., 1962. ‘The leishmaniases as a world problem’. Sci. Rep. Ist. Super.
Sanita, 2 :63-7.

Stone, A., 1964. ‘Guide to the insects of Connecticut; Part IV, Diptera or true flies
of Connecticut; Fasc. 9, Simuliidae and Thaumaleidae’. Bull. State Geol. nat.
Hist Surv. Connecticut, 97:1-126.

British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
15th July 1964.

18 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA
AND PYRALIDINA OF NORTH-WEST SURREY
By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.

Since the publication of the original list in 1957 (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1955:94-151) some interesting early records have come to light, and
current field collecting and light trapping have provided new material, which it
now seems worth bringing together in a supplementary list. The area covered is
unchanged, viz., that corner of Surrey which is bounded on the east and south by
the main Southern Region railway line from Walton-on-Thames through Woking
to (but excluding) the outskirts of Guildford, and thence by the branch line to
Ash Vale; and on the west and north by the counties of Hampshire, Berkshire
and Middlesex. It contains about 100 square miles, and except on its fringes,
consists geologically almost wholly of Bagshot, Bracklesham and Barton Sands.
There is little agriculture and, though urbanisation is increasing, about half the
area is still heath, rough pasture or woodland.

Several residents who provided material for the 1955 list have since left the
district; indeed, the author himself did so in September 1963. But others have
taken their place, and the district still receives attention from outside collectors
and from the Society’s field meetings. This supplement adds 13 species of macro-
lepidoptera and nine Pyralidina to the 1955 total, besides further records of
many of the species which are rare in the district, or immigrant to it. The very
number of these additions suggests that there is still much to be discovered even
among the macros and Pyrales; a systematic study has not yet been made of the
Tortrices and Tineides. The west and south-west, roughly from Bagshot to
Normandy, is still relatively unworked: a regularly run light trap in that area
would certainly give interesting results.

The author has received a most valuable list compiled by Mr. Nigel Webb, of
the macrolepidoptera captured in a light trap at Earleywood School, South
Ascot, from 1952 to 1958. As this is some 500 yards within the Berkshire border,
the records cannot be included in a Surrey list. Nonetheless, it may be noted
that of the 340 species listed one, Eupithecia trisignaria H.-S., has not been
found at all, and a dozen others only very rarely, within the north-west Surrey
district.

Other important work has been done since 1955 on the Lepidoptera of the
adjoining areas. The late Mr. A. W. Richards published in 1957 The Lepidoptera
of the Aldershot District of N.E. Hampshire, covering an area which touches
our south-west border, though it also reaches into the very different chalk
country further west. Among a dozen macros and four Pyrales in his list which
have not been found in north-west Surrey, he cites from Hawley or Aldershot,
on its very border, Antitype chi L. (two only), Lygris populata L., Nudaria
mundana L., Evergestis extimalis Scop. (one only), Leioptilus carphodactylus
Hubn. and L. osteodactylus Zell. Baron de Worms (‘The Butterflies and Moths of
London and its Surroundings’, Lond. Nat., 1949:46-89, 1953:101-46, 1954:66—
107, with later supplements) covers a radius of 20 miles from St. Paul’s Cathedral
and touches, indeed slightly overlaps, our district at its north-east corner. The
Surrey segment of this circle includes a large part of the North Downs and has
naturally yielded many species which are not found in our more restricted
district. But, leaving this aside, it seems that few species which have been found
in the Thames valley from Chertsey to London itself are unrepresented in our
own district.

Within the district the balance in the composition of the fauna is certainly

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 19

changing over the years from a variety of causes, both natural and man-made. Of
the latter the most menacing are the spread of building, the frequent heath fires,
and the more general lowering of the water table, due to drainage and road
works. The limited areas of relict marshland have suffered most, and some of
their species are certainly in danger. But many bits and pieces remain, and the
species with them; collectors are too prone to declare a species extinct, because
it has disappeared from familiar ground, before they have made adequate search
elsewhere. Chemical spraying is not a serious danger in the district because
there is so little agriculture. The records do not suggest that many species which
occurred regularly before 1950 have since disappeared from the district; while on
the other side it is clear that at least half a dozen new species have established
themselves in it. As regards total numbers, full counts have been taken at the
light traps operated under standard conditions by the author at Ottershaw from
1952 to 1963 and by Baron de Worms at Horsell from 1951 to 1964. These show
very large annual fluctuations in the average nightly catches, and in the total
numbers of many species. These probably do reflect variations in real abundance
as well as in climatic conditions favourable to trapping. But they give no evidence
of any clear trend, upwards or downwards, in the average nightly catches over
the period or even, except in a few cases, in the total numbers of the individual
species. For the butterflies, for which no statistical check is available, observation
of characteristic species in the district does not bear out the complaints of a
general decline which are often made elsewhere. Plebejus argus L. (The Silver-
studded Blue), for instance, had an apparently record year on the heaths in
1963.

A notable feature is the growing melanism of the district’s Lepidoptera.
Recent records of extreme melanic aberrations are given in this supplement, and
a summary has been added giving a broad quantitative assessment of the propor-
tion of melanic forms in a number of species. This has been based upon informa-
tion originally assembled at the request of Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell.

The attached supplementary list contains, first, species which were not recorded
at all in the 1955 list; second, additional records of the rarest species and of some
others whose distribution was not then adequately covered, and mentions some
of the most notable aberrations captured since then. It is, of course, in itself in no
way a comprehensive list; but for the convenience of readers the census of
species attached to the 1955 list has been brought up-to-date, and the sketch map
of the district has been reproduced. The nomenclature and order followed are
those of I. R. P. Heslop (1947, Indexed Check-list of the British Lepidoptera, 2nd
edition) and Beirne (1952, British Pyralid and Plume Moths, London). As the
former is now much out-of-date, the specific names used in the revised edition
of South’s The Moths of the British Isles have been added in parentheses where
they differ.

I am greatly indebted to the recorders who have helped me with this supple-
ment; most of their names are given below.

NAMES OF RECORDERS FOR THIS SUPPLEMENT
(with the areas to which their records mainly refer)

Batten, A. G. M. A.G.M.B. Hook Heath, 1964
Bretherton, R. F. R.F.B. Ottershaw and general, to 1963
Greenwood, J. A. C. J.A.C.G. Horsell Park, 1958-64
Messenger, J. L. J.L.M. Oatlands and Weybridge, to 1958

Parfitt, R. W. R.W.P. Western side, to 1960

20 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

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PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 21

Saundby, Air-Marshal Sir Robert Ash Vale

Stoughton Harris, G. G.S.H. Horsell, to 1964

Trundell, E. E. J. E.J.T. Hook Heath, to 1957 (trap)
Wakely, S. S.W. General, to 1964

Webb, Nigel Earleywood (Berks), 1952-58

de Worms, Baron de C.deW. Horsell and general (trap)

PUBLICATIONS REFERRED TO
Ent. Gaz. Entomologist’s Gazette

Ent. The Entomologist
E.M.M. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine
S.L.E.S. Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological

and Natural History Society (including field meetings at Chobham
Common, Horsell Common and Ash Vale)

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST
A. Species wholly additional to the 1955 list

PAPILIONES
LYCAENIDAE

Lampides boeticus L. Near Guildford, one perfect female in a stubble field,
14.x.59 (E. E. Johnson, Ent. Rec., 71:267).

SPHINGES
SPHINGIDAE

Celerio lineata F. (livornica Esp.). Three only, a scarce vagrant. 1868: St. George’s
Hill, Weybridge (possibly just outside the area), one, 1.vili. (Barton, Ent.
4:149). 1906: Woking, 8.viii., one in the afternoon on a small shrub in the
garden (P. Smith, E.M.M., 43:211). 1958: Horsell trap, 9.v., one male (C.deW..,
Ent., 91:162).

BOMBYCES
NOTODONTIDAE

Cerura bicuspis Borkh. Camberley. E. E. Green (Ent. Rec., 51:23) writes: “must
occur at Camberley . . . though I have only taken a single larva . . . beaten
from a birch bush in a much frequented street of the town . . . Unfortunately,
the larva had been disturbed during the process of changing its skin, from
which it never recovered. However, I had been able to establish the occur-
rence of the species’. Though the writer was an experienced collector, some
doubt must remain, as the larva was not bred through.

ARCTIIDAE

Lithosia quadra L. Four only; certainly immigrants to the district, probably
from abroad. 1956: Hook Heath, three in trap, 15 to 16.vii. (E.J.T.). 1957:
Oatlands trap, one, 21.vii. (J.L.M.).

AGROTIDES (NOCTUAE)
CARADRINIDAE

Spaelotis ravida Hiibn. One only: probably immigrant to the district. Ottershaw
trap, one worn male, 31.viii.60 (R.F.B.).

Eumichtis adusta Esp. One only: probably a stray from the North Downs.
Oatlands trap, 8.vii.56 (J.L.M.).

22 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Gypsitea leucographa Hiibn. One only: probably a stray from the breeding
grounds south of Guildford. Horsell trap, one very worn, 15.v.56 (C.deW.).

GEOMETRIDES
GEOMETRIDAE

Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. Even before the announcement of this as a new
British species by W. E. Minnion and B. S. Goodban in 1955 (Ent. Gaz., 7:3),
unsuccessful search had been made for it as a possible inhabitant of the
patches of Impatiens capensis Meerb. which are common in and around the
district. Renewed search in May 1956 disclosed a strong colony of X. biriviata
beside the Wey Navigation a little beyond the border. Later in that year S.
Wakely found a small colony at Byfleet, within the district, from which he and
others obtained larvae and moths also in 1957 and later. One specimen
appeared in the Ottershaw trap 14.viii.59 and another 9.v.60. The species
appears to be extending its range rapidly. Though the original colony by the
Wey Navigation was destroyed by its incorporation in a pig farm, it is now
abundant in another marshy spot nearby where repeated searches in 1956 and
1957 had failed to reveal it.

Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. Two only: Ottershaw trap 5.iv.60 and 28.iv.63.
Probably resident but overlooked. One of its foodplants, Galium saxatile L.
is present though rather scarce.

Discoloxia blomeri Curt. One only, probably a straggler. Hook Heath, in trap
27.vii.56 (E.J.T.).

Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. Oatlands trap, 19.v.52; Horsell trap, 13.v.60;
Ottershaw trap, 20.v.61. May be less rare than these records indicate, as it is
easily missed among other pugs.

Chloroclystis debiliata Hiibn. Colony Gate, Blackdown: five bred 28 to 31.v.61
from larvae found 12.v.61 on Vaccinium myrtillus L. (R.F.B.).

Anagoga pulveraria L. One only: Ottershaw trap, 6.vi.57 (R.F.B.). May be
resident, but is certainly very scarce.

PYRALES
PYRALIDAE

Ephestia woodiella Rich & Thom. (Cadra parasitella Staud.). An Ephestia taken
in the Ottershaw trap 9.vii.63 was thought to belong to this species because of
traces, which rapidly faded, of a crimson flush at the base of the forewings.
Mr. Paul Whalley kindly examined the genitalia of this and other Ottershaw
Ephestia. He confirmed the identification, and made the surprising discovery
that all but one of the other 15 also belonged to this reputedly rare species.
The exception, trapped 17.vi.57, is Ephestia elutella Hiibn., so that it is certain
that both species occur in the district. (Ent. Gaz. 16:8.)

Homoeosoma saxicola Vaughan. Ottershaw trap, 15.ix.56 (teste Whalley): no
more seen despite careful watch (R.F.B.).

Eurhodope marmorea Haw. Gracious Pond, one at light 29.vii.54 (J.L.M.):
taken not far from one of the few thickets of Prunus spinosa L., its foodplant,
in the district.

Euzophera cinerosella Zell. Oatlands trap, one 15.vi.57 (J.L.M.).

Myelois ceratoniae Zell. Oatlands trap one 19.viii.58 (J.L.M.). A surprising
capture, as this introduced species is usually an inhabitant of warehouses.

Cryptoblabes bistriga Haw. Lucas Green, two at light 6.vii.58, several 6.vi.58 and
26.vi.59, under oak trees (R.F.B.).

Crambus selasellus Hiibn. Sheerwater, at light end vii.56 (S. Wakely teste Bradley);

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 23

Chobham Common, one 4.viii.58 (R.F.B.). No doubt overlooked because of
its resemblance to C. tristellus F., but probably not common.

Diasemia ramburialis Dup. Two only: a scarce vagrant. Ottershaw trap, 16.ix.
and 4.x.61 (R.F.B., Ent. Rec., 74:1-9).

Pyrausta fuscalis Schiff. Ottershaw trap, one 21.vi.63 (R.F.B.). The foodplant,
Melampyrum pratense L.., is scarce.

B. Additional records of scarce species and of aberrations

PAPILIONES
PIERIDAE

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Horsell, a halved gynandromorph taken in the garden
10.viii.58 (G.S.H.).

NYMPHALIDAE

Nymphalis antiopa L. 1900: Woking, one viii, in rather bad condition (Saunders,
E.M.M., 37:100). 1953: Blackwater, Camberley, 1.vii (Ent., 87:62). 1959:
Chobham, 18.viii.: possibly one of those released at Lullingstone, Kent,
24.vii. by L. H. Newman (Ent., 95:175). These raise the total for the district to
ten. Certainly immigrant.

LYCAENIDAE

Plebejus argus L. Worplesdon, a gynandromorph with left side normal, right
side blued and smaller (E. E. Johnson, Ent. Rec., 67:298). Chobham Common:
in 1963, a year of abundance for the species, no less than nine inter-sex aber-
rations were taken (R.F.B., Ent. Rec., 75:277); another in 1964 (C.de W.).

Lysandra coridon Poda. Staple Hill, Chobham Common, one 15.viii.57 (R.W.P.).
Third record for the district; probably strays.

SPHINGES
SPHINGIDAE

Acherontia atropos L. Immigrant. 1956: Oatlands trap, 24.xi. 1958: Ottershaw
trap, female 14.v. 1963: Ottershaw trap, female 17.ix.

Celerio galii Rott. Immigrant. Before 1875: Weybridge, ‘in August, several years
ago, two flying over such flowers as verbenas, geraniums, etc.’ (O. Milne, Ent.,
8:271). 1961: Ottershaw trap, female 24.vii., which laid only infertile eggs.
Four records for the district.

Herse convolvuli L. Immigrant. 1959: Horsell trap, 7.x. 1964: Hook Heath, in
trap 30.viii. (A. G. M. Batten).

Deilephila porcellus L. Horsell Park, a few in trap each year 1959-63 (J.A.C.G.);
Gracious Pond, one 1964 (C.de W.). A rather scarce resident.

BOMBYCES
NOTODONTIDAE

Drymonia trimacula Esp. Melanic forms becoming increasingly numerous: an
extreme one is illustrated in S.L.E.S. 1960, plate I, fig. 8 (R.F.B.).
D. ruficornis Hufn. Woking, 1956, one ab. albisignata Lenz. (C.de W.).

THYATIRIDAE

Tethea ocularis L. Most of those taken now in the district are more or less
melanic: an extreme form in Horsell trap 8.vi.63.

24 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

T. duplaris L. Also melanic: a totally black example (ab. obscura Tutt) in Otter-
shaw trap 19.viii.62.

LYMANTRIIDAE

Orgyia antiqua L. Still seldom seen, but 12 were assembled in a garden at Horsell
Park, 31.viii.62 and 1.ix.62 (J.A.C.G.), and several more have been taken at
light in Ottershaw trap.

Dasychira pudibunda L. The melanic ab. concolor Staud. continues to be rare. At
Ottershaw trap none were taken 1959-63, and for the whole period since 1946
only six out of 570 were of this form.

Leucoma salicis L. Camberley, one larva on poplar outside the station, the moth
emerged 7.viii. (E. E. Green, Ent. Rec., 51:23); Ottershaw trap, two 3 and
4.vili.57, bringing the total for the district to six. Probably only vagrant here.

DREPANIDAE

Drepana falcataria L. Ottershaw trap, a male aberration with all wings suffused
with blackish-brown, 9.v.60.

NOLIDAE

Nola cucullatella L. Ottershaw trap, one ab. nigrofasciata Cockayne (with the
position of the black markings reversed) 23.vi.53, and another, worn, 5.vi.59.

HYLOPHILIDAE

Earias clorana L. Oatlands trap, 6.vili.58; Ottershaw trap, 4.vii.57. A relict
marsh species.

ARCTIIDAE

Spilosoma urticae Esp. Horsell Park, one 1959 (J.A.C.G.). Resident in marshes,
but rare.

S. lutea Hufn. Ottershaw trap, ab. totinigra Seitz (Ent. Rec., 63:266).

Cycnia mendica Clerck. Horsell trap, 7.v.61, gynandromorph with left wings
white, right wings brown (C.de W.): figured S.L.E.S. 1961, plate 2, fig. 8).

Eilema deplana Esp. Oatlands trap, 7.vi.56; Horsell trap, 3.vii.57. Four district
records in all; probably only vagrant here.

AGROTIDES (NOCTUAE)
CARADRINIDAE

Apatele aceris L. Melanic forms have increased; about ten per cent now have
forewings dark rather than light grey; an almost black ab. infuscata Haw. was
taken in Ottershaw trap, 3.vii.61.

A. alni L. Ottershaw trap, worn female 4.vii.59; Horsell trap, 10.vi.64; Gracious
Pond, one at light 30.v.64 (C.de W.). Though there are still only six district
records, it must be regarded as resident.

A. rumicis L. The black ab. salicis Curt. is now about five per cent of the popula-
tion and seems to be increasing.

Agrotis cinerea Hiibn. (denticulatus Haw.) Oatlands trap, two 28.v.56, making
three for the district: probably stragglers from the chalk.

Euxoa tritici L. Two forms, very distinct in appearance, size, time of emergence,
and biotope occur in the district. A large brownish form appears at Ottershaw
trap and in cultivated areas elsewhere in the second or third weeks of July and
continues into early August. A much smaller insect with almost black ground
colour but often suffused with greyish-white is locally common on the heaths

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 25

from about 20th August and lasts well into September. No differences can be
detected in the genitalia, and so far attempts to rear either form from the egg
have failed. Nonetheless, there seems to be a strong possibility that two
species are present.

Polia nitens Haw. Ottershaw trap, 26.vi.59; Horsell trap, 18.vii.56. Doubtfully
resident, certainly very scarce.

Hadena nana Hufn. The melanic ab. Jatenai Pierret in Ottershaw trap 20.vi.54.

H. conspersa Esp. Oatlands trap 11.vi.58; Horsell Park, one 25.v.60 (J.A.C.G.).
These raise the district total to five; may be resident at low density.

H. lepida Esp. Oatlands trap, 4.vi.58; Ottershaw trap, 28.v.56, 24.v.59, 13.vi.63;
Horsell trap, 11.vi.60, 5.vi.63; Horse!l Park, 1 and 17.vi.63 (J.A.C.G.).

Heliophobus saponariae Esp. (calcotrippae View.) Ottershaw trap, 21.vi.56, six 6
to 22.vi.57; none since from there or in other traps. Possibly a resident, more
probably establishing itself for a year or two only.

Eremobia ochroleuca Esp. Horsell Park, 12.viii.63 (J.A.C.G.). The fourth district
record: probably strays from the chalk.

Apamea ophiogramma Esp. Ottershaw trap 1956, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1963—13 in
all; Horsell trap, three in 1956, 1957; Horsell Park, three 1958, 1959, 1960;
Lucas Green, one 13.vii.62. Resident in marshes.

Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. Ottershaw trap, 28.x.57, 18.xi.61; Horsell trap,
5.xi.56, 22.xi.61. Scarce generally.

Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 2.ix.58, 15.viii.63; Horsell trap,
5 and 6.ix.62. Resident in marshes, but scarce.

Phalaena typica L. Ottershaw trap, 4 and 26.vii.59, 16.vii.63.

Coenobia rufa Haw. Horsell trap, four 1959. Elsewhere, very local but often
abundant.

Oria musculosa Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 7.viii.56; Hook Heath, in trap, 27.vii.56
(E.J.T.). Four district records, probably strays.

Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 18.vi.57—the last seen in the district.

L. straminea Treits. Horsell trap, 17, 21 and 22.vii.64. Elsewhere, in reed-beds.

L. albipuncta F. Ottershaw trap, 6.ix.56; second record for the district. Vagrant.

Mythimna turca L. Oatlands trap, 2.vii.57; Ottershaw trap, 30.vi.57, 16.vii.59.
Resident, but very scarce.

Laphygma exigua Hibn. Immigrant. 1957: Oatlands trap, 6.xi. 1959: Ottershaw
trap, 26.vi. 1962: Ottershaw trap, 6.v., two, 13 and 17.vii. 12 and 19.viii.;
Horsell trap, 6 and 14.v., 15.viii., 3.ix., two; Horsell Park, 13.viii. 1963:
Ottershaw trap, 23.vii.

Zenobia retusa L. Oatlands trap, 24.vii.57. Widespread, but scarce.

Cirrhia gilvago Esp. Oatlands trap, 9.1x.56; Horsell Park, 19.ix.63. Rare.

C. ocellaris Borkh. Oatlands trap, 24.ix.56; Ottershaw trap, 2.x.57. Probably
still breeding in large poplars here, as outside the area at Byfleet.

Grapholitha ornitopus Hufn. Ottershaw trap, 27.iii.56; Horsell trap, 29.11.56.
Scarce.

Cucullia absinthii L. Ottershaw trap, 1956, 1957, 1959, and larvae several years
on Artemisia absinthium L. in the garden; Horsell trap, 28.vii.63; Woking,
larvae 5.ix.59 and later years on A. vulgaris L. Now well established in the
district.

Anarta myrtilli L. Ottershaw trap, 5.viii.57. Abundant on the heaths by day.

Panemeria tenebrata Scop. Henley Gate, common 30.v.59 (R.F.B.). Very local.

Heliothis maritima Graslin. Ottershaw trap, 4.vi.59. Has become much scarcer in
its headquarters on Chobham Common, probably because of extensive fires.
Attempts to find larvae have failed.

26 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

H. peltigera Schiff. Immigrant. 1957: Oatlands trap, 3.viii.; Horsell trap, S.iv’
1958: Ottershaw trap, 9 and 23.v. Ten district records in all.

PLUSIIDAE

Acontia luctuosa Esp. Oatlands trap, two 3.vii.57, one 15.vii.58. Nine district
records in all; probably strays from the chalk.

Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 3.vii.56, two 2.vii.58; Ottershaw trap,
11.vi.59, two 21.vi. and one 27.vi.63. Probably now resident; it has extended
its range recently in Surrey.

Plusia festucae L. Chertsey Mead, 25.vi.56; Gracious Pond, 30.viii.57. Scarce in
marshes elsewhere.

P. iota L. Oatlands trap, 9.vii.57, 25.vi.58; Ottershaw trap, 13.vi.56, 3.vii.57, two
24.vi. and one 8.vii.59; Horsell trap 13 and 26.vii.56; Hook Heath, few 1956
and 1957 (E.J.T.). Apparently became commoner 1956 to 1959, but not seen
since.

Abrostola triplasia L. (trigemina Werneberg). Ottershaw trap, 24 and 30.vii.56,
§.vii.58, 23.v. and 30.vii.61. Local and rare.

GEOMETRIDES
GEOMETRIDAE

Chlorissa viridata L. Lucas Green, at light 26.vi.59 (R.F.B.). Very local.

Sterrha sylvestraria Hiibn. Lucas Green, quite common from 1958 on, rare on
other heaths.

Scopula immutata L. Horsell trap, 14.vii.64. Usually in marshes, rare.

S. marginepunctata Goeze (conjugata Borkh.). Oatlands trap, 26.v.56; Otter-
shaw trap, 17.vi.57. Three district records in all. Vagrant.

Cosymbia linearia Hubn. Horsell trap, 30.vi.62, 30.v.64. Very scarce.

Triphosa dubitata L. Ottershaw trap, 15.ix.56. Rare.

Calocalpe undulata L. Oatlands trap, 10.vi.56, a male with the central fascia and
basal patch black (figured S.L.E.S. 1956, plate II, fig. 5; J.L.M.).

Philereme vetulata Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 7.vii.59; Horsell trap, 7.vii.57. Seven
district records; presumably a very scarce resident.

P. transversata Hufn. Ottershaw trap, 16.vii.59, 20.vii.63. Almost equally rare;
11 district records.

Thera variata Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 25.x.60, 20.x.62; Horsell trap, 24.x.60,
29.ix.63, vi.64. Eight district records, but probably overlooked.

T. firmata Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 15.x.61; the second district record.

Xanthorhoe quadrifasciata Clerck. Ottershaw trap, two annually 1956-59;
Horsell trap, two in 1957; Gracious Pond, two 29.vi.57 (R.W.P.). Wide-
spread but scarce.

Colostygia didymata L. Oatlands trap, 1.vii.57; Horsell trap, 17.viii.57. Only
four district records, but probably overlooked.

Euphyia cuculata Hufn. Oatlands trap, three 1956-58; Ottershaw trap, 8.vii.57;
1 and 2.vii.61; Horsell trap, 16.vii.59; Lucas Green, one at light 7.vii.58
(R.F.B.). Resident but scarce.

Rhodometra sacraria L. Immigrant. Chobham Common, female on heather
16.ix.56; Ottershaw trap, 29.viii.58, 25.viii.59, 18.ix.61.

Eulype hastata L. Henley Gate, Pirbright, one caught flying by day 30.v.59
(R.F.B.). Third record for the district; curiously rare.

Mesoleuca albicillata L. Ottershaw trap, 22.vi.56, 18.vi.57; Horsell trap, 23.vii.60;
Horsell Park, 4.vii.57 (J.A.C.G.). Scarce.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 27

Melanthia procellata F. Horsell Park, 6.vii.59 (J.A.C.G.). Second district record.
Possibly resident, attached to Clematis in gardens.

Nycterosia obstipata F. Immigrant. 1956: Oatlands trap, 16.x.; Woking, 23.ix.
(Ent., 90:235). 1959: Ottershaw trap, 9 and 27.viii. 1961: Ottershaw trap,
10.vii., 2 and 3.ix., 15.x.; Horsell trap, two 1.ix.

Horisme vitalbata Hiibn. Ottershaw, 5.vi.58, 16.vii.59, 10, 14 and 31.v.60, 22 and
24.viii.61; Horsell trap, 28.viii.64. Rare.

H. tersata Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 30.vii.56; Ottershaw trap, 9.viii.56, 16.vii. and
8.viii.62. Rare.

Eupithecia lariciata Frey. Horsell trap, two 18 vi.59, one 22.vi.62.

E. haworthiata Doubl. Ottershaw trap, 13.vi.57, 26.vi. and 18.vii.59; Horsell,
single examples 1958 and 1959.

E. valerianata Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 25.vi.56, 16.vi.58, 30.v. and 13.vi.59.
Local in marshes.

E. plumbeolata Haw. Ottershaw trap, 25.vi.56 (teste D. S. Fletcher); Brookwood,
several at light among Melampyrum by the canal, 23.vi.57 (R.F.B.).

E. fraxinata Crewe. Ottershaw trap, several more annually from 1956; Pir-
bright, 29.vi.57.

E. sobrinata Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 1 and 6.vii.61 (teste D. S. Fletcher); Horsell
trap, 25.vii.56, 2.1x.58.

E. subnotata Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 19.viii.56, 19.viii.60, 23.vii.63; New Haw
Bridge, one by day 5.viii.56. Nowhere common.

E. subumbrata Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 20.vi.63; Horsell trap, 26.vi.60, 30.vi.61;
Lucas Green, 6.vii.58. Widespread, but scarce.

Anticollix sparsata Treits. Ottershaw trap, 4.vii.57; Horsell trap, 25.vii.56—both
some distance from the foodplant.

Abraxas sylvata Scop. Horsell trap, 18.vi.57; Fourth district record.

A. grossulariata L. Ottershaw trap, 28.vii.61; Horsell trap, 24.viii.62, 21.vii.64.
Commoner on the fringes of the district.

Ligdia adustata Schiff. Horsell trap, 26.vi.59. Scattered and scarce.

Perconia strigillaria Hibn. Oatlands trap, 26.vi.56. Rare away from the heaths,
like the next species.

Dyscia fagaria Thunb. Ottershaw trap, 21.vi.62, 19.vi.63.

Gnophos obscurata Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 3.ix.63; Hook Heath, at light 1956
(E.J.T.). Otherwise very locally common on the heaths.

Selenia lunaria Schiff. Ottershaw trap, singly 1958, 1959, 1962; Horsell trap,
singly 1956, 1961, 1963 and 1964; Horsell Park, several in most years (J.A.C.G.).
Still only taken at light.

Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. Colony Gate, Blackdown, common by day among
Vaccinium, 18.v.59 and in later years (R.F.B.). Previously recorded only from
Chertsey in 1854.

Biston betularia L. The proportion of melanic specimens appears to be still rising
slightly in the district, at any rate at Ottershaw. For the periods 1946-55 and
1956-63 complete counts at the trap gave for the black f. carbonaria Jordan
80 per cent and 81 per cent; for the intermediate f. insularia Th.-Meig. 6 per
cent and 7 per cent; for the typical form 14 per cent and 12 per cent. These
percentages contrast strikingly with those found in 1964 at Bramley, 124 miles
south and outside the district: 41.5 per cent, 13.5 per cent and 45.5 per cent.

Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb. Horsell trap, the melanic ab. fusca Tutt 26.iv.61;
apparently the only district record of it.

Ectropis crepuscularia Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 10.v.60, 31.v.63; Horsell trap,
10.v.56. Scarce in the district.

28 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

E. extersaria Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 18.vi.56; Ottershaw trap, 1957, 1959, 1963;
Horsell trap, two 1956, two 1963, one 1964. Widespread, only locally numerous.

Bupalus piniaria L. An extreme melanic male at Lucas Green, 24.vi.64 (C.de W.);
photographed at S.L.E£.S. Annual Exhibition, 1964.

PSYCHES
ZYGAENIDAE

Zygaena trifolii Esp. Henley Gate, Pirbright, a strong colony in a marshy
meadow, 14.vi.59 and later years (R.F.B.).

Procris statices L. Henley Gate, in the same meadow, 30.v.59, etc.

Aegeria tipuliformis Clerck. Horsell Park, one moth and many larval workings
in blackcurrant (J.A.C.G.); Lucas Green, many workings in old currant
bushes (R.F.B.).

A. spheciformis Schiff. Chobham Common, one moth caught settled on a birch
stem, 18.vi.55 (S.L.E.S., 1955:75); Lucas Green, many larvae in alder, 28.iv.56
and later years (R.F.B.).

Sphecia bembeciformis Hiibn. Ottershaw Park, larvae 1960 and later; Brookwood,
several larvae and pupae 1956 (R.F.B.).

COSSIDAE

Cossus cossus L. Oatlands trap, 28.v.56, 15.vi.57, 15.vii.58; Ottershaw trap,
13.vi.56, 8.vii.59, 18.vi.60. Nowhere common.

MICROPTERYGES
HEPIALIDAE

Hepialus hecta L. Horsell Park, occasional (three in 1958); once common in a
marshy patch now built over (J.A.C.G.). Very local.

PYRALES
PYRALIDAE

Galleria mellonella L. Oatlands trap, 11.viii.57; Ottershaw trap, 18.viii. and
2.ix.58.

Crambus dumetellus Hiibn. Ottershaw trap, 20.vi.46, 25.vi.50; Lucas Green,
14.vi.55. Previously recorded only from Woking heaths in 1911. Easily over-
looked, but certainly not common.

C. contaminellus Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 13 and 24.vii.57, 3.viii.58; Ottershaw
trap, regularly, 40 in all.

C. falsellus Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 29.vii.61, 22.vii.63 ; Sheerwater 1956 (S.W.).

Schoenobius mucronellus Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 25.vi.59; Gracious Pond,
24.vi.59.

Dioryctria splendidella H.-S. Oatlands trap, 16 and 28.vi.56. Mr. P. Whalley
tells me that the English specimens attributed to this species are not taxono-
mically identical with the Continental examples; but on the other hand, he can
find no clear structural differences between the former and (British) D. abietella
Schiff. The English D. splendidella are, however, mostly larger than D. abietella
and of a very different colour, especially when fresh. Moreover, both in the
district and elsewhere, they appear sporadically, usually in the company of
migratory species, whereas D. abietella occurs regularly every year and can be
bred from the cones of Pinus sylvestris L. collected on the heaths. They are
therefore retained as distinct species in this list.

Acrobasis consociella Hiibn. Chobham and Horsell Commons, larvae in spun
oak leaves, 18.vi.55 and 24.vi.56 (S.L.E.S., 1955:75, 1956:78).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 29

Hypochalcia ahenella Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 20.vi.58, 20.vi.59, 18.vi.60. May be
resident, though it is mainly a downland species.

Cateremna terebrella Germ. & Zinck. Oatlands trap, 15.vii.58; Ottershaw trap,
24 and 26.vi.59, 1.vii.61.

Aglossa caprealis Hiibn. Oatlands trap, 31.vii.58. Second district record.

Pyralis farinalis L. Ottershaw trap, 18.viii.61, 23.vii.63.

Synaphe angustalis Schiff. Oatlands trap, 24.vi.56; Ottershaw trap, 12.vii.61.

Scoparia basistrigalis Knaggs. Oatlands trap, two 29.vi.56, 9.vii.57.

SS. cembrae Haw. Ash Vale, 1945 (R.W.P.).

Palpita unionalis Hiibn. 1956: Oatlands trap, female 11.x. 1960: Ottershaw trap,
female 24.x.60. Twelve district records.

Loxostege palealis Schiff. Ottershaw trap, female 9.viii.56. Fourth district record.

Pyrausta cespitalis Schiff. Ottershaw trap, 28.vii.61. Only second district record,
but probably overlooked.

Trichoptilus paludum Zell. Horsell Common, flying in numbers, 24.vi.56; Chob-
ham Common, six larvae found 27.v.56 which produced moths about 25.vi.;
moths of the second brood were numerous 16.viii.64.

Amblyptilia punctidactyla Haw. (cosmodactyla Hiibn.) Oatlands trap, 1.vii.57.

Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop. Ottershaw trap, a few annually from 1956.

Marasmarcha lunaedactyla Haw. Ottershaw trap, 28.vi.57, 26.vi.60 and 1.vii.61.

REVISED CENSUS OF SPECIES

Probably
Of which now

Recorded probably resident Wi
Group for now or annually Col. 2

N.W. Surrey resident immigrant of
or annually in Col. 3

immigrant British Isles

(1) (2) (3) (4)
PAPILIONES 45 35 57 66.7
SPHINGES 15 9 10 90.0
BomByYCES 73 67 92 72.8
AGROTIDES 228 206 313 65.8
GEOMETRIDES 210 193 286 67.5
PsyCHEs, etc. 19 19 33 57.6
TOTAL MACROS 590 532 793 67.1
PYRALIDINA 108 99 192 51.6

Note: As compared with the census given in 1955, column 1 is increased by 22
species. Column 2 has been adjusted by adding a number of species for which
there is now an adequate presumption of residence, and by deleting some others
of which nothing has been seen since before 1950: a net gain of two macros and
eight Pyralidina. Column 3 has also been increased by 12 to cover species whose
residence in the British Isles has recently been demonstrated.

MELANISM IN NORTH-WEST SURREY

One has a strong impression that the incidence of melanism is high in the
district and is increasing, both in the number of species affected and in the pro-
portion of individuals which show it. But exact appraisal is difficult because,
though extreme melanic forms are obvious enough, in many species there is
merely a gradation of dark grey or dark brown scaling to which it is almost

30 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

impossible to apply any consistent standard of measurement of deviation from
a typical non-melanic form. The differences show up clearly when one compares
series of moths from this and other districts, but changes over the years within
the district are much harder to prove. For the classical melanic species, Biston
betularia L., exact counts have been made of the three forms from 1946 to 1963.
These show the proportion of the two melanic forms, already very high at the
beginning, have only slightly increased since. For other species, counts have been
made in certain years only and the appraisal below represents a broad assessment
of the average situation during the last ten years or so.

Species in which melanic forms are occasional only (less than one per cent of
totals counted): Mimas tiliae L., Pheosia gnoma F., Phalera bucephala L., Tethea
duplaris L. (extreme form), Drepana falcataria L., Nola cucullatella L., Spilosoma
lutea Hufn., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Triphaena comes Hiibn., Polia nebulosa
Hufn., Apamea monoglypha Hufn., Crocallis elinguaria L. (extreme form),
Apocheima hispidaria F. (extreme form), Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb., Cleora
repandata L. and Bupalus piniaria L.

Species with one per cent to ten per cent melanic: Dasychira pudibunda L.,
Apatele aceris L., A. rumicis L., Ceramica pisi L., Bombycia viminalis F., Meristis
trigrammica Hufn., Eupsilia transversa Hufn., Hydriomena furcata Thunb.,
H. coerulata F., Lycia hirtaria Clerck, Boarmia roboraria Schiff. and Ectropis
bistortata Goeze.

Species with ten per cent to 50 per cent melanic: Nonagria typhae Thunb.,
Thera obeliscata Hiibn., Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., Erannis leucophaearia
Schiff. (both melanic forms combined), Crocallis elinguaria L. (dusky speckled
form), Phigalia pedaria F., Boarmia punctinalis Scop. and Crambus contam-
inellus Hiibn.

Species with 50 per cent to 90 per cent melanic: Stauropus fagi L., Procus
strigilis Clerck, P. latruncula Schiff., Apamea crenata Hufn., Gonodontis bidentata
Clerck (dark grey form), Biston betularia L., Nephopteryx palumbella F, and
Phycita spissicella F.

Species with heavy gradation towards melanism: Drymonia trimacula Esp.,
Tethea duplaris L., T. ocularis L., Apatele megacephala F. Agrotis segetum
Schiff., A. clavis Hufn., Meganephria oxyacanthae L., Erannis marginaria Borkh.,
E. defoliaria Clerck, Apocheima hispidaria F., Biston strataria Hufn. and Cleora
repandata L.

Folly Hill,

Birtley Green,
Bramley, Guildford,
Surrey.

2nd December 1964

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' _A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
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by L. T. FORD, B.A.

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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS
Price 2/6

CONTENTS

Bretherton, R. F., Additions to the list of Macro-
lepidoptera and Pyralidina of North-west Surrey 18

Buck, F. D., Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kiist. ae
Dermestidae) damaging a book

Buck, F. D., Mecinus collaris Germ. Col, Curculi-

onidae) in N.E. Essex ai i : Cet |
Buck, F. D., Tribolium castaneum Herbst (ol

Tenebrionidae) i ina Brazilnut .. i SN
Council’s Report for 1964... me ne Le
Lewis, D. J., Sandflies and Blackflies (ip,

Piilebotaminas and Simulidae) .. 14
Proceedings .. sb) 5 os om Boe rang

Roche, C. G., President’s Address .. ape pete,

MBER poy i 1965, Part 2

The correct abbreviation is:—
**Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TwEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

ais ed E. SOUTHWOOD, B.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
Re WAS, UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

a ss : | - q '6

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 31

NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOME GROUPS OF WEEVILS
(COL., CURCULIONOIDEA)

By M. G. Morris

Mr. A. A. Allen has recently referred to the classification of such genera as
Attelabus, Apoderus and Rhynchites in his valuable paper on the British species of
Lasiorhynchites Jekel (Allen, 1964). I think most coleopterists would regard the
classification of the weevils by Kloet and Hincks (1945) as out of date, following
the detailed work of Crowson (1953). As Mr. Allen says, there is no doubt that
the removal of Cimberis from Rhynchitinae (of Kloet and Hincks) into a separate
position is justified. This arrangement was adopted not only by Crowson (1953)
and Ter-Minassian (1950) (fide Allen), but earlier by van Emden (1938), on the
basis of larval morphology. Van Emden, to avoid the creation of a separate
family for Cimberis, advocated its inclusion in Anthribidae (as a distinct sub-
family), because the larva resembles those of Anthribidae more closely than
those of Curculionidae s. Jat. This course was also followed by Anderson (1947),
as noted by Crowson.

When Cimberis is removed into a separate family, the question of the rank of
Attelabus and Apoderus as subfamilies in Kloet and Hincks, to which Mr. Allen,
with reason objects, is more open. Van Emden, who did not give family rank to
Rhynchitinae, included Rhynchitini, Attelabini and Apoderini (and the non-
British Auletini) in one subfamily. The advantage of having these tribes within
Rhynchitinae is, presumably, to indicate that Rhynchites s. lat., Byctiscus and
Deporaus are more closely related to each other than to Apoderus and Attelabus,
and that these last two genera are as distinct from each other as they are from the
Rhynchitini. If, as tentatively suggested by Crowson, Apoderinae and Attelabinae
are regarded as one subfamily within Attelabidae, the adoption of such tribes as
Rhynchitini s. str., Byctiscini and Deporaini does not enable this relationship to
be shown, unless some taxon intermediate between tribe and subfamily is used,
probably an undesirable step. This sort of problem is, of course, a common one
in taxonomy.

Mr. Allen’s observation that Hoffmann (1958) (not 1954) differs from Kloet
and Hincks in using Rhynchites s. str., Caenorhinus and Lasiorhynchites as sub-
genera rather than genera is true as far as it goes. What is not apparent from
Mr. Allen’s note is that Hoffmann follows Reitter (1916) in placing the British
species in six subgenera, not three. The subgenera used by van Emden (for the
smaller number of species of which the larvae were known) differ in some
respects from Reitter’s, although it should be pointed out that van Emden does
not refer to subgenera in his text, but merely mentions them in his key. The
table overleaf shows the generic/subgeneric assignment of the British species by
these authors.

The proliferation of subgenera within Rhynchites s. lat. seems to be as undesir-
able as the raising of Caenorhinus and Lasiorhynchites to the status of genera.
However, the study of the British species only is too insular a basis for the
expression of a sound opinion on this point; perhaps a satisfactory arrangement
will only come with a thorough revision of the family Attelabidae as a whole. It
should be noted that Kloet and Hincks were, in general, extremely sparing in the
use of subgenera in their classification of the ‘Rhynchophora’. There is much to
be said for this policy in dealing only with the small British fauna. In showing
relationships within large genera on a world scale however, subgenera are
essential.

Mr. Allen writes: ‘with such an unwieldy assemblage as the Curculionidae

32 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

KLOET & HINCKS HOFFMANN VAN EMDEN
(1945) (1958) (1938)

SPECIES (GENERA) (SUBGENERA) (SUBGENERA)
olivaceus Gyll. Lasiorhynchites Lasiorhynchites —
sericeus Herbst - se Lasiorrhynchites
cavifrons Gyll. Lasiorhynchites A —
nanus Payk. Caenorhinus Pselaphorhynchites —
tomentosus Gyll. 3 os —
longiceps Thoms. 53 #3 —
germanicus Herbst Be Coenorrhinus Coenorrhinus
aeneovirens Marsh. Ke ne —
interpunctatus Steph. as iA —
pauxillus Germ. BS ms Coenorrhinus
aequatus L. su aa —
caeruleus Deg. Rhynchites Involvulus Haplorrhynchites
cupreus L. Ms Euvolvulus Involvulus
curatus Scop. <3 Rhynchites s. str. Rhynchites s. str.
bacchus L. ae 5 —

s. lat. the more marginal groups that can with reason be split off, the better’.
Few coleopterists will disagree with this. As well as removing Cimberis and
Rhynchitinae to separate families (Nemonychidae and Attelabidae respectively)
Crowson (1953, 1956) has proposed the family Apionidae. This includes not only
Apion and its close allies, but also Ithycerinae and Eurhynchinae and the non-
orthocerous group Nanophyinae. In his study of the internal characters of the
Curculionidae s. Jat. Aslam (1961) doubted whether Apionidae should be
retained as a family. His reasons for this opinion do not appear to arise entirely
from his study of the internal anatomy of the group, indeed, he lists a number of
features in which Apionidae differ from Curculionidae s. str. in this respect, but
because ‘it is difficult to separate this family from Curculionidae on the basis of
external characters alone’. Many coleopterists may think that, on the whole,
Aslam’s work strengthens the case for separating Apionidae from Curculionidae,
rather than weakens it. Unfortunately, Aslam did not study the internal anatomy
of the interesting genus Nanophyes, nor that of any other genus of Apionidae,
except Apion.

More recently Kissinger (1963) studied the proventriculus of representatives
of 54 subfamilies of Curculionidae s. Jat. He distinguished three types of proven-
triculus: Type I, proventriculus with nonsclerotised folds. Type II, proven-
triculus with setose sclerotised plates. Type III, proventriculus with sclerotised
plates bearing tooth-like processes. Kissinger’s Type I neatly separates those
subfamilies forming the Attelabidae and Apionidae of Crowson (together with
the non-British Belidae) from the rest of the Curculionidae s. Jat. However, this
tidy arrangement is not quite as satisfactory as it seems, since Kissinger notes
that it is possible that a proventriculus is lacking in Attelabinae and Nanophyinae,
as well as in some other subfamilies, a character which would cut across the
groupings at present recognised. Kissinger was able to find a proventriculus, or a
‘structure analogous to a proventriculus’ in Apioninae, Apoderinae and Rhyn-
chitinae, also in Eurhynchinae, although Aslam (1961) suggested that a proven-
triculus was absent in Attelabidae and Apionidae.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 33

With the exception of three non-British subfamilies with a Type III proven-
triculus the whole of the rest of the Curculionidae s. Jat. falls into Kissinger’s
Type II. Crowson (1953), in considering that section of Curculionidae s. str. in
which the larvae have only two tergal folds in each abdominal segment, gave as
one of its characters, the lack of a differentiated proventriculus. Kissinger’s
work however, suggests that a differentiated proventriculus does occur in the
adults of this section, although he examined only two genera of the British
representatives of this group, Gymnaetron (sic) and Rhynchaenus. Crowson
mentioned that many of the characters of the weevils with larvae having only
two tergal folds were shared by Apionidae, and Aslam also suggested that
Rhynchaeninae were related to Apionidae, citing, among other characters, the
similar specialised central nervous system. However, Aslam showed that a similar
type of central nervous system is also found in genera not usually regarded as
closely related to either Rhynchaeninae or Apionidae, i.e. Coeliodes and Balan-
obius.

The relative importance to be attached to the resemblances of Apionidae to
Attelabidae on the one hand and to Rhynchaeninae, Mecininae and Stenopel-
minae (and possibly other groups of Curculionidae s. str.) on the other, may
remain slightly controversial and a matter of opinion. Perhaps in dealing with
such a vast group as the Curculionidae, sheer expediency might be allowed to tip
the balance in favour of a separate family Apionidae even though, contrary to my
own opinion, its characters are regarded as scarcely distinct enough for family
rank. .

The work of Crowson and other authors has clearly indicated the lines along
which a modern classification of the Curculionoidea should develop. There are,
inevitably, many points which have not been settled and a number of gaps to be
filled in our knowledge of internal and other characters. The adoption of a
modern classification by general coleopterists will lag behind its acceptance by
the taxonomic specialist, but we should see to it that this time-lag is not too long.
Some coleopterists still regard Nanophyes as ‘nothing like Apion’ basing their
judgment almost entirely on the geniculate antennae and ignoring the con-
clusive evidence of the close relationship between these two genera, evidence
which has been available for many years. The coleopterist interested in the
general biology of the Curculionoidea will welcome the increasing use of larval
and internal characters in classification. It is a welcome and necessary change
from the extreme view, still occasionally put forward, that species are nothing
more than assemblages of external morphological characters visible only in the
adult insect.

REFERENCES

Allen, A. A., 1964. On the synonymy of Rhynchites sericeus Hbst., ophthalmicus
Steph. and olivaceus Gyll. (Col., Attelabidae), Ent. mon. Mag. 100 : 49-56.

Anderson, W. H., 1947. Larvae of some genera of Anthribidae (Coleoptera), Ann. ent.
Soc. Amer. 40 : 489-517.

Aslam, N. A., 1961. An assessment of some internal characters in the higher classifica-
tion of the Curculionidae s./. (Coleoptera), Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 113 :
417-480.

Crowson, R. A., 1953. The classification of the families of British Coleoptera, Ent.
mon. Mag. 89 : 237-48.

—— 1956. Coleoptera: Introduction and key to families, Handbooks Ident. Brit.
Ins. 4 (1).

van Emden, F., 1938. On the taxonomy of Rhynchephora larvae (Coleoptera), Trans.
R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87 : 1-37.

34 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Hoffman, A., 1958. Coléoptéres Curculionides 3, Faune de France 62, Paris.

Kissinger, D. G., 1963. The proventricular armature of Curculionidae (Coleoptera),
Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 56 : 769-71.

Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1945. A Check List of Brit. Ins., Stockport.

Reitter, E., 1916. Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des Deutschen Reiches 5, Stuttgart.

Ter-Minassian, M. Y., 1950. Fauna SSSR Zhestkokrylie 27 (2) (Attelabidae).

The Nature Conservancy,
Monks Wood Experimental Station.
30th December 1964

An Infestation of Periphyllus californiensis (Shinji) (Hem. Chaitophoridae) on |
Acer species—In early May 1964 the staff at Westonbirt Arboretum near |
Tetbury, Gloucestershire reported aphids to be damaging the new growth of |
ornamental maples. The maples are widely planted in big clumps in an area of ©
113 acres and also as glades, one of which is one hundred yards long. By 13th ©
May the new growth was so heavily infested with aphid colonies that the stems
were invisible and many specimens showed severe leaf distortion. A similar
condition was found in Silk Wood about half a mile away. The aphids causing
the damage were later identified as Periphyllus californiensis (Shinji). At this time

a small proportion of the individuals had moulted into winged parthenogenetic
females, but a greater proportion were still in the last nymphal instar showing
prominent wing buds.

Of the maple species attacked, Acer palmatum Thunb, especially the varieties
dissectum (Thunb.) Maxim., ornatum (Carr.) Andre, atropurpureum (Vank.)
Schwer. and heptalobum-ozakazuki Thunb. had the heaviest infestations, although
odd trees of the latter were clear. The above are all glabrous, and although
Acer nikoense Maxim. was growing among them in the glade it remained clear
of aphids probably on account of the very pubescent leaves. Acer japonicum
Thunb. and some of its varieties being somewhat pubescent only showed slight
infestations.—C. I. CARTER, Forestry Commission Research Station, Farnham,
Surrey. December 1964.

Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) at light in N.E. Essex—A living
female Prionus coriarius (L.), our largest longhorn beetle, was brought to me for
examination by Mr. Basil Harley. The insect was found by his wife when it
arrived at a lighted window of his home at Great Horksley on the night of
14.viii.65. The species is recorded from the Colchester area by Fowler (1890,
Col. Brit. Is., 4:219), though the present writer is not aware of any recent records,
or of any records of the species at light. It is almost certain any of our lepidop-
terists would have recorded the species, or brought it to the attention of a
coleopterist had it turned up at their light. In this respect it would perhaps
appear to resemble Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col., Scarabaeidae), a rare
species which occasionally appears at light in the home, but seldom, if at all, at
the lepidopterist’s light. Late July and August is the normal time for P. coriarius,
when it may be taken by searching among the debris and loose top soil in the
crevices at the base of trees in which the beetle is known to be feeding, and also
along the sides of the exposed roots. Trees infested with this insect usually look
sickly and in poor foliage. The example here recorded was released in the area
where it was captured by Mr. Harley.—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree,
Colchester, Essex, 16th August 1965.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 35

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA)
: IN BRITAIN

By L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.

The identification of the Phoridae, in particular the species of the genus
Megaselia, is difficult. This has discouraged the capture of these flies. The
general attitude of collectors is shown by such remarks as those of Dr. F. W.
Edwards, who collected in Perthshire with Messrs. R. B. Benson, W. H. T. Tams
and Dr. K. G. Blair in June 1932. In reporting on the Diptera taken, he said of
the Phoridae: ‘Although members of this family were abundant on all the hills,
little attention was paid to them because of the time and care needed for their
collection.’

In this country, Mr. C. N. Colyer has specialised in the family for many years
and has kindly determined my captures of these small flies. They were taken in
general collecting of Diptera. Many species of the family are found ‘scuttling’
over leaves of shrubs and the lower branches of trees, on their trunks, ‘swarming’
in the air close to shrubs and trees, and on carrion and fungi. Many were caught
in flight by merely sweeping the air whilst walking through woodland.

Their distribution in Britain was given by Dr. J. H. Wood (1906-14) in a
series of articles, with keys, based mainly on his collecting in Herefordshire.
H. Schmitz (1938) published a detailed list for Ireland of 117 species after
collecting there in 1937, also incorporating data from the National Museum,
Dublin, and other published records. English county lists are few; e.g., Gloucester
23 (Audcent), Somerset 30 (Audcent), Northumberland and Durham 11 (Ford-
ham), and Suffolk 35 (Aston).

My captures, and odd specimens taken by friends for me, are recorded below
as a contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of the family in the various
counties of this country. As major habitats in the localities have changed over
the years, dates are given in case species have disappeared and the record is of
historical interest. Flight periods of adults are summarised in months and shown
in roman figures. Where no habitat is stated, the species was taken in general
sweeping of vegetation or the air space about herbage.

Genera are listed in the order of the Check List of British Insects, 1945, of
G. S. Kloet and W. D. Hincks but species are in alphabetical order for ease of
reference.

Aneurina curvinervis (Becker), iv. NORFOLK, Scolt Head Island, 11.iv.1937,
collected by M. Hose.

A. thoracia (Meigen), v—x. PEMBS., Dale, 4.viii.48, disturbed from heather clump;
5.viii.48, in Castle Beach wood. SUFFOLK, Cattawade, 29.vii.53. SURREY,
Bookham Common, 10.x.48; Box Hill, 1.vi.41, on oak trunk; Limpsfield
Common, 13.vi.38, on sycamore trunk; Mitcham Common, 10.vi.52, on
sycamore trunk; Oxshott, 19.x.64. sussex, Three Bridges, 6.v.49.

A, unispinosa (Zetterstedt), vi, x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.x.48, 12.vi.49,
in oak wood; Limpsfield Common, 4.vi.39, in oak wood.

A. urbana (Meigen), iv—v. HERTS., Ivinghoe, 15.v.38. SURREY, Bookham Common,
13.iv.58, on bole of oak; Mitcham Common, 17—24.iv.49, males swarming,
flying to and fro, individuals alighting from time to time on shaded trunks of
poplar trees, up to four feet from the ground.

Chaetopleurophora erythronota (Strobl), vii—viii. CORNWALL, Lelant, 8.viii.41, a
pair in cop. on wet rocks of sea cliff. surFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley,
25.vii.53; Flatford, 20.vii.51, in shade of tree-lined lane.

36 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Triphleba collini Schmitz, iii. Essex, Langdon Hills, 26.iii.46, running on
bramble leaf in oak wood.

T. distinguenda (Strobl), v. SUSSEX, Three Bridges, 6.v.49.

T. intermedia (Malloch), iv. SURREY, Bookham, 11.iv.41.

T. intempesta (Schmitz), xii. SURREY, Bookham Common, 12.xii.48, in trench of a
grass heath at edge of oak wood.

T. lugubris (Meigen), v. SURREY, Ranmore Common, 30.v.48, in oak wood.

T. minuta (Fabricius), ix—x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 5.x.47, many females
on the fungus Pholiota spectabilis Fr. (det. E. M. Wakefield); Oxshott, 28.ix.47,
many females on the same species of fungus (det. C. P. Castell).

T. nudipalpis (Becker), iv-ix. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
22.ix.64. MIDDLESEX, Cripplegate, City of London, 24.iv.48 and 26.vi.48, on
bombed site.

T. opaca (Meigen), ii. SURREY, Mitcham Common, 15.ii.48, on surface of muddy
ditch in the gravel pit area near Mitcham Junction station.

T. papillata (Wingate), iii—vii. Essex, Epping Forest, 7.v.49. NORTHUMBERLAND,
Wooler, 4.iv.43. PERTHS., Glen Lyon, 14.vii.55. suRREY, Bookham Common,
11.11.51, in oak wood; Limpsfield Common, 4.vi.39, in oak wood.

Spiniphora bergenstammii (Mik), v. HERTS., Stevenage, many of both sexes
emerged 31.v.51 ex the Roman Snail Helix pomatia L. per J. F. Shillito.
SURREY, Coulsdon, 19.v.54.

Beckerina umbrimargo (Becker), v. BUCKS., Wendover, 29.v.49, in shade of
trees at side of stream. SURREY, Worms Heath, 21.v.39.

Diploneura abbreviata (von Roser), viii. DORSET, Osmington, 15.viii.48, in
woodland.

D. concinna (Meigen), vii-ix. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.51 and 27.ix.64.
KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 14.1x.64. SUFFOLK, East Bergholt,
Great Martin Hill Wood, 27.vii.53.

D. funebris (Meigen), viii. CORNWALL, Hayle, 2.viii.49, on ivy of hedgerow.

D. glabra Schmitz, vi-viil. KENT, Brook, 22.viii.64. OxON., Oxford, July 1952, found
in food taken by a Swift, Apus apus L., nesting in the University Museum
tower. SURREY, Mitcham Common, 23.vi.56, on bramble leaf under a haw-
thorn; 5.viii.57, visiting the flower of Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L.

D. nitidula (Meigen), iv-x. BERKS., Windsor Forest, 3.vi.61. KENT, Eynsford,
15.vili.37. MIDDLESEX, Cripplegate, City of London, 19.viii.50, on bombed
site. PEMBS., Dale, 4.viii.48, in clump of heather. suFFOLK, Dodnash Wood,
Bentley, 18.vii.51 and 25.vii.53. SURREY, Bookham Common, 13.iv.47, visiting
flowers of sallow, Salix atrocinerea Brot., 12.x.47 and 10.x.48, at foot of oak;
Coulsdon, 31.v.48, visiting flowers of Keck, Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoftm.;
Limpsfield Common, 7.vi.36 and 17.vi.38, in oak wood; Merstham, 30.ix.51,
at foot of oak; Oxshott, 12.x.54; Thornton Heath, 8.vii.45, 25.vi.50 and
6.vi.64, in garden.

D. pilosella Schmitz, iv-ix. KENT, High Halstow, 24.viii.52, on concrete post by
station; Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 22.ix.64. oxON., Whitchurch,
6.viii.5O. SUFFOLK, Westleton, 2.vi.52. SURREY, Headley, 16.vii.50; Selsdon,
20.iv.52, on trunk of beech; Thornton Heath, 25.vi.50, in garden.

D. versicolor (Schmitz), vii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
23.vii.64.

Phora aterrima (Fabricius), iv-ix. CORNWALL, Hayle, Phillack. DoRsET, Moreton
Heath, Osmington. Essex, Benfleet. HANTS., Brockenhurst. HUNTs., Wood
Walton Fen. KENT, Stone, Strood, Swanscombe, Upnor marshes. MIDDLESEX,
Cripplegate (also taken by P. W. E. Currie and A. W. Jones). oxon., Oxford,

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 37

Whitchurch. PEMBs., Dale. PERTHS., Glen Lyon, Rannoch Black Wood.
SUFFOLK, Butley. SURREY, Beddington, Bookham Common, Coulsdon, Horsell
Common, Kingston Hill, Limpsfield Common, Mitcham Common, Wisley.
SUSSEX, Tilgate Forest. A widely distributed species that has been found to
visit the flowers of Keck, Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., of Torilis japonica
(Houtt.) D.C., of Sea Aster, Aster tripolium L. It is generally seen scuttling
over the leaves of such trees and shrubs as hazel, hawthorn, ivy, sallow,
wayfaring-tree, oak, thistles, rhododendron. Males have been found swarming
in the air close to trees such as sallow, oak and hawthorn, rising to eight feet
from the ground as they danced in the air. It has been found in the food of
the swift nesting in the University Museum tower at Oxford.

P. edentata Schmitz, viix. ESSEX, Benfleet 13.vi.64. KENT, Blean Woods National
Nature Reserve, 14.ix.64. SURREY, Bookham Common, 26.vi.60; Riddlesdown,
13.vii.64. This is an addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and
Hincks.

P. holosericea Schmitz, vii. cAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.51.

P. tincta Schmitz, v—vi. ESSEX, Benfleet, 13.vi.64. HANTS., Matley, New Forest,
19.vi.49. SURREY, Beddington sewage farm, 4.ix.64; Bookham Common,
28.vi.64. SUSSEX, Three Bridges, 6.v.49.

Borophaga femorata (Meigen), iv. SURREY, West End Common, Esher, 14.iv.52.

B. incrassata (Meigen), vili-ix. CORNWALL, Angarrack, 5.viii.49; Bodmin, 16.viii.36
and 20.viii.36, in hedgerow; Carbis Bay, 15.viii.35, on hazel leaves; Hayle,
24.vili.47 and 13.viii.49, on bramble leaves; Phillack, 9.viii.49, on ivy leaves.
DORSET, Egype, 1-16.viii.38, collected by A. M. Low; Moreton Heath,
19.viii.48. PEMBS., Dale, 9.viii.48. SURREY, Godstone, 6.ix.36.

Conicera dauci Meigen (atra Meigen), iii-xi. CORNWALL, Hayle, 4.ix.46, on ivy,
17-21 .viii.47, visiting flowers of Hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium L. and of
Angelica sylvestris L. HERTS., Broxbourne, 7.v.50. PEMBS., Dale, 1.viii.48, visit-
ing flowers of Heracleum sphondylium L. and 10.viii.48, visiting flowers of
Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 18.vii.51;
Flatford, 11.vii.51, visiting flowers of Heracleum sphondylium L. SURREY,
Bookham Common, 27.iii.48, on oak trunk, 9.xi.47, in oak wood; Coulsdon,
DEAK Te

C. floricola Schmitz, vi-ix. CAMBS., Wicken Fen, 18.vi.50. SURREY, Mitcham
Common, 18.vii.48. sussex, Tilgate Forest, 4.ix.49.

C. minuscula Schmitz, vii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
23.vii.64. This is an addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and
Hincks.

Plectanocnema nudipes (Becker), iv. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature
Reserve, 30.iv.64.

Gymnophora arcuata (Meigen), vi-vii. SUFFOLK, Flatford, 17.vii.51, in damp lane
shaded by trees. SURREY, Bookham Common, 11.vi.39 and 11.vii.54; Headley,
16.vii.50; Limpsfield Common, 8.viii.37, on oak tree bole, 25.vi.39, on bracken.

G. quartomollis Schmitz, iii, vi-vii. HANTS., Matley, New Forest, 19.vi.49.
SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 18.vii.51; Flatford, 20.vii.51. sURREY,
Bookham Common, 16.vi.46, 12.vi.48, 11.vi.61; Limpsfield, 5.iii.39, female on
dead rabbit.

Pseudacteon formicarum (Verrall), vi. SUSSEX, Robertsbridge, 30.vi.60, ‘a female
ovipositing on the backs of ants’, collected by P. Roper.

Megaselia (s.gen. Megaselia) albicaudata (Wood), vii. INVERNESS, Aviemore,
4.vii.60.

38 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

M. (M.) albidohalteris (Felt), vi-x. KENT, All Hallows, 20.viii.50. suRREY, Book-
ham Common, 3.x.48, 12.vi.49, 10.vii.49.

M. (M.) angusta (Wood), iv, vii-ix. CORNWALL, Phillack, 7.viii.49, on ivy.
INVERNESS, Loch an Eilein near Aviemore, 7.vii.60. KENT, Blean Woods
National Nature Reserve, 22.ix.64. PERTHS., Glen Lyon, 14.vii.55. SURREY,
Godstone, 25.vi.64.

M.(M.) angustifrons (Wood), v, ix. HUNTS., Wood Walton Fen, 5.ix.64. KENT,
Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 27.v.64.

M. (M.) bovista (Gimmerthal), viii, x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.x.48.
SUSSEX, Robertsbridge, 11.viii.62, collected by P. Roper from a nest of the
yellow ant Lasius flavus (F.).

M. (M.) brevicostalis (Wood), iv, vii-ix. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 27.ix.64.
ESSEX, Wrabness, Stour wood, 19.vii.51. KENT, Brook, 22.viii.64. SUFFOLK,
East Bergholt, Great Martin Hill Wood, 27.vii.53. SURREY, Box Hill, 22.iv.51;
Ranmore Common, 29.vii.51; Woldingham, 13.vii.64.

M.(M.) breviterga (Lundbeck), v. SURREY, Oxshott, 30.v.64.

M.(M.) coacta (Lundbeck), vii. SURREY, Headley, 16.vii.50.

M. (M.) discreta (Wood), vii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
23.vii.64.

M. (M.) errata (Wood), viii. CORNWALL, Phillack, 7.viii.49.

M.(M.) flavicans Schmitz, xi. SURREY, Bookham Common, 14.xi.48.

M. (M.) frontalis (Wood), vi. SURREY, Box Hill, 11.vi.52.

M.(M.) fuscinervis (Wood), vii. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.51.

M.(M.) giraudii (Egger), iv—viii. CORNWALL, Hayle, 18.viii.47, visiting flowers of
Angelica sylvestris L., 23.viii.47, on window. ESSEX, Benfleet, 11.vi.60. HERTS.,
Watford, 22.v.55. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 30.iv.64,
12.v.64, 4.vi.64; Swanscombe, 9.v.64. MIDDLESEX, Cripplegate, 18.vi.55.
SUFFOLK, Flatford, 28.vii.53. SURREY, Bookham Common, 26.vi.60; Ranmore
Common, 29.vii.51.

M.(M.) gregaria (Wood), vi. SURREY, Bookham Common, 12.vi.49.

M. (M.)halterata(Wood), vili-x. KENT, All Hallows, 20.viii.50. suRREY, Bookham
Common, 10.x.48.

M. (M.) hilaris Schmitz, viii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
25.viii.64. This is an addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and
Hincks.

M.(M.) infraposita (Wood), vii. SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 18.vii.51.

M. (M.) longicostalis (Wood), v—vili. CORNWALL, Hayle, 23.viii.47, on window.
ESSEX, Wrabness, Stour Wood, 19.vii.51. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature
Reserve, 14.vii.64. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.v.64.

M. (M.) longiseta (Wood), vii. SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 25.vii.53.

M.(M.) lutea (Meigen), v—ix. INVERNESS, Loch an Eilein near Aviemore, 7.vii.60.
KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 23.vii.64, 25.viii.64, 14.ix.64.
SURREY, Oxshott, 30.v.64.

M.(M.) luteipes Schmitz, xi. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.x1.46. This is an
addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and Hincks.

M. (M.) mallochi (Wood), iv, vi. SURREY, Beddington sewage farm, 24.vi.62;
Limpsfield Common, 18.iv.48, visiting the flowers of Wood-sorrel, Oxalis
acetosella L.

M.(M.) melanocephala (von Roser), viii. CORNWALL, Hayle, 21.viii.47.

M. (M.) mixta (Schmitz), viii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
20.viii.64.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 39

M. (M.) picta (Lehmann), vi-vii. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.51. SURREY,
Limpsfield Common, 24.vi.64.

M. (M.) pleurispinulosa (Zetterstedt), vi, ix. KENT, Ashford, 24.vi.45, Blean Woods
National Nature Reserve, 16.vi.64, 25.viii.64, 22.ix.64. SURREY, Bookham
Common, 12.vi.60; Coulsdon, 27.ix.58; Limpsfield Common, 24.vi.64.

M. (M.) propinqua (Wood), viii. KENT, All Hallows, 20.viii.50.

M. (M.) pseudogiraudii (Schmitz), vy. SURREY, Farthing Downs, Coulsdon,
10.v.46, in hedgerow, 23.v.59.

M.(M.) pulicaria (Fallén), iii-x. EssEx, Ongar Park Wood, 1.v.49. HUNTs, Wood
Walton Fen, 5.ix.64. SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 18.vii.51; Butley,
4.vi.52. suRREY, Ashtead Common, 19.x.64; Bookham Common, 13.iii.49, in
grass tufts, 11.vi.61, at edge of pool in wood; Druids Grove, Mickleham,
7.v.61; Mickleham Downs, 7.x.56; Oxshott, 19.x.64; Woldingham, 13.vii.64.

M. (M.) pygmaea (Zetterstedt), vi-x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 3 and 10.x.48,
10.vii.49, 11.vi.SO.

M. (M.) pygmaeoides (Lundbeck), vii. SUFFOLK, Flatford, 8.vii.51, visiting
flowers of Hemlock, Conium maculatum L.

M. (M.) ruficornis (Meigen), vi-viii. CORNWALL, Hayle, 23.viii.47, on window.
SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley, 25.vii.53. SURREY, Bookham Common,
12.vi.49; Mickleham, 17.vi.51, collected by P. W. E. Currie on the Roman
snail Helix pomatia L.

M. (M.) scutellariformis (Schmitz), v-vi. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature
Reserve, 27.v.64; Darenth Wood, 26.vi.64.

M. (M.) sinuata Schmitz, vii-xi. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 27.ix.64. PERTHS.,
Glen Lyon, 14.vii.55. SURREY, Bookham Common, 14.xi.48; Limpsfield
Common, 24.vi.64; Riddlesdown, 13.vii.64.

M. (M.) subtumida (Wood), ix-x. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 27.ix.64. KENT,
Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 13.x.64.

M. (M.) sulphuripes (Meigen), iii. SURREY, 13.iii.49, in grass tufts.

M.(M.) tarsalis (Wood), viii. KENT, All Hallows, 20.viii.50.

M. (M.) tenebricola Schmitz, vii. INVERNESS, Loch an Eilein near Aviemore,
7.vii.60. SURREY, Woldingham, 13.vii.64.

M. (M.) tumida (Wood), v-ix. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.S1, 27.ix.64.
KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 16.vi.64, 13.x.64. SUFFOLK,
Minsmere, 25.v.52. SURREY, Bookham Common, 1.ix.35, 9.xi.47, on bracken,
10.vii.49; Ranmore Common, 15.v.55.

M.(M.) uliginosa (Wood), x. SURREY, Oxshott, 19.x.64.

M. (M.) verna Schmitz, vii-x. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
22.ix.64, 13.x.64. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.vii.49; Thursley Common,
31.vii.60.

M.(M.) vernalis (Wood), iii. SURREY, Bookham Common, 14.iii.43, on telegraph
pole at edge of path through an oak wood.

Megaselia (s.gen. Aphiochaeta) aequalis (Wood), vii-x. KENT, Brook, 22.viii.64.
OxON., Oxford, July 1952 in food of young nestling swift at University Museum
tower. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.vii.49; Merstham, 30.ix.51, at base of
tree; Oxshott, 19.x.64.

M. (A.) alticolella (Wood), vii. SUFFOLK, Flatford, 17.vii.51, in lane.

M. (A.) basispinata (Lundbeck), iv, vii, x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 3.x.48,
10.vii.49; Thornton Heath, 16.iv.49, on window.

M. (A.) beckeri (Wood), ix. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 27.ix.64.

M. (A.) ciliata (Zetterstedt), i-iv, vii-x. ANGUS, Edzell, 14.iii.48, collected by D.

Leston. CORNWALL, Hayle, 21.viii.47. SOMERSET, Charterhouse, 24.vii.55;
x

40 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Failland, 23.vii.55. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.x.48, 11.i1x.49, 13.11.49, on
oak near remains of workings of hymenopteron, 14.ix.52, on bracken, 13.iii.60,
running on powdered rotten beech log, 10.ix.61; Oxshott, 19.x.64. SUSSEX,
Robertsbridge, 12.1.62, collected by P. Roper near a mouse nest in hollow
tree, 1.iv.62, emerged from litter of mouse nest, P. Roper.

M. (A.) coaequalis Schmitz, iii, vil, x. SUFFOLK, Dodnash Wood, Bentley,
25.vii.53. SURREY, Oxshott, 19.x.64; Thornton Heath, 14.iii.60, in house
running on screen of television set that was in use.

M. (A.) conformis (Wood) (not confirmis as in Kloet and Hincks’ Check List), v.
HERTS., Watford, 22.v.55.

M. (A.) dahli (Becker), viii. PEMBS., Dale, 4.viii.48.

M. (A.) diversa (Wood), vi-x. HUNTS., Wood Walton Fen, 5.ix.64. KENT, Blean
Woods National Nature Reserve, 23.vii.64, 20.viii.64; Farningham, 19.vi.55.
SOMERSET, Charterhouse, 24.vii.55. SUFFOLK, Tuddenham, 27.ix.64, SURREY,
Mickleham, 17.x.54; Oxshott, 12.x.54, 19.x.64.

M. (A.) fuscovariana Schmitz, vi-vii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature
Reserve, 16.vi.64, 29.vi.64, 14.vii.64.

M. (A.) hortensis (Wood), vii. SUFFOLK, Flatford, 8.vii.51, on window.

M.(A.) hyalipennis (Wood), vii. PERTHS., Bridge of Balgie, Glen Lyon, 11.vii.55.

M. (A.) latifrons (Wood), vii. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 1.vii.51. Essex, Bradfield,
16.vii.51, in an area of Scirpus.

M. (A.) lucifrons (Schmitz), vii. INVERNESS, near Kinveachy, Aviemore, 9.vi.60.

M. (A.) manicata (Wood), iv. SURREY, Bookham Common, 13.iv.52.

M. (A.) meconicera (Speiser), tii—vii. DORSET, Swanage, 8.v.55, on window. KENT,
Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 23.vii.64. NORTHUMBERLAND, Wooler,
21.ii1.43.

M. (A.) meigeni Becker, viii. SURREY, Horsley, 20.viii.39.

M.(A.) pectoralis (Wood), vi-x. CAMBS., Chippenham Fen, 27.ix.64. KENT, Blean
Woods National Nature Reserve, 4.vi.64, 23.ix.64. PERTHS., Glen Lyon,
13.vii.55, at about 3,000 feet. suRREY, Mickleham, 17.x.54; Oxshott, 10.x.64,
very numerous.

M.(A.) pleuralis (Wood), iv-x. CORNWALL, Hayle. ESsEx, Wrabness, Stour Wood.
HANTS., Matley Bog, New Forest. HUNTS, Wood Walton Fen. KENT, Blean
Woods National Nature Reserve, Farningham. MIDDLESEX, Harefield. PERTHS.,
Coshieville, Rannoch Black Wood. suFFOLK, Butley, Chillesford, Dodnash
Wood, Flatford. surrey, Banstead Wood, Bookham Common, Godstone,
Mickleham, Oxshott, Riddlesdown, Thornton Heath, West End Common,
Esher. sussex, Tilgate Forest. Widely distributed and occurring in a variety
of habitats including an isolated elder bush on sandhills (towans) and visiting
the flowers of Ivy, Hedera helix L.

M. (A.) pollex Schmitz, v. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
27.v.64. This is an addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and
Hincks. Mr. C. N. Colyer tells me that it was previously known from Portugal
and Spain.

M. (A.) projecta (Becker), v—x. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
23.v.64, 29.vi.64, 23.vii.64, 20.viii.64. SUFFOLK, Butley, 1.vi.52; Dodnash Wood,
Bentley, 18.vii.51. suRREY, Limpsfield, 24.vi.64; Mitcham Common, 7.vi. 47,
on leaves of sallow; Oxshott, 19.x.64.

M. (A.) pumila (Meigen), vi-x. INVERNESS, near Loch Ruthven, 11.vii.60, Loch
Garten, 10.vii.60. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 14.vii.64,
20.viii.64; Darenth Wood, 26.vi.64. MORAY, Lochindorb, 9.vii.60. SURREY,
Bookham Common, 11.vi.61; Oxshott, 24.vi.51, 12.x.54.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 4!

M. (A.) ractica (Schmitz), vii. INVERNESS, near Kinveachy, Aviemore, 9.vii.60.
This is an addition to the Check List of British Insects of Kloet and Hincks.
M. (A.) rufipes (Meigen), iv-x. CORNWALL, Hayle, 6.x.39; Lelant, 6.x.39. HERTS,
Ivinghoe, 15.v.38. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 4.vi.64.
MIDDLESEX, St. Johns Wood, London, 10.ii.48, 11.vii.48, collected by D.
Leston; Hendon, from leaves of Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech, col-
lected by J. E. Lousley, I bred six females on 1.vii.39. A male Pegomya bicolor
(Wied.) (Dipt., Muscidae) emerged on the same day from the leaf mine and
from the midrib were bred five males of Norellisoma spinimanum (Fallén)
(Dipt., Cordiluridae). NORTHUMBERLAND, Wooler, 4.v.43. OxON., Oxford, two
found in meal of a swift, July 1952, nesting in the University Museum tower.
SURREY, Limpsfield Common, 21.vii.46, on bracken, 18.iv.48, visiting flowers
of Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella L.; Mitcham Common, 19.v.37, on haw-
thorn; Norbury Park, emerged on 18.viii.47 from a flowerhead of Red Cam-
pion, Melandrium rubrum (Weig.) Garcke, collected by Mr. M. Niblett on
19.vii.47; Selsdon Wood, bred on 25.vii.47 by Mr. M. Niblett from Goat’s-
beard, Tragopogon pratensis L., collected 17.vi.47; Thornton Heath, 24.vi.39,

in garden.

M.(A.) stichata (Lundbeck), vi, x. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.x.48, 11.vi.50.

M. (A.) subpleuralis (Wood), viii. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve,
25.viii.64.

M. (A.) superciliata (Wood), vi. SURREY, Limpsfield Common, 24.vi.64.

M. (A.) variana Schmitz, v-ix. BERKS., Windsor Forest, 3.vi.61. CAMBS., Chip-
penham Fen, 27.ix.64. KENT, Blean Woods National Nature Reserve, 27.v.64,
4 and 29.vi.64, 23.vii.64, 20 and 25.viii.64. SUFFOLK, Butley, 1.vi.52; Dodnash
Wood, Bentley, 25.vii.53. SURREY, Bookham Common, 10.vi.51, 12.vi.60.

Plastophora emarginata Wood, vi-vii. SURREY, Bookham Common, 11.vi.50;
Box Hill, 30.vii.60. This species was removed from the genus Megaselia by
Mr. C. N. Colyer in 1957.

Phalacrotophora berolinensis Schmitz, vi. HERTS., Watford, 16.vi.57, a swarm of
both sexes on trunk of a larch.

P. fasciata (Fallén), vi-vii. HANTS., New Forest, Bolderwood, 20.vi.51 and
Rhinefields, 21.vi.51, both collections by Mr. C. N. Colyer. SUFFOLK, Flatford,
8.vii.51 and 17.vii.5i. SURREY, Wisley, bred August 1938 from pupae of Anatis
ocellata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) by Mr. K. M. Guichard.

SUMMARY

1. A list is given of 111 species of Phoridae taken in Britain with some details of
habitats.

2. The list mentions 23 counties. Species totals for these are: Angus 1, Berk-
shire 2, Buckinghamshire 1, Cambridgeshire 12, Cornwall 14, Dorset 4,
Essex 11, Hampshire 5, Hertfordshire 7, Huntingdonshire 5, Inverness 7,
Kent 40, Middlesex 6, Moray 1, Norfolk 1, Northumberland 3, Oxfordshire 5,
Pembrokeshire 5, Perthshire 7, Somerset 2, Suffolk 25, Surrey 69, Sussex 9.

3. Six species are additional to the Check List of British Insects of G. S. Kloet
and W. D. Hincks: Phora edentata Schmitz, Conicera minuscula Schmitz,
Megaselia hilaris Schmitz, M. luteipes Schmitz, M. pollex Schmitz, M. ractica
Schmitz.

REFERENCES

Aston, A., 1957. The Diptera of Suffolk. Family XX VI. Phoridae. Trans. Suffolk Nat.
Soc. 10 : 223-7.

42 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Audcent, H. L. F., 1949. Bristol Insect Fauna (Diptera). Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 27 :
464-470.

Colyer, C. N., 1957. A new species of Plastophora (Dipt., Phoridae) from England; a
short discussion of the evolution of the present concept of the genus and a key
for the identification of the world species. Brotéria. Serie de Ciéncias. 26 : 75-87.

Edwards, F. W., 1933. Some Perthshire Diptera. Scottish Nat. 1933 : 116-7.

Fordham, W. J., 1945. A Preliminary List of the Diptera of Northumberland and
Durham. Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne. 7 : 225-6.

Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1945. A Check List of British Insects. Stockport.

Schmitz, H., 1938. On the Irish species of the Dipterous Family Phoridae. Proc. Roy.
Trish Academy 44 : Sect. B.9 : 173-204.

Wood, J. H., 1906-14. On the British Species of Phora. Ent. mon. Mag. 42, 44, 45, 46
48, 50.

94, Fairlands Avenue,
Thornton Heath,
Surrey.

10th March 1965.

ARGOLAMPROTES MICELLA SCHIFF. (LEP. GELECHIIDAE)
TAKEN IN BRITAIN

By ALAN KENNARD

Among a small collection of micros which I passed to Mr. S. Wakely recently
for determination was one specimen with which he was not familiar. He submitted
it to Mr. J. D. Bradley of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, who
determined it as Argolamprotes micella Schiff., a species hitherto unrecorded
from the British Isles.

The insect was captured at mercury vapour light at Ide, Devon, on the out-
skirts of Exeter, on the night of 17.vii.63. The light was situated on a south-west
facing slope overlooking the village on the edge of a residential area.

The species is apparently quite widespread on the continent. It feeds in May
and June on Rubus spp., principally raspberry, and probably feeds on the pith.

In the vicinity of capture most gardens possess cultivated raspberry, but some
200 yards distant is a small orchard and open hedgerow where there is a greater
concentration of Rubus, and the insect may be breeding here.

The moth measures about 13 mm across the forewings, which are dark brown
with a strong brassy sheen and marked with scattered, conspicuous, silvery-
white specks and spots as shown in the illustration; the cilia are dark grey and
have no markings. The head, thorax and tegula are dark brown with a strong
purple and violet iridescence. The labial palpi are very long and slender, smoothly
scaled and a uniform pale yellow in colour. The hindwings and abdomen are
dark grey.

I am indebted to Mr. Bradley for determining the insect and particularly to
Mr. Wakely for his help in making this note possible. Mr. Arthur Smith has
kindly depicted the moth.

Torns,
Ashburton,
Devon.

14th May 1965

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

au by
-. hie

43

Argolamprotes micella Schiff. x 14

44 PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

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45

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

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48 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

PROCEEDINGS

11th FEBRUARY 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Conosomus bipunctatus (Grav.) (Col., Staphylinidae)
from a rotting tree stump on the banks of the Darenth at Farningham, Kent,
7.11.65. This insect was first recorded in Kent by J. J. Walker, from Chatham
(Fowler, 1888, Col. Brit. Is., 2 : 192). There appears to be no further record for
the country. The species is very local and rare throughout Britain. The most
recent record seems to be from Epping Forest.

Mr. C. G. Rocne—Examples of female Sceliphron spirifex L. (Hym.,
Sphecidae). Two from Port Harcourt, Nigeria, on the creeks of the Niger delta
and two from N.W. Sardinia. Attention was drawn to the two different types of
county, one being tropical rain forest of the Ethiopian region and the other arid
country in the Palearctic region. Dr. B. J. MacNulty gives some interesting
biological notes on this species (1962, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961 :
118-133) in which the exhibited species is illustrated. The distribution of S.
spirifex ranges from the Mediterranean basin and southern Europe to the Cape
of Good Hope.

Mr. P. A. GoppDARD—Photographs of the oecophorid moth Pleurota bicostella
Clerck and the gelechiid moth Anacampsis blattariella Hiibn. (betulinella Vari).
The latter appears to be common among the birches on Harrow Weald Common,
Middlesex.

Mr. H. Last—Philonthus parcus Sharp (Col., Staphylinidae) which he ex-
hibited 12.x.61 as Philonthus felix Tott. At that time it was thought to be new to
science and was to have been published by the Rev. C. E. Tottenham. It was as
well that he has delayed so long because about three months ago while identifying
some Australian material specimens of P. parcus, a species named by Sharp from
Japanese specimens in 1874, were discovered. This species appeared familiar and
on comparison it was found that P. felix was in fact P. parcus; and is therefore a
species new to the British list. It is very similar to P. cephalotes Grav., but the
microsculpture of the head is more broken and the pronotum is without micro-
sculpture altogether. The puncturation of the elytra is not so dense as in P.
cephalotes but denser than in P. pachycephalus Nord. The size varies but generally
it is slightly larger than either species. The unmistakable difference is in the
arrangement of the pegs on the inner face of the paramere and to a lesser extent,
the shape of the paramere. The species has now occurred in Kent, Cambridge,
Sussex and Cheshire, often in numbers. It does not appear to have been recorded
from Australia before.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. B. J. MACNuLty asked Mr. C. G. Roche if the habits of Sceliphron
spirifex L. were the same in Sardinia as he had recorded in Nigeria; and Mr.
Rocue replied that he had only seen the two specimens shown and had therefore
been unable to study its habits.

The meeting closed with a series of coloured slides shown by Dr. DE Worms
and Messrs. HAYNES, VALLINS, UFFEN, BRADFORD and B. R. BAKER. Miss
BROOKE showed some black and white slides.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 49

25th FEBRUARY 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—Two live melanic geometrid moths, Erannis leu-
cophaearia Schiff. and Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. both taken at light at Woking,
Surrey.

Mr. J. E. Cooper—(1) A skull of the Chinchilla, Chinchilla laniger, showing
mal-occlusions, a condition of the teeth effected partly by the genetic make-up
of the animal and partly by methods of feeding. Similar tooth problems occur
even in the wild rodents, an example being overgrown incisors, a condition seen
in the Grey and Red Squirrels, Sciurus carolinesis Gmelin and S. vulgaris L.
Inability to feed and even death may result. (2) The completely wingless Sheep
Ked, Melophagus ovinus (L.) (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) and the Swift Louse-fly,
Crataerina pallida Lat. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae), a species with vestigial, non-
functional wings.

Dr. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL—Two live female hybrids of the geometrid moths
Nyssia zonaria Schiff. and Lycia hirtaria Clerck.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of Batia lunaris Haw. (Lep., Oecophoridae)
taken on Stanmore Common, Middlesex, 2.viii.64; and Epinotia paykulliana F.
(Lep., Tortricidae), the form with pale costal region, taken on Harrow Weald
Common, Middlesex, 22.viii.64.

COMMUNICATIONS

In a reply to a question by Mr. R. F. Haynes, Dr. KETTLEWELL replied that
the moths exhibited paired readily. Mr. R. M. Mere asked why the moths
should be melanic, and Dr. Kettlewell said that the chromosome numbers were
different. The black chromosome in one of the species does not have a corres-
ponding chromosome in the other, and thus it cannot be dominated; the moths
are therefore all melanic.

Dr. B. J. MACNULTY read an article from the Guardian which gave an account
of the bracken on Ilkley Moor, Yorkshire, dying off because of an unknown
disease.

A talk was given by Dr. Kettlewell accompanied by a film on ‘The Origins of
Melanism in Lepidoptera’.

11th MARCH 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MasseeE—Procas armillatus (F.) (Col., Curculionidae), a species
rarely taken by coleopterists. Its headquarters appear to be the headlands of
arable fields at the foot of the South Downs behind Brighton, Sussex, occuring
under stones in the spring and autumn. At one time it was known from Battersea
Fields and also in a locality near Bristol, Gloucestershire; there is also a doubtful
record from Norfolk, and it is now interesting to record the species at East
Malling, Kent. It was found in a similar habitat to that at Brighton, under a
stone on the headland of an arable field in August.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—The fungus Daldinia concentrica (Bolton ex Fr.) Ces & de
Not., from Epping Lower Forest, Essex. This fungus is the food plant of several

50 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

beetles and, when growing on burnt gorse, of the microlepidopteron Apomyelois
neophanes Durr. (Daldinia Knot-horn).

Mr. P. A. GoDDARD—Photographs of Caloptilia elongella L. (Lep., Litho-
colletidae) and the uniformly orange form of Ypsolophus radiatellus Don.
(Lep., Plutellidae). Both moths were abundant in a small wooded area on a
heath in Dorset in early September 1964. The great predominance there of the
orange form of Y. radiatellus Don., together with the orange C. elongella L.,
suggested there might be some advantage in the orange coloration in that particu-
lar spot. A photograph of the one streaky example of Y. radiatellus found among
the orange form was also shown.

Mr. R. W. J. UrFEN—A birthday card showing a moth larva in an apple.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (Col., Dermestidae) discovered
at the base of a chimney behind a gas fire, where apart from the usual dust and
fluff there was a piece of fatty meat and two crusts of bread. These had obviously
been dropped by birds from the chimney stack.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced that three books had been presented to the library
by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs. He also announced that the Treasurer, Mr. D. W.
Thorpe-Young, had resigned the office, and he thanked him for his services and
in filling the position when Mr. J. D. Henderson was unable to continue. The
vacancy created will be filled by Mr. F. T. Vallins who was also thanked for
offering his services.

Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTy read a letter from the British Trust for Ornithology
concerning the current survey on the Wryneck. He asked members to let him
have details of the Wryneck they had seen or heard, and he also asked for any
evidence of a connection between the availability of ants and the distribution of
the Wryneck.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER, commenting on the Anthrenus verbasci (L.) shown by
Mr. Bradford, said they were known to live in nests in the lofts of houses, often
entering the occupied part of the house through cracks in the ceiling. Mr.
R. W. J. UFFEN said he had seen the species on flowers in the garden and that
these beetles were probably living in pigeons’ nests; he added that he had known
one to chew through a six-inch pile of clothing in a drawer in search of food.
Mr. S. M. Davies said that he had seen them in a bowl lampshade. D.D.T. and
acetone, said Dr. A. M. MAssEE, are useful in keeping the numbers of the beetles
down.

Mr. R. Tubbs asked members attending the Blean Wood field meeting not to
take too many Melitaea athalia Rott. Previously many had been taken at Hadley
Wood in Essex, and the species was now scarce there. Dr. MASSEE said he
thought none at all should be taken.

Mr. D. LesTON gave a talk on the “Origins of Insect Flight’.

25th MARCH 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs, taken during the present month, of
Diurnea fagella F. (Lep., Oecophoridae) and Acleris ferrugana Schiff. (fissurana
Pierce) (Lep., Tortricidae). The D. fagella F. were reared from larvae, the pupae
being brought indoors in mid-February; there have been no signs yet of an
emergence in the wild in the Harrow Weald and Stanmore areas of Middlesex.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 51

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr. P. A. Gopparp said that he had not seen many Depressaria species and
asked if any other member had noticed their paucity, he added that the numbers
of macrolepidoptera appeared to be about normal. Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON
remarked that he had taken some in traps and had seen some on windows.
Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said he had come across about four Depressaria only. He
observed that their low numbers might be due to the destruction of many places
in which Cow Parsley grows.
Dr. R. M. Fox gave a talk on ‘Entomology in America’.

8th APRIL, 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. M. P. CLIrFroN—A young living gecko taken in Sicily, from beneath a
fallen piece of prickly pear, on a hill above Messina.

Mr. P. A. GoppDARD—Photographs of Telphusa alburnella Dup. (Lep., Gele-
chiidae) which is common on Stanmore Common, Middlesex, in August.
Previously this species was known only from a few localities in the north of
England.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Male catkins of Salix x lanata L. He drew attention to the
size of the catkins and their lateness.

Dr. A. M. MAssEE—Five examples of Badister anomalus (Perris) (Col., Cara-
bidae) from reed litter in March 1963 and March 1965, at the edge of the Military
Canal at Pett Level, East Sussex. This insect was first recorded in England in
July 1954, when Mr. Frewin found two specimens at Swyre, Dorset.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A living example of Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff.
(Lep., Noctuidae) taken in his light trap at Woking, Surrey.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. F. T. VALLINS read the Treasurer’s Report for 1964 which had been
postponed from the Annual General Meeting and moved its adoption. The
motion was seconded by Mr. P. A. GopDARD and was carried unanimously.

Mr. P. A. Gopparb said that after the last meeting, when he had commented
on the very small numbers of Depressaria and allied species, he had seen plenty
of Agonopterix applana F. (Lep., Oecophoridae).

Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said that on a recent visit to the New Forest he had
seen very many Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep., Pieridae). He added that the moths
were coming to light in good numbers as well.

The meeting closed with a talk, illustrated by coloured slides, ‘Collecting
Lepidoptera in the Atlas Mountains, N. Africa, in July 1963’, given by Mr.
H. G. ALLCARD, which he followed with a short film on “The Life History of
Charaxes jasius L’.

22nd APRIL, 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS
Mr. P. A. GoppARD—(1) Photographs of eriocraniid moths taken during the
last two weeks including Eriocrania semipurpurella Steph., and at least one other
species as yet unidentified. (2) Photographs of the tineid moth Monopis rusticella
Hiibn., bred from a bird’s nest this March.

52 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Dr. A. M. MAssEE—The very local and uncommon weevil, Ceuthorhynchus
suturellus Gyll., a species confined to Kent, where it has been recorded from
Snodland (Walker and Champion), Hythe (Tylden) and Blarstead, near Maid-
stone (Gorham). All in the last century. It is therefore of interest to record its
presence in a wood in east Kent, where it is associated with Cuckoo Flowers,
Cardamine pratensis L. and the Large Bitter-cress, C. amara L. The adult weevil
feeds on these plants in the latter part of April and early May.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Mosses collected in Wistmen’s Wood, Dartmoor, Devon,
18.iv.65, by Dr. Patrick Roche: Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst., Plagio-
thecium undulatum (Hedw.) B. & S. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. var.
filiforme Brid.

Mr. S. A. WiLLIAMs—Raymondronymus marqueti (Aube) forma typica from
the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Surrey, 10.viii.64. This weevil, previously
unrecorded from Britain, was taken in the open, walking on the surface of the
soil. It is described by Hoffmann in Faune de France 2 : 779, as being found in
Central Italy and the Garron district of S.W. France. The beetle is blind and
lives in soil. Little is known of its life history and the larva is unknown. Thanks
are due to Mr. R. T. Thompson for the determination.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera: Pterostichus macer (Marsh.)
and Lionychus quadrillum (Duft.) (Carabidae) from Nagden Marsh, N. Kent,
17.iv.65; and Meligethes kunzei Er. (Nididulidae), from flowers of Cardamine
pratensis L., Blean, Kent, 18.iv.65.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said that the identification of one of the eriocranid moth
photographs exhibited by Mr. Goddard, might be found in the paper by Mr.
Heath (1958, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957 : 115-125). However, Mr.
Goddard said he had consulted this work but had failed to obtain a determina-
tion. The PRESIDENT asked if there was any sexual dimorphism in these moths,
and Mr. Goddard replied that several of the photographs showed moths pairing
but these appeared to be similar in pattern.

13th MAY 1965
A Vice-President, Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop, in the Chair
The death was announced of Mr. F. J. Coulson.
EXHIBITS

Dr. B. J. MacNuLty—(1) Prerostichus angustatus (Dufts.) (Col., Carabidae)
from Epping Forest, Essex; an addition to the list of Coleoptera from this area
(Buck, 1955, Ent. mon. Mag., 91 : 174-192). The species was first taken in England
in 1916 by Sharp and Tomlin in Berkshire and has occurred at Westerham, Kent;
Woking, Surrey and in Windsor Forest, Berkshire. (2) Bembidion geniculatum
Heer (redtenbacheri K. Daniel), from Macclesfield, Cheshire. Attention was
drawn to Dr. Joy’s record (1926, Ent. mon. Mag., 62 : 9) from the Sheffield area of
Yorkshire, which led the exhibitor to speculate if the species was confined to the
Peak District. Also shown for comparison was B. tibiale (Dufts.).

Dr. A. M. Massee—The common and widely distributed water-measurer,
Hydrometra stagnorum (L.) (Hem., Hydrometridae) which had been recorded
throughout the British Isles. The apterous form is the more usual, while microp-
terous and brachypterous forms are sometimes present. During the field meeting
at Higham Marshes, 2.v.65, a number of the exhibited macropterous forms were

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 53

found in a dyke near the Thames estuary. This form is very rare in the British
Isles.

Mr. M. P. Ciirron—Two living spiders. (1) A male Dolomedes fimbriatus
(Clerck) taken on the Basingstoke Canal, Farnborough, Hants, on the field
meeting, 24.iv.65. It is a wide-spread but uncommon spider, being confined to
the edges of larger pieces of water. (2) A female Philodromus histrio (Lat.) taken
on heather near Fleet Pond, Hampshire. This spider is also wide-spread, but rare.
A batch of eggs laid by this arachnid during the previous week-end was also
shown.

Mr. S. WAKELY—Some cocoons which he had been unable to identify, he
asked if other members could help him. (See also p. 54).

Mr. T. R. EAGLtes—The fungus Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr., found at
Farningham Wood, Kent during the field meeting, 9.v.65. It has the appearance
of growing on the soil, but is generally attached to buried sticks or bark.

Mr. P. A. GoppAarp—Photographs of Eriocrania sparrmannella Bosc. (Lep.,
Eriocraniidae), and of young larvae of Pseudoips prasinana L. (bicolorana
Fuessl.) (Lep., Noctuidae) taken on the Ash Vale field meeting, 24.iv.65. The
P. prasinana L. larvae were dark brown, very well camouflaged on the tips of
oak twigs. As the oak buds burst, the larvae became green with red-brown
markings, exactly matching the colour of the buds. The larvae are now entirely
green and blend with the foliage.

Mr. C. G. Rocue—An article from The Times of 11th May 1965 which com-
mented on the odd names of our Lepidoptera.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. M. P. CLirTon said that he had bred Anthocharis cardamines L. (Lep.,
Pieridae) in 1962 and a female butterfly had this year emerged from a chrysalis of
that brood which had long been considered dead.

One of the insects in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), said Mr. R. M. MERE,
had come to life when being soaked off its card mount. He was unable to say to
what Order the insect belonged.

Mr. A. SMITH reported that he had taken an example of an east Asian ceram-
bycid beetle at a window on the first floor of the entomology block at the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) (see also page 54).

Having just returned from the Burren, Co. Clare, Mr. Mere said the weather
had been very bad, but he had seen Anthocharis cardamines L. and Pieris napi L.
(Lep., Pieridae) on the wing. He added that he took Odontosia carmelita Esp.
(Lep., Notodontidae) which was a new record for Co. Cork; and Lycia hirtaria
Clerck which, though common in England, proved to be a new record for Co.
Clare.

Referring to Mr. Wakely’s exhibit, Mr. S. N. A. Jacops suggested that the
cocoons might be the work of spiders, but Mr. A. SMITH thought they may have
been made by coccids.

27th MAY 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

The PrEsIDENT—A male syrphid fly, Brachyopa scutellaris R.-D., taken on the
Horsley field meeting, 15.v.65. He also exhibited one of the phaonine muscids
which it closely resembles.

54 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Mr. M. P. Ciirron—Eggs of the sphingid moth, Celerio livornica Esp., from a
female taken at Basingstoke, Hampshire, 21.v.65.

Mr. A. SmitH—(1) The cocoons shown by Mr. S. Wakely at the previous
meeting (page 53). They had now been identified by the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) staff as the coccid, Luzulaspis luzulae Duf. (2) The cerambycid beetle
Chlorophorus annularis (F.) which was reported at the previous meeting (page 53)
being found on a window of the entomology block at the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.). The distribution of this species is India and south-east Asia.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A living example of the butterfly Aporia crataegi L.,
bred from a larva, taken by him at Ifran, Morocco.

Dr. B. J. MACNuULTY—Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.) and C. nigricornis (F.) both
from Canyey Island, Essex, 26.iv.64; these magnificent carabs are local and
unfortunately seem to be only found singly.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of Metriotes modestella Dup. (Lep.,
Coleophoridae) and Pancalia leuwenhoekella L. (Lep., Heliodinidae), both taken
on the Horsley field meeting, 15.v.65.

COMMUNICATIONS

Attention was drawn to an article in the New Scientist in which it was said that
the entomologist himself was the greatest threat to rare species.

A Hoopoe, Upupa epops L., was reported by Miss W. M. A. BROOKE to have
been seen near Alton, Hampshire.

Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs gave a talk ‘A Natural History Tour of South Africa’,
which he illustrated by coloured slides.

10th JUNE 1965
A Vice-President, Mr. C. G. Rocue, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. Gopparp—Photographs of the gelechiid moths Telphusa luculella
Hubn., taken on the Hook Common field meeting, 23.v.65, and Xenolechia
aethiops Westw., taken on the Horsell Common field meeting, 25.v.65.

Dr. A. M. MaAssee—Several adults of the dermestid beetle, Ctesias serra (F.)
found under the loose, dry bark, of deciduous trees. The larva of this beetle
also occurs under the same circumstances and feeds on flies and other small
insects caught in the webs of spiders. The ‘woolly bear’ larvae are typical of
species in the family. Adults are very rarely found in the field, and most examples
in collections have been reared from larvae. Those exhibited came from Moccas
Deer Park, Herefordshire.

Dr. C. G. M. DE WormMs—Puss Moth larvae and an imago from Morocco.
When at Azran in eastern Morocco this May a Puss moth was found at the
window of the hotel which laid a number of eggs. Though Seitz (Macrolepi-
doptera of the World, Palaearctica, 2 : 288) considers the exhibited species a form
of Cerura vinula L. under the name of deloroiei Gashet, there is every reason to
accord it specific status. Unlike D. vinula L. it lays ova in batches and the larvae
feed gregariously, often doing much damage to poplars. These larvae, now in
their last instar, differ appreciably from those of D. vinula L. in that the saddle
has no angle in it, while the imago is generally more smoky in ground colour
with darker hindwings.

Mr. S. A. WitttaMs—Thalassophilus longicornis (Sturm) (Col., Carabidae). A
single example of this very local insect, taken on the banks of the river Lune near

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 55

Lancaster, 14.v.65. The species is recorded from a few northern counties and
Derbyshire and Shropshire. It was first recorded from Broughton, Lancashire,
about 20 miles from this latest capture.

Mr. A. S. WHEELER—Saturnia pavonia L. (Lep., Saturniidae). A mixed
gynandromorph bred 14.v.65, with a typical pair for comparison.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera taken at Moccas, Hereford-
shire, 6.vi.65: a series of Nitidula rufipes (L.) (Nitidulidae) from Fallow Deer
bones, and a single example of Malthodes crassicornis (Macklin) (Cantharidae)
swept from beneath old oaks.

COMMUNICATIONS

Acherontia atropos L. (Lep., Sphingidae), Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss reported, had
been taken near Perth, and two Celerio livornica Esp. (Lep., Sphingidae) had
been taken at Bristol, Gloucestershire, and another at Bournemouth, Hampshire.

A talk ‘Agricultural Chemicals and Conservation’ was given by Dr. B. N. K.
Davis, illustrated by both coloured and black and white slides.

24th JUNE 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
The deaths were announced of Mr. C. A. Woolacott and Mr. J. L. Henderson.

EXHIBITS

Mr. M. P. CitrroN—A female Celerio livornica Esp. taken from amongst
grass on a lawn at Basingstoke, Hampshire, 21.v.65; and several larvae from eggs
obtained from this moth. In all about 250 eggs were laid, but about ten per cent
were infertile. Since then losses have reduced the brood to about 150 larvae.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera: Ampedus (Elater) pomonae
Steph., from rotten alder, Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire, 16.v.65; A.
elongatulus F., Ham Street, Kent, 12.vi.65; Athous villosus (Geoff.), bred from a
pupa found in an old oak, Moccas, Herefordshire, 6.vi.65; and Ctenicera
(Corymbites) nigricornis (Panz.), Ham Street, 12.vi.65 (Elateridae); Phytoecia
cylindrica (L.) (Cerambycidae) Coombe Hill, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire,
7.vi.65; Saprinus cuspidatus (ths.) (Histeridae) near Mildenhall, W. Suffolk
13.vi.65.

Mr. P. A. GoppArD—Photographs of Argyresthia retinella Zell. (Lep.,
Yponomeutidae) and Fumaria casta Pall. (Lep., Psychidae) wingless female on
larval case.

The PrEsIpENT—A living example of the trypetid fly Ditricha guttularis
(Meig.) taken in the Wye Valley, 19.vi.65.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. A. RypDon said that last week between Newmarket and Thetford he had
nearly knocked down a Hoopoe, Upupa epops L., with his car.

The habits of the moths of the Argyresthia group, said Mr. P. A. GODDARD, he
had found interesting. Argyresthia nitidella F., a common hawthorn species, he
had seen swarming on oak. The birch feeder, A. retinella Zell., he had also found
swarming on oak. He asked if any other members who noticed this kind of
behaviour would let him have details. One of our Oxford members, the PRESIDENT
said, was breeding these moths in an attempt to discover more about their life-
histories.

56 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Dr. RyDON commented on the method he used to record Nightingales,
Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm, singing. In Africa they are quite quiet and only
sing in the daytime, so they are difficult to record against background noises,
but in England recording is easier because they react very strongly if a recording
of their voice is played back to them. This was probably the male asserting his
territorial authority. Mr. T. G. Howartu asked if the Nightingales in England
reacted to recordings made in Africa. To which Dr. RYDON replied that he had
not tried this, but he added that he had got a Nightingale to come within five
feet of him.

Referring to Mr. Clifton’s exhibit, Mr. R. F. HAynes asked what foodplant he
was feeding his C. livornica Esp. on, and Mr. CLIFTON replied he had been using
dock.

FIELD MEETINGS, 1965

HIGHAM MARSHES, KENT—2nd May, 1965
Leader: Dr. A. M. MASsSsEE

A party of 17, composed of members of this Society and the Kent Field Club,
attended. The day was fine, but not too warm, and proved ideal for field work.
The dykes near the Thames estuary were worked during the morning, but later
in the day members moved towards the centre of the marshes.

Tea was taken at the Chequers Inn, Lower Higham. Mr. Last, the well-known
shepherd of Higham Marshes, joined us during the afternoon and remained for
tea.

Collecting was carried out with great enthusiasm, no less than 108 species of
insects were recorded, as follows: Coleoptera: Notiophilus substriatus Wateth.,
Dyschirius liidersi Wagner, Badister bipustulatus (F.), Anthracus consputus
(Dufts.), Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.), Harpalus rufipes (Deg.), Stomis pumicatus
(Panz.), Pterostichus macer (Marsh.), P. longicollis (Dufts.), P. strenuus (Panz.),
Amara familiaris (Dufts.), A. plebeja (Gyll.), A. montivaga (Sturm), Bembidion
iricolor Bedel, B. lunulatum (Fourc.), B. fumigatum (Dufts.), B. clarki Dawson,
B. minimum (F.), B. varium (Ol.), B. normannum Dej., B. assimile Gyll., B.
articulatum (Panz.), B. genei Kiist. s.sp. illigeri Netolitzky, Agonum marginatum
(L.), Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Microlestes maurus (Sturm), Metabletus trun-
catellus (L.), Brachinus crepitans (L.), Haliplus lineatocollis (Marsh.), H. immacu-
latus Gerh., Noterus capricornis (Herbst), N. clavicornis (Deg.), Hyphydrus
ovatus (L.), Hydroporus pictus (F.), H. palustris (L.), Gyrinus natator (L.),
Enochrus ochropterus (Marsh.), E. testaceus (F.), E. melanocephalus (Ol.), E.
quadripunctatus (Herbst), Laccobius minutus (L.), L. biguttatus Gerh., Cymbiodyta
marginella (F.), Hydrochus elongatus (Schall.), Hydrobius fuscipes (L.), Anacaena
limbata (F.), Helophorus aquaticus (L.), Ochthebius marinus (Payk.), O. bicolon
Germ., Cercyon atomarius (F.), C. analis (Payk.), C. haemorrhoidalis (F.), C.
melanocephalus (L.), Xantholinus fracticornis (Miull.), Lathrobium multipunctatum
(Grav.), Sunius propinquus (Bris.), Oxytelus laqueatus (Marsh.), Platystethus
nitens (Sahlb.), Conosomus testaceus (F.), C. lividus (Er.), Tachyporus nitidulus
(F.), 7. chrysomelinus (L.), T. hypnorum (F.), Stenus boops Ljungh, S. juno
(Payk.), Brachygluta helferi (S.-G.), Leiodes oblonga Er., Hister neglectus (Germ.),
H. unicolor L., Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt., Monotoma brevicollis Aubé, Anthicus
constrictus Curt., A. antherinus (L.), Dryops striatellus Fairm. & Bris., Heter-
ocerus fenestratus (Thunb.), Onthophagus vacca (L.), Aphodius fossor (L.), A.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 57

granarius (L.), A. pusillus (Herbst), A. ater (Deg.) and Tanysphyrus lemnae
(Payk.).

Odonata: Ischnura elegans (V. d. Lind.).

Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Tingis cardui (L.), Piesma quadratum (Fieb.) one
developed, Orius laevigatus (Fieb.) (niger Wolff), Saldula palustris (Dougl. &
Scott), Hebrus pusillus (Fall.), Hydrometra stagnorum (L.) several developed,
Microvelia pygmaea (Dufts.), M. reticulata (Burmeister) one developed, Gerris
thoracicus Schummel, G. lacustris (L.), G. odontagaster (Zett.), Nepa cinerea L.,
Ilyocoris cimicoides (L.), Notonecta viridis Delcourt, Plea atomaria (Pallas),
Cymatia coleoptrata (F.), Corixa punctata (lll.), Hesperocorixa linnei (Fieb.),
Sigara dorsalis (Leach), S. falleni (Fieb.), S. distincta (Fieb.) and S. concinna
(Fieb.).

HORSLEY, SURREY—15th May 1965
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

Only a small party of members availed themselves of this superb spring day for
this meeting. Metriotes modestella Dup., a moth with a very short emergence
period, was found sitting on the flowers of Stellaria holostea L. at the edges of
the wood south-west of Horsley station. The larvae later feed on the seeds of this
stitchwort. A man sat in statuesque pose on a dead tree trunk in a clearing,
reading a newspaper, whilst we collected larvae of Eana incanana Steph. from
the flowers of the bluebells growing about his feet.

As we walked towards the Sheep Leas it became really hot, so lunch was taken
in the shade of the trees behind the church. May blossom was already fully out
here.

Hamearis lucina L. and Pyrgus malvae L. were on the wing and Pancalia
leuwenhoekella L. and Glyphipterix cramerella F. were beginning to make their
appearance. Larvae of Pempelia sp. were numerous in webs in the soil about
thyme on some ant hills. Few insects could be disturbed from the fields that until
recently were cultivated.

On the steep slope leading down into the lane to East Horsley, a few shoots of
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. were found to contain larvae of Mompha
conturbatella Hiibn.; they have a characteristically shrivelled, but fresh appear-
ance, as though attacked by frog-hoppers (Cercopidae). Burdock (Arctium sp.),
in the neighbouring woods, was as peppered as ever with holes made by the
larvae of Pterophorus galactodactylus Schiff. The larvae gather on the youngest
leaves at the centre of the plant. The attack may at once be distinguished by the
woolly edges to the holes, where the larvae have avoided eating the felted hairs
beneath the leaf. This year, no parasites were reared from a dozen larvae.

The membracid, Centrotus cornutus (L.) was one of the many insects that
posed for its picture to be taken by the close-up photographers in the party.

HOOK COMMON, HANTS.—23rd May 1965
Leader: Mr. J. EAGLES

Eight attended. It was overcast at times but no rain fell. In the morning Hook
Common was worked. It is characterised by large quantities of Genista anglica L.
on which Apion genistae Kirby, larvae of Coleophora genistae Staint. and Stom-
opteryx albipalpella H.-S. were found; Serratula tinctoria L., mined by a few

58 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Coleophora peripenella Zell. (alcyonipennella auct.); and Stachys officinalis L. In
other parts Succisa pratensis Moench. abounds, and in a boggy area Gentiana
pneumonanthe L. grows, with Pedicularis sylvatica L. and Achillea ptarmica L.
nearby.

On the birch bushes were many larvae including Lasiocampa quercus L.,
Trichiura crataegi L., Achlya flavicornis L., Geometra papilionaria L. and Salebria
betulae Deg. There were also imagines such as Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. and
Telphusa luculella Hiibn. Many beetles were taken and it was pleasing to see
again Clytus arietus (L.) and Anaglyptus mysticus (L.).

After lunch the party drove to Odiham for a visit to the Basingstoke Canal.
The large growth of the fungus Polyporus squamosus Fr. which was admired the
year before was still flourishing. Donaciid beetles, mostly Plateumaris sericea
(L.), were present although not so abundantly as a year ago. The plants growing
in the canal were very beautiful. One stretch was white with the flowers of
Ranunculus aquatilis L. At other places Potamogeton natans L. was dominant
with its spikes of flowers protruding from the water. There were also Hippuris
vulgaris L., Hottonia palustris L. and Menyanthes trifoliata L. On Glyceria
maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. the commonest flies were Odontomyia tigrina (F.) and
Cheilosia albitarsis Meig.

At the end of the day some of the party explored a field near the cricket ground
and found the Adder’s Tongue Fern, Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

HORSELL COMMON, SURREY—29th May 1965
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

The weather was unpleasantly cold and windy, but a party of nine members
were grateful that, although there were only momentary gleams of sun, there
was no rain.

The area to the Ottershaw side of the sandpits was worked before lunch.
Larvae of Buckleria (Trichoptilus) paludum Zell. were found on sundew. Beating
and searching birch, oak and sallow produced numerous larvae, including
Archiearis (Brephos) parthenias L., Achlya flavicornis L., Euproctis similis Fuessl.
and the usual spring geometers. From pine trees very small larvae of Panolis
flammea Schiff. and one larva of Ellopia fasciaria L. (prosapiaria L.) were beaten.

Imagines included Macrothylacia rubi L., males in flight; Anarta myrtilli L.;
a male Dyscia fagaria Thunb. at rest on a bare patch of damp earth; and a single
example of Xenolechia aethiops Westw. in a recently burnt area.

Butterflies were few but several Pararge megeria L. and P. aegeria L. were
disturbed, and one Callophrys rubi L. was found at rest on oak.

Microlepidoptera were fairly plentiful, but nothing of unusual interest was
reported beyond the XY. aethiops West. already mentioned.

After lunch the party moved to the Gracious Pond area of Chobham Common
where one larva of Quercusia (Thecla) quercus L. was found on a telegraph pole.
No more were seen in spite of beating the nearby oaks.

CASSIOBURY PARK & WHIPPENDELL WOOD—26th June 1965
Leader: Mr. P. A. GODDARD

Nine members of the combined South London and Amateur Entomologist’s
societies met at Watford station, and started by working the water meadows
between the Grand Union Canal and the river Gade. From the beginning the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 59

absence of most butterflies was very noticeable, in spite of the sunshine; this was
thought to be caused partly by the rather cool wind, and the cool weather during
the preceeding week. Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey and Coenonympha pamphilus L.
were seen in small numbers. Moths disturbed from the undergrowth included
Nymphula stagnata Don., Hypena proboscidalis L., Amathes c-nigrum L., Spilo-
soma lubricipeda and worn examples of Xanthorrhoe montanata Schiff. Ole-
threutes lacunana Schiff. was unexpectedly scarce, but Anthophila fabriciana L.
was so abundant as to make collecting microlepidoptera somewhat difficult.
Larvae discovered by the younger members included Aglais urticae L. and, on
Epilobium hirsutum L., Clepsis costana F.

After the water meadows the party transferred their attention to the edge of
the golf course. Nemotois degeerella L. was in evidence in the more wooded
parts, and Tortrix viridana L., Hedya nubiferana Haw., Crambus pratellus L.,
Agriphila culmella L. and Euphyia bilineata L. were seen. The bugs Heterogaster
urticae (F.) and Leptopterna dolobrata (L.) were also reported.

After lunch the party moved to Whippendell Wood, where the following
Lepidoptera were noted: Polyommatus icarus Rott., Ectypa glyphica L., Noctua
pronuba L., Apotomis turbidana Hibn., Argyresthia retinella Zell. and Epinotia
tenerana Schiff.

The leader stumbled upon a colony of Lathronympha strigana F. on Hypericum
pulchrum L., and found many larvae in spun shoots of this plant. Unfortunately
most were parasitised.

Spiders recorded by Mr. D. Stimpson included Pirata piraticus (Clerck),
Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Tibellus oblongus (Walck), Arctosa perita (Latr.) and
Araneus cucurbitinus (Clerck).

KNOWLE PARK, KENT—4th July 1965
Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE

Fourteen naturalists representing the London Natural History Society, The
Kent Field Club and The South London Entomological Society met at the
Fawke Common entrance to the park at 11 a.m.

The day was fine with the exception of a brief shower during the lunch break.
The party consisted mainly of coleopterists and hemipterists who spent the day
examining fallen trees and beating oak and beech. The two dipterists in the
party left the main body and collected around the ponds where flies were more
plentiful.

During the day many interesting species were noted, from which the following
list was compiled:

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Aradus depressus (F.), Tingis cardui (L.), Tem-
nostethus gracilis Haw., T. pusillus (H.-S.), Xylocoris cursitans (Fall.), Loricula
elegantula (Barens.), L. pselaphiformis Curt., Phylus melanocephalus (L.), P.
palliceps Fieb., Psallus perrisi Muls. & Rey, P. variabilis (Fall.), P. quercus
(Kirsch.), P. varians (H.-S.), Orthotylus tenellus (Fall.), Phytocoris dimidiatus
Kirsch., P. reuteri Saund., P. ulmi (L.), Saldula orthochila (Fieb.).

COLEOPTERA: Carabus problematicus Herbst. s.sp. gallicus Gehin, Abax
parallelepipidus (Pill. & Méitt.), Agathidium sp., Anisotoma humeralis (F.),
Conosomus bipunctatus (Grav.), Euplectus sp. with Myrmica scabrinidis Nylander
(Hym., Formicidae), Malthinus frontalis (Marsh.), Athous villosus (Geoff.),
A. hirtus (Herbst), Synchita separanda Reitt., Bitoma crenata (F.), Cerylon fagi

60 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Bris., Ptilinus pectinicornis (L.), Xylophila populnea (Panz.), Vincenzellus viri-
dipennis (Lat.), Phloiotrya rufipes (Gyll.), Aphodius zenkeri Germ., Psylliodes
affinis (Payk.), Rhagium mordax (Deg.), Leiopus nebulosus (L.), Rhynchaenus
quercus (L.), R. fagi (L.), Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst), Platypus cylindrus (F.).

LEPIDOPTERA: Aglais urticae L., Scoparia ambigualis Treits., Hada nana
Hufn., Euphyia bilineata L., Hypena proboscidalis L., Crambus pratellus L.,
C. hortuellus Hiibn., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Tinea semifulvella Haw.,
Colostygia pectinataria Knock., Argyresthia glaucinella Zell., Fumaria casta
Pall. female, Sterrha aversata L., Anthophila fabriciana (L.), Hepialus hecta L.,
Gypsonoma sociana Haw., Prays curtisellus Don.

Two species of fungus were noted, Russula lutea (Huds. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray
and Grifola sulphurea Fr.

The introduced plant from New Zealand, Epilobium nerterioides A. Cunn. was
also brought to the attention of the party by Mrs. K. C. Side.

Delayed emergence from pupa in Lepidoptera—During the season of 1962 I was
breeding Anthocharis cardamines L. (Pieridae) and one of the pupae failed to
hatch. Assuming it to be dead I placed it in my collection. In May this year a
female emerged. Since it was unable to find a suitable foothold on the side of the
drawer it was slightly damaged, but the wings were still limp when found and it
soon recovered when placed in a box with rough sides.—M. CLIFTON, Farn-
borough, Hants, 5th June 1965.

Celerio livornica Esp. (Lep., Sphingidae) in Hants.—On 21.v.65 my niece found a
female Celerio livornica Esp. in the grass on a lawn at Basingstoke. During the
following week this moth laid approximately 250 eggs, most of which appear to
be fertile—M. CLirton, Farnborough, Hants, 5th June 1965.

Pterostichus angustatus Dufts. and Bembidion geniculatum Heer (redtenbacheri
K. Daniel) (Col., Carabidae)—Dr. MacNulty’s exhibit at the meeting of 13th May
1965 (page 52) is of more than a little interest. Prerostichus angustatus Dufts.,
the present writer has taken in Ongar Park Wood, only a mile or so away in a
direct line from the northern end of Epping Forest. This species is usually
associated with burnt ground, and the Ongar Park Wood specimens were taken
where tree fellers had burnt the trimmings and chippings when a stand of Scots
Pine had been cleared. The beetle occurred regularly during 1947 and 1948 in
the months of May, July and August. In view of the proximity of the two locali-
ties it is not surprising to find the species recorded from the forest, but it would
be of interest to know the circumstances of the Epping Forest capture. On
Ockham Common, Surrey, the present writer also found the species, and again
among burnt pine, though when Mr. C. N. Hawkins went for it a week or so
later he was unable to find it. Normally the species is transitory, remaining in a
situation only so long as the burnt conditions are suitable; but this does raise the
query, as with all these species associated with burnt conditions, where do they

.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 61

get to between times? In addition to the counties Dr. MacNulty mentioned with
his exhibit the following are also given by Moore (1957, Ent. Gaz., 8 : 178):
Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Notts, Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire.

The Bembidion geniculatum Heer record is of more importance, and would
appear to be a new county record (Moore, 1957 loc. cit., 8 : 174). Dr. Moore
records the counties Durham and Cumberland, and the eastern and western
highlands of Scotland, besides Yorkshire which Dr. MacNulty mentions. The
species thus has a much greater distribution than the Peak District, but seems to
favour the higher altitudes—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester,
Essex, 12th July 1965S.

Diptera in the vicinity of Buckingham Palace—Professor O. W. Richards’ list
(1964, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1963 : 94-7) has tempted me to record
that Sir Christopher Andrewes, F.R.S., caught Helophilus parallelus Harris
(trivittatus (F.)) in the garden of Buckingham Palace when attending a garden
party. My nearest capture to the garden was of a male Solva marginata (Meig.)
just outside the walls on a passing omnibus. Perhaps it had come from the
garden, but more likely, could have travelled in the bus from the suburbs.

In nearby Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens there must exist quite an
interesting fauna which could stray into the palace garden. Mr. R. W. J. Uffen
mentioned in his paper ‘Some Flies (Diptera) Breeding in Wounds on Elm Trees
in Hyde Park’ (1963, Lond. Nat. 42 : 25) the following species: Mycetobia
pallipes Meig., Brachyopa insensilis Collin, Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meig.) and
Phaonia cincta (Zett.). Mr. C. L. Collenette recorded (1939, Lond. Nat., 1938 : 49):
Episyrphus (Syrphus) guttatus (Fallén), Gnophomyia lugubris (Zett.) and Chiron-
omus supplicans Meig., the latter species as common in 1938. In mid-April 1942,
I found Syrphidis (Syrphus) ribesii (L.), Metasyrphus (Syrphus) luniger (Meig.),
Tubifera (Eristalis) pertinax (Scop.), Platycheirus albimanus (F.), Melanostoma
scalare (F.), Dasyphora cyanella (Meig.), Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) and
Scopeuma (Scatophaga) stercorarium (L.) present. These are of widespread
distribution and likely to be regular visitors to the palace garden. In July 1947 I
also found Chloromyia formosa (Scop.), Dolichopus ungulatus (L.) and Xyphosia
miliaria (Schrank.).—L. PARMENTER, 94, Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath,
Surrey, 12th March 1965.

Insect Conservation: an appeal by the Royal Entomological Society of London—
Since the publication of the appeal made by the Honorary Secretary of the Com-
mittee for the Protection of British Insects (1951, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (C) 16:
23-24), that committee has been reconstituted as the Conservation Committee of
the Royal Entomological Society of London. The original committee was insti-
tuted in 1925 as a result of many complaints in the entomological journals of that
time about the activities of unscrupulous collectors: certain species were being
threatened with extinction. Since its institution the Committee has met with con-
siderable success, and some of those insects most threatened in 1925 are now
considered to be much more firmly established.

62 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.,. 1965

Modern agricultural practices, the widespread use of insecticides and herbi-
cides, urbanisation, the present heavy forestry programme, and sometimes the
well-intended activities of local authorities, may threaten the existence of rare or
local species through the alteration or destruction of their habitats. The Conserva-
tion Committee has taken an active part in minimising the risks that have arisen
from such causes, and has been careful to co-ordinate its activities with those of
other organisations interested in nature conservation, particularly the Nature
Conservancy. With the co-operation of entomologists it is hoped to do even more
in the future to preserve the natural conditions essential to the existence of
particular insects.

These activities should be sufficient to safeguard rare or local species of the less
popular orders, but some species of Lepidoptera are threatened with extinction at
the hands of thoughtless collectors. It is with regret that the Committee has to
record that reports are still sometimes received that collectors using methods of
mass collection on local species; such methods may well cause populations of
such species to be reduced below the survival level. Collectors are again earnestly
requested to use the utmost restraint in taking any of the species listed below in
any of their stages, particularly when adverse factors have reduced their numbers.
The indiscriminate capture of large numbers of these species may not only
endanger their existence but also render more difficult any negotiations taking
place with a view to preserving them and their habitats.

Papilio machaon L. (Swallow Tail), Melitaea cinxia (L.) (Glanville Fritillary),
Mellicta athalia (Rott.) (Heath Fritillary), Maculinea arion (L.) (Large Blue),
Lysandra bellargus (Rott.) (Adonis Blue), Strymonidia pruni (L.) (Black Hair-
streak), Catocala fraxini (L.) (Clifden Nonpareil), Minucia lunaris (Denis &
Schiff.) (Lunar Double Stripe), Colobochyla salicalis (Denis & Schiff.) (Lesser
Belle), Coscinia cribraria (L.) (Speckled Footman), Aplasta ononaria (Fuess.)
(Rest Harrow), Thalera fimbrialis (Scop.) (Sussex Emerald), Scopula immorata
(L.) (Lewes Wave), S. nigropunctata (Hufn.) (Sub-angled Wave), Eustroma
reticulata (Denis & Schiff.) (Netted Carpet), Epione paralellaria (Denis & Schiff.)
(vespertaria L. sensu F.) (Dark Bordered Beauty), Zygaena viciae (Denis &
Schiff.) (New Forest Burnet), Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esp.) (Fiery Clearwing)
and Eucnemidophorus rhododactylus (Denis & Schiff.) (Rosy Plume).

In 1962 the Nature Conservancy, at the instigation of the Committee and the
Devon and Cornwall Naturalists’ Trusts, undertook the financing of an investi-
gation into the status of Maculinea arion (the Large Blue), which has been
declining in numbers for some years and is now at a very low ebb, with a view to
taking the necessary conservation measures. This investigation, which took
place during 1963 and 1964, has proved that the fears of the Committee were
only too well founded. In 1963 some 80 specimens were seen and marked in the
now very restricted locality for this species. During 1964, in spite of better
weather, very few more specimens were seen, and the individual sites within the
general locality had been reduced still further. In these circumstances it is
imperative that collectors abstain from taking any specimens of this butterfly
until its numbers have increased considerably; this species, which is evidently
on the verge of extinction in England, will otherwise be lost.

The Committee would be glad to receive any practical suggestions from ento-
mologists. In particular it would urge them to notify the Committee at the earliest
possible moment of any observed threat to a rare or local species or its habitat, so
that protective measures may be taken before it is too late —T. R. E. SourHwoop,
Chairman, Conservation Committee, 41, Queens Gate, London, S.W.7, May
1965.

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° A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

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YA CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
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Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
i OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE

4 (Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)

i Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Buck, F. D., Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col., pel:
cidae) at light i in N.E. Essex oe 34

Buck, F. D., Pterostichus angustatus Dufts., and
Bembidion geniculatum Heer ed ees Ke
Daniel) (Col., Carabidae) . x rE . 60

Carter, C. I., An infestation of Periphyllus cali-
forniensis (Shinji Ge ee on

Acer species . sm 34
Clifton, M., Celerio livornica EDs bee “Sphin

gidae) in Hants e 60
Clifton, M., Delayed Bene from eu in

Lepidoptera .. fe ; mg |
Field Meeting Reports.. .. .. .. .. 56
Kennard, A., Argolamprotes micella Schiff. eae 2 :

Gelechiidae) taken in Britain Si 42
Morris, M. G., Notes on the classification of some

groups of Weevils (Col., Curculeonoidea) eae.
Parmenter, L., Diptera in the cue of Buckingham

Palace ve 4 : a xs pee? |
Parmenter, L., Notes on the distribution of

Phoridae in Britain a ae me oe
Proceedings .. ae ne bes a phere

Southwood, T. R. E., Insect Conservation: an
appeal by the Royal Ss aes ee of a |
London ; 61 |

Treasurer’s Ae = 2 as ae .. 44

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street, 4
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex mG |

~ bi UP hie ae) so f/ CiOyvv.L.e8 neve sehr: Ava. No redtahsy
‘ee _ “a ksh Sri
ee Se - 1965, Part 3

Ss eck

Mad) hs ah ein:

The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
Assistant Editors:

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M. W. F. TweEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

ae R. E. SOUTHWOOD, B.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
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gr.

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i

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 63

VARIATION IN EPIRRHOE ALTERNATA MULLER (SOCIATA BORKH.)
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AB. LACTEATA LARSEN, AND ITS
GENETICS

By G. M. HAGGETT, F.R.E.S.

SUMMARY

This paper describes a variable strain of Epirrhoe alternata Miller reared
through three generations; an account is given of the genetics of ab. lacteata
Larsen and other varietal* forms bred from this strain are discussed. A review
is made of variation within the species.

INTRODUCTION

E. alternatais a common Palaearctic geometrid moth that has a wide tolerance
of habitat. A number of varieties and geographical races have been described
but the species is usually constant in appearance despite its complex pattern. A
female example of ab. /acteata Larsen was caught at Arundel, Sussex on 2.viii.64
and three generations were inbred in quick succession, until January 1965 with
part of the third brood lying over until May. Extensive variation was revealed in
F, and F, generations in addition to ab. Jacteata. The strain is being continued
in the Genetics Laboratory at Oxford and at Arundel.

PART I. DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL ALTERNATA
AND ITS VARIETIES

DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL ALTERNATA MULLER

Miiller’s original description of alternata (1764) reads as follows ‘Phal.
Geometra alternata seticornis, alis dentatis: fasciis albis nigricantibusque alter-
nis: striga marginali duplici undulata.’ In order the better to understand the
complex variation of the insect and to clarify the descriptions of forms made
during the two centuries since Miller, I give below a comprehensive description
of the typical alternaia.

The familiar pattern and coloration of E. alternata are due to a combination
of delicate grey-brown shadings and transverse, sinuous lines that alternate with
bands of cream-white; on the forewings the characteristic median transverse
band is composed of two elements, an inner blue-grey one contained within a
dark brown-grey one, the two being widest apart on the anterior side; both
elements are bounded by scalloped, fine, black lines and the outer band carries
a heavy black dot where it crosses the veins numbered 1-4 and again, but less
clearly on the outer areole.

The fringes are speckled with dark grey at each of the vein endings, and the
fringes are etched internally by a fine, crisp, black line that is broken at each of
the veins. Internal to this line there is a broad submarginal band of soft blue-
grey admixed with brown towards the apex where the darker mottling is streaked
across with delicate blue-white. The submarginal band is fairly evenly divided
by a scalloped, fine, clear, white line that is continuous from the costa to vein 1.

* The term variety is used throughout this paper to indicate the insects appearing
in the breeding experiments at a low frequency.

64 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Immediately preceding the inner edge of the submarginal band there is an exceed-
ingly fine and weak wavy white line. The space between the submarginal band
and the median, is cream or bone-white with an ochreous tinge and it is evenly
divided throughout its length by a scalloped, dark grey line that is weakest be-
tween veins | and 4. The discal dot is contained within the inner constituent of
the median band. The anterior edge of the band is margined in white, there
follows a very narrow, dark grey line, another white, then a broader grey band
composed of rounded blotches between the veins, a whitish fine line again and
then the basal patch which, like the median band, is composed of two units, a
blue-grey inner patch that contains a black central dot, and a black-brown outer
band.

The shape of the median transverse band is normally very constant, and is
rather broader at the costa and extended distally on vein 4 to an acute angle, the
band being irregularly concave above and below that point. The inner edge is
fairly uniform and arcs gently away from the thorax.

The hindwings lack obvious banding and instead present a more uniform
series of wriggly lines: the fringe is again speckled in black at the vein endings
and it carries also the fine, black, terminal line. The submarginal band is pale
grey, with blue and brown admixture especially on the upper half. There is a
whitish streak radially between veins 3 and 4. The band carries the same fine,
white, scalloped lines as the forewing. The white band that follows is broader
than on the forewing but is similarly divided by a scalloped, dark grey line. The
rest of the wing is dusted with ash-grey scales and carries three wavy, dark grey
lines beyond the discal dot, the posterior of which is marked with a black dot
on veins 1-3.

The head and thorax are mottled dark grey and brown, the abdomen is ash-
grey with pairs of fine, black dots increasing in intensity towards the thorax.

Synonyms: These names are synonyms and have no other significance: al-
chemillata Schiff., sociata Borkh., subtristata Haw., contristata Don. and apar-
nata Hiibn.

These are racial forms, and all are quite distinctive: obscurata South, islandica
Prout, dynata Prout, dubiosata Alph. and xenos Bryk.

The following list of forms and aberrations is based upon an original list com-
piled for me by Mr. A. L. Goodson, and augmented by Mr. D. S. Fletcher who
also examined with me those type specimens; figures and original descriptions
that are available at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Forms marked * were
reared in the Arundel strain and numbers are given where relevant.

*LACTEATA LARSEN (1948), figured.

I am indebted to Dr. Hoffmeyer for this translation of Larsen’s original des-
cription: “Of this curious aberration I have caught one completely fresh specimen,
female, near Fabory (Funen) 16.vi.38. All that is left of the markings of the
species is a narrow dark grey central band. The ground colour is bright cream,
so I have given the beautiful insect the name Jacteata (milk-coloured). The base
of the wings, and especially the hind wings, darker, and all wings a bit grey-
yellow along the border. Underside totally greyish-white, especially from the
base to the centre then paler without other markings except the four central
dots: darker grey again along the border.’

In this aberration the dark pigments of typical alternata are redistributed so
that the submarginal band is paler, the fine, dark line that normally divides the
posterior white band is totally absent and that band is much broader. The median
band is composed of only the inner element which is expanded at the expense of

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 65

the outer and scattered grey scales in the region of the areole and vein axils are
all that may remain of the outer element. The grey lines and band that lie in
typical alternata between the basal area and the transverse band are also largely
absent. On the hind wing of the variety there is no trace of the three separate grey
lines of typical alternata, instead the pattern is a uniform grey and the basal area
is contracted; the white band that in typical a/ternata separates the basal area
from the submarginal is in the variety greatly extended and is totally devoid
of any dividing line; the submarginal band is weak and much reduced. All
wings on the underside lack the clear, fine lines of typical alternata and present
instead a simple pattern of a submarginal band that is broken by white between
veins 3 and 4, then a broad white band and finally a uniform, dusky ochreous-
grey patch containing the conspicuous median dots.

The aberration is itself remarkably variable but it is important to discriminate
between its extremes on the one hand and on the other those varieties that result
from a combination of /acteata with quite separate genetic entities, i.e., round-
winged, scale defective and diminished markings. Variation within Jacteata is
concerned with exaggeration, contraction, intensification or fragmentation of
the median band and with clarity of outer margins and hind wing basal area.
At one end of the range (fig. 11) the insect is predominately white with the
merest trace of a submarginal band, greatly reduced basal area and very nar-
rowed, constricted, median band; at the other end (fig. 9) the submarginal band
is heavily pigmented with dark blue-grey and the median is thickened and the
colour deepened to velvety black, and there is shading between it and the dar-
kened basal area. The colour of the median band can be ashy-grey but is always
darker than the submarginal (unlike the scale defectives). Fragmentation of the
band produces forms like degenerata Haworth (fig. 12). The ground colour may
be clouded pinkish or ochreous and is rarely clear chalk-white, usually it is milky.

So far in this breeding programme a total of 194 female and 85 male /acteata
have been reared.

EFFUSA MULLER (1930), figured.

‘The white postmedian band very broad, the boundary between it and the
median band ill-defined.’

The illustration shows that this could be a development of /acteata or a com-
bination of /acteata with another gene that separately controls the median band.
The form looks very like Euphyia luctuata Schiff. A conspicuous feature is the
sharply concave contour of the posterior edge of the median band. Prout (1934)
was quite wrong in thinking this form to be only a modification of pseudorivata
Wagener.

* ATBINATA ROMANISZYN (1925).

‘All the wings normal but very pale pattern. The moth looks as though dam-
aged or as if without scales. 10.viii.24 on willow trunk. Libycza Krolewska.’

A note appended to this description by the Editor says the form is very pale

yellow.
This fully describes some examples of the scale defective alternata and lacteata

insects reared in these experiments (fig. 21).

DIvIsA OSTHELDER (1929).

‘The median band completely divided by a paler stripe from costa to margin.’
There is no figure and the description could be fitted to brightly marked

66 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

heterozygote males of Jacteata (fig. 6), but the type of divisa is said to be female,
which would make it a quite different genetic entity.

TENUIFASCIATA SCHIMA (1927).
‘The median band much narrowed (1-1.5 mm), but not actually interrupted.’

Prout (1914, in Seitz, Pal. Geometridae, 4 : 258) originally thought this and
degenerata Haw. to be the same, but he later (1934) accepted tenuifasciata for
specimens in which the median band, although constricted, was not broken;
both forms have in common a broad pale surround to the median band and
darker outer margin.

DEGENERATA HAWoRTH (1809).
(kurzi Hirschke (1910)).

‘The median band broadly interrupted with white. The median band is reduced
to an island surrounding the discal dot, and the rest of the median area is dull
white and the outer margin is heavily suffused.’

*PSEUDORIVATA WAGNER (1923), figured.

‘Much paler with an appearance of Euphyia unangulata Haw. and Epirrhoe
galiata Schiff. to E. rivata Hiibn. Clouding of the white transverse band absent,
as is its dark dividing line. On the other hand the bold, white band of rivata is
lacking. The hind wings paler towards the base.’

The moth is illustrated and the figure can be seen to be no more than a brightly
marked, typical alternata with median band narrowed and sharply defined. Two
paratypes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection confirm this, while the
fact that Wagner reared a second generation ‘almost entirely’ of this form further
indicates that this cannot be the heterozygote of lJacteata.

One female reared in F3.

OBSCURA LEMPKE (1949).

‘The white postmedian narrow, and over its whole length divided by a black
line, the base of the hind wing darker.’

This seems scarcely separable from the range of typical alternata.

MELANOTICA HORHAMMER (1952).
‘Ali wings unicolorous brownish-black.’

CONFUSA COCKAYNE (1953), figured.

‘The median band of the fore wing is narrow; the border is dark and suffused
internally, fading away gradually into the white ground colour shortly before
reaching the postmedian line; there are none of the normal reticulations and
the dark line just external to and parallel with the postmedian line is absent. On
the hind wing the basal part is dark as far out as the postmedian line and the
marginal area is similar to that of the fore wing. The aberration has a dark smoky
suffused appearance.’

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 67

PSEUDOTRISTATA HEYDEMANN (1936), figured.

‘Smaller than typical alternata, markings normal but deep black-grey, without
the brown and grey-blue hues, bearing superficial resemblance to E. tristata.’
Possibly racial.

EULAMPA Kautz (1922).

‘Light grey, with violet reflections, the median band very broad, not darker,
the white markings very narrow, but distinct. Seewalchen (Attersee), one only.’

Mr. Fletcher has been good enough to obtain from Herr Reisser of Vienna the
following information. The type of eu/ampa is believed to have been destroyed
during the war along with other macrolepidoptera of Kautz’s collections, but the
descriptions made by Kautz are understood to be very accurate. No figure was
made.

CINGULATA TENGSTROM (1875).

‘The abdomen black, the hind wing also somewhat darkened.’

A specimen figured (1948, Flora og Fauna, 54 : 59) is attributed to this form
Neither this figure nor the original description suggest an insect that is very
different from typical alternata.

The descriptions that follow are of other phenotypes, that were encountered
in the inbreeding of the Arundel strain; I do not propose to name them, but
illustrations are given on Plate I.

1. HETEROZYGOTE MALE OF LACTEATA LARSEN (figs. 4-8).

This is quite distinct from both /acteata and typical alternata. The submarginal
band is smooth olive-grey and still has the fine, sinuous, white line running
through it, but this is exceedingly weak or interrupted; the white band external
to the median is dulled yellowish and its dividing dark line is almost or quite
absent; the median band itself contains both elements of typical alternata but
is much darkened (fig. 4). The grey shading between the median and the basal
area is suffused olive. On the hind wing the most obvious feature is the presence
of two (not three as in typical al/ternata) grey lines within the basal half. The rest
of the wing is shaded like the fore wing.

Variation of the heterozygote is concerned mostly with the shape and intensity
of the median band, which can appear much coarsened, with the individual com-
ponents sharply defined (fig. 6). The shape of the median band can be contracted
(but still with both elements present) and straightened (fig. 8). The submarginal
band may vary from dull violaceous grey-olive to greenish-buff. 236 specimens
reared.

SCALE DEFECTIVE AND ROUND-WINGED MOTHS.

Amongst the F, and F; progeny there appeared two variations, one with
smaller, rounded wings and straightened median band, the other with the scales
reduced. Both are variable and both can be graded into a cline-like series but
only a few moths of the extremes of each form were reared.

2. ROUND-WING (figs. 16, 20, 29-32).

This is clearly not a dwarf, for the body is of normal size; the wings are trun-
cated so that the angular wing shape of typical alternata is replaced by a wing

68 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

that has the apex and outer margin much rounded. The reduction of wing area
is associated with contraction and straightening of the median band and suffusion
of other transverse markings. The form has occurred in both sexes and in each
phase of /acteata but not in male alternata. For numbers reared see Table VI
(page 74).

3. SCALE DEFECTIVE (includes AB. ALBINATA ROMANISZyYN) (figs. 14, 19, 21-24,
25-28).

There is every transition of scale loss from local absence from the area of the
median band (figs. 14, 24) to almost complete denudation when a ghost-like
insect results (fig. 22). The thorax may be bald and in extreme cases the abdomen
also, when it appears orange or pink. When viewed under high magnification
the scales that are present are seen to be properly developed and in no way
different in shape or size from those of typical a/ternata, it is simply their absence
that is remarkable. Although all wings can show the condition, some specimens
have only the fore wings affected. The wing fringes are always fully develeped.
The aberration is full-sized. Scale deficiency appears to be associated in F,
generation especially with the ‘effusa-like’ form (figs. 25, 26), but whereas the
‘effusa-like’ moths are nearly always scale defective, other forms may or may
not show the scale-loss condition. Scale loss can combine with each phenotype
of the lacteata forms, and with the typical a/ternata, and occur in both sexes. For
numbers of moths reared see Table VI (page 74).

4. ‘EFFUSA-LIKE’

These have both elements of the fore wing median band fused together and
sharply scalloped as in Euphyia unangulata Haw., the distal white band broad
and mostly lacking the fine dividing line of a/ternata, the overall appearance
being smooth and greasy. The illustration of effusa Miller shows a much broader
expanse of white distally to the median band, it is only the curious shape of this
band that is common to both forms.

Eighteen moths reared in F, distributed eleven alternata (figs. 25 & 26), four
heterozygous Jacteata (figs. 27 & 28), three female /acteata (recognizable only
by the angled median band), also two heterozygotes in F3.

5. “TENUIFASCIATA-LIKE’

These have the fore wing median band much reduced in width but not so ex-
treme as tenuifasciata Schima and without its contrasted dark outer margin. These
moths simply have the median narrowed and straightened and all other markings
are normal. In /acteata females there is a tendency for the band to break up at
the centre. The brood figures quoted by Prout (1934) indicate a high frequency
(65 per cent) of tenuifasciata bred from a wild-caught female of the form whereas
in these experiments very few examples have been reared; these comprise two
male alternata in F, (figs. 35 & 36), five heterozygous lacteata in F, (fig. 8), eight
male /acteata in F, (fig. 16) and two female /acteata in F, (fig. 20).

6. “PSEUDOTRISTATA-LIKE’

These have those parts of the wing normally dark brown intensified to black
and presenting a chequered appearance, full-sized, indeed quite large moths,
some associated with scale deficiency. Three reared in F, (fig. 34), two in Fs,
all females.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 69

7. DIMINISHED MARKINGS

This form is quite distinct from tenuifasciata and degenerata because the
median band is not simply interrupted or narrowed, instead it undergoes pro-
gressive reduction until the only markings to remain on the four wings are the
black discal dots. The extreme condition is reached in /acteata and then the
ground colour becomes a unicolorous pale buff and may even show an orange
tint. This is in marked contrast with female /acteata tenuifasciata-like moths
(fig. 20) which retain a clear white ground colour. The fringes remain chequered.
The majority of examples reared have been round-winged. The form has ap-
peared in female alternata with round-wing (fig. 29), in male homozygous /acteata
with round-wing, and in female /acteata both with and without (figs. 17 & 18)
round-wing. Some of the round-wing heterozygous Jacteata males (fig. 30) may
belong here.

PART HU. GENETICS OF AB. LACTEATA LARSEN

(A) OBSERVED RESULTS

F, The wild-caught female laid 82 eggs and 80 moths were reared, of which
36 were males. All the males were heterozygotes and all the females typical
alternata. The moths were considerably larger than normal and some females
displayed olive mottling and brightness of pattern not usually associated with
the species.

F, Two pairings were made in P, and the progeny emerged as shown in Table
1. The F, generation comprising male varieties different from the parent female
and from typical alternata immediately suggested sex-linked inheritance, with
the reasonable assumption that the wild-caught female had paired with a typical
alternata male. This belief was then tested against F, results from known pairings.
The numbers of the two phenotypes of each sex were compared against fore-
casted results for each of the two batches and the results found to be statistically
acceptable.*

TABLE I

SUMMARY OF F,

Total Eggs
Batch MALE FEMALE moths hatched

Typical Hetero- Typical
alternata zygote alternata lacteata

F,/A 33 75 56 fs) 261 298

F,/B 36 52 46 38 V2 204
Totals 91 127 102 113 433 502

* chi? values are: F,/A 5.84; F,/B 3.81?

70

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

F, The following P, pairings were set up:

TABLE II
P, PAIRINGS
PARENTS Total eggs
Batch Male Female hatched
P,/1 hetero B lacteata B nil
P,/2 hetero B scale defective nil
alternata B
| RaS; hetero A lacteata A 30
RA: hetero A lacteata A 158
P;/5 hetero A lacteata A 224
P,/6 hetero A lacteata A nil
Pe hetero B lacteata B WT)
P.,/8 scale defective scale defective nil
alternata A alternata B
P,/9 scale defective scale defective nil
alternata B alternata B
P;/10 scale defective lacteata A nil
hetero A
P,/11 scale defective lacteata B nil

hetero B

Only four batches proved viable. The progeny that emerged without diapause
were comprised as below:

TABLE III
F; EMERGENCES JANUARY 1965

Batch Male hetero Male homo Female Female Total
lacteata lacteata alternata lacteata
P,/3 1 3 4 1 9
P;/4 hoot 18 21 15 19 73
P,/5 25 ibys 21 31 fm 94
P;/7 ih 9 19 10 45

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 71
All moths of batch P;/3 emerged immediately: the moths of other batches that
passed diapause emerged in May and were distributed as follows:
TABLE IV

F; EMERGENCES MAY 1965

Male hetero Male homo Female Female
Batch lacteata lacteata alternata lacteata Total
P;/4 2 5 nil 3 10
lS 18 pay) 14 17 76
P,/7 2. 3 7 nil 12

and the whole of F., can be analysed thus:

TABLE V

SUMMARY OF F;

Male Male

Batch hetero homo Female Female Eggs Total Total
lacteata lacteata alternata lacteata hatched pupae moths
P3/3 1 3 4 1 30 12 9
P,/4 20 26 15 22 158 118 83
P;/5 43 44 35 48 224 201 170
P,/7 9 12 26 10 127 71 =i
Totals 73 85 80 81 539 402 319

The P, pairings had been set up with the calculated intention of producing
the homozygote male /acteata and again the results of those batches that were
large enough to score were compared against forecasted values; batches P;/4
and P,/5 were found to be statistically acceptable (see footnote) but P;/7 showed
a significant deviation outside the limits of chance* due to an excess of typical
female alternata. The combined values of all three batches fell within the ex-
pected range.

og ee ee
* chi? values: P;/4 3.700; P3/5 2.094; P;/7 13.245.

72 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Pairings were set up from the January emergences, but no fertile eggs were
obtained from five pairs of male homozygous /acteata x female lacteata although
pairings between male heterozygous /acteata x female lacteata gave fertile eggs,
as did the back-cross male heterozygous /acteata x female alternata. From these
pairings Kettlewell reared /acteata moths which he also tried to breed true but
he failed to obtain fertile eggs from observed pairings.

A variety of pairings were made amongst the May emergences at Arundel
with a view to obtaining the pure /acteata strain and to test the viability of the
homozygous lJacteata male. It was found that not only did homozygous female
lacteata x female alternata yield fertile eggs but so also did the pure cross and
many progeny were reared.

The pedigrees can now be expressed diagrammatically, employing the con-
ventional gene symbols.

LL typical alternata male

ll homozygous /acteata male
LI heterozygous /acteata male
I typical alternata female
| lacteata female
XX male sex chromosomes
Xy female sex chromosome
Fy
wild-caught /acteata x assumed wild alternata P,
female male
Xy XxX
| LL
xX Xy Xy XX F,

Et L L LI

all males heterozygous Jacteata
all females a/ternata

F,
typical alternata x heterozygous lacteata P,
female male
Xy XX
IL, LI

Roc eng!) niggg bitie Rye
LI L 1 LL F,

Half males heterozygous lacteata
Half males homozygous alternata
Half females /acteata

Half females alternata

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 7

PF;
lacteata female x heterozygous P;
lacteata male
XY XX
] iL]

xX XY XY XX
Ll L ] Il F;

half males heterozygous Jacteata
half males homozygous lacteata
half females alternata

half females /acteata

(B) DISCUSSION

There are three noteworthy features amongst the data recorded from this
strain. First the extent of variation associated with the Jacteata gene, second the
diversity of other variation that is apparently under quite separate genetic
control but which can combine with Jacteata, and third that of all the curious
forms reared in these experiments only Jacteata has an obvious pattern of in-
heritance; all other varieties have occurred at too low a frequency to fall into
known segregation patterns yet even the rarest are much too frequent to be
accepted as mutations.

At the outset we may guess that the presence of the /acteata gene may serve
to release, in minor genes of the normal complement, expressions that are usually
inhibited; the /acteata gene may not only control redistribution of the wing pig-
ment but it may also allow variation in the way the redistribution may take.
Such variation when combined with round-wing, scale defective and diminished
markings will be given the widest scope for expression, and this variation is
astonishingly rich, especially when compared with the frequency of wild varieties.

Within /acteata it is the shape and intensity of the median band that display
the most variation but the principal action of the gene itself is to localise those
pigments which in alternata are distributed over the different parts of the wing;
the pigment of the dark lines and bands of alternata becomes concentrated into
the median, basal and outer areas. The fact that this redistribution may appear
in so many subtle grades suggests that the major gene is qualified by polygenes
that control the precise expression. This minor variation, which is called con-
tinuous variation, is brought about by the interaction of several pairs of alleles
to produce different expressions of one character. Here it is necessary to recognise
the two factors that produce Jacteata, and to distinguish between them and the
other genes which can combine with them and which are controlled in the same
manner although they are of separate identity.

(c) OCCURRENCE IN NATURE OF LACTEATA

The genetic mechanism that controls /acteata is seen to be quite simple, but
Dr. Kettlewell tells me that this condition—where the heterozygote of a sex-
linked gene is a clearly identifiable phenotype—is extremely uncommon in the
animal world, and there is no recorded instance in Lepidoptera.

The aberration /acteata must be of excessively rare occurrence in a species that
is both plentiful and widely distributed. Indeed the aberration was unknown
until 1938 and remained undescribed until ten years later. If effusa Miller is

74 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

of the same genetic origin then the Vienna specimen described in 1930 would
increase to two the total of specimens encountered over the long history of
Lepidoptera collecting. And if, as seems possible, the type of a/binata Romaniszyn
is heterozygous /acteata then this Polish example described in 1925 would bring
the total to only three.

The distribution of the /acteata gene therefore may extend from Britain and
Denmark to Austria and Poland.

Because the gene is linked to the X chromosome its presence in the hetero-
gametic sex, the female, means that the occurrence of /acteata in any population
would be readily revealed, and the form is so striking that no collector would
easily overlook it. The reason for so few records can lie only in the fact that
lacteata must be so rare that its frequency is scarcely above mutation rate. That
P, pairings should be fertile and the gene breed true is astonishing.

PART III. GENETICS OF OTHER PRINCIPAL ABERRATIONS REARED

Table VI shows the distribution of round-wing and scale defective moths in
each of the F, and F; broods; neither form appeared in F,.

TABLE VI

MALE FEMALE

Be Typical Hetero Typical
alternata lacteata alternata lacteata Total

round-wing — AS — 1 1
scale
defectives 16 13 15 17 61
all moths
reared 91 127 102 113 433

MALE FEMALE
F, Hetero Homo Typical

lacteata lacteata alternata lacteata Total

round-wing 9 15 10 4 38
scale
defectives 5 52 5 23 85
all moths 73 85 80 81 319

Note: scale defective typical alternata include ‘effusa-like’ moths.

In both broods the numbers of each form reared are significantly different
from the values to be expected from normal Mendelian inheritance. No scale

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 75

defectives were reared from that part of F; that passed diapause and it is possible
that accelerated development may be associated. Attempts to pair defective moths
were unsuccessful. Round-wing moths emerged in both parts of F; but there was
only one clearly identifiable example in F,.

Both round-wing and scale defective moths display clinal variation and al-
though the extreme condition is obvious there is such a gentle transition from
typical alternata to the first recognisable varieties that scoring is difficult and
sometimes impossible with the live insect. In the case of round-wing the con-
dition is easier to recognise in the male no matter in which genotype of /acteata
it occurs because the shape of the median band becomes altered, the band be-
coming narrowed toward the hind margin. In both male and female /acteata the
round-wing condition is accompanied by marked contraction of the hind wing
basal area.

But round-wing is complicated by another character and this is diminishing
of the median band. It appears to be mainly a male condition and has occurred
more often in /acteata both heterozygous and homozygous; but in its extreme
condition more females have been reared than males. Again all manner of re-
duction can be traced and recognition of intermediates is doubtful. It would be
attractive to believe that round-wing and tenuifasciata-like were one and the
same or linked but the occurrence of examples such as those figured in Pl. 1
figs. 8, 35 and 36 argue against this. The /acteata moths in which all markings
have been suppressed except the discal dots are sometimes round-winged, when
they could be regarded as the double extreme condition, but they may be as
normally shaped as the F, example (PI. 1, fig. 17).

The evidence of three generations can be summarised. The characters of round-
wing, diminished markings and scale defect appear to be quite separate from
each other and from /acteata; they can each be graded into a clinal series, the
extremes of which have occurred at a very low frequency. The most likely mode
of inheritance is that they, like the variation within /acteata, result from the
cumulative effect of several genes (continuous variation) but that the extreme
condition of each is weak and cannot reproduce. These polygenes can affect
typical alternata but they appear to operate more favourably in the environment
of Jacteata and to reach their maximum expression in the presence of the /acteata
gene.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of these experiments is due largely to my mother who took com-
plete charge of the livestock, and to my father who regularly collected large
quantities of Galium palustre L. from a distant meadow. Mr. Goodson of the
Tring Museum and Mr. Fletcher of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have given
me valuable help with infra-specific names and references. I am fortunate to have
had liaison with Dr. Kettlewell of Oxford on genetical matters. To Mr. Jeffers
of the Forest Research Station, Farnham, I am especially grateful for statistical
analysis of brood figures. The excellent plate is the work of Siviter Smith and
Company, Ltd., and I am pleased to record my thanks to Mr. P. Siviter Smith
for his personal interest and direction of the work.

REFERENCES

Cockayne, E. A., 1953. Ent. Rec., 65 : 164.
Haworth, 1809. Lep. Britannica, 333.
Heydemann, 1936. Iris, 50 : 38, Pl. 1 : 20.

76 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

Hirschke, 1910. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges Wien, 60 : 415.
Ho6rhammer, 1952. Ent. Z., 62 : 38.

Kautz, 1922. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 72 : (98).
Larsen, 1948. Flora og Fauna, 54 : 59.

Lempke, 1950. Tijdschr. Ent., 92 : 204.

Miller, 1764. Faun. Ins. Frid., 51.

Miiller, 1930. Z. Ost. Ent. Verh., 15 : 94.

Osthelder, 1929. Schmett. Siidbayerns, 450.

Prout, in Seitz, 1934. Pal. Geometridae Supplt., 163.
Romaniszyn, 1925. Polsk. Pismo. Ent., 4 : 198.
Schima, 1927. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 77 (2) : 78.
Tengstr6m, 1875. Notiser p. Fzuna et Flora Fenn., 14 : 32.
Wagner, 1923. Ent. Verh., 8 : 36.

KEY TO PLATE I
Epirrhoe alternata Miller, natural size

Figures
1 & 2 typical alternata female F,
3 typical alternata male F,
4-7 heterozygous lacteata males F,
8 heterozygous /acteata male (tenuifasciata-like) F,
9-12 lacteata females F,
13 & 15 homozygous /acteata males F;
14 homozygous l/acteata male scale defective F,
16 homozygous lacteata male (tenuifasciata-like) F;
17 lacteata female diminished markings F,
18 lacteata female diminished markings F;
19 lacteata female scale defective F,
20 lacteata female (tenuifasciata-like) F,
21 heterozygous Jacteata male scale defective F;
22 homozygous Jacteata male scale defective F,
23 lacteata female scale defective Fs
24 lacteata female scale defective F,
25 alternata variety male scale defective (effusa-like) F,
26 alternata variety female scale defective (effusa-like) F,
27 & 28 heterozygous /acteata males scale defective (effusa-like) F,
29 alternata female round-wing F3
30 heterozygous Jacteata male round-wing F3
31 homozygous /acteata male round-wing F,
32 lacteata female round-wing F,
33 alternata variety female F,
34 alternata variety female (pseudotristata-like) F,
35 & 36 alternata variety males (tenuifasciata-like) F,

Epirrhoe alternata Miller

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 17

A NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ORANGE TIP BUTTERFLY
ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES L., IN N.E. SCOTLAND

By Guy D. Morison

Ford (1945) considered that the Orange Tip arrived in Britain during the third
Pleistocene Interglacial Stage, but as the Donau Glacial Stage, apparently re-
presented in Britain by the Red Crag marine beds, has recently been shown to
have preceded the other four recognised glacial stages (Holmes 1965), it may be
necessary to alter Ford’s name for the stage. On the scanty evidence of his day
Meyrick (1928) gave the insect’s British distribution as “Britain to the Caledonian
Canal’. Smith (1949) reviewed its recorded distribution in Scotland which he
mapped on a slightly modified Watsonian Vice-county System, including for the
north-east Vice-counties No. 91, 93 (North Aberdeen), 94, 95 and the west corner
of 96. In response to Smith’s appeal for more information on distribution,
Raeburn (1949) mention2d seeing it in Aberdeenshire, and Richter (1950) gave
his records from which he surmised its general distribution in Morayshire.
Commander Harper (1953 and 1954) records six males seen in May 1953 between
Boat of Garten, Aviemore and Kingussie, Inverness-shire (V.C. 96). Scattered
in various entomological journals are a few other records which are not men-
tioned here as they fall between recorded distribution. Since 1949 there seems
to have been no detailed survey published of its Scottish distribution.

Both privately and as an economic entomologist I have had the good fortune
during the past 40 years of being able to look for insects in the counties of Kin-
cardine, Aberdeen and Inverness, and all those north of them, including many
of the western and northern islands. My observations on the Orange Tip were
made casually and I did not catch the insects. From long observation of the
males it seemed that each male confined its flight to a rather restricted area,
though it flew rapidly, particularly when aided by the wind. Almost certainly I
saw more than the single female mentioned below, but specimens are not re-
corded which I might have confused with those of Pieris napi L. that occurred
in many of the places listed.

The following records are arranged in the Watsonian Vice-counties:

Vice-county 91, Kincardineshire. One male by Feughside Inn, Strachan, 17.v.64;
one male Banchory, 13.vi.65.

Vice-county 92, South Aberdeen. One male Tornaveen, 16.vi.42; one female and
one male Kemnay 1.vi.47; one male Whitehouse 8.v.55 and one male
29.v.65; one male Birse 26.v.57; one male just emerged from pupa on
cultivated Arabis, Tarland 24.v.61; one male visiting flowers of Car-
damine pratensis L. and one male visiting flowers of Stellaria holostea
L., Birse 2.vi.63; one male Kincardine o’ Neil 14.v.65.

Vice-county 94, Banffshire. One male Dufftown 25.v.46.

Vice-county 95, Morayshire. One male Grantown-on-Spey 24.v.46; one male
Forres 10.v.47. t

Vice-county 96, Easterness. One male Glen Feshie, and two males Nethybridge
25.v.59; one male Kincraig 25.v.64; one male Newtonmore 26.v.64.

The Orange Tip is adapted to living and breeding in rather sheltered places
with lush vegetation including some of the larval food-plants. Such places occur
scattered over the lowlands. fringing the coasts and rivers of the north-east, but
they are much more widely separated in the north and north-west. From the

78 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

terrain and climate it seems to me that the butterfiy should have established itself
beyond its recorded distribution in Nairnshire (part of Easterness) to Beauly,
Inverness-shire, to Easter Ross and to Golspie in Sutherlandshire. However,
recorders of insects are few in May and early June in those regions.

According to its recorded distribution the butterfly reaches its north-west
European boundary in Scotland many miles from the north and some miles
from the north-west coasts. The geology and climate of the region are summarised
by Fraser Darling and Morton Boyd (1964) with emphasis on the diversity of
climate and the differences in weather between closely approximated localities.

About ten species of Cruciferae have been recorded, chiefly from England, as
larval food-plants. They are lowland plants absent from the plant communities
of the Highlands with the rare exception of Cardamine pratensis L. (McVean &
Ratcliffe 1962), but as some are cultivated ornamentals they may occur sparingly
in a few Highland gardens.

REFERENCES

Ford, E. B., 1945. British Butterflies, London.

Fraser Darling, F. & Morton Boyd, J., 1964. The Highlands and Islands, London.

Harper, G. W., 1954. Ent. Rec., 66 : 70.

, 1955. Ent. Rec., 67 : 9.

Holmes, A., 1965. Principles of Physical Geology, London.

McVean, D. N., & Ratcliffe, D. A., 1962. Plant Communities of the Scottish High-
lands, London.

Raeburn, G. F., 1949. The Orange-tip Butterfly in Aberdeenshire, Scot. Nat., 62 :
175-6.

Meyrick, E., 1928. Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, London.

Richter, R., 1950. Orangetip Butterfly in Morayshire, Scot. Nat., 62 : 122.

Smith, F. W. 1949. The distribution of the Orange-tip Butterfly, Euchloe cardamines,
in Scotland, Scot. Nat., 61 : 32-5.

4, Granville Place,
Aberdeen,
Scotland.

15th October 1965.

Larval habit of Anthonomus pedicularius (L.) (Col., Curculionidae).—Towards
the end of May I was called to see ‘two insects hopping about’ on a shelf below
a vase containing sprays of hawthorn. The ‘insects’ proved to be flower-buds
which at intervals made jerking movements recalling those made by the well-
known jumping bean. I kept these and in July there emerged from each bud a
small weevil which Mr. F. D. Buck identified as Anthonomus pedicularius (L.),
a very common beetle to be freely beaten from hawthorn blossom; in fact so
common that probably few coleopterists have even bothered to enquire into its
life-history. The spasmodic movements are no doubt a useful device to enable
the larva to reach a suitable place to pupate without losing the protection afforded
by the enclosing bud. The larva of the sawfly Heterarthrus aceris (MacLachlan)
enclosed in its disc of sycamore leaf, acts in a similar manner. It would be inter-
esting to know what becomes of these beetles between their emergence in July
and their appearance on hawthorn blossom the following spring. Is there a
second brood of over-wintering larvae feeding perhaps in the hawthorn fruits ?—
W. H. SprREADBURY, 3, Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex, 2nd August 1965.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 719

PROCEEDINGS

8th JULY 1965
A Vice-President, Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of Metzneria metzneriella Staint. (Lep.,
Gelechiidae), taken around Centaurea on the railway embankment in Stanmore,
Middx., and Schiffermuelleria tripuncta Hw. (Lep., Oecophoridae), taken in a
hedgerow at Harrow, Middx. The latter moth is very local in its distribution.

COMMUNICATIONS

A paper was read by Prof. H. E. Hinton on ‘Sex attractant glands in Lepidop-
tera’, which he illustrated with slides.

22nd JULY 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—An example of the fly Pegohylemyia nudithorax Ring}. (Dipt.
Muscidae) and a living larva of Cupido minimus Fuessl. (Lep., Lycaenidae).

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—A living male Lucanus ceryus (L.) (Col. Lucanidae)
taken in London.

Mr. M. G. Myatt—An aberrant example of Agrotis exclamationis L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) with markings on the fore wings confluent. The exhibitor thought it
might be the aberration plaga Steph., and asked if any member could confirm
the identification. The specimen is of particular interest as considerable variation
has been noted in this species this year. Several have been seen with the heart
and dart joined, but nothing as extreme as that exhibited. Other examples have
had very faint markings.

Mr. P. A. GoppaArpb—Photographs of Argyresthia glaucinella Zell. (Lep.,
Yponomeutidae), which is plentiful on some oak trunks in the Harrow area of
Middlesex in late June to early July. Also Telphusa alburnella Dup. (Lep., Gele-
chiidae) which is very common on Stanmore Common, Middx., although pre-
viously known only from the north of England and Scotland. As the latter species
has just been taken in Oxfordshire too, it would appear that the species is in-
creasing its range into southern England. Members were asked to look out for
it as this was its emergence period.

COMMUNICATIONS

In reply to a question by Mr. R. F. Haynes, Mr. M. G. MYALL said that the
Agrotis exclamationis L. was taken at mercury vapour light.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss agreed that the moth shown by Mr. Myall was Agrotis
exclamationis L. ab. plaga Steph.

80 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965
12th AUGUST 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

The PReEsIDENT—Part of the plant Lathyrus japonicus Willd., from Shingle
Street, Suffolk. The plant had both flowers and seed-pods on it. He also ex-
hibited a children’s book on Lepidoptera.

Dr. A. M. Massee—The plant bug Loricula pselaphiformis Curt. (Microphy-
sidae). In this family the males are always fully winged and the females wingless.
All stages are found on the trunks of deciduous trees that support epiphytic
plants, mosses and the unicellular green alga of the genus Pleurococcus, in which
the minute eggs are laid. The immature and adult stages are partially predaceous,
feeding also on the minute insects which inhabit such conditions. Adults occur
mainly in June and July; the males sometimes resting on the stems of grasses
adjacent to the trees where the females occur. One species in this family, Myrme-
dobia bedwelli China, is the only endemic plant bug found in the British Isles.
It was recorded from the Lizard, Cornwall.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Bembidion virens Gyll. (Col., Carabidae) taken at Loch
Maree, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, 11.viii.65.

Mr. P. A. GopDARD—Photographs of (1) Narycia marginipunctella Steph.
(Lep., Psychidae), larva and imago. The larva lives in a portable case made in
two distinct layers, the inner being roughly triangular in cross section and ex-
posed posteriorly. (2) The common gelechiid moth Telphusa vulgella Hiibn., taken
in the Harrow and Stanmore area of Middx.

COMMUNICATIONS

The northern species of gelechiid moth, Telphusa alburnella Dup., was re-
ported by Mr. P. A. GoppArRD, to have been found at Park Wood, Hillingdon,
Middx. This is in addition to his Stanmore Common record.

A talk was given by Dr. D. Povolny of Brno, Czechoslovakia, on his recent
trip to Afghanistan, illustrated by coloured transparencies.

26th AUGUST 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. M. Ciirron—An example of the very rare cerambycid beetle Strangalia
aurulenta (F.) taken on the Arundel Park field meeting, 8.viii.65, where it was
found flying in one of the beech woods.

Mr. T. R. EAGLEs—(1) Plants of Poterium sanguisorba L. galled by the mite
Eriophyes sanguisorbae Nal (Phytoptus sanguisorbae Can.). He drew attention to
the pubescence caused by the mites. (2) The yellowish moss Camptothecium
lutescens Hedw.) Brid. Both from chalk grassland near Burham, Kent.

Mr. B. GOATER—(1) A small selection of British Bryophytes to illustrate his
talk. (2) Larvae of Apatele leporina L. at the end of the fourth instar, ab ovis
from a female taken in a trap at Bushey, Herts. (3) Three rare grasses from the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 81

rubbish tip at Colney Street, Herts.; Lolium temulentum L., Digitaria sanguinalis
(L.) Scop. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

COMMUNICATIONS

A talk was given by Mr. B. Goater on ‘An introduction to the study of Mosses
and Liverworts’, which he illustrated with coloured slides.

9th SEPTEMBER 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MassEE—Cassida hemisphaerica Herbst (Col., Chrysomelidae)
which is widespread throughout southern England and Wales, but is never a
common species, and is usually taken singly. It is associated with Bladder Cam-
pion, Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke (cucubalus Wibel) and probably other
low plants, and can be found by grubbing around the roots of the plants. It is
rarely taken sweeping, and is more common in the West Country than elsewhere.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—Two male examples of the Giant Wood Wasp,
Sirex gigas (L.) (Hym., Siricidae), the largest of the British Sawflies, from Clifden,
Co. Galway. These were extracted from borings in pine logs which were infested
with the species. According to Mr. Benson, the males are much more difficult
to obtain as adults than the female. Borings were also shown with a pupa in situ
and a male adult cutting its way out. He also exhibited a dried specimen of St.
Dabeoc’s Heath, Daboecia cantabrica (Huds.) C. Koch. He also showed a fibre
ball from Connemara which he explained was made by the action of the waves
even though it looked like the nest of a mouse. (See also Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1955 : 8.)

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) Living examples of Hydrophilus piceus (L.) and
Hydrochara caraboides (L.) (Col., Hydrophilidae), from the north Somerset peat
area, 13.viii.65. (2) A series of Dermestes undulatus Brahm (Col., Dermestidae)
taken in carcases, Dungeness, Kent, 5.ix.64.

Mr. P. A. Gopparp—(1) A photograph of Cynaeda dentalis Schiff. (Lep..
Pyralidae), taken in mid-August at Portland, Dorset. This moth looks like a
bunch of grass seed-heads when at rest. (2) Photographs of Oegoconia quadri-
puncta Haw. (Gelechiidae), which emerged from a bunch of Ononis repens L.
collected from Portland in mid-august, showing the normal form. He also showed
the common form in London, with reduced yellow fasciae.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Two local beetles taken on the Formby sand dunes,
Lancs., 15.v.65: Phytosus balticus Kraatz (Staphylinidae) taken just above the
high water mark in a carrion trap; and Orthocerus clavicornis (L.) (Colydiidae)
taken at the roots of Marram Grass, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. S. N. A. JAcons said that he had seen the balls of fibre, similar to the
one exhibited by Dr. de Worms, on the mediterranean coast; and Mr. T. R.
EAGLEs added that he had received some a few years ago from Majorca.

Dr. A. M. MassEE reported that the Upleas Marshes had been in danger of
being converted into a yachting marina and the sponsors were being supported
by the local Rural District Council. Dr. Massee was one of the 90 objectors to
the scheme. He said that the result of the enquiry had just been announced, and

82 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

the plans had been rejected. The PRESIDENT thanked Dr. Massee for all the work
he does for conservation.

Mr. T. R. EaG es asked if the tortoise beetle shown by Dr. Massee would
feed on Sea Campion, Selene maritima With., which many botanists thought to
be the same species as Bladder Campion. He added that there was a close relative,
Nottingham Catchfly, S. nutans L., in the area where the beetles were caught.
Mr. S. WAKELY said that a number of years ago he had found a Cassida larva on
Sea Campion.

Euplagia quadripunctaria L. (Lep., Arctiidae) was reported by Mr. P. A.
GODDARD to have been seen by him on Hemp Agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum
L. while at Portland this year. The only migrant Lepidoptera which he saw were
some Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae), Vanessa cardui L. (Nymphalidae) and a
couple of Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Pyralidae). Mr. R. F. Haynes asked if E.
quadripunctaria L. could be changing its range, and Mr. Goddard replied that
he did not know, nor did he know if those he saw were of British or Continental
origin.

The PRESIDENT reported that a few years ago he had taken an example of
Tenthredo omissa (Forster) (Hym., Tenthredinidae) along the Thames at Chis-
wick, Middx., adding that it is normally confined to East Anglia. During the
previous week-end he had found another on Littleworth Common, Berks., on
umbelliferous flowers. He asked for members to keep a lookout for it as it
appears to be much more common than was thought.

A photograph of the plan of the Dungeness Power Station had been seen by
Mr. T. G. Howarth, and he asked if the second stage of the building would be
within the fence already erected. Dr. MASSEE reported that the second stage of
the building would be within the fence, but a third stage is already drawn up.
He said that a greater threat to the area at present was the gravel producers in
the area, as they were trying to get permission to dig up the shingle.

The meeting ended with coloured slides shown by Mr. M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Mr.
C. O. HAMMoND, Mr. and Mrs. T. G. HowartTH and the PRESIDENT.

23rd SEPTEMBER 1965

The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. T. N. D. Peet—The following Lepidoptera: the pupal case of Nonagria
sparganii Esp. (Noctuidae) from Upstreet, Kent, September 1965; Rheumaptera
undulata L. (Geometridae) taken at mercury vapour light in Norfolk, 2.vii.65;
a male and a female Mesotype virgata Hufn. (Geometridae) taken by day in
Suffolk, 30.vii.65; an underside example of Amathes glareosa Esp. s.sp. edda
Staud., with the left fore wing marked with yellow paint to illustrate the marking
technique used by Dr. Kettlewell on the Shetland expeditions, 1959-1962.

Mr. P. A. GoppArpD—Photographs of Aristotelia ericinella Dup. (Lep., Gele-
chiidae), found commonly on heaths in Dorset in late August; and Ancylis
apicella Schiff. (Tortricidae), a very local species taken on the heath near Ware-
ham, Dorset, in the same period.

Dr. A. M. MasseE—The mirid plant bug, Miridius quadrivirgatus (Costa), a
very local Kent insect, being recorded only from Cliffe, Deal, Dover, Isle of
Sheppey, Ham Street, Shoreham downs and Swalecliffe. This insect is usually

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 83

found within ten miles of the coast, the exception being Shoreham which is
situated on the north downs. The species has been recorded from nine English
counties and from Glamorgan and Pembrokeshire, but it has not been found
in Scotland or Ireland. Miridius feeds on various species of grasses, and matures
in August.

Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTy on behalf of Mr. Morrison—(1) A normal and a black
form of Tribolium confusum Duv. (Col., Tenebrionidae) bred from a laboratory
culture started from a few specimens obtained in stored products. (2) A number
of Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, or near relatives, which he had taken
over the past two seasons: Elasmucha grisea (L.), common on birch at Tudden-
ham, Suff., May 1965; Sehirus dubius (Scop.), Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey,
September 1964; Aelia acuminata (L.), Tuddenham, June to September 1964 and
1965; Eysarcoris fabricii Kirkaldy, Brook, Kent, 22.viii.64; Palomena prasina
(L.), Oxwich, Glam., 1.x.64; Piezodorus lituratus (F.), Oxshott, Surrey 1965 and
Dungeness, Kent, August 1964; Pentatoma rufipes (L.), Oxshott, June 1964;
Troilus luridus (F.), Oxwich, and Burrey Port, Carm.; Rhacognathus punctatus
(L.), Oxshott, June 1965; Gonocerus acutangulus (Goeze), Box Hill, Surrey,
19.ix.65; Enoplops scapha (F.), near Castle Martin, Pemb., 29.ix.64; Coriomeris
denticulatus (Scop) Little Baddow, Essex, 8.xi.64; and Rhopalus subrufus (Gme-
lin), Brook, Kent, June 1964

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. T. R. EAGLEs read an extract from the Society’s Proceedings for 1955
which recorded his exhibit of one of the fibre balls from Majorca, similar to
those exhibited by Dr. de Worms at the last meeting.

The PRESIDENT reported that the shingle beach at Dungeness was formed
during a period of violent storms in the Middle Ages, and the fauna and flora
at present on them must have colonised it since then. He then reported that the
Council had made Mr. M. Niblett an Honorary Member of the Society.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMs reported that there was a proposal to make a new London
Airport on either the Isle of Sheppey, on the Cliffe marshes in Kent or at Stan-
stead, Essex. Dr. MASSEE said he would contact the planning authorities at
Maidstone and enquire about it.

The meeting concluded with a talk by Dr. A. M. MASsEE on the “Hemiptera-
Heteroptera of the British Isles’, which he illustrated with coloured transpar-
encies.

Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col., Scarabaeidae) and Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.)
and C. nigricornis (F.), some comments.—In a recent note (antea p. 34) Mr. Buck
refers to Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) as ‘a rare species which occasionally appears
at light in the home, but seldom, if at all, at the lepidopterist’s light.’ I have
taken three examples of this beetle in my garden, in 1957, 1962 and 1963, all
in a mercury vapour light trap (vide Ent. Gaz.,9 : 101, 13 : 177, 14 : 162).

Dr. MacNulty (antea p. 54) notes that Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.) and C.
nigricornis (F.) ‘are local and unfortunately seem to be only found singly’. I
found the former species, however, in some numbers under stones beside the
river Usk in Breconshire in 1964.—Sir Eric ANSORGE, Timbers, Welders Lane,
Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., 6th October 1965.

84 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965
A SIMPLE LIGHT TRAP FOR AQUATIC INSECTS
By C. I. CARTER and A. PARAMONOV

Various types of traps have been described for the collection of insects emer-
ging from the water (Mundie 1956, Morgan et al, 1963) but it appears that no
literature has been published concerning underwater light traps as Peterson
(1949) does not mention them. A simple apparatus was made to see if aquatic
insects could be lured to light and trapped under water. Although the trap was
tested only twice, it proved very effective in collecting certain insects.

The apparatus consisted of a cylinder nine inches in diameter and two
feet long made from perforated zinc sheet, a removable muslin cover being
fastened over one end with a piece of cord. The other end had a non-return en-
trance funnel made from the corner of a polythene bag, the apex having been
cut in two directions to give four triangular flaps, thus forming a simple valve.
A simple pocket torch functioned as the light source utilising a 0.25 W, 2.5 V
bulb and a 1.5 V dry cell battery. The torch was switched on and placed in a glass
jar with a good-fitting screw lid, the jar being suspended in wire loops with the
torchlight beam passing through the funnel entrance. (See figure.)

The trap, prepared at dusk, was immersed into a pond using a long pole Jater
secured at the water’s edge. The following morning the trap was emptied and
the catch sorted. As an experimental control, the trap was immersed the next
night at the same place but without the torchlight. This procedure was repeated
in a large water tank in a garden which contained only a few insects. The results
are shown below:

SMALL POND LARGE WATER TANK
TRAP WITH LIGHT
22.00-09.00 hrs., 3—4.vi.62 23.00-09.00 hrs., 12—13.vi.62
198 Corixidae (Hem.) 3 Corixidae (Hem.)

5 Dytiscidae (Col.)
TRAP WITHOUT LIGHT

22.00-09.00 hrs., 4-5.vi.62 23.00-09.00 hrs., 11—12.vi.62
5 Corixidae (Hem.) 1 Corixidae (Hem.)
1 Dytiscidae (Col.)
(Times quoted are B.S.T.)

In these trial runs the apparatus was especially effective in obtaining large
numbers of Corixidae. It is possible that other aquatic insects can be trapped in
this way.

REFERENCES

Morgan, N. C., Waddell, A. B. and Hall, W. B., 1963. A comparison of the catches of
emerging aquatic insects in floating box and submerged funnel traps. J. Anim.
Ecol., 32 (2) : 203-219.

Mundie, J. H., 1956. Emergence traps for aquatic insects.. Mitt. Int. Ver. Limnol., 7 :
1-13.

Peterson, A., 1949. 4 Manual of entomological equipment and methods. Michigan.

The Ridgeway,

Alton,

Hants.

10th August 1965.

85

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

s}oosul s1yenbe Bur}09][09 10 desy WYSIT

LOOW T

86 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

FIELD MEETINGS, 1965

FARNBOROUGH and FLEET POND, HANTS—24th April, 1965
Leader: Mr. M. CLIFTON

During the morning the weather was cloudy but bright, and led to an after-
noon of cloud broken by sunny periods. Seven members and one visitor attended
the meeting which started on a stretch of the Basingstoke canal alongside the
airfield at Farnborough. This produced large quantities of the more common
insects, amongst which were several larvae, later found to be those of the moth
Pseudoips prasinina L., the Scarce Silver-lines. Under loose oak bark two mem-
bers of the party found several specimens of the scolytid beetle Dryccoetes
villosus (F.). The only other capture of note was that of a male Dolomedes
fimbriatus (Clerck), a water-loving spider. In the afternoon the party moved
to the edge of the Fleet pond, a few miles away. The ground cover here is mainly
heather, with a large stand of Phragmites at the water’s edge. The heather pro-
duced another spider, the rare species Philodromus histrio (Lat.); but the rest of
the material obtained there was common. In the Phragmites were several inter-
esting insects and spiders; all confined to the reed bed and all common where
they occurred. Several examples of the uncommon weevil, Thryogenes nereis
(Payk.), were found by breaking the bases of last year’s reeds apart. While
searching for these, several examples of the spiders Clubiona phragmitis Koch
and Araneus cornutus Clerck were taken. Most of the party collected something
of interest, even if one member collected only a little sunburn.

The meeting ended at the leader’s house, where tea was provided.

FARNINGHAM WOOD, KENT—9th May 1965
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Eleven members attended this meeting which was held in sunny and rather
warm conditions, with no wind or rain.

The following Lepidoptera were among those noted: Anthocharis cardamines
L., a male on the wing; Celastrina argiolus L., imbibing mud; Oidematophorus
tephradactylus Hiibn. larvae on Solidago virgaurea L. (Golden Rod); Hysterosia
maculosana Haw., a single example on the wing; Pammene argyrana Hiibn., one
on an oak trunk; Eana incanana Steph., many larvae in flowers of Endymion
non-scriptus (L.) Garck (Bluebell); Caryocolum fraternellum Dougl., a larva on
Lonicera periclymenum (Honeysuckle). A close search of the Broom (Sarothamnus
scoparius L. (Wimmer)) failed to reveal the cases of Coleophora saturatella
Staint., although this species had previously been noted here by Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen, who was present at this meeting. The search, however, produced numerous
cocoons of Leucoptera spartifoliella Hiibn.

Mr. P. Goddard observed a few specimens of the hemipteron, Anthocoris
nemorum (L.).

Mr. T. R. Eagles reported large areas of Convallaria majalis L. (Lily-of-the-
valley), adding that the plants flower freely here. He was also pleased to find a
good example of the fungus, Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 87

The Hemiptera-Heteroptera reported by Mr. N. Wilding were: Palomena
prasina (L.), Sehirus bicolor (L.), Heterogaster urticae (F.) and Stenodema
laevigatum (L.).

In the later afternoon some of the party went down to the river Darenth, for
the purpose of visiting the lake, which it appears was formerly a gravel pit.
Examination of a clump of the fungus Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr. pro-
duced a species of Paederus.

SCRATCH WOOD, MIDDLESEX—Sth June 1965
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

Nine members assembled at Stirling Corner for this meeting, which took place
in warm, rather overcast weather, broken in the late evening by a heavy storm.

The first part of the morning was devoted to the bank beside the A.1, and
work proceeded against a background of incessant traffic noise. Nevertheless,
this bank proved to be about the most productive locality of the day. One of its
features was the abundance of Lathyrus nissolia L. (Grass Vetchling). A specimen
of Commophila aeneana Hiibn. was found at rest among grasses and shoots of
Senecio erucifolius L., and larval cases of Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. were
plentiful here and elsewhere on apple, hawthorn and cherry.

The raison d’étre of the meeting had been to search for larvae of Eucnemi-
dophorus rhododactylus Schiff., one specimen of which was taken at light in
1964, but diligent searching of the rose bushes was not successful. Several plants
of Rosa tomentosa Sm. were seen among the more abundant R. canina L. Both
species were just coming into flower.

In the afternoon the party worked rough grassland, some of it marshy, on the
golf course; and oaks were beaten for larvae, the most notable being two
Quercusia quercus L. Those of Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw. were plentiful on
Sneezewort, and of Amelia paleana Hiibn. on a variety of herbs. Three male
specimens of Epichnopteryx pulla Esp. were caught.

Afterwards Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Howarth entertained the party to tea, and to
this was added the enjoyment of being shown round their rich and beautiful
garden. The lepidopterists were invited to look over the contents of the mercury
vapour light trap, and some of them departed with a good harvest from this
source.

BLEAN WOODS, KENT—13th June 1965
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Although rain was forecast, a dry, warm and windless day was enjoyed by
the eight members who worked the Nature Conservancy area of Church Wood.

Among the Lepidoptera noted were: Argynnis euphrosyne L., Lithina chlorosata
Scop., Oidematophorus tephradactylus Hiibn., many larvae of Acrobasis con-
sociella Hiibn., on oak and Bactra lanceolana Hibn.

The leader had the great fortune to take a larva in the terminal shoot of
Frangula alnus Mill. (Alder Buckthorn), from which he reared Sorhagenia
janiszewskae Riedl. This is the first record, so far as is known, for Kent. The

88 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

species has previously been confused with §. rhamniella Zell. (Bradley, Ent.
Gaz., 14 : 41-44).

The following Coleoptera were noted by Mr. E. G. Philp, of which the best
find was one example of Triplax lacordairii Crotch.: Clivinia fossor (L.), Bem-
bidion genei Kuster s.sp. illigeri Netol., Abax parallelepipedus (Pill. & Mitt.),
Sienus rogeri Kraatz, Lordithon lunulatus (L.), Cantharis pellucida F., Malachius
bipustulatus (L.), Anthocomus fasciatus (L.), Alosterna tabacicola (Deg.), Clytus
arietis (L.), Pogenochaerus hispidulus (Pill. & Mitt.), Zeugophora subspinosa (F.),
Z. flavicollis (Marsh.), Clytra quadripunctata (L.) and Chaetocnema concinna
(Marsh.).

WYE VALLEY, MONMOUTHSHIRE—19th and 20th June 1965
Leader: Mr. R. M. MERE

The rendezvous was the Royal George Hotel, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Some
15 members and friends attended the meeting. Lepidoptera were the main
interest, but some Diptera were collected. No details of the latter are available
at the time of writing.

Several members met informally on the Friday evening, 18th June, and ran
mercury vapour lights from portable generators in the woods above Tintern. A
few Eupitheca egenaria H.-S. were seen, but little else of interest. The weather on
this and the following night was rather chilly for the time of year.

The meeting proper started on Saturday afternoon, when the weather was
generally sunny, and the woods behind Tintern were worked. These are mainly
oak, beech and conifer, in contrast to the woods worked at night. The latter were
more varied, with oak, wych elm, small leaved lime, birch, yew, beech, etc. Ina
ride in a plantation of young pines Epirrhoe tristata L. was flying in some numbers,
and Eupitheca plumbeolata Haw. was also seen. In another area Cochylidia
rupicola Curt. was netted, larvae of Acrocercops brongniardella F. were found on
oak, and a single larva of Apamea scolopacina Esp. was seen. Bomolocha crassalis
F. and Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. were noted. Larvae of Coleophora sylvaticella
J.H.W. appeared in August on seed heads of Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud.,
these seed heads were collected on this meeting in the hope of rearing C. sylvati-
cella J.H.W.

That evening the party split, some collecting with mercury vapour lights in the
woods on the Gloucestershire side of the river Wye, while the majority collected
in the woods above Tintern on the Monmouthshire side of the river. The former
were the more fortunate, recording several Drepana harpagula Esp., as well as
further Eupithecia egenaria H.-S., neither of which were seen in the Monmouth-
shire woods on this occasion. Some 70 species of macrolepidoptera were recorded
that evening, including Discoloxia blomeri Curt., Abraxas sylvata Scop., Stauropus
fagi L., Atolmis rubricollis L., and Ectropis consonaria Hiibn. ab. waiensis
Richardson.

Most members had to leave early on Sunday, those remaining went their own
ways collecting.

Several members stayed at the Crown Inn, Whitebrook, where traps were
plugged into the mains on Friday and Saturday nights. Over 100 species of
macrolepidoptera were recorded here in the two nights, including Arctia villica
L. and Selenia lunaris Schiff., neither of which were seen elsewhere.

All members were delighted with the wonderful country and scenery, and
several expressed a wish for a further meeting to be held in the area.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 89
STORRINGTON, SUSSEX—i8th July 1965
Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp

Eleven members of the Society including the President, Mr. R. W. J. Uffen,
enjoyed a fine day in this part of unspoiled downland. A large variety of Lepi-
doptera were seen including numbers of freshly emerged Aphantopus hyperanthus
L. Other Lepidoptera recorded were: Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pam-
philus L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Plusia gamma L., Euphyia bilineata L..,
Sterrha dimidiata Hufn., Agriphila culmella L., A. inquinatella Schiff., Agapeta
hamana L., A. zoegana L., Lathronympha strigana F., Scoparia ambigualis Treits
S. dubitalis Hiibn., Pyrausta purpuralis L., Pseudoargyrotoza conwaygana F..,
Notocelia uddmanniana ., Heyda nubiferana Haw., Epiblemma costipunctana
Haw., Horisme tersata Schiff.

Over 60 species of wild flowers were observed including the rare Campanula
rapunculus L. (Rampion) and Gentianella campestris (L.) Borner (Field Gentian).

During the day a male and a female Common Lizard, Lacerta vivipara Jacquin
were noted; and a Linnet’s nest containing a single egg was found in a low
hawthorn bush.

After the meeting the party was entertained to tea by Mrs. Odd at Dingley
Dell.

ARUNDEL, SUSSEX—8th August 1965
Leader: Mr. M. CLiIrron

Seven members came to this meeting, collecting over a part of the primeval
beech forest in Arundel Park. The weather was clear and sunny at first, but
became more and more cloudy as the day went on, producing full cover at about
5 p.m., when the meeting broke up.

Many rare and local beetles were taken, which included Saprosites mendax
Blackb., Strangalia aurulenta F., Epitrix atropae Foud., Diplocoelus fagi Guér-
Mén., Cerylon fagi Bris., Dryophilus pusillus (Gyll.), Prionychus fairmairei
Reiche, Longitarsus quadriguttatus (Pont.), together with the immaculate form,
L. anchusae (Payk.), Anisandrus saxeseni (Ratz.), Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst)
and Lordithon lunulatus (L.), together with many common species.

Only four species of heteropterous bugs were found, all common species.
Butterflies and moths were also very poorly represented, and again only common
species.

Many fine growths of the plant Atropa bella-donna L. (Deadly Nightshade)
were found, together with Cynoglossum officinale L. (Hound’s Tongue), which is
so common in the area. Two interesting fungi were noted, Boletus satanus Lenz.
and a species thought to be Polyporus ovinus Fr. ex Schaeffer which is not known
from this country. Unfortunately the specimen was delayed in the post when
sent to the leader for a final identification at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
and was badly decomposed when received.

All in all, a very interesting meeting.

90 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 1965

COLNEY STREET, HERTS.—21st August 1965
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

It had been raining, and was still raining, when the only two members who met
at the station moved off to the gravel pits. The rain did clear for a time, but in the
afternoon there was another deluge and everything was very wet. Nevertheless,
the meeting proved most interesting botanically, and the following Bryophytes
were noted: Acrocladium cuspidatum (Hedw.) Linbd., Atrichum undulatum
(Hedw.) P. Beauv. c.fr., Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr., Barbula
convoluta Hedw., B. unguiculata Hedw., Brachythecium rivulare (Bruch). B. & S.,
B. rutabulum (Hedw.) B. & S., Bryum argenteum Hedw. c.fr., B. bicolor Dicks.
c.fr. and c.gemmae, B. bimum Brid. c.fr., Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. c.fr.
and male, Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schf. c.fr., Fissidens bryoides Hedw.,
Fumaria hygrometrica Hedw. c.fr., Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. c.fr.,
Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. Pohlia delicatula (Hedw.) Grout male and
female, P. nutans (Hedw.) Linbd. c.fr., Polytrichum commune Hedw., P. formosum
Hedw. c.fr., P. juniperinum Hedw., P. piliferum Hedw., Pottia truncata (Hedw.)
Firnr. c.fr., Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.) Fleisch., Sphagnum fimbriatum
Wils., S. palustre L., S. plumulosum Roll., S. squarrosum Pers. ex Crome, Tortula
muralis Hedw. c.fr., Cephaloziella sp. and is indeterminate without perianths,
Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dum., L. heterophylla (Schrad.) Dum. Marchantia
polymorpha L., abundantly fertile, Riccardia pinguis (L.) Gray, Riccia fluitans L.,
Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda.

There were several interesting flowering plants, the most noteworthy being:
Artemisia absinthium L., Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
L., believed extinct in Herts., and last seen near Harefield circa 1940, Valerianella
rimosa Bast. and a Brassica with very long siliquae which awaits determination at
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). It is not native to this country.

Lepidoptera taken or seen included Pararge megera L., Callimorpha jacobaeae
L., Nonagria typhae Thunb., Coenobia rufa Haw., Ortholitha chenopodiata L.,
Chiasmia clathrata L., Udea lutealis Hiibn., Platyptilia gonodactyla Schiff.,
Pterophorus pentadactylus L., Ancylis badiana Schiff. (lundana F.), Epinotia nisella
Clerck, Agonopteryx applana F.

ASHTEAD, SURREY—29th August 1965
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

A chilly breeze and a heavy dew combined to keep insects inactive and deeply
hidden in the herbage for much of the day, so that sweeping proved most un-
productive. Beating for larvae was also rather unsuccessful. One tortoise beetle,
Cassida sanguinolenta Mull. and many Crepidodera ferruginea (Scop.) were
swept. Only three examples of the handsome trypetid fly Jcterica westermanni
(Meig.) could be disturbed.

The ten species of butterfles seen included Thymelicus lineola Ochs., the Essex
Skipper. Among the more unusual finds were cases of a Coleophora sp. on the
seeds of Trifolium pratense L., Red Clover, and many larvae of Simaethis pariana
Clerck skeletonising the leaves of a young apple tree beneath fine silk webs, rather
like those of Swammerdamia spp. These larvae were mostly on the upper side of
the leaf, and the damage showed strong reticulation patterns from the remaining
network of veinlets. Recent webs were much contaminated with frass. The larvae
are light yellow-green, dark spotted, like those of Anthophila fabriciana L.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 gI

The following Coleoptera were shaken from wet rushes and damp grass:
Notiophilus palustris Duft., Bradycellus verbasci (Duft.), Pterostichus minor
Gyll., Bembidion obtusum Sery., Philonthus splendens (F.), P. longicornis Steph.,
P. intermedius Lac., Stenus bimaculatus Gyll., S. rogeri Kraatz, S. flavipes
Steph., S. brunnipes Steph., Agriotes pallidulus (Ill.), Cryptophagus cellaris
(Scop.), Omias mollinus Boh.

The centipede, Lithobius forficatus L., and the spider Pachygnatha clercki
Sund., were also reported.

DUNGENESS, KENT—Sth September 1965
Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE

This was another of our joint meetings with the Kent Field Club and 15
members attended. After a very wet morning the weather improved in the after-
noon and a number of interesting insects and plants were noted.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Aelia acuminata (L.), Chorosoma schillingii (Schum-
mel), Dictyonota fuliginosa Costa, Acalypta parvula (Fall.), Empicoris vagabundus
(L.), Stygnocoris fuligineus (Geoft.), S. pedestris (Fall.), Trapezonotus arenarius
(L.), Plinthisus brevipennis (Lat.), Coranus subapterus (Deg.).

COLEOPTERA: Amara aenea (Deg.), Dromius linearis (Ol.), D. notatus Steph.,
D. vectensis Rye, D. melanocephalus Dej., Aleochara curtula (Goeze), Staphy-
linus ater (Grav.), Sciodrepa watsoni (Spence), Sericoderus lateralis (Gyll.),
Rhyzobius litura (F.), and the aberration maura L., Meligethes planiusculus
(Heer), Omosita colon (L.), Micrambe villosus (Heer), Dermestes undulatus
Brahm, Trixagus obtusus (Westw.), Laria dulcamarae Scop., Necrobia violacea
(L), Xyletinus longitarsis Jahnsson, Cassida hemisphaerica Herbst, Otiorrhynchus
sulcatus (F.), O. desertus Rosen. ab. muscorum Bris., Smicronyx coecus Reiche,
S. jungermanniae (Reiche), Apion immune Kirby, A. striatum Kirby and Phy-
tonomus suspiciosus (Hexvst).

LEPIDOPTERA: Larvae of Calophasia lunula Hufa., on Linaria vulgaris Mill.,
and one larva of Eupithecia linariata Schiff. was noted on the same host; Aspitates
ochrearia Rossi and a moth thought to be Mirificarma mulinella Zell. on broom;
larvae of Ethmia terminella Fletcher and E. bipunctella F. were found on Echium
vulgare L. (Vipers Bugloss), the former in a silken tube among the seeds and
the latter at rest on the plants.

Plants of interest included: Salix repens L. s.sp. argentea (Sm.) G. & A. Camus,
a beautiful willow with its silvery pubescent leaves; Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh.
ex Hoff.; Silene nutans L., a likely host of the tortoise beetle Cassida hemis-
Phaerica Hiibn.; one plant of Echium vulgare L. was seen to be galled by the
eriophyd mite, Eriophyes echii (Cottee), and constitutes a new county record
for the mite, which has been recorded only once previously in the British Isles.

A fine specimen of the fungus Argrocybe praecox (Pres. ex Fr.) was also noted.

SEASALTER, KENT—19th September 1965
Leader: Mr. K. C. SIDE

This was a joint meeting of the South London and the Kent Field Club.
Twelve members met at Faversham Station and then drove to the Old Sportsman
Inn at Seasalter. The weather was fine and warm throughout the day.

The morning was spent in working various habitats on both sides of the sea

Q2 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965

wall. The most productive were the thick stands of Scirpus maritimus L., and
Phragmites communis Trin. The local mirid bug, Stenodema trispinosum (Reuter),
was taken by sweeping the reeds, but nymphs greatly outnumbered the adults.

Lunch was eaten on the cockle-shell beach which encloses the Nagden saltings;
the afternoon was spent in this area.

The lygaeid bug, Taphropeltus contractus (H.-S.), was common at the roots of
Glaucium flavum Crantz. and a single example of its congener 7. hamulatus
(Thoms.) was also taken. Amongst the many species of beetles collected on the
beach and saltings the most noteworthy were: Trechus fulvus Dej., Anthicus
floralis (L.), A. quisquilius Thoms., A. instabilis Schmidt, A. angustatus Cutt.,
Apion confluens Kirby and Baris scolopacea Germ.

The lepidopterists in the party reported seeing several Agdistis bennetii Curt.
and a single Bucculatrix maritima Staint. Larvae of Eucosma heringiana Jackh.
were found in spinnings among the flowers and buds of Aster tripolium L., and
larval cases of Coleophora artemisiella Scott were seen on the seed-heads of
Artemisia maritima L.

Dipterous larvae were frequent mining leaves of Suaeda maritima L. (Dum.).
These have yet to be reared, but probably represent a species previously un-
recognised in Britain.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—16th October 1965
Leader: Mr. P. C. HOLLAND

About 24 people belonging to the South London Entomological and the
London Natural History Societies attended and of these about 20 took tea at
the restaurant near the railway station. The day was all that could be desired,
sunny and warm.

Perhaps the feature of the day was the many species of bolet. All were plentiful
except Boletus edulis Bulliard ex Fr., which had almost all been gathered by our
continental friends. The spot where Russula sanguinea (Bull. ex St. Amans) Fr.
used to grow had become overgown and only one poor example could be found.

The following list of species noted is made up of identifications, mainly in the
field, by the leader, Mrs. Gillian Craw, Messrs. T. R. Eagles and H. G. Tunsiall
besides other members of the party.

MyxomyceTEs identified by the leader, the nomenclature follows S. W. Martin
(1949, North American Flora, Vol. 1, part 1). Comatricha nigra (Pers.) Schroeter,
Fuligo septica (L.) Weber, Leocarpus fragilis (Dickson) Rost., Stemonitis fusca
Roth.

ASCOMYCETES named according to R. W. G. Dennis (1960, British Cup Fungi).
Aleuria aurantia (Fr.) Fuckel (Peziza aurantia Pers. ex Fr.), Claviceps purpurea
(Fr.) Tulasne, Coryne sarcoides (Jacq. ex Fr.) Tulasne, Daldinia concentrica
(Bolton ex Fr.) Ces. et de Not., Peziza badia Pers. ex Mérat, Ustulina deusta (Fr.)
Petrak, Xylosphaera hypoxylon (L.) Dumortier (Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.).

HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES—TREMELLALES named mostly according to D. A. Reid
and P. K. C. Austwick (1963, An annotated list of the less common Scottish
Basidiomycetes (exclusive of Rusts and Smuts), Scot. Nat.). Auricularia mesen-
terica Dick. ex Fr., Calocera viscosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., Dacrymyces deliquescens
(Bull.) Duby, Tremella mesenterica Retz. ex Fr.

HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES—APHYLLOPHORALES, nomenclature follows the autho-
rity as used for Tramellales. Bjerkandera adusta (Wilid. ex Fr.) Karsten (Polyporus
adustus (Willd.)) Fr., Clavaria argillacea Pers. ex Fr., Clavinulopsis helvola Pers.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965 93

ex Fr. (Clavaria inaequalis Mill.), Coltrichia perennis (Fr.) Murril (Polyporus
perennis (L.) Fr.), Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quélet (Polystichus versicolor (L.)
ex Fr.) (Trametes versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Pilat, Daedalea quiercina Fr., Fistulina
hepatica (Huds.) Fr., Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.) (Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke),
Merulius tremellosus (Schrader) Fr., Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Patouillard
(Polaporus schweinitzii Fr.) Phlebia radiata Fr. (Phlebia merismoides Fr.),
Piptoporus betulinus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karsten (Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr.),
Polyporus cuticularis (Bull.) Fr., Polyporus stipticus (Pers.) Fr., Polystictus
abietinus (Dickson) Fr., Sparrasis crispa (Fr. ex Wulf.) Fr., Stereum hirsutum
(Willd.) Pers., Stereum purpureum Pers., Thelephora terrestris (Erhart) Fr.,
Trametes rubescens (Alb. et Schweinitz) Fr.

HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES—AGARICALES, nomenclature follows Dennis, Orton &
Hora (1960, New Check List of Agarics and Boleti). Agrocybe semiorbicularis
(Bull. ex St. Amans) Fayod, Amanita citrina (Schaef.) S. F. Gray, A. excelsa
(Fr.) Kummer, A. fulva (Schaef.) Secretan, A. muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker,
A. rubescens ((Pers.) Fr.) S. F. Gray, Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer,
Boletus badius Fr., B. bovinus L. ex Fr., B. edulis Bull. ex Fr., B. elegans Schum.
ex Fr., B. holopus Rost. apud Sturm., B. pinicola Venturi, B. scaber Bull. ex Fr.,
B. subtomentosus L. ex Fr., B. testaceoscaber Secretan, B. variegatus Sowerby ex
Fr., Cantharellula expallens (Pers. ex Fr.) Orton, Clitocybe clavipes (Pers. ex
Fr.) Kummer, C. ditopus (Fr. ex Fr.) Gillet, V. langei Singer ex Hora, Collybia
butyracea (Bull. ex Fr.) Kummer, C. maculata (Alb. et Schweinitz ex Fr.) Kummer
Coprinus comatus (Mill. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, C. plicatilis (Curt. ex Fr.) Fr.,
Cortinarius anomalus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr., C. flexipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., C. semi-
sanguineus (Fr.) Gillet, Cystoderma amanianthinum ((Scop.) Fr.) Fayod, Gallerina
mutabilis (Schaef. ex Fr.) Orton, Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Karsten, G. rutilus
(Schaef. ex Fr.) Lund., Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr. ex Fr.) Murrill, Hebeloma
crustuliniforme (Bull. ex Fr.) Quélet, Hygrophorus turundus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr.,
H. hypothejus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kummer,
Inocybe fastigiata (Schaef. ex Fr.) Quélet, Laccaria amethystea (Bull. ex Mérat)
Murrill, L. laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke, Lacrymaria vetulina (Pers. ex Fr.)
Konrad et Maulanc, Lactarius hepaticus Plowright apud Boudier, L. mitissimus
(Fr.) Fr., L. pubescens (Fr. ex Krombholz) Fr., L. pyrogalus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr.,
L. quietus (Fr.) Fr., L. rufus (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr., L. subdulcis (Pers. ex Fr.) S. F.
Gray, L. torminosus (Schaef. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, L. turpis (Wein.) Fr., L. vietus
(Fr.) Fr., Lepiota cristata (Fr.) Kummer, Merasmius androsaceus (L. ex Fr.) Fr.,
Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers. ex Fr.) Murrill, Mycena epipterygia (Scop. ex Fr.)
S. F. Gray, M. galericulata (Scop. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, Paxillus involutus (Batsch
ex Fr.) Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer, Russula atropurpurea
(Krombholz) Britzelmayr, R. betularum Hora, R. emetica (Schaef. ex Fr.)
S. F. Gray, R. fellea (Fr.) Fr., R. fragilis (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., R. nigricans (Bull. ex
Mérat) Fr., R. ochroleuca (Pers. ex Secreton) Fr., R. sanguinea (Bull. ex St.
Amans) Fr., R. sardonia Fr., Tricholoma argyraceum (Bull. ex St. Amans) Gillet,
T. fulvum (DC ex Fr.) Saccardo, T. portentosum (Fr. Quélat, T. terreum (Schaef.
ex Fr.) Kummer, T. ustale (Fr. ex Fr.) Kummer, Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaef.
ex Fr.) Singer.

HOoMOBASIDIOMYCETES—GASTEROMYCETES named according to Moser (1955,
Kleine Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz). Lyco-
perdon perlatum Pers., Scleroderma aurantium Vaillant ex Pers.

For names not included in the works above cited, recourse has been made to
Michael & Hennig (1960, Handbuch fiir Pilzfreunde, vol. 2, Nichtblatterpilze),
and to Rea (1922, British Basidiomycetae).

94 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1965
FREDERICK JOHN COULSON
1878-1965

Mr. F. J. Coulson first became attracted to entomology at the age of 15, first
by Lepidoptera, and subsequently by Coleoptera, though he never lost his interest
in the former. Like most coleopterists of his day he also studied Hemiptera,
including the more difficult Homoptera. It is perhaps less well-known that his
attentions were also caught by Diptera and other orders. All natural history
subjects held an interest for him, but it was as a very competent coleopterist that
most of us will remember him.

It was with the G.P.O. Engineering Department, clerical section, that he spent
his working life, entering this section of the Civil Service by way of competitive
examination, eventually retiring after 46 years in this important branch of public
service.

In the field Coulson was indefatigable and he could walk the feet off many a
younger man to get to particular spots where he knew the collecting was likely to
be good. His field work was excellent and his experience wide. The young ento-
mologist found him always willing to help in the determination of insects, intro-
duction to the correct literature, guidance in field work and in setting and
mounting techniques. A valuable man on field meetings where more of his time
was spent in encouraging the tyro than in collecting for himself. The present
writer has cause to be very grateful indeed to him, and his great friend the late
Mr. S. R. Ashby, who between them guided the writer during that critical period
when he doubted his ability to master the subject.

It was in 1909 that he joined our Society and became an enthusiastic South
London member, regularly attending both indoor and field meetings, serving on
the Council and contributing to our Proceedings and Transactions. He was our
President in 1937, and he succeeded Mr. Ashby as curator in 1945, an office he
filled with a diligence that was characteristic of the man. The collections were
always in order, always available, and he was always there to advise and help the
enquirer. He relinquished this office in 1954 enriching our collections during his
ten years of office with much of his own material. The Council appointed him an
Honorary Member in 1960, a distinction he richly deserved.

During the 1930s he spent much time and derived considerable pleasure deter-
mining the insect remains in the pellets of the Little Owl for Miss Hibbert-Ware
of Girton for a book she was writing on the bird.

Following a major operation at the age of 80 he was, much to his disappoint-
ment, unable to attend the indoor meetings or join the field meetings which had
given him so much pleasure. He died at the age of 87 on 6th May 1955.

His collection of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera he left to the
Society together with his library and notebooks. The well-used and carefully
annotated copy of Joy indicates how carefully he recorded the changes in our
beetle fauna, and in itself is of no small value to our book shelves. His collection
of Coleoptera he left to Mr. A. E. Gardner, his successor as our Curator.

Though he was unable to attend our meetings in the last seven years or so his
demise is a sad loss to us. Many will remember him best in the field; trilby hat
squarely on his head, an old bag slung from his shoulder, pockets bulging with
tubes and boxes, his pipe clenched firmly between his teeth as he swung his
sweeping bag across Bookham Common with an efficient rhythm that lasted

throughout the day.
F. D. BUCK.

The Society’s Publications

we Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
me regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA
by.L.. T. FORD, B.A.

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, HISTORY SOCIETY

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: _ THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
a! OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
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Compiled by a team of specialists.

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CONTENTS

Ansorge, Sir Eric, Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col.,
Scarabaeidae) and Chlaenius vestitus (Payk.) and
C. nigricornis (F.), some comments

Carter, C. I. & Paramonoy, A., A simple light trap
for aquatic insects

Field Meeting Reports

Haggett, G. M., Variation in Epirrhoe alternata
Miller (sociata Borkh.) with special reference to
ab. Jacteata Larsen, and its genetics

Morison, G. D., A note on the distribution of the
Orange Tip butterfly Anthocharis cardamines L.,
in N.E. Scotland

Obituary, F. J. Coulson

Paramonov, A.—see Carter, C. I.

Proceedings

Spreadbury, W. H., Larval habit of Anthonomus
pedicularius (L.) (Col., Curculionidae)

London, W.1, and printed by Anchor Press, Tiptree, Essex

83

84
86

63

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,

ee en ew

RIL 1966, Part 1

Proceedings and Transactions of
__ The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:

T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TwEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

Te RR E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R; Wi J: UFFEN, E.RES.

Ste AMM re

ZEATHSON TAN

. OCT 3 1 1966
i , Bei. 9 /. Li 'SRAR 15 ,

oe ot de —

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966”

1966

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 3

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF
MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS

By B. GoaTER, B.Sc.
(Read 26th August 1965)

The Bryophyta are a somewhat neglected Phylum of small green plants—
few of them exceed 10cm in length—but, given certain basic equipment with
which to study them, you will find them a particularly fascinating group. More-
over, they tend to be at their best at entomologically dull times of year, from
autumn till spring.

Being small, they are easy objects to gather and store; the usual custom is
to place gatherings in envelopes of folded newspaper upon which the essential
data can be written in the field, to dry them thoroughly on reaching home and
then to transfer them to a more permanent labelled envelope which can be filed
away in a card index cabinet (Fig. 1). My own envelopes are folded to fit com-
fortably into a shoe box, and while I dare not actively encourage my wife in
the purchase of more pairs of shoes, when she does so, I know I shall have that
much extra room for my bryophytes. When the time comes to study them in
more detail, a small fragment is thoroughly wetted and placed under a micro-
scope, when it will have recovered completely to reveal all its fine structure.
This brings me to the major snag in bryologizing—a good microscope is essential,
for though many of our 650 mosses and 300 or so liverworts can be named in
the field, using a x15 hand lens, many have to be examined under high power,
and all gatherings should be checked microscopically.

The majority of plants have a life cycle comprising two alternating
generations—one haploid, reproducing sexually by means of gametes, and
one diploid, reproducing asexually by spores (Fig. 2). In some the two generations

Rhy fdradehphus agHawizs (Hel) Warrnl. ofr. ASG fa
Doxtdl, _—darrey, hE

Wa area x pray prack Ahrough woede Ref Ml,

Park wa, fp C2.

cok, ot ta

Fig. 1. Bryophyte packet

*

4 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

ee gametophyte
(haploid)
oS

spore male female
(haploid) gamete gamete
zygote
meiosis) diploid)
p
it OO sporophyte
(diploid)

Fig. 2. Alternation of Generations.

are morphologically alike and differ only in cytology and in the kind of repro-
ductive organs they have; in others the generations are dissimilar and either the
gametophyte or the sporophyte may be the larger and more conspicuous. In the
flowering plants and ferns it is the diploid sporophyte which is the green plant
and the other generation is inconspicuous. In the bryophytes, however, it is the
haploid generation which is the green plant, and the sporophyte, when formed,
consists of a capsule held aloft on a slender stalk, and is parasitic, or partly so,
upon the gametophyte. This fact is an important one for the student to bear in
mind and I shall have more to say about it later.

Many bryophytes are not known to produce a sporophyte or do so very rarely,
and all have great powers of regeneration from small fragments of gametophyte
tissue. Most readers have seen, though they may not have recognized, the flat
cushions of Campylopus piriformis (Schultz) Brid. on the Surrey heaths, with
many detached leaves scattered over the tops of the cushions. These get dis-
persed and readily give rise to new plants. Other species have more elaborate
methods of vegetative reproduction by means of gemmae, which may be produced
in special receptacles on the leaves, in the leaf axils, on the rhizoids, or on special
branches. Aulacomnium androgynum (Hedw.) Schwaegr., Tetraphis pellucida
Hedw., Ulota phyllantha Brid. and Marchantia polymorpha Linn., the last a large
thallose liverwort, are good examples. (Fig. 3). Several investigators have shown
that minute pieces of almost any part of bryophytes can be induced to grow
into complete plants. It has even proved possible to produce diploid gameto-
phytes by stimulating the growth of fragments of seta.

Sexual reproduction in bryophytes involves the production of flagellated male
gametes which require a film of water in which to swim to the female gamete.
This does not necessarily mean that these plants are restricted to wet habitats
since dew or rain will suffice, and some seem to get away without sexual repro-
duction at all; but it is true to say that they are more abundant in more humid
climates. There is another reason for this; they seldom have any proper water-
conducting tissue, so they can only attain large size where water is abundant.
Conversely, rupestral mosses are either minute or have a cushion- or mat-
forming habit, such growth forms absorbing water like a sponge. They frequently
show other devices for restricting water loss in drier habitats. Many present a
very different appearance in the wet and dry states owing to a different posture

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

‘sdno vues YIM ‘vyduowdjod pijunyr4v JO SnTey} JO yied (p) ‘vysunyjdyd vjojQ jo d
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6 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

of the leaves. This incidentally can cause a lot of confusion to beginners trying
to recognize bryophytes in the field; they have to learn each plant twice, as it
were. Thus the long, narrow, wavy leaves of Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr.
spread out from the stem in the moist condition, but are greatly curled and con-
torted when the moss is dry. One of the most common features is the possession
of hyaline hair points on the leaf tips, which give the cushions of Grimmia
pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. and the mats of Tortula muralis Hedw. on walls a hoary
appearance. Mosses are also very resistant to drying and many will recover
after long periods of desiccation. Liverworts are much less happy in dry places—
one notable exception is the species of Frullania which form reddish patches on
the bark of trees, but even these prefer dampness in the atmosphere.

So far I have talked about bryophytes without attempting to distinguish
between mosses and liverworts. While in practice it is usually not difficult to
decide, one reaches one’s conclusions by observing a sum of characters rather
than looking for any single feature. Indeed it is said that the only absolute
criterion for separating the two groups is the fact that liverwort rhizoids are
unicellular and those of mosses are uniseriate filaments. Rhizoids are hair-like
organs of attachment to the substratum and are analogous to the roots of
higher plants. In practice, though, there are more accessible characters to go
upon. Some of these are provided by the gametophyte. All thallose bryophytes
are liverworts; nearly all bryophytes whose leaves are lobed or subdivided are
also liverworts (Fig. 4); nearly all leafy liverworts have their leaves arranged in
two ranks with or without a third rank of minute leaves on the under side
(Fig. 5); most mosses have their leaves arranged spirally on the stem and those
which are distichous can be recognized as mosses by other considerations. All
bryophytes with nerved leaves and all those with very elongated leaf cells (10 to 15
times as long as broad) are mosses (Fig. 6).

In the sporophyte of liverworts, the seta which bears the capsule aloft is soft
and fleshy and only elongates when the capsule has ripened. When young, the
sporophyte is usually enclosed by a tubular ‘perianth’ of gametophyte tissue.
In mosses, the seta is tough and wiry and elongates during the early growth of
the sporophyte, long before the capsule has developed, and there is no perianth.
Liverwort capsules split when ripe by means of four valves and the spores are
discharged all at once, often with the aid of hygroscopic elaters (Fig. 7); in
mosses, the mouth of the capsule is covered at first by a lid, and, when this is
shed, the orifice is guarded by a peristome which opens and closes with changes
in atmospheric humidity—a much more elaborate arrangement. I should add
that a few small mosses lack a peristome, and this may be an important character
for distinguishing them from closely related species. In cleistocarpous mosses
there is not even a definite lid, and the capsule splits irregularly on discharge of
the spores. However, most of these exceptional species are inconspicuous and
the beginner is usually fairly experienced by the time he encounters them.

There are three small groups which do not rest easily among either liverworts
or mosses: the large genus of bog mosses, Sphagnum, known to you all, and the
rupestral genus Andreaea, are usually put with the mosses even though they
have peculiar and unique structural features; likewise the thalloid Anthoceros
is placed with the liverworts, though there is perhaps an even stronger argument
for separating this.

Though most of the formal characters for naming bryophytes are microscopic,
some macroscopic features provide valuable assistance; the habit of the plant

[continued on page 10

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ES pajovoydoT (p) ‘suvjdaa vizopidaT (2) ‘vjvqojiay viuvzzvg (q) ‘aavijid uinipyiid (e) ‘SOAe2] JIOMIOATY *V “SIT

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PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

ie.)

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

SS

Fig. 5. Underside of part of shoot of Lophocolea cuspidata showing two-
ranked leaf arrangement with third rank of minute underleaves.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

mt OO!

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‘paajaumlo1sdy DlADUNT (9) ‘syvanut vjNIAOT, (Q) ‘snaandand uopojvsaD (2) *S2ACI] POAIOU YIM SOSsOP *9 “SIT

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10 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

50 p

Fig. 7. Lophocolea heterophylla, spores and elaters.

both wet and dry, its colour and so on. Size is not to be relied upon. The most
commonly used microscopic characters are leaf shape, and the shape and size
of leaf cells. These are easily observed when a few leaves from near the middle
of the stem are carefully removed from soaked material and mounted on a slide.
It is useful to have a calibrated graticule inserted in the eyepiece of the micro-
scope to facilitate measurement of cell size. In a few critical cases one has to
cut thin sections of leaf or stem. The technique is not so difficult as one might
expect; a few shoots held down on a slide in a puddle of water and minced with
a sharp razor will nearly always provide a few good sections amongst a mass of
useless bits. Sometimes important characters are to be found in the capsule
(when it is produced); in the genus Bryum, for instance, species often defy
determination unless ripe capsules are present, and this can be very frustrating.

There are a few taxa which present especial difficulty for the student, and I
am going to mention two, the Bryum erythrocarpum complex and the Plagio-
thecium denticulatum|/silvaticum complex. The first is a group of small, soil-
inhabiting mosses which produce coloured gemmae on their rhizoids. They are
distinguished chiefly by small differences in colour, shape, cell size and surface
texture of these gemmae. You may consider it significant that several different
‘species’ may be found in the same field, or mixed in the same tuft. The Plagio-
thecia are woodland mosses and are distinguished by their leaf shape, cell size

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 II

and especially by the shape of the decurrent leaf bases. Nowanyone who subscribes
to a theory of evolution will expect to find taxa in the act of undergoing speci-
ation, whose differences are slight—one could mention herring gulls, certain land
snails, Galapagos tortoises and spotted orchids—but these organisms are diploid
and the phenotypes of the individualsand hence thecharacter of the whole popula-
tions, are determined by the interaction of two sets of chromosomes, one maternal
and one paternal. Moreover, one expects to find some degree of isolation between
different populations below thespecies level. In these bryophytes, the gametophytes
are haploid and so there can be no heterozygotes, and differences such as I have
cited could be due to difference in single genes. I have said already that they often
grow together. I am very much a beginner myself, but it seems to me that much
more knowledge of their genetics and breeding behaviour is required before one
dare designate species on such small criteria.

Finally, a word about the distribution and ecology of British bryophytes,
especially those which you may expect to find near London. Those who argue
about the origins of the Lepidoptera, Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. or Hydraecia
hucherardi Mab. in Britain may like to ponder the case of Tortula stanfordensis
Steere, discovered in 1958 near the Lizard and known elsewhere only from the
campus of Stanford University in California. It is evidently spreading in Cornwall,
a fact which points to fairly recent introduction. It has been suggested that the
moss came in with two Pecan Nut trees believed to have come from California,
and planted in Gulval in 1927, or with Californian bulbs. A more lighthearted
theory is that it arrived on the boots of one of Stanford’s professors who visited
the Lizard peninsula! The case of Platygyrium repens B., S. & G., found on
trees in a wood in Berkshire, is more obscure, though Aongstroemia longipes
(Somerf.) B., S. & G., found last year (1964) below a dam near Killin, Perthshire,
probably came on Swedish equipment used in building the dam.

Like lichens, bryophytes are very intolerant of atmospheric pollution, and
very few species can be expected in the heart of London. Two which are common,
however, are Bryum argenteum Hedw. and Tortula muralis Hedw.; the former is
abundant in cracks in pavements and similar habitats, the latter on walls. On
waste ground where there is plenty of old ash, Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.)
Brid. and the textbook moss, Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., are likely to be
found. If your home is on London Clay, you may be troubled with straggling
patches of Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) B. & S. in your lawn, and as one
gets out into the suburbs the number of species one is likely to encounter gradually
increases. At Elstree, in Herts., we have recorded just over 50 species in a school
grounds. Several of these are abundant on the clay soil, and we have recorded
no fewer than 18 species from the sandstone parapet of an old bridge; seven of
these are small mosses of the genus Barbula.

Calcareous habitats are good for bryophytes and one can obtain a very sound
introduction to the group by paying a visit to Boxhill, where close on 100
species can be encountered in a day’s hunting. The following are just a few of
the more noteworthy: Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.) B. & S. forms loose balls
on the floor of chalky woodlands and is also found attached to the soil and to
tree roots, and Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt. occurs on the open down-
land where the ground is broken, in golden green patches. Its branches bear many
small tightly curled leaves. Several robust species occur on sheltered, north-
facing escarpments, particularly under scrub: Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.)
Warnst., R. squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst. and Neckera crispa Hedw. are beautiful

objects, and all may be seen here. The trunks of trees carry quite an abundant
* KK

12 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

flora which includes Isothecium myosuroides Brid., patches of which have been
likened to the astrakhan collar of a millionaire’s coat. Possibly the most interest-
ing microflora occurs on detached lumps of chalk on the steep wooded banks
above the river Mole—an association of the minute mosses Seligeria paucifolia
(Dicks.) Carruth., Fissidens minutulus Sull. var. tenuifolius (Boulay) Norkett and
the recently discovered Tortella inflexa (Bruch) Broth. Other distinct communities
occur on banks, on rotting logs, walls, and in and beside the river Mole.

After visiting Boxhill, the budding bryologist can do no better than to make
an excursion to Oxshott, where the heathland and bog will yield fewer species,
but several new ones. Here, in the drier parts, Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.,
P. piliferum Hedw., Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. and Hypnum cupressiforme
Hedw. var ericetorum B. & S. are sure to be found. In wetter places, Sphagnum
spp. are evident, and it is worth searching among their robust shoots for the
trailing strands of several small liverworts. Polytrichum commune Hedw. and
Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr. are other characteristic species.

Another interesting area which is in reach is the stretch of sandstone rock
outcrops in east Sussex where an extraordinary number of small liverworts
occur. Rocks I have seen near East Grinstead, in a valley overgrown with
rhododendrons, are carpeted with a patchwork of these plants, each its own
shade of green, red or brown.

On the north side of London, south Herts. is noted for three small Dicranum
spp. which occur in some of the oak woods known also for the elusive moth,
Dicycla oo L., but in general there are fewer suitable habitats for interesting
species than in Surrey and Sussex.

Wherever one lives, however, one is constantly coming across new finds, and
often these turn out to be new vice-county records. At this moment, the British
Bryological Society is engaged on the production of an Atlas of British Bryo-
phytes on the same lines as that monumental volume on vascular plants by
the Botanical Society of the British Isles, and in connection with this, there is a
great deal of work to be done recording 10km squares. The amateur can do
much that is valuable by growing bryophytes in culture—I have already hinted
at the plasticity of some species and the need for genetic study, and problems
in these fields can only be elucidated in the laboratory or greenhouse. I have
also tried to show that many bryophytes demand very precise ecological con-
ditions, judging by the habitats where they normally grow, and study in culture
will help us to understand the reasons for this. One is then led on to a con-
sideration of bryophyte physiology, a topic in which unsolved problems abound.
In short, the bryophytes are plants with a great aesthetic appeal to the naturalist,
and at the same time a challenging group for detailed study.

In concluding, I wish to say how grateful I am to Mr. J. H. G. Peterken,
President-elect of the British Bryological Society, and to Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie,
for their valuable help.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Crundwell, A. C., 1965, Fossombronia incurva and Aongstroemia longipes in Perth-
shire, new to the British Isles, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 4.5 : 767.

Crundwell, A. C. & Nyholm, Elsa, 1964, The European Species of the Bryum ery-
throcarpum Complex, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 4.4 : 597.

Dixon, H. N., 1924, The Student’s Handbook of British Mosses, 3rd ed.

Greene, S. W., 1957, The British Species of the Plagiothecium denticulatum-
P. silvaticum Group, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 3.2 : 181.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 13

Heslop, I. R. P., 1947, Indexed Check-List of the British Lepidoptera, and Supplements.

Jones, E. W., 1958, An Annotated List of British Hepatics, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc.,
Bsr aaoe

Lewis, K. R., 1961, The Genetics of Bryophytes, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 4.1 : 111.

MacVicar, S. M., 1926, The Student’s Handbook of British Hepatics, 2nd ed.

Paton, J. A., 1956, Bryophyte Succession on the Wealden Sandstone Rocks, Trans.

Brit. bryol. Soc., 3. 1 : 103.

, 1965, Census Catalogue of British Hepatics. 4th. ed.

Perring, F. H. & Walters, S. M., 1962, Atlas of the British Flora,

Peterken, J. H. G., 1961, A Hand List of the Plants of the London Area: Bryophytes,
Lond. Nat., No. 40 : 43.

Rensch, B., 1959, Evolution above the Species Level.

Richards, P. W., 1958, Famous Plants, 9. The Liverwort, Marchantia, New Biology
21: ST

Richards. P. W. & Wallace, E. C., 1950, An Annotated List of British Mosses.
Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 1.4.

Warburg, E. F., 1963, Census Catalogue of British Mosses, 3rd. ed.

Warburg, E. F. & Perry, A. R., 1963, Platygyrium repens in Britain, Trans. Brit.
bryol. Soc., 4.3 : 422.

Watson, E. V., 1955, British Mosses and Liverworts.

, 1957, Famous Plants, 6. Funaria, New Biology 22 : 104.

, 1964, The Structure and Life of Bryophytes.

Whitehouse, H. L. K., 1961, The Occurrence of Tortula stanfordensis Steere in
Cornwall, new to Europe, Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 4.1 : 84.

Whitehouse, H. L. K. & Paton, J. A., 1963, The Distribution of Tortula stanfordensis
Steere in Cornwall. Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc., 4.3 : 462.

Wylie, Ann P., 1957, The Chromosome Numbers of Mosses, Trans. Brit. bryol.
SOC.) 552). 20U:

22, Reddings Avenue,
Bushey, Herts.
30th January 1966.

An unusual case of bee sting. An interesting case of multiple stings by a swarm
of bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae), was encountered during July 1965.

On 5th July, three male Springer Spaniels, one five years old and the other
two each one year old, were stung by a swarm of Caucasian bees. Forty-eight
hours later the owner noticed that all three dogs were stiff, particularly in the
hindlegs; each also had a slight temperature. The next day the oldest dog was
worse with a temperature of 103°F (normal 101.5°F), dull eyes and loose skin.
The other two were less stiff and their temperature was normal. A veterinary
surgeon was called and and within a week only the oldest dog still showed faint
signs of stiffness.

The case is of interest in that bee stings are, traditionally, supposed to relieve
arthritis, rather than cause it. Barker, S. A. (1964, Bee World, 3: 125) has
shown this to be related to the enzyme hyaluronidase in bee venom breaking
down the crystals of hyaluronic acid which accumulate in arthritic joints, though
the mechanism is not fully understood. In this case however, there is no doubt
that arthritis-like symptoms followed the bee stings and it would be interesting
to hear if other entomologists have ever encountered such a phenomenon. It
should be mentioned that the owner of the dogs, who also suffered from a large
number of stings, showed no arthritic symptoms.—J. E. Cooper, Quantocks,
New Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berks., 13th December 1965.

14 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

KENTISH GLORY MOTH, ENDROMIS VERSICOLORA L.
(LEP., BOMBYCIDAE), IN ABERDEENSHIRE

By Guy D. Morison.

Having found a fertilized female Kentish Glory moth in perfect condition on
1.v.55 at Logie Coldstone on Calluna I took her to my garden in Aberdeen where
she was caged to oviposit on leafy twigs of Betula pubescens s.sp pubescens Ehrh.
(classification of Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, 1962). The variations in tempera-
ture and relative humidity in the cage were probably quite close to those she
would have experienced in the open at Logie Coldstone. She had almost certainly
laid some eggs before capture, but before dying on 20.v.55 she laid 64 fertile
eggs on the birch twigs. She laid a batch of 12 eggs on 3rd May and the rest in
batches at intervals till just before her death. Ten of the first batch of eggs hatched
on 3ist May and the other two by 2nd June. The eggs were whitish, somewhat
translucent when newly laid and then turned yellow and finally purplish-brown
in colour within 2 to 3 days. Their speed of darkening seemed correlated with
the intensity of light to which they were subjected. The late A. E. Tonge (1932)
illustrated and described fairly mature eggs and Mr. H. E. Webb (1955) des-
cribed the method of oviposition and the eggs as canary yellow turning red.

After hatching from the eggs the caterpillars fed on the leaves of B. p. pubescens
and B. pendula Roth. On 22.vi.55 I liberated 18 caterpillars 12-18 mm long on
the two species of birch near where I found their mother. There was mortality
of unknown cause amongst some of the caterpillars when about three-quarters
grown. The remaining caterpillars were presented to fellow entomologists.

On 2.v.62 I saw a fertilized female on birch at Birse.

The species may not be as numerous in the N.E. counties of Scotland as it
was during 1920-35, owing to the changing climate and the variations in weather,
some of which were discussed in 1964 at the symposium on the Biological
Significance of Climate Changes in Britain (Johnson & Smith, 1965). In The
Entomologist and in our Proceedings various lepidopterists have written on
the small numbers of species and specimens of Lepidoptera to be found during
the last few years. Both these reductions seem attributable to the weather. I
have found in certain species of Lepidoptera, and in greater detail over a number
of years with various species of Thysanoptera, a considerable reduction in
numbers of specimens and this reduction seems directly correlated with the
weather during the breeding period—lack of sun, long persistence of stratus
cloud often with mist, not exceptional volume of rain or particularly strong
winds or intense cold for the year.

REFERENCES

Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Warburg, E. F., 1962, Flora of the British Isles>
London.

Johnson, C. G. & Smith, L. P. (Editors), 1965, The Biological Significance of Climate
Changes In Britain, London.

Tonge, A. E., 1932, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1930-31 : 10, Pl. 3, fig. 6.

Webb, H. E., 1955, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1953-54 : 2.

4 Granville Place,
Aberdeen,
Scotland.

19th January, 1966.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 15

NATURAL HISTORY of the GARDEN of BUCKINGHAM PALACE
Further Records and Observations, 1964-5. Lepidoptera.
By J. D. BRADLEY and R. M. MERE

Trapping and occasional daytime visits searching for larvae etc. continued in
1964 after the Addendum was written (Bradley & Mere 1964, p. 73) and through-
out most of 1965.

Two additional species were recorded in 1964:

* Eupsilia transversa Hufn. (The Satellite)
Platyptilia acanthodactyla Hiibn., 25. ix.64, flying by day in greenhouse, probably
introduced with nursery plants.

Although the Addendum stated that 41 additional species were taken in 1964
up to September 15th, only 40 were listed. The species omitted in error was:

*Lithosia complana L. (Scarce Footman)

The following 22 additional species were recorded in 1965. They bring the
total number of species of Lepidoptera so far listed from the garden to 367. There
are still a few specimens the identity of which requires checking, but these are
not expected to produce any additional species.

* Apamea infesta Ochs. (Large Nutmeg)

*Teucania comma L. (Shoulder-striped Wainscot)

*Conistra vaccinii L. (Chestnut)

* Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff. (Silver-ground Carpet)
Philereme vetulata Schiff. (Brown Scallop)

Triphosia dubitata L. (Tissue)

Erannis marginaria Esp. (Dotted Border), one female bred from larva on elm.
*Chiasma clathrata L. (Latticed Heath)

Hepialus humuli L. (Ghost Swift)

Salebria fusca Haw.

Loxostege verticalis L.

Laspeyresia succedana Schiff. (556. L. ulicetana Haw.)
Pammene aurantiana Staud.

Hedya nubiferana Haw. (484. Argyroploce variegana Hiibn.)
H. ochroleucana Fr6l. (485. A. ochroleucana Frol.)

Sophronia semicostella Hiibn.

Argyresthia albistria Haw.

Lithocolletis harrisella L. (1042. L. cramerella F.)

L. klemannella F.

Caloptilia alchimiella Scop. (1115. Gracillaria alchimiella Scop.)
Coleophora peribenanderi Toll (1016. C. therinella sensu Ford)
Bucculatrix ulmella Zell.

Single specimens only were noted of all these except S. fusca and B. ulmella:
several of the former and two of the latter species being taken in the mercury
vapour light trap.

Of the larger insects, P. vetulata was unexpected being a buckthorn (Rhamnus)
feeder. T. dubitata is also a buckthorn feeder but has the alternative foodplant

' *Those species of macrolepidoptera marked with an asterisk appear not to have been previously
recorded from Inner London. P. vetulata was, it seems, last recorded from Inner London in 1831.

16 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

of Bird Cherry (Prunus padus). If T. dubitata breeds locally it is most likely on
Prunus, several species of which, including P. padus, are found in the garden. It
is of interest that within a few days of the garden record, a further specimen of
T. dubitata was taken by R. M. M. about a mile from the garden in a room in
Bush House, Aldwych.

By far the most interesting record of the year was the capture of a fresh male
P. aurantiana at mercury vapour light on 11.viii.65. This species was unknown
in the British Isles until about ten years ago when it was recorded from Southern
England (Wakely, 1956; and Bradley & Gardiner, 1958). It now appears to
have become established and to be spreading in the south; it has been noted,
among other places in the Scilly Isles, near Oxford, and in Kent and Surrey.
Moths have been reared from larvae feeding in seeds of Norway Maple (Acer
platanoides) gathered in Surrey.

The division of the species recorded from the garden on the same basis as
that previously used is as follows:

Rhopalocera 5 (5); Sphingidae 3 (3); Bombycidae (including Notodontidae,
Arctiidae, etc.) 14 (13); Noctuidae 87 (75); Geometridae 50 (36); Pyralidae and
Pterophoridae 39 (33); Tortricidae 63 (53); Tineidae 101 (81); Zygaenidae,
Hepialidae and Cossidae 5 (3). The figures in brackets are the respective totals
to the end of 1963 (Bradley & Mere 1964 p. 58).

Of the larger numbered groups listed above, the Noctuidae are proportion-
ately the best represented being approximately 22 per cent of the 400 species of
this group recorded from the British Isles. In contrast the Tineidae (sensu lato)
are the most poorly represented, there being about 840 British species known.
This is as might be expected. A large proportion of the Noctuidae are poly-
phagous on low growing plants and shrubs or feed on common British trees
that are found in the garden and its environs; they are strong fliers, fly by
night, and come readily to mercury vapour light. By comparison, again general-
ising, the Tineidae are more plant specific, more often being monophagous, and
are comparatively weak flyers, generally flying at dusk and dawn, and with
few exceptions not coming readily to mercury vapour light.

During 1965 the mercury vapour light trap was run regularly and frequently
from early spring until the end of November, again under the supervision of Mr.
F. C. Nutbeam, and in the same sites described in the Introduction (Bradley &
Mere 1964). The intensive sampling of crepuscular and nocturnal flying species
was thus maintained. The overall results of 1965 were similar to those of previous
years, the most interesting aspect being the continued high proportion of
species new to the list. If the same pattern is repeated in 1966 we can expect
further species will be added. Although we have now seen Oegoconia quadri-
puncta Haw., Amathes c-nigrum L. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) and Conistra
vaccinii L. (The Chestnut), there are several other species which we feel are
bound eventually to be found, see page 57. Joc. cit. Furthermore, there is every
reason to expect that additional species will continue to find their way into the
garden either through accidental introductions or as a result of migration or
general movement.

The number of Lepidoptera, both in actual number of specimens and species,
trapped in 1965 was on most nights much lower than in previous years, due
undoubtedly to the unfavourable weather which affected Lepidoptera throughout
the country. Considering the poor season it seems remarkable that as many as
22 species should have been added to the list; especially when many of the species
recorded in previous years did not reappear at all. Only a few species such as

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 IT

Noctua pronuba L. (Large Yellow Underwing), Acroclita naevana Hiibn. and
Telphusa fugivitella Zell. maintained their high numbers.

In the early spring a careful watch was kept for the eriocraniid Mnemonica
unimaculella Zett., one example of which was taken on 20.iv.63, but none was
seen. Nor was any further example of Monochroa hornigi Staud. found, and the
solitary specimen taken in the garden on 17.vi.63 remains the only known
British example of the species.

REFERENCES

Bradley, J. D. & Gardiner, B. O. C., 1958. Pammene aurantiana (Staudinger), a
Tortricid recently discovered in the British Isles (Lep: Tortricidae). Ent. Gaz.
9 : 60-62, pl. IV.

Bradley, J. D. & Mere, R. M., 1964.Natural History of the Garden of Buckingham
Palace. Lepidoptera, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 (2): 55-74, pl. VIII.

Wakely, S., 1956. Pammene aurantiana Staudinger (Eucosmidae) in Britain. Ent.
Rec., 69 : 205.

Carabus violaceus L. ab. sollicitans Hartert (Col., Carabidae), an addition to
the fauna of Buckingham Palace garden. Whilst working for Lepidoptera in the
garden of Buckingham Palace, 15.vii.65, Mr. R. M. Mere took a large ground
beetle which he sent to me for examination. This proved to be Carabus violaceus
L. ab. sollicitans Hartert, a species not previously recorded from the Palace
garden (1964, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1963:87—92).—F. D. Buck,
9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 15th December 1965.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

I shall begin my remarks on the past year, ladies and gentlemen, by reminding
you of the part played in the affairs of the Society over the years by those members
who have died during my year of office. I am pleased to say that I appear to have
had a rejuvenating influence on our older members, because there are only three
deaths to report this year.

F. J. Coulson joined the Society in 1909, was elected President in 1937 and
became an Honorary member in 1960. I met him towards the end of his long
term of office as Curator (1945-54), peeping between the mountains of cabinets
in our tiny basement store in Burlington House. I shall always remember him
as the first entomologist I met who pushed away his glasses to see a specimen
more clearly. As Curator, he was a constant source of help and encouragement
to younger members bewildered by the insect legion. In the field, he proved to
be one of a fine band of naturalists whose knowledge was not only wide, but
deep. Between two or three of them there seemed to be no living thing that one
picked up that they were not able to recognize and discourse upon. These men
all seemed to be the product of a particular period: all were over 55 when I
joined the Society. In this day of specialization, there are few replacements for
these people.

Council’s report details the fine bequest of collections that the Society has
received from Mr. Coulson. I should like to remind you that we also have his
notebooks, which will be found well worth consulting.

J. L. Henderson joined us in 1924 and will be remembered by most of you as
our Treasurer. He ably filled this post from 1945 to 1962. All of us who served
on Council during that period found that he saved many hours of Council’s

18 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

time by his exact knowledge of our financial position at all times and his sense of
priorities in spending your subscriptions. You will now be able to see that he
formed a fine collection of Coleoptera, particularly water beetles, for he left
this, with the cabinets, to the Society. He became an Honorary member in 1963.

Mr. A. Woollacott was one of our few members in Derbyshire. He was a
lepidopterist, joined us in 1962 and died after a long period of ill-health.

Each year at your Annual General Meeting, ladies and gentlemen, you hear
such comprehensive accounts of the year’s events from those Officers who really
run your Society, that your President needs to add very little. From my own
experience, I can tell you that many things that your Council would view with
grave disquiet are but the normal standard of administration in many amateurs’
societies. I think that the Society may feel justly proud that so many able men
have, over the years, considered it worthy of so much of their time and labour.

I should like to thank Council, and particularly our Officers, for their support
during the past year. It has been a busy one for them all. Our Secretary has
had to turn his attention to many new problems. Our Treasurer has taken up
his post at a most awkward time when our costs are in a state of flux. Our
Curator puts in long hours during meetings and at other times to great effect
on our behalf, as I am sure you must all have appreciated in looking at the
growing proportion of our collections that have been rearranged in Hill units.
Our Editor continues his task with undiminished vigour when many men,
similarly rusticated, would have lost their enthusiasm. As the Society grows, an
increasing number of assistants quietly give of their free time to help our smooth
running.

It is a source of some disappointment to me that in many respects we have
stood still during the past year. I hope that you will let me get away with calling
it a year of consolidation; of waiting to see the effect of moving to new rooms
and making new arrangements for publishing our Proceedings. If you are
disappointed at the current rate of appearance of our publication, I can assure
you that it is no fault of Mr. Buck’s. It results from our having to wait until
our increased subscription becomes fully effective and compensates for the
much steeper than anticipated rate of increase in the cost of printing. I earnestly
commend you to support your journal by contributing to its pages.

My immediate predecessor, Mr. Roche, set in motion an examination of our
organization. Several committees are now at work looking at ways of extending
our activities, particularly with a view to attracting at least another 100 members.
This is a more limited objective than Mr. Mere aimed at with his presidential
appeal that each of us should enlist another member, but it will substantially
strengthen our financial position. The only way to avoid persistent inflation of
our subscription rate is to expand our membership. Council will do its best to
make the Society attractive to new members, but we have repeatedly found that
members who stay with us for many years result from maintained personal
contact with other members.

As you all know, presidents of this Society are sometimes elected not in
recognition of their distinction as great naturalists in their own right, but because
we wish to benefit from their sound business sense they cannot give sufficient
time to take on executive office and because we look forward to their stimulating
chairmanship of our ordinary meetings. I can tell you that several such men
have in the past declined to take the chair and others have been embarrassed
by their office because of one tradition that has grown up. The President has
always been expected to provide some entertainment to recompense the members

PROC. S. LOND. ENT, NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 19

for attending a dull, annual business meeting. This much is excusable. The rub
is that it now seems to be regarded by presidents as essential that they should
belatedly prove their entomological credentials by presenting some profound
paper (often unsuitable for reading) for publication in the Proceedings. On
more than one occasion it has been apparent to me that there was a very good
reason for keeping the title of a presidential address secret until it was too
late for the audience to depart without appearing disrespectful. This tradition,
ladies and gentlemen, does us a disservice and I do not intend to follow it. I
shall therefore conclude my Presidential part in this meeting at this point.

I should like to thank you all for giving me the honour of serving the South
London, first on Council and now as President. I hope that I shall be able to
continue putting something into it in return for the great pleasure that it gives
me.

I am very happy that you have chosen Mr. Greenwood to follow me as your
President, for in him I know that you have a competent administrator who will
do his utmost to see that the Society moves ahead once more. If I can be as
useful a member of his Council as he has been of mine, I shall be well pleased.
J now have great pleasure in calling upon Mr. Greenwood to take up his Office.

R. W. J. UFFEN

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1965

The Society has come to the end of the first year in our new rooms, a pleasant
and happy time due in no small measure to the warm welcome received from the
officers and staff of the Alpine Club.

Our membership has risen slightly in spite of Council being forced to strike
off a number of members who wereseveral years in arrears with their subscriptions
and who persistently neglected to answer letters. This was not unexpected and
was indeed foreshadowed in previous Reports. There are unfortunately still a
number of members who, despite reminders, have not adjusted their Bankers’
Orders and have paid only at the old subscription rate. This is unfair to the rest
of the Society and we urge them to hasten to put matters right.

The membership of the Society at 31st December was 5 Honorary, 3 Special
Life, 17 Life, 247 Ordinary, 260 Country and 55 Junior Members. During the
year 15 members were struck off for non-payment of dues. New members have
offset the inevitable number of resignations. Increasing the annual subscriptions
undoubtedly led to the loss of some members but our financial position shows
clearly that this action could not have been delayed any longer.

The Annual Dinner was this year held at Flemings Hotel, Half Moon Street,
as the Grosvenor was unable to accommodate us due to a rebuilding and re-
decorating scheme, and an excellent dinner was enjoyed by some 78 members and
guests. Generally the members approved of the change and it has been agreed
to hold the 1966 dinner at Flemings Hotel.

Despite the cold and wet season, members produced a most interesting and
important series of exhibits on the occasion of the Annual Exhibition which was
held at the rooms of the Royal Society on Saturday, 30th October. About
270 members and friends attended, and we thank Mr. T. G. Howarth for arrang-
ing for outstanding exhibits to be photographed, Mr. D. Carter for undertaking
the photography, Mr. D. Stimpson and his team for doing so much to make the
exhibition a success, and the Royal Society and the Geological Society for the
use of their rooms.

20 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

This year the Society produced a Christmas card depicting badgers in the
snow, for which we have to thank Mr. C. Threadgall. Mr. W. G. Tremewan once
again organized the production and sale of cards and the profit made a welcome
addition to the Society’s funds.

The varied programme of field meetings was arranged by Mr. R. W. J. Uffen.
The Society is gradually spreading its field meetings further from London to
serve more of our Country Members. Offers to lead meetings in other parts of
the country are particularly welcomed. Co-operation with local societies short
of entomological contacts is also being fostered.

A very enjoyable programme of 14 indoor meetings was drawn up by Mr.
Howarth and included several unscheduled lectures by visiting scientists. We
congratulate him on the success of the programme.

This year the Society commenced issuing the Proceedings in Parts so that
notes should be up to date and papers receive more rapid publication. This has
necessitated not only the publication of the 1964 Proceedings but also those for
1965 in Parts. Two of the four parts planned have so far appeared. The 1964
Proceedings was deliberately restricted to reports of meetings and recent Bye-
law amendments, and consisted of vii plus 54 pages. Part I of the 1965 Proceedings
consisting of 30 pages was published in May and contained Council’s report for
1964, the President’s Address of January 1965, two other papers, and notes.
Part II was published in September consisting of 32 pages containing the
Treasurer’s report, Meeting Reports, two original papers and numerous notes
including one which recorded a species of Gelechiidae new to the British Isles.

We congratulate and thank our editor Mr. F. D. Buck for the smooth, rapid
and successful transition from one form of publication to another.

We must remind our members that the success of our new publication requires
a steady stream of notes and papers.

A new list containing members’ addresses was also published during the year
and we are grateful to Mr. F. T. Vallins for typing the original.

Members may not be aware that Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young, who resigned from
the treasurership last January, suffered a serious illness during the summer, but
we are pleased he is now fully recovered, his friends were very glad to see him
at the Dinner and the Exhibition. This office has been ably filled by Mr. Vallins.

Council are glad to have elected Mr. M. Niblett, one of our oldest members,
an Honorary Member. We regret that Mr. Niblett is no longer well enough to
attend meetings.

For many years your Council have found it increasingly difficult to carry out
the Society’s business in the short time available before Ordinary meetings.
Accordingly early in 1965 it was decided that Council Meetings should be held
on the first Thursday in every month except August. The time so freed is enabling
the Officers and Council to get to know the general membership and is allowing
members to contact and discuss matters with officers more easily.

The Curator reports that the Society has been fortunate in receiving two
major bequests. That from the late Mr. F. J. Coulson comprised Hemiptera,
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Mollusca, his note books (mainly relating to
Lepidoptera), a very complete card index of Hemiptera and technical books; the
collection of Hemiptera is not only extensive, but contains many rare and local
species of special value to the Society. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera have been
checked by Dr. A. M. Massee and are now being incorporated in the Society’s
collection. We are indebted to Dr. Massee for fulfilling this onerous task so
promptly. The Hemiptera-Homoptera, equally extensive, are housed in store

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 21

boxes which are readily available for study prior to the future amalgamation
in our main collection. The Lepidoptera are housed in two cabinets and work
has commenced incorporating specimens in the Society’s collection.

The Henderson bequest comprises his fine collection of British Coleoptera
housed in five Hill Units (the Staphylinidae in store boxes), and a small collection
of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Beautifully mounted, the collection is of great value,
especially the Hydradephaga in which Mr. Henderson specialized. It is intended to
keep this collection intact and work hascommenced in transferring the Staphylinidae
to a Hill unit. We are grateful to Mrs Dicker for also presenting to the Society
her father’s monocular and binocular microscopes, his card index of Ashtead,
Surrey, Coleoptera, diary and several valuable books.

Although this influx of material has slowed the original programme, work has
continued on the Joy collection of Coleoptera, larvae of Lepidoptera and the
amalgamation of the collections of British Macrolepidoptera. This latter task
is nearing completion and it is hoped to commence work on the Microlepidop-
tera when the new check list is published.

The thanks of the Society are due to the following members for notable
accessions: Mr. R. M. Craske (Lepidoptera), Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt
(Hymenoptera), Mr. A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera), Mr. C. Mackechnie Jarvis
(Odonata), Dr. A. M. Massee (Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Dr. B.
J. MacNulty (Coleoptera), Mr. R. M. Mere (Lepidoptera), and Mr. B. R. S.
Morrison (Coleoptera).

During the year two Hill units have been purchased to accommodate the larvae
of Lepidoptera, and our thanks are due to Dr. MacNulty for replacing the table
loaned by the Alpine Club. Thanks are due also to Miss C. M. Wagner for
presenting three coloured pictures of insects which are being framed.

With work on the Macrolepidoptera nearly completed a number of duplicate
specimens are available. Members interested should submit lists of desiderata
to the Curator. Available specimens will be put on one side for collection as it
is impossible to forward these by post.

As usual Mr. L. Christie has rendered valuable help as assistant curator.

The Hon. Lanternist reports that the 35mm transparency collection has been
built up over the last several years and consists mainly of slides on British insects.
The collection is due mainly to the generous donations of just a few enthusiastic
insect photographers, members of this Society, the main contributions coming
from Mr. J. E. Knight, Mr. R. W. J. Uffen and Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie. Some
donations have also been made by Mr. J. D. Bradley.

Though the standard of the slides in the Society’s collection is very high, the
range of subject matter is unfortunately limited. The collection of slides consists of :

General views of collecting areas 3 slides
Plants 8 Pe
Hymenoptera 8 =
Coleoptera 1 slide
Orthoptera 3 slides
Odonata 1 slide
Diptera 8 slides
Lepidoptera—Butterfly larvae 5 ut
—Adult butterflies 5 i

2°

—Adult micro-moths 46 %
8 —Adult macro-moths 14 x
H —Macro-moth larvae 14C 3

be)

22 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

It is therefore seen that the bulk of the slides are on Lepidoptera, out of a
total of 242 slides, no less than 210 deal with this group. The Society also
possesses a large collection of 2} x 24 transparencies, but these are of relatively
little use because of their size. If the collection is to be of any real value to the
Society, it will need to contain a far greater variety than it does and thus be a
benefit to all members. This can only be achieved if members of the Society
are willing to donate their duplicate slides, or other slides to the Society’s
collection.

A complete list of the Society’s slide collection can be obtained by contacting
the Lanternist.

Council accepted with regret Miss Wagner’s resignation from the office of
Librarian as she no longer works in London. Mr. S. A. Williams succeeds her.

He reports once again the Society has benefited by bequests and gifts. Many
useful books were left to the library by Mr. F. J. Coulson and Mr. J. L. Hender-
son, including both volumes of Joy’s British Beetles. This scarce work is much
used by members and this duplicate set is very welcome. It has been suggested
that it be kept permanently in the library for use on meeting nights.

Two further publications of the Royal Entomological Society have been
purchased; A Check List of the Hemiptera and small orders, and a further part
in the Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects concerned with the
Hemiptera, Cicadomospha, by W. J. Le Quesne.

We continue to receive the usual journals. Additions have been made to our
growing collection of Separates. As the result of an exchange agreement we now
receive the excellent publications of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique.

The following books were kindly presented by members Clegg, J., 1964,
The Freshwater Life of the British Isles presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Heslop,
I. R. P., Notes and views of the Purple Emperor, two copies presented by T. R.
Eagles and S. N. A. Jacobs; Ragge, D. R., Grasshoppers, Crickets and Cock-
roaches of the British Isles, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Oldroyd, H., 1965,
The Natural History of Flies, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Fritz-Martin Engel,
Creatures of the Earth's Crust, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs.

PROCEEDINGS

14th OCTOBER 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—The fungus Cortinarius albo-violaceus (Pers.) Fr. from
White Webbs Wood, Enfield, Middx. He drew attention to the bulbous stem and
the white coating. He said that the various species of Cortinarius seemed to be
unusually plentiful this year.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of the very local moth Gelechia nigra Haw.
(Lep., Gelechiidae), which sits on aspen trunks on Stanmore Common, Middx.,
in July; this species is easily mistaken for Anacampsis species, which occupy the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 23

same habitat at the same time. Also photographs of Agdistis bennetii Curt. (Lep.,
Pterophoridae), taken on Nagden Marsh, Kent, on the recent field meeting.

Dr. A. M. MAsseE—An example of the local and rare colydiid beetle, Synchita
humeralis (F.) swept on a ride in Chippenham Fen, Cambs, 18.viii.65. Recently
a second species, S. separanda Reitt. has been added to the British list, thus all the
old records are suspect until they have been checked. The present authentic
records of §. Aumeralis (F.) are as follows: London, Surrey, Berks, Essex,
Sussex, Norfolk, Hunts, Staffs., Salop, Cheshire, Lancs., and Yorks. To this
must now be added Cambridgeshire.

Mr. S. A. WiLLti4ams—Hypephloeus linearis F. (Col., Tenebrionidae) from
Delamere Forest, Cheshire, 8.v.65. The beetle was found in a large colony of
Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst) (Col., Scolytidae) upon which it is believed to
be predacious. The beetle is rarely recorded and this is no doubt a new county
record. Joy (1932, Brit Beetles 1:314) gives the size of the insects as 2 mm, but
all six examples taken were 3 mm in length.

Mr. D. StimpsoN—Showed the living young, and a large female in spirit of
a spider of the genus Dolomedes, as yet unidentified. It was taken by Mr B.
Leonard at San Giorgio, on his recent collecting trip to Sardinia.

COMMUNICATIONS

The Librarian announced that Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs had presented a copy of
Pond Life by J. Clegg to the library, and Mr. T. R. EAGies had presented a
copy of Notes and Views of the Purple Emperor by I. R. P. Heslop and others.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON reported that he had taken Gelechia nigra Haw.
(Lep., Gelechiidae) on Chobham Common, Surrey.

On a recent trip to Sardinia, said Mr. C. G. Rocue, he took a large female
mutilid which had stridulated. All subsequent examples which he found did
the same, the stridulation being very high-pitched. He asked if any member had
seen any record of this, and if anyone knew how the sound was produced.

An example of Acherontia atropos L. (Lep., Sphingidae) was reported by
Mr. M. P. CLIFTON to have been taken by a friend in Pembrokeshire.

Mr. D. Stimpson quoted a newspaper cutting reporting the occurrence of a
‘rare Spanish beetle’ in a carton of yoghourt. As far as he knew the beetle was
as yet unidentified.

A talk was given by Mr. W. H. T. TAms on ‘The Seychelles’, which he illus-
trated with coloured transparencies.

11th NOVEMBER 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. Gopparp—Photographs of Nemapogon cloacella Haw. (Lep.,
Tineidae), which is much confused with allied species, it is normally fairly easily
distinguished by the large dark markings, which stand out clearly against the
indistinctly mottled ground colour, and the longitudinal streak terminating the
median costal bar. He also showed photographs of Tubuliferola flavifrontella
Hiibn. (Lep., Oecophoridae), one of which was ovipositing in a fence near
Stanmore Common, Middx.; the other lacks the sclerotised extensile ostium
characteristic of the species. It is not clear however, if this represents a real
aberration or is the result of accidental damage in mounting the genitalia.

24 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Dr. A. M. MassrE—The curculionid beetle Miarus campanulae L. taken from
the seed capsules of Harebells growing on the North Downs at Brook, Kent,
during the first week in November. He said they appeared to be hibernating in
the seed heads.

COMMUNICATIONS

A member quoted a report from The Observer of an interview given by Mr.
L. H. Newman giving details of the capture of Black-veined Whites, Aporia
crataegi L., (Lep., Pieridae) in north Kent.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON reported that he had seven Plusia gamma L. (Lep.,
Noctuidae) and one Palpita unionalis Hiibn. (Lep., Pyralidae) in his light trap
the previous night, adding that it was late for both species, and suggesting that
it might be a new migration.

There was a note in the papers a few days previously, said Mr. S. WAKELY,
about the stopping of engineering works at some gravel pits in Nottinghamshire
because of a rare beetle in them. He asked if any member knew which species,
but several said the only name quoted was Dytiscus.

Miss W. M. A. Brooke reported that on a recent field trip, the Alton Natural
History Society had discovered the second recorded locality for the fungus
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. in England. Mr. T. R. EAGLEs said that he was
present when the first locality, Knowle Park, was found. The species is common
in Scotland.

A talk was given by Mr. D. E. Kimmins on ‘Wild Life Photography’ which he
illustrated with coloured slides.

25th NOVEMBER 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MAssEE—Examples of the small clavicorn beetle Atomaria lewisi
Reitter, which was first discovered in this country in 1938. The species can be
recognized readily from all others in the genus by its pale yellow colour and its
long outstanding pubescence. All other species have short recumbent pubescence.
He added that it was widespread, but probably overlooked by collectors because
of its small size.

Mr. A. E. GARDINER—A pair of Aromia moschata (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae)
and a pair of Strangalia quadrifasciata (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) all found on
one umbelliferous plant at Shapwick, N. Somerset, 13.viii.65. Also a short
series of Rhopalodontus perforatus (Gyll.) (Col., Ciidae) bred from fungus from
Rannoch, Perthshire, found by Dr. A. M. Massee during August 1965.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. T. R. EAGLEs read two notes. The first referred to the occurrence of the
larva Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep., Tineidae) on the lichen Lepraria
incana (L.) Ach., found on a sandstone boulder at Folkestone, Kent, by Mr.
E. S. Bradford, and recorded by Brightman (1965, Lichenologist, 3:154). In
this note Mr. Brightman draws attention to how little is known about arthropods
which feed on lichens. His second note was an extract from our Proceedings
for 1960, referring to the field meeting at Knowle Park, Kent (p. 97). This was
the occasion of the discovery of the fungus Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. in
England.

PROC S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 25

Dr. A. M. MassEE reported that the Hampshire County Council were clearing
and changing the banks of Fleet Pond, but he had received a letter that morning
telling him that the Nature Reserve at the pond had now been extended to cover
the part of entomological interest. Previously the Reserve covered only the
pond itself.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss reported that in the last week of October and the first
week of November he had removed five batches of flies’ eggs from the jets of his
gas lighter. He wondered whether the methane gas now used was attracting
them. He added that they were now being bred so the species involved could be
identified later.

The meeting closed with series of coloured slides shown by Mr. M. W. F.
TWeEeEbDIE, Dr. C. G. M. de Worms, Mr. M. P. CLIFTON and Mr. N. B. POTTER.

9th DECEMBER 1965
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MAsseeE—The fourth British specimen of the lygaeid bug Xantho-
chilus quadratus (F.). It was taken in a crack in the cliffs at Slapton Ley, Devon,
23.viii.53. This bug was first recorded in Britain in Llandudno Wells by E.
Saunders in 1892. The second specimen was found by H. A. Saunders at Swanage
in 1910, and the third by E. C. Bedwell at Tor Cross, near Slapton Ley, in 1920.

Sir Eric ANSORGE—Four examples of Psylliodes weberi Lohse, identified by
Mr. A. A. Allen, and taken in Flintshire this June. The species is very close to
P. napi Koch, with which it has no doubt been confused in collections. P.
weberi is commoner than P. napi in Germany where it was first discovered, and
may prove to be common here.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of (1) Aspilapteryx tringipennella Zell.
(Lep., Lithocolletidae), one of the several disturbed from Ononis repens L. in
disused quarries on the northern part of Portland, Dorset, in late August this
year. (2) Lobesia littoralis Westw. (Lep., Olethreutidae) found flying plentifully
on Portland Bill, for a short period in mid-afternoon, 27.vii.65. This species is
said to feed on Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. (Sea Pink), and although at one
time considered restricted to coastal areas, it is now well established far inland,
feeding on garden pinks. The exhibitor took an example at light in Harrow
Weald, Middx., 11.vi.65.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—The spiny leaves and stem of the shrub Solanum sodomaeum
L., from Majorca. The frost had cut down the plants and so they would probably
not grow in the open here.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following species of Coleoptera: Bolitobius cingu-
latus Mann. (Staphylinidae) taken in sedge refuse at Chippenham Fen, Cambs.,
17.x.65. Also Phytosus nigriventris (Chev.) and P. balticus Kraatz (Staphylinidae),
and Acritus punctum (Aube) (Histeridae) taken under decaying seaweed at
Braunton Burrows, N. Devon, 18.viii.65.

Mr. D. StimpsoN—The spider, Physocyclus simoni Berland, taken in a bath.
This arachnid is imported with French wine casks and is usually found in wine
cellars. The bath in which this example was found is in a flat above a wine shop.

COMMUNICATIONS

The secretary read the list of officers and Ordinary Members of Council
put forward for the coming year.

26 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

The meeting ended with a talk by Dr. B. J. MACNuLTY on a ‘A miscellany
of West African plants’, which he illustrated with coloured slides.

13th JANUARY 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MaAssee—(1) The very remarkable aquatic hemipteron Aphelo-
cheirus aestivalis (F.) f. montandoni Horvath (Aphelocheiridae), captured in a
tributary of the Great Stour on Boxing Day. This record is important as it is the
first Kent record, and it has now been found in all the Home Counties with the
exception of Essex. This bug requires very specialized conditions, and it invari-
ably occurs at a bend in the river where the water flows swiftly and the bed is
of a gravelly nature. The insect usually remains at the bottom of the river amongst
sparse vegetation. It is predacious, and is capable of inflicting a severe wound
with its proboscis if handled carelessly. (2) Rhipiphorus subdipterus Bose (Col.,
Rhipiphoridae), he read the following note. ‘On his return from a collecting
trip in Sardinia, Mr. B. W. Leonard presented me with a pinned insect of very
unusual appearance, and after much deliberation it was decided it belonged to
the Order Coleoptera. After further study it was found that the beetle belonged
to the obscure family Rhipiphoridae, and Mr. Colin Johnson, Manchester
Museum, diagnosed the species as a female Rhipiphorus subdipterus Bosc. The
species is predacious, the larva preying upon the immature stages of wasps and
cockroaches. The distribution is confined to the Mediterranean region, Spain
and South Africa.’

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of Pulicaria (Recurvaria) ?piceaella
Kearfott (Lep., Gelechiidae), taken at light, Harrow Weald, 20.vii.65. This
specimen is conspecific with the only other known British specimen, taken by
Mr. W. E. Minnion at Pinner, Middx., in June 1952; but there is some doubt
as to whether the first specimen is really P. piceaella Kearfott, although it is at
least congeneric with it. As Mr. Minnion’s specimen was thought to be Para-
chronistis albiceps Zell. until material at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) was
examined, it appears that collectors should check their series of P. albiceps Zell.
for P. piceaella Kearfott.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—Four species of Coleoptera (Staphylinidae) from moles’
nests at Higham, Kent, 6.1.66: Quedius (s. gen. Microcaurus) nigrocaeruleus Fauv.,
Q. (s. gen. Ediquus) longicornis Kraatz, Heterothrops niger Kraatz and Oxypoda
spectabilis Mark.

Dr. B. J. MACNuULTY—{1) Two examples of Niptus hololeucus Fald. (Col.,
Ptinidae) found in a chemistry laboratory at Manchester College of Science and
Technology, 8.xi.65. Fowler, W. W. (1890, Col. Brit. Is., 4:182) says that it is
found in old houses and in seeds, it used to be somewhat of a rarity and confined
to towns but has now gradually spread and established itself even in the remotest
country villages. Dr. MacNulty asked if there was any information on the
present range of the species. (2) Examples of Patrobus atrorufus (Stroem)
(excavatus Payk.) (Col., Carabidae) from New Buxton, 7.xi.65. This species is
reputed to be common on high ground in northern England, the Midlands and
the lowlands of Scotland, but absent from southern England. (3) Pytho depressus
(L.) (Col., Pythidae) bred during October from larvae taken at Nethy Bridge,
Inv., in August.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 27

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced that the Council had appointed Dr. A. M. Massee
an Honorary Member of the Society.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoes reported that he had seen an example of a Depressaria
sp. on a lighted window on New Year’s Eve. Commenting on Dr. MacNulty’s
exhibit Mr. Jacobs said that at Millwall Docks in East London when he was
there during the 1940’s Niptus hololeucus Fald. could be found in the waste
grain. He also noticed Trigonogenius globulus Solier (Col., Ptinidae) in grain dust
alongside a conveyor belt in the same docks.

Coloured slides were shown by Dr. B. J. MACNuLty, Mr. C. O. HAMMOND,
Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, Mr. R. F. Haynes and Mr. P. A. GODDARD.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION

30th October 1965

Probably due to a year less productive in interesting insects than usual both
the number and size of the exhibits were down this year. Instead of exceeding
100 exhibits only 86 were recorded, and as a result less than the usual amount
of table space was occupied. There were, however, many exhibits of considerable
interest. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms and Mr. AUSTIN RICHARDSON each produced
the extensive and well arranged exhibit of Lepidoptera that has become as much
a part of our Annual Exhibition as the venue.

The Tring exhibit from the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewellcollection shown by
by Mr. A. L. Goopson contained the expected array of rare and interesting
aberrations of lepidopterous species. Perhaps not quite so extensive as in recent
years, but still containing 47 different items including a mixed gynandromorph
of Anthocharis cardamines L. which had been donated by Dr. H. B. Williams, a
somatic mosaic Colias croceus Fourc. which showed streaks of the aberration
helice Hiibn., and a striking un-named aberration of Luperina testacea Schiff.
which had been donated by Mr. R. Eley. An example of Notodonta ziczac L.
(Pl. 2, fig. 1) taken at Tring in July 1965, was an outstanding un-named melanic
aberration.

Mr. R. Tupss showed the results of some of his bred material in two separate
series: (1) Argynnis paphia L. ab. valesina Esp. which he bred during 1965 from
a female ab. valesina taken in the New Forest, Hants, the previous year. The F,
generation consisted of 26 males, 18 normal females and 24 ab. valesina. (2) Two
separate F, generations from a female Aphantopus hyperantus L. taken in the
New Forest. Both broods showed many additional small spots.

The zygaenid moths of Mr. W. G. TREMEWAN were, aS in previous years,
worthy of special attention. He showed a short series of Zygaena purpuralis
Brinnich. s.sp. caledonensis Reiss from Argyll. A series of Z. viciae Denis &
Schiff., also from Argyll, together with cocoons of this species which were first
discovered in this part of Scotland by Best (1963, Ent. Gaz., 14:149). The popu-
lation there represents a new subspecies, differing from the nominate subspecies
from Vienna, Austria, and the subspecies anglica Reiss from the New Forest,
Hants (Tremewan, 1965, Ent. Gaz., 16:122). There was also a series of Z. trifolii
Esp. s.sp. palustrella Verity from Cotswold Park, Glos. This subspecies of Z.
trifolii is normally confined to the chalk downs of southern England, but in
Gloucestershire it occurs on limestone. Also exhibited were an orange example,
two reddish-brown and two yellow examples of Z. trifolii s.sp. palustrella, all
from the North Downs, Surrey.

28 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

A male Zanclognatha tarsicrinalis Knoch from Suffolk, 11.vii.65, a species new
to the British Isles, was shown by Mr. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON together with Z.
nemoralis F. and Z. tarsipennalis Treits. for comparison. Mr. Pelham-Clinton
also showed a trichopteron new to the British Isles, a male Nemotaulius punctato-
lineatus (Retz.), taken in a light trap at Aviemore, Inv., 2.vii.65.

Included in Mr. S. Coxey’s exhibit of the interesting Lepidoptera taken
during the year was an extreme melanic aberration of Arctia caja L., shown on
behalf of Mr. W. A. Watson, which was bred from a feral larva taken at St.
Annes-on-Sea, Lancs.

Rural melanics in five different species from Inverness-shire and Argyllshire
formed the basis of Commdr. G. W. HARPER’s exhibit; these included an extra-
ordinary Biston betularia L. with melanic body and forewings and white hind-
wings, a rare melanic form of Xylena vetusta Hiibn. (PI. 2, fig. 2), and a unique
Orthosia gothica L. ab. gothicina H.-S. (Pl. 1, fig. 2). He also showed a male
Acherontia atropos L. taken at Laggan, Inv., 2.vi.65.

Among the material shown by Mr. P. N. Crow was a series of Aporophyla
australis Boisd. s.sp. pascua Humph. & Westwood, bred from Kent specimens
showing melanic forms and typical forms (PI. 2, figs. 7, 8, 9 & 10).

Another melanic which attracted attention was shown by Mr. B. R. BAKER.
This was an example of Jaspidia pygarga Hufn. taken at rest in Pamber Forest,
Hants, 7.vi.65 (Pl. 2, fig. 6).

A Celerio livornica Esp. female from Basingstoke, Hants, 21.v.65, was shown
by Mr. M. CLIFTON and Mr. M. SHAFFER. Ova was obtained, but from 260 eggs
only 12 reached adult stage. A second example was shown by Mr. T. W. HARMAN
which he took on Rhododendron blossom in S. Wales, 30.v.65.

Another Acherontia atropos L. figured in the exhibit produced by Mr. S. A.
KNILL-JONES. This came to mercury vapour light at Freshwater, I.o.W. He
also showed a somatic mosaic Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. with the left forewing
assuming a light ochreous colour except for a dark grey streak on the upper
area of the wing; the right forewing was dark grey in colour (PI. 2, fig. 4).

Celerio livornica Esp. from a mercury vapour light trap in Minstead, Hants,
4.vi.65, was shown by Mr. L. W. Siccs, who also included in his exhibit Herse
convolyuli L. from the same trap, 26.ix.65. In addition to these hawk moths,
Mr. Siggs had a series of Biston betularia L. which included the forms typica,
insularia Th.-Meig. and carbonaria Jordan. The whole series indicated the
difficulty of separating these forms. He also showed, from his Minstead trap,
some nice forms of Drymonia dodonea Schiff., taken 2.vi.65, which included an
example with the outer two-thirds of the forewing white (Pl. 1, fig. 5), Rivula
sericealis Scop., dusky brown in ground colour, taken 13.ix.65 (PI. 1, fig. 10),
and Ochropleura plecta L., with the orbicular stigma club-shaped, taken 23.v.65
(Piet. tig. 3):

Mr. D. J. L. AGassiz showed a selection of the more interesting Lepidoptera
he had taken during 1964-5 in the Oxford area; these included the following
species not previously recorded in the area: Eurois occulta L. and Enargia paleacea
Esp., 15.viii.64; Eilema deplana Esp., 7.viii.65; Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff.,
30.viii.65; Oria musculosa Hiibn., 4 to 8.viii.65; and Hysterosia sodaliana Haw.,
20.vi.65.

An exhibit of more than usual interest was placed by Mr. B. O. C. GARDINER
and Dr. W. A. L. Davin. This consisted of living larvae feeding on a semi-
synthetic diet in the form of a jelly of casein, sugar, wheat germ, powdered
cellulose, dried leaf powder, salts, vitamins, preservatives and agar. Full details

|

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 29

have been published (1965, Nature, 207:882-883). The species concerned were
Pieris brassicae L., Arctia caja L., Mamestra brassicae L., Philosamia vicini
Boisd. and Panaxia dominula L.

Dr. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL and Mr. C. J. CApBuRY showed (1) Lasiocampa
quercus L. s.sp. callunae Palmer (Pl. 1, fig. 11). A double recessive from a
female olivacea Tutt from north Scotland and a male feminicolorata Cockayne
from Ilkley Moor, Yorks. (F, generation). (2) Panaxia dominula L., a mutant
form previously unknown, which occurred in a wild artificial colony of bimacula
Cockayne x bimacula Cockayne. A wild female caught in 1965 was extreme.
see Pl. 1, fig. 8. Genetically this mutant form has been shown to be homozygous
for bimaculata Cockayne. Also some extreme forms of bimaculata Cockayne
with black and red or black and yellow (ab. /utea Staud.) hind wings. (3) Lycia
hirtaria Clerck, a new melanic form, male, from Steeple Barton, Oxford., 1965.
(4) Hybrid Lycia hirtaria Clerck ab. nigra Cockayne (a recessive) x Nyssia zonaria

~ Schiff. s.sp. atlantica Harrison, F, generation, showing melanic female hybrids

and dark male hybrids. (5) Extreme Biston strataria Hufn, light and dark from
Oxfordshire, 1965.

In the exhibit by Mr. G. S. E. Cross was part of a brood of Pieris rapae L.,
showing banding in the forewings which was confined to the underside in the
male. These were bred in 1952 from a female taken in his garden at Finchley,
Middx. There were also 18 examples of the yellow form of Arctia caja L. bred in
1957 from a female discovered in his cages in 1955.

Another exhibit of breeding results was that by Mr. F. V. L. JARvis, who
has once more spent many patient hours on his favourite butterfly, Aricia
agestis Schiff. and its allies. This year the results of two experiments were shown.
(1) A cross pairing between a male A. agestis from Winchester and a female of
the artaxerxes F. form from Hawick, Scotland. It would seem from this work,
and that of Mr. O. Hoegh Guedberg, that it is more realistic to consider,
artaxerxes as a form rather than a subspecies. The observation made in this
experiment is that ‘artaxerxes’ is a single gene recessive. Mr. Guedberg’s total
of 178 in the F, generation included 45 imagines that were reared in 16 hours
light (which is the photoperiod for southern A. agestis). In this group were 11
artaxerxes which indicate that the ‘artaxerxes’ gene is not linked with the genes
controlling voltinism. Had there been a linkage these white-spotted forms could
not have appeared in this short light period. (2) A reciprocal cross pairing using
a male artaxerxes reared from ova laid by a female near Aberdeen, 24.vii.64,
and a female A. agestis from cross-bred Leatherhead, Surrey and Winchester,
Sussex stock. The results of this work show there is indication of genetic un-

~ balance which could be a lethal specific barrier between A. agestis and artaxerxes.

It is proposed to publish the work involved in these two experiments at a later
date.

Ireland had attracted several of our exhibitors during the year, and interesting
exhibits were placed by Messrs. R. M. A. P. and J. H. P. Ripce, M. W. F.
TWeEEpIE, J. V. BANNER and M. J. LEECH.

Extreme abnormal wing shape was the subject of Mr. R. L. E. Forp’s exhibit;
in which he showed the nymphalids Vanessa atalanta L. and V. c-album L.

Epirrhoe alternata Mill. has been absorbing much of Mr. G. M. HAGGETT’s
time during his enquiries into the genetics. He showed selected progeny of five
generations of the aberration /acteata Larssen, reared from a female of the same
aberration caught at Arundel, Sussex, 2.viii.64. This aberration is linked to the
X chromosome and has three distinct phenotypes: heterozygous male (X1X1),

30 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

homozygous male (X1X1), and female (X1). There is no dominance. Each
phenotype is subject to extensive variation controlled by the interaction of
polygenes. The principle variants are: redistribution of pigment; reduction of
pigment; round-wing; and scale defective. See Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1965 (3):63-76.

A mixed gynandromorph of Saturnia pavonia L. was shown by Mr. A. S.
WHEELER, bred 14.v.65. Major A. E. CoLiier had a gynandromorph Lysandra
coridon Poda amongst his Lepidoptera, and Mr. M. J. LEECH a bred Apeira
syringaria L. with the right side female and the left side male.

Although the poor summer resulted in a reduced munber of exhibits of
macrolepidoptera the micros shown were well up to the usual standard. The
rarer migrant species were represented by Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff., of
which two examples from the Isle of Wight were shown by Mr. S. A. KNILL-
JONES, and another from Portland Bill, Dorset, by Mr. A. T. BROMBy.

A new British species, Argolamprotes micella Schiff. from Ide, Devon, 17.vii.63,
was exhibited by Mr. H. A. KENNARD (see Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1965 (2):42). Mr. Kennard also showed an uncommon tortricid, Exartema
aurofasciana Haw. from Torrington, Devon, 14.vii.63.

Mr. D. J. L. AGAssiz’s exhibit, already mentioned, included series of two
species taken well outside their previously recorded range, Pammene aurantiana
Staud. from Oxford, and Telphusa alburnella Dup. from Boar’s Hill, Berks.

Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HuUNT showed a number of very local species among
which the following were outstanding: Coleophora tricolor Wals., Norfolk,
12.vi1.64; Lithocolletis sylvella s. sp. joannisi Le Marchand, bred from Acer
platanoides L., Orpington, Kent (see Ent. Rec., 77 (11):247-8); Grapholita
caecana Schlag., five examples from Kent; Pammene trauniana Schiff., Kent;
Eucosma pupillana Clerck, Kent; and a fine series of Coleophora chalcogram-
mella Zell., bred from Cerastium arvense L., Kent.

Included in the exhibit of Mr. R. FarrcLouGH were Nephopteryx albicilla
H.-S., Wye Valley, 12.vi.64, of which but two other British examples are known;
Coleophora conspicuella Zell., a bred series from Benfleet, Essex; Teichobia
filicivora Meyr., Pentawan, Cornwall, 7.vi.65; and ZJwaruna vinella Bankes, bred
from Ditchling, Sussex.

Mr. H. N. MICHAELIS showed Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hibn. from Glen
Conway, Denbigh, 14.x.63, probably a new Welsh record; another interesting
record in this exhibit was of Nemapogon granella L. from Caenarvonshire, bred
from Polyporus.

A remarkable female aberration of Coenonympha pamphilus L., set as an
upperside, was shown by Mr. D. H. WALKER, which he obtained during August
1965 on Alderney in the Channel Islands. This example had very large eye-spots
on the forewings, each with a distinct pupil (PI. 1, fig. 1).

An aberration of Euphyia luctuata Schiff., bred from a wild larva taken near
Lewes, Sussex, during 1965, was a noteworthy insect in the exhibit of Mr. R. C.
Dyson (PI. 1, fig. 4).

A male aberration of Asphalia diluta Schiff. was exhibited by Mr. G. Bort-
WRIGHT, taken at mercury vapour light at Steyning, Sussex, 18.ix.65 (PI. 1, fig. 6).
He also showed an aberration of Biston betularia L., also taken at mercury
vapour light, in the New Forest, Hants, 2.vii.62 (Pl. 1, fig. 7).

Mr. A. J. WIGHTMAN showed a series of Cryphia muralis Forst. s.sp. westroppi
Cockayne & Williams, from County Cork, Ireland, in which was included a
pair of the jet black form, ab. nigra Huggins (PI. 1, fig. 9). ;

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 31

An unusual form of Apamea infesta Ochs. from Chiddingfold, Surrey, was
shown by Mr. R. M. Merz (PI. 2, fig. 3).

Mr. J. A. Summers exhibited an unusual male Drymonia ruficornis Hufn.,
taken at mercury vapour light at Bromley, Kent, 11.v.65 (PI. 2, fig. 5).

Mr. S. WAKELY had as usual worked hard to put in a large number of inter-
esting species among which the following were especially notable: Caloptilia
falconipennella Hiibn., bred, Surrey; Eucosma heringiana Jackh., bred from
Aster tripolium L., Nagden marshes, Faversham, Kent; Grapholita caecana
Schlag., St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent; Lobesia euphorbiana Freyer, bred, Folkestone,
Kent; and a bred series from Surrey and Sussex respectively of the recently
recognised species of Sorhagenia, S. lophyrella Dougl. and S. janiszewskae
Reidl.

A portable mercury vapour light trap, designed by Mr. J. Heath of the Nature
Conservancy Merlewood Research Station, was shown by Mr. C. J. GOODALL.
Details may be found in the Ent. Rec., 77:236-8.

The usual collection of fungi was shown by Mr. T. R. EAGLEs and Mr. F. T.
VALLINS. These were from Epping Forest, Essex, and included examples of
Ganoderma lucidum Fr. and Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr.

Photographic work is playing an increasing part in our exhibition. Mr. P. A.
GODDARD put on an extensive display of microlepidoptera subjects. Mr. A. D.
BLAXILL showed a series of 12 coloured slides of the various stages of Apatura
iris L., and Mr. G. E. Hype exhibited six coloured photographs of Lepidoptera.
Amongst other things in his exhibit Mr. J. BoORMAN had photographs of a
limacodid moth larva with poisonous spines and abdominal ‘suckers’. Mr. L.
S. WHICHER showed a series of botanical subjects including some in colour.

Dr. A. M. MaAssEE showed examples of the bug Lasiosomus enervis (H.-S.),
one of the rarest species in the genus. It occurred abundantly in a plantation of
young conifers in Orlestone Wood, Kent, in the autumn of 1965. It feeds on the
seeds of grasses and other plants, and hibernates as an adult. He also showed
again Monosynamma nigritula (Zett.) which he showed last year.

Melanism in Coleoptera is far less often noticed than in Lepidoptera, and is
always worthy of attention, particularly in a species like Nebria brevicollis F.
Sir Eric ANsorGE showed a series of three examples of this species with the
antennae ard other appendages black instead of reddish. These beetles were
taken near Flint, Flintshire, 6.ix.65. This form has apparently not been previously
recorded. Dr. Lindroth has examined the insects and writes ‘The coloration of
the appendages is certainly striking—I have never seen anything similar—but
all other characters, including microsculpture and male genitalia, are those of
brevicollis Fab. Therefore I can say with confidence that the specimens cons-
titute a melanic form of that species. It would be of considerable interest to find
out if it is the question of an entire uniform population with respect to colour,
in which case it must be thought to have a hereditary background. Other-
wise, according to my experience, most melanic forms of insects so common in
north-western Europe (including Iceland) are likely to be modifications caused
by high humidity.’ The fact that three exhibited beetles were found in a re-
stricted area, and none of the usual form were found appears to support Dr.
Lindroth’s first suggestion.

Dr. M. G. Morris showed specimens of Ceuthorhynchus unguicularis Thoms.
(curvirostris Schultz), a species of weevil (Col., Curculionidae) not previously
recorded from the British Isles. The species was obtained from Arabis hirsutus
(L.) Scop. (Hairy Rock-cress) in the Burren of Clare, Ireland, 10.vi.65; an

32 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

example of the same species was taken in the Suffolk Breckland in 1962 but
was not recognized until recently. C. unguicularis has a wide distribution in
western Europe, but the Irish record extends the known range of the species
considerably further west. This species is placed in the subgenus Ceuthorhynchus
s.s. and might be confused with C. turbatus Schultz, C. parvulus Bris., C. con-
strictus (Marsh.) or possibly C. cochleariae (Gyll.) among its British allies. From
all except the last it may be distinguished by the much more elongate antennal
club, and the prothorax which is not constricted just behind the apex. From
C. cochleariae it may be separated by the dentate claws, and the scales on the
elytra, which are broader and do not form a patch near the scutellum.

The striking black form of Cetonia aurata L., the aberration nigra Gaut.,
was shown by Mr. C. MACKECHNIE JARVIS, together with a typical example for
comparison. This beetle was taken on the island of St. Mary, Scilly Isles, the
black form being found nowhere else in the British Isles, but it does occur on
several of the islands in the Scillonian archipelago, from which it was first
recorded in 1834. This form also occurs in Corsica, but as far as is known, from
no other continental locality. Mr. MacKechnie Jarvis also showed Stenichnus
barnevillei Reit. (poweri Fowler) another Scillonian beetle, discovered by Dr.
N. H. Joy in a bird’s nest on the Isle of Annet, from which the exhibited example
was obtained. Also from the Isle of Annet was Sunius (Astenus) lyonessius Joy.
This beetle is not found elsewhere in the British Isles. A selection of original
drawings by the late Rev. A. Matthews which were formerly in the possession of
Dr. Philip B. Mason were also included in Mr. MacKechnie Jarvis’s exhibit.

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Col., Scarabaeidae) was
shown by Mr. A. E. GARDNER, taken from spring wheat from the U.s.A. in the
Royal Victoria Dock, London, July 1946 (ex F. J. Coulson coll.). In the Far
East this beetle is a wide-spread pest. It was introduced into the u.s.A. in 1916
in the larval stage with nursery stock from Japan. Since then it spread annually
and in 1962 occupied 100,000 square miles, with a large area under Federal
quarantine. In 1940 it established itself locally in southern Canada—in Quebec
and Ontario. Beetles have been found in aircraft landing in Britain from the
u.s.A. during periods of intense beetle activity near the U.S. airfields in June and
July. Both the adult and larvae are plant pests; the adult feeding on foliage,
flowers and fruits, and the larvae on roots. The adults have a host range of at
least 250 different deciduous trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants; some of the
more favoured plants being strawberry, raspberry, apple, cherry, plum, maize,
clover, rose, dahlia, zinnia, hollyhock, elm, horse chestnut, lime, willow and
lombardy poplar. The larvae are a pest in nursery stock, especially root stocks
and seedling trees, including conifers. Normally the life cycle takes one year,
but in the north of the insect’s range two years are required. The Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food have published an Advisory Leaflet, No. 449.

Among the Coleoptera in the exhibit of Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS was a nice series
of Bembidion virens Gyll., from Loch Maree, Ross & Cromarty, together with
colour photographs of the locality. He also showed some interesting Staphy-
linidae (Col.) taken during the year which included Staphylinus pedator Grav.,
from a chalk pit at Dartford, Kent, 1.vii.65; S. erythropterus L., Loch Maree,
11.vi.65; Quedius ventralis (Aragona) from Knole Park, Kent, 20.x.65; Q.
laevigatus (Gyll.), Glen Affric, Inv., 27.vii.65; Philonthus puella Nord., at the
summit of the Cairngorms, Inv., 4,000 ft, 15.vii.65; Stenus geniculatus Grav.
Kincraig, Inv., 17.vii.65; and Micropeplus tesserula L., Ham Street, Kent,
20.vi.65.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 33

The following members and their friends contributed to the success of the
exhibition with their exhibits: Mr. D. J. L. Agassiz, Lepidoptera; Sir Eric
Ansorge, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera; Mr. B. R. Baker, Lepidoptera; Dr. J. V.
Banner, Lepidoptera; Dr. N. L. Birkett, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. D. Blaxill, Lepi-
doptera (slides); Mr. E. L. Bolton, Lepidoptera; Mr. P. T. Boorman, Lepidop-
tera and photographs; Mr. G. Botwright, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. F. Bretherton,
Lepidoptera; Mr. A. T. Bromby, Lepidoptera; Mr. F. C. Brown, Cartoons.
Mr. B. S. Burns, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, Lepidoptera; Mr. H.
E. Chipperfield, Lepidoptera; Mr. M. P. Clifton, Lepidoptera; Major A. E.
Collier, Lepidoptera; Mr. S. Coxey, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. S. E. Cross, Lepidop-
tera; Mr. P. N. Crow, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. C. Dyson, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. R.
Eagles, Fungi; Mr. R. Fairclough, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. L. E. Ford, Lepidoptera;
Mrs. M. J. Frohawk, paintings by the late F. W. Frohawk, Mr. A. E. Gardner,
Coleoptera; Mr. B. O. C. Gardiner, lepidopterous larvae and semi-synthetic
food; Mr. P. A. Goddard, Lepidoptera (photographs); Mr. J. C. Goodall,
lightweight mercury vapour traps; Mr. A. L. Goodson, Lepidoptera; Mr. G.
M. Haggett, Lepidoptera; Mr. E. J. Hare, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. W. Harman,
Lepidoptera; Comdr. G. W. Harper, Lepidoptera; Mr. L. G. Huggins, Lepidop-
tera; Mr. T. J. G. Harmer, Lepidoptera; Mr. T. J. Honeybourne, Lepidoptera;
Mr. T. G. Howarth, Lepidoptera and lepidopterous larvae; Mr. G. E. Hyde,
Lepidoptera (photographs); Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs, Lepidoptera; Capt. R. A.
Jackson, Lepidoptera; Mr. C. MacKechnie Jarvis, Coleoptera and drawings;
Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis, Lepidoptera; Maj.-Gen. Sir George Johnson, Lepidoptera;
Mr. A. H. Kennard, Lepidoptera; Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Lepidoptera;
Mr. S. A. Knill-Jones, Lepidoptera; Mr. H. J. Leech, Lepidoptera; Maj.-Gen.
C. G. Lipscombe, Lepidoptera; Mr. G. H. Mansell, Lepidoptera; Dr. A. M.
Massee, Hemiptera; Mr. R. M. Mere, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. L. Messenger,
Lepidoptera; Mr. H. N. Michaelis, Lepidoptera; Dr. M. G. Morris, Coleoptera;
Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Lepidoptera and Trichoptera; Mr. N. B. Potter,
Lepidoptera; Mr. F. S. Reeves, Lepidoptera; Mr. Austin Richardson, Lepidop-
tera; Dr. R. M. A. P. Ridge, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. H. P. Ridge, Lepidoptera;
Mr. T. S. Robertson, Lepidoptera; Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm, Lepidoptera;
Mr. L. W. Siggs, Lepidoptera; Mr. J. Summers, Lepidoptera; Mr. W. H.
Spreadbury, Fungi and Lichens; Mr. D. W. Thorpe-Young, Lepidoptera
and philatelic entomology; Mr. D. A. Trembath, Lepidoptera; Mr. W. G.
Tremewan, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. S. Tubbs, Lepidoptera; Mr. M. W. F. Tweedie,
Lepidoptera; Mr. H. G. Tunstall, Fungi and Lichens, Mr. F. T. Vallins,
Lepidoptera and Fungi, Mr. S. Wakely, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. W. Watson,
Lepidoptera; Mr. A. S. Wheeler, Lepidoptera; Mr. L. S. Whicher, botanical
photographs; Mr. A. J. Wightman, Lepidoptera; Mr. R. S. Wilkinson, a
mercury vapour light trap; Mr. S. A. Williams, Coleoptera; Dr. C. G. M. de
Worms, Lepidoptera; Mr. D. L. Young, Lepidoptera.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 30th October 1965

1. Coenonympha pamphilus L., Mr. D. H. Walker; 2. Orthosia gothica L. ab.
gothicina H.-S., Comdr. G. W. Harper; 3. Ochropleura plecta L., Mr. L. W.
Siggs; 4. Euphyia luctuata Schiff., Mr. R. C. Dyson; 5. Drymonia dodonea
Schiff., Mr. L. W. Siggs; 6. Asphalia diluta Schiff., Mr. G. Botwright; 7. Biston
betularia L. Mr. G. Botwright; 8. Panaxia dominula L., a mutant form, Dr.
H. B. D. Kettlewell and Mr. C. J. Cadbury; 9. Cryphia muralis Forst. s.sp.
westroppi Cockayne & Williams ab. nigra Huggins, Mr. A. J. Wightman;
10. Rivula sericealis Scop., Mr. L. W. Siggs; 11. Lasiocampa quercus L. s.sp.
callunae Palmer, a double recessive, Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell & Mr. C. J.
Cadbury.

34 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

FIELD MEETINGS, 1965

BANSTEAD, SURREY—10th October 1965
Leader: Mr. A. E. GARDNER

Seven members met at Banstead station and proceeded by cars to Banstead
Woods in the Chipstead Valley. The party consisted mainly of coleopterists
who spent a typical autumn day working heaps of vegetable debris in the wood
and heaps of straw in a downland field. These habitats provided many interesting
species contrasting with the lack of species found under bark and in decaying
beeches.

The following Coleoptera were taken: Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Notiophilus
biguttatus (F.), Amara bifrons (Gyll.), Agonum muelleri (Herbst), A. dorsale
(Pont.), Megasternum obscurum (Marsh), Clambus pubescens Redt., Siagonium
quadricorne Kirby, Micropelus fulvus Er., Megarthrus depressus (Payk.), M.
denticollis (Beck), Phloeonomus punctipennis Thom., Olophrum piceum (Gyll.),
Stenus clavicornis (Scop.), S. brunnipes Steph., S. canaliculatus Gyll., Gyrophynus
punctulatus (Goeze), Quedius cruentatus, Q. cinctus (Payk.), Q. fumatus (Steph.),
Lordithon thoracicus (F.), Autalia impressa (Ol.), Onthophilus striatus (Forst),
Abraeus globulus (Hoff.), Omosita discoidea (F.), Rhizophagus bipustulatus (F.),
Monotoma bicolor Villa, Atomaria lewisi Reit., Ephistemus globulus (Payk.),
Lathridius nodifer Westw., L. bergrothi Reit., L. bifasciatus Reit., Enicmus trans-
versus (Ol.), Bitoma crenata (F.), Cis boleti (Scop.), Phyllotreta nigripes (F.),
Longitarsus luridus (Scop.), and Trypodendron domesticum (F.).

Dr. A. M. Massee reported the following Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Xylocorus
galactinus (Fieb.), X. cursitans (Fall.), Drymus sylvaticus (F.), Anthocoris
gallarumulmi (Deg.), Nabis rugosus (L.), and Taphropeltus contractus (H.-S.).

Lepidoptera were scarce, but the following larvae were noted: Strophedra
weirana Dougl. between spun leaves of beech, Ancylis mitterbacheriana Schiff.
in spun oak leaves, and Coleophora onosmella Brahm, small larvae on Vipers
Bugloss.

Several members reported that a portion of the field had been dug over and
that Teucrium botrys L., was flourishing. This was particularly pleasing as it was
thought that the plant had died out.

An unusual time of emergence of Geometra papilionaria L. (Lep., Geometridae).—
A perfect specimen of this moth was sent to me for identification. It was taken
flying at Bow near Crediton, Devon., on 10th December 1965—A. E. GARDNER,
29, Glenfield Road, Banstead, Surrey. 14th February, 1966.

Diurnal flight in Dytiscus (Col., Dytiscidae). Recently 2.11.66, a female Dytiscus
marginalis L. was brought to me having flown indoors through an open door
at 4 p.m. here at Tiptree, Essex. Though Dytiscus spp. are regular visitors to
light, and the smaller Dytiscidae are sometimes taken in flight on warm spring
days, I can recall no records of daytime flight in Dytiscus. The beginning of
February is early for any Coleoptera to be on the wing and is particularly remark-
able for Dytiscus—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex,
4th February 1966

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.

Hist. Soc., 1966

PLATE

Proc. S, Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966 IPIGAN IIS, JHE

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 30th October 1965

1. Notodonta ziczac L., melanic, Mr. A. L. Goodson; 2. Xylena vetusta Hibn.,
melanic, Comdr. G. W. Harper; 3. Apamea infesta Ochs., Mr. R. M. Mere;
4. Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw., somatic mosaic, Mr. S. A. Knill-Jones; 5. Dry-
monia ruficornis Hufn., Mr. J. Summers; 6. Jaspidia pygarga Hufn., melanic,
Mr. B. R. Baker; 7, 8, 9 & 10. Aporophyla australis Boisd. s.sp. pascua Humph.
& Westwood, Mr. P. N. Crow (fig. 7 melanic female, fig. 8 melanic male, fig. 9
normal female, fig. 10 normal male).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 35

JOHN LOFTUS HENDERSON
1884-1965

The only son of John Henderson and Mary Loftus, John Loftus Henderson
was educated at Streatham College which he left as Head Boy when he joined
his father and uncle at Waterlows. In 1903 he joined the London Scottish
Regiment, but in 1910 he emigrated to Canada with friends and settled in
Saskatoon in Saskatchewan where he worked in the timber trade.

When war broke out in 1914 he joined the Canadian Army and returned to
England with the 1st Canadian Expeditionary Force. A serious attack of pleurisy
prevented him embarking for France, and as a result of this illness he remained
in England for the duration, serving as Company Quartermaster Sergeant at
various training camps.

On 17th April 1915 he married Minnie Arnold whom he had known for
several years when he lived at Streatham. Their only child, Betty, was born on
Ist March 1918.

He joined the importing side of the timber industry when he was demobilised
at the end of the war, and remained in this business until 1932 when he opened
a dry cleaning business of his own. This was closed in 1940 because of the com-
bined difficulties of restriction of materials and an acute shortage of staff. By
this time, however, Henderson was back in the forces having re-joined the
London Scottish in 1939, and for the next four years was on defence duty and
troop training at Fort George in Scotland.

After leaving the army he joined a firm of City accountants with whom he
remained until he retired. He contracted pneumonia and died some months later
on 13th June 1965, surviving his wife by only eight months.

As a small child he used to help his father with his collection of Lepidoptera
and in his late teens began his own collection of Coleoptera, becoming a very
competent worker both systematically and in the field. He developed a special
interest in the Hydradephaga and was among the most knowledgeable British
coleopterists on the water beetles. He did not publish extensively, but most of his
published work was of more than a little importance, included additions to the
British list, notably Ceuthorhynchus turbatus Schultz and Chaetocnema aerosa
Letzner, the former being in many collections unrecognized.

He joined the South London in 1924, and in 1945 he was elected our Treasurer ;
an office he filled with quiet distinction, guiding our finances safely through the
extremely difficult inflationary post-war period. This office he held until 1963
when he relinquished the responsibility after a serious illness. The value of this
16 years’ service cannot be too highly commended. Those who served on Council
with him remember his careful and surprisingly accurate assessment of the
Society’s probable income for the coming year, enabling Council to plan ex-
penditure in such a way that he could report a satisfactory financial year at the
A.G.M. Nor will they forget the careful way he husbanded our reserves of accumu-
lated revenue, making Council fight hard for projected disbursements so that
a very good case was made before final agreement was reached on the expenditure.
In 1949 he was elected Vice-President, but, despite enthusiastic pressure from the
Council, he declined the office of President. The Council recognized his services
to the Society in 1963 by electing him an Honorary member.

Henderson was also a keen tennis player; an interest he retained throughout

36 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

his life, playing his last game against his 18-year-old grand-daughter at the age
of 78.

Cabinet making was his only other hobby. In this he showed a skill probably
derived from his knowledge of timbers gained in his earlier business life. How-
ever he lost interest in this in later years.

This is a sad loss, not only to our Society, but to entomology generally; but
he led a full life, unselfishly spent.

F. D. Buck

Chrysolina sanguinolenta (L.) (marginalis Dufts.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) in
N.E. Essex. Recently, 15.ix.65, my daughter brought to me some examples of
Chrysolina sanguinolenta (L.) which she had found on Linaria vulgaris Mill.
(Toadflax) on her way home from school. On being shown the spot where she
had taken them, I found a small growth of about a dozen plants among some
mixed vegetation on a small bank in a lane on the edge of the built-up area of
Tiptree. On these plants the beetles occurred in some numbers, about twenty
or so examples being plainly visible without further searching, their blue and
red coloration standing out clearly against the natural background.

Though Fowler (1890, Col. Brit. Is., 4 : 303) records the species as local and
not uncommon in the London area, it would appear in recent years to be very
restricted indeed. The present writer has not taken it in the London area in over
twenty-five years’ collecting in the countryside around the capital.

It was a coincidence that only the previous Sunday, 12.ix.65, I was examining
a strong colony of Linaria vulgaris Mill. on Tiptree Heath, on the edge of the
village, about a mile or so from the spot where the C. sanguinolenta (L.) were
taken, without finding a trace of this species. The only Coleoptera the plants
produced were Gymnetron antirrhini (Payk.) (Curculionidae) in plenty and two
examples of Meligethes corvinus Er. (Nutidulidae).—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk,
Tiptree, Essex, 17th September 1965.

Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col., Scarabaedae) at light—Mr. Buck (antea p.
34) in a note on Prionus coriarius (L.) commented on the occurrence of Odontaeus
armiger (Scop.) at mercury vapour light. This species has occurred at the writer’s
mercury vapour light operated at Medmenham, Bucks., regularly since 1962,
during which time almost a dozen have been seen. The light has been in opera-
tion only since 1961 so this does not imply a sudden appearance of the insect.
Most of the specimens have been noted in June but the beetle has been seen as
late as early August, females predominating; the species seems to appear soon
after dark.—T. W. HARMAN, 3, Lodge Farm Cottages, Medmenham, Near
Marlow, Bucks., 9th October 1965.

A correction to the Proceedings and Transactions 1964

In reporting the Annual Exhibition an error has occurred in the table showing
the characters identifying the tortoise species of the genus Testudo. Mr. F. C.
Brown points out that the last character at the foot of the table should read
‘Rear carapace plates flanged’ not ‘hinged’ as printed.— Editor.

The Society’s Publications

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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T.-FORD,.B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Bradley, J. D. & Mere, R. M., Natural History of

the garden of Buckingham Palace 15
Buck, F. D., Diurnal flight in Dytiscus (Col., Dytis-

cidae) 34
—— Chrysolina sanguinolenta (L.) (marginata

Dufts.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) in N. E. Essex 36

— Carabus violaceus L. ab. sollicitans Hartert
(Col., Carabidae) an addition to the fauna of

Buckingham Palace garden 17
Cooper, J. E., An unusual case of bee sting 13
Council’s Report 19
Editor, A correction to the Proceedings and Trans-

actions, 1964 36
Field Meeting Report 34
Gardner, A. E., An unusual time of emergence of

Geometra papilionaria L. (Lep., Geometridae) 34
Goater, B., An introduction to the study of Mosses

and Liverworts 3
Harman, T. W., Odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (Col.,

Scarabaeidae) at light 36

Mere, R. M.—see Bradley, J. D.

Morison, Guy D., Kentish Glory moth, Endromis
versicolora L. (Lep., Bombycidae), in Aberdeen-

shire 14
Obituary, J. L. Henderson 35
President’s Address 17
Proceedings 22
Report of the Annual Exhibition \ ZT

Uffen, R. W. J.—see President’s Address

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by Anchor Press, Tiptree, Essex

MAY 1966, Part 2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
‘**Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966”

Sh 6 ete Naa Re a a a
: - v ets CR ae ae eS ee

ie
a

aa ee
eo

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. SouTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

ee

3 9 ’6 ( OCT 3 1 a

ye eat Hf Ala
By Bi HOON AA .

SSN ad, oa
SS _LIBR A, :7 i ea G
‘vonethad ale

~~ att ——

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 37

THE GENUS ARICIA (LEP., RHOPALOCERA) IN BRITAIN
By F. V. L. JARVIS, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

During the course of breeding experiments with British Aricia agestis Schiff.,
it has become increasingly apparent that morphological and genetic differences
between the bivoltine race of southern England and the univoltines of the north
(including f. artaxerxes F. from Scotland) represented more than the accepted
racial grouping of double and single brooded forms. In view of the visual similar-
ities between the north British Aricia population and A. allous Hiibn. from
Scandinavia I was able, with the generousco-operation of Mr.O. Hgegh-Guldberg,
to pair British with Scandinavian Aricia, and at the same time effect cross-

_pairings between southern and northern British stocks. The results of these experi-
ments, together with previous work, set the scope for this paper which is to define
the distinction between the bivoltine A. agestis in the southern half of England
and the univoltines from northern Britain. The results were striking enough to
indicate that the original stock in northern Britain, including f. artaxerxes, was
indeed A. allous and not A. agestis.

I have expressed the opinion in earlier papers that the univoltine race of agestis
in northern Britain had probably arisen by the elimination of the bivoltine

fraction during a cooler phase of the late Pleistocene, following a warmer inter-
stadial which had allowed the bivoltine to spread into Scotland. This view was
suggested by the discovery of univoltine forms at Royston, Herts., and by the
dates of field emergence at Royston, in north Wales and on the Lincolnshire
coast, but it now seems that the undoubted presence of a strong ‘allous’ element
in the north renders this theory untenable in its entirety. The results of pairing
between southern and northern British forms have shown genetic results which
are more extreme than should be expected between contiguous races of the same

_ species. At the same time univoltine forms of agestis have been shown to exist in
the northern fringe of the southern distribution so that it is highly possible that

some northward coastal spread of this form along the east coast has introduced
the ‘agestis’ element into the Durham littoral where their presence is indicated by
occasional red shaded larvae and imagines with the full complement of orange
marginal lunules. Going further back into the Pleistocene, the separation of

_agestis and allous must have arisen by segregation into’ bivoltine and univoltines,

at this period is probably too remote to have caused the present British distri-
bution.

DISTRIBUTION

Aricia agestis and A. allous are members of a species complex which is distri-
‘buted throughout the Palaearctic region; agestis is bivoltine and potentially
trivoltine, allous is univoltine. On the Continent agestis is found in lowland areas
\in western and central Europe. Aricia allous occurs in upland regions above
1,000 m in the Alps. It is absent in France and Germany, but its s.sp. inhonora
‘Jach. is found in Poland and central and southern Russia. The more typical
‘allous reappears at low-level sites in Scandinavia as far north as the Arctic
Circle, with a recently described s.sp. vandalica (Heegh-Guldberg) in Jutland on
\the north coastal fringe of Denmark.

SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK
To define the British position the following stocks were raised:

(1) Bivoltines (a) from Winchester, Hants.
(b) from Leatherhead, Surrey.

38 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 |

(2) Univoltines
(a) from Warton, Lancs.
(b) from the Durham coast and inland in Durham.
(c) from Hawick and Stonehaven, Scotland (f. artaxerxes).
(d) from Oslo, Norway (A. allous).
(e) from Jutland, Denmark (A. allous s.sp. vandalica)

Each of the stock is described under the following headings:
(1) Larval colour, proportion and photoperiodism.
(2) Pupal characters and proportion.
(3) Imaginal characters.

The following cross-pairings were successfully obtained (in the case of British |
stocks the name of the locality has been used with the prefix ‘biv’ for bivoltine
or ‘univ’ for univoltine, as the case may be):

(a) univ. Warton male x biv. Winchester female.

(b) biv. Winchester male * univ. Warton female.

(c) biv. Winchester male * vandalica female.

(d) univ. Durham male x vandalica female.

(e) Norwegian allous male x univ. Durham female.

(f) biv. Leatherhead male x biv. Winchester female, and the reciprocal.

(g) biv. Winchester male x univ. Hawick artaxerxes female.

(h) univ. Stonehaven artaxerxes male x biv. southern female (cross: |
Winchester x Leatherhead).

The results of each cross-pairing are discussed and finally an examination was |
made of male genitalia.

Two definitions are best made at this stage.
(1) Photoperiodism

The number of hours of light in each 24 which will prevent the larva from
entering diapause, counting from half an hour before sunrise to half an hour

after sunset. In the rearing experiments, unless otherwise stated, larvae were
raised in continuous light as near as possible to 21°C (70°F).

(2) Pupal Ratio

This is an important figure which can be classed as morphological for assessing
relative proportions of pupae in the various stocks. All available pupae were |
measured. It was found that consistent values were obtained in each group. The |
pupa is laid on its ventral surface on a cloth surface to prevent turning and two |
measurements are made with fine dividers.

(a) The total length.
(b) The width at the junction of thorax and abdomen.

The pupal ratio is a + b. Sex does not affect this linear ratio.

A similar ratio was used to determine the relative slenderness of the adult |
larvae. When placed side by side the adult larvae of allous from Norway and
Jutland, and north British univoltines are noticeably more elongated than the
larvae of bivoltines from southern England. Following this observation through,
it was found that elongated larvae produce slender pupae and imagines with a |
long abdomen. The method is to allow the larva to settle on a sheet of paper
which it will do when fully fed. Three measurements are made with a millimetre |
scale held just clear of the body setae.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 39

Length = L.

Width of segment VI = W.

Height from paper to dorsum at segment VI = H.
The ratio of slenderness = L ~ W + H.

Although not as accurate as the pupal ratio, ratios measured from considerable
numbers of larvae give reasonably consistent values for each group as the
following examples indicate:

Larva 1 2 3 4 5

Southern univoltines 1G 9-0 8:2 9:5 10:0 9-5 mm.
W 41 3-7 3°99 . 4:0. 3:8:mm.
H 40 2°8 3:5 4:0 3-5 mm.
L

Ratio of slenderness

1-11 1:30 1:29 1:25 1:30 Average 1-25

W+H

A. artaxerxes opPAee LAND PhO Sits 1H eS 1°9) anime:
(Stonehaven) Wi 5 Obe 3°60 13:9 hs ie 00100

Hie as-6r pe2-2 3-6 3-6 mm.
Ratio of slenderness ES Shes 7 Slee MESS ol te [Gee Average 1-61
A. allous L 100 mm.
(Norway) WW 73-0" emm:

Ee 3:2, mm:

Ratio of slenderness 1:61

All the above measurements in millimetres

The figure of 1-61 for allous was averaged from six larvae whose ratios were:
1-54, 1-57, 1-60, 1-61, 1-64 and 1-66.

The larva of bivoltine agestis is compact and elliptical in outline, whilst allous
is widest between the 4th and 6th segments, with slight tapering and flattening of
the posterior segments, Durham and artaxerxes larvae are elliptical but as
slender as the larvae of allous. The vandalica larvae have the same ratio (1-60) as
allous from Norway with very slight tapering after segment VI.

Each of the groups under discussion will be described as 1st and Sth instar
larvae, as pupae and as imagines. The Ist instar shows an important distinction
between bivoltine agestis and all the other groups. At maturity in the 5th instar,
the coloured shading (if present) above and below the sub-spiracular ridge is
fully developed. I would emphasize that this coloration is genetic and not an
ephemeral appearance affected by such factors as temperature, food plant,
crowding and suspension of diapause. I am fully satisfied that none of these
influences have any affect on colour or pattern at any stage. The only effective
environmental condition is a period of low temperature (2-3°C above freezing
point) immediately following pupation. This will cause alterations in imaginal
pattern, but in the rearing and cross-pairing to be described later no temperatures
of this order were used.

For ease of comparison the groups are described under the headings of each
character.

40

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

LARVA

BIVOLTINES FROM THE SOUTHERN PORTION OF ENGLAND (ARICIA AGESTIS)

Instar I.

Instar V.

Greyish-green with a pattern of blackish tubercles on the dorsum and
sides of the body. The tubercles bear curved setae which are dark grey
on the dorsum and grey elsewhere. Darker dorsal line.

Pea green on upper surface, paler below the legs; purple-brown dorsal
line. The pink sub-spiracular ridge is broadly shaded above and below
below with purple-crimson. Segments III to X are patterned with
oblique light and dark green chevrons. Covering the body is a close
pattern of pale brown tubercles bearing transparent grey setae. In
many larvae there is an admixture of blackish setae on segment I and
on the dorsum (PI. V, fig. 1). Slenderness ratio: 1-25.

Photoperiod: 16 to 16:5 hours.

UNIVOLTINES FROM NORTHERN BRITAIN, NORWAY AND JUTLAND

Warton
Instar I.

Instar V.

Durham
Instar I.

Instar V.

Pale green with brown tubercles; colourless setae; faintly darker
dorsal line.

Dull yellow-green with indistinct chevrons; dorsal line varying from
medium to dark brown; tubercles white; setae colourless; white sub-
spiracular ridge with no shading in about 12 per cent of the larvae
reared. In the remainder the shading was narrow, in tones of umber
brown, deepest in colour on the dorsal boundary of the ridge; a few
larvae showed pale pink shading above the ridge and no shading on
the lower border.

Slenderness ratio: 1:50.

Photoperiod: 18 hours.

Very pale green, sometimes tinged with grey; light brown tubercles;
colourless setae; faint dorsal line.

Variable in relation to ridge shading. Ground colour bright yellow-
green with well-defined chevrons; tubercles white; setae colourless.
Dorsal line medium to dark brown. The sub-spiracular ridge is white.
The shading is interesting; in many larvae there is no shading (Pl. V,
fig. 2); others show pinkish-brown shading, whilst a common shading
is dull purple. In no case was the line of colour as broad or as brilliant
as in the bivoltines. I have had 100 per cent unshaded larvae in some
broods and 100 per cent purple in others, whilst some broods contain
all three colours.

Slenderness ratio: 1-40 to 1-55.

Photoperiod: 18 to 18-3 hours (the purple shaded larvae show the
lower value).

A. artaxerxes

Instar I.

Instar V.

Very pale green, light brown tubercles; colourless setae; faint dorsal
line. Larvae from northern Scotland are deeper in colour and are more
greyish than those from southern Scotland.

Yellow-green with well-defined chevrons; tubercles white; setae colour-
less; medium to dark brown dorsal line. The sub-spiracular ridge is

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 41

white or faintly buff, with either no shading or a variable brownish
outline above and below the ridge. In some larvae from the south of
Scotland the shading is reddish or pinkish-brown, but from a consid-
erable number examined none were found with the purple colour of
some Durham specimens.

Slenderness ratio: 1-55 to 1-61.

Photoperiod: 18-5 hours in southern Scotland to 20 hours in Suther-
land.

A, allous (Norway)

Instar I. Pale grey-green with slightly darker dorsal line; tubercles pale brown;
setae colourless.

Instar V. Deep yellow-green with well-defined chevrons and dark brown dorsal
line; tubercles white; setae colourless; white unshaded sub-spiracular
ridge.

Slenderness ratio: 1-61.
Photoperiod: 20 hours.

A, allous s.sp. vandalica (Jutland)

Instar I. Very pale green with faint dorsal line; tubercles very pale brown;
setae colourless.

Instar V. Deep yellow-green with well-defined chevrons and medium brown
dorsal line; tubercles white; setae colourless; sub-spiracular ridge
white, usually unshaded but in a few larvae there is a narrow reddish
shading above the ridge (Pl. V, fig. 3).

Slenderness ratio: 1-60.
Photoperiod: 19-5 hours.

PUPA
BIVOLTINES FROM SOUTHERN ENGLAND

Thoracic region and wing sheaths dull olive or brownish-green; abdomen light
yellow-brown with dark brown dorsal line; wide, rose coloured sub-spiracular
band intersected by a paler line. As the pupa matures the colourings become
duller. The anterior margin of the eye is heavily shaded with black (up to 4
diameter). (PI. V, fig. 4).

Pupal ratio: 2:88 to 2:95 (average 2.91).

UNIVOLTINES FROM NORTHERN BRITAIN, NORWAY AND JUTLAND
Warton

Thorax and wing sheaths pale olive-green with a yellowish tinge; abdomen
greyish-buff with brown dorsal line; sub-spiracular band pale buff with a few
dull crimson flecks in some specimens; black eye shading varies from } to 4 of
diameter.

Pupal ratio: 3-05.

Durham

Thorax and wing sheaths light bluish or yellow-green; abdomen pale buff with
brown dorsal line; subspiracular band whitish flecked with purple in the darker
larvae. Narrow black border to eye (less than } diameter). (Pl. V, fig. 5).

Pupal ratio: 3-16 to 3-24.

42 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

A. allous (Norway)

Thorax and wing sheaths pale lime green; abdomen dull buff with brown
dorsal line; faintly paler subspiracular band. Narrow black border to eye (less
than + diameter).

Pupal ratio: 3-16.

A. allous s.sp vandalica

Identical in colouring to the pupa of Norwegian allous but with faint reddish
shading above the sub-spiracular band in the pupae from red shaded larvae.
Narrow black border to eye (less than } diameter).

Pupal ratio 3-10.

DISCUSSION ON LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES

From the foregoing descriptions it is clear that both larvae and pupae of the
southern bivoltines showed marked differences in colour and proportions from
the whole of the univoltine groups examined. Furthermore in the univoltines
there is considerable homogeneity. The unshaded coloration appears in both
British and Scandinavian forms; the brown or reddish shaded larvae seem to be
peculiar to Britain as a major colour type but there are indications of this in
Jutland. Larval ratios in the range 1-40 to 1-61 and pupae 3-05 to 3.25 are
distinctly above the corresponding figures for the bivoltines (1-25 and 2-91).

IMAGINES
BIVOLTINES FROM SOUTHERN ENGLAND (pl. IV, rows 1 & 2).

Male. Upper surface deep umber-brown with black discoidal spot on fore-
wings; 4-6 orange marginal lunules diminishing in size towards apex
of wing; the apical two spots are sometimes absent. There are 5 lunules
on the hindwings; the anterior spot may be reduced to a trace.
Undersurface light grey-brown, more brown on hindwings; black
pupils of discoidal (forewing) and discal spots well formed.

Female. Upper surface lighter and more red-brown than male; discoidal spot
occasionally edged with a few white scales. Six large marginal lunules
on forewings; 5-6 on hindwings. Undersurface light brown with
tinge of grey on forewings; black pupils prominent.

BRITISH UNIVOLTINES (COMPRISING RACES FROM DURHAM, LANCS, WESTMORLAND
AND SCOTLAND (ARTAXERXES) (PI. IV, rows 3 to 6)

Upper surface. Compared with the bivoltines, the ground colour is deep
chocolate-brown, approaching black in some fresh specimens. Occasionally
females are slightly less deep in tone than males. In both sexes the marginal
lunules are less in size and numbers than in the bivoltines.

Male lunulation. Forewings nil to 3 (small); occasional traces of a 4th towards
the apex. Hindwings 3 to 5 (small); very rarely the lunules are all
absent.

Female lunulation. Forewings normally 4 or 5; a few specimens show a trace of
a 6th apical. The number can be less than 4; very rarely all lunules are
absent. Hindwings usually 5 small Junules, but the number may be
reduced, particularly in artaxerxes from northern Scotland.

The black discoidal spot on the forewings is generally smaller than in the
bivoltines and frequently outlined with white (ab. albiannulata Harr.). In

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 43

artaxerxes this spot is completely white; occasionally there is a small white
discoidal spot on the hindwings (Pl. IV, rows 5 & 6).

Undersurface greyish-brown on forewings; more brown on _ hindwings,
generally darker in tone than in bivoltines. On the Durham coast decidedly
brown undersides are a feature of both sexes. The black pupils are relatively small
with frequent obsolescence of one or more spots.

In artaxerxes the discoidal spots are completely white, but the discal spots
usually possess minute pupillations in the sub-marginals.

A. ALLOUS (Norway) (PI. II, rows 1 & 2)

Male. Upper surface chocolate-brown; the black discoidal spot on the fore-
wing is sometimes partially margined with white scales. The orange
marginal lunules are usually absent or reduced to traces of 2 or 3 spots.
The hindwing lunules are much reduced in size and range from traces
of 5 to 3 or less.

Under surface light greyish-brown (more brown on hindwings). On
the forewings the discoidal and discal pupillation is well-developed, but
on the hindwings the pupillation is small and often obsolescent.

Female. Upper surface similar in colour to males. Forewing lunules small and
usually reduced to traces of 4 or less. Hindwing Junules small and
normally 5 in number. Under surface similar in pattern to males but
more brown in colour.

A. ALLOUS S.SP. VANDALICA (JUTLAND) (PI. III, rows 3 & 4)

This is the largest insect in the groups examined, with a wing span of 29-32mm,

only equalled by some specimens from the Durham coast.

Male. Upper surface chocolate-brown with a small forewing black discoidal
spot and prominent white costa. The orange lunulation is reduced to
1 or 2 small spots on the forewings, but complete loss of all lunules
can occur. On the hindwings there are 4 or 5 rather small lunules.
Undersurface light grey on forewings and pale sand colour on hind-
wings, with black pupillation reduced in size. The orange marginal
lunulation is reduced in extent together with the black marginal spots.
The area of reduction is filled with white scales which give a character-
istically beautiful effect to this underside.

Female. Upper surface as male, except that the orange lunulation on the fore-
wings is increased to 3 or 4.
Undersurface light brown with traces of grey on forewings. As in the
males there is a reduction in size of pupillation combined with a white
marginal infusion.

DISCUSSION ON IMAGINES

(a) The bivoltines are readily separated from the univoltine group by the greater
degree of orange lunulation on the upper surface of both sexes.

(b) The ground colour of the bivoltines is more reddish with a distinction between

the sexes, females are lighter than the males and warmer in tone. The males
usually show a diffuse area of slightly thinner scaling on the disc of the
forewings against which the nervules stand out darkly.
In all the univoltines the forewing colour is a colder chocolate-brown,
approaching black in many specimens from Durham and northern Scotland,
and in A. allous from Norway. There is practically no difference in tone
between the sexes.

44 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 |

(c) Pupillation of the underside spots is heavier in the bivoltines.

(d) The British and Scandinavian univoltines possess a strong group resem-
blance in colour and lunulation, but there is a small distinction, apart from
the unique f. artaxerxes, in that there is a tendency in northern England and
southern Scotland for slightly more orange lunulation than is found in
Scandinavia. On the other hand many Durham and Westmorland insects are
indistinguishable from Norwegian specimens.

It is not easy to appreciate the distinction from descriptions or a few specimens,
but when series of all the forms are compared together the bivoltines stand out
clearly.

Bringing all three stages, larva, pupa and imago, together there now appears
to be a good case for establishing a distinction between the univoltines and the
bivoltines which could be more than sub-specific. Furthermore the univoltines
of northern Britain appear to be closely related to the univoltines of Scandinavia.

CROSS PAIRINGS
(a) Univoltine Warton male x bivoltine Winchester female August 1962
(b) Bivoltine Winchester male x univoltine Warton female August 1962

F, GENERATION

For these pairings two stocks of Aricia were raised.

(1) From females taken at Winchester on 6th June which were raised in
normal daylight.

(2) From-females sent me from Warton Crag by Rey. J. H. Vine Hall,
about 100 imagines were reared in continuous light.

Cross pairings (a) and (b) were successful at the end of August; about 120 eggs
being used in each case. Larvae were reared in continuous light except for 20
from each pairing which were subjected to 16 hours of light in each 24 hours. A
further 20 from (a) and (b) were placed outdoors as soon as they were hatched
on Chaemacistus to form a diapause control. All the control group entered
diapause at the end of October.

In the first instar both groups were identical, with dark brown or blackish
tubercles and pale grey setae. In this respect they resembled the Winchester
larvae, those from Warton possessed medium brown tubercles and colourless
setae. In subsequent growth behaviour and imaginal facies the two groups (a)
and (b) showed significant differences which are shown below.

F, (a) Warton male <x Winchester female

CHARACTER DETAILS

Larval 80 larvae.
Colour
Instar I resembled Winchester.
Instar V 87°94 resembled Winchester.
13% resembled Warton (refer to earlier description).

Pupae Mainly resembled Winchester in colour.
Eye shading } diameter of eye.
Pupal ratio 2-94.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966 Plate IIT

Line—Reading horizontally
1. Aricia allous males, south Norway.
Aricia allous females, south Norway.
Aricia allous s.sp. vandalica males, from Jutland.
Aricia allous s.sp. vandalica females, from Jutland.
F, generation from F, (b) Winchester/Warton cross males (F,/ <2).
F, generation from F, (b) Winchester/Warton cross females (F,/ x 2).

HDAnhwy

PLATE IV Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966

Line—Reading horizontally
| Bivoltine southern English Aricia agestis males.
Bivoltine southern English Aricia agestis females.
Univoltine Durham coastal Aricia males.
Univoltine Durham coastal Aricia females
artaxerxes males; Nos. 1, 2 & 4. Stonehaven, No. 3 Sutherland.

6 artaxerxes females; No. 1 Hawick, Nos. 2 & 3 Stonehaven, No. 4S ther-
land.

nAbwWN

PROS. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 45

CHARACTER DETAILS
Diapause (i) In 16 hours light. 75° (15 out of 20) entered diapause in
behaviour instar III.
(ii) In continuous light 5% entered diapause (mortality 44%).
Imaginal 24 males, 8 females.
Characters
All conformed to Warton characters (see under British univol-
tines), except that the forewing discoidal spots were larger. The
ground colour was dark brown; orange lunules were deep in
tone. The undersides were decidedly grey in tone.
Wing span: males 30mm, females 28mm.
Emergence Proterandrous, but unusually long period between male and
sequence female emergence peaks (10 days). The marked deficiency of
females could be abnormal.
Average growth periods: males 53 days, females 63 days.
F, (b) Winchester male x Warton female
Larval 80 larvae.
colour
Instar I resembled Winchester.
Instar V all resembled Winchester.
Pupae Closely resembled Winchester.
Eye shading + diameter of eye.
Pupal ratio 2-90.
Dispause (i) In 16 hours light. 259% entered diapause.
behaviour
(ii) In continuous light. No larva entered diapause. Mortality
rate 6%.
Imaginal 27 males, 39 females.
characters
All conformed to Winchester characters. The ground colour was
rather dark brown in the males, but somewhat lighter in the
females. The orange lunules were paler than in F, (a). The under-
sides were more grey than in the parents, but not so grey as in
F, (a):
Wing span: males 28mm, females 28mm.
It is interesting to note that females were the same size in F, (a)
and F, (b) but the males in F, (a) were noticeably larger.
Emergence Definitely proterogynous, with female peak preceding the male
sequence peak by 4 days.

Average growth periods: males 56 days, females 52 days.

The accelerated female development in this group is noteworthy
(52 days against 63 days in F, (a)). Both groups were raised in the
same environment.

46 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Observation on F, (a) and F, (b)

There may be a linkage between regional pattern characters and larval photo-
period. After the early stages, these experiments suggest a pattern dominance
carried by the male parent. Response to the light period of 16 hours (photo-
period for Winchester) and the development rate of females also seem to be
influenced by the male parent. For example, the Warton male crossed with the
Winchester female causes high diapause entry in the 16-hour group and also
retards female growth.

F, GENERATION

On 21st October 1962 two males from F, (a) were put into a pairing cage with
two females from F, (b). By 29th October about 70 eggs were obtained. Hatching
began on 7th November. The eggs had been laid on Chaemacistus, but after the
first moult Geranium rotundifolium L. was used as the food plant. Continuous
light was used, temperatures maintained as near as possible to 18°C (65°F). On
25th November 45 larvae were selected (10 in Instar I; 32 in Instar II; 3 in Instar
III), the remainder being placed outdoors on Chaemacistus. By 2nd December
most of the larvae were in Instar IV; several in Instar V, and a few in Instars II
and III. This pairing is recorded as F, x 1.

From 8th December, owing to cold weather I could only maintain, even in a
warm room, 14-16°C (55—60°F) but by 21st December 20 pupae had been
formed and all the remaining larvae were in Instar V. Eighty-two per cent of the
larvae showed the red/purple sub-spiracular shading of the southern bivoltines;
the majority of the remaining 18 per cent were shaded with deep brown as in the
original Warton larvae. There were a few borderline cases.

After Christmas 1962 and throughout January and February 1963, England
endured the coldest winter in the south since 1740 and in the ten days from 16th
to 26th January day maxima at Bognor remained below 0°C (32°F) with severe
night frosts. At times the room temperature fell to 8-10°C (45-SO°F) but
emergences occurred in that period. Some of the imaginal patterns were remark-
able owing no doubt to the effect of low temperature at the critical phase of
pupation.

From the original 45 larvae I obtained 29 pupae. Apart from the pattern
alteration due to cooling, most of the imagines showed a mixture of bivoltine and
univoltine pattern and colouring, but a few were either pure Winchester or pure
Warton in appearance.

Fs Xe2

On 25th October a cage was set up with four males and three females from
F,(b) to give an F, within one group. Forty-five larvae were selected for rearing
in continuous light in the same conditions as for F,x1. Although hatching
about the same time as F, x1, growth was slower and on 25th November most
of the larvae were still in Instar I, with a few in Instar II and one in Instar III.
By 21st December there were only four pupae in F, x 2, but 20 in F, x 1. I finally
obtained 16 pupae, six of which died. On 6th January five larvae were still in
Instar V; three of these died and the pupae of the other three were among the
other fatalities. Mortality was high in this brood. It is perhaps noteworthy that
in the F, crosses, the combination Winchester male * Warton female was the
more vigorous, although exhibiting proterogyny. In the F, there was more
mortality in the group crossed within itself (F, 2), than in the F, crossing
between F,(a) and F,(b).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 47

Adult larvae in F, x 2 showed the southern s.sp. colouring except for a small
percentage with dark brown shading.

The imagines were extreme in pattern with a high degree of obsolescence and
pronounced albiannulata effects, but there was one large female which was a
splendid example of the Winchester pattern and colour (PI. III, rows 5 & 6).

A third attempted cross pairing between males and a female from F,(a) was a
failure; no pairing was observed and no eggs laid.

I tried to get an F; crossing from F, x 1 at the end of January but the weather
conditions were the worst imaginable for this type of experiment. By thawing the
ice from the window and using hot water bottles to warm the cage, in the few
hours of sunshine available the butterflies would fly a little and feed from the
plastic flowers moistened with honey and water. No pairing was observed but
when the female died on 15th February I found 12 eggs on the Chaemacistus.
None of these hatched.

The opinion I formed from the results of these cross pairings was that several
genes were probably involved in larval and imaginal pattern; there was blending
and some separation; that there was no apparent linkage between larval and
imaginal pattern genes. There was clearly an imbalance showing in proterogynous
results and in the differing patterns of F,(a) and F,(b). I feel that the distinction
between the southern bivoltines and the northern univoltines used in these
experiments is at least sub-specific and may border on specific.*

(c) Bivoltine Winchester male x univoltine A. allous s.sp. vandalica

F, GENERATION

From a male raised from Winchester stock and a female vandalica reared in
continuous light from ova sent me on 3rd July 1963 by Mr. Hgegh-Guldberg, a
pairing was obtained on 16th August. The first hatching took place on 18th
August, and pupation began on 26th September, the larvae being raised in
continuous light, and 93 pupae were formed; all emerged between 14th and
25th October.

Proterogyny was present; from 14th to 18th October only females emerged,
from 18th to 21st October the emergence of both sexes was equal, and from 21st
to 25th October there was a preponderance of males.

Larvae

Instar I: pale green with deep brown tubercles; setae colourless except on
segment 1, 11 and 12, where they are deep grey. In these respects they closely
resembled the larvae of bivoltine agestis.

Instar V: at maturity the ground colour was more yellow than in agestis;
brown dorsal line and well-defined lateral chevrons; sub-spiracular ridge white
shaded above and below with purplish-brown or dull reddish-purple. Only one
larva had an unshaded ridge, and another was shaded with light brown. Body
tubercles were white or pale brown; setae were colourless with no intermingling
of deep grey setae as in agestis.

Analysis of these results indicate more resemblance to agestis than to vandalica,
particularly in Instar I, but there is not 100 per cent agestis dominance. The
larvae were more slender than in agestis. As an approximate assessment I would
have said that the visible comparison was 75 per cent agestis and 25 per cent
vandalica.

* This was my opinion written early in 1963, before I had conducted the Scandinavian cross
pairings. I would now throw the emphasis on a specific difference.

48 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Pupae

Thorax and wing sheaths dull lime green or grey-green; abdomen pale buff
with reddish shading in spiracular region; dark dorsal line; black anterior border
to eye not more than } diameter.

Pupal ratio: 3-04.

Assessment: agestis 60 per cent, vandalica 40 per cent.

Imagines

Males: upper side very similar in lunulation tc agestis, but undersides paler with
tendency to the reduced pupillation of vandalica.

Females: variable upperside lunulation. Only two showed the full agestis
pattern; generally the degree of lunulation was about half way between that of
the parents. Undersides were light grey-brown with reduced pupillation.

This first cross has demonstrated a blending of genetic elements with no
marked dominance. The ‘agestis’ influence was noticeable in the young larva
but this was steadily reduced as development proceeded to an approximate
50:50 ratio in the imagines. Proterogyny indicates a genetic imbalance approach-
ing the specific.

F, GENERATION

From F, parents a pairing took place on 17th October giving eggs which
hatched from 27th October onwards. Again continuous light was used, except
for a portion kept in 16 hours light for diapause examination. From 80 eggs in
the continuous-light group 38 pupae were formed; 17 males and 4 females
emerged. There was obviously a high mortality. Emergence took place between
26th December and 15th January. Winter conditions probably aggravated
mortality, but in comparison with pure strains in the same conditions the rate
was excessive and attributable to weakness in the F, generation.

Larvae

A difference was apparent in Instar I. About half were pale green with light
brown tubercles and colourless setae, tinged with brown on segment 1.

Thirty per cent were pale yellow-green with faintly brown tubercles and all
setae colourless (resembling vandalica).

Twenty per cent were light greyish-green with dark brown or blackish tubercles;
setae colourless but tipped with black on segment 1 (resemblance to bivoltine
agestis).

At maturity 90 per cent of the larvae were shaded with deep red or purple in
the spiracular region; ground colour varied from yellow-green to pea green; a
few larvae in the group possessed the compact proportions of agestis, but the
majority were as slender as vandalica.

The remaining ten per cent varied somewhat in tones of yellow-green, but
either showed no shading in the spiracular region or merely traces of pink. It
would appear that the genes for larval colouring and shape have partially
separated in the F,, giving forms resembling both parents, with the majority in
the ‘mixed’ category. There is also the curious phenomenon that in Instar I there
was more resemblance to vandalica than in Instar V; a form of reversing domin-
ance.

Small number of red shaded larvae and others with no shading were segregated.
Many of the pupae died, but from the ‘red’ group a typical female agestis emerged
and from a large all-green slender larva a male vandalica appeared. The remaining

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 49

imagines were mixed in facies. This experiment produced no evidence to link
larval and imaginal] pattern characters.

Pupae

Mostly resembled agestis in colour; olive green thorax and wing sheaths; buff
abdomen with red spiracular shading; deep brown dorsal line and wide black
anterior margin to eye. Pupal ratio varied from 2-90 to 3-12, the two pupae with
the highest ratio resembled vandalica and produced males resembling that form.

Imagines (17 males, 4 females)

Males. Three showed the upperside lunulation of agestis, five possessed the
much reduced lunulation of vandalica, nine were intermediate between
the two parent forms.

Undersides varied from light to dark grey-brown with reduced black
pupillation. Forewing shapes mostly approximated to the more
pointed wing of agestis.

Females. One resembled agestis, three were mixed. However in the 16-hour light
group (not counted in the above total) a female which developed
without diapause was a typical vandalica, but its larva and pupa
conformed to agestis in colour and proportions.

DISCUSSION

The appearance of mixed forms at all stages is an indication that there is
probably no linkage between the alleles controlling such elements as larval
colour, larval proportions, imaginal lunulation on the upper surface and under-
side pupillation, apart from the genes concerning photoperiodism. Pupal colour
and shape are linked to the corresponding larval elements. There is also varying
dominance at progressive stages of development. Once the alleles are separated
in the gametes, recombination of the several elements can take place in a number
of ways, so that it would be a comparative rarity to obtain an individual which
was 100 per cent agestis or 100 per cent vandalica in all its stages. It is clear from
the results that one gene alone does not carry all the characters that could be
defined as either agestis or vandalica. Were this so there would be a segregation
in the F, approaching the 1:2:1 ratio, but all the experimental evidence contradicts
this view. The results of the cross pairing are similar to the Winchester/Warton
crosses. Proterogyny occurred when the male parent was bivoltine (Winchester)
in each case. There was the same blending and partial dominance of certain
characters with a small proportion of imagines carrying the parental facies. Once
again it seems that the differences between the parental forms are wider than
sub-specific.

The following cross pairings which were not taken beyond the F, generation
are between univoltines from northern England and A. allous from Jutland and
Norway.

(d) Univoltine Durham Coast male < A. allous s.sp. vandalica female

From a pairing late in September 1963, 48 eggs were obtained which produced
imagines in late November and December (16 males, 15 females).
The emergences were normally proterandrous.

Larvae

Instar I: pale green with medium brown tubercles; setae colourless except for
a few dark grey ones on segment 1.

50 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Instar V: slender; yellow-green with well-marked chevrons and medium brown
dorsal line; sub-spiracular ridge white; unshaded in 35 per cent of the larvae; the
remainder were shaded, ranging from a trace to well-defined dull brown border to
the ridge; tubercles white and setae colourless. (The larvae of the Durham stock
were shaded with red-brown in the spiracular region.)

Pupae

Thorax and wing sheaths lime green; abdomen yellowish-buff, with paler
spiracular band shaded with small red flecks in the darker forms. Thin black
margin to eye.

Pupal ratio 3-10.

Imagines

It was difficult to assess any marked distinctions. On the basis of the upperside
lunulation the imagines varied on either side of a mean value for the degree of
lunulation of the parents; the Durham male being somewhat more lunulated
than a typical vandalica male.

The upperside ground colour also varied between the blackish-brown of
Durham and the more chocolate shade of vandalica. The white costa of vandalica
was present in some specimens. Undersides were intermediate between the
parents.

(e) Norwegian A. allous male « Durham female
(Same Durham stock as in previous cross (f)).

From a pairing on 25th September 1963, 55 eggs produced 24 males and 9
females in late November and December; normally proterandrous.

Larvae

Instar I: pale green; medium brown tubercles; setae colourless with isolated
grey setae on segment 1.

Instar V: slender; medium yellow-green with distinct chevrons and medium
brown dorsal line. Sub-spiracular ridge white, unshaded in 91 per cent, but in
the remainder faintly margined with greyish-brown; tubercles white; setae
colourless.

Pupae

Similar in colour and proportions to the previous cross.
Pupal ratio: 3-10.

Imagines

Again a similar oscillation in colour and lunulation between the facies of the
parents. The ground colour of Durham is darker than a//ous, but Durham showed
more orange lunulation. Thus in both sexes there appeared:

Black-brown + reduced lunulation (i.e., Durham + allous)

Chocolate + increased lunulation (i.e., a/lous + Durham).

DISCUSSION

Summarizing these two pairings, (d) and (e), there is no evidence of genetic
imbalance, except possibly the small number of females emerging in the allous x
Durham cross. The second pairing could be regarded as the reciprocal of the
first, but there was no sign of the proterogyny displayed as when a bivoltine

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 51

agestis was crossed with a vandalica female. Blending of parental characters takes
place in larval and pupal stages but in the imagines there is a tendency rather to
oscillate on either side of a mean. It is possible that ground colour and marginal
lunulation of the upper surface may not be linked. The absence of any irregu-
larities in these pairings lends colour to the view that the British and Scandinavian
univoltines are closely related.

(f) Cross pairing between bivoltine agestis from two southern English stations.

On 4th August 1964, a pairing was obtained between a male from Leatherhead,
Surrey, and a female from Winchester, Hants. The reciprocal pairing between
male Winchester and female Leatherhead took place on the same day. Sixty eggs
were retained from each female. Growth proceeded normally, but after 15th
August light was increased to 18 hours daily to avoid diapause. One hundred
per cent emergence occurred at the end of September with approximately equal
sex ratio in each brood. Parents and F, generation were typical at all stages.

The final cross pairing in this series had been an objective for several years, but
it was not until 1964 that the technical difficulties of timing and stock raising were
overcome. These were the crosses between bivoltine southern agestis and f.
artaxerxes. | have already described the results of a wild pairing between a
typical male and artaxerxes female taken on the Durham coast by T. W. Jefferson
where it was shown that artaxerxes was a single gene recessive, but in this instance
both parents were univoltine. It was therefore highly desirable to cross a bivoltine
with artaxerxes, both to check the genetic nature of artaxerxes and to observe
whether we would obain proterogynous behaviour and segregation as in the two
crosses already described between bivoltine and univoltine.

(g) Cross pairing between bivoltine Winchester male and artaxerxes female from
Hawick (S. Scotland)

The female artaxerxes was reared from a solitary egg found by Mr. Jefferson
on 6th July 1964 on a day of continuous driving rain. This larva, reared in
continuous light was unshaded in the spiracular area. Emergence took place on
27th August. Pairing with the Winchester male was obtained on 22nd September.
Seventy-five eggs were used for the F, by myself, and a number sent to Mr.
Hgegh-Guldberg in Denmark, who reared his own F,, and obtained a separate
F,. I am deeply indebted to Mr. Hgegh-Guldberg for the wholehearted support
he gave me in rearing these broods and for the thorough analysis of the results
which have confirmed my own observations and given him the subject matter
for his own publication.

Apart from the 75 eggs reared in continuous light a further 20 were used for
the 16-hour light periods.

Larvae

Instar I: light grey-green; tubercles pale grey, ringed with blackish; setae
colourless except on segment 1 where they were grey. In this instar the larvae
showed resemblance to the Winchester parent.

Instar V: pea green with well-marked chevrons; dorsal line varied from
medium to dark brown. The sub-spiracular ridge was white with shading varying
from brownish-pink to deep crimson (not so deeply coloured as in agestis). The
shape resembled agestis.

52 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Pupae

Wing sheaths and thorax pale greyish-green; abdomen buff with dark brown
dorsal line and purplish shading in the spiracular region. Black border of eye
2 to ¢ of diameter.

Pupal ratio: 2°86.

Emergence between 21st and 3lst October with proterogyny, female peak
preceding male peak by two days. Average growth period at 20°C (68°F);
45 days. Total: 35 males, 32 females.

Imagines

Males. Upperside blackish-brown with two to four small orange lunules on
forewings; three to four reduced Junules on hindwings; small black
discoidal spot with a few white scales in 60 per cent of the specimens.
Undersides deep grey-brown (more brown on hindwings) with well-
formed black pupils.

Females. Upperside slightly paler and more red-brown than the males; full
complement of marginal lunules, reduced in size in some individuals.
Black forewing discoidal spot ringed with white scales (f. albiannulata).
Small whitish discoidal on hindwings in three specimens (f. garretti
Carter & Harrison). Undersides brown with well-formed pupils.

Reviewing briefly the above data it could be said that the appearance at all
stages was a mixture of agestis and allous characters with the absence of artaxerxes
pattern.

F, GENERATION

Two pairings were obtained from the F, with larvae hatching from 7th
November. The two broods, totalling 81 were reared together in continuous
light.

It is interesting to note the food selection exhibited by these two females as the
original artaxerxes female laid exclusively on Chaemacistus although offered
Geranium sanguineum L. Sprigs of Chaemacistus and G. sanguineum together with
flowers moistened with 10 per cent sugar solution were set in a gauze cage four
inches from a 100 W bulb and a Philips S5 blue tube, at 25°C (77°F). No daylight
was used. The test was run for three hours.

Result Front of leaf Back of leaf Total
Eggs on Chaemacistus 39 10 49
Eggs on G. sanguineum 10 14 24

Larvae

Instar I: pale green or grey-green; tubercles varying between medium brown
and blackish; setae colourless but grey on segment | in darkest larvae.

Instar V: pea green with well-developed chevrons and medium to dark brown
dorsal line. The sub-spiracular ridge was white with shading ranging from
red-brown to the deep purple-crimson of agestis. I recorded no unshaded larvae,
but Mr. Hgegh Guldberg, who reared 178 from his own pairings, from my
original stock, did obtain a few with no shading.

Pupae

Variable; thorax and wing sheaths in shades of olive-green; abdomen buff
with variable red spiracular shading; medium to dark brown dorsal line. The

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 53

dark eye margin between }! and 4 diameter of eye, the heaviest margin being in
the darkest pupae.

Pupal ratio between 2- 92 and 3-10; average 3-00.

The emergences were protracted, from 23rd December to 8th February 1965;
41 males and 23 females, normally proterandrous.

Included in this total were eight artaxerxes males and six females, giving a
percentage total of 23-0.

Mr. Hgegh Guldberg, from 178 emergences obtained 41 artaxerxes with a
percentage of 23-1.

He also reared 45 larvae in 16 hours of light daily, and from this emergence
obtained 11 artaxerxes (24:7 per cent). From these figures it can be seen that
artaxerxes is a single gene recessive as the experimental percentages are very
close to the theoretical 25 per cent required by 1: 2:1 ratio. Furthermore from
its appearance in the 16 hours light group, which would carry the photoperiod
genes for the bivoltine agestis, the artaxerxes gene does not appear to be linked
with the voltinism genes.

Imagines (Variable in both sexes.)

Males. Uppersides varied from the red-brown of agestis to blackish-brown.
The orange lunules on the forewings ranged from nil to the four
typical of agestis, the least lunulation being in the darkest individuals.
There were two to four lunulations on the hindwings. The black fore-
wing discoidal spot was associated with white scales in some specimens.
Where artaxerxes spotting was present it appeared in both light and
dark males.

Undersides were grey-brown with varying black pupillation, apart
from the artaxerxes fraction.

Females. Red-brown to dark brown; forewing Iunules from three to five, hind-
wing four to five; many albiannulata; artaxerxes spotting in light and
dark forms; undersides brown with pupillation as in males.

Apart from the re-formed artaxerxes a few specimens of both sexes showed the
facies of bivoltine agestis. Four males and one female were indistinguishable on
both surfaces from A. allous from southern Norway.

The results from this cross pairing are in line with the conclusions formed
from the Winchester/Warton and the Winchester/vandalica pairings, both in
regard to genetics, imbalance and the separation of colour and pattern genes,
with varying dominance at all stages.

(h) Cross pairing between artaxerxes male and southern female

On 26th July 1964, Dr. C. W. N. Holmes took a female artaxerxes at Stone-
haven, near Aberdeen; from this parent we obtained 54 larvae which were raised
in continuous light. At maturity 25 larvae were unshaded in the spiracular zone;
the remainder were shaded with reddish or pinkish-brown. The shape was
slender but not so flattened in the final segments as in Norwegian allous. Prior
to pupation the larvae turned bright yellow-green; another resemblance to
allous.

Pupae

Light lime green on thorax and wing sheaths; abdomen dull buff; medium
brown dorsal line; traces of pale spiracular band with faint brown shading in
some larvae; very narrow dark anterior margin to the eye.

54 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Pupal ratio: 3-20.
Emergence between 19th September and 12th October. Thirty-five males and
19 females.

Imagines

Blackish-brown with the usual artaxerxes spotting, but the upperside orange
marginal lunulation is reduced in comparison with artaxerxes from Hawick.

A peculiarity of the undersides is the full brown colour and the regular appear-
ance of small elongated black pupils in the forewing sub-marginal discal spots.

Four males from this stock were put in a cage with two cross-bred females
from southern agestis (Leatherhead x Winchester). It was thought better to use
a virile first cross instead of a second generation pure bred from one locality in
order to introduce as much energy as possible into this cross between the two
British extremes. A pairing occurred on Ist October and 70 eggs were laid which
began to hatch on 11th October.

Larvae

Instar I: Grey-green with brown or blackish tubercles; setae pale grey but
blackish on segments 1 and 12. There was a close resemblance to agestis. The
larvae were darker than those in the Winchester/Hawick pairing.

Instar V: deep yellow-green with well-marked chevrons and dark dorsal line;
sub-spiracular ridge white with shading ranging from light brown-pink to deep
red. These larvae were somewhat slender. There was a heavy mortality (33) in
the last two instars.

Pupae

Wing sheaths pale green; thorax pale yellow-olive; abdomen buff with traces
of red flecking; medium brown dorsal line. Black margin to eye not more than
+ diameter; further mortality at this stage.

Pupal ratio: 3-15.

Emergence between 27th December and 10th January 1965; 28 females and no
males.

Four of the last pupae to colour died before emergence. On dissection they
were all males. As near as could be ascertained the ground colour was similar
to that of the female, but forewing lunulation was reduced to two in two pupae
and three in the two others. Some white scales surrounded the forewing discoidal
spot on the upper surface. The undersides were grey-brown on the forewings
and brown on the hindwings. The thoracic hairs were orange-brown shaded with
blue-grey.

With an emergence of 28 females the mortality must have principally affected
the males. Average growth period at 20°C was 86 days, nearly double that of the
Winchester/Hawick cross at similar temperature.

Imagines

Females. Chocolate brown; four orange lunules on forewings, with traces of a
fifth (apical) in some specimens; five small lunules on hindwings.
Forewing black discoidal spot ringed with white in all specimens.
The undersides were a deep coffee brown with a tendency to obso-
lescence in the black pupilled discal spot. These females were above
average size and exceeded in wing span that of both parents.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 55

DISCUSSION

The long development period and male mortality indicate considerable
genetic imbalance which is probably specific. With no males it was impossible
to obtain an F,. In the early stages the agestis element was prominent but this
effect receded towards maturity.

SUMMARY

(1) The larva, pupa and imago of the southern English bivoltines (A. agestis) are
distinct in the following characters from both north British and Scandinavian
univoltines (A. allous).

(i) Larval colour, proportions and photoperiodism.
(ii) Pupal colour and proportions.

(iii) Imaginal facies and voltinism.

(2) The British univoltines show close resemblance to A. allous in the same
groups (i), (ii) and (iii).

(3) In cross pairing, bivoltine (agestis) males when crossed with univoltine
females exhibit proterogyny in the three successful crossings:

(i) Winchester male x Warton female, cross pairing (b).
(ii) Winchester male x vandalica female, cross pairing (c).

(iii) Winchester male x artaxerxes female (Hawick), cross pairing (g).

In each case there was the same phenomenon of decreasing male dominance
as development proceeded. In each F, partial segregation into forms resembling
the original parents was noted.

When the following reciprocal crossings were obtained:

Warton male x Winchester female, cross pairing (a)

Stonehaven artaxerxes male x southern agestis female cross pairing (h)
mortality particularly affected one sex, development was delayed and imagines
were large.

Other effects of genetic imbalance have been given in the descriptions of the
crossings.

(4) Bivoltines crossed normally with bivoltines.

(5) British univoltines crossed normally with Scandinavian allous, showing a
partial blend of characters.

(6) As a similar reaction is obtained when British bivoltines are crossed with
either British univoltines or univoltine Scandinavian allous, it seems logical
to consider that the British and Scandinavian univoltines are closely related
and specifically distinct from bivoltine A. agestis. If we take into account the
undoubted allous facies (larval, pupal and imaginal) in northern Britain, in
my opinion there is no doubt that the north British Aricia population
(including artaxerxes) is essentially A. allous, with some infiltration of
agestis characters in its southernmost limits, notably the Durham littoral.

MALE GENITALIA

Between the genitalia of A. allous and A. agestis there is so little distinction in
the gross structure that it is impossible to draw a dividing line between the two
species. It is only in the minutiae that some difference may possibly be found.
In his exhaustive study of the group allous, agestis and montensis in central and
southern Europe, H. Beuret (1960) has discussed several apparent variables.
Working from a considerable number of preparations Beuret has analysed in
detail the following structures: valves and processes, uncus, sub-uncus, the basal

56 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

tegumen, and length and proportions of the aedeagus. The position is still some-
what indecisive, as in many instances individual variation and method of pre-
paring specimens tend to mask the small real differences between the species.

Mr. Hgegh-Guldberg and I made a number of genitalia preparations of Aricia
in Britain and Scandinavia, going over the ground again and looking for fresh
evidence that might prove to be more conclusive in establishing differences
between allous and agestis. Between us we made 80 preparations and did indeed
find one structure that seemed Promising. A considerably greater number of
preparations would be needed to prove the point, but for what the indication is
worth the figures are tabulated for 45 specimens.

The structure concerned is the trigger-like process on the ventral surface of the
aedeagus in its proximal position. This small projection is hinged by two curved
arms to Mennard’s membrane lying above the sub-uncus. Functionally it is the
pivot for movement of the aedeagus during copulation.

If a straight line measurement from the base to the tip of the aedeagus is
divided by the basal thickness of the ‘hinge’ a ratio expressing the relative
slenderness of the hinge is obtained—the higher the ratio, the more slender the
hinge (figs. 1 and 2). It was found that bivoltine agestis exhibited the higher ratio,
whilst the univoltines showed lower figures. The ratio for Stonehaven artaxerxes,
Durham coastal and vandalica were approximately similar.

Readings in the table are in centimetres from an eyepiece scale; to obtain the
actual measurements these figures should be divided by the magnification
(x 130).

It is noteworthy that the bivoltine A. agestis from Denmark show a somewhat
lower ratio than their British counterpart, but their ratio is considerably higher
than the figure for their nearest neighbour A. allous s.sp. vandalica.

Fig. | Fig. 2
= Basal width
Le ti(é RP TAPP=--- ~of hinge
(B)
Length of
aedeagus | ( x 50)

(A)

(B)

Male genitalia. Aricia. Durham coast
Fig. 1 Lateral view showing aedeagus with ‘hinge’ process on ventral surface.
Fig. 2 Central portion of aedeagus showing structure of ‘hinge’.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 57
GENITALIA HINGE RATIOS
Length of Basal width Ratio
aedeagus of A Location
Aricia form A Hinge B B
A. agestis S. England
Preparation 1 ilse5} 0-50 31:0 Arundel
2 16-0 0-50 32:0 e
3 1527 0-45 34-9 99
4 17-0 0-52 S227) Winchester
5 17:0 0-50 34-0 55
6 16:3 0-50 32-6 ¥3
7 17:0 0-50 30-4 Arundel
8 18-0 0-45 40-0 Pr,
9 18-0 0-51 8555 Winchester
10 18-0 0-53 33-9 Royston
11 18-7 0:57 B27,

GROUP AVERAGE: 33-6

Univoltines N. W. England

Preparation 12 16-0 0-50 32:0
13 16:0 0-50 32:0
14 16:0 0-65 24-6
15 15-0 0:50 30-0

Warton
(Lancs.)

Group AVERAGE: 29°6

Univoltine Inland Durham

Preparation 16 16-6 0-60 PFA
it 16:0 0:58 25-9
18 SEY 0:55 APS
19 15-2) 0-50 30-4

Group AVERAGE: 27:9

Univoltine Coastal Durham

Preparation 20 16:6 0:70 23-7
21 17:4 0:70 24-4
22 16-2 0-64 2533
23 16-2 0-51 30-2
24 18-5 0:80 23-1
25 16:0 0-71 22°6

Blackhall

GROUP AVERAGE: 25-0

58 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Length of Basal width Ratio
Aricia form aedeagus of A Location
A Hinge B B

artaxerxes (Stonehaven)

Preparation 26 17-2 0-70 24-6
27 7/2 0-65 26-4
28 17-0 0-65 26:2
29 17-7 0-73 24:2
30 19-7 0-90 21:9
31 19-8 0-84 231

Group AVERAGE: 24:4

artaxerxes (Sutherland)

Preparation 32 18-2 0-70 23-6
33 17:7 0:70 25:3
Group AVERAGE: 24-45

vandalica (Jutland)

Preparation 34 20-0 0-85 235)
35 19-0 0-90 21-0
36 19-3 0-70 IAES
37 19-5 0-80 24-4
38 19-0 0-77 24-7
39 19-0 0-90 21-0

GROUP AVERAGE: 23.7

Bivoltine Aricia agestis (Denmark)

Preparation 40 75) 0°55 © 31-8
41 17-4 0-64 27:2
42 17-0 0-62 27-4
43 WIT 0-60 29-5
44 17-4 0-62 28-0
45 17-6 0-64 PoP)

Group AVERAGE: 28:6

THEORY OF ADAPTABILITY TO CHANGING PHOTOPERIOD

The fourth Pleistocene glaciation which began about 115,000 years ago was
divided into three major cold phases separated by mild interstadials. The first
and second cold phases were sufficiently severe to have driven most insect life
from northern Europe into the lowland areas of the south (the present southern
France and territory to the east). The second phase covered about 60—50,000
B.P. and is most likely to have set the situation for the present distribution of
allous and agestis as in the final colder phase, 30-20,000 B.P., ice caps formed

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 59

over high land only in northern Britain. I have already suggested (1963) the
manner in which artaxerxes could have developed in isolation in northern
Scotland during this phase.

There is no reason to question this theory but there is the possibility of a
second zone of artaxerxes formation in the Firth of Forth area, which geograph-
ically is somewhat similar to the Moray Firth. The artaxerxes of southern
Scotland differ slightly from those of the far north, principally by the presence
in many larvae of a pink spiracular shading similar to the lighter forms of agestis
larvae. It has been shown that the larval-pattern genes are not linked with
imaginal genes so that the pink larval shading could remain even if the discoidal
and discal spots changed to white.

During the 10-15,000 years after the recession of the second cold phase,
insects would have spread north following closely the rise in environmental
temperature. Aricia allous moved towards Scandinavia and Poland and upwards
in the Alps, finally reaching the southern shore of what is now the North Sea,
and from thence westwards into the contiguous part of northern Britain. Aricia
agestis similarly moved north through France and into Britain where the distri-
bution appears to be limited by the 16°C (60°F) July isotherm. It is possible that
the agestis drift would have been along the east coast, because of unsuitable
forested and upland areas, as far as southern Scotland where we now find traces
of pink larval colour in the Lowlands.

Migration into Britain is unique because of the surrounding sea. Organisms
can go no further; they can either die out, overlap and interbreed if possible, or
otherwise adapt themselves to an environment from which there is small chance
of escape if their drive is northwards.

The question is—what is the rate of adaptation to a higher or lower light value
which would determine the larval photoperiod in relation to diapause?

As allous and agestis are attuned to their present environments, the adaptation
to the upper light value could have taken place in 40,000 years or less (i.e., from
a photoperiod of 14 hours in southern Europe to a value of over 21 hours daily
in some strains of allous). The present photoperiods are apparently fixed as we
know from experiment. Is there any indication of the rate of reverse adaptation,
that is to the change that would be necessitated by a southward movement into a
lower light zone?

Whilst it is known that northward spread depends on favourable temperature,
southward spread is limited by the fact that any appreciable movement is barred
by higher temperature and shorter summer daylight which induces premature
diapause and dessication. Were this not so artaxerxes would have spread exten-
sively towards southern England. However if artaxerxes formed in the Firth of
Forth has drifted as far south as Co. Durham which is 80 miles, it could have done
this in the last 10,000 years. As artaxerxes is a recessive its appearance on the
Durham coast must be due to southward drift, and not to a mingling of genes by
the northward movement of the Durham forms. Were this latter possibility the
case we should have expected the artaxerxes pattern to have been pushed well
back into Scotland in a broad mixing zone.

The photoperiod for artaxerxes in Durham is 18 hours and at Hawick is 18-5
hours. This gives a slow rate of adaptation of the order of half an hour in several
thousand years, which is rather less than the rate for shorter to longer photo-
period.

Aricia artaxerxes presents a phenomenon which is unique in British Rhopa-
locera—a single gene recessive which has maintained its status intact since

60 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

formation over a large area in Britain. Experimentally we know that if artaxerxes
is crossed with a typical allous or agestis dominant for black discoidal spotting
all the heterozygotes will be black spotted and in the next generation, assuming
that two heterozygotes cross, the artaxerxes fraction will be reduced to 25 per
cent. With further infiltration of typical forms in a few years the number of
artaxerxes in the invaded area will be extremely low. This possibility has taken
place in the north-west of England and in Yorkshire where artaxerxes has been
reported as an extreme rarity, but the population of the Durham coast containing
about 5 per cent of artaxerxes presents a curious problem. From the fragmentary
information of past records it does not seem that the percentage has varied
greatly since ‘salmacis’ was first described by Stephens over 100 years ago.
According to E. B. Ford (1945) 5 per cent of recessives in a population represents
34-7 per cent of heterozygotes so we must imagine that the original movement of
artaxerxes along the Durham littoral must have been massive in order to main-
tain the present fraction. Just when and how this occurred is a fascinating
question to which at present there appears to be no answer.

REFERENCES

Ford, E. B., 1945. Butterflies, London.

Hgegh-Guldberg, O., 1963, Aricia agestis (Schiff.) og Aricia allous Hb. Lep., Rhopa-
locera), Aricia studies 5, Saertryk af Ent. Meddeleser 23

Jarvis, F. V. L., 1958-9. Biological notes on Aricia agestis (Schiff.) in Britain, Ent.Rec.,
70:7-8 and 71:7-8.

1959. Experimental variation in Aricia agestis (Schiff.), Proc. S. Lond. ent.

nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 94-103.

1963. The Genetic Relationship between Aricia agestis (Schiff.) and its s.sp.
artaxerxes (F.), Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1964: 106-122.

Jefferson, T. W., 1958. The Brown Argus butterfly, Aricia agestis (Schiff.) in Great
Britain, Ent. Rec., 70:5.

Manley, G., 1952, Climate and the British Isles, London.

Zeuner, F. E., 1959. The Pleistocene Period, London.

Niptus hololeucus (Fald.) (Col., Ptinidae). With regard to Dr. MacNulty’s exhibit
of this species, I used to take it regularly when I lived in an old property in
Highgate, North London, just after the war. Examples were often found wander-
ing around and in the wash basin, though I did not find the larva. The late Dr.
K. G. Blair once told me he used to take it in the wash basin and in the bath
when he lived in Highgate. I also had examples from a school in Margate, Kent,
in use as an army billet in July and August 1941. During the years 1936 to 1938
I obtained several examples of this species in a printing works in Holborn,
London, W.C., together with an occasional example of Trigonogenius globulus
Solier.

Fowler’s statement (1890, Col. Brit. Is.,4:182-3) may be an exaggeration, but
there is no real reason to believe so. Niptus hololeucus (Fald.) was a common
enough species before and just after the war in older houses where dust was
prevalent. Some of the extensive clearing and rebuilding in the more recent years
must be having an effect upon this insect’s distribution. It has always been known
as a warehouse and granary insect, though even here it is probably declining in
numbers under improved conditions.—F. D. Buck, 9, Elton Walk, Tiptree,
Essex. 26th March 1966.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966

ABRWN HF

4

Adult larva southern English Aricia agestis.

Adult larva Durham coastal Aricia unshaded form.

Adult larva Aricia allous s.sp. vandalica, Jutland.

Pupa southern English Aricia agestis.

Pupa Durham coastal Aricia (from unshaded larva.)
(all figures » 5)

PLATE V

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 61

PLATE VI (opposite)

Aberrant Lepidoptera taken in the New Forest, Hants, during 1965. A male
Eumenis semele L. (P1. VI, fig. 6) taken 31st July has the characteristics of ‘post-
caeca’, with the lower spot on the forewings also obsolete. Among a series of
female aberrations of Maniola jurtina L., which included excessa Leeds, was one
postaurolancea Leeds (P1. VI, fig. 5) taken by Mr. N. B. Potter at Warminster on
4th August; and another, ab. radiata Frohawk (PI. VI, fig. 4). A female aberration
of Clossiana euphrosyne L. (P1. VI, fig. 7) was taken on Sth June. Aglais urticae L.
ab. nigricaria Haverkampf (PI. VI, fig. 3) was taken in Pignel Inclosure on 21st
July. A Limenitis camilla L. ab. seminigrina Tutt approaching nigrina Weym.
(Pl. VI, figs 1 & 2) was taken on 19th July.—A. D. A. Russwurm, Coridon, Ober
Road, Brockenhurst, Hants. 9th March 1966.

SCOTLAND’S FIRST FIELD STUDY CENTRE

By Bruce ING, Warden
Kindrogan Field Centre

Kindrogan Field Centre was opened in March 1964 by the Scottish Field
Studies Association. The scheme of operation is essentially similar to that of the
highly successful centres of the Field Studies Council in England and Wales.
Kindrogan is the first fully equipped field study centre in Scotland.

The basic aim is to conduct courses in all aspects of field biology and geography
and to provide facilities for schools, colleges, universities and amateur naturalists.
Comfortable accommodation in small bedrooms allows for 55 or more visitors
per week, and modern well-equipped biological laboratories and geography work
rooms provide ample working space. The library facilities are also of a high
standard. Good stocks of equipment for the collection, examination and preser-
vation of specimens of all kinds are available.

Kindrogan Field Centre, at the head of Strathardle in east Perthshire, stands
in its own grounds on the banks of the Ardle, a fast-flowing boulder-strewn
river. Beyond the house a fine crag towers above spruce woods and behind it a
variety of moorland types stretch up to the 2,000 ft contour. Along the private
road leading to the house is a disused curling pond, now silting up and of great
interest for its aquatic life. Also near to the house are stands of Caledonian birch
wood and wet sallow carr.

Botanically the district is very rich, particularly on the limestone, and nearby
mountains support many plant treasures. There is a large and varied bird popu-
lation with Capercaillie, Golden Eagle, Peregrine Falcon and Hen Harrier
breeding locally; Crossbills have nested recently in the grounds of the Centre.
Among the mammals Red Deer are a familiar sight, as are Red Squirrels. The
Scottish Wild Cat breeds below the crag and the Pine Marten has been tentatively
identified in the valley.

62 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Strathardle has been neglected by naturalists in the past so that it is not sur-
prising that many exciting finds have been made in the last two seasons. Entomo-
logically the county of Perth is very rich but few areas have been studied at all
intensively. The establishment of the Centre at Kindrogan is already adding
much to local knowledge. As well as being ideally situated in excellent countryside
the Centre is convenient for visiting other districts. Rothiemurchus is two hours
to the north by car, Rannoch one and a half hours to the west. Both these areas
need no introduction to the entomologist as they have been well overworked.

Three miles north of Pitlochry (our nearest railway station, nine miles to the
west) is the Pass of Killiecrankie. This has one of the few good oak woods in the
Highlands, and possesses many interesting oak insects, especially among the
Heteroptera and Hymenoptera.

The moorland on Kindrogan Hill has proved to be of interest, yielding so far
Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd. (Rannoch Brindled Beauty) and several nice carabid
Coleoptera, including Miscodera arctica Payk., Carabus nitens L. and C. glabratus
Payk. This latter occurs commonly in the district and forms a significant part of
the diet of the Kestrels which breed on the crag. Another carabid found in the
grounds of the Centre is Cychrus caraboides (L.); and on the moors a number of
forms of Nebria rufescens (Str6m.) occur, one aberration exhibiting fusion of the
elytral striae. Three species of Elaphrus occur in the district. On the Cairnwell
mountain (3,059 ft) a few miles to the east several montane species have been
found under stones, e.g. Patrobus assimilis Cd. On the top of this hill examples
of Urocerus gigas (L.) (Hym., Siricidae) have been taken; this is common in the
district and is occasionally accompanied by its magnificent parasite Rhyssa
persuasoria L. Other Symphyta recorded in Strathardle are Sirex juvencus (L.);
Abia candens Kon., and many Tenthredinidae. The genus Pontania is well
represented and the larval galls on Salix spp. are widespread. Of these perhaps
the most interesting is that of P. crassipes (C. G. Thoms.) on Salix herbacea L.,
which is frequent on the base-rich areas of the higher hills.

Solitary bees are not common, only Andrena albicans Mill., its parasite
Nomada ruficornis (L.) and two Halicti being recorded so far. The Bilberry bee,
Bombus lapponicus F., is not uncommon, visiting Vaccinium myrtillus L.Sphecidae
are better represented and our garden wall houses several colonies of Hoplocrabro
quadrimaculatus (F.), as well as a species of Odynerus. Also found in the wall is
the Tree Wasp, Vespula sylvestris (F.) which makes its more usual arboreal nest
on larch twigs and even in a peach tree in the greenhouse. The ants are not
particularly interesting except in the Black Wood of Rannoch, where Formica
lugubris Emery, F. aquilonia Yarrow and F. exsecta Nyl. occur.

The Lepidoptera have not been well studied but casual observations indicate
that detailed work would be well rewarded. Colonies of Erebia aethiops Esp.
(Scotch Argus) occur in the valleys together with Clossiana euphrosyne L. (Pearl-
bordered Fritillary). The beautiful Saturnia pavonia L. (Emperor Moth) is very
common among the heather. Two years ago a fine specimen of Daphnis nerii L.
(Oleander Hawk) was captured in Kirkmichael, three miles south of the Centre,
and every year large numbers of Laothoe populi L. (Poplar Hawk) come to the
lighted windows of the house. They are probably breeding on aspen, our only
native poplar, or one of the planted species of balsam poplar. Callophrys rubi L.
(Green Hairstreak) breeds in the Centre garden.

The river and ponds are full of caddis larvae, including the caseless Philo-
potamus. The most abundant caddis is Ecclisopteryx guttulata (Pictet) which
literally darkens the windows on summer evenings; its larvae abound in the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 63

river. Neuroptera and allied orders are well represented and again would repay
intensive study. A surprising find during 1965 was a small colony of the dragonfly
Aeshna caerulea (Str6m) in the old birch wood near the house.

Among the bugs the Homoptera are the best recorded at Kindrogan, especially
the Psyllidae. Several species occur on willow and gall-inducing species have been
found on ash, nettle, rosebay and sheep’s sorrel. Work has begun on an ecological
survey of local Corixidae, particularly in those peaty pools which periodically
dry out.

Little study has been made of the Diptera, except Syrphidae (Speight 1966).
A survey of Tipulidae is being carried out by the Zoology Department of
Glasgow University. Mammal fleas are being collected as a sideline in trapping
routines and several unidentified feather lice have been brought in by students.

Orthoptera are few in the Highlands and all the likely species have been found
locally. An attempt has been made to investigate tree species preferences among
Psocoptera at different times of the year, but has proved too complicated for the
average biological student.

The insect potential of the area round the Centre is enormous and reference
collections are being slowly prepared, together with a card index of reliably named
species. Courses in Insect Natural History, Freshwater Biology and Plant Galls
are being offered during 1966, and insect work plays a large part in our School
Biology Courses.

The variety of habitats within easy reach of Kindrogan is more than satis-
factory; in spite of being almost exactly in the centre of Scotland we are only
40 miles from the sea, with cliff, dune and salt marsh. About ten miles south of
Kindrogan runs the Highland Boundary Fault, and comparison between Low-
land and Highland conditions may be conveniently made. Between our service
town, Blairgowrie, and Dunkeld lie the splendid lochs of Stormont, rich in bird,
plant and insect life.

In autumn the woods are crowded with fungi of all kinds and all year round
mosses and lichens festoon the trees, luxuriating in the pure, unpolluted
atmosphere.

Briefly, Kindrogan has much to offer any naturalist, but especially the
entomologist who welcomes the challenge of unexplored terrain, and is as
anxious to patiently record a new area as he is to discover rare species. Members
of the Society are assured of an extra-special welcome whenever they visit
Kindrogan.

FURTHER READING

ee a Si K., 1966. Bryophytes of the Kindrogan area, Ann. rep. S.F.S.A., 1965
in press).

Ing, B., 1964. Botany at Kindrogan, op. cit., 1963:16-—17.

——1965. Plant Galls at Kindrogan, op. cit., 1964:17-20.

Moxey, P. A., 1966. Small mammal trapping, op. cit., 1965: (in press).

Ordnance Survey, 7th edition, 1” sheet 49 (Blairgowrie).

Speight, M., 1966. Hoverflies, op. cit., 1965 (in press).

(All the above publications are available at the Centre.)

Kindrogan Field Centre,
Enochdhu,

Blairgowrie,

Perthshire.

6th March 1966

64 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

TREASURER’S REPORT for 1965

It is a pleasure to report that, despite a number of significant changes affecting
the Society’s administration, the year terminated with the finances in a very
satisfactory condition, the income having covered all expenses.

Owing to the impending demolition of Pepys House, a move was made to the
apartments of the Alpine Club, in Mayfair, which are more costly, as was to be
expected, the annual rent of £286 being nearly double the amount formerly paid.
Inevitably, this additional charge on our resources had to be met out of income,
and it was decided to alter the subscription rates, as from lst January 1965,
thereby increasing the income from that source from £615 in 1964 to £1,006.

It was also decided that, instead of publishing each year one volume of the
Proceedings and Transactions, bi-monthy parts would be issued. In fact, in 1965,
only three parts were produced, two only being invoiced to date, plus the 1964
volume, and the total cost of printing was only £434, compared with £861 in
1964.

The society’s gilt-edged investments, except £350 Defence Bonds, were sold
and the proceeds invested in Ordinary Stocks and Shares of large industrial
Companies and Trusts.

BALANCE SHEET

The value of our investments has always been shown at cost, although the
current market value has also been indicated, so that, when the investments
were sold, there was a ‘paper’ loss of £848. This was the principal factor respon-
sible for the reduction of the General Fund balance to £2,071. It will be observed
that the newly instituted Reserve Fund stands at £170, whilst the other Special
Funds balances have all been increased, the Library Fund by £40, the Housing
Fund by £20 and the Centenary Fund by £2. Although the cash balance has been
reduced from £769 to £246, the Sundry Creditors balance, £999 a year ago, is
now only £3, a much happier state of affairs. The Balance Sheet at 31st December
1964 shows a balance of £134 on the Publication Fund but, as the net cost of
publications in 1965 is greatly in excess of this, the balance has been carried to
the credit of the General Fund. The total assets of the Society at 31st December
1965 as shown on the Balance Sheet amounted to £2,897, which does not include
the Society’s collections and library, on which no value has been placed. After
deducting £580 earmarked for special funds, there is a balance of £2,317 left for
general purposes.

GENERAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT

The general expenses amounted to £589 compared with £382 in 1964 and £141
of the increase is due to the higher rent payable for the Society’s new premises.
The increased rates of subscriptions brought in £1,006, an advance of £390 on
1964, and the sale of Christmas cards produced a profit of £56. Interest was down
by £25, as a full year’s benefit from the new investments cannot be received
until 1966. The need to withdraw cash on deposit to meet liabilities outstanding
from the previous year, caused a small drop in deposit interest, and a reduction
of the cash balance from £769 to £246, the latter figure including £170 donated
to the Reserve Fund.

Again we must thank our honorary auditors, Messrs G. Stoughton-Harris
and J. L. Messenger, for their good offices.

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PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 67

‘IRREGULAR’ DIAPAUSE IN P/ERIS,
with a note on Corsican P. brassicae L. (Lep., Pieridae)
by S. R. BOWDEN

Anyone who frequently breeds the common Pieris species comes to certain
expectations about the incidence and duration of diapause in these butterflies.
He expects, in fact, that either the pupa will not enter diapause or it will—and
that if it does, it will go over the winter before developing. Normally, if last-instar
larvae are exposed to short, warm nights their pupae produce butterflies immedi-
ately, whereas long and cold nights tend to produce diapausing pupae. Broods
from many populations of species such as P. napi L. habitually produce a mixture
of diapause and non-diapause pupae in ordinary breeding conditions, apparently
varying in respect of their critical photoperiod and temperature-threshold.

The happy-go-lucky breeder obtaining Pieris pupae in the summer watches
them for a fortnight or so and then, if they show no sign of development, puts
them aside at least till the autumn, when he looks over them before the winter.
This procedure almost always proves satisfactory in practice, but occasionally it
does not. Particularly in hybrids, one sex may enter a ‘weak’ diapause only, and
emerge at some quite incalculable time.

Eclosion from winter pupae normally extends over a period of a few weeks in
the spring, or (if the pupae have been cold-stored) of only a few days in the
summer. But if pupae in diapause are ‘forced’ by high temperature too early in
the winter, only a few will develop; if then the remainder are returned to cold
storage some will fail to emerge even at the usual time; the extent of the retard-
ation varies.

This apparent reinstatement of any earlier stage of diapause by premature
temperature-rise may occur rather widely. Danilevskii (1965:101) states:

‘A condition close to diapause may sometimes be induced by high sub-
lethal temperatures, e.g. in pupae of the Tree-of-heaven Silkworm Philosamia
cynthia. ... A unique form of dependence has been observed in the Wheat
Sawfly Cephus cinctus. In over-wintering, fully-reactivated pupae of this
species it is possible, by means of temporary high temperature [35°C.], to
re-induce a state of stable diapause, to break which a second prolonged
chilling or natural over-wintering is required.’

A genuine summer diapause, in one stage or another, is not unknown in the
Lepidoptera, but as far as we know has not been reported in Pieris. Danilevskii
(1965:157) describes the Leningrad form of P. brassicae L. as reacting much as
British broods would, viz.

‘Prolonged cooling is essential for normal development of diapausing
pupae. .. . With constant temperature above 20° diapause is not broken, or
else after four to six months only isolated adults emerge, always very weak
and unable to survive.’

But

‘In the Sukhumi [Georgia, U.S.S.R.] form, diapause proved to be of much
shorter duration. When pupae of this form were kept at a constant tempera-
ature of 23°, within 24 to 3 months fairly uniform development and the
emergence of apparently-normal adults were observed.’

68 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Thus the more southern Russian P. brassicae seems to enter a shallow diapause
which does not require cold to terminate it.

The following incident suggests that Corsican P. brassicae may behave rather
similarly. On 27 April, 1964 the writer picked up a small batch of eggs of P.
brassicae on a wild cruciferous plant below the Voile de la Mariée waterfall in
central Corsica. There hatched and were reared in Corsica and England, not
without some losses by disease, and immediate emergences from 8th to 10th
June totalled ten females and seven males. E

A further male emerged on 2nd July. This should have served as a warning, but
attention was relaxed. On 12th August two more males were found, which may
have been out several days. A final male appeared on 9th October, leaving none
to over-winter.

One can only speculate as to what effect the liability to such behaviour may
have in Corsica. There is no doubt that although in England P. brassicae is a
known migrant, locally adapted populations exist elsewhere. Study of biological
differences among these has probably been rather discouraged by the comparative
constancy of the phenotype throughout Europe.

It may be worth while to give measurements of the bred butterflies (the figures
are 2 x distance from forewing apex to centre of thorax, in mm). The expanses
may be compared with those of English specimens and of P. brassicae cheiranthi
Hubner (Canary Islands).

Bowden Frohawk Gardiner

Corsican _ British British British 1960 cheiranthi

‘continuous’
Female max. 77 69 76 - 70
mean 76* 65 - 57:9 -
min. 15* 63 - - 65
Male max. 76 68 - — 65
mean 72 64 63 58-5 -
min. 68 60 = - 60

*excluding one 64mm.

Frohawk (1934) may not have over-estimated the size of British P. brassicae
by as much as Gardiner (1963) suggested, but in any event these Corsicans appear
to be larger than British.

Some of the specimens have been preserved and are in the collection of Mr.
B. O. C. Gardiner.

REFERENCES

Danilevskii, A. S., 1961 transl. 1965, Photoperiodism and Seasonal Development of

Insects. Edinburgh.
Frohawk, F. W., 1934, Complete Book of British Butterflies. London.
Gardiner, B. O. C., 1963, Genetic and environmental variation in Pieris brassicae. J.

Res. Lepid. 2:127-136.

Farningham Wood field meeting, a correction. In the report of this meeting
(1965 :86) the larva of Caryocolum fraternellum Dougl. was incorrectly reported
on Lonicera periclymenum (Honeysuckle); this should have been Cerastium
vulgatum L. (Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. EpiTor.

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows :—

Bee sl A LAG a. Lo send,

1919-20 10:70 1935-36 110 0 1LOSSr es 210 0
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Other secondhand copies when available according to condition.
* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s
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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA
| by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is stil] available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Bowden, S. R., ‘Irregular’ Diapause in Pieris 67
Buck, F. D., Niptus hololeucus (Fald.) (Col., Prinidae) 60
Ing, B., Scotland’s first Field Study Centre 61

Jarvis, F. V. L., The genus Aricia (Lep., ae
in Britain

Russwurm, A. D. A., Aberrant Lepidoptera taken in
the New Forest, Hants., during 1965 61

Treasurer’s Report 64

Vallins, F. T.—see Treasurer’s Report

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by Anchor Press, Tiptree, Essex

a

"5"2 SEPTEMBER 1966, Part 3

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society
The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—

“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966”

;
Editor:

F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
%- Assistant Editors:
1 T. R. EAGLES

M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Dod et ee ey
Faas Fas.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. SourHwoop, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

Zqn\t HS ONAN
Pn \
OCI 316

= ; = > Pe hee ee ee
Se ieee tie SO SERS ee es

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

(PRR i SE DR I 2 TT IE

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 69

OUTLINE LIFE HISTORIES
OF SOME WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA

Part I. Lymantriidae
By B. J. MACNULTY

INTRODUCTION

During the four and a half years’ sojourn in Nigeria, I had the opportunity to
breed a number of Lepidoptera from larvae found in their natural habitat. Since
very few larvae have been described from this part of the world it seems worth
while placing their descriptions and the notes I have been able to make as to
food plants and behaviour on record: The life histories were noted as a first step
to a more serious programme of breeding which had to be abandoned as my stay
in Nigeria did not last as long as had originally been anticipated.

The outlines of life histories will be produced in families, each paper covering
one family. No special order will be followed, each paper being published as
soon after its completion as is possible. The family Lymantriidae is published
first as the imagines were kindly identified by the late Mr. C. L. Collenette
(1957 and 1960) who described a number of new species from my collection. The
order of genera and species is according to Seitz (1930) unless otherwise stated.

Since the last two segments of lepidopterous larvae are usually difficult to
separate I have treated them as one and descriptions refer to segments | to 13 as
necessary, the head being segment 1.

The names of the food plants are as given in Hutchinson & Dalziel (1928).

TERMINOLOGY

In order to avoid ambiguity a number of terms used in this and subsequent
papers are defined.

In describing hairs it is often necessary to use such terms as brush, tuft, pencil,
bundle, etc. I have endeavoured to define these, but even so there will be occasions
when opinions will differ as to which term should have been used, nevertheless
using the terms as defined will avoid instances of ambiguity.

Brush A close packed assembly of straight hairs arising vertically from
the body surface. They are usually of moderate length. I have
restricted this term to describing the bundles of hair arising
from the surface of the back of segments 5 to 8 typical of an
Orgyia antiqua L. or ‘Vapourer’ larva.

Tuft A close packed assembly of hairs usually short.

Pencil An assembly of a few hairs pressed close together usually
abnormally long and always clearly separate from other
collections of hair. They normally move as a unit and are
usually found on segments 2 and 12.

Bundle The term is used occasionally to describe a rather loose assembly
of hairs arising from a common area on the body.

Lines on the body of the larva will be described as far as possible as dorsal and
lateral, with the following subdivisions:

Dorsal line A line running longitudinally in the centre of the back from
the front to rear. This may apply to the whole larva or to
individual segments.

Paradorsal line A line running longitudinally at the side of the back from front

70 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

to rear. This again may apply either to the whole larva or to
individual segments. Obviously there are usually two of these,
one on each side of the back.

Lateral lines will be subdivided into supra-spiracular, spiracular and sub-
spiracular according to whether they are above, at the same level as, or below
the spiracles. The term will apply to lines running longitudinally at the sides
from front to rear. They may apply to the whole larva or to individual segments
as indicated in the text.

The terms described above have been defined with respect to lines but they
may equally well be used to describe other marks or appendages and will so be
used e.g. ‘There are two paradorsal warts on segment 12’ means ‘there is a wart
at each side of the back on segment 12.’

LIFE HISTORIES
Leucoma parva Plotz.

Basically this larva is white sparsely covered with long, white, mainly lateral
hairs. There is a broad black dorsal line; the colour is a deep velvet black on
segments 5, 6 and 10 to 13, but on the remaining segments the black colour is less
deep. On each of segments 5 and 6 there is a tight conical dorsal tuft of black
hairs. There is a supra-spiracular line of short black dashes and dots. Occasionally
the larva is entirely white except for the black dorsal line on segments 5 and 6.
The food plant is Aspilia latifolia (Compositae), both the leaves and flowers being
eaten. The larva spins a cocoon in a partly rolled leaf of the food plant or in
debris near the roots of the plant. The imago emerges after about a week.

Leucoma luteipes Walker.

This larva is green or is laterally green with two reddish brown paradorsal
bands. There is a yellow dorsal line ending in a long white pencil of hairs on
segment 12. The head is orange in colour. The whole larva is covered with fine
whitish hairs which project out and are as far as possible laterally adpressed
against the surface on which the larva rests. There are a few vertical black hairs
on segments 2 to 5. Oxyanthus brevifloris is the probable food plant.

Hemerophanes enos Druce.

The larva has nothing in the way of markings to distinguish it. It appears more
like an arctiid than a lymantriid. The larva is covered thickly with fairly short
rich golden-brown or yellow-brown black tipped hairs over a grey skin. There is a
thin black dorsal line sometimes clearly marked, sometimes nearly absent. The
dorsum appears to be ridged like a roof.

The larva makes a loose whitish cocoon in which larval hairs are freely ad-
mixed and the imago emerges after about ten days. The food plant is Combretum
latialatum (Combretaceae).

Crorema mentiens Walker.

The body of this larva is a deep chocolate. From segments 2 to 11 there is a
pink or white dorsal line; this may be either a single or a double interlaced line,
and is sometimes missing from segments 2 to 5. There is a single thick circular
red or pink dorsal wart on each of segments 10 and 11. On each segment there is a
ring of eight tubercles from each of which there arises a bunch of long thin grey
hairs. Each bunch of hairs remains separate from each of the others and can
move independently. When alarmed the larva waves the hair bunches about in a
random manner. The food plant is Costos afer (Zingiberaceae).

The pupa is formed in a loosely spun cocoon amongst the debris beneath the
food plant. The imago emerges after about 11 days.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 71

Olapa travatensis Holland.

The basic colour of this larva is provided by the very short thickly packed
velvet black hairs from which arise a moderate number of long fine curved white
hairs. The centre of the dorsum is largely clear of white hairs. On each of seg-
ments 10 and 11 there is a circular dorsal wart of close packed very short white
hairs.

The larvae are gregarious and feed together side by side on the leaves of the
Balsa Wood tree Ochroma lagopus Swartz. It also eats Gmelina arborea but not as
readily. There may be as few as a dozen or so together or more than a hundred;
the usual number lies between 40 and 70. For ecdysis the larvae leave the foliage
and retire to a suitable place on a branch or the main trunk of the tree. There
they spin a pad of silk and cover themselves with a very thin net of silk and
remain there for the skin to change which takes two or three days. In similar
manner the larvae pupate gregariously in thickly spun cream coloured cocoons,
the whole mass blending well with the smooth trunk of the tree. The imagines
emerge in about ten days.

Euproctis fasciata Walker.

A deep chocolate coloured larva covered with short thick close packed hairs.
There is a sub-spiracular line of long white hairs which project stiffly sideways;
this line of hairs is broken up slightly so that each segment stands out separately.
Above this white line on each segment is a thick broad spiracular tuft of closely
packed hairs in the shape of a ring, more marked on some larvae than on others.
On segments 5 and 6, there are two chocolate dorsal brushes of tight hairs which
are longer than the rest. There is a dorsal tuft on segment 12. On segments 7 to
11 is a broad dirty white dorsal band composed of two paradorsal rows of thick
short tufts of hairs. There is a similar white dorsal band, often not very well
marked, on segments 2 to 4. On segments 10 and 11 there is a small reddish
dorsal wart. The larvae feed singly on the foliage of the Casuarina, Alchornea
cordifolia and Markharmia napoleoni. The pupa is contained in a cocoon which
is spun up amongst dead leaves and earth on the surface of the ground. The
imago emerges in about three weeks.

Euproctis utilis Swinhoe.

This larva is a general pinkish-brown covered with small tight thick tufts of
hair. Segments 4 to 7 are of a darker brown. Each segment has a pair of para-
dorsal tufts; those on segments 5, 6 and 12 are slightly larger than those on the
remaining segments. There are similar sets of spiracular lateral tufts of hair. The
tuft on segment 12 normally extends to become a transverse, brown dorsal band.
All the dorsal hairs on other segments are distinctly tinged with pink. The larvae
feed singly on leaves of Alchornea cordifclia. The pupa is made in a light cocoon
spun up in the shrivelled leaves of the plant or between two leaves. The imagines
emerge after three to five weeks.

Euproctis molundiana Auriv.

When young the larva is grey with a pinkish red sub-spiracular line. The head
is black and the neck red. There is a dorsal tuft of chocolate hair on each of
segments 5 and 6, and a smaller one on segment 12. There are slender sub-
spiracular tufts of white hair on each segment. When nearly full grown the
ground colour is a brownish grey, and the sub-spiracular line is a dirty white.
The dorsal tufts on segments 5 and 6 form a single tuft chocolate in the centre
ringed with reddish brown hairs on the outside. There is a blackish dorsal line
from segments 7 to 13 and the inter-segmental joints are black. Segments 3 and 4

72 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

are covered with long white dorsal hairs as are segments 7 and 8 to a lesser extent.
Segment 2 has longish red-brown hairs and segments 3 and 4 are covered laterally
in short thick red-brown hair. Segment 12 bears two paradorsal warts each with
a tuft of black and red-brown hairs. The lateral tufts of white hair are thicker and
shorter than the dorsal ones; the larva feeds on foliage of Barteria nigritiana and
probably on Alchornia cordifolia. The larva pupates in a stiff white cocoon
which is spun either in the foliage or in loose debris round the foot of the food
plant. The imago emerges after between three and a half and five weeks.

Euproctis mima Strand.

The ground colour of this larva is black or brownish black. When full-fed it is
about half an inch long. The head is black. On each of segments 2 to 6 there is a
large red lateral dot, on segments 7 to 11 similar elongated dots become a con-
tinuous red line. On segments 8 to 10 there is a thin double red dorsal line.
Segment 12 is thickly covered with reddish hair, there being the suggestion of a
dorsal tuft. The larva is covered with thinly spaced short white hairs. It will eat
the leaves of the orange tree Citrus aurantium and of Alchornea cordifolia but
does not thrive on either. In the light of later experience I suspect that they feed
at least in part on fungus and lichens on the trunk of the orange tree. Only one
specimen was raised and is in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection.

Paraproctis calamolopha Collenette.

This larva was recorded by Roche (1955) who published two excellent black
and white illustrations. He did not however give a detailed description. For com-
pleteness and in order to fit this species into the key I have with Dr. Roche’s
collaboration worked out the following detailed description.

The ground colour of the larva is a deep velvet black. On segments 3 and 4
there are four paradorsal short tight tufts of light grey to white hairs in pairs,
and on segment 4 the two pairs are joined by a transverse bar of short thick hair.
Segments 6 to 12 have two rows of paradorsal very short tight tufts of hair, one
tuft of each row to each segment. There is a sub-spiracular line of grey hairs
adpressed against the surface on which the larva rests. The hair on a supra-
spiracular row of white bushy tufts on segments 5 to 12 is adpressed on to the
hair of the sub-spiracular line. The larva feeds on lichens growing on the bark of
trees. The pupal stage lasts about a week.

Laelia subrosea Walker.

This is a typical larva of the ‘Vapourer’ type. On segment 2, there are thin
lateral pencils of black hairs inclined anteriorly and extending beyond the head.
A similar dorsal pencil of hairs extends posteriorly on segment 12. The general
colour is a fawny-yellow. There is a blue-black sub-spiracular line, two dark
paradorsal lines and a fawn dorsal line marked transversely with fine darker
lines. The brushes on segments 5 to 8 are cream coloured with dark brown
centres.

The larva feeds on Graminaceae species and has the peculiar habit of eating
only the stem leaving the leaves and flower head untouched. The pupa is formed
in a typical cocoon attached to a blade of grass. The imago emerges after five
or six days.

Laelia fracta Schaus.

The ground colour of this larva is a deep velvet black. The brushes on segments
5 to 8 are greyish-cream. From segments 2 to 8 there is a broad rich red-brown
dorsal band which extends right through and includes the hair of brushes on

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 73

segments 5 to 8.On segments 9 to 13 there is a variegated bright yellow dorsal band
made up of transverse lines, triangles and circles; on segment 12 this changes to
a pair of parallel dorsal lines. It is not known whether the convolutions of this
band vary. Laterally there are several thin broken cream subspiracular lines. A
number of cream hairs are scattered laterally with a number of longer black ones,
particularly on segments 5, 6 and 12. The head is black. The larvae feed on various
grasses. The imago emerges seven days after the larvae spins the cocoon.

Dasychira hypnota Collenette.

Long tight lateral pencils of black hairs anteriorly inclined arise each side of
segment 2. There is a similar dorsal pencil of black hairs posteriorly inclined on
segment 12. The brushes on segments 5 to 8 vary from pale red-brown, to dark
brown with black tips. Each segment has a transverse ring of thinly spaced short
white hairs interrupted with a smaller number of long black hairs. There are two
paradorsal lines which may be strong or faint and vary in colour from nearly
white to pink. Segments 2 and 4 have very short dark brown dorsal tufts. Seg-
ments 9 to 12 have deep maroon dorsal squares. There is a broad white lateral
band on segments 2 to 4 which joins a thinner white lateral line, sometimes
broken or faint, on segments 5 to 13. The larva is easily distinguished by the
large bright white lateral patches across the joints between segments 8 and 9,
9 and 10, 10 and 11, and 11 and 12. The areas of white are separated from each
other by the rings of hairs on segments 9, 10 and 11. The upper margins of the
patches are more or less heavily edged with a black line. The larvae vary in
general colour, some being quite pale and some very dark. The larva feeds on the
leaves of Macrolobium macrophyllum. The cocoon is dirty white mixed with
larval hairs and is soft and thin and is spun amongst the leaves of the food plant
or in any other suitable place. The imago emerges after about seven days.

Dasychira isozyga Collenette.

The general colour of the larval skin varies from a pale ochre through cream
to very faintly green. On each segment there is a lateral fan of white to golden
hairs arising from an elongate white tubercule, with two similar paradorsal fans
of hairs. There are rather slender dorsal brushes of white hairs on segments 5 to 8.
There are two faint white paradorsal lines, and lateral ones just below the fans
of hairs. There is an ill-defined slender dorsal pencil of blackish hairs, posteriorly
inclined, on segment 12. The head varies from pale ochre to white; it is roughly
triangular in shape with the apex rounded. Down each side of the head from
near the apex to the base is a wide, deep brown line.

The larva has a dark form with the dorsum grey and the sides golden brown,
hairs grey-brown and pale lateral stripes on segments 7 to 11 running diagonally
ventrally and posteriorly; these are edged with pink but are not well-marked.

The food plant is Chrysophyllum albidum and the pupal stage lasts eight to 10
days.

Dasychira anisozyga Collenette.

I cannot distinguish the larva of this species from the previous. There is a
larval form with dark grey instead of golden hairs which may prove to be D.
anisozyga. The habits and food plant of both larvae are the same. The male
paratype in Collenette’s series which I bred is in fact Hemerophanes enos Druce.

Dasychira glovera Swinhoe.
A most unusual larva. It has the appearance of a geometrid, the prolegs on
segments 8, 9 and 10 being absent although a faint whitish mark indicates their

74 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

position. The general colour is pale brown with cream and grey in varying
amounts. There are numerous fine short dark longitudinal lines and a pale
cream-grey dorsal band on segments 2 to 5 also a pale broad line on segments
2 to 4. On segments 2 to 4 there is a dark mark just anterior to each leg. Posteriorly
on segment 6 is a long lateral rod-like protuberance at an angle of 45° to the
vertical ending in a slightly rounded club; its length is between one and one-and-a-
half times the length of segment 6. There is a similar and much shorter pair of
protuberances on segment 7. On segment 8 the protuberances are reduced to a
pair of pointed paradorsal warts. On segment 9 there is a very small pair of
pointed paradorsal warts. On segment 12 there are two small paradorsal warts
with a raised transverse ridge connecting them. On segment 6 there is a dark
anterior patch with a raised lip, and a white transverse line across the anterior
margin of the segment. At the posterior of each of segments 6 to 10 there is a
slightly incised transverse line.

The larva feeds on Gmelina arborea and pupates in a cocoon spun up in a
folded over leaf from which the imago emerges after about nine days.

Dasychira rocana Swinhoe.

The ground colour of this larva, which is covered with close-packed short
hairs, is dark brown. Long thin irregular lateral pencils of black hairs anteriorly
inclined arise on segment 2. There is a sub-spiracular lateral line of long white
hairs which spread out perpendicularly along the whole length of the body;
above this line on each segment (except 1 and 13) there is a lateral wart of thickly
packed short maroon hairs. Similar paradorsal warts occur on each segment
except | and 13, which have none, and 5 and 6 where the warts are modified to
form a single large well-marked chocolate coloured ring with lines of demarca-
tion between the individual brushes forming a cross. The four brushes can spread
out like the petals of an opening flower exposing stiff urticating bristles or setae.
There is a pale coloured dorsal line, which on some specimens may be white, on
segments 2 to 4; this pale line is usually completely absent from segments 5 and
6 but appears again on segments 7 to 12. Segments 10 and 11 bear a small red
dorsal tuft or wart (not more than 1-6 mm in diameter). This wart can be made to
disappear under folds of the skin at will. When the larva crawls rapidly the two
warts disappear and reappear in unison with the undulations of the walking
caterpillar. The posterior margin of segment 12 bears a posteriorly inclined fan
of long white hairs. The larva feeds on Terminalia catappa and pupates in a dirty
flabby cocoon amongst vegetable litter; the imago emerges after about 17 days.

Dasychira nubifuga Holland.

A chocolate-brown larva with short thick compact pencils of chocolate
coloured hairs slightly inclined anteriorly on each side of segment 2; at the base
this brush has a white ring. Segment 2 has a line of pale hairs anteriorly extended
over the head. There are two broken ill-defined paradorsal lines. On segments 2
to 12 is a supra-spiracular cone of brownish white fairly rigid hairs. Segments
5 to 8 bear each a marked dorsal brush of closely packed, chocolate coloured
hairs in the form of a ring. Segment 9 bears a large mask-like dorsal mark.
Segments 10 to 12 have two pale whitish paradorsal dots with sometimes a large
square black dorsal mark, posterior to which is a transverse brown band or line.
Elsewhere there are inconspicuous variegated black and grey markings. The
pupal stage is passed in a typical lymantriid type cocoon from which the imago
emerges after between five and 12 days. The food plant appears to be a papilion-
aceous plant, with a pod containing five to eight dark red seeds. It will also eat
Alchornea cordifolia with reluctance in captivity.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 75

Dasychira gonophora Holland.

This attractive larva has a brown head with segments 2 and 3 a variable grey-
brown, sometimes nearly pure grey, sometimes more brown. Segment 4 is white.
Segments 5 to 11 have a broad chestnut dorsal band edged with black; there is a
faint dark dorsal line on segments 9 to 11. Segment 12 has a very slight dark
brown dorsal hump. There are white sub-spiracular lines which meet dorsally
at the posterior margin of segment 12. On each segment just dorsal of the white
line there is an elongated black dot; these dots are nearly long enough to form a
broken line. The sides themselves are dark grey to brown. On segments 5 to 8
there are short dorsal brushes of chestnut-brown hairs interrupted with black
ones. The larva is covered with long sparsely but evenly distributed black hairs.
The food plant is Urena lobata but the larva will also eat Alchornea cordifolia.
The pupal stage occupies between seven and 11 days.

Dasychira inconstata Collenette.

This is a plain green larva covered with long golden-yellow hairs. The usual
dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 are somewhat thin and long and are deep gold
in colour. There is a tuft of golden hairs arising from the rear of segment 12. The
larva feeds on Alchornea cordifolia and Chrysophyllum albidum. The pupal stage
occupies about nine days.

Dasychira hypocrita Hering.

The reddish-brown head is covered with fine brown hairs. The sides and dorsal
ground colour of segments 2 to 4 are reddish-orange. The dorsal ground colour
of the remaining segments is black. On segment 2 is a short, tight, blunt-ended
lateral pencil of nearly black hairs at right angles to the body; a nearly black
band, broken in the middle, crosses the back from pencil to pencil. Spiracles on
segments 4 to 12 are white, ringed in black. There is a thin black supra-spiracular
line and a slightly thicker black line separating dorsal and lateral areas. Well-
marked dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 are red-brown in colour. Segments
9 to 11 have two broad white paradorsal lines. On each segment posteriorly there
is a faint reddish dorsal patch just anterior of two red paradorsal dots one bigger
than the other. The larva is very variable and all the red or reddish colour may be
replaced to a varying degree by yellow or white, and the diamond dorsal pattern
on segments 9 to 11 may be brown or grey. The larva feeds reluctantly on
Alchornea cordifolia but I was unable to discover the true food plant. The pupal
stage occupies between four and 11 days.

Dasychira sublutescens Holland.

A rich velvet-black larva with sprays of long white hairs on each segment
arising from paradorsal and spiracular tubercles, the dorsal hairs being somewhat
sparse. On segment 2 there are long anteriorly inclined rather sparse black lateral
pencils of hair. There are thick dorsal brushes of mixed white and black hairs on
segments 5 to 8, the first three being largely black and the last nearly pure white.
On segment 12 there is a posteriorly inclined very long, thick, dorsal pencil of
black hairs, tipped with white. On segment 13 all the hairs are black. There is a
brilliant supra-spiracular lateral crimson line broken only by the edges of the
tubercles from which the sprays of hair arise. The sides ventral of this line tend to
be a brownish grey. The larva feeds on the foliage of Chrysophyllum albidum and
the pupa is formed in a typical lymantriid cocoon which is spun in any suitable
position either on the food plant or amongst vegetable litter, The imago emerges
after five or more days,

76 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Dasychira macrodonta Hering.

This larva appears to be one of the largest of the ‘Vapourer’ type occurring
in Nigeria being, when fully grown, about half as big again as any other larva of
this sort which I have noticed. The larva varies between a pale pinkish-brown to
a pale chocolate colour. There is an unvarying dorsal black line; on segments 10
and 11 there is a small whitish or pinkish dot on this black line. On each of
segments 2 to 4 there are two pinkish dots each side of the dorsal black line; in
the pinker forms these become evanescent. On segment 12 there is a long, thin,
spreading, dorsal pencil of dark hairs. The food plant is Macrolobium macro-
phyllum. The cream coloured cocoon is tough and spun between leaves or at a
suitable bend or angle of the branch. The imago emerges after a week to ten days
in the pupa.

Dasychira laphyctes Collenette.

The general colour of this larva is pale greenish yellow. The head is yellow
with a black line parallel to the upper edge of the vertex. Segment 2 is yellow with
anteriorly inclined, long, tight lateral pencils of black hair. Segment 12 which is
black, has a small black dorsal tuft. The larva is covered with very pale brown
hair. Just prior to ecdysis segments 2 to 8, and 11 to 13 turn nearly black, seg-
ments 9 and 10 are green and the prolegs yellow. The larva feeds on the leaves of
Manniophyton africanum. The pupa is formed in a typical lymantriid cocoon
amongst vegetable debris and the imago emerges after about a month.

Dasychira basigutta Walker.

_ The head is a bright orange brown. Segments 2 to 4 are velvet black with
transverse yellow, orange, or cream dorsal lines usually three or four. The
posterior lines on each segment are often somewhat broken. Segments 5 to 13
have a pale cream, slightly pinkish, broad lateral band. The back of segments 5
to 12 are marked as the back of segments 2 to 4—the front two yellow lines of
segment 5 are missing. The width of the coloured transverse lines on the back
varies considerably and there may in some cases be more colour than black.
There is a variable vertical black line down the side of each proleg on segments
7 to 10. Segment 13 is nearly always largely yellow or orange with a transverse
black band across the anterior margin. The larva is sparsely covered with long
white hairs. In some forms, there are hardly any yellow dorsal marks.

There is another form of this larva (Roche, P., Private Communication) which
differs from the above in that the transverse stripes have become enlarged into a
dorsal band stippled with black, the lateral band has been reduced to a narrow
spiracular line, and there are dorsal brushes of buff hair on segments 5 to 8.

The first description was taken from a larva just prior to pupation and this
may well have shed its dorsal brushes, although a photograph taken at the time
shows little or no sign of them. It is clear that the larva must vary very consider-
ably.

The larva feeds on the leaves of Manniophyton africanum and is known to eat
yam leaves and also Smilax kraussiana. The pupal stage lasts about three weeks.

Dasychira haigi Collenette

There is an orange and white sub-spiracular line; dorsal to this the sides are
blue grey. The dorsum is pale blue, edged on the ventral margin with two black
lines edged in orange red. Segment 2 is orange as is the head. Segments 3 and 4
are very pale blue to white with fine black, and orange transverse lines. There are
thick white dorsal brushes of hair on segments 5 to 8. On each of segments 9 to 11,
each side of a dorsal blue line there is a black dot anteriorly. A small black thick

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 77

dorsal pencil of hairs arises from segment 12. The larva feeds on the leaves of
Alchornea cordifolia and more commonly on a similar looking plant with scal-
loped edges to the leaves. It pupates in a rolled leaf and the imago emerges after
about seven days.

Dasychira phenax Collenette.

The general colour varies from white to deep cream-yellow, with very pale
grey-green lateral and paradorsal bands. There are the typical lymantriid lateral
pencils of black hairs arising from segment 2 and a dorsal one on segment 12.
These pencils are easily lost and may even be completely absent, in specimens
that have been handled. There are thick white dorsal brushes on segments 5 to
8. Each of segments 3, 4, 9 and 10 bears a deep red dorsal mark in the form of an
A or a triangle or two lines; sometimes these marks are black. There is a black
patch posterior to each dorsal tuft on segments 5 to 8 and a suggestion of a very
small dorsal tuft of black hairs on segments 3 and 4. The head is yellow or ochre
in colour. The larva is sparsely covered with long white hairs. The larvae will feed
on a variety of plants, Alchornea cordifolia, Maniophyton africanum, and Macro-
lobium macrophyllum. The larva spins up amongst the leaves seeming to prefer
withered ones when available. The imago emerges after from eight to 15 days.

The D. aenotata group.

The following four or five species (D. aenotata Tams, D. ticana Schs. and
Clem., D. catori B.-Baker, D. spec. incertae sedis A and B) comprise a group of
which the larvae are so similar that with superficial examination they may be
taken for varieties of a single species, and in fact when I first collected the larvae
I considered them to be so. I have unfortunately never had all the species at the
same time and thus have only been able to make indirect comparisons and
partially to sort them. I would be very grateful for information from anyone who
finds and breeds these moths in quantity and for blown larvae with complete
data if possible.

Dasychira aenotata Tams.

The general colour of the larva is chocolate-brown. The head is a pale red with
a thick black line running down each side of the face diagonally from near the
apex to near the outside of the mandibles. On segment 2 there is a thick lateral
pencil of short stubby hairs and a pair of paradorsal lines the same colour as the
head from the anterior margin to the middle of the segment and there is a trans-
verse white line on each segment posteriorly. Segment 3 carries a similar transverse
white line both anteriorly and posteriorly. On segment 4 there is a similar thin,
somewhat obscure, white transverse line. Each of segments 5 to 8 carry a brilliant
white dorsal circle of very short tightly packed hairs (as if the normal type of
brush had been shaved off close to the skin) in the middle of a quadrilateral of
shorter very closely packed velvet-black hairs. On segment 12 is a long thin
posteriorly inclined dorsal pencil of black hairs. There is a faint suggestion of a
fawn coloured sub-spiracular line; the prolegs are pink. The species has very few
long hairs. The food plant is Veronia conferta but it may also eat Alchornea
cordifolia and probably will do so in captivity.

Dasychira ticana Schs. and Clem.

In pattern this species is similar to D. aenotata. It differs in that the transverse
bars on the face are absent, and that the whole of the dorsal area of segment 2
between the hair pencils is of the same colour as the head. It differs from both

D. aenotata and D. catori in the background colour and in the dorsal circles of
*

78 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

segments 5 to 8 varying from yellow to fawn in colour. It is thinly covered with
long white to yellow hairs with black tips. The normal food plant is Smilax
kraussiana but it is sometimes found on Alchornea cordifolia.

Dasychira catori B-Baker.

The general pattern is very similar to that of D. ticana but differs from it in
that the general colour is grey (wavy longitudinal lines of black over a white back-
ground). There is a pair of broad white dorsal lines just separated by a thin
black one, and a pinkish-grey sub-spiracular band. The whole larva is sparsely
covered with long thin silky white hairs with black tips.

D. spec. incertae sedis A and B

The larvae of these two moths were the first I found and were thought at the
time to be dark and light forms of the same species until after the imagines
emerged. My notes are not sufficient to separate them accurately from the other
three species of this group. Species A has a larva very similar to that of D.
aenotata and I am at present of the opinion that it is in fact a form of this species.
It feeds on Vernonia conferta.

Species B feeds on Alchornea cordifolia and the larva appears from my notes
to be remarkably similar to that of D. catori as is also the imago.

Dasychira rochei Collenette.

The full fed larva is 30 mm in length. The head, ventral and lateral surfaces are
orange-yellow. The dorsal area is grey. The larva is covered with very long silky
cream coloured hairs. On segment 2 the lateral pencils are white and unusually
short being not much longer than the lateral hairs and not easily distinguished
from them; there is a dorsal pencil of white hairs on segment 12. On segment 4
there is a deep black velvet dorsal patch. The white brushes on segments 5 to 8
are obscured by the abnormally long hairs of the larva.

The cocoon incorporating the larval hairs, is spun up amongst the leaves of
the food plant which has not been identified; the imago emerges after about ten
days.

Dasychira exoleta B-Baker.

A black larva with a maroon head. On segments 10 and 11 there is a medium
sized white dorsal spot. The dirty white dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 are
much larger and thicker than normal and marked by transverse extensions often
being contiguous with the white lateral brushes on these same segments. There
are thick pencils of lateral white hairs ventral to the lateral tufts on these segments
and on segments 2, 3, 10, 11 and 12 are rather long very thin white pencils, often
of only one or two hairs. The larva pupates in a rolled leaf or dead leaf or in
vegetable debris. The imago emerges after about a week.

Euproctidion viridipallens Hering.

The dorsum is darkish grey to red brown with a broken white dorsal line. This
may be quite evanescent. Each segment has a central transverse ring of red-
brown hairs the ends of which are black when the hair arises from the dorsal
area of the larva and white when arising laterally; between these rings the
remaining portions of the segments are grey with the inter-segmental folds black.
On segment 12 are two spreading thin paradorsal tufts of black hairs. The food
plant is Alchornea cordifolia. The pupal stage lasts about eight days.

Orgyia mixta Snellen.
This larva which feeds on Alchornea cordifolia, Casuarina, and other trees can

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 79

be distinguished from the next species, to which it is very similar, by the bright
red collar at the anterior margin of segment 2. The head is shining, reddish to
ochre. Thin antenna-like lateral pencils of black hairs arise on segment 2 and a
single dorsal one on segment 12. There are thick dorsal brushes of white hair on
segments 5 to 8; on segment 5 there is a very long white sub-spiracular tuft of
hairs, and a similar tuft of black hairs on segment 6. The bases of all hair tufts are
black. Along each side is a grey band made up of several lines enclosing a yellow
dot on each segment. On each of segments 9 to 11 is a black or fawn dorsal line
in the shape of a diamond with a yellow dot in the centre of each diamond;
anterior to the yellow dot there are two minute red or ochre dots. The pupal
stage last approximately seven to 10 days.

Orgyia basalis Walker.

The basic colour is a deep black-brown. On segments 5 to 8 there are ivory
white dorsal brushes (very rarely these are rather short and chocolate in colour);
on segments 5, 7 and 11 are thick lateral pencils of white hair and on segment 6 a
thick lateral brush of black or chocolate-brown hairs. On segment 12 there is a
thick circular compact dorsal tuft of fairly short hairs; immediately posterior of
this tuft there is a row of three white spots. Between the white dorsal brushes on
segments 5 to 8 the colour may be black or red as may the back of segments 9 to
12. There are two broken white paradorsal lines which vary considerably in
clarity—they are usually absent on segments 5 to 8 and most clearly marked on
segments 2 to 4 and 9 and 10. All the hairs and hair tufts except the brushes on
segments 5 to 8 arise from pink or red tubercules. The larva is sparsely covered
with thin groups of long white hairs chiefly situated laterally. The larva will eat
many plants, Alchornia cordifolia, Macrolobium macrophyllum, Vernonia conferta,
amongst others. The pupal stage lasts five to eight days.

Terphothrix lanaria Holland.

This larva has yellow, cream, or greyish skin. A radiating lateral cone of
cream-yellow hair arises from the centre of each segment. On each segment arise
paradorsally very long ribbons of gleaming golden hairs; the centre portion of
the ribbons on segments 5 and 10 contain a relatively tight pencil of red-brown,
with a centre of extra long grey-black hairs. The centre of the dorsum is sparsely
covered with matted yellow hair. The larva rests on the underside of the leaves of
its food plant Vernonia conferta with the paradorsal ribbons of hair extended flat
on either side of the body; when alarmed the ribbons of hair can be raised rapidly
into a vertical position over the dorsum. The larva pupates in a delicate golden
semi-transparent cocoon spun from silk into which the larval hairs are incor-
porated.

The cocoon which is of a most unusual shape, is spun on the underside of the
leaves of the food plant. It consists of two chambers the first of which is flat and
circular next to the leaf and is the chamber in which pupation occurs; beyond
this is the second chamber in the shape of a pointed dome. After laying the
foundations of the cocoon the larva erects the pointed dome, then it retires to the
chamber next to the leaf which is a third to a quarter the size of the dome, seals
if off and pupates. The imago emerges after seven days.

Mylantria xanthospila Plotz.

The ground colour of the larval skin is velvet-black. On each segment there is a
brown transverse ring from which arise tufts of bright ginger hairs; on all
segments there is a tendency for the dorsal tufts to be thicker, this is sometimes
especially marked on segments 5 to 8.

80 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

There are two narrow white paradorsal lines and a broad white supra-spiracular
band with black spots variable both in number and size. This broad band breaks
the ring of ginger hairs on each segment. The head varies from dark to pale
brown.

The larva feeds on Aspila latifolia and occasionally on species of Phychotria.

The pupa is made in the usual type of loose cocoon of silk and body hairs

which seems to be spun almost anywhere. The imago emerges after about 14
days.

Argyrostigma niobe Weymer.

The head is pale brown to red brown with a black band just above the mouth
parts. The ground colour of the back is deep grey; this colour is the result of a
mixture of short deep black and deep maroon hairs—the latter are sometimes
missing. Laterally the larvae are ochreous to grey with a thin black spiracular
line and a varying number of small black dots. Segment 2 has a broad red
transverse band anteriorly and a fringe of white hairs extending over the head;
thin black pencils of hair inclined anteriorly arise laterally from the segment.
Segment 3 has two circular paradorsal marks joined posteriorly by a thin white
transverse line, which is sometimes broken; the size of the mark varies and at its
largest appears as a crescent; its colour may vary from white to ochre. Segments
5 to 8 have thick dorsal brushes of dirty yellow-brown hair; one or all of these
can be deep grey-black.

Segment 9 has a white dorsal mark resembling a crown. It consists of a line
in the shape of a semicircle anteriorly concave with a small circular mark at
each end; beneath this (on the convex side) is a white to pale yellow line of length
approximately the diameter of the semicircle.

On segments 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are long lateral pencils of silky white hair
which are particularly prominent on the last four. Segment 12 has a long thin
dorsal pencil of black hairs pointing rearwards.

The food plant is Bignoniacia markamia and probably Casuarina. The larva

makes a very rough textured cocoon and the imago emerges after about ten
days.

DISCUSSION

The total number of larvae described in this paper is thirty-three. This is
slightly less than ten per cent of the total number of Lymantriidae known to
occur on the west coast of Africa. Even so it seems clear that when our know-
ledge of the larvae of this group is more complete we will possess a better under-
standing of the classification of the group. In particular there are indications that
we should look again at some of the Dasychira where there already seem to be
two distinct groups of larvae and at Dasychira glovera whose larva has the
appearance of that of a geometrid.

Taylor (1949) has described the larva of a species from South Africa which he
calls Euproctis fasciata Walker. However, it is quite clear both from the larval
description and the plate he gives that his species is not E. fasciata but another
closely related one. The late C. L. Collenette, who identified my specimens,
informed me that there are a number of species very similar and closely related to
E. fasciata. The illustrations in Seitz (1930) also agree with the species I describe
as E. fasciata.

Despite the relatively few larvae that I have been able to identify I have
included a key at the end of this paper. I make no apology as I think it will
enable field workers to run down known specimens rapidly, a most necessary

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 81

facility in the tropics where a prize larva may, if left undisturbed overnight, be
found to have pupated by the morning.

I do not know of any infallible characteristics for separating a lymantriid larva
from those of other families. They are most likely to be confused with Arctiidae
and Acronyctinae. Generally however the Lymantriidae are more ornate and
have more elaborate hair patterns, brushes and tufts than the other groups and
the hairs are longer. There are of course exceptions, but most ornate very hairy
medium sized larvae in West Africa are Lymantriidae.

KEY TO KNOWN LARVAE OF THE
WEST AFRICAN LYMANTRITDAE

1 a_ Larva with definite thick well marked close knit dorsal
brushes of hair on segments 5 to 8 ; } : : D5
Segments 5 to 8 without such brushes ‘ 2

2 (1)a Segments 5 to 8 witha very clear white or yellow circular
mark medio-dorsally as if the hair brush had been

shaved off close to the skin . 2 ; : ‘ 23
b Segments 5 to 8 not so marked medio- dorsally : 3 3
3 (2)a There isa marked tuft of hair or process medio- dorsally
on segments 5and6 . : : 19
b No marked tufts of hair or processes medio- dorsally
except sometimes on segment 12 . : : 4
4 (3)a Larva looper-like with prolegs on segments 7 to 9
absent ‘ : ; : : . Dasychira glovera
6 Larva not as above ‘ ; ;
5 (4)a Larva except for a few small marks unicolorous : Z 8
Larva noticeably showing two or more colours . : : 6
6 (5)a_ Larva with the dorsum mainly black (60% or more) . : 12
6 Dorsum of larva not black : 3 |
7 (6)a Dorsum of larva mainly blue with black and yellow
markings . 3 : Dasychira haigi

b Larva with segments 5 to on chestnut brown para-
dorsally lined with black, segment 4 white Dasychira gonophora

8 (5)a_ Body covered with long golden hairs (pencils of hair of
other colours are ignored). Body pale cream or green a 9
b Body not covered with long golden hair . 3 14

9 (8)a At rest or when not alarmed all hairs are pressed flat

against the surface on which it is resting. There is a

pencil of darker hairs on each side of segments 5

and 10 ‘ s . Terphothrix lanaria
6 Allhairs not pressed flat against surface on which larva

is resting . ; 3 10

10 (9)a Larva with a deep brown ‘mark on front of head : 11
b Larva without such a mark. Body pale green covered

with long golden hair. There is a golden dorsal tuft

on segment 12. There is a tendency to form dorsal

tufts on segments 5 to 8, but they are very poorly
developed . . Dasychira inconstanta
11 (10) a_ Front of head with: a broad deep brown or black line

down each side. (There is a dark form with grey

rather than golden hair) Dasychira isozyga, Dasychira anisozyga

82

12 (6)a

b
13 (12) a
b
14 (8)a

b
15 (4) a

b
16 (15) a

b
17 (14) a

b
18 (17) a

19 @)a
b
20 (19) a

b
21 (20) a

b

22 (21) a

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Head with a deep brown or black line across the top of

the face, slightly concave ventrally. A thin antenna

of black hairs arises at each side of segment 2. Seg-

ment 12 has a small black tuft medio-dorsally Dasychira laphyctes
Dorsum black with 2 to 4 thin white transverse lines

across each segment. Sides coloured like white human

skin . j : : . Dasychira basiguttata
Larva not so marked ; ; : : : ‘ 13
Larva with red or orange markings only 5 é Euproctis mima

Larva with a ring of bright ginger hairs round each
segment and a broad white lateral band which cuts

through the ring of hairs : . Mpylantria xanthospila
There is a clear round medio- dorsal dot or wart on

segments 10 and11 : : $ 15
Segments 10 and 11 without medio- dorsal dots , : : 17
Larva chocolate coloured. Dots on segments 10 and 11

pink . - ‘ : ? ¢ : . Crorema mentiens
Larva black . 2 : 16
Larva, thinly covered with long silky white hairs. Spots

on segments 10 and 11 white A , . Olapa travatensis

Larva thickly covered laterally with adpressed white or
grey hairs. Thick tufts of grey or white hair trans-

versely across segment 4 : Paraproctis calamolopha
Larva with a dorsal pencil of black or white hairs : : 18
Larva without a dorsal pencil of hairs ; Hemerophanes enos

Larva with a thin dorsal pencil of black hairs posteriorly

inclined. Body covered with short pale brown hairs

over a brownish skin . . Dasychira viridipennis
Larva with a thin dorsal pencil of white hairs. Body

green covered with long white hairs which are ad-

pressed to the surface on which the larva rests Leucoma luteipes

Larva white except for parts of the dorsum : Leucoma parva
Larva not mainly white . : 20
Larva mainly dark grey or grey ‘brown wate segments 7

to 12 white dorsally. ‘ : 3 . Euproctis fasciata
Larva not coloured thus . ; ; ‘ 21

General colour deep chocolate with. a broad white or
cream band down the back. Well marked but
irregular pencils of hair form antennae on segment 2
Dasychira rocana
Larva red-brown, pink or grey-brown over most of its
body but not chocolate coloured . f : 22
Larva with hair in thick tufts banding each segment.
Except on segments 5, 6 and 12, the dorsal hairs have
a pink tinge. The tufts on the back of segments 5, 6
and 12 are longer and more marked. There is no
medio-dorsal line and the tuft on segment 12 forms a
continuous band right across the dorsum. Generally
no white hairs. : Euproctis utilis
Larva with hair generally much shorter except for tufts
on segments 5, 6 and 12 and sparsely scattered white
hairs. Colour varies from red to grey but tufts are

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 83

23@)ia
b
24 (23) a
b
25mi@)ia
b
26 (25) a
b

27 (26) a

28 (27) a

29 (25) a
b

30 (29) a

b
31 (29) a
b
32 31) a
b
33 (32) a
b

34 (32) a

35 Gl)a

always red. There is a black dorsal line at least
through segments 7 to 13 which splits the tuft on
segment 12 into distinct halves. There are numerous

white hairs scattered over the body f Euproctis molundiana
Overall colour of larva chocolate-brown . Dasychira aenotata
Overall colour of larva not chocolate-brown . : ; 24
Overall colour of larva grey . ; . Dasychira catori
Overall colour of larva fawn to yellow j . Dasychira ticana
Pencils of white hairs projecting from the sides . P : 26
Larva without such pencils of white hairs . 29
Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 white (rarely black

but not yellow-brown) é Da,
Dorsal tufts on segments 5 to 8 a dirty yellow-brown

colour F ‘ Argyrostigma niobe

Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 transverse in shape,

contiguous with similar lateral tufts. Thin lateral

pencils of white hairs on each of segments 5 to 8.

Overall colour of body black j : . Dasychira exoleta
Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 not very transverse.

No similar lateral tufts. Thin lateral pencils of white

hair on some but not each of segments 5 to 8. Overall

colour of body not black. A 28
On segment 12 there is a large tuft of near - black hairs

extending transversly to form a dorsal band.

Posteriorly to it is a well marked white line. (Larva

very variable) . , : Orgyia basalis
On segment 12 is a normal posteriorly inclined pencil of

black hairs. Segment 2 has a oa red transverse

collar anteriorly . ‘ ‘ . Orgyia mixta
Pencils of hair forming ‘antennae’ are short, stiff, very

thick, and project from the sides of segment 2 F ‘ 30
Pencils of hair forming ‘antennae’ normal (much longer

and thinner and anteriorly inclined) : é 31

Segments 9 to 11 with a thick white line down edge of

dorsum which is black with some obscure red

markings. No ring at base of ‘antennae’ Dasychira hypocrita
Variegated light and dark pattern over the body. There

is a white ring at the base of each ‘antenna’ ies nubifuga

Ground colour of larva black . j , P F By
Ground colour of larva not black . ‘ : : : 35
Dorsal brushes of one colour . ‘ ‘ i 3 : 33
Dorsal brushes of two colours . ‘ ; Z F ‘ 34
Dorsal brushes dirty white : : . Dasychira exoleta
Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 buff ; Dasychira basiguttata

Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 are rather long, thin,

white tipped with black. There is a eng red lateral

line . . Dasychira sublutescens
Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 a are short compact

thick, white tipped with chestnut. On segments 9 to 12

there is a dorsal line composed of a number of com-

plex yellow marks : 3 . Laelia fracta
Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 pure white 5 ; ; 37

84 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

b Dorsal brushes on segments 5 to 8 not pure white. Larva

not coloured mainly cream or white i : 36
36 (35) a_ A very large white lateral patch on segments 9/ 10 and
10/11 with similar smaller patches on segments 8/9

and 11/12 . ; . Dasychira hypnota
6b Nosuch lateral patches. Larva ait imo dark paradorsal
lines and a blue-black lateral line . 3 z . Laelia rosea

37 (35) a_ Anterior lateral pencils of hair on segment 2 black.
Larva laterally creamy-grey. Dark red to black dorsal
marks on segments 3, 4,9 and 10. A . Dasychira phenax
b Anterior lateral pencils of hair on segment 2 white.
Larva laterally orange. Black velvet patch on segment
4 only 5 ; 4 5 . _Dasychira rochei

REFERENCES

Collenette, C. L. 1957. Proc. Roy. ent. Soc. Lond. (B.) 26: 155.

Idem., 1960. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13.) 111: 91.

Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J. M., 1928. Flora of West Tropical Africa, London.
Roche, P., 1955. Nigerian Field. 20: 35.

Seitz, A., 1930. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. 14.

Taylor, J. S., 1949. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 12: 84.

74, High Bridge Street,
Waltham Abbey,
Essex

17th February 1966

Rhizophagus picipes (O1.) (politus (Hellwig)) (Col., Rhizophagidae); an unusual
habitat. During the Society’s field meeting at Higham, west Kent, 8.v.66, several
members worked a large heap of rotting apples, which produced this very local
clavicorn in some numbers. This appears to be an unusual habitat for the species,
which is normally found under bark or at sap; cf. Fowler, W. W., 1889, Col.
Brit. Is., 3:267, London; and Johnson, C. J., 1964, The genus Rhizophagus
Herbst, Proc. Manchester ent. Soc., 1961-3:3-9.—S. A. WILLIAMs, 79, Cedar
Drive, Sutton at Hone, Kent, /0th June 1966.

Diurnal flight in Acilius sulcatus (L.) (Col., Dytiscidae). Following Buck’s record
(antea p. 34) of diurnal flight in Dytiscus marginalis (L.), I think the following
record may also be of interest. At 1 p.m., 17.v.64, at Crowcombe, Somerset, I
captured a female Acilius sulcatus (L.) which had just landed on the roof of a
stationary car, the weather being hot and sunny.

At the time I thought that the beetle had taken the reflection from the roof of
the car to be that from a small pond, causing it to land. However the following
day an example of Rhagium bifasciatum (F.) (Cerambycidae) landed on the roof
of the car at the same time and in the same weather conditions, which throws
some doubt on the theory.

Diurnal flight in the larger Dytiscidae may not be as unusual as it would seem.
Many of these dytiscid beetles are to be found swimming actively in ponds during
the daytime and therefore it does not seem unreasonable that they may also take
flight during this period.—J. MUGGLETON, 32, Penton Road, Staines, Middx.,
14th June 1966.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 85

CYMATODERA CYLINDRICOLLIS (CHEVROLAT)
(COL: CLERIDAE) IN A LEITH WAREHOUSE

By BRIAN MorRISON

I first discovered this beetle on 2.x.61 while inspecting dried chicory root in a
Leith, Midloth. warehouse. Only two specimens were found, and one of these
was sent to the Department of Agriculture’s field station at East Craigs where it
was provisionally identified as belonging to the genus Cymatodera. Later, on
being forwarded to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), the beetle was finally
identified as C. cylindricollis (Chev.). Other examples of this species have been
found in the warehouse fairly regularly over the past four years during routine
inspections; but with one exception, all of them have been dead.

Since Cymatodera is a native of Central America, its appearance in a Leith
warehouse requires some explanation. It seems most probable that the insect was
introduced into this country on second-hand coffee bags. The dried chicory root
is put into these bags at the collecting centre in Huntingdonshire (the chicory is
grown in England) and it is taken north by train during the months October to
December. On arrival at Leith, the chicory is distributed to five different storage
premises where some of it may remain for almost a full year. The bags themselves
come originally from different parts of Africa and S. America and it seems likely
that some may have originated in areas where Cymatodera is to be found.

From the information I have collected so far, it seems that this is the only
record of Cymatodera associated with chicory, and its continued appearance in
this one store only despite frequent inspections of other chicory warehouses in
the district, presents quite an interesting problem. Of course it is possible that I
have just failed to observe it anywhere else. There is, however, another explanation
which at first sight may seem rather improbable, and that is that the beetles are
breeding in the warehouse. This suggestion could be dismissed on grounds of
climate alone and the evidence in support of the idea is purely circumstantial
but for the benefit of those who enjoy trying to solve ‘entomological enigmas’, I
feel it might be as well to summarise this evidence briefly:

(1) The beetles are found regularly in this particular warehouse only.

(2) One live specimen has been found and most of the dead insects have been in
reasonably good condition. This last point is important when you consider that
bags are normally cleaned before being used a second time. This may involve
brushing, beating or vacuum cleaning, any one of which is aimed at removing
residues and insects.

(3) The beetles have been found in areas of open floor and on windowsills far
more often than on bags. Since the warehouse is emptied every autumn and the
floor is given a thorough sweeping before the new lot of chicory is brought in,
this suggests that beetles are able to walk about in the loft for some time before
they die.

(4) Food supply. Cymatodera is a clerid and may therefore be carnivorous. The
chicory store has an endemic infestation of Ephestia elutella Hiibn. (Lep.,
Pyralidae), in fact it may have been infested with this moth for 20 years, judging
from other reports. At the time of my inspection in 1961, I discovered hundreds
of larvae migrating over the bags of chicory and up the walls of the store. Here
surely, there would be an ample supply of food for our Central American
visitor.

(5) Temperature: this is probably the key factor in the discussion. A beetle used
to a Central American habitat is not likely to be able to withstand our cold
winters unless some modifications are made in living conditions here. The

86 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

chicory loft in question is situated above several offices and shares a common
wall with several dwellings. Both sets of premises are heated during the winter.
Although no tests have been carried out, it is likely that air spaces, and possible
insect harbourages, between the loft floor and walls and the other properties
will have a temperature considerably higher than that out of doors.

Paradoxically, it is the presence of the moth infestation which may also
provide the reason for the number of dead beetles found. As an infestation
inspector, my first duty must be towards seeing that food materials in store are
kept free from insects and my feelings regarding unusual species have to take
second place. Following the fumigation of the infested chicory in 1961, the store-
keeper has been recommended to spray the bagged chicory with pyrethrins every
three weeks during the summer in an attempt to keep Ephestia under control.
Pyrethrin is well-known for its ability to flush insects out of their hiding places
and this may be what is happening in the case of Cymatodera specimens which
are found in open floor areas.

In conclusion I would say that until further evidence (e.g. the discovery of
larvae) is forthcoming, it cannot be stated definitely that Cymatodera is breeding
in the loft. More observation is required, and I hope to be able to report further
on this interesting situation some time in the future.

Since writing the above, Mr. Pelham-Clinton of the Royal Scottish Museum
has given me some information on two further records. One insect was handed
in by an official of the Ministry of Food (April 1946) who found it in ‘a warehouse
in Leith’. The second beetle was found alive in a house across the road from the
chicory warehouse by an inspector from the Edinburgh Corporation Public
Health Department. The discovery was made in November, 1961.
25th June 1966

PROCEEDINGS

28th JANUARY 1966

94th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(with which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)

The President, Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MAsseE—The myrmecophilus beetle, Clytra quadripunctata (L.)
(Chrysomelidae), which is widespread in the British Isles, but its distribution is
confined to the areas where the ant Formica rufa L. (Formicidae) occurs. The adult
beetle is very partial to hazel but also occurs on oak, birch, etc,. during May and
June. In Blean Wood and Darenth Wood, Kent, it is more common today than
formerly, no doubt due to the practice of coppicing of the woodlands in the
areas where the two insects occur. C. quadripunctata (L.) becomes less common
where the woodland and its conservation are neglected.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of Gnathoncus nanus (Scriba) (Col., Histeridae)
from the nest of Parus caeruleus obscurus Prag. (Blue Titmouse). The beetles
were taken from a nesting box in the Wyre Forest, Worcs., emptied by Dr,
N. E. Hickin, 12.vi.65.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 87

The TREASURER gave his Report on the Accounts and moved their adoption.
This was seconded by Mr. C. G. Roche and carried unanimously.

The Council’s Report for the past year was read by the SECRETARY who moved
that it be adopted. Mr. B. GoaTER seconded the motion which was carried
unanimously.

The PRESIDENT announced the following Officers and Ordinary Members of
Council elected for the ensuing year: President, J. A. C. GREENWOOD, O.B.E.,
F.R.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S. and R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B.,
M.A., F.R.E.S.; Treasurer, F. T. VALLINS, A.C.L1., F.R.E.S.; Secretary, B. J. MAc-
NULTY, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S.; Editor, F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.;
Curator, A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, S. A. WILLIAMS; Lanternist, M.
SHAFFER; Ordinary Members of Council, D. J. CARTER, T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M.,
F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Mrs. T. G. HowArTH, B. W. LEONARD, A. M. MASSEE, 0.B.E.,
D.SC., F.R.E.S., C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S., A. SMITH, A.R.C.A., D. STIMPSON and
W. G. TREMEWAN.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. B. J. MACNUuLTY said that his appeal for the Reserve Fund had fallen
short of the £1,000 he had set as a target. He had written to those who had said
they would contribute to the fund, saying that though the target had not been
reached he would donate his amount, and asking if they would do the same. All
had agreed to do so, and he thanked them for their generosity. He added that
any further contributions to the fund would be gratefully accepted.

One of our members, Mr. B. Wright, who returned to Canada about two years
ago, was reported by Mr. F. T. VALLINs, to be now curator of the Entomological
Department of the Nova Scotia Museum at Halifax.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN asked if any member knew of a method of persuading the
female Polyploca ridens F. (Lep., Thyatiridae) (Frosted Green) to lay, but without
eliciting a helpful reply.

Rising to give his Address, the PRESIDENT explained that he would not read a
paper in the customary form, but would show some slides dealing with the life
histories of some of our coleophorid moths. He then called upon Mr. J. A. C.
Greenwood to take the Chair.

Mr. GREENWooD asked Mr. Uffen if he would write a paper for the Pro-
ceedings on the subject. To which Mr. Uffen replied that he had already written
several papers on various species of this group, and would be willing to write
a covering summary so that they could be published in the Proceedings.

The Officers and Council for the past year were thanked for their services on a
motion by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss. A motion which was seconded and carried by
acclamation.

10th FEBRUARY 1966
A Vice-President, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. WAKELY on behalf of Mr. E. SADLER—An example of Laspeyresia
pactolana Zell. (Lep., Olethreutidae) which had been taken in Alice Holt Forest,
Hants, 12.vi.65. Mr. Sadler’s specimen is the first authentic example of L.
pactolana Zell. to be taken in Britain. From time to time the species has been
recorded for this country, but Mr. J. D. Bradley said that all those he had

88 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

examined had been wrongly determined, this was the first true example he had
seen of British origin. Specimens of L. cognatana Barr., L. coniferana Sax., L.
cosmophorana Treits. and Pseudotomoides strobilella L. were also shown for
comparison.

Mr. T. R. EaGLtes—The lichens Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. and C.
coccifera (L.) Willd. He drew attention to the red apothecia on the latter.
The exhibited material was collected at Pendine, Carmarthen, by Dr. B. J.
MacNulty.

Dr. A. M. MassEE—Examples of Stenus kiesenwetteri Rosen. (Col., Staphy-
linidae). There are 73 species of Stenus in the British Isles, and S. kiesenwetteri
Rosen, is regarded as one of the least common. It occurs in sphagnum moss, and
its headquarters is Mark Ash in the New Forest, Hants, where the insect occurs
in a boggy locality where the moss is common. At the beginning of the century it
was recorded also on Wimbledon Common and Chobham in Surrey, but it does
not occur in these localities today. The species may be recognised from all the
others with red spots on the elytra, by the absence of ridges on the sides of the
abdomen.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of two distinctive moths seen in Dorset
last August; the common tortricid, Acleris emargana F., disturbed from sallow
on Stoke Heath, and the rare migrant arctiid, Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda.
The former has an unusual shape which enhances its resemblance to a dead leaf.
The latter’s forewing pattern resembles a drawn out face when the moth is at
rest.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said that on Ist February in the mild spell prior to the
meeting, Gen. Sir George Johnson had seen a specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni
L. (Lep., Pieridae) at Woking, Surrey. He also noted that the early noctuid and
geometrid moths were coming to his light trap.

Phigalia pilosaria Shiff. (pedaria F.) and Erannis leucophaearia Schiff. (Lep.,
Geometridae) were both reported by Mr. P. A. GopparD to have been in his
light trap.

Mr. Prior reported that his wife had seen an example of Aglais urticae L.
(Lep., Nymphalidae) while at church on 30th January.

A number of examples of the rare weevil, Chromoderus affinis Schrank, were
reported to have been seen by Dr. A. M. MAssEE, on sallow blossom this year. He
suggested that the rarity of this beetle was only apparent, as coleopterists did not
start collecting early enough in the year to obtain it. To this Dr. B. J. MACNULTY
added that the weevil Dorytomus salicinus (Gyll.) was to be found on sallow at
Wood Walton Fen at this time of the year.

Referring to Dr. Massee’s exhibit, Mr. S. A. WILLIAMs said that most of the
specimens of Stenus kiesenwetteri Rosen were taken on Wimbledon Common.
He had checked the locality for several years now but had been unable to find
the species. He also reported that in his collection he had an example from
Saffron Walden, Essex.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said- that Acleris emargana F., photographed by Mr.
Goddard, was common in Scotland; there were, he added, very many colour
variations there. He asked if this was the case in the south. Mr. Goddard replied
that all the specimens he had seen were normally coloured, and Mr. E. S.
BRADFORD agreed.

Prof. A. J. CAIN of Manchester University, read a paper on ‘The Nature of
Taxonomy’.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 89

24th FEBRUARY 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MAsseE—The small black weevil, Apion minimum Herbat, which is
associated with various species of Salix. It is widespread in England, and has
been recorded in the Solway district of Scotland. It is a rare species that has a
local distribution. The species is very interesting because of its very unusual life
cycle. The larva feeds in the gall made by a sawfly of the genus Nematus (Hym.,
Tenthredinidae), but is not interested in the sawfly larva that also carries out
its transformation within the gall.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Flowers of Mandragora officinarum L. (Mandrake). They
appear in early spring and being on short stalks and thus near the ground are
easily overlooked.

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Mr. J. Burton of the B.B.c. Natural History Unit introduced two films,
‘Unarmed Hunters’ and ‘The Major’.

10th MARCH 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

The PrEsIDENT—(1) Maniola nurag Ghil. (Lep., Satyridae) a species close to
the Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina L., but which is found only in Sardinia. It
is not reliably recorded from the nearby island of Corsica which is separated
from Sardinia by only a very narrow strait. Females were plentiful at the begin-
ning of August 1965 at an altitude of 1,500 ft, some 15 miles south of Alghero;
no males were seen. Maniola jurtina L. from Sardinia was shown for comparison.
(2) Catocala dilecta Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae) taken while at rest on tree trunks in
a forest of young cork trees, at an altitude of 1,500 ft, some 15 miles south of
Alghero in early August 1965. This species played a part in an unusual phenom-
enon. The moth was very conspicuous when at rest on newly barked cork trees,
and took to the wing when approached. On each occasion the moth was pursued
by large numbers of butterflies of several species. As soon as the moth settled
again and hid its hindwings the butterflies instantly lost interest. This was
repeated on a dozen occasions on two successive mornings.

Mr. M. P. CLirroN—Three species of Coleoptera: (1) Meligethes corvinus
Er. (Nitidulidae) a species represented in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by one
example in the British collections and three, including the type, in the general
collection. The exhibited example was taken on the Arundel field meeting in
Sussex. (2) Blaps mortisaga (L.) (Tenebrionidae), there are no British examples of
this species in the collections in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) It was taken ona
pathway close to the staff canteen of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farn-
borough, Hants. (3) Anthenocerus australis (Hope) (Dermestidae) taken on the
exhibitor’s desk at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). It is an Australian insect, as
far as the exhibitor knew only recorded once before in this country at London
Docks. A possible explanation for its arrival is that an expedition from New

90 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Guinea had just returned to the Museum. The first two species caused some diffi-
culty in determination, which in both cases is still not positive.*

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Cryptogams from Epping Forest, Essex. (1) The moss
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. He drew attention to the numerous cups containing
gemmae and said that whereas the moss with gemmae but no capsules was
common, he had only found one growth with both. (2) The Liverwort Plagiochila
aspleniodes (L.) Dum. He remarked on the ease with which a liverwort can be
told from a moss if it is in fruit. (3) Thalli of the lichen Cladonia coniocraea (F\k.)
Spreng. (4) The fungi Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. and Stereum hirsutum Pers.
(5) The mycetozoan Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. The specimen shown was
unusually large and the aethalium was in an early stage of its development.

Dr. A. M. MasseeE—A number of examples of the aquatic bug Microvelia
pygmaea (Dufour) (Veliidae), taken in the dykes of Higham Marshes in June
and August. This is the first Kent record of the species which was first recorded
in the New Forest, Hants, and has been found in Cornwall, Herts., and at Petts
Level, Sussex. The developed form is rare, but the exhibitor has found it on a
number of occasions in the New Forest.

Mr. P. A. GoppArp—The following photographs: Ochsenheimeria medio-
punctinella Haw. (Lep., Ochsenheimeridae), larva found on a grass seed-head
during the Whippendel Wood, Herts., field meeting, 26.vi.65, and the resultant
most striking imago. Pempelia dilutella Hiibn. (Lep., Pyralidae), the dull-coloured
South Downs form, taken on the Arundel, Sussex, field meeting, 8.viii.65, and
two much more strongly marked examples taken at Portland, 15.viii.65.

Mr. C. G. RocHe—(1) Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hym., Apidae) females; one,
s.sp. audax Harris from the u.K., and another, s.sp. sassaricus Tourn. from
Sardinia, showing the differences between the two. (2) Xylocopa violacea (L.)
(Hymenoptera) from Sardinia and a male and female Xylocopa (s.gen. Platy-
noda) latipes (Drury) from Sabah.

Mr. B. W. LEONARD—Two examples of Acanthopleurum brunnipes F. (Dipt.,
Asilidae) taken in Sardinia, one by Mr. C. G. Roche, 16.x.63, the other by the
exhibitor, 10.ix.65. Little is known of the habits of this insect, but it has been
said to prey on grasshoppers and other asilids. No dates of occurrence of this
fly have been published but one would assume that it appeared in September
and was on the wing, certainly, until the third week of October. The example
taken in September still has nearly all the golden hairs on the abdomen, but the
one taken in October has lost the majority of these hairs. He also showed four
examples of Asilus barbarus L., two with prey, taken in Sardinia in September
1965. The prey are two beetles, Chironitens irroratus Rossi and Onthophagus
fracticornis (Preys.).

Mr. S. A. WiLLt1AMs—The following staphylinid beetles: Philonthus parcus from
Tuddenham, Suffolk, 3.vii.65 in a dead pigeon, a new county record. The species
is normally associated with animal feeding stuffs such as silage. Mr. H. Last
(1965, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1965:48) gives its distribution as Kent,
Cambridge, Sussex and Cheshire. Philonthus mannerheimi Fauv., a single example
taken in compost at Sutton-at-Hone, Kent, 1.x.65. The species has a wide
distribution in England and Scotland, but is very local and seldom recorded.

Mr. A. SmitH—Slides of his drawings to show the larval habits of several of
the British microlepidoptera.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr. F. T. VALLINs announced that the Society was now a corporate member

*The Meligethes has since been determined by Dr. A. M. Easton as M. aeneus (F.),
but the Blaps has been found to be correctly determined.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 91

of both the Kent and Surrey Naturalist’s Trusts.

The warm weather was reported by Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms to have brought
out Lepidoptera about three weeks early. He had seen Achlya flavicornis L.
(Thyatiridae) and Pseudoboarmia (Boarmia) punctinalis Scop. (Geometridae).
He also said the sallow was already over in some places, and that he had seen
Orange Underwing moths, Polygonia c-album L. (Nymphalidae) and Gonepteryx
rhamni L. (Pieridae) about a week before the meeting.

The PRESIDENT reported Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. (Noctuidae) in his light
trap.

Erannis defoliaria Clerck (Geometridae) was reported to have been seen by
Mr. P. A. GoppARD on 23rd March, but it was not so common as in previous
years. Orthosia stabilis Schiff. (Geometridae) was coming to his light trap in the
usual numbers, but he had not seen more than six or seven Erannis marginaria
F. (Geometridae). He added that he had found no Tortricodes tortricella Hibn.
(Tortricidae) this year, whereas in 1958 he found them commonly at night. He
ended by saying that the spring geometrid moths were found to be scarce in
his area.

Mr. J. L. MESSENGER reported that Orthosia gracilis Schiff. and O. populeti F.
(Noctuidae) and the geometrid moths were all in about their usual numbers,
but some were very early.

This year, said Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, compared very favourably with others
as he had recorded 17 species of moths up to the 16th March.

In his trap on 1st March, reported a member, were four moths, all of the genus
Orthosia and all different species.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss reported that Mr. Valletta in Malta had seen thousands
of Celerio livornica Esp. (Lep., Sphingidae).

Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) was still on the wing accord-
ing to a report by Mr. T. R. EaGLes, and Dr. de Worms added that they had
emerged about the 18th February.

Referring to Mr. Clifton’s exhibit, Dr. A. M. MAssEE said the Meligethes
should be sent to Dr. A. M. Easton for confirmation. He was revising the genus
and due to the lack of recent material in this species was considering it to be
extinct. Regarding the same exhibit Mr. S. WAKELY said that Anthenocerus
australis (Hope) had been found by Dr. K. G. Blair in New Britain. Mr. Wakely
had found it in wrapping paper which had been chewed by rats in a printing
works in Bunhill Row, London, E.C.1.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON Said he was interested in the cline of Pempelia dilutella
Hiibn., as he had caught several specimens on Box Hill, Surrey, of which three
were large and bright, and the rest small and dark. At Ottershaw, Surrey, away
from the chalk, he found four large and bright examples. Mr. Wakely said that
the dark form was the rarer of the two and he gave details of its life-history. Mr.
Messenger said he had caught a very large and bright example on the Burren of
Clare.

24th MARCH 1966

The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Catkins of a monoecious sallow, Salix cinerea L., grown
from a cutting taken near Dorking, Surrey.

92 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of (1) Tubuliferola josephinae Toll (Lep.,
Oecophoridae), a species taken on Stanmore Common, Middx., 19.vii.65. It was
mistaken for T. flavifrontella Hiibn., until recently, when the exhibitor saw Toll’s
paper (1965, Ann. Zool., 16:171—191, 8 pl.). It is possible that most, or all, ex-
amples of Tubuliferola which appear to be T. flavifrontella, taken after late June,
are in fact T. josephinae Toll. The latter species can be separated superficially
only by its slightly longer, and distinctly more slender, palpi. The genitalia show
considerable differences, which should be visible in dry specimens. (2) The com-
mon spider Ciniflo similis (Blackw.), a number of which were encountered during
recent nocturnal entomological visits to Stanmore Common.

Mr. G. M. DE ROoUGEMONT—The following Continental cerambycid beetles:
Rosalia alpina L. from France; Ergates faber L., one example each from Aix-en-
Provence, France, and Mount Olympus, Greece, both were newly dead; Aego-
soma scabricorne Scop. and Morimus asper, Sulz., from France.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—The beetle Pseudopsis sulcata Newm. (Staphylinidae)
taken at Horton, Kirby, Kent, 1.11.66, in rotting straw.

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Referring to Mr. de Rougemont’s exhibit Mr. S. A. WILLIAMs said that he had
found the larva of Ergates faber L. in rotting pine wood near Bordeaux, France.
Mr. DE ROUGEMONT said that both the examples he had found were still quite
relaxed, though dead. He added that he had searched both localities for the
larva, but had been unsuccessful.

A talk was given by Mr. A. E. Stusss, illustrated by coloured slides, on ‘The
future of field meeting localities in Surrey’.

14th APRIL 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of (1) Laspeyresia gallicana Guen. (Lep.»
Tortricidae), found commonly on a railway embankment in Stanmore, Middx.»
in August; curiously, all but one of the moths were found resting among the
upper parts of clumps of Solidago virgaurea L. (Golden-rod), and. in spite of
careful searching none was found in similar clumps of other plants present on the
embankment, notably Michaelmas Daisy and Mugwort. No explanation has yet
been found for this, the species is known to feed on the seeds of various Umbelli-
ferae. (2) Swammerdamia heroldella Hiibn. (Lep., Yponomeutidae), a very
common species among birch; the larva is easily found in the autumn, as the
thin web spun over it is often very conspicuous on damp mornings, but the re-
semblance of the imago to a bird’s dropping makes it very difficult to detect.
Although the species is known to be double brooded, the exhibitor has so far
observed only autumn larvae and spring imagines.

Dr. M. G. Morris—Apion (s.gen. Ceratapion) dentirostre Gerst. (Col., Cur-
culionidae) from the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, June 1965, with A. (C.) carduo-
rum Kirby from Hunts., Roxburgh, Clare, and Salop for comparison. A single
example of A. dentirostre, then new to the British list, was taken a few years ago
in Co. Galway, Ireland, by Prof. O. W. Richards. I was fortunate enough to take
ten examples in the Burren and one in Co. Galway in early June 1965, in every

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 93

case by shaking or sweeping Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Spear Thistle), which
would appear to be the food plant. All were females. A. dentirostre has only been
found elsewhere in southern Spain, so the species seems to have a Lusitanian
distribution.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—the following local beetles: Eledona agricola (Herbst)
(Tenebrionidae) and Orchesia undulata Kraatz (Serropalpidae) both from
Windsor Forest, Berks., and Ampedus pomonae (Steph.) (Elateridae) bred from
larvae taken at Chippenham Fen, Cambs.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. P. F. GARTHWAITE gave a talk on ‘Wild Life Conservation in the Forestry
Commission’, which was illustrated by coloured slides.

28th APRIL 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The meeting began with two colour films, ‘The Swallowtail Story’ and ‘The
Purple Emperor’, introduced by Mr. V. BASCOMBE.

EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. Gopparp—Photographs of a sawfly found last May ovipositing
in a rose leaf and a cynipid gall wasp found ovipositing in an oak bud in
March this year. The latter appears to hunch its back into a curious angular
shape when ovipositing.

Mr. B. GoaTerR—(1) A series of Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff.) (Lep.,
Noctuidae) bred ab ovis during January-March 1966. The moths, all from the
same brood, show considerable minor variation in background coloration and
intensity of marking. (2) The saprophytic liverwort Cryptothallus mirabilis von
Malmborg. This interesting plant was first found near Vienna about 50 years
ago, and when first seen was mistaken for the prothalli of a Lycopodium sp.
(Pteridophyta). In Britain, it was first found near Dumbarton in 1948; since then
it has turned up in about a dozen other widely scattered localities, including
Brookwood, Surrey in 1951; East Burnham Common, Bucks., in 1957, whence
this material came; and Ascot, Berks. in 1959. It grows in wet, boggy but well
aerated habitats, usually under Molinia litter or Sphagnum, but is sometimes
under damp pine peat or beneath the thalli of another liverwort, Pellia. In these
places it is easily overlooked, and it may well prove to be less rare than it seems
to be. The plant has several interesting features in its structure and biology.
There is a complete lack of chlorophyll, the thallus is heavily infected by a
mycorrhizal fungus, and the capsules open by four longitudinal slits instead of
by valves.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—The larvae of a moth thought to be Batodes angustiorana
Haw. (Tortricidae), found feeding on Yew in Barnet Lane, Middx., 24.iv.66. He
has bred several examples in the last few years, all from apple.

COMMUNICATIONS

An early observation of Paradrina clavipalpis Scop. (Lep., Noctuidae) was
reported by Mr. P. A. GoDDARD who had an example in his light trap on 25th
April,

94 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

The Meligethes (Col., Nitidulidae) exhibited as M. corvinus Er. on 10th March
last, had been submitted to Dr. A. M. Easton, said Mr. M. P. Cuirron. Dr.
Easton had returned it determined as M. aeneus (F.).

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD reported seeing two Waxwings, Bombycilla garrulus (L.),
in his garden at Boreham Wood, Herts., earlier in the week. They were feeding
on apples put out for the Thrushes. A further 16 had been seen in Northern
Ireland by Miss A. B. LOGAN, feeding in a holly bush.

The large Dolomedes spider exhibited by Mr. D. STIMPSON at the meeting on
14th October last year (see p. 23) which Mr. B. Leonard had taken in Sardinia
had now been determined by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) as D. plantarius
(Clerck).

12th MAY 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The deaths were announced of Mr. E. L. Bolton, Mr. W. Gifford and Mr.
E. E. Syms.
EXHIBITS

Dr. B. J. MACNULTy on behalf of Mr. B. Morrison of Edinburgh—An ex-
ample of the beetle Cymatodera cylindricollis (Chev.) (Cleridae), a central
American species, which was found on the floor of a warehouse used for storing
dried chicory root, at Leith Docks, Midloth. The chicory comes from St. Ives,
Hunts., in bags which have previously been used for the transport of coffee
beans, from central America. It was suggested that this was how the beetle was
introduced.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Examples of four species of Erebia (Lep., Satyridae)
from Spain, the first three of which are nearly, or quite, peculiar to that country.
Erebia palarica Chapman, from Puerto Pajares in the Asturian mountains;
E. zapateri Oberthur, from near Teruel in central Spain; E. hispania s.sp. hispania
Butler, from the Sierra Nevada; E. cassioides Howenwarth s.sp.? murina Reverdui
from the Picos de Europa. This last species has been referred by Warren to E.
ucleus Freyer, but the validity of the species is still open to doubt.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of (1) larvae of the local plusiid moth,
Parascotia fuliginaria L., found among fungus on the undersides of lying dead
pine branches during the Ockham field meeting, 23.vi.66. (2) the spider Segestria
senoculata (L.), found along with the above larvae. It has a very characteristic
attitude when at rest, with the front three pairs of legs bunched up in front.

Mr. G. M. DE RoUGEMONT—Two histerid beetles, Hololepta plana Fuess. with
one of its mandibles larger than the other, and Hister inaequalis Ol. Both were
taken in France.

COMMUNICATIONS

One of our members said that he had seen very few moths this year, but had
taken an Odontosia carmelita Esp, (Notodontidae) on 7th April, some three weeks
earlier than usual. He also recorded seeing three Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae)
towards the end of April. The PRESIDENT said he had taken Odontosia carmelita
Esp. in early May.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER then brought forward another exhibit: a series of Ampedus
nigerrimus Lac. (Col., Elateridae), taken in red oak mould in Windsor Great

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 95

Park, Berks. He also showed a series of Rhizophagus picipes (Ol.) (Col., Rhizo-
phagidae) found under rotting apples at Higham, Kent.

A talk, illustrated by coloured slides, on ‘Some pictures of the Picos, Spain’
was given by Mr. N. D. RILey.

26th MAY 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WiLLIAMs—The following staphylinid beetles from Chippenham
Fen, Cambs.; Stenus lustrator Er., S. palustris Er., S. nitens Steph., Hygronoma
dimidiata Grav. and Cypha pulicarius Er. ab. apicalis (Bris.), all taken in March
this year.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—A male example of the newly separated Chrysaspidia
(Autographa) gracilis Lempke (Lep., Noctuidae) taken at lavender blossom on
Cumnor Hill, N. Berks., 10.viii.40, together with examples of C. (A.) festucae L.
for comparison.

Mr. S. WAKELY—Six larvae of Thalera fimbrialis Scop. (Lep., Geometridae)
which had been reared from eggs laid by a moth taken at Dungeness, Kent, the
previous August. The larvae had fed on Yarrow, Golden-rod, mint, birch,
hawthorn and various other plants.

Dr. B. J. MACNuLTY—A short series of two carabid beetles: Bembidion harpa-
loides (Serv.) from Happisburgh, Norfolk and B. pallidipenne (Ill.) from Car-
marthenshire. The latter was collected on the shore in an area of some 30 sq. yd
although an area of about three square miles was searched for the species. He
also exhibited a series of the weevil Rhynchites cupreus (L.) taken on the Sheepleas
at Horsley, Surrey on hawthorn, 25.v.66.

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—Two unidentified Neuroptera taken on Mt.
Vitosha, Bulgaria, in May 1963. He also exhibited a series of the moth Euprepia
striata L. from Digne, France. With the typical form were four examples of the
aberration melanoptera Brahm.

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—Photographs of the moth Pammene argyrana Hibn.
(Olethreutidae) found commonly sitting on oak trunks in the Mill Hill area,
Middx. This species is unaccountably scarce in the nearby Harrow Weald and
Stanmore areas of Middx. He also showed photographs of many clusters of
Micropteryx calthella L. (Lep., Micropterygidae) found on various flowers
during the Balcombe, Sussex, field meeting, 14.v.66.

COMMUNICATIONS

Several examples of Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) had been seen by
Air Marshall Sir Robert Saundby in his garden at Newbury, Berks., said Mr.
S. N. A. Jacoss. It was wondered if these could be the progeny of a migration
earlier in the year. Mr. R. L. Coxe, reported seeing an example, together with
Macroglossa stellatarum L. (Lep., Sphingidae) around Torcross, Devon. Later,
when moving inland, he saw many more; but about three miles north of Torcross
there were none. He thought that this seemed to indicate a migration into Devon
from the south just before he left. The PRESIDENT recorded seeing a perfect female
V. cardui on a plant growing in the bog on Thursley Common, Surrey.

An example of Colias croceus Fourc. (Lep., Pieridae) was reported by Dr.

96 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

C. G. M. DE Worms to have been seen by Col. C. W. Mackworth-Praed on the
Avon, Hants.

Celerio livornica Esp. (Lep., Sphingidae) was reported by Mr. J. L. MESSENGER
to have come to his light trap in Witley, Surrey on 23rd May, but though the
specimen was otherwise perfect the head was damaged. The same thing had been
encountered by Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT in the south of France He suggested
that being a day flying moth as well it was not quietened by the light.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said he had taken a number of Plusia gamma L. and
Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) in his trap at Birtley Green, Surrey, on
25th May. To this Mr. P. A. GODDARD added that P. gamma L. had been increas-
ing in numbers in his trap in Harrow Weald, Middx. over several days.

Referring to the moths shown by Mr. de Rougemont, the PRESIDENT said that
he had found the black form of the female exhibited as common as one in eight
of those he had captured. Replying, Mr. de Rougemont said that in the Digne
district they were about as common as the normal form. Mr. BRETHERTON added
that the black form also occurs in the Pyrenees.

9th JUNE 1966
A Vice-President, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—Leaves of Tilia vulgaris Hayne (Common Lime) with galls
caused by the mite Phytoptus tiliae Pagenst. from Enfield, Middx.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—Two fully grown, living, larvae, feeding on leaves of
the European Strawberry Tree, and a short series of imagines of the Mediter-
ranean Green Hairstreak, Callophrys avis Chapman (Lep., Lycaenidae). For
comparison he also exhibited a short series of Callophrys rubi L.

Mr. C. O. HamMMonp—A male Brachypalpus bimaculatus (Macq.) (Dipt.,
Syrphidae) taken at the south-east corner of Thursley Common, Surrey, on the
field meeting of the Society, 28.v.66. It was resting on the trunk of a Scots Pine.
The species closely resembles the much commoner Criorhina asilica (Fall.), an
example of which was taken at Wisley, Surrey, 30.v.66.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—An uncommon form of the tachinid fly Alophora obesa F.
with very dark wings, more typical of A. hemiptera F. Asa result of this variation
some difficulty was experienced in using van Emden’s key in the Royal Entomo-
logical Society’s Handbook. A character not mentioned in this key enabled a
reliable identification. In A. obesa the wing vein M1+ 2 meets vein R4+ 5 at right
angles, whereas in A. hemiptera this junction is at an acute angle. A. obesa is
widely distributed but in recent years has proved very scarce in the London area.
It is a bug parasite, but so far the only proved hosts are the pentatomid Neoftti-
glossa pusilla (Gmelin) and the mirid Leptopterna dolobrata L. The example
exhibited was taken on Ockham Common, Surrey, 3.vi.65.

Mr. P. A. GoDDARD—Photographs of the common gelechid moth, Bryotropha
(Mniophaga) affinis Haw., taken in Harrow Weald and Stanmore, Middx., at
light in July last year. As there is now some doubt about the specific status of this
species and its allies, members are asked to look out for these moths, and if
possible to take them alive so that attempts can be made to breed them through
from the egg. The habits and early stages could throw considerable light on their
true status.

Mr. R. W. J. UrFEN—Insects taken on the Pamber Forest field meeting,
5.vi.66: Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scop.) (Neur., Osmylidae); Scythropia crctaegella

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 97

L. (Lep., Yponomeutidae), larvae and pupae from hawthorn; Coleophora sicci-
folia Staint. (Lep., Coleophoridae), tiny overwintered cases and cases of half-
grown larvae on hawthorn. This last species is stated in textbooks to be a moth in
June and a larva in July and August.

Mr. G. M. DE RouGEMONT—An example of the beetle Platyrrhinus resinosus
Scop. (Anthribidae) from Ashdown Forest, Sussex.

COMMUNICATIONS

The SECRETARY announced that the son of the late Mr. E. E. Syms had pre-
sented his collection of slides to the Society. These slides include those of Mr.
Hugh Main.

Miss A. B. LOGAN said that the Waxwings she had reported seeing at Bangor,
Co. Down, at the meeting of 28th April (see p. 94), were last seen there on 6th
May.

Half a dozen larvae of Coleophora saturatella Staint. (Lep., Coleophoridae)
were reported by Mr. R. W. UFFEN to have been taken on Sarothamnus scoparius
(L.) Wimmer. on Barnes Common, Surrey. To which Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss added
that he had taken it in his garden at Bromley, Kent, and also knew that it occurred
in Hadley Woods, Middx.

Colias croceus Fourc. (Lep., Pieridae), said Mr. B. GOATER, had been seen by
his mother in Hampshire. He also recorded Pyrausta martialis Guen (Lep.,
Pyralidae) from a light trap at Rye, Sussex, and two examples of Laphygma
exigua Hiibn. (Lep., Noctuidae) at mercury vapour light at Bushey, Herts., on
the night of 2nd and 3rd June. In addition he reported seeing Vanessa cardui
L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) in good numbers. Mr. T. R. Eactes had also seen
V. cardui at Enfield, Middx. on Sth May and Mr. Prior had noted the species at
Ruislip, Middx. A further record was contributed by Dr. B. J. MACNULTY who
said that Mr. W. Wildridge had seen this insect in early May, and about the same
period had also observed Colias creceus Fourc. Several other members reported
V. cardui from a number of places, the most northerly of which was Peterborough.

Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep., Geometridae) was reported from Norwood in
S.E. London.

In the Breck Mr. Goater had found Anepia irregularis Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae);
and said that in breeding the geometrid moth Lithostege griseata Schiff. was
surprised to find that some had overwintered a second winter. In regard to the
latter species Mr. T. G. Howarth said that it was able to delay inflating its wings
for anything up to 48 hours after emergence from pupa.

An article was read by a member from Woman’s Realm for 21st May in which
there was reference to a friend of Mr. L. H. Newman who was releasing butter-
flies in the Coulsdon area. Later in the article specific mention was made of
Swallowtails, Camberwell Beauties and Black-veined Whites and it was won-
dered if these were the species being released.

A talk, illustrated by coloured slides on ‘The Distribution of Reptiles and
Amphibians in Britain and Europe’ was given by Mr. D. STImMpson.

Meligethes corvinus Er. (Col., Nitidulidae) recorded in error.—Since the publica-
tion of the Tiptree, Essex, record of the above species (antea, p. 36) Dr. A. M.
Massee has drawn my attention to the fact that Dr. A. M. Easton suspects
Meligethes corvinus Er. to be extinct in this country. The specimens were therefore
submitted to Dr. Easton who returned them determined as M. erythropus
(Marsh.).—F. D. Buck, ‘Seirotrana’, New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex,
30th July 1966.

98 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

FIELD MEETINGS, 1965/66

BALCOMBE, SUSSEX—10th July 1965
Leader: Mr. A. S. Wheeler

Two Society members and three members of the A.E.s. joined the leader at the
station. The day was mainly dry, but dull with a few brief sunny spells. The area
south of the station was visited in the morning and woods to the north of the
village after lunch.

It was a disappointing day for Lepidoptera in an area usually much more
productive, and only common species were seen.

During the day both the Common Spotted Orchid, Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce)
Vermeul and Twayblade, Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. were noticed.

With the exception of Apoderus coryli (L.) all the Coleoptera reported were
quite common species, the only hemipteron reported was Cercopis vulnerata Ill.

FARNBOROUGH, HANTS—Ist May 1966
Leader: Mr. M. P. CLIFTON

The weather for this meeting was fine all day, and 19 members and four
visitors came along. Some of the members left in the afternoon to attend to other
things, but most stayed to the end.

No rare species were taken at all. Most of those attending were micro-lepi-
dopterists, who worked over the thick vegetation along the edge of the canal for
about a mile. From the rushes some larvae of Elachista poae Staint. were taken
together with those of E. cerusella Hiibn., but other than this nothing of note
was taken by them. Several members visited a piece of heathland on the far side
of the canal, but no outstanding captures were made there either. Plenty of
Gonepteryx rhamni L. were on the wing, and Nymphalis io L. and Aglais urticae L.
were flying round a nettle patch; a few Pararge aegeria L. were seen. Just before
the meeting closed one member took an example of Anthocharis cardamines L.
which landed at the leader’s feet. This locality is, it seems, good for the more
common species of Lepidoptera, but nothing rare appears to occur here.

One member recorded seeing a pair of Blackcaps, Sylvia atricapilla (L.), on the
canal bank, which appeared to be courting. Besides this, and the Nightingales,
Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm., which were hurling abuse at us for disturbing
them, there were no birds of note.

The meeting concluded with a tea, very gratefully received by members, on the
lawn of the leader’s house.

HIGHAM MARSHES, KENT—8th May 1966
Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE

The weather could hardly have been more unsettled; it was cold early and
rained all the time. Despite all this eleven members of the Kent Field Club and
the Society assembled near the station. Working Clematis vitalba L. near where
the party met produced Xylocleptes bispinus (Dufts.), Dromius linearis (Ol.),

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 99

Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), Metacantharis clypeata (Ill.), Pogonochaeris
hispidus (L.) and Anaspis maculata Geof.

During the day the following Coleoptera were taken on the marsh: Clivina
fossor (L.), Dyschirius globosus (Herbst), Carabus problematicus Herbst s.sp.
gallicus Géhin, Pterostichus macer (Marsh.), Gyrohypnus punctulatus (Goeze),
Aphodius fossor (L.), A. fimetarius (L.), A. ater Deg., A. rufipes (L.), A. rufescens.
F, A. sphacelatus (Panz.), A. pusillus (Herbst), Dryops striatellus Fair., Agriotes
obscurus (L.), Bagous cylindrus (Payk.) and B. limosus (Gyll.).

Moles’ nests were successfully worked for Heterothrops niger Kraatz, Oxytelus
sculpturatus Gray., Oxypoda longipes Muls. and Xantholinus semirufus Reitt.

A dump of rotten apples by the roadside was examined and three species of
Coleoptera were found: Librodor hortensis (Geoff.), Epuraea unicolor (Ol.) and
Rhizophagus picipes (Ol.). The last named species occurred in profusion, a very
unusual habitat since it is a very uncommon species usually found under the bark
of conifers.

The botanists in the party noted Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix., R. aquatilis L.
and Triglochin maritima L., also the moss Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.)
Warnst.

Eight members enjoyed tea at the Chequers Inn in the village, but Mr. Last the
well-known shepherd of the marshes was unable to attend.

BALCOMBE, SUSSEX—14th May 1966
Leader: Mr. A. S. WHEELER

Four members joined the leader at the station on a dull morning. The party
was conveyed to woodland east of the lake where a clearing near the road was
most productive. After lunch the party proceeded along a gated road north of
the lake which, owing to recent heavy rain, made mobility a bit easier. In the last
hour the sun broke through, but the only Lepidoptera on the wing were Pararge
aegeria L. and Pieris rapae L.

Two Limenitis camilla L. larvae were found on Lonicera, but beating oak, birch
and hazel yielded only the usual larvae at this time of the year: Operophtera
brumata L., O. fagata Schiff., Oporinia dilutata Schiff., Erannis aurantiaria Hibn.,
E. marginaria F., E. defoliaria Clerck, Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. (pedaria F.) and
Colotois pennaria L.

Micropteryx calthella L. was abundant on the flowers of Carex, Ranunculus,
etc., and a few Anthophila fabriciana L. were taken around nettles. Spun shoots
of Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Rosebay Willow-herb) produced
larvae of Mompha conturbatella Hiibn., and several examples of Dasycera sul-
Dhurella F. were discovered around a pile of logs. A few larvae of Hydriomena
furcata Thunb. occurred in sallow shoots and imagines of Pseudoswammerdamia
combinella Hiibn. and Adela viridella Scop. were reported.

The following Diptera were plentiful: Tipula flavolineata Meigen, Mesembrina
meridiana (L.) and Bibio marci (L.).

The only arachnid reported was Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck).

EDITOR’S CHANGE OF ADDRESS

All correspondence to the Editor should now be addressed to ‘Seirotrana’,
New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex.

100 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

AMENDMENTS TO BYE-LAWS

At a Special Meeting held on Thursday 27th January 1966 at the Alpine Club,
74, South Audley Street, London, W.1., the following amendments to the
Society’s Bye-Laws were carried:

1. Para. 10 (a), line 5. Delete ‘six’, and insert ‘ten’.

25\Para., 11: Delete title and replace by ‘Life, Country, Ordinary,
Junior and Corporate Members’.

Insert (e) Any recognised Body deemed by the Council a fit and
proper establishment for the purpose shall after
election in accordance with section (a) of this para-
graph and upon paying the entrance fee and annual
subscription of £3 3s. Od. be admitted as a Corporate
Member of the Society and sections (b) and (c) of
this paragraph shall not apply.

3. Para. 13: Insert: (d) A Corporate Member shall be permitted to send not
more than three of its own members to any meeting
of the Society, and shall be entitled to receive one copy
of the Proceedings and Transactions under the same
conditions as an Ordinary Member. A Corporate
Member shall not be allowed to vote at any meeting
of the Society or to serve on the Council. Members of a
Corporate Member authorised by it shall upon pro-
duction of such authority in writing have access to the
Society’s collections and library on meeting nights but
shall not be permitted to borrow books from the
library except by special permission in writing from
the Council; such permission being required on every
occasion upon which borrowing is allowed.

4. Appendix B para. (4): In the title replace ‘or’ by a comma and add ‘or Cor-
porate Member’ at the end.
Thus the amended last paragraph of Appendix B now
reads:

*A Country Member must reside more than thirty miles
from the Society’s rooms, and not attend regularly
a place of business within the London Postal Area.
The entry fee is 7s. 6d. and the Annual Subscription
of an Ordinary Member is £2 12s. 6d., of a Country
Member £1 11s. 6d., a Junior Member (under the age
of 21 years) 15s. Od., and a Corporate Member
£3 3s. Od. The composition for Life Membership is
£35 Os. Od. The rights and privileges are the same.

Buddleia davidii French (variabilis Hemsl.) as a food plant of the larva of Cucullia
verbasci L_—When rearing these larvae in the past I have frequently tried Buddleia
as a substitute food plant when short of mullein or figwort. My larvae have
always refused this substitute and I doubted the advice of lepidopterists who
recommended trying Buddleia. Today in my garden I found two well-grown
larvae on a plant of Buddleia davidii French. There was no possibility of them
straying from neighbouring mullien which is a very infrequent plant in this area. B.
davidii is common in gardens here so it is possible that this plant is regularly used
here.—W. H. SPREADBURY, 3, Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex, 21st June 1966.

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows :—

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Other secondhand copies when available according to condition.
* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s
discount cannot therefore be allowed.

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Amendments to Bye-laws 100

Buck, F. D., Meligethes corvinus Er. (Col., Nitidu-
lidae) recorded in error oF
Field Meetings 98
MawNulty, B. J., Outline life histories of some West
African Lepidoptera, Part 1, Lymantriidae 69
Morrison, B., Cymatodera cylindricollis (Chev.)
(Col., Cleridae) in a Leith warehouse 85
Muggleton, J., Diurnal flight in Acilius sulcatus (L.)
(Col., Dytiscidae)- 84
Proceedings — 86

Spreadbury, W. H., Buddleia davidii French (varia-
bilis Hemsl.) as a foodplant of the larva of
Cucullia verbasci L. 100

Williams, S. A., Rhizophagus picipes (Ol.) (politus
(Hellwig)) (Col., Rhizophagidae) an unusual
habitat 84

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

,
ne Ly eae eS

ee ee es

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

; The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
Be “Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966”

. 0/81
Stn necaeumnneeeae

@ Editor:

4 F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
f. Assistant Editors:
3 T. R. EAGLES
iy M. W. F. TweEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. op UFFEN, F.RES.

716

~ — a iy ea: a ae Pee eA 2 ye Oncor ae
TIA a IA SI a ate

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

Ne

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 IOI
THE COLEOPTERA OF THE BAILIWICK OF GUERNSEY
By Horace R. LAST, F.R.E.S.

Several records of species of Coleoptera taken in Guernsey and the neighbouring
Islands have been published from time to time. The earliest of these appeared in
the Transactions of the Société Guernsiaise for 1893, when W. H. Luff compiled
a list of species taken in Guernsey, the specimens being identified by the well-
known coleopterists of the last century, G. C. Champion, Canon W. W. Fowler
and W. G. Blatch: this was followed by a list of Alderney species taken by E. D.
and E. P. Marquand published in 1897 with an additional list in 1899. In 1889
an excursion by the Société to Herm resulted in a list of species taken on this
island by Mr. Marquand and published in 1904. In 1890 and 1894 the Société
organised excursions to Jethou, and a list of captures was also published in 1904.
Luff’s lists are largely the result of the collecting of E. D. and E. P. Marquand;
he also mentions an early record of Eurynebria complanata L. by Dr. F. C. Lukis
in 1860, and one or two records for Brechou by Mr. Cecil Hurst. As far as I know
the next published list was by J. R. Le B. Tomlin (1921 Ent. mon. Mag.57: 13-14)
followed by Michael G. L. Perkins (1921 Ent. mon. Mag. 57: 90-1). In 1932 Prof.
Frank Balfour-Browne made a collecting expedition for water-beetles and
published a list (1933 Ent. mon. Mag. 69: 67-77), including one or two records by
Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Hutchinson, a single record by the Rey. E. J. Pearce (1951
Ent. mon. Mag. 87: 75) and more recently a new species of Anthrenus 1962 Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. 5(59): 697 described by M. Mrocykowski from specimens sent to
Rentokil Laboratories by Lady Bailey from St. Martins. I am indebted to Mr.
R. Edwards for sending me the record.

As I have previously compiled a list of the Coleoptera of Jersey, with three
additional lists (1951-1957 Bull. Soc. Jersiaise) I thought it advisable to compile
a combined list of existing records with additions made through my own collect-
ing and that of other entomological friends, of species taken in all the islands
comprising the Bailiwick of Guernsey. These have confirmed many of the earlier
records of Luff and are noted accordingly.

I acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. F. Balfour-Browne for allowing me to
incorporate his comprehensive list of water-beetles and to Dr. Alan M. Easton
for the inclusion of his records of the genus Meligethes based on his captures
during a visit in 1956, and to the Rev. C. E. Tottenham for help in several diffi-
culties due not only to out of date nomenclature, but also to wrong authors and
some spelling mistakes.

Specimens have also been kindly sent by Prof. O. W. Richards taken in
Alderney and by Mr. P. M. Miles whose specimens were sent by permission of
Prof. G. C. Varley of the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
Through the kindness of the authorities of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
I have also been able to incorporate records from a collection made by Dr. Grace
E. Pickford in 1923. I am indebted to Mr. K. C. Side who has also sent me a list
of species taken during a visit to Sark in April 1966. Several identifications have
been made by Mr. R. T. Thompson, Mr. A. E. Gardner, Mr. G. E. Woodroffe
and Mr. W. O. Steel. To all of these colleagues I am greatly indebted.

Luff records Meligethes distinctus Sturm. from Guernsey, but as this species
does not occur in the British List, I asked Dr. Easton for his opinion of this
record. He feels sure that this record is a mistake. It is a species occurring in
southern Europe and North Africa, and therefore, I have accepted Dr. Easton’s
authoritative opinion and have omitted it from the list. Luff also records Haltica

*

102 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

ampelophaga Guer., for Guernsey. This is not recorded as a British species but
it is given as a subspecies of H. /ythri Aubé, in Winkler’s European Catalogue,
where its range is given as the Mediterranean region and Siberia. As Haltica lythri
Aubé is recorded in the British List, I have included it in the list herewith but as
the genus itself is still in some confusion and there is some doubt regarding the
subspecies, I have not included ampelophaga Guer. Five species are recorded,
which so far, have not been taken in the British Isles, these I have placed at the
end of the main list of species. In the following list, I have indicated the islands
by their first letter thus: Guernsey, G; Alderney, A; Sark, S; Herm, H; Jethou, J;
Brechou, B; Lihou, L. Where no name occurs behind the letter, it is one of
Luff’s records, other collectors are recorded by their surnames in brackets im-
mediately behind the island letter. In the list, the species are arranged under the
names of their respective genera. I have followed the order as given by Kloet and
Hincks, Check List of British Insects (1945, Stockport), with the exception of the
Staphylinidae, which follows the order of Rev. C. E. Tottenham (1949, The
Generic Names of British Insects 1 (9): 345-466, London).

The following numerical details are of interest. Number of species, including
named varieties, total 1100. For the individual islands, the number of species are
as follows: Guernsey 611, Alderney 162, Sark 135, Herm 173, Jethou 27, Brechou
2, Lihou 1. The number of species common to the four islands, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark and Herm, is 27. It is interesting to note that the number of species
so far recorded exclusively for Herm is 27 and for Sark 12. These are due to
special forms of collecting and more general collecting would possibly consider-
ably increase them.

I would also like to add my thanks to Mr. Cyril Shayer, Secretary of the
Entomological Section of The Société Guernsiaise for useful suggestions, and to
Mrs. H. Irving for typing the list.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA FOUND IN THE ISLANDS FORMING
THE BAILIWICK OF GUERNSEY

CARABIDAE LORICERA
CICINDELA pilicornis F. G.
sylvatica L. H. CLIVINA
campestris L. G(Tomlin, Perkins); fossor L. G.
A,S,J. DYSCHIRIUS
Gee globosus Hbst. G(Tomlin).
nemoralis Muel. S. ascus
BR
LEISTUS i
halotes L. G(Perkins); G,A.
spinibarbis F. S(Side); G,A,H. cephalotestl.. ete e
fulvibarbis Dej. G,A,S,H. ASAPHIDION
Se oN SL flavipes L. G,S(Pickford).
complanata L. H(Perkins, Lukis). BEMBIDION
harpaloides Serv. G.
NEBRIA quinquestriatum Gyll. G.
brevicollis F. S(Side); G,A,S. guttula F. G.
NOTIOPHILUS CES ees
biguttatus F. G(Last); G,A,S,H. HOU GNO Ga
aquaticus L. G. TRECHUS
quadripunctatus Dej. S(Side); G. quadristriatus Schr. G,S.

substriatus Waterh. L H(Last). obtusus Er. S (Pickford)

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 103

POGONUS
chalceus Marsh. G.

PANAGEUS
bipustulatus F. G,S.

BADISTER
bipustulatus F. G.

HARPALUS
s.gen. HARPALUS.

aeneus F. G(Last); H(Miles); G,A,H,J.

attenuatus Steph. G,A,J.
tardus Panz. G,A,S,H.
servus Duft. G.
anxius Duft. G,A,S.
serripes Quen. G.
neglectus Ser. G,A.
s.gen. OPHONUS.
puncticollis Payk. G.
schaubergerianus Puel. G,H.
$.gen. PSEUDOPHONUS.
pubescens Muel. G,A,H.

STENOLOPHUS
teutonus Schr. G.
skrimshiranus Steph. G.

ACUPALPUS
exiguus Dej. G.
meridianus L. G.
dorsalis F. H(Last).

BRADYCELLUS
verbasci Duft. G.

DICHEIROTRICHUS
gustavii Crotch G.

ANISODACTYLUS
binotatus F. G,A.

AMARA

apricaria Payk. G,A,S.

bifrons Gyll. G.

ovata F. G,A.

similata Gyll. G(Pickford); G,S.
tibialis Payk. G(Tomlin); G,A,H.
vulgaris L. G,A.

familiaris Duft. G,A.

lucida Duft. H(Miles).

aenea Deg. S(Side), G,A,S,H.
communis Panz. G.

convexior Steph. S,H.

ZABRUS

tenebrioides Goeze. G(Pickford); G,A.

STOMIS
pumicatus Panz. G.

FERONIA

cuprea L. G,A,S.

coerulescens L. G(Tomlin)

kugelanni Panz. G.

madida F. G(Tomlin); G,S(Pickford) ;
G,A,S,H,J.

cristata Dufour. G.

melanaria Ill. G.

nigrita F. G(Tomlin); G,S.

minor Gyll. G.

gracilis Dej. S(Pickford).

ABAX Bon.
parallelopipedus Pill & Mit. S.

CALATHUS

fuscipes Goeze G(Tomlin); G,A.

erraticus Sahl. G,A.

mollis Marsh. G(Tomlin, Last);
H(Miles, Last); G,H.

melanocephalus L. G(Tomlin);

G,A,S,H,J.
SPHODRUS
leucophthalmus L. G.

PRISTONYCHUS
terricola Herbst. H(Perkins); G,H.

SYNUCHUS
nivalis Panz. G,J.

AGONUM

dorsale Pont. G,A,S.

ruficorne Goeze G(Perkins, Tomlin,
Last); G,A.

marginatum L. G.

mulleri Herbst. G.

viduum Panz. G.

ODONTONYX
rotundatus Payk. G,A.

RISOPHILUS
monostigma Sam. G.
atricapillus L. G(Last); S(Side); G,S,J.

DROMIUS

linearis Ol. G(Tomlin); S(Side);
G,S,H,J.

melanocephalus Dej. S(Side).

agilis F. G.

METABLETUS
foveatus Geoff. H(Last).

104 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

MICROLESTES
maurus Sturm. G.
metabletus S.-G. G.
foveatus Geoff. G,A,H.

CYMINDIS
axillaris F. G,S,H.

HALIPLIDAE

HALIPLUS
ruficollis Deg. G(B-Browne,
Hutchinson); G.

lineatocollis Marsh. G(Tomlin,
B-Browne, Hutchinson); G.

confinis Steph. G(B-Browne).

variegatus Sturm. G(B-Browne).

immaculatus Ger. G(B-Browne,

Hutchinson).

wehnckei Ger. G,A(Hutchinson,
B-Browne)

HYGROBIIDAE
HYGROBIA
hermanni F. G(B-Browne), G.
DYTISCIDAE
NOTERUS
clavicornis Deg. G.
LACCOPHILUS

minutus L. G(B-Browne); G.
hyalinus Deg. G(B-Browne).

HYDROVATUS
clypealis Sharp. G(Tomlin).

HYPHYDRUS
ovatus L. G(B-Browne).

BIDESSUS

unistriatus Schr. G.
minutissimus Ger. G(B-Browne).
geminus F. G(B-Browne).

HYGROTUS
S.gen. HYGROTUS s.str.
inaequalis F. G(Tomlin, B-Browne); G.
s.gen. COELAMBUS.
confluens F. G(B-Browne).
impressopunctatus Sch. G.

HYDROPORUS
palustris L. A.

pubescens Gyll. G,A.
flavipes Ol. G(B-Browne).

lepidus Ol. G(Tomlin, B-Browne); G,H.
lineatus F. G(B-Browne); G.
angustatus Sturm. F,G(B-Browne).
gyllenhali Schiod. G(B-Browne); G.
palustris L. G(B-Browne); A.
erythrocephalus L. G(B-Browne).
cantabricus Sharp. G(B-Browne).
memnonius Nic. G(B-Browne).
nigrita F. G(B-Browne).

pubescens Gyll. G(B-Browne); G,A.
planus F. G(B-Browne).

tesselatus Drap. G(B-Browne).

AGABUS

paludosus F. G.

didymus Ol. G.

conspersus Marsh. G.

chalconotus Panz. G(B-Browne); G.

bipustulatus L. G(Tomlin, B-Browne);
G,A,H.

nebulosus Forst. G(B-Browne); G.

ILYBIUS
ater Deg. G(B-Browne).

COPELATUS
haemorrhoidalis F. G(B-Browne).

RANTUS
grapii Gyll. G.

COLYMBETES
fuscus L. G(B-Browne); G.

DYTISCUS
marginalis L. G(B-Browne); G.
circumflexus F. G.

ACILIUS
sulcatus L. G(B-Browne); G,H.

GYRINIDAE

GYRINUS

natator L. G(Tomlin); G.
caspius Méné. G(B-Browne).
colymbus Er. G.

HYDROPHILIDAE

HELOCHARES
lividus Forst. G(B-Browne, Pickford).

OCHTHEBIUS

bicolon Germ. G(B-Browne); G.
punctatus Steph. G(B-Browne); G.
viridis Peyr. G(B-Browne).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

marinus Payk. G.
nanus Steph. G(B-Browne).
subinteger Muls. & Rey.
s.sp. lejolisi Muls. & Rey.
G(B-Browne).
HYDRAENA
testacea Curt. G(B-Browne).

HELOPHORUS
s.gen. HELOPHORUS
flavipes F. G(B-Browne).
s.gen. MEGALELOPHORUS
aquaticus L. G(Tomlin).
s.gen. ATRACTELOPHORUS
brevipalpis Bedel. G(Tomlin).

HYDROCHUS
angustatus Germ. G(B-Browne).

COELOSTOMA
orbiculare F. G(B-Browne); G.

SPHAERIDIUM

scarabaeoides L. G(Tomlin, Miles);
G,A,S,H.

bipustulatum F. G,A,H.

CERCYON

litoralis Gyll. H(Last); H.

lugubris Ol. H.G.

haemorrhoidalis F. G(Tomlin); G,S.
unipunctatus L. G.

melanocephalus L. G.

MEGASTERNUM

obscurum Marsh. G,H(Last); G
(Pickford)

HYDROBIUS

fuscipes L. G(B-Browne); G,S.

LIMNOXENUS
niger Zsch. G(B-Browne, Pickford); G.

ANACAENA
limbata F. G(B-Browne); G,A.
bipustulata Marsh. G(B-Browne); G.

LACCOBIUS
atrocephalus Reitt. G(B-Browne).

ENOCHRUS

testaceus F. G.

bicolor F. G(Tomlin, B-Browne); G.
ochropterus Marsh. G.
melanocephalus F. G(Pickford).

CYMBIODYTA

marginella F. G(B-Browne).

CHAETARTHRIA
seminulum Herbst. G.

HYDROPHILUS

piceus L. G(B-Browne); G.

BEROSUS
affinis Brill. G.
SILPHIDAE

NECROPHORUS
germanicus L. A.
humator Goeze. G,S.
vestigator Hersh. G.
vespillo L. G,A,H.

THANATOPHILUS
sinuatus F. G,S,H,J.

SILPHA
tristis Ill. G,A,S.

ABLATTARIA
laevigata F. A.

PHOSPHUGA
atrata L. G,H,J.

NARGUS

velox Spence. H(Last).

CHOLEVA
oblonga Latr. A.

CATOPS

fuscus Panz. G.
grandicollis Er. G.
nigrita Er. G.
tristis Panz. G.

SCIODREPA
watsoni Spence. G,H.

LEIODIDAE

LEIODES
rugosa Steph. H.

CLAMBIDAE

CALYPTOMERUS
dubius Marsh. G.

ORTHOPERIDAE

SERICODERUS
lateralis Gyll. G.

105

106

CORYLOPHUS
cassidoides Marsh. G.
sublaevipennis Duval. H.

PTILIIDAE

PTENIDIUM
pusillum Gyll. G(Last)
punctatum Gyll. H(Last).

ACROTRICHIS
intermedia Gillm. G(Last)

STAPHYLINIDAE
METOPSIA
clypeata Mull. G.

PROTEINUS
ovalis Steph. G.
macropterus Gyll. G.

MEGARTHRUS
affinis Mill. G.
depressus Payk. G(Last).

OMALIUM

rivulare Payk. G.
laeviusculum Gyll. G,H(Last); G.

PHLOEONOMUS
punctipennis Thom. H(Last).

PHILORINUM
sordidum Steph. G,S,H.

ANTHOBIUM
unicolor Marsh. G(Last).

OXYTELUS
s.gen. SYLOXES
rugosus F. G(Last).
s.gen. ANOTYLUS

sculpturatus Grav. G,A,H(Last); G,H.

tetracarinatus Block. S(Side); G.
inustus Grav. H.

s.gen. EPOMOTYLUS
sculptus Grav. G,A(Last).

PLATYSTETHUS
arenarius Fourc. H(Last); G.

BLEDIUS
s.gen. HESPEROPHILUS
gallicus Grav. G(Tomlin).

STENUS
s.gen. STENUS.
bimaculatus Gyll. G.

clavicornis Scop. S(Side): G(Last); G.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

rogeri Kr. G,A,S.
s.gen. NESTUS.
morio Grav. A. H(Last).
nanus Steph. H(Last); G,H.
s.gen. TESNUS.
brunnipes Steph. G(Last); G,S.
s.gen. PARASTENUS.
ossium Steph. G(Last); G.
aceris Steph. G(Last); G,S,H,J.
s.gen. HEMISTENUS.
flavipes Steph. G.
s.gen. HYPOSTENUS
cicindeloides Schall. G,H.
similis Herbst. G,A.
fulvicornis Steph. G(Last).

PAEDERUS

litoralis Grav. G(Last); G,A,S,H,J.
riparius L. G.

caligatus Er. G.

ASTENUS

procerus Grav. H(Last); G.
longelytratus Palm. G.
pulchellus Heer. G.

RUGILUS
rufipes Germ. G(Last).
orbiculatus Payk. G,A,H(Last); G.

SUNIUS
propinquus Bris. G(Last); G.
melanocephalus F. G.

SCOPAEUS
sulcicollis Steph. G(Last); G,S.

LEPTACINUS
pusillus Steph. G(Last); G.

GYROHYPNUS
laeviusculus Steph. A,H(Last).

XANTHOLINUS

s.gen. MEGALINUS.
glabratus Grav. G,A(Last); G,A
fracticornis Mill. G(Last); G,S,H.
angustatus Steph. G(Last).

s.gen. XANTHOLINUS.
linearis Ol. G,A(Last, Thompson).
longiventris Heer. G(Last); A.

PHILONTHUS

s.gen. PHILONTHUS.
splendens F. G.
intermedius Lac. A(Last).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 107

laminatus Creutz. G,A.

politus L. G(Last); G,A.

succicola Thom. G.

tenuicornis Muls. & Rey. G(Last).
S.gen. BISNIUS.

cognatus Steph. A,H(Last); A,S.

varius Gyll. G,A(Last); G,A,S.

umbratilis Gray. G(Last).

cephalotes Gray. G(Last).

fimentarius Gray. G,H(Last); G,H.

pachycephalus Nordm. G(Last); G,A.

cruentatus Gmel. G,H.

longicornis Steph. A(Last).

rectangulus Sharp. G(Last).

GABRIUS

nigritulus Grav. G,A,H(Last).
trossulus Nordm. G,S.

piliger Muls & Rey. G(Last).
velox Sharp. G(Last).

CAFIUS
fucicola Curtis. G(Last).
xantholoma Grav. G,H(Last);
H(Miles); G,H.
var. variolosus Sharp. G(Last); G.
s.gen. REMUS.
sericeus Holme. H.

STAPHYLINUS

S.gen. STAPHYLINUS.
caesareus Ced. G.

$.gen. TASGIUS.
ater Grav. G(Tomlin); G.

OCYPUS
S.gen. OCYPUS.
olens Miill. G,S,H(Tomlin); S(Perkins);
G.

$.gen. PSEUDOCYPUS.
fortunatarum Woll. G,S.

ONTHOLESTES
tessellatus Fourc. G.

CREOPHILUS
maxillosus L. H(Pickford); G,S,A.

HETEROTHOPS
binotatus Grav. G,H(Last).
_ dissimilis Grav. A(Last).
niger Kr. G.

QUEDIUS
S.gen. QUEDIUS.
fuliginosus Grav. G,A(Last); G,S,H,J.

laevicollis Brill. G@Last, Tomlin); G,A.
S.gen. ARPHIRUS.

semiobscurus Marsh G,A(Last); A.

semiaeneus Steph. A,H(Last); G,H.
S.gen. MICROSAURUS.

assimilis Nord. G(Last).

HABROCERUS
capillaricornis Gray. A(Thompson).

TRICHOPHYA
pilicornis Gyll. J.

MYCETOPORUS
s.gen. SCHINOMOSA
nigricollis Steph. G.
angularis Muls & Rey. A(Last).

CONOSOMUS

testaceus F. G,A(Last); G.
lividus Er. S(Side); G,A(Last); G.
immaculatus Steph. G(Last).

TACHYPORUS

formosus Matt. G(Last); G,H.

chrysomelinus L. G(Last);

G,H,A(Thompson)

atriceps Steph G(Last); G.

hypnorum F. G,A,S(Last); S(Side);
A(Thompson); G,A,S,H,J.

pusillus Grav. G(Last)

nitidulus F. G(Last); G.

TACHINUS
signatus Grav. G(Last); G,S,H.
subterraneus L. G(Last); G.

CILEA
silphoides L. G.

CYPHA
longicornis Payk. G.
laeviusculus Mann. G.

PHYTOSUS
s.gen. PHYTOSUS
spinifer Curtis. H(Last).

CORDALIA
obscura Gray. G,H(Last).

FALAGRIA
S.gen. FALAGRIA.
caesa Er. G(Last).
s.gen. FALAGRIOMA.
thoracica Curtis. A(Thompson).

108 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

MYRMECOPORA
sulcata Kies. A,H(Last).

GYNPETA
carbonaria Mann. G(Tomlin).

ATHETA
S.gen. PHILHYGRA.
halophila Thom. G(Last).
palustris Kies. H(Last).
s.gen. AMIDOBIA.
amicula Steph. G,H(Last).
s.gen. TETROPLA.
coriaria Kr. G(Last).
crassicornis F. G(Last).
trinotata Kr. G,A(Last); S.
triangulum Kr. G(Last).
euryptera Steph. G.
xanthopus Thom. H.
S.gen. STETHUSA.
aquatica Thom. G(Last); G.
pertyi Heer. G(Last).
castanoptera Mann. G(Last).
s.gen. LIOGLUTA.
longiuscula Grav. H(Last).
S.gen. THINOBAENA.
vestita Grav. G,H(Last); G.
S.gen. DIMETROTA.
atramentaria Gyll. H(Last).
s.gen. DATOMICRA.
arenicola Thom. G(Last).
zosterae Thom. A(Last).
S.gen. CHAETIDA.
longicornis Grav. G,H(Last).
s.gen. COPROTHASSA.
sordida Marsh. G(Tomlin); G,A(Last)

s.gen. ACROTONA.
fungi Grav. G,A,H(Last);

A(Thompson); G,H.

orbata Er. H(Last).
laticollis Steph. G(Last).
muscorum Bris. A(Last).

DRUSILLA
canaliculata F. G,H(Last); G,S,H.

OXYPODA
s.gen. OXYPODA.
opaca Grav. G,H(Last).
S.gen. PODOXYA.
nigrina Wat. G,H(Last).

ALEOCHARA
S.gen. ISOCHARA.
tristis Grav. G,H.
S.gen. COPIATA.
lata Grav. H(Last); H.
s.gen. BARYODMA.
intricata Marsh. G.
S.gen. RHEOCHARA.
cuniculorum Kr. H(Last).
S.gen. POLYCHARA.
lanuginosa Grav. H(Last); H.
S.gen. HOMEOCHARA.
sparsa Heer. G(Last).
s.gen. ALEOCHARA.
bipustulata L. H(Last); G,H.
s.gen. EMPLENOTA.
grisea Kr. H(Last); G,S.

PSELAPHIDAE

BIBLOPLECTUS
delhermi Guill. G(Pearce).

REICHENBACHIA Leach
juncorum Leach. G.

BRYAXIS
puncticollis Denny. G(Last).

HISTERIDAE

ONTHOPHILUS
striatus Forst. G.

ACRITUS
punctum Aubé. G(Last).

SAPRINUS
semistriatus Scriba. G,A.
aeneus F. G,A,H,J.

PACHYLOPUS
maritimus Steph. A.

KISSISTER
minima Aubé. G,A.

HISTER
quadrimaculatus L. G.
unicolor L. G.
cadaverinus Hoff. G,H.
duodecimstriatus Schr. G.

CANTHARIDAE

CANTHARIS
pallida Goeze. G(Tomlin, Last); G,A.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 109

fulvicollis F. G.
ab. flavilabris Fall. G.

RHAGONYCHA
fulva Scop. G,A.

MALTHINUS
fasciatus Ol. G.

DRILIDAE
DRILUS

flavescens Geoff. A.
MALACHIIDAE

AXINOTARSUS
ruficollis Ol. G.

DASYTIDAE

DASYTES
puncticollis Reitt. G,H.
aerosus Kies. G.

PSILOTHRIX
cyaneus Ol. G(Tomlin); S(Tomlin,

Last); A(Richards); G,A,S.

CLERIDAE

NECROBIA
ruficollis F. G.

ELATERIDAE

ADELOCERA
murina L. G(Tomlin and Perkins);

S(Perkins); H(Last); G,A,S,H,J.

CARDIOPHORUS
erichsoni Buy. G(Tomlin).

MELANOTUS
punctolineatus Pel. G,A.

ATHOUS
bicolor Goeze. G,A.
haemorrhoidalis F. G,A,S,H,J.

CORY MBITES
cupreus F. G.
incanus Gyll. A.

AGRIOTES

sputator L. G,A.
lineatus L. A,S.
pallidulus Ill. S(Side); S.

DALOPIUS
marginatus L. G.
*%*

ADRASTUS
nitidulus Marsh. G,H,S.

HELODIDAE
HELODES

minuta L. G.
marginata F. G.

MICROCARA
testacea L. G,A.

CYPHON
paykulli Guér. G.

DRYOPIDAE
DRYOPS
auriculatus Geoff. G,A.
luridus Er. G(Tomlin).
striatellus Fairm. G(Tomlin);
A(1925? collector).
HELICHUS
substriatus Muel. G.

ELMIS
maugei Bedel var. aenea Muel. G.

LATELMIS
volckmari Panz. G(Tomlin).

DERMESTIDAE

DERMESTES
murinus L. G,S,H,J.
undulatus Brahm. G.
lardarius L. G.

ATTAGENUS
pellio L. G.

BYRRHIDAE

SIMPLOCARIA
semistriata F. G.

BYTURIDAE

BYTURUS
urbanus Lind. H(Last); G.

NITIDULIDAE |

BRACHYPTERUS
glaber Steph. G,H.
urticae F. G(Last).

LARIA
dulcamarae Scop. G(Last); G.

IIO PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

MELIGETHES
atratus Ol. G.
aeneus F. G(Tomlin, Easton, Pickford,
Last); S(Tomlin); H(Tomlin, Easton);
A. viridescens F. G(Easton Pickford,
Last); L(Easton).
picipes Sturm. G,H.
obscurus Er. G(Easton, Pickford, Last);
S,H(Easton, Pickford); G.
fulvipes Bris. G,H(Easton,)
erythropus Marsh G(Easton).
flavipes Sturm. G(Easton).
exilis Sturm G(Easton).
planiusculus Heer. H(Easton).

CARPOPHILUS
hemipterus L. G.

NITIDULA
carnaria Schall. G.

OMOSITA
discoidea F. G,S.

EPURAEA
aestiva L. H.
melina Sturm. G.

SORONIA
grisea L. G.

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE

MICRAMBE
villosa Heer. G,S,H.

CRYPTOPHAGUS
lycoperdi Scop. G,S.
pilosus Gyll. G,G(Last).
saginatus Sturm. G.
scanicus L. G.

schmidti Sturm. G(Last).
setulosus Sturm. G(Last).

ANTHEROPHAGUS
pallens F. G.
canescens Grouv. H.

ATOMARIA

atricapilla Steph. G,H(Last); G.
pusilla Payk. H(Last).
mesomela Herbst. S(Side).

EPHISTEMUS
globulus Payk. G.

PHALACRIDAE

OLIBRUS
affinis Sturm. G(Andrewes, Pickford);
S(Pickford).
liquidus Er. G(Pickford); S(Pickford);
G,H.
particeps Muls. G.

STILBUS
testaceus Panz. G.

LATHRIDIDAE

LATHRIDIUS
nodifer West. G,H.(Last); S(Side).

ENICMUS

minutus L. G.

transversus Ol. G(Pickford); G.
histrio Joy. H(Last).

CARTODERE
ruficollis Marsh. G.

CORTICARINA

gibbosa Herbst. G(Last); A(Thompson);
S(Side); G,H.

fuscula Gyll. G.

fulvipes Com. S(Side).

ENDOMYCHIDAE

MYCETAEA
hirta Marsh. G.

COCCINELLIDAE

SUBCOCCINELLA
vigintiquattuorpunctata L. G(Miles); G.

COCCIDULA
rufa Herbst. G(Miles).

RHYZOBIUS
litura F. G,S,H(Tomlin, Pickford);
S(Side); G(Miles); G,A,S,H,J.

SCYMNUS
frontalis F. G(Perkins); G.

MICRAPSIS

sexdecimpunctata L. G,S,H(Tomlin);
G(Miles, Last, Pickford)

COCCINELLA

septempunctata L. S(Sides).

undecimpunctata L. S(Side).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 II!

THEA
vigintiduopunctata L. G,A.

PLATYNASPIS
luteorubra Goeze. G,S,J.

CHILOCORUS
bipustulatus L. G(Last), H(Last); G,A.

CIIDAE

CIS
boleti Scop. G.

ANOBIIDAE

ANOBIUM
punctatum Deg. G(Tomlin); G,A,S,H,.

OEDEMERIDAE

OEDEMERA

nobilis Scop. G(Last); A(Miles); G,A.

lurida Marsh. G(Tomlin, Last); S,H.
(Tomlin); A(Richards); G,A,S.

ANTHICIDAE

NOTOXUS
monocerus L. G,A,H.

ANTHICUS

tristis Schmidt. G,H(Last).
var. schaumi Woll. H.

humilis Ger. H(Last).

floralis L. H(Last).

angustatus Curtis. H(Last).

MELOIDAE

MELOE

proscarabaeus L. G(Tomlin), Last); G,
H,S.

autumnalis Ol. H.

brevicollis Panz. A,S.

MORDELLIDAE

MORDELLISTENA
pumila Gyll. G(Tomlin); G.
brevicauda Boh. G(Tomlin).
parvula Gyll. G(Tomlin).

ANASPIS
maculata Geoff. G,H.
regimbarti Schilsk. A.

LAGRITIDAE

LAGRIA
hirta L. H(Last); G,A,H,J.

ALLECULIDAE

ISOMIRA
murina L. G(Tomlin); G,A,H.

CTENIOPUS

sulphureus L. G(Perkins, Last); H(Last,
Miles); G,A,S,H.

TENEBRIONIDAE

BLAPS

lethifera Marsh. G.

mucronata Lat. G.

PHYLAN
gibbus F. G,H(Pickford).

MELANIMON
tibiale F. G.

OPATRUM
sabulosum L. S(Side); G,A,S,H.

PHALERIA
cadaverina F. G,A.

CRYPTICUS
quisquilius L. G,A.

TENEBRIO
molitor L. G.
obscurus F. G.

CYLINDRONOTUS

laevioctostriatus Goeze. G(Tomlin);
H(Pickford); G,H.

SCARABAEIDAE

COPRIS
lunaris L. G(Tomlin); G.

ONTHOPHAGUS

taurus Schrieb. G.

coenobita Herbst. G.

vacca L. G,A,H.

fracticornis Prey. A(Last); G,A,S,H.
nuchicornis L. G.

TYPHAEUS
typhoeus L. G(Tomlin); G,S,H,J.

GEOTRUPES

spiniger Marsh. G,S.

stercorarius L. S(Side); G,A,S,H,J.

vernalis L. G,A,S,H,J.

stercorosus Scriba. S(Side); G,A.

pyrenaeus Charp. G,S(Perkins);
H(Last, Miles); B(Hurst 1902).

J12 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

APHODIUS

erraticus L. G,A.

fossor L. G(Tomlin); G,A,H.
haemorrhoidalis L. G,A.
fimetarius L. G(Tomlin); G,A,S,H.
scybalarius F. H.

ater Deg. G,H.

granarius L. A.

nitidulus F. G.

pusillus Herbst. G,S,H.
merdarius F. G.

distinctus Muel. G,S.
sphacelatus Panz. G,A,S.
contaminatus Herbst. G.
luridus F. G,A.

rufipes L. G.

HEPTAULACUS
sus Herbst. G.
testudinarius F. G.

AEGIALIA
arenaria F. G.

TROX
sabulosus L. G.
scaber L. G,H.

SERICA
brunnea L. G.

AMPHIMALLON
solstitialis L. G(Tomlin); G,A,S.

MELOLONTHA
melolontha L. G(Miles); S.

HOPLIA
philanthus Fiiess. A.

CETONIA
aurata L. G(Tomlin); S(Last);
B(Hurst 1902); G,A,S,H.

CERAMBYCIDAE

GRACILIA
minuta F. G.

LEPTURA L.
rubra L. A(Richards).

PHYMATODES
testaceus L. G.

CALLIDIUM
violaceum L. G.

CLYTUS
arietis L. G.

PLAGIONOTUS
arcuatus L. G.

ACANTHOCINUS
aedilis L. G.

CHRYSOMELIDAE

LEMA
lichenis Voet. G.
melanopa L. A(Last); S(Side); G,A,H.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS
moraei L. G.
pusillus F. S(Pickford).

CHRYSOLINA

banksi F. G,S.

polita L. H.

haemoptera L. G,S,H(Tomlin); G(Last);
H(Pickford); G,A,H.

hyperici Forst. G.

GASTROPHYSA
polygoni L. G.

PRASOCURIS
junci Brahm. G(Tomlin); G,A.
phellandrii L. G.

PHYTODECTA
olivacea Forst. G,A.

TIMARCHA
goettingensis L. S(Side); G,H(Tomlin);
G(Scudder); H(Miles, Pickford);
A(Thompson); G,S,H.
tenebricosa F. A.

GALERUCA
tanaceti L. G.

SERMYLASSA
halensis L. G.

PHYLLOTRETA

consobrina Curt. G.

atra F. G(Pickford); G.
var. cruciferae Goeze. G.

nigripes F. S(Side).

APHTHONA
coerulea Geoff. G(Tomlin); G.
venustula Kuts. G.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

LONGITARSUS

luridus Scop. G.

atricillus L. G.
melanocephalus Deg. G,A.

jacobaeae Waterh. A(Thompson); G,H
(Pickford); G,A,S,H,J.

tabidus F. G(Last); G,H.
succineus Foudr. G,H.
ganglbaueri Heik. G(Miles).
rubiginosus Foud. S,G(Pickford).

HALTICA
oleracea L. G.
pusilla Dufts. G.
lythri Aubé G.

BATOPHILA
aerata Marsh. G,H.

LYTHRARIA
salicariae Payk. G(Last).

OCHROSIS
ventralis Ill. G.

CREPIDODERA
ferruginea Scop. G(Miles); G.

CHALCOIDES
aurata Marsh G.

MANTURA
chrysanthemi Koch. G.

CHAETOCNEMA

concinna Marsh G,H.

hortensis Geoff. H(Last); G(Pickford).
arida Foud. G(Pickford).

SPHAERODERMA
rubidum Graélls. G(Pickford); G,A,H.
testaceum F. A(Thompson).

APTEROPEDA
orbiculata Marsh. G,H.

PSYLLIODES

napi F. G.

chalcomera III. G(Tomlin and Last).
hortensis Geoff. G(Tomlin).

chrysocephala L. G(Miles, Pickford);
G,A.

affinis Payk. H.

CASSIDA
nebulosa L. G.
vittata Vill. G,S.

nobilis L. A.
hemisphaerica Herbst. G,S(Derrick).

BRUCHIDAE

BRUCHUS
rufimanus Boh. G.

BRUCHIDIUS
fasciatus Ol. G.

CURCULIONIDAE

CAENORHINUS
germanicus Herbst. G.

APION

ulicis Forst. G,A,S,H.
fuscirostre F. G.

malvae F. G.

miniatum Ger. G,A,S,J.
cruentatum Walt. G,H.
haematodes Kirby. G(Pickford); G.
rubens Steph. G.

semivittatum Gyll. G(Tomlin).
rufirostre F. G(Tomlin); G,A.
difforme Ahr. G,H.

laevicolle Kirby. G,A.

apricans Herbst. S(Side); G.
dichroum Bedel. G.

nigritarse Kirby. G,S,H.
aeneum F. G(Tomlin).
radiolus Kirby. G(Tomlin).
onopordi Kirby. G,S.

virens Herbst. G(Pickford); G.
striatum Kirby. G(Miles); G,S.
immune Kirby. G.

marchicum Herbst. G.
ononicola Bach. G(Pickford).
pomonae F. S(Pickford).
stolidum Germ. G(Miles).
hydrolapathi Marsh. A.
curtirostre Germ. S(Pickford); G.
aestivum Germ. S.

carduorum Kirby. S(Pickford).

violaceum Kirby. S(Side).

OTIORRHYNCHUS

atroapterus Deg. G,A,S.
rugosostriatus Goeze. G.
singularis L. G,H,S.

sulcatus F. G(Tomlin); G,H.
rugifrons Gyll. G(Last); G,A,S,H.
ovatus L. A.

113

114 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

CAENOPSIS
waltoni Boh. G(Last); S(Side); G.

TRACHYPHLOEUS

aristatus Gyll. G.

olivieri Bedel. G.

scabriculus L. G.

bifoveolatus Beck. A(Last); G,A.

CATHORMIOCERUS
myrmecophilus Seid. G(Last); G.

PHYLLOBIUS
oblongus L. G.
pyri L. G,S,H.
viridiaeris Laich. G.
parvulus Ol. A.

POLYDRUSUS
confluens Steph. G.

LIOPHLOEUS
tessulatus Muel. G,H.

SCIAPHILUS
asperatus Bons. G.

BARYPITHES
sulcifrons Boh. G,H.
araneiformis Schr. A.

STROPHOSOMUS

melanogrammus Forst. G(Miles); G,H.

capitatus Deg. G(Miles); G.
nebulosus Steph. S(Pickford); G.
faber Herbst. G.

sus Steph. G.

PHILOPEDON
plagiatus Schall. G,A,S,H,J.

SITONA

griseus F. G.

regensteinensis Herbst. G.
striatellus Gyll. G,S,H,J.
hispidulus F. H(Last); G,A.
humeralis Steph. G(Miles); A.
lepidus Gyll. G.

puncticollis Steph. G(Pickford); G.
suturalis Steph. G,A.

lineatus L. G,S.

sulcifrons Thunb. G.(Pickford); G,S.

TANYMECUS
palliatus F. A.

LIXUS
vilis Rossi. G.

CHROMODERUS
affinis Schr. G.

CLEONUS
Ppiger Scop. G.

PENTARTHRUM
huttoni Woll. G.

CAULOTRUPIS
aeneopiceus Boh. G.

DORYTOMUS
tremulae F. G.
tortrix L. G.
taeniatus F. G.

PACHYTYCHIUS
haematocephalus Gyll. G.

MICCOTROGUS
Picirostris F. G(Pickford).

SIBINIA
sodalis Germ. F.
arenariae Steph. A(Richards); G.

ANTHONOMUS
rubi Herbst. G(Last); G,H.

HYLOBIUS
abietis L. G.

LIPARUS
coronatus Goeze. G.

ALOPHUS
triguttatus F. G.

PHYTONOMUS
austriacus Schr. G,A.
dauci Ol. G.
rumicis L. G.
adspersus F. G,A.

var. alternans Steph. G.
arator L. A(Richards); G.
suspiciosus Herbst. G.
posticus Gyll. G.
plantaginis Deg. G,S.
venustus F. G.
nigrirostris F. G,A,S.

GRONOPS
lunatus F. G.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 115

SITOPHILUS
granarius L. G.

ACALLES
turbatus Boh. G.

BARIS
Picicornis Marsh. G.
laticollis Marsh. G(Miles).

COELIODES
rubicundus Herbst. G.

MICRELUS
ericae Gyll. G.

CIDNORHINUS
quadrimaculatus L. A,H.

CEUTHORHYNCHIDIUS
troglodytes F. G,A,S.
rufulus Dufour. G.

CEUTHORHYNCHUS

assimilis Payk.G(Tomlin, Miles); G,A,S.
contractus Marsh. G(Miles); G.
quadridens Panz. G(Miles); G.
pollinarius Forst. G,H.

chrysanthemi Germ. G.

RHINONCUS
pericarpius L. G.

DRUPENATUS
nasturtii Germ. G(Tomlin, Last); G.

OROBITIS
cyaneus L. G.

MECINUS

pyraster Herbst. A(Last); G(Pickford);
G,A.

collaris Germ. G.

GYMNETRON
pascuorum Gyll. G.
antirrhini Payk. G.

CIONUS
thapsi F. G.
hortulanus Geoff. G.

RHYNCHAENUS

quercus L. G.

alni L. G(Tomlin); G,A,S,H.
var. ferrugineus Marsh. H.

SCOLYTIDAE

SCOLYTUS
scolytus F. G.

HYLESINUS
fraxini Panz. G.

HYLASTINUS
obscurus Marsh. G(Last).

ERNOPORUS
fagi F. G.

SPECIES NOT SO FAR RECORDED IN THE BRITISH LIST

DYTISCIDAE
Hyphydrus variegatus Aubé.
G(Tomlin, B-Browne).

SCARABAEIDAE
Cetonia morio. H.
Amphimallon aestivus Ol. A.

CHRYSOMELIDAE
Cryptocephalus vittatus F. G,S(Tomlin);
G,A,

DERMESTIDAE
Anthrenus sarnicus Mroc.
G(Lady Bailey),

116 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

FIELD MEETINGS 1966

OCKHAM COMMON—23rd April 1966
Leader: Mr. F. M. STRUTHERS

A party of four attended this meeting and as there had been so much rain the
previous week, decided to proceed directly to Ockham Common. It was a fine
sunny day with little wind and a temperature in the mid-fifties.

On reaching the common, birch trees were examined and young cases of
Coleophora fuscedinella Zell. and an eriocraniid mine were found. Mines of
Lithocolletis trifasciella Haw. were found on Lonicera Jeaves, a good number of
larvae of Laspeyresia coniferana Sax. were dug from the bark of pine trees, and
two empty cases of Solenobia inconspicuella Staint. were found on a dead pine
trunk. A successful search was made for larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. on
fallen trunks and branches.

Imagines noticed on the wing were Nymphalis io L., Pararge aegeria L.,
Heliozela betulae Staint., Incurvaria pectinea Haw. and eriocraniid species.

A specimen of Eupithecia nanata Hiibn. was swept from the heather. Several
large flies noticed flying round the rhododendrons were identified as Tubifera
tenax (L.).

Whilst waiting for the return train larvae of Caryocolum fraternellum Dougl.
were found in spun shoots of Stellaria graminea L. and larvae suspected to be
Caryocolum tricolorellum Haw. were discovered in spun leaves of Stellaria
holostea L. growing on Effingham Common.

THURSLEY, SURREY—28th May 1966
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

The weather was warm and sunny, but there was a strong wind which ham-
pered operations. A total of ten members attended. In the morning the area to the
east of the Moat pond was worked. This is predominantly birch and heather,
with an unfortunately increasing growth of pine. The bog itself, possibly thanks
to the work of the Surrey Naturalists’ Trust, seemed wetter than in recent years.

The sundew, Drosera rotundifolia L., was extremely plentiful. Damage from
fires of earlier years was still very evident, but there were no signs of recent
burning.

A fresh female Vanessa cardui L. had been seen in the area on the previous
weekend, shortly after a large scale migration had been reported on the south
coast, but no further specimens were noticed. A larva of the Dark Tussock moth,
Dasychira fascelina L., a species well established in the area, was found. In all
some 19 species of Lepidoptera were seen.

Dragonflies were abundant and three species were identified: Phyrrhosoma
nymphula (Sulzer), Libellula quadrimaculata L. and Cordulia aenea (L.).

The spiders Pisaura mirabilis Clerck and Thomisus onustus Walck. were seen,
the former abundantly, but only a single example of the latter, an uncommon
species, was found on a birch sapling.

After lunch the party worked the eastern edge of the common, north-east of
the Portsmouth road, including the margins of the old Hammer pond.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 117

The largest British cranefly, Tipula maxima Poda, was taken at the edge of the
lake, and several local Diptera were reported from the lane nearby and later
exhibited at indoor meetings.

The area is supervised by the Surrey Naturalists’ Trust as a nature reserve by
agreement with the owner.

The leader’s thanks are due especially to Mr. Goddard and Mr. Stubbs for
their helpful notes.

ARUNDEL PARK, SUSSEX—11th June 1966
Leader: Mr. M. P. CLIFTON

This meeting attracted five members and three visitors, but unfortunately
Dr. A. M. Massee, who had asked for the meeting to be held here, could not come
because of his health. We missed his comments on the Coleoptera captured. One
of the visitors made quite a large collection of beetles, which included Pediacus
dermestoides (F.), Hedobia imperialis (L.), Tomoxia biguttatus (Gyll.), Conopalpus
testaceus (Ol.), Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst) and Endomychus coccineus (L.),
which were some of the more interesting species taken.

There were many Vanessa cardui L. about, and Polyommatus icarus Rott. was
out in very fresh condition. Pararge aegeria L. was found in numbers, but was
tattered and worn. Of the moths, a fresh female Zygaena filipendulae L. was found,
as also was the ever-present species on the downs, Callimorpha jacobaeae L.;
one member taking eggs from which to breed the species.

Several examples of the uncommon Bee Orchid, Ophrys apifera Huds., were
found on the slope above the wood, one of which was without the purple lip.
This seemed to be quite an unusual form and photographs were taken of this and
the normal form. The herpetologist on the trip collected a pair of common
lizards off the wall at the bottom of the wood.

The weather remained fine all day, and a little sunbathing was indulged in by
all members during the lunch break. The meeting ended, still in brilliant sun-
shine, at about 4.30 p.m.

STORRINGTON DOWNS, SUSSEX— 18th June 1966
Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp

Only eight members including the leader attended the meeting. The morning
and most of the afternoon was sunny which made the journey pleasant and
interesting. A number of Lepidoptera were observed including: Polyommatus
icarus Rott., Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Pieris napi L., P. brassicae L., Coeno-
nympha pamphilus L., Vanessa atalanta L., Aglais urticae L., Gonepteryx rhamni
L., Colostygia pectinataria Knoch and Zygaena trifolii Esp.

Many wild flowers were noted, particularly: Ophrys apifera Huds. (Bee
Orchid), Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermuel (Spotted Orchid), Orchis mascula
(L.) L. (Purple Orchid) and Cepharanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce (White
Helleborine).

Two Linnets’ nests were found containing four and five eggs respectively.
After an enjoyable meeting the members were entertained to tea at Dingley Dell
by Mrs. Odd.

118 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

GREAT CULAND CHALK PIT, BURHAM, KENT—25th June 1966
Leader: Dr. A. M. MASSEE

This meeting was held in ideal weather conditions. It was warm without being
too hot and there was practically no wind. Twelve members of the Society and
the Kent Field Club attended.

The Great Culand pit is the largest in mid-Kent, and it is noted for the large
variety of chalk plants and insects. The following are some of the more interesting
plants and insects recorded during the day.

PLANTS: Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Adders Tongue), Ophrys apifera Huds.
(Bee Orchid), Polygala calcarea F. W. Schuiz and P. vulgaris L. (Milkworts),
Hieracium pilosella L. (Mouse-ear Hawkweed), and Linum catharticum L.
(Purging Flax).

LEPIDOPTERA: Gonepteryx rhamni L. larvae, Maniola jurtina L., Aglais urticae
L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Cupido minimus
Fuessl., Dipsosphecia scopigera Scop., Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. larvae swept
from grass, Agrotis exclamationis L., Apatele rumicis L. larvae on sallow, Plusia
gamma L., Scoliopteryx libatrix L. larvae on sallow, Xanthorhoe spadicearia
Schiff., Euphyia bilineata L., Eupithecia centaureata Schiff., Euclidimera mi
Clerck larvae, Grapholita compositella F., Aproaerema anthyllidella Hibn.,
Ectypa glyphica L., Salebria obductella Zell. larvae on marjoram, Crambus
pascuellus L., C. pratellus L., C. perlellus Scop., C. hortuellus Hiibn., Oxyptilus
parvidactylus Haw., Eupoecilia angustana Hibn., Phalonia tesserana Schiff.,
Dichrorampha petiverella L., Epiblemma farfarae Fletcher, E. cirsiana Zell.,
Telephila schmidiella Heyd. larvae on marjoram, Depressaria douglasella Staint.
larva on Pastinaca sativa L., Agonopteryx nanatella Staint. and Scythris senescens
Staint.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Eurygaster maura (L.), Thyreocoris scaraboides
(L.), Bathysolen nubilus (Fall.) one nymph, Dictyonota tricornis (Schrank), Lopus
decolor (Fall.), Hoplomachus thunbergi (Fall.), Plagiognathus chrysanthemi
(Wolff), Hallodapus montandoni (Reuter) nymphs only, Systellonotus triguttatus
(L.), Saldula orthochila (Fieb.), Calocoris roseomaculatus (Deg.), C. norvegicus
(Gmel.), Leptopterna ferrugata (Fall.), Stenotus binotatus (F.) and Orthocephalus
saltator (Hahn).

COLEOPTERA: Amara aulica (Panz.), Bembidion biguttatum (F.), B. nitidulum
(Marsh.), B. lampros (Herbst), B. quadrimaculatum (L.), Amara plebeja (Gyll.),
Notiophilus biguttatus (F.), Paederus littoralis Gray., Cantharis darwiniana
(Sharp), Scymnus frontalis (F.), Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana (Panz.), Agriotes
obscurus (L.), Tychius meliloti Steph., T. schneideri (Herbst), Gymnetron pascu-
orum (Gyll.), Apion pisi F., A. tenue Kirby, A. meliloti Kirby, Anthonomus rubi
(Herbst), and Liparus coronatus (Goeze).

IVINGHOE BEACON, BUCKS.—2nd July 1966
Leader Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N.

Eight members joined the leader for this meeting. The weather was warm and
sunny with a north-westerly breeze.

Odezia atrata L. was flying in numbers and in good condition, so those who
wanted a series had no difficulty. An interesting point was that no one could find
any Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret, the Earthnut, which is the recognised

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 119

food plant of this species, and which gave rise to speculation as to whether there
is an alternative, and if so what.

A colony of Melanargia galathea L. was just emerging and gave some of the
younger members useful exercise on the hill slopes. Other Lepidoptera seen were:
Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Aphantopus hyperanthus L.,
Cupido minimus Fuesl., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, Lygephila pastinum
Treits., Euphyia bilineata L., Ortholitha mucronata Scop., Dichrorampha peti-
verella L., Epiblemma cirsiana Zell. and Telphusa vulgella Hiibn.

Larvae of Udea lutealis Hiibn. and Cnephasia chrysantheana Dup. were also
found.

HOOK COMMON, HANTS—10th July 1966
Leader: Mr. J. EAGLES

Nine members and friends attended. It was a great pleasure to have among
them Mr. A. E. Curtis of Billingshurst. The weather was perfect until about 4
o’clock when it rained for the rest of the day. In the morning and for a time after
lunch the party worked Hook Common. They were then motored to Odiham for
a visit to the Basingstoke Canal. Just as this was ending the rain began.

At Hook Common Limenitis camilla L. was on the wing as also was Gonepteryx
rhamni L. Larvae of the latter were noted as also was the larva of Quercusia
quercus L. Moths were plentiful and included Talaeporia tubulosa Retz., Laspey-
resia succedana Schiff., Gypsonoma sociana Haw., Anacampsis populella Clerck,
A. blattariella Hiibn., Anthophila fabriciana L. and Argyresthia pygmaeella Hubn.

Potentilla erecta (L.) Rausch (Common Tormentil) is, as its English name
implies, common nearly everywhere but at Hook it was most abundant and in
full bloom so that it could not be overlooked. Of more interest was Dactylorchis
fuchsii (Druce) Vermeul. of which there were many examples, and two or three
forms. The thistle Cirsium dissectum (L.) All. was plentiful in spots which at most
times would be marshy.

After lunch the party explored the area where Serratula tinctoria L. (Saw-wort)
is so frequent. It was too early for the flowers and only one plant in bloom was
noticed. Here the moth Rivula sericealis Scop. was freely taken.

The walk along the banks of the Basingstoke Canal was not so productive as in
past years. Almost the only moths noticed were Nymphula nymphaeata L. and
Mompha fulvescens Haw.

COLNEY STREET, HERTS—16th July 1966
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

Only one member greeted the leader for this meeting. The weather forecast
most likely decided people against attending. It was dull and not promising at all.
The rain however, kept off apart from one light shower.

The day was not completely ruined and a number of microlepidoptera were
seen or taken. The most interesting were: a single example of the crambid
Catoptria pinella L., larval cases of Coleophora paripennella Zell. on hazel, also
larval cases of C. viminetella Zell. on Salix. Other microlepidoptera seen or taken

120 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

during the day were: Scoparia truncicolella Staint., Udea lutealis Hiibn., Crambus
perlellus Scop., Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw., Pterophorus pentadactylus Haw.,
Agapeta hamana L., Cochylis dubitana Hiibn., Clepsis consimilana Hiibn.,
Dichrorampha petiverella L., Eucosma cana Haw., Epiblemma farfarae Fletcher,
Notocelia uddmanniana L., Ancylis achatana Schiff., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff.,
Brachmia rufescens Haw., Mompha fulvescens Haw., Schiffermuelleria tripuncta
Haw., Anthophila fabriciana L., Argyresthia goedartella L., A. nitidella F., A.
mendica Haw.

Only two butterflies were seen all day, Maniola jurtina L. and an unidentified
skipper. One larva of Vanessa cardui L. was seen on a thistle, and a number of
larvae of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. were observed on ragwort. Other Lepidoptera
noted were: Euproctis similis Fuessl., Noctua pronuba L., Hypena proboscidalis
L., Euphyia bilineata L., Lomaspilis marginata L., Deilinia pusaria L. and
Zygaena filipendulae L.

Numbers of picture wing and fruit flies were seen, and photographs were taken
of these and various Lepidoptera during the day.

Things became more grey, cold and drizzly as we made our way back to the
station after a somewhat disappointing day.

STANMORE COMMON MIDDLESEX—3lst July 1966
Leader: Mr. P. A. GODDARD

Four members met the leader on this mainly cloudy day, which threatened
much rain. Efforts were concentrated on the south-west part of the Common,
where the leader had previously found several interesting species of Lepidoptera.
Owing to the poor weather during the preceeding few weeks the number of
insects was low. Anacampsis blattariella Hiibn. was plentiful on birch trunks;
both common forms of Epinotia paykulliana F. were seen; a single specimen of
Pammena regiana Zell was found on a nearby fence, and one Acleri emargana F.
was beaten from sallow. Lunch was taken under a large oak which sheltered
the party from a heavy shower. Uninvited guests who joined the group for a
feast included biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and two species of mosquito:
Aedes punctor Kirby and A. cantans (Meig.). The tabanid, Haematopota pluvialis
(L.) was not much in evidence, although not unnoticed.

After lunch a small area of aspen was searched, especially for the little-known
moths Gelechia nigra Haw. and Tuberiferola josephinae Toll, which had been
taken there last year; but neither species was seen this time. This search did
however, reveal a pair of the handsome tipulid Gnophomyia lugubris (Zett.) in
cop. on a dead aspen trunk, and the rather striking muscid, Phaonia pallida (F.),
was everywhere on tree trunks, especially aspen. Later in the afternoon four
specimens of the gelechiid moth, Telphusa alburnella Dup., were seen sitting
on birch trunks on the edge of a clearing. Thickening clouds and spots of rain
indicated an end to the day’s collecting.

Although the showing of butterflies, only three Pieris rapae L., and other
macrolepidoptera was poor, adults of 33 species of Lepidoptera were noted. Over
80 species of Diptera were recorded, more or less local or uncommon species
including the syrphids, Xylotomima nemorum (F.) and Sphegina clunipes (Fall.),
and the lauxaniid, Cnemacantha illota (Loew). A special watch was kept for the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 121

rare stratomyid, Odontomyia ornata (Meig.), which had previously been taken on
the Common in 1953, but it did not this time materialise.
Altogether quite a productive day, considering the uninspiring weather.

COSFORD MILL, SURREY—7th August 1966
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Several years have passed since the Society last met at this attractive locality,
and once again an interesting and enjoyable day was spent here. Mr. and Mrs.
Loarridge as usual being so good as to allow us the run of their land.

After continuous rain at night and most of the day before, a pleasantly warm,
calm, rainless day, but with some sun, favoured those who attended. Most of
the party consisted of lepidopterists, since the main quest was for the scarce
tineid, Caloptilia falconipennella Hiibn. which was first taken by the leader in this
locality in 1957, after having being considered for many years a ‘lost’ species.
Several of those present were fortunate in finding folded alder leaves containing
larvae. The larva of its congenor, C. elongella L., which rolls the alder leaves
instead of folding them, was plentiful; and has since produced some strikingly
marked imagines, including several with black spots and one very remarkable
form with a broad black bar extending from base to termen. A number of mined
alder leaves that contained larvae of Heliozela resplendella Staint., was noted
and a single fresh imago of this species was taken by Mr. P. A. Goddard.

Mr. R. W. J. Uffen, with his usual acumen, succeeded in finding a few full-
grown larvae of the somewhat scarce Coleophora siccifolia Staint. on a hawthorn,
but a search on other hawthorns in the vicinity failed to reveal any more. Messrs.
S. Wakely and R. Fairclough observed many signs of feeding on Scutellaria
galericulata L. (Skull-cap), apparently the work of the larva of Choreutis
myllerana F., or its close ally C. punctosa Haw., but since no larvae were actually
found it was assumed that we were too late.

Other Lepidoptera noted included the following imagines: Maniola tithonus L.,
Acleris emargana F., Epinotia tenerana Schiff., E. solandriana L., and several
Paltodora cytisella Curt. in fine condition.

In addition to the lepidopterists present, we were pleased to welcome Mr.
D. H. Murphy, a lecturer in entomology in the University of Singapore, and a
specialist in Collembola. Mr. Murphy has kindly submitted the following list of
Collembola taken on this meeting. On the water surface: Sminthurides malmgreni
(Tullberg) var. elegantulus (Reuter), commonly; S$. malmgreni f. principalis
(Tullberg), one female; S. schoetti Axelson, one female; Sminthurinus aureus
(Lubbock), one female; Zsotomurus plumosus Bagnall, commonly; and on trees,
Willosia nigromaculata (Lubbock).

A delightful tea was most kindly provided by Mrs. Loarridge, after which
various interesting subjects were discussed connected with the natural history
of the mill and its surroundings. One of these was the curious case this year of an
apparently feckless hen Spotted Flycatcher that had busied herself with some
six nests in various stages of completion, built on adjacent ledges of a wall.
However, though laying in at least two of them, for no clear reason she failed
to remain to incubate any of the eggs.

After thanking our host and hostess for their generous hospitality, the party
dispersed having enjoyed a very pleasant day.

122 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

SHOREHAM, KENT—2Ist August 1966
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

Despite the fine weather, little was on the wing and the small party found
very few things of particular note. Argyresthia quadriella Haw. (andereggiella
Dup.) and Leucoptera laburnella Staint. (Lepidoptera) were taken on the wing. A
very few Coleophora sternipennella Zett. (Lepidoptera) and one Icterica wester-
manni (Meig.) (Diptera) were taken by vigorous sweeping in a weedy stretch
immediately above the field at the base of Shoreham Down. Platycis minuta (F.)
(Coleoptera) was taken further along towards Otford.

The last find of the day was a knowledgeable student of butterflies who had
not heard of the Society.

WHIPPENDELL WOOD HERTS.—28th August 1966
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

Five members and a visitor attended. The day was warm and sunny, but
although the number of species of insects encountered was quite large, a disap-
pointingly small number of individuals was seen. The morning was spent working
marshy ground near the canal at the bottom of Cassiobury Park, and after lunch
the party moved across the golf course to the extensive mixed woodland of
Whippendell Wood itself.

Several large patches of Hemp Agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum L., growing
in the marsh, yielded plentiful mines of Adaina microdactyla Hiibn. and one
imago was seen. The blossoms were attended by Vanessa atalanta L. and V.
cardui L. Fruiting heads of Galeopsis tetrahit L. contained small larvae of
Perizoma alchemillata L., but we were disappointed to find no larvae of Eupithecia
tripunctaria H.-S. on the abundant Angelica; this is usually a good locality for
the species, though the larvae are heavily parasitised. A few worn specimens of
Ebulea (Psammotis) crocealis Hiibn. were found near a patch of Pulicaria
dysenterica (L.) Bernh.; Udea (Hapalia) lutealis Hiibn. was abundant, and one
fresh U. ferrugalis Hiibn. was seen. Other possible migrants, or progeny of
migrants, were Plusia gamma L. and Plutella maculipennis Cutt.

Diptera recorded included Tipula paludosa Meig., Haematopota pluvialis (L.),
Tubifera (Eristalis) pertinax (Scop.) and Myiathropa florea (L.).

Three species of balsam, Impatiens capensis Meerb., I. parviflora DC. and I.
glandulifera Royle were seen. Some luxurious patches of Marchantia polymorpha
L. (Hepaticae) were growing on the lock gates of the canal, together with several
bryophytes.

After lunch the following Lepidoptera were recorded: Nymphalis io L.,
Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Cosmia trapezina L., Plusia
gamma L., Euphyia bilineata L., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Scoparia truncicolella
Staint., Lathronympha strigana F., Mesographe forficalis L., Epinotia solandriana
L., E. tenerana Schiff., Cherlaria conscriptella Hiibn., Caryocolum fraternellum
Douglas, Mompha raschkiella Zell., Argyresthia goedartella L., A. nitidella F.,
A. semitestacella Curt., Plutella maculipennis Curt., Ypsolophus radiatellus Don.
and Tinea semifulvella Haw.

Mr. Philip Goddard unflinchingly allowed the mosquito Aedes maculatus
(Ol.) to sup its fill from the back of his hand before boxing it.

One of the more interesting plants seen was Thymus pulegioides L. which
largely replaces T. drucei Ronn. on the north side of London.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 123

TUDDENHAM, SUFFOLK—3rd September 1966
Leader: Capt. J. ELLERTON, R.N.

Only three members turned up for this meeting, but one had driven over 100
miles and the other two over 80, and all were agreed the journey was well worth
while. The day was fine and sunny, though a strong south-westerly wind made
collecting difficult.

Crambus hamellus Thunb. was plentiful and in good condition, and Agriphila
geniculea Haw. was also taken. Much time was spent looking for Crombrugghia
distans Zell. though we may have been a little late; one was netted, but unfor-
tunately it escaped. One female Scopula rubiginata Hufn., freshly emerged was
taken.

Other Lepidoptera seen were: Vanessa atalanta L., V. cardui L., Aglais urticae
L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Amathes c-nigrum L., Plusia
gamma L., Lyncometra ocellata L. and Aspitates ochrearia Rossi.

The conifers are growing fast and there is a great increase in broom on the
main collecting area.

LYMINGTON SALTINGS, HANTS—24th September 1966
Leader: Mr. L. W. SIGGs

Two members joined the leader for a very pleasant autumn day. In view of the
interests of those present, it was decided to concentrate on Keyhaven, where
there are extensive saltings, with Spartina townsendii Groves, and the usual
salting plants, with marshy grazing land and Phragmites nearby. Few flowers
were in bloom, but these included Inula crithmoides L., Aster tripolium L.,
Matricaria maritima (L.) Koch (inodora L.) and Armeria maritima (Mill.)
Willd.

Birds seen included Redshanks, Curlews, flocks of Lapwing and many
migrating Swallows.

Among the Lepidoptera noted were Pieris rapae L., Aglais urticae L., Vanessa
atalanta L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., numbers of Plusia
gamma L. and several Plutella maculipennis Cutt.

Numbers of a little-known mite gall were collected from a few plants of
Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aell. standing amongst Agropyron on a path raised
above the main Spartina marsh. These are being examined by a specialist.

Diptera were neither as abundant nor as varied as earlier in the season. The
following were taken: Tipula paludosa Meig., Limonia (s.gen. Dicranomyia) sera
(Walk.), Erioptera (Symplecta) stictica (Meig.), Aedes detritus Hal., Bibio lepidus
Loew, Dolichopus plumipes (Scop.), D. nubilus Meig., Macrodolichopus diadema
(Hal.), Hydrophorus oceanus (Macquert), Syntormon pallipes (F.), Campsicnemus
armatus (Zett.), Lonchoptera lutea Panz. ab. trilineata Zett., Eristalis (Tubifera)
tenax (L.), E. arbustorum (L.), Ensina sonchi (L.), Paranthomyza nitida (Meig.),
Scatella stagnalis (Fall.), Collinellula fuscipennis (Hal.), Scatophaga (Scatomyza)
litorea (Fall.), Pollenia rudis (F.), Orthellia caesarion (Meig.), Morellia sp. indet.
females, Limnophora (s.gen. Spilogona) aerea (Fall.), Helina calceata (Rondani),
Egle cinerella (Fall.) and Coenosia pumila (Fall).

124 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

PROCEEDINGS

23rd JUNE 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

The PRESIDENT—Full-fed larvae of Celerio euphorbiae L. (Lep., Sphingidae).
These larvae were found commonly a fortnight previously along the south coast
of France in the neighbourhood of Le Rayol. When small the larvae are bright
green and yellow with some black markings, and are relatively inconspicuous
on the young spurge plants. In their mature colouring, as shown, they more
closely resemble the drying spurge plants on which they are feeding. The plants
at this time have purplish-red mottled stems.

Mr. M. P. CLiFTON—A pair of the common Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca
(L.) (Col., Lampyridae) with eggs, taken at Ash Vale, Surrey; and on behalf of
Mr. B. Levy a visitor to the Arundel Park field meeting the following Coleoptera
taken on that meeting: Pediacus dermestoides (F.) (Cucujidae), Hedobia imperialis
(L.) (Anobiidae), Tomoxia biguttata (Gyll.) (Mordellidae), Conopalpus testaceus
(Ol.) (Serropalpidae), Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst) (Scolytidae) and Endomychus
coccineus (L.) (Endomychidae).

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—The plant Thymus serpyllum L. from Tuddenham, Suffolk,
with galls caused by the mite Phytoptus thomasi Nal. These galls are formed by
the clustering together of the terminal leaves and have a thick covering of long
white hairs. Thus the galls resemble tufts of cotton-wool.

Dr. B. J. MACNULTY—Two examples of Buprestis aurulenta L. (Col., Bupres-
tidae). One was given him from a wood yard in Lymington, Hants, taken in
October 1963, and the other was taken in Waltham Abbey, Essex, in April this
year. The species is a native of the mainland of North America and has been
recorded many times in this country. The Waltham Abbey specimen was found
in a room in which a crate, despatched from New York, had been unpacked.
Despite careful search no other examples were found. The exhibitor was not
aware if the insect bred in this country, but if it could survive in New York,
which had greater extremes of temperature than this country, there seemed no
climatic reason why it should not survive here.

Mr. M. M. MyALL—An example of the moth Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae)
which had the ‘Y’ on the left forewing reduced to three dashes, and that on the
right forewing complete.

Miss A. B. LoGAN—A confluent aberration of Zygaena trifolii Esp. (Lep.,
Zygaenidae) taken on the Pulborough field meeting, 18.vi.66.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following species of Coleoptera: Ceuthorhynchus
asperifoliarum (Gyll.) (Curculionidae), a series taken on Cynoglossum, Wicken
Fen, Cambs, 21.vi.66; Hebodia imperialis (L.) (Anobiidae) from a dead ash,
Chippenham Fen, Cambs., 22.vi.66; Dasytes nigra (L.) (Dasytidae), a short series
from the New Forest, Hants, 19.vi.66; living examples of Cefonia aurata (L.)
(Scarabaeidae), from Umbelliferae in the New Forest, 19.vi.66; a pair of the
very rare scarabaeid beetle, Gnorimus variabilis (L.), bred from larvae found in
oak wood in Windsor Forest, Berks., March 1966. He also showed Caliprobola
speciosa (Rossi) (Dipt., Syrphidae) taken on a dead beech in Windsor Great
Park, Berks., 10.vi.66.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 125

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced that he had received a letter from Dr. A. M.
Massee in which he said that he was very much better after his illness. The
President also reported that Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby was in the
Brompton Hospital, but he hoped to be out by the end of the month.

The President also recorded having found the feeding tree of Charaxes jasius
L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) on two occasions while in the south of France. On one
of these he saw four Charaxes jasius L., a Nymphalis polychloros L. (Lep.,
Nymphalidae) and a Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep., Nymphalidae). He collected a
female Charaxes while in the south of France on 12th June, and on his return
sleeved it on Arbutus unedo L. in his garden; he obtained 12 eggs. The butterfly
was still active at the time of the meeting having been fed on a diet of honey
diluted with water, whiskey and Madeira.

Mr. S. WAKELY asked if the species of spurge on which the Celerio euphorbiae
L. larvae were found was known to the President. In reply the President said
he did not know, but from its shape he suggested it might be some kind of wood
spurge.

Referring to Dr. MacNulty’s exhibit, Mr. A. E. GARDNER said that the
buprestid was a native of western North America, and that it feeds on Scots Pine
and Red Spruce, liking charred wood, especially that struck by lightning. He
thought it would probably increase in numbers in this country, adding that it
was known to have a very long life cycle, 26 years has been recorded, so that it
may have emerged from timber in the fabric of the room and not from the crate.
Dr. MACNUuLTy replied that the room in which it was found contained no pine
as far as he knew, and that the building had been constructed before the First
World War.

Slides of the life-histories of several of the British microlepidoptera were shown
by Mr. A. SMITH.

16th JULY 1966

The Secretary, Dr. B. J. MACNULTY, in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. P. J. K. BuRTON—A pair of Monochamus sutor (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae)
from imported timber on the LEP Wharf, Chiswick, West London, 29.vi.66.
Six species of this genus are recorded by Duffey (1952, Handbk. Identification
Brit. Ins., 5 (12):15) as having occurred in this country in imported timber, and
two of these, M. sutor (L.) and M. sartor (F.) have been admitted as British by
several authors. M. sutor is distinguished from M. sartor by having the pubescent
area on the scutellum divided down the middle, and by lacking a transverse
depression on the elytra.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following species of Coleoptera: living examples
of the Wharf Borer, Nacerdes melanura (L.) (Oedemeridae), which was exceedingly
common on the forecourt of a garage in Putney, S.W. London, 13.vii.66;
Arhopalus ferus (Miill.) (Cerambycidae) from beneath pine bark, Oxshott
Common, Surrey, 12.vii.66; several examples of Athous villosus (Geoff.)
(Elateridae) taken under the bark of prostrate beeches in the New Forest, Hants.,
17.vi.66; specimens of Lymexylon navale (L.) (Lymexylonidae) taken flying around
an oak in Windsor Forest, Berks., 10.vii.66; a living example of Elater ferru-
gineus L. (Elateridae) bred from a penultimate instar larva from Windsor Forest
during 1965.

126 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Mr. P. A. GoppARD—photographs of the tortricid moth Grapholita composi-
tella F. which he found fairly commonly on a disused railway embankment in
Stanmore, Middx., and also the moth Schrenkensteinia festaliella Hiibn. found
commonly on bramble on Portland, Dorset. The latter photograph showing its
peculiar resting posture.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. B. J. MACNULTy announced that Miss W. M. A. Brooke had given him
the programme of the Alton Natural History Society, and invited any members
to attend their meetings. She would be obliged if any member wishing to attend
would contact either her or the Secretary of the Alton Society so that directions
could be given.

Mr. P. A. GopDARD reported that a specimen of Blastobasis decolorella Woll.
(Lep., Blastobasidae) had been taken at Mill Hill, Middx. on 7.vi.66. He also
said that when he visited Portland earlier, he had seen one Plusia gamma L.
(Lep., Noctuidae), two Plutella maculipennis Curt. (Lep., Plutellidae), one
Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) and one Nomophila noctuella Schiff.
(Lep., Pyralidae) showing that this appeared to be a bad year for migrants.

A film taken by the Cambridge University Expedition to Mount Kina Balu
in Sabah was shown with a commentary by Mr. J. D. HOLLOWAY.

28th JULY 1966
A Vice-President, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, in the Chair

Mr. R. F. Bretherton extended a welcome to the meeting to Dr. Valletta from
Malta.
EXHIBITS

Dr. B. J. MACNuLty—The following Coleoptera: Aromia moschata (L.)
(Cerambycidae) obtained from pupal cells in a sallow in his garden at Waltham
Abbey, Essex, in late June; Judolia sexmaculata (L.) (Cerambycidae) from the
Abernethy Forest, Perthshire, beaten from pine, 7.vi.66; Scolytus ratzburgi
(Scolytidae) from a dead birch branch at Rannoch, Inv., 2.vi.66, Hallomenus
binotatus (Quensel) (Serropalpidae) on Boletus, 30.vi.66, and Hypnoidus maritimus
(Curt.) (Elateridae) on fungus, all from Rannoch; Ampedus nigrinus (Herbst)
(Elateridae) beaten from pine in the Abernethy Forest, 7.vi.66; Sphaerites
glabratus (F.) (Sphaeritidae) among a pile of small pine logs in the Abernethy
Forest, 7.vi.66; Anisotoma humeralis (F.) (Leiodidae) in fungus, Rannoch,
30.vi.66; Rhinomacer attelaboides F. (Curculionidae) from the Abernethy Forest
and Loch Morlich, Inv., 4 and 8.vi.66; Magdalis phlegmatica (Herbst) (Curcu-
lionidae) beaten from pine in Abernethy Forest, 8.vi.66; and M. duplicata Germ.
beaten from pine in Abernethy Forest, 8.vi.66.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Several Coleophora paripennella Zell. (Lep., Coleo-
phoridae) larvae taken in the Gravel Pits, Hyde Lane, Herts., 16.vi.66, on hazel,
blackthorn and bramble.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—A fheta liturata (Steph.) (Col., Staphylinidae) from rotting
fungus at Chippenham Fen, Cambs., 4.vi.66. He also showed the following
Coleoptera taken at the borings of the moth Cossus cossus L. (Cossidae) in an
oak: Thamiaraea cinnamomea (Grav.) (Staphylinidae), Epurea guttata (Ol.),
Soronia punctatissima (Il\.), Cryptarcha imperialis (F.) and C. strigata (F.)
(Nitidulidae).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 127

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. B. J. MACNULTY reported that Dr. Massee was now out of hospital, but
the cause of his illness was still unknown. News was given, by Mr. R. F.
BRETHERTON, of Mr. Mere who was in hospital with an ulcer.

During the previous week, Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss had been down to the New
Forest, Hants., and he reported that butterflies were plentiful, he had noted 15
or 16 species, among them were two Colias croceus Fourc. (Pieridae) and one
Aglais urticae L. (Nymphalidae). Mr. Bretherton said that in one of his favourite
collecting areas, the chalk pit on White Down in the North Downs, there were
very few butterflies about, Lysandra coridon Poda (Lycaenidae) was just emerging
and Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Satyridae) was out but all other common species
were scarce.

Lysandra coridon Poda was reported in large numbers on Box Hill, Surrey, by
by Mr. G. Prior. He then said that on a visit to Oxford he went to see Dr. Clarke
who had succeeded in breeding Apatura iris L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) again this
year and had set them free in Shabbingdon Woods. He had also bred several
hundred Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Lep., Nymphalidae) for releasing. He finally
talked of an experiment of Dr. Clarke’s to try to control ragwort with Calli-
morpha jacobaeae L. (Lep., Arctiidae). Apparently after putting down several
thousand larvae in a large field of ragwort last year he had not seen one specimen
this year. Mr. P. A. Gopparp said it had disappeared from many of its old locali-
ties, and Mr. Bretherton reported that the earliest specimen he had seen in his
light trap this year was in late June. Two almost full-fed larvae had been seen
by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss in the New Forest. Larvae of C. jacobaeae L., said Mr.
C. I. RUTHERFORD, were uncommon this year in Yorkshire, but the larvae of
Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) were very common. Mr. S. WAKELY
reported large numbers of C. jacobaeae L. had come to his light trap in Suffolk
whilst he was on holiday there. There was, said Mr. Jacobs, a radio broadcast
referring to a farmer who had released 20,000 Cinnabar larvae on ragwort in
one of his fields, but no moths were found there this year. This, Mr. Prior said,
was Dr. Clarke.

Commenting on the Euphydryas aurinia Rott. on Hodd Hill, Dorset, Mr.
D. O’Keerz said that it has spread from the small patch set aside for its preserva-
tion there and was now common over a wide area on the hill. Mr. Bretherton
added that the normal breeding ground for this species on Hodd Hill had been
heavily grazed, and so a group of naturalists had fenced off a small area to save
the colony.

In Malta, said Dr. Valletta, Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae) was at present
very common and a pest, feeding on many plants. It was both migrant to the
island and a resident. He added that at Kew, Surrey, he had seen specimens of
Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lep., Lycaenidae), Vanessa cardui L. and Nymphalis io L.
(Lep., Nymphalidae).

Mr. F. Cote asked Dr. Valletta if the Celerio livornica Esp. (Lep., Sphingidae)
which he had reported earlier had moved north (see p. 91). To which Dr. Valletta
replied that he had left Malta on 17th July and therefore did not know of the
movements of the insect. A discussion followed on various migrants.

Mr. Jacobs said that the exhibited Aromia moschata (L.) brought back memor-
ies, for when he was a child he could, on going to certain playing fields, be
certain of obtaining several on each visit.

Referring to his searching the bark of birch for beetles in Scotland, Mr.

128 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Bretherton asked Dr. MacNulty if he had found any clearwing pupae, and
Dr. MacNulty replied that he had seen none.

11th AUGUST 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop—A larva of Charaxes jasius L. (Lep., Nymphalidae)
from eggs laid by a female taken at Le Rayol, S. France (see Communications
23.vi.66, p. 124). The female lived for 24 days in captivity; only 12 eggs were
deposited, and only six of these hatched. Five of the resulting larvae are still
living, the largest exceeds 50 mm in length when resting, the other four, possibly
males, are considerably smaller. These larvae feed almost exclusively at night on
Arbutus unedo L., and return to spend the day on the same leaf which had been
prepared by the spinning of a small silken resting pad. They are being reared
indoors in a temperature maintained between 65° and 72°F, which is appreciably
cooler than would be experienced in the south of France at this time. The second
brood of C. jasius L. flies in August and September and as these eggs were laid
towards the end of the first brood’s normal period of flight it is hoped to obtain
imagines towards the end of September.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following Coleoptera: Psylloides hospes Woll.
(luridipennis Kuts.) (Chrysomelidae) and Ceuthorhynchus contractus Marsh. ab.
pallipes Crotch (Curculionidae), from Lundy Island, N. Devon, 26.vii.66. He
explained that both species feed on Lundy Cabbage, Rynchosinapis wrightii
(O. E. Schutz) Dandy, which grows on the south-eastern cliffs of the island and is
only found on Lundy.

Mr. S. A. WiLLIAMS—A male and female Quedius (s.gen. Microssaurus)
aetolicus Kraatz (Col., Staphylinidae) taken together on the sulphur bracket
fungus, Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr., on oak in the New Forest, Hants,
10.vii.66. This very local species appears to be confined to Windsor Forest,
Berks. and the New Forest. Donisthorpe (1939, Prelim. List Col. Windsor
Forest, p. 39) states: ‘In birds’ nests, under bark, in fungi, at Cossus tree, and
with A. (D.) brunneus; not uncommon’. Joy (1932, Pract. Handb. Brit. Beetles,
p. 113) considers the insect to be very rare and associated with rotten wood.

Mr. R. W. J. UrreN—A living female of an unidentified mutillid wasp to
illustrate the fact that these creatures squeak when disturbed, as observed by
Mr. C. G. Roche at an earlier meeting (see Communications, 14.x.65,1966:23)
He said that this seemed to be effected by telescoping the abdomen.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. G. Prior was asked if the Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (Lep., Arctiidae)
released to control Ragwort had been released in areas where they had bred,
or were breeding (see Communications, 28.vii.66, p. 127). In reply Mr. PRIOR
said he was not sure, but referring to the other releases added that the Apatura
iris L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) released by Dr. Clarke were in areas where the eggs
were collected. Mr. T. J. G. Homer confirmed that A. iris L. bred in Shabbingdon
Wood, but added that Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Lep., Nymphalidae) did not.

The question of obtaining permission from the Conservation Committee for
releasing bred insects was raised by Mr. A. E. GARDNER. Mr. F. T, VALLINS

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 129

believed it was rather a matter of having records of what was going on in this
field, but Mr. Gardner said he knew someone who had applied to the Committee
for permission to release bred specimens of a rare water beetle, and it had been
refused. The person concerned had however carried out his intentions. It was
suggested by Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs that if permission was refused, the Committee
should be asked to suggest a better site for releasing these insects. Arising out
of the discussion Mr. J. P. T. BoorMAN asked how often the Conservation
Committee met, and Mr. Vallins replied twice a year, but that a special meeting
could be called if a question arose that could not wait for the next ordinary
meeting.

Mr. Vallins announced that the Editor had successfully applied for a grant-
in-aid of £50 from the Royal Society towards the cost of the 1965 Proceedings.

The capture of a larva of Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) on Wimbledon
Common, S.W. London, 20.vi.66, and a further two the next day, was reported
by Mr. R. S. Tusss. The PRESIDENT suggested this was probably the result of
recent migration of V. cardui L.

Collecting methods and preparation techniques were discussed and demon-
strated by Messrs. S. N.A. JAcoss, R. W. J. UFFEN, S. A. WILLIAMS, T. P. BOORMAN
and E. S. BRADFORD.

8th SEPTEMBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. G. Stoughton-Harris.
Miss Mary Angela English was declared elected a member.

EXHIBITS

Mr. C. O. HAMMoND—An example of the two following Diptera: Psilota
anthracina Meig. female, taken in Windsor Forest, Berks., 16.v.66, on hawthorn;
and Volucella zonaria (Poda) from Wood Green, N. London, 26.vi.66; with,
for comparison with the latter species, V. inanis L. female, also from Wood
Green. He commented on the mimicry of Calliphora spp. by Psilota anthracina
Meig.

Mr. G. Prior—Examples of the Lepidoptera Chiasma clathrata L. (Geome-
tridae), and Celastrina argiolus L and Lycaena phlaeas (Lycaenidae) all from the
reservoir at Hanger Hill, W. London. During the week 22 to 26.vi.64 the exhibitor
visited the reservoir which had been disused since August 1949 and had found a
great many Chiasma clathrata L. in the grass, also present were Maniola tithonus
L. and M. jurtina L. (Satyridae) and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Hesperidae).
Again on 14th August this year the reservoir was visited but none of the above
species was found; there were present, however, Celastrina argiolus L. and
Lycaena phlaeas L. (Lycaenidae) and Plusia gamma L. (Noctuidae). The vegeta-
tion that has grown up since the reservoir was abandoned consist mainly of
willow, scrub oak, birch, beech, hawthorn, gorse, broom and bramble.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER on behalf of Mr. F. D. BuckK—A mite accompanied by
the following note from Mr. Buck: ‘On the evening of 30th August, I discovered
the exhibited mite with its head deeply embedded in my left side and with its
legs thrust stiffly backwards. I eschewed the old army technique with camel ticks
—a lighted cigarette end in close proximity to the tick—and elected to try

130 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

swabbing with acetic ether and similar methods; all of which failed to dislodge
the pest. An attempt to pull the brute off inevitably ended with the tick in my
wife’s hand and the head still embedded in my side. The latter being teased out in
Pieces with needles. Surprisingly, until this very last stage, the tick was causing
no inconvenience at all and it was a pure accident that I noticed it at all at that
time. I had been collecting in Chippenham Fen, Cambs., the previous Sunday,
28th August, and can only assume that to be the origin of the beast. I have
seen this arachnid on the sheet when sieving litter, moss, etc., an occupation I
was engaged on at times during that Sunday on Chippenham Fen. The literature
immediately available to me does not help much in the identification of the
arachnid, but according to Cloudsley-Thompson (1958, Spiders, Scorpions,
Centipedes and Mites, London, pp. 182-201) the scutellum seems to mark it as an
ixodid. Two species appear to be most likely, Ixodes ricinus (L.) (reduvius (L.) )
(the Sheep Tick) and J. hexagonus Leach (erinaceus Andouin) (the Dog Tick).
The latter would seem most likely as it appears to have a more catholic taste
than J ricinus, parasitizing not only dogs, but foxes, hedgehogs and cattle. In
this work I can find no reference to any ixodid mite attacking man, but in an old
work by Dallas (1883, Cassell’s Natural History, 6:184) the Poultry Tick,
Dermanyssus gallinae (Deg.) avium Dugés is recorded from birds other than the
domestic fowl, and also of sometimes transferring its attentions from fowl to
man. Chippenham Fen is a game reserve and it is possible that this species is
present. It is however a member of the family Gamasidae which contains heavily
sclerotised species like Parasitus coleoptratorum(L.) the species infesting Geotrupes
beetles. Thus unless Dermanyssus gallinae is an aberrant gamasid, it is unlikely
to be this species. Members comments on the identity of the exhibited tick and
any knowledge they have of ticks attacking humans in this country would be of
interest.”?

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) A series of the very local wood-boring weevil,
Mesites tardii (Curt.) bred from holly, Lee Abbey, N. Devon, July 1966. A
portion of the tree showing exit holes and workings was also shown. (2) A series
of Platycis minuta (F.) (Col., Lycidae) from dead beech, Otford, Kent, 24.viii.66.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT announced the formation of the British Arachnological
Society, with Theodore Savory as its President.

He also read a letter from Mr. Barber of the Department of Anatomy,
University College, Gower Street, asking members to help in obtaining glow
worms for research and investigation into their distribution.

Referring to Mr. Buck’s note on the tick, Mr. R. F. HAYNES said that he had a
similar experience in Ireland. Mr. P. A. GODDARD commented on ticks in general
and their identification, which he said, in some cases was decided by leg spines.
The removal of a tick could be effected by dabbing it with alcohol, was the
opinion of Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss; while Sir Errc ANSoRGE said that in India he
found the best way to remove ticks was a very hot bath and then to have them
picked off with tweezers. Mr. Goddard added that knowing the group to which
the tick belonged would help in its removal because of their different biting
habits. On the subject of identification Mr. T. R. EAGLEs asked if anyone knew
of a book on these arachnids which would help with determination.

1. Since the date of this meeting I have learned of two cases of mites attacking humans. Mr.
K. Crawshaw tells me he picked up a mite in Ireland, and Mr. A. Doncaster also obtained one in
his leg in Scotland—F. D. Buck.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966 131

Commenting on the capture of Scopula rubiginata Hufn. (Lep., Geometridae)
on the Tuddenham field meeting, Mr. S. WAKELY said that he had taken it at
mercury vapour light at Thorpness, Suffolk; and Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said
that he had taken it in August near Tuddenham. He had little or no success in
breeding this species and would be interested to know of a successful method.

22nd SEPTEMBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. P. A. GoDDARD—Photographs of Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw. (Lep.,
Gelechiidae) and O. kindermanniella H.-S., previously thought, in this country,
to be merely the light and dark forms respectively of O. quadripuncta Haw. The
genitalia confirms that they are separate species.

Mr. S. WAKELY—An unidentified insect found in his loft. It was passed round
for comment by members.

COMMUNICATIONS

Commenting on the numbers of migrant Lepidoptera, Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms
particularly mentioned the White Point Wainscot, Leucania unipuncta Haw
(Noctuidae). He added that he had seen very few large hawk moths this year. Mr.
R. G. Chatelain said he had seen one Herse convolvuli L. (Lep., Sphingidae).

Whilst on the Gower Peninsula, S. Wales, 30.viii.66, said Dr. B. J. MACNULTY,
he had seen large numbers of Plusia gamma L. (Lep., Noctuidae) gathering round
street lamps.

Referring to the insect shown by Mr. S. Wakely, Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss said
that it was the larval form of a bug; he had seen the species in his own loft. Mr.
WAKELY replied that he had also seen similar insects when sawing wood.

EDGAR ERNEST SYMS
1881-1966

Edgar Ernest Syms was born in Edgware on 29th December 1881. He was
educated at the local school in Harrow Road, leaving when he was 12 years old
to join the family business as an apprentice carpenter. The first job on which he
was employed was the Whiteley building where, though a life-long teetotaller
and non-smoker, he fetched the workmen’s cans of beer from the local hostelry.

An avid reader, Syms read every book that came his way; his thirst for
knowledge led him to evening classes at the London Polytechnic, where he
studied social and economic history, and later he attended a course at Birkbeck
College in the City of London for his matriculation.

A rift between his father and grandfather ended his association with the
family business, and he applied for and gained entry into the teaching profession
as a handicraft instructor with the West Ham Education Authority. During his
career he was in charge of Handicraft Centres at Credon Road, Drew Road and
Odessa Road Schools, all in the West Ham area. He retired from teaching in 1942
after 40 years’ service in education and devoted his retirement to entomology.

132 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1966

Being a keen naturalist it was no doubt the proximity of Epping Forest, an
area he worked throughout his life, that led him to live at Wanstead. He married
in 1908; both he and his wife were keen cyclists and thought nothing of cycling
to Felixstowe for their holiday. Their only son was provided with a cycle at the
age of eight, and the three would cycle to various parts of Epping Forest where
Syms spent the day collecting his insects.

At the outbreak of war in 1914 Syms volunteered for the R.F.c., but was
rejected because of a weak heart; the result of rheumatic fever contracted in his
*teens through sleeping rough whilst hiking from London to Southampton.

In 1924 he purchased a motor cycle combination and extended his field work
into all the counties of England and Wales, and most of those in Scotland. After
some four years he exchanged three wheels for four.

Syms lost his wife in 1956—an awful shock for him; he had assumed, owing
to his heart condition, that she would survive him. In fact from the time of his
rheumatic fever he suffered only minor illnesses and went into hospital as a
patient for the first time when he was over 80 years of age. He lived on his own
at Wanstead until three years ago, when he went to live with his son, at his son’s
insistence, after he was taken ill on a visit. He was rushed to hospital with a
suspected burst stomach ulcer. Later he told his son he had handled some fungus
from Epping Forest that morning and believed the trouble to have been fungus
poisoning. His doctors were left in complete ignorance.

It was in 1916 that he joined the South London and was an enthusiastic member
from the start. His interests were ‘other Orders’, particularly the Orthoptera; but
like Hugh Main, a great friend of his, was more concerned with living insects
than with cabinet specimens. Unfortunately he did not publish as much as he
might, though he wrote several papers for our Proceedings and Transactions,
covering a number of the Orders usually neglected. He was a frequent contributor
to the Society’s discussions and could usually be relied upon to produce some
useful information on habits in obscure Orders, or on breeding techniques. In
1926 he was elected Librarian, succeeding Mr. A. W. Dodds. He pursued his
duties in a quiet, unspectacular, but efficient manner until he relinquished the
responsibility in 1953. Thus for 27 years our books were in his care; his is
probably the longest term of unbroken service in a single office in the Society’s
history. One great asset in this respect was his knowledge of the literature, not
only of the volumes on our bookshelves and the works we had published, but of
other works as well; if he couldn’t produce the book he could usually give a
useful reference—and was always willing to spend time searching for the difficult
reference.

Inevitably such a man must be elected to our senior office, and he became our
President in 1935. Under his chairmanship the Society’s fortunes moved steadily
forward.

He was appointed an Honorary Member in 1960 having earned that distinction
with 44 years of enthusiastic service, contributing much to our meetings both
indoors and in the field.

The Essex Field Club claimed much of his attention and for many years he was
a curator of the Essex Museum.

In his early days he was an ardent trade unionist, a soap-box orator and some-
thing of a fire-brand. Always a man of principles; obviously a youth with fire in
his belly, that mellowed with advancing years to make up the man we knew:
kindly, helpful, gentlemanly, and a first-class entomologist.

F. D. Buck

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CONTENTS

Field Meetings 116
Last, H. R., The Coleoptera of the Bailiwick

of Guernsey 101
Obituary, E. E. Syms 131
Proceedings 124

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

en TI —. a

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967”

1967

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

| XL: Ee *
‘ak

6.2 MARCH 1967, Part 1

y
By

i

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“*Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1967”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

716

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 I

OUTLINE LIFE HISTORIES
OF SOME WEST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA

Part II Limacodidae
B. J. MACNULTY

INTRODUCTION

This paper continues the series, and for general introductory remarks readers
are referred to Part I (1966). The order of genera and species follows that of
Seitz (1930) unless otherwise stated. The names of the food plants are as given in
Hutchinson & Dalziel (1928).

The larvae of this group of insects are easily recognised, being generally
rectangular in cross section with prominent cones bearing urticating setae. In a
number of cases they are extremely flattened and oval in shape and without
cones, but still rectangular in cross section. In a few cases the larvae appear to be
more normal, lacking the cones and urticating setae, but they are still somewhat
flattened. The ventral surface is always closely adpressed to the surface on which
they rest and the legs and prolegs are nearly always retracted. The larvae move
with a gliding, slightly undulating motion which no doubt gives rise to the nick-
name of ‘slug caterpillars’. The head, except for feeding is also retracted under
segment 2.

The cocoons of this group are all very similar and consist of hard, bare,
smooth, papier maché-like cells pale to deep brown in colour; the emerging
imago makes a small clean-cut regular lid at the front end of the cocoon. They
may be buried in the earth, attached to branches of trees or shrubs or to the
leaves; they are also found amongst vegetable debris on the ground.

A day or so before pupating most of the larvae weep considerable quantities
of liquid and look most unhealthy. When they have shrunk to about half their
normal size they spin their cocoons. They may remain a considerable time in
these cocoons before pupation or may pupate almost at once. The time between
spinning the cocoon and the emergence of the imago is in many cases considerably
longer than for most families in West Africa.

TERMINOLOGY

In view of the rather unusual features of most of these larvae, and to simplify
the larval descriptions, the following terminology is used.

The typical larva is almost square in cross section, with the four longitudinal
rows of tubercules bearing urticating setae. There are two rows, one at each side,
close to the surface on which the larva rests—these I have called the lateral rows
—and a row on each of the corners between the dorsum and the side, which I
have called the paradorsal rows. I have used this terminology even when the larva
is grossly flattened; in this case there appear to be four nearly parallel rows
running from the head on a flat disc-like surface, the two outermost of these are
the lateral rows and the inner the paradorsal.

The tubercles which bear the urticating setae I have referred to as cones after
Dyar (1890). Even when these are greatly elongated into horns I have used the
same term but described the shape.

LIFE HISTORIES

Rhypteira sordida Holland Dirks 5
This larva is unlike any other of the group as there is no sign of any urticating

2 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

setae, cones or other protrusions. It is green and somewhat flattened with darker
green lines along each side of the dorsum. There are eight orange-coloured
spiracles on each side (segments 3 to 10) and two paradorsal rows of faint yellow
circles, one circle of each row on each segment. The larva spins up in a leaf of the
food plant, which is folded to hide the cocoon completely. The imago emerges
after four to five weeks. I have been unable to identify the food plant.

Cosuma rugosa Walker

The ground colour of this larva is green. On segments 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12 are
two long yellow to deep orange horn-like paradorsal cones covered with long
black sharp urticating setae; the cones on segments 5 and 11 are longest, being
about one-and-a-half times as long as the height of the body which is approxi-
mately square in cross section; the cones on segments 4 and 12 are two thirds the
size of those on segments 5 and 11, whilst those on segment 2 are only about half
the size of those on segments 4 and 12. There are similar but much smaller para-
dorsal cones on the remaining segments. On each segment there is a thin yellow
lateral cone with small colourless setae. There are two paradorsal yellow lines
and segments 6 to 9 are edged anteriorly and posteriorly with yellow between the
paradorsal lines so that the dorsum appears to be divided into squares. There is
also a transverse yellow line joining the bases of the paradorsal cones on segments
3, 4, 5, and 12 and a double line on segment 11.

On the side of each segment there is a yellow U-shaped line having its vertical
elements close to the anterior and posterior margins of the segment. These are
well-marked on segments 6 to 10 but somewhat fainter on other segments. Just
before pupation all orange and yellow markings may turn red, the green colour
darkening to a deep olive. The larva feeds on Alchornia cordifolia.

The cocoon is spun in any suitable place. The imago emerges between four and
five weeks later.

Ctenolita anacompa Karsch

The head (segment 1) is brown, segment 2 white, with an appearance of
leather; and the other segments are green. In cross section the larva is square.
Anterior and posterior margins of segments are raised; the anterior margin is
slightly bowed and the posterior margin concave. At the apex of each ridge there
is a short paper-thin black protruding strip. Between these ridges the skin is loose
giving the whole larva a concertina look. On each segment the intersegmental
fold is darker than the area between the ridges. On segments 3, 4, 11 and 12
there are two short black squarish paradorsal cones with a long black seta at
each top corner, and between these several small setae. There is a transverse
hump at segments 4, 11 and 12.

Each segment except 2 and 12 bears two broad black cylindrical lateral pro-
tuberances with bright-pink caps (these are modified cones).

The larvae which feed on Terminalia catappa and to a lesser extent on Gmelina
arborea are gregarious and rest beneath the leaf in closely packed ranks side to
side with their heads at the edge of the leaf and the rear pointing towards the
central rib, covering sometimes 90 per cent of the leaf surface.

Pupation takes place in the usual type of cocoon which is made preferably in
two or three inches of soil. The period between the spinning of the cocoon and
the emergence of the imago is unusually long and variable, occupying between
60 and 130 days. Much of this time is spent as larval diapause. Cocoons opened
after 40 days have still contained larvae.

PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC., 1967 3

Ctenolita pyrosomoides Holland

The larva is bright apple green in general colour and greatly flattened. Segment
1 (the head) and segment 2 are pale grey, with a narrow transverse deep-purple
ring round the rear end of the latter. Each of the remaining segments bears two
or four short green glassy cones from which arise numerous glass-like urticating
setae. Segment 3 has two rather small dorsal cones close together. Segment 4 has
four larger cones, two lateral, and two paradorsal further apart than those on
segment 3. Segment 5 has two even larger paradorsal cones further apart again
than those on segment 4. Segments 6, 7 and 8 each have two lateral cones;
segment 7 also has a somewhat degenerate paradorsal cone, coloured bright red
with a vivid blue tip. Segments 9, 10, 11 and 12 have two lateral and two para-
dorsal cones, the lateral ones being rather larger than the dorsal ones. All lateral
cones end in a faintly pink opaque tip.

There is a large purple dorsal oval edged in deeper purple, almost black,
covering the posterior part of segment 3 and all of segment 4, and a similar one
covering segments 9 to 11. On segments 6 to 8 there is a broad purple arrow-head
mark, pointing towards the head, with barbs reaching to the spiracles on segment
8, and the point medio-dorsal on segment 6.

As the larva reaches maturity the dorsum gradually yellows. The marks on the
back fade through red to pale pink finally becoming yellow in the centre and
pink towards the edges. Two days or less before pupating the cones swell,
becoming transparent, the larvae shrink shrink considerably, most of the setae
drop off and the general colour becomes bright yellow with the dorsal marks a
very pale pink, lined in red.

The larva, which feeds on Combretum latiolatum, spins its cocoon amongst
withered leaves or in debris at the roots of the plant. The imago emerges between
40 and 80 days later.

Baria elsa Druce

The larva is pale apple green in general colour often with a blue tinge. The body
is approximately square in cross section. Segment 2 is white.

On each segment there is a lateral cone about twice as long as the body width,
with numerous long urticating setae; the tip of each cone is a milky translucent
pink. On segments 3, 4, 5 and 11 there are two large, fairly broad, glassy, para-
dorsal cones with long urticating setae. Each cone on segments 5 and 11 bears on
the inside of the base a large milky-pink dot; these dots are sometimes orange.
There are two pale-green or yellow paradorsal and a small lateral cone with long
urticating setae on segments 6 to 10; each lateral edge of the dorsum is raised
into a small ridge. On segments 7 and 8, mainly posteriorly on 7 and anteriorly
on 8, is a dorsal oval mark, white or pinky-white in colour with a central blue
mark of variable size and shape, which in some cases may be split into two small
circular blue marks. The mark is variable and often the portion on segment 8 is
missing. Mediodorsally is an evanescent thin paler green line.

The larva feeds on Alchornia cordifolia, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia catappa
and Macrolobium macrophyllum. The pupal stage occupies about forty days.

Paraphanta fimbriata Karsch

A small flattish larva somewhat oval in shape whose general colour is grey or
white, sometimes a grey-brown. Segments 4, 5 and 11 have two small paradorsal
brown cones, bearing small urticating setae. There is a thin, double, grey dorsal
and two similar evanescent paradorsal lines. Segments 4, 5 and 11 are chocolate-

4 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

brown or black. The larva is quite small, about 12 mm. long and feeds on
Alchornia cordifolia. The pupal stage takes about three weeks.

Zinara ploetzi Schs. & Clem.

The larva varies in overall colour from pale chocolate to black. On each
segment there are two or four small broad cylindrical truncated cones bearing
short urticating setae. On each of segments 3 to 13 there are two paradorsal
cones. On each of segments 4 to 12 there is a lateral cone. The dorsal cones on
segments 8, 9 and 13 are always yellow ochre in colour. The rest are usually
black but sometimes chocolate and occasionally those on segment 12 are yellow.
The lateral cones on segments 8 and 9 are nearly always yellow and those on
segments 3, 4 and 12 are occasionally so; the remainder are usually black but
are occasionally chocolate coloured. Between the dorsal cones is a circular,
black, velvet, dorsal patch with two similar but smaller paradorsal ones anterior
to it; anterior to these are two very small white dots. Close to the cones there is
another white dot. Each segment bears a lateral black streak which extends
anteriorly from posterior of the dorsal cone to anterior of the lateral cone
except on segments 4, 5 and 12, where they extend vertically down the posterior
of the segment. Usually the larvae are nearly black with only a few yellow cones
when most other markings are obscured, but occasionally the ground colour is
pale chocolate and few other markings are visible.

The larva feeds on Alchornia cordifolia, Clerodendron splendens and other
plants. The pupal stage occupies three to four weeks.

Zinara nervosa Walker

The larva is very flat, adpressed to the food plant. The subspiracular area of
the side is so flattened that it forms a marked rim round the dorsal surface. The
only cones bearing urticating hairs are flat ones projecting from the lateral edge.
From the upper portion of the side the body rises at about 45 degrees to a narrow
ridge which forms the dorsum. The ridge broadens at each end of the body. The
general colour is green, closely matching the underside of the leaf of the food
plant on which it rests. On each side of the ridge there is a yellow line. On each
segment on the ridge between the yellow lines is a red dot with a small black line
on each side of it, otherwise the space is green. Between the ridge and the edge of
the larva on each side is a double row of circles edged in white or very pale
green. The centre is the same green as the rest of the larva with faint blue dots
except on segment 7 where the centres of the innermost circles are deep purple.

The larva is found on Alchornia cordifolia and Macrolobium macrophyllum.
The pupal stage occupies about three weeks.

Zinara recurvata Hampson

This larva is noticeably flatter than most and oval, the major axis (head to
tail) being about twice as long as the minor. Segments 1 and 2 are usually not
visible from above. On each of segments 3 to 13 there is a lateral cone which has
been flattened into the form of a sharp-pointed broad-based spine edged with
pale yellow. From this spine urticating setae arise mostly parallel to the surface
on which the larva rests. The general colour is green. The ridge that forms the
dorsum has a broken yellow lateral line with a dark blue line inside it, broken in
unison with the yellow line. On segment 4 there is a yellow bar between the
yellow lines on each side of the dorsum, the blue lines stop short at this. Between
the yellow bar and the head the yellow lines diverge. On segment 4 the blue lines
are particularly vivid.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 5

On each side of the larva there are two rows of white spots outlined in dark
green, one spot of each row on each segment, and a third row close to the side
edge, in the form of white smudges.

The larva is found on the underside of the leaves of the food plant, Alchornia
cordifolia. The pupal stage occupies three weeks.

Thosea aurifrons B.-Baker

The cross section of this larva is approximately square. The larva has a
dorsal hump on segments 5 and 11. On segments 4, 5, 11 and 12 there are long
narrow dorsal cones bearing numerous black urticating setae; those on segments
5 and 11 are about double the width of the larval body in length and those on
4 and 12 are a little longer than the width of the larval body. Each segment has a
short lateral cone bearing small glass-like urticating setae.

The main colour of the larva is pale green and the skin is shiny. There is a
broad white lateral band which narrows posteriorly and extends into the outside
edge of the long cone on segment 12. There are two purple paradorsal lines
adjacent to the lateral white bands. There is also a purple transverse dorsal line
between the cones on segments 4, 5 and 11. A transverse white line extends
between cones on segment 4 anterior to the purple line and continues up the
sides of the cones. There is a similar yellow line on segment 5 and also on segment
11 but on this segment it extends posterior to the purple line. Segments 6 to 10
are separated by yellowish lines dorsally, and the whole dorsum looks rigid. The
larva feeds on Ixora degamensis and also Alchornia cordifolia. The imago emerges
approximately three weeks after the cocoon is spun.

Spec. nov. (Imago to be described in a separate paper)

The larva is considerably flattened and fleshy. On each of segments 3 to 13
there is a short, dirty-cream lateral cone from which arise short grey urticating
hairs. There is a lateral white band and a white dorsal band which varies con-
siderably in width from segment to segment. The lateral band merges imper-
ceptibly with the dorsal band at both ends. At segment 7 the dorsal band branches
on each side to give a transverse band which runs into each of the lateral bands
and laterally covers most of segment 6 also. All the white bands are edged with a
black line. The form of the white pattern on the larva is that of a white cross ina
white oval. There are thus four approximately equal areas totally enclosed by a
white band; these are coloured green. A broad transverse ridge rises on either
side through segments 3 and 5 to a maximum on segment 4 where there are two
peaks on what corresponds to the sides of the dorsum in a normal larva. From
these peaks rise two small semicircular grey cones with small nipples. The cones
and nipples bear small black urticating hairs. Down each side of the white dorsal
band on each segment is a degenerate cone that is practically only a root from
which arise black urticating hairs. On each of segments 6 to 11 are two black
dorsal dots with a black V below them. The V may be partly or totally absent.

In the final instar there are changes. The inner portions become yellow; these
yellow areas vary but become larger as the time for pupation grows near, and
most of the white areas become grey except those parts anterior to segment 4.

The food plant is Cocos nucifera but larvae have been found on Barteria
nigritiana. The cocoon is made in the fold of the frond of the food plant usually
on a yellowing one. The imago emerges between three and four weeks later.

Stroteroides nigrisignata Strand
The glassy yellow larva is about 12 to 19 mm. long and has two indented
narrow green paradorsal lines. On segments 3 to 13 there is a narrow lateral

6 PROC. S. LOND. ENI. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

cone bearing small glassy urticating setae, and similar paradorsal cones. The
latter are long on segments 3, 4, 7, 11 and 12, and short on the remaining seg-
ments; those paradorsal cones on segments 4, 7, 12 and 13 are a deep red, whilst
those on segments 9 and 11 are red tipped. There is a red or red-brown dorsal line
from segment 4 to 12, and a broad red transverse band across segment 12 between
the cones and a similar yellow-red band on segment 4. There are two large red-
brown dorsal squares, the first with its corners medio-dorsally on segments 5
and 8 and the other two corners are on the lower portions of the cones on the
dorsum of segment 7. The second square has its corners medio-dorsally on seg-
ments 9 (anteriorly) and 10 (posteriorly), the other corners being at each side
of the dorsum on the joint between segments 9 and 10.

The food plant is Alchornia cordifolia and the pupal stage lasts between two
and four weeks.

Hydraphe aprica Karsch

The eggs are laid in batches on the underside of the leaves of species of Berlinia
and they hatch after four to seven days. Each is shaped roughly like a drum with
a deep depression in the head; the upper half is coloured a deep maroon and the
lower half is pale olive green. They are stuck to the leaf with a white adhesive.
They are finely rugose.

In the early instars the larva is coloured an even maroon to bright scarlet.
The cones with urticating hairs are very large compared with the size of the larva
and do not appear to increase in size at the same rate as the rest of the larval
surface. There is very little other change between the early and the final instars.

The larva has a row of small bright-red paradorsal cones with red, black-
tipped urticating setae. In each row there is one cone on each of segments 3 to 13.
There are lateral rows of similar cones. All cones are roughly the same size and
there is a deep-maroon ring round the base of each. There is a broken ill-defined
blood-red zig-zag dorsal line and a similar lateral one. On each segment is a
pattern of blood-red lateral lines. Laterally between each segment is a dirty-cream
coloured area containing the spiracle. The head is deep scarlet as are the under-
sides of the prolegs. The skin is very pale pink or white.

The cocoon is spun in withered leaves or on the tree trunk but most often in
the vegetable debris beneath the tree and the imagines emerge over a long period
sometimes after a week or they may be three months in the pupal stage.

The gregarious larvae feed side by side along the edge of a leaf, anything from
six to 30 forming a small colony. They appear to stay on one tree generation
after generation until they are finally decimated by disease or because the host
plant can no longer provide sufficient food for the thousands of larvae present.

Hyphorma subterminalis Hampson

This is a pale-green larva, approximately square in cross section, with a lateral
and two paradorsal rows of glassy cones bearing urticating hairs on segments 3
to 13, there being one cone of each row on each segment. The lateral rows have
cones of about equal size, measuring about half a body’s width in length. On
segment 12, there are only two cones, which could equally well belong to either
the lateral or dorsal rows. The cones of the dorsal rows vary greatly in size;
those on segments 6 to 10 are much smaller than the lateral ones, those on
segment 3 are equal in size to the lateral ones, those on the remaining segments
being larger; the dorsal cones on segments 4 and 12 are about three-quarters of
the body’s width in size, but the ones on segments 5 and 11 are about twice the
width of the body.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 5

From segment 3 to 12 there is a black dorsal band with a thin red or orange-
red line down the middle. On each of segments 5 and 9, from the black dorsal
band, a red line edged with black extends across and over the edge of the dorsum,
then extends anteriorly and slightly downward along the side to the anterior
margin of the segment.

In the early instars the black dorsal band is often absent but the thin red line is
always present.

The larva rests quite openly on the food plant Alchornia cordifolia often on the
top surface of the leaf. The pupal stage occupies between three and four weeks.

Parasa karschi Dyar

A grey larva with a lateral and two paradorsal rows of long narrow black
cones bearing long black urticating setae. There is one cone of each row on each
of segments 3 to 12 and on segment 13 two cones which may belong to either
row. On each segment, a thin raised black line runs transversely joining the
anterior edges of the cones. At the posterior of each of the dorsal cones on seg-
ments 12 and 13 is a wart covered with very short deep-red hair. The food plant is
Musanga cecropioides (smithii) and less often Lagerstroema flos-regina. The pupal
stage occupies about three weeks.

I found great difficulty in rearing this species and succeeded on one occasion
only and then the adult was crippled. I now suspect that it requires soil for
pupation unlike most others of the family.

The larvae have a tendency to be gregarious; there are often three or four
together on a single leaf.

Parasa vivida Walker

The basic colour is pale yellow; there may be a cream lateral line and/or a
dorsal one but these are usually absent. The cones are usually pale yellow,
appearing white in strong sunlight. On segments 3 to 13 there are four rows of
cones with urticating setae, lateral and paradorsal, one cone of each row to each
segment. The lateral cones on segments 3 and 4 and paradorsal ones on segments
3, 4, 5, 11 and 12 are somewhat larger than the rest and are mainly black. The
paradorsal cones on segments 8 and 9 are black at the very tips. There is an ill-
defined dark dorsal line made up of a number of small circles in black most
clearly marked on segments 5 to 11. The larva will spin its cocoon almost any-
where and the imago emerges after about three weeks. The food plant is Spondeas
monbin.

Parasa ananii Karsch

The bright scarlet larva is approximately square in cross section. On segments
3 to 13 there are four rows of small stumpy cones, almost hemispherical in shape,
two lateral and two paradorsal. The cones which bear white yellow-tipped
urticating setae are all the same size; the setae overlap with those of the next
cone.

There is a lateral line of purple spots, one to each segment, and a deep-purple
dorsal line composed of dots joined together. On segments 3 and 4 on the full
grown larva there is a transverse scarlet plate-like band joining the base of the
dorsal cones. On each side of segment 12 there is a large spherical velvet-black
proturberance completely filling the space between the lateral and dorsal cones.
In the early stages the larva is a pale yellow-ochre, with a dorsal row of purple
spots.

The pupal stage occupies three weeks. The food plant is Tristemma hirsutum.

8 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Parasa viridissima Holland

This larva is entirely green, and the distribution and shape of the cones bearing
urticating setae are identical with that of the previous species, but the urticating
setae themselves are longer and not only interlace with those from neighbouring
cones in the same row but also just interlace with those in adjacent rows. The
lateral protuberances on segment 12 between the cones are black or very dark
red. There is a form in which the setae are somewhat shorter and the spiracles
are bright scarlet.

The species, which spends some five weeks in the pupal stage, feeds on Cocos
nucifera.

Latoia albipuncta Holland

The larva is small, not more than 12 mm. in length and is a bright yellow. It is
square in cross section and the cones are degenerate and in most cases appear to
be only just visible. There are modified cones on segments 3, 4 and 12. These are
long, thin and stiff, without any obvious setae. They are yellow except at the apex
where they are black and are more mobile than in other species. At the junctions
between the segments there is a dark reddish-chocolate line across the dorsum.

At the ventral margin of each side there is a whitish-brown band with a pale
chocolate band above it, then above this a broad chocolate band in which there
are squares of yellow on segments 7 and 9 and sometimes on other segments. The
bands extend along the whole length of the side. There are two posteriorly
inclined cones on segment 13.

The larva feeds on Alchornia cordifolia and spins the typical cocoon amongst
the plant debris and loose earth near the roots of the plant. The imago emerges
between two and four weeks after entering the cocoon. The larvae are gregarious,
living in closely packed masses of about 30 individuals. The cocoons are also
made close together.

Latoia canescens Walker

The larva is similar to that of Parasa virdissima but is bright Cambridge blue
and the setae arising from the paradorsal cones appear to be orange-yellow in
the middle. Unlike the very similar larva of Parasa viridissima, forms with red
spiracles have not been noted. The larva, which feeds on Macrolobium macro-
phyllum and Alchornia cordifolia, passes about four weeks in the cocoon.

Trychyptena nigromaculata Hering

This is a dark green very flatly depressed larva similar to those of the Zinara
species. The ridge along the dorsum is outlined in yellow with a row of yellow
dots (one to each segment) along each side of the ridge, and on each of segments
5 to 8 a slightly bigger medio-dorsal yellow dot. There are three lateral rows of
yellow dots, those nearest the dorsum being more clearly marked. There is one
dot of each row on each segment. The larva, which feeds on species of Cassia,
spends two-and-a-half to three weeks in the pupal stage.

Omocena syrtis Schs. & Clem.

A small and compact yellow or orange larva with a square cross section from
which the four rows of cones, two lateral and two paradorsal, protrude from the
corners. There is a purple or purple-brown dorsal band which varies in width and
outline but usually covers the whole dorsal area. There is also a similar purple
spiracular band, which is broken at the intersegmental folds.

There are two rows of almost spherical, subspiracular cones bearing very short
urticating setae and two similar rows paradorsally on segments 2 to 13. On

PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 9

segments 6 to 13 the lateral and, except for segment 11, the paradorsal cones as
well are bright yellow; the remaining cones are brown or purple and make
segments 2 to 5 appear entirely purple. The paradorsal cones on segment 5 are
noticeably larger than the rest.

The larva has been found on many food plants, Alchornia cordifolia, Lager-
stroema flos-regina, Aspilia latifolia, and a number of low growing plants. The
pupal stage takes between three and four weeks.

Prolatoia perileuce Holland

The larva, square in cross section, is black. Every segment is thinly outlined
in white and the paradorsal supra- and subspiracular lines are white, so that
there are three white squares on each segment, one dorsally and one on each side.
There are long narrow cylindrical pointed lateral cones on each segment forming
a longitudinal row along the side from segment 3 to 13; these cones are black in
the basal fourth; there is then a white ring and the rest is a dirty chocolate
colour.

There is a raised edge to each side of the dorsum, and a row of black para-
dorsal cones, one to each segment, on the raised ridge; those cones on segments
6 to 10 are small, less than half the width of the back in size. Those on segments
3, 4, 5, 11 and 12 are much longer; those on segment 3 are just longer than the
breadth of the body and the rest at least twice that length.

All setae arising from the cones are black with white tips and are urticating. A
transverse raised yellow dorsal band joins the bases of the very long cones on
segments 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12.

The larva, which spins its cocoon almost anywhere not in direct sunshine,
rests on the upper surface of the food plant, Alchornia cordifolia. It has also been
found on species of Nepeta. The imago emerges from the cocoon after six to
seven weeks.

Prolatoia sjostedti Auriy. (Prolatoia perileuce Holland)

The larva of this species is identical with that of Prolatoia perileuce Holland.
The food plants and habits are the same. Whilst I have not bred the species from
the female, larvae found in close proximity to each other (and therefore probably
the progeny of a single female) have given imagines of both P. sjostedti and P.
perileuce. As only males of P. perileuce and females of P. sjostedti have been
recorded it appears that they are the same species. Detailed examination of the
imagines supports this. Since Aurivalius’ description is later than that of Holland
P. sjostedti is pre-empted.

Narosana agbaja B.-Baker

A flat green larva, half as broad as long. The dorsum is in the form of a flat-
tened ridge with a yellow-green line; there are pinkish-red dorsal dots on each
segment. On segment 11 the ridge is yellow with a thin medial green line and in
the centre a red circle with a pair of black dots posteriorly. The dorsal ridges of
segments 7 to 9 are dark green whilst on the rest the ridge is pale green. Posteriorly
the ridge is extended in the form of two small horns which are yellow on the
outside edge and red dorsally and on the inner side. There are the usual flattened
cones on the outside edge, one on each segment. Round the outside edge of the
larva is a narrow dark green band edged anteriorly with a pale dirty-pink line
on segments 3 to 5.

The food plant is Spondeas monbin and the time spent in the pupa is about
sixteen days.

10 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Casphalia extranea Walker

A pale green larva round in cross section without markings. There is a lateral
and two paradorsal rows of cones very thickly covered with long yellow black-
tipped urticating hairs; there is one cone of each row on each segment except
on segment 13 where there are only two cones which could belong to either the
lateral or paradorsal rows. Both the lateral and paradorsal cones of segments 3,
4 and 5, and the dorsal ones of segments 11, 12 and 13 are about twice the size
of the others; the lateral ones on segment 5 are markedly larger than any of the
others. The lateral cones of segments 6 to 12 are black on the apical two thirds.

The larva, which feeds on Spondeas monbin, buries itself in the earth to pupate
and the imago does not appear for about 75 days.

Cochlidion (Limacodes) cretacea Holland

This larva is similar to a very small specimen of Zinara recurvata but the dorsal
ridge is red between the yellow paradorsal lines posterior to the yellow transverse
dorsal bar on segment 4. The dorsal ridge ends posteriorly in two small cones and
appears to extend beyond segment 13. It feeds on Alchornia cordifolia and Conava
and is in the pupa about three weeks.

DISCUSSION

The larvae of this group should eventually prove a considerable aid in tax-
onomy. From the larval character it seems that Prolatoia, Cosima, Thosea, are
very closely related; Zinara ploetzi does not seem to belong to this group of
genera and seems somewhat closer to Omocena. The larvae of Parasa and Latoia
seem to be identical although Latoia albipuncta appears to belong to a different
group and is superficially much more nearly related to Ctenolita anacompa
which itself seems to belong to quite a different group from Ctenolita pyroso-
moides.

The Zinara species, except for ploetzi, seem to be closely related to Trychyptena,
Cochlidion, and Narosana.

The classification of Lepidoptera has been built up entirely on imaginal
characteristics; there seem to be indications in some instances that the larval
characters will modify present groupings. There seem to be grounds for revising
classification of this group and re-examining the differences now used in separat-
ing the genera in the family.

Obviously we need much more information and we still know only a fraction,
about 10 per cent, of the larvae of the West African species of this group. I have
once again included a key in the hope of encouraging further exploratory work
in the group, and should be very pleased to receive notes, colour photographs
and descriptions of any larvae of this group.

In conclusion I wish to thank the staff of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and
particularly Mr. D. S. Fletcher for help in the preparation of this manuscript.

KEY TO THE KNOWN LARVAE OF
WEST AFRICAN LIMACODIDAE

1 a_ Paradorsal cones on segments 5 and 12 equal in size to
the width of the dorsum between the cones . - 20

b Paradorsal cones on segments 5 and 12 much shorter or
absent : F 4 : 5 : ; ; : 2

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 Il

2) @)ia
b
8 @)a
b
4 a
b
c
5 a
b
6 a
b
(ONG
b
S id
9 (8)a
b
10 (a
b
11 (10) a
b
12 4a
b
ING) ka
b
14 (13) a
b
15 (14) a4

Larva grey . i ; P ‘ : ; Parasa karschi
Larva not grey : 2 : 3
Larva flattened so that it appears to have only one

visible surface. Rather short compared to breadth : 13
Larva not flattened : : : 4
Larva without cones on sides of dorsum except on

segments 3,4 and 12 . ; ; 12
Larva with cones on sides of dorsum on all segments . é 5)

Larva without any lateral or dorsal cones. Colour green
Rhypteira sordida

Larva with all cones very nearly equal s : 7
Larva with at least one pair of cones obviously larger

than the rest. Body of larva all one colour . : ‘ 6
Cones on segments 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12 longer than rest

and mainly black. Larva yellow . Parasa vivida

Larva green with cones on segments 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12

larger than rest covered thickly with yellow, black

tipped, urticating setae. Much larger than 6a Casphalia extranea
Larva with a large approximately hemispherical velvet

black wart on each side of segment 12 . E ; ; 8
Larva without such wart : ‘ 10
Larva all of one colour except for the black wart ; ; 9

Larva bright scarlet with a dorsal line of purple dots
Parasa ananii
Larva blue or blue green. Urticating setae, partly
coloured yellow or orange . . Latoia canescens
Larva green, with no hint of blue, urticating setae
entirely green (spiracles may be red but are not
always so) . Parasa viridissima
Larva essentially of one colour. Skin pink.o or white with
cones and setae bright scarlet variegated markings
maroon-scarlet . : : . _ Hydraphe aprica
Larva showing at least two contrasting colours on body ; 11
Larva black or chocolate brown with at least dorsal
cones on segments 8, 9, and 13 yellow . : Zinara ploetzi
Larva yellow with purple line down back and sides.
Segments 3, 4 and 5 are purple to purple brown. (The
cones on segments 4 and 5 vary slightly larger than

rest but this is not really noticeable) : : Omocena syrtis
Larva yellow and chocolate red : ‘ . Latoia albipuncta
Larva mainly green. ; : Ctenolita anacompa
Larva not more than twice as long as ; broad ‘ : E 16
Larva at least three times as long as broad : , i 14
Main marks on larva a large white or grey cross inside

a white or grey oval . ; ‘ , 3 . Spec. Nov.
Larva not so marked ’ ; 15

Larva green with a red or purple oval anteriorly and
another posteriorly and a very large red or purple
mark in the form of an anteriorly pointing arrow
head covering large dorsal and lateral areas of seg-
ments 6 to 8 ; } ; : . Ctenolita pyrosomoides

12 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

b Larva grey with segments 4, 5 and 11 chocolate brown

or black . Paraphanta fimbriata

16 (13) a Larva with lateral white circles, and dorsal ridge normal : 17
Larva with yellow lateral circles or with dorsal ridge
appearing to extend posteriorly beyond margin of

larva : : : d : 4 ¢ 18
17 (16) a_ Lateral white circles, large ; : ‘ i Zinara nervosa
Lateral white circles small : . Zinara recurvata

18 (16) a Dorsal ridge appearing to extend posteriorly beyond
margin of larva . : ‘ ; 19

b Dorsal ridge normal. Lateral circles yellow

Trychyptena nigromaculata
19 (18) a_ The dorsal ridge entirely reddish bls F Cochlidion cretacea
b The dorsal ridge mainly green . Narosana agbaja

20 (1)a_ Paradorsal cones very long at least one- and-a-half times
as long as the breadth of the body at segment 8 : : 21

b Paradorsal cones shorter. Paradorsal cones on segment
8 slightly larger than any of the others =‘ Stroteroides nigrisignata

21 (20) a_ Larva black with yellow bars between paradorsal horns

on segments 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12

Prolatoia perileuce, Prolatoia sjostedti
b Larva not black nor marked thus. j 2 3 22

22 (21) a Larva with a black dorsal band with an orange line
down the centre . ; : 4 Hyphorma subterminalis
6 Larva not marked thus . : : F é : : 23
23 (22) a_ Larva green with yellow lines only . . : Cosuma rugosa
Larva not green with yellow lines only. , 24

24 (23) a Larva green with purple edged white paradorsal lines,
and yellow and purple transverse bars joining, para-

dorsal cones on segments 4,5 and 11. . Thosea aurifrons
b Larva green with a pink mask-like dorsal mark on
segment 8 . : ‘ , ‘ F Z 2 Baria elsa
REFERENCES

Dyar, H. G. 1890. Psyche 5:420-422.

Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J. M. 1928. Flora of West Tropical Africa, London.
MacNulty, B. J. 1966. Proc S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966 :69-84,

Seitz, A. 1930. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol 14.

74, High Bridge Street,
Waltham Abbey,
Essex

13th February 1966

Cnemacantha illota (Loew) (Dipt., Lauxaniidae) recorded in error from Stanmore
Common, Middx. The above species recorded in the field meeting report for
Stanmore Common (Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1966:120) is a misdeter-
mination, the species concerned being Lyciella affinis Zett—P. A. GODDARD, 69,
Weighton Road, Harrow Weald, Middx., 9th December 1966.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 13

SIPHONAPTERA FROM INARI, FINLAND
By W. SINCLAIR

In July 1963, the Biological Society of the University College of Wales,
Aberystwyth, visited Inari, in northern Finland. As part of their studies, a small
collection of fleas was made, the specimens being removed from small mammals
caught alive in Longworth traps.

Inari lies 69°10’N, 28°10’E. The habitat examined was meadow, filling an
abandoned bed of the Joenjoki (joki=river). The Joenjoki has been artificially
straightened and brought under control, so that the old bed is not subject to
spring flooding.

The mammals examined, and the distribution of the infestation between the
host sexes, are shown below:

Female Male
infested noninfested infested noninfested

Microtus agrestis (L.)

Field Vole 11 2 1 2
Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber)

Bank Vole 0 1 3 3
Sorex minutus L

Pygmy Shrew 0 1 1 0

The fleas obtained, with host species and sex, and parasite sex, are as follows:

Host: M. agrestis C. glareolus S. minutus
Host sex: 3 Q 3} 3
Bleaisex igi -Oi 1s On 1 Q é
Corrodopsylla birulai (loft) —- — 1—_— — — 1
Ctenophthalmus uncinatus
(Wagner) — — 12 — — —
Hystrichopsylla talpae orientalis
Smit — 11-—- — — ==2
Megabothris rectangulatus
(Wahlg.) Ilr 2 Yeboah) 1 2 —
Malareus penicilliger pedias
(Rothschild) — — 1 3 1 — —
Peromyscopsylla silvatica silvatica
(Wagner) — — 21 — -— —

When the records described here are compared with those from a similar
collection made near Troms6, Norway (Sinclair, W. and Ewing, A. W., 1963,
Astarte, No. 23, Troms6é Museum), the general patterns of the results are, as
might be expected, basically similar. In both, Megabothris rectangulatus (Wahlg.)
appears most commonly. The Finnish group differs in recording Corrodopsylla

14 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

birulai (Loff), and not containing Amphipsylla sibirica sibirica (Wagner).

In collections of this nature, made by students relatively inexperienced in field
collecting, the real value lies in the mere recording of the existence of particular
species in certain localities, thus gradually increasing our knowledge of the dis-
tribution of fleas. I wish to thank Mr. D. Smallwood for collecting Finnish fleas
for me. Mr. F. G. A. M. Smit again generously confirmed my identifications, and
extended them where necessary, for which I thank him sincerely.

Department of Zoology,
University College of Wales,
Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire
17th November 1966

Diurnal flight in the larger Dytiscidae (Col.) and the attraction of car roofs to
Coleoptera in flight—Muggleton’s note (antea p. 84), I read with some interest.
I am not sure I can agree with the supposition that because Dytiscus and Acilius
are active in water during the daytime it is not unreasonable that they may take
to the wing during the day. There is the difference between the temperature of the
water in which the insects occur and that of the atmosphere to be taken into
consideration, and this is likely to have an effect when these beetles take flight.
My records show that the larger dytiscids fly at dusk and during the late evening
and will frequently drop onto any surface at that time which shows a reflection
similar to still water, such as the roof of a greenhouse. A car roof may very well
show such a reflection even in the daytime on those rare occasions when these
species are on the wing.

Most coleopterists have at some time collected Coleoptera from a car roof on
hot sunny days in spring and early summer. The range of species which are taken
in this way clearly shows that a possible resemblance to still water cannot be the
cause of attraction to all of them. As Muggleton suggests, species like Rhagium
are unlikely to settle on what appears to be water; neither are Hylesinus, Oxytelus,
Philonthus or Lathridius. One factor whichcomes to mind is the higher temperature
in the vicinity of the car roof under these conditions, though I doubt if this is the
initial attraction; nor is it likely to be the cause of attraction in all species. Some
of the species which settle on car roofs at these times are pond margin species
such as Cercyon and Heterocerus. If the attraction was a reflection like water one
would expect these species to drop at the edges of the car roof; and while it is
true some are found in the rain gutters far too many land right in the middle.—
F. D. Buck, “Seirotrana”’, New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 31st July 1966.

A record of diurnal flight in Dytiscus—A large Dytiscus beetle landed in the
margin of a lake at the Society’s field meeting at Cosford Mill, Thursley, Surrey,
on 7 viii 1966. The weather was dull and humid, but warm, after 12 hours’ rain;
the time about noon.—R. W. J. UFFEN, 4 Vaughan Avenue, London, W.6.
31st August 1966.

Thomisus onustus Walck. (Arachnida) recorded in error from Thursley Common>
Surrey. In the report of the field meeting held at Thursley, 28.v.66 (Proc. S. Lond.
ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1966:116) the spider Thomisus onustus Walck. is reported.
This arachnid was determined by a friend, who has since informed me that it is in
fact a particularly large and brilliant example of Misumena vatia (Clerck), a
local species, but not so uncommon a T. onustus Walck.—P. A. GODDARD, 69,
Weighton Road, Harrow Weald, Middx., 9th December 1966.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 15

LYMANTRITDAE—EAST VERSUS WEST AFRICA
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S.

Dr. MacNulty’s notes (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1966: 69-84) reveal
several differences between East and West African lymantriid larvae and the
following comparisons may be of interest.*

Leucoma parva Plotz
I have not bred this species. Recorded food-plants for East Africa are Aspilia
latifolia and Wedelia menotriche (both Compositae).

Hemerophanes enos Druce
Feeds in East Africa on Quisqualis indica (Combretaceae). Before spinning,
drops of liquid appear on the dorsal ridge.

Olapa tavetenis Holland

I have not seen the larva, but Seitz describes it as ‘unicolored black with dense
greyish white hair’. The pupa is creamy yellow with black spiracles and black
markings on the head and eyes, and is clothed with long yellowish hair. Seitz
describes the colour as light brown, possibly from a preserved pupa.

Euproctis fasciata Walker

My description of the larva is as follows: Head blackish brown. Body dark
brown, minutely speckled with black. A white sublateral line, below which the
ground colour is paler. A white subdorsal spot on 4th somite. First somite with
subdorsal tufts of dark hair arising from small tubercles; 4th and 5th somites
with double dorsal brushes of dark brown hair; 11th with a single dorsal tuft.
Second and 3rd somites with slight fan-shaped tufts of grey hair across the dorsum;
6th to 10th with subdorsal patches of short white setae. A sublateral series of
slight tufts of pale grey hair. Dorsal glands red. Legs and prolegs red. Venter
brown streaked and spotted with yellow.

A vast list of food-plants are recorded: Araucaria (Araucariaceae), Rhus
vulgaris (Anacardiaceae), Anona (Anonaceae), Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae), Lager-
stroemia (Lythraceae), Gossypium (Malvaceae), Acacia, Entada (Mimosaceae),
Oxygonum sinuatum (Polygonaceae), Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae), Solanum (Solan-
aceae). The female larva has one instar more than the male.

Euproctis molundiana Auriv

My description of the adult larva is: Head dark brown. Body dark chocolate
brown. First somite with a subdorsal tubercle tufted sparsely with pale hair;
2nd and 3rd somites each with a transverse series of four small orange-brown
verrucae; 4th and Sth with double dorsal humps tufted with brown setae; 6th to
10th with large round subdorsal spots covered with minute black urticating
spicules; 11th somite slightly humped with two dorsal tufts of brown setae.
Second and 3rd somites with orange-brown lateral verrucae; 4th to 10th with
round lateral spots covered with minute black urticating spicules; 11th somite
with a lateral tuft of brown setae; 12th somite with a transverse series of four
orange-brown verrucae. A sublateral series of orange verrucae. Dorsal glands
brown. All verrucae and spots emitting longish pale hairs, the dorsal series with
a few flattened ribbon-like hairs also. Legs orange, prolegs brown. Venter brown
with a median stripe composed of orange transverse streaks.

Afi “2 ye botanical nomenclature is taken mainly from Le Pelley (Agricultural Insects of East
rica).

16 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Female larvae have an extra instar. Another long list of food-plants: Basella
alba (Basellaceae), Markhamia platycalyx (Bignoniaceae), Canarium schweinfurthii
(Burseraceae), Combretum (Combretaceae), Bridelia micrantha, Sapium eilipticum,
Securinega virosa (Euphorbiaceae), Eucalyptus, Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae),
Rosa (Rosaceae).

Laelia subrosea Walker
I have never been able to induce newly hatched larvae to start feeding on any
sort of grass.

Laelia fracta Schaus. & Clem.
Recorded East African food-plants are Panicum (Gramineae) and Mariscus
(Cyperaceae).

Dasychira glovera Swinhoe
I have not bred this species, but recorded East African food-plants are Allo-
phylus subcoriaceous (Sapindaceae) and Crassocephalum vitellinum (Compositae).

Dasychira rocana Swinhoe
I have not bred this species, but the recorded East African food-plant is
Brachystegia (Caesalpinaceae).

Orgyia mixta Snellen

A very general feeder, recorded food-plants being: Schinus molle (Anacardia-
ceae), Cupressus pygmaea (Cupressaceae), Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae), Geranium
(Geraniaceae), Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Acacia (Mimosaceae), Syzygium
(Myrtaceae), Pinus radiata (Pinaceae), Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), Ulmus
pumilis (Ulmaceae).

My description of the final instar is: Head orange-red, body grey-green.
First somite with a scarlet dorsal plate, and a scarlet subdorsal tubercle emitting
a tuft of plumose grey hair; 2nd and 3rd somites with double subdorsal scarlet
verrucae and a yellowish lateral one, all emitting short tufts of whitish hair; 4th
to 7th somites each with a short dorsal brush of yellow hair, the brushes set in
black patches, and a subdorsai scarlet verruca emitting short whitish hair; 4th
somite with a lateral pencil of white hair; Sth with one of plumose black hair;
all pointing outwards; 8th to 10th somites with a purplish dorsal stripe, a double
dorsal scarlet verruca, a scarlet subdorsal and a yellowish lateral, all emitting
short whitish hairs; 11th somite with a dorsal brush of brownish hair; 12th with
a transverse fringe of long whitish hair. Legs, prolegs and venter greenish-yellow.
Dorsal glands red.

Orgyia basalis Walker

Another very catholic feeder, recorded food-plants being Allium cepa (Amaryl-
lidaceae), Ricinus, Manihot esculentum (Euphorbiaceae), Dovyalis macrocalyx,
(Flacourtiaceae), Geranium (Geraniaceae), Tritonia crocosmaeflora (Iridaceae)
Gossypium (Malvaceae), Albizzia (Mimosaceae), Maesa lanceolata (Myrsinaceae),
Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Cajanus cajan (Papilionaceae), Pinus radiata (Pinaceae),
Rosa (Rosaceae).

Uganda larvae are green, my description being: Head pale green, often with a
semicircular black patch on either side of the vertex. Early in the instar the body
is pale orange, slowly changing to the green of the adult larva. A more olive
dorsal stripe edged with yellowish from 8th to 11th somite. Subdorsal pencils of
longish grey spatulate hairs on 1st somite; 4th to 7th somites with dorsal brushes
of white hair, each brush with a black lateral line; 11th somite with a dorsal

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 17

penci! composed of long grey hairs posteriorly and shorter buff ones anteriorly.
Lateral tufts of white hair, longest on the 4th, 5th and 10th somites. A sublateral
series of small tufts of pale hair from small orange warts. Dorsal glands orange.
Prolegs, legs and venter yellowish-green.

The earlier instars are black with black dorsal brushes. The female, as usual,
has an extra larval instar.

Mylantria xanthospila Plotz

My description of the adult larva is: Head blackish brown, the clypeus and
posterior edge red-brown. Body dark brown, with a sublateral, black-speckled,
white stripe from 3rd somite backwards. Clothed with long brown hair arising
from a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral series of brown warts, and with a dorsal
series of short, sparse, upright brushes of brown hair from 3rd to 8th somites.
Legs olive-brown. Venter and prolegs olive-brown, prolegs with lilac feet.
Dorsal glands black and shining.

I have always bred it on grasses, but it has been recorded feeding on Pinus
patula (Pinaceae). The eggs are laid loose, typical of a grass-feeding species.

Argyrostagma niobe Weymer

Again a considerable difference between East and West African larvae. My
description being: Head pinkish, so densely speckled with black as to appear
brownish to the naked eye. Body dark coffee brown, Ist somite with a pink
dorsal plate speckled with black. A subdorsal and lateral line composed of
cream specks. A subdorsal, lateral and sublateral series of blue verrucae, the 2nd
and 3rd somites with a transverse dorsal series of four in addition; the subdorsal
series emitting a few brown hairs, the lateral and sublateral tufts of pinkish
brown hair, except on the 8th somite where they are whitish. First somite with
subdorsal pencils of long dark hair arising from a black tubercle; 4th to 7th
somites with pointed dorsal brushes of brown hair, decreasing in size from front
to rear, at rest the first three are pressed together, the fourth separate; 11th
somite with a dorsal pencil of long dark hair. Dorsal glands yellow brown.
Venter grey. Legs black. Prolegs grey edged with reddish.

Recorded food-plants are Terminalia superba (Combretaceae), Alchornea
cordata (Euphorbiaceae), Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Ficus (Moraceae),
Eucalyptus torrelliana (Myrtaceae), Acacia mollissima (Mimosaceae), Erythrina
abyssinica, Cytisus palmensis (Papilionaceae), Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae).

I would suggest that the presence of eversible dorsal glands on the 9th and 10th
somites is an infallible characteristic for Lymantriid larvae. The larvae of the
syntomid genus Euchromia are very like lymantriids in the arrangement of their
hair tufts, as are some Lasiocampids.

Mombasa
18th December 1966

18 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

MYXOMYCETES AS FOOD FOR OTHER ORGANISMS
By BrucE ING

Very little has been written on the subject of myxomycete ecology and still less
on the relationship with other organisms. The aim of the present paper is to
bring together the known observations on organisms using myxomycetes as food,
in the hope that more attention will be given to the slime fungi as a well defined
habitat for invertebrates and fungi. The following account is by no means ex-
haustive. An asterisk before the name of a species indicates a strong preference
for myxomycetes, but does not imply the exclusion of other food sources.
Unless otherwise stated the observations are my own.

Invertebrates

Most of the following are generally saprozoic and myxomycetes are eaten
without selection or discrimination. A few species appear to be restricted to

slime moulds, however.
NEMATODA

On several occasions nematode worms have been seen in damp colonies of
Trichia varia (Pers.) Pers. and in other species on wet rotten wood, such as
Comatricha typhoides (Bull.) Rost. No attempt has been made to isolate and

identify the worms.
ISOPODA

Woodlice will eat fruiting structures and plasmodia of slime fungi and may be
a nuisance in dishes of litter or dead wood being used to culture myxomycetes.
Trichoniscus pusillus (Brandt) and Oniscus asellus (L.) have been observed
feeding on Trichia varia and Arcyria denudata (L.) Wettst. An interesting sequence
of events was noted in 1963 when Mr. F. H. Brightman set up a colony of
Androniscus dentiger Verh. in a jar containing sterile compost and surface
sterilised dahlia tuber slices. After a few weeks extensive plasmodium appeared
and ultimately fruited as perfect sporangia of Didymium iridis (Ditm.) Fr. The
woodlice ate both plasmodium and mature sporangia. The inference is that the
spores of the myxomycete were introduced in or on the woodlice. The latter
were obtained from beech litter at Darwin’s Bank, Downe, Kent, where the
slime fungus is common. This prompted me to investigate more closely and I
dissected several specimens of Androniscus and Trichoniscus from the site. In
the digestive glands were spores of myxomycetes, apparently unbroken or
otherwise affected by digestion. It is possible that woodlice thus act as dis-
tributing agents of myxomycete spores, as may many of the organisms mentioned
below.

DIPLOPODA

The common millipede Cylindroiulus punctatus (Leach) has been observed
feeding on sporangia of Trichia varia, a slime fungus which is abundant on wet

rotten wood.
COLLEMBOLA

No attempt has been made to name the springtails which are frequently a
nuisance in moist chamber cultures of bark. Nymphal and adult stages feed
avidly on the small myxomycetes which occur on bark and it is possible that the
bark-inhabiting collembolans habitually use slime moulds as a food source. On
rotten wood springtails have been observed eating Comatricha typhoides and
Cribraria piriformis Schrad.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., i967 19

COLEOPTERA

In nearly all accounts of British Coleoptera, from Fowler onwards, mention
is made of ‘powdery snuff fungi on trees and stumps’. These are myxomycetes
and several of the larger species are rich sources of interesting beetles. The sub-
families Anisotominae and Agathidiinae of the Anisotomidae are characteristic
of this habitat as are the British members of the Sphindidae.

ANISOTOMIDAE

* Anisotoma humeralis (F.) This beetle is very common in Britain and seems to
be confined to large myxomycete colonies on logs. I have found it in the
following species on many occasions: Fuligo septica (L.) Web., Reticularia
lycoperdon Bull., Stemonitis fusca Roth, Symphytocarpus fiaccidus (Lister)
Nann.-Brem. and Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Gmel. Set specimens in
cabinets often retain the spore dust of the fruit bodies from which they emerged.

* 4. castanea (Hb.) Far less common than the preceding and so far found only
in Reticularia Lycoperdon.

* 4. orbicularis (Hb.) Mentioned by Crowson (1962) as occurring in myxomycetes
but no other details were given. I have found it once or twice in Fuligo septica.

* Agathidium rotundatum Gyll. Several members of the genus are reported from
myxomycetes. I have found this species once in Lycogala epidendrum (L.) Fr.

*4. sphaerulum Reitt. Reported from various localities but the myxomycetes do
not appear to have been identified.

*4. rhinoceros Sharp. I have taken this species only at the Black Wood of
Rannoch, Perthshire, in Symphytocarpus flaccidus. It may occur at Rothie-
murchus, Inverness, in the same species or in an Amaurochaete. Its own distri-
bution is not limited by the distribution of these myxomycetes.

STAPHYLINIDAE

Cypha longicornis (Pk.). This very common species of litter and decaying plant
material is an accidental myxomycete feeder. I have taken it once on Coma-
tricha nigra (Pers.) Schroet.

HyYDROPHILIDAE

Megasternum obscurum (Mm.). Another beetle of decaying vegetable material
and found on several occasions straying into, and feeding on, the aethalia of
Fuligo septica.

LATHRIDIIDAE

*Enicmus testaceus (S.). An uncommon species which I have found in Fuligo
septica and Reticularia lycoperdon. Crowson (1962) also records it in Reticu-
laria.

Cartodere filum Aubé. Daltry (1948) records this beetle tunnelling in herbarium
specimens of Fuligo septica. This is one of the beetles which trouble owners
of herbaria and it is not confined to myxomycetes.

SPHINDIDAE

*Sphindus dubius Gyll. is noted (Pope, 1953) as feeding on myxomycete fruit
bodies but no specific information is available.

* Aspidiphorus orbiculatus Gyll. was seen by Brown (1943) to feed on Comatricha
nigra in Norfolk. It is known to eat other species but no details have been
published.

CIIDAE
Cis boleti (F.). A common fungus feeder which I have taken in Reticularia
lycoperdon on dead standing trunks also attacked by bracket fungi.

20 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

ENDOMYCHIDAE

Symbiotes latus Redt. Found in various groups of fungi, including myxo-
mycetes.

Sphaerosoma piliferum (Mu.). A generally mycetophagous species which I have
also found in Fuligo septica.

DIPTERA

Until the work of Buxton (1954) the myxomycetes had not been considered as
food material for larval stages of flies, although one species of fungus midge had
been reported from a myxomycete nearly twenty years earlier (Lister, 1937).

Many of the flies reared by Buxton are generally saprozoic feeders and are
probably associated with rotting plasmodia or decaying fruit bodies as if these
were any other decaying plant material. Others appear to be closely restricted
to myxomycetes as a breeding habitat.

MYCETOPHILIDAE

*Mycetophila vittipes Zett. was convincingly associated by Buxton with the
myxomycetes Arcyria incarnata (Pers.) Pers. and A. denudata (L.) Wettst.

*Platurocypta testata (Edw.) is a common species in the larger aethalial myxo-
mycetes. The tough puparia of the midge provide extra support and slow down
the weathering of the aethalia. The species was first noticed in association with
Reticularia lycoperdon in 1931 and by Miss G. Lister (1937). Subsequently I
have found the cases and the fly in various parts of the country from Reficu-
laria, Tubifera, Fuligo and Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rost.

*P. punctum Stannius. Recorded by Buxton from Lycogala epidendrum.

SCIARIDAE

Bradysia spp. Buxton records one or more undetermined species of this genus
as breeding in the plasmodia of Fuligo septica and the fructifications of Lycogala
epidendrum and Arcyria incarnata. There is no evidence that the flies are
specifically associated with myxomycetes. Scaptosciara vivida Winnertz is
mentioned as occurring in a culture of Fuligo. The fungus was not visible but
as the early stages of plasmodial growth are difficult to detect the relationship
with the fly is still obscure.

SCATOPSIDAE
Scatopse fuscipes Mg. Buxton reports the species as developing in a culture
of young Fuligo plasmodium. The evidence of association is inconclusive.

CECIDIOMYIDAE

Brittenia fraxinicola Edw. was bred by Buxton from sporangia of Arcyria
incarnata. Another, unidentified, cecidiomyid also appears to be associated
with this mould. A species of Bremia emerged from Lycogala epidendrum, but
this may be a chance occurrence.

EMPIDIDAE

Drapetis nigritella Zett. Buxton’s record of this species emerging from a culture
containing young Fuligo plasmodium, may be due to chance. The larva may
have been feeding on other larvae in the culture. That empids do behave in
this way is well known and I have bred Tachydromia agilis Meig. in quantity
from aethalia of Symphytocarpus flaccidus, specimens coming from Stanmore
Common, Middlesex. The larvae were abundant in the myxomycetes and were
preying on other dipterous larvae. Being more interested in the fungus than the
fly I regret that I did not pay more attention to the prey larvae.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 21

The following flies were all reared by Buxton in cultures of Fuligo septica; none
is likely to be restricted to myxomycetes but the association is clear: Lonchaea
vaginalis Fn. (Sapromyzidae), Leptocera fontinalis Fn. (Borboridae), Drosophila
repleta Woll. (Drosophilidae) and Hylemyia cilicrura Rob.-Desv. (Muscidae).

I have frequently seen diosophilids in the neighbourhood of decaying plas-
modia and aethalia of the larger myxomycetes.

Nemopoda nitidula Fn. (Sepsidae) was reared by Buxton from a large unidentified
plasmodium.

From the above it appears that while a few insects are specifically associated
with myxomycetes a larger number of saprozoic species are able to utilise slime
fungi as food or as a shelter for pupation.

Fungi

As with the insects a few fungi are restricted to myxomycetes while others
grow over them as easily as on other substrates.

Most of the fungi which follow are saprophytes but several affect the develop-
ment of the myxomycetes which then produce abnormal spores and capillitium
as a result. These fungi affecting development may be regarded as temporary
facultative parasites accelerating the breakdown of the slime fungi and thereby
making available more food material. ‘Mouldy’ myxomycete material is often
met and may be so deformed as to be impossible to identify with certainty. The
broad classification of the fungi used is that suggested by Ainsworth (1966).

ZYGOMYCOTINA: Zygomycetes: Mucorales

Mucor mucedo (L.) Bref. This common and familiar mould is a saprophyte and
grows over plasmodia in culture and on bark myxomycetes in moist chamber
culture. It has also been found in the field on Trichia decipiens (Pers.) Macbr.,
T. floriformis (Schw.) G. Lister, Comatricha nigra and Badhamia utricularis
(Bull.) Berk. No obvious malformation of the myxomycetes has been observed.

ASCOMYCOTINA: Pyrenomycetes: Hypocreales

Nectriopsis violacea (Schmidt) Maire (Hyphonectria violacea (Schmidt) Petch;
Hypomyces violaceus Schmidt; H. candicans Plowr.; Diplosporium album Bon.
var. fungicola Sacc.). This species is common on Fuligo septica, forming a
violet hyphal mat on the surface of the aethalium which may also bear dark
perithecia. The contaminated Fuligo used to be known as var. violacea (Pers.)
R. E. Fr. The conidial states have been found on Stemonitis fusca, Badhamia
sp., Physarum didermoides (Pers.) Rost. and Diderma spumarioides (Fr.) Fr.
(Petch, 1941).

DEUTEROMYCOTINA: Hyphomycetes: Hyphales

Gliocladium album (Preuss) Petch (syn. Acremonium album Preuss). This wide-
spread saprophyte has been found on the following slime moulds: Cribraria
rufa (Roth) Rost., C. aurantiaca Schrad., C. cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-Brem.,
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers., Trichia varia, T. affinis de Bary, Stemonitis fusca,
Comatricha nigra, Badhamia sp., Physarum nutans Pers. and Didymium
squamulosum (A. & S.) Fr. Included in the above records are those made
originally under Gliocladium penicillioides Corda which does not overgrow
myxomycetes. (Petch, 1939 and Wakefield & Bisby, 1941.)

Cephalosporium verticicola Petch (includes records under C. acremonium Corda.)
This species has only been found on myxomycetes and is frequently collected
on the following: Cribraria argillacea (Pers.) Pers., C. aurantiaca, C. cancellata,

*

22 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Arcyria cinerea, Trichia varia, T. floriformis, Stemonitis sp., Comatricha nigra
and C. typhoides. (Petch, 1931 and Wakefield & Bisby, 1941.)

* Verticillium rexianum Sacc. I have found this mould on Physarum compressum
A. & S. and P. nutans. It does not appear to occur on other substrates.

* *V. niveostratosum Lindau. On Trichia botrytis (Gmel.) Pers. and Stemonitis
fusca. (Petch, 1931.)

It is possible that the four taxa above are all forms of the same species of
Cephalosporium (W. Gams in litt.) but much work remains to be done before
this can be substantiated.

* Oospora trichiae Petch. On Trichia verrucosa Berk. (Petch, 1936.)

* Stilbum tomentosum Schrad. ex Fr. (syn Tilachlidium tomentosum (Schrad.)
Lindb.) This is the most familiar mould on myxomycetes and has been found
on the following: Cribraria argillacea, C. rufa, C. aurantiaca, Perichaena
depressa Lib., P. corticalis (Batsch) Rost., Trichia varia, T. lutescens Lister, T.
affinis, T. persimilis Karst., T. decipiens, T. botrytis, Comatricha pulchella
(Bab.) Rost. and Diderma effusum (Schw.) Morg. Gams (in litt.) suggests that
var. ovalisporum A. L. Sm. is not conspecific with S$. tomentosum and that in
any case the genus may only be an extreme (synnematous) development of
Cephalosporium. (Smith, 1903 and Petch, 1945.)

* §. orbiculare B. & Br. This rare species appears to be confined to Lindbladia

effusa (Ehr.) Rost. (White, 1876 and Wakefield & Bisby, 1941.)

Paecilomyces simplex (Petch) Brown & Smith. On Trichia affinis, Yorkshire.

(Petch, 1936 and Brown & Smith, 1957.) This species was originally described

as a species of Spicaria, a genus which today has no validity. Three other

species of ‘Spicaria’ are known to occur on myxomycetes of which S. penicillata
yv. Hohnel has been found in Norfolk on Arcyria denudata and Stemonitis sp.;

S. fuligonis Moreau was described from France on Fuligo septica and S.

perpusilla Speg. from Argentina on Hemitrichia stipitata (Massee) Macbr.

The true identity of these three species is completely obscure.

*

The remaining fungi are not closely associated with myxomycetes and their
occurrence of them is accidental.

Harposporium sp. has been identified on Diderma sp. (Herbarium of the Common-
wealth Mycological Institute, Kew.) The fungi of this genus trap nematodes
and nematodes are known to occur in myxomycete colonies (see above).

Scopulariopsis sp. on Trichias pp. (c.M.1.). These moulds are soil and litter
saprophytes.

Sporotrichum carnis Brooks & Hansf., Dendryphiella sp. and Penicillium sp. have
all been isolated from unidentified myxomycete sporangia (c.M.1.) Colonies of
Penicillia often develop on bark species in moist chamber culture.

The above account illustrates the range of organisms which derive nourish-
ment from myxomycetes. Much work remains to be done, especially in breeding
out insects and investigating the activities of the imperfect fungi involved.

REFERENCES

Ainsworth, G. C., 1966. A general-purpose classification of fungi. Biblio. syst. Mycol.
1966 (1) :1-4.

Brown, A. H. S. and Smith, G., 1957. The genus Paecilomyces Bainier and its perfect
stage Byssochlamys Westling. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 40:17-89.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 23

Brown, R. M. S., 1943. Miscellaneous observations—Coleoptera. Trans. Norf. Norw.
Nat. Soc. 15:374.

Buxton, P. A., 1954. British Diptera associated with fungi. 2. Diptera bred from
Myxomycetes. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. A. 29:163-171.

Crowson, R. A., 1962. Observations on Coleoptera from Scottish oakwoods. Glasg.
Nat. 18:177-195.

Daltry, H. W., 1948. Cartodere filum Aubé (Col., Lathridiidae) in Cheshire. Ent. mon.
Mag. 84:9.

Lister, G., 1937. Mycetozoa found during the Fungus Foray, 1926. Essex Nat. 25:
191-192.

Petch, T., 1931. New species of fungi collected during the Whitby Foray. Naturalist
1931 :101-103.

——, 1936. New and rare Yorkshire fungi. Naturalist 1936:57-60.

—,, 1939. Gliocladium. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 22:257-263.

——,, 1941. Further notes on British Hypocreales. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 25:166-178.

, 1945. Stilbum tomentosum Schrad. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 28:101—-109.

Pope, R. D., 1953. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae and Sphindidae. Hdbks. Ident. Brit.
Insects 5 (7):11.

Smith, A. L., 1903. Notes on a species of Stilbum. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 2:25-26.

Wakefield, E. M. and Bisby, G. R., 1941. List of Hyphomycetes recorded for Britain.
Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 25:49-126.

White, F. B., 1876. New Scottish fungi. Scot. Nat. 3:267-273.

Dept of Biochemistry,
Imperial College,
London, S.W.7

25th November, 1966

Oinophila v-flava Haw. (Lep., Tischeridae) in a distillery warehouse. During the
inspection of a distillery warehouse in Edinburgh, Midloth., 11.x.66, I found
quite a large number of Cinophila v-flava Haw. adults resting on Rhacodium
(probably R. cellaris Pers. ex Wallr.), the wine-cellar fungus, which was growing
in profusion over a wide area of the walls inside the building. The moths were
seen in all parts of the warehouse but only a few larvae were discovered when
samples of the fungus were examined in the laboratory.

The discovery of this moth in Edinburgh is interesting for two reasons. Meyrick
(1928, Revised Handbk. Brit. Lep., London) reports that it is found in England as
far north as York, but makes no mention of it in Scotland. Mr. Pelham-Clinton
of the Royal Scottish Museum has suggested to me that this might be the first
Scottish record for this species.

Secondly, Meyrick (Joc. sit.) states that the larva is to be found in May and
June and that the moth flies in July and August. The appearance of the moth in
October in such numbers suggests that this is not the late emergence of a minority,
but rather that the life history of O. v-flava Haw., in this distillery at least, may
differ from that of more southerly populations. Whether this is a second brood
appearing in October or whether the larval life is longer in this part of the country
it is not possible to say. Further investigations will, it is hoped, provide the
answer.— BRIAN Morrison, 12, St. Vincent Street, Edinburgh, 3, 24th November
1966.

24 PROC. S. LOND..ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967
FIELD MEETINGS, 1966

PAMBER FOREST, HANTS—Sth June 1966
Leader: Mr. B. R. BAKER

Seven members met the leader at the Crown Inn, Silchester Common, on a
warm, though overcast morning—prolonged sunny spells came later in the day.
The Forest, a new excursion site for the Society, offers considerable habitat
diversity, with heathland of undulating character abruptly giving way to mixed
deciduous woodland and marshy fields along the woodland edge. Working across
the heath and through swampy gullies the party found much evidence of Gonep-
teryx rhamni L., (ova and larvae) on the alder buckthorns. Sallows and alders
form dense thickets in many areas of the Forest and in one such area the party
were shown signs of larval activity of Aegeria spheciformis Schiff. An adult of
this species was noted in the beating tray along with numerous small nemourid
plecopterons and Alder-flies, Sialis fuliginosa Pictet. On the small stream, near
where lunch was taken, several of the striking lace-wing Osmylus fulvicephalus
(Scop.) were observed. A third instar larva of Apatura iris L. was beaten from
these same sallows and came as an unexpected bonus to a diverse morning’s work.
The early part of the afternoon was spent exploring a long marshy field where
many Clossiana selene Schiff. appeared as the sun broke through the clouds.
The micro-lepidopterists were kept busy and larvae of Epinotia sordidana Hiibn.,
and Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch were found on alder, and a well tenanted web
of Scythropia crataegella L. was noted on a blackthorn bush. Adults of Micro-
pteryx calthella L. were numerous among the stamens of Ranunculus, Caltha and
other plants. The marshy fields are noted areas for adders and a finely marked
specimen was examined from the depths of a kite net and then duly released.
Towards late afternoon the party worked back across the higher heathland,
where Macrothylacia rubi L. were now careering in erratic flight, and then before
returning to the cars a visit was paid to the rides of a compact oak coppice where
bush tapping soon induced several Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. to take wing.

HAM STREET, KENT—11th September 1966
Leader: J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

A dry, calm and rather warm, sunny day was enjoyed by the nine members
who gathered for this meeting, which as usual took place in Orlestone Woods.

Many lepidopterous larvae were taken, including the following: Lophopteryx
capucina L., one on hornbeam; Orgyia antiqua L., on Salix; Scoliopteryx libatrix
L., on Salix caprea L.; Rheumaptera (Calocalpe) undulata L., four fully grown, and
signs of others which had gone, on Salix cinerea L.; Biston betularia L., on Salix;
Ectropis biundularia Borkh. (bistortata auct.), one fully grown on broom; Asthena
albulata Hufn., one on hazel; Fumea casta Pall., two cases; Ancylis mitterbach-
eriana Schiff., several on oak; A. laetana F., several on aspen; Grapholita tene-
brosana Dup. (roseticolana Zell.), in rose hips; Telphusa notatella Hiibn., several
on Salix; Coleophora viminetella Zell., on Salix; Mompha raschkiella Zell.,
in leaves of Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.; Caloptilia (Gracillaria)
elongella L., on alder; Tischeria complanella Hiibn., numerous mines on oak, one
leaf contained eight mines; and T. marginea Haw., on Rubus.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HISI. SOC., 1967 25

Imagines included Pararge aegeria L., very plentiful; Vanessa cardui L., about
12; V. atalanta L.; Aglais urticae L., plentiful; the last three mostly at flowers of
Scabiosa pratensis Moench. (succisa L.); and Udea (Hapalia) ferrugalis Hiibn.

Mr. P. Goddard noted the following: HEemimpTERA: Palomena prasina (L.),
commonly on birch and mostly immature. HYMENOPTERA: Hoplocampa crataegi
(Klug.), several larvae on hawthorn. Diretera: Helophilus pendulus (L.), abundant
on flowers and foliage; Mesembrina meridiana (L.), a few on foliage; Aedes
annulipes (Meig.). ARACHNIDA: Meta segmentata (Clerck), abundant everywhere;
Misumena vatia (Clerck), one which was initially the bright ye!low form, but was
bright green the following day.

The list of Diptera which follows was submitted by Mr. P. J. Chandler.
Metalimnobia bifasciata Schrank, on woodland path; Anisopus fenestralis
(Scop.), swept from oak; Aedes annulipes (Meig.), females feeding on party;
Theobaldia annulata (Schrank), a male on fungus-bearing log; Apoliphthisa
subincana (Curt.), on fungus-bearing logs; Sciara female species, probably S.
fenestralis Zett., on fungus-bearing log; Phorodonta flavipes Meig., swept com-
monly; Melanostoma scalare (F.), frequent on Devil’s-bit Scabious flowers;
Platycheirus albimanus (F.) and Syrphus ribesii (L.), sparingly on Devil’s-bit
Scabious flowers; Syrphus balteatus (Deg.) a few on Golden-rod blossom;
S. cinctellus (Zett.), one female on Golden-rod blossom; S. albostriatus (Fall.) a
single female on Scabious flowers; Volucella pellucens (L.), a female on Golden-
rod blossom; Neoascia podagrica (F.), common; Rhingia macrocephala (Harris)
(campestris (Meig.)), three noted on Scabious flowers in the open; R. rostrata
(L.), a single female on Scabious flowers by a shady path; Helophilus pendulus
(L.), extremely abundant; Eristalis pertinax (Scop.), abundant on both Scabious
and Golden-rod flowers as were also E. tenax (L.) and E. arbustorum (L.);
E. nemorum (L.), several examples on Scabious flowers; E. horticola (Deg.), a
female on Scabious flowers; Cartosyrphus (Cheilosia) paganus (Meig.), a female
on Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) Koch blossom; Chilomyia bergenstammi
(Becker), one male on Scabious flowers; Syritta pipiens (L.), common on Scabious
flowers; Xylota segnis (L.), three males on foliage; Hypophyllus obscurellus
(Fall.), around marshy path margin; as was also Gymnopternus aerosus (Fall.);
Medeterus incrassatus Frey, on fungus covered logs; Conopilla (Conops) ceriae-
formis (Meig.), frequent on the flowers of Golden-rod and Scabious; Minettia
lupulina (F.), swept from grass; Lyciella pallidiventris Fall., swept from the
foliage of trees; Sepedon spinipes (Scop.), marshy margins of paths; and in the
same situations, Pherbina coryletti (Scop.); Loxocera albiseta (Schrank), common
on foliage; Sepsis punctum (F.) and S. fulgens Meig., swept from grass; Parydra
quadripunctata (Meig.) and Philygria flavipes (Fall.), on the marshy margins of
paths; Limosina (Leptocera) fungicola Haliday, on fungus-bearing logs, as was
also Asteia amoena Meig.; Elachiptera cornuta (Fall.) was also taken on fungus-
covered logs; Echinomya fera (L.), common on Scabious and Golden-rod
flowers; a single example of E. ferox (Panz.) was taken on a Scabious flower;
Pollenia vespillo (F.) was very numerous on Scabious and Golden-rod, but only
a single example of P. rudis (F.) was seen; Hydrotaea bimaculata (Meig.) was
numerous, hovering over and alighting on the sunlit grass at lunch time; H.
irritans (Fall.) was very abundant; a male Helina laetifica R.-D. was taken on an
oak trunk, and a female on fungus-covered logs; a male Fannia umbrosa (Stein)
was swept from pine; Phaonia basalis (Zett.) and P. incana (Weid.) were taken on
Scabious flowers; and P. scutellaris was discovered on a twig in the wood.
Examples of Sarcophaga carnaria (L.), S. vulgaris Rohdendorf and S. subvicina

26 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT, HIST. SOC., 1967

Rohdendorf were taken in the hope of obtaining S. Jaciniata Pand. which is
known from the locality, but without success.

DARENTH WOOD, KENT—17th September 1966
Leader: Mr. E. G. PHILP

A joint meeting of the South London and the Kent Field Club was held at this
classical entomological site. All those present regretted that Dr. Massee was
unable to lead the meeting because of illness.

The day was fine and sunny, but unfortunately the whole area is rapidly
deteriorating through the encroachment of building, agriculture and quarrying
from the outside, and through tipping in the middle. Collecting was mainly
carried out by picking one’s way carefully through piles of building and garden
refuse, and old cars. In fact it was the decaying carcass of a large dog that
produced most of the interesting species recorded including the following:

DrieterA: Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.), Lucilia caesar (L.), Ophyra
leucostoma (Weidemann), Piophila nigriceps (L.), Nemopoda cylindrica (F.),
Neoleria inscripta (Meig.) and Rhingia rostrata (L.).

COLEOPTERA: Creophilus maxillosus (L.), Philonthus addendus Sharp, and
Dermestes maculatus Deg.

In the afternoon the party moved on to Horton Kirby stopping en route to
admire the plant Bupleurum fruticosum L. well established on a railway bank.
Collecting at Horton Kirby was limited to the area alongside the river Darent
where the most notable insect taken was an example of the fly Chelifera aperti-
cauda Collin, new to Kent, swept from a bed of nettles by Mr. Chandler.

ASHTEAD, SURREY—1st October 1966
Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY

For this meeting the weather was dull and rainy, and heavy showers were
forecast. The leader was not surprised therefore, when he arrived at Ashtead to
find nobody present. He decided to explore the Common for an hour or so
before returning home, but heavy rain began to fall and serious collecting
became out of the question. The few species noted were: Coleophora hornigi
Toll (albicornuella Bradley), a larva on blackthorn; Leucoptera lotella Staint.,
larvae not uncommon, but very local on leaves of Lotus corniculatus L.; and a
larva of Poraswammerdamia pyrella Vill., was found on crab apple.

OXSHOTT, SURREY—15th October 1966
Leaders: Mr. P. C. HOLLAND and Mr. T. R. EAGLES

This meeting was held jointly with the London Natural History Society and
was attended by about 30 members of the two Societies and their friends. The day
was dry and sunny, but heavy rain had fallen the night before, so the party kept
to the high ground. Tea was taken near the railway station.

In addition to those studying fungi there were lepidopterists working for both

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 27

macros and micros, dipterists and coleopterists. Larvae of the moths Anarta
myrtilli L. and Lycophotia varia Vill. were abundant on heather; and a Macrothy-
lacia rubi L. larva was found near the margin of the Black Pond.

Mr. Chandler and Mr. Stubbs worked for Diptera throughout the day and
report as follows: on Oxshott Heath the most notable record was of Rondaniella
dimidiata (Meig.), a rare but widely distributed fungus gnat. The crane fly
Limonia nubeculosa Meig. was out, together with winter gnats of which a few
were subsequently determined as Trichocera annulata Meig. and T. regelationis
(L.). Fungus flies included the helomyzid Helomyza notata Meig. var. hilaris
Zett., H. affinis Meig., H. fuscicornis Zett. and Allophyla atricornis (Meig.), and
the crane fly Ula sylvatica (Meig.). The empid fly Tachypeza nubila (Meig.) and
the calliphorid Pollenia rudis (F.) were seen on pine trunks.

The homopteron, Conomelus anceps (Germ.) occurred in small numbers on
the Juncus.

On the edge of Esher Common, by Sandy Lane, a late Sericomyia silentis
Harris was found hovering over a muddy path running through very young
birch, and another Rondaniella dimidiata (Meig.) was taken in this area.

Perhaps the most admired fungus was Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Pers. ex
Scop. in masses on one tree trunk. A smaller fungus, but of great scientific
interest, was Plicaria leiocarpa (Currey) Boud. A specimen of Gomphidius rutilis
(Schaef. ex Fr.) Lund. was found and clumps of Sparassis crispa (Fr. ex Wulf.)
Fr. A fungus that seemed unusually plentiful was Cortinarius semisanguineus
(Fr.) Gillett.

An inspection of the Common from the conservation standpoint was made by
Mr. Stubbs who writes:

‘On the Oxshott slope, a favourite spot for entomologists, I noticed there was a
considerable amount of Erica cinerea L. among the Calluna. This is most unusual,
in my experience of Surrey heaths, for an open area. There is a theory that Erica
cinerea has a higher nitrogen content than Calluna and is able to support a
higher population of insects. I spent some time searching under clumps of E.
cinerea and found plenty of Lycophotia varia Vill. larvae, plus a few other lepi-
dopterous larvae. Bugs were fewer than expected, only a few Scolopostethus
decoratus (Hahn), Nabis ericetorum Scholtz and one N. ferus (L.).

‘A complaint was heard of excessive trampling and it was thought that a
temporary fence was called for. However, some of the special insects of the area
like some bare ground, and trampling may prevent the heather straggling.

‘At the top of the slope, northwards to Sandy Lane, Oxshott Heath is rapidly
changing in character since much of the tree growth is young. Heather (Calluna
and Erica cinerea) is becoming severely restricted. A ground layer of bramble is
forming beneath clumps of medium-growth birch, where these are not too
dense. Bracken appears to be thriving where tree growth allows enough light
through.

‘The Black Pond was a scene of entomological desolation. I saw two male
Sympetrum danae (Sulz.) and a single example of what was thought to be Aeshna
' juncea (L.), a couple of chironomids, one Paradixa, one mosquito and a few
syrphid flies. In other words the insects with aquatic or semi-aquatic larval
stages were ridiculously scarce, though it was a bit late for dragonflies. Of the
areas in which dumping of dredged material occurred the south side shows areas
of bare silt sparsely colonised at the pond edge with birch and Juncus; and the
north side only differs in a denser growth of these plants. Midst this almost
barren ground it was a surprise to sweep six female Palloptera scutellata Meig

28 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

(Dipt.), four of them very teneral, along the south side of the pond. This is a very
scarce and local species.

‘With special reference to the fate of open heathland insects whose Calluna
habitat is being lost beneath scrub, it is worth recording that sweeping well-
grown Erica tetralix L., which is present in a very narrow belt of a foot or so
along the north margin of the pond, a number of typical heathland bugs were
found: Kleidocerys truncatellus (Walker), Nabis ericetorum Scholtz and Orius
niger (Wolff). Also in the sweep net were Stenodema calcaratum (Fall.) which
presumably came off the Molinia growing among the E. tetralix, and Kleidocerys
resedae (Panz.) which must have come off the adjacent birch.

‘The heathland to the east of Black Pond was in a very sad state and it is now
almost lost beneath self-seeded and planted pines and exotic conifers.’

A full list of Myxomycetes and Fungi follows:

MyxomyYceTEs: Arcyria nutans Grev., A. oerstedtii Rost., A. pomiformis Rost.,
Fuligo septica (L.) Weber var. flava Pers., Tubifera ferruginosa Gmel.

ASCOMYCETES: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. on the grass, Mollinia caerulea
(L.) Moench., Coryne sarcoides (Jacq. ex Fr.) Tul., Plicaria leiocarpa (Currey)
Boud., Rhizina undulata Fr., Xylosphaera hypoxylon (L.) Dum.

TRAMELLALES: Calocera viscosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., Pseudohydnum gelatinosum
Pers. ex Scop.

APHYLLOPHORALES: Coltrichia perennis (Fr.) Murril, Coriolus versicolor
(L. ex Fr.) Quélet, Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke, Merulius tremellosus (Schraeder)
Fr., Piptoporus betulinus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karsten, Sebacina incrustans (Pers.) Tul.,
Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers., Thelephora terrestris (Erhart) Fr., Trametes
gibbosa Fr. ex Pers., Sparassis crispa (Fr. ex Wulf.) Fr.

AGARICALES: Amanita citrina (Schaef.) S. F. Gray var. alba (Gillet) E. J.
Gilbert, A. fulva (Schaef.) Sec., A. muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker, A. rubescens
((Pers.) Fr.) S. F. Gray, A. excelsa (Fr.) Kummer, Boletus bovinus L. ex Fr.,
B. luteus L. ex Fr., B. scaber Bull. ex Fr., B. testaceoscaber Secr., B. chrysenteron
(Bull.) Fr. Clitocybe odora (Bull. ex Fr.) Kummer, C. aurantiaca (Wulf.) Studer,
C. ditopus Fr., Collybia cookei (Bres.) J. D. Arnold, C. maculata (Alb. et Schwein.)
Kummer, Cortinarius flexipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., C. semisanguineus (Fr.) Gillet,
Galera hyponorum (Schank ex Fr.) Kummer, Gomphidius rutilus (Schaef. ex Fr.)
Lund., Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr. ex Fr.) Murrill, Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.)
Quel., Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Kummer, H. fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.)
Kummer, Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke, L. amethystea (Bull. ex Mérat)
Murrill, Lactarius pyrogalus (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr., L. rufus (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr., L.
tabidus Fr., L. turpis (Wein.) Fr., Tricholoma nudum (Bull. ex Fr.) Kummer
otherwise Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke, Marasmius androsaceus (L. ex Fr.)
Fr., M. esculentus (Wulf. ex Fr.) Karst., Mycena alcalina Fr., M. epipterygia
(Scop. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, M. galericulata (Scop. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, M. galopus
(Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer, M. polygramma (Bull.) Fr., M. sanguinolenta (A. & S.)
Fr., Nolanea staurospora Bres., Omphalia fibula (Bull.) Fr., Omphalina ericetorum
(Fr. ex Fr.) M. Lange, Paxillus involutus (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr., Pluteus cervinus
(Schaef. ex Fr.) Kimmer, Russula emetica (Schaef. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, R. fragilis
(Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., R. ochroleuca (Pers. ex Secr.) Fr., R. sardonia Fr., Tricholo-
mopsis rutilans (Schaef. ex Fr.) Singer.

GASTEROMYCETES: Scleroderma aurantium Vaillant ex Pers., Sphaerobolus
stellatus (Tode) Pers.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 29

PROCEEDINGS

13th OCTOBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GoaTeR—Fourth and fifth instar larvae of Diarsia mendica F. s.sp.
thulei Staud. (Lep., Noctuidae) from ova obtained in Shetland in early August
1966. He remarked on the brighter, richer coloration of these larvae compared
with those in the south of England.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Two examples of the large grasshopper, Plymateus
viridipes Stal (Acrididae) taken by Mr. B. J. Brock, May 1966, Fort Jameson,
Chizongwe, N. Rhodesia. The grasshopper has drab forewings and very bright
hindwings. Mr. Gardner explained that this was ‘flash coloration’; when the
creature flies the bright colour appears suddenly and on closing its wings dis-
appears instantaneously. This is very effective in confusing predators.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN—A living male spider, Geolycosa blackwalli Johnson,
endemic to Madeira. This example was bred from eggs laid by a female brought
back by an expedition to the island.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. N. L. Birkett spoke on ‘Entomology in the Lake District’, illustrating his
talk with coloured slides.

BOOK REVIEW

North European Groups of Aricia allous G.-Hb., their Variability and Relationship
to A. agestis Schiff. By Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. Pp. 184, 18 text figs., 8 charts,
4 maps, 2 col. pls. Aarhus, Denmark, 1966.

To many entomologists much of the importance of this well produced work
will lie in the resultant changes which will be found necessary in the nomenclatur {
of the genus Aricia (Lep., Lycaenidae). Breeding experiments and a careful survey
of the distribution of the genus have rendered essential a reassessment of the
affinity between the various geographical groups and a revision of the nomen-
clature.

For well over 100 years, entomologists have expressed doubts about the true
status of the Scottish form artaxerxes Fabricius, and its reputed close affinity
with Aricia agestis has for long been suspect.

30 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

At last, this problem has been thoroughly tackled by two amateurs, Mr. O.
Heoegh-Guldberg of Denmark and Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis of Bognor Regis, England,
whose close collaboration has brought about a satisfactory solution. Jarvis has
already published his findings in a similar paper (1966, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1966:37—-60). The exchange of living material was of great value to
both workers and without this liaison such momentous results could never have
been achieved.

The author set out to investigate the relationships which exist between the
bivoltine agestis and the univoltine forms artaxerxes and allous. Many different
characters, morphological and biological, have been studied and compared,
with interesting results. It was found that when artaxerxes or allous was crossed
with agestis from southern England there were unmistakable signs of imbalance
in the progeny, despite apparent absence of inhibition in pairing. On the other
hand, the result of pairings between artaxerxes and allous displayed no noticeable
trace of genetic incompatibility.

This indication of close relationship between univoltine artaxerxes and allous
is considerably strengthened by many other tests. The biotopes and larval food-
plants differ from those of agestis and the colour, shape and size of the larvae and
pupae are also significantly different. The minimum daylight hours required to
suspend diapause are shorter with agestis. The ratios between tarsal and tibial
lengths in the imagines were found to be reliable criteria of specificity. All of
these differences are fully described and evaluated.

There were the inevitable disappointments until satisfactory breeding tech-
niques were adopted. For instance, the submission of the larvae to conditions of
continuous daylight resulted in uninterrupted and rapid growth, with consequent
reduced mortality.

Additional evidence of specific distinction between allous and agestis was pro-
vided by the discovery that at Sandhammaren in Sweden both live together
without inter-breeding, the single generation of allous flying between the two
broods of agestis, with short periods of overlap. They behave as two sympatric
species, reproductively isolated.

From the evidence provided by breeding experiments, and morphological
and biological comparisons, the only reasonable conclusion is that artaxerxes
and the Scandinavian populations of allous are the same species, quite distinct
from agestis. It is, moreover, important to note that the name allous must be
discarded in favour of artaxerxes, the older name by 44 years. The Scottish
population is thus established as the nominate subspecies and all other subspecies
must conform to the new nomenclature and become subspecies of artaxerxes.
These changes add another species to the genus Aricia in the British list of
Lepidoptera.

In his work on the analysis of the Scandinavian populations, the author
discerned differences which he considered justified the erection of four new sub-
species, all of which he describes and illustrates in colour.

There is a useful summary and a list of relevant literature. At the end is a
section entitled ‘Tables and Experimental Journals’, which includes detailed
statistics of 36 experiments.

Altogether, this is a noteworthy publication, attractively produced and vividly
demonstrating the capabilities of amateur scientists.

F. T. VALLINS.

The Society’s Publications

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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Buck, F. D., Diurnal flight in the large Dytiscidae
(Col.) and the attraction of car roofs to Coleop-
tera in flight 14

Field Meetings 24

Goddard, P. A., Cnemacantha illota (Loew) (Dipt.,
Lauxaniidae) recorded in error from Stanmore,
Middx. 12

Goddard, P. A., Thomiscus onustus Walck. (Arach-
nida) recorded in error from Thursley Common,
_ Surrey 14

Ing, Bruce, Myxomycetes as food for other organisms 18
MacNulty, B. J., Outline life histories of some West

African Lepidoptera, Part II, Limacodidae 1
Morrison, Brian, Oinophila v-flava Haw (Lep.,

Tischeridae) in a distillery warehouse 3
Proceedings 29
Sevastopulo, D. G., Lymantriidae, East versus

West Africa 15
Sinclair, W., Siphonaptera from Inari, Finland 13
Uffen, R. W. J., A record of diurnal flight in Dytiscus 14.
Vallins, F. T., Book Review 29

en EEE Ea UEnIE NEES ESESEEEEEe!

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

To MAY 1967, Part 2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
_and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1967”

Editor:
F, D. BUCK, A.M.I:PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
=the T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TWweEeDIg, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel: ;

T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

716

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The |
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of |
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind |
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.

Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current |
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Secretary.

a EY EY

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 Zi

STUDIES AND SUGGESTIONS
ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF MOTHS AT LIGHT

by J. D. HOLLOWAY

It is a well known fact that moths are attracted to light. How this attraction
evolved, and what advantage it confers on the moth can only be surmised.

The only natural source of light present to attract a nocturnal insect is the
moon. To fly towards the moon would bring the moth into a region of the air
where trees, hedges and other obstructions do not break up air currents. It would
bring it into an area of turbulence above the ground boundary layer. Thus moths
could take advantage of currents of air for dispersal, and also for increasing
the relative size of their interbreeding population. On the ground each species
would tend to be restricted into small populations by woods and hills; but higher
up these obstructions would not occur and a greater degree of mingling is
possible, enabling advantageous genes to spread more rapidly over a larger
area.

Johnson (1966) has reviewed insect dispersal and concludes that most migratory
insects disperse by moving up out of the boundary layer and utilising wind
currents. It is probable that local dispersal may occur in a similar manner.

Another reason given for attraction to light is the light compass reaction. It is
possible that migrant species steer to a certain extent in flight by setting a constant
angle between their flight path and the moon. It has been proposed (see Wiggles-
worth, 1965) that attraction to artificial lights is a manifestation of this, the near-
ness of the light causing the angular setting of the eye to produce flight in a spiral
towards the source. This theory conflicts with that put forward by Loeb (1918)
following observations on the behaviour of insects in close proximity of a light
source in the laboratory. Loeb suggested that the spiralling in the vicinity of a
light source occurs when light, falling more on one eye than the other, causes
inhibition of flight muscles on that side.

The phenomenon that Loeb observed certainly does occur in moths round a
light, but may be referable only to dazzling effects in close proximity to the
source; but there is still the initial attraction to light to explain. Johnson’s con-
clusions suggest that the light compass reaction is not so inherent in insect
migration as was once thought. Also the majority of moths attracted to light are
not migratory in nature. Observations of the approaches of moths to light both
in this country and in Borneo indicate that moths approach a light directly, often
in a straight line, and often into a strong wind, which would tend to negate any
light compass reaction. It is therefore suggested here that the initial attraction to
light is a tropotactic reaction as outlined by Fraenkel and Gunn (1961).

H. S. Robinson (1952) proposes that moths are, at a distance, repelled by
light, and that occasionally their momentum carries them within a certain dis-
tance of the light trap where they become dazzled, in the manner observed by
Loeb, and fly to the light. To support this theory he uses the observation that
when the light is first turned on there is an initial burst of arrivals, and then the
arrival rate slows down to a steady flow. He proposes that the initial burst of
arrivals are those within the area of dazzle. The phenomenon may be equally
well explained by considering that the moths are attracted to light right from the
start, and that this attraction increases with nearness to the trap. This is supported
by experiments with release from varying distance that are described later. When
the light is first switched on the local population may be assumed to be evenly

32 PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

distributed throughout the area. At first all those moths within the range of
influence of the light source, and those just drifting into it from outside, will be
attracted, giving the initial rush. After they have arrived, only those drifting into
the area of influence from outside will be caught.

Taylor and Carter (1961), using a non-illuminated suction trap in which a
non-selective sample of the aerial insect population is taken, involving no
behaviourisms of the insects themselves, have shown that the degree of attraction
of various species to light varies over a great range, some moths not being
attracted to light at all.

At a source of light it can be observed that some moths are initially attracted
to light, yet do not fly right up to it, but settle on nearby foliage, or on the
ground. The writer has also observed moths, both in England (e.g. Catocala
nupta L., a species very weakly attracted to light) and in Borneo (many species)
to be attracted to a light, fly round it at a few yards distance, and then fly away
again. Also to be considered is the anomaly that moths are attracted to light by
night but tend to shun it by day.

These phenomena all suggest that the potential attraction of a moth to light
is controlled by some complex internal mechanism, concerning which suggestions
are made below.

Robinson (1952) proposes that when moths fly to light, their eyes become de-
sensitised and adapted, and this causes them to become inactive and settle before
they reach the light. He supports this with an experiment where moths were
placed on a sheet in a layer. Some were covered and a light was shone on all of
them. The cover was then lifted, and whereas the exposed ones remained in-
active, those that had been covered walked about and flew off. The moths had
been lightly anaesthetised initially. He suggests that this behaviour was due to
the desensitisation of the eyes of the exposed insects.

This is probably true, but the explanation may be slightly more complex.
Moths settled near a light trap will fly away readily if disturbed. It is possible
that when the moths come within a certain range of the light, conditions of day-
light are simulated, producing the response from the moth that the increasing
of light at dawn produces, causing it to seek a dark place, or a flat surface such as
a wall or tree trunk on which to pass the hours of daylight. Thus moths caught in
a trap go beneath egg boxes fairly quickly and become somnolent.

It is believed that attraction to light depends more on the angle subtended by a
source at the eye of a moth than on the intensity, once a lower threshold of
intensity has been exceeded.

The moth possibly has two response systems. One, with a threshold at a low
angle subtended at the eye, would cause the moth to move towards the source if
it was exceeded. As the angle subtended increased, the response would also
increase, until the threshold of a hypothetical second system is transgressed.
This would cause the moth to shun light, seek darkness and become inactive.
The latter may well work by a desensitisation process as Robinson suggests.
Specific variance of these thresholds would produce the differential behaviour
patterns observed in different species. It is tempting also to suggest that these
systems may be subordinate to a diurnal rhythm of light response under hor-
monal control.

The response system could also be modified by the influence of other drives,
such as those for mating, egg laying, migration, or, during the course of the
night, through the varying action of some clock hormone. Evidence of such
modifications will be presented.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 33

MoTHS AND TEMPERATURE

Taylor and Carter (1961), using a suction trap, have demonstrated that there
is a threshold temperature for moth flight over one or two degrees Centigrade
through which they pass from an inactive to an active state, or are stimulated
into effecting behaviour patterns that are preparatory for flight (such as the
warming up, fluttering behaviour of Sphinx). This temperature varies from
species to species, and one would expect it to show correlation with the average
minimum nocturnal temperature at the locality where the moth is inactive during
the day, at the date of maximum emergence for the species.

After this threshold has been passed, Williams (1961) has showed that minimum
nocturnal temperature (hereinafter abbreviated to M.N.T.) is related to nightly
catch in a light trap. This will be discussed further later and a method for deter-
mining the degree of population fluctuation will be described.

OTHER CLIMATIC FACTORS

(1) Cloud. This has no marked effect except that an overcast sky results in a
higher M.N.T. than would occur if the sky were clear. Also it masks the effect of
the moon.

(2) Rain. Rain, if heavy, seems to restrict the flight of the geometrids, possibly
because they have a high wing-area/body-weight ratio, and are more easily
beaten down by rain than the noctuids, which seem able to tolerate much heavier
rainfall.

(3) Wind. Wind has a similar effect to rain, affecting the geometrids before the
noctuids. Although geometrids may be flying on a windy night, and may attempt
to fly to light, if the wind speed is as fast or faster than their flight speed, they will
not be able to do so, and the geometrid catch, if any, will be those moths in the
immediate vicinity of the trap if it is in a sheltered position.

(4) Mist. On misty nights very large, or very small catches may be obtained,
regardless of the temperature factor (Williams, 1939). It would be useful to
determine the nature of the mist on these nights. A mist that is dense and close
to the ground (below the mean flight height) will tend to scatter the light from
the trap within itself and thereby increase the area and effectiveness of the light
source, producing a catch above average. If the mist extends above the average
flight height, although the scattering effect is the same in the vicinity of the trap,
visibility further away will be much poorer, thus decreasing the effective range of
the trap.

(5) Moon. Williams (1936 and 1939) has shown that moonlight has a marked
effect on the catch and, on clear nights, acts in competition with a moth trap.
The competitive effect of the moon corresponds with its phase, and its zenith
with regard to period of night. Williams suggests that there may be a physiological
factor in play besides competition in reducing catch, in that moonlight reduces
the general activity of a moth. Another factor to be considered is that of position
of the light. It is possible that the response of a moth may be greater to a light
source above it than to one below it. This might be expected if the theory that
attraction to the light of the moon facilitates dispersal. The factor could easily
be tested by release of marked specimens from different altitudes in the vicinity
of a trap. The writer, whilst trapping in a clearing in primary forest in Borneo,
observed that catches in the clearing were much less than those with a trap on a
cleared ridge on a level with the canopy, which forms a thick layer about 70 feet
above ground level. The moths fly mainly in the canopy, and it would seem from

34 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

this that whilst they will fly to a light on the same level as that of their flight, they
are reluctant to fly to one below them.

PERIODICITY

Williams (1939 and 1940) divided the night from sunset to sunrise into eight
periods that varied with the seasonal change in night length. He arranged eight
cyanide jars on a revolving apparatus under the trap vent, so that each jar
sampled the moths for one of these periods. From this he was able to get an
estimate of the flight periodicity of each species that was trapped in sufficient
numbers.

Carter and Taylor and, later, Lewis and Taylor (1965) made similar period-
icity estimates with their suction trap.

In the few cases where comparison was possible, their results differed markedly.
Taylor and Carter suggested that this might be due to the fact that the light
intensity of the trap relative to the surroundings would decrease towards dawn
and dusk from midnight.

But it is thought that area rather than intensity is the controlling factor in
attraction. A number of Williams’ readings must have been taken on cloudy
nights when the light intensity rises and falls sharply during the crepuscular
periods from maximum to minimum. Also Williams found that maximum
activity was in the second of his eight periods for the majority of species. It seems,
therefore, that another explanation should be sought.

There may be a conflict between various drives in behaviour, including that of
attraction to light, throughout the night. In consideration of this it would be
interesting to study the periodicity of moths in their attraction to sugar, honey-
dew, or sallow bloom.

Though this explanation may have some effect, and probably does occur from
night to night, as is suggested by experiments described later, there is another
that seems more logical, and may be overriding. Williams’ observations of
greater numbers in the second period and a steady decline following may be a
function of temperature. This will fall steadily throughout the night, decreasing
the flight activity of the moths, and therefore the effective range of influence of
the trap. Actual density of moths would not decrease, as the temperature would
not drop below the threshold for flight, and therefore the suction trap records,
sampling density, would vary from those of the light trap, which involve activity
of the moths in flying to light.

Such a physiological effect is demonstrated later when marked specimens are
released at a fixed near distance from the trap at varying times after sunset, the
trap being well within range.

HEIGHT OF FLIGHT

Taylor and Carter (1961), using a suction trap, run at different heights above
the ground found that, in general, density of moths decreased with height up to
about 100 feet. In some species (e.g. Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck and Agrochola
lychnidis Schiff.) there was a maximum density at 20 feet. These two species were
the commonest caught in the suction trap.

Moths must attain their flight height actively, and Taylor and Carter found
that height increased with commonness. Both through the night, and from night
to night, moths were found to have a higher average flight height when they were
commoner. This may have dispersive value. Wynne-Edwards (1962) puts for-
ward a theory of animal dispersion, whereby a population of animals, from an

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 35

assessment of density dependent factors of various kinds, receives information
on the size of the population, and then reacts by various adjustment mechanisms
to keep the level of numbers to an optimum with relation to food supply. Wynne-
Edwards presents many examples of where such a mechanism may occur in a
wide variety of animal groups. Although some of his examples have been criti-
cised, many others are probably well grounded, and the theory does co-ordinate
and explain many hitherto obscure zoological phenomena.

It is possible that the case in question of moth flight height may be such a
mechanism. Higher flight when a species is abundant will tend to bring more
individuals out of the ground boundary layer into the upper air currents, where
dispersal may occur. As flight height is determined by the activity of the moth,
then some factor must guide this activity to result in the moths flying higher when
commoner—such as a density dependant factor as suggested by Wynne-Edwards.
Moths are too few and far between for random contact to be significant. Sight
and sound, though possible, seem unlikely. The former is restricted at night
except over short range, and the latter is not highly developed in moths, though
noctuids and arctiids are known to be able to receive, and sometimes emit sound.
But it is well known that moths can detect scents in very minute traces. Each
species may have a specific scent emitted in flight, and concentration of this could
communicate density of the species and stimulate the mechanisms of dispersal.

SEX PROPORTION IN CATCHES AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

Williams (1939) ran two traps, one 35 feet above the other, at Rothamsted. He
found that there was a very low percentage of females in the lower trap with most
species, but that this percentage increased considerably in the upper trap. Again
it seemed to be the commonest species that had the lowest percentage of females
in the lower trap.

A possible explanation for this is that the females have a stronger dispersive
drive than the males in the manner suggested above. They are the main effectors
of any spread of a species (see Johnson 1966). In less common species the dis-
persal needs are less intense, and therefore the proportions are more equal.

Other factors may contribute to the situation as will be suggested below.

1964-1966: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
PROCEDURE

A Robinson pattern mercury vapour trap with a 150 watt bulb was run from
mid-June to early October in 1964 and for a similar period in 1966 with only a
few breaks.

It was situated in a sheltered garden in a fairly wooded area on the chalk of the
North Downs near Leatherhead, on the fringes of the London suburbia.

It was left overnight and emptied in the morning. The numbers of each species
present were recorded. The M.N.T. of each night was recorded on a max./min.
thermometer situated four feet above the ground on a north facing wall. Various
experiments were performed with the intention of elucidating some of the points
and problems reviewed above.

SEASONAL RESPONSE OF CATCH TO M.N.T.

Williams (1961) has shown that there is a definite correlation between M.N.T.
and catch. A sigmoid curve is obtained if catch is plotted on a log scale, and the
writer’s curves for various times of year are presented in fig. 1. At extremely high
temperatures one might expect the curve to fall off again, but such temperatures

36 PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Soo

300

So}

LOG. CATCH XK MINIMUM NOCTURNAL

-
| TEM PERATURE

EIG Je A.EXCLAMATIONIS A-LYCHNIDIS |

| N_ PRONUBA
900 r

800 +

a,

7OO +

600
CALCULATED

POPULATION
Soo +

O. GOTHICA

100

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 a7

were not recorded in the experimental period. M.N.T. may not be the only
temperature factor affecting catch. This is discussed at length by Williams.
Nights with cloud belts giving alternate clear and overcast spells often produce
results that vary largely from the mean. Nevertheless the correlation is sufficiently
high to facilitate the deductions in the next section.

The M.N.T./catch curves varied for different times of the year. The curves,
though approximations, suggest that increase in catch with temperature is
greater in the earlier parts of the year. This is logical as the range of temperature
between the activity threshold and average M.N.T. is less in the early part of the
year than in mid summer. Moths might be expected to have their optimum
activity temperature correlated with average M.N.T. for the time of their emergence.
The flattening off points on the curves in fig. 1 support this as they approximate
to the seasonal average M.N.T.

POPULATION ESTIMATES FROM M.N.T./CATCH MEAN CURVES

The fluctuation of points about the mean curves in the catch/M.N.T. graphs is
mainly due to fluctuation in population, but other climatic conditions and moon-
light will also have some effect.

If these latter are assumed to be slight in effect, then one can make useful
deductions about changes in moth population.

The curves flatten off to a maximum. At this maximum the catch is a direct
reading of the maximum number of light attractable moths that can stray within
the range of influence of the trap at that time of year. Catch is plotted on a log
scale. One reads off linearly the vertical distance of each point from the mean
curve, and transposes this distance to the mean line at the maximum point.
Then, from this error, one can read off a direct estimate of the maximum possible
catch on that night for any point at any temperature, for, as far as is known the
shape of the curve does not change with changing population. Thus one can
follow the fluctuation of total population, or that of a fairly numerous species
throughout a long period of time. One has to take into account the variations in
the mean curve with season. It must be made clear that the values obtained are
not empirical of moth population, but purely of comparative value. It only
assesses species attracted to light and this attraction varies from species to species.
But the majority of common moths are attracted strongly to light and so this
estimation is of some value. Fig. 2a shows results obtained for 1964. Because of
the small scale the curves have been somewhat smoothed. The dominant species
for each peak are noted.

Fig. 2b shows a similar record for one species over a shorter time. It can be
seen that at the peak of emergence there is considerable fluctuation from night to
night. It is suggested that this represents a period of intense emergence, invasion,
and dispersal, when the density of the species is very high and constant adjust-
ment of numbers is occurring.

MARK AND RELEASE EXPERIMENTS.

Another method that has been used for studying animal populations is that of
mark and release. Although not suited for a non-random capture method such as
light trapping, it did lead to some interesting conclusions.

(1) Procedure

Every moth in a nightly catch, excepting small geometrids, was marked with
cellulose aircraft dope each morning, with a colour and position code for each

| LHOIN aYOLdvIay

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

38

ele

S3IvNidvI3U 30 ON

\
\
'
'
\
\
!
SiSVS OO1- O01 WV NO \
'
\
'
\
1

a1
=<
9 & 0 Bo
Ly)
\
8@
So) 9)
~~
\ (0)
N
SS
\
Se joer
(0) \
9 \
\ /
\ /
\ re
\ 1
\ !
\ !
\ e i Goe
i /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
} oh 004
SENG DK Ss Bae U7
10)
SILOWIV
005

NOW 1Ndod
aaivinniv

(0) 095

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 39

night. The number of returns for each night on each succeeding night were noted.

After observing the predations of birds on moths released in amongst the
flowers of the garden during the first part of the 1964 session, they were kept in a
box until dusk, when the lid was removed, for the later session.

Error in all mark and release records for night flying insects may occur through
the predations of bats which, on occasions, were observed to patrol up and down
about 20 feet above the trap. This altitude is that recognised by Taylor and
Carter as being the average flight height for moths, and therefore the altitude of
bat flight may be indicative of this. Observations whilst trapping in Borneo bear
this out.

(2) Longevity records

Although on average moths seem to live for about six days (see fig. 3) a few
(probably exceptions) live longer and return to the trap often after being absent
for many days.

The longest records are listed below.

Species Number of days
Orthosia incerta Hufn. 9

O. gothica L. 14

Plusia chrysitis L. 8 (2 records)
Biston betularia L. 8

Agrotis exclamationis L. 9

Melanchra persicariae L. 15
Amphipyra pyramidea L. 11

(3) Population estimates from mark and release experiments

The basic formula for calculating populations from mark and release data is
as follows. With a random method of sampling:

Catch on first occasion x catch on second occasion
Returns from first catch on second occasion

This assumes that there has been no migration in or out, and no deaths or
emergences in the intervening period. These factors can be accounted for in
calculations. These are not relevant here as light trapping is not a random
capture method, but the first step in these calculations, which is relevant here, is
to correct all recaptures as if 100 had been released, and 100 recaptured on all
dates. This correction is given by:

Recaptures x 100 x 100
Catch on release night x catch on recapture night

A colleague, H. S. Barlow, whilst trapping at Eton, made population estimates
using the first formula without correction for death etc. The figures he obtained
(12,000-13,000 in late June) seem incredibly high.

Even correction for death and migration could not explain the discrepancy
between the results obtained by the writer above and these. This suggested that
some other factor was involved that tended to make the moths less attracted to
light on the second night, thus making the calculated population larger. This
indicates that light trapping is not a random capture method, and that the
attraction of an individual moth varies from night to night. Fig. 3 shows a plot of
the average number of returns over the second 1964 session, reduced to a standard
100-100 basis as above, against number of nights from release. The calculated

.

Population=

40 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

curve shows the results that would be expected if each moth lived for six days,
and was attracted to light each night equally strongly. It can be seen that the
returns drop markedly more than they should, suggesting that some other factor
is coming into play.

There are a number of possibilities. Johnson (1966) concludes from material
on a wide range of insects that prolonged and undistracted flight occurs when
insects are immature or have oviposited. Thus moths, when they first emerge, may
undergo maturing flights, in which they are strongly attracted to light, such as the
moon, which encourages dispersal. On the second and third nights sex and
feeding drives may increase in influence and the reaction to light may become
subordinate, i.e. there is a dispersal phase, followed by a reproductive phase.

Also a moth, if strongly attracted to light one night, may be less likely to be
attracted to light on a second night or later, its light response drive having been
sated.

The phenomenon may result from both factors, though the former is possibly
more important.

Thus a catch might be expected to consist mainly of fresh, immature indi-
viduals. Accordingly a large number of the larger noctuids were examined. To
determine age, the degree of wear on scales of thorax and the wing margins was
used. This was not fully satisfactory as a certain degree of wear must occur
whilst in the trap before settling down that would not naturally be encountered.
Dissections were made to determine approximate degree of maturity.

Below are tabulated results for the more common species:

Night of 16th/17th September; Noctua pronuba L., 34 males

% scales
left on Marked returns Thoracic hairs Gonads
wing border No. days from release Good Bad Full Empty
91-100 10 8,1 8 2. | 3
81-90 TL PD 6 1 3 4
71-80 Dyguke eee ie | Be 3 1 4
61-70 Pa 2 2
51-60 Aa 2 eer 4 1 3
41-50 1 1 1
31-40 Paap 2 1 1
21-30 1 1 1
11-20 2 2, 1 1
Night of 2nd/3rd October; Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., 4 females
91-100 shied el 3 2 1
81-90 1 1 1
Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., 23 males
91-100 tt ist 11 9 2
81-90 4 1,2 4 2 2.
71-80 gy 13) 2 1 1 2
61-70 2 4 1 1 2
51-60 Disi2 2 2
21-30 bce ral 1 1

These data, though not highly conclusive, support the theory that the majority
of moths in a catch are fresh specimens with full or immature gonads.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 4!

Sixteen Agrotis ypsilon Hufn., 14 females and 2 males, caught on the night of
4th October were dissected. All were in good condition and immature. This
species is thought by South to be almost completely immigrant to this country.
The predominance of females supports the hypothesis that these are the main
agents of spread. It is notable that these insects came strongly to light in the
country of destination. Evidence will be presented below to suggest that migra-
tion (defined as long range, directional dispersal) involves no response to light,
whereas dispersal (a local non-directional effect) is strongly light-orientated.

In order to test further the hypothesis that the main part of the catch consists
of young, first night individuals, it was decided to perform releases of marked
individuals from a varying distance from the trap. These individuals would be
second night individuals from the catch of the previous night for one set of
releases and bred ‘first night’ individuals on the other. For this a species with
two generations was needed, and Amathes c-nigrum L. was chosen.

Trials were also performed with second night Noctua pronuba L. and Agrotis
exclamationis L. The results of these are shown in fig. 4. The percentage is from a
total release of about 200 for each point. As can be seen, even very close to the
trap, where attraction should be greatest, not much more than 50 per cent
return, supporting the hypothesis that response to light has abated on the second
night.

Observations were made on the moths as they were released. Some flew
straight to the trap, some flew towards it at first, and then veered off and went
away (possibly here the angle subtended by the source at the eye transgressed the
postulated second threshold as they moved towards the trap), and others took no
notice of the light at all. Some tended to fly out and settle on parts of the writer’s
clothing that caught the light, supporting the theory that it is area of source
rather than intensity that is important in attraction.

The choice of Amathes c-nigrum was, in a way, unfortunate, but led to unex-
pected conclusions concerning the difference between migration and dispersal.

Amathes c-nigrum is a migratory species. A few migrants arrive, or emerge in
early June, and in September there is a second generation, consisting of the off-
spring of the June brood reinforced by immigrants from the Continent. Three
hundred were caught in a night at Leatherhead in 1963, and it was hoped that
these numbers would occur in 1964; but the maximum catch was 60 and the
catches were usually very small. Therefore a second night graph was not obtained.

In mid-June a female was put in a breeding cage with leaves on which to lay.
This she did in a random fashion. The eggs hatched after a week and the young
larvae were reared on foxglove. As the writer was due to go abroad for a fort-
night, the almost fully grown larvae were stocked up with foxglove and moss was
put on the floor of the cage. There were 109 larvae. After the fortnight the food-
plant had been eaten and 90 pupae were found in the moss. Seven of these had
been attacked by mould or predators. On August 13th the first emerged; and 70
emerged in all, the last on 24th August. All these were released five yards from
the trap over a period of days. Only two returned on the night following release,
one of these being the first to emerge. Two returned on the second night after
release.

The conditions for breeding were very unnatural. There was intense larval

_crowding, part of the pupal life was spent under a mountain of frass, and except
for the first to emerge, emergence was into an atmosphere strong with the odours
of decaying excreta ejected by the moths on emergence. All these factors could
enable individuals to sense intense overcrowding, and stimulate an intense

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

42

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PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 43

migratory instinct to which any attraction to light would be subordinate.

The few releases performed with second night individuals suggested that a
result similar to that obtained with the other species could be expected. These
would be individuals whose migration would have been completed.

This observation on overcrowding fits in well with current theories that
migration may be stimulated in migratory species by larval crowding (e.g.,
locusts).

Thus it seems that moths in migration are not attracted to light. Moths that
do not migrate, but undergo dispersal on the other hand would seem to be
strongly attracted to light. In 1966 the effect of crowding on second night indi-
viduals was investigated.

Noctua pronuba L. was released five yards from the trap after sunset at the
same time each night. Numbers released were varied, and returns recorded as a
percentage of the release number. Fig. 6 shows the results that were obtained.
Though the greatest change occurs where release numbers are small, and the
percentage returns therefore more erratic, it is significant that flight to light
increases with crowding. This supports the theory that dispersal occurs in response
to crowding, and is effected by flight towards the moon, up into the turbulent
layers of air. The increase occurs on the graph at low concentrations, but moths
in a small breeding cage are abnormally concentrated. This might affect the
result, as might the fact that moths kept over the previous day might leave
traces that would affect the moths kept in that cage on the next day. The experi-
mental technique is far from perfect, but results indicate that better controlled
experiments might yield fruitful results.

(4) A further experiment on periodicity

Fifty Noctua pronuba L. were released from five yards at varying times after
sunset. The results are shown in fig. 7. Those records from very clear, or moonlit
nights are indicated. It is apparent that the time of maximum attraction to light
is soon after sunset, and the percentage return falls off slowly after this. No
effects of temperature could be detected.

If one assumes that crowded conditions do not affect the result, then this
result confirms Williams’ observations that the main period of light attraction
is in the second period after sunset. Although attraction dropped off after the
peak, it was noted that all the moths flew, so it is possible, as Carter and Taylor
have shown, that peak activity does not co-incide with peak attraction to light.

(5) Sex proportions

Apart from the dispersal factor, there may be another factor influencing the
low proportion of females. Females are heavier than males, and their range of
flight is probably less than that of the male. They have to nourish the maturing
eggs and may have a stronger feeding drive than the males.

Many female moths are mated as soon as they emerge (e.g., many saturnids
and apterous forms). In most species the males emerge first and will seek females
when mature. Many females potentially trappable may thus be waylaid before
they get to the light, and thereafter have a reinforced oviposition drive. The
capture of gravid females in the trap, which later laid fertile eggs—viz: the
Amathes c-nigrum L. from which a second generation was bred and the only two
Gastropacha quercifolia L. being females that laid fertile eggs—suggests that this
hypothesis is open to question, but in support fig. 5 is presented.

Fig. 5 shows the percentage of females in the catch of Noctua pronuba L. as

44 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

% RETURNED FI G. 7

bd S 6
HOURS AFTER. SUNSET

NUMBER RELEASED

So 160 150 200

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 45

compared with the total number of males caught. Early in emergence there are
few males in flight and the female percentage is high, possibly as few are ‘waylaid’.
The percentage is low during the prolonged peak of male emergence, and again
rises when the males die out and the female emergence overlaps.

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

Evidence indicates that the response of moths to light is part of a local dispersal
mechanism involving flight to moonlight at high density bringing moths into
dispersive air currents.

This period of dispersal appears to be strongest soon after emergence when
the moths are immature.

Long distance migration would seem not to involve light attraction but to
preclude it.

A method is described for following population fluctuations throughout a
period of time.

REFERENCES

Fraenkel, G. S. and Gunn, D. L., 1961, The Orientation of Animals, Dover.

Johnson, C. G., 1966, A functional system of adaptive dispersal by flight. Ann. Rev.
Ent. 11:233.

Lewis, T. and Taylor, L. R., 1965, Diurnal periodicity of flight by insects. Trans. Roy.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 116:393.

Loeb, J., 1918, Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct, Philadelphia and
London.

Mast, S. O., 1911, Light and the Behaviour of Animals, New York and London.

Robinson, H. S., 1952, On the behaviour of night flying insects in the neighbourhood
of a bright source of light, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., A. 27:13.

Taylor, L. R. and Carter, C. I., 1961, The analysis of numbers and distribution in an
aerial population of Macrolepidoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 113:369.

Wigglesworth, V. B., 1965, Insect Physiology, London.

Williams, C. B., 1936, The influence of moonlight on the activity of certain nocturnal

insects, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. 226:357.

, 1939-40. An analysis of four years’ captures of insects in a light trap, Trans. R.

ent. Soc. Lond. 89:79, and 90:227.

, 1958, Insect Migration, Glasgow.

—,, 1961, Studies in the effect of weather conditions on the activity and abundance
of insect populations, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., B. 244:331.

Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 1962, Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour.

Grape House, Grantchester,
Cambridge.
27th January 1967

Spiders from Switzerland. Whilst on holiday in the Wengen area (Bernese Ober-
land), altitude 4,000 to 6,000 feet, in June 1966, my daughters, John F. Miles and
I made a small collection of spiders, totalling 109 specimens belonging to 12
families. Two species were of particular interest, namely Tarentula pinetorum
Thorell (Lycosidae), the male of which was new to the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) collection; and Sitticus cingulatus (Simon), of which there are no examples
at all in the British Museum. Should any member of the Society be in the Alps
and have an opportunity to collect spiders Mr. D. J. Clarke, of the British Museum
would be very grateful for further material of these two species.—A. SMITH,
255, Kent House Road, Beckenham, Kent, 28th January 1967.

46 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

PHILONTHUS PARCUS SHARP (COL., STAPHYLINIDAE)
IN BRITAIN

By the Rev. C. E. TOTTENHAM, M.A., F.R.E.S.

This species was described by Sharp in 1874 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874:40)
from Japan; of recent years it has been found in a number of localities in Britain.
Philonthus parcus is extremely like P. cephalotes (Gravenhorst) and might
easily be mistaken for that species. Except for the microsculpture of the head and
pronotum, and the form of the aedeagus, the differences between the two species
are slight and comparative. P. parcus is a darker insect than P. cephalotes and
lacks the slight metallic tint usually seen on the elytra of that species. The legs
are darker than in P. cephalotes, with all the tibiae black or nearly black; whereas
in that species the anterior tibiae are usually brown or slightly infuscate, rarely
nearly black. The antennae have the penultimate segments slightly more trans-
verse. The elytra are a little less closely and more uniformly punctured than in
P. cephalotes, but more closely than in P. pachycephalus Nordmann. P. parcus
may easily be distinguished from P. cephalotes by the microsculpture of the fore-
parts; the head has a very distinct microsculpture which is lacking in P. cephalotes.
Also in P. parcus the pronotum has a microsculpture consisting to a great extent
of sparse micropunctures, with a very fine transverse striation near the base;
feeble traces of this striation may be seen elsewhere if the pronotum is viewed
obliquely or with the light from the necessary direction; in P. cephalotes, on the
other hand, the striate microsculpture is stronger and distinct all over the

| 2 3 4

Figs. 1-2. Philonthus parcus Sharp; 1. Paramere, 2. Apex of aedeagus, lateral
view. Figs. 3-4. Philonthus cephalotes (Grav.); 3. Paramere, 4. Apex of aedeagus,
lateral view.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 47

pronotum. In the male, the aedeagus has the paramere resembling that of P.
pachycephalus in contour and with the pegs arranged along the margins as in that
species. There are 8-10 of these pegs, very close together, round the margin at the
apex, and there are 4 or 5 others, very small, widely spaced down the side margins
(fig. 1). In P. cephalotes on the other hand the pegs are arranged down the centre,
from the apex, approximately in the form of an inverted V (fig. 3). The paramere
extends nearer to the apex of the median lobe in P. parcus than it does in P.
cephalotes (figs. 2 and 4).

The larger size and the closer puncturation of the elytra will readily dis-
tinguish the species from P. pachycephalus, which also lacks the striate micro-
sculpture on the pronotum, and has less pronounced microsculpture on the head.

P. parcus was first found in Britain at Ulcombe, Kent, 14.iii.61 (W. I. C.
Light), in chicken food. The chicken food consisted of broken grain (home
grown) and sun-flower seeds (imported). There was present a high concentration
of grain mites, especially Tyrophagus castellanii Hirst. Subsequently the species has
been found at Egerton, E. Kent, 30.viii.61 (J. Last); Ditchling Common, Sussex,
21.ix.63, 7.vi.64, 10.vi.65 (J. Cribb); near Chesterford, Cambs., 1962; Broad-
bottom, Cheshire, 6.xii.64 (C. Johnson); Tuddenham, Suffolk (S. A. Williams) ;
Chippenham, Cambs. (Dr. A. M. Massee); Aylesbury, Bucks., xii.64 (I. M.
Grisedale).

Mr. H. Last, who sent me some of the above records, has also sent the follow-
ing record of the species from Australia: Leongatha, Victoria, 28.ii.59 (B. P.
Moore); as well as the following record from Japan: Numata, Honshu, 20.vii.48
and 5.viii.48 (T. Takei).

I am also indebted to Mr. Last for the recognition of the species, which I had
originally assumed to be a new species.

39, Eltisley Avenue,
Cambridge,
21st February 1967

PROCEEDINGS

10th NOVEMBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Messrs H. J. Banks,
P. T. Chad, M. R. Gibson, F. R. Ivymey, E. C. L. Gilbert and M. C. MacNulty.

EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GoaTeR—A series of Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Lep., Noctuidae), bred
from pupae dug from under Heracleum sphondylium L. (Hogweed), Sumburgh,
Shetland, in August 1966. The moths emerged during September, and are rather
dark in coloration, their tendency to greasiness was mentioned.

Mr. T. R. EAGLES—The Hedgehog Moss, Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schp.,
from Billingshurst, Sussex, with a capsule. He explained that this moss is com-
mon in beech woods, but is rarely seen with capsules.*

* Subsequently found to be the capsule of Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. embedded in
Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schp. (see Communications, 24.xi.66)—Editor.

48 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to Mr. Eagles’ exhibit, Mr. B. GOATER said that a well-known
locality for this moss is the New Forest, Hants, where it could be seen with large
numbers of capsules; also that when the moss produced capsules it usually
seemed to produce many rather than just one, as in the exhibited example. He
added that another locality was near the mouth of the Beaulieu River, also in
Hampshire.

Mr. S. WAKELY commenting on Mr. Goater’s earlier remarks that the Dasy-
polia templi Thunb. were greasy, said that instead of removing the bodies for
cleaning, he used a hair dryer with good results. To which Mr. Goater replied
that he thought this might produce some distortion. Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms
said he used a paint brush. Whatever was used added Mr. Goater, a last wash in
clean liquid was necessary. He also said that when removing the bodies of the
insects a careful numbering system was necessary to ensure the correct abdomen
was returned to the right insect. Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss said he found a drawn glass
tube and carbon tetrachloride satisfactory.

The meeting ended with an exhibition of coloured transparencies provided by
several members.

24th NOVEMBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Mrs. Marianne V. Bolton,
Messrs J. Cadogan, V. H. D. Bascombe, M. L. Ford, R. J. Ford, K. J. Fryer,
R. H. Manning, B. P. Meade, M. J. Percival, W. J. Smellie, B. Sparks, M. T.
Toogood and F. C. Unwin.

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—An example of the Rose Leaf Mantid, Gongylus gongy-
loides L. (Salt., Mantidae) from southern India. He commented on its habit of
lying concealed and waiting for prey.

Mr. B. GOATER—The two mosses Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schp. and
Mnium undulatum Hedw., with ripe capsules. He said that although both mosses
are locally abundant they rarely produce capsules. When they do, however, it is
usually in large quantities.

Mrs. J. O. I. SPoczyNsKA—Two female Eurypelma smithi F. Cambridge
(Aphonopelma smithi F. Cambridge) (Araneae, Avicularidae) from Texas, U.S.A.
The males are very hard to come by. This species can live for several years and
takes about 20 months to reach maturity. Their food in the wild is mainly young
rodents and small birds, large beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and locusts.
They are quite harmless, non-venomous and can be safely handled.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. B. Goater asked if Mr. Eagles had been able to confirm his determination
of the moss he exhibited as Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schp. at the previous
meeting (see p. 47). Mr. T. R. EAGLes replied that the capsule did in fact belong
to another moss, Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. which was embedded in the
L. glaucum.

Mr. A. Stusss said he was interested in information regarding Sites of Special
Scientific Interest in Surrey, as the present list of sites was soon to be revised.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., i967 49

The authorities have to consult the Nature Conservancy about planning for any
of these sites and of 37 present sites only two are noted for entomological
reasons. Mr. Stubbs also wanted information for the Surrey Naturalists’ Trust
about the existing sites and any suggestions for new sites. He asked for members’
help and said that details of any rarities would be kept confidential. He went on
to say material from our field meeting reports was very helpful and asked members
to submit to him their own records for eventual publication in our own Proceed-
ings as locality lists. The Bookham Common list published by the London
Natural History Society was the only current list of this nature for any locality
in Surrey, and many more need publishing. These kind of publications provide a
good basis for the management of commons and s.s.1. The two locality lists
at present being prepared were Oxshott and Esher Commons, and Wisley
Common.

Chobham Common, said Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON, should certainly be included
in the list of s.s.1.; not only was it noted for entomological interest, but also for
general natural history. Mr. Stusss replied that this particular piece of informa-
tion amplified his point, as Chobham Common was not at present listed as an
Sis

Referring to Mrs. Spoczynska’s exhibit, Mr. D. Stimpson said that these large
mygalomorph spiders could defend themselves by rubbing a cloud of hairs from
their abdomen, which severely irritated any predator that got them in its eyes
or breathed them. A fresh moult each year produced a new layer of hairs.

It was reported to the meeting that in Dr. Massee’s collection was a battered
moth that had been taken from a bee-hive. Although completely de-scaled it was
thought to be Acherontia atropos L. (Lep., Sphingidae).

8th DECEMBER 1966
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WiLttiaMs—An example of Staphylinus fulvipes (Scop.) (Col.,
Staphylinidae) taken tufting at Lyndhurst, Hants, 3.xii.66. He said it is reputed
to like chalky soils (Fowler 1888, Col. Brit. Is.2:251), but few records seem to
confirm this.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON—Some half-grown larvae of Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn.
(Lep., Noctuidae) bred from ova laid by a female taken at Swanage, Dorset,
9.x.66. These larvae were kept in a room temperature of about 60°F., and are
feeding up steadily, though in nature they hibernate when small, complete their
growth in May or June, and produce imagines in September to October.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A series of the local beetle Quedius brevis Er. (Staphy-
linidae) taken in nests of the Wood Ant, Mark Ash, New Forest, Hants, 4.xii.66;
together with a queen Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae). He said that though
the ants were very sluggish the beetles were active.

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—An example of the typical form of Carabus
solieri Deg. (Col., Carabidae) with an example of the larger form farrieri, and an
example of the melanic form bonneti Le Moult. He pointed out that the two
forms had the ridges on their elytra broken and crooked, unlike the typical
form. In this species he found the aberrant forms out-numbered the forma
typica.

50 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

COMMUNICATIONS

Referring to breeding the larvae of Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., Mr. J. L.
MESSENGER Said that he had put them into the refrigerator for the winter and had
successfully brought them through hibernation.

Attention was drawn by Mr. D. O’KEerFre to an advertisement in a Croydon
newspaper. The advertisement had been inserted by the Greater London Council
and referred to Commons. He said that some while ago a Royal Commission had
been formed to enquire into the position of Commonland in England and Wales,
its ownership, etc. As a result of this, all commonland must be registered within
the next two years. If this was not done the rights would be lost and the common-
land could be enclosed or built on. Mr. G. Prior added that any member of the
public could go to the Council responsible and ask that a piece of commonland
be registered. It was agreed in discussion that although there had been some
publicity in newspapers and leaflets, and that Councils had advised farmers to
give notice of commonland registration, not enough publicity had been given to
the matter. It was also mentioned that commonland could be used for grazing,
and provided other amenities such as peat and turf cutting; and that the appella-
tion ‘common’ to a piece of land did not necessarily mean that it was common-
land.

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. G. BANKs exhibited a series of slides of Indian butterflies
photographed in the field.

12th JANUARY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

EXHIBITS

The Presip—ENT—An unusual Christmas card from Beirut, Lebanon, composed
of leaves stuck on a card in the form of a stylised butterfly.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—a colour photograph of Volucella zonaria (Poda) (Dipt.,
Syrphidae) taken on ivy in a Wood Green garden in north London, 17.ix.66.
This is to be used on the jacket of the new edition of Flies of the British Isles,
Colyer and Hammond. ;

Mr. J. BooRMAN—Twenty-two species of the genus Culicoides (Dipt., Cera-
topogonidae) taken during 1966 in the vicinity of the Animal Virus Disease
Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. F. T. VALLINS said that though Mr. Wheeler had been nominated Treasurer
for 1967, he would be assisting him by collecting subscriptions. He asked that
these should continue to be sent to him and not to Mr. Wheeler.

The meeting was told by Mr. R. F. HAynes of a new motorway route, planned
to run through Worth and Tilgate forests in Sussex.

A new book priced 2s. 0d., said Mr. G. Prior had been published by the
Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society. He said he would
obtain a copy, find the important and relevant facts from the current Acts, and
comment on them at a later meeting.

Several members showed coloured slides, among these was a slide by Mr.
R. W. J. UFFEN of Laspeyresia woeberiana Schiff. (Lep., Olethreutidae) that had
emerged from a Peach trunk. He said that Peach appeared to be a new record
for this species in Britain.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 51

The President proposed that we accept an offer from the son of the late Mr.
Stoughton-Harris to continue in his father’s capacity as members’ auditor. This
was unanimously accepted.

26th JANUARY 1967
95th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(with which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)

The PRESIDENT, on behalf of the Society, welcomed Dr. A. M. Massee to the
meeting after his absence during his long illness.
The deaths were announced of Mr. R. M. Mere and the Rev. F. M. B. Carr.

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—A pair of the large, long-horned grasshoppers, Sasima
spinosa Burm. (Saltatoria), from Mandang, New Guinea, 1966. These are leaf
mimics and are not seen very frequently in collections.

The TREASURER gave his reports and accounts for 1966 and moved their
adoption. This was seconded by Mr. A. S. WHEELER and carried unanimously.

The Council’s Report for 1966 was read by the SECRETARY, who moved its
adoption, Mr. T. R. EAGLEs seconded the motion which was also carried unani-
mously.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS, the Librarian, reported on the past year. The report was
seconded by Mr. B. Goater and carried without dissent.

The Curator, Mr. A. E. GARDNER, read a report on his activities during 1966,
which was seconded by Mr. T. G. HowartTH and carried unanimously.

The PRESIDENT declared the following Officers and Ordinary Members of
Council elected for the ensuing year: President, R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
F.R.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, B. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. and J. A. C. GREENWOOD,
O.B.E., F.R.E.S.; Treasurer, A. S. WHEELER; Secretary, B. J. MACNULTY, B.SC.,
PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S.; Editor, F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.; Curator,
A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, S. A. WILLIAMS; Lanternist, M. SHAFFER;
Ordinary Members of Council, D. CARTER, Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.O., R.N.,
B. W. LEONARD, F.R.E.S., A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC., F.R.E.S., J. L. NEWTON
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S., G. C. STUBBS, T. G.
TREMEWAN, M.I.BIOL., A. SMITH, A.R.C.A., R. S. TUBBS, O.B.E., F.R.I.B.A.

Under bye-law 25(b) Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss asked that Council consider a new
name for the Society. It was decided by a majority vote that the next Council
meeting consider the matter.

Winter outdoor meetings were recalled by Mr. R. F. HAynes, who asked if
these might be revived. The SECRETARY said few people had attended the last one
organised, and Mr. T. G. HowarTH said a coach had been hired to visit Tring.
He was not sure of the attendance but would check the records. The PRESIDENT
closed the discussion with the remark that this might be something Mr. Uffen
might like to consider.

The PRESIDENT read a paper on the development of Petersfield and its effect
on the natural history of the area (see p. 53). He then called upon Mr. R. F.
Bretherton to take the chair.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Greenwood for his services during the past year was

52 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

proposed by Mr. BRETHERTON, coupled with a request for permission to publish
his Address. In replying, Mr. GREENWoop expressed his thanks and readily gave
his permission.

Capt. J. ELLERTON proposed a vote of thanks to the Officers and Council,
which was seconded by Mr. T. R. EaG.es. A vote of thanks to the auditors was
proposed by Mr. A. SMITH and seconded by Mr. M. SHAFFER. Both were carried
unanimously.

FIELD MEETINGS, 1966

BOXHILL, SURREY—17th April 1966
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

This, the first field meeting of the season, was not warm enough to tempt the
early entomologists from hibernation, and was attended by the Leader and his
family, and two members of the British Bryological Society.

Boxhill is one of the richest and best worked localities for Bryophytes in the
London area, and close on a hundred species were seen on the day, occupying a
number of distinctly different habitats. Characteristic populations are to be
found, for instance, in the short downland turf, on the steep and shaded chalk

_banks, on the ground under scrub, on the ground in woods, on the roots and
trunks of woodland trees, beside the banks of the River Mole, and in various
man-made habitats such as walls, roofs, roadsides and footpaths. One of the
most interesting microhabitats to be seen at Boxhill is provided by small de-
tached lumps of chalk under the trees on the escarpment, which are often
covered by the minute mosses Fissidens minutulus Sull. var tenuifolius (Boul.),
Seligeria paucifolia (Dicks.) and Tortella inflexa (Bruch). The last named is a
comparatively new British species. It was first noticed in 1951, though not
recorded until 1957, and is evidently spreading rapidly in suitable habitats.

The most noteworthy find was Tortula stanfordensis Steere, a plant referred to
by the leader in his talk to the Society (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966:11).
Having been known hitherto only from California and Cornwall, it turned up on
a path by the river Mole last year. So much for well-worked localities!

Other species of interest were Dicranum bonjeani de Not. in turf on the south
slope of the downs, D. majus Sm. in scrub in Juniper valley, D. montanum Hedw.
on a tree on the escarpment, D. strictum Schleich. ex Schwaegr. locally abundant
on boughs of Buxus and on logs, Entodon concinnus (de Not.), Isothecium
striatulum (Spruce) on roots of Buxus on the escarpment, Orthodontium lineare
Schwaegr., Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) very rare on one chalky bank, Sclero-
podium caespitosum (Wils.) on tree roots by the Mole, Thuidium philiberti Limpr.,
Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) and the liverworts Metzgeria fruticulosa (Dicks.),
Porella laevigata (Schrad.) and Scapania aspera Bernet.

It was remarked that the number of epiphytic sp2cies in the area had decreased
noticeably in recent years, and some very promising looking elders yielded only a
very little Orthotrichum affine Brid. and Zygodon viridissimus (Dicks.).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 53

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
Read by J. A. C. GREENWOOD, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.
26th January 1967

I propose to follow the usual custom of my predecessors and add to the com-
prehensive report by our Council some further comments on the events of the
past year.

I must first of all refer to the deaths of six of our members since Mr. Uffen
spoke to you a year ago. We have already signified our respect to the memories
of these members and I do not propose to ask you to stand again.

Mr. E. L. Bolton of Chipstead joined the Society in 1948 and was interested
in Lepidoptera.

The Rev. F. M. B. Carr, M.A., L.TH., died on the 13th January 1967 at the age
of 88. At the time of his death he was the father of the Society, having become a
member as long ago as 1899. He became a Special Life Member on the Ist
January 1950. He was interested in Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. Although we
have not had the pleasure of seeing him at our Meetings in recent years he is
remembered with affection by many of our older members and his record of
more than 67 years of uninterrupted interest in entomology and in this Society
is most notable. His father, Francis Carr, was a Founder Member of the Society.

Mr. Walter S. Gifford was the Ambassador of the United States in this country
in the years just after the war. We were delighted when he did us the honour of
accepting Honorary Membership in 1951. He was a recognised authority on the
Rhopalocera of North America.

Mr. R. M. Mere died on the 17th January 1967. For many months he had been
fighting bravely against increasing ill health but his death has come as a cruel
shock to us all. Mr. Mere had built for himself a very great reputation as an
entomologist of the highest quality. He was responsible for much research on
the macrolepidoptera and microlepidoptera of these islands.

He joined the Society in 1946 and was our President in 1960. By a sad coinci-
dence it was six years ago tonight that he delivered his Presidential address to
this Society. Amongst the very valuable work which he did for the Society we
also remember with gratitude his services as a Trustee, a task which he shared
with Mr. Jacobs.

Mr. Mere will be very sadly missed not only by the members of this Society
but in many other places where his kindness and ability gained him so many
friends.

Mr. Geoffrey Stoughton-Harris was a man of many talents. He was an account-
ant of distinction and an ardent philatelist. His interest in butterflies was re-
awakened during the war when he was stationed in Wiltshire. His specimens
were beautifully set and he was a painstaking and able collector. He was for many
years the Society’s Honorary Auditor, and successive Honorary Treasurers have
benefitted from his wide experience and sound advice. He was also an enthusiastic
gardener and had the pleasure shortly before his death of seeing the first blooms
of an iris which he had raised from the seed resulting from a planned crossing. We
are particularly glad that Mr. Stoughton-Harris’s son has joined the Society and
has accepted the position of Honorary Auditor in succession to his father.

Mr. E. E. Syms had been a member for over 50 years at the time of his death.
This is a rare distinction in itself, showing as it does a lifetime of interest in the
aims and objectives of the Society. He served as our Librarian for ne less than

54 PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

27 years and was President of the Society in 1935. He was appointed an Honorary
Member in 1960. He was particularly interested in Neuroptera, Orthoptera and
Trichoptera and was, in his early years, one of the small number who studied
these orders at a time when even coleopterists were not numerous. He was a
frequent exhibitor at the Society’s meetings at which he showed many unusual
insects. His wide knowledge was made freely available to all and his encourage-
ment to young collectors was particularly valuable. We are most grateful to his
son for presenting to the Society his father’s impressive collection of lantern
slides, which includes many made by the late Mr. Hugh Main.

When you indicated that you were prepared to honour me by asking me to
serve as your President, I was puzzled to know what qualifications I could
possess which would enable me to try to play a part in advancing the affairs of
the Society. I looked back through the distinguished list of my predecessors, and
it was obvious that amongst their other qualities their learning and experience in
the field had commended them to you. I, therefore, felt that you wanted me to
use, if I could, some knowledge of business administration to try to advance the
interests of the Society and particularly to endeavour to carry forward the plans
of recent Presidents to increase our membership and to make the Society more
attractive to its members. I am only sorry that I have been able to achieve so
little. Council’s Report shows that as compared with the end of last year our
numbers have decreased by eight. However, we have I hope, now reached the end
of the period marked by the necessity of increasing our annual subscription
which, together with the change in our method of publishing, has regrettably
cost us some members whose presence we should much have liked to retain.

There is one very great difference between a Society such as ours and a pro-
fessional or business organisation. A restricted budget is a common feature of
life, not only amongst individuals and Societies, but even extending to Govern-
ments. As you all know, we operate on a very slender income, and we cannot
employ a staff to carry out the considerable work. All this is done by some of our
number, most of whom are already fully employed in their respective careers
but who give most generously of their limited spare time in order to organise and
perform the many tasks which are required.

Membership of Council, and even more the office of President, emphasises
very clearly to the individual concerned the debt which all the members owe to
those officers who do so much for us every year. It is, therefore, no empty thanks
that I pay to them now.

On several occasions when I have had to be abroad, I have been forced to ask
one of the Vice Presidents to deputise for me. I am most grateful to them for
making good my shortcomings.

The office of Treasurer is one in which efficiency is vital to our well-being. Mr.
Vallins has set an example of meticulous accuracy and I have had the comforting
knowledge throughout the year that our financial affairs have been in most
capable hands. The fact that, after Mr. Wheeler has taken over the Treasurership,
Mr. Vallins will continue to collect our subscriptions will make a most helpful
division of work and will lighten Mr. Wheeler’s task, in which we wish him well.

Every year is a busy year for our Secretary and naturally this has been no
exception. He is a corner-stone of our organisation and I am delighted to add my
thanks to those which have been paid to him by my predecessors.

A year ago, Mr. Uffen spoke with gratitude of the work of our Editor. I think
it will be obvious to all that our publications are now appearing much more
closely to schedule, and the shortness of the interval between one part and the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 55

next emphasises to us both the magnitude and the continuing nature of the work
which he does for us with so much efficiency.

We can all see the results of our Curator’s enthusiasm, but I am not sure that
we fully appreciate how many hours he spends on our collections and on the
Society’s exhibit, which was so interesting a feature of our own Exhibition and
subsequently that of the School Natural Science Society. We are indeed most
fortunate to have so devoted and outstanding an expert in this office.

Our Librarian has had a busy year and you can all bear witness to the admir-
able way in which our books are maintained.

You will have noticed that I have referred to our officers in the order in which
they appear on our programme, so that I now come to our Lanternist, whom I
should like to thank most particularly for the great contribution which he has
unobtrusively made to the success of a number of our meetings this year. When
we are enjoying the slides we must not forget that Mr. Shaffer is hard at work.

Your thanks and mine are due to all our other officers and members of Council.
If they will forgive me, I will treat them gregariously and simply say that I have
been very fortunate in the support which I have received from every one of
them.

Early in the year, Council decided that we should try to emphasise to our
members, and especially to those who are not often able to attend our meetings,
the way in which we used our income to try to give the maximum value for the
subscriptions which we receive. I make no apology for dwelling on finance, for it
must be one of our principal preoccupations.

There are three points which I should like to emphasise, although these have
already been covered in the clear and detailed account of our financial situation
which you have just heard from our Treasurer.

As you know, we have operated within our resources this year. A surplus of £76
may seem comfortable but, in fact, it is extremely slender. Without the Royal
Society’s Grant in Aid of £50, which appears in our Publications Account, our
balance would have been cut to £26. We cannot expect to receive a Grant every
year, and we must be able to manage without it. The contribution from the sale
of Christmas cards of £55 has played a vital part in our affairs. Without this and
the Grant we should have spent more than our income by about £30.

This really means that if our membership were to fall by 15 or 20, depending on
whether the losses were amongst those paying full subscriptions or those paying
at the country or junior rate, we should be operating at a loss. Let us all resolve
that by the end of 1967 we shall have a larger membership. Our position cannot
be regarded as satisfactory when an additional expenditure of only 1/— per head
of our membership, which could easily arise for example as a result of a small
increase in printing costs, would absorb the whole of our present margin.

Secondly, the cost of our Proceedings, including blocks, was £711. This is
equal to about 24/— per head of our membership. Of course this cost per head
would fall rapidly with more members.

Thirdly, the market value of our investments as at the 31st December 1966 is
£73 below the cost price of £2,854. This is disappointing, but in a year when the
Stock Market has been so depressed we can hardly complain. Various changes
have been made in our investments, and I think we are now reasonably well
balanced. We have got rid of our undated gilt-edged holdings, nowadays always
a source of potential danger, and we have some equity holdings which will, we
hope, gradually increase in value and give us growth in investment income.

Our meeting rooms here are, in my opinion, most convenient and suitable, and

56 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

enable us to conduct our meetings in an elegant atmosphere which is very pleasant.
But West End amenities have to be paid for. However, I am sure that we are all
agreed that this is money well spent, and we rejoice that we have been able to find
so comfortable a home.

As a result of the letter which I sent to every member, I received a number of
most helpful suggestions. Each of these has been carefully considered by Council.
Several we have been able to adopt, others we hope to use in the future. Some we
reluctantly decided had insufficient general appeal or would have made too heavy
demands upon our finance or upon the time of those who would have had to
carry them out. However, every letter which we received has been of real value to
us if only by emphasising the interest of members in the well-being of the Society.
I hope that the letter was also of some use in explaining to those members whom
we seldom see here, because of distance, health or other calls upon their time,
that we are a friendly Society and that we would like to know all our members
better.

I believe that the greatest strength of our Society is this spirit of friendship and
co-operation which is so evident. Amongst our members there is a store of know-
ledge on a variety of subjects so great that it would defy even our Curator to
catalogue. All this knowledge, so much of it particularly valuable because it
consists of practical experience in the field for which no book can effectively
substitute, is made freely available. I think that it would be fitting if I said how
much the Society as a whole owes to this evergreen enthusiasm which is always
apparent and which is so invaluable to us all.

I deeply appreciate the honour of having been your President. I have achieved
far less than I had hoped, but I have the satisfaction that you have elected Mr.
Bretherton to succeed me. He is an entomologist of great repute and a highly
qualified administrator, who will discharge the duties of his office with great
distinction. I offer him best wishes for his year of duty and I am confident that
he will do a great deal to advance the interests of the Society.

In his address last year, Mr. Uffen referred to the final task which a President
is expected to perform when he has completed the business part of his address
and has the freedom of the meeting to express his views on some chosen subject.
As I have said, one of the delights of our Society is the blend of professional,
expert, amateur, practical and theoretical knowledge which is possessed by our
members. At the same time, this unusual combination might almost qualify to be
called a Micky Finn, for it means that your President, whatever his personal
qualifications, has to choose for his address something sufficiently erudite (if he
is capable of it) to interest the experts, or sufficiently popular to prevent (if he
wishes) the rest of his audience from sleeping. I am afraid that I shall be able to
do neither.

When I agreed to allow my feet to be placed on the rung which, in the normal
course of evolution, is the first step to the Presidency, I did not expect that my
business life, thanks to mergers and other problems, would impinge so heavily
on my leisure as in fact it has done during the last two years. I comfort myself
with the illusion that had this not been the case I might have been able to produce
for you tonight something more worth while.

Having said this, with your indulgence, I propose to give you some general
remarks on a small area of Hampshire, which has been the base of my family for
some 200 years. I have made use of my grandfather’s notes of his work between
1880 and his death in 1907, and supplemented these, as far as I can, with my own
knowledge from 1920, with many gaps, up to the present day.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 57

SOME MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON THE
NATURAL HISTORY OF PETERSFIELD

For some hundreds of years Petersfield has been a Hampshire market town
which has changed very little. Long before that it was a Roman settlement, and
my ancestors found a well preserved Roman villa in their fields at Bramdean
near Petersfield. Even earlier, the ancient Britons had their encampments; stone
arrow heads and fragments of pottery are still turned up by the ploughs. During
the last war our tenants decided to grow wheat on the relatively flat top of
Butser Down. Although the depth of earth over the chalk is very little, quite
good crops were produced, and it is believed that the last time the hill-top was
under the plough was when the Romans occupied the area.

Petersfield is 25 miles south-west of Guildford and 20 miles east of Winchester.
A gazetteer of 1887 shows a population of 1646, two banks, a Literary Institute,
an educational establishment called Churcher’s College and a Norman church.

Contrast this sleepy, large size village, in many respects little changed for two
centuries, with the plans for the immediate future.

The Hampshire County Council planning policy for Petersfield states that by
mid-1965 the population of the Urban District had risen to 8,350 and is expected
to be 14,500 by the late 1980’s, that is nine times what it was only 100 years
earlier.

The town is situated in the Rother valley which forms the western edge of the
Weald, and the whole district forms part of the East Hampshire area of out-
standing natural beauty.

The principal natural feature is the line of the South Downs. The A3, the main
London to Portsmouth road, which carries 10,000 vehicles a day, many more on
a fine summer week-end, passes through the town, and then two miles to the
south, goes through the gap in the downs between Wardown and Butser, which
is 889 feet, and the second highest of the whole range. Two miles north of
Petersfield is Stoner Hill, about half the height of Butser and, unlike the more
massive downs, a heavily wooded area.

Butser Down itself has been recently purchased by the Hampshire County
Council and ought to survive as a largely unspoilt area. Butser, in the days of the
rabbits, had exceptionally smooth, gently sloping sides. Now the grass is longer
and the bushes much more frequent, although some cattle which are grazed on
the Down do help to control the growth.

How has the area changed in the last 80 years? The population, still relatively
sparse, has increased five times; horse-drawn vehicles have been replaced by cars;
lanes have become metalled roads; many of the larger estates have been frag-
mented; keepers have become rarer; Wardown has been disfigured by the dark
shadow of the Forestry Commission’s conifer plantations; hedges have been up-
rooted, and large areas of woodland have been replaced by cultivation or houses.
Basically, however, the changes have not yet been as far reaching as they have,
for example, in Surrey.

The most obvious change to the animal life has been the reduction in the
rabbit population. When I lived in the area rabbits abounded everywhere. Now,
although their numbers are slowly increasing again, one is unlikely to see more
than half a dozen during a long walk. We all know the results of this reduction
on the vegetation, and particularly on the Downs themselves.

Badgers were not uncommon in the past. They are not easy creatures to see,
but I believe that they have become much rarer.

58 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

One of my most vivid boyhood recollections is of the enormous number of
moles. From all reports they are still abundant on the farmland, but seem to be
much less often seen in gardens in the vicinity of the town. We know how sensitive
they are to vibration. Could it be that they dislike the tremors set up by motor
traffic?

Foxes seem much more abundant than they were. Perhaps this is because the
breaking up of the largest estates has left pockets of woodland which are not
keepered and cannot be hunted. The smaller mammals are still numerous, and
although new farming methods and the removal of hedgerows has almost
certainly reduced their numbers, they continue to be common enough wherever
conditions are suitable.

Grass snakes and adders have always been numerous, particularly on the
downland, though not so often seen. Both species are still quite plentiful.

I know very little of the birds, but my impression is that the winter of 1962-
1963 did far more harm than all the changes in the countryside.

Seventy years ago, my father found red squirrels to be quite numerous. This
was before their numbers were seriously reduced by some disease. In the early
1920’s I used to see a few, but they were rare even before the invasion of the
greys. I have not seen a red one in the area since 1924.

My grandfather was keenly interested in butterflies and moths as well as
botany, and I should now like to contrast some of his notes with my own ex-
periences in the same area.

Colias croceus Fourc., the Clouded Yellow, was recorded as extremely abun-
dant on Butser and in the whole area in 1892 and 1895 and common in 1894.
I cannot remember seeing it at all commonly before 1928. This was a year when
it abounded and when I saw, but failed to catch, a female of the white form,
helice Hiibn., which had white forewings and normal, yellow hindwings.

My grandfather collected his specimens of Limenitis camilla L., the White
Admiral, in the New Forest where it was so abundant. His only reference to this
butterfly near Petersfield is that he noted it was reported in the Langrish woods
in 1899, but he added that there was reason to suspect that these had been bred
and released by the vicar, and he did not believe they were truly local. I have
never seen the species near Petersfield.

Polygonia c-album L., the Comma, had become rare in Hampshire by the end
of the 19th century, now however, the butterfly has returned and has been quite
common in the last ten years.

Nymphalis polychloros L., the Large Tortoiseshell, was not uncommon. I can
remember specimens in and around our garden, but I have not seen it in England
since 1924, or perhaps 1923.

The finest specimen which I have seen from Petersfield is the remarkable
aberration of Nymphalis io L., the Peacock, which was devoid of markings; the
eye spots being no more than shadows. It was caught fluttering inside the french
windows of a house on Stone Hill, just north of Petersfield.

Argynnis paphia L., the Silver-washed Fritillary, now seems to be quite un-
common in the area, but my grandfather records it as abundant, and in 1899 he
captured an aberration which he describes as having a large cream-coloured
spot on each of the wings.

Fabriciana cydippe L. (adippe Rott.), the High Brown Fritillary, and Meso-
acidalia charlotta Haw., the Dark Green Fritillary, were both very common 70
years ago, and are still to be found, although the former at least seems to me to
have become much scarcer.

PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 59

Clossiana euphrosyne L., the Pearl-bordered Fritillary, and C. selene Schiff.,
the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, were extremely abundant, especially all
around Stoner Hill; both now seem to be much more restricted in the number of
localities, but are still quite numerous.

At this point I should like to record the capture in 1931 of a specimen of
Danaus plexippus L., by a friend. This was outside the area I am discussing, but
it has not been reported in the past and I therefore make an exception. The
locality was some 12 miles north of Southampton, which may suggest the
butterfly came across the Atlantic on a liner.

Melanargia galatea L., the Marbled White, is a characteristic butterfly of the
chalk downs. It was abundant throughout the 1890’s and was described as ex-
ceedingly common in 1899. I used to find it regularly throughout my boyhood
but not in great numbers. I have not seen it in the area since the war, perhaps
because I have not been in the locality at exactly the right time, but I should be
surprised if it has disappeared.

Thecla betulae L., is always elusive and I have never seen it in the area. A note,
undated but probably about 1890, ‘Sussex Downs’ probably indicates the area
near Ditcham only a mile or so outside my self-appointed boundaries.

Quercusia quercus L., the Purple Hairstreak, used to be seen in profusion in
Durford Wood just outside Petersfield on the road from Guildford, and quite
commonly in many other places nearby. Durford Wood was sold between the
wars and was split into individual building plots each of several acres. The butter-
fly, however, has remained. Indeed it seems to be remarkably persistent for I
have seen it flying round a single oak, the only survivor for perhaps two acres of
the original wood.

Callophrys rubi L., the Green Hairstreak, has always been abundant on the
Downs and two or three years ago there were tremendous numbers on the
southern slopes of Butser.

Lysandra coridon, Poda., the Chalk Hill Blue, was very abundant on Butser and
elsewhere in the area. It is still reasonably plentiful but certainly much less wide-
spread. Lysandra bellargus, Rott., the Adonis Blue, was also found on Butser,
but I have not seen it in recent years.

Plebejus argus, L., the Silver-studded Blue, was reported from Durford Wood
in July 1899 and I have seen it on Petersfield Heath in reasonable numbers.

Cupido minimus Fuessl., the Small Blue, was widely distributed and common
from 1895 to 1899 in June, with a large second brood on Butser in August 1896.
It is still to be found on Butser but in sadly reduced numbers.

Nemeobius lucina L., the Duke of Burgundy, was very common on and around
Stoner Hill and Butser. Above the great chalk pit grow as fine a display of cow-
slips as can be imagined and here in the 1920’s N. Jucina was to be found in
swarms. It is still there, but the numbers are now quite low although the cow-
slips are as plentiful as ever.

The common skippers are found freely in the area and Hesperia comma L.,
the Silver-spotted Skipper, is sometimes abundant on the slopes of Butser.

I propose to deal very briefly with the moths.

I have few early records for the migrant hawks, but several Herse convolvuli L.,
Convolvulus Hawk Moth, are noted for September 1901; and Macroglossum
stellatarum L., the Humming Bird Hawk, was very common on Stoner Hill in
1893, 1894 and 1899.

Deilephila porcellus L., the Small Elephant Hawk, is abundant on Butser.

Butser used to be a good locality for Hemaris tityus L., the Narrow-bordered

60 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Bee Hawk. I remember that for two or three summers it was quite frequent on
the chalk banks where the A3 passes through Butser. In, I think 1922, I found
several larvae feeding on Scabiosa pratensis Moench. (succisa L.).

I never found Cossus cossus L., the Goat Moth, in the Petersfield area, but a
nearly full-fed larva was discovered in the garden by my grandfather.

Procris statices L., the Forester, was particularly abundant on Butser and is
still there in large numbers.

In some of the marshy areas, particularly near Durfold Abbey, that flimsy
little moth, Comacla senex Hiibn., the Round-winged Muslin, is extremely
plentiful.

That splendid insect, Lithosia quadra L., the Four-spotted or Large Footman,
was taken in the area on several occasions just before the turn of the century. I
have not seen it in recent years.

Utetheisa pulchella L., the Crimson Speckled Footman, was taken by my
cousin, Miss Puxley, at Steep near Petersfield in the 1890's.

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda, the Jersey Tiger, has not, so far as I know, ever
been taken in the area, but my grandfather was successful in breeding nine moths
from ten larvae which were given to him by Mr. Arthur Robinson, and which
originated from second generation ova, the progeny of a female which he had
caught near Starcross.

Another speciality of Butser was Parasemia plantaginis L., the Wood Tiger. It
was described as very abundant in the 1890’s. I can never remember the moth
being common, and in recent years it seems to have become quite scarce.

Arctia villica L., the Cream-spot Tiger, was reported as frequent 70 years ago,
but I have not found it myself in the area.

That somewhat elusive moth, Euphyia picata Hiibn., the Cloaked Carpet, was
found regularly at Steep by my grandfather, but I have not been able to locate it.

One of my most vivid memories as a small boy is when I found seven pupae of
Griposia aprilina L., the Merveille-du-Jour, in a single trowel-full of earth from
beneath a lone oak in a field at the end of the garden.

I am no botanist but I have always been interested in the wild orchids of
Britain. My grandfather’s notes on the plants which he found in the area are
often a good deal more detailed than those of entomological interest. I have
therefore, extracted something of what he had to say on the Orchidaceae.

Anacampsis pyramidalis (L.) Rich., the Pyramidal Orchid was recorded as very
abundant in the 1880’s, the white variety was also common. It is still found quite
frequently.

Orchis morio L., the Green-winged Orchid, another very common species in
the past. Also recorded with white flowers. It is still found plentifully.

Dactylorchis maculata agg., the Spotted Palmate Orchid. This species has now
been divided into D. fuchsii (Druce) Vermuel and D. ericetorum (E. F. Linton)
Vermuel. I believe my grandfather’s note that it was frequent must refer to the
former which is very common.

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br., the Fragrant Orchid, is common on Butser
and elsewhere. A white form is also quite common. In a good year the flowers
may be so thick in patches that it is difficult to avoid treading on them.

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm., I have never seen in the area, but my grand-
father recorded it in July 1898 a few yards across the border in Sussex. The area
was part of a private estate and public access is no longer possible so the plant
may well survive.

Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., the Lesser Butterfly Orchid, is commoner in the

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 61

north of the country. I have not been able to find this myself, but it is recorded
from local bogs in 1879 and for a number of years thereafter.

Platanthera chlorartha (Cust.) Relb., the Greater Butterfly Orchid, is very
much commoner in the area and in a number of locations.

Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br., the Musk Orchid, is not uncommon in
several areas round Stoner Hill and Langrish, and also on Butser. I would
describe its scent as being rather like honey. In the early summer of 1898 this
orchid was extraordinarily common on a small patch of downland at Langrish.
There were hundreds of plants, and not satisfied with occupying the down they
invaded the neighbouring chalk pit and sprang up in every possible situation.
Next year it was noted that it required a good deal of searching to find a single
plant.

Ophrys apifera Huds., the Bee Orchid, was described as well distributed, with a
number of the white variety, from 1884 to 1897. In my experience in recent years
it could only be called scarce.

Ophrys insectivora L. (muscifera Huds.), the Fly Orchid, is not at all common
and was rarely recorded by my grandfather. He particularly noted one plant at
the chalk pit near Butser being in flower on the 8th June 1897, and again on 19th
June 1898. I also found a single plant in exactly the same situation in flower on
the 2nd June 1963, and as a long search of the neighbourhood did not bring any
others to light I could not help wondering whether it could be the same tuber.

Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall, Autumn Ladies’ Tresses, is not uncommon in
our area. Jt is a plant which seems to appear and then vanish for years. I can
remember three plants which suddenly sprang up on the grassy banks beside the
tennis court, but were never seen again.

Listera ovata (L.) R.Br., Common Twayblade, is still very common.

Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., the Bird’s Nest Orchid, was noted from several
localities in 1887, but I have been unable to find it.

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz., Broad-leaved Helleborine, was quite
plentiful on Stoner Hill and is still there.

Cephalanthera damasonium (Mus.) Druce, Large White Helleborine, is quite
common, particularly under beech trees on Stoner Hill and near Steep.

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch., Sword-leaved Helleborine, is more
restricted, but found on Stoner Hill although I think less commonly now than
formerly.

This list could probably be extended, for many orchids are surprisingly
difficult to find even when one knows they are in the district. They often seem to
be confined to very small areas and are absent from other spots which are
apparently, exactly similar. This is true of course, of many plants. For example,
Atropa belladonna L., Deadly Nightshade, is not common in the area. It is, of
course, a large, conspicuous and quite unmistakable species. As long as I can
remember, there have been three big plants on Butser. These do not seem to
spread, although there are apparently acres of identical downland.

Perhaps Petersfield’s greatest botanical find goes back exactly 300 years to
1667, when John Goodyer discovered a small plant rejoicing in the splendid
name of the Marsh Isnardia, Ludwigia palustris (L.) Eu., near the great pond on
Petersfield Heath. I think only three localities have ever been recorded for the
plant in this country: Sussex, where it is believed to be extinct; the New Forest,
where it was found in 1843, but was not seen between 1852 and 1878 when it was
rediscovered. I do not know whether it is still there.

At Petersfield it was apparently not noted after its discovery in 1667 until 1835.

62 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

In 1848, when the summer was exceptionally wet, it was found there in plenty
having apparently not been detected in dry years. Since then it seems to have
vanished again. Writing in 1882, after mentioning repeated searches for the
plant, it is noted that the shallow stream where it had been seen ‘is now so
circumscribed that even during the wet summer of 1879 it expanded into no
marshy spots in which Isnardia could have a chance of growing. The stream was
searched through the common and along its course downwards for about a mile
but without success.’

This particular plant is likely to have had only a tenuous existence, but we,
who so frequently complain that the changes and vandalism are seriously
affecting our wild flowers and insects, should remember that this is no new
process. Building, drainage and road construction are inevitable if our numbers
go on increasing. Pollution and poisoning can be controlled. The grubbing up of
hedges, replacement of mixed woodlands by plantations of gloomy conifers,
mowing of banks in order to replace a profusion of wild flowers by a coarse
sward of grass can be offset by comparatively little care and discrimination. This
is a cause which can be won by education and propaganda in which Societies
such as ours can play a part.

As long ago as 1901 it was written that ‘In some of the Hampshire hangars
where wild daffodils and snowdrops abounded, they are becoming scarcer every
year owing to their eradication for purposes of sale and it has become necessary
to have a keeper constantly on the watch in order to save the plants from total
extinction.’

I think that many of us will be able to remember fields where the fritillary,
Fritillaria meleagris L., was abundant. How few they seem to be today.

An example of the harm which can be done by selfish uprooting of wild plants
is the position of that beautiful shrub Daphne mezereum L. which flowers in
February and was not uncommon in the Hampshire woods, particularly near
Selbourne and Andover. Writing in 1901 it was stated that ‘there were those who
could remember thirty or forty plants in a single copse.’ In 1890 my grandfather
found a single bush deep in the woods surrounding my cousin’s house at Ditcham
near Petersfield. It may still be there, for the area is not open to the public but had
it not been for the systematic attack by villagers and casual visitors how many
might there be today?

My purpose in presenting this collection of personal notes has been to suggest
to you that in this area, which is fairly typical of quite wide stretches of Hamp-
shire, there has been comparatively little change in the last one hundred years.

It is not too late to preserve most of this if we can only have the sense to allow
space for nature as well as for the depredations of civilisation and a planned
economy. It is intelligence and interest far more than money that are required.

Apart from manuscript notes, I have used three published sources:
Hampshire County Council. 1966. Petersfield Planning Policy.

Townsend, F. 1883. Flora of Hampshire including the Isle of Wight, London.
Vaughan, Rev. J. 1901. The disappearance of Plants, Longman’s Magazine.

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
We regret therefore that we have had to reassess their value and new prices have
been agreed. These are as follows:—

ep Saat LPSc ea: fo a:
1919-20 ter O70 1935-36 110-0 1955 2AOT Oo
1922-23 110 0 1936-37 {71020 1956 2 10:0
1923-24 110 0 1937-38 2 J0s0* 1957 37.00"
1924-25 Le1OR:0 1945-46 23 0%6% 1958 210 0
1925-26 110 O 1946-47 210 O* 1959 210 0
1927-28 2: 00" 1947-48 3):0) "0# 1960 2Z10:20
1928-29 20.0% 1948-49 SUOrO* 1961 210 0
1929-30 2 OO 1949-50 S00" 1962 210 0
1930-31 110 .0* 1950-51 110 0 1963, Part 1 18 0
1931-32 2c Ot 0 1951-52 3250; 702 1963, Partt2 1 0 O
1932-33 TOO 1952-53 310 40% 1964 10 6
1933-34 110 O 1953-54 110 0 1965 1254250
1934-35 10%" 1954-55 Sn OFO™ 1966 he 3246

All other numbers are out of print, but when available mint or
Ist Class secondhand #2 us aa Re 4 ae ees OLO
Other secondhand copies when available according to condition.
* These copies are very scarce and contain papers in great demand. Member’s
discount cannot therefore be allowed.

A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

4/0

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGiCAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Field Meetings 32

Greenwood, J. A. C., President’s Address 53
Holloway, J. D., Studies and suggestions on the

behaviour of moths at light 31

| Proceedings 47

Smith, A., Spiders from Switzerland 45

Tottenham, C. E., Philonthus parcus Sharp (Col.,
Staphylinidae) in Britain 46

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree, Essex

>#/

f AUGUST 1967, Part 3
| i

9¢.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society
7 The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1967”

Editor:
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.

Assistant Editors:
T. R. EAGLES
M. W. F. TWEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.

Papers Panel:

T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

107-

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY ©

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 63

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1966

The Council is able to report a successful year. The Society has completed two
very happy years at The Alpine Club. The membership at 31st December was
four Honorary, three Special Life, 17 Life, 250 Ordinary, 255 Country and 50
Junior members—a total of 579 compared with 587 a year ago. During the year
33 members resigned, eight were struck off for non-payment of dues, and four
died, but we recruited 37 new members, giving us a reduction of eight members.

In March 1966 your Council was pleased to make Dr. A. M. Massee an honorary
member in recognition of his many services to the Society. Both Dr. Massee and
Mr. R. M. Mere have, we regret, been seriously ill during the past eight or nine
months. We wish them a speedy return to health and hope to see them at our
meetings very shortly.

During the year the Society held 21 indoor meetings which included a successful
programme of exhibits, discussions and lectures. We thank Mr. T. G. Howarth
for his skill and ingenuity in arranging the programme.

Our slide evenings have been of considerable interest and have been notable
for the extremely high quality of many of the slides. In view of the number of
members wishing to show slides, Council suggest that, in order to concentrate on
our objective of furthering interest in entomology and natural history, members
should consider reducing the number of scenic views and similar slides, which
although attractive, are not perhaps entirely appropriate if shown in large
numbers.

For the summer, Mr. R. W. J. Uffen arranged a varied and attractive programme
of meetings which was greatly appreciated by the members who attended. We
thank him for his efforts.

The Annual Dinner was held again at Fleming’s Hotel on Friday, 28th October,
when one of the most successful gatherings of recent years was enjoyed by 74
members and guests.

Despite another cold and wet season, members produced some really out-
standing exhibits for the Annual Exhibition which was held on Saturday, 29th
October, when about 300 members and friends attended. We thank Mr. C. I.
Carter and Mr. Howarth for arranging for the photographing of outstanding
exhibits and Mr. D. Stimpson and his team for their efficient running of the
Exhibition. We also thank the Royal Society and the Geological Society for the
use of their rooms.

The special exhibits were a display of the insects of the garden of Buckingham
Palace, by kind permission of Her Majesty the Queen, and a selection of insects
associated with three types of man-made habitats. Both exhibits were supported
by photographs and paintings and aroused considerable interest. Our thanks are
due to Mr. J. D. Bradley, Mr. F. D. Buck, Mr. A. E. Gardner, Dr. B. J. MacNulty,
Mr. M. T. A. Palmer, Mr. R. M. Mere, Mr. M. Shaffer, Mr. A. Smith, Mr.
R. W. J. Uffen and Mr. S. A. Williams who undertook the preparation of the
exhibits.

The ‘man-made habitat’ exhibit was subsequently shown at the School Natural
Science Society’s Exhibition held at Chelsea where the Society had a stand. In
view of the success of this venture we propose to explore the possibility of
exhibiting at future exhibitions. Thanks are due to Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Tremewan
who sold a number of the Society’s Christmas cards on that occasion.

As many of you may know, the Royal Society is moving to new premises next
summer. It is likely that their old premises will be completely remodelled. This

64 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

work will be in progress next October, so that it is doubtful if we shall be able to
hold further Exhibitions at Burlington House. We hope that the Royal Society
will be able to provide accommodation at its new premises in Carlton House
Terrace but we do not yet know. We may however have to find a new site and
the Council would be pleased to receive suggestions.

We thank Mr. Arthur Smith for drawing the original of the Society’s Christmas
Card this year depicting two Chalkhill Blue butterflies at rest, and we are most
grateful to Mr. Tremewan and Mr. Carter and all others who have helped to sell
our cards.

The issue of the Proceedings in parts is now getting over teething troubles and
regular publication by fixed dates should be achieved in 1967. This will depend
largely on the flow of contributions. The main reason at one time given by our
members for not publishing in our Proceedings was the length of time it took to
get into print. We can now publish in three to four months. In the current year
the number of parts was deliberately restricted to four in order that the expendi-
ture on printing should not lead us to spend in excess of our income. The four
parts were issued in April, May, September, and December. Part I (36 pages)
contained meeting reports including the Annual Exhibition, the President’s
Address, Council’s Report, three original papers and some notes. Part II (32
pages) included the Treasurer’s Report, several short papers and an important
paper by Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis on the genus Aricia (Lep., Lycaenidae). Because of
our new system of publication we were able to publish this last paper before the
appearance of a parallel continental work. Part Ii (32 pages) consisted of Bye-
law amendments, Reports of Meetings, various notes and two original papers.
Part IV (32 pages) contained one original paper and Reports of Meetings.

The Office of Treasurer is one of great importance to the well-being of the
Society, and Council accepted Mr. F. T. Vallins’ resignation with much regret.
They were most grateful when he indicated his willingness to continue to collect
the subscriptions to assist his successor. We are glad to inform you that this
generous offer has enabled us to recruit Mr. A. S. Wheeler to the post of Treasurer
with Mr. Vallins as Assistant Treasurer. We wish them both well.

Recently, at the suggestion of Mrs. T. G. Howarth, Council have arranged that
light refreshments should be available before ordinary meetings. This service,
which is organised by Mrs. Howarth, is still in the experimental stage, and
promises to be very popular, and we are grateful to her and to Mrs. Lewis of the
Alpine Club for her help in this and in other ways.

CURATOR’S REPORT 1966

Satisfactory progress has been maintained during the past year, four hundred
drawers of insects now being in good order.

Work on one forty-drawer cabinet of Palaearctic Rhopalocera has been com-
pleted and it is hoped to finish the arrangement of specimens in the second
cabinet early in 1967. The British Macrolepidoptera-Heterocera have now been
expanded from 23 to 95 drawers in Hill units, and much of the recently be-
queathed Coulson collection has been incorporated.

Although Council sanctioned the purchase of two Hill units to rehouse the
British Microlepidoptera, these have not been available. This project will now be
delayed until the cabinets and the new Kloet & Hincks check list are forthcoming.
Six empty drawers in one of the Bright Collection cabinets have been used to

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 65

house the Leeds collection of Satyridae aberrations and the Palaearctic Lepi-
doptera-Heterocera have been transferred to a Hill unit.

From the above report it will be seen that the Society’s collection of Lepi-
doptera will be in good order in the near future. Although we now possess a good
representative collection there are still gaps in series and species and it is hoped
that members will endeavour to remedy this.

Dr. A. M. Massee has checked the Henderson collection of Hemiptera-
Heteroptera which, with the Coulson collection, is now being incorporated in
our main collection. An eighteen-drawer cabinet has been repapered ready to
receive the several collections of Hemiptera-Homoptera, a task it is hoped to
complete during 1967. All the Henderson Coleoptera-Staphylinidae have been
transferred from store-boxes to a Hill unit.

It is pleasing to record that an increasing number of members are consulting
the collections, whilst Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera-Homoptera and Lepi-
doptera have been lent for critical research. A number of members have taken
advantage of the offer of duplicate Lepidoptera and it is intended to keep the
two Coulson cabinets to house duplicates.

One binocular microscope has been placed on loan and thanks to Mr. R. W. J.
Uffen the Henderson binocular microscope has been overhauled and is reserved
for the use of members on meeting nights.

The thanks of the Society are due to the following members for notable
accessions: Mr. B. R. Baker (Trichoptera), Mr. L. Christie (Mecoptera), Mr.
A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera), Dr. A. M.
Massee (Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Mr. B. Morrison (Cole-
optera) and Mr. S. A. Williams (Coleoptera). A representative collection of
Berkshire Odonata has been presented to the Newbury Museum.

Mr. L. Christie, the Assistant Curator, has rendered valuable help especially
with the onerous task of repapering cabinet drawers.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT

The binding of journals is going ahead slowly, and we have received 12 volumes
from Messrs. Fox. These are popular British journals which are bound at the
expense of a few members who generously subscribe to the cost. In getting the
journals ready for binding I have noticed one or two parts are missing: these
will have to be purchased. All journals will now be stamped S.L.E.N.H.S. aS soon
as received.

It is suggested that continental journals (of which we have several years
unbound) should not be bound until we receive offers from members to bear the
cost. Meanwhile they will be kept in chronological order behind a transparent
plastic blind.

The new books, which had been accumulating over the past few years without
being available to members, due to lack of dust free storage space, have now been
housed in the bookcases, whilst continental journals from these shelves have been
found a new home behind the blinds. Our present blind is working very well and
the books appear to be free of dust.

The Assistant Librarian is building up a library of reprints along the lines
suggested by Council last year and this is now available. It is hoped the formation
of this library of reprints will encourage members to give us copies of published
papers as our present collection is very small.

66 PROC. S, LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Exchange arrangements have been agreed with The Cardiff Naturalists
Society.

A catalogue of the library was published in The Transactions for 1959, since
then many new books and separates have been kindly presented, including in the
last year the following volumes: Jeannel, R., Introduction to Entomology presented
by F. D. Buck; Frohawk, F. W., The Complete Book of British Butterflies
presented by H. G. Tunstall; Michaelis, H. N., Lepidoptera of Rostherne Mere,
published by Manchester Entomological Society, presented by S. N. A. Jacobs;
Ove Héegh-Guldberg, North European Groups of Aricia allous, G.-Hb. Their
variability and relationship to A. agestis Schiff., 2 copies, presented by S. N. A.
Jacobs and T. R. Eagles; Fraegri, K., Principles of Pollination Ecology presented
by S. N. A. Jacobs; Frisch, Karl von, The Dancing Bees presented by S. N. A.
Jacobs; Meyrick, E., Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera presented by H.G.
Tunstall; Munro, J. W., Pests of Stored Products (Rentokil Library Series)
presented by S. N. A. Jacobs; Chandler, T. J., The Climate of London presented
by F. D. Buck; Moucha, J., Beautiful Moths presented by S. N. A. Jacobs;
Brightman, F. H. and Nicholson, B. E., Oxford Book of Flowerless Plants
presented by T. R. Eagles.

We continue to receive the usual journals.

I am most grateful for the help given by the Assistant Librarians, Mr. D. J.
Carter and Miss C. Wagner.

Ouedius (Microsaurus) scitus (Gray.) (Col., Staphylinidae) a teratological specimen.
On 18.vi.66 I took a single example of this interesting beetle whilst sieving
rotten wood in the New Forest, south Hampshire. The insect appeared to be
quite normal until the aedeagus was removed for examination, when I was sur-
prised to find that it possessed two parameres of the usual, characteristic QO.
scitus shape, joined together at the base and wrapped around the median lobe.

Quedius scitus is one of our rarer Quediini, recorded from several English
counties, mainly in the south, but as far north as Cumberland (Donisthorpe in
Fowler, 1913, Col. Brit. Is., 6:231). It is usually associated with rotten wood or
under bark and in the present writer’s experience is found singly. Donisthorpe
(1939, Col. Windsor For., p. 39) also found it in company with the ant Lasius
brunneus (Lat.), whilst in Denmark Hansen (1952, Danmarks Fauna, 58:138)
mentions L. brunneus (Lat.) and Formica rufa L., as hosts. In addition to the
New Forest I have also taken the species at Tuddenham, west Suffolk, and
Chippenham Fen, Cambs.—S. A. WILLIAMs, 79, Cedar Drive, Sutton at Hone,
Kent, 16th March 1967.

Hermaeophaga mercurialis F. (Col., Chrysomelidae). An investigation into factors
governing the distribution of this species is being conducted by Dr. R. C. Welch.
Any records of this beetle would be of considerable help to him, and should be
sent to Dr. Welch, The Nature Conservancy, Monks Wood Experimental
Station, Abbots Ripton, Hunts.—Editor.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 67

TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1966

The first and inevitable reaction to the increased subscription rates, two years
ago, was a sharp fall in membership, but this was not as great as might have been
expected. The drop was quickly made good and there are now indications of
continued steady progress. Nevertheless, every opportunity should be taken by
members to make new introductions to the Society. As will be seen from the
accounts, we are keeping expenditure within our income, but great care is neces-
sary and the amount to spare at the end of the year is not altogether satisfactory.
This position can best be improved by a determined effort on the part of every
member to enrol at least one new member.

BALANCE SHEET

During the year there were two changes in our Investments. Our holding of
£350 in 5% Defence Bonds, becoming due for redemption, was replaced by
National Development Bonds and a balance of £330.15.7 in the Reserve Fund
has been invested in 5% Exchequer Stock 1967. Our total securities now stand
at £2,854, but owing to a slight fall in values, the current market price is a little
below that figure.

There is very little change in the other items. The stock of Christmas Cards
remains at £100. We have £285 in the bank, which is nearly £40 more than last
year, but against this there is an outstanding debt, estimated at £115, for the cost
of Part 4 of the year’s Proceedings, which had not been invoiced at the end of the
year. A sum of £23.3.0 is also ear-marked for the Reserve Fund, this being the
balance not yet invested.

The total of the Special Funds has increased, by donations and interest, to
£578, despite a reduction of £26 in the Library Fund, £31 having been spent on
new books. The binding of periodicals cost £21, most of which was recovered
from members who generously contribute to the binding scheme. The fund
benefited by entrance fees to the extent of £13.

The General Fund has been increased by £76 and now stands at £2,147.

GENERAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT

Subscriptions were up by £63 and interest on Securities by £38, this being the
first full year since our investments were changed. £20 and £10 were transferred
to the Housing Fund and Reserve Fund respectively. The profit on Christmas
Cards was within a few shillings of last year’s figure. The sale of Proceedings
shows a severe fall of £65, mainly due to the falling-off in sales of the Buckingham
Palace Gardens volume. However, we received a welcome Grant-in-Aid of £50
from the Royal Society, for which we are most grateful.

On the Expenditure side, the cost of producing the Proceedings was, as always,
the heaviest item, but the figure of £660 did include the cost of Part 3 and the
Index of the 1965 volume, in addition to the whole of the 1966 volume, except
for the Index, which has not yet appeared. The high postage item of £60, which
is charged to the Publications Account, stresses the inevitable drawback of
distribution several times during the year, with postal charges at their present
high level.

Mr. J. L. Messenger and Mr. A. G. Stoughton-Harris, the honorary auditors,
certify that they find the accounts to be correct and our thanks are due to them
for their kind offices.

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70 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

ANNUAL EXHIBITION
29th October 1966

This may well have been the last Annual Exhibition the Society is likely to
hold in Burlington House. The Royal Society, who for so long have been our
generous hosts, along with the Geographical Society, are moving their rooms.
Our association with this venue goes back 21 years to 1945 and it has seen perhaps
the finest exhibitions both in attendance and interesting exhibits in the history of
the Society. It is regrettable that in both these aspects this event has slowly, but
noticeably, declined over the past three or four years; until this year there were
only 70 exhibits. No doubt Council will find suitable accommodation for next
year’s exhibition, and no doubt the attendance and number of exhibits will again
reach the peak figures we obtained in the late 1950’s. One thing is certain though:
the standard of our individual exhibits has always been maintained.

Two special exhibits were arranged this year by the Council; both were origin-
ally devised for the Society’s exhibit at Alexandra Palace for National Nature
Week this past summer, but unfortunately charges for stand space were so high
that societies like ourselves were unable to meet them; thus only private enter-
prises and big corporations were able to exhibit.

The man-made habitats exhibit put up by Dr. A. M. Massee, Mr. A. E.
GARDNER and Mr. A. SMITH, covering such habitats as canals, quarries, etc., was
a polished and beautifully presented exhibit that would have been a credit to any
exhibition; and Alexandra Palace lost a valuable contribution to an exhibition
which should not have been allowed to become solely commercial.

The second exhibit consisted of the entomology of Buckingham Palace garden,
Prepared by Messrs. BRADLEY, Buck, GARDNER and MERE, and was broadly on the
lines of the exhibit of Coleoptera and other Orders of Wood Walton Fen, which
formed part of our very successful exhibit at the first National Nature Week
Exhibition in Vincent Square in 1963. Among the material shown was the moth
Monochroa hornigi Staud. (Gelechiidae) recorded from nowhere else in the
British Isles, and the beetle Longitarsus waterhousei Kuts., a scarce chrysomelid
on Mentha aquatica L., but here found on cultivated mint.

Following the pattern of previous exhibitions the majority of the exhibits were
of Lepidoptera, which included a large number of aberrations. Once more a
substantial exhibit from the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection was
Presented by Mr. A. L. Goopson, and included two additions to the British list.
(1) A series of a new species, Autographa gracilis Lempke, taken in Wicken Fen,
Cambs, Barton Broad, Norfolk and Askham Bog, Yorks, with an example from
Holland, sent by the authority for the species, as a typical example. A. gracilis
Lempke is very similar to A. Sestucae L.; a series of the latter was also shown for
comparison. (2) A newly authenticated addition, Anaitis praeformata Hibn., a
species discovered among a series of A. plagiata L. in the collection of Mr. W. I.
Bowden, who took the moth in Lawrenny Park, near Pembroke, in 1946. A
second example was purchased at the sale of the Buckstone collection in 1952,
but was not included in the Tring collection until further proof of its occurrence
in Britain was obtained. The Welsh example would seem to furnish the proof
that this insect does fly with A. plagiata L. A search among the A. Plagiata L. in
existing collections may reveal further examples. The only mention of A. prae-
formata Hiibn. in the British Isles in literature is by Stephens (1 829, Ill. Brit. Ent.
Haust.), who says ‘supposed to have been taken at Coombe Wood’. Mr. Bowden

PROC. §. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 Plate I

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 29th October 1966

1. Aphantopus hyperantus L., an unnamed aberration, Major A. E. Collier;
2. Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab. lanceolata Shipp, Mr. G_ A. Gole;) 35 Erebia
aethiops Knoch, Rear Admiral A. D. Torlesse; 4. Euphydryas aurinia Rott.,
Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm; 5. Aricia artaxerxes F., Dr. M. W. Harper; 6. Hamearis
lucina L., Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm; 7. Arctia caja L., Mr. T. W. Harman.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 Plate II

x3

14 a 15
(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 29th October 1966

8. Hoplitis milhauseri F., Mr. A. R. Pickering: 9. Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. ab.
postradiata Cockayne, Mr. B. K. West; 10. Hadena lepida Esp., Mr. J. L. Messen-
ger; 11. Zygaena hybrid inversa Tutt, Mr. W. G. Tremewan; 12. Gonodontis
bidentata Clerck ab. fenestrata Cockayne, Mr. B. K. West; 13. Coenophila subrosea
Steph., Mr. R. J. Revell; 14. Plagodis dolabraria L., Mr. L. W. Siggs; 15. Coleo-
Phora serpylletorum Hering, Mr. H. N. Michaelis.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 71

presented his specimen to the National collection. The rest of the exhibit included
25 Rhopalocera, among which was a mixed gynandromorph male Colias croceus
Foure. ab. helice Hiibn. with orange scaling, from Littlehampton, Sussex,
20.ix.49; and the following moths taken in mercury vapour light traps: near
Tring, Herts, A. L. Goodson, Leucania unipuncta Haw., 1.x.66; Ochropleura
plecta L. ab. rubricosta Fuchs., 11.vii.66; Noctua pronuba L. ab. hoegei H.-S.,
28.viii.66; N. pronuba L. ab. fumata Cockayne, 21.viii.66; and Ectropis bistortata
Goeze ab. noy., melanic, Geescroft, 2.viii.65; Notodonta ziczac L. ab. nov.,
melanic (bred from a trapped female), near Tring, August 1966, D. Read; Plusia
interrogationis L. melanic, Rannoch, Perthshire, July 1963, H. B. D. Kettlewell;
and Epirrhoe alternata Mill., somatic mosaic, Arundel, Sussex, Haggeit origin,
bred 1965, H. B. D. Kettlewell.

In Mr. J. L. MESSENGER’S exhibit were, among other things, two cases of
Lepidoptera taken during the year at Witley, Surrey, including Celerio livornica
Esp. (lineata F.), a melanic Notodonta trepida Esp. (anceps auct.), a fine dark
example of Hadenz lepida Esp. (P1. I, fig. 10) and Alcis repandata L. ab. conver-
saria Hiibn., the last thought to be new to Surrey.

Some attractive aberrations of Melanargia galathea L., were shown by Mr.
N. A. WATKINS consisting of two males with all black scaling replaced by bronze-
brown, and one male with part of the right forewing bleached to light bronze,
both from Gloucestershire; nine male ab. valentini Williams, three from Somerset
and six from Gloucestershire; three female ab, valentini Williams, two from
Somerset and one from Gloucestershire, including an extreme form, which is rare
in the female among the Somerset examples; one typical male ab. nigricans Culot,
probably the heterozygous form; one male ab. nigricans Culot with asymmetrical
hindwings, the right having enlarged white marginal wedges, the left having a
heavily scaled and enlarged black suffusion round the marginal area. On the
underside of this last specimen, the right hindwing has typical! ab. nigricans black
markings, but the left hindwing, although aberrant, has no trace of them. It
appears therefore to be ab. nigricans on the right side only.

To illustrate the ability of both plants and insects to inhabit land exploited
and abandoned by man, Mr. G. Prior produced an exhibit of 15 macrolepidop-
tera and listed 74 plants. The area concerned consisted of approximately eight
acres of disused gravel pit at Rickmansworth, Herts, subsequently used as a
Council rubbish tip. When filled the site had been covered with earth of a kind
different from the surrounding area and left to develop.

Another moth previously unrecorded in this country, Hoplitis milhauseri F.
(Notodontidae) was shown by Mr. A. R. PICKERING (PI. I, fig. 8). He took a
male at mercury vapour light at Aldwick Bay, Bognor Regis, Sussex, on the night
of 11-12.vi.66. According to Seitz its distribution is Central and Southern
Europe, but it is far from common. Dr. C. G. M. de Worms has taken it in
southern Spain and in Denmark where it is a comparative newcomer. It is a most
spectacular insect, feeding exclusively on oak; and in recent years has been
spreading its European range, particularly towards the north of France. The
meteorological details (Thorney Island) are as follows. 10th June: light north-
easterly wind becoming moderate, occasionally easterly; temperature maximum
26:7°C, minimum 16-9°C. 11th June: wind light or moderate easterly, southerly
for a time during the afternoon; temperature maximum 21-3°C. Night of 11-
12th June: surface wind mainly light easterly (less than 10 knots).

Among the aberrations of Aphantopus hyperantus L. shown by Mr. G. A.
COLE, was a lanceolata Shipp which he took in the New Forest, Hants, 10.vii.66

*

72 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

(Pl. I, fig. 2). Another series, by Major A. E. CoLier, showed the genetics of an
unnamed aberration in which the outer gold rings of the ocelli on the underside
have encroached on the inner black ring, in some cases the black ring has entirely
disappeared, resulting in a series of white centred gold discs (PI. I, fig. 1).
Breeding results showed this aberration to be a simple recessive.

A most interesting and attractive series of three new aberrations of Calli-
morpha jacobaeae L. formed part of an exhibit by Mr. R. W. WATSON. They were
ab. coneyi Watson (PI. III, fig. 1), ab. intermedia Watson, (PI. Ill, fig. 2), and ab.
nigrofimbriata Watson (PI. ILI, fig. 3); together with a typical example (Pl. II,
fig. 4) from the same brood. These were the progeny of a feral female caught by
a schoolboy in Dorset, and which laid eggs in a jam jar before being released.
The moth appeared to be of a form similar to ab. coneyi, if not quite that form;
the male with which it paired is, of course, unknown. Seventy larvae were reared
on groundsel, 43 by Mr. D. E. Dodswell and another local entomologist, who
together obtained 13 moths. From these, one pairing was obtained and five pupae
reared. Mr. A. W. Coney obtained 20 pupae from the remaining 27 larvae and
gave ten of these to the exhibitor, who took two pairings from the brood, plus
one crossed with a feral male. From these, 332 pupae were reared. Mr. Coney
also took two pure and one cross pairings, and obtained 334 pupae. Full details
and descriptions of each of the new aberrations have been published in the Ent.
Rec., 79: 33-35. The Society’s grateful thanks are due to Mr. Watson and Mr.
S. N. A. Jacobs for their permission to publish the plate of these insects, and in
particular to Mr. Jacobs who arranged for our plates to be printed along with
those for the Entomologists’ Record, thus saving the Society considerable expense.
The excellent coloured drawings from which the plate was produced were
executed by Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm.

An example of Nymphalis polychloros L. was shown by Mr. R. M. WILLIAMS,
which was taken on the inside of a window at Godalming, Surrey, 19.vii.64.

The rare migrant Leucania loreyi Dup. was shown by Mr. L. W. Siaas, taken
in a mercury vapour light trap at Minstead, Hants, 11.xi.65.

Rear Admiral A. D. Tor Esse included in his exhibit an extreme aberration of
Erebia aethiops Knoch from Inverness-shire, 19.viii.66 (PI. I, fig. 3). All the black
spots are absent, with the exception of a minute black ring round each white
pupil; in addition the fulvous band on the forewings is pale.

Two melanic female Euphydryas aurinia Rott (PI. I, fig. 4), bred from a short
series of larvae taken on Hod Hill, Dorset, which emerged on 1 and 3.vi.66,
were among the Rhopalocera which comprised the exhibit of Mr. A. D. A.
RusswurM. Another nice melanic which Mr. Russwurm showed on behalf of
Mr. H. G. M. MIDDLETON was an example of Hamearis lucina L. (PI. I, fig. 6)
with black hindwings and the markings partly obscured on the forewings. This
insect was taken in the New Forest, 22.v.66.

Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis showed series of Aricia from northern and southern
Britain and from Scandinavia, to illustrate the discovery that all the univoltine
northern British forms are conspecific with the continental species A. allous
Hibn. These include both the Scottish form artaxerxes F. (having a forewing
white discoidal spot) and the northern English univoltine form with a small black
discoidal spot and hitherto not clearly distinguished from A. agestis Schiff. Since
the name artaxerxes antedates allous, all the northern and montane univoltine
forms designated by one or other of these names will have to be regarded as
subspecies of artaxerxes. This is specifically distinct from A. agestis, which
occurs in southern England, southern Scandinavia and widely throughout

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 Plate Il]

From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm.

New aberrations of Callimorpha jacobee L.
1. ab. coneyi Watson. 3. ab. nigrofimbriata Watson.
2. ab. intermedia Watson. 4. typical specimen from the same brood.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 73

Europe; and so one consequence of this study has been to add a butterfly species
to the British list. For full details of this work see Hgegh-Guldberg, 1966,
Northern European groups of Aricia allous G.-Hb. their variability and relation-
ship to A. agestis Schiff., Natura Jutlandica 13:1-184; and Jarvis, 1966, The
genus Aricia (Lep., Rhopalocera) in Britain, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1966: 37-60.

Of particular interest in the light of the recent extensive work on this and
allied species by Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis and Hgegh Guldberg, were the Aricia
artaxerxes F. (P1. I, fig. 5). The material, shown by Dr. M. W. HARPER, was taken
in Inverness-shire during July 1965.

Arctia caja L. is usually represented by some striking aberrations, and perhaps
the most striking this year was the example in the case put down by Mr. T. W.
HARMAN (PI. I, fig. 7).

A small exhibit by Mr. B. K. West contained two attractive aberrations, one
Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. ab. postradiata Cockayne from Dartford marshes, Kent,
7.x.66 (Pl. Il, fig. 9); and the other Gonodontis bidentata Clerck ab. fenestrata
Cockayne (PI. II, fig. 12) bred from a feral larva which emerged 4.v.66.

Mr. R. J. REVELL exhibited among other species an example of Coenophila
subrosea Steph. (Pl. II, fig. 13) taken in Wales during 1965. The first British
specimen for 100 years.

From his mercury vapour light trap at Minstead, Hants, Mr. L. W. Siccs
produced an aberration of Plagodis dolabraria L. with the forewings deep golden-
brown, and without the usual lines; the hindwings were brownish, with an inde-
terminate dark brown basal patch (PI. II, fig. 14). This insect occurred on 11.vi.66

One has come to expect a fine display of Zygaenidae from Mr. W. G.
TREMEWAN, and again this year a number of interesting series were shown.
Among these was a female hybrid inversa Tutt (PI. II, fig. 11), the result of a
pairing between Zygaena lonicerae von Schev. s.sp. jocelynae Tremewan male
and a Z. filipendulae L. s.sp. anglicola Tremewan female from Ranmore Common,
Surrey.

A long series of Cryphia muralis Forst s.sp westroppi C. & W. from Co. Cork,
Ireland, was shown by Mr. A. J. WIGHTMAN. This series contained insects col-
lected during 1965 and 1966. Among these examples were jet black, deep jade
green and deep olive green forms, several colour variants of ab. similis C. & W.
(Cork impar Warren), and numerous colour forms. Also, for comparison with
the Cork insects, a series of the same subspecies from Co. Kerry taken by Mr.
H. C. Huggins, and a long series of English examples of C. muralis Forst from
many localities, including s.sp. impar Warren, from Cambridge, and its
aberration glauca Cockayne.

The microlepidoptera seldom receive the same amount of attention that is
given to the macros, but Mr. H. N. MICHAELIS produced an exhibit which con-
tained a number of the scarcer and more local species, and which included an
example of Coleophora serpylletorum Hering (PI. I, fig. 15).

Mr. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON exhibited British Elachista species which he had
bred during the year; among these were examples of E. cerusella Hiibn. from
Dumfriesshire bred on Phalaris arundinacea L., a species not previously recorded
from Scotland. Local species shown were E. paludum Freyer, from Surrey, on
Carex paniculata L.; E. cinereopunctata Haw., from Caenarvonshire larvae on
Carex serotina Merat, collected by Mr. H. N. Michaelis; and E. gleichenella F.,
from Surrey on Carex paniculata L. and from Inverness-shire on Luzula pilosa
(L.) Willd.

74 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

A most interesting exhibit was provided by Mr. S. WAKELY who showed many
of the species that were the subject of notes that were written for the Entomolo-
gists’ Record during the year.

Staphylinid Coleoptera were exhibited by Mr. S. A. WiLLiaAms, all of more
than usual interest. The most outstanding species being Velleius dilatatus (F.), a
species usually associated with the nests of hornets, but very rarely found, the
exhibited example however was taken at a ‘cossus tree’ in the New Forest, Hants,
6.vii.66. Other particularly noteworthy species in his exhibit were Bolitobius
cingulatus Man. also from the New Forest, 30.iv.66, taken in carrion, a most
unusual situation; Staphylinus erythropterus L., from the edge of a sphagnum
bog in the New Forest, 17.vii.66; and Quedius brevicornis (Thoms.), taken in an
old nest of Vespa crabro L., the common hornet, also in the New Forest, 17.ix.66.

The following members and friends contributed to the success of the exhibition
with their exhibits, which unless otherwise stated were of Lepidoptera: Sir Eric
Ansorge, K. E. J. Bailey, Mrs. B. A. V. Bailey, J. V. Banner, A. G. M. Batten,
Mrs. M. V. Bolton, S. R. Bowden, B. Boyce (Diptera), J. D. Bradiey, R. F.
Bretherton, F. D. Buck (Coleoptera), J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, R. G. Chatelain,
H. E. Chipperfield, G. A. Cole, Major A. E. Collier, S. Coxey, P. W. Cribb,
R. P. Demuth, R. C. Dyson, J. Eagles (Fungi), T. R. Eagles (Fungi), A. M.
Emmet, L. J. Evans, A. E. Gardner (Odonata, etc.), P. A. Goddard (Photo-
graphs, Lepidoptera), A. L. Goodson, J. A. C. Greenwood, G. M. Haggett,
T. W. Harman (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera), Comdr. G. W. Harper, Dr. M. W.
Harper, C. R. Haxby, R. Hayward, G. E. Hyde (Original drawings of Lepidop-
tera), F. V. L. Jarvis, Major-Gen. Sir George Johnson, R. P. Knill-Jones, S. A.
Knill-Jones, C. G. Lipscombe, R. I. Lorimer, Dr. A. M. Massee (Coleoptera and
Hemiptera), R. M. Mere, J. L. Messenger, H. N. Michaelis, E. C. Pelham-
Clinton, A. R. Pickering, G. Prior, R. J. Revell, T. S. Robertson, A. D. A.
Russwurm, L. W. Siggs, E. C. L. Simson, A. Smith (Drawings), R. E. Stockley,
the late G. Stoughton-Harris, A. Stubbs, Rear Admiral A. D. Torlesse, W. G.
Tremewan, M. W. F. Tweedie (Photographs), R. Tubbs, F. T. Vallins (Fungi
and Lepidoptera), S. Wakely, D. H. Walker, J. R. Walker, N. A. Watkins, R. W.
Watson, B. W. Weddell, B. K. West, L. S. Whicher (Photographs, Botany), A. J.
Wightman, R. M. Williams, S. A. Williams (Coleoptera), Dr. C. G. M. de Worms.

The Society’s grateful thanks are due to Mr. D. J. Carter who produced the
photographs for the piates, and to Mr. T. G. Howarth for his assistance in
selecting the subjects for photography.

LEPIDOPTERA DISTRIBUTION MAPS SCHEME
J. HEATH

The collection and publication of information on the distribution of Lepi-
doptera in the British isles has been a major activity of entomologists for many
years. This information is widely scattered in museums, private collections and
literature, both published and unpublished. If all this were put together in the
form of distribution maps and published as an Atlas, an important contribution
would be made to the study of British Butterflies and Moths. The Biological
Records Centre at Monks Wood therefore proposes to organise a Distribution

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 75

Maps Scheme and asks all lepidopterists in Britain for their support. Initially
only the macrolepidoptera will be dealt with.

Outline of method

The basis of the scheme is to indicate by means of a conventional symbol the
presence of each species of macrolepidoptera in each ten kilometre square of the
Ordnance Survey National Grid in which it occurs. To achieve this for the 900
species involved it is estimated that over a million records will have to be assem-
bled and transferred to maps. This will be done using the punched card system
with mechanical sorting and mapping used for the production of the Atlas of
the British Flora.

It is probable that almost complete distribution maps of the rarer species can
be prepared from data already available, but it is also certain that data on the
distribution of common species will be inadequate. For the latter field recording
will be necessary and it is in this part of the scheme that the amateur lepidopterist
can play a vital role. Lists, as complete as possible, are required from each of
the 3,500 ten-kilometre squares which cover the British Isles: special record
cards have been designed which will be sent to all volunteers. In addition some
individual record cards will be necessary to support records of special interest.
These cards are now available and will be sent to any entomologist who wishes to
take part in the scheme, together with detailed instructions on their use.

Accuracy of records

To ensure absolute accuracy for every record is impossible but checks will be
made (1) by referring records to County Recorders who will indicate which
require verification, (2) by specialist examination of material from the critical
groups and (3) by noting and checking outlying records when interim and final
maps are produced. A list of critical species has been prepared and as soon as
possible illustrated keys to the identification of these will be published.

Completeness of survey

As the project proceeds a pattern of unrecorded areas will emerge and it is
anticipated that special expeditions to these areas will be organised in order to
give as complete and uniform coverage as possible. With maximum co-operation
from lepidopterists it should be possible to complete the project in ten years.

Publication of results

As soon as sufficient data are available provisional maps will be published in
the entomological journals together with progress reports. Also as the records
build up it will be possible to produce rapidly and economically county lists,
nature reserve lists and habitat lists for all the Lepidoptera or for specific groups.

This project offers an opportunity for co-operation between amateur and
professional entomologists and the various Societies and Naturalists’ Trusts on a
scale not previously known in entomological science in this country. Full details
of the scheme, record cards and instructions are available from Biological
Records Centre, Monks Wood, Huntingdon.

Monks Wood Experimental Research Station,
The Nature Conservancy,

Abbots Ripton,

Huntingdon.

8th February 1967

76 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

PROCEEDINGS

9th FEBRUARY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Col. V. R. Burkhardt.
The following new members were declared elected: A. J. Stoughton-Harris
M. C. Singer, J. R. Neidhoffer, R. H. Allen and H. H. Beamish.

EXHIBITS

Mr. G. M. DE ROUGEMONT—Four live examples of Chrysocarabus auronitens L.
(Col., Carabidae) which were typical specimens from Orne, France. He com-
mented on their aberrations and their habits.

Mr. W. H. SPREADBURY—A twig of gorse from Seaford, Sussex, 2.11.67,
covered with gorse mites. He said that this was not a common sight now, but
where it occurred there were usually large infestations.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—Two parasitic Hymenoptera: (1) Chalcis sispes (L.)
(Chalcidae), a female taken at South Benfleet, Essex, 23.viii.66. It occurred com-
monly among vegetation at the edge of a pond at the back of the salt marsh, and
was seen previously at the same spot in late June 1966. The species is said to be
widespread in England and also occurs in Ireland. Some members of the genus
are recorded as parasites of dipterous larvae. (2) Proterops nigripennis Wesmael
(Braconidae), a female taken by the Basingstoke Canal, Farnborough, Hants.
Marshall in 1888 knew of only two British records, one from Kent and the other
from Scotland. The British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have no British examples in
their collections. The only recorded host is Arge enodis (L.) (Hym., Argidae), for
which there is only one certain British (Surrey) record. Mr. T. Huddleston of the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) was good enough to determine these insects.

COMMUNICATIONS

The mild weather, said Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, had produced many interesting
records: Alsophila aescularia Schiff., Erannis marginaria F. and Phigalia pilosaria
Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae). He had also had reported to him by Mr. D. ffennell,
Tathorhynchus exsiccata Led. (Lep., Noctuidae), Eromene ocelleus Haw. (Lep.,
Crambidae)and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Lep., Pyralidae), from Marty Worthy
near Winchester. T. exsiccata Led. was first seen in this country in 1952, the
nearest locality till then was in the Canary Islands. It was last seen in this country
in 1955. Mr. ffennell took three examples altogether.

Mr. J. L. MESSENGER recorded Xylocampa areola Esp. and Orthosia gothica L.
(Lep., Noctuidae).

Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep., Pieridae), said Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss, had been
reported to him from Surrey during the past week. Mr. E. S. BRADFORD said he
too had seen Phigalia pilosaria Schiff.

Mr. R. W. J. Urren remarked that he had recently brought in and warmed up
some coleophorid cases and had been successful in obtaining Coleophora sylva-
ticella Wood (Lep., Coleophoridae).

Commenting on the gorse mites exhibited by Mr. Spreadbury, Dr. A. M.
MASSEE said that this harmful mite which is related to the greenhouse red spider

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 77

mite and is recorded from the south, east, and Midland Counties. It also occurs,
but not so commonly, on the Continent and in North America. The population
of the mites is mainly female, the males appearing later. The species is partheno-
genetic. Mr. S. WAKELy added that he remembered it from Freshwater, I.o.W.,
in his youth and also from Suffolk last year.

A paper was read by Mr. J. R. G. TURNER on ‘Butterflies and Passion Flowers
in the West Indies’.

23rd FEBRUARY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Mr. G. Edwards and
Lt-Comdr. L. R. E. Gilchrist.

EXHIBITS

Mr. S. A. WiLLt1AMs—Three species of the beetle genus Atheta (s.gen. Phil-
hygra) taken among small stones on the banks of a tiny stream in the New
Forest, Hants, 9.vii.66. These were A. elongatulus (Grav.), a very common
species generally distributed in Britain; A. magniceps (Sahlb.), very local and
normally regarded as a northern insect; and A. obtusangula Joy, a local beetle,
but recorded from several southern counties.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The Jerusalem Cricket, Stenopelmatus fuscus Hazld.
(Salt., Gryllidae), from Faber, Texas, 17.ix.47. This large cricket with an
enormous head can be very destructive to young plants in North America.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. P. A. GODDARD said that he had seen a Common Lizard, Lacerta vivipara
Jacquin, near Harrow Weald Common, Middx., on Sth February.

Commenting on the two films, “Wildlife in Trust’ and ‘Between the Tides’, Dr.
B. J. MACNULTY said that whilst on a ship off West Africa, he had seen a migra-
tion of Gannets from south of the equator that had lasted three days. During
this time there had always been Gannets in sight. They were also seen diving for
fish.

9th MARCH 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A living example of Callophrys avis Chapman (Lep.,
Lycaenidae), the Mediterranean Green Hairstreak, which emerged 9.iii.67.

Mr. B. GOATER—Two rare mosses from Petersfield, Hants: Rhynchostegiella
curviseta (Brid.) Limpr., which grows on damp greens and rocks in lane cuttings,
and occasionally on concrete edges of village ponds; and Eurhynchium schleicheri
(Hedw. fil.) Lor., which occurs on sandy banks; this last specimen had capsules,
which are very uncommon in the species.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—The following stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmidae) now
placed on the British list by Dr. D. R. Ragge in his recent book Grasshoppers,
Crickets and Cockroaches of the British Isles: (1) Carausius morosus Brun.,
Laboratory Stick Insect, breeding in greenhouses in south Devon and Surrey.

78 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

(2) Clitarchus hookeri (White), Smooth Stick Insect, breeding out of doors in
Tresco, Scilly Isles, and on Rossdorhan in the Bay of Kenmare, S. Kerry.
(3) Acanthoxyla prasina (Westwood), Prickly Stick Insect, breeding in Tresco and
at Paignton, S. Devon. The last two species are natives of New Zealand, and
were probably introduced with plants early in the present century. Both examples
were collected by Mr. E. Gowing-Scopes.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. DE WorMs said that the mild weather last week-end had produced some
interesting moths. On Chobham Common, Surrey, the previous Saturday he and
Mr. J. A. C. Greenwood had set up two lights 50 yards apart with a Heath trap
between them, and had recorded Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. and Achlya flavi-
cornis L., and had noted many of the spring noctuids and sallows.

Referring to Dr. de Worms’ exhibit, the PRESIDENT said that he had noticed
the prolonged emergence of the Green Hairstreak in captivity as opposed to its
relatively quick emergence in nature.

23rd MARCH 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new member was declared elected: Mr. B. Hargreaves.
Congratulations were extended to Prof. J. V. Dacie on his election to fellow-
ship of the Royal Society.

EXHIBITS

Mr. G. Prior—Living larvae, a pupa and imagines of Dorcus parallelipipidus
(L.) (Col., Lucanidae), taken at Rickmansworth, Middx., 17.iii.67, from a
rotted branch of a fallen Lombardy Poplar.

COMMUNICATIONS

Talking of the effects of the recent warm spell, Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs said he
had seen birch in full leaf on Horsell Common, Surrey, and he had also seen
many Prominents. Mr. N. D. RiLey reported Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Lep.,
Pieridae) in Sussex and Aglais urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) had also been
seen. Dr. de Worms also reported seeing Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. (Lep.,
Noctuidae).

On behalf of Dr. Smith of Polperro, Mr. S. N. A. JAcogs reported records of
four Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) on 26.11.67 and 5.iii.67. He wondered
if these could have been specimens that had hibernated during the mild winter.
Mr. P. A. GopDARD suggested that these might be due to the migration earlier
this year. He also said that although he had seen no butterflies in the Harrow
Weald area of Middlesex, he had seen Nymphalis io L. (Lep., Nymphalidae) at
Pirbright, Surrey.

The PRESIDENT, remarking on the migration of several species early in February,
said that the Vanessa cardui L. might be a second wave of the migration.

Referring to Mr. Prior’s exhibit, the PRESIDENT asked the difference in habitat
between Dorcus parallelipipidus (L.) and Lucanus cervus (L.). Dr. B. J. MACNULTY
replied that in his experience L. cervus (L.) seemed to appear in trees at ground
level and on damper sites. It also attacked fence posts below ground level.
Dorcus parallelipipidus (L.) seemed to be more widespread, particularly in

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 79

poplar. Mr. Prior added that he had seen the Dorcus species in a diseased branch
where they had apparently bored through the protective paint applied. He also
said that when he kept six larvae and a beetle together, all the larvae but one
disappeared. To this Dr. MacNulty replied that the larvae had been known to
be cannibalistic. When rearing this beetle he had always bored holes in the wood
to help the larvae start feeding and boring.

A paper, ‘Woodland and Forest’, was read by Mr. K. KEEBLE-SMITH.

13th APRIL 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. J. Marshall.
EXHIBITS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms—A living example of Odontosia carmelita Esp.
(Lep., Noctuidae) from Woking, Surrey, 11.iv.67. He remarked that this is
about 10 or 14 days ahead of its normal time of emergence.

Mr. S. WAKELY—A specimen of Coleophora tricolor Wals. (Lep., Cole-
ophoridae) from Norfolk, and for comparison, C. /ixella Zell. with its spring
larval cases.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN—(1) Six examples of Coleophora sylvaticella Wood (Lep.,
Coleophoridae) which he presented to the Society. They were reared in April
1967 from cases which appeared in August 1965 on seeds of Luzula sylvatica
(Huds.) Gaud. collected in the Wye Valley, Mon., 20.vi.65. No moths emerged.
in 1966. (2) A colour plate of Willy Lott’s cottage at Flatford Mill Field Centre
in Suffolk, from the Royal Photographic Society’s Colour Group bulletin. The
picture was of the reflection of the cottage in water, turned upside down.

Mr. S. A. WILLIAMS—A theta (s.g. Dimetrota) laevana (Muls. & Rey), usually
considered a rare species, but found abundantly in horse dung in the New Forest,
Hants, near Lyndhurst, 18.11i.67. Donisthorpe recorded it in a hawk’s nest and by
evening sweeping. Also exhibited was a specimen of Bolitobius inclinans (Grav.)
(Col., Staphylinidae) taken by tufting near old beech trees, also in the New
Forest near Lyndhurst. It is local and rare but occurs throughout Britain.

Mr. A. E. Stusps—(1) An aberrant Stenodema calcaratum (Fall.) (Hem.,
Miridae) taken in May 1965 on Ockham Common, Surrey. It had two spines on
the left hind femur, which is characteristic of the species, but three spines on the
right hind femur as in S. trispinosum Reuter. (2) A small millipede, Polyxenus
lagurus L., taken under bark on dead hawthorn on Bookham Common, Surrey,
9.iv.67. This is the only member of the sub-class Pselaphognatha, all other
British diplopods belong to the sub-class Chilognatha. It is an extraordinary
creature bearing lateral tufts of bristles and two dense brushes on the telson.
It is probably widely distributed in England but is easily overlooked and
records are few. (3) An example of the floating form of the liverwort Riccia
fluitans L. which was found to be locally plentiful on the Isle of Wight pond on
Bookham Common, 9.iv.67. Although widely distributed this species is not
generally common.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. A. M. MassEE gave a talk on ‘The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British
Isles’.

80 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

27th APRIL 1967
A Vice-President, Mr. B. GOATER, in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. R. E. R. Parsons.
The following new members were declared elected: Messrs. B. Levey, M. R.
Longdon and B. G. Withers.

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. Stusss—(1) A male and female stone fly, Nemoura dubitans Morton
(Nemouridae), from Thursley Common, Surrey, 15.iv.65. Mr. Stubbs said that
in the Royal Entomological Society’s Handbook, D. E. Kimmins had not
recorded this species from Surrey. (2) A larva of Cylindrotoma distinctissima
(Meig.) (Dipt., Tipulidae), swept from grass in an alder wood at Thatcham, near
Newbury, Berks., 26.iv.67, an exceptional habitat for a tipulid larva. The larva
was flattened and green to blend with the situation in which it was found. (3)
Specimens of a Scutellinia fungus, taken at Horsley, Surrey, on the Sheepleas
from rotten beech wood. There are two British species, S. scutellata (L. ex Fr.).
and S. trechiopora (But. Br.) Boud., but the exhibit had not yet been determined.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD reported taking Harpyia furcula Clerck (Lep.,
Notodontidae) at Woking, Surrey, 16.iv.67.

A paper, ‘Recording of the British fauna and flora’, was read by Dr. H. F.
PERRING.

11th MAY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new members were declared elected: Professor R. Warwick,
Dr. C. C. Warwick and Mr. B. Rideout.

EXHIBITS

Mr. E. BRADFORD—A series of photographs of Jean-Henri Fabre, his home
and collections, used in the ATV programme ‘Ici, La France’. Mr. Bradford
presented them to the Society.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. V. C. BARBER read a paper on ‘Glow worms and fireflies’.

25th MAY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The death was announced of Mr. K. Self and of a former President, Mr. W. J.
Kaye, a fortnight before his 92nd birthday.

EXHIBITS

Mr. A. E. Stusss—Hoverfly (Dipt., Syrphidae) puparia from dead wood and
the adults bred from them. (1) Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi). A very rare and
spectacular fly which has apparently never been seen in its early stages in this

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 81

country. The puparium was obtained from a rotten beech stump in Windsor
Forest, Berks., 13.v.67 and produced an adult female 17.v.67. (2) Xylota nemorum
F. The exhibited puparium was obtained at Sheepleas, Surrey, beneath the bark
of a fallen beech, 22.iv.67. The adult emerged in early May. Coe (1951, Roy. ent.
Soc. Handbk.10(1))was only able to cite a continental description of the puparium
of this uncommon species. (3) Brachyopa pilosa Collin. An extremely rare species
known only from the New Forest, Hants, Windsor Forest, Berks., and single
localities in Wiltshire and Bristol, Glos. Coe makes no reference to the early
stages in Britain or the Continent. The puparium was obtained from beneath the
bark of a fallen beech on Ranmore Common, Surrey, 4.1i.67, and yielded an
adult in early May. This constitutes a new county record.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss—Two examples of the primitive South African moth
Prototheora petratoma Mayr. from Cape Town, sent him by Mr. C. G. C.
Dickson.

Mr. B. GoATER—Examples of two distinct forms of Diarsia mendica F. s.sp.
thulei Staud. (Lep., Noctuidae) bred from ova laid by a female taken on Unst in
August 1966. Examples of the southern English form were included for com-
parison.

The PresipeENT—The following Hesperidae (Lep.) Erynnis marloyi Boisd.,
Reverdinus orientalis Rev., Spialia orbifer Hiibn. and Carcharodus alceae Esp.,
recently taken in Greece, together with examples of the closely related Erynnis
tages L. from England, and Reverdinus alchymillae Hiibn. and Spialia sertorius
Hoff. from western Europe. He commented on the largely vicarious distribution
of these species in Europe.

Mr. E. P. WiLTsHIRE—An article from a German magazine showing a method
of using a light trap, with an umbrella and a gauze or net covering, to make
moths settle instead of fluttering around an unenclosed light.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT remarked how few moths were coming to his light. An average
of 12 a night and four the night before the meeting.

Mr. B. GOATER reported taking Cucullia chamomillae Schiff (Lep., Noctuidae),
a moth he had not seen before at Bushey, Herts.; and the PRESIDENT added that
he had taken one in Surrey.

The PRESIDENT raised the query whether Erynnis tages L. occurred in Greece;
and Mr. WILTSHIRE replied that it did, but in different situations to E. marloyi
Boisd.

Commenting on the size of Mr. Goater’s Diarsia mendica F. s.sp. thulei
Staud., Mr. CoLe said that his own had always been smaller. Mr. Goater replied
that this surprised him, there had also been difficulties with moulting and only a
small number had hatched properly. In this group, the PRESIDENT believed all
bred examples appeared to be larger than feral specimens.

Dr. B. J. MACNu ty had also experienced difficulties with moulting in this
species. He had also noticed the head of the old caterpillar adhering to the
mouth parts of the freshly moulted larva.

Explaining that his larvae had been fed on primula and kept in humid con-
ditions, Mr. GOATER thought that conditions may have been too humid.

On moulting problems in general Dr. MACNUuLTY said that under artificial
conditions, when the skin of a larva ready to moult had become ready to split,
he believed the larva expanded too quickly inside the dead skin, and thus the old
skin grew too tight for the larva to escape from easily.

82 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

A discussion ensued on collecting and preparation techniques, during which
the moth trap article exhibited by Mr. WILTSHIRE was discussed.

8th JUNE 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
Mr. E. P. Wiltshire was declared elected a member.
EXHIBITS

Mr. D. R. M. LonG—Third and fourth instar larvae of a species of the endemic
Australian notodontid genus Hyleora, reared from eggs sent to him by Mr. N.
MacFarland of the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. The genus Hyleora
comprises three apparently distinct, but closely related, species; H. eucalypti
Doubleday, H. inclyta Walker and H. dilucida Felder. Mr. MacFarland suggests
that the larvae may be H. dilucida. The eggs were laid by a female taken at light
in April, at Blackwood, Mount Lofty Range, south of Adelaide. The larvae,
reared by Mr. Long, are being fed on the hardy Tasmanian eucalyptus, Euca-
lyptus gunnii Hooker fil.

COMMUNICATIONS

The Hon. MirtIAM ROTHSCHILD read a paper on ‘Fleas’.

22nd JUNE 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
The death was announced of Mr. D. Wright of Bordon, Hants.
EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GOATER—Examples of Pugs from the Shetland Islands. A series of
Eupithecia venosata F. r. fumosae Gregson (Lep., Geometridae) bred from larvae
taken at Urafirth, Mainland and Haroldswick, Unst; and of Eupithecia satyrata
Hibn. s.sp. curzoni Gregson bred from larvae taken at Mangaster, Mainland.

Mr. C. O. HAaMMOoND—A large female Ctenophora pectinicornis (L.) (Dipt.,
Tipulidae) with a normal sized example for comparison. He explained that as
in the very large females of the genus Tanyptera the red or orange coloration on
the first abdominal segment extended down the sides, sometimes as far as the
eighth segment, to offset the amount of black on the abdomen.

Dr. P. RocHeE—Hemiptera taken in Singapore, 18 and 19.v.67, of the families
Pentatomidae, two species; Scutelleridae, one species; Reduviidae, two species;
Alydidae, three species; Pyrrhocoridae, one species; and Lygaeidae, four species.
Also a large water beetle taken at Calcutta airport on the night of 19-20.vi.67.

Mr. M. CLirtonN—Two botanical specimens from Powdermill Nature Reserve,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (1) ‘Red Grass’ from the edge of a bituminous coal ‘Strip
Mine’. The edge of which consisted of large piles of shale found with the coal
seams and which were pushed aside and left. This had broken down to leave no
piece larger than about an inch across. In this very dry surface few plants lived.
On a typical warm day in September one side of the valley in this shale the
temperature was 72°F, whilst on the other, in the shade, it was still at the over-
night temperature of 27°F. The plant is not grazed as it contains small crystals of

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 83

silica. (2) The seed pod of a Milkweed, Asclepias sp., the foodplant of Danaus
plexippus L., the Milkweed butterfly. A seed removed from the pod showed its
structure.

Mr R. W. J. UFFEN—A living example of Coleophora onosmella Brahm (Lep.,
Coleophoridae), from Hackhurst Down.

COMMUNICATIONS

The PRESIDENT remarked how bad the season was for moths at light. His
average per night in his mercury vapour trap had been 26 examples for May, his
lowest yet; and last week it had dropped to 12. Mr. G. Coxe also reported poor
results.

Beating cak in Pamber Forest recently, said Mr. UFFEN, had produced no case
bearers at all. The President asked if this could have been due to frosts in May;
but Mr. Uffen replied that no frost damage was apparant on the leaves of the
trees.

Replying to a question from Mr. Uffen about the large scutellum of the
scutellerid bug he had exhibited, Dr. Rocue replied that in this country Hemip-
tera of the family are not active fliers, but in the tropics they are not hampered in
flight by the large scutellum, and were most often taken whilst flying.

Referring to the Eupithecia species shown, Mr. Bretherton said E. satyrata s.sp.
curzoni Gregson also occurred in Scotland, and asked if E. venosata r. fumosae
Gregson also did so. Mr. GoATER said that the race fumosae did not occur in
Scotland; this was confirmed by Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, who added that
another race existed on the Orkneys.

Commenting on breeding his Eupithecia, Mr. GOATER said that he had ex-
perienced no trouble with parasites when breeding species of this group. He also
said that when changing the foodplant (Devil’s Bit Scabious) for the s.sp. curzoni
Gregson he had damaged a larva, and noted other larvae feeding on the injured
specimen. Cannibalism had developed from this incident.

Mr. R. Tusss drew attention to Professor Varley’s interest in parasites, and he
suggested that members sent any they might breed to Professor Varley with full
data.

Mr. BRETHERTON asked if the Milkweed seeds shown by Mr. Clifton were of
the species on which Danaus plexippus L. fed; to which Mr. CLIFTON replied that
there are five species of Milkweed, but until they flower identification is impos-
sible. He is hoping to raise the seeds exhibited to obtain a determination.

FIELD MEETINGS 1967

SHEEPLEAS, HORSLEY, SURREY—2Ist May 1966
Leader: Mr. A. E. STUBBS

Ten members attended and collected over 200 species. The day was dull until
late afternoon, otherwise species lists would have been somewhat higher with
flower visitors, the hawthorn in particular being in fine bloom. The area visited
consists of chalk grassland with areas of scrub and beech woodland.

Sheepleas is managed by Surrey County Council as a public open space.
Surrey Naturalists’ Trust have negotiated an agreement with the Council whereby
amenity management and conservation management are integrated so that this
renowned spot for Hamearis lucina L. will, it is hoped, continue to support this

84 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

insect. The meeting was a little early for this butterfly, but it was found in some
numbers when the sun came out, and appeared to be flourishing in some of the
managed areas. The difficulty is to maintain its habitat; grassland with scrub, and
the foodplant, cowslip. Neglect results in the development of woodland, but
mowing of grassland prevents scrub developing and destroys the foliage of the
cowslip on which the early stages of the insect are spent. By thinning scrub and
mowing the intervening grass on a rotation basis, it is hoped to maintain the
butterfly population whilst accommodating amenity needs.

Members are invited to inspect the managed areas and comment on the
results this management may have on their specialist groups of insects. Advice
and records for the entire Sheepleas area are urgently required.

Because of the high quantity of records only a selection can be mentioned,
and much of the related field observation has been omitted.

On a managed area with chalk grassland and thinned scrub (which was
formerly very dense) the flies Tipula vernalis Meig., Dicranomyia sericata (Meig.),
Palloptera quinquemaculata Macquart, Sciophila nigronitida Landrock, Rham-
phomyia atra Meig. and Amaurosoma flavipes (Fall.) were found. The last three
species are of special note. Among the ants Myrmica species were well represented,
and included M. laevinodis Nyl., M. ruginodis Nyl., and ?M. sulcinodis Nyl.;
Lasius niger was common. The sawflies Dolerus sanguinicollis (Klug.) and Arge
nigripes (Retz.) were taken. Heteroptera included Nabis rugosus (L.) and Steno-
dema laevigatum (L.), the black and red homopteron Cercopis vulnerata Germ.
occurred on grasses and Centrotus cornutus (L.) was beaten from bushes. Other
captures included the scorpion fiy Panorpa communis L., the spider Heliophanus
cupreus (Walck.), the woodlouse Philoscia muscorum (Scop.) and the millipede
Glomeris marginata (Villers). A wide range of beetles was taken from the scrub
and herbage. The only butterfly, other than Hamearis lucina L., reported was
Pararge aegeria L., but several other Lepidoptera were taken: Bapta bimaculata
F., Phlogophora meticulosa L., Grapholita jungiella L., Ancylis badiana Schiff.,
Pyrausta qurata Scop.

A large clearing of chalk grassland surrounded by scrub woodland margin
yielded the moth Elachista argentella Clerck on grasses, Parornix anglicella
Staint., Capua vulgana Fr6l., Ptycholoma lecheana L. on bushes, and Microstega
pandalis Hiibn.; the scorpion flies Panorpa communis L. and P. germanica L.; the
orthopteron Tetrix undulata (Sowerby); a cockroach, Ectobius species; the saw-
flies Dolerus aeneus Hartig and Blennocampa confusa Konow (Monophadnus
puncticeps (Konow)); the flies Sericomyia silentis Harris, Cheilosia fraterna Meig.,
C. honesta Rondani, Criorrhina berberina F., Anthracophaga strigula (F.), Oedalea
stigmatella Zett (a new county record), Lissempis nigritarsis (Meig.) and Madiza
glabra Fall. and shells of the gastropods Pomatias elegans (Miull.) and Helix
pomatia L.

The top field of the dry valley of Sheepleas proper, consisting of disturbed
chalk grassland and scattered bushes, was particularly productive. The hawthorn
bushes in full bloom yielded many insects. Lepidoptera included Hamearis
lucina L., Aethalura punctulata Schiff., Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck, Deilinia
pusaria L., Archiearis parthenias L., Parornix anglicella Staint., Caloptilia
syringella F., Crambus nemorellus Herbst (pratellus auct.), Pancalia leawenhoekella
L., Lathronympha strigana F., Telphusa sequax Haw., Adela viridella Scop.,
Mompha conturbatella Hiibn. (spinning shoots of rosebay) and a Micropteryx sp.

The local scorpion fly Panorpa cognata Rambur was taken and thus all three
British species are present. Also in this area were found the sawflies Blennocampa

|

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 85

confusa Konow and. Macrophya annulata (Geoff.); and the flies Criorrhina floccosa
(Meig.), Cordilura pubera L., Tipula pseudovariipennis Czizek, Wagneria lentis
Meig., Tachydromia aurantiaca Collin (a new county record).

In a damper piece of grassland lower down the valley a cockchafer, Melolontha
melolontha (L.), was found, and nearby on drier grassland, under a log, Mr.
Uffen found the larva of a horsefly, Tabanus sp.

A privet thicket on the edge of one of the lower fields yielded the cranefly
Limonia nigropunctata Schummel.

In the beechwoods, a fallen dead beech contained larvae of a cardinal beetle,
Pyrochroa sp., under the bark. A sample of wet pulp from a rot hole was taken
home and a number of flies were bred out; including abundant Limonia decem-
maculata Loew, Austrolimnophila ochracea (Meig.), Ula sp. and Anisopus cinctus
(F.), there is no published record for the breeding site of the last named.

Mr. T. R. Eagles remarked that all the hawthorn he examined was rather
surprisingly Crataegus monogyna Jacq., and that most of the rose was sweet
briar, either Rosa rubiginosa L. or R. micrantha Borrer ex Sm., but some R.
canina L. seemed also to be present. He considered that the first two species of
rose should be encouraged at the expense of R. canina L. He found the fungus
Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Fr. to be numerous and since it is generally copro-
phagous, he thought that the dung of some small animal must be responsible. He
also noted the occurrence of the galls of Oligotrophus solmsi Kieffer on Viburnum
lantana L., and the orange aecidia of the rust fungus, Puccinia coronata Corda,
on the leaves of Rhamnus catharticus L.

Dr. de Worms provided useful advice on the relative merits of the various
species of bushes which have been left during the thinning operations, but the
lepidopterists have otherwise made surprisingly little comment.

The above records have made extensive use of lists provided by Mr. C. O.
Hammond (Diptera), Mr. R. W. J. Uffen, Mr. P. Goddard and Mr. E. Bradford
(micro-lepidoptera) and Mr. Chandler (who made the new county record of
Diptera).

BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—%th April 1967
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

This meeting was held on the same day as the London Natural History Society’s
monthly survey meeting at Bookham, so that members could see the facilities
provided in the LNHs research hut on the Common and be encouraged to work at
Bookham on their own groups when convenient.

Collecting during the day did not prove very rewarding. Despite sunshine, the
cold wind depressed the activity of Diptera and no Meriania puparum (F.) were
found. Most of the Tachinidae seen were Lypha dubia (Fall.). Other calypterates
were Pollenia vespillo (F.), P. excarinata Wainwright, P. rudis (F.), Hydrotaea
occulta (Meig.), H. dentipes (F.) and Scatophaga anale Meig. The crane fly
Ormosia lineata (Macq.) was flying in the wocds.

One example of the millipede Polyxenus lagurus (L.) was found under the bark
of a dead hawthorn. This extraordinary animal resembles nothing of its size so
much as a dermestid beetle larva, having curved lateral tufts of expanded setae,
with paired anal tufts of straight setae. Blower (1958, A Synopsis of the British
Millipedes, Linnean Society of London) gives, on page 15, an excellent drawing of
the species. It is only 2 to 3 mm. long and rather inconspicuous, so perhaps the

86 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

small number and scattered distribution of British records is not so surprising as
might be thought for so distinctive an animal. The species is the only repre-
sentative of the subclass Pselaphognatha in Europe.

The floating liverwort Riccia fluitans L. was noted in the S.E. corner of the
Isle of Wight Pond.

THETFORD, NORFOLK—16th April 1967
Leader: Mr. A. M. EMMET

The gunners of a Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery, may have been some-
what bewildered, as they drove out to their range for a Sunday morning shoot, to
see seven of our members spread like a loose flock of sheep over a wide stretch of
fallow ground, with their noses to the earth and their tails pointing skyward.
They were persuing the main object of the meeting, which was to search for the
larval cases of Coleophora tricolor Wals.; the larva feeds inside the seed capsules
of Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (Basil Thyme) before hibernation and, we
believe, on grasses in the spring. An extensive search, however, lasting nearly two
hours drew blank, and C. tricolor still guards its secret. Cases of two other species
of Coleophora were found; Mr. Uffen took C. onosmella Brahm on Echium, and
Mr. Chalmers Hunt found an overwintered case of C. squamosella Staint.
(erigerella Ford). The warm, sunny weather favoured the searchers, and was
also bringing out the first pierid butterflies.

During the lunch interval members directed their attention to two big larches,
which produced a good supply of the larvae of Blastotere laevigatella H.-S.,
which mine the terminal twigs, and a mine of Aspilapteryx tringipennella Zell.
was taken on Plantago lanceolata L. The conversation turned to the effects of the
hot, dry, scantily clad sandy soil. Mr. Uffen noted the remarkable dwarfing effect
on wild fiowers; Eriophila verna (L.) Chevall was commonly as short as 0.7 cm,
the tallest plant reaching 5.0 cm; Cardamine hirsuta L. was only 5.0 cm tall.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) Herit. and Myosotis ramosissima Rochel (hispida
Schlecht) were already coming into flower. The leader suggested that these con-
ditions also had a forcing effect on insects, since the cases of Coleophora squamo-
sella Staint. had been far more advanced there on the 10th September last year
than they had been ten days later at Mickleham, Surrey.

After lunch the party moved to Elveden, which is four miles south-west of
Thetford, to look for the galls made in larch by the larva of Laspeyresia zebeana
Ratz.; the leader had bred a moth from a gall found here in 1966. Several
suspicious looking swellings were taken in anticipation, and old galls were in
evidence. Some were well out of reach and an element of comedy entered into the
efforts of members to secure them. Possibly no galls were found which were
tenanted, and members had to content themselves with the cases of Coleophora
laricella Hiibn. on the larch needles.

Nearby there is a tract of well-grown heather, and here Argyrotaenia pulchellana
Haw. (politana Haw.) was flying freely in the afternoon sunshine; among them
was a sprinkling of Acleris hyemana Haw. (mixtana Hiibn.) and a single specimen
of Epinotia pygmaeana Hiibn. was also taken. Numerous cases of Coleophora
juncicolella Staint. were swept from the heather. Two species of Dolerus sawflies
were on the wing, namely D. possilensis Cameron and D. picipes (Klug.). The
tree trunks were buzzing with the parasitic fly Gymnocheta viridis (Fall.).

Finally the party went on to Barton Mills to collect fallen poplar catkins for

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 87

the young larvae of Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh.; these proved to be present, but
were outnumbered by the larvae of the weevil Dorytomus longimanus (Forster).
Mr. Uffen reared some Dorytomus and noted that when disturbed they stridulated
by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against a file beneath each elytron, very much
like Rhynchaenus as described by Hellings (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., C, 32:5).

SHEEPLEAS, HORSLEY, SURREY—22nd April, 1967
Leader: Mr. A. E. STUBBS

Records are particularly lacking in the early spring species for this locality.
The weather had been rather erratic for several months, which may have partly
accounted for the rather low numbers of insects taken. Results were much
poorer compared with the rich haul at the meeting in May last year.

Eight members attended the meeting, three dipterists, four lepidopterists in
the morning, and one botanist. Mr. S. Wakely reported larval cases of Coleophora
viminetella Zett., on sallow, C. hemerobiella Scop., on apple, and C. gryphipen-
nella Bouch. on rose.

Along the margins of the northern fields of the Leas the flies Cheilotrichia
cinerascens (Meig.) and Sepsis violacea Meig. were taken; also the sawfly Dolerus
puncticollis C. G. Thomson. At one spot beech leaves were peppered with small
holes caused by the small beetle Rhynchaenus fagi (L.). In the top field of the
Leas a few Pararge aegeria L. were on the wing, the flies Eristalis pertinax Scop.
and E. tenax L. were seen and an example of the local beetle Timarcha goetting-
ensis (L.) was found crawling over the grass.

Yew trees growing beneath mature beech harboured some craneflies; Limonia
nubeculosa Meig., Dicranomyia chorea (Meig.) and Cheilotrichia cinerascens
(Meig.). The last named was of interest as the first member of the sub-family
Eriopterini taken in this locality of the 20 or so Tipulidae recorded. The flies
Anisopus punctulatus (F.) and Asteia amoena Meig. were taken at the same spot.

On the ‘cricket pitch’ the tachinid fly Lypha dubia (Fall.) was seen. In the car
park area, chalk grassland with controlled scrub, further Pararge aegeria were
about; and the flies Gymnochaeta viridis (Fall.), Tephritis conjuncta (Loew),
Sepsis violacea Meig., Bibio johannis (L.) and Cheilotrichia cinerascens (Meig.)
were noted. The beetle Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Ol. was found under a
birch log.

A hoverfly puparium found beneath the bark of a fallen beech tree yielded an
adult Xylota nemorum F. There is no published record of this species having been
reared in Britain before, one has to refer to German works for the life history.
The puparium was exhibited to the Society on 25th May last (see page 81).

OTFORD, KENT—29th April 1967
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

This meeting was well attended by South London and Kent Field Club
members on a warm, sunny day.

The party ascended the downs by the path nearest the station, paying little
attention to the slopes, where the downland herbs are choked by long grass, and
scrub is rapidly becoming dominant. Most of the party worked their way to the
road on top of the down, whilst the microlepidopterists worked across the valley

88 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

set into the downs hoping to find thyme on the Shoreham side. This plant was
found to have almost disappeared from the area. The microlepidopterists there-
fore moved on to Trottiscliffe during the afternoon and found depressingly
similar trends in the vegetation. The few anthills that still bore thyme yielded, on
this and other occasions, a total of 14 larvae of Coleophora niveicostella Zell.
Dr. A. M. Massee shares the leader’s opinion that these downs have rapidly
deteriorated in both the variety and abundance of the insects present.

Coleoptera recorded included: Pterostichus niger (Shaller) in grass tufts,
Dromius meridionalis (Dej.) under bark, Tachinus signatus Gray. with Tachyporus
hypnorum (F.) and Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. by beating Clematis, Cerylon his-
teroides and C. fagi Bris. under beech bark, Meligethes pedicularius (Gyll.) on
dandelion flowers, Adalia bipunctata (L.) by beating Clematis, Aphodius ater
(Deg.) and A. fimetarius (L.) in cow pats, Psylloides attenuata (Koch) by beating
Clematis, Hermaeophaga mercurialis (F.) and Apion varipes Germ. by sweeping
Mercurialis perennis L., Rhynchaenus fagi (L.) and Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst)
from Clematis, Cidnorhinus quadrimaculatus (L.) and Stenocarus umbrinus (Gyll.)
by sweeping nettle.

Beside the road on top of the down Cardamine amara L., Sanicula europaea L.,
Euphorbia amygdaloides L., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. and Milium effusum L.
were conspicuous, and Mr. Eagles thought that he had never seen so much
Galeobdolon luteum Huds.

Lepidoptera at Trottiscliffe were: Pyrausta aurata Scop., larvae of Oidaemato-
Phorus carphodactylus Hiibn., Ancylis comptana Frél., Scrobipalpa acuminatella
Sircom, larvae of Agonopterix nanatella Staint., Acrolepia granitella Treits.,
larvae of Coleophora conyzae Zell., various Elachista spp., including E. biatomella
Staint.

Lepidoptera at Otford: Pyrausta purpuralis L., Phytometra viridaria Clerck ab.
fusca Tutt, Grapholita jungiella L., Lithocolletis faginella Zell., Heliozela stan-
neella F.R., Nepticula aurella Staint., mines of Coleophora gryphipennella
Bouche.

A single beefly, Bombylius major L., visited various members of the party in
turn at Otford.

The meeting ended with the party fragmented between two localities and
sustaining a bandaged casualty: a member who tried to referee a dog-fight
found that the participants did not obey the Queensbury Rules. At least your
Field Meetings Secretary can claim that the meetings he chooses to lead are
lively, if not always in the manner intended.

ASH VALE, SURREY—6th May 1967
Leader: Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN

A small party enjoyed a fine day exploring the bank of the Basingstoke Canal,
and later, the heathland near Ash Vale station.

Numerous rowan trees of various ages were searched without success for the
larva of Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs. The rowans all appeared to have spread
from seed dropped by one tree much older than the rest, which were saplings of
all ages. An example of Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs. had been reared by
Captain J. Ellerton, from a larva found on rushes by the canal at the meeting in
1966.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 89

Pinus sylvestris L. near the station yielded a few larvae of Laspeyresia coni-
ferana (Ratz.); and seedheads of Typha latifolia L. produced many fully-fed
larvae of Limnecia phragmitella Staint., which were heavily attacked by a
hymenopterous parasite, the latter emerging shortly afterwards.

Few of the insects noted on the wing or swept were particularly characteristic
of the habitats in which they were taken, so lists of them are not appended.

CCSFORD MILL, SURREY—2Ist May 1967
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

There had been a spell of cold and wet weather before this meeting, and the
forecast was most discouraging. However, nine members attended, and were
rewarded with a fine, dry day with some sun, until rain began to fall about
4 p.m.

The bad weather of the previous weeks had produced a high water level in the
ponds and low lying areas but, as always, it was possible to move in comfort on
the tracks and slopes. A sharp frost earlier in the month had severely damaged
spring growth, particularly beech trees, some looking as though they had been
scorched by a forest fire.

The usual spring larvae were abundant and included Pseudoips prasinana L.
and Euproctis similis Fuess.

Macrolepidoptera on the wing or at rest were less noticeable, but included a
number of spring butterflies and hibernating species; among which were:
Anthocharis cardamines L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Pararge aegeria L., Aglais
urticae L., Nymphalis io L., Clossiana euphrosyne L.

Microlepidoptera were numerous both as imagines and larvae.

Mr. P. A. Goddard reported the great abundance and variety of Diptera,
particularly Tipulidae. Thanks to the absence of strong sunshine, many of these
could be conveniently observed at rest. The following species were recorded:
Tipula lunata L., T. selene Meig., T. luteipennis Meig., T. pseudovariipennis
Czizek, T. luna Westhoff, Culicoides impunctatus Goetgh., C. scoticus Downes
& Kettle, Bibio leucopterus (Meig.), B. marci (L.), Dilophus febrilis (L.), Limonia
flavipes (F.), L. nubeculosa Meig., L. tripunctata (F.), Rhingia macrocephala
(Harris) (camprestris Meig.), Tachypeza nubila (Meig.), Rhagio scolopacea (L.),
Syrphus balteatus Deg., S. venusta (Meig.), Leucozona lucorum L., Mesembrina
meridiana (L.).

‘Mr. T. R. Eagles commented on a fine growth of the Lady Fern, Athyrium
filix-femina (L.) Roth., including the form with a purple rachis, and two or three
species of cionid beetle from the figwort, Scrophularia modosa L. He also noticed
the rather local plant Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L.

Amongst the fungi reported by Mr. Eagles were Taphrine deformans (Berk)
Tul. the Peach Leaf Curl, Neobulgaria pura (Fries.) Petrak, Anthracobia melaloma
(A. & S. ex Fries.) Boud., Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. on a fallen birch trunk,
and Exidia glanulosa (Bull.) Fr. known as Witches’ Butter.

The meeting was, as always, enjoyable and productive. Once again Mr. and
Mrs. Loarridge provided members with a memorable tea. Their kindness in
giving to us, once again, the freedom of the estate is deeply appreciated.

90 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

WATLINGTON HILL, OXFORDSHIRE—27th May 1967
Leader: Mr. G. PRIor

The weather in the morning was extremely bad with heavy rain in London,
but by the time the rendezvous at Henley was reached it had almost ceased. In
addition the ground was covered by a heavy mist. In spite of conditions six
members attended the meeting.

The site is a chalk hill on the escarpment of the Chilterns, a mile from Watling-
ton. The ground was rough, and ideal for Lepidoptera. There are a remarkable
number of wayfaring trees in the locality, also white beam and the usual chalk-
land trees. Wild Thyme, Cowslip and violet were fairly thick on the ground and
many Spotted and Early Purple Orchids were noted.

After lunch the weather improved, the sun shone continuously till evening,
and it became quite hot.

The blue-spotted form of Anguis fragilis L., the Slow Worm, was seen; and
Lacerta vivipara Jacq., the Common Lizard, and Rana temporaria L. the Com-
mon Frog, were reported.

On the open grassland of the chalk several lycosid spiders were noted. Tibellus
oblongus (Walck.) was common, and one other crab spider of the genus Xysticus
was seen.

Three members went on to Stoke Row for an hour or so during the evening
and collected with some success, reporting Ancylis geminana Don., Lithocolletis
faginella Zell. and two Coleophora species not yet determined.

Following is a list of Lepidoptera seen or collected during the day: Pieris napi
L., P. brassicae L., Anthocharis cardamines L., Erynnis tages L., Pyrgus malvae L.,
Gonepteryx rhamni L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Callophrys rubi L., Euclidimera mi Clerck., Ectypa glyphica L., Ematurga ato-
maria L., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Epirrhoe alternata Miill., Xanthorhoe
ferrugata Clerck (unidentata Haw.), X. quadrifasciata Clerck, Chiasmia clathrata
L., Pyrausta purpuralis L., P. cespitalis Schiff., Syndemis musculana Hubn.,
Ancylis uncana Hiibn., Griselda stagnana Schiff., Pancalia leuwenhoekella L.,
Simaethis pariana Clerck, Glyphipteryx cramerella F., Elachista argentella
Clerck, Coleophora albitarsella Clerck, C. laricella Hiibn., C. paripennella Zell.,
C. niveicostella Zell., Lithocolletis spinicolella Zell. and Adela fibulella Schiff.

HURT WOOD, SURREY—3rd June 1967
Leader: Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON

Nine members attended. The day was warm and without rain, but there were
only occasional gleams of sunshine. Hurt Wood is new ground for the Society.
Though no particularly notable Lepidoptera were found, the rich growth of
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Bilberry) produced many larvae and an abundance of
that rather local moth Cepphis advenaria Hiibn.

Other Lepidoptera seen included Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi L.,
Anthocaris cardamines L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Clossiana euphrosyne L., a single
Vanessa atalanta L., Pararge aegeria L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Pyrgus
malvae L., Macrothylacia rubi L., Scopula lactata Haw., Xanthorhoe montanata
Schiff., Dysstroma truncata Hufn., Deilinia pusaria L., Pseudopanthera macularia
L., Ematurga atomarid L., Lithinia chlorosata Scop., Ectropis consonaria Hibn.,
Aethalura punctulata Schiff., Capua vulgana Fr6}., Eucosmomorpha albersana

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 gI

Hiibn., Clavigesta purdeyi Durr., Griselda myrtillana Westw., Ancylis uncana
Hiibn., A. mitterbachiana Schiff., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Lespeyresia
succedana Schiff.

Bilberry under oak is a scarce habitat in southern England, though the Lower
Greensand of the Leith Hill range is noted for this vegetation. Little is known
of fauna associated with this bilberry, except for Lepidoptera, so some time was
spent sweeping this plant by Mr. A. E. Stubbs. The following Diptera were taken:
the crane flies Tipula scripta Meig., Limonia nubeculosa Meig., L. tripunctata
(F.), and Ormosia nodulosa (Macquart); the empid fly Bicellaria nigra (Meig.)
recorded from Kent, Hants, Dorset, Oxon, Devon, Hereford and various
Scottish counties (Collin, 1961, British Flies, 6, Cambridge) though this species
has been previously taken in Surrey in the Sheepleas at Horsely; the acalypterata
flies Helomyza bicolor Zett. and H. fuscicornis (Zett.), the latter recorded by
Collin (1943, Ent. mon. Mag., 79:234-251). In addition the bug Anthocoris
confusus Reuter; the telephorid beetle Cantharis pallida Goeze, which was also
abundant on the deciduous trees everywhere; and the scorpion flies Panorpa
communis L. and P. germanica L.

Sweeping the foliage of fairly mature oaks, which were scattered in an area of
bracken, yielded the following Diptera: Empis praevia Collin, previously recorded
from two heaths in N.E. Surrey, Berks and Hants (Collin, 1961, loc. cit), though
Mr. Stubbs has also seen it abundantly on the heathland at Ockham and Wisley
Common, Surrey, and it has also been recorded from Kent; Oedalia stigmatella
Zett., the second record for Surrey; female Chaldrus spurius (Fall.), a very small
species parasitic on typhlocybid homoptera, of which Coe (1966, Handbk.
Identification Brit. Ins., 10 ((2)) says this sex is infrequently met; the lauxanid fly
Lyciella rorida (Fall.) and the beetle Cantharis pallida Goeze.

Sweeping mixed deciduous foliage (birch, beech and rowan) produced further
dipterous species: a male Chalarus spurius (Fall.), Empis praevia Collin, Sicodus
arrogans L. and Ula sylvatica (Meig.). From the foliage of some small birches
over bracken growing in the open, but fairly enclosed by mixed woodland, two
males and three females of a very small empid fly with a cloud across the wing,
Euthyneura gyllenhali Zett. were obtained. Collin (1961, loc. cit.) gives only four
British records, Oxon, Cheshire, Yorks and near Glasgow.

In a valley on the dip slope of the Lower Greensand a grassy patch yielded a
specimen of the cranefly Nephrotoma maculata (Meig.). Near this spot a small
boggy area with Sphagnum and Juncus effusus L., a rare habitat in the area, con-
tained several interesting flies: a large hoverfly with white bars on the abdomen,
Spericomyia lapponica L., a species difficult to find in the London area; the crane-
flies Limnophila fulvonervosa (Schummel) and Pedicia schummeli (Edwards), the
latter is an uncommon species which was however common at this spot; the
empid Rhamphomyia stigmosa Macquart; the dolicophid Campsicnemus loripes
(Hal.); the scalypterate Diastata nebulosa (Fall.), a local species; and abundant
small ephydrids. This spot was quite well enclosed by small pine and birch, but as
these trees grow up the habitat will become more shaded and the water balance
of the boggy ground may change. This change will not be helped by the adjacent
ground having been planted with spruce.

Mr. Stubbs followed this valley southwards, up the dip slope, where a broad
bare sandy forestry ride passes through heather with birch and planted pine.
Here the empids Hilara maura (F.), Empis praevia Collins and Tachypeza nubila
(Meig.) were taken, and a single tiger beetle, Cicindela campestris L. was seen.

On the plateau on top of the hill, just behind the escarpment, there is an area

92 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

of bracken and young oak. On an old stump a click beetle, Ampedus balteatus
L., was found; a species said to be local though often abundant on Surrey heaths.
A holly bush beneath oak near the crest of the hill contained a specimen of the
empid fly Oedalia holmgreni Zett. and the cranefly Ula sylvatica (Meig.).
Walking on short grass at the crest of the hill, at the view point, was a male
of the local beetle Sinodendron cylindricum (L.).
An interesting botanical find was a large patch of Ajuga reptans L. (Common
Bugle) having the flowers dwarfed and crimson instead of blue.
The party adjourned for tea to the garden of the leader’s house not far off.

BROWNDOWN, GOSPORT, HANTS—11th June 1967
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

Six members and two visitors attended. The day was warm and sunny. The
party assembled at Fareham Station and was taken by cars to the collecting
ground. The morning was spent on the extensive area of shingle between the road
to Lee-on-Solent and the sea. Great quantities of Silene nutans L. were known to
grow in this locality, and it was hoped to find evidence of both Hadena albimacula
Borkh. and Coleophora otitae Zell. There are old records of the former from
‘Gosport’, and Mr. Sadler reported having taken a single example at light about
a mile away, but the Coleophora, common at Dungeness, Kent, is unrecorded in
Hants. Unfortunately, there were no suitable posts to provide a resting place for
H. albimacula, though by strenuously overturning some old railway sleepers
which lay on the shingle we did find one Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. Coleophora
otitae Zell. is evidently absent, though the foodplant occurred in huge patches;
on a few plants, the flowers were deep pink instead of the normal dingy yellow.

Platytes cerusellus Schiff. was quite frequent among sparse grass on the
shingle; a few Scoparia dubitalis Hubn., one Epirrhoe galiata Schiff., two Aspitates
ochrearia Rossi. and a few Euclidemera mi Clerck were seen, also the butterflies
Pieris brassicae L. (possibly a migration), Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L.,
Pararge megaera L., Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena
phlaeas L. and Polyommatus icarus Rott. A larva of Orgyia antiqua L. was found
feeding on Quercus ilex L., of which there were several self-sown seedlings on the
shingle. Neofaculta betula Haw. and Pleurota bicostella Clerck occurred among
Calluna. A number of Coleophora gryphipennella Bouch. were smoked from Rosa
pimpinellifolia L. (spinosissima L.), another plant which showed a pink flowered
form. Other interesting plants from this area included Cerastium atrovirens Bab.,
Carduus tenuiflorus Curt., Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. (smithii Hook.), Sedum
anglicum Huds. and Bromus lepidus Holmberg.

After lunch, the party made for the reed bed inland from the road, and saw
abundant larvae of Marasmarcha lunaedactyla Haw. on Ononis at the roadside.
There was great excitement when immediately upon reaching the reeds, one mem-
ber caught Nascia ciliata Hiibn., but no more could be found. There were larvae
of Acleris lorquiniana Dup. in spun shoots of Lythrum salicaria L. together with
those of Clepsis costana F. The workings of Paltodora cytisella Curt. were found
in Preridium on adjacent heathy land, and it was pleasing to see the local plant,
Corydalis claviculata (L.) D.C. here. The last find of an enjoyable and interesting
day was a freshly emerged Arctia villica L.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 93

OBITUARY

ROBIN MARCUS MERE
(1909-1966)

The untimely death of Robin Mere will have come as a sad blow to a wide
circle of members of the South London. It has indeed robbed the Society of one
of its best friends and keenest supporters whose interest in it never flagged even
during his long and bravely borne last illness.

He was born in St. John’s Wood in 1909 and educated at Westminster School
and Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated in law, subsequently
qualifying as a solicitor. For many years he practised on his own account but
recently returned as a partner to Messrs. Peake & Co. of Bedford Row with
whom he had served his articles as a young man. This happy reunion left him
less tied than he had been in the past and provided him with a little more time to
pursue his entomological studies.

He served with the Royal Navy during the war and Captain C. W. Robertson,
R.N., his Commanding Officer in H.M.S. Capetown in 1943, writes that ‘he served
with distinction in the Royal Navy including sea service in the Indian Ocean and
Persian Gulf and obtained promotion to the rank of Commander’.

After the war he settled in Surrey and lived near Chiddingfold for the last 15
years.

His interest in Lepidoptera dated from his early youth and his collection still
contained material gathered together in North London in those days. Ento-
mology was, however, not his only interest in the pre-war era as he was also a
keen racing motorist which, with his work, naturally left him only limited leisure.

On demobilisation he again turned to entomology with renewed enthusiasm
and joined the Society in 1946, at once becoming one of its most keen and
energetic members. He rarely missed an Indoor Meeting, sometimes led Outdoor
Meetings and could be relied upon to provide outstanding exhibits at the Annual
Exhibition. His work for the Society was unlimited; he was president in 1960
when he founded the Housing Fund, he served on the Council from 1956 to 1964
and acted as trustee from 1958 until the time of his death. Those who had the
good fortune to serve with him will remember his wise counsel and considered
legal advice which he so readily offered. The Society will always be grateful to
him for his generous gifts both to its collections and its funds, and finally for the
legacy left in his will to the Housing Fund in expression of his hope that at some
future date the Society would be able to acquire premises of its own.

Among his other activities he served on the Council of the Royal Entomo-
logical Society of London from 1962 to 1965 and was one of its vice-presidents
in the year 1964-5; he was a member of the Entomological Club, a regular
attender of the Verrall Supper and a frequent contributor to the entomological
journals. He will also always be remembered in connection with the work he did
on the investigation of the natural history of Buckingham Palace Gardens in
which he was joint recorder of Lepidoptera, among which two species new to the
British list were taken, i.e. Earias biplaga Walker and Monochroa hornigi Staud.

Although he must be classed among the scientific amateur entomologists of
his time, his greatest enthusiasm lay in field entomology, in which he excelled.
Such time as he could make available was spent collecting and his visits to

94 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Scotland, Western Ireland, the Scilly Isles as well as other better or less well
known localities brought him great rewards. His name will always be associated
with the discovery of a number of previously unrecorded species for the most
part made in company with other entomologists with whom he made his various
expeditions, but two species, Perinephela perlucidalis Hiibn. and Nephopteryx
albicilla H.-S., were entirely his own discoveries, the former at Woodwalton and
the latter in the Wye Valley. Other noteworthy first records which were made in
company with others include inter alia, Eupithecia egenaria H.-S., Pterophorus
icterodactyla Mann., Amelia unitana Hiubn., Scrobipalpa murinella H.-S.,
Nothris congressariella Bruand and Nepticula dryadella Hoffman. He was also
associated with a large number of records new to the Irish list.

His mercury vapour light trap, well situated near Chiddingfold, attracted many
interesting visitors, perhaps the most notable of which was one of the only four
known British records of Hymenia recurvalis F., taken in it in 1951; but many
other good migrants came his way, including Hippotion celerio L., Celerio galii
Rott., Plusia confusa Steph., P. ni Hiibn., Eublemma parva Hiibn. and Diasemia
ramburialis Dup.

He was a keen breeder with considerable skill at bringing through hibernating
larvae but he also succeeded in breeding many species of microlepidoptera which
particularly of recent years had become one of his chief interests.

His quiet and kindly disposition endeared him to all those with whom he came
in contact and many of us will remember delightful visits to the Mill House where
he and Mrs. Mere extended so much hospitality.

He is survived by his wife, their son and both his parents to all of whom
members of the Society will want to express their sincere sympathy in their
sad loss.

J. L. MESSENGER.

The Coleoptera of Essex. An annotated list of the Coleoptera of the County is in
the course of compilation by Mr. Peter Hammond. He is anxious to cover the
County as fully as possible, and would welcome any records, particularly of the
lesser-worked families and the not so well-known localities; but all records will
be of value. These should include date, locality and any other relevant data, and
should be sent to Mr. P. Hammond, 211, Beehive Lane, Chelmsford, Essex.—
Editor.

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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL

HISTORY SOCIETY

Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Annual Exhibition 1966 70
Council’s Report for 1966 63
Editor, Hermaeophaga mercurialis F., (Col.,
Chrysomelidae) 66
Editor, The Coleoptera of Essex 94
Field Meetings 83
Heath, J., Lepidoptera Distribution Scheme 74
Obituary, R. M. Mere 93
Proceedings 76
Treasurer’s Report for 1966 67

Williams, S. A., Quedius (Microsaurus) scitus (Grav.)
(Col., Staphylinidae) a teratological specimen 66

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree. Essex

a ee a
DECEMBER 1967, Part 4

Proceedings and Transactions of
The South London Entomological
and Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation for THIS Vol. is:—
“Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1967”

Editor:
: F, D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
3 Assistant Editors:
4 T. R. EAGLes
3 M. W. F. TweEEDIE, M.A., F.Z.S.
: Papers Panel:
Be ProF. T. R. E. SOUTHWOOD, D.SC., PH.D., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
. R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.
5
4 ae
5 Soc ee
. | -o) > Fe FR : : :
. 5 ? Ye + i
= 5 2 : rs Ns
3 i ene

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, and
include the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
which takes place in October in the Libraries of The
Royal Society and of the Geological Society of
London at Burlington House, Piccadilly, by kind
permission of those two Societies. Frequent Field
Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer.
Visitors are welcome at all meetings. The current
Programme Card can be had on application to the
Secretary.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 95

THE FUTURE OF FIELD MEETING LOCALITIES IN SURREY
By ALAN E. STUBBS

Surrey offers so much on the doorstep of entomologists and other naturalists
living in the London area. It is one of the richest counties in wild places where
one may roam free and is exceptionally rich in the diversity of the countryside
it offers; broad tracts of sandy heathland (by far the best near to London),
chalk grasslands and woods of the North Downs (with Box Hill an incomparable
locality) and grassy plains and oak woodlands (such as Bookham Common),
in addition to innumerable other choice spots. Needless to say Surrey localities
dominate the field meeting agenda and provide the first venues for field meetings
by this Society. If any region should demand the attention and concern of the
Society’s membership, then Surrey must surely head the list.

One all too easily takes one’s favourite haunts for granted, but we have
entered a period where events move so rapidly that prevention is the only course
because a cure is often out of the question. Consider the hazards threatening a
few of the top entomological field meeting localities in Surrey:

Oxshott. The afforestation of the whole of the open part of Esher Common,
with exotic conifers as well as pine. The decision to construct the Esher By-pass
right through the heathland, and the fairly recent ill-managed draining and
dredging of Black Pond.

Ockham. A major programme of pine afforestation and amenity development.
The planned dual carriaging of the A.3 raising critical problems at Bolder Lake,
and an orbital motorway and interchange.

Chobham. The imminent construction of a motorway right through the
Common, plans to develop the common as a public golf course and the rapid
swamping of the open heath by natural pine colonisation.

Thursley. A major portion of the open heath is subject to afforestation plans.

These are all heathlands, a single habitat type I take as an example, but reflect
that every one of the best field meeting localities for this type of country is under
threat of imminent and drastic change.

Other major habitat types are under less immediate threat at present, but that
is no reason for complacency, for a short time ago we appeared to have plenty
of heathland. At Sheepleas one must meet the demands of amenity management
of this chalkland area, Bookham Common is rapidly changing in character with
unchecked natural changes as well as management under several headings,
Ashstead is obviously well out of prime condition and needs management and
perhaps only Boxhill has a fairly stable future.

Why should this situation have arisen now? The areas have, by and large,
survived to the present. The answer is not simple. All these localities have seen
change in the past, but the present time sees the coincidence of unwanted natural
changes with an upsurge in development and catering for amenity.

Natural spread of the pine across Surrey heathland has proved devastatingly
rapid in recent years and the situation is worsened by afforestation programmes.
One must remember that pine is an introduced species in southern England, first
planted in Surrey in the early nineteenth century. Heathland was probably
formerly kept open for centuries by grazing and regular firing and certainly
the majority of special heathland insects require open sunny conditions. The
spread of the pine may well severely deplete the variety of heathland species,
and there will soon only remain a very small remnant of open heath with a
corresponding diminution in microhabitats. It has been argued that since
localities such as Oxshott were once wooded with pine, and open heathland

96 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

insects are still there, they should be able to survive the resurgence of woodland.
I am sure most field entomologists would see the flaw in that argument—species
of insects are not randomly scattered across the heath, it is that little sunny spot
or the favoured tree which are the stronghold of perhaps a single uncommon
species, it is the compounding together of these spots which makes a given
piece of heathland so good and its size enables some mobility. Restrict the size
of the common and the number of ‘good’ spots, give a temporary or permanent
spell of afforestation and it is very doubtful if all species survive. Oxshott is not
the locality it was, it is the outer ring of heaths which have never, so far, been
afforested that now hold the richest open heath fauna. It must therefore be of
particular concern that these outer heaths are now also under threat.

Another major factor is the outburst for amenity management. With new
powers likely after commons registration and, the growing pressures of the car
picnic age, the County Council and other local authorities have stepped up their
programme for the acquisition of common land. Whilst I must say at this
stage that there can be benefits to the naturalist, inevitably it is the supposed
needs of the masses that must be first catered for; car parks, conveniences, dry
paths, draining of marshy areas, use of lakes for swimming, boating and fishing,
mowing of grass and amenity afforestation.

One must accept multipurpose land use in this crowded country, but it is
also possible to come to terms with it. Motorways and other major road schemes
cannot always be avoided but these with luck will not be a recurring problem.
Amenity management is the concern of the naturalist, and a field where he can
play a useful part, for he can appreciate and advise better than the average
person upon the long term affects of a given policy. Very often good ecological
advice will be listened to and taken, it is largely a case of presentation. For
instance, why cut rough herbage when the public presumably prefer to see
wild flowers and butterflies? Why plant acres of monotonous pine at a time
when the public criticise the Forestry Commission plantations—do not the
public delight in picking heather and a spread of flowering Calluna is surely an
amenity attraction? The alternative view is that it is far better for the kiddies to
have short grass to kick their ball about on and why should one take notice
of a few bugs—bugs indeed! Surely all the public does not wish all countryside
to resemble the average suburban park.

I have taken a generally gloomy view of the future, but now consider what
is being achieved and what could be done. The body specialising in these problems
is the Surrey Naturalists Trust, a voluntary body supported by modest member-
ship subscription.

The safest course of action in safeguarding land is to reach an agreement
with the owner and lease or preferably purchase land, and in this manner the
Trust has been able to declare eight areas as nature reserves. The only one at
present covering a field meeting locality is at Thursley Common where part of
the heath is managed as a reserve by agreement with the owner and a full time
warden is on duty, Raymond Fry, who incidentally has a good knowledge of
entomology. Declaring reserves is not the end of the matter, for to maintain the
desired habitats in peak condition one must often manage. The amount of
voluntary labour required for management is considerable and it is doubtful
whether much of the heathland can realistically be kept clear of the invading
pine. Among the management measures of entomological value are the main-
tenance of the bog water table, the clearance of pine from heath, the management
of areas containing very rare mirid bugs and a management programme for
dragonfly habitats—in which our members Messrs C. O. Hammond and A. E.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 97

Gardner are playing an important advisory role. In the near future the Trust
hopes to set up experimental plots to study long term management techniques
for open heathland insects and spiders.

The Trust is negotiating over the future of Ockham and Wisley Common
where already the County Council has carried out management, including
clearance of pine and building a sluice, specially to meet entomological demands,
despite these works being contrary to their amenity management plan. At
Chobham the Trust presented evidence for construction and contracting restric-
tions at a public inquiry concerning the motorway proposals, having drawn up an
inventory of areas of special importance for which Mr. R. F. Bretherton sub-
mitted a report as expert adviser on Lepidoptera. At Sheepleas the County
Council have already compromised their management programme towards the
maintenance of the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary, Hamearis lucina L., which
may have otherwise severely suffered from amenity measures.

This account has been kept brief in the hope that it will be readily readable,
for the matters discussed must be the concern of all entomologists and other
naturalists who use the countryside. No doubt all counties face similar problems,
and all counties have a Trust to meet the situation, but the usage the membership
of our Society makes of Surrey surely justifies an account of these local problems
appearing in this journal.

The help that is needed is quite simply, records. Records to build up the case
for given areas—to make a solid case for negotiation and to counterbalance the
case of other claimants to the countryside. Unfortunately the position is too
delicate to rely on unsubstantiated claims of what looks like a good area, nowa-
days the competition is too strong. Records for given localities are helpful, but
it is much more valuable if a clear statement of area of distribution and habitat
is available. One has often to compromise over part of a common and select
the most valuable habitats. Records are also essential if one is to effectively
manage small areas so that one may assess whether the techniques are succeeding
or require modification. Several members are already helping in field surveys
in connection with these aspects including Messrs. C. O. Hammond, R. W. J.
Uffen and P. J. Chandler. Entomologists must have their say, since the manage-
ment ideals of the botanist and ornithologist are not always suitable to insect
faunas, and entomology being such a wide subject, it demands that the specialist
on each group should be allowed to express his opinion.

All entomologists rely on the availability of insects in the field, whether field
worker or museum taxonomist, and this affects everyone from the casual amateur
to the academic ecologist. The membership of this Society has gained considerable
benefit from the ready availability of Surrey field meeting localities for over
three-quarters of a century, but let us hope our centenary will not be marked by
reflections of what was not done today. A healthy natural history society depends,
directly or indirectly, on field localities for its members to use, and should see a
sense of duty in helping to maintain for future generations of members assets
which have proved of major value to past and present members.

Wasps attacking other insects. Apropos the discussion which took place on this
subject during the meeting of 27th July last (page 104—5), only that week my wife
had watched a wasp attack a large fly in the kitchen window here at Tiptree,
kill it, dismember it and carry away the pieces.—F. D. Buck, ‘Seirotrana’,
New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 3rd September 1967.

98 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

LIMACODIDAE—EAST VERSUS WEST AFRICA
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S.

I am afraid that I must start this comparison with Dr. MacNulty’s paper,
Outline Life Histories of some West African Lepidoptera, Pt. 2, Limacodidae
(1967, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967:1—-12), by pointing out five errors
in spelling. The euphorbiaceous generic name Alchornea has been printed
throughout with an ‘i’ instead of an ‘e’ (it was given correctly in the lymantriid
paper) and Spondias has been printed as Spondeas. Also Paryphanta, Hadraphe
and Trachyptena have been printed, both in the text proper and in the key as
Paraphanta, Hydraphe and Trychyptena.

Janse, in Moths of South Africa—Limacodidae, published in December 1964,
has made a number of changes in generic names, and I will deal with these as
they occur.

Paryphanta fimbriata Karsch
I have not bred this species, but the food-plant in East Africa is said to be
Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae).

Thosea aurifrons B. Baker

I have not bred this, but the East African food-plant is recorded as Coffea
(Rubiaceae). Janse erects a new genus, Neothosea, for albilineata Hamps.,
which Hering in Seitz treats as congeneric with aurifrons, and suggests that
Thosea proper may be confined to the Indian fauna.

Parasa karschi Dyar
Janse treats Parasa Moore (1858) as a synonym of Latoia Guérin (1844), so
that all the Parasa species mentioned in Dr. MacNulty’s paper become Latoia.

Parasa vivida Walker

A very long and varied list of East African food-plants: Mitragyna stipulosa,
Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Quisqualis (Combre-
taceae), Gossypium (Malvaceae), Pyrus malus (Rosaceae), Arachis hypogaea
(Papilionaceae), Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae), Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae),
Gloriosa superba (Liliaceae) and Zea mays (Gramineae).

Larvae I found in Uganda were black with an oval dorsal and an oblique
lateral grey-green spot on each somite.

Parasa viridissima Holland

Another species that I have not bred; East African food-plant records are:
Rosa (Rosaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), Sapium ellipticum (Euphorbiaceae), and
Musa sapientum (Musaceae).

Latoia albipuncta Holland

Janse has transferred this species to Latoiola Hering, and the insect that I had
identified under this name now stands in the National Museum, Nairobi, under
Latoia brunnea Holland, which does not appear in Seitz.

My larvae had a broad, pale rust-coloured, dorsal stripe edged with whitish
and a broad, dark chocolate brown lateral stripe. The dorsum with the interseg-
mental areas dark chocolate brown.

In addition to Alchornea cordifolia, the following food-plants are recorded in
East Africa: Sapium ellipticum (Euphorbiaceae), Pygeum africanum (Rosaceae),
Ficus (Moraceae) and Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 99

Latoia canescens Walker
Presumably remains in Latoia, but I only know the insect from the very
brief description in Seitz.

Omocena syrtis Schs. & Clem.

Janse places this in Neomocena Janse (gen. nov.). I have bred it from larvae
found on Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae) and Corchorus (Tiliaceae). My larvae were
green with three fine white dorsal lines and a broader white subdorsal line. The
scoli are orange or colourless.

Finally, with reference to Dr. MacNulty’s remarks on the value of the larval
characters in taxonomy, Hampson, in Fauna of British India, Moths, 1, makes
use of these in his key, an extract from which is as under:

A—Forewing short, the outer margin evenly rounded
a—Larva (of known species) segmented and bearing series of spinous
tubercules
b—Larva (of known species) segmented and non-tuberculate
c—Larva non-segmented, smooth and oval, with very thick cuticle
B—Forewing elongate, the apex produced, etc.

Mombasa
Ist August 1967

Hypocyptus nitidus Palm. (Col., Staphylinidae) in the Joy collection. I recently had
the opportunity to dissect all the specimens of the genus Hypocyptus (Cypha
Samouelle) in the Norman H. Joy collection. The single example standing over
the name ovulum Heer, proved on examination of the aedeagus to be nitidus
Palm. This interesting insect had been discovered a few days earlier at Manchester
University by Colin Johnson (1967, Entomologist, 100:193-5). Joy’s specimen
was taken at Bradfield, Berks., during September 1905. I am indebted to our
curator, Mr. A. E. Gardner, for allowing me to examine the material in the
Joy collection; and to Colin Johnson for confirming my identification.—
S. A. WILLIAMS, 78, Cedar Drive, Sutton at Hone, Kent, September 1967.

Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. (Col., Lathridiidae) habitats. Since this insect was
first placed on the British list by Allen (1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87:115—5), when
he took specimens by evening sweeping on Esher Common, Surrey, and at
Chipstead, Surrey, it has spread considerably and has become, in places, quite
common. This in itself is not remarkable in some introductions, but it seems
also to be occupying a wide range of habitats. I have taken it sweeping and beat-
ing, seldom during the evening; I have found it in profusion in garden refuse in
central London, and at the roots of plants on the tide line on the Kent side of
the Thames estuary. During this summer it has begun to appear quite commonly
in my office at Tiptree. Some of the lathridiids have been called ‘plaster beetles’,
having been found associated with plaster work in old properties. Thus the
species might appear to be commencing to occupy what could be considered a
normal lathridiid niche in our fauna, though the tidal habitat at Higham, Kent,
is unusual. However, the building in which it has been occurring during the
summer is less than 18 months old, contains no plasterwork, and is hardly the
situation in which one would expect this species —F. D. Buck, ‘Seirotrana’,
New Road, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, 24th November 1967.

100 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

BUTTERFLIES AT COLLOBRIERES, VAR. ALPES MAURES,
PROVENCE IN JULY AND AUGUST 1967

By P. CALDERARA

The outstanding feature of our visit to the south of France this summer is
one of reassurance. As an amateur entomologist of some mere 45 years experience
whose central interest in England has passed from collection to conservation,
it was indeed reassuring to be able, in only four days field work totalling 20
hours, to take 34 different species of macrolepidoptera, see a number of others,
and obtain a few interesting examples of other Orders. The Rhopalocera taken
or seen are recorded at the end of this paper.

The whole episode was a delightful experience starting with an easy trip on
22nd and 23rd July from London by road, ferry and rail to St. Raphael in a
little over 24 hours, thence to a camp near Collobriéres in the heart of the
Chataignier forests of the Alpes Maures (where most of the world’s supply of
Marrons glacées come from).

What is more, even in these days of foreign currency restrictions, the whole
three week tour cost less than the £60 per head and absorbed only 70 per cent
of the allowance of French francs at our disposal.

Immediately on arrival at the ‘camp’, the brain child of an enterprising English
family, the le Pine Haighs of Bournemouth, one was dazzled by the galaxy of
butterflies flying in the early morning sunshine. Almost the first remark after we
arrived and were offered the ceremonial welcoming ‘cuppa’ was ‘the butterflies
up there are our camp pets’. Above our heads as we sat under an immense
chestnut tree was a group of three Great Tree Browns, Brintesia circe F., which
were hand tame (with the assistance of a little honey on the finger). These large
Satyridae were eventually quite an embarrassment to me since I wanted one
or two examples to set and had quite a struggle on the steep hillsides away from
the camp to take a pair of wilder ones.

This area of the Alpes Maures is a Forét Communale and appears to be
completely wild for many square miles. The roads on the 1 cm IGN maps (roughly
equivalent to our 1 inch os maps) which we used were really unprotected dirt
roads and some of the secondary roads we used were marked ‘difficult’ or
‘dangerous’ on the $cm Michelin maps issued last year. The natural history of
this region, therefore, appears to be completely unimpaired by pollution with
persistent chemical sprays and poisons. In the immediate vicinity of the camp
at 2,200 ft Melitaea didyma Esp. was in abundance, very bright and fresh, also
Mellicta athalia L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Aricia agestis Schiff., Lycaena
dorilis Hufn. and L. phlaeas L.

Hipparchia fagi Scop. was everywhere on the sun-baked rocks, where it could
best be taken by placing an extended net bag over it by stealth, as it seemed to
have a remarkable ability to avoid a sweeping net. Equally plentiful among the
rocks near the camps were Melanargia galathea L., Pararge megera L. and
Coenonympha pamphilus L.

Leptidea sinapis L. was always present near water courses and dried up beds
of the torrents and streams. Gonepteryx cleopatra L. appeared at all levels and
was more plentiful lower down in the vineyards and villages. None of the clouded
yellows were seen at the camp during the two weeks spent there, but on my
field days when I travelled all over the mountainside from the Sauvette peak
2,524 ft to the valley of the Rael Collobriér as low as 400 ft, some Colias croceus
Fourc., C. hyale F., Papilio machaon L. and Iphiclides podalirius L. were seen,

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 IOI

the last named in profusion, but usually rather worn, resting on scabious flowers
at the roadside.

Also at the lower levels of the mountain, particularly in the deserted and
Overgrown orchards in which this region abounds, the day-flying Crimson
Underwing, Catocala dilecta L., and the Cream Spot Tiger, Arctia villica L.,
were frequently seen; also several of the larger Nymphalidae on Spiraea, and
Pandoriana pandora D. & S. and Argynnis paphia L. on yellow thistles. The
Continental Small White Admiral, Limenitis anonyma Lewis, was found, always
singly, in damp shady clearings and deep bracken growing near springs. Vanessid
butterflies seen at the camp included Vanessa cardui L., V. atalanta L. and
Polygonia c-album L. We did not see Aglais urticae L. or Nymphalis io L.
however.

Being unused to continental butterflies since 1930, I had great difficulty in
distinguishing the smaller fritillaries, but in order of abundance the population
was headed by Melitaea didyma Esp. and the most infrequent was the one later
identified as Clossiana dia L., the season of which appeared to finish by the end
of the first week in August.

The chief advantage of using this camp, other than the excellent company
present and perfect weather, was that observation could easily be continued on
site from sunrise to sunset, and the whole nine kilometers of chemin d’exploitation
or laies forestiers could be covered in minutes whereas travel from the popular
Céte d’Azur resorts to reach the forest would take hours. Equally, living in the
centre revealed the lavish mammal and bird population which is more active
early and late in the day. Badgers, foxes and innumerable pine martens and
mountain hares were seen on the dirt road at night, and we noted several pairs
of short-tailed eagles, flocks of great spotted woodpeckers, cirl buntings and
gold finches each day. Hoopoes were also frequent particularly on the Col de
Babao. A large green lizard and several smooth snakes were seen in old deserted
vineyard retaining walls; also tortoises and a short-tailed Siamese cat, obviously
living feral.

If you make a trip from Collobriéres where the local Hotel de Notre Dame
is especially recommended although nothing appears in any guide book, to the
town of Gremaud, you descend to relative civilisation down the valley of the
dried up river Giscle, where on purple loosestrife flowers actually growing in
the river bed we found colonies of Lysandra coridon Poda. The local people
explained that the whole region had been in drought conditions before and
since the great fires of August 1965 and vegetation was growing extensively in
the beds of most of the streams we saw. Even when heavy showers were falling
on the Hautes Alpes 100 miles further north, the Alpes Maures were dry, and
midday temperatures were always 85—-95°F. throughout the time we were there
and continuing to the second week of August.

At camp level, the principal Hesperidae seen or taken were the Large Skipper,
Ochlodes venata L., the Silver Spotted Skipper, Hesperia comma L., and the
Large Grizzled Skipper, Pyrgus fritillarius Poda. The blues included Polyommatus
icarus Rott. and Celastrina argiolus L. at camp level, while the lower slopes
produced the hairstreaks Strymon ilicis Esp. in poor condition and Quercusia
quercus L. which was very fresh.

The following species were either seen or taken during the visit:

Papilio machaon L., Iphiclides podalirius Scop., Leptidea sinapis L., Pontia
daplidice L., Pieris rapae L., P. brassicae L., Colias croceus Fourc., C. hyale L.,
Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Limenitis anonyma Lewis, Melitaea didyma Esp.,
Mellicta athalia Rott. s.sp. celadussa Fruh. (pseudathalia Rev.), M. deiona

102 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Geyer, Argynnis adippe L., A. paphia L., Pandoriana pandora D. & S., Clossiana
dia L., Vanessa cardui L., V. atalanta L., Polygonia c-album L., Melanargia
galathea L., Pararge megera L., P. aegeria L., Hipparchia statilinus Hufn., H.
fagi Scop., Arethusana arethusa Esp., Brintesia circe F., Maniola jurtina L.,
M. ida Esp., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., L. dorylis L.,
Strymon ilicis Esp., Quercusia quercus L., Lysandra coridon Poda, Aricia agestis
Schiff., Polvommatus icarus Rott., Celastrina argiolus L., Prygus fritillarius Poda,
Hesperia comma L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey.

Stratton Lodge,
26, Manor Road, Barnet, Herts.
25th November 1967

BOOK REVIEW

Caddis Larvae. By. N. E. Hickin. 9” x 52”, 476 pp., 980 text figures. London:
Hutchinson. Price £10.10.0.

For a great many years Dr. Hickin has worked among the Trichoptera, and
this book on the British species is the very creditable result of those years of
patient study and recording. Though primarily directed towards the larvae
attention is paid to other stages where warranted. Unfortunately he is unable to
provide a description to all our species and in consequence there are occasions
where he has to say the immature stages are unknown. Some of these instances
include species like Oligotricha clathrata (Kolenati) which does not appear to
have been taken at all in recent years in its larval stage. In this respect the work
highlights the weak areas in our knowledge of the larval stages of this Order, and
clearly indicates where the student may most profitably direct his investigations.

The treatment of the subject is on a systematic basis. After the introduction,
and dealing with the evolution of the Order, its classification and characteristics,
the life cycle, collecting, preserving and rearing larvae, and a general account of
the biology of Trichoptera, the following chapters are each devoted to a single
family. Within these chapters the general diagnosis of the imagines is given; an
up-to-date check list included; distribution covered, mainly on a county basis,
with brief habitat details; adult flight periods are tabulated; a general diagnosis
of larval characters at family level is given; and finally detailed descriptions of
the larva of each species, where it is known, completes the chapter.

The book is copiously illustrated with excellent line drawings of larvae, cases
and various details of morphology. Keys are provided to all families, except
Hydroptilidae, which appears to have the greatest number of species with an
unknown larval stage; and the Odontoceridae which contains only one British
species. An adequate bibliography completes the work and is given at the end
of each chapter, covering the subject matter of that particular chapter.

This is a major work on the Order and one which should be in the hands of
all trichopterists.

F.D.B.

Corrections to the Ham Street field meeting report. Mr. P. J. Chandler makes
the following corrections to the report of the meeting held on 11th September
1966 (antea p. 25): Limosina (Leptocera) fungicola Haliday should be deleted.
Fannia umbrosa (Stein) should be amended to Fannia rondanii Strobl (aerea
Meig.). The Helina female taken on the fungus covered log was not H. laetifica
RD. but H. obscurata (Meig.).—EDITOR.

PROC, S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 103

PROCEEDINGS

13th JULY 1967
A Vice-President, Mr. B. GOATER, in the Chair
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. D. G. Gooding.
EXHIBITS

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD—A specimen of Herse convolvuli L. (Lep.,
Sphingidae), taken by himself and Mr. G. Prior in a restaurant in Seefeld, near
Innsbruck, Austria, at 9 p.m. in mid-June. He remarked on the earliness of the
occurrence, and on the altitude of 4000 ft. He asked if it was likely to have
migrated from the plains. Mr. Greenwood also reported a fresh male Rhodometra
sacraria L. (Lep., Geometridae) on the outside of his mercury vapour light trap
at Woking, Surrey, 25.vi.67.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss—A living larva of the micropsychid moth Melasina
lugubris Hiibn. from Saas Fee, Vallais, Switzerland. The larval case is made, in
the fashion of a caddis fly larval case, of silk covered with small flakes of mica.
These cases are very difficult to see on the ground below the screes, where there
is a considerable amount of mica particles. The larva feeds on mountain shrub-
plants, but seems to favour Genista spp. He also exhibited a large tabanid fly
present in some numbers at Montana Vallais, and a book, General Entomology
for Agricultural Students by H. L. Kulkarny.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Examples of Colydium elongatum (F.) (Col., Colydidae),
and Ampedus pomonae Steph. and Athous villosus Geoff. (Col., Elateridae) taken
near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants, 8.vi.67. He explained how he obtained
these and many other nocturnal species by torchlight on an ancient beech.

Mr. N. A. SmitH—A pathological specimen of Odezia atrata L. (Lep., Geome-
tridae) from Bison Hill, Dunstable Downs, Beds. The right forewing was affected.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A reliable method of sending fragile insects through
the post by suspending one box inside another by tensioned elastic bands. This
obviates outside packing and allows easy return and exchange of set specimens.
He demonstrated its effectiveness.

COMMUNICATIONS

During the past three weeks mercury vapour light trap catches had improved
said Mr. B. GoaTerR, but numbers were beginning to fall off again, probably
due to the dryness of the atmosphere.

Mr. S. WAKELY reported Diasemia ramburialis Dup., (Lep., Pyralidae), a very
rare migrant, and Nycterosia obstipata F. (Lep., Geometridae), another rare
migrant, from Camberwell, S. London, 12.vii.67.

Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Lep., Pyralidae) was reported by Mr. J. L.
MESSENGER to have occurred in his light trap at Witley, Surrey, 10.vii.67.

Dr. MACNULTY said that he had noticed Swans on many occasions paddling
with one leg only and also cygnets, always with the right leg. He asked if any
other member had noticed this.

Tits were reported by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss to have been seen skimming the
waves when he went to Denmark by the sea route in 1937. The possibility of
small birds resting on the sea, with the oil in their feathers keeping them afloat
was suggested by Dr. RYDON.

104 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Commenting on Mr. Gardner’s exhibit, Dr. A. M. MASssEE said that he too
had often taken Athous villosus Geoff. and other species by this method of
late collecting.

Sir Ertc ANSORGE reported taking a large elaterid beetle in his mercury vapour
light trap.

‘Some of the characters used in classifying moths’ was the subject of a talk
by Mr. W. H. Tams.

27th JULY 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The following new member was declared elected: G. S. Woollatt.
EXHIBITS

Dr. A. M. MAssEE—Examples of the male glow worm, Lampyris noctiluca (L.)
(Col., Lampyridae) attracted to the bedroom light of a house in Highstead
Valley, near Sittingbourne, Kent, 30.v.67. As the light of the male is quite faint
it is less frequently noticed in the field. He said this insect appears to be as
plentiful this season as in previous years.

Dr. P. J. L. RocHe—Insects of the family Colobathristidae (Hem.), rather
mosquito-like bugs of tropical distribution. In all the known species there is a
long, very slender spine projecting upwards from the scutellum. The material
exhibited was taken during two years’ collecting in the Jesselton district of
Sabah, Borneo. (1) A new species of Symphylax to be described by Dr. Ghauri
from material derived from Sabah; his manuscript is now in the Press. (2) Two
new and undescribed species of the genus Phaenacantha. The principal characters
separating these two genera are the wing venation, the morphology of the
genitalia, both male and female, and the shape of the head.

Mr. G. Prior—The Swallow Tail Moth, Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (Lep.,
Geometridae) and a small wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hym., Vespidae). The
wasp was found attached to the underside of the thorax of the moth which was
on the ground outside the conservatory door at the rear of his house at North
Harrow, Middx.

Mr. G. A. CoL—E—A number of the immigrant species Leucania unipuncta
Haw. (Lep., Noctuidae) which included caught specimens from Dorset, south
and north Devon, and bred series from the Scilly Isles and north Devon, showing
some colour variation. The darkest were those which had been bred from eggs
obtained from a north Devon female in September 1966, the pupae of which
had been kept in a cold room. This had prolonged the pupal stage to as much
as 54 days, compared with about 21 to 24 days in the case of the Scilly Isles
pupae which had been kept in a warm room. When the room temperature
dropped below 44°F. the moths either failed to emerge from the remaining
pupae, or if they did manage to emerge, failed to expand. He also showed
bred Hadena conspersa Schiff. (Lep., Noctuidae) from Unst, Shetland; and a
Plusia taken at light at Witherslack, Westmorland, 2.vii.67, which he thought
might be Plusia gracilis (Lempke). (Lep., Noctuidae), the comparatively recent
addition to the British list.

Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN—A series of Coleophora tricolor Wals. (Lep., Coleo-
phoridae) associated with Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, taken on the slopes of
the Simplon Pass, Switzerland, in mid-July 1967. The species appears not to
have been recorded outside England before.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—Examples of the following rare Coleoptera: Dasytes

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 105

niger (L.) (Cantharidae) and Jschnomera sanguinicollis (F.) (Oedemeridae),
from Lyndhurst, Hants, on 10-11.vi.67.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—A female Tabanus fulvus Meig. (Dipt., Tabanidae)
taken on the field meeting at Thursley Common, Surrey, 23.vii.67. This is a
rare species found only in extensive old bogs.

Mr. P. N. CRow—A specimen of Zygaena lonicerae von Schev., ab. bercei
Sand. (Lep., Zygaenidae) from the Wallingford area, Berks.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. G. A. CoLe reported Thecla w-album Knoch (Lep., Lycaenidae) in his
garden at Dorking, Surrey, flying to roses and settling on the blooms irrespective
of colour, which he thought unusual. He also said that he could not trace their
colony and although the Common Elm is found around his garden, there is no
Wych Elm. Mr. B. GoaTEr said that roses have no nectar, although bees visit
them for pollen; and the PRESIDENT asked if they might not be getting honeydew
or something similar.

Two pierids (Lep.) were reported by Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss sitting on wet cement.
The President added that it is said that in congregations of Lepidoptera at
water, dung, etc., only males are present.

Replying to Mr. G. Prior’s observation that it had been a remarkable year
for aphids, Dr. A. M. Massez said that this was probably due to the cold spring,
during which the aphids bred and were not attacked by predators. Then in the
warm spell after spring they spread. He added that there were 840 species in
Britain that feed on a wide variety of plants.

Mr. E. BRADFORD commented that Mr. R. W. J. Uffen had reported Enarmonia
formosana Scop. (Laspeyresia woeberiana Schiff.) (Lep., Eucosmidae) in Peach,
and that he had now found it in the bole of a pear tree in Bedford. Dr. Massee
said he had taken it in 1919.

Referring to Mr. G. Prior’s exhibit, Mr. D. Stmpson said that he had watched
a wasp sting a bluebottle to death on his lawn, dismember it and carry off the
pieces one after the other. It also carried off a small fly, swatted and put in the
place of the bluebottle when it had been removed. Mr. A. E. GARDNER said he
had experienced wasps attacking moths and also removing parts of moths still
on the setting boards. A wasp had been observed by Mr. M. CLIFTON attacking
a bred butterfly, the wasp turning over and coming at the butterfly from its side.
He had also seen wasps attacking small dragonflies. On Farthing Downs, Surrey,
a wasp had settled on Mr. UFFEN’s knee with a Large White butterfly it had
caught. Mr. T. G. HowarTH said that he had many times seen wasps coming
to his mercury vapour light traps and collecting moths from them, adding that
he thought Mr. Prior’s moth would probably have been at rest when attacked.
In West Africa, said Dr. B. J. MACNuLTy, he had watched tree ants catching
moths at light.

The President said that whilst in Switzerland he had seen a large blue butterfly,
Maculinea alcon Schiff. being towed away by two ants; it was paralysed, but
otherwise unharmed. Dr. MacNulty reported similar occurrences in West
Africa.

Turning to another aspect of Mr. Prior’s exhibit, Mr. A. E. Gardner remarked
that Ourapteryx sambucaria L. fluoresces. Mr. T. G. Howarth pointed out that
fluorescence is not common in Lepidoptera and that Dr. Cockayne did a survey
of this phenomenon in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

The Leucania unipuncta Haw. shown by Mr. Cole prompted the President to
draw attention to the melanic form bred by Mr. Austin Richardson. This was

106 PROC, S, LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

confirmed by Mr. Howarth, who added that Mr. Langmaid had obtained a deeper
red form.

The President confirmed Mr. Cole’s Plusia to be undoubtedly P. gracilis
(Lempke).

14th SEPTEMBER 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
The death was announced of Dr. A. M. Massee.
EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GOATER—Larvae of Eupithecia extensaria Freyer s.sp. occidua Prout
(Lep., Geometridae) feeding on Artemisia maritima L., Sea Wormwood, from
the north Norfolk coast.

Mr. M. CiirToN—A male Rana ridibunda ridibunda Pallas from a dyke near
Brookland in the north of Romney Marsh, where the frog is quite common.
The exhibited example had been living in a cage with an earthen floor for a
fortnight and had turned almost black to hide itself; normally the colour of the
back is bright green.

Mr. S. WAKELY—The following Lepidoptera taken in the moth trap in his
garden at Camberwell, S. E. London, during July 1967: Plusia pulchrina Haw.
(Noctuidae), on the 11th; Euphyia unangulata Haw. (Geometridae), 21st;
Nycterosea obstipata F. (Geometridae), 12th; Diasemia ramburialis Dup.
(Pyralidae), 12th; and Lozotaeniodes formosana Frol. (Tortricidae), 23rd.

Mr. C. O. HAaMMOND—A specimen of Scaeva selenitica (Meig.) (Dipt.,
Syrphidae) taken at Ockham Common, Surrey, 20.viii.67. The species is dis-
tinguished from the common S. pyrastri (L.) by the black band on the hind tibia
and the golden hairs on the lower squama.

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms on behalf of Capt. R. A. Jackson—Cells of a leaf-
cutter bee, Megachile sp., possibly M. centuncularis (L.), made in an overcoat
hanging in an outhouse.

The PRESIDENT—Melanic larvae of Dasychira pudibunda L. (Lep., Lyman-
triidae) in their last instar. These were offspring of a unicolorous dark female,
probably ab. concolor Staud., taken at Bramley, Surrey, in June. In earlier
instars, the larvae did not differ markedly from the usual pattern of pale green
ground colour with yellow tussocks; but in the last instar the whole brood
assumed this melanic form. The genetics of ab. concolor appear to be unknown.

Mr. E. S. BRADFORD—Larva of the moth Yponomeuta vigintipunctata Retz.
(Lep., Yponomeutidae) found feeding on the flower heads of Orpine or Livelong
Sedum telephium L., growing in the Boreham Wood area of Herts.

COMMUNICATIONS

Last weekend at Hod Hill, Dorset, said Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms, he had seen
the following Lepidoptera: Lysandra bellargus Rott. (Lycaenidae), several
Nymphalis urticae L. (Nymphalidae) and eight or nine Colias croceus Fourc.
(Pieridae); whilst in the New Forest, Hants, he had seen several Amathes dgathina
Dup. (Noctuidae). He also said that Mr. L. W. Siggs had taken Leucania
vitellina Hibn. (Noctuidae).

The Pale Clouded Yellow, Colias hyale L., (Lep., Pieridae) was reported by
Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HuNT to have been seen by Mr. R. F. Birchenough on
Kemsing Chalk Down on 20th August. It was suggested however, that this

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 107

might have been Colias australis Verity (callida Verity) rather than C. hyale L.

Diasemia rdmburialis Dup. (Lep., Pryalidae) was reported for Mr. H. E.
Chipperfield by Mr. S. WAKELY, occuring on about 12th August, nearly one
month after the example he had exhibited.

Mr. Chalmers-Hunt said that Mr. D. R. M. Long of Bromley had taken three
Rhodometra sacraria L. (Geometridae); and Mr. J. A. C. GREENWoop added
that he had taken one at Woking, Surrey, towards the end of July.

Commenting on Vanessa cardui L. (Lep., Nymphalidae), Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN
said he had heard no reports of larvae, though the butterfly had been numerous
earlier. The PRESIDENT said the same seemed to apply to Vanessa atalanta L.
(Nymphalidae), and he suggested the cold spring had adversely affected breeding.
Mr. P. A. GODDARD said he had noted none at Portland.

Mr. B. GOATER said he had taken two examples of Spaelotis ravida Schiff.
(Lep., Noctuidae) at Bushey, Herts.

Referring to the melanic Dasychira pudibunda L. larvae, Mr. T. G. HOWARTH
said the late Mr. Bolton had given him some larvae and that the moths had all
been dark, though he could not remember if the larvae were. Mr. Chalmers-
Hunt asked if there was any relationship between melanic larvae and the subse-
quent imagines being melanic. Drawing attention to the example of Lasiocampa
guercus L. (Bombycidae), the President said there was; and Mr. GOATER added
the case of Biston betularia L. (Geometridae), which produced dark moths from
dark larvae in one brood he had reared.

Mr. P. A. GODDARD gave a talk on ‘An entomologist at Portland’.

28th SEPTEMBER 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
The following new member was declared elected: Mr. A. S. Yeoh.
EXHIBITS

Mr. B. GoaTeER—A series of Cynaeda dentalis Schiff. (Lep., Pyralidae) from
Dungeness, Kent, showing variation in hindwing coloration. The female hind-
wing tended towards uniform dark grey, but the male hindwing varied in back-
ground colour and in intensity of markings. When resting this moth strongly
resembles a cluster of dried spikelets of a grass such as cocksfoot.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD reported seeing Aglais urticae L. (Lep., Nymphalidae)
at 10,800 feet on Mount Etna, Sicily, some flying in sulphurous fumes. The
PRESIDENT remarked that he has seen them on Mount Etna, quite commonly
about 3,000 feet from the top (approximately 7,800 feet above sea level). They
were also a very well-marked form.

The President asked if Mr. Goater had seen Cynaeda dentalis Schiff. flying
by day, and Mr. GoaTer replied that he had not.

In reply to a question on the range of this insect, Mr. P. A. GODDARD said he
had taken it at Portland, Dorset; Mr. S. WAKELY had seen it at Lewes, Sussex,
and at Betchworth, Surrey; and the President reported it on the North Downs
in Surrey, a little distance from Hackhurst Down.

Mr. Wakely remarked on the unusual uniformity in the size of Mr. Goater’s
specimens.

Mr. A. M. HUTSON gave a talk on ‘Bats’.

108 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

12th OCTOBER 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair

The President announced the death of two Honorary Members, Professor
W. A. F. Balfour-Browne and Mr. M. Niblett.

The following new members were declared elected: M. J. Clark, L. F. Crick,
R. A. Gambrell and G. L. Wills.

EXHIBITS

Dr. B. J. MACNuLTY—A series of the bug, Alydus calcaratus (L.) (Coreidae),
from Black Heath, Surrey, 16.ix.67. He explained that this bug is usually found
when there is bright sunshine, but on this occasion it was found when the weather
was dull, by examining the heather and ground very closely.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. G. A. COLE said that he had taken an example of Rhodometra sacraria L.
(Lep., Geometridae) in his mercury vapour light trap at Abinger Common,
Surrey, 5.x.67, and had released it the following afternoon in an open meadow.
On release it flew straight up into the air until out of sight. Mr. Cole thought
this might be due to the migratory instinct.

A migrant, Palpita unionalis Hibn. (Lep., Pyralidae), was reported by the
PRESIDENT from Bramley, Surrey. He said that although now more frequent on
the coast, this species is still uncommon inland.

The following members showed a selection of their slides: Dr. P. J. ROCHE,
Mr. C. O. HAMMOND, Mr. E. P. WILTSHIRE, Mr. R. B. YATES-SMITH and
Mr. D. O. CHANTER.

9th NOVEMBER 1967
The PRESIDENT in the Chair
EXHIBITS

Mr. J. D. HoLLowAY—A collection of moths from the top of Mt. Kinabalu,
3,000 ft, Borneo, illustrating the intermingling of faunal elements from different
source areas as a result of spread during the cooler phases of the Pleistocene
Period. Especially of note was the genus Poecilasthena centred on S.E. Australia
and New Zealand, yet with a ‘rassenkreis’ of closely related montane species
extending up through the East Indies as far as Burma. Similarly a spread down
from northern sources was illustrated by the genera Alcis, Phthonoloba and
Steirophora, centred on the hills of Burma, S. China and N. India, and by
species of Diarsia and Euxoa which probably spread down from the Palaearctic
region. Also exhibited were species of Chloroclystis, Sauris and Epiplema.

Mr. A. E. Stusss—An example of a species of Norellisoma (Dipt., Cordiluridae)
with maculated wings taken by sweeping chalk scrub-grassland at Sheepleas,
Surrey, 13.vii.66. A female of the same species was taken at the same spot,
30.vii.67. No species of Norellisoma with maculated wings has hitherto been
reported from Britain, and it differs in numerous other characters from its
near relatives. A specimen of the common species, N. spinimanum (Fall.) was
exhibited for comparison.

Mr. D. R. M. Lonc—Some photographs, lent him by N. McFarland of the
South Australian Museum, Adelaide, of larvae of the endemic Australian
notodontid genera Hyleora, Sorama, Domina, Epicoma and Trichetra. He

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 109

commented on their superficial resemblance to certain Palaearctic genera and
outlined their characteristics which are typically notodontid.

Mr. A. E. GARDNER—(1) A series of Ptenidium gressneri Eric. (Col., Ptiliidae)
from the New Forest, Hants, 21.x.67. These minute beetles recorded from the
New Forest, Windsor Forest, Berks., and Sherwood Forest, Notts., were
abundant in rotting wood inside the bole of an old beech. (2) A series of Quedius
microps Grav. (Col., Staphylinidae) taken the same day, but from wood mould
in an old beech.

Mr. C. O. HAMMOND—An example of the rare brown-veined lacewing fly
Nathanica capitata (F.), taken on the promenade at Bournemouth, Hants,
6.vili.67. The species is almost exclusively associated with pine trees and rarely
comes down to the ground.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. GARDNER said that he had seen an example of Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.,
Nymphalidae) at Chippenham Fen, Cambs., 5.xi.67.

Referring to Mr. Hammond’s exhibit, Mr. Gardner said that green lacewings
turn brown during hibernation and then turn back to green after hibernation.
Mr. HAMMOND confirmed this.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION
28th OCTOBER 1967

A colourful display of fine examples of British and foreign Lepidoptera once
again filled the tables. The Conversazione Room at the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), though small in comparison with the venue we have enjoyed for so long,
did at least restore something of the intimacy of our annual display of the
season’s prize captures; and if it was a little difficult to locate no doubt Council
will give the matter due consideration.

Continental collecting has been increasingly popular over the past decade or
so and no less than 18 of the 79 exhibits contained at least an element of material
from outside the British Isles. With the exception of six, all were European and
predominantly Rhopalocera, though Mr. R. W. J. UFFEN’s were microlepidoptera
and he included some continental Diptera; while Dr. I. Howat showed among
his South American Lepidoptera some magnificent Arachnida and Coleoptera
from the Amazon basin.

Mr. L. J. Evans’ exhibit was a fine example of the results of collecting in
southern Europe; containing not only species familiar to us, like Maniola
jurtina L., and species closely allied to our British insects, but many quite distinct
from our fauna, such as species in the genera Issoria, Hipparchia and Agodiactus.
Less familiar was the material belonging to Mr. J. H. PAYNE and taken in Ontario,
Canada, though the Danaus plexippus L. is quite well-known to most of us, if
not on the wing in this country at least from exhibited examples of those fortunate
enough to have taken one. Most attractive were his examples of Papilio polyxenes
Schiff. and Limenitis arthemis Drury.

Whilst on the subject of the exhibits of exotic origin, Miss W. M. A. BROOKE
presented an interesting display of ferns from valleys in the Bolivian Andes.

Among the British species, that which created the most interest was probably
Coenophila subrosea Steph., unrecorded as a resident since the mid-nineteenth
century. Three members, Mr. J. L. MESSENGER, Mr. AUSTIN RICHARDSON and

IIo PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Dr. C. G. M. DE WorMs, included the species in their exhibits, showing moderate
to longish series, one of them reported the species to be common. All three
recorded the insect from the same locality—Wales. This will present quite a
problem to those operating the Lepidoptera recording scheme.

An interesting and very well presented exhibit was that of Mr. B. R. BAKER,
who showed three drawers illustrating the signs exhibited by the presence of
clearwings (Sesiidae) in the Reading, Berks., district; and a panel of photo-
graphs of Tristateles emortualis Schiff. in various stages.

A fine female underside aberration of Lysandra coridon Poda figured in the
exhibit of Mr. G. A. Cote (Pl. 4, Fig. 4). It was taken on the North Downs,
Surrey, during 1967.

Col. A. M. Emmet placed an impressive display of microlepidoptera, plus some
macros, from the south and east of England, and from Galway, Ireland. Among
these was a new county record for Mompha conturbatella Hiibn. which he bred
from Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., taken at Thorpeness, Suffolk,
16.vi.67. Other examples were shown by Mr. S. WAKELY from Aldringham,
Suffolk, only a few miles away, and Mr. J. M. CHALMeERS-HUNT had also bred
some from Suffolk. Among his macros Col. Emmett also showed Aporophyla
luneburgensis Freyer from Ballyconelly, West Galway, Ireland.

Migrant Lepidoptera taken at Martyr Worthy, Hants, at mercury vapour
light were exhibited by Mr. D. W. H. FFENNELL, comprising; Yathorhynchus
exsiccata Led., one male and two females, 2-3.iii.67; Diasemia ramburialis Dup.,
9.x.67; Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff., 30.ix.67; and Eromene ocelleus Haw.,
3.11.67.

Besides Diasemia ramburialis Dup., taken 16.ix.67, Mr. L. W. Siccs included
the following migrants taken in his mercury vapour light trap at Minstead,
Hants: Lithosia quadra L., 13.vii.67, a female, males are frequent; Leucania
vitellina Hiibn., 16.ix.67; Rhodometra sacraria L., 30.ix.67; Palpita unionalis
Hiibn., 25.ix.67; and Plutella maculipennis Curt., 3.x.67. Admiral A. D. TORLESSE
showed Uresiphita polygonalis Schiff., taken at Burley by C. W. Macworth-
Praed in 1966 in his mercury vapour light trap. He also showed an aberrant
example of Pararge aegeria L. with the yellow outer edges of the apical white-
pupilled black spot absent on the forewings, and the other yellow markings
reduced or vestigial. On the hindwings of this specimen, except for a slight
clouding indicating the central yellow mark, all the yellow marking is absent.
It is similar to that figured by Frohawk (1924 Natural History of British Butter-
flies, pl. 35, fig. 19).

Industrial melanism is still attracting the attention of some lepidopterists,
and Mr. B. GoaTER prepared an excellent display of comparative industrial,
and other, melanism, as a result of 13 years study of the subject in north Middle-
sex, south Herts and north-east Essex. He divided his exhibit into six groups:
(1) species in which the whole population is darker than those from rural areas,
though not necessarily truly melanic; (2) species in which there is a significantly
higher proportion of melanics in the local as opposed to the rural population;
(3) species in which melanics, though rare, are evidently beginning to turn up
and may be expected to increase; (4) species with well-known, but very local,
populations containing a proportion of melanics; (5) rural melanic species; (6)
unexplained occurrences of a dark form, mostly as single examples, which appear
to have no adaptive significance and which cannot be anticipated to increase.

Dr. M. W. HARPER showing some west of England aberrations, had an
unusual Eurrhypara hortulata L. (P1. 6, fig. 18) taken at Ledbury, Heref., 26.vi.67.

Two unusual aberrations and a bilateral gynandromorph figured in the

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967 PLATE IV

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 28th October 1967

1. Erebia aethiops Esp., Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm; 2. Lycaena phliaeas L., Mr.
F. S. Reeve: 3. Maniola jurtina L., Mr. H. G. M. Middleton; 4. Lysandra
coridon Poda, Mr. G. A. Cole; 5. Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw., melanic aberra-

tion, Mr. B. G. Withers.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967 PLATE V

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 28th October 1967

6. Plusia gamma L., Messrs. R. P. & S. A. Kniil-Jones; 7. Agrotis puta Hubn.,
melanic aberration, Mr. Austin Richardson; 8. Achlya flavicornis L., Mr. R.
Hayward; 9. Anaitis plagiata L.s.sp. scotica Richardson, Mr. Austin Richardson;
10. Biston betularia L. ab. morleyi Chalmers-Hunt, Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton;
11. Crocallis elinguaria L., Mr. Austin Richardson; 12. Gonodontis bidentata
Clerck, Mr. B. V. Rideout; 13. G. bidentata Clerck, asymmetrical aberration,
Mr. B. VY. Rideout.

Proc. §. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967 PEATE VI

(Photographs by Mr. D. J. Carter

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 28th October 1967
14. Psilocephala ardea (F.), Mr. P. N. Crow; 15. Forficula auricularia L.,
gynandromorph, Mr. R. J. Ford; 16. Ecliptoptera silaceata Schiff., Mr. R.
Hayworth; 17. Cosymbia linearia Hubn., Mr. R. Hayward; 18. Eurrhypara
hortulata L., Dr. M. W. Harper.

Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1967 PLATE VII

(Photograph supplied by Major C. G. Lipscombe

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 28th October 1967

Pararge aegeria L., melanic aberration, Major C. G. Lipscombe (above); P.
megera L., Major C. G. Lipscombe (be/ow).

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 III

exhibit of Mr. R. HAywarpb: Achlya flavicornis L. (P1. 5, fig. 8) from Aviemore,
Inv., 8.iv.67, Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff. (Pl. 6, fig. 16) from Bath, Glos.,
10.viii.67; and Cosymbia linearia Hibn. (PI. 6, fig. 17) from the Wye Valley,
17.vi.67.

An exhibit which regularly receives a great deal of attention is that put down
by Mr. A. L. Goopson and Dr. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, consisting of choice
material from the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection. This year it was
predominantly aberrations, and included Papilio machaon L. ab. confluens
Schultz from Wicken, Cambs., taken in 1898 by Mr. W. J. Bulmer; Melanargia
galathea L. ab. nicholeti Culot, which had also uncheckered fringes, from God-
stone Hill, Surrey, 3.viii.51; Colias hyale ab. nigrofasciata Grm. Gersh., taken
by W. P. Curtis near Boscombe, Hants, in 1923; an example of Panaxia
dominula ab. conjuncta Kettlewell, bred from Oxfordshire material by Dr.
Kettlewell; and an undescribed aberration of Notodonta ziczac L., with melanic
hindwings, bred 5.v.67 by Mr. D. K. Read from a female taken at mercury
vapour light at Aldbury, Herts. Aldbury provided a number of interesting
aberrations for Mr. Goodson this year which were included in the exhibit:
Orthosia gothica L. ab. hirsuta Warren, 25.iv.67; Ochropleura plecta L. ab.
anderssoni Lampa, 19.viii.67; and another undescribed aberration of the same
species with a restricted costal stripe, 8.vii.67; Meristes trigrammica Hufn. ab.
convergens Wehan., 12.vi.67; Apatele leporina L. ab. sagittata Lempke, 25.vi.67;
Crocallis elinguaria L. ab. olivaria Ljungh., 21.viii.67; Colocasia coryli L. ab.
melanotica Haverk., with a scale defect, 9.v.67. Also a nice bilateral gynandro-
morph and somatic mosaic Cleora repandata L. was included. It was bred by
Dr. Kettlewell from parents taken in Black Wood, Rannock, Inv. and
Morecambe, Lancs.

An unusual example of Lycaena phlaeas L. was shown by Mrs. D. F. GREEN-
woop, this was the form alba Tutt and was taken on Thursley Common, Surrey,
23.vii.67.

A combined exhibit by Messrs R. P. & S. A. KNILL-JoNES contained many
interesting aberrations and included a Plusia gamma L. with the Y broken
(Pl. 5, fig. 6). This specimen was taken at Freshwater, I.o.W. 15.v.67.

An introduction bred from a larva found in bananas from a warehouse in
Chesterfield, Derbyshire was Euchromia lethe F. which was included in the
exhibit of Mr. T. W. HARMAN on behalf of Mr. B. E. Elliott.

An example of Eupithecia pini Retz. was shown by Mr. C. R. HAxpy, who
says doubt is attached to the references to this species in Porritt’s list; the exhib-
ited example is the only fully authenticated Yorkshire specimen of which he is
aware. It was taken in a mercury vapour light trap in Bradford, 14.vi.66, by
Mr. C. Denman, in a completely built-up area two miles from the city centre.
Mr. Haxby has been unable to locate any foodplant in the area to account for
the moth’s appearance.

Mr. S. N. A. JAcoss showed 57 of his excellent water colour drawings illus-
trating feeding places and other life cycle details of microlepidoptera.

Aberrant Lepidoptera filled the case of Mr. H. G. M. MippLeTon. Of these
the following two specimens were perhaps the most interesting: Maniola jurtina
L. female exhibiting homoeosis, the right hindwing having an area of the orange
ground colour of the forewing reproduced near the base, and the subapical
spot appearing on the outer half of the wing; it was taken at Worth, Dorset,
22.vii.67. (Pl. 4, fig. 3). An asymmetrical male aberration of Aphantopus
hyperantus L. from the New Forest, Hants, 15.vii.67. In conjunction with
Mr. A. D. A. RusswurM, he also showed a series of Erebia aethiops Esp. aberra-

112 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

tions which included an extreme female taken by Mr. Russwurm, set to show the
underside, with all the hindwing markings obsolete (PI. 4, fig. 1).

Unusual satyrids also figured in the exhibit prepared by Major C. G. Lirs-
coms. One was an example of Pararge megera L., a female showing suffusion of
the black veining in the outer area of the forewings on the upperside, and was
taken in north Dorset, 26.v.67 (Pl. 7, below). Another was an extreme melanic
Pararge aegeria L., also a female, taken in south Wilts., 2.ix.67 (Pl. 7, above).

Once more Mr. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON’s microlepidoptera were as attractive
and as interesting as ever, but the outstanding specimen was the female allotype
of Bucculatrix merei Pelham-Clinton, taken at Aviemore, Inv., 9.ix.66, which
he described in honour of his great friend Robin Mere (Ent. Gaz., 18:155-8).
This specimen is now in the collection of the Royal Scottish Museum. He also
showed a banded form of Biston betularia L. ab. morleyi Chalmers-Hunt, a male
from Philpstoun, W. Lothian, 15.vii.67 (Pl. 5, fig. 10).

An example of Lycaena phlaeas L. taken at Portland, Dorset, was shown
among other Lepidoptera by Mr. F. S. REEVE, which exhibited homoeosis
(PI. 4, fig. 2). The underside of the left hindwing showed a slight repetition of the
colouring and spotting of the forewing.

The main part of Mr. B. V. RmEouT’s exhibit showed aberrations obtained
in the second generation when breeding Gonodontis bidentata Clerck from some
30 ova taken on a privet hedge at Bramcote, Notts. This included an asymmetrical
aberration (PI. 5, fig. 13) and the aberration figured on plate 5 (fig. 12).

Mr. AUSTIN RICHARDSON usually manages to obtain a number of moths of
more than passing interest, and this year he showed a melanic Crocallis
elinguaria L. of a chocolate colour (PI. 5, fig. 11), an unusually heavily marked
Anaitis plagiata L. s.sp. scotica Richardson (PI. 5, fig. 9), and a melanic Agrotis
puta Hibn. taken on the Scilly Isles (Pl. 5, fig. 7).

The series of zygaenid moths prepared by Mr. W. G. TREMEWAN were of more
than ordinary interest. They were: a series of Zygaena purpuralis Brinn. s.sp.
caledonensis Reiss from the Isle of Mull (Loch Tuath, Loch Scridan and Carsaig
Bay) and the Isle of Ulva. A series of Z. loti Schiff. s.sp. scotica Rowland Brown
from the Isle of Mull (Loch Tuath and Loch Scridan) and the Isle of Ulva,
including two confluent specimens from Ulva. A cocoon of Z. loti from Loch
Tuath, together with a cocoon of Z. filipendulae L. from Carsaig Bay for com-
parison. A short series of Z. filipendulae L. s.sp. anglicola Tremewan from Ulva
and Mull (Grass Point, Loch Tuath, Carsaig Bay). Two orange-red aberrations
(intermedia Tutt) of Z. filipendulae L. s.sp. anglicola Tremewan and two yellow
aberrations (Jutescens Cockerell) of Z. trifolii Esp. s.sp. palustrella Verity, were
shown from Ranmore Common, Surrey; and three yellow-orange aberrations
of Z. trifolii Esp. s.sp. palustrella Verity and an aberration of the same species
in which red is replaced by brown in both forewing spots and the hindwings
were shown from Betchworth, Surrey. Another zygaenid, shown by Mr. P. N.
Crow, was Zygaena lonicerae von Schev. ab. minoides Selys from the Walling-
ford district of Berks.

Back in 1945 a considerable stir was created by the discovery of Sedina
buettneri Her. in the marsh at Freshwater, I.o.W., and for several years this
locality was regularly recorded for this species, until the draining of the marsh
destroyed the habitat. This year Mr. M. W. F. TwEeEpiE exhibited an example
taken in a light trap at Playden near Rye, Sussex, 14.x.66. As far as is known this
is the only locality in the British Isles outside the Freshwater marsh in which
the species has been taken.

In Mr. S. WAKELY’s exhibit, as full of interest as ever, were several species

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 113

taken in Camberwell, S. E. London, all unusual for the metropolis; Rhizedra
lutosa Hiibn., taken at rest in his garden; and from a mercury vapour light trap
also in his garden the following species:

Polychrisia moneta F., Plusia pulchrina Haw., Scopula promutata Guer.,
Nycterosea obstipata F., Euphyia unangulata Haw., Eupithecia icterata Vill.,
Diasemia ramburialis Dup., Homoeosoma binaevella Hiibn., Euzophera pinguis
Haw., Stenoptilia zophodactyla Dup., Lozotaenoides formosana Frol., Croesia
forskaleana L., Oegoconia deauratella H.-S., and Epithectis mouffetella Schiff.

Last year for the first time we saw the remarkable aberrations of Callimorpha
jacobaeae L. exhibited by Mr. R. W. Watson. These were shown again this
year together with new aberrations resulting from continuing the stock. The
new aberrations were nigrociliata Watson, paluda Watson, flavarosa Watson
and rubrasuffusa Watson. In addition he showed many asymmetrical forms and
minor aberrations from the continuation of the breeding of this unusual strain.

Besides showing a series of Leucania unipuncta Haw. taken in a mercury
vapour light trap at Chipping Norton, Oxon., Mr. B. G. WITHERS also showed
some Rhopalocera aberrations which included a melanic aberration of
Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Pl. 4, fig. 5).

Fungi from Epping Forest was displayed by Mr. T. R. EAGLEs who usually
manages an interesting display. Also showing fungi were Mr. A. E. Curtis,
Mr. W. H. SpREADBURY and Mr. H. G. TUNSTALL, who presented a joint exhibit
including Trametes rubescens (Alb. et Schwn), Stereum hirsutum Pers. and
Polyporus lacteus Fr.

Living arthropods from the Zoological Society of London shown by Mr.
G. J. Assy included many large, spectacular, exotic species and attracted a
lively interest, particularly by the younger visitors.

Coleoptera have never produced more than a handful of exhibits and this
year was no exception. Mr. A. E. GARDNER put up some of our scarcer and more
interesting species from various parts of the country, which included Leistus
rufomarginatus Dufts., from the New Forest, Hants, 10.vi.67, a new county
record. Also Eurynebria complanata (L.), from Braunton Burrows, Devon,
7.viii.67; Quedius ventralis (Arag.), New Forest, 17 & 22.x.67; Thamiaria
cinnamomea (Grav.), New Forest, 8.viii.67; Necrodes littoralis (L.), Kentisbury,
Devon, 17.viii.67; Cryptophagus micaceus Rey, from a hornet’s nest in the New
Forest, 22.x.67; Lymexylon navale (L.), Windsor Forest, Berks, 6.vii.67;
Psylloides hospes Woll., Lundy Island, Devon, 11.viii.67; and Rutidosoma
globula (Herbst), Ham Street, Kent, 3.vii.67.

Among Dr. M. J. Davies’ beetles were Prinus fur (L.), Cryptophagus pubescens
Sturm., C. scanicus (L.) and Corticaria crenicollis Mann., taken in a wasp’s nest
in Orpington, Kent; and also the rare Carpophilus marginellus Mots., taken
under some old bones on a rubbish tip at Sidcup, Kent, 18.iv.67.

Attention is regularly drawn from time to time to gynandromorph examples
of Lepidoptera, but gynandromorphs in other orders seem to be of rare occur-
tence. This may well be due to the ease with which the sexes of many species of
Lepidoptera are recognised. It was therefore very interesting indeed to see the
gynandromorph earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Derm., Forficulidae) which
Mr. R. J. Forb exhibited. In this example the left side was male and the right
side female. It was taken at Yarmouth, I.o.W. (PI. 6, fig. 15).

An unusual site for the nest of a wall mason wasp, Ancistrocerus parietum L.
(Hym., Vespidae) was exhibited by Mr. I. G. FARWELL. It was a 15 amp electric
plug kept in a garage near Lymington, Hants. The nest was discovered in June
1967.

114 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Diptera, Hymenoptera and Homoptera were shown by Mr. P. N. Crow,
besides some Lepidoptera. His exhibit included the rare therevid fly, Psilocephala
ardea (F), (Pl. 6, fig. 14) from Berks; a handsome example of the syrphid fly
Caliprobola speciosa Rossi also from Berks.; a hymenopterous parasite bred
from a Plusia larva and the cocoon from which it emerged; and the homopteron
Ledra aurita (L)., which closely resembles a flake of bark.

The following members and friends contributed to the success of the day.
Except where otherwise stated the exhibit was of Lepidoptera: Rev. D. J. L.
Agassiz, Sir Eric Ansorge, G. J. Ashby (living Arthropods), B. R. Baker, J. V.
Banner, A. G. M. Batten, Mrs. M. V. Bolton, E. S. Bradford, R. F. Bretherton,
Miss W. M. A. Brooke (Montane Tropica! Ferns), F. C. Brown (Saltatoria),
P. Calderara, H. E. Chipperfield, G. A. Cole, R. M. Craske, P. W. Cribb,
G.S. E. Cross, P. N. Crowe (various orders), A. E. Curtis (Fungi), S. R. Davey,
M. J. Davies (Coleoptera). T. R. Eagles (Fungi), Capt. J. Ellerton r.N., Col. A. M.
Emmet, J. L. Evans, R. Fairclough, I. G. Farwell (Hymenoptera), D. W. H.
ffennell, D. Firth, R. J. Ford (Dermaptera), A. E. Gardner (Coleoptera and Sal-
tatoria), B. Goater, A. L. Goodson, Mrs. D. F. Greenwood, J. A. C. Greenwood,
B. Hargreaves (Lep. paintings), T. W. Harman, R. Hayward, Comdr. C. W.
Harper, Dr. M. W. Harper, C. R. Haxby, T. J. G. Homer, Dr. I. Howat (Lepi-
doptera, Coleoptera and Arachnida), S. N. A. Jacobs (Lep., watercolours), G. E.
Hyde, Maj.—Gen. Sir George Johnson, Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, R. P. Knill-Jones,
S.A. Knill-Jones, Dr. J. R. Langmaid, M. J. Leech, Maj._Gen. C. G. Lipscombe,
J. Messenger, H. N. Michaelis, H.G. M. Middleton, P. M. Myers (Lepidoptera
and Dictyoptera), D. O’Keefe, J. H. Payne, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, G. Prior,
F. S. Reeves, Austin Richardson, B. V. Rideout, P. G. Russell (various orders,
slides) A. D. A. Russwurm, L. W. Siggs, W. H. Spreadbury (Fungi), R. E.
Stockley, F. A. Swain, Rear Admiral A. D. Torlesse, D. A. Trembath.
W. G. Tremewan, R. Tubbs, H. G. Tunstall (Fungi), M. W. F. Tweedie, R. W. J.
Uffen, S. Wakely, D. M. Wankhar, R. W. Watson, B. G. Withers, Dr. C. G. M.
de Worms, L. D. Young.

FIELD MEETINGS, 1966

STOKE ROW, OXFORDSHIRE—14th May 1967
Leader: Col. A. M. EMMET

Seven members arrived at the rendezvous at Henley station. The main object
was to search the beech woods in the Stoke Row area for Coleophora antennariella
H.-S., which was taken there by workers in the 1920’s, but has not been heard
of since. As it was unlikely that the moth would fly before the afternoon, we
decided to spend the morning on the downs at Moulsford, where there is an
extensive area of juniper. Here the leader had, in 1962, taken a specimen of
Phalonia rutilana Hiibn., a species which seems to have disappeared from its
Surrey haunts. Though we were a bit early for it, members were hoping to find
the young larvae starting to feed on the juniper needles.

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 115

Arriving on this ground the party set to work in a drizzle which soon became
a downpour. No larvae of P. rutilana Hiibn. were forthcoming, but the imagines
of Argyresthia arceuthina Zell. were out in plenty, mingled with a smattering of
A. praecocella Zell. Beating trays were soon waterlogged, and work became
increasingly difficult. The party therefore adjourned to an inn for lunch, where
they decided to call a halt.

PAMBER FOREST, HANTS—17th June 1967
Leader: Mr. B. R. BAKER

Six members met the leader at the Crown Inn, Silchester Common, on an
overcast morning which promised sun later in the day, but which remained so
during the entire visit. The forest therefore presented a somewhat subdued
aspect to those members visiting it on this, the Society’s second consecutive
visit.

The party penetrated deeper into the woodland than on the previous visit,
working along the wide oak bordered rides, and lunch was taken at a point
where the oaks gave way to a compact conifer plantation in the centre of the
forest.

An interesting crab spider, Misumena vatia (Clerck) well camouflaged in the
flowering head of a spotted orchid was pointed out to the party; the spider had
been seen in this flower for three consecutive days.

Mr. E. S. Bradford has kindly submitted the following list of Lepidoptera:
Pararge degeria L., Euphyia bilineata L., Lithina chlorosata Scop., Bupalis
piniaria L., Crambus pratellus L., Eulia ministrana L., Bactra lanceolana Hibn.,
Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Acleris tripunctana Hibn., Glyphipteryx thrasonella
Scop., Elachista albifrontella Hiibn., Lithocolletis trifasciella Haw., Nemotois
degeerella L., and Hepialus hecta L.

Also reported was the dragonfly Agrion virgo (F.), the neuropteron Osmylus
fulvicephalus (Scop.) and the megalopteron Sialis fuliginosa Pictet.

Mr. T. R. Eagles kindly submitted the following list of plants: Equisetum
sylvaticum L., Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.,
D. carthusians (Viller) H. P. Fuchs, D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray, Thelypteris
limbosperma (All.) H. P. Fuchs, Polypodium interjectum Shivas., Ranunculus
aquatilis L., Callitriche platycarpa Kitz. and Cicuta virosa L.

ICKLINGHAM, SUFFOLK—24th June 1967
Leader: Mr. B. GOATER

The weather was cloudy at first, following rain the previous night, but it soon
became warm and sunny. These conditions lasted until late afternoon when
there was more heavy rain.

Five members attended the meeting, and two others called briefly in mid-
afternoon. By happy chance, the party met Dr. M. G. Morris and his family
who were picnicking in the area.

The rough breck grassland was productive of Crambus hortuellus Hubn.,
C. pratellus L. and Thisanotia chrysonuchellus Scop., the last unfortunately past
its best; and the locally abundant Platytes cerusellus Schiff. including females.
Two fresh female Mesotype virgata Hiibn., a female Euphyia cuculata Hufn.
and a male Diacrisia sannio L. were disturbed. The E. cuculata was retained for

116 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

eggs, but could not be persuaded to lay. Fence posts and tree trunks were resting
places for several specimens of Hadena bicolorata Hiifn. (serena F.), Cucullia
umbratica L., Procus strigilis Clerck and Lyncometra ocellata L.; and an old
sack hanging over a wire fence yielded two Apamea remissa Hiibn. (obscura
Haw.). A very worn female Heliothis reticulata Vill. (saponariae Borkn.) was
netted and two Agrotis exclamationis L. were seen flying in the sunshine. The
only special breckland moth to be found was one Lithostege griseata Schiff. We
were unable to find any larvae of Anepia irregularis Hufn. on the Spanish
Catchfly, Silene otites (L.) Wibel, nor were we successful with the particular
object of quest, Coleophora laripennella Zett. Examples of the plume moths,
Pterophorus pentadactylus L., Stenoptilia pterodactyla L. and S. bipunctidactyla
Scop. were seen.

The area is rich in plant life, and species of particular interest which were
observed were Silene otites (L.) Wibel, S. conica L., Medicago falcata L., M.
sativa L., M. falcata < sativa with flowers of all shades of yellow, greenish and
purple, M. minima (L.) Bartel, Descurania sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, Astragalus
danicus Retz., Potentilla argentea L., Saxifraga granulata L. (fruiting), Anchusa
arvensis (L.) Beib. (Lycopsis arvensis L.) Allium oleraceum L., Vulpiay myuros (L.)
C. C. Gmel., Bromus diandra (Roth.) Tutin, Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. and
Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst.

FAVERSHAM CREEK, KENT—Ist July 1967
Leader: Mr. K. C. SIDE

Although the weather was fine and warm only four members met at Faversham
station and these went on by car to the creek. Before lunch an area of waste
ground to the landward side of the seawall was thoroughly worked. It is in this
area that the very local umbellifer, Pseucedanum officinale L., grows so profusely.
The afternoon was spent on the saltings which lie between the seawall and the
creek.

Species noted during the day included the following:

Lepidoptera: Coenonympha pamphilus L., Maniola jurtina L., Hepialus
lupulina L., Fumea casta Pall., Scopula emutaria Hiibn., Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibn.,
Agdistis bennetii Curt., Phalonidia affinitana Dougl., Laspeyresia aurana F.,
L. nigricana F., Agonepteryx putridella Schiff. (larval spinnings were common
on the plant mentioned above, but only one larva was found), Crambus pratellus
L., C. perlellus Scop., Euphyia bilineata L. Anthophila fabriciana L. and Argy-
resthia cornella F.; also numbers of Coleophora were found together with their
larval cases amongst clumps of Juncus gerardii Lois. These were later found to
be C. glaucicolella Wood and C. alticolella Zell.

Diptera: Tipula oleracea L., Nemotelus uliginosus (L.), Dioctria baumhaueri
Meig. and Platystoma seminationis L.

Coleoptera: Harpalus tardus (Panz.), Mordellistena pumila (Gyll.) and Zacladus
exiguus (Ol.).

On the saltings a Common Lizard was seen.

STORRINGTON, SUSSEX—8th July 1967
Leader: Mr. D. A. Opp

A small party met at Pulborough Station and made their way to the Downs.
The morning started dull, but improved later. The warm sunshine then brought

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 117

out quite a number of insects on the wing, particularly the butterflies Aphantopus
hyperantus L. (in numbers), Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L.
and Polyommatus icarus Rott.

During the afternoon it was decided to visit Wiggon Holt Common, Parham,
which was only two miles away. The heather yielded only one larva of Anarta
myrtilli L., the moth being already on the wing. A number of Diacrisia sannio L. of
both sexes were seen and a female was taken for eggs. Lycophotia varia Vill. and
Hydriomena furcata Thumb. were flying among the birch trees. Growing along
the lanes and on the downs the following characteristic plants were noted:
Round-headed Rampion (Phyteuma tenerum R. Schulz), Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower (Campanula trachelium L.) Yellow Wort (Blackstonia perfoliata (L.)
Huds.), Stemless Thistle (Cirsium acaulon (L.) Scop.) and Fragrant Orchid
(Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br.). A Linnet (Carduelis cannabina (L.)) was
disturbed from its nest, having three eggs, in a low birch tree.

At the end of the meeting the party were entertained to tea at Dingley Dell,
Washington, by Mrs. Odd.

THURSLEY, SURREY—23rd July 1967
Leader: Mr. J. A. C. GREENWOOD

A sultry day with some sunshine, which followed a prolonged period of dry
and sunny weather, meant that the party of thirteen had excellent conditions
although the low water level in the bog gave some cause for concern.

Mr. Hammond and Mr. Stubbs met the warden by appointment to discuss
the preservation of suitable conditions for the well-being of the large dragonfly
population. During the day Mr. Hammond identified the following species:
Anax imperator Leach, one male; Aeshna juncea (L.), one female; Orthetrum
coerulescens (F.), common; Sympetrum danae (Sultz.), very common; Agrion
virgo (L.), several; Lestes sponsa (Hanse.), very common; Ceriagrion tenellum
(de Villers), common; Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sultz.), several; and Ischnura
elegans (V. d. Lind.), in one area. He also reported the capture of the rare
horse-fly Tabanus fulvus Meig.

The tiger beetle, Cicindela sylvatica L., was common on the drier parts of the
heath, and Mr. Uffen found the large weevil, Coniocleonus nebulosus (L.).

Butterflies were quite numerous and fifteen species were recorded, including
Plebejus argus L., Eumenis semele L. and Aphantopus hyperantus L. The best
capture was made by the leader’s wife who netted a superb Lycaena phlaeas L.
ab. alba Tutt (form schmidtii Gerh.) within a few yards of the luncheon rendez-
vous. Only a few examples of L. phlaeas L. were seen, but this extremely rare
form, in which the copper ground colour is replaced by a pale creamy white, was
conspicuous and in excellent condition.

Larvae of Anarta myrtilli L. were very abundant on heather and some full-fed
caterpillars of Panolis flammea Schiff. were found by beating; and on gorse near
the pond a larva of Callophrys rubi L. was taken.

A few specimens of the local and rather uncommon moth Selidosema
brunnearia Vill (ericetaria Vill.) were aroused from the heather.

The following Diptera were noted at the bog: the crane flies, Erioptera nielseni
de Meijere, of which the only previous records appear to be Studland, Dorset
and Anstwick, W. Yorks.; Molophilus occultus de Meijere; Limnophila meigeni

118 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

Verrall and Erioptera fuscipennis Meig., on bare wet mud below the dam; the
hoverflies Sericomyia silentis Harris and Volucella bombylans (L.); and the
tachinid fly Linnaemya vulpina (Fall.), which was abundant on a boundary bank.
Also on the bank was the grasshopper Omocestus viridulus (L.).

In the afternoon, on the west side of the common, the flies Thyridanthrax
fenestratus (Fall.) and Asilus crabroniformis L. were noted, the grasshopper
Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) was seen in various forms (pale mottled,
green and dark brown), and the solitary wasp Ammophila campestris Brit. auct
nec L.

An alder swamp yielded a good selection of craneflies, mostly the subfamily
Hexatominae; these included Limnophila lucorum (Meig.); L. sepium Verrall;
L. fuscipennis (Meig.), of which the only previous records appear to be for
Sussex and Hants; and Molophilus flavus Goetghbaer, probably not previously
recorded south of Bucks. The rare fly Ptychoptera minuta (Tonnoir) was also
taken.

A few days before this meeting, Mr. Uffen reared the momphid moth,
Sorhagenia janiszewskae Reidl., from a few drooping shoots of Frangula alnus
Mill., collected from the area early in June.

At least Mr. Hammond and the leader felt that this had been a successful
meeting.

COLNEY STREET, HERTS—29th July 1967
Leader: Mr. E. S. BRADFORD

Three members arrived at Bricket Wood; and whilst awaiting the train for
other members, an inspection of the vegetation around the station yard was
made, and one larva of Notodonta dromedarius L. was found on a birch. A
number of Udea lutealis Hiibn., Haritala ruralis Scop. and Argyresthia goedartella
L. were disturbed from the undergrowth in this disused area of the station
forecourt. On Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., also growing in the area,
were mines and larvae of Mompha raschkiella Zell; and a specimen of Parornix
was seen on hawthorn.

The weather this year was again unkind. Although there was no rain it remained
overcast for most of the day, and as a consequence much that would have been
active and on the wing remained quiescent.

When the train eventually arrived and no further members appeared, the
party made off to the gravel pits. On entering them the first insect found was
Procus fasciuncula Haw. on a thistle, and a little later a full grown larva of
Cerura vinula L. was discovered on a row of sallows, but after searching for a
while no more were found.

A large area of the gravel pits, which was becoming rich in vegetation has
now been filled in, but a new and larger piece of ground is being worked, and
may be promising in the future. One area has been left for many years and is by
far the most luxuriant. A number of things were seen or taken there, including
the butterflies: Parage megera L., Maniola jurtina L., Maniola tithonus L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott. and
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. Moths noted were: Zygaena filipendulae L., Plusia
gamma L. Calothysanis amata L., Euphyia bilineata L., Agriphila straminella
D. & S. and Platyptilia gonodactyla Schiff.

Having some time in hand after traversing this area, it was decided to visit

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 119

a long open cutting in Bricket Wood, which is not far away. On the way the
party were met by a member of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society who had
intended joining them at the station, but who had been delayed. Little was
found in the cutting apart from one of the Brocade moths. There was uncer-
tainty about this insect and it is being determined by the member who took it.
Eventually the party retraced their steps to the station as it looked increasingly
like rain.

Other Lepidoptera noted during the meeting were: Opisthograptis luteolata
L., Witlesia mercurella L., Pyrausta purpuralis L., Cochylis dubitana Hibn.,
Pandemis heparana Schiff., Dichrorampha simpliciana Haw., Epiblemma scutulana
Schiff., E. farfarde Fletch., Zeiraphera insertana F., Epinotia tenerana Schiff.,
Ancylis badiana Schiff., Olethreutes lacunana Schiff., Carcina quercana F.,
Argyresthia nitidella F., Lithocolletis messaniella Zell. and Plutella maculipennis
Curt.

Several flies were seen during the day including an example of Syrphus lucorum
(L.) (Syrphidae), numbers of Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.), one Nephrotoma
flavipalpis (Meig.) (Tipulidae); several Paroxyna misella (Loew.) (Trypetidae),
and a specimen of Dioctria baumhaueri Meig. (Asilidae).

CADSDEN, BUCKS—6th August 1967
Leader: Capt. J. ELLERTON R.N.

The day broke foul and wet, and it was with some trepidation that the leader
went to the rendezvous. However he was joined by 11 members and their
families whose enthusiasm was well justified, as the day steadily improved and
the sun appeared.

The hillside was looking at its best with masses of wild flowers, and it was a
real joy to see so many Lysandra coridon Poda of both sexes flying around. Other
macrolepidoptera noted included: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., Maniola
jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Nymphalis io L., Aglais urticae L.,
Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Aricia agestis Schiff., Thymelicus
sylvestris Poda., Phytometra viridaria Clerck, Colostygia olivata Schiff., Euphyia
bilineata L., Epirrhoe alternata Mill., Anaitis plagiata L., Ortholitha chenopodiata
L. and O. bipunctaria Schiff.

Of the microlepidoptera Pyrausta aurata Scop. was plentiful, but in worn
condition; the local P. nigrata Scop. was also present in fair numbers. Other
species seen or taken were: Pyrausta purpuralis L., P. cespitalis Schiff., Udea
lutealis Hiibn., Haritala ruralis Scop., Crambus perlellus Scop., Agriphila
culmella L., A. tristella Schiff., Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Scop. S. pterodactyla
L., Platyptilia ochrodactyla Schiff., Phalonia tesserana Schiff., Argyresthia
aurulentella Staint., Parectopa ononidis Zell. and Ypsolophus xylostellus L.
Mines containing larvae of Mompha raschkiella Zell. were seen, and a number
of cases of Coleophora silenella H.S. were collected.

Sweeping for Coleoptera was not very rewarding, but the following were
noted: Rhynchaenus fagi (L.), Meligethes viridescens (F.) and Mecinus pyraster
(Herbst).

A few Ceriocera cornuta (F.) (Trypetidae) were obtained by sweeping Centaurea
scabiosa L. and Trypeta tussilaginis (F.) came from Arctium minus Bernh.; other
flies seen were Rhynchista prolixa (Meig.) and Helicobosca distinguenda Ville-
neuve.

120 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

BOOKHAM COMMON, SURREY—13th August 1967
Leader: Mr. A. S. WHEELER

Four members, all lepidopterists, and a number of visitors joined the leader
on a dry day with warm sunny periods; but despite the fine weather, very few
Lepidoptera were seen.

This meeting was held jointly with the London Natural History Society but
that society was represented by ornithologists and botanists and we went our
separate ways; only meeting again briefly at lunchtime by the Isle of Wight
pond, the established rendezvous of the London Natural History Society.

Lepidoptera noted were: one Vanessa cardui L., two Limenitis camilla L.,
a few Quercusia quercus L. were believed to have been seen, and Maniola tithonus
L. was in numbers.

The orthopteron Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) was reported, and the last
instar of the hemipteron Troilus luridus (F.) was beaten from oak.

OCKHAM, SURREY—20th August 1967
Leader: ALAN E. STUBBS

The day was sunny throughout and provided ideal collecting conditions, with
the heather in full flower. Only six members attended.

The party worked one of the few remnants of open dry Calluna heath re-
maining on Ockham and Wisley Common. Pine and birch woodland now
dominates the common, both as a result of natural colonisation and deliberate
pine afforestation by the County Council who now manage the area for amenity.
The open heath inspected probably only survives because it was burnt in the
early 1950’s, but pine, birch and bracken are now colonising. Recent flailing of
a broad zone may prove an advantageous method of maintaining heather as a
regular substitute for firing.

The following insects were observed.

HETEROPTERA: Picromerus bidens (L.); Nabis ericetorum Scholtz, common;
Kleidocerys truncatulus (Walk.) (resedae (Panz.) s.sp. ericde (Hovarth) ),
abundant; Deraeocoris ruber (L.), one; Orthotylus ericetorum (Fall.), abundant;
and Phytocoris insignis Reuter, frequent.

Homoptera: Erythroneura rubovittata (Lethierry), common.

COLEOPTERA :Cicindela campestris L., occasional; Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.),
frequent; Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.), occasional on young birch; Coccinella
septempunctata L., one; and C. hieroglyphica L., dark form common.

HYMENOPTERA: Ammophila pubescens Curt. (campestris auct. nec Lat.), one
in flailed zone; and Mellinus arvensis (L.), mostly around young birches and in
flailed zone.

LEPIDOPTERA: Macrothylacia rubi L., one larva; Anarta myrtilli L., larva
common and adults occasional; Saturnia pavonia L., an empty cocoon; Lycaenad
Phlaeas L., a few examples.

DreTerRA: Musca autumnalis Deg., common; Eriothrix rufomaculata (Deg.)
ab. monochaeta Wainwright, occasional; Coptophlebia vitripennis Meig., com-
mon; Dilophus febrilis (L.), common; and Sepsis cynipsea (L.), frequent. The
following Syrphidae were observed feeding at, or hovering around, the flowers
of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull: Pyrophaena granditarsa Forst., one; Sphaerophoria
scripta (L.), occasional; S. menthastri (L.), occasional; §. ruepellii Wiedemann,

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 121

one seen but not taken for confirmation; Platychirus albimanus F., common;
P. scutatus Meig., common; Scaeva pyrastri (L.), one; S. selenitica (Meig.),
one; Syrphus balteatus Deg., frequent; S. duricollis Meig., occasional; S. luniger
Meig., one; S. corollae F., common; S. vitripennis Meig., occasional; Helophilus
pendulus (L.), common; and Syritta pipiens (L.), one. The absence of the common
genera Eristalis and Melanostoma was particularly marked. The addition of the
uncommon fly SS. selenitica (Meig.), caught by Mr. C. O. Hammond, brings the
total of Syrphidae for the common to 62 species in my survey list.

The alder woods were briefly visited, areas which have seen very drastic
management in a partial attempt to drain them and open up access for the
public. Very extensive survey records have been made for these localities, but
among the more interesting observations on this occasion were the beetle,
Platycis minuta (F.) and the Diptera Dolichopeza albipes (Stroem) and Pteromicra
glabricula (Fall.). The last named is a very local species and brings the list of
Sciomyzidae to 19 species, a remarkable number for a heathland locality since
the larvae feed on snails.

Beside a deep ditch across a small open spot on the heath a good stand of
flowering Hemp Agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum L., attracted many insects.
Four Vanessa cardui L. and one V. atalanta L. provided a pleasant sight and the
hoverflies were represented by Eristalis intricarius L., one of the white-tailed
form; E. tenax L., common; E. pertinax Scop., frequent; E. arbustorum L.,
frequent; Syrphus vitripennis Meig., occasional; and Syritta pipiens (L.),
occasional. Three species of the dipterous family Conopidae were present, the
first two of which attracted some interest; one Physocephala rufipes (F.), three
Conops flavipes L. and one Sicus ferrugineus (L.). All too often the amenity
programme on the common involves mowing vergeside vegetation, an extra-
ordinary policy since many of the public enjoy seeing flowers and butterflies.

A piece of wet Calluna/Erica tetralix heath was worked at about 4 p.m. to
produce a hoverfly list for comparison with that made earlier in the day at 11.30
a.m.—12.30 p.m. on the dry Calluna heath: Pyrophaena granditarsa Forst., one;
Sphaerophoria menthastri (L.), common; Platychirus albimanus (F.), occasional;
Syrphus corollae (L.), common; S. ribesii L., fairly common; Eristalis horticola
Deg., frequent; Helophilus trivittatus (F.), one; H. pendulus (L.), frequent;
and Rhingia campestris Meig., one. It is interesting to find that only one species
of Eristalis, the least frequent on the common, has appeared and Melanostoma
was again absent apart from one M. mellinum (L.) which was almost certainly a
stray from the adjacent Molinia tussocks where this species was common. At
this spot a shield bug, Picromerus bidens (L.) was found feeding on a larva of
Macrothylacia rubi L., but time did not permit a more extensive faunal survey.
The locality being one of particular interest, the Council has cleared invading
pine.

Many other records were made in various heathland habitats, but these will
appear at a later date as part of a survey of the insect fauna of the common.
Records and habitat assessments are of vital importance at the present time to
meet the challenge of a major change or obliteration of important entomological
localities on the common. A wide range of damaging management policies were
demonstrated, but it was also shown how the Surrey Naturalists Trust had been
able to use entomological advice as a means to negotiate for the future well-
being of certain areas. Any members reading this account who are able to
provide records in any group of invertebrates can provide a useful service towards
the effort to save the vulnerable parts of the common and enable a more complete
faunal survey—which it is intended to publish (minus certain vulnerable rarities).

122 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

ASHSTEAD, SURREY—26th August 1967
Leader: Mr. S. WAKELY

There were five members present for the start of this meeting; however, two
other members arrived in the afternoon, making seven in all.

The morning party worked the common adjoining the station, and the first
find was of larvae of Leucoptera lotella Staint. which was extremely common in
leaves of Lotus corniculatus L. Larvae of Epermenia testaceella Hiibn. were also
found under slight webs on the undersides of leaves of Pastinaca sativa L. The
weather was very warm and the morning party returned to the station about
1 p.m. for lunch which had been left in the cars. Two of the party had to leave
just after lunch, and after a rest the leader suggested a trip further afield, thus
the afternoon party was not contacted. Later the following captures were
reported by them: Acleris emargdna F. was disturbed from sallow bushes; a
single specimen of Pammene spiniana Dup. was netted; a single larva of Simaethis
pariana Clerck was found on an apple leaf; and several larval cases of one of the
clover-feeding species of Coleophoridae. The finding of S. pariana Clerk was of
particular interest and was one of the micros we particularly hoped to find as a
few had been found on a field meeting a few years ago.

The three members who left Ashtead about 2 p.m. went first to Whitedown,
near Ranmore, where the following species were recorded: one or two Colias
croceus Fourc. on the wing; larvae of Cochylis flaviciliana Westw. in seedheads
of Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult; Coleophora silenella H.S. on seeds of Silene
vulgaris (Moench.) flower buds of Clematis vitalba L. were collected for larvae
of Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl.; flowers of Inula conyza DC. for larvae of
Oidematophorus carphodactyla Hiibn.; and Centaurium erythraea Rafn. for
larvae of Stenoptilia zophodactyla Dup.

Half an hour was spent on Ockham Common later when spun leaves of birch
were collected for the local species Caloptilia populetorum Zell.

STANFORD-LE-HOPE, ESSEX—Ist OCTOBER 1967
Leader: Mr. J. M. CHALMERS—HUNT

The weather forecast was not good, however it kept dry and the party of six
enjoyed an interesting day on the saltings and adjacent ground.

One of the chief features of the day was the abundance of larvae of the tineoid
moth Bedelia somnulentella Douglas. These were especially plentiful mining
the leaves of Calystegia sylvestris (Willd.) Roem. & Schult., which grows in
masses over a considerable area of waste land adjoining the marshes, and in a
single instance the leader counted as many as five larvae in one leaf. A number
of pupae were located, and the larvae were also found in the leaves of Convol-
vulus arvensis L., but were noticeably less common on this plant.

The main purpose of this meeting was to rediscover if possible the case-
bearing moth Coleophora vibicigerella Zell., first discovered in Britain in this
neighbourhood by Machin in 1883 (Entomologist, 17:87), and taken the following
year in numbers by Machin and Elisha (Entomologist, 18:55, 246; Young Nat.,
6:191). Accordingly, the leader left the main party and spent some hours on the
salt marshes between Thames Haven and Fobbing in the hope of finding the
larva, which feeds on Artemisia maritima L., in a long, curved and somewhat
flat black case made of silk. A very few patches of the plant were found, but

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 123

regrettably no sign of C. vicibigerella, only some cases of Coleophora artemisiella
Scott.

Coleophorid cases were collected by Col. A. M. Emmet, Messrs. Wakely,
Uffen and the leader from Halimione (Atriplex) portulacoides (L.) Aell., Juncus
gerardi Lois., J. maritimus Lam., and by the leader at Thames Haven on
J. inflexus L.; and one case was found by Mr. Uffen on Beta vulgaris L. s.sp.
maritima (L.) Thell. Final determinations of all these, however, will have to wait
until breeding results are obtained. The Juncus species were kindly determined
by Dr. F. Rose.

During the morning sunshine, two Vanessa atalanta L. were seen on the wing,
also a single female Polyommatus icarus Rott.

The two coleopterists present, Drs. B. J. MacNulty and J. L. Newton, reported
a successful day.

A CHANGE IN THE LEPIDOPTERA OF HAMPSTEAD
AFTER FOUR DECADES

By C. I. CARTER

Hampstead Heath is one of the nearest open spaces to Central London that
was connected to the farmlands of Middlesex until almost the middle of the last
century. Its rural past can still be visualised in places by the lines of oaks and elms
which are the overgrown remains of hedgerows.

In 1913 the Hampstead Scientific Society published a book containing various
specialist articles on the natural history of Hampstead Heath; the chapter on
insects by O’Brien Ellison (1913), a compilation of records and observations,
includes a list of macrolepidoptera. This list has been compared with the recent
records below and to some extent with those from Buckingham Palace Garden
by Bradley and Mere (1964). O’Brien Ellison indicated that some species were
losing ground and others had not been recorded in recent years or were thought
to be extinct; even at that date there was concern that Bank Holiday crowds were
having a serious affect on the vegetation.

Today the heathland herb vegetation is probably reduced to quite a short
list of species, and the open spaces are now dominated by coarse grasses.
Deciduous trees on the other hand, are very fine and quite a number of exotic
specimen trees have been planted in some parts. The semi-natural woodland areas
are quite extensive and probably gained more of the open ground during the
Second World War but they are largely bare of their undergrowth.

In the list below are records of Lepidoptera made between 1950 and 1958.
Most of the moths were collected by attraction to lights, windows, sugaring in
favourable weather and the occasional use of a mercury vapour light and sheet
in a garden near the Heath. No one species could be said to be very common
compared with the descriptions in O’Brien Ellison’s article, which are more like
those of a rural locality today; to be able to catch as many as thirty individuals
in one night was exceptional. During the four decades there has therefore been a
considerable drop in numbers of Lepidoptera in Hampstead, but it is unlikely
that agricultural pesticides have had any influence as it is five or more miles

124 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

from the Green Belt where some of the land is still farmed. Some urban influence
is more likely. The three most abundant species were Noctua pronuba L. (Large
Yellow Underwing), Amathes xanthographa Shiff. (Square-spot Rustic) at the
mercury light, and Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone Moth) which was often
to be seen circling the rather weak tungsten filament street lamps. For butterflies
the West Meadow near Ken Wood invariably had the greatest variety, but
Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue) was only rarely seen on the edge of the Heath
at the Vale of Health where it probably bred.

O’Brien Ellison lists 149 species of macrolepidoptera occurring in Hampstead;
the present author only recorded 87 species within the years 1950 to 1958; but
although 99 species on the old list were not recorded again, 35 species (41 per
cent are thought to be new records and indicate a species change. There appears
to be a greater similarity between the species in the present list from Hampstead
and the 153 recorded recently by Bradley and Mere in Buckingham Palace
Garden; 66 species being common to both lists. This species change may be an
indication of a more general ecological change in London.

The greater number of species in the Palace Garden list is probably closely
connected with the greater variety of plants growing there. Looking at the food
plants for an explanation of the species recorded, only 30 per cent of the Palace
Garden species feed on trees and shrubs compared with 38 per cent in the list
below; 8 of the 21 Hampstead species not known in the Palace Garden are also
tree feeders. As for the old Hampstead records, almost 42 per cent of the species
are tree feeders which is surprising on account of the greater variety of herbaceous
plants which were available at the time.

Appended to this list are records of seven pyralid moths, though this group
was not worked extensively. Agriphila culmella L. was seen in large numbers
each year on the East Heath, together with A. tristella F. of which dark forms
were frequent. Acentropus niveus Ol. was only taken once at a light at Branch
Hill, a distance of half a mile from a suitable pond where it may have bred.

The following species were recorded in Hampstead during the period 1950 to
1958. T indicates mainly tree or shrub feeding species, according to Allan (1949).
+ Not recorded by O’Brien Ellison in Hampstead. * Not recorded by Bradley &
Mere in Buckingham Palace Garden.

Pieris brassicae L., Pieris rapae L., * Pieris napi L., * Coenonympha pamphilus
L., Vanessa atlanta L., Aglais urticae L., T Celastrina argiolus L., * Lycaena
phlaeas L., T Mimas tiliae L., T * + Pheosia gnoma F., Spilosoma lubricipeda L.,
S. lutea Hufn., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., T Orgyia antiqua L., Agrotis exclama-
tionis L., + Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., T t Graphiphora augur F., * Diarsia
mendica F., * + D. brunnea Schiff., Amathes c-nigrum L., A. xanthographa Schiff.,
Axylia putris L., Euschesis janthina Schiff., E. comes Hiibn., Noctua pronuba L.,
Mamestra brassicae L., + Cerapteryx graminis L., T Orthosia gothica L., T O.
stabilis Schiff., T + O. incerta Hufn., Leucania impura Hibn., } L. lythargyria Esp.,
Apamea monoglypha Hufn., A. secalis L., ¢ Procus latruncula Schiff., + Luperina
testacea Schiff., | Caradrina alsines Brahm., ¢ C. clavipalpis Scop., + Hydraecia
oculea L., T Cosmia trapezina L., t Cryphia perla Schiff., * Xylocampa areola Esp.,
T * ¢ Apatele leporina L., T A. megacephla Schiff., T A. psi L., | A. rumicis L.,
T | Amphipyra tragopogonis Clerck, + Dypterygia scabriuscula L., T Catocala
nupta L., + Hypena proboscidalis L., * + H. rostralis L., * + Hepialis humuli L.,
H. lupulina L., * Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn, + Sterrha aversata L., + S. aversata
ab. remutata L., Xanthorhoe fluctuata L., Euphyia bilineata L., + Lygris mellinata
F., 1t Dysstroma truncata Hufn., T ¢ Oporinia dilutata Schiff., T Operophtera
brumata L., * + Eupithecia subnotata Hiibn, * ¢ E. venosata F., E. centaureata:

PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967 125

Schiff., * ¢ E. absinthiata Clerck, E. vulgata Haw., + Gymnoscelis pumilata
Hiibn. Abraxas grossulariata L., 1 * Erannis leucophaearia Schiff., T t E.
aurantiaria Hiibn., T * E. marginaria F., T * E. defoliaria Clerck, T * Deuter-
onomos alniaria L., TGonodontis bidentata Clerck, T Colotois pennaria L.,
T Ourapteryx sambucaria L., T Opisthograptis luteolata L., T * + Phigalia pilosaria
Schiff., T + Lycia hirtaria Clerck, T * } Biston strataria Hufn., T B. betularia L.,
* Menophra abruptaria Thunb., Tf Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff., T Alcis
repandata L., 1 Ectropis biundularia Borkh., ‘7 Lithina chlorosata Scop.,
+ Acentropus niveus O1., ¢ Eurrhypara hortulata L., + Haritala (Sylepta) ruralis
Scop., t Agriphila geniculea Haw. (Crambus geniculeus Haw.) { A. inquinatella
Schiff., + A. tristella Schiff., {| A. culmella L.,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my thanks to Mr. G. D. Waller who helped me to collect
many of the insects recorded, and to Mr. G. Haggett for checking the identifi-
cations and solving some problems in the name changes.

REFERENCES

Allan, P. B. M., 1949, Larval Foodplants, London.

Bradley, J. D. & Mere, R. M., 1963, Natural History of the Garden of Buckingham
Palace, Lepidoptera, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 (2) pp 55-74.

O’Brien-Ellison, F., 1913, Hampstead Heath, London, pp 243-265.

6, The Ridgeway,
Alton,

Hants.

Ist December 1967

ARTHUR MOREL MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC., F.R.E.S.
1899-1967

After a serious illness in 1966 and an apparent recovery, Dr. Massee was
again taken ill, and died on 14th September 1967 in hospital at Rochester.

It was in 1922 that he joined our Society, and though not actively engaged in
Society’s affairs at first, he did later take a keen interest in the management of
our affairs; and after election to Vice-Presidency in 1960, he became President
the following year, and served on the Council for a number of years subsequently.
In 1966 he was appointed an Honorary Member. Until his illness he was a
regular attender at our meetings; frequently exhibiting material that was of more
than usual interest, with comments on the biology, which was a major aspect of
his interest in entomology, and making valuable contributions to discussion.

Dr. Massee was the eldest son of George Massee, a celebrated mycologist at
the Royal Botanical Gardens. He was educated at Richmond County School
and studied economic entomology at the Imperial College. After obtaining his
degree he was appointed to the staff of the East Malling Research Station as a
Ministry of Agriculture scholar, where he remained until his retirement as head
of the entomological department in 1961. The University of London conferred
on him a D.Sc. in 1935.

In recognition of his valuable work on orchard pests and their control he was
awarded the 0.B.£. in 1951, and in 1953 received the Ridley Gold Medal of the
Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.

Working all his life on orchard pests, Massee’s opinion on this aspect of

126 PROC. S. LOND. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1967

entomology was always received with respect; and was often sought and freely
given even after his retirement. The present writer, now living in a fruit growing
area has met several fruit growers who are pleased to be able to recall the sound
advice and assistance rendered by him; and as one remarked ‘a very knowledge-
able, sympathetic and understanding person’. His interest in entomology and
conservation of nature coupled with his occupation, produced in Massee some
very firm ideas on pest control and techniques, some not very popular with the
growers at times—he had little patience with those who grubbed up hedges and
destroyed coppices, at a time when this was almost a standard technique of
agricultural and orchard management. During his career he became a specialist
on mites and was often the only person at our meetings who could determine
exhibited Acarina, or comment on them.

In the same year that Massee joined our Society he also joined the Royal
Entomological Society; and during his life served on its Council, on its Insect
Protection Committee, and also as Vice-President in 1949 and 1959. He was
also an active member of the Kent County Trust and a founder member of the
Kent Field Club, of which he was the first Chairman and became its first
Honorary Member in 1956.

His entomological interest outside his work embraced Coleoptera and Hemip-
tera-Heteroptera. He was an amazingly successful field worker, combining
persistence with a rare knowledge of habits, to produce results where many a
lesser worker failed. Massee was particularly attracted to the Scottish Highlands
and often collected in the Aviemore and Rannoch areas. This apart, he collected
widely in southern England, he regarded the New Forest with great affection,
and worked Kent, his home county, really hard.

The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine regularly published his contributions
which were informative and full of interest, these included a valuable revision of
Bedwell’s charts of the county distribution of Heteroptera. In the 1962 volume
of our Proceedings he published an account of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of
Kent, and in the previous volume appeared his Presidential Address on Apple
Orchard Fauna. He also supplied important contributions to the Annual Report
of the East Malling Research Station, and wrote prolifically on fruit tree pests.
His book The Pests of Fruit and Hops was published in 1937 and ran to three
editions.

Conservation was a matter of grave importance to him, and a matter to which
he gave a great deal of his time. He served for a number of years on the Nature
Conservancy’s Council for England, and gave his services unstintingly to the
Kent County Trust. One of the few things that made Massee irritable was the
eroding of our ecologically important countryside by thoughtless development.

In the field he was wonderful company, always ready with information and
advice; and with a fund of humerous tales, told in a dry, characteristic manner,
involving many coleopterists and hemipterists that are but legends to most of
us; not always complimentary tales, but never malicious.

Apart from entomology he took a deep interest in cricket. He played himself
in village matches in his younger days and afterwards took to umpiring. He
could tell some entertaining yarns of his experiences at the wicket—and of
events afterwards in the cricketers equivalent of the nineteenth hole.

Our deepest sympathy is extended to Mrs. Massee, who was his constant
companion in the field, working with him with enthusiasm and ability, and who
contributed much towards the cheerful make-up of this delightful little man who

we all miss, but remember with great affection.
F.D.B.

Sho SOE a

PE | a, RT Py,

7

The Society’s Publications

Back numbers of the Society’s Publications still in print are becoming scarce.
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A GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

This important work on the British Microlepidoptera is still available.

25/0

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
by L. T. FORD, B.A.

Printed on one side of the page only so that it can be cut up and inserted into
the correct place in the Guide.

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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY
Compiled by T. R. EAGLES and F. T. VALLINS

2/6

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transactions 1963, Part 2)
Compiled by a team of specialists.

Price 20/0

CONTENTS

Annual Exhibition 1967 109
Buck, F. D., Wasps attacking other insects 97
Buck, F. D., Lathridius bifasciatus Reitt. (Col.,
Lathriidae) habitats 99.
Book Review, Caddis Larvae 102

Calderara, P., Butterflies at Collobriéres, var.
Alpes Maures, Provence in July and August 1967. 100

Carter, C. I., A Change in the Lepidoptera of

Hampstead after Four Decades 123
Editor, Corrections to the Ham Street field meeting
report 102
Field Meetings 114
Obituary, A. M. Massee 125
; Proceedings 103
Sevastopulo, D. G., Limacodidae—East versus
West Africa 98
Stubbs, A. E., The Future of Field Meeting Locali-
ties in Surrey 95

Williams, S. A., Hypocyptus nitidus Palm (Col.,
Staphylinidae) in the Joy Collection 99.

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by The Anchor Press Ltd., Tiptree. Essex

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